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diff --git a/32699-h/32699-h.htm b/32699-h/32699-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c9e1733 --- /dev/null +++ b/32699-h/32699-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,29248 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" + "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> + +<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en"> + <head> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=iso-8859-1" /> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css" /> + <title> + The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Makers of Canada: Index and Dictionary of Canadian History, Edited by Lawrence Johnstone Burpee and Arthur G. Doughty. + </title> + <style type="text/css"> + +body { + margin-left: 10%; + margin-right: 10%; +} + + h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6 { + text-align: center; /* all headings centered */ + clear: both; +} + +p { + margin-top: .75em; + text-align: justify; + margin-bottom: .75em; +} + +.fm2 {font-size: 125%; + text-align: center; + font-weight: bold; +} + +.fm3 {font-size: 100%; + text-align: center; + font-weight: bold; +} + +.fm4 {font-size: 90%; + text-align: center; + font-weight: bold; +} + +hr { + width: 33%; + margin-top: 2em; + margin-bottom: 2em; + margin-left: auto; + margin-right: auto; + clear: both; +} + +table {margin: auto; text-align: center; width: 35em;} +td.tdl {text-align: left; padding-right: .5em;} +td.tdr {text-align: right; padding-left: .5em;} +td.page {font-size: 90%;} + +.author {text-align: right; margin-right: 20%;} + +.pagenum { /* uncomment the next line for invisible page numbers */ + /* visibility: hidden; */ + position: absolute; + left: 92%; + font-size: smaller; + text-align: right; +} /* page numbers */ + +.smcap {font-variant: small-caps;} + + +.transnote { background-color: #ADD8E6; color: inherit; margin: 2em 10% 1em 10%; font-size: 80%; padding: 0.5em 1em 0.5em 1em;} +.transnote p { text-align: left;} + +ins.correction { + text-decoration:none; /* replace default underline.. */ + border-bottom: thin dotted red; /* ..with thin dotted red */ +} + + +.caption {font-weight: bold;} + +/* Images */ +.figcenter { + margin: auto; + text-align: center; +} + + </style> + </head> +<body> + + +<pre> + +The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Makers of Canada: Index and Dictionary +of Canadian History, by Various + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: The Makers of Canada: Index and Dictionary of Canadian History + +Author: Various + +Editor: Lawrence Burpee + Arthur Doughty + +Release Date: June 5, 2010 [EBook #32699] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MAKERS OF CANADA: INDEX *** + + + + +Produced by Brendan Lane, Carla Foust, and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + +</pre> + + +<div class="transnote"> +<h3>Transcriber's note</h3> +<p>Minor punctuation errors have been changed without notice. Printer +errors have been changed, and they are indicated with +a <a class="correction" title="like this" href="#tnotes">mouse-hover</a> +and listed at the +<a href="#tnotes">end of this book</a>. All other +inconsistencies are as in the original.</p> + +<p>Clicking on the image below and on the one on page <a href="#Page_299">299</a> will show you +larger versions.</p> +</div> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<a name="Page_i" id="Page_i"> </a> +<p><span class="pagenum"></span></p> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 640px;"> +<a href="images/chartablarge.png"><img src="images/chartabthumb.png" width="640" height="451" alt="Illustrated Chart of Canadian History" title="" /></a> +<span class="caption">Illustrated Chart of Canadian History</span> +</div> + + + +<h1><i>THE MAKERS OF CANADA</i></h1> + +<h1>INDEX AND DICTIONARY<br /> +OF CANADIAN HISTORY</h1> + +<p class="fm3">EDITED BY</p> + +<p class="fm2">LAWRENCE J. BURPEE, F.R.G.S.</p> + +<p class="fm4">LIBRARIAN OF THE CARNEGIE LIBRARY, OTTAWA</p> + +<p class="fm3">AND</p> + +<p class="fm2">ARTHUR G. DOUGHTY, C.M.G., LITT.D.</p> + +<p class="fm4">DOMINION ARCHIVIST, OTTAWA</p> + +<p><br /></p> + +<p class="fm2">TORONTO<br /> +MORANG & CO., LIMITED</p> +<p class="fm3">1912</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p class="fm4"><span class="smcap">Copyright</span>, 1911.</p> + + +<p class="fm4"><span class="smcap">Copyright in Great Britain</span>.</p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_vii" id="Page_vii">[vii]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="INTRODUCTION" id="INTRODUCTION"></a>INTRODUCTION</h2> + + +<p>This Supplement is designed to supply a double need: it furnishes an +analytical index to the entire series of twenty volumes; and it affords +a great deal of additional information, bearing on the subject-matter of +these volumes, but which from its very nature it was impossible to +incorporate in the text. This additional information includes +biographical sketches of the characters mentioned in each volume; +similar sketches of prominent Canadians who for one reason or another do +not appear in any of the twenty volumes; and brief descriptions of wars, +battles, treaties, and political and other events having a vital bearing +on the history of Canada. References have been added, wherever +necessary, to the principal sources which the student may consult for +further information. The whole has been thrown into one alphabetical +arrangement, and it constitutes, to a large extent, a dictionary of +Canadian history.</p> + +<p>To satisfy further the desire of those who, after reading the foregoing +volumes, find it profitable to investigate more fully certain lines of +inquiry suggested by the narratives, it has been thought advisable to +add a list of manuscript sources from which new material may be gleaned. +The collection of documents most convenient for this purpose is to be +found in the Dominion Archives. It is not possible in the present work +to do more than indicate the principal documents, as there are fifteen +thousand volumes of manuscript in the Archives bearing on Canadian +history. The sources indicated here are drawn principally from the +series designated A, B, C, F, Q, M. The letter refers to the series, and +the number to the volume. The Calendars published by the Archives in the +Annual Reports should also be consulted by the student. For convenience +of reference, it has been deemed preferable to group the manuscript +sources under general headings, and print the list as a separate section +in the volume.</p> + +<p>In the preparation of the bibliographical references, the object has +been to include only those works that have a direct and vital bearing on +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_viii" id="Page_viii">[viii]</a></span>the subject. A complete bibliography in each case would obviously be +neither possible nor desirable. Nor, except in special cases, has any +attempt been made to include articles or papers in periodicals or in the +publications of learned societies. It will be sufficient to make a +general reference here to some of the more important sources of +information on the many topics covered in this volume. First among these +sources probably should rank the publications of the Royal Society of +Canada. The Society has published in a separate volume a very full +General Index to its <i>Proceedings and Transactions</i>, 1882-1906, compiled +by Dr. Benjamin Sulte. For volumes subsequent to 1906, the individual +indexes should be consulted. A key to the Annual Reports of the +Geological Survey of Canada is found in two General Indexes, one +covering the years 1863-1884, and the other the years 1885-1906. The +latter, compiled by F. J. Nicolas, is very complete. Wurtële's Index to +the <i>Transactions</i> and other Publications of the Literary and Historical +Society of Quebec, 1829-1891, furnishes a guide to the material issued +by this oldest of Canadian learned societies. Unfortunately, no general +index is available for the publications of the Canadian Institute, which +cover a very wide and important field; nor for those of the Historical +and Scientific Society of Manitoba, the Ontario Historical Society, the +Nova Scotia Historical Society, and various other Canadian institutions +of a similar character. Much important material, bearing on, or +supplementary to, the topics treated in the several volumes of the +<i>Makers of Canada</i> will be found in the foregoing publications. The +reader may also find it profitable in many cases to consult the +publications of the American Historical Association, and the State +Historical Societies of New York, Maine, Michigan, Wisconsin, and +Minnesota. A great deal of important material is also to be found in +Canadian and other periodicals. Of the more significant of these, the +<i>Revue Canadienne</i> marked the completion of its fifty-third volume in +1907 by publishing in separate form a comprehensive Index to the entire +series up to that year. In consulting other Canadian magazines, +reference must in most cases be made to the individual indexes in each +volume. The series of the <i>Canadian Monthly</i> and the <i>New Dominion +Monthly</i> are, however, fully covered by Poole's <i>Index</i>; the <i>Canadian +Magazine</i>, to a large extent, by Wilson's <i>Guide to Periodical +Literature</i>, as well as by a General Index published by the magazine in +1907. A key to the publications of several Canadian historical societies +and periodicals, since the year 1906, is<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_ix" id="Page_ix">[ix]</a></span> furnished by the <i>Magazine +Subject-Index</i> (Boston). The three admirable American guides mentioned +above, that is, Poole's <i>Index</i>, Wilson's <i>Guide</i>, and the <i>Magazine +Subject-Index</i>, with their annual or cumulative supplements, provide +also a key to the great body of literature in the principal American and +English periodicals, bearing on Canadian topics.</p> + +<p>Among other important guides to Canadian subjects, historical, +political, biographical, social, literary, and scientific, should be +mentioned the <i>Review of Historical Publications Relating to Canada</i>, +edited by Wrong and Langton; Larned's <i>Literature of American History</i>, +which includes a section on Canada; the various encyclopædias; the +annual bibliographies of Canadian scientific work published in the +<i>Transactions</i> of the Royal Society of Canada; Gagnon's <i>Essai de +Bibliographie Canadienne</i>; Morgan's <i>Bibliotheca Canadensis</i>; James's +<i>Bibliography of Canadian Verse</i>; Horning and Burpee's <i>Bibliography of +Canadian Fiction</i>; Tanguay's <i>Dictionnaire Généalogique des Familles +Canadiennes</i>; and the very full bibliographies of material published in +or about the province of Quebec, by Dr. N. E. Dionne. A general +reference may also be made here, for all subjects in this volume +relating to Canadian history, to such general works as those of Parkman, +Kingsford, Bourinot, Dent, McMullen, Ferland, Faillon, Charlevoix, +Bibaud, Garneau, Sulte, Miles, Christie, Haliburton, Murdoch, Campbell, +Hannay, Bryce, and Begg. In addition to the principal source of Canadian +manuscript material, the Archives at Ottawa, a large number of important +documents will be found in the Provincial Archives at Halifax, Quebec, +Toronto, Winnipeg, and Victoria, as well as in the universities of +Laval, McGill, and Toronto. Finally, reference may be made to the +various biographical dictionaries in the accompanying list.</p> + +<p>The inclusion in the Supplement of several names of Canadians, both +living and dead, who are not of the very first importance, and the +omission of others who filled at least as important a place in the +history of the country, will be explained largely by the fact that the +former were incidentally mentioned somewhere in the series, and +therefore had to be included, while the latter were not.</p> + +<p class="author">L. J. B.<br /> +A. G. D.</p> + +<p><span style="margin-left: 1.5em;"><span class="smcap">Ottawa</span>, January, 1911</span><br /> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_x" id="Page_x">[x]</a></span></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xi" id="Page_xi">[xi]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="CONTENTS" id="CONTENTS"></a>CONTENTS</h2> + +<table summary="CONTENTS"> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"> </td> +<td class="tdr">Page</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl">INDEX AND DICTIONARY</td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_1">1</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl">MANUSCRIPT SOURCES IN THE DOMINION ARCHIVES</td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_419">419</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl">A PARTIAL LIST OF SCARCE MAPS AND PLANS RELATING TO CANADA</td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_435">435</a></td> +</tr> +</table> + + + + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xii" id="Page_xii">[xii]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="BIBLIOGRAPHICAL_REFERENCES" id="BIBLIOGRAPHICAL_REFERENCES"></a>BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES</h2> + + +<p>To avoid unnecessary repetitions, references to sources are abbreviated +as follows:—</p> + +<table summary="BIBLIO"> +<tr> +<td class="tdl">Bibaud, <i>Dict.</i></td> +<td class="tdl">Dictionnaire Historique des Hommes Illustrés du Canada et de</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"> </td> +<td class="tdl">l'Amerique, par Bibaud. 1857.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl">Bibaud, <i>Pan. Can.</i></td> +<td class="tdl">Le Panthéon Canadien, par M. Bibaud. 1858.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"><i>Canada: An Ency.</i></td> +<td class="tdl">Canada: An Encyclopædia of the Country, by J. Castell Hopkins. 1898.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl">Casgrain, <i>Biog.</i></td> +<td class="tdl">Biographies Canadiennes, par l'Abbé Casgrain. 1873.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl">Chambers, <i>Biog. Dict.</i></td> +<td class="tdl">Chambers's Biographical Dictionary. 1902.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"><i>Cyc. Am. Biog.</i></td> +<td class="tdl">Cyclopædia of American Biography.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl">David, <i>Biog.</i></td> +<td class="tdl">Biographies et portraits, par L. O. David. 1876.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl">Dent, <i>Can. Por.</i></td> +<td class="tdl">Canadian Portrait Gallery, by John Charles Dent.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"><i>Dict. Eng. Hist.</i></td> +<td class="tdl">Dictionary of English History, edited by Low and Pulling.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"><i>Dict. Nat. Biog.</i></td> +<td class="tdl">Dictionary of National Biography.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl">Morgan, <i>Bib. Can.</i></td> +<td class="tdl">Bibliotheca Canadensis, by Henry J. Morgan. 1867.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl">Morgan, <i>Can. Men.</i></td> +<td class="tdl">Canadian Men and Women of the Time, by Henry J. Morgan. 1898.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl">Morgan, <i>Cel. Can.</i></td> +<td class="tdl">Sketches of Celebrated Canadians, and Persons Connected</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"> </td> +<td class="tdl">with Canada, by Henry J. Morgan. 1862.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl">Morice, <i>Dict.</i></td> +<td class="tdl">Dictionnaire Historique des Canadiens et des Métis</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"> </td> +<td class="tdl">Français de l'Ouest, par A. G. Morice. 1908.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl">Rose, <i>Cyc. Can. Biog.</i></td> +<td class="tdl">Cyclopædia of Canadian Biography, by George Maclean Rose. 1886.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl">R. S. C.</td> +<td class="tdl">Royal Society of Canada Transactions.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl">Taché, <i>Men.</i></td> +<td class="tdl">Men of the Day, edited by Louis H. Taché.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl">Tassé, <i>Canad.</i></td> +<td class="tdl">Les Canadiens de l'Ouest, par J. Tassé. 1882.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl">Taylor, <i>Brit. Am.</i></td> +<td class="tdl">Portraits of British Americans, by W. Notman, with</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"> </td> +<td class="tdl">letter press by Fennings Taylor. 1865.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"><i>Who's Who.</i></td> +<td class="tdl">Who's Who. London: 1910.</td> +</tr> +</table> + + + + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xiii" id="Page_xiii">[xiii]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="ILLUSTRATIONS" id="ILLUSTRATIONS"></a>ILLUSTRATIONS</h2> + + +<p class="fm3">VOLUME I</p> + +<table summary="CONTENTS"> +<tr> +<td class="tdl">SAMUEL DE CHAMPLAIN</td> +<td class="tdr">FACING PAGE</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"><span class="smcap"> Building the Habitation, Quebec, 1608</span></td> +<td class="tdr">40</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"><span class="smcap"> Champlain on the Shores of Georgian Bay, 1615</span></td> +<td class="tdr">88</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl">BISHOP LAVAL</td> +<td class="tdr"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"><span class="smcap"> The Ursuline Convent, Quebec</span></td> +<td class="tdr">154</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class="fm3">VOLUME II</p> + +<table summary="CONTENTS"> +<tr> +<td class="tdl">COUNT FRONTENAC</td> +<td class="tdr"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"><span class="smcap"> Old Church of the Jesuit Missions at Tadoussac</span></td> +<td class="tdr">166</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"><span class="smcap"> The Massacre at Lachine, 1689</span></td> +<td class="tdr">224</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"><span class="smcap"> The Return of Frontenac, 1689</span></td> +<td class="tdr">232</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"><span class="smcap"> Madeleine de Verchères</span></td> +<td class="tdr">320</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl">WOLFE AND MONTCALM</td> +<td class="tdr"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"><span class="smcap"> View of Quebec from Lévis, 1761</span></td> +<td class="tdr">12</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"><span class="smcap"> A View of the Treasury and Jesuits' College, Quebec, 1761</span></td> +<td class="tdr">16</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"><span class="smcap"> Intendant's Palace, Quebec, 1761</span></td> +<td class="tdr">32</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"><span class="smcap"> Louisbourg, 1746</span></td> +<td class="tdr">70</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"><span class="smcap"> A View of the Jesuits' College and Church, Quebec, 1761</span></td> +<td class="tdr">234</td> +</tr> +</table> + + +<p class="fm3">VOLUME III</p> + +<table summary="CONTENTS"> +<tr> +<td class="tdl">LORD DORCHESTER</td> +<td class="tdr"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"><span class="smcap"> Death of Montgomery, 1776</span></td> +<td class="tdr">126</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"><span class="smcap"> Prescott Gate, Quebec</span></td> +<td class="tdr">144</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"><span class="smcap"> The Loyalist Settlers</span></td> +<td class="tdr">236</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class="fm3">VOLUME IV</p> + +<table summary="CONTENTS"> +<tr> +<td class="tdl">JOHN GRAVES SIMCOE</td> +<td class="tdr"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"><span class="smcap"> The Pioneer</span></td> +<td class="tdr">60</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"><span class="smcap"> Household Utensils of the Simcoe Period</span></td> +<td class="tdr">64</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"><span class="smcap"> The Logging</span></td> +<td class="tdr">66</td> +</tr> +</table> + + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xiv" id="Page_xiv">[xiv]</a></span></p> + + +<p class="fm3">VOLUME V</p> + +<table summary="CONTENTS"> +<tr> +<td class="tdl">MACKENZIE, SELKIRK, AND SIMPSON</td> +<td class="tdr"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"><span class="smcap"> Sir Alexander Mackenzie's Arrival at the Pacific Overland from</span></td> +<td class="tdr"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"><span class="smcap"> Canada</span>, 1793</td> +<td class="tdr">86</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"> "<span class="smcap">Seven Oaks</span>," 1816</td> +<td class="tdr">180</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"> <span class="smcap">A Dog Train at Edmonton</span></td> +<td class="tdr">252</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"> <span class="smcap">Remnant of Old Fort Garry, Winnipeg</span></td> +<td class="tdr">284</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl">SIR JAMES DOUGLAS</td> +<td class="tdr"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"><span class="smcap"> Indians Trading at a Hudson's Bay Post</span></td> +<td class="tdr">80</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class="fm3">VOLUME VI</p> + +<table summary="CONTENTS"> +<tr> +<td class="tdl">WILLIAM LYON MACKENZIE</td> +<td class="tdr"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"><span class="smcap"> North Side of King Street, Toronto</span>, 1834</td> +<td class="tdr">270</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"><span class="smcap"> March of the Insurgents on Toronto</span>, 1837</td> +<td class="tdr">372</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"><span class="smcap"> Reward Proclamation for the Arrest of William Lyon Mackenzie</span>, 1837</td> +<td class="tdr"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"><span class="smcap"> and Others</span>, 1837</td> +<td class="tdr">380</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl">LOUIS JOSEPH PAPINEAU</td> +<td class="tdr"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"><span class="smcap"> The Tribune</span></td> +<td class="tdr">126</td> +</tr> +</table> + + +<p class="fm3">VOLUME VII</p> + +<table summary="CONTENTS"> +<tr> +<td class="tdl">JOSEPH HOWE</td> +<td class="tdr"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"><span class="smcap"> First Meeting of Joseph Howe and Charles Tupper</span></td> +<td class="tdr">156</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"><span class="smcap"> Residence of Thomas Chandler Haliburton, Windsor, N.S.</span></td> +<td class="tdr">268</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl">LORD SYDENHAM</td> +<td class="tdr"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"><span class="smcap"> Lord Durham</span></td> +<td class="tdr">90</td> +</tr> +</table> + + +<p class="fm3">VOLUME VIII</p> + +<table summary="CONTENTS"> +<tr> +<td class="tdl">BALDWIN, LAFONTAINE, AND HINCKS</td> +<td class="tdr"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"><span class="smcap"> Parliament Buildings, Toronto</span>, 1833</td> +<td class="tdr">38</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"><span class="smcap"> Sir Louis H. LaFontaine</span></td> +<td class="tdr">116</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"><span class="smcap"> Notre Dame Street, Montreal</span></td> +<td class="tdr">180</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"><span class="smcap"> Queen's College, Kingston</span>, 1840</td> +<td class="tdr">194</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl">LORD ELGIN<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xv" id="Page_xv">[xv]</a></span></td> +<td class="tdr"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"><span class="smcap"> Burning of the Parliament Buildings, Montreal, 1849</span></td> +<td class="tdr">74</td> +</tr> +</table> + + +<p class="fm3">VOLUME IX</p> + +<table summary="CONTENTS"> +<tr> +<td class="tdl">SIR JOHN A. MACDONALD</td> +<td class="tdr"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"><span class="smcap"> Early Home of Sir John A. Macdonald</span></td> +<td class="tdr">2</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"><span class="smcap"> Building the Canadian Pacific Railway</span></td> +<td class="tdr">238</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"><span class="smcap"> The Old Guard Dinner, May 4, 1882</span></td> +<td class="tdr">261</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl">SIR GEORGES E. CARTIER</td> +<td class="tdr"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"><span class="smcap"> St. James Street, Montreal, 1840</span></td> +<td class="tdr">46</td> +</tr> +</table> + + +<p class="fm3">VOLUME X</p> + +<table summary="CONTENTS"> +<tr> +<td class="tdl">GEORGE BROWN</td> +<td class="tdr"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"><span class="smcap"> The Fathers of Confederation</span></td> +<td class="tdr">163</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl">SIR LEONARD TILLEY</td> +<td class="tdr"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"><span class="smcap"> Polling Day</span></td> +<td class="tdr">50</td> +</tr> +</table> + + +<p class="fm3">VOLUME XI</p> +<table summary="CONTENTS"> +<tr> +<td class="tdl">SUPPLEMENT</td> +<td class="tdr"> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"><span class="smcap"> Illustrated Chart of Canadian History</span></td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_i"><i>Opposite Title Page</i></a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"> </td> +<td class="tdr">Facing Page</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"><span class="smcap"> Old Fort, Near Annapolis Royal</span></td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_11">11</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"><span class="smcap"> Monument To Laura Secord, Lundy's Lane</span></td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_27">27</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"><span class="smcap"> Landing of Jacques Cartier at Quebec, 1535</span></td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_66">66</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"><span class="smcap"> Halifax and Harbour from Dartmouth about 1760</span></td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_161">161</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"><span class="smcap"> Sir Wilfred Laurier</span></td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_210">210</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"><span class="smcap"> Remains of the King's Bastion, Louisbourg</span></td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_223">223</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"><span class="smcap"> Battle of the Plains of Abraham</span></td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_299">299</a></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"><span class="smcap"> The Promised Land</span></td> +<td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_346">346</a></td> +</tr> +</table> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xvi" id="Page_xvi">[xvi]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="INDEX_REFERENCES" id="INDEX_REFERENCES"></a>INDEX REFERENCES</h2> + + +<p>The titles of the volumes in the series are indicated by initial letters +as follows:</p> + +<table summary="REFERENCES"> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"><b>B</b></td> +<td class="tdl">George Brown.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"><b>BL</b></td> +<td class="tdl">Baldwin-La Fontaine-Hincks.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"><b>Ch</b></td> +<td class="tdl">Samuel de Champlain.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"><b>Dr</b></td> +<td class="tdl">Lord Dorchester.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"><b>F</b></td> +<td class="tdl">Count Frontenac.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"><b>Hd</b></td> +<td class="tdl">Sir Frederick Haldimand.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"><b>Mc</b></td> +<td class="tdl">William Lyon Mackenzie.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"><b>MS</b></td> +<td class="tdl">Mackenzie-Selkirk-Simpson.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"><b>R</b></td> +<td class="tdl">Egerton Ryerson.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"><b>Sy</b></td> +<td class="tdl">Lord Sydenham.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"><b>Bk</b></td> +<td class="tdl">General Brock.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"><b>C</b></td> +<td class="tdl">Sir Georges É. Cartier.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"><b>D</b></td> +<td class="tdl">Sir James Douglas.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"><b>E</b></td> +<td class="tdl">Lord Elgin.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"><b>H</b></td> +<td class="tdl">Joseph Howe.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"><b>L</b></td> +<td class="tdl">Bishop Laval.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"><b>Md</b></td> +<td class="tdl">Sir John A. Macdonald.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"><b>P</b></td> +<td class="tdl">Louis Joseph Papineau.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"><b>S</b></td> +<td class="tdl">John Graves Simcoe.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"><b>WM</b></td> +<td class="tdl">Wolfe-Montcalm.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"><b>W</b></td> +<td class="tdl">Wilmot.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="tdl"><b>T</b></td> +<td class="tdl">Tilley.</td> +</tr> +</table> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1">[1]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="INDEX_AND_DICTIONARY" id="INDEX_AND_DICTIONARY"></a>INDEX AND DICTIONARY</h2> + + +<p><b>Abbott, Sir John Joseph Caldwell</b> (1821-1893). Educated at McGill +University; studied law and called to the bar of Lower Canada, 1847. A +candidate for the Legislative Assembly for Argenteuil, 1857, but +defeated by Sydney Bellingham. Bellingham subsequently unseated and +Abbott declared elected, 1860. Solicitor-general for Lower Canada in +Macdonald-Sicotte ministry, 1862-1863, and for a few days retained same +position in Macdonald-Dorion ministry. From 1867 to 1874 and from 1880 +to 1887 represented Argenteuil in House of Commons. May, 1887, admitted +to Macdonald ministry as minister without portfolio, and at same time +appointed to Senate, where he became leader of Conservative party. On +death of Macdonald, became prime minister, June, 1891; held this +position until ill health compelled him to resign, November, 1892. A +recognized authority on questions of commercial and constitutional law. +Framed Insolvent Act of 1864, and Jury Law Consolidation Act of Lower +Canada. <b>Index</b>: <b>C</b> Countenances Annexation Movement in 1849, 44-45. <b>BL</b> On +the Annexation Manifesto, 336. <b>Md</b> A witness before Pacific Scandal +Committee, 204. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Annual Register</i>, 1893; Terrill, <i>Chronology of +Montreal</i>; Thomas, <i>History of Argenteuil and Prescott</i>; Weir, <i>Sixty +Years in Canada</i>; Dent, <i>Can. Por.</i> and <i>Last Forty Years</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Abbott, Joseph</b> (1789-1863). Born and educated in England. Came to +Canada, 1818. Missionary of the Church of England. Wrote <i>The Emigrant</i>, +containing information for farmers about Canada.</p> + +<p><b>Abenaquis Indians.</b> <i>See</i> Abnaki.</p> + +<p><b>Abercrombie, James.</b> Entered the army, and obtained a captaincy in the +42nd or 1st Battalion of Royal Highlanders, 1756. Appointed aide-de-camp +to Major-General Amherst, 1759, with whom he made the campaigns in +Canada of that and the following year. Appointed major of the 78th or +2nd Highland Battalion, 1760, and, in September following, employed by +General Amherst in communicating to the Marquis de Vaudreuil the +conditions preparatory to the surrender of Montreal, and in obtaining +his signature to them. The 78th Regiment having been disbanded in 1763, +retired on half-pay. Again entered active service, 1770, as +lieutenant-colonel of the 22nd Regiment, then serving in America under +the command of Lieutenant-General Gage; killed in the battle of Bunker +Hill, June 17, 1775. <b>Bib.</b>: Doughty, <i>Siege of Quebec</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Abercromby, James</b> (1706-1781). Entered the army, and obtained commission +as major, 1742; lieutenant-colonel, 1744; colonel, 1746. Sent to America +with 50th Regiment, 1756; superseded Shirley and Webb in command of the +army; and then resigned command to Lord Loudon. In 1757 commanded second +brigade against Louisbourg. On Loudon's recall, became +commander-in-chief, 1758. Led expedition against Ticonderoga, with Lord +Howe as second in command. On Howe's death, the campaign became a dismal +failure for the British, Abercromby being outgeneralled at every point +by Montcalm. Returned to England, and in 1772 deputy-governor of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">[2]</a></span> +Stirling Castle. <b>Index</b>: <b>WM</b> Sent to America with reinforcements, 33; +commands division intended to operate by way of Lake Champlain, 54; +repulsed at Fort Carillon, 55-61. <b>Hd</b> His recall, 21. <i>See also</i> Howe; +Rogers; Ticonderoga; Carillon. <b>Bib.</b>: Parkman, <i>Montcalm and Wolfe</i>; +Rogers, <i>Journals during the Late War</i>, ed. by Hough.</p> + +<p><b>Abercromby, Sir Ralph</b> (1734-1801). Commanded a brigade in Holland under +Duke of York, 1793, and wounded at Nimeguen. Afterwards appointed +commander-in-chief of the forces in the West Indies. Held successive +commands in Ireland, Scotland, in the expedition to Holland, and, in +1801, appointed to command the expedition against the French in Egypt. +Won a brilliant victory near Alexandria, but died of wounds received in +the battle. <b>Index</b>: <b>Bk</b> Brock serves under, in Holland, 14. <b>Bib.</b>: +Dunfermline, <i>Sir Ralph Abercromby: a Memoir; Dict. Nat. Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>Aberdeen, John Campbell Hamilton Gordon, seventh Earl of</b> (1847- ). A +baronet of Nova Scotia. Born in Edinburgh, Scotland. Succeeded to +peerage, 1870. Appointed viceroy of Ireland, 1886. Appointed +governor-general of Canada, 1893. Again appointed viceroy of Ireland, +1905. <b>Bib.</b>: Morgan, <i>Can. Men; Who's Who</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Abnaki Indians.</b> A tribe of the Algonquian family, inhabiting a portion +of what is now the province of New Brunswick. They were early converts +of the French missionaries, and made common cause with the French +against the English colonists. A number were brought to Canada in the +seventeenth century, and formed a settlement on the St. Francis River, a +few miles above its junction with the St. Lawrence. The Indian town was +destroyed by Robert Rogers in 1759. <b>Index</b>: <b>F</b> Hostile to New England, +240; incited by Governor Denonville, 249; ravages committed by, 316; +attack settlement at York, 326; repulsed at Wells, 327; disposed to make +peace with New England, 328; French influence in opposite direction +prevails, 330; attack settlement of Oyster River, 330; fired on from +Fort Pemaquid under flag of truce, 331. <b>L</b> Ravages committed by, on New +England settlements, 12; in Acadia, 228. <b>WM</b> Enemies of the English, 16. +<b>Bib.</b>: Parkman, <i>Frontenac</i> and <i>Montcalm and Wolfe</i>; Pilling, +<i>Bibliography of Algonquian Languages</i>; Vetromile, <i>The Abnakis and +their History</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Abraham, Plains of.</b> <i>See</i> Plains of Abraham.</p> + +<p><b>Academy of Arts.</b> <i>See</i> Royal Canadian Academy of Arts.</p> + +<p><b>Acadia.</b> The name Acadia or "la Cadie" is found as early as Nov. 8, 1603, +in the commission of Henry IV appointing Pierre du Gua, Sieur de Monts, +lieutenant-general in La Cadie, extending from the fortieth to the +forty-sixth degree of north latitude. The limits were afterwards +reduced, and the boundaries of Acadia became a cause of contention +between France and England. France claimed that the English possessions +were restricted to the peninsula of Nova Scotia, and that the territory +now known as New Brunswick had not been ceded to England. The first +settlement in Acadia was on the Island of St. Croix in 1604, but the +following year it was transferred to Port Royal, and abandoned in 1607. +Three years later the Sieur de Poutrincourt established a new settlement +at Port Royal, which was destroyed by Argall in 1613. In September, +1621, James I granted the territory of Acadia, under the name of Nova +Scotia, to Sir William Alexander. This grant was renewed in July, 1625, +by Charles I. A small Scottish settlement was established at Port Royal +by the grantee. Acadia was restored to France by the treaty of St. +Germain-en-Laye in 1632, and during the same year new settlers were +brought from France. Acadia was finally ceded to Great Britain by the +treaty of Utrecht in 1713. <b>Index</b>: <b>Ch</b> Its resources and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[3]</a></span> limits, 18; +English king indisposed to restore, 213. <b>F</b> Attempt to form settlement +in, 6; seized by English under Kirke, 22; subsequent vicissitudes, +268-272; seized under orders from Cromwell, 268; settlers disposed to +trade with New England, 270; Port Royal (Annapolis) made capital, 270; +visited by Meulles and Saint Vallier, and census taken, 271; Port Royal +and other posts captured by Phipps, who establishes government, 274; +passes again under French control, 316. <b>Bib.</b>: Champlain, <i>Voyages</i>; +Lescarbot, <i>New France</i>; Denys, <i>Acadia</i>; Parkman, <i>Pioneers of France</i>; +Rameau de Saint-Père, <i>Une Colonie Feodale</i>; Calnek and Savary, <i>History +of the County of Annapolis</i>; Moreau, <i>Histoire de l'Acadie</i>; Hannay, +<i>History of Acadia</i>; Campbell, <i>History of Nova Scotia</i>; Murdoch, +<i>History of Nova Scotia</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Acadia College.</b> Situated at Wolfville, Nova Scotia. Founded by the Nova +Scotia Baptist Education Society, 1838. Application made to the Nova +Scotia Assembly for incorporation as "The Trustees, Governors and +Fellows of the Queen's College." The corporation created with university +powers, 1840. At the next meeting of the Legislature its name changed to +Acadia College. Power of appointing governors transferred from the +Education Society to the Baptist Convention of the Maritime Provinces, +1851. Final changes in the Act of Incorporation, 1891. <b>Index</b>: <b>H</b> Founded +by the Baptists, 1838; first known as Queen's College, 81; defended by +James W. Johnstone, 83. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Canada: An Ency.</i>, vol. 4.</p> + +<p><b>Acadian.</b> Newspaper published at Halifax. <b>Index</b>: <b>H</b> Formerly <i>Weekly +Chronicle</i>, 6; purchased and edited by Joseph Howe, 6; sold by Howe, 6.</p> + +<p><b>Acadians.</b> The first permanent settlers were those who came with De +Razilly in 1632, and from these the Acadians of to-day are descended. +Other French immigrants were brought by d'Aulnay de Charnisay from 1639 +to 1649, and by La Tour and Le Borgne in 1651 and 1658 respectively. +There were also small immigrations at divers later dates. The first +general nominal census was taken in 1671, and gave a population of 392 +souls. In 1686 there were 885 persons in Acadia. Seven years later the +inhabitants numbered 1018. When Acadia was ceded to Britain in 1713, the +Acadian population was 2500. Although from 1713 to 1745 a number of +families had escaped to the new French colonies of Isle Royale and Isle +St. Jean (now Cape Breton and Prince Edward Island), still in 1749, when +the British settled Halifax, there were about 12,500 Acadians in the +province. Another large influx of population to the same colonies, and +to the St. John River, took place between 1749 and 1755, yet there +remained in the latter year in the peninsula and in the Isthmus of +Chignecto some 10,000 inhabitants, of whom nearly 7000 were deported in +1755. The rest escaped to the woods; some went to Miramichi, and later +to Baie des Chaleurs; others crossed over to the Isles Royale and St. +Jean, and quite a number found their way to St. John River, and from +thence to the province of Quebec. The whole population of Acadians in +the peninsula, the Isthmus of Chignecto, the St. John River, Isle +Royale, and Isle St. Jean, at the time of the expulsion, is computed at +16,000. <b>Bib.</b>: Murdoch, <i>History of Nova Scotia</i>; Campbell, <i>History of +Nova Scotia</i>; Haliburton, <i>Historical and Statistical Account of Nova +Scotia</i>; Hannay, <i>History of Acadia</i>; Raymond, <i>St. John River</i>; Gaudet, +<i>Acadian Genealogy</i> (Report on Dominion Archives, 1905, vol. 2).</p> + +<p><b>Acadians, Expulsion of the.</b> Governor Lawrence in 1755, with the advice +of his Council and of Admirals Boscawen and Mostyn, but apparently +without consulting the home government, decided that the Acadians must +be deported from Nova Scotia. The reason for this decision was the +obstinate refusal of the Acadians<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[4]</a></span> to take the oath of allegiance, and +the conviction of the governor that the safety of the colony depended +upon their expulsion. In September, 1755, all preparations having been +made with the utmost secrecy, Monckton at Beauséjour, Winslow at Grand +Pré, Murray at Piziquid, and Handfield at Annapolis, seized the +inhabitants and held them prisoners until the arrival of the transport +and provision ships. These having been delayed, the final embarkation +did not take place until late in December. The Acadians were distributed +among the British colonies along the Atlantic seaboard. Some hired +vessels in 1763, and sailed to Miquelon, and in 1767 and following years +returned gradually to their old Acadian home. Others came directly to +Nova Scotia in 1766, there being no longer any reason for their +exclusion, while others went north to Quebec or south to Louisiana. The +present Acadian population in the three Maritime Provinces is over +150,000, and these are the descendants of the few families who escaped +deportation, and of those who returned from exile. <b>Index</b>: <i>See</i> +references under Acadia. <b>Bib.</b>: Parkman, <i>Montcalm and Wolfe</i>; Richard, +<i>Acadia</i>; Casgrain, <i>Un Pélérinage au Pays <a name='TC_1'></a><ins title="Was 'd'Evangeline'">d'Evangéline</ins></i>; <i>Une Seconde +Acadie</i>; <i>Les Sulpiciens et les Prêtres des Missions Etrangères en +Acadia</i>; <i>Documents Inédits sur l'Acadie, 1710-1815</i>; Archibald, +<i>Expulsion of Acadians</i> (N.S. Hist. Soc. Coll., 1887); <i>Selections from +the Public Documents of Nova Scotia</i>, ed. by Akins; Calnek and Savary, +<i>History of the County of Annapolis</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Accommodation.</b> First steamboat on the St. Lawrence. Built by John Molson +at Montreal. Arrived at Quebec from Montreal, Nov. 5, 1809, making the +run in 36 hours. The vessel measured 85 feet over all, had 16 feet beam, +and was equipped with an engine of six-horse power. <i>See also</i> Molson; +Steamships. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Semi-Centennial Report of Montreal Board of Trade</i>, +1893.</p> + +<p><b>Adams.</b> <b>Bk</b> United States brig on Lake Erie, 178; surrendered to British, +256; name changed to <i>Detroit</i>, 274; captured by Americans at Fort Erie, +289; burnt, 290. <b>Bib.</b>: Lucas, <i>Canadian War of 1812</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Adams, John.</b> Came to Nova Scotia from Boston. Appointed member of the +Council, 1720. After the death of Lawrence Armstrong, administered the +government during 1739 and 1740. Returned to Boston, 1740, as blindness +prevented him from attending to his duties.</p> + +<p><b>Addison, Robert.</b> <b>S</b> First chaplain of Upper Canada Assembly, 85, 158; +opens a school at Niagara, 167. <b>R</b> Member of Board of Education, Upper +Canada, 58.</p> + +<p><b>Adet, Pierre Auguste</b> (1763-1832). Appointed on the 10th thermidor, +member of the French Council of Mines. In 1795, went to the United +States in the capacity of plenipotentiary. In 1796 presented to the +United States Congress the tricolour flag on behalf of the French +nation; and the following year, handed to the secretary of state the +famous note in which the Directoire, complaining to the American +government of breach of neutrality, stated that the republic would give +to every neutral flag the same treatment that the latter would get from +Great Britain. <b>Index</b>: <b>Dr</b> French minister to United States, intrigues of, +300, 301.</p> + +<p><b>Agniers.</b> <i>See</i> Mohawks.</p> + +<p><b>Agriculture.</b> Societies for improving the conditions of agriculture were +founded in Nova Scotia, 1789; in Quebec the same year; and in Upper +Canada in 1792. Simcoe in Upper Canada and Dorchester in Quebec did much +to further agricultural interests, but Quebec owes most to J. F. +Perrault (<i>q.v.</i>), and Nova Scotia to John Young (<i>q.v.</i>). An +agricultural school was founded at Ste. Anne de la Pocatière in 1859; +the Guelph Agricultural College was established<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[5]</a></span> in 1874; the Nova +Scotia School of Agriculture, 1885; and the Macdonald College, at Ste. +Anne de Bellevue, opened in the fall of 1907. Agricultural Colleges are +also in operation in connection with the provincial universities of +Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and Alberta. <b>Index</b>: <b>F</b> In New France, +difficulties in the way of, 87. <b>S</b> Progress of, in Upper Canada, 108, +109; Simcoe's endeavours to promote, 110, 198. <b>E</b> Elgin on, 49-50; +department of, established by Hincks-Morin government, 117; charged with +founding of model farms and agricultural schools, 117. <b>MS</b> Agricultural +experiments of the Red River colony, 1820-1835, 222-223; experimental +farm at Red River, 237; Governor Simpson's views, 273-278. <b>D</b> In British +Columbia, 256-257, 329-330. <b>B</b> Splendid field for in North-West predicted +by Toronto <i>Globe</i>, in 1852, 213-215. <i>See also</i> Farmers; Wheat; +Flour-milling; Puget Sound Agricultural Society. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Canada: An +Ency.</i>, vol. 5; Johnson, <i>First Things in Canada</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Aguesseau, Henri-François</b> (1668-1751). Studied law; appointed third +barrister of the Parliament of Paris, 1690; and attorney-general, 1700. +Seventeen years later became chancellor. His opposition to Law's +financial scheme brought about his temporary disgrace. Reappointed after +the failure of Law's bank, and retired, 1722. Joined the administration +again in 1727 as minister of justice, and finally retired, 1750. <b>Index</b>: +<b>F</b> On French Parliaments, 153.</p> + +<p><b>Aiguebelle, d'.</b> <b>WM</b> In battle of Ste. Foy, 257.</p> + +<p><b>Aiken, Thomas B.</b> <b>H</b> Contributes to <i>The Club</i> in Howe's <i>Nova Scotian</i>, +10.</p> + +<p><b>Aikins, James Cox</b> (1823-1896). Educated at Victoria College. Elected for +Peel County, 1854, and sat in Assembly until 1861. Elected to +Legislative Council, 1862; and at Confederation became a member of the +Dominion Senate. Secretary of state in Macdonald administration, +1869-1873, and again in 1878-1880; minister of inland revenue, +1880-1882; lieutenant-governor of Manitoba, 1882-1888; again called to +Senate, 1896. <b>Index</b>: <b>R</b> Graduate of Victoria College, 143. <b>Bib.</b>: Dent, +<i>Can. Por.</i>; Morgan, <i>Can. Men.</i>; Rose, <i>Cyc. Can. Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>Ailleboust de Coulonge, Louis d'.</b> Administered settlement of Villemarie +during the absence of Maisonneuve. Promoted to governorship of Three +Rivers. Became governor of Canada, 1648. Succeeded by Lauzon, 1651. +Administered the colony, 1657. Died at Quebec, 1660. <b>Index</b>: <b>F</b> Succeeds +Montmagny as governor, 35; interim governor, 42. <b>L</b> His pious +administration, 8. <b>Bib.</b>: Parkman, <i>Old Régime</i>; Douglas, <i>Old France in +the New World</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Aillon, Father de la Roche d'.</b> <b>Ch</b> Récollet interpreter and negotiator +with the Kirkes, 188-190; returns to France, 208. <b>Bib.</b>: Kirke, <i>The +First English Conquest of Canada</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Aix-la-Chapelle, Treaty of.</b> Signed between Great Britain and France, +April 18, 1748. Brought the War of the Austrian Succession to a close. +The practical effect of the treaty was to renew the <i>status quo</i>. All +former treaties were renewed and all conquests restored. So far as +British North America was concerned, the most vital article was that +which provided for the restoration to France of Cape Breton. <b>Bib.</b>: +Hertslet, <i>Treaties and Conventions</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Alabama Claims.</b> <b>Md</b> Exploits of the <i>Alabama</i>, 98; inflicts injury on +Northern shipping, 165; causes irritation in United States, 167; claims +referred to Joint Commission, 168-169; personnel of Commission, 169; +claims finally submitted to arbitration, 181. <i>See also</i> Washington, +Treaty of.</p> + +<p><b>Alaska Boundary Question.</b> Arose out of differences of opinion as to the +interpretation of the 1828 Convention between Russia and Great Britain, +and particularly as to the boundary of the coast strip. The United +States contention<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[6]</a></span> was that the boundary should follow a line +approximately parallel to the coast and thirty marine miles distant +therefrom; the Canadian, that it should follow the summit of the first +range, crossing many of the inlets near their mouths. The decision of +the Joint Commission of 1903 did not concede the United States claims in +full, but gave them an unbroken littoral, substantially what they had +contended for. <b>Index</b>: <b>D</b> Effect of Russian occupation, 38; early history +of, 119; history of dispute, 340-341. <b>Bib.</b>: Hodgins, <i>British and +American Diplomacy Affecting Canada</i>; MacArthur, <i>The Alaska Boundary +Award</i>, in the <i>Univ. Mag.</i>, December, 1907; Bourinot, <i>Canada under +British Rule; Proceedings of the Alaska Boundary Tribunal</i>, Washington, +1904; Ewart, <i>The Kingdom of Canada</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Albanel, Charles. L</b> Explores Hudson Bay, 11.</p> + +<p><b>Alberta.</b> Created a province of the Dominion on Sept. 1, 1905. Includes +the former district of Alberta, with the west half of Athabaska, and a +strip of Assiniboia and Saskatchewan. Area, 253,540 square miles. The +former district or territory of Alberta was named in honour of the +Princess Louise. Seat of government, Edmonton. <i>See also</i> North-West +Territories.</p> + +<p><b>Alberta, University of.</b> Created by Act of the Legislature of Alberta +passed at the first session after provincial autonomy had been granted. +First president appointed, 1908. Seat of university at Strathcona, +across the Saskatchewan River from Edmonton, the capital of the +province.</p> + +<p><b>Albion.</b> Newspaper published at New York. <b>Index</b>: <b>B</b> Peter Brown +contributes to, 2; a weekly newspaper, published at New York for British +residents of United States, 2. <b>BL</b> On Draper's pronouncement as to +responsible government, 94; on Bagot's reception at Montreal, 118; on +Hincks's appointment as inspector-general, 120; on the seat of +government, 182; on the Metcalfe crisis, 199.</p> + +<p><b>Alexander VII, Pope</b> (1599-1667). Born Fabio Chigi. Elected pope, 1655. +<b>Index</b>: <b>L</b> Appoints Laval his vicar apostolic, 7.</p> + +<p><b>Alexander of Rhodes, Father. L</b> Recommends Laval for mission work in +India, 23.</p> + +<p><b>Alexander, Sir William.</b> <i>See</i> Stirling, Earl of.</p> + +<p><b>Algonquian Indians.</b> The name is now applied to what is probably the most +widely-distributed linguistic stock of North America. In the days of +French Canada, it was given to a comparatively small and unimportant +tribe, whose home was on the banks of the Ottawa. <b>Index</b>: <b>L</b> Two camps of, +destroyed, 9; missions destroyed by drunkenness, 175. <b>Bib.</b>: Parkman, +<i>Conspiracy of Pontiac</i>; Brinton, <i>The Lenape and Their Legends</i>; +Pilling, <i>Bibliography of the Algonquian Languages</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Aliens.</b> <b>Dr</b> Dorchester has Act passed in 1794 by Assembly, 288; designed +to guard against danger of anti-British sentiment, 288. <b>Mc</b> Act passed in +Upper Canada, 1804, 88; designed to guard against sedition, 88-89; terms +of British Act of 1790, 140-141; hardships of, 141; Act of 1826, +141-143.</p> + +<p><b>Alix, Marguerite. Ch</b> Mother of Helen Bouillé, 66.</p> + +<p><b>Alix, Simon. Ch</b> Director of Company of New France, 170.</p> + +<p><b>Allan, George William</b> (1822-1901). Born in York, Upper Canada. Educated +at Upper Canada College; studied law and called to the bar, 1846. Served +in the volunteers during the Rebellion of 1837. Mayor of Toronto, 1855; +elected member of the Legislative Council, 1858; appointed to the +Senate, 1867; Speaker of the Senate, 1888-1891. From 1877 until his +death, chancellor of Trinity University. <b>Bib.</b>: Morgan, <i>Can. Men.</i><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[7]</a></span></p> + +<p><b>Allan, Sir Hugh</b> (1810-1882). Founder of the Allan line of steamships. +Came to Canada from Scotland, 1826, and in 1831 entered the shipbuilding +firm of James Millar & Co., Montreal, of which he became a partner in +1835. In 1853 his firm began building iron screw steamships, and their +first vessel, the <i>Canadian</i>, made its first voyage in 1855. The +following year, with a fleet of four vessels, a regular service was +opened between Canada and England, with fortnightly sailings. In 1859 +the fleet was increased to eight steamers, and a weekly service opened. +From these small beginnings, the Allan Line has risen to a foremost +place in transatlantic transportation. <b>Index</b>: <b>Md</b> President of the +Canadian Pacific Railway Co.—his agreement with American capitalists, +201-202; corrupt bargains with government, 202; denies charges, 205; +Macdonald denies corrupt bargain, 207; Cartier's connection with, 207; +his Company compelled to abandon railway project, 233. <b>C</b> His Company +offers to build transcontinental railway, 53; asked to subscribe to +Conservative election fund, 53; his indiscreet letters, 53. <b>H</b> President +of Montreal Board of Trade, presides at public dinner to Joseph Howe, +138. <b>D</b> His connection with transcontinental railway project, 321. <b>E</b> His +line secures mail subsidy, 115. <i>See also</i> Transportation; Molson; +Cunard; <i>Royal William</i>. <b>Bib.</b>: Morgan, <i>Cel. Can.</i>; Dent, <i>Can. Por.</i>; +Taylor, <i>Brit. Am.</i>; <i>Canada: An Ency.</i>, vol. 3; <i>Semi-Centennial Report +of Montreal Board of Trade</i>, 1893.</p> + +<p><b>Allanshaw, James.</b> <b>W</b> Appointed to Legislative Council, New Brunswick, 69.</p> + +<p><b>Allard, Father Germain.</b> <b>L</b> Récollet missionary, arrival in Canada, 109.</p> + +<p><b>Allcock, Henry.</b> Studied law at Lincoln's Inn, and called to the bar, +1791. In November, 1798, appointed judge of Court of King's Bench for +Upper Canada. Elected to Legislative Assembly for constituency of +Durham, Simcoe, and E. York, 1800, but unseated by the Assembly, June, +1801. Under the direction of Lieutenant-Governor Hunter, engaged in the +preparation of a bill to establish a Court of Equity in the province, +and was to have been the first chancellor of the Court. The Court of +Equity, however, was not at this time established, and on the removal of +Chief-Justice Elmsley to Lower Canada, October, 1802, was appointed +chief-justice of Upper Canada, and a member of the Executive and +Legislative Councils. On the death of Elmsley, promoted to chief-justice +of Lower Canada, July 1, 1805. In August, 1806, took his seat as a +member of the Executive Council, and in January, 1807, appointed a +member and chairman of the Legislative Council. Died at Quebec, Feb. 22, +1808. <b>Bib.</b>: Read, <i>Lives of the Judges</i>; Cartwright, <i>Life and Letters +of Richard Cartwright</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Allen, Ethan</b> (1737-1789). <b>Index</b>: <b>Dr</b> Seizes Ticonderoga and Crown Point, +83; marches against Montreal, 98; captured with part of his force, 99; +put into irons, 100; proposes separate arrangements between Vermont and +Canada, 244, 245. <b>Hd</b> His intrigues in connection with political status +of Vermont, 197-216; his great duplicity, 209, 213; proposes secret +treaty to Haldimand, 214; true to Vermont only, 217. <i>See also</i> +Montgomery; Arnold; American Invasion. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Allen's Captivity: Being a +Narrative Containing his Voyages, Travels</i>, etc.; Henry Hall, <i>Ethan +Allen</i>; Jared Sparks, <i>American Biography</i>, ser. 1, vol. 1; <i>Cyc. Am. +Biog.</i>; Bradley, <i>The Making of Canada</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Allen, Ira</b> (1751-1814). <b>Index</b>: <b>Hd</b> Brother of Ethan—has conference with +British emissary, 204; little confidence placed in good faith of, 205, +209; receives documents justifying his mission, 210; proposes secret +treaty with Britain, 214; true to Vermont only, 217. <b>Dr</b> His plans for +attacking Canada, 299, 300.</p> + +<p><b>Allen, John Campbell.</b> <b>T</b> Solicitor-general, New Brunswick, 1856, 41; +opposition candidate in York, 1865, elected, 86; his sterling honesty, +87;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[8]</a></span> attorney-general in Smith government, 91; a Conservative, 91; +appointed to the bench, 93, 95; chief justice, 87. <b>Bib.</b>: Dent, <i>Can. +Por.</i></p> + +<p><b>Allison, Joseph.</b> <b>H</b> On his death, 1839, Joseph Howe offered his seat in +Executive Council, Nova Scotia, but refuses, 72.</p> + +<p><b>Allouez, Father Claude.</b> Came to Quebec, 1657. Left for the West, 1665. +Laboured for twenty-five years among the tribes of what are now the +states of Wisconsin, Michigan, and Minnesota. Met La Salle in Illinois, +1679. Died in 1690. <b>Index</b>: <b>L</b> Missionary labours of, 11; impresses +Indians of Sault Ste. Marie with power of French king, 104. <b>Bib.</b>: Shea, +<i>Discovery and Exploration of the Mississippi Valley</i>; Griffin, +<i>Discovery of the Mississippi</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Allsopp, George.</b> Settled in Quebec, 1761, and became prominent in +maintaining the rights of the civil authority as opposed to the +military. January, 1766, appointed deputy secretary, clerk of the +Council, and registrar of enrolments, but because of his opposition to +the government, Murray refused to admit him to office. In April, 1768, +Carleton confirmed him in these appointments, which he retained until +superseded by George Pownall in 1775. From 1771 to 1776 deputy +commissary-general. One of the original members of the Legislative +Council, under the Quebec Act. In 1780, when the Legislative Council +presented an address to Haldimand opposing the passing of an ordinance +amending the judicial system of the province in accordance with royal +instructions to the governor, voted against the address and caused a +strongly worded protest to be entered in the minutes of the Council. +This action resented by members of the Council, and ultimately led to +his dismissal by Haldimand, February, 1783. <b>Index</b>: <b>Hd</b> Member of Council +suspended for sedition, 1783, 175. <b>Bib.</b>: Christie, <i>History of Lower +Canada</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Almon, William Bruce.</b> <b>H</b> A "bitter Tory," 86; called to Executive and +Legislative Councils of Nova Scotia, 1843, 86; his appointment leads to +resignation of Howe, 87; challenges Howe to a duel, 236. <b>Bib.</b>: Campbell, +<i>History of Nova Scotia</i>; Saunders, <i>Three Premiers of Nova Scotia</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Alwington.</b> <b>Sy</b> Name of governor-general's residence at Kingston, 294.</p> + +<p><b>American Colonies.</b> <b>Dr</b> Their objections to the Quebec Act, 70. <b>Hd</b> +Loudon's letter to Pitt regarding taxation of, 11; objections to in +colonies, 58; Haldimand's opinion of, 84; feeling in London against +taxation of, 86.</p> + +<p><b>American Invasion</b> (1775-1776). Grew out of the belief entertained by the +rebellious colonists that the French of Canada could readily be won to +their side. As a matter of fact the latter, while for the most part +showing no enthusiasm to join Carleton's forces, were still less +inclined to coöperate with the invading army under Montgomery and +Arnold, or to support the movement for union with the New Englanders. On +the other hand, the Americans had a number of English-speaking +sympathizers in Montreal—men who had come there from the colonies to +the south. This, and its geographical position, made the capture of +Montreal an easy matter; but Quebec was a different problem. Here +Carleton gathered a small but efficient force of regulars and militia, +and successfully held the town against the invading army. Montgomery was +killed in the assault, Dec. 31, 1775, and in the spring of 1776 the +siege was raised. The invading army hastily retreated to Montreal, and +finally was driven out of the country. <b>Index</b>: <b>P</b> Joseph Papineau carries +despatch to Carleton, 5. <b>Dr</b> Agitation worked up by American emissaries, +79-80; disaffection in Montreal, 82; seizure of Ticonderoga and Crown +Point, 82; Arnold captures vessel on Lake Champlain, 83; defence of St. +Johns, 84-85; martial law proclaimed, 86; militia called out, 86-88; the +<i>habitants</i> indifferent or disaffected, 88; English-speaking<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[9]</a></span> +inhabitants of Montreal refuse to serve, 88; Guy Johnson raises Indian +levies, 88; measures of defence, 90-93; Congress decides to invade +Canada, 95-96; Arnold starts for the Kennebec, 96; Montgomery assumes +command, 97; Allen appears before Montreal, is captured and sent to +England, 98-99; Montgomery lays siege to St. Johns, 100-101; Chambly +captured by the Americans, 101; Preston surrenders at St. Johns, 102; +Arnold marches on Quebec, 106-111; Carleton escapes to Quebec, 112-113; +organizes the defence, 114-115; progress of the siege, 118-124; +Montgomery and Arnold attack the city, 124-126; death of Montgomery, +126; failure of Arnold's attack, 127-132; Franklin's mission to +Montreal, 135-136; arrival of the fleet at Quebec with reinforcements, +137; Carleton attacks the Americans, 138-139; evacuation of Canada, +141-147. <i>See also</i> Montgomery; Arnold; Dorchester; Ethan Allen. <b>Bib.</b>: +Kingsford, <i>History of Canada</i>; Smith, <i>Our Struggle for the Fourteenth +Colony</i>; Stone, <i>Invasion of Canada</i>; Codman, <i>Arnold's Expedition to +Quebec</i>; Lucas, <i>History of Canada</i>; Coffin, <i>The Province of Quebec and +the Early American Revolution</i>; Bradley, <i>The Making of Canada</i>.</p> + +<p><b>American Revolution.</b> <b>WM</b> Traced to battle of the Plains, 205. <b>T</b> Loyalists +in, 2-3.</p> + +<p><b>Americans.</b> <b>Dr</b> Settled in Canada, disloyalty of, 82, 85; disorderly +retreat of, 146.</p> + +<p><b>Amherst, Jeffrey, Baron</b> (1717-1797). Sent to America, 1758, and in +co-operation with Admiral Boscawen, captured Louisbourg that year. With +General Prideaux and Sir W. Johnson, took Ticonderoga, 1759. Reduced +Montreal the following year. Appointed commander-in-chief and +governor-general in America, 1761. Raised to peerage, 1776, as Baron +Amherst of Holmesdale. <b>Index</b>: <b>WM</b> In command of Louisbourg expedition, +73; commander-in-chief of forces in America, 77; operates against +Montreal, 77; his slowness of movement, 97, 122; held in check by +Bourlamaque, 131; compels Bourlamaque to evacuate Forts Carillon and +Frederic, 146. <b>Hd</b> Replaces Abercromby, 21; wrecks Fort George, 22; his +delay at Lake Champlain, 25; praises Haldimand's forbearance at Niagara, +27; builds a strong fort at Crown Point, 28; arrives at Oswego, 34; +Montreal surrenders to, 38; takes up quarters at New York, 40; nominal +governor of Canada, 41; notifies Haldimand of promotion, 42; approves +scheme for smelting old guns, 47; retirement of, 53; letter from +Haldimand, 82; recommends Haldimand for New York command, 83; his +interest in Louis Haldimand, 88; blind to true situation in America, +103; anxious to see Haldimand on his return to England, 105-106; meets +Haldimand at Sydneys, 311; entertainments given by, 324-325; Haldimand +on, 326, 332; Haldimand visits, 337, 339. <b>Dr</b> Canada surrendered to, 2; +grants religious freedom, 10. <i>See also</i> Louisbourg; Ticonderoga; Crown +Point. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Expedition of British and Provincial Army ... against +Ticonderoga and Crown Point</i>; Samuel Waldo, <i>Reduction of Louisbourg</i> +(Dominion Archives, 1886); Johnstone, <i>Journal of Louisbourg, 1750-1758</i> +(Coll. de doc. rel. à la Nouvelle France, vol. 3); <i>Dict. of Eng. +Hist.</i>; <i>Dict. Nat. Biog.</i>; Bradley, <i>The Fight with France</i>; Parkman, +<i>Montcalm and Wolfe</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Amherstburg.</b> A town on the Canadian side of the Detroit River. <b>Index</b>: <b>Bk</b> +Fort, village, and naval station, 59; deputy quartermaster-general +stationed at, 80; military importance of, 177, 236; garrison of, 202, +235. <b>BL</b> Early municipal government of, 298. <b>Bib.</b>: James, <i>Early History +of the Town of Amherstburg</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Amherst's Regiment.</b> <b>WM</b> On British left, at Quebec, 189.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[10]</a></span></p> + +<p><b>Amiens, Treaty of</b>. Signed between Great Britain and France, March 25, +1802. Brought to an end the war that had lasted since 1793. Among other +provisions, the Newfoundland fisheries were restored to the same +position held before the war. <b>Index</b>: <b>Bk</b> Preliminaries of peace entered +into in London, and treaty signed at Amiens, 30-31. <b>Bib.</b>: Hertslet, +<i>Treaties and Conventions</i>; Bowman, <i>Preliminary Stages of the Peace of +Amiens</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Amnesty Act</b>, 1838. <b>Mc</b> Enables the government to extend conditional +pardon in certain cases to political offenders, 474-475.</p> + +<p><b>Amnesty Act</b>, 1849. <b>E</b> William Lyon Mackenzie takes advantage of, 91. <b>BL</b> +Proposed by Elgin, on behalf of Imperial government, as a measure of +pardon for those implicated in the Rebellion of 1837-1838, 287; Act +passed, 292. <b>Mc</b> Mackenzie takes advantage of, 480. <b>Bib.</b>: Dent, <i>Last +Forty Years</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Amusements in Canada</b>. <b>Hd</b> Contemporary accounts of, in 1781, 221-224.</p> + +<p><b>Anadabijou</b>. <b>Ch</b> Montagnais chief, makes long harangue to Champlain, 10; +his relations with Champlain, 50-51.</p> + +<p><b>Anahotaha</b>. <b>L</b> Huron chief, joins Dollard at Long Sault, 69.</p> + +<p><b>Andastes</b>. A once-powerful tribe, who spoke a dialect of the Iroquois, +but were at deadly enmity with the Five Nations, by whom, according to +Parkman, they were nearly destroyed about the year 1672. <b>Index</b>: <b>Ch</b> +Indian tribe of Virginia, 90; adopted into the Hurons and spoke their +language, 90.</p> + +<p><b>Andehoua</b>. <b>Ch</b> Indian youth baptized, 233.</p> + +<p><b>Anderson, Captain</b>. <b>Dr</b> British officer killed at Sault au Matelot +barrier, 130.</p> + +<p><b>Anderson, A. Caulfield</b>. An officer of the Hudson's Bay Company, employed +for many years in the New Caledonia district, under Dr. McLoughlin. +<b>Index</b>: <b>D</b> In charge at Alexandria, on the Lower Fraser, 186; explores a +road from Kamloops to the Lower Fraser, 186.</p> + +<p><b>Anderson, Anthony</b>. <b>Mc</b> Given command of the rebels, 360; moves on +Toronto, 363; takes prisoners, 364; victim of Powell's treachery, 365.</p> + +<p><b>Anderson, David</b> (1814-1885). Born in London, England. Educated at +Edinburgh Academy and at Exeter College, Oxford. Vice-principal of St. +Bees College, Cumberland, 1841-1847, and incumbent of All Saints', +Derby, 1848-1849. Came to the Red River Settlement as bishop of Rupert's +Land, 1849. Remained until 1864, when he returned to England. +Subsequently vicar of Clifton and chancellor of St. Paul's Cathedral, +London. <b>Bib.</b>: Works: <i>Notes on the Flood; Net in the Bay</i>. For biog. +<i>see</i>, Mockridge, <i>The Bishops of the Church of England in Canada and +Newfoundland</i>; Machray, <i>Life of Archbishop Machray</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Andros, Sir Edmund</b> (1637-1713). Appointed governor of New York, 1674; +governor of all the New England colonies, 1685. Recalled on account of +his extreme unpopularity, 1688. Subsequently governor of Virginia, +1692-1698. <b>Index</b>: <b>F</b> Governor of New England, 263; seized and imprisoned, +266. <b>L</b> His offer respecting liquor traffic, 173. <b>Bib.</b>: Whitmore, <i>Andros +Tracts</i> (Prince Soc., 1868-1874); Ferguson, <i>Essays in American +History</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Aneda</b>. <b>Ch</b> An Indian chief, 29.</p> + +<p><b>Aneda</b>. An evergreen, used by Jacques Cartier and his men as a remedy +against scurvy. Parkman suggests that it was a spruce, or, more +probably, an arbor-vitæ. Douglas believes it to have been balsam. +Cartier spells the name <i>ameda</i>, and Lescarbot, <i>annedda</i>. <b>Index</b>: <b>Ch</b> +Remedy for scurvy, 29; the Iroquois word for spruce tree, 30.</p> + +<p><b>Ange Gardien</b>. A village on the St. Lawrence, north shore, below Quebec. +Index: <b>WM</b> Wolfe seriously ill at, 154.</p> + +<p><b>Angers, Auguste Rèal</b> (1838- ). Born in Quebec. Studied law, and called<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[11]</a></span> +to the bar; made Q.C. 1880, and the same year appointed a puisne judge +of the Superior Court of Quebec. Lieutenant-governor of Quebec, 1887; +resigned and called to the Senate, 1892. Minister of agriculture, +1892-1895; president of the Council, 1896. <b>Bib.</b>: Morgan, <i>Can. Men</i>; +Chapais, <i>Angers</i> (Men of the Day).</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<img src="images/img_text010a.jpg" width="600" height="415" alt="Old Fort, near Annapolis Royal + +From the John Ross Robertson collection" title="" /> +<span class="caption">Old Fort, near Annapolis Royal + +From the John Ross Robertson collection</span> +</div> + +<p><b>Anglican Church.</b> <i>See</i> Church of England.</p> + +<p><b>Anglin, Timothy Warren</b> (1822-1886). Born in Ireland. Came to St. John, +New Brunswick, 1849. Established <i>Weekly Freeman</i> that year. Elected to +New Brunswick Legislature for St. John, 1860. Opposed Confederation. +Elected to the House of Commons, 1867, for Gloucester. Elected Speaker, +1874, and again in 1878. <b>Index</b>: <b>C</b> Demands disallowance of New Brunswick +Act abolishing separate schools, 73. <b>T</b> Elected for St. John to New +Brunswick Assembly on Anti-Confederate ticket, 85; member of Smith +government, 91; his influence, 93; differences with colleagues in +railway matter, 94; resigns his seat, 1865, 95; defeated for county of +St. John, 1866, 109. <b>Bib.</b>: Dent, <i>Can. Por.</i></p> + +<p><b>Angus, Richard Bladworth</b> (1831- ). Born at Bathgate, near Edinburgh. Came +to Canada, 1857, and joined the staff of the Bank of Montreal. Rose +steadily in the service of the bank, and in 1869 became general manager. +President of the Bank of Montreal, 1910; and director of the Canadian +Pacific Railway. <b>Index</b>: <b>Md</b> Director of Canadian Pacific Railway +syndicate, 236. <b>Bib.</b>: Morgan, <i>Can. Men</i>; <i>Canadian Who's Who</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Anian, Strait of.</b> Dr. Ruge says that the name arose through a +misunderstanding of Marco Polo's book (bk. 3, ch. 5). His Ania "is no +doubt the present Anam, but the Dutch cartographers thought that this +land was in north-east Asia, and called the strait that was said to +separate the continents the Strait of Anian." The name appears for the +first time on Gerh. Mercator's famous maritime chart of 1569. <b>Index</b>: <b>D</b> +History of search for, 2; De Fuca's voyage to, 9; Carver's River of +Oregon, 20. <b>Bib.</b>: Soph. Ruge, <i>Fretum Aniam</i>; Dawson, <i>Canada</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Annand, William</b> (1808-1892). Born in Halifax County. Entered the Nova +Scotia Assembly as one of the members for Halifax, 1836; financial +secretary in Howe's ministry, 1860-1863. An active opponent of +Confederation. Formed the first Anti-Confederate or repeal government in +Nova Scotia, 1867; retired in 1874 to accept the position of immigration +agent at London, where he died. <b>Index</b>: <b>H</b> Elected to represent Halifax in +Nova Scotia Legislature, as Joseph Howe's colleague, 1836, 29; assumes +control of <i>Nova Scotian</i>, 74-75; publishes <i>Morning Chronicle</i>, 75; +advocates central non-sectarian college for Nova Scotia, 82; becomes +financial secretary of province, 169; Wm. Miller brings action against +for libel, 188; goes to London, 1866, as Anti-Confederate delegate, 192; +becomes head of Nova Scotia government, 202; member of repeal delegation +to London, 1868, 204; turns against Howe, 208, 209, 217; receives vote +of thanks from Nova Scotia Legislature, 218. <b>Bib.</b>: Campbell, <i>History of +Nova Scotia</i>; Saunders, <i>Three Premiers of Nova Scotia</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Annapolis Royal.</b> When Nicholson, with his fleet and New England troops, +captured Port Royal in 1710, he changed the name to Annapolis Royal, in +honour of Queen Anne. It was besieged the following year by the Acadians +with their Micmac and Penobscot allies, but the New England garrison +held the fort. Under treaty of Utrecht, 1713, ceded to England by +France. In 1744 Paul Mascarene successfully defended the place against +Du Vivier. <i>See also</i> Port Royal. <b>Bib.</b>: Calnek and Savary, <i>History of +the County of Annapolis</i>; Nicholson, <i>Journal of the Capture of +Annapolis</i> (N. S. Hist. Soc., vol. 1).</p> + +<p><b>Anne, Saint.</b> <b>L</b> Chapel dedicated to, in the church at Quebec, 84; chapels +erected to, at Beaupré, 101; relic of, 102.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[12]</a></span></p> + +<p><b>Annexation to United States.</b> A fitful movement, never reaching serious +proportions, and generally the result of temporary or local +dissatisfaction with political conditions, or of commercial depression. +Goldwin Smith was for many years its prophet. <b>Index</b>: <b>Md</b> Favoured by +small wing of Reform party, 23; manifesto issued by business men of +Montreal, its causes, 39, 40, 95; opposition to Confederation raises +hopes of American party, 118; movement in Nova Scotia, 145; movement in +British Columbia, 149; Goldwin Smith, the gloomy prophet of, 293; +advocated by Edward Farrer, 312-313. <b>Mc</b> W. L. Mackenzie not in favour +of, 10. <b>BL</b> Manifesto of 1849, 336; Sir John Abbott on, 336; advocated by +many of the Radicals of Lower Canada, 343. <b>C</b> Advocated by Democratic +party in Quebec, 26; said by Elgin to be popular among commercial +classes in 1849, 44; countenanced by Sir John Abbott and L. H. Holton, +44-45; what it would mean for Quebec, 64. <b>B</b> Threatened by repeal of Corn +Laws in 1846, 31, 32; the Montreal Manifesto, 36-37; sentiment for, +charged against Clear Grits, 42; opposition charged with, in +Confederation debate, 185; Brown holds that Reciprocity scheme designed +to promote, 194; charge of, denied by Canada First party, 237. <b>E</b> +Sentiment for, in 1847, 5; Elgin on, 58; Montreal Manifesto, 80-82; +advocated by the <i>Parti Rouge</i>, 109; Elgin's efforts to counteract +movement, 189-190; Durham on, 192-193; conditions favouring movement, +194-195; repeal of Reciprocity Treaty designed to promote, 202. <b>P</b> +Threatened in Ninety-Two Resolutions, 92-93; advocated in 1848, and +since Confederation, 96; advocated by Papineau, O'Callaghan, and their +friends, 97. <b>Bib.</b>: Dent, <i>Last Forty Years</i>; Weir, <i>Sixty Years in +Canada</i>; Kirby, <i>Counter Manifesto to the Annexationists of Montreal</i>; +Denison, <i>The Struggle for Imperial Unity</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Anse des Mères.</b> <b>WM</b> Frigates stationed at, 87; British vessels anchored +at, 124.</p> + +<p><b>Anstruther's Regiment.</b> <b>WM</b> In the attack on Quebec, 135; secures Sillery +road, 183; detachment keeps Bougainville's corps in check, 189.</p> + +<p><b>Antell.</b> <b>Dr</b> A disaffected Montrealer, 122.</p> + +<p><b>Anticosti</b>. The first mention of the island is in Cartier's narrative of +his first voyage, 1534. The following year he again visited the island, +which he named Isle de l'Assomption. On the origin of the present Indian +name, <i>see</i> W. F. Ganong's note, Royal Society <i>Trans.</i>, 1889, II, 51. +Placed under jurisdiction of Newfoundland in 1763; transferred to +Canada, 1774. <b>Bib.</b>: Huard, <i>Labrador et Anticosti</i>; Guay, <i>Lettres sur +l'île Anticosti</i>; Schmitt, <i>Monographie de l'île d'Anticosti;</i> Lewis, +<i>Menier and his Island</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Apprenticeship, System of.</b> <b>L</b> Adopted with new-comers, in New France, 78.</p> + +<p><b>Archambault, Louis.</b> <b>C</b> Confirms statements as to Cartier's action in +connection with alleged alterations in British North America Act, 103. <b>E</b> +Member of Seigniorial Commission, 186.</p> + +<p><b>Archibald, Sir Adams George</b> (1814-1892). Educated at Pictou Academy. +Studied law; in 1838 called to the bar of Prince Edward Island; and to +that of Nova Scotia in 1839. Elected to the Nova Scotia Assembly for +Colchester, 1851. Attorney-general of Nova Scotia, 1860-1863. Delegate +to the various Conferences leading up to Confederation. Became secretary +of state for the provinces in first Dominion ministry. +Lieutenant-governor of Manitoba, 1870-1872; and of Nova Scotia, +1873-1883. Knighted, 1885. <b>Index</b>: <b>Md.</b> Secretary of state for provinces +in first Dominion ministry, 135; succeeds MacDougall as +lieutenant-governor of the North-West Territories, 161-162. <b>H</b> Becomes +solicitor-general and member of Executive Council of Nova Scotia, 1856, +157; attorney-general, 1860, 169; leader of the opposition, 176; +delegate to Charlotte<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[13]</a></span>town Conference, 1864, 177; supports +Confederation, 186; goes to England as delegate to complete +Confederation, 189; his interview with Joseph Howe, 189; member of first +Dominion ministry, 1867, 198; retires from ministry, and succeeded by +Howe, 226. <b>C</b> First lieutenant-governor of Manitoba, 130. <b>T</b> Delegate from +Nova Scotia to Charlottetown Conference, 73; delegate to Quebec +Conference, 77; secretary of state in first Dominion ministry, 129. +<b>Bib.</b>: <i>Expulsion of Acadians</i> (N. S. Hist. Soc., vol. 5). For biog., +<i>see</i> Dent, <i>Can. Por.</i>; Rose, <i>Cyc. Can. Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>Archibald, Samuel George William</b> (1777-1846). Born in Colchester County, +Nova Scotia. Studied law and practised in Nova Scotia; obtained a seat +in the Legislature; became Speaker, solicitor-general, and afterwards +attorney-general of the province. Chief-justice of Prince Edward Island, +1824-1828, remaining Speaker of the Nova Scotia Assembly and +solicitor-general, during the whole term of his incumbency of the +chief-justiceship. <b>Index</b>: <b>H</b> Contributes to <i>The Club</i> in Howe's <i>Nova +Scotian</i>, 10; in House of Assembly, 18; leader of popular party, 35; +becomes Speaker, 57; appointed Master of the Rolls, 74. <b>Bib.</b>: Campbell, +<i>History of Nova Scotia</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Archives.</b> Provision was made by the Parliament of Canada, in 1872, for +an Archives Branch, and Douglas Brymner was appointed Dominion +Archivist. His first report appeared in 1873. The earlier reports were +of a preliminary nature, but in 1884 the first of the important series +of calendars was included in the report. Abbé Verreau made a special +report on historical material in Europe bearing on Canadian history, +published in 1874. A report on manuscript material in the colonial +archives at Paris, by Edouard Richard, was published as a supplement to +the report for 1899. Dr. Brymner died in 1902, and Arthur G. Doughty was +appointed Dominion Archivist in 1904. The report for 1905, in 3 vols., +represented a new departure; the publication of calendars was abandoned, +and replaced by volumes containing series of documents relating to +definite subjects, systematically arranged. The archives were moved into +a special building in 1907. In 1910 began the issue of a series of +publications, containing historical journals and other special material. +Provincial archives, of a more or less distinct character, have also +been established in the provinces of Quebec, Ontario, Nova Scotia, +British Columbia, Manitoba, and Alberta. <b>Index</b>: <b>Hd</b> Quoted, 254; +Haldimand collection in, 319.</p> + +<p><b>Arctic Archipelago.</b> Embraces the islands lying north of the mainland of +Canada. Transferred to the Dominion by an Imperial order-in-council, +Sept. 1, 1880. <b>Bib.</b>: Johnson, <i>Canada's Northern Fringe</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Argall, Sir Samuel.</b> Born in Walthamstow, England. A type of the founders +of British colonial dominion. Sent, May, 1609, with a small vessel to +the new settlement at Jamestown, Va., to trade and fish. The following +year took out Lord Delaware to Jamestown, arriving in time to save the +colony from starvation. In 1812 carried off Pocahontas to the settlement +of Jamestown. Later in the year sent with a vessel of 14 guns to destroy +the French settlements on the north coast, regarded as infringing on the +Virginia patent. Captured Mount Desert, St. Croix, and Port Royal. On +return voyage forced the commandant at New Amsterdam to recognize +English suzerainty by hauling down the Dutch flag and running up the +English. May, 1617, made deputy governor of Virginia. In 1620 served +against the Algerine pirates under Sir Robert Mansell. Knighted in 1622. +In 1625 admiral of a squadron cruising after a hostile Dunkirk fleet, +and took some prizes. In October, 1625, with the futile expedition +against Cadiz under Lord Wimbledon. Died, 1626.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[14]</a></span> <b>Bib.</b>: Argall's own +narrative; Parkman, <i>Pioneers of France</i>; Calnek and Savary, <i>History of +the County of Annapolis</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Argenson, Pierre de Voyer, Vicomte d'</b> (1626-1710). Succeeded Jean de +Lauson as governor of New France, 1658. His governorship marked by +personal quarrels with Laval, and a series of humiliating raids +throughout the colony by the Iroquois. Recalled in 1661. <b>Index</b>: <b>F</b> +Arrives as governor, 43; on Laval, 45. <b>L</b> His opinion of Laval, 29; +hostility to Maisonneuve, 176. <b>Bib.</b>: Parkman, <i>Old Régime</i>; Douglas, +<i>Old France in the New World</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Argyll, John Douglas Sutherland Campbell, ninth Duke of</b> (1845- ). Married +H. R. H. Princess Louise, 1871; succeeded to dukedom, 1900. Represented +Argyllshire in Parliament, 1868-1878. Governor-general of Canada (as +Marquis of Lorne), 1878-1883. Founded Royal Society of Canada, 1881. +<b>Index</b>: <b>Md</b> Refers Letellier difficulty to Imperial government, 249-250. +<b>Bib.</b>: Works: <i>Memories of Canada and Scotland</i>; <i>Imperial Federation</i>; +<i>Canadian Pictures</i>; <i>Passages from the Past</i>. For biog., <i>see</i> Dent, +<i>Can. Por.</i>; <i>Who's Who</i>; Collins, <i>Canada under the Administration of +Lord Lorne</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Arkansas River.</b> <b>L</b> Reached by Jolliet and Marquette, 146.</p> + +<p><b>Armistice.</b> In War of 1812. <b>Index</b>: <b>Bk</b> Effects of, 261-263, 269, 272; +termination of, 270; position of enemy strengthened during its +continuance, 272.</p> + +<p><b>Armour, John Douglas</b> (1830-1903). Educated at Upper Canada College and +the University of Toronto; studied law and called to the bar, 1853; made +Q.C., 1867; Bencher of the Law Society, 1871. Appointed a puisne judge +of the Court of Queen's Bench of Ontario, 1877; raised to the +chief-justiceship, 1887. Chief-justice of Ontario and president of the +Court of Appeal, 1890. Judge of the Supreme Court of Canada, 1902; in +the same year represented Canada on the Alaska Boundary Commission. +<b>Bib.</b>: Morgan, <i>Can. Men</i>; Dent, <i>Can. Por.</i></p> + +<p><b>Armstrong, Lawrence.</b> Came to Nova Scotia as lieutenant-colonel of +General Philipps's regiment. Appointed to the governor's Council, 1720. +Appointed lieutenant-governor of Nova Scotia, 1724; held office until +1739. Served in America for more than thirty years. Committed suicide, +1739. <b>Bib.</b>: Campbell, <i>History of Nova Scotia</i>; <i>Selections from the +Public Documents of Nova Scotia</i>, ed. by Akins.</p> + +<p><b>Arnold, Benedict</b> (1741-1801). A druggist at New Haven, Conn. When the +War of Independence broke out, in 1775, organized an expedition against +British on Lake Champlain. The same year led a body of picked men to +Quebec by way of the Kennebec and Chaudière. After the unsuccessful +assault on Quebec, was in several small engagements near Montreal; +finally driven out of the province. Given command of Philadelphia; took +offence at slights put upon him by Congress, and attempted to betray +West Point to Clinton. Afterwards commanded a corps of American refugees +on the British side; settled for a time in the West Indies; died in +London. <b>Index</b>: <b>Dr</b> Captures and abandons Fort St. Johns, 83; his early +life, 104; assigned command of expedition against Quebec, 105; +constitution of his force, 106; his march through the wilderness, +107-109; assisted by the <i>habitants</i>, 110; crosses St. Lawrence and +lands at Wolfe's Cove, 110; sends summons for surrender of Quebec, 111; +retires to Pointe aux Trembles, 111; repulsed and wounded in attack on +Quebec, 128; surrender of his men, 131; is transferred to Montreal, +132-135; advances to meet Foster, 142; burns château of Senneville, 143; +his narrow escape, 147; in command of American ships on Lake Champlain, +155; defeated near Crown Point, 156. <b>S</b> Applies for grant of land in +Upper Canada, 104. <b>Hd</b> His repulse<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[15]</a></span> at Quebec, 112; the invasion, 127; +his "Address to the People of America," 227; commissioners sent to +Montreal to confer with, 276; furnishes list of rebels to Clinton, 281. +<i>See also</i> Montgomery; Ethan Allen; American Invasion. <b>Bib.</b>: Arnold, +<i>Life of Benedict Arnold</i>; Todd, <i>The Real Benedict Arnold</i>; Sparks, +<i>American Biography</i>; Codman, <i>Arnold's Expedition to Quebec</i>; Henry, +<i>Arnold's Campaign against Quebec</i>; Smith, <i>Arnold's March from +Cambridge to Quebec</i>; Jones, <i>The Campaign for the Conquest of Canada in +1776</i>; <i>Cyc. Am. Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>Arnoux.</b> <b>WM</b> King's surgeon, Montcalm carried into house of, 218.</p> + +<p><b>Aroostook War</b>, 1839. <b>W</b> Arose out of unsettled boundary question between +Maine and New Brunswick, 135. <b>Bib.</b>: Sprague, <i>The North-Eastern Boundary +Controversy and the Aroostook War</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Arrangement of 1830.</b> Provided that United States vessels should have +access to ports in the British West Indies, in return for a similar +privilege granted to British vessels in the ports of the United States.</p> + +<p><b>Arthur.</b> Clergyman. <b>Index</b>: <b>S</b> Teaches school at Niagara, 167-168.</p> + +<p><b>Arthur, Sir George</b> (1784-1854). The last lieutenant-governor of Upper +Canada, 1838-1841. The chief event of his tenure of office was the +suppression of the Upper Canadian Rebellion. Had been successively +governor of Honduras and Van Diemen's Land previous to his Canadian +appointment; and on leaving Canada appointed to the governorship of +Bombay. <b>Index</b>: <b>Mc</b> Governor of Upper Canada, 435; disregards clemency +petitions, 435; learns of intended attack on Canada, 441; renews reward +for Mackenzie's capture, 445; proposes exchange of prisoners and +refugees, 463; United States refuses, 463. <b>Bk</b> Organizes military +gathering at Queenston Heights, 313. <b>Sy</b> Succeeds Sir F. B. Head, 109; +reactionary in his views, 109-110; his attitude towards responsible +government, 125-126; cautioned by colonial secretary, 127; instructed to +act in harmony with new governor-general, 144; meets him at Montreal, +153; explains his position and views, 156-161; receives governor-general +at Toronto, and hands over seal of province, 197. <b>R</b> His efforts to repel +American attacks, 117; Ryerson disappointed in, 118; proposes division +of Clergy Reserves, 119. <i>See</i> Rebellion of 1837 (Upper Canada). <b>Bib.</b>: +Kingsford, <i>History of Canada</i>; Dent, <i>Upper Canadian Rebellion</i>; +Bradshaw, <i>Self-Government in Canada</i>; Read, <i>Lieutenant-Governors of +Upper Canada</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Asgill, Sir Charles</b> (1762-1823). A lieutenant in Cornwallis's army, +1780. Taken prisoner at Yorktown, condemned to death by the Americans, +to avenge death of a Revolutionary officer. Marie Antoinette having been +interested in his fate, interceded, and Asgill was released. Afterwards +served in the Low Countries and in Ireland. <b>Index</b>: <b>Dr</b> Chosen by lot for +retaliatory hanging, 198. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Cyc. Am. Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>Ashburton, Alexander Baring, Baron</b> (1774-1848). Entered Parliament in +1806. Opposed measures against American commerce. President of board of +trade and master of mint, 1834. Raised to peerage, 1835. Commissioner at +Washington for settlement of boundary dispute, 1842. <b>Index</b>: <b>BL</b> Settles +difficulties between Great Britain and the United States, 118. <b>Bib.</b>: +<i>Dict. Nat. Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>Ashburton, John Dunning, First Baron</b> (1731-1783). <b>Index</b>: <b>Dr</b> Opposes +Quebec Act in House of Commons, 65. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Dict. Nat. Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>Ashburton Treaty.</b> Negotiated between Great Britain and the United +States, 1842, Lord Ashburton acting for the former and Daniel Webster on +behalf of the latter. Provided for the settlement of the international +boundary between Maine and Canada. Of the territory in dispute, the +United States got about seven-twelfths and Canada five-twelfths. Also +provided for the determination<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[16]</a></span> of the boundary in the St. Mary River +and thence to the Lake of the Woods; for the free navigation of the St. +John River; for the suppression of the slave trade, and for the +extradition of criminals. <b>Index</b>: <b>Sy</b> Sydenham takes part in negotiations +leading to, 336. <b>W</b> Boundary question settled by, 135. <b>T</b> Settlement of, +checks projected railway from St. Andrews to Quebec, 53. <b>BL</b> Settlement +of, 118. <b>Bib.</b>: Dent, <i>Last Forty Years</i>; Winsor, <i>Narrative and Critical +History,</i> Vol. vii; White, <i>The Ashburton Treaty</i>, in <i>Univ. Mag.</i>, +October, 1907; <i>The Ashburton Treaty: an Afterword</i>, in <i>Univ. Mag.</i>, +December, 1908; Houston, <i>Canadian Constitutional Documents</i>; Hertslet, +<i>Treaties and Conventions</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Assembly.</b> <i>See</i> House of Assembly.</p> + +<p><b>Assiniboia.</b> One of the provisional districts carved out of the +North-West Territories, in 1882. Now included in the provinces of +Alberta and Saskatchewan, principally in the latter.</p> + +<p><b>Assiniboine Indians.</b> A tribe of the Siouan family; first mentioned in +the Jesuit <i>Relation</i> of 1640. They separated from the parent stock +early in the seventeenth century, and moved north and north-west to the +region about Lake Winnipeg. Later they spread over the country west of +Lake Winnipeg, to the foot-hills of the Rocky Mountains. Their +population was estimated at 8000 in 1829. One-half this number perished +in the smallpox epidemic of 1836. They are now settled on reservations +in Alberta, and in Montana. <b>Bib.</b>: Hodge, <i>Handbook of American Indians</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Assiniboine River.</b> Discovered by La Vérendrye in 1736. Fort Rouge was +built at the mouth of the river in that year, as well as Fort La Reine, +near the present city of Portage la Prairie. From the latter fort, two +years later, La Vérendrye set forth on his memorable journey to the +Mandan Indians on the Missouri. Before the close of the century, both +the Hudson's Bay Company and the North West Company had trading +establishments at various points on the river. First named Rivière St. +Charles; afterwards Rivière des Assiliboilles, and Stone Indian River; +finally settling in present form. <b>Bib.</b>: Bryce, <i>Assiniboine River and +its Forts</i> (R. S. C., 1892); Dawson, <i>Canada and Newfoundland</i>; Burpee, +<i>Search for the Western Sea</i>; Hind, <i>Canadian Red River and Assiniboine +and Saskatchewan Expeditions</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Association of Canadian Refugees.</b> <b>Mc</b> Formed in 1839, 448; object of, +independence of Canada, 449; ended further expeditions against Canada, +449.</p> + +<p><b>Astor, John Jacob</b> (1763-1848). Founder of Astor Fur Company. <b>Index</b>: <b>Bk</b> +Sends news of declaration of war in 1812, 204. <b>Bib.</b>: Bryce, <i>Hudson's +Bay Company</i>; <i>Cyc. Am. Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>Astor Fur Company.</b> <b>Index</b>: <b>D</b> Founds Astoria, 64. <i>See also</i> Pacific Fur +Company.</p> + +<p><b>Astoria.</b> Established by Pacific Fur Company, 1811. Turned over to the +North West Company, 1813, and renamed Fort George. The scene of +Washington Irving's delightful narrative <i>Astoria</i>. The fort stood on +the banks of the Columbia River, near its mouth. <b>Index</b>: <b>D</b> Acquired by +North West Company, 71, 149; in possession of United States after War of +1812, 133-134; claimed by United States, 150; American flag raised over, +150. <b>Bib.</b>: Franchère, <i>Voyage to the North-West Coast of America</i>; Cox, +<i>Adventures on the Columbia River</i>; Ross, <i>Adventures of First Settlers +on Columbia River</i>; <i>Henry-Thompson Journals</i>, ed. by Coues; Bryce, +<i>Hudson's Bay Company</i>; Bradbury, <i>Travels in the Interior of America in +the Years 1809, 1810, and 1811</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Astorians.</b> Name applied to members of the two expeditions fitted out by +John Jacob Astor, to found trading establishment at the mouth of the +Columbia.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[17]</a></span> One party sailed around the Horn in the <i>Tonquin</i>; the other +went overland by way of the Missouri and the Columbia. <b>Index</b>: <b>D</b> Their +influence upon development of Pacific coast, 4; their first vessel, the +<i>Tonquin</i>, captured by natives and the crew murdered, 1811, 37; the +overland expedition, 71. <i>See also</i> Pacific Fur Company; <i>Tonquin</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Atahualpa.</b> <b>D</b> Vessel, attacked by Milbank Sound savages, 1805, 37.</p> + +<p><b>Atalanta.</b> <b>Hd</b> Vessel in which Haldimand embarked for England, 309.</p> + +<p><b>Atalante.</b> <b>WM</b> French frigate, loads stores at Sorel, 243.</p> + +<p><b>Athabaska.</b> One of the provisional districts formed out of the North-West +Territories in 1882; area about 122,000 square miles. Now divided +between the provinces of Saskatchewan and Alberta, forming the northern +half of each.</p> + +<p><b>Athabaska Lake.</b> First discovered by Peter Pond, about 1778. Ten years +later the first trading post on the lake was built by Roderick McKenzie +of the North West Company, and named Fort Chipewyan. It was afterwards +moved to the north side of the lake. <b>Index</b>: Frobisher's men penetrate +to, 5; importance of in fur trade, 21, 24; called Lake of the Hills, 24.</p> + +<p><b>Athabaska Pass.</b> Discovered by David Thompson of the North West Company, +in January, 1811. The pass was used thereafter by the traders as a route +from the Athabaska to the Columbia. <b>Index</b>: <b>D</b> Discovered by David +Thompson, 58.</p> + +<p><b>Athabaska River.</b> Rises in the watershed range of the Rocky Mountains, +close to the head waters of the north branch of the North Saskatchewan, +and after a course of 765 miles empties into Athabaska Lake. Discovered +by Peter Pond in 1778. <b>Index</b>: <b>MS</b> Pond builds post on, 21; named also Elk +River and Rivière à la Biche, 21.</p> + +<p><b>Atkins, D. A.</b> <b>S</b> Opens school at Napanee, 167.</p> + +<p><b>Attignaouantans.</b> <b>Ch</b> Huron tribe (the Bears), 88, 91.</p> + +<p><b>Attigninonghacs.</b> <b>Ch</b> Huron tribe devoted to the French, 92.</p> + +<p><b>Aube-Rivière, François Louis de Pourroy de l'.</b> Appointed bishop of +Quebec, Aug. 16, 1739. Arrived at Quebec, Aug. 12, 1740, and died of +fever on the 20th of the same month. <b>Index</b>: <b>L</b> Bishop of Quebec, 12.</p> + +<p><b>Aubère, Father Joseph.</b> <b>Ch</b> Jesuit missionary, his labours in Acadia, 236.</p> + +<p><b>Aubert, Joseph.</b> <b>Ch</b> Director of the Company of New France, 170.</p> + +<p><b>Aubert de Gaspé, Philippe</b> (1786-1871). French-Canadian writer. <b>Index</b>: <b>L</b> +His description of Canadians, 118. <b>Bib.</b>: Works: <i>Les Anciens Canadiens</i>, +translated into English by Mrs. Pennie, and by C. G. D. Roberts; +<i>Mémoires</i>. For biog., <i>see</i> Casgrain, <i>Biographies Canadiennes</i>; Roy, +<i>Étude sur "Les Anciens Canadiens</i>" (R. S. C., 1906).</p> + +<p><b>Aubert de la Chesnaye, Charles</b> (1630-1702). Born at Amiens. Came to +Canada, 1655. Chief clerk of the Compagnie des Indes Occidentales, 1665. +Engaged in the fur-trade at Cataraqui, 1674. In 1677 obtained a grant of +Ile Dupas. In 1679 made a visit to Paris, and in 1683 back again at +Cataraqui. In 1696 prepared an important memoir on the commerce of the +colony. <b>Index</b>: <b>L</b> His description of Canadians, 117-118; his liberality +on occasion of Quebec fire, 186. <b>Bib.</b>: Parkman, <i>Old Régime</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Aubert de la Chesnaye, Jacques.</b> <b>F</b> Trader, La Barre's dealings with, 175.</p> + +<p><b>Aubry.</b> <b>WM</b> Force gathered by, and Ligneris, dispersed, 146.</p> + +<p><b>Aubry.</b> <b>Ch</b> Priest of De Monts's expedition, at Ste. Croix, 25.</p> + +<p><b>Auckland, George Eden, Earl of</b> (1784-4849). <b>Index</b>: <b>Sy</b> President of board +of trade, when Poulett Thomson was vice-president, 26.</p> + +<p><b>Auguste.</b> <b>Hd</b> Transport ship wrecked in St. Lawrence, 40.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[18]</a></span></p> + +<p><b>Aulneau, Jean-Pierre.</b> Jesuit missionary, with La Vérendrye in his +western explorations. Murdered by Sioux on an island in the Lake of the +Woods, May, 1736.</p> + +<p><b>Aumont, Maréchal d'.</b> <b>Ch</b> Champlain serves under, 1.</p> + +<p><b>Austerlitz.</b> <b>Bk</b> Battle of, its significance, 72-73.</p> + +<p><b>Auteuil, Denis Joseph Ruette d'.</b> <i>See</i> Ruette d'Auteuil.</p> + +<p><b>Avaugour, Pierre Dubois, Baron d'.</b> Governor of New France, 1661-1663, +succeeding D'Argenson. <b>Index</b>: <b>F</b> Governor, 45; disagrees with clergy on +liquor question, 46; describes earthquake, 46. <b>L</b> His attitude on liquor +question, 10, 38; recalled, 39; his report on Canada, 40. <b>Bib.</b>: Parkman, +<i>Old Régime</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Aylesworth, Sir Allen Bristol</b> (1854- ). Born in Newburgh, Ontario. +Educated at Newburgh High School and at the University of Toronto; +studied law and called to the bar of Ontario, 1878; practised his +profession in Toronto; appointed one of the British Commissioners in +connection with the settlement of the Alaska boundary, 1903; elected to +the House of Commons, 1905; postmaster-general, 1905; minister of +justice, 1906; British agent in connection with the Fisheries case +before the Hague Tribunal, 1910. <b>Bib.</b>: Morgan, <i>Can. Men</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Aylmer, Matthew Whitworth, Baron</b> (1775-1850). Entered the army, 1787; +served in the West Indies, in Holland, and in the Peninsula under +Wellington. Reached the full rank of general, 1825, and in 1830 became +the governor-general of Canada; returned to England, 1835. <b>Index</b>: <b>Bk</b> +Present with Brock at battle of Egmont-op-Zee, 17. <b>BL</b> Pays official +salaries from the war chest, 21. <b>P</b> His influence did not extend beyond +Quebec—hostility towards French-Canadians, 39-40; his conciliatory +attitude, 75-76; at open war with the Assembly, 77-78; remonstrates with +Assembly, 86; refuses to interfere in factional strife in Montreal, 87; +held responsible by Papineau and his friends for cholera epidemic, +88-89; bitterly attacked in the Ninety-Two Resolutions, 95; attacked by +Papineau, 100, 105; criticizes the Ninety-Two Resolutions, 106. <b>Bib.</b>: +Morgan, <i>Cel. Can.</i>; <i>Dict. Nat. Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>Aylwin, Thomas Cushing</b> (1806-1871). Born in Quebec city. Studied law and +called to the bar, 1828. First entered public life, 1841, as member for +Portneuf. After filling the office of solicitor-general in two +administrations, raised to the bench, 1848. <b>Index</b>: <b>Sy</b> Opposed to union +of provinces, 235. <b>BL</b> Member for Portneuf, his relations with Reform +party in Upper Canada, 79; supports Cuvillier for speakership, 1841, 87; +his attitude as to debt for public works, 99; denounces government, 130; +becomes solicitor-general for Lower Canada, 134; elected for Quebec, +1844, 252; his bitter attack on Metcalfe on his elevation to peerage, +257; solicitor-general, 284. <b>E</b> One of opposition leaders in 1847, 45; +returned in 1847 elections, 50; solicitor-general for Lower Canada in La +Fontaine-Baldwin ministry, 53; member of Seigniorial Court, 187. <b>Bib.</b>: +Dent, <i>Can. Por.</i> and <i>Last Forty Years</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Babbitt, Samuel.</b> <b>T</b> Master of Madras School, Gagetown, New Brunswick, 5; +also clerk of the parish, 5.</p> + +<p><b>Baby, James</b> (1762-1833). Born at Detroit. Educated at Quebec Seminary, +and in 1784 travelled in Europe. On his return the following year +engaged in the fur trade at Detroit. On the formation of the province of +Upper Canada in 1791, appointed a member of the Executive and +Legislative Councils. Simcoe made him lieutenant for the county of Kent +and judge of the Court of Common Pleas. Commanded the 1st Regiment of +Kent militia in the War of 1812. In 1815 succeeded McGill as +inspector-general of accounts for Upper<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[19]</a></span> Canada. <b>Index</b>: <b>Bk</b> His house +occupied by General Hull, 209, 229. <b>S</b> Member of Legislative and +Executive Councils, 79. <b>Bib.</b>: Daniel, <i>Nos Gloires Nationales</i>; Morgan, +<i>Cel. Can.</i></p> + +<p><b>Baby, Louis François Georges</b> (1834-1906). Born in Montreal. Studied law +and called to the bar of Lower Canada, 1857; made a Q.C., 1873. +Represented Joliette in Dominion House, 1872-1880; minister of inland +revenue, 1878-1880. Appointed puisne judge of Superior Court of Quebec, +1880; transferred to Queen's Bench, 1881. <b>Bib.</b>: Dent, <i>Can. Por.</i>; +Morgan, <i>Can. Men</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Back, Sir George</b> (1796-1878). Entered the navy as midshipman in 1808; +accompanied Franklin on his Arctic expeditions of 1818, 1819-1822, and +1824-1827. Promoted lieutenant, 1822, and commander, 1827. In 1833-1835, +led an expedition through what is now northern Canada, to the shores of +the Arctic, to ascertain the fate of Captain Ross. The expedition +resulted in the exploration of Great Fish River, which was renamed Back +River in honour of the explorer. In 1836 explored the Arctic coast, +between Regent Inlet and Cape Turnagain. Twice granted the gold medal of +the Royal Geographical Society; knighted, 1839; promoted admiral, 1857. +<b>Bib.</b>: Works: <i>Narrative of the Arctic Land Expedition</i>; <i>Narrative of +Expedition in H.M.S. Terror</i>. For biog., <i>see</i> <i>Dict. Nat. Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>Badeaux.</b> <b>Dr</b> His account of American invasion, 89.</p> + +<p><b>Badgley, William</b> (1801-1888). Born in Montreal. Studied law and called +to the bar, 1823. Member of the Legislative Assembly, 1847-1855; member +of the Executive Council for Lower Canada, 1847-1848; appointed +attorney-general. Judge of the Superior Court of Lower Canada, +1855-1863; assistant judge of the Court of Queen's Bench for Quebec, +1863-1864; puisne judge of the same Court, 1866-1874. <b>Index</b>: <b>E</b> Made a +judge of the Seigniorial Court, 187. <b>S</b> Member of Constitutional +Association, 112. <b>Bib.</b>: Morgan, <i>Cel. Can.</i></p> + +<p><b>Badin, Father.</b> <b>L</b> Companion of Father Marquette, 62.</p> + +<p><b>Bagot, Sir Charles</b> (1781-1843). Born in England. Educated at Rugby and +Oxford; entered Parliament, 1807, becoming under-secretary for foreign +affairs. Minister plenipotentiary to France, 1814; and to the United +States, 1815-1820. Privy councillor, 1815; ambassador to St. Petersburg, +1820; and to the Hague, 1824. Governor-general of Canada, 1841-1843. +Died in Kingston soon after retiring from office. <b>Index</b>: <b>Sy</b> Follows +Canadian line of policy, 351; finds country tranquil, 355. <b>BL</b> His letter +to Lord Stanley on La Fontaine's arrest, 49; succeeds Sydenham, 113; a +Tory of the old school, 113; previous career, 113; his policy, 113-114; +studies political conditions, 114-115; his popularity in Lower Canada, +115; plans a coalition government, 117; his speech from the throne, 122; +anxious to bring Baldwin and La Fontaine into Cabinet, 121; his letter +to La Fontaine, 122-124; denounced by Tory press, 140-142; difficulties +of his position, 141; his illness, 149; subjected to bitter attacks and +censure, 149-152; asks for and obtains his recall, 152; his death, May +19, 1843, 152; denounced even in death, 153; on responsible government, +162, 163, 164; Kaye on, 171; lays corner-stone of King's College, 193. <b>E</b> +His political attitude as governor, 30; friendly towards +French-Canadians, 30-31. <b>R</b> Supported by Ryerson, 122; favourable +attitude towards popular government, 126; question of popular education, +163. <b>B</b> Relations of Peel government with, xii; friendly attitude towards +French-Canadians, 16; attacked by Tories for bringing La Fontaine and +Baldwin into Cabinet, 16; his action denounced by Peel and Duke of +Wellington, 17, 18; recalled at his own request, 18; his death, 18. <b>C</b> +Concedes responsible government, 17. <b>Md</b> Succeeds Sydenham, 17; brings<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[20]</a></span> +Reform leaders into Cabinet, 18; resigns government, 18. <b>Bib.</b>: +Richardson, <i>Eight Years in Canada</i>; Kingsford, <i>History of Canada</i>, +Dent, <i>Last Forty Years</i> and <i>Can. Por.; Dict. Nat. Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>Bagot, Father.</b> <b>L</b> Director of Jesuit college of La Fléche, 20.</p> + +<p><b>Baie de Chaleur.</b> In west coast of Gulf of St. Lawrence, on boundary +between Quebec and New Brunswick. Discovered by Jacques Cartier in 1534, +described in his narrative, and so named because he found it as warm +there as in sunny Spain.</p> + +<p><b>Baie St. Paul.</b> A village in Charlevoix County, sixty miles below Quebec. +<b>Index</b>: <b>WM</b> Settlements near burnt by Wolfe's orders, 150.</p> + +<p><b>Bailiffs.</b> <b>Dr</b> Accused of instigating litigation, 53.</p> + +<p><b>Baillie, Thomas.</b> <b>W</b> Commissioner of crown lands for New Brunswick, +1824-1851, 21; his income exceeded that of the lieutenant-governor, 21; +his enormous pension, 22; protests against reduction of his salary, 62; +surveyor-general, retires, 69; elected to Assembly for York, 103; +retires from government and pensioned, 116.</p> + +<p><b>Bailly, Mgr.</b> <b>Dr</b> Coadjutor bishop of Quebec, on education in Canada, 229.</p> + +<p><b>Bailly, François.</b> <b>L</b> Master mason of Montreal church, 88.</p> + +<p><b>Bain, James</b> (1842-1908). Born in London, England. Came to Canada with +his parents at early age; educated at the Toronto Academy and the +Toronto Grammar School. Spent some years in London engaged in the +publishing business. Returned to Canada, 1882; appointed chief librarian +of Toronto Public Library, 1883. <b>Index</b>: <b>Bk</b> Discovers list of Brock's +books, 135. <b>Bib.</b>: Morgan, <i>Can. Men.</i></p> + +<p><b>Baldoon.</b> A settlement near Lake St. Clair in Upper Canada, made by Lord +Selkirk, 1803, and named after one of his own estates. <b>Index</b>: <b>MS</b> +Highland colonists in Prince Edward Island settled at, 133; Alexander +Macdonell in charge of, 133.</p> + +<p><b>Baldoon Street.</b> Built by Selkirk settlers, from Baldoon to Chatham on +the River Thames. <b>Index</b>: <b>MS</b> Connected Baldoon and Chatham, 33.</p> + +<p><b>Baldwin, C. T.</b> Born in Ireland. Entered the army; served throughout the +Peninsular War; afterwards in the West Indies; for a time in the service +of the emperor of Brazil. Emigrated to Canada. Served during the +Rebellion of 1837-1838, in command of a regiment of militia. A +magistrate, and in political life a follower of Robert Baldwin. Died, +1861. <b>Index</b>: <b>B</b> Presents address to Elgin, 36. <b>Bib.</b>: Morgan, <i>Cel. Can.</i></p> + +<p><b>Baldwin, Robert</b> (1804-1858). <b>Index</b>: <b>BL</b> Name associated with responsible +government, ix; a "man of one idea," ix; his ancestry, 23; born, May 12, +1804, at York, 25; early years, 25; studies law, 25; called to the bar, +1825, 26; political views, 27; in public life, 28; drafts Willis +petition, 29; enters the Legislature, 31; defeated in next election, 31; +his marriage, 32; appointed to Council by Head, 38; recommended by +Colborne for a seat in Legislative Council, 38-39; death of his wife, +39; his letter to Peter Perry, 39; disapproves of an elective +Legislative Council, 40; resigns from Council, 41; sails for England, +42; his connection with Rebellion of 1837, 44-45; enters into +correspondence with La Fontaine and other Lower Canada leaders, 63; +offered by Sydenham solicitor-generalship of Upper Canada, and accepts, +63; made an executive councillor, 64; resigns office, 64; his action +condemned, 64; his motives, 64-67; elected in two constituencies, 69; +solicitor-general for Upper Canada, 76; his views, 76-77; his letter to +Sydenham on personnel of new Cabinet, 78-79; calls meeting of Reform +party, 79; commends reconstruction of ministry, 79-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[21]</a></span>80; his resignation, +80; censured by Poulett Scrope, 80; his uncompromising attitude in +matter of responsible government, 81; his attitude in the Legislature, +85; his speech on responsible government, 1841, 92-94; supports +Neilson's motion against Union Act, 96; sides with French-Canadians on +question of public works, 99; opposes Municipal Government Bill, 102; +his relations with Hincks, 103; his resolutions on responsible +government, 108-110; proposes candidature of La Fontaine in York County, +116; Bagot anxious to bring him into the Cabinet, 121; referred to in +Draper's speech, 127; replies to Draper, 128-130; withdraws amendment, +132; becomes attorney-general for Upper Canada, 134; his defeat in +Hastings—account of the election, 134-136; beaten in York, 136; elected +for Rimouski, 137; attitude of Tories, 139; significance of his alliance +with La Fontaine, 142-143; personal appearance, 148; references to in +petition to governor, 166, 167; Kaye's description of, 169, 170-171; +Davies on, 172; his part in the Assembly, 178-179; moves resolution to +remove capital to Montreal, 182; his speech, 183; his bill for the +discouragement of secret societies, 185-188; burnt in effigy at Toronto, +187; his University of Toronto Bill, 190-197; resigns office, 199; his +interview with Metcalfe, 201; the official statements of La Fontaine and +Metcalfe, giving their respective versions of the causes of the +ministers' resignation, 201-209; presents to Assembly the reasons for +his resignation, 213-214; returns to practise law in Toronto, 217; +Wakefield on, 219; heads the agitation against Metcalfe in Upper Canada, +220; guest of honour at Toronto banquet, 220-221; his speech, 221; +address before Reform Association, 221-223; speaks at public meetings, +225; address from his constituents of Rimouski, 225; tours Lower Canada, +226; his political views, 229-230; Viger's criticism of, 236; Draper on, +236; his speech in Toronto, May, 1844, 238; attacked by Buchanan, +239-240; criticized by Ryerson, 242, 243, 245-246; resigns as Queen's +Counsel, 250; elected in York, 252; his University Bill, 256; moves vote +of censure against the governor-general, 256; attacks Metcalfe in the +Assembly, 257; referred to in Caron's letter, 260; correspondence with +La Fontaine as to Draper's proposals, 261, 262, 263-265; his speech at +public dinner given him in November, 1846, 268-269; his tour of Western +Canada, 269; on responsible government, 273; moves amendment to address, +277; aids in foundation of Emigration Association, 278; elected in York, +279; in second La Fontaine-Baldwin administration, 281-284; proposes +Morin for Speaker, 283; interview with Elgin, 285; re-elected, 286; his +Municipal Corporations Act and University Act, 292-300; revision of +judicial system in Upper Canada, 300-301; his part in Rebellion Losses +Bill, 310, 311-312; burned in effigy in Toronto, 318-319; his boarding +house in Montreal attacked by the mob, 324; petitions for removal of +Navigation Act, 337; his political views, 339-340; his relations with +George Brown, 342; his attitude on secularization of Clergy Reserves, +348-349; his resignation, 352-353; MacNab's tribute, 353; defeated in +York and retires finally from public life, 357; lives in retirement at +"Spadina," 357; made a C.B., 357; offered chief-justiceship of Common +Pleas, 357; and nomination for seat in Legislative Council, 358; failing +health compels him to decline both offers, 358; his death, Dec. 9, 1858, +358; value of his public work, 359-360. <b>Sy</b> His premature demand for +strict party government, 187; consulted by Sydenham in regard to Clergy +Reserves question, 247; made solicitor-general, 252; appointed to same +office under Union, 283; advises Sydenham as to choice of returning +officers and polling places, 290; his defection from Sydenham's +government, 294, 296; opposes some of the most beneficial measures of +government, 296; loses for a time sympathy of Reformers, 299, 307; +Sydenham's remarks upon his<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[22]</a></span> manœuvres, 305-307; opposes Sydenham's +Bill for local self-government in Upper Canada, 323. <b>R</b> Resigns, 122; +forms party with Hincks, La Fontaine, and others, 122; moves resolutions +on responsible government, 122-123; in the Metcalfe controversy, 126, +128; his scheme for a provincial university, 149-152; his resignation, +152; his University Bill of 1849, 157-159, 160; secures disallowance of +School Bill of 1849, 182. <b>E</b> On responsible government, 28; his political +attitude, 30; forms ministry with La Fontaine in 1842, 31; his greatest +desire the success of responsible government, 32; his conflict with +Metcalfe, 34; in opposition, 45; returned in elections of 1847, 50; on +parliamentary government, 51; sent for by Elgin, 52; attorney-general +for Upper Canada, 53; remains in office until 1851, 85; sound views on +parliamentary practice, 90; his capacity for discreet, practical +statesmanship, 93; carries measure for creation of University of +Toronto, 93, 94; views on Clergy Reserves, 102-103, 160, 162-163, 164; +his resignation and its causes, 103-104, 112; his retirement from +politics, 104, 107; and death, 1858, 104, 220; his strong views on +Imperial connection, 229-230; his value as a statesman, 236. <b>P</b> Alliance +with La Fontaine, 168. <b>C</b> Forms alliance with La Fontaine, 16; called to +Council by Bagot, 16; resigns, 17; called to power again, 1846, 18; +"great reformer and good man," 97; his influence with La Fontaine's +against racial antagonisms, 97; with La Fontaine, 99; wins +constitutional battle, 100; circumstances which led to his retirement +from politics, 132. <b>B</b> Called to Cabinet by Bagot, 16; dispute with +Metcalfe, 19; "father of responsible government," 21; criticized by +Ryerson, 22-23; his views obnoxious to Metcalfe, 23; his wise leadership +of Reformers, 24; forms administration with La Fontaine, 33; burnt in +effigy at Toronto, 36; legislation of his ministry, 39; government +defended by George Brown, 42; his retirement, 44, 47, 48; approves of +MacNab-Morin coalition, 78; leader of movement for responsible +government, 261; disintegration of old Reform party hastened by his +retirement, 262. <b>Md</b> Brought into Cabinet by Sir Charles Bagot, 18; +resigns, 1843, 18; criticized by extremists in his own party, 22; +resigns from La Fontaine-Baldwin ministry, 46; approves coalition of +1854, 64; cause of his resignation, 78-79. <b>Mc</b> Defends Judge Willis, 133; +supported by Mackenzie, 159; elected to the Assembly, 159; on banks in +politics, 170; appointed executive councillor, 294; resigns, 294; goes +to England, 305; opposed by Head, 305; accompanies flag of truce, 368; +retires from Executive Council, 408; Mackenzie defeats government of, +492. <b>Bib.</b>: Dent, <i>Can. Por.</i> and <i>Last Forty Years</i>; Taylor, <i>Brit. +Am.</i>; Davin, <i>The Irishman in Canada</i>; Baldwin, <i>Correspondence</i> +(Toronto Public Library Mss.).</p> + +<p><b>Baldwin, William Warren.</b> Born in Ireland. Came to Canada 1798, and +finally settled in York, now known as Toronto. Represented Norfolk in +the Legislature of Upper Canada. Died 1844. <b>Index</b>: <b>BL</b> Comes to Canada +1798, 23; practises medicine at York, 24; opens a classical school, 24, +106; practises law, 25; his marriage, 25; father of Robert Baldwin, 25; +purchases "Spadina," 26; political views, 26-27; chairman of public +meeting in Willis affair, 28; president of Constitutional Reform +Society, 42; member of Legislative Council, 177. <b>Mc</b> Upholds Judge +Willis, 132; protests against his removal, 133. <b>Bib.</b>: Rose, <i>Cyc. Can. +Biog.</i>; Dent, <i>Can. Por.</i> and <i>Last Forty Years</i>; Scadding, <i>Toronto of +Old</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Baldwin Reformer.</b> <b>B</b> Origin of the name, 78.</p> + +<p><b>Ball.</b> <b>Dr</b> The maiden name of Dorchester's mother, 29.</p> + +<p><b>Ball.</b> <b>F</b> First given in Canada, 59. <i>See also</i> Amusements.</p> + +<p><b>Ballot.</b> <b>Sy</b> Sydenham an early advocate of, 18.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[23]</a></span></p> + +<p><b>Bancroft, George</b> (1800-1891). Educated at Harvard University, Cambridge, +and in Germany. Secretary of the navy, 1845; ambassador to Great +Britain, 1846-1849; and in 1867-1874 minister at the court of Berlin. +<b>Index</b>: <b>L</b> On La Salle, 153. <b>Ch</b> On the difficulties encountered by +missionaries, 87. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>History of the United States</i>. For biog., <i>see</i> +Howe, <i>Life and Letters of George Bancroft; Cyc. Am. Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>Bank of Upper Canada.</b> Established 1823 with a capital of $41,364, which +had increased in 1859 to $3,126,250. Its headquarters were in Toronto. +After a long, prosperous career the bank stopped payment in 1866, the +chief cause being the collapse in real estate in Canada West in +1857-1858. <b>Index</b>: <b>Mc</b> Increase of capital vetoed, 215; run on, 340. <b>Bib.</b>: +<i>See</i> Banking.</p> + +<p><b>Banking.</b> The first bank established in Canada was the Bank of Montreal, +which dates from the year 1817. The Bank of Quebec was established in +1818; and the Bank of Canada the same year. All three were chartered in +1822. A Banking Act was passed in 1841, providing a uniform system of +banking. The Act of 1850 prohibited banks other than those incorporated +by Parliament or royal charter from issuing notes. It also provided for +a deposit with the government to be held as a guarantee; also for bank +statistics. Further provisions designed to place banking on a more +secure footing were incorporated in the Act of 1871. Further banking +legislation was passed in 1881 and in 1890. <b>Index</b>: <b>Sy</b> Sydenham's plans +for establishment of bank of issue, 327-329; idea partially adopted by +Sir F. Hincks, as finance minister of Dominion, 330. <b>Mc</b> Report of House +on system of, 161. <b>Bib.</b>: Johnson, <i>First Things in Canada</i>; Shortt, +<i>Early History of Canadian Banking</i>; Breckenridge, <i>Canadian Banking +System</i>; Hague, <i>Banking and Commerce; Historical Sketch of Canadian +Banking, in Canada: An Ency.</i>, vol. 1; <i>History of the Bank of Nova +Scotia</i>; McLachlan, <i>The Nova Scotia Treasury Notes</i>; Walker, <i>History +of Banking in Canada</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Banner.</b> Newspaper, published at Toronto. <b>Index</b>: <b>B</b> Founded in 1843 by +Peter and George Brown, 3, 5; champions government by the people, 5; on +disruption of Scottish Church, 6; controversy with the <i>Church</i>, 6-7; +defines its political principles, 9; becomes the <i>Globe</i>, 10; Peter +Brown writes for, 243.</p> + +<p><b>Baptist Church.</b> Like several other religious denominations in Canada, it +had its origin in Nova Scotia. Some Baptists were living in Lunenburg as +early as 1753. In 1800 the first Baptist Association was formed at +Granville, Nova Scotia, and by 1850 there were Baptist Associations in +many parts of the province. In 1828 the Nova Scotia Baptist Educational +Society was established. The first church was built in Montreal, 1830; +and in 1834 the Baptist Seminary of New Brunswick was founded at +Fredericton. In 1852 the Baptist Missionary Society of Canada was +established. Since then the Baptists have grown rapidly in all the +provinces, and several Baptist colleges and institutions have been +established, notably Acadia and McMaster Universities (<i>q.v.</i>). The +Baptist Church was organized in British Columbia in 1877. <b>Index</b>: <b>W</b> First +founded in Fredericton, 1813, 10; represented by one member in +Legislative Council, 69. <b>Bib.</b>: Wells, <i>History of the Baptist +Denomination in Canada</i>, in <i>Canada: An Ency.</i>, vol. 3; Hill, <i>Forty +Years with the Baptist Ministers and Churches of the Maritime Provinces +of Canada</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Baranof, Alexander Andrevitch</b> (1747-1819). Governor of Russian America. +Had been manager of a glass factory at Irkutsk, Siberia; grew tired of +the monotonous though profitable business, and engaged in the fur trade +of eastern Siberia. Appointed governor of the principal Russian trading +company in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[24]</a></span> America, 1790. Nine years later, the different companies +were united, and Baranof moved his headquarters from Kadiak to New +Archangel (Sitka), where he built a strong fort, with a shipyard, +foundry, churches, and hospitals. Even a library and picture-gallery +were afterwards added to this little outpost of Russian civilization. In +1818 sailed for home, and died at sea on the voyage. <b>Index</b>: <b>D</b> His rule +at Sitka, 44; his character, 44; his death, 1819, 45, <b>Bib.</b>: Laut, +<i>Vikings of the Pacific</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Barbarie, A.</b> <b>W</b> Referred to in Wilmot's speech, 104. <b>T</b> Represents +Restigouche in New Brunswick Assembly, 18.</p> + +<p><b>Barclay, Robert H.</b> Born in Scotland. Took part in the battle of +Trafalgar. Sent to Canada, and commander of British naval force on Lake +Erie in 1813. On Sept. 10, 1813, defeated by the American fleet under +Perry. Subsequently court-martialled, but acquitted. Died, 1837. <b>Bib.</b>: +Morgan, <i>Cel. Can.</i>; <i>Cyc. Am. Biog.</i> <i>See also</i> War of 1812.</p> + +<p><b>Barclay, Thomas</b> (1753-1830). Born in New York. In 1775 served in the +British army during the American Revolution, and in 1777 became major. +At the end of the war moved to Nova Scotia; entered the House of +Assembly, and for some time Speaker. Appointed adjutant-general of +militia; served as a commissioner under Jay's Treaty; appointed +consul-general at New York for the Northern and Eastern states. <b>Index</b>: +<b>Bk</b> Declares war to be inevitable, 202. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Cyc. Am. Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>Barker, T. B.</b> <b>T</b> Founder of business firm of St. John, 8.</p> + +<p><b>Barkley, Charles William</b> (1759-1832). Served in the East India Company; +sailed on a trading voyage for sea-otter skins to the North-West Coast, +1787. Brought his bride with him, the first white woman on the +North-West Coast. Discovered and named Juan de Fuca Strait the same +year, and carried his cargo of furs to China. In 1792 made another +voyage to the North-West Coast, again accompanied by his wife, who kept +interesting journals of both voyages. Died at North Crescent, Hartford. +Barkley Sound, Vancouver Island, discovered and named by him. <b>Index</b>: <b>D</b> +His two voyages to North-West Coast, 23; his wife first woman to visit +North-West Coast, 23. <b>Bib.</b>: Walbran, <i>British Columbia Coast Names</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Barnsfare, Captain.</b> <b>Dr</b> Commands battery at Près de Ville, 127.</p> + +<p><b>Baronets of Nova Scotia.</b> An order created by James I, in 1625, for the +purpose of "advancing the plantation of Nova Scotia." The scheme, which +King James had deeply at heart, was designed to assist Sir William +Alexander in his ambitious plans of colonization in the New World, by +offering a special inducement to men of position in Scotland to take +tracts of land in Nova Scotia, and to bring out numbers of colonists to +settle upon them. <i>See also</i> Stirling. <b>Bib.</b>: Duncan, <i>Royal Province of +New Scotland and her Baronets</i>; Bourinot, <i>Builders of Nova Scotia</i>; +Patterson, <i>Sir William Alexander</i> (R. S. C., 1892); Mackenzie, +<i>Baronets of Nova Scotia</i> (R. S. C., 1901); <i>Royal Letters, Charters, +and Tracts Relating to the Colonisation of Nova Scotia and the +Institution of the Order of Knights Baronet of Nova Scotia</i>; Kirke, <i>The +First English Conquest of Canada</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Barré, Isaac</b> (1726-1802). Born in Ireland. Served under Wolfe against +Rochefort in 1757, and at Quebec in 1759, being at Wolfe's side when he +fell. Entered Parliament, 1761, and a member until 1790. In 1763-1764 +adjutant-general and governor of Stirling; in 1764-1768, vice-treasurer +of Ireland and a privy councillor; in 1782, treasurer of the navy. +<b>Index</b>: <b>Dr</b> On Quebec Act, 67. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Dict. Nat. Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>Barren Grounds.</b> The region of northern Canada, lying between the +Mac<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[25]</a></span>kenzie River and Hudson Bay, and from the northern timber-line to +the Arctic. First visited by Samuel Hearne in 1770-1772. Late explorers +who traversed portions of the country are Franklin, in 1821; Back, in +1833; Dease and Simpson, in 1839; Richardson in 1848; and Anderson in +1855. Within more recent years, Warburton Pike, J. B. Tyrrell, J. W. +Tyrrell, D. T. Hanbury and Caspar Whitney have explored parts of the +Barren Grounds. <b>Bib.</b>: Hearne, <i>Journey to the Northern Ocean</i>; Franklin, +<i>Narrative</i>; Back, <i>Arctic Land Expedition</i>; Simpson, <i>North Coasts of +America</i>; Richardson, <i>Arctic Searching Expedition</i>; Anderson, <i>Descent +of Great Fish River</i>, in <i>Royal Geog. Soc. Journal</i>, 1856 and 1857; +Pike, <i>Barren Grounds</i>; Tyrrell, <i>Across the Sub-Arctics</i>; Hanbury, +<i>Northland of Canada</i>; Whitney, <i>On Snowshoes to the Barren Grounds</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Barrington, William Wildman, second Viscount</b> (1717-1793). Entered +Parliament, 1740. Lord commissioner of Admiralty, 1746; a privy +councillor, 1755; chancellor of the exchequer, 1761; treasurer of the +navy, 1762; secretary of war, 1765-1768; joint postmaster-general, 1782. +<b>Index</b>: <b>Hd</b> Informs Haldimand he owes promotion to the king, 83; summary +sent him of Haldimand's expenses, 107; compliments Haldimand, 113; +promises Haldimand pay as inspector-general, 329. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Dict. Nat. +Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>Barron, Commodore</b> (1769-1851). Born in Virginia. In command of the +<i>Chesapeake</i>, on board which were some British deserters, 1807. On the +refusal of Barron to give them up, the British frigate <i>Leopard</i> +attacked and compelled his surrender. Court-martialled and suspended +from rank and pay for five years. Fought and killed Commodore Decatur in +a duel, 1820. Became senior officer of the navy, 1839. <b>Index</b>: <b>Bk</b> Enlists +deserters from British ships on board <i>Chesapeake</i>, 83, 85. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Cyc. +Am. Biog.</i>; <i>Correspondence between the late Commodore Stephen Decatur +and Commodore James Barron</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Barter.</b> <b>L</b> Practised in colony in early days, 122.</p> + +<p><b>Barthe, J. G.</b> Member for Yamaska in Canadian Assembly, 1841-1844. <b>Index</b>: +<b>BL</b> Takes part in Rebellion of 1837; afterwards edits <i>L'Avenir du +Canada</i>; member for Yamaska; offered and refuses seat in Cabinet, 236.</p> + +<p><b>Basques.</b> A pre-Aryan race, occupying the border-land between France and +Spain. Assertions have repeatedly been made that they made voyages to +America, and discovered the Gulf of St. Lawrence, before Cartier, and +even before Cabot, but these have never been substantiated. All the +evidence goes to show that they frequented the Newfoundland fisheries in +the sixteenth century, but not earlier. <b>Index</b>: <b>Ch</b> Contraband traders, +140; threaten French on St. Pierre Island, 174. <b>Bib.</b>: Dawson, <i>The St. +Lawrence Basin</i>; Reade, <i>The Basques in North America</i> (R.S.C., 1888); +Howley, <i>Old Basque Tombstones at Placentia</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Bathurst, Henry, third Earl</b> (1762-1834). Succeeded to the title, 1794. +Entered Parliament, 1793; president of the board of trade, 1807; foreign +secretary, 1809; and secretary for war and the colonies, 1812. Directed +Britain's colonial policy during the important administrations of +Prévost, Sherbrooke, and Dalhousie, in Lower Canada, and of Gore and +Maitland, in Upper Canada. Lord president of the Council, 1828-1830; one +of the original members of the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council, +1833. <b>Index</b>: <b>Sy</b> Colonial secretary, his despatch on Clergy Reserves +question, 240. <b>Bk</b> His despatch praising Brock and his officers and +announcing bestowal of K. C. B. on Brock, 296. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Dict. Nat. Biog.</i>; +<i>Courts and Cabinets of George IV</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Batiscan.</b> <b>Ch</b> Montagnais chief, 68.</p> + +<p><b>Batoche.</b> <b>Md</b> Storming of rebel camps at, 242. <i>See also</i> Riel Rebellion, +1885.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[26]</a></span></p> + +<p><b>Battle of the Plains.</b> <i>See</i> Quebec, Siege of, 1759.</p> + +<p><b>Battleford.</b> A town on the North Saskatchewan, at the mouth of the Battle +River. In the Rebellion of 1885, it was threatened by Poundmaker's +warriors, and relieved by Otter's column. The battle of Cut Knife Creek +was fought about thirty-five miles from Battleford. <i>See also</i> Riel +Rebellion, 1885.</p> + +<p><b>Bay of Quinte.</b> <i>See</i> Quinte, Bay of.</p> + +<p><b>Bayfield, Henry Wolsey</b> (1795-1885). Born in Hull, England. Entered the +navy, 1806. Had a distinguished career in the navy, and served in +Canadian waters, 1814. Subsequently assisted in the survey of the upper +St. Lawrence, and appointed Admiralty surveyor, 1817. During his tenure +of office surveyed Lakes Erie, Huron, and Superior, with their +connecting waters, and almost the whole eastern coast of Canada, +including Labrador. Made vice-admiral, 1856, and admiral, 1867. Resided +for fourteen years in Quebec, when he removed to Charlottetown. Received +the thanks of the Parliament of Canada for his services, 1854. Died in +Charlottetown.</p> + +<p><b>Baynes, Edward.</b> Born in England. Served in the West Indies, at the Cape, +in the East Indies, and in Malta. From 1794 to 1806 aide-de-camp to Sir +James Craig, and in 1807 adjutant-general of the forces in Canada. In +the War of 1812 served on the Niagara frontier. Died, 1829. <b>Index</b>: <b>Bk</b> +Adjutant-general, writes Brock from Quebec, 134, 136, 137, 138, 145; his +opinion of the Lower Canada Assembly, 145; notifies Brock that he may +have service in Spain, 180; letter to Brock in immediate expectation of +war, 205; letter on declaration of war, 208; on improvement in militia, +284. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Cyc. Am. Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>Beaconsfield, Benjamin Disraeli, Earl of</b> (1805-1881). British statesman. +<b>Index</b>: <b>BL</b> On Rebellion Losses Bill, 327, 328, 330. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Speeches and +Letters</i>; O'Connor, <i>Life of Beaconsfield</i>; Monypenny, <i>The Life of +Benjamin Disraeli, Earl of Beaconsfield</i>; <i>Dict. Nat. Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>Bayning, Charles Townshend, first Baron</b> (1728-1810). <b>Dr</b> His criticism of +Quebec Act, 66, 67. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Dict. Nat. Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>Bayonne Decree.</b> <b>Bk</b> Made by Napoleon; sequestered all American vessels +arriving in France as British property or under British protection, 122.</p> + +<p><b>Bearn Regiment.</b> Established 1595, and served with distinction in a +number of European campaigns. Landed at Quebec, June, 1755, with the +regiment of Guienne and a portion of the Languedoc battalion, and added +to its laurels at Fort Frontenac, Niagara, Oswego, Carillon, Fort +William Henry, and Ticonderoga. In 1759, on the Plains of Abraham, it +occupied the place of honour, having been placed by Montcalm in the +centre of his line. <b>Index</b>: <b>WM</b> Regular French troops, 29; in battle of +the Plains, 192; in battle of Ste. Foy, 258. <b>Bib.</b>: Doughty, <i>Siege of +Quebec</i>; Wood, <i>The Fight for Canada</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Beauchesne.</b> <b>Ch</b> Clerk, received gifts from Indians, 115.</p> + +<p><b>Beaucour, de.</b> <b>F</b> Brave conduct of, in command of party against Iroquois, +319; superintends improvements in fortifications of Quebec, 326.</p> + +<p><b>Beaudoncourt, Jacques de.</b> <b>L</b> On the brandy question, 39; his account of +escape of Gannentaha mission, 66.</p> + +<p><b>Beauharnois, Charles, Marquis de</b> (1670-1749). Entered French navy, 1686, +and rose to the rank of admiral in 1748. In 1726 appointed governor of +New France, which position he held until 1747. Took a deep interest in +Western exploration, and was a firm friend of La Vérendrye. <b>Bib.</b>: +Parkman, <i>Half Century of Conflict</i>; Roy, <i>Intendants de la +Nouvelle-France</i> (R. S. C., 1903).</p> + +<p><b>Beauharnois, François de</b> (1665-1746). Born in France. Became intendant<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[27]</a></span> +of New France in 1702 and held the position until 1705. In 1707 granted +the barony of Beauville. Appointed intendant de l'armée navale, 1706; +intendant of marines, 1710; intendant générale des armées navales, 1739. +<b>Bib.</b>: Roy, <i>Intendants de la Nouvelle-France</i> (R. S. C., 1903).</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 415px;"> +<img src="images/img_text026a.jpg" width="415" height="600" alt="Monument to Laura Secord, Lundy's Lane" title="" /> +<span class="caption">Monument to Laura Secord, Lundy's Lane</span> +</div> + +<p><b>Beaumont.</b> A village in Bellechasse County, on the St. Lawrence. <b>Index</b>: +<b>WM</b> Troops landed at, 100; proclamation affixed to church door, 101.</p> + +<p><b>Beauport.</b> A village two miles below Quebec. <b>Index</b>: <b>WM</b> Defended by +entrenched camp, 80; headquarters of intendant and commissary of stores, +88; hasty abandonment of camp at, with all its stores, 228.</p> + +<p><b>Beaupré, Seigniory of.</b> <b>L</b> Acquired for Seminary of Quebec, 58; chapels +and churches erected to Ste. Anne at, 101, 102; pilgrimages to, 102, +103.</p> + +<p><b>Beauséjour.</b> A fort built by the French in 1750-1751, on Chignecto Bay, +three miles from the British Fort Lawrence. A little tidal stream, the +Missaguash, ran between—nominally marking the dividing line between +British and French territory. The fort was captured by the British under +Monckton, in 1755, and renamed Fort Cumberland. <b>Bib.</b>: Parkman, <i>Montcalm +and Wolfe</i>; Bradley, <i>Fight with France</i>; Hannay, <i>History of Acadia</i>; +Murdoch, <i>History of Nova Scotia</i>: Campbell, <i>History of Nova Scotia; +Selections from the Public Documents of Nova Scotia</i>, ed. by Akins.</p> + +<p><b>Beaver.</b> <b>D</b> First steamship on the Pacific, 1835, 47; carries party to +build Fort Camosun (Victoria), 178; north to Forts Taku and McLoughlin, +178; returns to Victoria, 179; to Fort Vancouver, 180; history of ship, +180-181. <b>Bib.</b>: McCain, <i>History of the S.S. Beaver</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Beaver Club.</b> Founded in Montreal in 1775 by the partners of the North +West Company. It opened with nineteen members, and at one time the +registry showed ninety-three members, with eleven honorary members. +Among them were such famous fur traders and explorers as Alexander +Mackenzie and his cousin Roderick, the three Frobishers, Alexander Henry +and his nephew of the same name, Simon McTavish, James Finlay, Simon +Fraser, John Stuart, and David Thompson. The motto of the club was +"Fortitude in Difficulties." No one was admitted who had not made a +journey to the North-West and wintered there. The club entertained many +distinguished guests, including Sir John Franklin, Lord Selkirk, +Washington Irving, and the Earl of Dalhousie. The club was disbanded in +1824 after the union of the North West and Hudson's Bay Companies. An +effort to revive it in 1827 proved unsuccessful. <b>Index</b>: <b>MS</b> Founded by +the partners of the North West Company, 139; lavish hospitality and +boisterous banquets, 139. <b>Bk</b> Famous social club at Montreal, 99. <b>Bib.</b>: +Hetherington, <i>Canada's First Social Club</i>, in <i>Univ. Mag.</i>, April, +1910.</p> + +<p><b>Beaver Dam, Battle of.</b> In War of 1812. FitzGibbon commanded a detachment +of the 49th Regiment, with several hundred Indians. Boerstler, with a +party of 600 men, advanced from Fort George by way of Queenston to +surprise him, but was ambushed by a body of Indians. FitzGibbon, who had +been warned of the approach of Boerstler by Laura Secord, advanced with +his men of the 49th and demanded the surrender of the Americans, who, +believing themselves surrounded by a superior force, capitulated. The +engagement took place June 24, 1813. <i>See also</i> War of 1812. <b>Bib.</b>: +Lucas, <i>Canadian War of 1812</i>; Hannay, <i>War of 1812</i>: FitzGibbon, <i>A +Veteran of 1812</i>; Curzon, <i>Laura Secord, the Heroine of 1812</i>: +Cruikshank, <i>The Fight in the Beechwoods</i>; Thompson, <i>Jubilee History of +Thorold</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Beckwith, John A.</b> <b>T</b> Confederate candidate in York, 108.</p> + +<p><b>Becquet, Romain.</b> <b>L</b> Clerk of Ecclesiastical Court, arrested, 163.</p> + +<p><b>Bédard, Elzéar.</b> For some years a member of the Assembly of Lower +Canada.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[28]</a></span> Moved the celebrated Ninety-Two Resolutions, 1837. Puisne judge +of the Court of Queen's Bench, 1837; suspended, but afterwards +reinstated. Died, 1849. <b>Index</b>: <b>P</b> Moves the Ninety-Two Resolutions, 117; +deserts Papineau, 117; appointed judge by Gosford, 117. <b>Bib.</b>: Morgan, +<i>Cel. Can.</i>; Christie, <i>History of Lower Canada</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Bédard, Pierre Stanislas</b> (1762-1829). Educated at the Seminary of +Quebec; studied law, and appointed advocate, 1790. Elected for +Northumberland to the first Legislature of Lower Canada, 1792. In 1806, +with a number of other French-Canadians in the Assembly, founded <i>Le +Canadien</i>, to represent the views of the popular party. In 1810 the +paper seized, and Bédard and his associates arrested on a charge of +treasonable practices. Released the following year. In 1812 appointed +judge of the District Court of Three Rivers. Retired in 1829 on account +of ill health. <b>Index</b>: <b>P</b> Leader of French-Canadians in Lower Canada +Assembly, 27; opposes property tax, 27; establishes <i>Le Canadien</i>, 28; +considered by Sir James Craig a dangerous revolutionist, 28; sent to +jail, 29; released and charges withdrawn, 29; moves resolution as to +ministerial responsibility, 96. <b>C</b> Claims liberty of the press, 95; sent +to jail, 95; released, 96; asks for ministerial responsibility, 96. <b>Bk</b> +Arrested, 127; demands trial, 128; released, 145. <b>Bib.</b>: Parent, <i>Pierre +Bédard et Ses Deux Fils</i> in <i>Journal d'Instruction Publique, 1859</i>; +Christie, <i>History of Lower Canada</i>; De Gaspe, <i>Memoires</i>; Dionne, +<i>Pierre Bédard et Ses Fils</i>; Dionne, <i>Pierre Bédard et Son Temps</i> (R. S. +C., 1898).</p> + +<p><b>Bedard, Dr. William</b>. <b>T</b> Life-long friend of Sir Leonard Tilley, 145.</p> + +<p><b>Beer, Henry</b> (1835-1886). Born in Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island. +Elected to the Assembly, 1870; a member of the ministry, 1872; Speaker +of the Assembly, 1877; mayor of Charlottetown, 1885-1886.</p> + +<p><b>Begbie, Sir Matthew Baillie</b> (1819-1894). Educated at Cambridge; and +called to the English bar in 1844. Judge of the colony of British +Columbia and judge of the Vice-admiralty Court, 1858-1870. Chief-justice +of British Columbia, 1870-1894, and also judge of the Admiralty district +of British Columbia, 1891-1894. Knighted, 1875. <b>Index</b>: <b>D</b> First judge in +British Columbia—arrives November, 1858, 239; born in Edinburgh, 1819, +239; succeeds to chief-justiceship of British Columbia and Vancouver +Island, 239; his services to the colony, 239; his notable journey, 1859, +to Upper Fraser, 254; his character, 255. <b>Bib.</b>: Begg, <i>History of +British Columbia</i>; Nicolls, <i>Sir Matthew Baillie Begbie</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Begon, Michel, Sieur de la Picardière</b> (1674-1740). Filled the office of +inspector-general of marines, in France, 1707-1710. In the latter year +appointed intendant of Canada, but did not arrive in Quebec until 1712. +Returned to France, 1726, and for some years acted as intendant of +justice in Normandy. <b>Bib</b>.: Roy, <i>Intendants de la Nouvelle-France</i> (R. +S. C., 1903).</p> + +<p><b>Belcher, Jonathan</b> (1711-1776). Second son of Governor Belcher of +Massachusetts. Educated at Harvard University, Cambridge, and in +England; called to the English bar. Appointed chief-justice of Nova +Scotia, 1754. President of the Council of Nova Scotia and administrator +of the government, 1760. Chiefly instrumental in securing for Nova +Scotia a representative Assembly. <b>Bib.</b>: Campbell, <i>History of Nova +Scotia</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Belcour, De.</b> <b>WM</b> Brings promise of supplies to Ramezay, 227.</p> + +<p><b>Belette.</b> <b>Dr</b> Captain of armed boat, assists Carleton's escape at Sorel, +113.</p> + +<p><b>Bell, Dr.</b> <b>W</b> Conducts Madras system of schools in New Brunswick, 86.</p> + +<p><b>Bell, Alexander Graham</b> (1847- ). Born in Edinburgh, Scotland. Educated at +Edinburgh University and London University; came to Canada in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[29]</a></span> 1870. +Professor of physiology in Boston University, 1872. Patented his +invention of the telephone, 1876; and has also invented the photophone, +induction balance, telephone probe, and graphophone. In 1898 appointed +regent of the Smithsonian Institution. In 1909-1910 engaged in aeroplane +experiments. <b>Bib.</b>: Morgan, <i>Can. Men</i>; <i>Who's Who</i>, 1910; <i>Addresses +before Canadian Club of Ottawa</i>, 1910.</p> + +<p><b>Bell, Hugh.</b> <b>H</b> Member of Uniacke administration, Nova Scotia, 1848, 110.</p> + +<p><b>Bell-Smith, Frederic Marlett</b> (1846- ). Born in London, England. Educated +there, and came to Canada, 1866. Founder and first president of the +Canadian Society of Artists, Montreal, 1867; director of Alma College +1881; member of the Royal Canadian Academy of Arts, 1888; director of +the Toronto Art School, 1889-1891. President of the Ontario Society of +Artists. <b>Bib.</b>: Morgan, <i>Can. Men</i>; <i>Canadian Who's Who</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Belleau, Sir Narcisse</b> (1808-1894). Born in the city of Quebec and +educated there. In 1852 a member of the Legislative Council, and in +1857-1862 Speaker. Mayor of Quebec, 1860, when King Edward VII, as +Prince of Wales, visited Canada, and knighted on the occasion. In 1862 +appointed minister of agriculture in the Cartier-Macdonald ministry; and +in 1865 premier and receiver-general in a coalition government. +Appointed lieutenant-governor of the province of Quebec, 1867; resigned +in 1873. <b>Index</b>: <b>B</b> Succeeds Sir E. P. Taché as titular head of coalition +government—proposed by J. A. Macdonald, and accepted by George Brown, +191; Macdonald the virtual leader of government, 191. <b>C</b> His connection +with British North America Act, 102-103.. <b>Md</b> Nominal head of government, +1865, 123. <b>Bib.</b>: Rose, <i>Cyc. Can. Biog.</i>; Taylor, <i>Brit. Am.</i>; Dent, +<i>Last Forty Years</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Belleville</b>. Town of Ontario on the Bay of Quinte. Founded by Captain +Myers in 1790. <b>Index</b>: <b>BL</b> Early municipal government of, 298; riot over +Rebellion Losses Bill, 318.</p> + +<p><b>Bellomont, Richard Coote, Earl of</b> (1636-1701). Member of Parliament, +1688-1695; and served in Ireland, 1689. In 1695 appointed governor of +New York, and afterwards of Massachusetts. <b>Index</b>: <b>F</b> Corresponds with +Frontenac, 355. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Dict. Nat. Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>Belmont, François Vachon de.</b> Came to Canada from France in 1680, and +joined the Seminary of St. Sulpice at Montreal, of which he was +superior, 1698-1732. Died the latter year. Left a <i>History of Canada</i>, +which was published in the first series of Historical Documents of the +Literary and Historical Society of Quebec. <b>Index</b>: <b>F</b> On number of +captives taken at Lachine, 226; on excessive use of brandy, 312; and +footnote. <b>L</b> His large donations to religious objects, 135; preaches +funeral sermon on Laval at Montreal, 265.</p> + +<p><b>Bénédiction.</b> <b>Ch</b> English vessel seized by French, 221.</p> + +<p><b>Bennett, George.</b> <b>B</b> An employee of the <i>Globe</i>, 256; shoots George Brown, +257; on Brown's death, is tried and found guilty of murder, 258; his +mind disordered by misfortunes and intemperance, 258.</p> + +<p><b>Bentham, Jeremy</b> (1748-1832). English writer on jurisprudence and ethics. +<b>Index</b>: <b>Sy</b> An associate of Sydenham's, 13. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Works</i>, ed. by Bowring +and Burton, 1843. For biog., <i>see</i> <i>Dict. Nat. Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>Bentivoglis.</b> Papal Nuncio. <b>Index</b>: <b>Ch</b> Authorizes establishment of church +in Canada, 84.</p> + +<p><b>Bering, Vitus</b> (1681-1741). Born at Horsens, Denmark. Joined the Russian +navy in 1704; and in 1725 sent by Peter the Great to explore the waters +east of Kamchatka, and examine the American coast. After a three-years' +journey<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[30]</a></span> overland, reached the eastern coast of Siberia, built vessels +there, and in 1728 followed the coast north to the Arctic, proving that +Asia and America were not united. In 1733 set out again on the long +overland journey, hampered with a huge retinue, and it was not until +1741 that his ships were ready at Petropaulovsk. Sailed to the east, +reached and explored the American coast, and was wrecked on what was +afterwards known as Bering Island, where he died, Dec. 8, 1741. <b>Index</b>: <b>D</b> +His explorations, 39, 40; his death, 1741, 40. <b>Bib.</b>: Lauridsen, <i>Vitus +Bering</i>; Muller, <i>Voyages from Asia to America</i>; Laut, <i>Vikings of the +Pacific</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Bering Sea Question.</b> Arose out of a dispute as to the seal-fisheries of +Bering Sea. Several Canadian sealers were seized by the United States in +1886, on the plea that these waters constituted a <i>mare clausum</i>, or +closed sea. Similar seizures were made in 1887 and 1889. Finally the +British and United States governments agreed to submit the question to +arbitration. The Commission met at Paris in 1893. Lord Hannen and Sir +John Thompson represented British interests; the United States was +represented by Judge Harlan and Senator Morgan. The other arbitrators +were Marquis Visconti Venosta of Italy, Gregora W. Gram of Sweden, and +Baron de Courcel of Belgium, who presided. The decision was in favour of +Great Britain, and contrary to the claim of the United States to +jurisdiction over the waters of the Bering Sea and the seals visiting +the coasts and islands of Alaska. Regulations were provided for the +better protection of the fisheries; and the United States was required +to compensate the Canadian sealers for the unlawful seizure of their +vessels. <b>Index</b>: <b>D</b> Influenced by Russian occupation, 38; settled under +Paris award, 1897, 283; history of dispute 340-341.</p> + +<p><b>Berkeley, George Cranfield</b> (1753-1818). Entered the navy, 1766; +accompanied Cook in survey of coast of Newfoundland and Gulf of St. +Lawrence, 1766-1769; and was on the <i>Victory</i> at Ushant, 1778. In 1786 +surveyor-general of ordnance, 1786; and vice-admiral on the Halifax +station, 1805-1807, during which time occurred the affair between the +<i>Chesapeake</i> and the <i>Leopard</i>. <b>Index</b>: <b>Bk</b> Gave instructions in matter of +deserters enlisted in <i>Chesapeake</i>, 83; recalled, 85. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Dict. Nat. +Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>Berlin Decrees.</b> Issued by Napoleon, November, 1806, to the following +effect: The British Isles were in a state of blockade; intercourse with +them was prohibited; all British subjects within French authority were +to be held as prisoners of war; all British property, private and +public, was declared to be prize of war; also merchandise from Britain; +merchants whose property had been captured by British cruisers were to +be indemnified from the product of such seizures; no British ships were +to be admitted into any port of France, or her allies; every vessel +eluding this rule was to be confiscated. The object of the decrees was +to close the continent against British commerce. The British government +retaliated by issuing an order-in-council, refusing to neutrals the +right of trading from one hostile port to another. <b>Index</b>: <b>Bk</b> Directed by +Napoleon against commerce of Great Britain, 81, 82, 105, 171, 172. <b>Bib.:</b> +<i>Dict. Eng. Hist.</i>; Green, <i>Short History of the English People</i>; +Kingsford, <i>History of Canada</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Bernard, Hewitt</b> (1825-1893). Entered the Canadian public service, 1858; +deputy-minister of justice, 1867; resigned, 1876. In 1872, created I. +C.; and the same year made C. M. G. In 1878 appointed assistant +commissioner to France and Spain to negotiate commercial treaties. +Aide-de-camp to Lord Monck, 1868, and to Lord Stanley, 1888. <b>Index</b>: <b>T</b> +Confidential secretary to the Quebec Conference, 77; acts as secretary +to Confederation delegates in London, 121. <b>Bib.</b>: Pope, <i>Memoirs of Sir +John A. Macdonald</i>.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[31]</a></span></p> + +<p><b>Bernardin, of Siena, Saint.</b> <b>L</b> On the guidance of Providence, 35-36.</p> + +<p><b>Bernetz, Chevalier de.</b> <b>WM</b> Commands battalion of Royal Roussillon +Regiment, 12; second in command of the town (Quebec), 86.</p> + +<p><b>Bernières, Henri de</b> (1635-1700). Born in France. Came to Canada with +Laval in 1659. Curé of Quebec, 1660-1687; and grand-vicar of the bishop +of Quebec. First superior of the Seminary of Quebec, 1663, holding that +position till 1688 and from 1693 to 1697. <b>Index</b>: <b>F</b> Grand-vicar of bishop +of Quebec, 111. <b>L</b> Head of retreat at Caën, 24; first superior of Quebec +Seminary, 55; transfers his personal income to seminary, 56; administers +diocese in Laval's absence, 134; claims ecclesiastical rights, 163; made +dean of Chapter, 197; his death, 239. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Jesuit Relations</i>, ed. by +Thwaites; Gosselin, <i>Henri de Bernières</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Bernières, Jean de.</b> <b>L</b> His "Hermitage," 24, 25.</p> + +<p><b>Berry Brigade.</b> <b>WM</b> In battle of Ste. Foy, 257, 258.</p> + +<p><b>Berthelot, François.</b> <b>L</b> Laval's relations with, 138. <b>E</b> His seigniory of +St. Laurent made an earldom in 1676, 181.</p> + +<p><b>Berthier, Alexandre</b> (1638-1709). Born in France. Came to Canada in 1665; +and in 1666 commandant at Fort St. Jean, and led expeditions against the +Iroquois. In 1672 granted the seigniory of Berthier in Bellechasse +County, Quebec. <b>Index</b>: <b>F</b> Commands militia in campaign against Iroquois, +209. <b>Bib.</b>: Charlevoix, <i>History of New France</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Bethune, Alexander Neil</b> (1800-1879). Born in Glengarry, Ontario. In 1823 +ordained deacon, and in 1824, priest. In 1847 archdeacon of York +(Toronto), and in 1867 consecrated coadjutor bishop of Toronto; +succeeded to the bishopric on the death of Bishop Strachan. <b>Bib.</b>: Rose, +<i>Cyc. Can. Biog.</i>; <i>Cyc. Am. Biog.</i>; Mockridge, <i>The Bishops of the +Church of England in Canada and Newfoundland</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Bethune, John.</b> Born in Scotland, 1751. Emigrated in his early years to +South Carolina, and was chaplain of the loyal militia. In 1786 resided +in Montreal; minister of the Presbyterian church there; afterwards +appointed to a mission in Glengarry. <b>Index</b>: <b>S</b> Presbyterian minister, +reputed author of petition, for repeal of Marriage Act, 161, 162; the +first Presbyterian minister to arrive in Upper Canada, 164; received +stipend from the government, 164. <b>Bib.</b>: Taylor, <i>Brit. Am.</i>; Macdonell, +<i>Sketches Illustrating the Early Settlement and History of Glengarry in +Canada</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Betts.</b> <b>T</b> Proposes construction of European and North American Railway, +26, 27.</p> + +<p><b>Beveridge.</b> <b>T</b> Seconds the address in New Brunswick Assembly, 115.</p> + +<p><b>Biard, Pierre</b> (1565-1622). Came to Port Royal in 1611, with Masse—the +first of their order in New France. The relations of the Jesuits with +Poutrincourt and his son Biencourt were far from cordial; little or no +progress was made with the conversion of the Micmacs; and in 1613 Biard +sailed with Masse for Mount Desert, with an expedition sent out by +Madame de Guercheville. They had hardly begun the new settlement, when +Argall swooped down, seized their ship, plundered their property, and +carried Biard and some of his companions prisoners to Virginia. Argall +brought the Jesuit back with him to Acadia the same year; the vessel in +which he sailed was carried out to sea, and after a series of adventures +Biard finally reached France and remained there. <b>Bib.</b>: Biard, +<i>Relation</i>; Carayon, <i>Première Mission des Jésuites au Canada</i>; Parkman, +<i>Pioneers of France</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Bibaud, Michel</b> (1782-1857). Educated at the College of St. Raphael. +<b>Index</b>: <b>L</b> Historian, his praise of Talon, 113. <b>P</b> On Papineau, 56. <b>Hd</b> On +Haldimand,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[32]</a></span> 291. <b>Bib.</b>: <b>Works</b>: <i>Épîtres, Satires, Chansons Epigrammes, et +autre Pièces de Vers</i>; <i>Histoire du Canada et des Canadiens sous la +Domination Anglaise</i>. For biog., <i>see</i> Morgan, <i>Cel. Can.</i></p> + +<p><b>Bidwell, Barnabas.</b> <b>R</b> Election contests, 63.</p> + +<p><b>Bidwell, Marshall Spring</b> (1799-1872). Born in New England. Came to +Canada with his father, 1812, and practised law. In 1824-1835 a member +of the Upper Canada Assembly; in 1829 elected Speaker of the House, and +re-elected, 1835. One of the leaders of the popular party of Upper +Canada, and his outspoken sympathy with the Rebellion of 1837-1838 +resulted in his banishment. <b>Index</b>: <b>Mc</b> Elected Speaker of the House, 151; +defends Mackenzie, 181, 182; moves committee of inquiry, 184; moves +Mackenzie's eligibility, 243; discountenances royal veto, 251; again +elected Speaker of the House, 261; Head declines to make him judge, 377; +defeated for the House, 380; refuses nomination to Convention, 343; +gives legal advice to rebels, 343; his part in the Rebellion, 357; +accepts voluntary exile, 358. <b>R</b> One of the leaders of the popular party +in Upper Canada Assembly, 66, 67. <b>Bib.</b>: Dent, <i>Can. Por.</i> and <i>Upper +Canadian Rebellion</i>; Morgan, <i>Cel. Can.</i>; <i>Cyc. Am. Biog.</i>; Davin, <i>The +Irishman in Canada</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Biencourt de Poutrincourt, Charles</b> (1583-1638?) Son of Jean de +Biencourt. Accompanied his father to Port Royal in 1605. Returned to +France in 1610; made vice-admiral in the seas of New France, and, +somewhat unwillingly, brought with him to Acadia in 1611 the Jesuits +Biard and Masse. While absent from Port Royal, the fort was attacked and +burnt by Argall in 1613. Biencourt partially rebuilt Port Royal, and was +still there in 1618. Returned to France some time before 1621, and +appointed director of the Royal Academy of Paris, which position he held +up to the time of his death. <b>Bib.</b>: Parkman, <i>Pioneers of France</i>; +Patterson, <i>Last Days of Charles de Biencourt</i> (R.S.C., 1896).</p> + +<p><b>Biencourt de Poutrincourt, Jean de, Baron de Saint Just</b> (1557-1615). Had +won distinction as a soldier in the service of France; and in 1604 +sailed with De Monts and Champlain to Acadia. Was so charmed with Port +Royal that he determined to make it his home. De Monts made him a grant +of the lands about Annapolis Basin, which the king confirmed. Went back +to France and brought out his family to the new settlement. Accompanied +Champlain in his exploration of the Bay of Fundy. Jesuit missionaries +were sent out to Port Royal, whom Poutrincourt, although a good Roman +Catholic, found far from congenial. Their relations became more and more +strained, and when Poutrincourt sailed to France in 1613, the Jesuits +succeeded in having him thrown into prison. Regained his liberty and +returned to Acadia, but found Port Royal in ashes. Returned to France +and fell in the attack on Méry. <b>Index</b>: <b>Ch</b> Goes with De Monts to Acadia, +19; lieutenant of De Monts at Port Royal, 34; joins Champlain in +exploration and erects crosses on coast (Massachusetts), 35; returns to +France, 37. <b>Bib.</b>: Parkman, <i>Old Régime</i>. <i>See also</i> Lescarbot; +Champlain; De Monts.</p> + +<p><b>Bienville, Jean Baptiste Le Moyne, sieur de</b> (1680-1768). Son of Charles +Le Moyne, and brother of Iberville. Accompanied Iberville to Hudson Bay +in 1697, and took part in the capture of Fort Nelson and the defeat of +the English fleet. The following year sailed with his brother to the +mouth of the Mississippi, where they laid the foundations of the colony +of Louisiana. After the death of Iberville, became governor of the +colony, and remained there for thirty-five years. Founded the city of +New Orleans, and laboured unceasingly to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[33]</a></span> advance the interests of +Louisiana. <b>Index</b>: <b>F</b> Joins war party against Schenectady, 235. <b>Bib.</b>: +King, <i>Jean Baptiste Le Moyne, Sieur de Bienville</i>; Reed, <i>The First +Great Canadian</i>; Margry, <i>Découvertes des Français</i>. <i>See also</i> +Iberville.</p> + +<p><b>Bierce.</b> <b>Mc</b> Plans attack on Windsor, 446; lands at Windsor, 447; +retreats, 447.</p> + +<p><b>Big Mouth (Grande Gueule).</b> <b>F</b> Onondaga orator, 184, 221.</p> + +<p><b>Biggar, James L.</b> <b>R</b> Graduate of Victoria College, 144.</p> + +<p><b>Bignon.</b> <b>Ch</b> Crown lawyer in proceedings <i>re</i> Champlain's will, 265.</p> + +<p><b>Bigot, François.</b> Born at Bordeaux, Jan. 30, 1703; son of Louis-Amable +Bigot. Through his influence at court, obtained several lucrative +offices in New France, which he turned to his own personal advantage. +Arrived at Louisbourg in 1739. After the capture of Louisbourg in 1745, +returned to France, where serious charges of misappropriating public +funds had been brought against him, but his influence at court was still +powerful enough to extricate him from this scrape, and to secure him the +office of intendant of New France, 1748. Sailed for Quebec and arrived +the same year. There elaborated a system of peculation, by which every +branch of the public service was laid under tribute to enrich himself +and his creatures, helping thereby to bring about the final loss of the +colony. Returned to France after the conquest of Canada; thrown into the +Bastille, and released only to be banished from France. <b>Index</b>: <b>WM</b> +Intendant, appearance and character, 32; made profit of famine, 53; +gambling habits, 54; reprimanded by minister, 88; hostility to +Bougainville, 88; makes his headquarters at Beauport, 88; letter to +Bougainville, 165. <b>Hd</b> Disliked, 52. <b>Bib.</b>: Roy, <i>Intendants de la +Nouvelle-France</i> (R. S. C., 1903); Parkman, <i>Montcalm and Wolfe</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Billings, Elkanah</b> (1820-1876). Born in township of Gloucester, Ontario. +Studied law, called to the bar, 1845, and practised in Ottawa. Appointed +paleontologist of the Geological Survey of Canada, 1856, and in the same +year established the <i>Canadian Naturalist</i>. <b>Bib.</b>: Morgan, <i>Cel. Can.</i>; +<i>Cyc. Am. Biog.</i>; Ami, <i>Brief Biographical Sketch of Elkanah Billings</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Billings, Joseph.</b> Born in England, 1758. Accompanied Captain Cook on his +last voyage on the <i>Discovery</i>; and afterwards entered the Russian navy. +Commanded an expedition to the north-west boundaries of Asia in 1785, +and in 1786-1794 explored the coasts of Siberia and Alaska. <b>Index</b>: <b>D</b> +Visits Unalaska, Nodiak, and Prince William Sound, 1790, 26. <b>Bib.</b>: +<i>Dict. Nat. Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>Bindon.</b> <b>Dr</b> Montreal merchant, treasonable proceedings of, 84.</p> + +<p><b>Bizard.</b> <b>F</b> Officer of Frontenac, arrested by Perrot, 91.</p> + +<p><b>Blachford, Frederic Rogers, Baron</b> (1811-1889). Born in England. Educated +at Eton and Oxford. In 1844 registrar of joint-stock companies and +commissioner of lands and emigration; from 1860 to 1871 permanent +undersecretary of state for the colonies; and in 1871 made a privy +councillor. <b>Index</b>: <b>Md</b> On Macdonald's part in Westminster Conference, +126-127. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Dict. Nat. Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>Black, John</b> (1817-1879). Born in Scotland. Went to the Red River +Settlement as legal adviser to Adam Thom, recorder of Rupert's Land, +1839. Subsequently entered the service of the Hudson's Bay Company and +rose to the position of chief trader. Went back to Scotland, 1852. Spent +some time in Australia, and returned to the Red River Settlement as +recorder of Rupert's Land, 1862. Appointed a delegate to Ottawa to +present the views of the settlers on the taking over of the country by +the Dominion government, 1870. Proceeded to Scotland, where he died. +<b>Bib.</b>: Bryce, <i>Manitoba</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Black, John</b> (1818-1882). Born in Scotland. Emigrated to America with<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[34]</a></span> +his parents and studied for a time at Delaware Academy at Delhi, New +York. Came to Canada and completed his theological course at Knox +College, Toronto. Ordained to the ministry of the Presbyterian Church +and proceeded to the Red River Settlement, 1851. Remained in charge of +the church at Kildonan until his death. <b>Bib.</b>: Bryce, <i>John Black: The +Apostle of the Red River</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Black, William</b> (1760-1831). Born in England. In 1775 came to Canada and +became a Wesleyan Methodist preacher. Founded the Wesleyan Church in +Nova Scotia, and became general superintendent of British American +Wesleyan missions. <b>Index</b>: <b>W</b> The apostle of Wesleyan Methodism in +Maritime Provinces, 137. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Cyc. Am. Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>Black, William.</b> <b>W</b> President of New Brunswick Assembly, 1831; refuses to +furnish information, 19; member of New Brunswick Legislative Council, +retires, 72.</p> + +<p><b>Black, William.</b> <b>W</b> Of Halifax, father-in-law of Judge Wilmot, 137.</p> + +<p><b>Blackader, Hugh W.</b> (1808-1863). Descended from Loyalist stock. Began to +learn the trade of printer at the age of twelve. Acquired an interest in +the <i>Acadian Recorder</i>, 1837, and continued to publish the paper until +his death. Closely identified with the Reform movement and a strong +supporter of Joseph Howe. <b>Index</b>: <b>H</b> Called upon to prove publication of +libel in the <i>Nova Scotian</i>, 24. <b>Bib.</b>: Campbell, <i>History of Nova +Scotia</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Black Rock.</b> <b>Bk</b> Opposite Fort Erie, fortified, 197.</p> + +<p><b>Blackfoot Indians.</b> A Western confederacy, of Siksika stock. First +described in the journal of Anthony Hendry, 1754-1755, and again by +Matthew Cocking, 1772-1773. They were then known to the Crees as the +Archithinue. Cocking also gives the following for the five tribes in the +confederacy: Powestic-Athinuewuck or Water-fall Indians; +Mithco-Athinuwuck or Bloody Indians; Koskitow-Wathesitock or +Black-footed Indians; Pegonow or Muddy-water Indians; and Sassewuck or +Woody-country Indians. Their habitat was then, and until comparatively +recent times, in the foot-hills of the Rocky Mountains, on the upper +waters of the Saskatchewan. They are now for the most part on +reservations in Alberta. <b>Bib.</b>: Petitot, <i>Traditions Indiennes du Canada +Nord-Ouest</i>; Grinnell, <i>Blackfoot Lodge Tales</i>; <i>Hendry Journal</i> +(R.S.C., 1908); <i>Cocking Journal</i> (R.S.C., 1909); Franklin, <i>Polar Sea</i>; +Catlin, <i>North American Indians</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Blair, Andrew George</b> (1844-1907). Born in Fredericton, New Brunswick. +Educated there, and called to the bar, 1866. In 1878 member of the New +Brunswick Assembly for York; in 1879 leader of the opposition; and in +1883 premier of the province. In 1896 resigned and became minister of +railways and canals in the Dominion government, under Laurier, retiring +in 1903. In February, 1904, chairman of the Railway Commission of +Canada, resigning in October of the same year. <b>Index</b>: <b>T</b> Premier of New +Brunswick during Tilley's governorship, 138. <b>Bib.</b>: Morgan, <i>Can. Men</i>; +Rose, <i>Cyc. Can. Biog.</i>; <i>Who's Who</i>, 1906.</p> + +<p><b>Blair, Adam Johnston Fergusson</b> (1815-1867). Member of the Legislative +Assembly of Canada, 1848-1857; appointed to the Legislative Council, +1860; receiver-general, 1863; member of Executive Council and provincial +secretary, 1863-1864; president of the Executive Council, 1866. +Appointed president of the Privy Council and a member of the first +Dominion Cabinet, 1867. <b>Index</b>: <b>Md</b> President of Privy Council in first +Dominion Cabinet, 134; agrees to support coalition, 137; his death, 138. +<b>B</b> Called upon to form ministry, but fails, 149. <b>T</b> Member first +Confederation ministry, 129. <b>Bib.</b>: Dent, <i>Last Forty Years</i>.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[35]</a></span></p> + +<p><b>Blake, Edward</b> (1833- ). Born in Adelaide, Ontario. Educated at Upper +Canada College and University of Toronto. Called to the bar of Ontario, +1859. From 1867 to 1872 a member of Alexander Mackenzie's Dominion +ministry; in 1875-1877 minister of justice and attorney-general; and +1877-1878 president of the Council. From 1878 to 1887 leader of the +Liberal opposition in the House of Commons. In 1892 went to Ireland and +elected member for South Longford in the British House of Commons; +retired, 1907. <b>Index</b>: <b>Md</b> Favours attacks Canadian Pacific Railway +scheme, 235; resigns leadership of Ontario Liberals, 1872, 152; attacks +government on Redistribution Bill, 274; supports Costigan's Home Rule +resolution, 277; contrasted with Macdonald, 277-279; mutual antagonism, +277-279; supports Landry's motion that Riel's sentence should have been +commuted, 280; not favourable to commercial union, 296; refuses to run +in election of 1891, 315; denounces policy of unrestricted reciprocity, +315-316. <b>B</b> His speech at Aurora advocating Imperial federation, 235, +240. <b>Mc</b> On when rebellion is justified, 26, 27. <b>Bib.</b>: Morgan, <i>Can. +Men</i>; <i>Who's Who</i>, 1910; Dent, <i>Can. Por.</i> and <i>Last Forty Years</i>; Ewan, +<i>Hon. Edward Blake</i>; Taché, <i>Men</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Blake, William Hume</b> (1809-1870). Born in Ireland. Educated at Trinity +College, Dublin, and emigrated to Canada in his youth. During the +Rebellion in 1837, paymaster of the Royal Foresters. Called to the bar +of Upper Canada, 1838. A member of the Legislative Assembly for East +York, 1847, and solicitor-general in the La Fontaine-Baldwin +administration, 1848-1849. In 1850 chancellor of Upper Canada, retiring +March, 1862. <b>Index</b>: <b>BL</b> Speaks before Reform Association, Toronto, 223; +elected for York, 279; solicitor-general, 1848, 284; absent in Europe, +284; on Rebellion Losses Bill, 314-315; quarrel with MacNab, 315; burnt +in effigy in Toronto, 318; raised to the bench, 337. <b>E</b> Returned in +elections, 1847, 50; solicitor-general for Upper Canadian first La +Fontaine-Baldwin Cabinet, 53; father of Edward Blake; attacks Family +Compact; bitter conflict with Sir Allan MacNab, 69. <b>B</b> Speaks before +Toronto Reform Association, 1811, 21; burnt in effigy, 36; in the fight +for responsible government, 261. <b>Md</b> Challenged by John A. Macdonald, 36. +<b>Mc</b> Solicitor-general, debate on Rebellion Losses Bill, 489. <b>Bib.</b>: Dent, +<i>Can. Por.</i>, and <i>Last Forty Years</i>; Read, <i>Lives of the Judges; Cyc. +Am. Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>Blanchard, Hiram.</b> <b>H</b> Supports Confederation, 186; member of Nova Scotia +government, 1867, 198; elected to Legislature, but unseated, 202.</p> + +<p><b>Blanchard, Jotham.</b> <b>H</b> Associated with Joseph Howe in <i>The Club</i>, 10; in +House of Assembly, 18.</p> + +<p><b>Blanchet, F.</b> <b>Bk</b> Arrested, 127; discharged, 128.</p> + +<p><b>Blanshard, Richard</b>. Appointed governor of Vancouver Island by Earl Grey; +left England, 1849, and reached Victoria in March of the following year +by way of Panama. Resigned office in 1850, and in 1851 returned to +England. <b>Index</b>: <b>D</b> First governor of Vancouver Island, 1849, 203; +relations with the Hudson's Bay Company, 203-204; nominates provincial +government and leaves for England, 204. <b>Bib.</b>: Begg, <i>History of British +Columbia</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Bleury.</b> <b>P</b> Joins Papineau party, 78.</p> + +<p><b>Bliss, Daniel</b> (1740-1806). Born in Concord, Mass. Educated at Harvard +University, Cambridge, graduating in 1774. In 1778 proscribed as a +Loyalist, and served with the British army as commissary. At the end of +the war,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[36]</a></span> moved to New Brunswick; appointed a member of the provincial +Council, and later chief-justice of the Court of Common Pleas. <b>Index</b>: <b>W</b> +Becomes member of New Brunswick Council, 4. <b>Bib.</b>: Hannay, <i>History of +New Brunswick</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Bliss, John Murray</b> (1771-1834). Born in Massachusetts. Came to New +Brunswick in 1786; called to the bar; and elected to the House of +Assembly for the county of York. Appointed to the bench in 1816; became +a member of the king's Council; and in 1824 administrator of the +province for one year. Subsequently a judge of the Supreme Court of New +Brunswick. <b>Index</b>: <b>W</b> Judge of New Brunswick Supreme Court, 4. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Cyc. +Am. Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>Bliss, Jonathan</b> (1742-1822). Born in Springfield, Mass. Educated at +Harvard University, Cambridge. Emigrated to New Brunswick in 1783. In +1785 elected a member of the provincial Legislature and appointed +attorney-general. From 1809 to 1822 chief-justice. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Cyc. Am. +Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>Blue, Archibald</b> (1840- ). Born in Orford, Ontario. From 1867 to 1881 +engaged in journalism. In 1882 appointed secretary of the Ontario Bureau +of Industries, which he organized. Deputy minister of agriculture, 1884, +and director of the Bureau of Mines, 1891. Appointed Dominion census +commissioner, 1900. <b>Index</b>: <b>B</b> Witnesses shooting of George Brown by +Bennett, 255-256. <b>Bib.</b>: Morgan, <i>Can. Men</i>; <i>Canadian Who's Who</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Bodega Bay.</b> On the coast of California, lat. 38° 18' 20" N., long. 123° +2' 28". <b>Index</b>: <b>D</b> Russian colony there in 1812, 45.</p> + +<p><b>Boileau, Maître.</b> <b>Ch</b> Lawyer, employed to contest Champlain's will, 265.</p> + +<p><b>Bolduc, Father.</b> <b>D</b> Jesuit missionary—supposed to be first priest on +Vancouver Island, 178; at Whidby Island, 179.</p> + +<p><b>Bolton, Colonel.</b> <b>Hd</b> Commander at Niagara, lost in foundering of +<i>Ontario</i>, 163.</p> + +<p><b>Bompas, William Carpenter</b> (1853-1906). Born in London, England. Ordained +deacon, 1859; priest, 1865; came to Canada latter year and assigned to +the Mackenzie River district. In 1874 consecrated bishop of Athabaska. +In 1884 transferred to see of Mackenzie River, and in 1891 to that of +Selkirk. Author of a number of primers in the Athabaskan and Algonquian +languages, as well as in Eskimo. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Diocese of Mackenzie River</i>; +Cody, <i>An Apostle of the North</i>; Machray, <i>Archbishop Machray</i>; +Mockridge, <i>Bishops of the Church of England in Canada and +Newfoundland</i>. For his native primers, <i>see</i> Pilling, <i>Bibliography of +<a name='TC_2'></a><ins title="Was 'Athapaskan">Athabaskan</ins> Languages</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Bond, William Bennett</b> (1815-1906). Born in Truro, England. At an early +age went to Newfoundland. Removed to Quebec, 1840; the same year +admitted deacon, and ordained priest, 1841. For some time engaged as a +travelling missionary; assistant to the rector of St. George's Church, +Montreal, 1848; rector 1862; archdeacon of Hochelaga, 1871; dean of +Montreal, 1874. In 1879 consecrated bishop of Montreal; in 1901 +archbishop, and in 1904 primate of all Canada. <b>Bib.</b>: Morgan, <i>Can. Men</i>; +Dent, <i>Can. Por.</i>; <i>Who's Who</i>, 1905; Mockridge, <i>Bishops of the Church +of England in Canada and Newfoundland</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Bonne, Captain de.</b> Born in France, and before coming to Canada served in +the regiment of Condé. At the siege of Quebec, 1759, in command of the +Quebec and Three Rivers militia, and took part in the battle of the +Plains and the battle of Ste. Foy. <b>Index</b>: <b>WM</b> Commands Quebec and Three +Rivers militia, 105. <b>Bib.</b>: Doughty, <i>Siege of Quebec</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Bonnécamps, Joseph Pierre de</b> (1707-1790). Born in France. Entered the +Jesuit order, and came to Canada in 1741, when he was appointed +instructor of hydrography at the Seminary of Quebec. Held that position +until the fall of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[37]</a></span> Quebec in 1759. In 1765-1766 laboured among the +French refugees on the islands of St. Pierre and Miquelon.</p> + +<p><b>Bonnerme.</b> <b>Ch</b> Physician, accompanied Champlain to Quebec, 41; death of, +46.</p> + +<p><b>Bonnycastle, Sir Richard Henry</b> (1791-1848). Born in England. Served in +Canada in 1812, and engaged in the capture of Fort Castine. During the +Rebellion of 1837-1838 commanded the engineers in Canada West, and +defended Kingston in 1838; knighted for distinguished service, 1837. +Afterwards commander of engineers in Newfoundland. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>The Canadas in +1841.</i> For biog., <i>see Dict. Nat. Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>Bonsecours, Chapel of.</b> <b>L</b> United to parish of Montreal, 176; commenced by +Sister Bourgeois, 177; held in high honour, 178.</p> + +<p><b>Bontemps, Captain.</b> <b>Ch</b> Brings out settlers, 252.</p> + +<p><b>Books.</b> <b>S</b> Scarcity of, in Upper Canada, 175. <i>See also</i> Libraries.</p> + +<p><b>Borden, Robert Laird</b> (1854- ). Born in Grand Pré, Nova Scotia. Called to +the bar, 1878, and practised at Kentville and Halifax; appointed Q.C., +1890. In 1896 elected for the city and county of Halifax to the Dominion +Parliament, and for Carleton County, Ontario, 1905. In 1901 succeeded +Sir Charles Tupper as leader of the Conservative party. <b>Bib.</b>: Morgan, +<i>Can. Men; Canadian Who's Who</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Borgia's House.</b> <b>WM</b> Wolfe occupies, 189; set on fire by Canadians, 193.</p> + +<p><b>Boscawen, Edward</b> (1711-1761). Born in England. Served at Porto Bello, +1739-1740; at Cartagena, 1741; and in the West Indies, 1747. Commanded +on the North American station between 1755 and 1757, and in 1758 +commander-in-chief of the fleet at the siege of Louisbourg. In 1759 +defeated the French in Lagos Bay, and in 1760 commanded the fleet in +Quiberon Bay. <b>Index</b>: <b>WM</b> In command of naval forces at Louisbourg, 73. +<b>Bib.</b>: Wood, <i>Logs of the Conquest of Canada</i>; Doughty, <i>Siege of +Quebec</i>; <i>Dict. Nat. Biog.</i> <i>See also</i> Louisbourg.</p> + +<p><b>Bossuet, Jacques Benigne</b> (1627-1704). Churchman and orator; bishop of +Meaux; took a leading part in the Gallican controversy. <b>Index</b>: <b>L</b> On +poverty and liberty, 123. <b>Bib.</b>: Works: <i>Histoire Universelle; Oraisons +Funèbres</i>. For biog., <i>see</i> Chambers, <i>Biog. Dict.</i></p> + +<p><b>Boston.</b> <b>Bk</b> Flags hung there at half-mast on declaration of war against +Great Britain, 208. <b>Hd</b> Rebellious sentiment comes to head at, 84; +Haldimand doubts wisdom of closing the port, 85; dangerous condition of +affairs at, 95-96, 97-98; reception to General Gage, 96; Haldimand's +removal to, 103, people of, revile Haldimand, 105; Haldimand's house at, +107; loss at Bunker Hill, 108; Louis Haldimand at, 109; Loyalists leave, +110; Haldimand's rank at, 121. <b>L</b> Americans of, their designs against +priests and missionaries, 11.</p> + +<p><b>Boston.</b> <b>D</b> Attacked by natives of Nootka, 1803, and crew murdered, 37.</p> + +<p><b>Botsford, Bliss</b> (1813-1890). Born at Sackville, New Brunswick. Educated +at King's College, Fredericton; called to the bar, 1838, and practised +at Moncton until 1870. A member of the New Brunswick Assembly, with +brief intervals, from 1851 to 1870. In 1865 surveyor-general in the +Smith ministry, and a member of the Executive Council, of which he was +Speaker from 1867 to 1870. From 1870 to 1890 judge of the County Court. +<b>Index</b>: <b>T</b> Surveyor-general in Smith government, 91; adds no strength to +the government, 92; represents Westmoreland, 115. <b>Bib.</b>: Rose, <i>Cyc. Can. +Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>Bouchard.</b> <b>L</b> Founder of the Montmorency family, 16.</p> + +<p><b>Boucher de Grosbois et de Boucherville, Pierre</b> (1622-1717). Came to +Canada in 1634 with his father; served as a soldier of the little +garrison of Quebec in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[38]</a></span> 1641. Four years later settled at Three Rivers, +and having made himself familiar with several Indian languages, employed +as interpreter. For nearly a quarter of a century served the town of his +adoption in various capacities, civil and military. Filled the office of +governor of Three Rivers, with short intervals, from 1652 to 1667. +Visited France in 1661-1662, received by Louis XIV, and given a patent +of nobility, and on his return to Canada brought out a number of +colonists. In 1667 retired to his seigniory of Boucherville. Left a +brief but interesting history of New France, written in 1663, while he +was still governor of Three Rivers, and published the following year. +<b>Index</b>: <b>L</b> His opinion of Laval, 29. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Histoire Veritable et +Naturelle des Mœurs et Productions du Pays de la Nouvelle France</i>. +Paris, 1664. Reprinted, 1849, 1882, 1883, 1896. The last is in the +<i>Trans.</i> of the Royal Society for that year, and is edited by Benjamin +Sulte, with biographical and bibliographical notes.</p> + +<p><b>Bouchette, Captain.</b> <b>Dr</b> Conducts Carleton safely to Three Rivers, 113.</p> + +<p><b>Bouchette, Joseph</b> (1774-1841). Entered the naval service, 1791; in +command of the forces on Lake Ontario; and served in the Royal Canadian +volunteers. In 1813 on active service; and in 1814-1816 in England, +where he published his topographical and geographical description of +Canada. Employed as surveyor-general in delimiting the boundary line +between Canada and the United States, 1817-1818. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Topographical +Description of the Province of Lower Canada</i>; <i>British Dominions in +North America</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Bouchette, Robert Shore Milnes.</b> <b>P</b> Exiled to Bermuda for his +participation in Rebellion of 1837, 138; commissioner of customs, +Ottawa, 149; sides with Papineau, 149; arrested as a rebel, 149; his +letter to Colonel Dundas, 150-153.</p> + +<p><b>Boudon, Abbé Henri-Marie.</b> <b>L</b> Succeeds Laval as archdeacon of Evreux, 23.</p> + +<p><b>Boues, Charles de.</b> <b>Ch</b> Vicar-general of Pontoise, contributes to building +of Récollet convent, 117; syndic of Canadian missions, 148.</p> + +<p><b>Bougainville, Louis Antoine, Comte de</b> (1729-1811). Born in Paris. +Educated for his father's profession of notary; and soon obtained +recognition as an advocate in the Parliament of Paris. As a student +displayed a remarkable talent for mathematics, and at the age of +twenty-two wrote the first volume of a treatise on the Integral +Calculus. His mathematical work recognized by the Royal Society in +electing him to a fellowship. Joined the army in 1755, and the next year +came to Canada as Montcalm's aide-de-camp. Played an important part in +the siege of Quebec, and wrote an elaborate journal of the campaign, +much of which appears to have been incorporated in Montcalm's <i>Journal</i>, +published by Abbé Casgrain. Returned to France in 1760, and after +serving in Germany, joined the navy. From 1766 to 1769 made a voyage +around the world; served in the West Indies during the Revolutionary +War, and commanded the van of the French fleet in the action off +Chesapeake Bay. Retired from active service, 1790; nominated by Napoleon +to the Senate, and raised to the nobility. <b>Index</b>: <b>WM</b> Aide-de-camp to +Montcalm, 1; despatched to France to represent desperate state of +colony, 62; commands Grenadiers along Beauport shore, 85; incurs Bigot's +hostility, 88; ordered to protect country west of Quebec, 151, 158; +interview with Montcalm at Beauport, 160; Vaudreuil writes that safety +of colony is in his hands, 161; duped by Wolfe's strategy, 177; +criticized by Chevalier Johnstone, 177; his promotion due to court +favour, 177; disregards instructions of governor by changing commander +at Le Foulon, 178; great reliance placed on him, 178; his failure to +reinforce post at the Foulon, 178, 184; his failure to follow British +fleet down from Cap Rouge, 184; held responsible for disaster, 210; his +delay at Sillery, 211;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[39]</a></span> arrives after battle, 222; his letter to +Ramezay, regarding provisions, 226; holds his position at Cap Rouge +while rest of army retreats, 229; on march to Quebec, hears of +capitulation, 234; replaces Lusignan at Ile-aux-Noix, 245; congratulates +Lévis on victory of Ste. Foy, 267. <b>Bib.</b>: Works: <i>Traité du Calcul +Intégral</i>; <i>Voyage autour du Monde</i>; <i>Essai Historique sur les +Navigations Anciennes et Modernes</i> (Acad. des Sciences Morales et Pol., +Vol. I); <i>Notice Historique sur les Sauvages de l'Amerique +Septentrionale</i> (<i>ibid.</i>, Vol. III). His letters are printed in Doughty, +<i>Siege of Quebec</i>; and his manuscript journals are in the Canadian +Archives. <i>See also</i> De Kerallain, <i>La Jeunesse de Bougainville</i>; +Michaud, <i>Biog. Univ.</i>; Larousse, <i>Grande Dict. Univ.</i>; Casgrain, +<i>Montcalm et Lévis</i>; Parkman, <i>Montcalm and Wolfe</i>; Wood, <i>The Fight for +Canada</i>; Hart, <i>The Fall of New France, 1755-1760</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Boulay, Angelique Louise Talon du.</b> <b>WM</b> Wife of Montcalm, 5; her grief at +his departure for Canada, 8.</p> + +<p><b>Boulduc.</b> <b>F</b> Prosecutor of Prévoté, dismissed, 138.</p> + +<p><b>Boullé, Eustache.</b> <b>Ch</b> Brother-in-law of Champlain, 134, 145; appointed by +Champlain as his lieutenant, 155; returns to France, 209; converted to +Roman Catholicism, receives bequest from his sister, 267.</p> + +<p><b>Boullé, Hélène.</b> <b>Ch</b> Marries Champlain, 66; spends four years in Quebec, +141; returns to France, 141; studies Algonquian language, 263; her life +at Quebec, 263-264; enters Ursuline convent, 266; dies, 1654, 266.</p> + +<p><b>Boullé, Nicholas.</b> <b>Ch</b> Champlain's father-in-law, secretary of the king's +chamber, 66; pays his daughter's inheritance to Champlain, 67.</p> + +<p><b>Boulton, D'Arcy.</b> Born in England. Came to Canada, 1797, and settled at +York, 1803. Called to the bar of Upper Canada by special Act of the +Legislature, 1803; solicitor-general, 1805. While on his way to England, +1810, captured by a French privateer, and remained a prisoner in France +until 1814. Appointed judge of Assize, 1818. Died in York about 1830. +<b>Bib.</b>: Read, <i>Lives of the Judges</i>; Scadding, <i>Toronto of Old</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Boulton, Henry John.</b> Son of D'Arcy Boulton; born in England, 1790. +Studied law and called to the English bar. Emigrated to Canada, 1816, +and practised in Upper Canada. In 1818 appointed solicitor-general; +attorney-general, 1829; elected to the Assembly for Niagara; removed +from attorney-generalship by colonial secretary on account of his +independent votes in Assembly, 1833; proceeded to England to vindicate +his actions; appointed chief justice of Newfoundland, 1833; removed from +office, 1838, and returned to Canada. Represented town of Niagara in +Assembly, 1841-1844, and Norfolk County, 1848-1851. <b>Index</b>: <b>Mc</b> +Solicitor-general, reprimanded, 152-153; dismissed from office of +attorney-general, 232; threatens rebellion, 233; chief justice of +Newfoundland, 235. <b>E</b> Responsible for amendment of Union Act, 123. <b>BL</b> +Removed from office of attorney-general, 16; in Clergy Reserves debate, +349. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Short Sketch of Upper Canada</i>. For biog., <i>see</i> Morgan, +<i>Cel. Can.</i></p> + +<p><b>Boundaries of Canada.</b> <b>Dr</b> Not defined by Constitutional Act, 260.</p> + +<p><b>Bouquet, Henry</b> (1719-1765). Born in Switzerland. Served in Holland, +Sardinia, and with the Prince of Orange. Was Captain-commandant of the +Swiss Guards at the Hague, 1748. Entered the British army; came to +America in 1754; with Haldimand and the "Royal Americans"; and held a +leading command for several years in the French and Indian wars. Died at +Pensacola, Florida. <b>Index</b>: <b>Dr</b> His services in Pontiac's War, 6; death +of, 6; Bouquet papers in British Museum, 7. <b>Hd</b> Life-long friend of +Haldimand, 5; his<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[40]</a></span> early military service, 6; his studious habits, 8; +member of Swiss Guards at the Hague, 8; recommended for command in Royal +American Regiment, 9; experiences ill-feeling between American colonists +and British troops, 12; in Carolina, 13; his letters throw side-lights +on the affairs in the colonies, 14-15; popular in military profession, +16; Indian warfare, 16; at Fort Pitt, 16; Haldimand advises him not to +leave the service, 40; defeats Indians at Bushy Run, 58; thanked by the +king and promoted, 58; death of, 58, 63; Haldimand laments his loss, 62; +his tomb, 63; his papers preserved in Canadian Archives, 319; some of +his letters missing, 338. <b>Bib.</b>: Parkman, <i>Montcalm and Wolfe</i> and +<i>Conspiracy of Pontiac</i>; <i>Canadian Archives Report</i>, 1889.</p> + +<p><b>Bourdages.</b> <b>P</b> Assists Papineau in defeating motion for adoption of Lord +Goderich's offer, 77. <b>Bk</b> Made colonel of militia by Sir George Prévost, +158.</p> + +<p><b>Bourdon.</b> <b>L</b> Brings out a number of girls as colonists, 79. <b>Ch</b> Industrious +settler, 252, 253.</p> + +<p><b>Bourdon, Sister Anne.</b> <b>F</b> On divine protection of Quebec, 301.</p> + +<p><b>Bourdon, Jean</b> (1602-1668). Born in Normandy. Came to Canada, 1634. +Engaged for some years as a civil engineer and land surveyor; sent on +several embassies to the Iroquois; and in 1657 made a voyage towards +Hudson Bay, but prevented by ice from entering the Strait. Mentioned as +being at Quebec in 1665.</p> + +<p><b>Bourgard.</b> <b>L</b> On the zeal of the missionaries, 61.</p> + +<p><b>Bourgeoys, Marguerite</b> (1620-1700). Born at Troyes, in Champagne. Entered +the convent of the Congregation of Notre Dame at the age of twenty, and +while there decided to devote her life to the colony of New France. +Arrived in Quebec in September, 1653, and went on immediately to the new +settlement of Montreal. In 1657 opened the first school, in a stable +granted her by Maisonneuve. In the same year built a wooden chapel in +Montreal. Founded the Congrégation do Notre Dame de Montreal in 1659, +and in 1686 built the convent. In 1675, with funds obtained from France +built the church of Bonsecours. <b>Index</b>: <b>L</b> Establishes school at Ville +Marie (Montreal), 9; her services to the sick on board the <i>St. André</i>, +32; her labours in instruction of the young, 91; her educational work, +126; Abbé Verreau on influence exerted by, 127; founds Bonsecours +Chapel, 177. <b>F</b> Establishes Congrégation de Notre Dame, 29, 39; impressed +on arrival by poverty of country, 39. <b>Bib.</b>: Ransonet, <i>Vie de la Sœur +Bourgeoys</i>; Faillon, <i>Vie de la Sœur Bourgeoys</i>; Parkman, <i>Jesuits in +North America</i> and <i>Old Régime</i>; Colby, <i>Canadian Types of the Old +Régime</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Bourget, Ignace</b> (1799-1885). Born at Point Lévis, Quebec. Ordained in +1822; vicar-general of Montreal, 1836; coadjutor bishop of the diocese, +1837; bishop of Montreal, 1840, and created the first cathedral chapter +of that city. Founded several religious orders, colleges, and asylums, +among others, in 1864, the institution for the deaf and dumb, Montreal. +In 1862 created a Roman count and assistant at the Pontifical Throne. In +1876 archbishop of Martianopolis, <i>in partibus</i>. <b>Index</b>: <b>C</b> His character, +80; dispute with Cartier, 80-83; calls on Cartier, 84. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Cyc. Am. +Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>Bourinot, Sir John George</b> (1837-1902). Born in Sydney, Nova Scotia. +Educated at Trinity University, Toronto. Chief official reporter to the +Nova Scotia Assembly, 1861-1867, and in 1880 appointed chief clerk of +the Dominion House of Commons. For many years honorary secretary of the +Royal Society of Canada. <b>Index</b>: <b>BL</b> On Baldwin's University Bill, 293; on +Tory opposition to Rebellion Losses Bill, 313, <b>Bib.</b>; Works: <i>Canada +under British Rule</i>;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[41]</a></span> <i>Federal Government in Canada</i>; <i>How Canada is +Governed</i>; <i>Manual of Constitutional History of Canada</i>; <i>Parliamentary +Procedure and Government in Canada</i>; <i>Canada</i>; <i>Builders of Nova +Scotia</i>. For biog., <i>see</i> Rose, <i>Cyc. Can. Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>Bourlamaque, de.</b> Born in France. Governor of Guadaloupe; sent in 1756 +with Montcalm to Canada as third in command and colonel of engineers. In +command at Ticonderoga in 1759; promoted brigadier-general, and took +part in the defence of Quebec. Died, 1764. <b>Index</b>: <b>WM</b> Third in command, +12; holds Amherst in check, 131; evacuates Forts Carillon and Frederic +and falls back on Ile-aux-Noix, 146; which he reports himself able to +hold till fall, 158; joins army of Lévis on march against Quebec, 245; +repairs bridges over Cap Rouge River, 248; occupies position at Lorette +and Ste. Foy, 249; in battle of Ste. Foy, 256; wounded, 260. <b>Bib.</b>: +Doughty, <i>Siege of Quebec</i>; Parkman, <i>Montcalm and Wolfe</i>; Wood, <i>The +Fight for Canada</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Bouteroue, Claude de.</b> Born in France. Came to Canada to act as intendant +during the absence of Talon from 1668 to 1670. Returned to France, 1671, +and died there, 1680. <b>Index</b>: <b>L</b> Acts as intendant during Talon's absence, +116. <b>Bib.</b>: Charlevoix, <i>History of New France</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Bouthillier.</b> <b>Ch</b> Negotiates restoration of Quebec, 220.</p> + +<p><b>Bow River Pass.</b> Through the Bow Range of the Rocky Mountains, head +waters of Bow River. <b>Index</b>: <b>D</b> Entered by David Thompson, 1805, 58.</p> + +<p><b>Bowell, Sir Mackenzie</b> (1823- ). Born in England. Came to Canada with his +parents, 1833, and engaged in journalistic work. In 1867 elected to the +Dominion House of Commons for North Hastings. In 1878 appointed minister +of customs, holding that office until 1891; minister of militia, 1892; +and minister of trade and commerce, 1892-1894. In 1894 succeeded Sir +John Thompson as premier, and resigned office in 1896. Created a K. C. +M. G., 1895. <b>Bib.</b>: Dent, <i>Can. Por.</i>; Morgan, <i>Can. Men</i>; <i>Canadian +Who's Who</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Bowen, Edward</b> (1780-1866). Born in Ireland. Came to Canada in 1797; +studied law and called to the bar in 1803. From 1809 to 1812 represented +Sorel in the Assembly; and in the latter year appointed to the Court of +King's Bench. In 1821 appointed a member of the Legislative Council, and +in 1835 elected Speaker. In 1849 chief-justice of the Superior Court for +Lower Canada. <b>Index</b>: <b>E</b> Made a judge of the Seigniorial Court, 187. <b>Bib.</b>: +Taylor, <i>Brit. Am.</i></p> + +<p><b>Bowes, Colonel.</b> <b>Bk</b> Of the 6th Regiment, assumes command on death of +General Hunter, 69; leaves Canada, 73.</p> + +<p><b>Bowring, Dr.</b> <b>Sy</b> An associate of Sydenham's, 13; trade commissioner to +France, 29.</p> + +<p><b>Boyd, Colonel.</b> <b>T</b> Represents Charlotte County in New Brunswick Assembly, +102.</p> + +<p><b>Boyd, John</b> (1828-1893). Born in Ireland. Emigrated to New Brunswick, and +engaged in business at St. John. In 1880 called to the Senate, and on +Sept. 22, 1893, succeeded Sir S. L. Tilley as lieutenant-governor of New +Brunswick. <b>Index</b>: <b>T</b> Succeeds Tilley as lieutenant-governor of New +Brunswick, 138. <b>Bib.</b>: Hannay, <i>History of New Brunswick</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Braddock, Edward</b> (1695-1755). Born in Scotland. Entered the army, 1710, +and in 1743 major of the Coldstreams. Served in the expedition to +L'Orient, 1746; and under the Prince of Orange in Holland, 1746-1748. +Colonel of the 14th Foot at Gibraltar, 1753. In 1755 general and +commander-in-chief in British North America; and on July 9, 1755, +commanded the British expedition against Fort Duquesne, where he was +defeated and mortally wounded. <b>Index</b>: <b>WM</b> Death of, at Fort Duquesne, 22. +<b>Hd</b> His defeat rouses Pennsyl<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[42]</a></span>vania Assembly to vote military supplies, +13. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Dict. Nat. Biog.</i>; Parkman, <i>Montcalm and Wolfe</i>; Bradley, +<i>The Fight with France</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Bradstreet, Simon</b> (1603-1697). Born in England. Educated at Cambridge; +and emigrated to Massachusetts, where he became assistant judge of the +Court in 1630. In 1631 one of the founders of Cambridge, Mass.; from +1630 to 1679 assistant governor of Massachusetts; from 1679 to 1686 +governor; and from 1689 to 1692 president of the administration of the +colony. <b>Index</b>: <b>F</b> Made governor of Massachusetts, 266; on failure of +expedition against Quebec, 301. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Cyc. Am. Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>Bragg's Regiment.</b> <b>WM</b> On British right, 189; in battle of Ste. Foy, 259, +261.</p> + +<p><b>Brandon House.</b> Built by the Hudson's Bay Company, in 1794, on the head +waters of the Assiniboine River, about seventeen miles below the present +city of Brandon. The buildings were burnt about 1814, and the post +abandoned. <b>Index</b>: <b>MS</b> Built by Hudson's Bay Company, 6. <b>Bib.</b>: Bryce, +<i>Hudson's Bay Company</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Brandy Question.</b> <b>F</b> Condemned by Champlain, 25; subject of dispute +between civil and religious authorities, 46, 115; king's instructions +regarding, 116, 118, 120; question referred to a meeting of the +principal inhabitants, 121; opinions expressed, 122, 123; king's +decision thereon, 125; evils depicted, 335. <b>L</b> Sale of liquor to Indians, +7, 36-39, 113; Frontenac's opinion and Colbert's instructions, 170, 171; +conference on the subject, 172; Laval's attitude, 173-175; Dollier de +Casson's testimony, 175. <i>See also</i> Liquor question. <b>Bib.</b>: Parkman, +<i>Frontenac</i> and <i>Old Régime</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Brant, Isaac.</b> <b>S</b> Son of Joseph Brant, commits murder, 191; attacks his +father and is killed by him in self-defence, 192.</p> + +<p><b>Brant, Joseph</b> (1742-1807). A Mohawk Indian chief, whose native name was +Thayendanegea. Educated at an Indian school in Connecticut. Visited +England in 1775. In the Revolutionary War sided with the British and +rendered valuable service. Revisited England after the war. Translated +the Book of Common Prayer and St. Mark's Gospel into the Mohawk tongue +(London, 1787). <b>Index</b>: <b>S</b> Mohawk Indian, distrusted by Simcoe, 75, 125; +visits Philadelphia and received by Washington as Indian emissary, 121; +part taken by, in subsequent negotiations, 124, 125; loss of influence +with his own people, 125; his motives and policy, 126, 128, 129; kills +his son Isaac in self-defence, 192. <b>Hd</b> Commands scouting parties, 153; +made a colonel of Indians on Haldimand's recommendation, 154; did not +harm women or children, 154, 170; his success against rebel force under +Lockerby, 169; advises reserve for Six Nation Indians, 258; highly +esteemed by Haldimand, 300; Allan MacLean's opinion of, 308; visits +Haldimand in London, 327. <b>Bib.</b>: Stone, <i>Life of Brant</i>; Cruikshank, +<i>Joseph Brant in the American Revolution</i>; Eggleston, <i>Brant and Red +Jacket</i>; Ke-che-ah-gah-me-qua, <i>Life of Brant</i>; Dent, <i>Can. Por.</i></p> + +<p><b>Brant, Molly.</b> <b>Hd</b> Sister of Joseph Brant, her influence with Indians, +154; pensioned, 155.</p> + +<p><b>Brantford.</b> City of Ontario, on the Grand River. Named after Joseph +Brant, the Mohawk chieftain. Founded about 1820.</p> + +<p><b>Brassy.</b> <b>T</b> Offers to build European and North American Railway, 25, 27.</p> + +<p><b>Breadalbane, John Campbell, second Marquis of</b> (1796-1862). Represented +Okehampton in Parliament, 1820-1826, and Perthshire, 1832. <b>Index</b>: <b>Sy</b> +Offers to go to Canada as governor-general, 58. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Dict. Nat. Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>Brébeuf, Jean de</b> (1593-1649). Born of a noble family of Normandy. Came<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[43]</a></span> +to Canada, 1625; spent the winter of 1625-1626 among the Algonquins. In +the latter year, after a long and difficult journey by way of the Ottawa +and Lake Nipissing, reached the villages of the Hurons, on Georgian Bay, +where he established the first mission. Returned to Quebec in 1629, and +in 1634 re-established the Huron mission. In 1640 made an unsuccessful +attempt to establish a mission among the intractable Neutral Nation, +north of Lake Erie. Returned to the Huron mission, where, in 1649, he +was captured by the Iroquois, and burned at the stake with unmentionable +cruelties. His skull is preserved in the Hôtel-Dieu at Quebec. <b>Index</b>: <b>Ch</b> +Sails for New France on De Caën's vessel, 152; returns to College of +Rouen, 207; returns to Canada, 228; goes to Huron country, 249. <b>L</b> +Sufferings and death of, 5, 62. <b>Bib.</b>: Parkman, <i>Jesuits in North +America</i>; Ragueneau, <i>Relation des Hurons</i>, 1649; Colby, <i>Canadian Types +of the Old Régime</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Breda, Treaty of.</b> Signed between England and France, 1667. Brought to a +close the disastrous war with the Dutch. By its terms Nova Scotia was +handed over to France. <b>Bib.</b>: Hertslet, <i>Treaties and Conventions</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Brésolles, Sister de.</b> <b>L</b> Her labours in the hospital at Montreal, 91.</p> + +<p><b>Bretonvilliers, De.</b> <b>L</b> Sulpician, makes liberal contribution towards +erection of church at Montreal, 88; foundation stone laid on his behalf +by M. Dollier de Casson, 89; devotes his fortune to religious work at +Montreal, 135; succeeds M. Olier as superior of seminary in France, 162.</p> + +<p><b>Briand, Jean Olivier</b> (1715-1794). Born in France. Ordained priest, 1739; +came to Canada, 1741; canon of Quebec Cathedral until 1760. In 1766 +appointed bishop of Quebec, and resigned, 1784. Rebuilt the cathedral +and palace, destroyed during the siege of Quebec, 1759. <b>Index</b>: <b>L</b> Bishop +of Quebec, 12. <b>Dr</b> Appointed Roman Catholic bishop of Quebec, 23.</p> + +<p><b>Bride.</b> <b>Ch</b> English vessel seized by French, 221.</p> + +<p><b>Bright, John</b> (1811-1889). British statesman and orator. <b>Index</b>: <b>T</b> +Friendly to Anti-Confederation party, 123. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Dict. Nat. Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>British American League.</b> <b>Md</b> Formed in 1849 in Montreal as a reply to the +Annexation Manifesto—branches followed throughout the country, 40; its +objects, 40-41; largely due to John A. Macdonald's inspiration, 95; +Confederation one of its main objects, 95; commercial national policy +another, 219. <b>H</b> Howe's correspondence with the president, George +Moffatt, 113-115. <b>B</b> Formed in Upper Canada—convention held at Kingston, +1849, 37; its policy, 38; part of Conservative case for Confederation, +38. <b>Bib.</b>: Pope, <i>Memoirs of Sir John A. Macdonald</i>.</p> + +<p><b>British Chronicle.</b> Newspaper published in New York. <b>Index</b>: <b>B</b> Established +by Peter and George Brown, 4; its objects, 4.</p> + +<p><b>British Columbia.</b> Area 372,630 square miles. Vancouver Island became a +crown colony in 1849; ten years later the mainland was organized as a +separate colony; in 1866 island and mainland became one; and in 1871 the +colony became a province of the Dominion of Canada. <b>Index</b>: <b>D</b> Organic +existence since 1859, or including Vancouver Island, since 1849, 1; +origin of name, 57; gold-fields, 22; created separate colony, 1858, 229; +early government of, 231-235; revenue, 232; roads, etc., 232, 237-238, +249-253; relations with the Hudson's Bay Company, 233; character of +early population, 241-243; formal establishment of colony at Fort +Langley, 1858, 245-246; Hill's Bar affair, 248-249; plans for +transcontinental road, 253-254; population in 1859, 256; agriculture, +256-257; financial problems, 258-262; dissatisfaction with dual +governorship, 289; popular grievances, 290-291; views of Douglas, +291-293;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[44]</a></span> Legislative Council, 294-297; union of British Columbia and +Vancouver Island, 297-300, 308; British Columbia Legislature meets for +first time in Victoria, Dec. 17, 1867, 311; entry into Dominion, +311-316; terms of union, 313-315; first Legislative Assembly after the +union, 315; transcontinental railway, 317-328; population, 1900,328; +agriculture, 329-330; fisheries, 330-331; lumber, 332-333; minerals, +333-334; industrial problems, 335; oriental labour, 336-337; education, +338-340. <b>Md</b> Opposition to entry into Confederation, 149; difficulties +removed, 149; terms of union, 149-150; union completed, July 20, 1871, +150; difficulties over building of Canadian Pacific Railway drive +province to verge of secession, 215, 233-234. <b>Bib.</b>: Begg, <i>History of +British Columbia</i>; Bancroft, <i>History of British Columbia</i>; Macdonald, +<i>British Columbia and Vancouver's Island</i>; Macfie, <i>Vancouver Island and +British Columbia</i>; Morice, <i>The History of the Northern Interior of +British Columbia</i>; Herring, <i>Among the People of British Columbia</i>; +Fitzgerald, <i>The Hudson's Bay Company and Vancouver Island</i>; Mayne, +<i>Four Years in British Columbia</i>; Baillie-Grohman, <i>Sport and Life in +Western America and British Columbia</i>; Métin, <i>La Colombie Britannique; +Indians of British Columbia</i> (R. S. C., 1888); Langevin, <i>Report on +British Columbia</i>.</p> + +<p><b>British Law.</b> <b>Sy</b> Attempts to introduce after passage of Quebec Act, 65. <b>S</b> +Introduced into Upper Canada, 85.</p> + +<p><b>British Legion.</b> <b>Dr</b> Loyalists commanded by Tarleton, 202.</p> + +<p><b>British Newspapers.</b> <b>Hd</b> Sympathy with rebels expressed in, 190. <i>See +also</i> Newspapers.</p> + +<p><b>British North America Act.</b> The constitution of the Dominion; the Act by +which the scattered colonies of British North America were united in one +Confederation. Drafted at the Quebec Conference, 1864; discussed and +passed in the form of resolutions, in the Legislature of Canada, 1865; +put in final shape at the Westminster Conference, 1866; passed by the +Imperial Parliament, and proclaimed, 1867. The essential feature of this +Act, and that which distinguishes it most clearly from the Constitution +of the United States, is the provision that all matters not specifically +assigned to the provinces belong to the Dominion, the reverse being the +case under the United States Constitution. Broadly speaking, the Act +gives the Dominion exclusive jurisdiction over the regulation of trade +and commerce, the postal service, customs and inland revenue, military +and naval service, navigation and shipping, currency and coinage, +banking, weights and measures, patents and copyrights, naturalization, +Indians. To the provinces it gives exclusive jurisdiction over direct +taxation, management and sale of public lands, timber, provincial +prisons, hospitals, asylums, etc., municipal institutions, +administration of justice, education. <b>Index</b>: <b>Md</b> Conference in +London—Macdonald's letter to Tilley, 125-126; the sixty-nine +resolutions passed, 126; draft bill drawn up—completed bill submitted +to House, and received royal assent, March 29, 1867, 127; royal +proclamation fixes July 1 as date upon which it should come into force, +127; opposition develops in Maritime Provinces, 129; provides for +Intercolonial Railway, 151; and acquisition of North-West Territories, +156; question of legislative union, 245; federal system introduced by, +250; provincial rights under, 253; the franchise, 258. <b>C</b> Delegation sent +to London to see it through Parliament, 67; proposal to amend it in the +interests of the New Brunswick Roman Catholics, 77, 82; strained +relations of Macdonald and Cartier over terms of, 102-103. <b>H</b> Passed by +Imperial Parliament, 192; opposed by Joseph Howe, 192; its repeal sought +by Nova Scotia Anti-Confederates, 204. <b>T</b> Quietly received in New +Brunswick, 127. <b>Bib.</b>:<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[45]</a></span> Bourinot, <i>Constitution of Canada</i>; Houston, +<i>Constitutional Documents</i>; Doutre, <i>Constitution of Canada</i>; Munro, +<i>Constitution of Canada</i>; Ashley, <i>Constitutional History of Canada</i>; +Gooch, <i>Manual of the Constitution of Canada</i>; Howland, <i>The New Empire; +Confederation Debates</i>, 1865; Pope, <i>Confederation Documents</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Brock, Daniel De Lisle.</b> <b>Bk</b> Brother of Sir Isaac, becomes chief +magistrate of Guernsey, 70.</p> + +<p><b>Brock, Elizabeth.</b> <b>Bk</b> Sister of Sir Isaac, 71.</p> + +<p><b>Brock, Ferdinand.</b> <b>Bk</b> Brother of Sir Isaac, served in Royal Americans, 6; +death of, 7, 70.</p> + +<p><b>Brock, Harriet.</b> <b>Bk</b> Married to Sir Thomas Saumarez, 124.</p> + +<p><b>Brock, Sir Hugh.</b> <b>Bk</b> Supposed ancestor of General Brock, 5.</p> + +<p><b>Brock, Irving.</b> <b>Bk</b> Brother of Sir Isaac, 102; an able pamphleteer, 132, +140; estrangement between, and his brother William in connection with +latter's failure, 163; reconciliation, 297.</p> + +<p><b>Brock, Sir Isaac</b> (1769-1812). <b>Bk</b> Birth and descent, 6; enters army at +age of fifteen, 7; joins 49th Regiment with rank of captain, and is sent +to West Indies, 8; returns to England on sick leave, 9; senior +lieutenant-colonel of his regiment, 10; takes part in expedition to +Holland under Sir Ralph Abercromby, 13; his account of battle of +Egmont-op-Zee, 17; quartered in Jersey and visits home in Guernsey, 22; +joins expedition to the Baltic, 24; his regiment ordered to Canada, 31; +arrives at Quebec, 34; his regiment ordered to Upper Province, 48; his +vigorous pursuit of deserters, 60; quells mutiny at Fort George, 61-63; +assumes command at the fort, 64; recommends establishment of corps of +veterans who on discharge might receive grants of land, 64; impressed by +comfortable condition of loyalist settlers, 65; contrasts their +character with that of settlers of the later (1793) immigration, 66; +takes special interest in Sergeant-Major (afterwards Colonel) James +FitzGibbon, 66; quartered in Quebec, 69; made a full colonel and goes to +England on leave, 70; returns to Canada, 73; assumes chief military +command at Quebec, 73; recommends strengthening of the fortifications of +Quebec, 75, 94; differences with President Dunn, 77; leaves control of +Indian affairs in Upper Canada to lieutenant-governor, 78; examines +accounts of the deputy commissary-general, 78, 79; effects improvements +in marine department, 80; tries to make Quebec impregnable, 86; +dissatisfied with measures of defence adopted by the civil government, +94; letters to James Cuthbert of Berthier, 95, 98; confident that +Canadians would vigorously resist American invasion, 97; leaves Quebec +to take command in Montreal, 99; appointed acting brigadier-general 99; +his social qualities, 101; returns to Quebec, 115; anxious for service +in Europe, 123, 124; considers war with United States (1809) imminent, +124; his opinion of the Lower Canada Assembly, 126; ordered to Upper +Canada, 133; his books, 135; literary tastes, 136; application for leave +not entertained, 136-138, 155; correspondence with Lieutenant-Governor +Gore respecting grant of land to Colonel Vesey, 138; high opinion +entertained of, at headquarters, 141; pleasantly entertained by +Lieutenant-Governor Gore, 143; anxiety as to management of Indians, +149-152; made major-general, 157; made president and administrator of +Upper Canada in absence of Lieutenant-Governor Gore, 159; financial +misfortune, 161; letter to his brother Irving, 163-165; his strong +family affection, 163; his energy as administrator, 168; his opinion of +the <i>Little Belt</i> affair, 173; his endeavours to avert Indian warfare, +176; sends plan of campaign to General Prévost, 177-179; recommends +increase of naval force on lakes, 178; offered service in Spain, but +does not accept it, 180; his plan for formation of flank companies +adopted, 181;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[46]</a></span> speech on opening of Legislature of Upper Canada, 183; +measures proposed by, to Legislature, 184; recognizes presence of many +persons of doubtful loyalty in the province, 185, 214; disappointed with +action of Legislature, 185; urges importance of prompt seizure of +Detroit and Michilimackinac, 195; selects Major-General Shaw to protect +line between Kingston and Cornwall, 195; his Indian policy, 197; +receives news of declaration of war, 203; establishes headquarters at +Fort George, 204; instructs Captain Roberts to capture Michilimackinac, +210; commends militia in general order, 212; recognizes the great odds +against Canada, 215; sends Colonel Procter to Amherstburg, 215; his +proclamation in answer to Hull's, 217; proclamation as president of +province, 219, 221; opens the Legislature, 222; hears of capture of +Michilimackinac, 223; prorogues Legislature, 229; proceeds to western +frontier, 231; meets Tecumseh for the first time, 245; describes him to +Lord Liverpool, 247; forms three brigades, 247; decides on attacking +Detroit, 248; summons Hull to surrender, 250; attacks, 251-254; his +daring in battle, 253; takes Detroit and makes Hull's army prisoners of +war, 255, 256; praises his army, 258; his message to his brothers, 260; +his proclamation to inhabitants of Michigan territory, 261; armistice +concluded by Prévost deranges his plans, 261; arrives at York, and is +warmly welcomed, 262; letter to his brothers, 266-268; arrives at +Kingston, 268; proposes to attack Sackett's Harbour, but is overruled by +Prévost, 270, 271; letter to Prévost asking for reinforcements, 272, +273; replies to objections made by Prévost to Fort Wayne expedition, +275-277; instructed to evacuate Detroit, 277; extreme anxiety not to +alienate Indians, 277, 278, 280; health, discipline, and morals of his +army, 279; letter to his brother Savery, 280, 281; his force on Niagara +frontier, 287; his account of capture of brigs <i>Detroit</i> and <i>Caledonia</i> +by Americans, 290-293; rejoicing in England over the victory at Detroit, +295; Brock made K.C.B., 296; Prince Rupert's high opinion of, 297; last +despatch to Prévost, 298; in battle at Queenston Heights, 298-304; his +death, 304; a national loss, 312; his burial and monument, 312, 313. <b>BL</b> +Sydenham ranked with, 112. <b>Bib.</b>: Tupper, <i>Life and Correspondence of Sir +Isaac Brock</i>; Read, <i>Life of Brock</i>; Nursey, <i>Isaac Brock</i>; Lucas, +<i>Canadian War of 1812</i>; Dent, <i>Can. Por.</i> <i>See also</i> War of 1812.</p> + +<p><b>Brock, John.</b> <b>Bk</b> Brother of Sir Isaac Brock, 15; killed in a duel, 70.</p> + +<p><b>Brock, John.</b> <b>Bk</b> Father of Sir Isaac Brock, 6.</p> + +<p><b>Brock, Mary.</b> <b>Bk</b> Sister of Sir Isaac Brock, 71.</p> + +<p><b>Brock, Savery.</b> <b>Bk</b> Younger brother of Brock, 15; gallant conduct of at +Egmont-op-Zee, 17-19; his resemblance to his brother Isaac, 18; with Sir +John Moore in Spain, 123; affected by his brother William's failure, +161, 166.</p> + +<p><b>Brock, William.</b> <b>Bk</b> Brother of Sir Isaac, a London merchant, 70; +disastrous failure of, 161-164; his letter to his brother Isaac, 165.</p> + +<p><b>Brock, William.</b> <b>Bk</b> Grandfather of Sir Isaac Brock, 5.</p> + +<p><b>Brock's Battery.</b> <b>Bk</b> Name at first given to king's battery in Quebec +citadel, 94.</p> + +<p><b>Brockville.</b> Chief town of Leeds County, Ontario, on left bank of St. +Lawrence. Formerly known as Elizabethtown. Raided by a detachment of +troops from Ogdensburg in 1813. The town assumed its present name +shortly after the death of Brock. <b>Index</b>: <b>BL</b> Early municipal government +of, 298.</p> + +<p><b>Broglie, Achille Charles Léonce Victor, Duc de</b> (1785-1870). Foreign +secretary under Louis-Philippe, 1832-1834, and prime minister, +1835-1836. Lived in retirement after, 1851. <b>Index</b>: <b>Sy</b> Poulett Thomson +(Sydenham) meets in Paris, 20. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Écrits et Discours</i>; <i>Souvenirs</i>.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[47]</a></span></p> + +<p><b>Brooke, Frances.</b> <b>Hd</b> Her novel of Canadian life, 222. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>History of +Emily Montague</i>, London, 1777.</p> + +<p><b>Brouage.</b> <b>Ch</b> In Saintonge, birthplace of Champlain, 1.</p> + +<p><b>Brougham, Henry Peter, Baron</b> (1778-1868). Born in Scotland. Educated at +Edinburgh University. Secretary to Lord Rosslyn and Lord St. Vincent on +a mission to Portugal. In 1810 entered Parliament; in 1830 received the +great seal and elevated to the peerage. In 1828 founded London +University, and in 1860 elected chancellor of Edinburgh University. +<b>Index</b>: <b>S</b> Secretary to the Portugal Commission, 220. <b>W</b> His sarcastic +reference to Glenelg, 42. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Dict. Nat. Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>Broughton, William Robert</b> (1762-1821). Born in England. Entered the +navy, 1774, and served on the American station until 1778. In 1790 +explored and surveyed the Columbia River; and in 1794 surveyed the +north-west coast of America. Served in Lord Gambier's expedition, 1809; +at Mauritius, 1810, and at Java, 1811. <b>Index</b>: <b>D</b> Sails a hundred miles up +the Columbia, 24; surveys coast northwards of Cape Mendocino, 34. <b>Bib.</b>: +<i>Dict. Nat. Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>Brouillan, De.</b> Born in France. Governor of Placentia, Newfoundland, +1690. Made a chevalier of St. Louis, 1698. In 1701 commandant in Acadia, +and governor of that colony, 1702-1705. Died the latter year. <b>Index</b>: <b>F</b> +French governor of Placentia, Newfoundland, 346. <b>Bib.</b>: Charlevoix, +<i>History of New France</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Brouse, W. H.</b> <b>R</b> Graduate of Victoria College, 144.</p> + +<p><b>Brown, George</b> (1818-1880). <b>B</b> His place as a Maker of Canada, ix; +complains that Upper Canada is inadequately represented and dominated by +Lower Canada, ix; an ardent advocate of Confederation, x; relations with +John A. Macdonald, x; and with Roman Catholic Church, x; his birth and +parentage, 1; character, 1; lifelong opposition to slavery, xi, 1-2; +views on Presbyterian Church government, 2; emigrates to America, 2; +establishes the <i>British Chronicle</i> at New York, with his father, 4; +comes to Canada, 1843, 4, 5; described by Samuel Thompson, 4-5; +establishes the <i>Banner</i> at Toronto with his father, 5-6; character of +the <i>Banner</i>, 5-7; begins fight for responsible government, 9-10; +establishes the <i>Globe</i>, 1844, 20; its objects, 20-21; speech before +Toronto Reform Association, 1844, 21-22; refuses to drink toast to +Metcalfe, 27-28; presents address to Elgin, 36; his quarrel with the +Clear Grits, 40; defeated in Haldimand by W. L. Mackenzie, 40; defines +political situation in 1850, 42-43; his reply to Cardinal Wiseman's +pastoral letter, 44-45; his political principles, 46-47; takes issue +with Hincks's government, 48-49; advocates secularization of Clergy +Reserves, 55-57; runs for Kent—his platform, 61; advocates free +schools, 62; views on higher education, 62-64; his election for Kent, +64; arouses French-Canadian hostility, 65; attacks Hincks-Morin +government, 66-67; increasing power in the Legislature, 69; prodigious +industry and capacity for work, 69; attitude towards Lower Canada and +Roman Catholic institutions, 70; advocates representation by population, +71; becomes the mouthpiece of Nonconformist sentiment in Upper Canada, +71; tribute of the Cobourg <i>Star</i>, 72-73; pen-picture by James Young, +73-74; growth of the <i>Globe</i>—its declaration of principles, 74-75; in +favour of prohibition, 75,76; defeats Malcolm Cameron in Lambton, 77; +the alliance with the <i>Rouges</i>, 78-79; his friendship with Dorion, +80-81; presses for representation by population, 84; attacked by +Macdonald, 87-91; his interest in prison reform, 91-93; personal charges +disproved, 93-97; elected for Toronto, 1857, 99; carries a motion +disapproving of selection of Ottawa as capital, 100; government defeated +and he forms ad<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[48]</a></span>ministration, 101-102; relations with Sir Edmund Head, +103-104; defeated on question of dissolution, 106; the "Double Shuffle," +106-108; his fight against negro slavery, 112-119; relations with Roman +Catholics, 121-128; opposes denominational schools, 121-123; and +clerical control, 123-128; views on Confederation, 130-132; 137-138; his +temporary retirement from public life, 139, 141; defeated in East +Toronto, 141; opposes "double majority," 143; sails for England, 1862; +interview with Duke of Newcastle, 143; marries Anne Nelson, 144; +reception in Toronto on his return, 144; assails Separate School Bill in +the <i>Globe</i>, 145; accepts Act of 1863 as a final settlement, 145, 146; +his letters on the political crisis, 1864, 150; proposes a federation +system of government either for Canada alone, or for all the British +North American provinces, 150; the negotiations looking towards +Confederation, 151-161; opposes an elective Senate, 164-165; well +satisfied with the results of the Quebec Conference, 165-166; convert to +Intercolonial Railway scheme, 166; explains the new constitution in +Toronto, 166-167; writes Macdonald from England on favourable reception +of the Confederation scheme, and deplores almost universal sentiment in +England in favour of Canadian independence, 167; his speech in +Parliament on Confederation, 171-175; writes of need of haste in putting +through Confederation, 182; opposes submission of Confederation scheme +to the people, 185; Macdonald's negotiations with, as to formation of +new administration, 189-191; accepts Belleau as premier, 191; his +interest in reciprocity, 192; differences with his colleagues on +reciprocity terms lead to his resignation from Cabinet, 193-197; his +connection with Confederation, 199-209; Holton's appeal to, 201; his +interest in the North-West Territories and their acquisition by Canada, +211-221; his connection with the Reciprocity Treaty of 1874, 223-233; +attacks protectionist budget, 233; hostile to Canada First party, +237-238, 239, 241; his family relations, 243-244; death of his wife, May +6, 1906, 244; his children, 244; writes Holton as to his retirement from +public life, 245-246; defines his attitude as a journalist, 246-247; +relations with Liberal leaders after his retirement, 247-248; farming on +his Bow Park estate near Brantford, 248; appointment to the Senate, +December, 1873, 248; the Simpson libel suit, 249-250; attacks Judge +Wilson in the <i>Globe</i>, 250-252; sued for contempt of court, 252; his +defence, 253; shot by George Bennett, 255-256; his death, May 10, 1880, +258; estimate of his character and public life, 258-265; as a +journalist, 265. <b>C</b> Cauchon's antagonism, 24; relations with Quebec +Liberals, 28; his policy of representation by population, 28; fights for +Protestant and English supremacy, 28; Cartier takes strong stand against +his aggressiveness, 68; comes into power with the Reformers, 99. <b>E</b> +Arrives in Canada and enters journalism, 111; attacks French-Canadians, +112, 113-114, 137, 225; becomes leader of the Clear Grits, 112; enters +Parliament, 113; his influence there, 114; urges representation by +population, 117-118; attacks Hincks, 125, 140; distrusted by Liberals, +138; his warm support of Confederation, 225. <b>R</b> Opposes Sir Charles +Metcalfe, 126; opposes separate schools, 224, 225-226; conflict with +Ryerson over separate schools, 233. <b>BL</b> His speech before Reform +Association, Toronto, 1844, 223-224, 225; establishes <i>Globe</i>, March 5, +1844, 223-224; his relations to the Reformers and the Clear Grits, 224, +342; attacks Roman Catholicism, 343. <b>T</b> Makes overtures to government, +looking towards Confederation. 69; at Charlottetown Conference, 74, 75; +delegate to Quebec Conference, 76; opposes coalition government, 128. <b>Mc</b> +Defeated by W. L. Mackenzie, 486; relations with Mackenzie, 487; +Haldimand election, 488; Alexander Mackenzie's good offices, 496. <b>Md</b> +Macdonald's great antagonist in Canadian public life, 51;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[49]</a></span> pre-eminent +as a reformer, 52; comes to Canada from Scotland in 1844, 52; founds the +<i>Globe</i>, 52; his character, 52-53; contrasted with Macdonald, 53-54; +first opposes Clear Grits, then becomes their leader, 54; attacks racial +and religious ideals of Quebec, 54-55; question of Clergy Reserves, 55; +his solution of representation by population, 71-72; opposes proposal +for elective Legislative Council, 75; his quarrel with Macdonald, 80-81; +opposes separate school system, 82; forms ministry with Dorion—the +"Short administration," 85; its defeat, 86; his influence declining, 89; +opposes Sandfield-Macdonald-Sicotte ministry, 89; they join forces, 89; +proposes coalition to further Confederation, 92-93; enters Taché +ministry, 102; quarrel with Macdonald patched up, for the time, 102; +delegate to England in regard to Confederation, defence, reciprocity, +etc., 120-121; his entrance into coalition ministry largely due to Lord +Monck, 121; resigns from Cabinet, 123; supports Confederation, but +resumes old hostility to Macdonald, 123; attempts to break up coalition, +136-137; appointed to Senate by Mackenzie, 138. <b>Bib.</b>: Taylor, <i>Brit. +Am.</i>; Dent, <i>Can. Por.</i> and <i>Last Forty Years</i>; Mackenzie, <i>Life and +Speeches of the Hon. George Brown</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Brown, George Mackenzie</b> (1869- ). Son of George Brown. Born in Canada. +Educated at Upper Canada College, Toronto, Merchiston Castle School, +Edinburgh, and at Cambridge. Moved to Edinburgh, Scotland, and in 1900 +elected to the British House of Commons for Central Edinburgh. Managing +trustee of Thomas Nelson & Sons, Edinburgh. <b>Index</b>: <b>B</b> Only son of George +Brown, a member of the publishing firm of Thomas Nelson & Sons, 244. +<b>Bib.</b>: <i>Who's Who</i>, 1910.</p> + +<p><b>Brown, Henry.</b> <b>WM</b> Lieutenant of Grenadiers, helps to carry Wolfe off the +field, 200. <b>Bib.</b>: Doughty, <i>Siege of Quebec</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Brown, James.</b> <b>W</b> Represents Charlotte County in New Brunswick Assembly, +brings in bill for teachers' training school, 88. <b>T</b> Surveyor-general in +Fisher ministry, 32, 33, 43. <b>Bib.</b>: Hannay, <i>History of New Brunswick</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Brown, John Gordon</b> (1827-1896). Brother of George Brown. Born in +Scotland. Educated in Edinburgh and New York. In 1844 engaged on the +Toronto <i>Globe</i>; in 1851 editor, and in 1880 managing director. In 1882 +retired from the <i>Globe</i>; appointed registrar of the Surrogate Court of +Toronto, 1883. <b>Index</b>: <b>B</b> Consulted by George Brown on political +situation, 143; George Brown's brother, 243; enters <i>Globe</i> office—his +connection with the newspaper, 244, 245; E.W. Thomson's estimate of, +245; his death, June 9, 1896, 245. <b>Bib.</b>: Rose, <i>Cyc. Can. Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>Brown, John Storrow.</b> <b>P</b> With Papineau at St. Charles meeting, 1837, 125; +preaches rebellion, 126; heads the <i>Patriotes</i> at St. Charles, 128, 133; +charged with cowardice, 133; his letter to Dr. Nelson, 133. <b>Bib.</b>: +Christie, <i>History of Lower Canada</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Brown, Peter</b> (1784-1863). Born in Scotland. Emigrated to New York in +1838; was owner and editor of the <i>British Chronicle</i>. Removed to +Toronto, 1843, and founded the <i>Banner</i>, a Free-Church Presbyterian +organ. In 1844 with his son, George Brown, established the Toronto +<i>Globe</i>, and contributed to it for some years. <b>Index</b>: <b>B</b> Father of George +Brown, 1; his hatred of slavery, 1; emigration to America, 1838, 2; +contributes to <i>Albion</i>, 2; publishes <i>The Fame and Glory of England +Vindicated</i>, 2; establishes the <i>British Chronicle</i>, New York, 4; +removes to Toronto, and with his son establishes the <i>Banner</i>, 5; on +committee of Anti-Slavery Society, 113; his work on the <i>Globe</i>, +243-244; his death, 1863, 244. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Dict. Nat. Biog.</i>; Dent, <i>Can. +Por.</i></p> + +<p><b>Brown's Point.</b> <b>Bk</b> On Niagara River, battery at, 299, 301.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[50]</a></span></p> + +<p><b>Bruey.</b> <b>F</b> Agent of Governor Perrot at Montreal, 97.</p> + +<p><b>Brûlé, Étienne.</b> A famous <i>coureur de bois</i> who accompanied Champlain on +his exploration of the Ottawa, in 1615, and subsequently made extensive +explorations in the country of the Hurons and the Iroquois (1615-1618). +Treacherously murdered near the present town of Penetanguishene by a +party of Hurons in 1632. <b>Index</b>: <b>Ch</b> Interpreter, accompanies Champlain to +Quebec, 41; accompanies Champlain to the Ottawa River, 88; at Cap de la +Victoire, 139; learns Huron language, 144; sent on mission to Three +Rivers, 163; sides with the Kirkes, 194; conduct in the Huron country, +202; his death, 203, 246. <b>Bib.</b>: Champlain, <i>Voyages</i>; Sagard, <i>Voyage du +Pays des Hurons</i>; Parkman, <i>Pioneers of France</i>; Butterfield, <i>History +of Brûlé's Discoveries and Explorations</i>; Sulte, <i>Étienne Brûlé</i> (R. S. +C., 1907).</p> + +<p><b>Brulon, Jean Gauthier de.</b> <b>L</b> Canon and confessor of chapter of Quebec, +197.</p> + +<p><b>Bruyères, Lieutenant-Colonel R. E.</b> <b>Bk</b> Reports on condition of forts in +Upper Canada, 157.</p> + +<p><b>Bryce, George</b> (1844- ). Born at Mount Pleasant near Brantford, Ontario. +Educated at Toronto University and Knox College. Took part in the +skirmish at Ridgeway during the Fenian Raids. In 1871 removed to +Manitoba and organized Manitoba College. Professor of English literature +in Manitoba College, 1871-1909; and head of the faculty of science and +lecturer in biology in Manitoba University, 1891-1904. Moderator of the +General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church in Canada, 1902-1903. +President of the Royal Society of Canada, 1909-1910. <b>Index</b>: <b>Md</b> On causes +of Riel Rebellion, 158. <b>Bib.</b>: Works: <i>Manitoba</i>; <i>Short History of the +Canadian People</i>; <i>Apostle of Red River</i>; <i>Hudson's Bay Company</i>; +<i>Romantic Settlement of Lord Selkirk's Colonists</i>. For biog., <i>see</i> +Morgan, <i>Can. Men.</i>; <i>Canadian Who's Who</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Bryce, James</b> (1838- ). Born in Belfast. Educated at the universities of +Glasgow and Cambridge. Entered Parliament in 1880. In 1886 +under-secretary of state for foreign affairs; in 1892 chancellor of the +Duchy of Lancaster, and in 1894 president of the board of trade. Chief +secretary for Ireland, 1905-1906, and in 1907 appointed British +ambassador at Washington. <b>Index</b>: <b>E</b> On the disadvantages of congressional +government, 255-257. <b>Bib.</b>: Works: <i>Holy Roman Empire</i>; <i>American +Commonwealth</i>. For biog., <i>see</i> <i>Who's Who</i>, 1910.</p> + +<p><b>Brymner, Douglas</b> (1823-1902). Born in Scotland. Came to Canada, 1857. +For some time editor of the <i>Presbyterian</i>, and associate editor of the +Montreal <i>Daily Herald</i>. In 1872 appointed Dominion Archivist, and held +the position up to the time of his death, laying the foundations of the +present splendid collection of manuscript material bearing on the +history of Canada. <b>Index</b>: <b>Hd</b> His services as Dominion Archivist, 319; +his opinion of Haldimand, 320; his translation of Haldimand's diary, +321. <b>Bib.</b>: Morgan, <i>Can. Men</i>; Rose, <i>Cyc. Can. Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>Buade, Antoine de.</b> <b>F</b> Grandfather of Frontenac, 61.</p> + +<p><b>Buade, Henri de.</b> <b>F</b> Father of Frontenac, 61.</p> + +<p><b>Buade, Louis de.</b> <i>See</i> Frontenac.</p> + +<p><b>Buchanan, Isaac</b> (1810-1883). Born in Scotland. In 1833 emigrated to +Canada and entered into business life. Strongly opposed the Rebellion of +1837. Elected for York to the first Parliament of Canada. In 1864 +appointed president of the Council in the Taché-Macdonald ministry, +retiring the same year. From 1878 to 1883 a Dominion arbitrator. <b>Index</b>: +<b>H</b> Joseph Howe's letter to, 1866, 190. <b>BL</b> On responsible government, 90; +in political controversy, 1844, 238; his "Five Letters against the +Baldwin Faction," 239-240.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[51]</a></span> <b>B</b> Retires from government with Foley and +Simpson, to make room for George Brown, Mowat, and Macdougall, 159. <b>Mc</b> +Urges Mackenzie's amnesty, 474; generosity of, 504. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Cyc. Am. +Biog.</i>; Taylor, <i>Brit. Am.</i>; Dent, <i>Last Forty Years</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Buchanan, James</b> (1791-1868). Fifteenth President of the United States. +<b>Index</b>: <b>E</b> His tribute to Lord Elgin, 123-124. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Cyc. Am. Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>Buckingham, Richard Plantagenet Grenville, third Duke of</b> (1823-1889). +Born in England. Entered Parliament, 1846; lord of the treasury, 1852; +and privy councillor, 1866; president of the Council, 1866-1867, and +colonial secretary, 1867-1868. Governor of Madras, 1875-1880. <b>Index</b>: <b>Md</b> +Referred to by Sir John A. Macdonald in connection with Confederation +negotiations, 128-129. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Dict. Nat. Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>Budé, General de.</b> <b>Hd</b> Haldimand's letters to, 116, 117, 119, 191, 222; +Haldimand gives Carleton letter of introduction to, 191; consulted on +housekeeping matters by Haldimand, 328; his interest in Mathews, 331; +Grenville's plan for placing him in Duke of York's family, 333; +mentioned in Haldimand's will, 342.</p> + +<p><b>Bulkeley, Richard.</b> Came to Nova Scotia with Governor Cornwallis, 1749. +Appointed secretary of the province, 1759, and continued to hold office +under thirteen successive governors, until 1793. Member of the Council +of Nova Scotia, 1759. Administrator of Nova Scotia, 1791; judge of the +Admiralty Court; brigadier-general of militia. Died, 1800. <b>Bib.</b>: +Campbell, <i>History of Nova Scotia</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Buller, Charles</b> (1806-1848). Born in Calcutta. Entered Parliament in +1830; and called to the bar, 1831. In 1838 secretary to Lord Durham and +accompanied him on his momentous mission to Canada. In 1846 judge +advocate-general, and in 1847 chief poor law commissioner. <b>Index</b>: <b>BL</b> His +connection with Durham's Report, 235; on colonial self-government, 235. +<b>Sy</b> Lord Durham's chief secretary, 98; object of great dislike to Upper +Canada Tories, 98; his speech in House of Commons on union resolutions, +122; advocates responsible government for Canada, 123. <b>Mc</b> Credited with +authorship of Lord Durham's Report, 82, 83. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Dict. Nat. Biog.</i>; +Strachey, <i>Charles Buller</i>: Bradshaw, <i>Self-Government in Canada</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Bullion.</b> <b>Ch</b> Negotiates restoration of Quebec, 220.</p> + +<p><b>Bullion, Mme. de.</b> <b>F</b> Benefactress of Hôtel Dieu at Montreal, 29.</p> + +<p><b>Bulyea, George Headley Vickers.</b> Born in Gagetown, New Brunswick. +Educated at University of New Brunswick. For a time principal of the +Sunbury County Grammar School. Removed to Qu'Appelle, North-West +Territories, 1883. Elected to the North-West Council, 1894; special +representative to the Yukon, 1896; commissioner of agriculture and +public works in the Territorial government; appointed first +lieutenant-governor of Alberta, 1905. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Canadian Who's Who</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Bunker Hill.</b> <b>Hd</b> Battle of, 108.</p> + +<p><b>Burel, Brother Gilbert.</b> <b>Ch</b> Jesuit, 152; returns to France, 208.</p> + +<p><b>Burgoyne, John</b> (1723-1792). Born in England. Educated at Westminster, +and entered the army in 1740. In 1775 served in New England; second in +command, 1776, and lieutenant-general, 1777. In the latter year +succeeded General Carleton as commander-in-chief of the forces in +Canada. After several successful engagements with the Americans, +defeated at Saratoga in October, 1777. In 1782 commander-in-chief in +Ireland. <b>Index</b>: <b>Dr</b> Arrives with reinforcements, 144; marches up +Richelieu, 146; returns to England, 163; returns<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[52]</a></span> to Canada, haying been +promoted over head of Carleton, 171; his personal charm, 174; his +previous career, 175, 176; occupies Ticonderoga, 178; injudicious speech +of, 178; his surrender at Saratoga, 180; his defence of himself, 182. <b>Hd</b> +A court favourite, supersedes Carleton, 112; his disastrous campaign, +113, 126; Hamilton's expedition compared to his, 168. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Dict. Nat. +Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>Burk, Rev. J.</b> <b>S</b> Censured by Simcoe, 190.</p> + +<p><b>Burke, Edmund</b> (1729-1797). Born in Ireland. Educated at Trinity College, +Dublin; and entered Parliament in 1765. In 1771 agent for New York +province; and in 1774-1775 strongly opposed war with America. In 1782 +paymaster of the forces. One of the leaders in the impeachment of Warren +Hastings, 1788-1795. <b>Index</b>: <b>Dr</b> Wants more information on Quebec Act, 67; +discusses Constitutional Act in House of Commons, 265. <b>S</b> Supports +division of province, 7; his quarrel with Fox, 8, 9. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Dict. Nat. +Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>Burlamaché.</b> <b>Ch</b> Commissioner in dispute between Kirke and De Caën, 217, +218; sent to France in connection with restoration of French +possessions, 220. <b>Bib.</b>: Kirke, <i>The First English Conquest of Canada</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Burlington Bay Canal.</b> An open cut across a sand-bar at the entrance of +Burlington Bay, designed to enable vessels to reach the city of Hamilton +from the lake. It was authorized by the Legislature, 1823, and +completed, 1832. Enlarged, 1841. <b>Index</b>: <b>BL</b> Provision made for by +government in 1841, 98.</p> + +<p><b>Burns.</b> <b>S</b> Presbyterian minister, establishes school at Niagara, 167.</p> + +<p><b>Burns, Edward.</b> <b>S</b> Clerk of Crown and Pleas, 178.</p> + +<p><b>Burns, Robert Easton</b> (1805-1863). Born in Niagara. Called to the bar of +Upper Canada, 1827. Practised at Niagara, St. Catharines, and Hamilton. +Appointed judge of the Niagara District, 1836; judge of the Home +District, 1844; judge of the Court of Queen's Bench, 1850. <b>Bib.</b>: Read, +<i>Lives of the Judges</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Burpee, Isaac</b> (1825-1885). Born at Sheffield, New Brunswick. Represented +city of St. John in Dominion Parliament, 1872-1885; minister of customs, +1873-1878. Died in New York. <b>Bib.</b>: Dent, <i>Can. Por.</i></p> + +<p><b>Burr, Aaron</b> (1756-1836). Born in New Jersey. In 1775 served in the +Revolutionary army, and accompanied Arnold on his expedition to Quebec. +In 1791 elected to the Senate, and in 1801 vice-president of the United +States. In 1804 killed Alexander Hamilton in a duel. <b>Index</b>: <b>Dr</b> +Aide-de-camp to Montgomery, 122. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Cyc. Am. Biog.</i>; Jenkinson, +<i>Aaron Burr</i>; Todd, <i>The True Aaron Burr</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Burton, Sir Francis.</b> <b>P</b> Lieutenant-governor of Lower Canada—meets views +of Assembly as to the budget, 60; his action repudiated by Dalhousie, +61; acting governor during absence of Dalhousie in 1825, 70.</p> + +<p><b>Burton, Ralph.</b> Served in the siege of Quebec. On July 29, 1759, in +command of thirteen companies of Grenadiers, and on September 2 wounded +at the battle of Montmorency. Appointed lieutenant-governor of Quebec +after the capture of the city. <b>Index</b>: <b>WM</b> Of the 48th, in action at +Montmorency, 142; holds troops in readiness on south shore opposite +Wolfe's Cove, 172, 183; commands reserve in battle of Plains, 189; +Wolfe's last orders to, 200; in battle of Ste. Foy, 258. <b>Hd</b> Governor of +Three Rivers, 41; ordered to West Indies, 42; leaves his family in +charge of Haldimand, 51; returns to Three Rivers, 53; replaces Gage at +Montreal, 53. <b>Bib.</b>: Doughty, <i>Siege of Quebec</i>; Wood, <i>The Fight for +Canada</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Buteux, Jacques</b> (1600-1652). Born in France. In 1634 sent as a +missionary to Canada, and arrived at the new settlement of Three Rivers +in September. Worked among the Indians there for several years. Superior +of the missions<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[53]</a></span> from 1639 to 1642, and from 1647 to 1652. <b>Index</b>: <b>Ch</b> +Stationed at Three Rivers, 256. <b>Bib.</b>: Charlevoix, <i>History of New +France</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Butler, John.</b> Born in Connecticut. In 1759 served under Sir William +Johnson in the Niagara campaign, and in 1760 in the Montreal expedition. +During the Revolution served on the British side in New York and in +Canada. Appointed superintendent of Indian affairs. Died in Niagara, +1794. <b>Index</b>: <b>Hd</b> Of Rangers, lays waste Wyoming district, 151; value of +his services, 154; acts for Guy Johnson, 155; conduct of Indians +commanded by, disapproved, 170; cruelties practised upon his Rangers, +172; disbands Rangers and takes up land on Niagara frontier, 256; +entertained by Haldimand, 327. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Cyc. Am. Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>Butterfield, Major.</b> <b>Dr</b> Surrenders post at Cedars to British force, 142.</p> + +<p><b>Buttes-à-Neveu.</b> <b>WM</b> Name given to rising ground extending to city walls, +Quebec, 186, 256.</p> + +<p><b>By, John</b> (1781-1836). Born in England. Entered the army in 1799. In 1802 +came to Canada; returned to England in 1811; and served in the +Peninsular War. In 1826 again came to Canada, and engaged on important +military and engineering works until 1832. Constructed the Rideau Canal +from Bytown (Ottawa) to Kingston, the first steamer passing through in +the spring of 1832. <b>Bib.</b>: Morgan, <i>Cel. Can.</i>; <i>Dict. Nat. Biog.</i>; +Women's Can. Hist. Soc. of Ottawa, <i>Trans.</i>, vol. 1.</p> + +<p><b>Byng, John</b> (1704-1757). Born in England. Entered the navy in 1718. In +1727-1736 stationed at Mahon, Minorca; and in 1747-1748 commanded in the +Mediterranean. In 1756 engaged the French at Minorca and after an +indecisive battle retreated to Gibraltar, leaving Minorca to its fate. +Recalled to England, court-martialled, and shot on March 14, 1757. +<b>Index</b>: <b>WM</b> His reserve at Minorca, 33. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Dict. Nat. Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>Bytown.</b> Former name of the city of Ottawa. <b>Index</b>: <b>Md</b> Chosen by the queen +as capital, 85; suggestion came from Sir Edmund Head, 85; opposition to +decision in Parliament, 85. <b>BL</b> An all-water route between Montreal and +Kingston, 75; favoured by some persons as capital, 1843, 181. <b>E</b> Water +communication established with Montreal, 98. <i>See also</i> Ottawa. <b>Bib.</b>: +Women's Can. Hist. Soc. of Ottawa, <i>Trans.</i>, vols. 1 and 3.</p> + + +<p><b>Cabir-Coubat.</b> <b>Ch</b> Indian name of St. Charles River, 148.</p> + +<p><b>Cables.</b> The first submarine cables in America were those laid between +New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island, 1851; and between Cape Breton +and Newfoundland, 1856. Newfoundland was connected with Ireland by cable +in 1858. In 1902 the Pacific Cable was laid, between Canada and New +Zealand and Australia. <i>See also</i> Gisborne; Fleming. <b>Bib.</b>: Bright, +<i>Submarine Telegraphs</i>; Johnson, <i>The All Red Line</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Cabot, John.</b> Probably a native of Genoa. Became a citizen of Venice, +March 28, 1476, and at that time had been a resident of the city for +fifteen years. Went to England, and in 1497, under the direct authority +of Henry VII, sailed to the westward on a voyage of discovery. Landed on +the shores of America, but his exact landfall has been a moot point. It +is now generally believed that it was the easternmost cape of Cape +Breton. The following year sailed again, but there is no record that he +ever returned from this second voyage. <b>Bib.</b>: Beazley, <i>John and +Sebastian Cabot</i>; Dawson, <i>The Voyages of the Cabots</i> (R. S. C., 1894, +1896, 1897); Deane, <i>Voyages of the Cabots</i>, in Winsor, <i>Nar. & Cr. +Hist. of America</i>, vol. 3; Harrisse, <i>John Cabot, the Discoverer of +North America</i>; Weare, <i>Cabot's Discovery of North America</i>; Ober. <i>John +and Sebastian Cabot</i>.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[54]</a></span> <b>Cabot, Sebastian</b> (1477?-1557?). Son of John +Cabot. His share in the discovery of North America has been the subject +of much controversy. From having once been regarded as the sole +discoverer, it is now considered doubtful that he had anything to do +with the voyages of 1497 and 1498. He was in the service of Spain, and +also of England, receiving from Edward VI the title of Grand Pilot of +England. <b>Bib.</b>: Biddle, <i>Memoir of Sebastian Cabot</i>; Nicholls, <i>Life of +Sebastian Cabot</i>; Tarducci, <i>John and Sebastian Cabot</i>. These are +favourable to Sebastian's claims. <i>See</i> references under preceding entry +for the other side of the controversy.</p> + +<p><b>Cadboro.</b> <b>D</b> First sea-going vessel on Fraser River, 116; arrives at +Victoria from Fort Vancouver, 180; leaves for the Columbia, 180; built +1824, destroyed 1862, 180.</p> + +<p><b>Cadet, Joseph Michel.</b> Began life as a butcher; won the confidence of the +intendant Bigot, and as commissary-general seconded him in his infamous +schemes for plundering the colony. <b>Index</b>: <b>WM</b> Commissary of stores, 88; +makes his headquarters at Beauport, 88; feeds his poultry with grain, +while the people starve, 88. <i>See</i> Bigot.</p> + +<p><b>Cadieux.</b> A French <i>coureur de bois</i>, whose tragic death forms the +subject of one of the popular <i>chansons</i> of Quebec. His reputed grave is +at the foot of Grand Calumet Island, on the Ottawa. <b>Bib.</b>: Le Moine, +<i>Legends of the St. Lawrence</i>; Bourinot, <i>The Ottawa Valley</i> in the +<i>Canadian Monthly</i>, January, 1875; Gagnon, <i>Chansons Populaires</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Cadillac, Antoine de la Motte.</b> Came to Canada as an officer of the +Carignan Regiment. In 1694 appointed to the command of the post at +Michilimackinac. In 1701 built a fort at Detroit, and remained in +command there until 1710. From 1712-1717 governor of Louisiana. +Subsequently appointed governor of Castel Sarassin, in Gascony, his +native province. Died there Oct. 16, 1730. <b>Bib.</b>: Parkman, <i>Old Régime</i>; +<i>Cadillac Papers</i> (Michigan Pion. & Hist. <i>Coll.</i>, vol. 33).</p> + +<p><b>Cadot, Jean-Baptiste.</b> Pioneer fur trader in the West. When the French +abandoned their fort at Sault Ste. Marie, Cadot remained behind with his +native wife and family. Alexander Henry found him there in 1762; in +charge of the fort when Carver visited the place five years later. Is +said to have been still alive in 1812. <b>Bib.</b>: Henry, <i>Travels and +Adventures in Canada</i>; Carver, <i>Travels through the Interior Parts of +North America</i>; Morice, <i>Dict.</i></p> + +<p><b>Caën, Emery de.</b> <b>Ch</b> Nephew of Guillaume, 137; left in command of colony, +141; prohibits psalm-singing by Huguenots on his ships, 156; his +character, 182; actively defends colony, 183; captured by Thomas Kirke; +returns to France, 185; his ship the <i>Hélène</i> restored to him, 221. <b>F</b> +Takes over Quebec from the English, 23. <b>Bib.</b>: Douglas, <i>Quebec in +Seventeenth Century</i>; Biggar, <i>Early Trading Companies of New France</i>; +Kirke, <i>The First English Conquest of Canada</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Caën, Ezechiel de.</b> <b>Ch</b> Brother of Guillaume, 137.</p> + +<p><b>Caën, Guillaume de.</b> <b>Ch</b> Head of Company formed by Montmorency, 131, 132; +difficulties with the old Company, 133 <i>et seq.</i>; returns to France, +136; comes out to Canada, and returns to France, 138; arrives with +supplies, June, 1624, 140; sails for France, 141; brings out Jesuit +fathers, 152; appoints Raymond de la Ralde as admiral of Company's +fleet, 155; disposed to overlook murder of a Frenchman by an Indian, +161; his character as given by Theodat-Sagard, 182; Cardinal Richelieu +suspicious of, 183; his merchandise seized by Kirke, 183; disagreement +with Kirke as to goods seized at Quebec, 217-222. <b>F</b> Head of trading +Company, 23. <b>Bib.</b>: Douglas, <i>Quebec in Seventeenth Century</i>;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[55]</a></span> Biggar, +<i>Early Trading Companies of New France</i>; Kirke, <i>The First English +Conquest of Canada</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Cæsar, Sir Julius</b> (1558-1636). Sat in Parliament, 1589-1622; chancellor +of the exchequer, 1606; master of the Rolls, 1614-1636. <b>Index</b>: <b>Ch</b> +English commissioner in matter of Canada, 214. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Dict. Nat. Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>Cahaigué.</b> <b>Ch</b> Largest of the Huron villages, 89.</p> + +<p><b>Caire, M. de.</b> <b>WM</b> Engineer, constructs defences on river St. Charles, 86.</p> + +<p><b>Caldwell, Henry.</b> <b>Dr</b> His house occupied by Arnold, 111; commands British +militia in siege of Quebec, 115; his house burnt by Arnold, 121. <b>Bib.</b>: +Lemoine, <i>The Hon. Henry Caldwell, L.C., at Quebec</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Caldwell, Sir John.</b> Eldest son of Sir James Caldwell, the third baronet. +Succeeded his father, 1784. Appointed receiver-general of Lower Canada, +and found to have misappropriated the public funds. Made restoration +afterwards of the greater part of the amount. Died in England, 1830. +<b>Index</b>: <b>P</b> Receiver-general, Lower Canada,—misappropriates public funds, +56; government fails to prosecute him, 57. <b>Bib.</b>: Christie, <i>History of +Lower Canada</i>; Morgan, <i>Cel. Can.</i></p> + +<p><b>Caledonia.</b> <b>Bk</b> Brig belonging to North West Company, 210; captured by +Americans at Fort Erie, 289.</p> + +<p><b>Callicum.</b> Indian chief. <b>D</b> His relations with Meares at Nootka, 27.</p> + +<p><b>Callières, Louis-Hector de</b> (1646?-1703). Born at Cherbourg, son of +Jacques de Callières, governor of Cherbourg. Entered the army, and +became captain of the regiment of Navarre. In 1684 came to Canada as +governor of Montreal; and in 1699 appointed governor-general of the +colony. Died at Quebec. <b>Index</b>: <b>F</b> Memorandum by, on French claims in +Hudson Bay, 204; commands regular troops in attack on Iroquois, 209; +sent to France to represent situation of colony, 230; leads eight +hundred men from Montreal to defence of Quebec, 292; commands vanguard +in attack on Onondagas, 351; commended in despatches, 353; succeeds +Frontenac as governor, 362. <b>L</b> Placed in charge of Fort Frontenac +(Cataraqui), 214; proceeds to France, 218; succeeds Frontenac as +governor, 235; death of, 235. <b>Bib.</b>: Sulte, <i>La Famille de Callières</i> (R. +S. C., 1890); Parkman, <i>Half Century of Conflict</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Calvinistic Agents.</b> <b>Ch</b> Fanaticism of, 86.</p> + +<p><b>Camaret, Marie (Mme. Hersault).</b> <b>Ch</b> Cousin of Champlain, contests his +will, 265.</p> + +<p><b>Cameron, David.</b> Brought up as a draper; drifted to the West Indies, +where he had charge of an estate; and thence to New Caledonia. In 1852 +superintendent of the coal mines at Nanaimo. Nominated by Douglas as +chief justice of Vancouver Island, 1853, and the appointment confirmed +by the colonial office the same year. Succeeded by Needham in 1858. +Retired from the bench, 1864. Died at Belmont, Vancouver Island, 1872. +<b>Index</b>: <b>D</b> First chief justice of Vancouver Island, 200; charges preferred +against, 200. <b>Bib.</b>: Bancroft, <i>History of British Columbia</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Cameron, Duncan.</b> Son of a United Empire Loyalist; born at Schenectady, +on the Mohawk. His father brought the family to Canada, and settled in +Glengarry. The son entered the service of the North West Company, in +1786, and was for many years in charge of the Nipigon district. In 1814 +sent to Red River, to oppose Selkirk's plans. In 1816, before the Seven +Oaks affair, seized by Colin Robertson, of the Hudson's Bay Company, +carried to York Factory, and sent to England, where he was promptly +released. Returned to Canada, settled at Williamstown, and represented +Glengarry from 1820 to 1824 in the Assembly of Upper Canada. <b>Index</b>: <b>MS</b> +Sent by North<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[56]</a></span> West Company to Red River to break up Red River Colony, +173; wins ten colonists from their allegiance to Selkirk, 173; takes +them to Upper Canada, 174; captured by Semple and sent to York Factory, +and finally to England, 178. <b>Bib.</b>: Bryce, <i>Manitoba</i> and <i>Hudson's Bay +Company</i>; Laut, <i>Conquest of the Great North-West</i>; Masson, <i>Bourgeois +de la Compagnie du Nord-Ouest</i>. Cameron's <i>Sketch of the Customs, etc., +of the Natives in the Nipigon Country</i>, and <i>Nipigon Journal, +1804-1805</i>, are in Masson, vol. 2.</p> + +<p><b>Cameron, James. Mc</b> Attempts to kidnap Mackenzie, 464.</p> + +<p><b>Cameron, John Hillyard</b> (1817-1876). Solicitor-general, Upper Canada, +1846-1848; represented Cornwall in Legislative Assembly, 1846-1847 and +1848-1851; Toronto, 1854; Peel, 1861-1866. Represented Peel in first +Dominion Parliament, 1867-1872; Cornwall, 1872-1874; and 1874-1876. +<b>Index: E</b> Elected 1848, 50. <b>B</b> Opposes Confederation scheme, his motion +for an appeal to the people defeated, 185. <b>BL</b> Defeated in elections of +1848, 279. <b>Bib.:</b> Dent, <i>Last Forty Years</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Cameron, Malcolm</b> (1808-1876). Elected to Assembly of Upper Canada for +Lanark, 1836. A persistent opponent of the Family Compact. Appointed +inspector of revenue, under Bagot. Held various offices in the La +Fontaine-Baldwin and Hincks administrations. In 1863 resigned his seat, +to accept appointment as Queen's Printer. Represented South Lanark in +Dominion House, 1874-1876. <b>Index: B</b> Opposes George Brown in Kent and +Lambton, 1851, 40, 41; a Clear Grit, who had joined Hincks-Morin +government, 40-41; defeated by Brown, 77. <b>BL</b> Opens discussion on +responsible government, 1841, 90; assistant commissioner of public +works, 1848, 284; a bitter opponent of Sir F.B. Head—held minor office +under Bagot, radical in his sympathies, 284; his resignation, 337; a +leader of the Radicals, 341. <b>E</b> Elected 1847, 50; becomes assistant +commissioner of public works, in La Fontaine-Baldwin ministry, 53; a +leading member of Clear Grits, 110; joins Hincks-Morin government, 112; +president of the Executive Council, 113; becomes minister of new +department of agriculture, 117; postmaster-general, 1853, 126; defeated +in Lambton, 134; advocates complete secularization of Clergy Reserves, +163. <b>R</b> Opposes separate schools, 224. <b>Bib.:</b> Rose, <i>Cyc. Can. Biog.</i>; +Dent, <i>Can. Por.</i> and <i>Last Forty Years</i>; Morgan, <i>Cel. Can.</i></p> + +<p><b>Cameron, Sir Matthew Crooks</b> (1822-1887). Born in Dundas, Ontario. +Educated at the Home District Grammar School, Toronto, and at Upper +Canada College; studied law and called to the bar of Upper Canada, 1849. +Sat in the Assembly for North Ontario, 1861-1863 and 1864-1867. Defeated +in North Ontario for election to the House of Commons, 1867. Elected to +the Ontario Assembly for East Toronto; provincial secretary, 1867-1871; +commissioner of crown lands, 1871-1872; leader of the opposition in the +Assembly, 1872-1876. Appointed judge of the Court of Queen's Bench, +1878; chief-justice of the Common Pleas Division of the High Court of +Justice, 1884. <b>Index: B</b> Seconds motion to submit Confederation scheme to +the people, 185. <b>Bib.:</b> Dent, <i>Can. Por.</i>; Rattray, <i>The Scot in British +North America</i>; Read, <i>Lives of the Judges</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Cameronians.</b> <b>Bk</b> 26th Regiment, stationed at Fort Niagara, 57.</p> + +<p><b>Camosun. D</b> Indian village on site of Victoria, B.C., 175; meaning of +name, 175.</p> + +<p><b>Campbell, Captain. Dr</b> Accused in connection with Walker affair, 36; +tried and acquitted, 38.</p> + +<p><b>Campbell, General. Dr</b> Commissioner for exchange of prisoners, 207.</p> + +<p><b>Campbell, Sir Alexander</b> (1821-1892). Studied law under John A. +Macdonald,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[57]</a></span> with whom he later formed a partnership; and called to the +bar of Upper Canada, 1843. Elected to the Legislative Council, 1858; and +Speaker, 1863. Commissioner of crown lands, 1864-1866; +postmaster-general in first Dominion ministry, 1867-1873; minister of +the interior, 1873; receiver-general, 1878-1879; postmaster-general, +1879-1880; 1880-1881; 1885-1887; minister of militia and defence, 1880; +minister of justice, 1881-1885. In 1887 appointed lieutenant-governor of +Ontario, an office which he retained up to the time of his death. <b>Index</b>: +<b>Md</b> Enters J. A. Macdonald's law office as a student, 6; forms +partnership with Macdonald, 10; his letter to Macdonald on the political +situation, 31; postmaster-general in first Dominion Cabinet, 134; +consults Imperial government as to proposed withdrawal of troops from +Canada, Fenian Raids, etc., 168; his attempt to merge the two Canadian +Pacific Railway syndicates, 200. <b>T</b> Delegate to Charlottetown Conference, +74; to Quebec Conference, 76; postmaster-general in first Dominion +Cabinet, 129. <b>Bib.</b>: Dent, <i>Can. Por.</i>; Taylor, <i>Brit. Am.</i>; Read, +<i>Lieutenant-Governors of Upper Canada</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Campbell, Sir Archibald</b> (1769-1843). Born in Scotland. Entered the army, +1787. Served throughout the Peninsular War, 1808-1814; in 1821 commanded +a regiment in India; conducted the Burmese War; and 1826-1829, governor +of British Burmah. From 1831 to 1837 lieutenant-governor of New +Brunswick. <b>Index</b>: <b>W</b> Lieutenant-governor of New Brunswick, correspondence +with Goderich on crown lands, 23; with Stanley on same subject, 25; +addressed by Assembly on question of revenues, 27; refuses to lay before +Assembly his correspondence with colonial secretary, 28; dissolves the +Assembly, 29, 31-32; opposed to popular reform, 35; refuses to assent to +Civil List Bill, 44-45, 46; resigns, 47. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Dict. Nat. Biog.</i>; +Hannay, <i>History of New Brunswick</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Campbell, Sir Colin</b> (1776-1847). Served in India, 1801-1804, and +afterwards in Denmark and the Peninsula; attached to Wellington's staff +at the battle of Waterloo; promoted major-general, 1825; +lieutenant-governor of Nova Scotia, 1834-1840; governor of Ceylon, +1840-1847. <b>Index</b>: <b>H</b> Lieutenant-governor of Nova Scotia, 45, 58; +antagonizes popular party, 62; his removal asked for at the instance of +Joseph Howe, 65-67; defended by James W. Johnstone, 67; succeeded by +Lord Falkland, 69. <b>Bib.</b>: Howe, <i>Letters and Speeches</i>; <i>Dict. Nat. +Biog.</i>; Chisholm, <i>Speeches and Public Letters of Joseph Howe</i>; +Campbell, <i>History of Nova Scotia</i>; Saunders, <i>Three Premiers of Nova +Scotia</i>. <i>See also</i> Joseph Howe.</p> + +<p><b>Campbell, Robert</b> (1808-1894). Entered service of Hudson's Bay Company, +1832, and sent to the Mackenzie River district, 1834. For the next +eighteen years, engaged in exploring the upper waters of the Liard and +Yukon Rivers, and establishing the fur trade in this region. In 1852 +made a remarkable journey on snow-shoes, from Fort Simpson to Crow-wing, +Minnesota, about three thousand miles. Made a chief factor, 1867, and +retired from the service of the Company, 1871. <b>Index</b>: <b>D</b> Builds Fort +Dease, 1838, 123-124; ordered to Mackenzie River department, 1834, 124; +crosses to Pacific by Stikine, 124; Fort Dease burned, 124; ascends +Liard River to Lake Francis, crosses to Lake Finlayson, and reaches +Pelly River, 124; builds post on Lake Francis, and at Pelly Banks, 124; +descends Pelly to junction with Lewes, 124; builds Fort Selkirk at mouth +of Lewes, 124; descends Yukon to mouth of Porcupine, and returns to Fort +Simpson by Porcupine and Mackenzie, 125. <b>MS</b> Ascends Liard River and +discovers the Upper Yukon, 111; a Perthshire Highlander, 228; discoverer +of Upper Yukon, 228. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Discovery and Exploration of the Youcon +River.</i> For biog., <i>see</i> Bryce, <i>Sketch of the Life and Discoveries of +Robert Campbell</i><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[58]</a></span> and <i>Hudson's Bay Company</i>; Laut, <i>Conquest of the +Great North-West</i>; Burpee, <i>Search for the Western Sea</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Campbell, Stewart.</b> <b>H</b> Chosen leader of Anti-Confederation party in Nova +Scotia, 187; chairman of Halifax meeting on behalf of Joseph Howe, 194; +elected to House of Commons for Guysborough, 1867; supports +Confederation, 203. <b>Bib.</b>: Saunders, <i>Three Premiers of Nova Scotia</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Campbell, Major William.</b> <b>Dr</b> His correspondence with General Wayne, 286. +<b>S</b> Placed in command of fort at rapids of Miami, 136; refuses to evacuate +fort at summons of General Wayne, 139; his conduct highly approved by +Simcoe, 140.</p> + +<p><b>Campbell, Sir William</b> (1758-1834). Born in Scotland. Enlisted as a +private in a Highland regiment; came to America during the Revolutionary +War; took part in the battle of Yorktown, 1781; after his release +determined to remain in America. Studied law and called to the bar of +Nova Scotia; practised his profession for nineteen years; elected to the +Assembly of Cape Breton; attorney-general. Appointed to a puisne +judgeship in Upper Canada, 1811; chief-justice, 1825; retired, 1829; +knighted, 1829. <b>Bib.</b>: Morgan, <i>Cel. Can.</i>; Read, <i>Lives of the Judges</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Camperdown.</b> <b>Bk</b> Naval victory of, 12.</p> + +<p><b>Canada.</b> Discovered by John Cabot in 1497. First settlement made by +Jacques Cartier, in 1535, on the banks of the St. Charles. In 1608 +Champlain founded the city of Quebec, almost on the spot where Jacques +Cartier had wintered; the country ceded to Great Britain by France, by +the treaty of Paris, 1763; civil government provided by Quebec Act, +1774; and a measure of responsible government by the Constitutional Act, +1791; invasion by Americans, 1775-1776; War of 1812; Rebellions of +1837-1838, in Upper and Lower Canada; union of Upper and Lower Canada, +1841; Confederation of Canada, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia, 1867; +Manitoba added to the Dominion, 1870; British Columbia, 1871; Prince +Edward Island, 1873; provinces of Saskatchewan and Alberta created, +1905. <b>Index</b>: <b>Dr</b> Surrender of, 2; under military rule till conclusion of +peace, 2; acquisition of, by Britain, hastened American Revolution, 3; +ceded by treaty of Paris to Great Britain, 7; its wide extent at that +time, 8; French population of, at cession, 9; English-speaking +population, 9; petition for restoration of its ancient limits, 61; +division of, into two provinces proposed, 248; political possibilities +after conquest, 253-257; boundaries of, not defined by Constitutional +Act, 260. <b>B</b> Party government—origin of the double ministries, 81-82; +election frauds in 1857, 99-100; process of expansion—Confederation and +after, 264. <b>E</b> First railway in, 99; early political conditions in, +17-40; difficulties connected with responsible government in, 26; +principles of responsible government, 228; her political system +contrasted with that of United States, 241 <i>et seq.</i> <b>WM</b> Interests French +commanders and their men but little, 11; its vulnerable points, 17; its +strong social and political organization gave it an advantage in war, +24; but was unfavourable to internal development, 24. <b>Sy</b> Rapid progress +made in Anglicizing previous to passing of Quebec Act, 63; unfortunate +change of policy regarding, 64. <b>F</b> Population of, 36, 55, 58, 131, 147, +148; poverty of impresses Sister Bourgeoys, 39; morals of the people, +58, 59; overgoverned, 131; trade, 148; affected by all the vicissitudes +of mother country, 150, 151; "farmers" of revenue appointed for, 154; +Bishop St. Vallier's first description of country and inhabitants, 192; +Governor Denonville's description, 192; St. Vallier's revised opinion, +193; real character of the people, 193-195;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[59]</a></span> state of depression +throughout the country, 219, 240; drinking habits of people, 223; +described by Laval as the country of miracles, 301; exhaustion of, after +departure of New England fleet, 305, 317. <i>See also</i> New France; +Cartier, Jacques; Cabot, John; Champlain; Quebec Act; Constitutional +Act; Union Act; Upper Canada; Lower Canada; Confederation.</p> + +<p><b>Canada Act.</b> <i>See</i> Constitutional Act.</p> + +<p><b>Canada Company.</b> Founded in London, 1824, by John Gait, as a colonizing +scheme. A large tract of land was purchased in what is now western +Ontario. Dunlop, Talbot, Strickland, and other pioneers of Upper Canada +were associated with Gait in the enterprise. The company is still in +existence. <b>Index</b>: <b>E</b> An agency in settlement of Upper Canada, 145; its +unpopularity, 145. <b>R</b> Offers to buy Clergy Reserves, 50. <b>B</b> Recommends +whiskey to intending immigrants, 75. <i>See also</i> Galt, John; Dunlop, +William; Talbot, Thomas. <b>Bib.</b>: Lizars, <i>In the Days of the Canada +Company</i>; Strickland, <i>Twenty-seven Years in Canada West</i>; Galt, +<i>Autobiography</i>; Jameson, <i>Winter Sketches</i>; Talbot, <i>Six Years in the +Canadas</i>; McTaggart, <i>Three Years in Upper Canada</i>; Dunlop, <i>The +Backwoodsman</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Canada Corn Act</b>, 1843. <b>C</b> Builds up flour industry in Canada, 43.</p> + +<p><b>Canada First Association.</b> <b>B</b> Platform, 235; criticized by the <i>Globe</i>, +236; suspected of aiming at national independence, 237; Goldwin Smith, +leader of party, attacked by <i>Globe</i>, 237; his reply, 238; spirit of the +movement, 239; its effect, 240-241; Liberal party injured by hostility +to movement, 240-242. <b>Md</b> Formed in Toronto, 1870, 226; its policy, 226. +<b>Bib.</b>: Dent, <i>Last Forty Years</i>; <i>Canada First: A Memorial of the Late +William A. Foster</i>; Denison, <i>The Struggle for Imperial Unity</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Canada Trade Act.</b> Passed by Imperial Parliament in 1822, with the object +of correcting the injustice to Upper Canada in the apportionment of +duties collected. The Quebec Legislature had refused to re-enact the old +Acts apportioning a share of duties to Upper Canada, and these Acts were +now made permanent. Lower Canada was debarred from imposing new duties +on imports by sea without the consent of Upper Canada and the approval +of the Imperial Parliament. <b>Bib.</b>: Kingsford, <i>History of Canada</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Canadian Alliance Society.</b> <b>Mc</b> Founded, December, 1834, 258; its objects, +258. <b>BL</b> Founded at York, 16; its political programme, 16.</p> + +<p><b>Canadian Contingents in the Boer War</b> (1899-1902). Consisted of the Royal +Canadian Infantry, Canadian Mounted Rifles, Royal Canadian Artillery, +and Strathcona's Horse. The first contingent, which sailed for South +Africa from Quebec, Oct. 30, 1899, numbered 1141. The second contingent, +which sailed from Halifax in January and February, 1900, mustered 1320. +These two contingents comprised the official Canadian contribution to +the British forces in the war, but Lord Strathcona also raised a +contingent at his own expense. This contingent, known as Strathcona's +Horse, sailed from Halifax in March, 1900, the force numbering 540 +officers and men, and 599 horses. Over 3000 Canadians therefore took +part in the war against the Boers. Throughout the operations in South +Africa, the Canadians signally distinguished themselves, particularly at +the battle of Paardeberg on Feb. 27, 1900, when with the Gordon +Highlanders and the Shropshires they led the final attack on Cronje's +position. <b>Bib.</b>: Evans, <i>The Canadian Contingents</i>; Marquis, <i>Canada's +Sons on Kopje and Veldt</i>; Doyle, <i>The Great Boer War</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Canadian Freeman.</b> <b>Mc</b> Newspaper, published by Collins, in 1825, 111.</p> + +<p><b>Canadian Institute.</b> Founded at Toronto, June 20, 1849, by Sandford +Flem<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[60]</a></span>ing, and Kivas Tully, with several other surveyors, civil +engineers, and architects practising in and about Toronto. A royal +charter was granted Nov. 4, 1851, in which the objects of the society +are declared to be "the encouragement and general advancement of the +physical sciences, the arts and the manufactures," etc. Among the early +presidents were Sir W. E. Logan, Sir Henry Lefroy, Sir John Beverley +Robinson, George W. Allan, W. H. Draper, Sir Daniel Wilson, and Sir +Oliver Mowat. The publications of the Institute began with the <i>Canadian +Journal</i>, 1852, and have been continued, as <i>Proceedings, Transactions</i>, +etc., to the present time. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>The Canadian Journal</i>, 1852-1878; +<i>Proceedings</i>, 1879-1890; <i>Transactions</i>, 1890- . A semi-centennial +memorial volume, published 1899, contains <i>Early Days of the Canadian +Institute</i> by Sir Sandford Fleming.</p> + +<p><b>Canadian Magazines.</b> Among the earliest magazines published in what is +now Canada were the <i>Nova Scotia Magazine</i>, Halifax, 1789; the <i>Quebec +Magazine</i>, Quebec, 1791-1793; <i>L'Abeille Canadienne</i>, Quebec, 1818-1819; +the <i>Canadian Review</i>, 1824-1826; the <i>Bibliothéque Canadienne</i>, +Montreal, 1825; <i>Literary Garland</i>, Montreal, 1838; <i>Acadian Magazine</i>, +Halifax, 1826; and the <i>Revue Canadienne</i>, 1845. There have been several +periodicals bearing the name of <i>Canadian Magazine</i>, the earliest +published at Montreal in 1823; a second published at Toronto in 1833; +another at Toronto, 1871; and the present periodical of the same name, +which dates from 1893. Of the earlier magazines, the <i>Literary Garland</i> +and the <i>Revue Canadienne</i> alone lived for any considerable time, the +former having been published for over thirteen years, and the latter +still survives. <b>Bib.</b>: Hopkins, <i>Canada: An Ency.</i>, vol. 5.</p> + +<p><b>Canadian Northern Railway.</b> The first link in this transcontinental +railway dates back to 1896, when construction was commenced on the line +from Gladstone towards Lake Winnipegosis. Since then the system has been +extended east and west, and within a few years will reach from the +Atlantic to the Pacific, with numerous branches. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Historical +Sketch of the Canadian Northern Railway</i> in <i>Canadian Annual Review</i>, +1906.</p> + +<p><b>Canadian Pacific Railway.</b> The contract for construction of the railway +was signed Oct. 21, 1880, the surveys having already been carried out +under the direction of Sandford Fleming. Work was begun on the railway +in May, 1881, and the last spike driven by Sir Donald A. Smith (now Lord +Strathcona), Nov. 7, 1885. A summary of the evolution of the project +will be found in Johnson's <i>First Things in Canada</i>. <b>Index</b>: <b>Md</b> Compact +with British Columbia for its construction, 150; the Pacific Scandal, +200-211; difficulties of construction, 232; terms of agreement, 233; +Mackenzie government adopts policy of government ownership, 233; +Macdonald, on his return to power, reverts to original scheme, 234; +contract signed September, 1880, and railway completed in five years, +234; Mackenzie's views as to time needed for completion, 234-235; Blake +attacks railway policy, 235; <i>Globe</i> criticizes, and British financiers +pessimistic, 235; directors of the syndicate, 236; terms of contract, +236; Howland syndicate, 237; financial difficulties, 237; last spike +driven at Craigellachie, Nov. 7, 1885, 238; problems of operation, 238; +what the great enterprise means to Canada, 238-239; its military value, +239; conflict with Manitoba as to its monopoly of transportation, +284-285; its effect on Macdonald government, 301. <b>C</b> First charter +engineered by Cartier, 51; the railway the crowning work of +Confederation, 51; its eastern terminus, 52; the Allan Company and the +MacPherson Syndicate, 53; the Pacific Scandal, 53-54; bill in +Parliament, 131. <b>B</b> Its building approved by country as a measure of +national<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[61]</a></span> growth and expansion, 241. <b>D</b> Revolutionizes old conditions of +trade in British Columbia, 265; Imperial government asked to guarantee +its completion, 315; delays in building, 317, 323; movement for a +transcontinental railway, 317-318; negotiations, 318-320; Pacific +Scandal, 321; Carnarvon Terms, 320-322; building operations, 324-326; +completion, 1885, 326; terminus, 327. <b>Bib.</b>: Hopkins, <i>Canada: An Ency.</i>, +vol. 2; Parkin, <i>The Great Dominion</i>; Begg, <i>History of the North-West</i>; +Fleming, <i>Reports on Canadian Pacific Railway</i>, 1874, 1877, 1878, 1879, +1880.</p> + +<p><b>Canadian Sharpshooters.</b> <b>WM</b> In battle of Ste. Foy, 259, 263.</p> + +<p><b>Canadien.</b> <b>Bk</b> Newspaper founded in 1806, appealed to race prejudices, 92; +claimed unconstitutional power for Legislative Assembly, 92, 93; on the +rights of Parliament, 116; seized and temporarily suppressed by Governor +Craig, 127; seizure not approved by British authorities, 147. <b>Bib.</b>: +Dionne, <i>Pierre Bédard et Son Temps</i> (R. S. C., 1898).</p> + +<p><b>Canals.</b> The earliest canal in Canada and in North America was that at +Lachine, which dates back to the beginning of the eighteenth century. +Between 1779 and 1783, lock canals were built by the Royal Engineers, at +the Coteau and the Cascades, on the St. Lawrence. In 1798 a boat canal +was built at Sault Ste. Marie by the North West Company. A canal to +connect the St. Lawrence and Lake Champlain was advocated as early as +1775, by Silas Deane of Connecticut, but was not actually undertaken +until 1831. The Welland Canal was commenced in 1824; and the Rideau +Canal two years later. These artificial waterways of Canada are +controlled by the Department of Railways and Canals, of the Dominion +government. <b>Index</b>: <b>Bk</b> First in American continent made in Canada, 48. <b>BL</b> +Construction and improvement of, provided for by government in 1841, 98; +completion of St. Lawrence canals, 286-287. <b>B</b> Improvement of, advocated +by George Brown, 61; extension of, approved by Quebec Conference, 166; +enlargement of, suggested by Fish, United States secretary of state, in +1874, 227. <b>S</b> Four made at different points on St. Lawrence, 112. <b>P</b> +Opposed by Papineau, 172. <i>See also</i> Waterways; and under names of +individual canals, as Lachine; Rideau; Welland, etc. <b>Bib.</b>: Keefer, +<i>Canals of Canada</i> (R. S. C., 1893); <i>Waterways of Canada</i> (Women's Can. +Hist. Soc. of Ottawa, <i>Trans.</i>, vol. 2); Kingsford, <i>Canadian Canals</i>; +<i>Report of Royal Commission on Canals</i>, 1871; <i>Annual Reports on +Railways and Canals</i>, Ottawa.</p> + +<p><b>Cânanée.</b> <b>Ch</b> Famous French seaman, joins Champlain at Gaspé, 141; the +Turks capture his ship, the <i>Ste. Madeleine</i>, on the coast of Bretagne, +and put him to death, 141.</p> + +<p><b>Canard River.</b> A small stream in Essex County, Ontario, falling into the +Detroit River. <b>Index</b>: <b>Bk</b> Americans repulsed at, in War of 1812, 237.</p> + +<p><b>Candiac, Chateau of.</b> <b>WM</b> Birthplace of Montcalm, 3; position of, still +remains, 5.</p> + +<p><b>Canning, Charles John, Viscount</b> (1812-1862). Postmaster-general, under +Aberdeen and Palmerston. Governor-general of India, 1855, and through +the period of the Indian Mutiny. <b>Index</b>: <b>E</b> His record in India, 217. +<b>Bib.</b>: <i>Dict. Nat. Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>Canning, George</b> (1770-1827). Entered British Parliament, 1793; foreign +secretary, 1807; ambassador to Portugal, 1814; president of Board of +Control, 1816; succeeded Londonderry as foreign secretary, 1822; prime +minister, 1827. A consistent advocate of constitutional principles. +<b>Index</b>: <b>Sy</b> Foreign secretary and afterwards prime minister, 16; death of, +16.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[62]</a></span> <b>Bk</b> Secretary of war, 81; deals with matter of <i>Leopard</i> and +<i>Chesapeake</i>, 83, 85; disapproves of Walcheren expedition, 118; foreign +secretary, 120. <b>Bib.</b>: Canning, <i>Speeches</i>; Stapleton, <i>Political Life of +George Canning</i>; Stapleton, <i>George Canning and His Times</i>; <i>Dict. Nat. +Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>Cannon, Captain.</b> <b>WM</b> Repulses landing of English, 107.</p> + +<p><b>Canterbury, John Henry Thomas Manners-Sutton, Viscount</b> (1814-1877). Born +in England. Entered Parliament, 1841; home secretary from 1841 to 1846 +in Peel's ministry. From 1854 to 1861, lieutenant-governor of New +Brunswick; in 1864-1866 governor of Trinidad; and in 1866-1873 governor +of Victoria. <b>Index</b>: <b>T</b> Dissolves New Brunswick Assembly, 38-39. <b>Bib.</b>: +<i>Dict. Nat. Biog.</i>; Hannay, <i>History of New Brunswick</i>.</p> + +<p>"<b>Canvas House.</b>" <b>S</b> Purchased by Simcoe from Captain Cook, and used as +winter residence at York, 204.</p> + +<p><b>Cap de la Victoire.</b> On St. Lawrence, near mouth of Richelieu. <b>Index</b>: <b>Ch</b> +Fur trade carried on at, 119, 139.</p> + +<p><b>Cap du Ciel.</b> <b>Ch</b> French vessel seized by English, 222.</p> + +<p><b>Cap Rouge.</b> On the St. Lawrence, above Quebec. <b>Index</b>: <b>WM</b> Vaudreuil orders +posting of two hundred men at, 162; Bougainville's headquarters at, 163; +difficulty of crossing the river, 248.</p> + +<p><b>Cape Breton.</b> An island at the eastern extremity of Nova Scotia, now +forming part of that province. Discovered by John Cabot in 1497. First +settlement made by the French in 1712. Town of Louisbourg built and +strongly fortified. It was captured by Pepperrell and Warren in 1745; +restored to France by the treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, 1748; again +captured by the British, under Amherst and Boscawen, 1758. Cape Breton +was a separate colony of Great Britain, 1784-1820, with Sydney (founded +1785) as its capital. In 1820 it was incorporated with Nova Scotia. +<b>Index</b>: <b>Ch</b> Named St. Lawrence Island by Champlain, 236; Jesuit mission +at, for benefit of Micmacs, 236; maintained until 1659, 237. <i>See also</i> +Louisbourg; Sydney; Nova Scotia. <b>Bib.</b>: Brown, <i>History of Cape Breton</i>; +Bourinot, <i>Cape Breton and its Memorials</i>; Grant, <i>Cape Breton, Past and +Present</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Cape Diamond, Quebec.</b> <b>Ch</b> Fortified, 157.</p> + +<p><b>Cape St. Vincent.</b> <b>Bk</b> British naval victory of, 10.</p> + +<p><b>Car Brigade.</b> <b>Bk</b> Formed, 196.</p> + +<p><b>Carden, Major.</b> <b>Dr</b> Killed in dispersing Ethan Allen's force, 99.</p> + +<p><b>Cardinal Joseph.</b> <b>P</b> At meeting of Constitutional Committee, 1834, 88.</p> + +<p><b>Carey.</b> <b>Sy</b> Made deputy inspector-general, 333.</p> + +<p><b>Carheil, Étienne de.</b> A Breton, of noble birth. Came to Canada as a +Jesuit missionary in 1666. After two years spent at Quebec, left in 1668 +for his mission among the Cayugas. Spent a number of years there in a +zealous but largely fruitless effort to convert the Indians to +Christianity. In 1683 sent to the Hurons at Michilimackinac, and +laboured among that tribe for many years. Finally returned to Quebec, +where he died. <b>Bib.</b>: Campbell, <i>Pioneer Priests of North America</i>; +<i>Jesuit Relations</i>, ed. by Thwaites.</p> + +<p><b>Cariboo Gold-fields.</b> <b>D</b> History of, 284-289.</p> + +<p><b>Carignan-Salières.</b> The first regiment of regular troops sent to America +from France. Raised in Savoy by the Prince of Carignan in 1644; employed +for some years in the service of the king of France, and after the peace +of the Pyrenees, was regularly incorporated in the French army. Fought +against the Turks in 1664, and ordered to America the following year. +With the original regiment was incorporated the fragment of a regiment +of Germans, the whole under the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[63]</a></span> command of Colonel de Salières. The +regiment served with distinction in Canada until 1668, when it was +ordered home; a large number of officers and men, however, remained in +the colony, where they were given generous grants of land. The regiment +was reconstructed in France, and under the name of the Regiment of +Lorraine existed until 1794. <b>Index</b>: <b>L</b> Gives strength to the colony, 53; +discharged soldiers of, become settlers, 77; further detachment of, +arrives, 79. <b>E</b> Officers settle on lands along the Richelieu, 178-179, +181. <b>F</b> Sent out, 51; some of the officers settle in Canada and become +seigneurs, 57. <b>Bib.</b>: Parkman, <i>Old Régime</i>; Susane, <i>Ancienne Infanterie +Française</i>, vol. 5.</p> + +<p><b>Carillon, Fort.</b> <b>Hd</b> Repulse of British forces at, 18-21. <b>WM</b> The fort +defended by Montcalm with De Lévis and Bourlamaque, 54-55; attacked by +the British under Abercromby, 55-60; failure of the attack, 60-61; +Bourlamaque evacuates the fort and destroys it, 146. <i>See also</i> +Ticonderoga. <b>Bib.</b>: Parkman, <i>Montcalm and Wolfe</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Carion, Philippe de.</b> <b>L</b> Lays second foundation stone of church at +Montreal, 88. <b>F</b> Officer at Montreal, refuses to recognize Frontenac's +order for arrest of <i>coureurs de bois</i>, 91.</p> + +<p><b>Carleton, Christopher.</b> <b>Dr</b> Father of Guy Carleton, 29; his widow marries +Rev. Thomas Skelton, 29.</p> + +<p><b>Carleton, Sir Guy.</b> <i>See</i> Dorchester.</p> + +<p><b>Carleton, Lady Maria.</b> <b>Dr</b> Gains social popularity at Quebec, 162; lives +to great age, 308; her extreme hauteur, 309.</p> + +<p><b>Carleton, Thomas</b> (1736-1817). Served with Wolfe in 1755; +quartermaster-general of the army in Canada, 1775; wounded in the naval +battle on Lake Champlain, 1776. Appointed first lieutenant-governor of +New Brunswick, 1784. Returned to England in 1803; the colony was +governed by administrators until 1817, when General Smyth was appointed +governor. <b>Index</b>: <b>Dr</b> Nephew of Lord Dorchester, 249; lieutenant-governor +of New Brunswick, 249. <b>W</b> First governor of New Brunswick, 5; his +Council, 5; opposes reforms in government, 13; grants charter to +Fredericton Academy, 86. <b>Hd</b> Devastates country bordering on Lake +Champlain, 149; his expedient for obtaining rebel letters, 194; his +connection with the Du Calvet case, 280, 281. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Cyc. Am. Biog.</i>; +Bradley, <i>The Making of Canada</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Carleton Island.</b> <b>Hd</b> Indians of, 148; projects of Americans against, 150; +reinforcements sent to, 153; depot for stores established at, great cost +of transporting provisions to, 184.</p> + +<p><b>Carling, Sir John</b> (1828- ). Represented town of London in Legislative +Assembly, 1857-1867; and continued to sit for the same constituency in +the Dominion Parliament. Appointed receiver-general in Cartier-Macdonald +ministry, 1862; and commissioner of agriculture and public works in +Ontario government, 1867. Entered federal government as +postmaster-general, 1882; minister of agriculture, 1885-1892. Called to +the Senate, 1891; resigned, 1892; again called, 1896. <b>Bib.</b>: Morgan, +<i>Can. Men</i>; Dent, <i>Can. Por.</i></p> + +<p><b>Carlton House.</b> Two forts of this name were founded by the Hudson's Bay +Company. One stood on the banks of the Saskatchewan, above the forks; +the other on the upper waters of the Assiniboine. Both were established +about the end of the eighteenth century. <b>Index</b>: <b>MS</b> Built by Hudson's Bay +Company, 6.</p> + +<p><b>Carnarvon, Henry Howard Molyneux Herbert, fourth Earl of</b> (1831-1890). +Colonial secretary, 1866-1867, and as such introduced the British North +America Act; colonial secretary again, 1874-1878; chairman of Colonial +Defence Commission, 1879-1882. Joined Imperial Federation League, 1884. +<b>Index</b>: <b>Md</b><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[64]</a></span> President of Westminster Conference in London, 126; effect of +his resignation on Confederation, 128; Macdonald's letter to, on the +franchise, 259. <b>T</b> Conference with, on Confederation scheme, 122. <b>Bib.</b>: +<i>Dict. Nat. Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>Caroline.</b> <b>Mc</b> Steamboat, goes over Niagara Falls, 419; cutting out of, +420; merits of act, 421; international complications, 423. <b>Bib.</b>: Drew +and Wood, <i>The Burning of the Caroline</i>; Dent, <i>Upper Canadian +Rebellion</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Caroline Almanac.</b> <b>Mc</b> Mackenzie publishes, 459.</p> + +<p><b>Caron, Sir Joseph Philippe Réné Adolphe</b> (1843-1908). Born in Quebec. +Studied law; entered public life in 1873 as member of Dominion House for +Quebec County; elected for Rimouski, 1891. Minister of militia and +defence, 1880-1892; postmaster-general, 1892. <b>Bib.</b>: Morgan, <i>Can. Men</i>; +Dent, <i>Can. Por.</i></p> + +<p><b>Caron, Réné Édouard</b> (1800-1876). Born in the parish of Ste. Anne, Lower +Canada. Educated at the Seminary of Quebec and at St. Pierre College; +studied law and called to the bar of Lower Canada, 1826. Mayor of +Quebec, 1833-1837; sat in Assembly, 1834-1836; appointed a member of the +Legislative Council of Lower Canada by Lord Gosford, but did not take +his seat. Member of the Legislative Council of Canada, 1841; Speaker, +1843-1847 and 1848-1853; member of the La Fontaine-Baldwin government +and of the Hincks-Morin government; judge of the Superior Court of +Quebec, 1853; afterwards judge of the Court of Queen's Bench and judge +of the Seigniorial Court. <b>Index</b>: <b>BL</b> Mayor of Quebec, and member of +Legislative Council, 1841, 83; a man of liberal views, 83; member of La +Fontaine's ministry, 83; Speaker of Legislative Council—acts as +go-between for Draper and La Fontaine, 259-263; president of Legislative +Council, 284. <b>E</b> Refuses to enter Draper ministry, 43; becomes president +of Council in first La Fontaine-Baldwin Cabinet, 53; leading member of +Liberal party in Lower Canada, 109; president of Council in Hincks-Morin +government, 113; raised to Bench, 126; judge of Seigniorial Court, 187. +<b>Bib.</b>: Turcotte, <i>R. E. Caron</i>; Morgan, <i>Cel. Can.</i>; Taylor, <i>Brit. Am.</i>; +Dent, <i>Last Forty Years</i> and <i>Can. Por.</i></p> + +<p><b>Carondelet.</b> <b>S</b> Spanish governor of Louisiana, his proposition to Simcoe +to assist in repelling expected French invasion, 134-136.</p> + +<p><b>Carroll, Charles</b> (1737-1832). Represented Maryland in the Congress at +Philadelphia, 1776, and signed the Declaration of Independence. +Afterwards elected to the Senate of Maryland and the federal Senate. +<b>Index</b>: <b>Dr</b> Accompanies Franklin to Canada, 135. Bib.: <i>Cyc. Am. Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>Carter, Sir Frederic Bowker Terrington</b> (1819-1900). Born at St. John's, +Newfoundland. Studied law and called to the bar of Newfoundland, 1842; +appointed Q. C., 1859. Member of the Legislative Assembly, 1855-1878; +Speaker, 1861-1865; premier, 1865-1870 and 1874-1878; knighted, 1878; +chief-justice of Newfoundland, 1880. Represented Newfoundland at the +Quebec Conference, 1864. <b>Index</b>: <b>T</b> Speaker of Newfoundland Assembly, +delegate to Quebec Conference, 77. <b>Bib.</b>: Taylor, <i>Brit. Am.</i>; Morgan, +<i>Can. Men</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Carter, Sir James</b> (1805-1878). Born in England. Educated at Cambridge; +called to the bar, 1832. In 1834 a puisne judge of the Supreme Court of +New Brunswick, and in 1851 chief-justice of the province, retiring on a +pension in 1865. In 1859 knighted. Spent the latter part of his life in +England. <b>Index</b>: <b>W</b> Appointed to New Brunswick Bench and afterwards +chief-justice, 74, 130; releases Doak and Hill, 75. <b>T</b> Appointed to New +Brunswick Bench, 17, 31; resigns as chief-justice, 1865, 93. <b>Bib.</b>: +Hannay, <i>History of New Brunswick</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Cartier, Sir Georges Étienne</b> (1814-1873). <b>Md</b> Associated with Macdonald +in MacNab-Taché ministry, 75; forms administration, 86-88; member of +mis<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[65]</a></span>sion to England to confer with British government on Confederation, +defence, reciprocity, etc., 120; acquisition of North-West Territories, +156-157; supports demand of Red River for self-government, 160; takes +advantage of Macdonald's illness to attempt to forestall the Wolseley +expedition, 161-162; leads the House during Macdonald's absence in +Washington, 173; defeated in Montreal, his influence weakened in Quebec, +195; his early life and alliance with Macdonald, 266; his splendid work +for Confederation and its inadequate recognition, 267; the C. B. +replaced by a baronetcy, 267; his defeat in Montreal East, 1872, 268; +his death in England in 1873, 268; Macdonald's tribute to, on unveiling +of his statue, 268. <b>T</b> Delegate to England in union negotiations, 63; at +Charlottetown Conference, 74; at Quebec Conference, 76; presented to the +queen, 124; in first Confederation ministry, 129. <b>P</b> A man of action, 1; +lacking hi personal magnetism, 2; compared with Papineau, 2; blames +Papineau and his friends for expelling Mondelet from Assembly, 72. <b>E</b> On +Papineau's responsibility for amendment to Union Act, 122; first elected +to Legislature in 1849—government candidate for speakership in 1854, +defeated, 135,136; his statue, 226. <b>C</b> Follows Papineau, 1; subsequent +loyalty to British constitution, 1; born at St. Antoine, on the +Richelieu, 3; a descendant of Jacques Cartier, 3; parentage, 3; +education, 3-5; Papineau's influence, 5; studies law with Édouard +Rodier, 7; Rodier's influence, 7; the poet of <i>Les Fils de la Liberté</i>, +7; takes part in the Rebellion, 7, 8; his escape and exile, 8-9; returns +to Montreal, 9; statesmanlike attitude towards Union Act, 16; takes the +field against D. B. Viger, 17; his maiden speech, 17, 19; bitterness +against Papineau, 18; enters the Assembly, 1849, for Verchères, 21; a +born leader, 21; offered seat in Hincks-Morin ministry, 1851, and again +in 1853, 22; enters Cabinet, 1855, 22; his law practice, 22-23; causes +of his success as a political leader, 23-24; and clerical influence, 28; +helped by Radicalism of Liberals, 29; defeated at general election, +1872, by <i>Le Parti National</i>, 30; member of Executive Council, 1855, 31; +alliance with Sir Allan MacNab and John A. Macdonald, 31, 33; urges +settlement of Seigniorial Tenure, 32; his political principles, 32-33; +defends alliance with Upper Canada Conservatives, 33-34; bitterly +attacked in Verchères election, 34; breadth of his political activities, +35; reorganizes system of public instruction, 37-38; protects interests +of Protestant minority, 38; establishes judicial districts, 38; codifies +the laws, 39; gives civil status to parishes, 39-40; his independence, +40-41; his interest in railways and other means of transportation, +45-50; his connection with Pacific Scandal, 53-54; works for +Confederation, 55-56; insists on the federal principle, 57-58; and +Confederation, 59-65: delegate to London to see British North America +Act through Parliament, 67; guest of the queen, 67; elected practically +without opposition, 67; premier of Canada, 1858, 62, 67; advises Lord +Monck to intrust Taché with duty of forming Cabinet, 68; purchase of +Hudson's Bay Company's territories, 68; his definition of the position +of French-Canadians, 69; ignores Bishop Taché's warning as to trouble in +North-West, 70; introduces Manitoba Bill, 71; safeguards interests of +Roman Catholics in Manitoba as to their schools, 71-73; separate schools +in New Brunswick, 73; defends federal policy of non-interference, 74-76; +loses support of the Ultramontanes, 79-84; defeated in Montreal East, +84; his illness, 85; resigns upon defeat of Militia Bill, 1862, 87; +reorganizes the militia, 1868, 87-88; his speeches on British +connection, 92; protests against withdrawal of British troops, 92; his +political wisdom, 98; establishes political union of the country, +99-100; secret of his Power, 101; relations towards Macdonald, 101-103; +his character and policy,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[66]</a></span> 105-108; his personal appearance, 108; his +optimism and humour, 109-110; his conservatism, 111; advice to his +fellow-countrymen, 112; views on property, 113-114; his economic creed, +115-116; Sir Wilfrid Laurier on, 116-117; religious views, 117; early +home influences, 118-122; his social qualities, 122-124; difficulty over +his refusal of the honour of C. B., 124-129; made a baronet, 128; +quarrel with Wolseley, 130; his last appearance in Parliament, 131; his +health breaks down, 131-132; his death in London, May 23, 1873, 132. <b>B</b> +And the "Double Shuffle," 107; called on in 1864 to form ministry, but +fails, 149; Brown's motion for constitutional changes, 1864, 150; +meeting with Brown, 152; Brown's alliance with, for Confederation, 153; +suggested by John A. Macdonald as premier of coalition ministry, 191; +asks Brown to reconsider his resignation, 196; his prejudice against the +Rouges, 200; compared with Joseph Howe, 204. <b>H</b> Accompanies Sir John +Macdonald to Halifax in 1868, 210. <b>Bib.</b>: Author of <i>Speeches on the +Militia Bill</i>, and of the popular song, <i>O Canada! Mon Pays, Mes +Amours!</i> For biog., <i>see</i> David, <i>Esquisse Biographique</i>; Morgan, <i>Cel. +Can.</i>: Taylor, <i>Brit. Am.</i>: Dent. <i>Can. Por.</i> and <i>Last Forty Years</i>; +Turcotte, <i>Sir G. E. Cartier</i>.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<img src="images/img_text066a.jpg" width="600" height="410" alt="Landing of Jacques Cartier at Quebec, 1535 From the +painting by A. Suzor Cote" title="" /> +<span class="caption">Landing of Jacques Cartier at Quebec, 1535 From the +painting by A. Suzor Cote</span> +</div> + +<p><b>Cartier, Jacques</b> (1491-1557). In 1534, sailing out of St. Malo, made his +first voyage to the New World, entering the Gulf of St. Lawrence by way +of the Straits of Belle Isle, landing on the Gaspé shore, and coasting +around the eastern end of Anticosti. Returned to France. The following +year again sailed to the gulf, and entered the river St. Lawrence. +Continuing his voyage, passed the mouth of the Saguenay, and landed on +the Island of Orleans, which he named Île Bacchus. Brought his little +ships into the St. Charles River, upon whose banks stood the Indian +village of Stadaconé. After exploring the St. Lawrence as far as the +Indian town of Hochelaga (Montreal), returned to Stadaconé, where he +wintered. In the spring of 1536 sailed back to France, taking with him +the Iroquois chief, Donnacona. In 1541, made a third voyage to Canada. +Roberval was to have followed with a number of colonists, but did not +actually sail until the spring of 1542. When he reached Newfoundland, he +met Cartier on his way home. Roberval's colony proved disastrous, and +Cartier undertook a fourth voyage to the New World to rescue the +survivors. <b>Index</b>: <b>Ch</b> Names Hare Island, 13; ravages of scurvy among his +men, 23; finds a remedy in the plant <i>aneda</i>, 29; Membertou pretends to +have met him in 1534, 36; his winter quarters identified by Champlain, +44-45; his Rivière de Fouez identified as the St. Maurice, 52. <b>F</b> His +voyages, 1; attempt at colonization, 2. <b>L</b> With his men, receives +communion from bishop of St. Malo, 7. <b>C</b> Sir Georges É. Cartier a +descendant of the explorer's family, 3. <b>Bib.</b>: For a complete list of the +original editions of Cartier's voyages, <i>see</i> Harrisse, <i>Notes pour +Servir</i>, etc. Tross, Paris, reprinted them as follows: D'Avezac, <i>Bref +Récit et Succinte Narration de la Navigation Faite par le Capitaine +Jacques Cartier aux Îles de Canada</i>, etc. (1863); Michelant et Ramé, +<i>Voyage de Jacques Cartier au Canada en 1534</i> (1865); Michelant et Ramé, +<i>Relation Originale, du Voyage de Jacques Cartier au Canada en 1534</i> +(1867). The first English version is that of Florio (1580). In 1600 +Hakluyt included a more accurate translation in his <i>Principal +Navigations</i>. H. B. Stephen's essay, <i>Jacques Cartier and his Voyages to +Canada</i>, is accompanied by a new translation of the voyages. The Cartier +voyages are discussed in the <i>Trans.</i> R. S. C., by W. F. Ganong (1887), +(1889); Paul de Gazes (1884), (1890); Abbé Verreau (1890), (1891), +(1897); Archbishop Howley (1894); and in the Quebec Lit. and Hist. Soc. +<i>Trans.</i>, <i>Voyages de Découvertes au Canada</i> (1843); Demazieres,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[67]</a></span> <i>Notes +sur Jacques Cartier</i> (1862). <i>See also</i> Pope, <i>Jacques Cartier</i>; +Winsor, <i>Cartier to Frontenac</i>; Parkman, <i>Pioneers of France</i>; Des +Longrais, <i>Jacques Cartier</i>; Dionne, <i>La Nouvelle France de Cartier à +Champlain</i>; Dent, <i>Can. Por.</i></p> + +<p><b>Cartwright, J. S.</b> <b>Sy</b> Opposes union of provinces in Upper Canada +Assembly, 207, 211.</p> + +<p><b>Cartwright, Rev. Richard.</b> <b>Sy</b> Assists in funeral service of Lord +Sydenham, 344.</p> + +<p><b>Cartwright, Richard</b> (1759-1815). Born at Albany, New York. On the +outbreak of hostilities with the mother country came with his parents to +Upper Canada. For a time served as secretary to Colonel Butler of the +Queen's Rangers, and later engaged in business at Kingston in +partnership with Robert Hamilton. Made judge of the Court of Common +Pleas for the district, and on the formation of Upper Canada into a +separate province appointed to the Legislative Council. Urged to accept +a seat in the Executive Council, but repeatedly refused. Created +lieutenant of the county of Frontenac by Simcoe, and during the War of +1812 served as colonel of the militia. Occupied a position of great +prominence in the political and business life of the province. <b>Index</b>: <b>BL</b> +Offered and refuses solicitor-generalship of Upper Canada, 120; his +letter of explanation, 121. <b>R</b> His influence on Strachan, 37. <b>Bk</b> Brock's +high opinion of, 179. <b>S</b> On later emigration from United States, 57; +member of Legislative Council, 79; his report on marriage question, in +Upper Canada, 86; accused by Simcoe of republicanism, 97, 98; asserts +his loyalty, 98; advises Simcoe in regard to land regulations, 103; +describes methods of business in early times, 109. <b>Bib.</b>: Cartwright, +<i>Life and Letters of Hon. Richard Cartwright</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Cartwright, Sir Richard John</b> (1835- ). Grandson of the preceding. Born at +Kingston. Educated at Trinity College, Dublin. Entered public life, +1863, as member for Lennox and Addington. Minister of finance in +Mackenzie Cabinet, 1873-1878. On the return of the Liberals to power, in +1896, became minister of trade and commerce. <b>Index</b>: <b>Md</b> Favours +commercial union, 297; introduces unrestricted reciprocity resolution, +1888, 298-299; his modified resolution of 1889, 299. <b>B</b> His account of +pre-confederation scenes in the house, 153-154. <b>C</b> Discussion with +Cartier in 1872, on the militia, 110. <b>Bib.</b>: Works: <i>Remarks on the +Militia of Canada</i>; <i>Memories of Confederation</i>. For biog., <i>see</i> Dent, +<i>Can. Por.</i> and <i>Last Forty Years</i>; Morgan, <i>Can. Men</i>; <i>Canadian Who's +Who</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Carver, Jonathan</b> (1732-1780). Born at Stillwater, New York. Joined the +company of rangers raised by John Burk of Northfield, 1756-1757. After +the treaty of Paris, 1763, conceived the idea of exploring the Western +territory acquired by England. Between 1766 and 1768, travelled from +Michilimackinac to the Mississippi, ascended the Minnesota River, and +returned by way of Grand Portage, Lake Superior. Went to England, 1769, +to secure government support for his plans of Western exploration, but +failed. Died there, Jan. 31, 1780. <b>Index</b>: <b>D</b> His River of Oregon, 19; +reference to Oregon, 56-57. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Travels through the Interior Parts of +North America, in the Years 1766, 1767, and 1768</i>. The best edition is +the third, published at London, 1781. For a bib. of the various +editions, and translations, <i>see</i> Lee, <i>Bibliography of Carver's +Travels</i> (Wisconsin State Hist. Soc. <i>Proc.</i>, 1909). <i>See also</i> Durrie, +<i>Jonathan Carver and "Carver's Grant"</i> (Wisconsin Hist. Soc. <i>Coll.</i>, +vol. 6); Gregory, <i>Jonathan Carver: His Travels in the North-West</i> +(Parkman Club <i>Pub.</i>, No. 5); Bourne, <i>Travels of Jonathan Carver</i> in +<i>Amer. Hist. Review</i>, 1906; Parkman, <i>Conspiracy of Pontiac</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Cas Reservé.</b> <b>L</b> In connection with sale of liquor to Indians, 171, 174.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[68]</a></span></p> + +<p><b>Cascades.</b> On the St. Lawrence River. <b>Hd</b> Improvements in navigation at, +185.</p> + +<p><b>Case, William.</b> <b>R</b> Visits England, 1831, 90; his connection with split in +Methodist body, 105.</p> + +<p><b>Casgrain, Henri Raymond</b> (1831-1904). After studying medicine, decided to +enter the church, and ordained a priest in 1856. In 1872, owing to an +affection of the eyes, compelled to abandon the ministry, and thereafter +devoted himself entirely to literature. His first work, <i>Légendes +Canadiennes</i>, appeared in 1861; and this was followed by many other +publications, in history, biography, and belles-lettres. One of the +principal contributors to the <i>Soirées Canadiennes</i>, the <i>Foyer +Canadien</i>, and other French-Canadian periodicals. A charter member of +the Royal Society of Canada; elected president of that body in 1889. +<b>Index</b>: <b>L</b> His pen-portrait of Mme. de la Peltrie, 153-154. <b>Ch</b> On the +question of Champlain's tomb, 261-262. <b>Bib.</b>: Among his principal works +are: <i>Histoire de la Mère Marie de l'Incarnation</i>; <i>Biographies +Canadiennes</i>; <i>Un Pélerinage au Pays d'Evangéline</i>; <i>Montcalm et Lévis</i>. +For bib., <i>see</i> R. S. C., 1894, 21. For biog., <i>see</i> Routhier, <i>Éloge +historique de H. R. Casgrain</i> (R. S. C., 1904); Morgan, <i>Can. Men</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Cass, Lewis</b> (1782-1866). Served under General Hull in War of 1812. Drew +up Hull's flamboyant proclamation to the people of Canada. Opposed +surrender of Detroit. Governor of territory of Michigan. <b>Index</b>: <b>Bk</b> On +surrender of Detroit, 257. <b>Bib.</b>: Contributed to <i>Historical Sketches of +Michigan</i>, 1834. For biog., <i>see</i> McLaughlin, <i>Lewis Cass</i>; <i>Cyc. Am. +Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>Castillon, Jacques de.</b> <b>Ch</b> Assisted in forming Company of New France, +168; presents pictures to church of Notre Dame de la Recouvrance, 240.</p> + +<p><b>Castle Frank.</b> <b>S</b> Country chalet built for Simcoe near York, 215.</p> + +<p><b>Castle of St. Louis.</b> <i>See</i> Château St. Louis.</p> + +<p><b>Catalogne, Gédéon de.</b> Employed for some years on military and other +engineering works in Canada. In 1701 commenced a canal from Lachine to +the Little River, with the object of providing a boat channel around the +rapids. The work was abandoned, and resumed in 1717, but was again +abandoned, owing to the cost of the rock cutting. Accompanied Denonville +on his expedition against the Iroquois, in 1687.</p> + +<p><b>Cataraqui.</b> A fort, built by the engineer Raudin in 1673, under +Frontenac's orders, the site having been selected by La Salle. The fort +stood at the mouth of the Cataraqui, on the site of the present city of +Kingston. Here Frontenac held a great Council with representatives of +the five Iroquois nations, 1673. On Frontenac's recommendation, +Cataraqui was granted to La Salle as a seigniory, upon his repaying the +amount the fort had cost the king. Fort Frontenac, as La Salle named it, +became the base of his ambitious scheme of western explorations. <b>Index</b>: +<b>F</b> Expedition of Courcelles to, 59; of Frontenac, 76-84; fort, afterwards +known as Fort Frontenac, erected at, 83. <b>Hd</b> Lands allotted to Loyalists +in neighbourhood of, 236, 255; settlers at, 258, 265. <b>S</b> Barracks of, on +site of old Fort Frontenac, 51; Loyalist settlements in surrounding +country, 58; detail of, 59. <i>See also</i> Kingston; Fort Frontenac; La +Salle. <b>Bib.</b>: Machar, <i>Old Kingston</i>; Sulte, <i>Le Fort de Frontenac</i> (R. +S. C., 1901); Girouard, <i>L'Expédition du Marquis de Denonville</i> (R. S. +C., 1899).</p> + +<p><b>Cathcart, Charles Murray, Earl</b> (1783-1859). Served in Holland, 1799; saw +service through Peninsular War; fought at Waterloo; assumed title, 1843; +succeeded General Jackson as commander-in-chief of the forces in British +North America, 1845; administrator the same year, on the departure of +Sir<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[69]</a></span> Charles Metcalfe; governor-general, 1846; succeeded by Lord Elgin, +1847. <b>Index</b>: <b>Md</b> Succeeds Metcalfe as governor-general, 25; +correspondence with Draper over Macdonald's appointment to Cabinet, 26. +<b>BL</b> Becomes administrator, and afterwards governor-general, 265-266; his +character and attitude towards political questions in Canada, 266. <b>E</b> +Succeeds Metcalfe as governor-general, more interested in problems of +defence than in politics, 38; replaced by Elgin, 40; his instructions to +Rebellion Losses Commission, 65. <b>B</b> His appointment and character, 28; +warns British government of disaffection in Canada, 31. <b>Bib.</b>: Dent, +<i>Can. Por.</i> and <i>Last Forty Years</i>; Morgan, <i>Cel. Can.</i></p> + +<p><b>Catherine.</b> <b>Ch</b> Champlain sails for France in (1626), 155.</p> + +<p><b>Cauchon, Joseph Édouard</b> (1816-1885). Educated at the Séminaire de +Québec; studied law and called to the bar, but turned immediately to +journalism. Edited <i>Le Canadien</i> for a time; and in 1842 established the +<i>Journal de Québec</i>. Entered public life, 1844, as member for +Montmorency, which county he represented continuously until 1872. +Entered MacNab government, 1855, as commissioner of crown lands. Became +commissioner of public works in Cartier-Macdonald ministry, 1861-1862. +Speaker of the Senate, 1868-1872. Accepted presidency of the Council in +Mackenzie administration, 1875-1877; minister of inland revenue, 1877. +Resigned the same year to accept the lieutenant-governorship of +Manitoba, 1877-1882. <b>Index</b>: <b>C</b> As journalist and politician, 24; attitude +towards Cartier, 24; his writings, 24; praises Cartier in the <i>Journal +de Québec</i>, 88. <b>E</b> Brings up question of Seigniorial Tenure in +Parliament, 126; votes against secularization of the Clergy Reserves, +164. <b>Bib.</b>: Works: <i>Remarks on the North-West Territories</i>; <i>Étude sur +l'Union Projectée des Provinces Britanniques</i>; <i>L'Union des Provinces de +l'Amérique du Nord</i>. For biog., <i>see</i> <i>Revue Canadienne</i>, 1884; Dent, +<i>Can. Por.</i>; Taylor, <i>Brit. Am.</i></p> + +<p><b>Caughnawaga Indians.</b> A community of Iroquois, chiefly drawn from the +Oneida and Mohawk, and speaking a modification of the Mohawk tongue. +Having been converted by the Jesuit missionaries, they were induced to +settle in 1668 at La Prairie, near Montreal. In 1676 they removed to +Sault St. Louis, and the majority have remained in that vicinity ever +since. About 1755 a new settlement was formed at St. Regis, farther up +the St. Lawrence. Many accompanied the fur traders to the west as +hunters. In the narratives of the fur trade they are referred to as +Iroquois. <b>Index</b>: <b>Hd</b> Their sympathies secured for Congress by Jesuits, +130; village of, burned by Sir John Johnson, 156; their disloyalty, 189. +<b>Bib.</b>: Colden, <i>Five Nations</i>; Hodge, <i>Handbook of American Indians</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Caumont.</b> <b>Ch</b> Pont-Gravé's clerk, 121; chief clerk of De Monts's (Rouen) +company at Quebec, 133.</p> + +<p><b>Cayahoga.</b> <b>Bk</b> United States schooner carrying Hull's stores and baggage, +captured, 218.</p> + +<p><b>Cayet, Victor Palma.</b> <b>Ch</b> His work on French navigation, 15.</p> + +<p><b>Cayley, William.</b> Inspector-general, 1845-1848, and again, 1854-1858. By +the Act of 1859, the office was changed to minister of finance. <b>Index</b>: <b>E</b> +Inspector-general, 1854, 140; favours division of Clergy Reserves among +various denominations, 163. <b>B</b> Galt takes his place in government, 107. +<b>Bib.</b>: <i>Finances and Trade of Canada</i>. For biog., <i>see</i> Dent, <i>Last Forty +Years</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Cayugas.</b> One of the tribes of the Iroquois confederacy. Parkman gives +four forms of the name: Cayugas, Caiyoquos, Goiogoens, Gweugwehonoh. +Their fighting strength is given in the <i>Relation</i> of 1660 as 300. At +this time, however, they had been weakened by continual warfare. The +Cayuga villages<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[70]</a></span> stood on the shore of Cayuga Lake, and their territory +extended from that lake to the Owasco, both included. The tribe lay +between the Senecas on the west and the Onondagas on the east. By the +beginning of the nineteenth century they had been crowded off their +ancestral lands, and scattered abroad. Some seven hundred are now on the +Six Nation reserve, in the Niagara peninsula. The remainder are for the +most part in the western United States. <b>Index</b>: <b>Ch</b> Iroquois tribe, 50. +<i>See also</i> Iroquois; Senecas; Onondagas; Mohawks; Tuscaroras. <b>Bib.</b>: +Pilling, <i>Iroquoian Languages</i>. <i>See also</i> Iroquois.</p> + +<p><b>Cazeau, François.</b> <b>Hd</b> Arrested on charge of treason, 279.</p> + +<p><b>Census.</b> The first census in Canada seems to have been taken in 1640, +when the inhabitants numbered 375, distributed as follows: married men, +64; married women (three born in Canada), 64; widower, 1; widows, 4; +unmarried men, 35; boys (30 born in Canada), 58; girls (24 born in +Canada), 48; nuns, 6; Jesuits, 29; others, 66. Benjamin Sulte finds the +population in 1650 to have been 705; and in 1663 about 2500. The census +of 1665 gives the total population as 3251. The first census of the +Dominion was taken in 1871, when the population was 3,635,024; the +census of 1881 gave a total of 4,324,810; of 1891, 4,833,239; of 1901, +5,371,315. <i>See also</i> Acadians. <b>Index</b>: <b>E</b> Provided for by La +Fontaine-Baldwin government, 86; placed under Department of Agriculture +by Hincks-Morin government, 117. <b>F</b> Of 1666, 55. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Census of +Canada</i>, 1851, 1861, 1871, 1881, 1891, 1901. <i>See also</i> Johnson, <i>First +Things in Canada</i>; and General Index, <i>Trans.</i> R. S. C., under <i>Census</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Centurion.</b> <b>WM</b> Admiral Saunders's ship, in action off Beauport shore, +136.</p> + +<p><b>Chabanel, Noél.</b> Jesuit missionary in the Huron country, 1643. Had been a +professor of rhetoric in France, before coming to Canada. When the +Hurons were driven from their country by the Iroquois, in 1649, he and +Garnier led their demoralized flock to the Island of St. Joseph, in +Matchadash Bay, an inlet of Georgian Bay. Even here the Iroquois +followed them, and attacked the mission of St. Jean, Dec. 7, 1649. +Chabanel had left the place a short time before, and so escaped the +general massacre. He, however, fell a victim to one of his own Hurons, +who confessed that he had murdered the missionary and thrown his body +into a river. <b>Index</b>: <b>L</b> Died a martyr, 62. <b>Bib.</b>: Parkman, <i>Jesuits in +North America</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Chabot, J.</b> (1807-1860). Born at St. Charles, Bellechasse, Lower Canada. +Studied law and practised in Quebec. Sat in the Assembly for Quebec, +1843-1850; for Bellechasse, 1851-1854; and for Quebec, 1854-1856. Became +chief commissioner of public works, 1849, and again in 1852; government +director of the Grand Trunk, 1854; and Seigniorial Tenure commissioner +the same year. Appointed judge of the Superior Court of Lower Canada, +1856. <b>Index</b>: <b>E</b> Commissioner of public works, 1853, 126; and again in +coalition ministry, 1854, 141; votes against secularization of the +Clergy Reserves, 164; commissioner under Seigniorial Tenure law, 186. +<b>Bib.</b>: Morgan, <i>Cel. Can.</i>; Dent, <i>Last Forty Years</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Chalmers, Thomas.</b> <b>R</b> Offered, but declines, charge of educational policy +in Upper Canada, 37.</p> + +<p><b>Chamberlain, Joseph</b> (1836- ). British statesman. <b>Mc</b> Justifies Upper +Canada Rebellion, 29, 30. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Who's Who</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Chambers, Captain.</b> <b>Bk</b> Sent to Moraviantown to oppose enemy, 219, 235; in +command of 2d Brigade, 247.</p> + +<p><b>Chambly, Jacques de.</b> An officer of the Carignan Regiment; built Fort St. +Louis, on the Richelieu, 1665, and given its command. In 1672 the +seigniory of Chambly granted to him. Succeeded De Grandfontaine as +governor of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[71]</a></span> Acadia; transferred to Grenada; and later to Martinique, +where he died. <b>Index</b>: <b>F</b> Appointed governor of Acadia, 90, 269; taken +prisoner to Boston and there set at liberty, 269; again governor, 270; +governor of Grenada (W. I.), 270. <b>Bib.</b>: Sulte, <i>Régiment de Carignan</i> +(R. S. C., 1902).</p> + +<p><b>Chambly.</b> Fort, otherwise known as St. Louis, on the Richelieu. Built by +Jacques de Chambly, 1665. <b>Index</b>: <b>F</b> Fort erected at, 51. <b>Dr</b> Captured by +Montgomery, 99; abandoned, 146. <b>L</b> Fort erected at, 53. <b>Hd</b> Weak defences +of, 134.</p> + +<p><b>Champdoré.</b> <b>Ch</b> Carpenter to De Monts's expedition, 22.</p> + +<p><b>Champlain, Antoine.</b> <b>Ch</b> Father of Samuel Champlain, 1.</p> + +<p><b>Champlain, Samuel</b> (1567?-1635). <b>WM</b> His elevated sentiments, 20. <b>Ch</b> Birth +and education, 1; sails to West Indies, Mexico, and Panama in command of +Spanish vessel, 3, 4; suggests channel through isthmus, 5; captures +English vessels and returns to France, 6; publishes account of travels, +7; obtains pension and made hydrographer to king of France, 8; accepts +offer of Aymar de Chastes of Dieppe to go to Canada, 9; arrives at +Tadoussac, 10; explores Saguenay, 12; ascends St. Lawrence to Sault St. +Louis, anchors at Quebec, and explores Gaspesia, 13; sails for France, +14; submits narrative of his voyages to the king, 14; accompanies De +Monts to Acadia, 19; explores country and gives names to places, 19; +describes river St. John, 20; discovers a copper mine, 22; makes plan of +Ste. Croix Island, 24; explores coast of Norembega, 25; describes +Pentagouet (Penobscot) River, 27; further explorations, 30; describes +settlement at Port Royal, 32; returns to France, 37; sails for Quebec, +40; resists Basque traders, 40; arrives at Quebec, 41; conspiracy formed +against, 42; execution of chief conspirator, 43; explores vicinity of +Quebec, 44; illness, 46; fits out expedition against Iroquois, 47; +conference with Huron chiefs, 48; his Indian policy, 49-52; encounter +with Iroquois on Lake Champlain, 53; sails for France, 54; has audience +with the king, 55; consults with De Monts, 56; returns to Canada, 59; +arrives at Quebec, 61; proceeds again to attack Iroquois, 61; wounded in +encounter near mouth of Richelieu River, 62; returns to Quebec, 63; +hears of the assassination of Henry IV, and sails for France, 64; +marries Hélène Boullé, 65-67; returns to Canada, 67; arrives at Quebec, +68; makes a clearing at Montreal, 69; names St. Helen's Island after his +wife, 69; sails for France, 70; final interview with De Monts, 71; +motives for pursuing his work in Canada, 72, 82; becomes lieutenant in +Canada of Charles de Bourbon, Comte de Soissons, 73; on death of +Soissons, becomes lieutenant of the Prince de Condé and returns to +Canada, 73; arrives at Quebec and proceeds to Falls of St. Louis, 74; +goes up the Ottawa River, 75; his astrolabe, 76; sails for France, 79; +engages the services of missionaries for Canada, 83; brings to Canada +three Récollet fathers and one friar, 85; arriving at Quebec, proceeds +to Falls of St. Louis, 85; ascends Ottawa River, passes through Lake +Nipissing into Georgian Bay and reaches territory of Hurons, 88; +proceeds with Hurons on another campaign against Iroquois, 101; wounded +in fight with Iroquois, 103; desires to return to Quebec, but is +detained by Hurons, 103; settles quarrel between Algonquians and Hurons, +105; returns to Quebec, 106; convokes meeting to consider question of +missions, 108; sails for France, 111; returns to Canada (1617), 112; +sails for France (1618), 116; returns to Canada (1620), 121; his +projects for the advancement of Canada, 124, 125; obtains letter from +the king in his favour, 126; his commission renewed by Duc de +Montmorency, 129; takes his wife to Canada, 129; receives letters from +Montmorency and the king, 130, 131; his difficulties with rival +Companies, 132, 136; confirmed as lieutenant of viceroy, 137; salary and +trading privileges, 138; publishes or<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[72]</a></span>dinances, 139; returns to France +with his wife (1624), 141; meets Montmorency, 150; appointed by the Duc +de Ventadour as his lieutenant, 152; sails for Canada (1626), 155; +arrives at Quebec, 156; fortifies Cape Diamond, 157; reconstructs Fort +St. Louis, 158; his treatment of the Indians, 159; tries to make an +alliance with Iroquois, 160; his policy towards the Montagnais, 162; +imprisons Montagnais suspected of murder, 165; receives three young +Montagnais girls to be educated, 165; one of the Hundred Associates +(Company of New France), 170; forms establishment at Cap Tourmente, 171; +criticizes conduct of Roquemont, 175; summoned by David Kirke to +surrender Quebec, 176; his answer, 178; builds mill for grinding pease, +180; sends part of population of Quebec to Gaspé, 181; asserts +superiority of his commission over Pont-Grave's, 182; summoned by Kirke +to surrender Quebec, 188; capitulates, 190; his action criticized, 192, +193; signs articles of capitulation on board Kirke's ship, 195; delayed +several weeks at Tadoussac, 204; his two Indian girls, Esperance and +Charité, taken back by the Indians, 205; embarks for France, 206; goes +to London and sees French ambassador, 207; shows him map of the country, +211; names given by, to harbours and rivers of New England, 212; crosses +over to France, and has interview with the king, 212; returns to Quebec +(1633), 228; takes active part in civilization of Micmacs, 237; erects +chapel of Notre Dame de la Recouvrance, 238; his bequest to it, 239; +appointed governor, by Company of New France (Hundred Associates), 244; +his last letter to Cardinal Richelieu, 246; defrays expenses of some +families coming to Canada, 250; approves of exclusion of Protestants as +settlers, 255; his piety, 258; death, 261; question of his tomb, 261; +his will, 265; will set aside, 266; character and fame, 267; monument +to, 268, 275; the Father of New France, 269; crossed the Atlantic twenty +times, 270; his conduct towards and influence over Indian tribes, 271; +his Indian alliances, 272; his writings, 274, 275; eulogies pronounced +on, 276-279. <b>F</b> Early career of, 3; sails for St. Lawrence and explores +river to Lachine Rapids, 4; explores Baie des Chaleurs, returns to +France, 5; accompanies De Monts to Acadia, 7; founder of Quebec, 8; plot +against his life, 8; expedition against Iroquois, 9; returns to France +and sails again for Canada, 10; returns to France, marries, and sails +again for Canada, 11; prospects island of Montreal, 12; returns to +France (1611), sails for Canada (1613), again to France, again to Canada +(1615), 13; brings out Récollet missionaries, 13; heads another +expedition against Iroquois, 14; begins construction of Château St. +Louis, 15; surrenders Quebec to English under Kirke, 20; lands in +England, 21; urges restitution of Canada, 22; sails for Quebec (1633), +24; death of, 26. <b>L</b> His anxiety for the propagation of the faith, 4; his +pious administration, 8. <b>Bib.</b>: Works: <i>[OE]uvres de Champlain</i> +(Laverdière), 1870; <i>Voyages</i> (Laverdière), 1870; <i>Voyages</i> (trans. by +Otis, with memoir by Slafter), 1878-1882; Grant, <i>Voyages of Samuel de +Champlain</i>; Bourne, <i>Champlain's Voyages</i>; Biggar, <i>Works of Samuel de +Champlain</i> (Champlain Society, <i>in prep.</i>). For bib. of the original +editions, <i>see</i> Harrisse, <i>Notes pour Servir</i>, etc. For biog., <i>see</i> +Gravier, <i>Vie de Samuel Champlain</i>; Sedgwick, <i>Samuel de Champlain</i>; +Dix, <i>Champlain: the Founder of New France</i>; Verreau, <i>Samuel de +Champlain</i> (R. S. C., 1899); Parkman, <i>Pioneers of France</i>; Dent, <i>Can. +Por.</i></p> + +<p><b>Champlain Lake.</b> Discovered by Samuel Champlain, July, 1609. Here took +place the first hostile encounter between the French and the Iroquois. +The French were the aggressors, and had bitter enough cause to remember +the fact throughout the century. In 1666 the Sieur de la Motte built a +fort on Île La<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[73]</a></span> Motte, which was afterwards abandoned. Fort St. Frederic +was built at Crown Point, 1731. It was enlarged and strengthened in +1734, and again in 1742. Lake Champlain became the war thoroughfare, not +merely between the Iroquois and French, but between New France and New +England. Fort Carillon was built, 1755-1756. With this lake are +associated the names of Dieskau and Sir William Johnson, Montcalm and +Abercrombie, Ethan Allen and Montgomery. <b>Index</b>: <b>F</b> Champlain reaches, in +his expedition against the Iroquois, 9, 10. <b>Hd</b> Canada to be attacked by +way of, 34; trouble among the settlers on, 89, 197; guarding against +invasion from, 125, 133, 134; Major Carleton on, 149; messengers +intercepted on, 129; forts captured by Ethan Allen, 198; Vermont +negotiations held upon, 204; fear of rebel approach by, 208, 216; Ethan +Allen offers to meet Haldimand upon, 214; Loyalists on shores of, 250. +<b>WM</b> Montcalm at, 32, 34; 54-61; forts on, evacuated by Bourlamaque, 146. +<b>Dr</b> Armed craft on, captured, 82; Americans evacuate Canada by way of, +146; route of attack on New England, 147; Carleton builds a fleet on, +149; description of the lake, 153; Carleton defeats Arnold on, 154-157. +<b>Ch</b> Encounter with Iroquois at southern extremity of, 53. <b>Bib.</b>: Parkman, +<i>Montcalm and Wolfe</i>; Crockett, <i>History of Lake Champlain</i>; Smith, <i>Our +Struggle for the Fourteenth Colony</i>; Reid, <i>Lake George and Lake +Champlain</i>; Palmer, <i>History of Lake Champlain</i>. <i>See</i> bib. note in +Crockett.</p> + +<p><b>Chandler, Edward Barron</b> (1800-1880). Elected to New Brunswick Assembly, +1827, for Westmoreland, which he represented until 1836, when called to +Legislative Council. Became executive councillor, 1844. Engaged in +negotiations for Intercolonial Railway, 1850-1852; reciprocity, 1854; +and Confederation, 1865. Succeeded Tilley as lieutenant-governor of New +Brunswick, 1878. <b>Index</b>: <b>W</b> Sent by New Brunswick Assembly to lay +grievances before colonial secretary, 24; becomes member of government, +72; resigns, 76. <b>T</b> Goes to London to secure support for Intercolonial, +26-27; 54; member of Executive Council, 1856, 41; delegate to +Charlottetown Conference, 73; to Quebec Conference, 77; Confederation +delegate to England, 120. <b>H</b> Joins Joseph Howe in mission to Toronto on +behalf of Intercolonial Railway project, 137; secures support of New +Brunswick government, 139; his speech at Amherst on behalf of Howe, 140; +accompanies Hincks to England on Intercolonial Railway mission, 142. <b>B</b> +Complains at Quebec Conference, that proposed union legislative, not +federal, 163. <b>Bib.</b>: Hannay, <i>History of New Brunswick</i>; Dent, <i>Can. +Por.</i></p> + +<p><b>Chandler, Samuel.</b> <b>Mc</b> Aids Mackenzie's escape, 397.</p> + +<p><b>Chansons of French Canada.</b> Most of the inimitable folk-songs of Quebec +came in their original form from France, and have undergone more or less +of a transformation in their new environment. A few originated in French +Canada. <b>Index</b>: <b>C</b> <i>Chansons de ronde</i> among the habitants, 119-120; at +Cartier's house, 123. <b>Bib.</b>: Gagnon, <i>Chansons populaire</i>; McLennan, +<i>Songs of old Canada</i>; Burpee, <i>Songs of French Canada</i>; Wood, +<i>Footnotes to Canadian Folk-Songs</i> (R. S. C., 1896); Bourinot, <i>Songs of +Forest and River</i> in <i>Rose-Belford Monthly</i>, 1877; <i>French Songs of Old +Canada</i>, pictured by W. Graham Robertson; Tiersot, <i>French Folk-Songs</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Chapais, Jean Charles</b> (1812-1885). Born in Rivière Oùelle, Quebec. +Member of the Executive Council and commissioner of public works, +1864-1867. In 1867 privy councillor and minister of agriculture; and +1869-1873 receiver-general. In 1868 called to the Senate. <b>Index</b>: <b>T</b> +Delegate to Quebec Conference, 76; minister of agriculture in first +Dominion Cabinet, 129. <b>Bib.</b>: Dent, <i>Last Forty Years</i>.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[74]</a></span></p> + +<p><b>Chapais, Joseph Amable Thomas</b> (1858- ). Educated at Laval University. +Called to the bar, 1879. Edited <i>Le Courrier du Canada</i> since 1884. +Appointed member of Legislative Council of Quebec, 1892, and elected +Speaker, 1895; president of the Executive Council, 1896, and minister of +colonization, 1897. <b>Index</b>: <b>F</b> His work on Talon referred to, 57. <b>Bib.</b>: +Works: <i>Jean Talon, Intendant de la Nouvelle France</i>; <i>Discours et +Conférences</i>. For biog., <i>see</i> Morgan, <i>Can. Men</i>; <i>Canadian Who's Who</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Chapleau, Sir Joseph Adolphe</b> (1840-1898). Studied law and called to the +bar, 1861. Elected to Quebec Legislature, 1867, and successively +solicitor-general, and provincial secretary, of the province. Premier of +Quebec, 1879. Entered Dominion Cabinet, 1882, as secretary of state. +Appointed lieutenant-governor of Quebec, 1892; knighted, 1896. <b>Bib.</b>: +Works: <i>Léon XIII, Homme d'État</i>; <i>Question des Chemins de Fer</i>. For +biog., <i>see J. A. Chapleau: Sa Biographie et Ses Discours</i>; Morgan, +<i>Can. Men</i>; Dent, <i>Can. Por.</i></p> + +<p><b>Chapman, Henry Samuel</b> (1803-1881). Born in England. Came to Canada, +1823, and established at Montreal the <i>Daily Advertiser</i>, the first +daily newspaper published in British America, 1833. Connected with +several other newspapers. A strong supporter of the Reform party. +Removed to England and called to the bar, 1840. Went to New Zealand, +where he became a judge. Died in Dunedin, New Zealand. <b>Index</b>: <b>H</b> Attempts +to secure Joseph Howe's support for agitation in Lower Canada, 50; +Howe's reply, 50.</p> + +<p><b>Charbonnel, Armand François Marie de.</b> Roman Catholic bishop of Toronto, +1850-1860. Died, 1860. <b>Index</b>: <b>R</b> Opposes public schools, 219, 225; +Ryerson's letter to, 224-225; referred to in <i>Globe</i>, 226; his letter to +Ryerson, 226; his policy, 228; his complaints, 229; drafts Separate +School Bill, 230; his pastoral letter, 234; resigns charge of Toronto +diocese, 235.</p> + +<p><b>Charest, Dufils.</b> <b>WM</b> Commands party sent to heights of Lévis, 103.</p> + +<p><b>Charles I</b> (1600-1649). King of England; succeeded to the throne, 1625. +<b>Index</b>: <b>Ch</b> His instructions to English ambassador at Paris, 215; restores +New France and Acadia to France, 221. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Dict. Nat. Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>Charles II</b> (1630-1685). King of England; succeeded to the throne, 1660. +<b>Index</b>: <b>W</b> Annuls charter of London and other towns, 54. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Dict. Nat. +Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>Charles Emmanuel III</b> (1701-1773). King of Sardinia. Succeeded to the +throne, 1730. <b>Index</b>: <b>Hd</b> His foreign policy, 5.</p> + +<p><b>Charlesbourg.</b> <b>WM</b> De Pontbriand retires to, 153.</p> + +<p><b>Charlevoix, Pierre-François-Xavier de</b> (1682-1761). First came to Canada +in 1705, as an instructor in the Jesuits' College at Quebec. Returned to +France in 1709. It was at this time that he gathered the material for +his <i>Histoire et Description Generale de la Nouvelle-France</i>. Again +visited Canada in 1720 by order of the French government to report as to +the best route for an overland expedition in search of the Western Sea. +In the course of this journey visited the mission and posts of what was +then the extreme western frontier of New France, returning to France in +1723, by way of Mobile. <b>Index</b>: <b>L</b> On the character of the Canadian +population, 117; on the character of Frontenac, 144, 145. <b>F</b> On bravery +of Canadians and indifferent conduct of French troops, 212; on Lachine +massacre, 224, 227; on old age of François Hertel, 235; his account of +"flag" incident in siege of Quebec, 295; on character and conduct of +Frontenac, 333-336. <b>Ch</b> His opinion of Lescarbot, 37; his description of +the French settlements in Canada, 243; his eulogy of Champlain, 276, +277. <b>Bib.</b>: Besides his <i>Histoire du Paraguay</i> and <i>Histoire de l'Isle +Espagnole ou de S. Dominique</i>,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[75]</a></span> Charlevoix was the author of <i>La Vie de +la Mère Marie de l'Incarnation</i> and of the first general history of +Canada, <i>Histoire et Description Generale de la Nouvelle-France</i>. His +<i>Voyage dans l'Amerique Septentrionale</i> was translated into English in +1756. Dr. J. G. Shea's translation of the History was published at New +York in 6 vols., 1866-1872; and reprinted by F. P. Harper, New York, in +6 vols. An abridged translation of Charlevoix's <i>Journal</i> is found in +vol. 3 of French <i>Hist. Coll. of Louisiana</i>. For biog., <i>see</i> J. E. Roy, +<i>Essai sur Charlevoix</i> (R. S. C., 1907).</p> + +<p><b>Charlottetown.</b> Capital of Prince Edward Island. Originally founded by +the French, about 1750, and then known as Port la Joie. In 1713 it was a +fortified post, with a garrison of sixty soldiers. The population +numbered 1354 in 1752; and in 1758 it had been increased to over 4000 by +the arrival of a large number of Acadians from the mainland. It came +under British rule in 1763, and received its present name about 1768. +<b>Bib.</b>: Campbell, <i>History of Prince Edward Island</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Charlottetown Conference</b>, 1864. <b>Md</b> Arranged by Tupper, 104; the Canadian +proposals, 104; terms of union, 107. <b>H</b> Joseph Howe invited to attend as +delegate, but declines, 176-177; Sir Charles Tupper's connection with, +176-177; Nova Scotia delegates, 177; maritime union found impracticable, +178; Sir John Macdonald proposes Confederation, 178. <b>B</b> History of, 161. +<b>T</b> Delegates to, 73; history of, 73-75. <i>See</i> Quebec Conference; +Macdonald; Tupper. <b>Bib.</b>: Whelan, <i>Union of the British Provinces</i>; +Saunders, <i>Three Premiers of Nova Scotia</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Charny-Lauzon.</b> <i>See</i> Lauzon-Charny.</p> + +<p><b>Charron, Jean-François.</b> <b>L</b> Charitable work of, and of his brother, 125; +house of charity established by, 245; death of, 246.</p> + +<p><b>Chartier de Lotbinière, Eustache Gaspard Michel.</b> <b>Dr</b> Advised in +connection with question of Canadian laws, 63, 68; elected Speaker of +the Assembly, 277.</p> + +<p><b>Chartier de Lotbinière, René Louis.</b> <b>L</b> Appointed to Sovereign Council, +166. <b>F</b> Member of the Sovereign Council, 106.</p> + +<p><b>Charton, François.</b> <b>Ch</b> Jesuit, 152; returns to France, 208.</p> + +<p><b>Chastes, Aymar de.</b> <b>Ch</b> Governor of Dieppe, obtains charter for +colonization of Canada, 8; suggests that Champlain should visit Canada, +9; death of, 9. <b>F</b> Trading patent granted to, 3; his death, 5.</p> + +<p><b>Château de Ramezay.</b> At Montreal. <b>Index</b>: <b>Hd</b> Purchased for government +house, 186; belonged to William Grant, 186. <b>BL</b> Government offices in, +during Elgin's governorship, 325.</p> + +<p><b>Château Haldimand.</b> At Quebec. <b>Index</b>: <b>Hd</b> Foundation stone laid by +Haldimand, 344; used as school in connection with Laval University until +1892, then pulled down, 344.</p> + +<p><b>Château St. Louis.</b> At Quebec. Commenced by Governor de Montmagny, 1647, +and completed by his successor, D'Ailleboust. Demolished, 1694, and +rebuilt with new wing. Enlarged, 1723; and in 1808 renovated and again +enlarged, by government of Lower Canada. Up to the close of French +régime, it was the official residence of the governors of Canada; and +after the cession, their British successors continued to occupy the +building. It was destroyed by fire, 1834. The Château Frontenac hotel +now stands immediately back of the site of the Château St. Louis, which +occupied part of what is now Dufferin Terrace. <i>See</i> Habitation de +Québec. <b>Index</b>: <b>F</b> Construction begun, 15. <b>Bk</b> Description of, 90; occupied +by Sir James Craig, 90. <b>Hd</b> Governor's residence at Quebec, 169, 222, +304, 314; balls at, 223; wing added by Haldimand named<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[76]</a></span> in his honour, +344. <b>Bib.</b>: Gagnon, <i>Le Fort el la Château St. Louis</i>; Doughty, <i>Fortress +of Quebec</i>; Douglas, <i>Old France in the New World</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Châteaufort, Marc Antoine Bras-de-fer de.</b> <b>F</b> Interim governor after death +of Champlain, 27.</p> + +<p><b>Châteauguay.</b> Battle in War of 1812, Oct. 26, 1813. The stream from which +the battle took its name, rises in Franklin County, New York, and falls +into the St. Lawrence a few miles above Caughnawaga. The scene of the +battle was about six miles above the confluence of the English with +Châteauguay River. Hampton was in command of the Americans, and De +Salaberry commanded the Canadian troops, with Colonel Macdonell in +charge of the reserves. Although the former had an overwhelmingly +superior force, the result of the battle was in favour of the Canadians; +and the contemplated attack on Montreal was abandoned. The battle was +won by French-Canadian militia under a French-Canadian commander. <i>See +also</i> War of 1812; Salaberry. <b>Bib.</b>: Lucas, <i>Canadian War of 1812</i>; +Lighthall, <i>An Account of the Battle of Chateauguay</i>; Macdonell, <i>The +Early Settlement and History of Glengarry in Canada</i>; Kingsford, +<i>History of Canada</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Chateauneuf, Pierre Antoine de Castaguere, Marquis de</b> (1644-1728). <b>Ch</b> +French ambassador in London, instructions to, 214.</p> + +<p><b>Chatel, Aimée.</b> <b>L</b> Member of the Congregation de Notre Dame, 91.</p> + +<p><b>Chatham, William Pitt, first Earl of</b> (1708-1778). The "Great Commoner," +who brought England "to a height of prosperity and glory unknown to any +former age." He urged continually a conciliatory policy towards America, +until it became apparent that the colonists would be satisfied with +nothing less than independence. His broad outlook and unerring instinct +in the choice of men were chiefly responsible for the triumphs of +British policy at home and abroad. Sent Boscawen and Amherst to the +capture of Louisbourg, and Wolfe and Saunders to victory at Quebec. +<b>Index</b>: <b>Dr</b> Opposes Quebec Act, 65. <b>Bib.</b>: Almon, <i>Anecdotes and Speeches +of Chatham</i>; Rosebery, <i>William Pitt</i>; Green, <i>William Pitt, Earl of +Chatham</i>; <i>Correspondence of William Pitt with Colonial Governors</i>, ed. +by Kimball. <i>See</i> his letters and instructions to Wolfe, Saunders, and +Amherst, in Doughty, <i>Siege of Quebec</i>, and Wood, <i>Logs of Conquest of +Canada</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Chaumonot, Joseph.</b> Came to Canada, 1639, with Madame de la Peltrie, +Marie de l'Incarnation, and Fathers Vimont and Poncet. Accompanied +Brébeuf as missionary to the Neutral Nation, whose country was along the +north shore of Lake Erie, 1640. Sent to the Onondagas, 1655. Missionary +in charge of the Hurons at Old Lorette, where, in 1674, he built the +chapel in honour of Our Lady of Loretto. Died, Feb. 21, 1693. <b>Index</b>: <b>L</b> +Accompanies mission to Gannentaha, 65; chief promoter of cult of Holy +Family, 86. <b>Bib.</b>: Shea, <i>Vie de Chaumonot</i>; Parkman, <i>Jesuits in North +America</i>; Campbell, <i>Pioneer Priests of North America</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Chaussegros de Léry, Gaspard</b> (1682-1756). Sent to Canada in 1716 to +superintend the fortifications of Quebec, Montreal, and other places in +the colony. Prepared a plan of the cathedral at Quebec in 1725; and of +the fortifications at Quebec in 1730. Mentioned as having been at Fort +St. Frederic in 1742; made a plan of Detroit in 1750. <b>Index</b>: <b>L</b> Makes +plans for entrance to Montreal church, 90. <b>WM</b> Criticized by Montcalm, +79. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Traité de Fortification</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Chaussegros de Léry, Gaspard-Joseph.</b> Son of preceding. Engineer; made a +legislative councillor, in 1774.</p> + +<p><b>Chauveau, Pierre Joseph Olivier</b> (1820-1890). Born at Quebec. Educated at +Quebec; studied law and called to the bar of Lower Canada. First +entered<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">[77]</a></span> public life, 1844, defeating John Neilson in Quebec County. +Represented the same constituency in the Assembly until 1855. +Solicitor-general, in Hincks-Morin ministry, 1851; and provincial +secretary, 1853. In 1855 succeeded Dr. Meilleur as chief superintendent +of education of Lower Canada. In 1867 elected to the Dominion +Parliament, as well as to the Quebec House, and the same year formed a +provincial ministry. Resigned, 1873, and the same year Speaker of the +Senate, retiring in 1874. Three years later sheriff of Montreal. <b>Index</b>: +<b>Md</b> Leader of Quebec government, 141; the appointment revealed +Macdonald's judgment, 141-142. <b>C</b> Conservative leader in Quebec, 24; +superintendent of public instruction, 24, 37; premier of Quebec, 68; his +character, 68. <b>E</b> One of leaders of the opposition in 1847, 45; returned +in elections of 1848, 50; Solicitor-general for Lower Canada, 113; +provincial secretary in Hincks ministry, 126; and in MacNab-Morin +government, 141; votes against secularization of the Clergy Reserves, +164. <b>Bib.</b>: Works: <i>Charles Guérin, Roman de Moeurs Canadiennes</i>; +<i>François-Xavier Garneau, Sa Vie et Ses [OE]uvres</i>; <i>L'Instruction +Publique au Canada</i>; <i>Souvenirs et Légendes</i>. For biog., <i>see</i> Dent, +<i>Can. Por.</i>; Taylor, <i>Brit. Am.</i>; Morgan, <i>Cel. Can.</i></p> + +<p><b>Chauvin, Pierre, Sieur de Tonnetuit.</b> A Huguenot, born at Dieppe. +Appointed captain of the garrison at Honfleur, 1589. Obtained trading +monopoly for ten years in Canada. Made a trading voyage to Canada, 1600, +bringing out a few colonists, whom he landed at Tadoussac. Sailed again +the following year, with a larger fleet, but no colonists; and again in +1602. Died, 1603. <b>Index</b>: <b>Ch</b> Attempts to form settlement at Tadoussac, 8; +left in charge of Quebec colony, 54. <b>F</b> Obtains patent for exclusive +trade in Canada, 2; sails for the St. Lawrence, 3. <b>Bib.</b>: Biggar, <i>Early +Trading Companies of New France</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Chedabucto</b>, now known as Guysborough, Nova Scotia. <b>Index</b>: <b>F</b> Frontenac +arrives at, 232.</p> + +<p><b>Cheffault.</b> <b>Ch</b> Agent of Company of New France, 244.</p> + +<p><b>Cherououng.</b> <b>Ch</b> Montagnais chief, sent on embassy to Iroquois, 163.</p> + +<p><b>Chesapeake.</b> <b>Bk</b> Affair of, 82-86.</p> + +<p><b>Childers, Hugh Culling Eardley</b> (1827-1896). Entered the House of +Commons, 1860; financial secretary, 1865-1866; first lord of the +Admiralty and privy councillor, 1868. In 1875 came to Canada on Lord +Dufferin's invitation as a commissioner under the Prince Edward Island +Land Purchase Act. Secretary of state for war, 1880-1882; chancellor of +the exchequer, 1882-1885; and home secretary, 1886. <b>Index</b>: <b>W</b> +Commissioner under Land Purchase Act, 136. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Dict. Nat. Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>Chimeourimou.</b> <b>Ch</b> Montagnais chief, sent on embassy to Iroquois, 163.</p> + +<p><b>Chipman.</b> <b>W</b> Judge of Supreme Court, New Brunswick, 8; one of Maine +Boundary commissioners, 8.</p> + +<p><b>Chipman, Ward.</b> <b>W</b> Judge of Supreme Court, New Brunswick, 8; succeeds +Saunders as chief justice, 74; resigns, 129. <b>T</b> Resigns as chief justice, +17.</p> + +<p><b>Chippewa Indians.</b> A large tribe, of Algonquian stock, formerly ranging +along both shores of Lakes Huron and Superior, and westward as far as +North Dakota. First mentioned in the Jesuit <i>Relation</i> of 1640, as +living around Sault Ste. Marie. During the eighteenth century, they +fought successfully against the Sioux, Foxes, and Iroquois. They +numbered in 1764 about 25,000; and at the present time count over +30,000, of whom about one-half are on reservations in Canada. <b>Index</b>: <b>Hd</b> +Sioux offer to attack, 148. <b>Bib.</b>: Hodge, <i>Handbook of American Indians</i>; +Schoolcraft, <i>Indian Tribes</i>; Grant, <i>Sauteux Indians</i> in Masson, +<i>Bourgeois de la Compagnie du Nord-Ouest</i>.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">[78]</a></span></p> + +<p><b>Chisholm, G. C.</b> <b>Sy</b> Sergeant-at-arms of Legislative Assembly, 334.</p> + +<p><b>Chittenden, Thomas</b> (1730-1797). First governor of Vermont, 1778-1797. +<b>Index</b>: <b>Hd</b> Claims separation of Vermont from New York, 201; negotiates +with Haldimand, 202; General Washington's letter to, 212-213; Ira +Allen's proposed treaty with, 214-215. <b>Bib.</b>: Chipman, <i>Thomas +Chittenden</i>; <i>Cyc. Am. Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>Choiseul, Étienne-François, Duc de</b> (1719-1785). Minister of foreign +affairs; signed the treaty of 1759 with Austria; minister of war, 1761. +<b>Index</b>: <b>WM</b> French minister, glad to get rid of Canada, 11.</p> + +<p><b>Cholera Epidemic</b>, 1832 and 1834. <b>P</b> Imported by immigrants, 87; +government blamed for neglect to provide quarantine, 88; committee +formed to inquire into causes, etc., 88-89; one of the grievances in the +Ninety-Two Resolutions, 89. <i>See also</i> Epidemics.</p> + +<p><b>Chouageun.</b> <i>See</i> Oswega.</p> + +<p><b>Chouart</b> <i>dit</i> <b>des Groseilliers, Médard</b>. Born in France about 1621. Came +to Canada, 1642. After serving the Jesuits for some years as a <i>donné</i>, +or lay helper, engaged in the fur trade, and with his brother-in-law +Radisson (<i>q.v.</i>) made extensive explorations in the West and North, +1659-1663. With Radisson afterwards went to England and was instrumental +in establishing the Hudson's Bay Company, and laying the foundations of +its gigantic fur trading monopoly on the shores of Hudson Bay. <b>Bib.</b>: +Dionne, <i>Chouart et Radisson</i> (R. S. C., 1893); Sulte, <i>Radisson in the +North-West</i> (R. S. C., 1904); Sulte, <i>Découverte du Mississippi</i> (R. S. +C., 1903); Bryce, <i>Hudson's Bay Company</i>; Laut, <i>Pathfinders of the +West</i> and <i>Conquest of the Great North-West</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Christian Doctrine, Brothers of the.</b> <b>L</b> Arrival of, in Canada, 125.</p> + +<p><b>Christian Guardian.</b> <b>R</b> Founded at York (Toronto), 1829, 82; Egerton +Ryerson, first editor, 82; exponent of Methodist views on religious, +educational, and political questions, 82-83; its policy, 94-95; +Ryerson's articles in, 96, 97, 98, 100, 109, 110, 134, 137.</p> + +<p><b>Christie, Alexander.</b> <b>MS</b> Chief factor, Hudson's Bay Company, and later +governor of Assiniboia, 222. <b>Bib.</b>: Ryerson, <i>Story of my Life</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Christie, David</b> (1818-1880). Born in Edinburgh, Scotland. Educated at +Edinburgh High School. Came to Canada, 1833, and devoted himself to +farming. Took a prominent part in politics as a leader of the Reformers. +Sat for Wentworth in the Legislative Assembly, 1851-1854, and for East +Brant, 1855-1858. Elected to the Legislative Council, 1858, and held his +seat until Confederation. Appointed to the Dominion Senate, 1867; +secretary of state, 1873; Speaker of the Senate, 1874-1878. +Administrator of Ontario during the illness of the lieutenant-governor, +1875. Died in Paris, Ontario. <b>Index</b>: <b>B</b> A leader of the Clear Grits, 39. +<b>E</b> Well-known agriculturist, and a leader of the Clear Grits, 110. <b>Bib.</b>: +Dent, <i>Last Forty Years</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Christie, Robert</b> (1788-1856). Born in Nova Scotia. Repeatedly expelled +from the Assembly of Lower Canada; re-elected after the union, and held +his seat until 1854. Contributed to Quebec <i>Gazette</i> and <i>Mercury</i>. +<b>Index</b>: <b>F</b> Papineau causes his expulsion on four occasions from Assembly, +80; his reconciliation with Papineau, 180; Papineau's letters to, 144, +181-182, 191-193. <b>Mc</b> On Union Act, 405. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>History of the Late +Province of Lower Canada, from the Commencement to the Close of its +Existence as a Separate Province</i>. For biog. <i>see</i> Morgan, <i>Cel. Can.</i></p> + +<p><b>Chronicle.</b> Newspaper, published at Halifax. <b>Index</b>: <b>H</b> Published by Wm. +Annand, 75; Joseph Howe contributes to, 90-93; letters of Howe in, on +Irish<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">[79]</a></span> question, 75; Jonathan McCully editor, 186; Howe's "Botheration +Scheme" articles, 186; action for libel, 188; opposes Confederation, +189; attacks Howe, 209; Howe's letter to editor of, 210-212.</p> + +<p><b>Chronicle and Gazette.</b> Newspaper published at Kingston. <b>Index</b>: <b>Sy</b> +Praises Sydenham's policy, 351. <b>BL</b> On the debate on responsible +government in the Legislature, 1841, 95; on Draper's speech, 27. <b>Mc</b> +Question of government printing, 103.</p> + +<p><b>Chrystler's Farm.</b> Battle in War of 1812-1814, fought Nov. 11th, 1813. +The scene of the fight was near the head of the Long Sault Rapids, on +the St. Lawrence. Morrison commanded the British troops, about 800 men, +and Boyd the Americans, numbering 1800, increased during the fight to +2400. The Americans were driven off the field. Morrison captured 100 men +and a gun. The American loss was 300 men; and the British, 200 men. <i>See +also</i> War of 1812. <b>Bib.</b>: Lucas, <i>Canadian War of 1812</i>; Kingsford, +<i>History of Canada</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Chubb.</b> <b>F</b> Commandant of Fort Pemaquid, fires on Indians while under flag +of truce, 331; killed, 332.</p> + +<p><b>Church.</b> Newspaper published at Toronto. <b>Index</b>: <b>BL</b> Quoted on debate on +responsible government in 1841, 90; on Bagot's letter to La Fontaine, +125; opposes Baldwin's University Bill, 197; on Rebellion Losses Bill, +319-320. <b>B</b> Controversy with the <i>Banner</i>—opposes responsible +government, 6.</p> + +<p><b>Church of England.</b> The first Anglican church in what is now Canada was +built at Halifax, Nova Scotia, in 1750, when Cornwallis was governor of +the province. The first see was established in 1787. Dr. Charles Inglis +as bishop of Nova Scotia had charge of the whole of British North +America. The first service held in Quebec was in the Ursuline Convent, +September, 1759. The first Anglican bishop of the diocese of Quebec was +Dr. Mountain, appointed in 1793; and in 1839 Dr. John Strachan became +first bishop of Toronto. As population grew, the eastern dioceses were +subdivided into nine. The see of Rupert's Land, founded 1849, was +subsequently divided into Rupert's Land, Moosonee, Saskatchewan, +Calgary, Mackenzie River, Qu'Appelle, Athabaska, Keewatin, and Selkirk. +In 1859 was established the see of British Columbia, divided later into +New Westminster and Caledonia. In 1857 the Church of England Synod was +legally constituted; and after that year bishops were elected by the +votes of clergy and laity in Canada. The first Church Congress was held, +1883. The General Synod of the Church in the Dominion was established, +1893, and the metropolitans of Canada and Rupert's Land were made +archbishops, the first of whom were Dr. J.T. Lewis and Dr. R. Machray. +<b>Index</b>: <b>B</b> And the Family Compact, 11; and the Clergy Reserves, 48-49; +privileges granted under Act of 1791, 51-52; Durham's estimate of +numerical strength, 52-53; recognition of its exclusive claims said by +Durham to have been chief cause of Rebellion, 53; <b>E</b> Its claims to the +Clergy Reserves under the Constitutional Act, 1791, 145, 150 <i>et seq.</i> <b>R</b> +Its relations with mother church in England, 39; advantages in Canada, +39; statistics in Upper Canada, 51. <b>Dr</b> Allowed use of Récollet church at +Montreal, 241; Jesuit church transferred to them, 242; first Anglican +conference and confirmation held in Récollet church at Quebec, 242, 272. +<b>W</b> In New Brunswick, 7. <b>T</b> Controls King's College, 21. <b>Bib.</b>: Hopkins, +<i>Canada: An Ency.</i>, vol. 2; Cross, <i>The Anglican Episcopate and the +American Colonies</i>; Anderson, <i>History of Church of England in the +Colonies</i>; Akins, <i>Church of England in North American Colonies</i>; +Taylor, <i>The Last Three Bishops Appointed by the Crown</i>; Lowndes, +<i>Bishops of the Day</i>; Machray, <i>Life of Archbishop Machray</i>; Mockridge, +<i>Bishops of the Church of England in Canada and Newfoundland</i>;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">[80]</a></span> +Champion, <i>The Anglican Church in Canada</i>; Wynne, <i>The Church in Greater +Britain</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Churchill, Fort.</b> <i>See</i> Prince of Wales, Fort.</p> + +<p><b>Churchill River.</b> Rises in La Loche Lake, lat. 56° 10' N., long. 109° 40' +W., and after a course of 1000 miles, empties into Hudson Bay. The mouth +of the river was discovered by Munk, a Danish navigator, in 1619, but it +was not until 1774 that its upper waters were discovered by Joseph +Frobisher (<i>q.v.</i>), and explored by Thomas Frobisher and Alexander +Henry, <i>the Elder</i> (<i>q.v.</i>), in 1775. The Churchill was formerly known +under various names: Danish River, in honour of Munk; English River, so +called by Frobisher; and Missinipi, the native name. <b>Bib.</b>: Laut, +<i>Conquest of the Great North-West</i>; Bryce, <i>Hudson's Bay Company</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Citizen.</b> Newspaper published at Ottawa. Established, 1844. <b>Index</b>: <b>Mc</b> +Newspaper, Mackenzie's obituary in, 517; urges monument to, 518.</p> + +<p><b>Civil Law.</b> <b>Dr</b> Importance of the question to the French population, after +1760,10-11; British authorities at Quebec find difficulty in defining, +11; attempt to enforce English law abandoned, 13; Murray establishes +courts, 13; criticisms of the grand jury, 15; confusion of English and +French codes, 40-41; dissatisfaction of the French-speaking inhabitants, +41; Masères suggests four plans to Carleton, 41-42; Maurice Morgan sent +out to study legal situation, 43; Carleton favours the French civil +code, 43; dishonest magistrates and tyrannical bailiffs, 51-54; report +of Committee on Administration of Justice, 1769, 54; Ordinance of 1770, +54; French-Canadians petition for their own laws, 61; French law +established by Quebec Act, 64; discussed in British Parliament, 65-68; +confusion of civil procedure, 225-227. <b>Bib.</b>: Bourinot, <i>Constitutional +History of Canada and How Canada is Governed</i>; Ashley, <i>Earlier +Constitutional History of Canada</i>; Houston, <i>Canadian Constitutional +Documents</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Civil List.</b> <b>Sy</b> Permanent provision for, considered necessary, 120; +Sydenham asks for, 204; possible opposition to, 308. <b>S</b> In Upper Canada, +under Simcoe, 177.</p> + +<p><b>Civil Secretary.</b> <b>Sy</b> Of the governor, large range of duties undertaken +by, in pre-union times, 331.</p> + +<p><b>Clarendon, George William Frederick Villiers, fourth Earl of</b> +(1800-1870). Ambassador at Madrid, 1833-1839; lord privy seal, +1839-1841; foreign minister, 1853-1858, 1865-1866, and 1868-1870. <b>Index</b>: +<b>Sy</b> Governor-generalship of Canada tendered to, 58. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Dict. Nat. +Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>Clark, George Rogers</b> (1752-1818). American frontier leader. <b>Index</b>: <b>Hd</b> +Rebel leader, his cruel treatment of garrison of Vincennes, 168. <b>Bib.</b>: +<i>Campaign in the Illinois</i>; English, <i>Conquest of the Country North-West +of the Ohio</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Clark, Peter.</b> <b>S</b> Commands boat sent to meet Prince Edward, 183.</p> + +<p><b>Clark, Samuel.</b> <b>T</b> Rector of Gagetown, 5.</p> + +<p><b>Clark, Lieutenant-Colonel Thomas.</b> <b>Bk</b> Command assigned to, on Niagara +frontier, 206. <b>Hd</b> Death of his wife, 237.</p> + +<p><b>Clark, Sir William Mortimer</b> (1836- ). Born in Aberdeen, Scotland. +Educated at Marischal College, Aberdeen; studied law at the University +of Edinburgh, and admitted a writer to the signet, 1859. Came to +Toronto, 1859; called to the bar of Ontario, 1869. Engaged largely in +financial affairs. Lieutenant-governor of Ontario, 1903-1908. <b>Bib.</b>: +Morgan, <i>Can. Men</i>; <i>Canadian Who's Who</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Clarke, Captain.</b> <b>F</b> Killed at Fort Loyal, two daughters taken to Quebec, +303.</p> + +<p><b>Clarke, Sir Alured</b> (1745-1832). Lieutenant-governor of Lower Canada,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">[81]</a></span> +1790-1795. Had been governor of Jamaica before coming to Canada; and +after leaving the country, filled several high offices in India, finally +becoming governor-general. Returned to England, 1802, and made +field-marshal, 1830. <b>Index</b>: <b>Dr</b> Appointed lieutenant-governor, 249; +administers government in Carleton's absence, 269; gives names to +counties, 269. <b>S</b> Appointed lieutenant-governor of Lower Canada in +absence of Dorchester, 47; Simcoe's harmonious relations with, 130. +<b>Bib.</b>: Morgan, <i>Cel. Can.</i></p> + +<p><b>Clarke, Jonathan.</b> <b>S</b> Teaches school at Fredericksburg and Matilda, 167.</p> + +<p><b>Claus, Colonel.</b> <b>Bk</b> Command assigned to, on Niagara frontier, 206.</p> + +<p><b>Clay, Henry</b> (1777-1852). American statesman and orator. <b>Index</b>: <b>Bk</b> His +confident prediction of conquest of Canada, 215. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Works</i>, ed. by +Colton, 1857; new ed., 1898; Schurz, <i>Life of Henry Clay</i>; <i>Cyc. Am. +Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b><a name='TC_3'></a><ins title="Was 'Clayquet">Clayoquot</ins> Sound.</b> West coast of Vancouver Island. <b>Index</b>: <b>D</b> Natives of, +attack <i>Tonquin</i>, 1811, and massacre crew, 37.</p> + +<p><b>Clear Grits.</b> <b>B</b> Leaders of the party, 39; origin of name, 40; denounced +by the <i>Globe</i>, 40; platform, 41; significance of movement, 235. <b>C</b> +Clamouring against institutions of Quebec, 25. <b>E</b> Leading members of +party, 110; its platform, 111; George Brown becomes recognized leader, +112; influence of party—defection of Rolph and Cameron, 112; attack +government on account of Gavazzi riots, 125; unite with Conservatives +and Rouges to defeat Hincks government, 127; their strength in 1854, +134; fight for the speakership, 135; obnoxious to French-Canadians, 137; +advocate secularization of Clergy Reserves, 161, 163. <b>BL</b> Beginnings of, +335; their programme, 341; Brown's connection with, 342. <b>Md</b> Struggle +against religious and racial influence, 46; George Brown first opposes +and later becomes leader of, 54. <b>Bib.</b>: Dent, <i>Last Forty Years</i>; +MacKenzie, <i>George Brown</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Clément, Pierre.</b> <b>Dr</b> On causes of failure of West India Company, 149; on +galley service, 215. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Histoire de Colbert</i>; <i>Madame de Montespan +et Louis XIV</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Clergy, French-Canadian.</b> <b>Dr</b> Faithful to the British government, 72, 80. +<b>Hd</b> Illiterate but highly respected, 42; receive donations for fire +sufferers, 44; refuse to believe that Canada would ever be ceded to +Britain, 128; Quebec Act and, 174; Haldimand's attitude towards, 180, +181, 182; attempt to get French priests into Seminary, 187; their +interest in establishment of public library, 191; alarmed at large +numbers of Protestant settlers, 264.</p> + +<p><b>Clergy Reserves.</b> <b>Md</b> Question embitters public life of Upper Canada, 13, +28; nature and history of the dispute, 55-62; secularization of, carried +out by MacNab-Morin coalition ministry, 63; Macdonald introduces bill, +Oct. 17, 1854, 65; bill passed by Assembly, November 23, and by +Legislative Council, Dec. 10, 65; provisions of the bill, 65-66. <b>S</b> +Created by Constitutional Act, 12, 156. <b>Dr</b> Created by Constitutional +Act, 267. <b>Sy</b> Designed for support of state church, 77; treatment of, in +Durham's report, 93; conflict over, 238-244; Sydenham's plan for +settlement of questions, 245-246; attitude of Reform party respecting, +246; bill recommended by governor passed and sent home for approval, +248; question settled by Imperial Parliament, 249. <b>BL</b> Set apart by +Constitutional Act, 1791, 42; William Morris's connection with, 83; and +Upper Canada College, 192; and Ryerson, 240; pressing for settlement, +339; secularization of, advocated by Clear Grits, 342; history of +question, 343-349. <b>B</b> Taché advises French-Canadians to oppose +secularization of, 48; history of question, 51-60. <b>R</b> Ryerson enters the +controversy, 19, 26-27; endowment of established church provided for, in +Act of 1791, 34-35; influence of John Strachan, 36-37;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">[82]</a></span> dominance of +Church of England party, 38-40; extent and value of the Reserves, 47; +question comes up in Legislature, 47; claims of Church of Scotland, +48-49; petition and claims referred to select committee of British House +of Commons, 1827, 50; Ryerson proposes sale and appropriation of +proceeds to general educational purposes, 115; Sir George Arthur +proposes division among various religious bodies, 119; Ryerson's +attitude towards division, 119-120. <b>E</b> Granted to Protestant clergy by +Constitutional Act, 1791,102; Baldwin's attitude towards, 102-103; La +Fontaine's attitude towards, 102-103; Canadian Legislature receives +power to settle question, 119; settlement delayed, 126, 132; +secularization proposed by Sicotte, 126-127; secularization a condition +of MacNab-Morin coalitions, 140; history of the question, 145-169; +report of select committee, 147; Imperial Act passes, 158-159; its +repeal proposed by Price, 161; value of the Reserves, 161—162; +provincial Legislature given power to vary or repeal Union Act, and to +settle Clergy Reserves, on certain conditions, 167; bill introduced by +John A. Macdonald, finally settling question, 168; terms of bill, 168. +<b>Mc</b> Created by Constitutional Act, 70; details of, 70; Durham on, 71; +Mackenzie's views on, 94-95; grievance report on, 72; Glenelg's +position, 283. <b>Bib.</b>: Lindsey, <i>The Clergy Reserves</i>; Hincks's Letters in +Montreal <i>Herald</i>, December, 1882; Dent, <i>Last Forty Years</i>; Bradshaw, +<i>Self-Government in Canada</i>; Ryerson, <i>Story of my Life</i>; Bethune, +<i>Memoir of Bishop Strachan</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Clermont, Chevalier de.</b> <b>F</b> Killed in skirmish on Beauport flats, 294.</p> + +<p><b>Clermont, College of.</b> <b>L</b> Laval studies at, 21.</p> + +<p><b>Clinton, Sir Henry</b> (1738-1795). Sent to America, 1775; served in the +South, and with Howe at Philadelphia; succeeded him as +commander-in-chief, 1778; Captured Charleston, 1780; succeeded by Sir +Guy Carleton, and returned to England, 1782. <b>Index</b>: <b>S</b> Replaced as +commander-in-chief by Sir Guy Carleton, 39; secures promotion for +Queen's Rangers, 39. <b>Dr</b> Returns to England, 192. <b>Hd</b> In command at New +York, 131; succeeded by Dorchester, 188; his efforts to bring Vermont +back to allegiance to Britain, 199-200; Haldimand's report to, on Ira +Allen's diplomacy, 207; Haldimand's letter to, on the policy of Vermont, +208; and his proposed proclamation to the people of, 211; Haldimand's +letter on crisis in spring of 1782, 212; his list of rebels, 280; his +emoluments in America, 330. <b>Bib.</b>: Works: <i>Narrative of the Campaign in +North America, Rejoinder to Cornwallis's Observations</i>; <i>Observations on +Stedman's American War</i>. For biog. <i>see Dict. Am. Biog.</i>; <i>Cyc. Am. +Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>Clitherow, John</b> (1782-1852). Entered army, 1799; lieutenant-colonel, +1812; served in the Egyptian campaign, 1801; the Hanover campaign, 1805; +the Walcheren expedition, 1809, and throughout the Peninsular War. +Appointed major-general, 1830; lieutenant-general, 1841. Adminished the +government of Canada after the death of Sydenham, 1841. <b>Index</b>: <b>Sy</b> Closes +session of 1841, 342; senior military officer at Kingston, 342. <b>Bib.</b>: +Morgan, <i>Cel. Can.</i></p> + +<p><b>Closse, Major.</b> <b>L</b> His piety, 8.</p> + +<p><b>Cloutier, Zacharie.</b> <b>Ch</b> Joiner, accompanies Robert Giffard to Canada, +252.</p> + +<p><b>Club Démocratique.</b> <b>C</b> Their appeal to the public, 26-27.</p> + +<p><b>Cobb, Sylvanus</b> (1709-1762). A native of Plymouth, Mass. Served in the +expedition against Louisbourg, 1745. For some years engaged in the coast +defence of Nova Scotia. Served at the second siege of Louisbourg under +Amherst and Boscawen. Removed to Liverpool, Nova Scotia. Died of the +plague at the siege of Havana, 1762. <b>Bib.</b>: Murdoch, <i>History of Nova +Scotia</i>; <i>Selections from the Public Documents of Nova Scotia</i>, ed. by +Akins.</p> + +<p><b>Cobden, Richard</b> (1804-1865). British statesman. <b>Index</b>: <b>Sy</b> A more +ad<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">[83]</a></span>vanced radical than Sydenham, 20. <b>Bib.</b>: Morley, <i>Life of Richard +Cobden</i>; <i>Dict. Nat. Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>Cochrane, Thomas</b> (1777-1804). Born in Nova Scotia. A member of the +English bar. Chief-justice of the Supreme Court of Prince Edward Island, +1801; judge of the King's Bench of Upper Canada, 1804. Drowned in wreck +of the <i>Speedy</i>, while on his way to hold court. <b>Index</b>: <b>Bk</b> Drowned in +foundering of the <i>Speedy</i>, 69. <b>Bib.</b>: Morgan, <i>Cel. Can.</i>; Read, <i>Lives +of the Judges</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Cockburn, James</b> (1819-1883). Born in Berwick-on-Tweed, England. Came to +Canada, and called to the bar of Upper Canada, 1846. Practised his +profession at Cobourg. Represented West Northumberland in the Assembly, +1861-1867; solicitor-general for Upper Canada, 1864-1867. A delegate to +the Quebec Conference. After Confederation sat in the House of Commons +for West Northumberland, 1867-1874, and during that time was Speaker of +the House. Again elected to the House of Commons, 1878, and retained his +seat until 1881, when he retired to accept the chairmanship of the +commission on the consolidation of the statutes of Canada. <b>Index</b>: <b>T</b> +Solicitor-general, West, delegate to Quebec Conference, 76. <b>E</b> Last +Speaker of the House of Commons to exercise privilege of addressing the +governor-general on measures of the session, 1869, 130. <b>Bib.</b>: Taylor, +<i>Brit. Am.</i>; Rattray, <i>The Scot in British North America</i>; Dent, <i>Last +Forty Years</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Cockrel.</b> <b>S</b> Establishes school at Niagara and afterwards at Ancaster, +167.</p> + +<p><b>Coffin, William Foster</b> (1808-1878). Born in Bath, England. Came to +Quebec with his father, an army officer, 1813. Returned to England, +1815, and until 1824 was a student at Eton. Came back to Canada, 1830. +Called to the bar, 1835. Took part in the suppression of the Rebellion +of 1837. Joint sheriff of Montreal, 1840-1851. Appointed commissioner of +ordnance lands, 1856, and one of the Intercolonial Railway +commissioners, 1868. Held many important offices under the government of +Canada and in the militia. <b>Bib.</b>: Works: <i>History of the War of 1812</i>; +<i>Three Chapters on a Triple Project; Thoughts on Defence from a Canadian +Point of View; Quirks of Diplomacy</i>. For biog., <i>see</i> Morgan, <i>Annual +Register</i>, 1878.</p> + +<p><b>Coke, Sir John</b> (1563-1644). Sat in Parliament, 1621-1629; secretary of +State, 1625; a commissioner of the treasury, 1635-1636. <b>Index</b>: <b>Ch</b> +English Commissioner in matter of Canada, 214. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Dict. Nat. Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>Colbert, Jean Baptiste</b> (1619-1683). First minister to Louis XIV. <b>Index</b>: +<b>F</b> Creates West India Company, 49; disapproves Frontenac's action in +summoning "three estates," 67; anti-clerical tendencies, 73; Madame +Maintenon's opinion of, 74; advice to Courcelles in relation to +ecclesiastical power, 115; asks for particulars as regards effect of +liquor traffic, 118; speaks of bishop as aiming at too much power, 119; +overthrow of his commercial policy, 151. <b>L</b> Minister of marine and +colonies, not favourable to emigration, 80; enjoins Frontenac to act +with more moderation, 165; prejudiced against clergy, 170; his despatch +on subject of liquor traffic, 170. <b>Bib.</b>: Colby, <i>Canadian Types of the +Old Régime</i>; Chambers, <i>Biog. Dict.</i></p> + +<p><b>Colebrooke, Sir William Macbean George</b> (1787-1870). After serving in the +army, and as political agent in the East, became lieutenant-governor of +the Bahamas, 1834-1837; governor of the Leeward Islands, 1837; and in +1841 succeeded Sir John Harvey as lieutenant-governor of New Brunswick. +Afterwards governor of Barbados and the Windward Islands, 1848-1856. +<b>Index</b>: <b>W</b> Appoints son-in-law as provincial secretary, New Brunswick, 76; +action resented by members of government, 76-80; his unpopularity, +100-101. <b>Bib.</b>: Hannay,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">[84]</a></span> <i>History of New Brunswick</i>; Rattray, <i>The Scot +in British North America</i>; <i>Dict. Nat. Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>Coles, George</b> (1810-1875). <b>T</b> Delegate to Quebec Conference, 77.</p> + +<p><b>Collins, Francis.</b> <b>Mc</b> Reports legislative debates, 106; publishes +<i>Canadian Freeman</i> in 1825, 111; convicted of libel, 134; fined and +imprisoned, 134. <b>Bib.</b>: Dent, <i>Upper Canadian Rebellion</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Collver, Jabez.</b> <b>S</b> Presbyterian minister, the first to come to Upper +Canada, 165.</p> + +<p><b>Colonial Advocate.</b> Newspaper, published by William Lyon Mackenzie. +<b>Index</b>: <b>Mc</b> Newspaper, published at Queenston, May 18, 1824, 85; reviews +condition of provinces, 86, 87; topics discussed in, 94-97; reports +debates, 102, 103; granted a subsidy for printing, 103; moved to York, +January, 1825, 106; House refuses publication of reports in, 108; +destruction of, 113; W.J. Rattray on, 116; defendants made to pay £625 +damages, 129; criminal prosecution of, 130; second destruction of, 221; +last issue, November, 1834, 259. <b>BL</b> Its extravagant language, 12; +established by Mackenzie, 13; aids in consolidating Reform party, 13; +its office attacked by Tories, 14-15. <b>R</b> Edited by W. L. Mackenzie, 64, +66; attacks Egerton Ryerson, 98.</p> + +<p><b>Colonial Conference, 1894.</b> Opened at Ottawa, June 28, with Mackenzie +Bowell in the chair. Delegates present from the Imperial government, New +South Wales, Victoria, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, New +Zealand, Cape Colony, and Canada. Resolutions were passed in favour of +an Imperial Customs Union and a Pacific Cable. Conference adjourned, +July 11. <i>See also</i> Imperial Conference. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Proceedings of the +Colonial Conference</i>, 1894; Ewart, <i>Kingdom of Canada</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Colonial Empire.</b> Newspaper, published at St. John. <b>Index</b>: <b>T</b> Brings +charge against government, 51.</p> + +<p><b>Colonial Gazette.</b> Newspaper, published in London. <b>Index</b>: <b>Sy</b> Publishes +article on Poulett Thomson's mission to Canada, 135-141; not entirely +confident of his success, 140.</p> + +<p><b>Colonist.</b> Newspaper, published in Toronto. <b>Index</b>: <b>B</b> Edited by Samuel +Thompson, 4; George Sheppard, editorial writer on, 135.</p> + +<p><b>Colonization.</b> <b>L</b> Laval's interest in, 77; arrival of colonists from La +Rochelle, 1663-1664, 77; system of apprenticeship, 77-78; Sovereign +Council asks for men from north of France, 78; Bourdon brings out a +ship-load of girls, 79; soldiers of Carignan Regiment come out as +colonists, 79; Talon's immigration policy, 80; Colbert's opposition, 80. +<b>F</b> Cartier's attempts at, 2; settlement at Port Royal, 6-7; at Quebec, +7-8; and the trading Companies, 19, 28; of Montreal, 33-34; marriageable +girls sent out, 57. <b>Ch</b> Character of, in New France, 143-147; by Company +of New France, 168-169. <b>D</b> Impetus to, from western side, 2.</p> + +<p><b>Coltman, W. B.</b> A merchant of Quebec, and lieutenant-colonel in the +militia. Sent by Governor Sherbrooke, 1816, to Red River, to investigate +dispute between the Hudson's Bay and the North West Companies. <b>Index</b>: <b>MS</b> +Sent to Red River to investigate troubles, 195; his report, 196.</p> + +<p><b>Columbia.</b> <b>D</b> Hudson's Bay Company, vessel, 183.</p> + +<p><b>Columbia Fur Company.</b> <b>D</b> Organized, 1822, by recruits from the North West +Company, 134. <i>See also</i> Astor; Astor Fur Company.</p> + +<p><b>Columbia River.</b> Rises in Upper Columbia Lake, lat. 50° 10', long. 115° +50', and flows into Pacific Ocean. Total length about 1150 miles. Its +mouth was discovered by Robert Gray, of Boston, May, 1792, and named by +him after his vessel. It was first reached overland by Lewis and Clark, +in 1805; and first<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">[85]</a></span> explored throughout its entire length by David +Thompson, of the North West Company, 1807-1811. Its principal branch is +the Kootenay. <b>Index</b>: <b>D</b> Carver's "River of Oregon," 19; Russian colony +projected at, 44; named by Gray, 57; Fraser raised mistaken for, 59; +Lewis and Clark on, 67.</p> + +<p><b>Comfort, Thomas.</b> <b>Mc</b> Aids Mackenzie's escape, 384.</p> + +<p><b>Commerce.</b> <b>Bk</b> In Upper Canada, 50. <i>See also</i> Trade.</p> + +<p><b>Commercial Union.</b> Complete and entire free trade with the United States, +first proposed by Ira Gould, before Montreal Board of Trade, February, +1852. (<i>See</i> Montreal <i>Gazette</i>, Feb. 18-22, 1852.) The question was +repeatedly discussed in succeeding years, down to 1890, in and out of +Parliament, and for a time was adopted by the Liberal party as a trade +policy, but abandoned before they came into power in 1896. <b>Index</b>: <b>Md</b> +Brought forward by Liberals as an alternative to protection, 261-262; +history of the movement, 291-292; the Commercial Union League, 293-298. +<i>See also</i> Unrestricted reciprocity; Reciprocity; Zollvrein. <b>Bib.</b>: +<i>Canadian Emancipation and Commercial Union</i>; Adam, <i>Handbook of +Commercial Union</i>; Willison, <i>Sir Wilfrid Laurier and the Liberal +Party</i>; Pope, <i>Memoirs of Sir John A. Macdonald</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Commissariat Department.</b> <b>S</b> Abuses in, 212.</p> + +<p><b>Company of Canada (Merchant Adventurers of Canada).</b> Organized by David +Kirke, and chartered by Charles I, to exploit the fur trade of the St. +Lawrence. The restoration of Canada to France in 1632 brought the +operations of Kirke, Sir William Alexander, and their associates to an +untimely end. <b>Index</b>: <b>Ch</b> Letters patent granted to, 176. <b>Bib.</b>: Douglas, +<i>Old France in the New World</i>; Kirke, <i>The First English Conquest of +Canada</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Company of De Caën.</b> Organized by William de Caën and his nephew Emery, +merchants of Rouen. Monopoly granted the company on usual terms as to +settlement, missionaries, etc., 1621. Absorbed Champlain's Company, +1622, and the united Companies carried on trade until 1633. <b>Index</b>: <b>Ch</b> +Organized, 130-132; rivalry with Company of Rouen, 133-137; amalgamation +of two companies, 136-137. <b>Bib.</b>: Biggar, <i>Early Trading Companies of New +France</i>; Parkman, <i>Pioneers of France</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Company of New France (Compagnie des Cent-Associés).</b> Established, 1627, +by Cardinal Richelieu, on the advice of Isaac de Razilly. A monopoly of +fifteen years was granted, with full ownership of the entire valley of +the St. Lawrence, in return for which the Company was to take out three +hundred colonists every year up to 1643. No serious effort was made to +carry out this obligation, although the Company continued to enjoy its +monopoly until 1663. <b>Index</b>: <b>L</b> Resigns its charter, 41; renders +assistance to missions, 50; succeeded by the West India Company, 145. <b>Ch</b> +Established, 169; list of directors, 170; documents relating to, 171; +sends out four vessels, 172; equips ships to retake Quebec, 213; terms +of grant to, 222; bears expense of Jesuit mission stations, 228; +sincerely interested in conversion of savages and progress of +colonization, 244; special committee for its financial affairs, 244; +appoints Champlain governor, 244. <b>F</b> Created by Cardinal Richelieu, 19; +colonists sent out by, 28; cedes some of its rights to colonists, 36; +new arrangement works badly, 37; surrenders all its powers to the king, +1663, 49; its failure to fulfil its engagements, 55. <b>E</b> Creates +seigniories, 175. <b>Bib.</b>: Biggar, <i>Early Trading Companies of New France</i>; +Parkman, <i>Pioneers of France</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Company of Notre Dame de Montreal.</b> <b>L</b> Consecrates the island of Montreal +to the Virgin, 85; makes over its rights to the Seminary of St. Sulpice, +in 1663, 108, 135; its debts discharged by De Belmont, 135.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">[86]</a></span></p> + +<p><b>Company of Rouen and St. Malo (Champlain's Company).</b> Established at the +instance of Champlain, in 1614. The shares were divided among the +merchants of Rouen and St. Malo. The terms of their charter required the +Company to bring out colonists, but as usual they did not take this +obligation very seriously. They did, however, make one notable addition +to the population of New France, for in the spring of 1617 they brought +out Louis Hébert and his family. Hébert's experience as a colonist was +not such as to encourage others to follow his example. The Company's +monopoly was cancelled in 1620. <b>Index</b>: <b>Ch</b> Formed by Champlain, 122; its +chief members, 122; terms of its charter, 122; pays large salary to the +Prince de Condé, 122; Champlain has trouble with 123, 125; the king +intervenes on his behalf, 126; colonists to be brought out, 127-129; +absorbed by Company of De Caën, 130, 137; conflict with new Company, +133-137. <b>Bib.</b>: Biggar, <i>Early Trading Companies of New France</i>; Parkman, +<i>Pioneers of France</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Company of the West Indies (Compagnie des Indes Occidentales).</b> Chartered +by Louis XIV, 1664, following the cancellation of the charter of the +Company of New France. Its field of operations was enormous, covering +the west coast of Africa, the east coast of South America from the +Amazon to the Orinoco, Canada, Acadia, and Newfoundland. The +Christianization of the native tribes was given as the principal object +of the Company, commerce being of only secondary importance. Despite its +many privileges, and the readiness with which its stock was subscribed, +it did not prosper, and by 1672 was hopelessly in debt. Three years +later its charter was revoked, so far as Canada was concerned. <b>Index</b>: <b>L</b> +Resigns its charter, 145. <b>E</b> Creates seigniories, 175. <b>Bib.</b>: Douglas, +<i>Old France in the New World</i>; Parkman, <i>Old Régime</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Condé, Prince Henri de</b> (1588-1646). <b>Ch</b> Licenses three vessels to trade +in St. Lawrence, 78; letter to, in Champlain's <i>Quatrième Voyage</i>, 79; +contributes to building of Récollet Convent, 117; source of trouble to +the colony, 122; incarcerated for conspiracy, 122; released, and +transfers his commission to the Duke of Montmorency, 127. <b>F</b> +Lieutenant-general of New France, 12. <b>Bib.</b>: Parkman, <i>Pioneers of +France</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Confederation.</b> The first definite step in the movement looking towards +the union of the British North American colonies, was the Charlottetown +Conference, 1864. Delegates from the three Maritime Provinces met to +consider the union of those provinces. At the Conference, delegates from +Canada (constituting what are now the provinces of Ontario and Quebec) +appeared, and urged the broadening of the discussion to cover all the +provinces. Out of this meeting grew the Quebec Conference, of the same +year, attended by delegates from Canada, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, +Prince Edward Island, and Newfoundland; the two latter subsequently +withdrew from the movement. The Quebec Conference drew up a series of +resolutions, which were made the basis of the final legislation. In 1866 +delegates from the provinces met at the Westminster Hotel in London, and +framed the British North America Act. The Act was passed by the Imperial +Parliament, and received the queen's assent, March, 1867. It was +proclaimed throughout the new Dominion of Canada, July 1, 1867. Manitoba +was created a province, July 15, 1870. British Columbia joined the +union, July 20, 1871; and Prince Edward Island, July 1, 1873. The +provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan were created Sept. 1, 1905. <b>Index</b>: +<b>Mc</b> Mackenzie advocates, 104-105; Robinson reports on, 105. <b>T</b> History of, +59-71, 73-87; defeated in New Brunswick, 89-110; accepted by New +Brunswick, 111-125; completion of, 127-132. <b>Md</b> History of the movement,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">[87]</a></span> +93; outlined by Durham, 93-95; principle adopted by British American +League, 95; and by Legislature of Nova Scotia, 95; advocated by Howe and +Haliburton, 96; in speech from throne, 1858, 96; Galt's speech, 96; +Cartier, Galt, and Rose confer with Imperial government, 96-97; growth +of the movement, 97-100; attitude of Macdonald and George Brown, +100-103; the Charlottetown Conference, 104; Quebec Conference, 104-114; +legislative <i>versus</i> federal union, 106-110; resolution of Quebec +Conference debated in Parliament, 118-119; passed by Assembly, 120; +mission sent to England to confer with home government on this and other +questions, 120-121; Imperial government strongly in favour of, 121; +supported by Brown in <i>Globe</i>, 123; Monck's impatience over delays, +123-124; Macdonald's reply, 124; Westminster Conference, 125-127; +British North America Act passed and receives royal assent, 127; +Macdonald's letter to Lord Knutsford, 128-129; opposition to +Confederation, 129; negotiations with Newfoundland, 146-147; and Prince +Edward Island, 147-149; and British Columbia, 149-150. <b>Sy</b> Favoured at +first by Lord Durham, afterwards deemed impracticable, 120. <b>H</b> J. W. +Johnstone's speech in favour of, 174; Joseph Howe's attitude towards, +180-182, 185, 186; opposition to, 186-192; abandons opposition, 214-216; +advocated by Sir Charles Tupper, 186-189; opposed by Halifax +<i>Chronicle</i>, 189. <b>C</b> Cartier's connection with, 55-65; Cartier insists on +federal principle, 57-58; Macdonald favours legislative union, 57; +Canadian constitution compared with that of the United States, 58-61; +weak points of the former, 61-62; its advantages, 62-63; opposed in +Quebec, 63-64. <b>E</b> Only feasible solution of difficulties arising out of +Union Act, 118. <b>B</b> Ardently championed by George Brown, x, xi; indirectly +promoted by United States Civil War, xi; the British American League +advocates, 38; McGee on, 129-130; founders of movement, 129; George +Brown and, 130-132, 137-138, 139; Reform Conventions of 1857 and 1859 +discuss question, 131, 135-138, 208, 217; Galt advocates federal union, +132-133; step towards, 133; question of defence one of forces tending +towards, 142; events leading up to, 147-161; the Quebec Conference, +163-166; approval of British government, 167; the debate in Parliament, +169-179, 181-185; Quebec Resolutions passed, 185; the mission to +England, 186; the question in the Maritime Provinces, 187-188; attitude +of Brown and the Reform party, 199-210; first and greatest step in +process of expansion, 264. <b>BL</b> The Toronto <i>Church</i> proposes federal +union of all British North American provinces, 125. <b>P</b> Papineau's +opposition to, 199. <i>See also</i> Charlottetown Conference; Quebec +Conference; Westminster Conference; Macdonald; Tupper; Brown; Howe; +Cartier. <b>Bib.:</b> Whelan, <i>Union of the British Provinces</i>; Cauchon, <i>Union +of British North American Provinces</i>; Howe, <i>Organization of the +Empire</i>; McGee, <i>Two Speeches on Union of the Provinces</i>; Hamilton, +<i>Union of the Colonies of British North America</i>; Pope, <i>Confederation +Documents</i>; Rawlings, <i>Confederation of the British North American +Provinces; Parliamentary Debates on Confederation</i>, 1865; Bourinot, +<i>Constitutional History of Canada</i>. References to pamphlet and other +material on this subject will be found in Johnson, <i>First Things in +Canada</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Congrégation de Notre Dame.</b> <b>F</b> Montreal, established, 29.</p> + +<p><b>Congress, United States.</b> <b>Dr</b> Address of, to French-Canadians, 71, 77; +action of, at Philadelphia, 77; sends commission to inquire into +military situation of Canada, 135; its action in the Asgill case, 199. +<b>Hd</b> Meets at Concord, 102; rumour of French and Spanish treaty with, 124; +its designs against Canada, 129, 130, 132, 319; its attitude towards +Vermont, 198, 199, 201-209, 211, 214-216; defeat of its troops +celebrated in Quebec, 223; its interests, and that of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">[88]</a></span> army opposed, +225; passes laws against Loyalists, 252; sends ambassador to Canada, +259; slow to fulfil treaty, 260; addresses Canadians, 276.</p> + +<p><b>Conkling, Senator Roscoe</b> (1829-1888). American statesman. <b>Index</b>: <b>B</b> +Favourable to proposed Reciprocity Treaty of 1864, 230-231.</p> + +<p><b>Connecticut.</b> <b>F</b> Takes part in expedition against Montreal, 279.</p> + +<p><b>Connell, Charles.</b> <b>T</b> Resigns as postmaster-general, New Brunswick, 49-51; +runs for Carleton County in Confederation interest, 89; member of +Mitchell government, 105; elected for Carleton County, 107.</p> + +<p><b>Connolly, William.</b> <b>MS</b> Chief factor, Hudson's Bay Company, 1825, 224; his +family, 224. <b>D</b> Succeeds Stuart in New Caledonia, 1824, 99; his native +wife, and family, 99.</p> + +<p><b>Conolly, William.</b> <b>Dr</b> Of Stratton Hall, Staffordshire; member of +Parliament and privy councillor, 30; his powerful influence exerted on +behalf of Guy Carleton and his brother, 30; Wolfe alludes to his death, +1754, as "a deadly blow to the Carletons," 30.</p> + +<p><b>Connor, George Skeffington.</b> Born in Ireland. Educated at Trinity +College, Dublin. Came to Canada, 1832, with William Hume Blake. Settled +on a farm near Lake Simcoe. Called to the bar of Upper Canada, 1842. Sat +in the Assembly as a Reformer, 1859-1862; judge of the Court of Queen's +Bench, 1863. Died in Toronto, 1863. <b>Bib.</b>: Read, <i>Lives of the Judges</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Conseil Souverain.</b> <i>See</i> Sovereign Council.</p> + +<p><b>Conservative Party.</b> <b>B</b> Organized by Sir John A. Macdonald, out of old +Tory party, 69; its debt to Canada First Association, 241. <b>Bib.</b>: Pope, +<i>Memoirs of Sir John A. Macdonald</i>; Dent, <i>Last Forty Years</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Constitution.</b> <b>Mc</b> Newspaper, Mackenzie starts, 320; destroyed by mob, +321; draft constitution of provisional government published in, 356.</p> + +<p><b>Constitutional Act, 1791.</b> The Act was designed to harmonize the +conflicting interests of French and English by dividing Quebec into two +provinces,—Upper and Lower Canada,—thereby giving to each a larger +control of its own local affairs. It established in each province a +Legislative Council, appointed by the crown for life, and a Legislative +Assembly, elected by the people. <i>See</i> other constitutional acts: Quebec +Act, 1774; Union Act, 1840; British North America Act, 1867. <b>Index</b>: <b>E</b> +Racial and political difficulties arising out of, 17, 18; Clergy +Reserves granted by, 102, 119, 145, 150, 151, 158. <b>C</b> Its weak points, 6; +constitution suspended after Rebellion of 1837, 11; its faults exposed +by Durham, 12-13. <b>B</b> Clergy Reserves originate in, 51, 52. <b>Sy</b> A fatal +compromise, 68; meant to confer privileges of British constitution, 73; +its actual operation, 74-84; greatly increases power of French majority +in Lower Canada, 72, 80. <b>S</b> Introduction of, 1; discussion of, 5-9; +passed, 10; provisions of, 10-12; its far-reaching effects, 13; put in +force by proclamation, 48. <b>R</b> Its terms and how they were applied, 29-35; +Clergy Reserves, 46-47; Ryerson's interpretation of, on question of +established church, 78; its effect on religious questions, 103. <b>BL</b> Its +terms, 6-7; Pitt and Burke on, 6; Grenville on, 7; Simcoe on, 7; its +results, 8; intended to obviate racial conflict, 8; makes landed +provision for Church of England, 42, 343-344. <b>P</b> Divides Canada into two +provinces, 21; its shortcomings, 21-23; abuse of personal power under, +24; constitution suspended, 25; suspension recommended by Sir James +Craig, 29; Papineau's eulogy of, in 1820, 34-38. <b>Mc</b> Its objects, 48, 49; +debate on the bill, 49, 50; handiwork of Pitt, 51; germ of the federal +system, 51; divided Canada into two provinces, 52; created Legislative +Assembly, 52; created Legislative Council, 52; created Executive +Council, 53; General Simcoe on, 54; Gold<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">[89]</a></span>win Smith on, 54; Durham's +commentary on, 53, 56; recommends revision of, 57; provisions creating +Clergy Reserves, 70; effect on parliamentary rule summarized, 71, 72; +Mackenzie declares war against, 72; silent on question of executive +responsibility, 80; evils of system of government summarized, 73-75; +Durham on evils of, 76, 77. <b>Bib.</b>: Bourinot, <i>Parliamentary Procedure and +Government</i> and <i>Manual of the Constitutional History of Canada</i>; +Houston, <i>Canadian Constitutional Documents; Dominion Archives Report</i>, +1890; Watson, <i>Constitutional History of Canada</i>; Durham, <i>Report</i>; +Bradshaw, <i>Self-Government in Canada</i>; Egerton and Grant, <i>Selected +Speeches and Despatches relating to Canadian Constitutional History</i>; +Kingsford, <i>History of Canada</i>; Shortt and Doughty, <i>Constitutional +Documents of Canada</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Constitutional Associations.</b> <b>Sy</b> Of Quebec and Montreal, their aims, 112; +send delegations to Upper Canada and to England to urge union of the +provinces, 112.</p> + +<p><b>Constitutional Reform Society.</b> <b>BL</b> Organized in Upper Canada, July 16, +1836. <b>Dr</b> William Baldwin, president, Francis Hincks, secretary, 42; its +programme, 42.</p> + +<p><b>Cook, Dr. Henry.</b> <b>T</b> Tilley in his service, 7.</p> + +<p><b>Cook, Captain James</b> (1728-1779). Served in Canada during siege of +Quebec, 1759. Discovered New Zealand, 1769, and New South Wales, 1770. +In his famous voyage of 1776-1778, explored the north-west coast of +America. Returning the following year, murdered by the natives of +Owhyhee or Hawaii, in the Sandwich Islands. <b>Index</b>: <b>D</b> At Nootka, 14; +motive of his voyage to North-West Coast, 17; his skill, courage, and +endurance, 19; search for North-West passage, 19; his voyage of 1778, +20; refits his ship at Nootka, 20; names the Sound, 20; denies existence +of Fonte's and De Fuca's channels, 21; discovers and names Prince +William's Sound and Cook's Inlet, 21; visits Unalaska, 21; sails through +and names Bering Strait, 21; reaches the Arctic, 21; killed by natives, +at Sandwich Islands, Feb. 14, 1779, 21; his narrative published, 1784, +21. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Voyage to the Pacific Ocean.</i> For biog., <i>see</i> Besant, +<i>Captain Cook</i>; Laut, <i>Vikings of the Pacific</i>; <i>Dict. Nat. Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>Cook River.</b> <b>D</b> Named by Captain Cook, 21; Captain Douglas there in 1788, +27, 28.</p> + +<p><b>Coote's Paradise.</b> <b>Bk</b> Early name of Hamilton, 52. <i>See also</i> Hamilton.</p> + +<p><b>Copenhagen, Battle of</b> (1801). <b>Bk</b> Description of, 25-31; bombardment of, +and capture of Danish fleet, 106.</p> + +<p><b>Coppermine River.</b> Rises in a small lake, a little west of long. 110°, +and south of lat. 66°, and after a course of 525 miles flows into +Coronation Gulf, on the Arctic coast of Canada. It was discovered by +Samuel Hearne, 1771; and subsequently visited by Sir John Franklin, +1821; Sir John Richardson, 1848; and later travellers. <b>Index</b>: <b>D</b> +Discovered by Hearne, 51. <b>MS</b> Discovered by Samuel Hearne, 3, 31. <i>See</i> +Hearne. <b>Bib.</b>: Hearne, <i>Journey from Prince of Wales Fort to the Frozen +Ocean</i>; Franklin, <i>Journey to the Polar Sea</i>; Richardson, <i>Arctic +Searching Expedition</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Coquart, Claude-Godefroy.</b> Jesuit missionary. Accompanied La Vérendrye on +his Western explorations, 1741, but got no farther than Michilimackinac. +His letter, quoted by Margry, throws an interesting light on La +Vérendrye's explorations.</p> + +<p><b>Coram, Joseph.</b> <b>T</b> Runs for St. John County as Anti-Confederate, 85; a +leading Orangeman, 86; defeated in St. John County, 109.</p> + +<p><b>Corbière, Captain.</b> <b>WM</b> Killed in battle of Ste. Foy, 264.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">[90]</a></span></p> + +<p><b>Corlaer.</b> <i>See</i> Schenectady. <b>Index</b>: <b>F</b> Indian name for governors of New +York, 253.</p> + +<p><b>Corn Laws.</b> <b>Sy</b> Their repeal advocated by Poulett Thomson, 37, 40, 52. <b>B</b> +Their effect on Canadian industries, 15, 31, 32.</p> + +<p><b>Cornwall Canal.</b> <b>BL</b> Construction of, provided for by government in 1841, +98. <b>Bib.</b>: Keefer, <i>Canals of Canada</i> (R. S. C., 1893); Mme. L. N. +Rhéaume, <i>Origin of Cornwall and Williamsburg Canal</i> (Women's Can. Hist. +Soc. of Ottawa, <i>Trans.</i>).</p> + +<p><b>Cornwallis, Charles, first Marquis</b> (1738-1805). Served in American +Revolutionary War; won victory at Camden over Gates, 1780, and in 1781 +defeated Greene at Guildford. In 1781 hemmed in at Yorktown between the +American army and the French fleet, and forced to surrender. +Governor-general and commander-in-chief of Bengal, 1786-1793. +Lord-lieutenant of Ireland, 1798; British plenipotentiary to negotiate +peace of Amiens, 1801. Five years later again returned to India as +governor-general, and died at Ghazeepore. <b>Index</b>: <b>Bk</b> British +plenipotentiary in negotiating peace of Amiens, 30. <b>Dr</b> Surrender at +Yorktown, 191. <b>Hd</b> His capitulation, 211-212, 297. <b>Bib.</b>: Cornwallis, +<i>Despatches</i>; Kaye, <i>Lives of Indian Officers</i>; <i>Dict. Nat. Biog.</i>; +Johnston, <i>Yorktown Campaign</i>; <i>Cyc. Am. Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>Cornwallis, Edward.</b> Born, 1812. Member of the British House of Commons +for Eyre, 1749. Appointed governor of Nova Scotia, 1749. Sailed from +England with 2576 emigrants and on July 2, 1749, reached the harbour of +Chebucto, the site of the present city of Halifax. His administration +marked by energetic measures against the discontented Acadians. Returned +to England, 1752. Elected to the House of Commons for Westminster, 1753; +major-general, 1759; subsequently governor of Gibraltar. <b>Bib.</b>: Campbell, +<i>History of Nova Scotia</i>; Murdoch, <i>History of Nova Scotia</i>; <i>Selections +from the Public Documents of Nova Scotia</i>, ed. by Akins.</p> + +<p><b>Corpo, Father.</b> <b>L</b> Dies a martyr, 62.</p> + +<p><b>Correspondent and Advocate.</b> Newspaper. <b>Index</b>: <b>Mc</b> Newspaper, published by +Dr. O'Grady, 259.</p> + +<p><b>Corrupt Practices.</b> <b>BL</b> Bill in reference to, introduced, 99; excites +great public attention, 99; passed by Assembly, but rejected by +Legislative Council, 100.</p> + +<p><b>Corvée.</b> <b>Hd</b> Ancient French custom, 122; used in transporting provisions +to upper posts, 140; complaint against Haldimand's use of, 182, 291; +MacLean asks for decrease of, 306.</p> + +<p><b>Cosmos, Amor de.</b> <b>D</b> Editor of <i>British Colonist</i>, 271; bitter opponent of +Sir James Douglas, 306-307; his character, 306; his tribute to Douglas, +307-308; advocates union of colonies, 308. <b>Bib.</b>: Begg, <i>History of +British Columbia</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Costa, Francis.</b> <b>S</b> Naval officer, Upper Canada, 178.</p> + +<p><b>Costigan, John</b>, (1835- ). Represented Victoria in New Brunswick +Legislature, 1861-1866; elected to Dominion House of Commons, 1867; +interested himself in questions of Roman Catholic schools of New +Brunswick, and Irish home-rule. Minister of inland revenue, 1882; +secretary of state, 1892; minister of marine and fisheries, 1894. <b>Index</b>: +<b>C</b> Demands disallowance of New Brunswick Act abolishing separate schools, +73, 77; demands amendment of constitution to secure separate schools for +New Brunswick Roman Catholics, 77. <b>Bib.</b>: Morgan, <i>Can. Men</i>; <i>Canadian +Who's Who</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Côte Ste. Geneviève.</b> <b>WM</b> Slope to the north of Plains of Abraham, 186, +252.</p> + +<p><b>Côteau du Lac.</b> <b>Hd</b> Canal at, 185.</p> + +<p><b>Coton, Father.</b> <b>Ch</b> Jesuit provincial, accepts proposals of Récollets, +151.</p> + +<p><b>Couillard, Guillaume.</b> <b>Ch</b> Early settler, 145.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">[91]</a></span></p> + +<p><b>Couillard, Henry.</b> <b>Ch</b> Captain of the <i>Don de Dieu</i>, 39.</p> + +<p><b>Couillard, Jacques.</b> <b>Ch</b> An interpreter, 144.</p> + +<p><b>Council.</b> <i>See</i> Legislative Council; Executive Council; Sovereign +Council.</p> + +<p><b>Council of Assiniboia.</b> Appointed by the Hudson's Bay Company, for the +government of the colonists in their territory. The first meeting was +held Feb. 12, 1835, with Sir George Simpson as president. Bishop Taché, +Alexander Christie, Alexander Ross, Cuthbert Ross, and ten others formed +the Council. The Council, among other useful work, organized a volunteer +corps for defensive and police purposes; divided the settlements into +four districts with a magistrate for each; and made provision for a +public building. <b>Index</b>: <b>MS</b> Established by Hudson's Bay Company, 223; its +character, 223; Simpson head of, 244. <b>Bib.</b>: Begg, <i>History of the +North-West</i>; Bryce, <i>Manitoba</i>; Hargrave, <i>Red River</i>; Ross, <i>Red River +Settlement</i>.</p> + +<p><b>County Courts.</b> <b>Sy</b> Act passed establishing, 339.</p> + +<p><b>Courcelles, Daniel de Rémy, Sieur de.</b> Governor of Canada, 1665-1672. His +tenure of office marked by an unsuccessful expedition against the +Iroquois, and a long and acrimonious dispute with Laval and the Jesuits. +The Marquis de Tracy was viceroy over all the French possessions in +America during a portion of the governorship of De Courcelles; and Talon +was twice intendant of New France during the same period. <b>Index</b>: <b>F</b> +Governor of Canada, 50; arrives at Quebec, 51; moves against Iroquois, +52; character, 54; expedition to Cataraqui, 59; recalled, 60. <b>L</b> +Appointed governor, 51; stands godfather to converted Iroquois chief, +65; arrival of, 79; his high character, 81; executes justice on certain +murderers, 82, 83; leads expedition as far as Cataraqui, 83; plans +erection of a fort at that point, 84; returns to France, 143. <b>Bib.</b>: +Douglas, <i>Old France in the New World</i>; Parkman, <i>Old Régime</i>; Sulte, +<i>Régiment de Carignan</i> (R.S.C., 1902).</p> + +<p><b>Coureurs de bois.</b> <b>WM</b> Described, 17, 18; furnished recruits to militia, +31; summoned to defend the hornwork, 206. <b>Hd</b> Stir up Indians against +British, 55. <b>F</b> Created by policy of trading companies, 37; two classes +of, 88; Frontenac instructed to repress, 89; twelve captured, 99; one +hanged, 100; king's decision respecting, 125; difficulty in enforcing +the law, 127; amnesty granted on certain conditions, 127; punishments +prescribed for offenders, 128. <b>L</b> Mentioned, 158; decree against, 159. <b>D</b> +Their character, 52. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>See</i> General Index, R. S. C.; Bancroft, +<i>History of the North-West Coast</i>; Parkman, <i>Old Régime</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Courier.</b> Newspaper published at Brantford. Established, 1834. <b>Index</b>: <b>Mc</b> +Newspaper, Mackenzie's obituary in, 515.</p> + +<p><b>Courier, Upper Canada.</b> <b>Mc</b> Publishes doggerel abuse of Assembly, 165.</p> + +<p><b>Courtemanche, De.</b> <b>F</b> Sent to Michilimackinac, 310. <b>WM</b> Goes to island of +Orleans to prepare ambuscade, 90; slight success of, 92.</p> + +<p><b>Courts of Justice.</b> <b>Dr</b> Established, 13; not satisfactory to Canadians, +41; reform of, 54.</p> + +<p><b>Courval, De.</b> <b>WM</b> Directs movements of fire rafts, 130.</p> + +<p><b>Couture, Guillaume.</b> Born in Normandy, 1608. Came to Canada, 1640. Two +years later, on his way to the Huron country with Father Jogues +(<i>q.v.</i>), they were captured by the Iroquois, and carried off to their +villages, where they were tortured. Couture escaped a worse fate by +being adopted into an Iroquois family. In 1661 accompanied Fathers +Dablon and Drouillette (<i>q.v.</i>) on an expedition towards Hudson Bay. +Threatened by an Iroquois war-party, however, they got no farther than +Lake Necouba, and retreated down the Saguenay to Tadoussac. <b>Bib.</b>: +Parkman, <i>Old Régime</i>.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">[92]</a></span></p> + +<p><b>Cowlitz</b>. <b>D</b> Hudson's Bay Company vessel, 183.</p> + +<p><b>Cox, Ross.</b> Went to Astoria on the <i>Beaver</i> in 1811-1812 as an employee +of the Pacific Fur Company. When Astoria was transferred to the North +West Company, joined that Company. Spent five years on the Columbia, and +returned to the East overland. His narrative formed one of the principal +sources of Irving's <i>Astoria</i>, and is a valuable account of the fur +trade on the Pacific coast. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Adventures on the Columbia River.</i> +For biog., <i>see</i> Bryce, <i>Hudson's Bay Company</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Craig, Sir James</b> (1748-1812). Distinguished himself at Lexington and +Bunker Hill, in American Revolutionary War. Appointed governor of +Jersey, 1793; and governor of the Cape, 1795. Sent to India two years +later; and in 1807 governor-general of Canada, retiring in 1811. <b>Index</b>: +<b>P</b>Governor-general of Canada, 27; his prejudice against French-Canadians, +28; suppresses <i>Le Canadien</i>, and sends its contributors to jail, 28-29; +advises that bishop of Quebec be deprived of appointment of parish +priests, suspension of constitution of 1791, union of Upper and Lower +Canada, and confiscation of Sulpicians' estates, 29, 159; his +administration, 30-31. <b>Bk</b> Governor-general and commander-in-chief, 90, +91; distrusts French-Canadians, 91; changes name "Brock's battery" to +"King's battery," 94; his hesitation as to issuing arms to +French-Canadian militia, 102, 103; gives his reasons, 103; his speech at +opening of Legislature conciliatory, 104; cancels commissions of +Lieutenant-Colonel J. A. Panet and others, 105; dissolves Assembly, 116; +popular with the Anti-Canadian party, 116; calls for reinforcements, +118; uses military labour in road making, 125; dissolves the Assembly, +127; seizes <i>Canadien</i> newspaper and arrests its proprietors, 127; makes +other arrests in Montreal district, 128; his proclamation defending +British government, 128; sends Ryland to London, 129; expresses very +unfavourable opinion of French-Canadians, 129; praises Legislative +Council, 130; releases Bédard, 145; breakdown of his health, 147, 155; +gives his favourite horse "Alfred" to Brock, 156; leaves Canada, 156; +appearance and character, 156. <b>E</b> His shortcomings as a colonial +governor, 1, 19. <b>BL</b> His "blundering patriotism" as governor, 17. <b>Bib.</b>: +Rattray, <i>The Scot in British North America</i>; <i>Dict. Eng. Hist.</i>; <i>Dict. +Nat. Biog.</i>; Morgan, <i>Cel. Can.</i>; Christie, <i>History of Lower Canada</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Cramahé, Hector Theophilus</b>. <b>Dr</b> Member of Council, sent by Murray on +mission to England, 16; replaces Carleton during his absence from +Canada, 59; declines to decide question of an Assembly, 61; +lieutenant-governor under Carleton, and member of Council, 90; refuses +to receive Arnold's summons for surrender of Quebec, 111; his fear of +traitors within the walls, 114; improves fortifications, 117; his +careful administration during Carleton's absence, 159. <b>Hd</b> Haldimand +solicits good offices of, 111; entertainment given by, 224; personal +relations with Haldimand, 313. <b>Bib.</b>: Kingsford, <i>History of Canada</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Cramoisy, Sebastien</b>. <b>Ch</b> One of the Hundred Associates (Company of New +France), 171.</p> + +<p><b>Crane, William.</b> <b>W</b> Delegate to England to represent New Brunswick +grievances, 41, 45; again sent to England by Assembly, 46; appointed to +Council, 69; resigns, 72.</p> + +<p><b>Crawford, Isabella Valancy</b> (1851-1887). Born in Ireland. Came to Canada +at age of five. Lived at Peterborough, Ontario. Collected volume of her +<i>Poems</i> published, 1905, with biographical and critical introduction by +Ethelwyn Wetherald.</p> + +<p><b>Crawford, John Willoughby</b> (1817-1875). Born in Ireland. Came to Canada,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">[93]</a></span> +1824; studied law and called to the bar, 1824. Sat in the Legislative +Assembly for East Toronto, 1861-1863; represented South Leeds in the +House of Commons, 1867-1873; lieutenant-governor of Ontario, 1873-1875. +Died at Government House, Toronto. <b>Index</b>: <b>B</b> Defeats George Brown in East +Toronto, 1861, 141. <b>Bib.</b>: Read, <i>Lieutenant-Governors of Upper Canada</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Crawford, Colonel.</b> <b>Hd</b> Leader in attack on Moravian Indians, 171.</p> + +<p><b>Crawley, Edmund Albern</b> (1799-1880). Graduated from King's College, +Windsor; studied law under James W. Johnstone, and called to the bar, +1882. One of the leaders of the Baptist Church in Nova Scotia; entered +the ministry; and became the principal founder of Acadia College. <b>Index</b>: +<b>H</b> Halifax lawyer—becomes a Baptist and enters ministry, 77; Dalhousie +College refuses to appoint him to professorship, 81. <b>Bib.</b>: Dent, <i>Can. +Por.</i>; Hill, <i>Forty Years with the Baptist Ministers and Churches of the +Maritime Provinces of Canada</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Credit River.</b> Rises in Caledon Mountains, and enters Lake Ontario, +fourteen miles west of Toronto. <b>Index</b>: <b>Bk</b> Tract of land on, purchased by +Lieutenant-Governor Hunter from Indians, 65. <i>See also</i> Ryerson.</p> + +<p><b>Cree Indians.</b> An important Algonquian tribe, formerly ranging throughout +what are now the provinces of Manitoba and Saskatchewan, and +north-eastwards to Hudson Bay. First mentioned in Jesuit <i>Relations</i>, +1640, 1661, and 1667, and in the early journals of the Hudson's Bay +Company. They formed an alliance with the Assiniboines, formerly of +Siouan stock, and carried their raids against hostile tribes westwards +to the Rocky Mountains, and north to the Mackenzie River. In 1776 they +numbered about 15,000, but were reduced by smallpox in 1786, and again +in 1838. By the end of the nineteenth century they had again regained +their former numbers. <b>Bib.</b>: Hodge, <i>Handbook of American Indians</i>; +Harmon, <i>Journal</i>; Mackenzie, <i>Voyages</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Creek Indians.</b> A confederacy of the Muskhogean family. Known to the +English as occupying what are now the states of Alabama and Florida. +First visited by the Spaniards, under De Soto, in 1540. As a result of +the Creek War, in 1813-1814, they were removed by the American +government to Indian Territory, between 1835 and 1840. <b>Index</b>: <b>Hd</b> War +with, 69; character of, 70; their raids in Georgia, 91; Gage's opinion +of, 98. <b>Bib.</b>: Hodge, <i>Handbook of American Indians</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Creighton, John</b> (1794-1878). Born in Nova Scotia. Called to the bar, +1816, and created Q. C. by royal warrant, 1845. Sat in the Legislative +Assembly of Nova Scotia, 1830-1850. Called to the Legislative Council, +1859, and elected Speaker, 1875.</p> + +<p><b>Crémazie, Octave</b> (1827-1879). His life a peculiarly sad one. Having made +a failure of his business as a bookseller in Quebec, went to France, and +died there in poverty. One of the founders of the <i>Institut Canadien</i> of +Quebec; and contributed for some years to the <i>Soirées Canadiennes</i> and +other periodicals. His poetical works published, 1882, under the +patronage of the <i>Institut Canadien</i>, with an introduction by Abbé +Casgrain. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>[OE]uvres Complètes</i>, Montreal, 1882. For biog., <i>see</i> +Casgrain, <i>Biog.</i>; Gagnon, <i>Quelques Notes sur O. Crémazie</i> in <i>Revue +Canadienne</i>, vol. 49; also articles in same review by Abbé Casgrain +(vol. 31); and by Abbé Degagné (vol. 30).</p> + +<p><b>Crillon, Count Edward de.</b> <b>Bk</b> His connection with the John Henry letters, +186, 187; discovered to be an impostor, 188.</p> + +<p><b>Criminal Law of England.</b> <b>Dr</b> Established by Quebec Act, 64. <b>BL</b> Amendments +of 1841 to reduce its severity, 99.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">[94]</a></span></p> + +<p><b>Crisacy, Marquis Antoine de.</b> <b>F</b> Conducts expedition for restoration of +Fort Frontenac, 341.</p> + +<p><b>Crooks, Adam</b> (1827-1885). Son of James Crooks; born at West Flamboro, +Ontario. Educated at Upper Canada College and the University of Toronto. +Called to the bar of Upper Canada, 1851. Contested West Toronto for the +Assembly, 1867, but defeated; elected, 1871; defeated in East Toronto, +1875, but shortly afterwards elected for South Oxford. Attorney-general, +1871-1872; provincial treasurer, 1872-1877, to which was added in 1876 +the portfolio of education; minister of education, 1877-1883. Retired on +account of ill-health. Died in Hartford, Conn. <b>Bib.</b>: Dent, <i>Can. Por.</i>; +Rose, <i>Cyc. Can. Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>Crooks, James</b> (1778-1860). Born in Scotland. Came to Canada, 1794, and +settled at Niagara. Engaged in mercantile life. Commanded a company of +militia during the War of 1812-1814. Shortly after the close of the war +removed to West Flamboro. Helped in the suppression of the Rebellion of +1837. For twenty-five years a member of the Legislative Councils of +Upper Canada and Canada. Died in West Flamboro. <b>Bib.</b>: Dent, <i>Can. Por.</i> +and <i>Last Forty Years</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Crosby, Thomas</b>. <b>D</b> Methodist missionary—arrives, 1862, 270; opens school +at Nanaimo, 1863, 270; removes to Port Simpson, 1876, 270.</p> + +<p><b>Crown Point.</b> West side of Lake Champlain. Fort Frédéric was built here +in 1731; rebuilt, 1734; and strengthened, 1742. It was blown up by +Bourlamaque, 1759, to prevent its falling into the hands of the British; +and the same year Amherst built a fort about two hundred yards west of +the site of Fort Frédéric. This fort was captured, 1775, by Ethan +Allen's men; recaptured by Carleton the following year. Under the terms +of the treaty of Paris, 1783, Crown Point became American territory. +<i>See</i> Arnold; Allen; Abercrombie; Montgomery. <b>Index</b>: <b>Dr</b> Seized by +Americans, 82; Arnold in his retreat burns houses at, 156. <b>Hd</b> Haldimand +commands battalion of Abercrombie's expedition by way of, 17; fort built +by Amherst at, 28; Haldimand asks that pay be allowed for, 90; vessels +cruise up the lake to, 125; settlements near, to be destroyed, 137; St. +Leger sent to occupy, 211. <b>Bib.</b>: Crockett, <i>History of Lake Champlain</i>; +Smith, <i>Our Struggle for the Fourteenth Colony</i>; Parkman, <i>Montcalm and +Wolfe</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Crow's Nest Pass.</b> Discovered in the latter sixties by a trapper, Michael +Phillips, formerly in the employ of the Hudson's Bay Company. The pass +took its name from Crow's Nest Mountain, which is named Loge des +Corbeaux on one of the maps accompanying Palliser's Report, 1859. The +original Cree name, of which these are translations, is +Kah-ka-ioo-wut-tshis-tun. <b>Bib.</b>: Dawson, <i>Crow's Nest Pass</i> (Geol. +Survey, 1885); McTavish, <i>The Climb of Crow's Nest Mountain</i> in +<i>Canadian Alpine Journal</i>, 1907.</p> + +<p><b>Cudlip, John W.</b> <b>T</b> Anti-Confederate candidate in St. John County, 85; +defeated in St. John County, 109.</p> + +<p><b>Cumberland, Richard</b> (1732-1811). English dramatist. <b>Index</b>: <b>Hd</b> Asked to +select books for the Quebec library, 191. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Dict. Nat. Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>Cumberland, William Augustus, Duke of</b> (1721-1765). Second son of George +II. Commanded British armies in Flanders and Hanover. <b>Index</b>: <b>Hd</b> +Interested in raising Swiss and German regiment in America, 9.</p> + +<p><b>Cumberland House.</b> Hudson's Bay Company post. <b>Index</b>: <b>MS</b> Built by Samuel +Hearne, on Pine Island Lake, or Sturgeon Lake, in 1774, 4; rival +establishment of Montreal traders, 4.</p> + +<p><b>Cunard, Sir Samuel</b> (1787-1865). Born in Halifax. His practical training<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">[95]</a></span> +fitted him for the important rôle he was to fill in the evolution of +ocean shipping. Watched closely the early attempts to cross the Atlantic +by steam, and when in 1838 the British government invited tenders for +carrying the mails between Liverpool, Halifax, and Boston, immediately +sailed for England and laid before the Admiralty his carefully-matured +plans for a line of steamships. Succeeded in enlisting the support of +several big shipping firms in England, and had no difficulty in securing +the contract. So originated the Cunard company, which from an initial +fleet of four vessels of 1200 tons each and 440 horse-power has grown to +its present gigantic proportions. Was one of the owners of the <i>Royal +William</i> (<i>q.v.</i>). Made a baronet, 1859. <b>Index</b>: <b>H</b> Establishes steamship +line between Halifax and Great Britain, 234; makes New York western +terminal of his line, 234. <b>Bib.</b>: Dent, <i>Can. Por.</i>; Johnson, <i>First +Things in Canada</i>, under <i>Steam Communication</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Cuoq, Jean-André</b> (1821-1901). Entered the Sulpician order in 1843, and +came to Canada two years later. Devoted his life to a minute study of +the languages of the Algonquian and Iroquois tribes, and became one of +the leading authorities on the subject. <b>Bib.</b>: Works; <i>Jugement Erroné de +M. Ernest Renan sur Quelques Langues Sauvages de l'Amérique</i>; <i>Livre des +Sept Nations</i>; <i>Etudes Philolgiques sur Quelques Langues Sauvages de +l'Amérique</i>; <i>Lexique de la Langue Iroquoise</i>; <i>Lexique de la Langue +Algonquine, Anotc-Kekon.</i> For biog., <i>see Trans.</i> R. S. C., 1902, I, +127-128; Morgan, <i>Can. Men</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Curacies, permanent</b> (<i>curés fixes</i>). <b>F</b> Question of, 165, 190.</p> + +<p><b>Currency.</b> The British authorities passed an ordinance in 1764 by which +the French Louis d'or and crown were kept in circulation. First step for +a revision of the currency was taken, 1795, when an Act was passed +fixing standard of values. So-called "army bills" were issued and used +between 1812 and 1820. In 1871 an Act was passed by the Dominion +Parliament establishing a uniform currency. <b>Index</b>: <b>E</b> Decimal system +introduced by La Fontaine-Baldwin government, 86, <b>L</b> In New France, 123. +<b>S</b> Act respecting, in Upper Canada, 94-95; insufficient supply of, a +great drawback, 111. <b>Bib.</b>: Johnson, <i>First Things in Canada</i>; Weir, +<i>Sixty Years in Canada</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Curry, Thomas.</b> One of the first fur traders from Montreal to reach the +Saskatchewan, about 1771. Preceded by James Finlay (<i>q.v.</i>). <b>Index</b>: <b>MS</b> +Leaves Montreal for western fur country, 3. <b>Bib.</b>: Mackenzie, <i>General +History of the Fur Trade</i> in his <i>Voyages to the Frozen and Pacific +Oceans</i>; Burpee, <i>Hendry's Journal</i> (R. S. C., 1907); <i>Cocking's +Journal</i> (R. S. C., 1908).</p> + +<p><b>Customs.</b> <b>S</b> Arrangement with Lower Canada respecting revenue of, 93. <b>W</b> +Maintained in New Brunswick by British government, 16; changes in +system, 16-18.</p> + +<p><b>Cuthbert, James Ross.</b> <b>Bk</b> Of Berthier, forms a volunteer company, from +inhabitants of his seigniory, 95; an intimate friend of Brock, 95; his +zeal appreciated by Sir James Craig, 96. <b>Sy</b> Member of Special Council, +opposes union of the Canadas, 193. <b>BL</b> Supports Papineau and popular +party, 20. <b>P</b> Seignior of Berthier—supports Papineau in his opposition +to proposed union of the Canadas in 1822, 46. <b>Bib.</b>: Christie, <i>History +of Lower Canada</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Cuvillier, Augustin.</b> Entered public life in 1815 as member for +Huntingdon, which he represented almost continuously up to 1844. Speaker +of Assembly, 1841-1844. Died, 1849. <b>Index</b>: <b>BL</b> Nominated by Reformers as +Speaker of Legislature, 1841, 86; member for Huntingdon, 86; his +political views, 86; carries petition to Imperial government, 86; votes +against "Ninety-Two Resolutions," 86; government inclined to accept his +nomination, but tactics of Reform<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">[96]</a></span>ers make this impossible, 87; elected +Speaker, 88. <b>P</b> Delegate to England to present grievances of +French-Canadians, 63; withdraws his support of Papineau, 86; loses his +seat in Assembly, 102. <b>Bib.</b>: Morgan, <i>Cel. Can.</i></p> + + +<p><b>Dablon, Claude</b> (1619-1697). Born at Dieppe. Educated at Paris and La +Flèche; joined Canadian mission, 1655; accompanied Chaumonot to Onondaga +territory, where he remained for three years; then returned to Quebec +and remained till 1661, when sent on a mission to Cree tribes in +district of Hudson Bay. In 1668 went with Marquette to Algonquian tribes +of Lake Superior. In 1770 named superior of Canadian missions and rector +of College at Quebec, but did not reach the St. Lawrence till following +year; held these positions until August, 1680, and from October, 1686, +to 1693. Edited the <i>Relations</i> of 1671 and 1672 and compiled others +relating to 1673-1679. Died at Quebec. <b>Index</b>: <b>L</b> One of the founders of +the mission at Sault Ste. Marie, 11; dies of plague, 62; accompanies +mission to Gannentaha, 65; describes Laval's visit to Prairie de la +Madeleine, 74; quoted as to extent of Jesuit missions, 103; laments +absence of Laval, 140. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Jesuit Relations</i>, ed. by Thwaites; +Campbell, <i>Pioneer Priests of North America</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Dablon, Simon.</b> <b>Ch</b> Assisted in forming Company of New France, 168.</p> + +<p><b>Dacre, Lieutenant.</b> <b>Dr</b> Sailing-master on Carleton's ship, 154.</p> + +<p><b>Daine.</b> <b>WM</b> Lieutenant-general of police and mayor of Quebec. Signs +petition to De Ramezay for capitulation, 224.</p> + +<p><b>Dalhousie, George Ramsay, ninth Earl of</b> (1770-1838). A Scottish peer. +Entered the army at an early age and saw service in various parts of the +world. From 1812 to 1814 commanded the 7th division of the British army +in France and Spain. Received the thanks of Parliament for his services +at Waterloo. Raised to the peerage of the United Kingdom as Baron +Ramsay. Appointed lieutenant-governor of Nova Scotia in 1816. In 1819 +appointed governor-general and commander-in-chief of British North +America. Served in this capacity for nine years. From 1829 to 1832 +commander-in-chief in the East Indies. <b>Index</b>: <b>P</b> Influence did not extend +beyond Quebec, 1; his arrival as governor, 1820, 33; conflict with +Papineau, 34, 61; his harsh policy towards French-Canadians, 39; his +character, 41; founds Literary and Historical Society of Quebec, 41; +erects monument to Wolfe and Montcalm, 41; sides with Council against +Assembly, 42; promises remedy for abuses, 43; interview with Papineau, +58; refuses to confirm election of Papineau as Speaker and dissolves +Parliament, 61; his speech to Assembly, 61-62; recalled, 64, 70. <b>BL</b> +Governor-general, 1820, 19; a "disciplinarian devoid of diplomacy," 19; +leaves Canada, 20. <b>Bib.</b>: Kingsford, <i>History of Canada</i>; Rattray, <i>The +Scot in British North America</i>; <i>Dict. Eng. Hist.</i>; Campbell, <i>History +of Nova Scotia</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Dalhousie College.</b> Located at Halifax. Founded by George Ramsay, ninth +Earl of Dalhousie, 1818. Original endowment derived from funds collected +at the port of Castine, Maine, during its occupation, 1814, by Sir John +Sherbrooke, then lieutenant-governor of Nova Scotia. Act of +Incorporation passed, 1821. First president elected and classes opened, +1838. University powers conferred, 1841. College closed for some years, +owing to lack of funds for its support. Reorganized, 1863. <b>Index</b>: <b>H</b> +Founded by the "Castine Fund," 81; taken possession of by Presbyterians, +81. <b>Bib.</b>: Hopkins, <i>Canada: An Ency.</i>, vol. 3.</p> + +<p><b>Dallas, A. J.</b> Born in Scotland. Engaged for some years in the China +trade. Entered service of Hudson's Bay Company; chief factor at Fort +Victoria, Vancouver Island; succeeded Sir George Simpson as governor of +Rupert's Land,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">[97]</a></span> 1862. <b>Index</b>: <b>D</b> Marries daughter of Sir James Douglas, +103; governor Hudson's Bay Company, at Winnipeg, 103; president of +Victoria board of management, 265; moved to Rupert's Land, 265. <b>Bib.</b>: +Bryce, <i>Hudson's Bay Company</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Dallet.</b> <b>L</b> Sulpician, arrival of, 105.</p> + +<p><b>Dalling and Bulwer, William Henry Lytton Earle, Baron</b> (1801-1872). +British diplomatist. <b>Index</b>: <b>Mc</b> On the power of agitation, 16. <b>Bib.</b>: +<i>Dict. Nat. Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>Dalling's Light Infantry.</b> <b>WM</b> In battle of Ste. Foy, 257, 259.</p> + +<p><b>Dalquier, Colonel.</b> <b>WM</b> Of Béarn regiment, 209; in battle of Ste. Foy, +259, 261, 262.</p> + +<p><b>Daly, Sir Dominick</b> (1798-1868). Born in Ireland. Came to Canada, 1825; +provincial secretary for Lower Canada, 1827-1840; provincial secretary +of Canada, 1841-1848. Left Canada, and appointed by the Imperial +government lieutenant-governor of Tobago, 1851-1854. Afterwards +lieutenant-governor of Prince Edward Island, 1854-1859; and governor of +South Australia, 1861-1868. <b>Index</b>: <b>Sy</b> Provincial secretary for Lower +Canada, 283. <b>BL</b> Provincial secretary for Lower Canada, 1841, 76; his +character, 78; Baldwin's confidence in, 79; retains office under La +Fontaine-Baldwin government, 134; remains in office when rest of Cabinet +resign, 213; defends Metcalfe, 214; sole adviser, 216; provincial +secretary, 247; proposal to throw him overboard, 263. <b>E</b> Remains sole +adviser of Lord Metcalfe, 35. <b>Md</b> Constitutes an administration of one, +19. <b>Bib.</b>: Dent, <i>Can. Por.</i> and <i>Last Forty Years</i>; Taylor, <i>Brit. Am.</i>; +Morgan, <i>Cel. Can.</i>; Davin, <i>The Irishman in Canada</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Daly, John Corry Wilson</b> (1796-1878). Born in Liverpool, England. For +some time an assistant surgeon in the navy. Emigrated to the United +States, and removed to Hamilton, 1826. Appointed surgeon to the Canada +Company, 1827, and settled at Stratford, 1829. Succeeded John Galt as +agent of the Canada Company, 1831, and took up his residence at Guelph. +In the next year returned to Stratford, where he resided until his +death. For many years agent of the Bank of Upper Canada at Stratford.</p> + +<p><b>Daly, Malachy Bowes</b> (1836- ). Son of Sir Dominick Daly; born in Quebec. +Educated at St. Mary's College, Oscott, England; studied law and called +to the bar of Nova Scotia, 1864. Private secretary to various governors +of Nova Scotia. Sat in House of Commons for Halifax, 1878-1887; +lieutenant-governor of Nova Scotia, 1890-1900. <b>Bib.</b>: Morgan, <i>Can. Men</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Damours, Mathieu.</b> <b>F</b> Member of Sovereign Council, 106; arrested by +Frontenac, 139. <b>L</b> Member of Sovereign Council, 158, 166; imprisoned, +167.</p> + +<p><b>Daniel, André.</b> Eldest son of Antoine Daniel, of Dieppe, and brother of +Charles. Died in 1637. <b>Index</b>: <b>Ch</b> Sent to London (1629) to demand +restoration of New France, 212-213.</p> + +<p><b>Daniel, Antoine</b> (1600-1648). Son of Antoine Daniel, of Dieppe. Entered +the Society of Jesus; came to Canada in 1633; and in 1634 accompanied +Brébeuf to the Huron country, where they laid the beginnings of that +ill-fated mission. In 1636 came to Quebec to open the Seminary, which, +from very modest beginnings, has since developed into Laval University. +Returned to the Huron mission, and in 1648 murdered by the Iroquois. +<b>Index</b>: <b>L</b> Wounded while ministering to the dying, 5. <b>Ch</b> Murdered by the +Iroquois, 92; missionary in Cape Breton, 1633, 237. <b>Bib.</b>: Parkman, +<i>Jesuits in North America</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Daniel, Charles.</b> Son of Antoine Daniel, of Dieppe. Made a notable voyage +to New France in 1629, of which he left a graphic narrative. Arriving at +Cape Breton that year, with two armed vessels, found Lord Ochiltree, who +had<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">[98]</a></span> joined Sir William Alexander in his colonization schemes, building +a fort near Louisbourg. Seized the colonists and carried them off to +France. <b>Index</b>: <b>Ch</b> Captured by the Kirkes, 200. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Voyage à la +Nouvelle-France du Capitaine Charles Daniel</i>. For biog., <i>see</i> Biggar, +<i>Early Trading Companies of New France</i>; Parkman, <i>Pioneers of France</i>; +Kirke, <i>The First English Conquest of Canada</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Daoust, J. B.</b> <b>C</b> One of the Liberal leaders in Lower Canada, 25.</p> + +<p><b>Darache, Captain.</b> <b>Ch</b> A Basque, disregards monopoly granted to De Monts, +40.</p> + +<p><b>Darontal.</b> <b>Ch</b> Huron chief, 103.</p> + +<p><b>Dartmouth, William Legge, second Earl of</b> (1731-1801). <b>Dr</b> Succeeded as +secretary of state by Germain, 148.</p> + +<p><b>Daubressy, Captain.</b> <b>WM</b> Carries articles of capitulation of Quebec to +Vaudreuil, 234.</p> + +<p><b>Daulac.</b> <i>See</i> Dollard des Ormeaux.</p> + +<p><b>David, Laurent Olivier</b> (1840- ). Educated at St. Therese College; studied +law and called to the bar of Lower Canada, 1864. One of founders, and +editor, of <i>L'Opinion Publique</i>, 1870. Represented Montreal East in +Quebec Legislature, 1886-1890. Called to the Senate, 1903. <b>Index</b>: <b>C</b> One +of the founders of <i>Le Parti National</i>, and its organ, <i>Le National</i>, +30. <b>Bib.</b>: Works: <i>Biographies et Portraits</i>; <i>Les Héros de Chateauguay</i>; +<i>Les Patriotes de</i> 1837-1838; <i>Mes Contemporains</i>; <i>Les Deux Papineau</i>; +<i>L'Union des Deux Canadas</i>; <i>Le Drapeau de Carillon</i>; <i>Laurier et Son +Temps</i>; <i>Le Clerge Canadien</i>: <i>Sa Mission et Son [OE]uvre</i>. For biog., +<i>see</i> Morgan, <i>Can. Men</i>; <i>Canadian Who's Who</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Davidson, John.</b> <b>Sy</b> Made commissioner of crown lands, 333. <b>BL</b> +Commissioner of crown lands, proposed to retire him with pension, 125; +opposition to, 126; collector of customs, 133.</p> + +<p><b>Davin, Nicholas Flood</b> (1843-1901). Born in Ireland. Studied law and +called to the English bar, 1868. Served as war correspondent during +Franco-Prussian War. Came to Canada, 1872; joined staff of the <i>Globe</i>, +and later, the <i>Mail</i>. Called to the Ontario bar, 1874. Established the +Regina <i>Leader</i>, 1883. Represented West Assiniboia in Dominion +Parliament, 1887-1900. <b>Index</b>: <b>BL</b> Quoted on Hincks, 121, 131; on Baldwin, +172. <b>Bib.</b>: Works: <i>The Irishman in Canada</i>; <i>Eos, an Epic of the Dawn</i>; +<i>Culture and Practical Power</i>; <i>Ireland and the Empire</i>. For biog., +<i>see</i> Morgan, <i>Can. Men</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Davies, Sir Louis Henry</b> (1845- ). Born in Prince Edward Island. Educated +at Prince of Wales College; studied law and called to the bar of Prince +Edward Island, 1866. Sat in the Assembly, 1872-1879; premier and +attorney-general, 1876. Elected to the House of Commons for Queen's, +1882; minister of marine and fisheries in the Laurier administration, +1896; counsel for Great Britain before the International Fisheries +Commission at Halifax, 1877; one of the joint high commissioners on +behalf of Great Britain to settle differences between the United States +and Canada, 1898; knighted, 1897; appointed a judge of the Supreme Court +of Canada, 1902. <b>Bib.</b>: Morgan, <i>Can. Men</i>; <i>Canadian Who's Who</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Davis, Captain Sylvanus.</b> <b>F</b> Captured at Fort Loyal, 252; a prisoner in +Quebec, during siege by Phipps, 294.</p> + +<p><b>Davost, Father.</b> <b>Ch</b> Jesuit missionary in Cape Breton, 237.</p> + +<p><b>Dawson, George Mercer</b> (1849-1901). Son of Sir J. W. Dawson (<i>q.v.</i>). +Studied geology and palæontology under Huxley, Ramsay and Etheridge at +the Royal School of Mines, London. Geologist and botanist to North +American Boundary Commission, 1873-1875. Appointed to staff of +Geological Survey,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">[99]</a></span> 1875; assistant director, 1883; director, 1895. One +of British commissioners in Bering Sea Arbitration, 1892. <b>Bib.</b>: For his +numerous reports and papers on geological and allied subjects, <i>see</i> +<i>General Indexes to Geological Survey Reports</i>, 1863-1884, and +1885-1906; and <i>Bibliography of the Royal Society</i> (R. S. C., 1894). For +biog., <i>see</i> Morgan, <i>Can. Men</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Dawson, Sir John William</b> (1820-1899). Born at Pictou, Nova Scotia. +Educated at Edinburgh University. Accompanied Sir Charles Lyell on his +geological explorations in Nova Scotia. Appointed superintendent of +education for Nova Scotia, 1850. Principal of McGill University, +1855-1893, and mainly instrumental in building up the institution from a +small college to one of the first rank. Elected F. G. S., 1854, and F. +R. S., 1862; knighted, 1884. First president of Royal Society of Canada. +Author of many works on geology and palæontology. <b>Index</b>: <b>T</b> Commissioner +to investigate King's College, 48. <b>Bib.</b>: Works: <i>Acadian Geology</i>; +<i>Story of the Earth and Man</i>; <i>Science and the Bible</i>; <i>Dawn of Life</i>; +<i>Origin of the World</i>; <i>Fossil Men</i>; <i>Change of Life in Geological +Times</i>; <i>Chain of Life</i>; <i>Egypt and Syria</i>. For biog., <i>see</i> <i>Dict. Nat. +Biog.</i>; Dent, <i>Can. Por.</i>; Taylor, <i>Brit. Am.</i>; Morgan, <i>Can. Men</i>; +<i>Cyc. Am. Biog.</i>; Dawson, <i>Fifty Years' Work in Canada</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Day, Charles Dewey</b> (1806-1884). Born in Bennington, Vermont. Came with +his parents to Canada, 1812. Called to the bar of Lower Canada, 1827; +created Q.C., 1837. Assisted in the prosecution of the insurgents who +had been arrested during the Rebellion of 1837-1838. Appointed +solicitor-general and called to the Special Council, 1839. Summoned by +Sydenham to the Executive Council, 1840, and subsequently elected to the +Assembly for the county of Ottawa. Appointed judge of the Court of +Queen's Bench, 1842; transferred to the Superior Court, 1849; resigned, +1862. Acted as commissioner for the codification of the civil laws of +Quebec; as representative of Quebec on the Arbitration Commission +appointed under the British North America Act to settle the claims of +the provinces; and as chairman of the Royal Commission to investigate +the charges against the Macdonald government in connection with the +granting of the charter to build the Canadian Pacific Railway. Held the +office of chancellor of McGill University from 1857 until his death. +Died in England. <b>Index</b>: <b>BL</b> Solicitor-general for Lower Canada, 1841, 76; +represents British interests, 78; Baldwin's attitude to, 80; introduces +School Bill, 107; elevated to bench, 122. <b>Sy</b> Solicitor-general for Lower +Canada, 283. <b>E</b> Judge of Seigniorial Court, 187. <b>Bib.</b>: Taylor, <i>Brit. +Am.</i>; Dent, <i>Last Forty Years</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Dean.</b> <b>Bk</b> Private of the 41st, gallant conduct of at Canard bridge, 236; +praised by Brock on parade, 258.</p> + +<p><b>Deane, Silas</b> (1737-1789). Delegate from Connecticut to Continental +Congress, 1774. Sent to France as secret political agent, 1776. +Instrumental in negotiating treaties with France, and bringing Lafayette +to America. <b>Index</b>: <b>Dr</b> Advocates canal to complete navigation between +Lake Champlain and the St. Lawrence, 230, 231. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Cyc. Am. Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>Dearborn, Henry</b> (1751-1829). Served through War of the Revolution; +accompanied Arnold's expedition to Canada. Secretary of war, 1801-1809; +appointed major-general, 1812, and assigned to command of northern +department in War of 1812; captured York, 1813, and Fort George, same +year. Minister to Portugal, 1822-1824. <b>Index</b>: <b>Bk</b> Commanded United States +troops in War of 1812, 192; at Plattsburg, 285. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Cyc. Am. Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>Dease, Peter Warren.</b> <b>D</b> In charge of New Caledonia for Hudson's Bay +Company, 285. <b>MS</b> Succeeds William Connolly, 224; chief factor, 1828, +224; his<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">[100]</a></span> explorations of Arctic coast, 224-225. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Narrative of +Discoveries on the North Coast of America</i>; Bryce, <i>Hudson's Bay +Company</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Debartzch, P. D.</b> Engaged in journalism. First elected to the Assembly of +Lower Canada, 1810; member of the Legislative Council, 1815. <b>Index</b>: <b>P</b> +Accepts Papineau's leadership, 34; urges him to accept mission to +England to oppose union of the Canadas, 46; his daughters, 46; withdraws +his support of Papineau, 86; interview with O'Callaghan, 146; attacked +by Papineau, 169. <b>Bib.</b>: Morgan, <i>Cel. Can.</i></p> + +<p><b>De Bonne, Judge.</b> <b>Bk</b> Resolution of Assembly excluding, 126.</p> + +<p><b>Debt, Public.</b> <b>Sy</b> Arrangements for, under Union, 115, 193, 204, 205, 206, +207; estimated amount of, 319.</p> + +<p><b>Declaration of Independence.</b> In Upper Canada. <b>Mc</b> July 1837, its history, +330; work of Rolph and O'Grady, 330.</p> + +<p><b>De Grey.</b> <i>See</i> Walsingham.</p> + +<p><b>De Grey and Ripon.</b> <i>See</i> Ripon.</p> + +<p><b>Delagrave, C.</b> <b>E</b> Commissioner under Seigniorial Tenure law, 187.</p> + +<p><b>De Lancy's Brigade of Loyalists.</b> <b>Dr</b> Mentioned, 202.</p> + +<p><b>Delaune, Captain.</b> <b>WM</b> Commanded the volunteers who first climbed hill at +Le Foulon, 181.</p> + +<p><b>Delaware Indians.</b> A confederacy, of Algonquian stock, occupying the +basin of the Delaware River. They were known to the British as +Delawares; to the French as Loups; and they called themselves, Lenape. +Early in the eighteenth century, the Iroquois brought them into +subjection. They crossed the mountains, and formed settlements in +eastern Ohio, about the middle of the century. The remnant of the +Delawares are now on reservations in Oklahoma, with a few hundred in +Canada. <b>Index</b>: <b>Hd</b> Bring prisoners from Wyoming, 149. <b>Bib.</b>: Hodge, +<i>Handbook of American Indians</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Delessert, B.</b> <b>Sy</b> Philanthropist and naturalist, 20.</p> + +<p><b>De Lisle, Elizabeth.</b> <b>Bk</b> Mother of Sir Isaac Brock, 6.</p> + +<p><b>Demers, Jérome.</b> <b>P</b> Criticizes Papineau for accepting mission to England, +65-66.</p> + +<p><b>Demers, Joseph.</b> <b>P</b> Urges Papineau to accept mission to England to oppose +union of the Canadas, 45.</p> + +<p><b>Demers, Modeste.</b> First Roman Catholic bishop of Vancouver Island, +1847-1871. <b>Index</b>: <b>D</b> Missionary on Vancouver Island prior to 1846, 269; +visits upper Fraser, 269; made bishop, 269.</p> + +<p><b>De Mille, James</b> (1833-1880). Born in New Brunswick. Educated at Horton +Academy and at Brown University, Rhode Island. Subsequently professor of +classics at Acadia College and at Dalhousie College. <b>Bib.</b>: Works: +<i>Elements of Rhetoric</i>; <i>Helena's Household; A Tale of Rome in the First +Century</i>; <i>Young Dodge Club Series</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Déné Indians.</b> A group of tribes, of Athapaskan stock. The name means +<i>men</i>. Morice includes four tribes in the Western Dénés: Sekanais, on +the west slope of the Rocky Mountains; Babines, who occupy the shores of +the lakes of the same name, and the neighbouring country; Carriers, +whose villages extend from Stuart Lake to Alexandria on the Fraser; and +Chilcotins, who occupy the valley of the river of the same name. <b>Index</b>: +<b>D</b> In New Caledonia, 97. <b>Bib.</b>: Morice, <i>The Western Dénés</i>; <i>Déné +Sociology</i>; <i>Notes on the Western Dénés</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Denison, George Taylor</b> (1839- ). Police magistrate at Toronto since 1877. +Commanded Governor-General's Bodyguard in Fenian Raid, 1866; and in Riel +Rebellion, 1885; in 1877 won the first prize offered by the Czar of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101">[101]</a></span> +Russia for the best <i>History of Cavalry</i>; president of the British +Empire League in Canada since 1896. One of the founders of Canada First +Party. <b>Index</b>: <b>Md</b> Opposes commercial union, 295. <b>Bib.</b>: Works: <i>Fenian +Raid on Fort Erie</i>; <i>Modern Cavalry</i>; <i>History of Cavalry</i>; <i>Soldiering +in Canada</i>; <i>Struggle for Imperial Unity</i>. For biog., <i>see</i> Morgan, +<i>Can. Men</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Dennis, John Stoughton</b> (1820-1885). Born near Toronto. Educated at +Victoria College; commissioned as surveyor of public lands, 1842. +Assisted in the organization of the Canadian militia, 1855; raised and +appointed to the command of the Toronto Field Battery, 1856; +brigade-major of the 5th Military District, 1861-1869; saw active +service during the Fenian Raid, 1866. Sent to Red River Settlement to +organize system of surveys, 1869, but was forced to withdraw. +Surveyor-general of Dominion Lands, 1871; deputy-minister of the +interior, 1878; retired, 1881; created C. M. G., 1882. <b>Index</b>: <b>C</b> His +surveys held responsible for first Riel Rebellion, 69-70. <b>R</b> +Surveyor-general, graduate of Victoria College, 144. <b>Bib.</b>: Denison, <i>The +Fenian Raid on Fort Erie</i> and <i>Soldiering in Canada</i>. <i>See also</i> Riel +Rebellion, 1869-1870.</p> + +<p><b>Denonville, Jacques-René de Brisay, Marquis de.</b> Eleventh governor of New +France. Colonel of Dragoons in French army; spent thirty years in +military service before coming to Canada, in 1685, as successor to La +Barre. Although a capable officer, found himself in a difficult +situation owing to the condition to which the country had been brought +by the failure of La Barre and the intrigues of the English governor of +New York. Adopted a severe policy with the Indians, and was condemned +for his treacherous seizure of Iroquois at Fort Frontenac in 1687. The +horrible massacre of Lachine was one of the consequences of his +maladministration. Succeeded in the government of the colony by +Frontenac in 1689. Died in 1710. <b>Index</b>: <b>F</b> Succeeds La Barre as governor, +189; comes out in same ship with Saint Vallier, 191; gives unfavourable +account of Canadian people, 192; his piety, 197; asks for more troops, +198; corresponds with Dongan, governor of New York, 198; desirous of +constructing a fort at Niagara, 199; proposes to French king to buy +colony of New York, 202; instructed to cultivate peaceful relations with +English neighbours, 203; sends expedition to Hudson Bay, 205; receives +reinforcements, 206; determines to march against Iroquois, 207; crafty +policy, 208; complains of French troops, 212; erects fort at Niagara, +213; asks for more troops, 217; receives visit from Big Mouth, 221; in +attack by Iroquois on Lachine, orders troops to remain on defensive, +225; recalled, 228; orders Fort Frontenac to be blown up, 228; +stimulates Abenaquis to attack New England settlements, 249. <b>L</b> On liquor +question, 175; succeeds La Barre as governor, 193; his measures for +defence of Canada, 213; seizes certain Indian chiefs, 214; builds fort +at Niagara, 216; recalled, 218; conduct in Lachine massacre, 226, 227. +<b>Bib.</b>: Girouard, <i>L'Expédition de Marquis de Denonville</i> (R. S. C., +1899); Parkman, <i>Old Régime</i> and <i>Frontenac</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Dent, John Charles</b> (1841-1888). Born in England. Came to Canada at an +early age; studied law and called to the bar of Upper Canada. Went back +to England and for a time engaged in newspaper work in London. Returned +to America, 1847, and spent three years in Boston; came to Canada again, +1870, and became one of the editors of the <i>Globe</i>. <b>Index</b>: <b>B</b> On the +"Double Shuffle," 108. <b>Bib.</b>: Works: <i>Last Forty Years</i>; <i>Upper Canadian +Rebellion</i>; <i>Canadian Portrait Gallery</i>. For biog., <i>see</i> MacMurchy, +<i>Canadian Literature</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Denys, Charles, Sieur de Fronsac.</b> <b>Ch</b> Settles in Miramichi, 237.</p> + +<p><b>Denys, Nicolas</b> (1598-1688). Born at Tours. Early took to sea and in +1633<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102">[102]</a></span> became interested in the fisheries of Nova Scotia. A short time +after made one of the lieutenants of Acadia under the Company of New +France, and settled at Miscou. In 1647 his fort seized by D'Aulnay, who +had just been made lieutenant-general of the colony. In 1650 his +establishment in Cape Breton captured and he himself taken prisoner. A +second attempt to settle in Cape Breton frustrated by Le Borgne. +Returned to France in 1653, and received a grant of the islands of the +St. Lawrence, including a monopoly of the fur trade, and shortly after +became governor of that territory, together with Newfoundland. In 1667 +obtained a confirmation of his rights, but in the winter of 1668-1669 +his establishment at St. Peters completely destroyed by fire. In 1671 +returned to France and engaged in the preparation of his work on Acadia. +About 1685 returned to Acadia, but his closing years darkened by the +scattering of his vast estates. Died three years later, at the age of 90 +years. <b>Index</b>: <b>Ch</b> Abandons Chedabucto and goes to Cape Breton, thence to +Miscou and Gaspé, 236. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Description and Natural History of +Acadia</i>, ed. by Ganong. For biog., <i>see</i> Parkman, <i>Old Régime</i>.</p> + +<p><b>De Peyster, Arent Schuyler</b> (1736-1832). Joined the 8th Regiment, 1755, +and served with distinction upon the British side in the Revolutionary +War. In command at Detroit, and also at Michilimackinac. Retired to +Dumfries, Scotland, where he enjoyed the friendship of Robert Burns, and +died there. <b>Index</b>: <b>Hd</b> Commander at Detroit, 146; Haldimand's letter to, +158; on the freemasonry of Indians, 161; Haldimand's letter to, on +defence of frontier posts, 260; thought Du Calvet should have been +hanged, 314. <b>Bib.</b>: Morgan, <i>Cel. Can.</i></p> + +<p><b>Dequen, Jean.</b> <b>L</b> Jesuit, devotion of, 32; his death, 33.</p> + +<p><b>Derby, Edward George Geoffrey Smith Stanley, fourteenth Earl</b> +(1799-1869). Entered Parliament, 1820; Irish secretary, 1830-1833; +colonial secretary, 1833-1834 and 1841-1844. Prime minister, 1852, +1858-1859, and 1866-1868. <b>Index</b>: <b>E</b> Induces Elgin to accept governorship +of Jamaica, 9; endorses Metcalfe's policy, 37; on an elective Upper +House, 121-122. <b>W</b> Receives New Brunswick delegates, 24; on casual and +territorial revenue, 25, 27, 29; on King's College Bill, 53, 54; +increases New Brunswick Council, 69; cancels Reade's appointment, 80-81; +on initiation of money grants, 92; crown lands case, 101. <b>T</b> His +government defeated, 63. <b>B</b> Offers governorship to Metcalfe, 18; +justifies his policy, 23. <b>BL</b> Restores Hagerman to office, 16; threatens +to curtail existing privileges of people of Lower Canada, 21; petition +and correspondence as to public affairs in Upper Canada, 30; condemns +Bagot's policy, 151; correspondence with Metcalfe, 160-166, 167, +168-169, 176, 186-187, 209-211; defends Metcalfe in House of Commons, +and expresses his views on colonial government, 230-234; his +confidential letters to Metcalfe, 230; Sullivan's criticism of his views +on responsible government, 244; on Metcalfe's resignation, 265. <b>Mc</b> +Restores Hagerman to office, 234; colonial secretary, 236; discusses +post office, 236. <b>Bib.</b>: Kebbel, <i>Earl of Derby</i>; <i>Dict. Nat. Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>Derby.</b> <b>D</b> Formerly Fort Langley—proposed as capital of British Columbia, +246.</p> + +<p><b>De Salaberry.</b> <b>WM</b> Seigniorial manor of, headquarters of Montcalm, 94; +council of war meets at, 147.</p> + +<p><b>Desandrouins, Captain.</b> <b>WM</b> His account of massacre at Fort William Henry, +47-50.</p> + +<p><b>Des Barres, William Frederick</b> (1800-1885). Born in Nova Scotia. Educated +at Halifax Grammar School; called to the bar of Nova Scotia, 1821.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">[103]</a></span> +Represented Guysborough in the Assembly, 1836-1848; solicitor-general in +Uniacke government, 1848; appointed judge of the Supreme Court, 1848; +resigned, 1881. <b>Index</b>: <b>H</b> Member of Uniacke government, Nova Scotia, +1848, 110; solicitor-general, 111; commissioner for Halifax-Windsor +Railway, 118. <b>Bib.</b>: Campbell, <i>History of Nova Scotia</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Des Brisay, Alexander C.</b> <b>T</b> Confederate candidate in New Brunswick, +elected, 89; attacks government in Assembly, 102.</p> + +<p><b>Deschamps.</b> <b>Ch</b> Surgeon, with the expedition at Port Royal, autopsy +performed by, 33.</p> + +<p><b>Deschamps, Isaac</b> (1722-1801). A native of Switzerland; came to Nova +Scotia in early life. Elected to the Assembly, 1761; judge of the Court +of Common Pleas for King's County, 1761; judge of the Island of St. +John, 1768; assistant judge of the Supreme Court of Nova Scotia, 1770; +chief-justice, 1785. Appointed a member of the Council, 1783. <b>Bib.</b>: +Campbell, <i>History of Nova Scotia</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Desdames.</b> <b>Ch</b> Clerk sent to Gaspé, returns with news of English +depredations, 181; returns to France, 209.</p> + +<p><b>Deseille, Father.</b> <b>L</b> Companion of Father Marquette, 62.</p> + +<p><b>Desertions.</b> <b>S</b> Very prevalent, 72; punishments for, 72; causes of, 73. <b>WM</b> +From ranks of Canadian militia frequent, 152. <b>Bk</b> Followed by capture, +60; three shot, 63; two shot, 134; from United States regiments of the +line to the Canadian side, 281.</p> + +<p><b>Des Groseilliers.</b> <i>See</i> Chouart.</p> + +<p><b>Des Marets, Claude Godet, Sieur de.</b> <b>Ch</b> Son-in-law of Pont-Gravé, arrives +at Quebec, 47; accompanies Champlain in expedition against Iroquois, 52; +at Cap de la Victoire, 139.</p> + +<p><b>De Soyres, Rev. John.</b> <b>T</b> Conducts funeral service of Sir Leonard Tilley, +146.</p> + +<p><b>Desportes, Pierre.</b> <b>Ch</b> An early settler in Quebec, 145, 146; goes to +Gaspé, 181; remains in Quebec during English occupation, 196, 208.</p> + +<p><b>Désquérat, Captain.</b> <b>F</b> Killed at Laprairie, 313.</p> + +<p><b>Des Rivières, Captain.</b> <b>WM</b> Accompanies captured British officers to +Quebec, 90.</p> + +<p><b>Dessaules, Louis A.</b> Born 1819. Member of Legislative Council, 1856-1863. +Edited <i>Le Pays</i> at Montreal. <b>Index</b>: <b>E</b> Member of <i>Parti Rouge</i>, 108. <b>C</b> +One of Liberal leaders in Quebec, 25; protests against Dorion entering +Cartier's ministry, 106-107. <b>Bib.</b>: Works: <i>Rouge et Noir</i>; <i>Lectures sur +l'Annexion du Canada aux États-Unis</i>; <i>Galilée, Ses Travaux +Scientifiques et sa Condamnation</i>; <i>La Guerre Américaine</i>. For biog., +<i>see</i> Morgan, <i>Bib. Can.</i></p> + +<p><b>Destouches.</b> <b>Ch</b> Clerk, appointed by Champlain as his second lieutenant, +155; returns to France, 209.</p> + +<p><b>Detroit.</b> Founded by Antoine de la Motte Cadillac (<i>q.v.</i>) in 1701. The +fort remained under Cadillac's command until 1710. A census taken that +year shows six settlers cultivating the land, and twenty-nine soldiers, +traders, etc., occupying houses within the fort. De la Forest succeeded +Cadillac at the fort, 1710. Fort surrendered to the British, 1760. +Pontiac laid siege to the fort, 1763, but failed to capture it. +Transferred to United States, 1796. Captured by Brock, in War of 1812; +restored by treaty of Ghent. <b>Index</b>: <b>S</b> The most important of western +fortified posts, 51; Great Britain retains possession of, pending +settlement of certain questions, 55, 119; threatened by army under +Wayne, 133; handed over to United States, 142; River aux Raisins the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">[104]</a></span> +boundary of territory dependent on, during British occupation, 145. <b>Dr</b> +Defence of by Major Gladwin, 5; retained with other western posts as +security for proper treatment of loyalists, 231; handed over to United +States, 291. <b>Bk</b> Founded by La Motte Cadillac, its exciting history, 54; +Brock determines to attack, 248; its strength and garrison, 249, 250; +attacked, 251, 254; Hull surrenders with his whole army, 255; important +results of capture, 256. <b>MS</b> Under French régime, 11; in days of North +West Company, 12. <b>Hd</b> Company of 8th Regiment sent to, 137; a source of +anxiety, 145; De Peyster in command at, 146, 158; reinforcements sent +to, 153; Jehu Hay, lieutenant-governor of, in 1784, 158; doubtful +subjects settle round, 161; difficulty of navigation to, 163; +Haldimand's letter to Henry Hamilton, lieutenant-governor at, on means +for recovery of Illinois country, 167; unfortunate expedition from, 168; +Haldimand's letter to De Peyster on importance of, 260; boat built at by +North West Company, 262; Major Mathews, lieutenant-governor at, in 1787, +332. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Cadillac Papers</i> (Mich. Pion. & Hist. <i>Coll.</i>, vol. 33 <i>et +seq.</i>); Parkman, <i>Conspiracy of Pontiac</i>; Lucas, <i>Canadian War of 1812</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Detroit.</b> Brig. <i>See</i> Adams.</p> + +<p><b>Devil's Hole.</b> <b>Bk</b> Near Fort Niagara, massacre of British troops at, 55.</p> + +<p><b>Devos, Frederick.</b> <b>Hd</b> Great-nephew of Haldimand, 312.</p> + +<p><b>Dewart, Edward Hartley</b> (1828-1903). Born in Ireland. Came to Canada with +his parents at age of six. Educated at local schools and at the Toronto +Normal School. Taught school for a time; entered the ministry of the +Methodist Church, 1851; editor of <i>The Christian Guardian</i>, 1869-1894. +<b>Bib.</b>: Works: <i>Selections from Canadian Poets</i>; <i>Songs of Life: A +Collection of Poems</i>; <i>Essays for the Times</i>. For biog., <i>see</i> Morgan, +<i>Can. Men</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Dewdney, Edgar</b> (1835- ). Born in Devonshire, England. Came to British +Columbia, 1859. Had charge of survey of site of New Westminster, and +other engineering works. First elected to provincial Legislature, 1869; +returned to Dominion House, 1872. Appointed Indian commissioner for +North-West Territories, 1879; and lieutenant-governor of North-West +Territories, 1881. Member of Dominion Cabinet as minister of interior, +1888-1892. Appointed lieutenant-governor of British Columbia, 1892. +<b>Index</b>: <b>D</b> Builds Dewdney trail, from Hope to Similkameen, 252-253. <b>Bib.</b>: +Morgan, <i>Can. Men</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Dickey, Robert Barry</b> (1811-1903). Born in Amherst, Nova Scotia. Studied +law, and called to the bar of Nova Scotia, and of New Brunswick, 1834. +Sat in Legislative Council, Nova Scotia, 1858-1867. Appointed to the +Senate, 1867. Took an active part in the negotiations leading up to the +building of the Intercolonial Railway, and the Confederation of the +provinces. <b>Index</b>: <b>H</b> Delegate from Nova Scotia to Charlottetown +Conference, 177. <b>T</b> Delegate to Charlottetown Conference, 73; and to +Quebec Conference, 77. <b>Bib.</b>: Morgan, <i>Can. Men</i>; Campbell, <i>History of +Nova Scotia</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Dickson, Walter Hamilton</b> (1806-1884). Born in Niagara. Called to the bar +of Upper Canada, 1830. Served during the Rebellion of 1837 as a cavalry +officer. Represented Niagara in the Assembly, 1841-1851; sat in the +Legislative Council of Canada, 1855-1867; appointed to the Dominion +Senate, 1867.</p> + +<p><b>Dieskau, Jean Armand, Baron de</b> (1701-1777). Of German descent; served +with distinction under Marshal Saxe. When it was made known to the court +at Versailles that the British had sent two regiments to America under +Braddock, the French decided to fit out an expedition on a larger scale, +and six regiments embarked for Canada under Dieskau, who was given the +rank of general. Immediately after assuming command, prepared to attack +the British and marched<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105">[105]</a></span> at the head of a body of men against Johnson. +Although his plans appear to have been well laid, his position was +betrayed through the action of the Indians. Severely wounded, made +prisoner and well cared for by the British. Taken to England, ruined in +health and fortune. Liberated at the conclusion of the war in 1763; and +returned to France. <b>Index</b>: <b>WM</b> Defeated and taken prisoner at Lake +George, 22. <b>Bib.</b>: Parkman, <i>Montcalm and Wolfe</i>; Bradley, <i>Fight with +France</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Digby, Robert</b> (1732-1815). Commanded the <i>Dunkirk</i> at Quiberon Bay, +1759; second in command in Rodney's expedition for relief of Gibraltar, +1779; commander-in-chief in North America, 1781. <b>Index</b>: <b>Dr</b> Appointed to +chief naval command in America, 194. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Dict. Nat. Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>Disney, Captain.</b> <b>Dr</b> Accused in connection with Walker affair, 36; tried +and acquitted, 38.</p> + +<p><b>Dissenters.</b> <b>S</b> Preponderance of, in Upper Canada, 159, 160. <i>See also</i> +Presbyterian; Methodist.</p> + +<p><b>District Courts.</b> <b>Sy</b> Establishment of in Lower Canada, 255.</p> + +<p><b>Doak.</b> <b>W</b> Proprietor of <i>Loyalist</i> newspaper, arrested and released, 75.</p> + +<p><b>Dobson.</b> <b>Bk</b> Brock's faithful servant, 11.</p> + +<p><b>Dodd, E. M.</b> <b>H</b> Solicitor-general and member of Executive and Legislative +Councils, Nova Scotia—makes statement as to ministerial responsibility, +76; attempts to reconcile Joseph Howe and his colleagues to the +appointment of W. B. Almon to the Executive Council, 87. <b>Bib.</b>: Campbell, +<i>History of Nova Scotia</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Dollard des Ormeaux, Adam.</b> A young officer of the garrison at Montreal, +who saved Montreal and the colony from probable destruction by the +Iroquois, in 1660. With sixteen companions and a few Indian allies, he +intercepted the Iroquois at the Long Sault Rapids, on the Ottawa, and +with a heroism seldom equalled in the world's history, this little band +gave their lives for their country's sake. The Iroquois, discouraged by +such unexpected resistance, abandoned the projected raid on the colony. +<b>Index</b>: <b>L</b> His heroic resistance to Iroquois at the Long Sault, 39, 69-72. +<b>Bib.</b>: Parkman, <i>Old Régime</i>; <i>Jesuit Relations</i>, 1660; Faillon, +<i>Histoire de la Colonie Française</i>; Dollier de Casson, <i>Histoire de +Montreal</i>. The exploit has inspired several Canadian poems. <i>See</i> +Martin, <i>Marguerite</i>; Fréchette, <i>Legende d'un Peuple</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Dollebeau, Father.</b> <b>Ch</b> In charge of mission at Miscou, 235; death of, +235.</p> + +<p><b>Dollier de Casson, Francis</b> (1636-1701). Born in Basse Bretagne. Served +with distinction as a cavalry officer under Turenne. Came to Montreal +and joined the Sulpicians in 1666. In 1669-1670 carried out with Galinée +an important exploration of the Great Lakes. Became superior of the +Seminary of Montreal, and later vicar-general of the diocese. <b>Index</b>: <b>L</b> +Labours with Galinée on the shores of Lake Erie, 11; gives account of +Dollard's exploit, 75; lays foundation stone of Montreal church, 89; on +evil effects of sale of liquor to the Indians, 175; at Quebec, 190. <b>F</b> +His history of Montreal, 34; depicts evils of liquor traffic, 335. <b>Bib.</b>: +<i>Histoire de Montréal</i>. For biog., <i>see</i> Parkman, <i>Old Régime</i>; +<i>Exploration of the Great Lakes by Dollier de Casson and de Bréhant de +Galinée</i>, ed. by Coyne.</p> + +<p><b>Dolu.</b> <b>Ch</b> Grand almoner of France, intendant, 129; his instructions to +Champlain, 132. <b>Bib.</b>: Biggar, <i>Early Trading Companies of New France</i>; +Douglas, <i>Old France in the New World</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Domergue, Lieutenant.</b> <b>F</b> Killed at Laprairie, 313.</p> + +<p><b>Don de Dieu.</b> <b>Ch</b> Name of vessel in which Champlain sailed for Quebec in +1608, 39; also one of vessels of Company of New France, 245.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106">[106]</a></span></p> + +<p><b>Dongan, Thomas, Earl of Limerick</b> (1634-1715). Colonial governor of New +York. Sent to America as governor, 1682. Resigned, 1688. Became Earl of +Limerick, 1698. <b>Index</b>: <b>F</b> Governor of New York, correspondence with La +Barre, 182; policy with Iroquois, 183; correspondence with Denonville, +199-200; claims right to trade with Lake tribes, 203; demands +destruction of Fort Niagara, 218; advice to Indians, 219. <b>L</b> Governor of +New York, stirs up Iroquois, 185, 191. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Cyc. Am. Biog.</i>; <i>Dict. +Nat. Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>Dorchester, Guy Carleton, first Baron</b> (1724-1808). <b>Dr</b> Birth and +parentage, 29; enters army, 29; lieutenant-colonel, 30; Wolfe's +friendship for, 30; military preceptor to Duke of Richmond, 30; Wolfe +secures him for quartermaster of Quebec expedition, 31; entrusted with +important tasks, 32; wounded at Battle of the Plains, 32; served under +Albemarle at siege of Havana, 32; appointed to succeed Murray at Quebec, +32; finds divisions in the country, 33; has difficulty with his Council, +34; forwards petition of Jesuits, 35; issues proclamation relinquishing +all fees, 35; his despatch on the subject, 36; has the Walker case on +his hands, 37; dismisses Irving and Mabane from the Council, 39; his +views in regard to English and French laws, 41, 43; on state of the +colony, 44-47; anticipates revolt of American colonies, 50; endeavours +to check legal abuses, 51; orders release of small debtors, 52; issues +new ordinance respecting administration of justice, 54, 55; opposed to +creation of House of Assembly, 55; his return to England, 57; becomes +governor-general on Murray's resignation, 1768, 57; absent in England +four years, 59; replaced by Cramahé, 59; his report on manufactures of +Canada, 59; took important part in framing Quebec Act, 63; his evidence +before House of Commons, 67; sails for Canada, 75; his marriage, 75; +sends troops to Boston on requisition of General Gage, 78; receives news +of Benedict Arnold's attack on St. John's, 83; forwards troops and +proceeds to Montreal, 85; calls out militia, 86; returns to Quebec, 89; +gives guinea to Canadian soldier, 89; hurries back to Montreal, 91; +applies to Gage for two regiments, 92; his despatch explaining fall of +St. John's and impossibility of defending Montreal, 103; reaches Quebec, +112; orders all to leave the city who would not help in its defence, +114; his courage and watchfulness, 124; his estimate of the killed in +the attack on Quebec, 131; great source of strength to his followers, +133; moves out to attack enemy, who took to flight, 138; makes search in +surrounding country for fugitives in distress, 139; makes arrangements +to pursue the retreating American army, 144; meets Burgoyne at Quebec, +144-145; his operations successful, 147; Lord George Germain's enmity +to, 149; plans to improve the defences of the country, 150-151; +re-establishes the Courts of Quebec, 151; defeats the Americans in naval +engagement on Lake Champlain, 153-157; refuses to attack +Ticonderoga—his reasons, 157-158; retires with army in winter quarters, +159; superseded in charge of next year's campaign by General Burgoyne, +163; his authority limited to Canada, 163; his bitter replies to +Germain's despatches, 164-166; indignant at transfer of command to +Burgoyne, he resigns, 169; no friction between him and Burgoyne, 174; +Burgoyne's testimony, 174; makes forced levy of militia to recruit +Burgoyne's army, 178; his correspondence with Hamilton in the West, 179; +his appointments to judgeships, 183; objects to appointment of Livius +and Owen as judges, 184; his protests against improper appointments, +185; calls out one-third of militia, 187; constitutes committee of +Council, 187; his last despatch to Germain, 188; returns to England, +189; sent to America as commander-in-chief and commissioner, 193; +arrives at New York, 195; instructed to make pacific representations to +Congress, 200; applies for recall on<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107">[107]</a></span> hearing that complete independence +is to be granted to the colonies, 203; his anxiety to protect the +Loyalists, 206; appoints commissioners for exchange of prisoners, 207; +the force under his command, 208; anxious to return home but urged to +remain at New York, 212; writes to governor of Nova Scotia on behalf of +the Loyalists, 214; his correspondence largely occupied with Loyalist +affairs, 218; his last despatch from New York, 219; supports petition of +Loyalist widows for pensions, 219; created Baron Dorchester, and accepts +governorship of Canada, 221; difficulties of his position, 221; his +acquaintance with Haldimand, 222; Shelburne's opinion of value of his +influence, 222; his reception at Quebec very cordial, 223; extent of his +commission, 224; brings out William Smith as chief-justice, 224; his +correspondence with Lord Sydney, 225; appoints committee to consider +state of the law, 225, 227; also committees on commerce, police, and +education, 226-230; negotiations with Silas Deane on subject of Chambly +Canal, 230; anxiety in regard to Indian question in the west, 231; +announces intention of visiting Nova Scotia, 235; recognizes necessity +for a more popular form of government, 237; visits Loyalists in western +Canada, 238; transfers Jesuit church at Montreal to Anglicans, 241; his +efforts to increase efficiency of militia, 243, 246; receives +propositions from Vermont and Kentucky looking to separation from other +American states, 244-247; declines to allow French minister to United +States to visit Canada, 248; receives draft of bill for better +government of province, 248; thought introduction of parliamentary +institutions premature, 258, 259; sends home lists of proposed +legislative councillors, 258; not pleased with Simcoe's appointment, +259; urges claims of Sir John Johnson, 259; sails for England, 269; +returns to Canada, 271; opens second session of Lower Canada +Legislature, 276; calls out militia, 277; fully expects war with United +States, 282; his speech to the Miami Indians, 282; speech not approved +by home government, 283; expresses desire to resign, 284; gets Alien Act +passed, 288; reports improved condition of affairs, 291; wages war on +fees and perquisites, 291; surrenders his own fees, 292; opposes holding +of appointments by absentees, 292; his relations with Simcoe, 293-296; a +believer in centralized power, 294; not being sustained by home +government, resigns, 297; points of difference with Simcoe, 302; meets +his last Parliament, 303; returns to England, 303; receives addresses of +regret, 303; his character, 304; his sympathy with French-Canadians, +305; saves Canada to the Empire, 306; wreck of the frigate in which he +sailed, 306; lands at Percé, proceeds to Halifax, and sails from there +to England, 306; his death, 307; his descendants, 307. <b>S</b> His connection +with the Constitutional Act, 2; not favourable to creation of separate +province of Upper Canada, 3; goes to England, 5; orders names of +Loyalists who declared themselves before treaty of 1783 to be +registered, 70; does not support Simcoe's views in regard to Indian +department, 127; controls military operations in Upper Canada, 131; his +bold speech to deputation of Indians, 133, 146; recommends Simcoe to +fortify post on the Miami, 134; proceedings not approved by home +government, 142; his resignation, 142; disapproves of Simcoe's plans for +defence of Upper Canada, 206; supersedes purchasing agent appointed by +Simcoe, 212; his relations with Simcoe, 228. <b>WM</b> Chief of staff to Wolfe, +75; as governor of Canada, wins affection of Canadians, 75; establishes +fortified camp on island of Orleans, 108; lands near Pointe-aux-Trembles +and takes a number of prisoners, 125; wounded in battle of the Plains, +199. <b>Sy</b> His Canadian policy, 67, 82. <b>Bk</b> His defence of Quebec and +liberal policy towards French-Canadians, 36. <b>E</b> His character as +governor, 1. <b>Hd</b> Leases St. Maurice<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108">[108]</a></span> forges, 62; his failure to enlist +Canadian militia, 111; governor of Canada, his defence of Quebec, 112, +121; succeeded in military command by Burgoyne, 112; resignation of, +113; Haldimand's opinion of, 119; Captain Schank writes to, 159; pulls +down houses during siege, 187; proposal to have him supersede Haldimand +at Quebec, 188; Haldimand writes to, 189; raises Loyalist corps, 253; +returns to Quebec as governor, with title of Lord Dorchester, 314; his +opinion of Dr. Mabane, 315; his relations with Haldimand, 330-332. <b>W</b> +Thomas Carleton, a brother of, 5. <b>Bib.</b>: Kingsford, <i>History of Canada</i>; +Lucas, <i>History of Canada</i>; Bradley, <i>The Making of Canada</i>; Egerton and +Grant, <i>Canadian Constitutional Development</i>; Shortt and Doughty, +<i>Documents Relating to Constitutional History of Canada</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Doreil.</b> <b>WM</b> Commissioner of war, goes to France, 62.</p> + +<p><b>Dorion, Sir Antoine Aimé</b> (1818-1891). Educated at Nicolet College. +Studied law, and called to the bar of Lower Canada, 1842. Represented +Montreal in Legislature, 1854-1861. Formed administration with George +Brown, 1858. Defeated by Cartier in Montreal, 1861. Provincial secretary +in Sandfield Macdonald-Sicotte government, 1862. Succeeded Sicotte as +attorney-general, 1863. Minister of justice in Mackenzie government, +1873-1874. Chief-justice of Quebec, 1874-1891. <b>Index</b>: <b>Md</b> Opposes +political domination of the priesthood, 45-46; leader of the <i>Rouge</i> +party in Quebec, 64, 102; opposes Confederation, 115, 118, 142; moves +amendment on Intercolonial route, 152; refuses to act upon Pacific +Scandal Commission, 205. <b>C</b> Liberal leader, and disciple of Papineau, 25; +his followers, and their revolutionary programme, 26; accepts policy of +representation by population, 28; his radicalism keeps him in +opposition, 29; offered seat in administration of 1858 by Cartier, and +declines, 106-107. <b>E</b> Signs Annexation Manifesto, 81; member of the +<i>Parti Rouge</i>, 108; becomes less radical in his views, 134. <b>B</b> Leader of +the <i>Rouges</i>—his character—friendly relations with George Brown, +80-81; consulted by Brown as to forming ministry, 101; enters his +government, 102, 105, 106; his part in converting George Brown to +Confederation, 132; moves resolution favouring union of the Canadas in +1856, 132; pledged to settlement of question, 132; opposed to coalition, +160; his speech against Confederation, 175-178, 207; his motion for +adjournment defeated, 185; opposed to Brown entering coalition ministry, +199. <b>Bib.</b>: Taylor, <i>Brit. Am.</i>; Dent, <i>Can. Por.</i> and <i>Last Forty +Years</i>; Willison, <i>Sir Wilfrid Laurier and the Liberal Party</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Dorion, Jean Baptiste Eric</b> (1826-1866). Brother of preceding. One of +founders of <i>L'Avenir</i>, 1848. Sat in the Legislature, 1854-1857, and +again in 1861. <b>Index</b>: <b>E</b> Member of <i>Parti Rouge</i>, 108. <b>C</b> A Liberal leader +in Lower Canada, 25; nicknamed <i>L'enfant terrible</i>, 25. <b>Bib.</b>: Morgan, +<i>Bib. Can.</i></p> + +<p><b>Dorland, Philip.</b> <b>S</b> Quaker, elected to Assembly, but, unable to take +oath, resigns, 81.</p> + +<p><b>Dosquet, Pierre-Herman</b> (1691-1777). Native of Lille, France; came to +Canada, 1721; on his return to France, 1725, consecrated bishop of Samos +and appointed coadjutor to Bishop Mornay. Later made bishop of Quebec. +While in Canada lived in the style of a seignior, much in contrast to +the simple life of Laval and of St. Vallier. Died in Paris. <b>Index:</b> <b>L</b> +Succeeds Mornay as bishop of Quebec, 12. <b>Bib.</b>: Tetu, <i>Evêques de +Québec</i>; Casgrain, <i>L'Habitation de Samos</i> (R. S. C., 1906).</p> + +<p><b>Double Majority.</b> <b>Md</b> Meaning of the term—attitude of public men towards, +78-79; leading plank in platform of the Macdonald-Sicotte government, +89. <b>B</b> Origin and meaning of the principle, 82; advocated by John +Sandfield<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109">[109]</a></span> Macdonald, 142; opposed by George Brown, 143; Duke of +Newcastle on, 143; and separate school question, 145. <b>BL</b> Beginnings of +the system, 258; Hincks's views on, 259; Baldwin opposed to, 352; +Turcotte and Hincks on, 352. <b>Bib.</b>: Dent, <i>Last Forty Years</i>; Pope, +<i>Memoirs of Sir John A. Macdonald</i>; Mackenzie, <i>George Brown</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Double Ministries.</b> Brown-Dorion; Hincks-Morin; La Fontaine-Baldwin; +Macdonald-Cartier; Macdonald-Dorion; Macdonald-Sicotte; MacNab-Morin; +MacNab-Taché; Sherwood-Daly; Taché-Macdonald. <i>See under</i> names of +individual ministers.</p> + +<p>"<b>Double Shuffle</b>," 1858. <b>B</b> History of, 107-108. <b>Md</b> An ingenious device +resorted to by Macdonald, Cartier, and their colleagues, to avoid the +necessity of re-election, 85-87. <b>Bib.</b>: Pope, <i>Memoirs of Sir John A. +Macdonald</i>; Dent, <i>Last Forty Years</i>; Mackenzie, <i>George Brown</i>; Biggar, +<i>Sir Oliver Mowat</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Doucett, Joseph.</b> Lieutenant-governor of the Fort of Annapolis, +1717-1726. Member of the governor's Council.</p> + +<p><b>Dougall, John</b> (1808-1886). Born in Paisley, Scotland. Came to Canada, +1826, and took up mercantile pursuits. For a time editor of the <i>Canada +Temperance Advocate</i>; founded the <i>Montreal Witness</i>, 1826. Died in +Flushing, New York.</p> + +<p><b>Douglas, David</b> (1798-1834). Made extensive botanical collections on the +Pacific coast of North America, for the Horticultural Society of London, +1824-1826. Crossed the continent from Fort Vancouver, on the Columbia, +to Hudson Bay; met Sir John Franklin there and returned with him to +England. Came out again to the Columbia River on a similar mission, +1829, and went from there to the Hawaiian Islands, where he was killed. +The gigantic Douglas fir named after him.</p> + +<p><b>Douglas, Sir Howard</b> (1776-1861). Entered the army, 1794; commanded a +regiment at Quebec, 1797; served at Corunna and Flushing, 1809. After +discharging various military missions, appointed governor of New +Brunswick, 1823, holding the position until 1828. Lord high commissioner +of the Ionian Islands, 1835-1840. <b>Index</b>: <b>W</b> His efforts on behalf of +King's College, New Brunswick, 50-51. <b>T</b> His appearance described, 6. +<b>Bib.</b>: <i>Dict. Nat. Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>Douglas, Sir James</b> (1803-1877). <b>MS</b> A man of Imperial mind, 225; highest +qualities as administrator, 225; with Dr. McLoughlin, 225; marries +daughter of William Connolly, 225; chief factor, 1840, 226; governor of +Vancouver Island, 1851, 225; knighted, 225; receives Simpson at Fort St. +James, 238. <b>D</b> Visits Etoline, Russian governor, 1842, 45-46; in New +Caledonia, 59-60; character, 84-91; dearth of documentary material for +his life, 90; born Demerara, Aug. 15, 1803, 91; parentage, 92; educated +in Scotland, 92-93; sails for Canada, 1820, and enters service of North +West Company, 93; meets John McLoughlin at Fort William, 93; McLoughlin +persuades him to join Hudson's Bay Company, 94; accompanies McLoughlin +to Columbia department, 94; McLoughlin's friendship for Douglas, 94; his +training under McLoughlin, 96; sent to New Caledonia, 96; accompanies +William Connolly over mountains, 99; with Connolly at Fort St. James, +100; with John Tod at McLeod Lake, 100; his activities there, 100-102; +marries Amelia Connolly, 103; transferred to Fort Vancouver, 1830, +103-110; family life there, 103; eldest daughter marries Dallas, +afterwards governor of Hudson's Bay Company at Winnipeg, 103; his work +in New Caledonia, 104; his connection with Fort George massacre, +105-109; receives Sir George Simpson at Fort St. James, 109; at Fort +Vancouver, 110; revises system of accounting at Fort Vancouver, 121; in +charge of York Factory express,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110">[110]</a></span> 1835, 121; in charge of party that +raised British flag above Fort Stikine, 1840, 121-122; builds Fort +Durham, 122; sent to dismantle Fort Durham, 122; moves Fort McLoughlin +to head of Vancouver Island, 122; sent to treat with Mexican governor, +1840, 126-127; succeeds McLoughlin as manager of Puget Sound +Agricultural Company, 132; severs his connection, 1859, on accepting +governorship of Vancouver Island and British Columbia, 132; becomes +chief trader, 1852, 135; chief factor, 1840, 133; founds Victoria, 1843, +146; examines site for fort on Vancouver Island, 176; commands +expedition charged with the building of the fort, 177; selects site, +178; proceeds next to dismantle Forts Taku and McLoughlin, 178; brings +Bolduc, first missionary, to Vancouver Island, 178; completes Fort +Camosun (Victoria), 179; returns to Fort Vancouver, 180; associated with +McLoughlin and Ogden on board of management of western department, 187; +succeeds McLoughlin in charge of western department, 1846, 187; succeeds +Blanshard as governor of Vancouver Island, 205; dual position of +Hudson's Bay Company officer and representative of crown, 207; +establishes representative government, 1856, 208-210; his inaugural +speech, 211-215; reports gold on Queen Charlotte Island, 220; issues +gold-mining licenses, 221; reports gold discoveries on Upper Columbia, +etc., 223; difficulties with the miners, 227; visits the camps, 227-228; +appointed governor of British Columbia, 229; retires from Hudson's Bay +Company, 229-230; full powers of government given him under instructions +of colonial secretary, 1858, 231; Sir Edward Bulwer Lytton's opinion of +him, 234-235; his administration of the government, 236; appoints +provincial officers, 240-241; second visit to the mining camps, 243-245; +proposes Queensborough as name of capital of British Columbia, 247; +settles Hill's Bar affair, 248; builds roads, 249-253; 257; his +resourcefulness, 249-250; plans for a transcontinental road, 253-254; +financial problems, 258-262; charged with extravagance, 261; his +prejudice in favour of Hudson's Bay Company, 263; defends their policy, +264-265; justice to the natives, 267; recommends church endowments, +270-271; conflict with Assembly over site of public buildings, 272-273; +governorship of Vancouver Island ends, 1863,—knighthood,—succeeded by +Arthur Kennedy,—retires from governorship of mainland of British +Columbia, 1864, 289; advocates union of British Columbia and Vancouver +Island, 295; public appreciation of his rule as governor, 304; leaves +British Columbia and sails for Europe, 308-309; his personal side, 309; +death, Aug. 1, 1877, 310; wife dies, 1891, 310; his character and +achievements as man, fur trader, and statesman, 342-354; compared with +McLoughlin, 351-353; personal appearance, 350-351. <b>Bib.</b>: Morgan, <i>Cel. +Can.</i>; Dent, <i>Can. Por.</i>; <i>Cyc. Am. Biog.</i>; Bancroft, <i>History of +British Columbia</i>; Begg, <i>History of British Columbia</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Douglas, Captain W. M.</b> <b>D</b> With Meares on North-West Coast, 1788, 27; at +Cook River, 27; arrives at Nootka from Cook River with cargo of +sea-otter, 28; sails for Sandwich Islands, 28; returns to Nootka, 28; +sails from Nootka to Queen Charlotte Islands, 29.</p> + +<p><b>Doutre, Joseph</b> (1825-1886). Born in Beauharnois, Quebec. Called to the +bar, 1847. Early became a leader of the Liberal party. One of the +founders of <i>Le Pays</i>, besides contributing to other newspapers. As a +result of one of his articles, fought a duel with Georges E. Cartier, +but without serious consequences. Joined the <i>Institut Canadien</i> at +Montreal, and became the president, 1852. Took a leading part in +opposition to the Roman Catholic Church in the "Joseph Guibord Case." +Counsel for the Dominion government before the Halifax Fisheries +Commission. <b>Index</b>: <b>C</b> Liberal leader in Quebec, 25; pro<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111">[111]</a></span>tests against +Dorion entering Cartier's administration, 106-107. <b>Bib.</b>: Works: <i>Les +Fiancès de 1812</i>; <i>Le Frère et la Sœur</i>; <i>Les Sauvages du Canada</i>; +<i>The Constitution of Canada</i>. For biog., <i>see</i> Willison, <i>Sir Wilfrid +Laurier and the Liberal Party</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Doutre, R.</b> <b>E</b> Member of the <i>Parti Rouge</i>, 108.</p> + +<p><b>Douville, d'Agneau.</b> <b>Hd</b> Abandons French post at Toronto, 26.</p> + +<p><b>Dow, Dr</b>. <b>T</b> Candidate in York, New Brunswick, 108.</p> + +<p><b>Downshire, Wills Hill, first Marquis of</b> (1718-1793). Secretary of state +for colonies, 1768-1772. <b>Index</b>: <b>Dr</b> Approves Carleton's recommendations, +51. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Dict. Nat. Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>Doyle, Sir Charles Hastings</b> (1805-1883). Served in the army. Commander +of the forces in Nova Scotia, 1861-1868; lieutenant-governor of New +Brunswick, 1866-1867; lieutenant-governor of Nova Scotia, 1867-1870; +commander of the forces in British North America, 1870-1874. <b>Index</b>: <b>H</b> +Lieutenant-governor of Nova Scotia; Sir John Macdonald his guest in +1868, 213, <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Dict. Nat. Biog.</i>; Campbell, <i>History of Nova Scotia</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Doyle, Lawrence O'Connor</b>. <b>H</b> Contributed to <i>The Club</i> in Howe's <i>Nova +Scotian</i>, 9; his wit, 35; offered seat in government, 103-104; elected +for Halifax, 106; member of Uniacke government, 110. <b>Bib.</b>: Bourinot, +<i>Builders of Nova Scotia</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Drake, Sir Francis</b> (1540?-1596). Sailed from Plymouth for the River +Plate, 1577; passed through the Straits of Magellan, 1578; plundered +Valparaiso, 1579, and explored the western coast of North America the +same year; returned to England, 1580, by way of the Cape of Good Hope. +Vice-admiral of the fleet in the defeat of the Spanish Armada off +Gravelines, 1588. Died on board his own ship off Porto Bello and buried +at sea. <b>Index</b>: <b>D</b> On Pacific coast, 7, 8; lays foundation of British +naval supremacy, 16; takes possession of Pacific coast for Queen +Elizabeth, 62; and the Spaniards, 147. <b>Bib.</b>: Southey, <i>Lives of the +Admirals</i>; Corbett, <i>Drake and the Tudor Navy</i>; Payne, <i>Voyages of the +Elizabethan Seamen to America</i>; Froude, <i>English Seamen in the +Seventeenth Century</i>; Laut, <i>Vikings of the Pacific</i>; <i>Dict. Nat. Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>Draper, William Henry</b> (1801-1877). Born in London, England. In his youth +ran away to sea and served on an East Indiaman. Came to Canada in 1821 +and taught school at Port Hope; subsequently studied law and began +practice at York. Elected to Assembly of Upper Canada for city of +Toronto in 1836, and made a member of the Executive Council. During the +Rebellion of 1837 acted as aide-de-camp to the lieutenant-governor. In +March, 1837, became solicitor-general, and in 1840 promoted to office of +attorney-general. After the union of the provinces retained in the +Executive Council as attorney-general of Upper Canada. It fell to his +lot to pilot the ministry through the stormy debates of the first +session, and to resist the attacks of Baldwin, Hincks, and their +fellow-Reformers. In September, 1842, saw the necessity of resigning and +gave way in order that the La Fontaine-Baldwin ministry might be formed. +In 1843 appointed to the Legislative Council, where he led the +opposition. On the resignation of the La Fontaine-Baldwin ministry in +December, 1843, accepted office with Viger, and in the exciting election +held in the autumn of 1844 obtained a bare majority for the new +ministry. In January, 1845, resigned his seat in the Legislative Council +and elected to the Assembly for London. An unsuccessful attempt to +secure the support of the French-Canadian Reform section discredited him +with the Tories of Upper Canada, and in May, 1847, withdrew from the +Cabinet, and shortly afterwards resigned his seat in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112">[112]</a></span> the Assembly. +Appointed puisne judge of the Court of Queen's Bench for Upper Canada, +and in 1856 made chief justice of the Court of Common Pleas. In July, +1863, succeeded Archibald McLean as chief justice of Upper Canada, and +in 1869 appointed president of the Court of Error and Appeal. Continued +to act in this position until his death. <b>Index</b>: <b>Md</b> Joins Metcalfe's +administration, 19; seeks seat in Assembly, 23-24; his administration, +24; recommends Macdonald for office of commissioner of crown lands, 26; +accepts judgeship and withdraws from public life, 27-28; commissioner to +represent Canada before Hudson's Bay Committee, 1857, 83. <b>BL</b> Appointed +attorney-general, Upper Canada, 1841, 76; his previous career, 77; his +character, 77; Baldwin's attitude to, 80; pledged to support the +administration, 81; succeeds in carrying on government, 85; in +discussion as to speakership, 88; his public policy, 90; defines his +position on question of responsible government, 91-92, 94; his nickname +of "Sweet William," 92; his successful policy, 95; difficulties with +French-Canadians, 96-97; realizes need for reconstruction of ministry, +115, 122; resigns office, 123; reads Bagot's letter to La Fontaine in +the Assembly, 124; his speech in the Assembly, Sept. 13, 1842, 127; +resigns, 132; appointed to Legislative Council, 177; opposes transfer of +capital to Montreal, 183; opposes Baldwin's University Bill, 197; +supports Metcalfe, 212; executive councillor, 216; referred to in George +Brown's speech, 224; visits Lower Canada, and reports to Metcalfe on +political situation, 236-263; forms ministry, 246; attorney-general for +Upper Canada, 247; secures narrow majority in elections, 1844, 250-251; +his political dexterity, 253-255; his University Bill, 256; his scheme +for obtaining French-Canadian support, 258-235; his policy, 266-267; his +government dying, 276; resigns and becomes puisne judge of Court of +Queen's Bench, 276; his University Bill, 293; his municipal legislation, +299; his Indemnification Bill of 1845, 307-308. <b>Sy</b> Solicitor-general, +introduces Union resolution in Upper Canada Legislative Assembly, 206, +213; brings in bill for settlement of Clergy Reserves question, 245; +made attorney-general, 252; appointed to same office under Union, 283. <b>B</b> +Becomes Metcalfe's chief adviser, 20; <i>Globe</i> criticizes his attempt to +form a coalition, 27. <b>C</b> Forms ministry, 17. <b>E</b> Acknowledges necessity of +bringing French-Canadians into Cabinet, 31; forms ministry under Lord +Metcalfe, 35; his retirement, 43. <b>R</b> Ryerson's public letters to, 100, +120; in the Metcalfe controversy, 126; presents case for King's College +before Legislature, 149; his Provincial University Bill, 153; bill +defeated, 155. <b>Bib.</b>: Dent, <i>Can. Por.</i> and <i>Last Forty Years</i>; Pope, +<i>Memoirs of Sir John A. Macdonald</i>; Read, <i>Lives of the Judges</i>. For his +own writings, <i>see</i> Morgan, <i>Bib. Can.</i></p> + +<p><b>Dreuilletes, Gabriel</b> (1610-1681). Studied at Jesuit College, Toulouse. +In 1643 came to Canada and spent a year in study of Algonquian language. +Soon became proficient in that tongue and accompanied wandering bands on +their hunting trips. In 1646 went on an expedition to the Abnaki tribes +of Maine, who had become interested in Christianity through converts of +the Sillery mission. Remained with the Abnaki one year and then removed +to district of Tadoussac, where he spent three years among the +Montagnais. In 1651 again sent to the Abnaki to form an alliance with +the New England colonies against the Iroquois, but in this was +unsuccessful. Laboured for twenty years in missions of Sillery, Three +Rivers, and other posts. In 1661 had charge of the mission to the Cree +tribes, and in 1672 spent some time in the mission of Sault Ste. Marie. +Died at Quebec. <b>Index</b>: <b>L</b> One of the founders of the Sault Ste. Marie +mission, 11. <b>Bib.</b>: Parkman, <i>Jesuits in North America</i> and <i>La Salle</i>.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_113" id="Page_113">[113]</a></span></p> + +<p><b>Drew, Andrew</b> (1792-1878). Entered the navy, 1806. Took part in many of +the most important engagements during the war with France, including the +Walcheren expedition. Promoted to lieutenant for gallantry during the +fight between the <i>Eurotas</i> and the French frigate <i>Clorinde</i>, 1814. +Promoted to commander for his brilliant defence of Cape Coast Castle +against the Ashantees, 1824. Retired and settled in Canada. During +Rebellion of 1837 offered his services to the government. Conducted the +capture of the <i>Caroline</i>, for which he received the thanks of the Upper +Canada Parliament and was appointed commander of the provincial marine. +A grant by the Assembly to provide seventy-five guineas for the purchase +of a sword of honour was not approved by the Legislative Council. +Remained in active service in Canada until 1839. Appointed to the +command of the <i>Wasp</i> on the West India Station, where he discovered and +surveyed a dangerous rock which still bears his name, 1842. Appointed +naval storekeeper at the Cape of Good Hope, 1850. Raised to the rank of +admiral, 1862. Retired from active service and resided in England until +his death. <b>Index</b>: <b>Mc</b> In charge of the expedition which cut out the +<i>Caroline</i>, 420-421; thanked by the Upper Canadian Assembly, 423. <b>Bib.</b>: +Drew and Woods, <i>The Burning of the Caroline</i>; Dent, <i>Upper Canadian +Rebellion</i>; Lizars, <i>Humours of '37</i>; Read, <i>Rebellion of 1837</i>. <i>See +also</i> Caroline.</p> + +<p><b>Drewe, Rev. Edward.</b> <b>S</b> Accompanies Simcoe as chaplain, 47.</p> + +<p><b>Driscoll, Captain.</b> <b>Bk</b> Letter of, relating to death of Brock, 307.</p> + +<p><b>Drummond, Sir Gordon</b> (1771-1854). Son of Colin Drummond, at one time +deputy paymaster-general of the forces in Canada. Born at Quebec. +Entered the army, 1789, and rapidly promoted until in 1794 became +lieutenant-colonel of the 8th Liverpool Regiment. Saw distinguished +service in the Netherlands and in the West Indies; became colonel, 1798, +and commanded his regiment during the campaign in Egypt, assisting in +capture of Cairo and Alexandria. In 1805 given rank of major-general and +took command of a division in Jamaica. In December, 1808, transferred to +the staff in Canada, until 1811. Served for a time in Ireland; returned +to Canada as second in command to Sir George Prévost, 1813. Took a most +prominent part in the War of 1812. From December, 1813, to April, 1815, +president and administrator of Upper Canada, and during this period +succeeded in turning the tide of victory to the British forces. Defeated +the Americans at Niagara, July 28, 1814, and followed this up by +occupying Fort Erie in November. In recognition of his splendid services +during the war, gazetted a K. C. B. On the departure of Sir George +Prévost appointed administrator of Lower Canada, and assumed office Apr. +4, 1815. Had expressed a strong desire to return to England, as it was +understood that the appointment was to be only temporary. Accordingly +relieved by Major-General Wilson, and departed from Quebec, May 20, +1816. Obtained the rank of lieutenant-general in 1825. In 1827 made a G. +C. B. Died in London. <b>Index</b>: <b>Bk</b> Takes command of troops at Montreal, +115; commander of forces in Canada, 157. <b>Bib.</b>: Morgan, <i>Cel. Can.</i>; +Read, <i>Lieutenant-Governors of Upper Canada</i>; Lucas, <i>Canadian War of +1812</i>; Rattray, <i>The Scot in British North America</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Drummond, Lewis Thomas</b> (1813-1882). Born in Londonderry, Ireland. Came +to Canada with his mother, 1825. Educated at Nicolet College; studied +law, and called to the bar, 1836. Elected to the Assembly for Montreal, +1843, but prevented from taking his seat by the dissolution of the +Assembly. Defeated in the general election that followed, but in the +same year elected for Portneuf. Held office in the La Fontaine-Baldwin +ministry as solicitor-general<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_114" id="Page_114">[114]</a></span> for Lower Canada, 1848-1851, and became +attorney-general for Lower Canada in the Hincks-Morin government, 1851. +Held office under various administrations until 1856, when he resigned, +owing to a dispute over the leadership of the Assembly. Again took +office as attorney-general in the short-lived Brown-Dorion +administration, 1861, and as commissioner of public works in the +Macdonald-Dorion government, 1863. In the same year defeated for +re-election and retired from political life. Appointed a judge of the +Superior Court for Lower Canada, 1864. Retired, 1873. Died in Montreal. +<b>Index</b>: <b>E</b> One of the leaders of the Liberals in Lower Canada in 1851, +109; becomes attorney-general for Lower Canada in Hincks-Morin +government, 113; retains same portfolio in reconstructed ministry, 126; +and in MacNab-Morin ministry, 141; takes a leading part in settlement of +the Seigniorial Tenure, 186. <b>B</b> Enters George Brown's ministry, 102. +<b>Bib.</b>: Dent, <i>Last Forty Years</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Du Bois d'Égriseilles, Abbé J. B.</b> <b>L</b> Devotes his fortune to religious +work at Montreal, 135.</p> + +<p><b>Du Calvet, Pierre.</b> Under the French régime engaged in the fur trade, +and, having acquired considerable wealth, remained in the colony after +the conquest. In 1764 made a magistrate and justice of the peace. +Vigorously opposed an ordinance of 1770 regulating the administration of +justice, and on several subsequent occasions clashed with the executive +authority. Suspected by Haldimand of having been in secret +correspondence with the United States, and arrested in September, 1780; +from November, 1780, to May, 1783, kept in confinement without the +opportunity of a legal trial. In 1784 went to England, where he +denounced Haldimand and sought redress before the British ministry. In +this connection published an "<i>Appel à la Justice de l'État</i>," setting +forth his personal grievances, but concluding with a carefully prepared +plan of government, which was considered as the basis for that adopted +in the Constitutional Act of 1791. Complaints were not favourably +received, and returned to Canada. In March, 1786, left New York for +London on board the <i>Shelburne</i>, which is supposed to have been lost +with all on board. <b>Index</b>: <b>Hd</b> Arrested on suspicion of treason, 279-280; +evidence against, 281; his resentment against Haldimand, 282; being +released, enters action against him, 283; his memorial to Lord Sydney, +284-288; his misstatements, 288; supported in his action against +Haldimand by Masères, 290; demands a Legislative Assembly and the +<i>Habeas Corpus</i> Act, 291; drowned at sea, 292; praised by Fréchette, +292; blames Mabane for ill will of Haldimand, 305; serves writ against +Haldimand, 310. <b>Bib.</b>: Morgan, <i>Cel. Can.</i>; <i>Cyc. Am. Biog.</i>; Shortt and +Doughty, <i>Constitutional Documents of Canada</i>. For full titles of his +<i>Appel à la Justice de l'État</i>, and <i>The Case of Pierre Du Calvet</i>, +<i>see</i> Morgan, <i>Bib. Can.</i> <i>See also</i> Haldimand, Sir Frederick.</p> + +<p><b>Duchesne, Adrien.</b> <b>Ch</b> Surgeon, early settler, 145.</p> + +<p><b>Duchesne, David.</b> <b>Ch</b> Assisted in forming Company of New France, 168.</p> + +<p><b>Duchesneau, Jacques.</b> Intendant of New France, 1675-1682. His commission +invested him with the title of president of the Sovereign Council, an +office which had hitherto been filled by the governor. As Frontenac, a +man of dominant spirit, was then governor, interminable disputes arose +between him and the intendant touching questions of precedence. +Frontenac lost no opportunity of showing his resentment; and the +intendant sided with the bishop in the vexed question of selling brandy +to the Indians. Finally the quarrel came to the ears of the king, and +both governor and intendant were recalled. <b>Index</b>: <b>L</b> Appointed intendant, +166; disagrees with Frontenac, 167; recalled, 168.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115">[115]</a></span> <b>F</b> Intendant, 108; +his instructions, 109; claims to rank above bishop, 115; causes king's +prohibition of trading licenses to be registered in Frontenac's absence, +117; asked to furnish particulars as to ill effects of liquor traffic, +118; censured for interfering in matters beyond his sphere, 120; his +recommendations on the <i>coureurs de bois</i> question, 127; dispute with +Frontenac as to presidency of the Sovereign Council, 133-140; severely +censured in despatch from minister, 134; accuses Frontenac of +manufacturing the news he sends to the minister, 142; his son imprisoned +for disrespect to Frontenac, 143; recall of, 143; makes report on +Acadia, 271. <b>Bib.</b>: Douglas, <i>Old France in New World</i>; Parkman, +<i>Frontenac</i>; Roy, <i>Intendants de la Nouvelle-France</i> (R. S. C., 1903).</p> + +<p><b>Duclos, Captain.</b> <b>WM</b> Constructs and commands floating battery <i>Le +Diable</i>, 82, 87, 104.</p> + +<p><b>Dudley, Joseph</b> (1647-1720). <b>F</b> Provisional governor of Massachusetts, +264. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Cyc. Am. Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>Dudouyt, Jean.</b> <b>F</b> Grand-vicar to bishop of Quebec, 111; sent to France by +bishop in connection with liquor question, 118; advice to bishop, 171. <b>L</b> +Director of seminary, 55; transfers his personal income to seminary, 56; +to administer diocese in case of necessity, 134; his mission to France, +171; grand cantor of chapter of Quebec, 197; death of, 219. <b>Bib.</b>: +Parkman, <i>Frontenac</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Dufferin and Ava, Frederick Temple Hamilton Blackwood, Marquess of</b> +(1826-1902). British commissioner to Syria, 1860; under-secretary for +India, 1864-1866, and for war, 1865-1867; governor-general of Canada, +1872-1878; ambassador to Russia, 1879; transferred to Constantinople, +1881; viceroy of India, 1884; ambassador to Italy, 1888; ambassador to +France, 1891; Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports, 1891. <b>Index</b>: <b>D</b> Visits +British Columbia in connection with Confederation negotiations, 323. +<b>Bib.</b>: Works: <i>Journey from Oxford to Skibbereen</i>; <i>Letters from High +Latitudes</i>; <i>Inquiry into State of Ireland</i>; <i>Irish Emigration</i>; +<i>Speeches and Addresses</i>, ed. by Milton. For biog., <i>see</i> Leggo, +<i>History of the Administration of Lord Dufferin in Canada</i>; Stewart, +<i>Canada under Lord Dufferin</i>; Black, <i>The Marquess of Dufferin and Ava</i>; +Lyall, <i>The Life of the Marquis of Dufferin and Ava</i>; Dent, <i>Can. Por.</i>; +<i>Cyc. Am. Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>Dufort, Thomas.</b> <b>Mc</b> Agent of Papineau to Upper Canada, 345; sets out for +Michigan, 345; secures assistance in Michigan, 427.</p> + +<p><b>Dugas, Du Gua, or Du Guast, Sieur de Monts.</b> <i>See</i> Monts.</p> + +<p><b>Duggan, Jeremiah.</b> <b>Dr</b> Citizen of Quebec, assists Americans, 120.</p> + +<p><b>Du Lhut, Daniel Greysolon</b> (1640?-1710). Took part in the campaign in +Flanders, and present at the battle of Seneffe, 1664. Came to Canada +latter year. Left Montreal for the West, 1678, and the following year +took possession of the country of the Sioux for France; explored the +country about Lake Superior, and gained unusual influence over some of +the western tribes; commanded at Fort Frontenac, 1696, and later at +Detroit; the city of Duluth named after him. <b>Index</b>: <b>F</b> Explorer, +discoveries of, 162; imprisoned on return to Quebec, 163; appointed post +commander among north-western tribes, 164; diverts trade from English +posts on Hudson Bay to Montreal, 164; under orders from La Barre +confiscates goods in La Salle's fort of St. Louis, 179; instructed to +rendezvous at Niagara, 181, 186, 187;, fortifies post at outlet of Lake +Huron, 202. <b>Bib.</b>: Margry, <i>Découvertes et Établissements des Français</i>; +<i>Sieur Du Lhut</i> (Minn. Hist. <i>Coll.</i>, vol. 1); McLennan, <i>Death of +Duluth</i> (R. S. C., 1903); <i>Jesuit Relations</i>, ed. by Thwaites, vol. 62; +Roy, <i>DuLhut</i> (Catholic Encyclopedia, vol. 4); Colby, <i>Canadian Types of +the Old Régime</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Du Marche.</b> <b>Ch</b> Priest at Miscou, 234.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116">[116]</a></span></p> + +<p><b>Dumas, N.</b> <b>E</b> Commissioner under Seigniorial Tenure law, 186.</p> + +<p><b>Dumas, Major.</b> <b>WM</b> Commands night expedition to destroy British batteries +at Pointe Lévis, 113-115; commands Canadians in battle of the Plains, +192, 195.</p> + +<p><b>Dumay, Captain.</b> <b>Ch</b> Champlain consults with, 133.</p> + +<p><b>Dumont's House.</b> <b>WM</b> Occupied in turn by British and French, 256, 258.</p> + +<p><b>Dumoulin.</b> <b>Ch</b> Murdered by Montagnais Indians, 164.</p> + +<p><b>Duncan, Adam</b> (1731-1804). Entered the navy 1755; commanded the <i>Royal +Exchange</i>, 1759-1760; commander-in-chief in the North Sea, 1759-1801; +defeated the Dutch off Camperdown, 1797. Raised to the peerage as +Viscount Camperdown. <b>Index</b>: <b>Bk</b> Gains victory off Camperdown, 12. <b>Bib.</b>: +<i>Dict. Nat. Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>Duncan, Alexander.</b> <b>D</b> Sails for North-West Coast with Colnett, 22; +confirms discovery of Portlock and Dixon that Queen Charlotte Islands +are not part of mainland, 22.</p> + +<p><b>Duncan, Richard.</b> <b>S</b> Member of Legislative Council, 79.</p> + +<p><b>Duncan, William.</b> <b>D</b> Sent out from England, 1856, by Church of England +Missionary Society, 270; establishes native industrial community at +Metla Kahtla, 270; dispute with ecclesiastical authorities, and removal +to Alaska, 270. <b>Bib.</b>: Walbran, <i>British Columbia Coast Names</i>; +Arctander, <i>Apostle of Alaska: the Story of William Duncan</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Duncombe, Charles.</b> Medical doctor. Resided at Burford Plains, near +Brantford. Elected to the Legislature, 1824, and re-elected, 1836. After +the failure of the Rebellion, escaped to the United States. In 1843 +returned to Canada, but remained only for a short time. <b>Mc</b> Complains to +Glenelg of Head, 315; deals with York election, 316; his letter referred +to a committee, 321; report of the committee, 322; assembles his forces +at Brantford, 425; retreats to Scotland village, 425; increased by one +thousand, 425; men disperse, 426; amnestied, 474. <b>Bib.</b>: Dent, <i>Upper +Canadian Rebellion</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Dundas, George</b> (1819-1880). Lieutenant-governor of Prince Edward Island, +1859-1869. Afterwards lieutenant-governor of St. Vincent, West India +Islands, where he died.</p> + +<p><b>Dundas, Henry.</b> <i>See</i> Melville.</p> + +<p><b>Dundas Street.</b> Also known as the Governor's Road. Built by Governor +Simcoe; connected London with the village of Dundas. Place and road were +named after the then secretary for the colonies. <b>Index</b>: <b>S</b> Name given by +Simcoe to his military road from Burlington Bay to site of present city +of London, 201. <b>BL</b> Its extent, 8.</p> + +<p><b>Dunfermline, James Abercromby, first Baron</b> (1776-1858). Sat in British +Parliament, 1807, 1812-1830 and 1832; Speaker of House of Commons, +1835-1839. <b>Index</b>: <b>Sy</b> Governor-generalship of Canada tendered to, 58. +<b>Bib.</b>: <i>Dict. Nat. Biog</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Dunkin, Christopher</b> (1811-1881). Born in London, England. Educated at +the Universities of London and Glasgow. Emigrated to America; studied at +Harvard University, and for a time tutor of Greek in that institution. +Came to Canada about 1836, and engaged in newspaper work. Appointed +secretary to the Education Commission, 1838, and subsequently secretary +to the Post-office Commission. Assistant-secretary for Lower Canada, +1841-1847; called to the bar, 1846. Unsuccessfully contested the county +of Drummond for a seat in the Legislative Assembly, 1844, but elected to +represent Drummond and Arthabaska, 1857. Defeated, 1861, but elected for +the county of Brome,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117">[117]</a></span> 1862. Retained his seat until Confederation, when +elected by the same county to the House of Commons. At first an opponent +of Confederation, but afterwards a strong supporter. Provincial +treasurer of Quebec, 1867; entered the Dominion Cabinet as minister of +agriculture, 1869. Appointed a judge of the Superior Court of Quebec, +1871; held office until his death. Name associated with the Canada +Temperance Act, better known as the "Dunkin Act." <b>Bib.</b>: Dent's <i>Can. +Por.</i> and <i>Last Forty Years</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Dunlop, William</b> (1795?-1848). Born in Scotland. Served as a regimental +surgeon in War of 1812 and in India. Came to Canada in 1826, with John +Galt (<i>q.v.</i>); and took part in the establishment of the Canada Company +(<i>q.v.</i>). In Scotland, had been the intimate of John Wilson +("Christopher North," of <i>Blackwood's</i>), Maginn, and Hogg, and had done +some literary work, which he continued in Canada. Founded the Toronto +Literary Club, 1836. Represented Huron in the Legislature, 1841-1846. +<b>Index</b>: <b>BL</b> Attacks proposed reconstruction of ministry, 1842, 132; +significance of his nickname of "Tiger," 132. <i>See also</i> Canada Company; +Galt; Talbot. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Statistical Sketches of Upper Canada</i>. For biog., +<i>see</i> Lizars, <i>Days of the Canada Company</i> and <i>Humours of '37</i>; Dent, +<i>Last Forty Years</i>; Rattray, <i>The Scot in British North America</i>; +Morgan, <i>Bib. Can.</i></p> + +<p><b>Dunmore, John Murray, Earl of</b> (1732-1809). Royal governor of Virginia, +appointed 1771. Returned to England after the Revolutionary War, and in +1786 appointed governor of the Bermudas. <b>Index</b>: <b>Hd</b> His letter to +Haldimand, 92. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Cyc. Am. Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>Dunn, John Henry.</b> Came to Canada in 1820, from England. Receiver-general +and member of Executive and Legislative Councils of Upper Canada. Died +in London, 1854. <b>Index</b>: <b>BL</b> Receiver-general, appointed to Council by +Head, 38-39; receiver-general, 1841, 76; a moderate Reformer, 78; +Baldwin's confidence in, 78; retains office under La Fontaine-Baldwin +government, 134; beaten in Toronto, 1844, 253. <b>Sy</b> Made receiver-general +of united province, 283, 332. <b>Mc</b> Appointed executive councillor, 294; +resigns, 294. <b>Bib.</b>: Dent, <i>Last Forty Years</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Dunn, Oscar</b> (1844-1885). Journalist. <b>Index</b>: <b>C</b> His statements as to +Cartier's quarrel with Macdonald over terms of British North America +Act, 103. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Cyc. Am. Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>Dunn, Robert.</b> <b>S</b> Presbyterian clergyman, performed marriage services in +contravention of the law, 164; second clergyman to settle in Niagara +district, 165; drowned in wreck of the <i>Speedy</i>, 165.</p> + +<p><b>Dunn, Thomas</b> (1731-1818). Engaged in mercantile life; came to Canada +shortly after the conquest. In 1764 appointed a member of the first +Legislative Council of Quebec. A member of the new Council formed under +Quebec Act, and one of the five selected by Carleton for the Special +Privy Council. On the passing of the Constitutional Act, appointed one +of the first executive and legislative councillors of the Lower +Province, and during five different periods acted as president of the +Legislative Council. On departure of Sir Robert Milnes, in 1805, assumed +the administration of the province and continued to act until the +arrival of Sir James Craig in October, 1807. Again in 1811, during the +interval between the departure of Sir James Craig and the arrival of Sir +George Prévost, entrusted with the administration. <b>Index</b>: <b>Dr</b> Appointed +judge, 183. <b>Bk</b> Becomes civil administrator with title of president on +departure of Sir R.S. Milnes, 69, 73; differences with Brock, 77; +confident of loyalty of French-Canadians, 86; calls out one-fifth of +militia, 94, 96; becomes adminis<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118">[118]</a></span>trator again on departure of Craig, +157. <b>Bib.</b>: Morgan, <i>Cel. Can.</i>; Christie, <i>History of Lower Canada</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Dunning, John.</b> <i>See</i> Ashburton.</p> + +<p><b>Dunvegan.</b> A trading-post on the left bank of the Peace River, about lat. +56°, and long. 118° 40'. Built by A. R. McLeod for the North West +Company about the beginning of the nineteenth century. It was named +after the "cold, bleak, rock-built castle of the McLeods of Skye." +Daniel Williams Harmon stationed there, 1808-1810, and Simon Fraser +visited him there on his way east from exploring the river that bears +his name. <b>Bib.</b>: Burpee, <i>Search for the Western Sea</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Du Parc, Jean Godet, Sieur.</b> <b>Ch</b> Comes to Canada, 47; left in charge of +colony (1610), 60.</p> + +<p><b>Dupleix, General.</b> <b>WM</b> Abandonment of, by French government, 53.</p> + +<p><b>Duplessis-Bochart, Guillaume Guillemot.</b> Sent to Canada, 1632, by the +Company of New France. Led a trading expedition up the Ottawa River, +1636. Killed by the Iroquois at Three Rivers, 1651. <b>Index</b>: <b>Ch</b> Presents +pictures to church of Notre-Dame de la Recouvrance, 240; brings out +settlers, 252.</p> + +<p><b>Du Plessis Bonneau, Thomas, Sieur.</b> <b>Ch</b> Director of Company of New France, +170.</p> + +<p><b>Duplessis de Ste. Hélène, Mère André.</b> <b>L</b> Her piety, 92.</p> + +<p><b>Duplessis-Mornay.</b> <i>See</i> Mornay.</p> + +<p><b>Duplessis, Pacifique.</b> Came to Canada with Champlain, 1615. Returned to +France, 1618. Came again, 1619, and died the same year. <b>Index</b>: <b>Ch</b> +Récollet missionary, 85; death of, 117. <b>Bib.</b>: Douglas, <i>Old France in +the New World</i>; Parkman, <i>Pioneers of France</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Dupont, Nicolas.</b> <b>F</b> Member of Sovereign Council, 106. <b>L</b> Member of +Sovereign Council, 158, 166.</p> + +<p><b>Dupont.</b> <b>Ch</b> Name given by Champlain to the Nicolet River, 52.</p> + +<p><b>Dupont-Gravé.</b> <i>See</i> Pont-Gravé.</p> + +<p><b>Duprat, Captain.</b> <b>WM</b> Brings word of impending attack on left of French +position, 138.</p> + +<p><b>Dupuis, Captain.</b> <b>L</b> Heads mission established at Gannentaha, 65, 67.</p> + +<p><b>Dupuy, Claude Thomas.</b> Intendant of New France, 1726-1728. Although a man +of some ability, was extremely pretentious and self-opinionated, and +became involved in constant quarrels with the governor and the bishop. +<b>Bib.</b>: Roy, <i>Intendants de la Nouvelle-France</i> (R. S. C., 1903).</p> + +<p><b>Duquesne de Menneville, Michel Ange, Marquis de.</b> Appointed governor of +New France 1752, in succession to La Jonquière. His policy was to +intercept communication between New England and the western Indians and +thus to restore the Indians to dependence on France. In the spring of +1753 sent a force of a thousand men under Morin to the Ohio district; a +fort was built at Presque Isle and another, Fort Le Bœuf, inland on +River Le Bœuf. Disease made ravages among the troops, and while 300 +were left to garrison the forts, the remainder were compelled to return +to Montreal, and Duquesne's plans for a further advance were frustrated. +Nevertheless the Indians were brought into submission to the French. +Improved the organization of the government of the colony, and through +thorough discipline raised the efficiency of the colonial troops. +Succeeded in 1755 by the Marquis de Vaudreuil. <b>Bib.</b>: Parkman, <i>Montcalm +and Wolfe</i>; Bradley, <i>The Fight for Canada</i>; Fiske, <i>New France and New +England</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Durell, Philip.</b> Second-in-command, under Admiral Saunders, before +Quebec,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119">[119]</a></span> 1759. <b>Index</b>: <b>WM</b> Instructed to cruise off St. Lawrence, 75; +makes some captures, 78; arrives at Ile-aux-Coudres, and establishes +camp, 88; his grandson captured, 90. <b>Bib.</b>: Wood, <i>Logs of the Conquest +of Canada</i> and <i>The Fight for Canada</i>; Doughty, <i>Siege of Quebec</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Durham, John George Lambton, Earl of</b> (1792-1840). Entered British +Parliament, 1814, for county of Durham, and won recognition as an +advanced Reformer. Brought forward plan of parliamentary reform in 1821. +Raised to peerage, 1828. Member of Grey's ministry, 1830. Sent to St. +Petersburg on special mission, 1833. Ambassador to Russia, 1836. Sent to +Canada in 1838 to bring order out of the chaos of the Rebellion. His +famous Report followed. His policy in Canada excited much opposition +both in Great Britain and Canada. The House of Lords voted disapproval +of some of his acts, and he took the extraordinary step of returning to +England without either being recalled or obtaining the royal consent. +Nevertheless the wisdom of his recommendations has since been abundantly +justified. Died at Cowes, in the Isle of Wight, soon after his return. +<b>Index</b>: <b>Mc</b> "A man ahead of his time," 6, 7; speech on the Reform Bill, +14, 15; his report on the Constitutional Act, 55; on the position of +lieutenant-governor, 56; on the Legislative Council, 57; on the +Executive Council, 58, 63, 64; says Reformers are justified in demanding +responsible executive, 59, 67, 68, 69; points out powerlessness of +Assembly, 60; on the Family Compact, 62, 65; Clergy Reserves one of the +chief causes of Rebellion, 71, 72; on evils arising from Constitutional +Act, 75, 76; says representative government was guaranteed by +Constitutional Act, 76; his report justifies Reformers, 77; Stuart J. +Reid on the Report, 78, 79; analogy between Report and "Seventh Report +on Grievances," 79, 80; Union Act of 1840 based on Report, 80; +recommends responsible government, 81; authorship of Report, 82, 83; on +Head's interference in election, 309; on the causes of disaffection, +402; the remedy, 403. <b>Md</b> On representation by population, 71; on federal +union, 93-95. <b>T</b> His views on union, 61. <b>C</b> His inquiry and report, 11-12; +Poulett Thomson sent out to Canada to give effect to his +recommendations, 12; would merge French-Canadians in the Anglo-Saxon +race, 12; exposes frauds of Constitution of 1791, 13; in favour of +ministerial responsibility, 96. <b>H</b> His report before Nova Scotia +Legislature, 53; advocates Intercolonial Railway, 99. <b>P</b> On Papineau's +refusal to accept Lord Goderich's offer of control of the revenue, 77; +exiles leaders of Rebellion to Bermuda, 138; his action vetoed by +Imperial government, 139; vindicates his action in a parting +proclamation, 139; on the system of government in Lower Canada, 157; +denied access to Canadian documents in Paris archives, 165; his scheme +for union of the Canadas arouses opposition of French-Canadians, 170. <b>R</b> +Ryerson on, 115; Ryerson supports his recommendations, 117; his Report, +120-122. <b>MS</b> Comes to Canada, 243; his Report, 243; appoints Adam Thom to +his staff, 245. <b>Sy</b> His lack of discretion, 57, 89; his Report, 85, +89-97, 345; his Report welcomed by British party in Lower Canada, 95; +and Reformers of Upper Canada, 96; criticized in report of the Upper +Canada Assembly, 97-100; also in report of committee of Legislative +Council, 100-103; quoted against his own Report, 162. <b>B</b> On causes of +Rebellion in Lower Canada, 11, 53; his remedy for political discontent, +12, 13; estimates numerical strength of Church of England in Upper +Canada, 52-53; his Report quoted, on land grants, 53-54; on +representation, 82-83; and Confederation, 129; his plan of legislative +union, 263. <b>BL</b> On political situation in Upper Canada, 17; and Lower +Canada, 17; in period of reconstruction, 50; sent to Canada, 53; +previous career, 53; his arbitrary methods in Canada, 54; attacked in +House of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120">[120]</a></span> Lords, and his ordinance granting amnesty disallowed, 55; his +proclamation, 55; his recall, 55; his Report, 55-58; Imperial government +acts upon his advice, 59; his recommendations, 66; recommends +responsible government, 137, 273; John Stuart Mill on, 149; on the +duties of the governor, 161, 163; his Report quoted by Baldwin, 222; and +Elgin, 274; eulogized by Draper, 277. <b>E</b> His characteristics as a +statesman, 2; his daughter marries Lord Elgin, 14; sound principles laid +down in his Report indicated by Lord Elgin, 15; compared with Elgin, 15; +sums up nature of conflict in Lower Canada, 18; advocates ultimate +domination of English element, 23, 55; his views on representative +government, 25-26; on land grants to United Empire Loyalists, 144-145; +on Clergy Reserves, 148, 154-155; on American misconstruction of +conditions in Canada, 190-191; on economic conditions in Canada in +1838-1839, 191; suggests remedies, 192-193, 194, 195. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Report on +the Affairs of British North America</i>; Haliburton, <i>Reply to the Report +of the Earl of Durham</i>; Bradshaw, <i>Self-Government in Canada</i>; Egerton +and Grant, <i>Canadian Constitutional Development</i>; Garnett, <i>The +Authorship of Lord Durham's Report</i>; Christie, <i>History of Lower Canada; +Dict. Nat. Biog.; Dict. Eng. Hist.</i>; Morgan, <i>Cel. Can.</i>; Dent, <i>Can. +Por.</i>; Reid, <i>Life and Letters of Lord Durham</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Dutch Colonists.</b> <b>Ch</b> Their relations with the Iroquois, 52. <b>Dr</b> Admixture +of, among United Empire Loyalists, 240. <b>Bk</b> Emigration of, from +Pennsylvania to Upper Canada, 49.</p> + +<p><b>Duval, Jean.</b> <b>F</b> Executed for conspiracy against Champlain, 8. <b>Ch</b> +Locksmith, accompanies Champlain to Quebec, 41; leads conspiracy to +assassinate him, 42; executed, 43. <b>Bib.</b>: Parkman, <i>Pioneers of France</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Duval, Jean François Joseph</b> (1801-1881). Born in Quebec. Studied law and +called to the bar of Lower Canada, 1823. Represented Quebec in the +Assembly, 1830-1834. Appointed to the bench, 1839; judge of the Superior +Court, 1852; judge of the Queen's Bench, 1855; chief justice of the +Queen's Bench, 1864; retired, 1874. Died in Quebec. <b>Index</b>: <b>E</b> Member of +Seigniorial Court, 187. <b>Bib.</b>: Dent, <i>Last Forty Years</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Du Verger, Father.</b> <b>Ch</b> Promotes Récollet mission to Canada, 83.</p> + +<p><b>Du Vernet.</b> <b>Ch</b> Interpreter, 144.</p> + +<p><b>Du Vignau, Nicolas.</b> <b>Ch</b> His alleged discoveries, 74-77, interpreter, 144. +<b>Bib.</b>: Champlain, <i>Voyages</i>; Parkman, <i>Pioneers of France</i>.</p> + + +<p><b>Earthquake of 1663.</b> Known in Canadian history as the "Great Earthquake." +The most extravagant accounts have come down as to the circumstances +attending this earthquake, but it was undoubtedly the most serious +disturbance of the earth's crust, in Canadian territory, of which we +have any record. It affected chiefly the valley of the St. Lawrence from +Montreal to the gulf, a region more susceptible to seismic disturbance +than any other in Eastern Canada. Kingsford cites contemporary reports +of similar phenomena in 1638 and 1766. <b>Index</b>: <b>F</b> Described by Avaugour, +46-47. <b>L</b> Lalemant's account of, 42-45; Marie de l'Incarnation on, 45; +conversions resulting from, 45-46. <b>Bib.</b>: Charlevoix, <i>Histoire de la +Nouvelle France</i>; Lalemant, <i>Relation, 1663</i>; Ragueneau, <i>Vie de +Catherine de St. Augustin</i>; Marie de l'Incarnation, <i>Lettres</i>; Parkman, +<i>Old Régime</i>; Kingsford, <i>History of Canada</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Eastern Townships.</b> <b>Hd</b> Proposition to settle with disbanded Loyalists, +264. <b>Dr</b> Settled by British Americans, 289; mixed population of, 288. +<b>Bib.</b>: Day, <i>Pioneers of the Eastern Townships</i>; Day, <i>History of the +Eastern Townships;</i> Thomas, <i>History of the Eastern Townships</i>.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121">[121]</a></span></p> + +<p><b>Easton, James.</b> <b>Dr</b> American officer, demands surrender of Carleton at +Sorel, 113. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Cyc. Am. Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>Eau, Chevalier d'.</b> <b>F</b> Goes on embassy to Iroquois, 262.</p> + +<p><b>Echemin Indians.</b> A tribe closely resembling the Micmacs of Nova Scotia, +and inhabiting in the seventeenth century what is now eastern Maine and +New Brunswick. They lived by hunting and fishing. <b>Index</b>: <b>WM</b> Enemies of +the English, 16.</p> + +<p><b>Edgar, Sir James David</b> (1841-1899). Studied law, and called to the bar +of Upper Canada, 1864. Elected to House of Commons, 1872. Sent on +political mission to British Columbia, in connection with Canadian +Pacific Railway. Returned to Parliament, 1884; elected Speaker of the +House of Commons, 1896. <b>Index</b>: <b>Md</b> Sent to British Columbia by Mackenzie +government, 234. <b>D</b> Sent to Victoria, 1874, as special agent of Dominion +government, in connection with Canadian Pacific Railway, 320. <b>Bib.</b>: +Works: <i>This Canada of Ours and Other Poems</i>; <i>The White Stone Canoe</i>; +<i>Canada and its Capital</i>. For biog., <i>see</i> Morgan, <i>Can. Men</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Edmonton.</b> Capital of province of Alberta. Situated on the North +Saskatchewan. Occupies site of Edmonton House, of the Hudson's Bay +Company, and, at a still earlier date, Fort Augustus, of the North West +Company. Later was built by Hughes, and known at one time as Fort des +Prairies. <b>Bib.</b>: Cameron, <i>The City on the Saskatchewan</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Edmonton House.</b> <b>MS</b> Built by Hudson's Bay Company, 6.</p> + +<p><b>Education.</b> <b>Md</b> University endowment in Upper Canada, 28-30; Macdonald's +connection with separate school question, 82, 84; compulsory education +established, 116. <b>W</b> State of, in New Brunswick, 83; Wilmot's interest +in, 83; grammar schools, 85-86; college of New Brunswick, 86; Madras +System, 86-87; lack of public interest in schools, 88-90; Wilmot's views +on education, 90-91. <b>T</b> Improvement in school system, 20; King's College, +20-22. <b>WM</b> Limited to a few, but excellent, 23. <b>R</b> In Upper Canada, 51-59; +petitions, 54-55; Common School Bill, 1816,—its provisions, 56-57; +Board of Education, 58; provisions of amending Act, 1824, 58; the +university question, 133-162; the common school system, 163-213; +separate school question, 215-245; grammar or high schools, 247-268. <b>E</b> +Gradual improvements in common school system after 1841, 87-89; Mrs. +Jamieson on the Upper Canadian schoolmaster, 87; Lord Elgin's interest +in educational problems, 88. <b>BL</b> System of common schools provided for in +government programme, 1841, 89; Act passed, 105; previous legislation +for higher education, 105-106; for elementary schools, 106-107; terms of +new Act of 1841, 107-108; school laws of 1843,189-190; Baldwin's +University Act, 190; history of the university movement in Upper Canada, +191-197; under second La Fontaine-Baldwin ministry, 281, 286, 292, +338-339. <b>Sy</b> Demand that Clergy Reserves should be applied to purposes +of, 240-242. <b>S</b> Simcoe's efforts in cause of, 166. <b>C</b> In the clerical +colleges of Quebec, 3-5; Lord Elgin on, 5; Cartier's work for, in Lower +Canada, 114; in Quebec, 37-38. <b>Dr</b> Committee on, appointed, 226; +conflicting views on, 227-229. <b>H</b> In Nova Scotia,—Joseph Howe advocates +compulsory education, 79; and an undenominational provincial university, +82; again introduces his measure for public schools, 115. <b>B</b> George +Brown's views on, 47, 59, 61, 62-64, 75, 121-123, 145; separate school +question, 121-123, 144-145. <b>Hd</b> In the early days of British rule, +233-236. <i>See</i> Ryerson, Egerton; Strachan, John; Simcoe, John Graves; +Grammar Schools; Universities; Public Schools; Libraries; Manitoba +School Question; Separate Schools. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Canada: An Ency.</i>, vols.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_122" id="Page_122">[122]</a></span> 2, +3, and 4; Chauveau, <i>L'Instruction Publique</i>; Dawson, <i>Fifty Years' Work +in Canada</i>; Hodgins, <i>Documentary History of Education in Upper Canada</i>; +Ryerson, <i>Story of my Life</i>; Meilleur, <i>L'Education du Bas-Canada</i>; +Millar, <i>Educational System of Ontario</i>; Ross, <i>Universities of Canada</i>; +<i>Education in the Canadas</i> (Archives Report, 1899).</p> + +<p><b>Edward VII</b> (1841-1910). Succeeded to throne, 1901. <b>Index</b>: <b>E</b> His visit to +Canada in 1860, 7. <b>Md</b> Visits Canada in 1860, and opens Victoria bridge, +87. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Dict. Eng. Hist.</i>; Morgan, <i>Tour of Prince of Wales through +Canada</i>; Gough, <i>The King's Visit to Canada</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Edward and Annie.</b> <b>MS</b> The vessel which brought the Red River settlers +from Stornoway to Hudson Bay, 150-151.</p> + +<p><b>Effiat, Duc d'.</b> <b>Ch</b> Second in list of Hundred Associates (Company of New +France), 170.</p> + +<p><b>Eldon, John Scott, first Earl</b> (1751-1838). British statesman. <b>Index</b>: <b>Sy</b> +Resigns from Cabinet, 16. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Dict. Nat. Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>Election Frauds.</b> <b>B</b> In Russell County and Quebec City in 1857, 99-100, +106.</p> + +<p><b>Election Laws.</b> <b>BL</b> Bill introduced, 99; rejected by Council, 100; La +Fontaine-Baldwin government brings in a broader measure, 144; its terms, +144-145; opposition of Conservative press, 145-146; electoral reform +measures, 286.</p> + +<p><b>Elgin, James Bruce, eighth Earl of</b> (1811-1863). <b>E</b> His qualities as a +statesman, 3-4; his success in Canada, 4; his lineage, 5-6; his personal +character, 6-8; education, 6; his contemporaries at college, 7; enters +Parliament, 8; accepts governorship of Jamaica, 9; death of his first +wife, 9; his successful administration in Jamaica, 10-12; returns to +England, 1846, 13; accepts governor-generalship of Canada, 13; his +second marriage, 14; influence of Durham, 15; contrasted with Durham, +15; his arrival in Montreal, 1847, 16, 26, 40, 41; views on the +political situation, 41-43; obtains from Imperial government +reimbursement of plague expenses, 48; his tour through Upper Canada, 49; +on agricultural associations, 50; dissolves Parliament, 50; calls upon +La Fontaine and Baldwin to form administration, 52; comments on +character of new government, 52-53; his letters to Lord Grey, 54-56; +views on the French question, 55-56; his antipathy to Papineau, 56; on +economic conditions, 57-58; on annexation sentiment, 58; on +inter-imperial trade, 58-59; his course in connection with Rebellion +Losses Bill, 71-78; attacked by mob, 74; Imperial government approves +his action in signing bill, 78; second visit to Upper Canada, 79; raised +to peerage, 80; condemns Annexation Manifesto, 81; on causes of +commercial depression, 82; urges reciprocity with United States, 82, +101, 107; vindication of his policy on Rebellion Losses Bill, 83-84; +views on education, 88-89; his admiration for Baldwin, 104; on +parliamentary representation, 118-119; on an elective Upper House, +120-121; visits England in 1853, 123; tribute from United States +minister in London, 123-124; visits Washington and negotiates +Reciprocity Treaty, 124; resents John Sandfield Macdonald's rebuke, 129; +on the appeal to the country in 1854, 132, 133; opens fifth Parliament, +135; advises repeal of Imperial Act of 1840, 164-165, 167; on the +attitude of the Church of England in Canada, 169; his efforts to kill +annexation sentiment, 189-190, 194, 195; his efforts to secure +reciprocity, 196; visits United States and negotiates treaty, 197; signs +treaty June 8, 1854, 198, 201; succeeded as governor-general by Sir +Edmund Head, Dec. 19, 1854, 203; parting address from Legislature, 203; +his reply, 204-205; his last speech in Quebec, 205-208; returns to +England, 209; views on colonial self-defence, 209-212; accepts mission +to China, 212; his part in suppressing Indian Mutiny, 213;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_123" id="Page_123">[123]</a></span> negotiates +treaty of Tientsin, 214; official visit to Japan, 214; negotiates treaty +of Yeddo, 214; returns to England, 215; British apathy as to colonies, +215; becomes postmaster-general in Palmerston government, 215; Lord +Rector of Glasgow University, 215; his second mission to China, 215; +governor-general of India, 216; his tour in Northern India, 218; holds +Durbar at Agra, 218; suppresses Nahabu outbreak, 218; illness and death, +Nov. 20, 1863, 218-219; his views on Imperial honours, 222; his +principles of self-government, 227; on British connection, 229, 231; on +the status of a constitutional governor, 231-232; beneficial results of +his policy, 233, 235; on colonial self-government, 239-240; on the +American political system, 257-258. <b>B</b> On causes of depression in Canada, +32; his far-sighted statesmanship,—views on imperial unity, 33; +introduces self-government in Canada, 33; and the Rebellion Losses Bill, +34-38. <b>Md</b> Succeeds Cathcart as governor-general, 26; upholds responsible +government, 32-33; gives assent to Rebellion Losses Bill, 36-38; mobbed +in Montreal, 38; sober second judgment of the people justifies his +action in approving the bill, 41; his action approved by British +government, 42; effects Reciprocity Treaty with United States, 45, 98, +216. <b>T</b> Brings about Reciprocity Treaty, 29. <b>BL</b> Mentioned, 75; attitude +to responsible government, 138; chosen by Liberal government as +governor-general, 272; his character, 272; his grasp of the colonial +situation, and attitude towards responsible government, 273; first to +apply successfully the principle, 273; liberally interprets his +instructions, 274; marries Durham's daughter, 274; a thorough believer +in Durham's doctrines, 274; his statesmanlike grasp of the true attitude +of the governor, 274-275; enters Montreal, January, 1847, 275; Hincks +on, 275-276; Draper on, 277; dissolves Parliament, Dec. 6, 1847, 278; +his solution of the Canadian question, 282-283; calls Parliament at +Montreal, Feb. 25, 1848, 283; sends for La Fontaine to form ministry, +284; his high opinion of second La Fontaine-Baldwin ministry, 285; +interview with Baldwin and La Fontaine, 285-286; brings session to a +close, 286; on commercial depression in Canada, 301; consents to +Rebellion Losses Bill, 321; mobbed in Montreal, 305, 322, 324; his +attitude towards the bill, 332-334; loyal reception to in Toronto, 338. +<b>R</b> Concedes full measure of responsible government, 126. <b>C</b> On education +in Quebec, 5; urges Cartier to enter Cabinet, 22; and the Rebellion +Losses Bill, 32; his letter to Lord Grey on the state of the country in +1849, 44; most enlightened and most popular governor before +Confederation, 98; aids cause of responsible government, 98. <b>H</b> Attends +public dinner to Joseph Howe at Toronto 1851, 138; represents British +North America at Boston railway celebration, 1851, 250. <b>Mc</b> Assents to +Amnesty Act, 480. <b>Bib.</b>: Morgan, <i>Cel. Can.</i>; Dent, <i>Can. Por.</i> and <i>Last +Forty Years</i>; <i>Dict. Nat. Biog.</i>; Walrond, <i>Letters of Lord Elgin</i>; +Wrong, <i>The Earl of Elgin</i>; Le Moine, <i>Le Comte d'Elgin</i> (R. S. C., +1894).</p> + +<p><b>Eliott, G. A.</b> <i>See</i> Heathfield.</p> + +<p><b>Elisa, Francisco.</b> Commanded Spanish expedition to Nootka, 1790. Carried +on extensive explorations in 1791, returning to Monterey the following +year. <b>Index</b>: <b>D</b> His attempt to explore Juan de Fuca Strait in 1790, 26; +sends Fidalgo to examine northern coast same year, 26. <b>Bib.</b>: Bancroft, +<i>North-West Coast</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Ellice, Edward</b> (1781-1863). <b>P</b> Seignior of Beauharnois, suggests to +colonial secretary union of Upper and Lower Canada, 47; his design +revealed, 49; meets Papineau, 53. <b>MS</b> Opposes sale of Red River land to +Selkirk by Hudson's Bay Company, 210-212; quoted on Dr. John McLoughlin, +220; before Hudson's Bay Company Committee, 272. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Dict. Nat. +Biog.</i><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_124" id="Page_124">[124]</a></span></p> + +<p><b>Elliott, Colonel.</b> <b>Bk</b> Indian superintendent at Amherstburg, 151; in +charge of Indians in western district, 230.</p> + +<p><b>Elliott.</b> <b>Dr</b> Commissioner for exchange of prisoners, 207.</p> + +<p><b>Elmsley, John</b> (1762-1805). Born in England. Succeeded William Osgoode as +chief-justice of Upper Canada, 1796, and again as chief-justice of Lower +Canada, 1802. At the same time became a member of the Executive Council. +In February, 1803, appointed president of the Legislative Council—a +position he held until his death. <b>Index</b>: <b>S</b> Becomes chief-justice, 178. +<b>Bk</b> His death, 69. <b>Bib.</b>: Morgan, <i>Cel. Can.</i>; Read, <i>Lives of the +Judges</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Embargo.</b> <b>Bk</b> On United States ships, 83, 108; benefits Canadian trade, +109, 115; disastrous effects of, both in United States and in England, +110, 111; withdrawn, 114.</p> + +<p><b>Emigration.</b> <b>Sy</b> Sydenham's views on, 321; grant by British government in +aid of, 322.</p> + +<p><b>Emulous.</b> <b>Bk</b> British ship, prizes taken by, 224.</p> + +<p><b>End, William.</b> <b>W</b> Votes against address of New Brunswick Assembly, 46; +referred to by Wilmot, 95; moves amendment in regard to money grants, +97; interrupts Wilmot's speech, 108, 109.</p> + +<p><b>Endemare, Father.</b> <b>Ch</b> Jesuit, goes to Fort Ste. Anne in Cape Breton, 237.</p> + +<p><b>England.</b> <b>Bk</b> At war with republican France, 8; its invasion threatened, +10; mutiny in the fleet and insubordination in the army, 11; isolation +of, 23; makes peace of Amiens, 30; declares war with France, 44; +threatened by Napoleon, 71; the Berlin Decrees directed against, 81; +without an ally in Europe, 82; orders-in-council in reply to Berlin +Decrees, 93, 106, 111, 120; intense anxiety in, as to war in Peninsula +(1811), 140; prostration of trade, 167; neglect of military protection +of Canada (1812), 184; its main force necessarily concentrated on +struggle in Europe, 269.</p> + +<p><b>English Colonies.</b> <b>F</b> Goods cheap in, 154; pay better price for furs, 154, +175, 201; political confusion prevailing in, after downfall of James II, +263. <b>WM</b> Colonists sell goods to Indians on more advantageous terms than +the French, 21.</p> + +<p><b>English Colonization.</b> <b>WM</b> Egoism the principle of, 17; Parkman on, 20; +demoralizing effect of, 20. <b>Bib.</b>: Fiske, <i>New France and New England</i>.</p> + +<p><b>English Law.</b> <b>Hd</b> Introduction of, by the royal proclamation, 59. <b>Dr</b> +Sometimes inconsistently invoked by those who in general objected +thereto, 40.</p> + +<p><b>English Settlers in Canada.</b> <b>Dr</b> Position taken by, 9; find French laws +irksome, 12; Murray's description of, 14, 24, 26; send delegate to +England, 16; petition for Murray's recall, 17; described by Carleton, +47; object to Carleton's ordinance of 1770, with respect to +administration of justice, 55.</p> + +<p><b>Enos, General Roger</b> (1729-1808). <b>Hd</b> In command of Vermont troops, 211; +proposes to settle two Canadian townships, 266. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Cyc. Am. Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>Epidemics.</b> <b>L</b> Ravages of, 239. <i>See</i> Smallpox.</p> + +<p><b>Equal Rights Association.</b> Formed in Toronto, in 1889, to secure the +disallowance of the Jesuits' Estates Act, and generally to oppose what +was described as the "political encroachments of ultramontanism." Among +the principal founders were D'Alton McCarthy, William E. O'Brien, and +Clarke Wallace. <b>Index</b>: <b>Md</b> Grew out of agitation over Jesuits' Estates +question, 289.</p> + +<p><b>Erie Indians.</b> A large tribe, of Iroquois stock, inhabiting in the +seventeenth century the country between Lake Erie and the Ohio. After a +long war, the Eries were practically wiped out by the Iroquois, in 1656, +the few survivors being adopted into the Iroquois confederacy. <b>Bib.</b>: +Hodge, <i>Handbook of American Indians</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Erie, Lake.</b> Area 10,000 square miles. Discovered by Brébeuf and +Chau<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_125" id="Page_125">[125]</a></span>monot, 1640. It is possible that the lake may have been first seen +by white men at a still earlier date, when the Franciscan friar, La +Roche Dallion, visited the Neutral nation, 1626, but there is no direct +evidence. The lake is mentioned under its present name in Lalemant's +<i>Relation</i> of 1641, as well as in that of Ragueneau, 1648. La Salle's +<i>Griffon</i> was the first ship to sail its waters, 1679. First clearly +shown on Sanson map of 1650. <b>Bib.</b>: Chaumonot, <i>Vie</i>; Harris, <i>Early +Missions</i>; Parkman, <i>Jesuits in North America</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Ermatinger, Francis.</b> <b>D</b> His expedition to Sacramento in 1841, 132. <b>Bib.</b>: +Simpson, <i>Journey round the World</i>; Bryce, <i>Hudson's Bay Company</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Erskine, David Montagu, second Baron</b> (1776-1855). <b>Bk</b> British minister at +Washington, premature announcement of, with respect to +orders-in-council, 120. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Dict. Nat. Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>Eskimos.</b> American aborigines, formerly occupying practically the entire +coast of North America from Newfoundland around to the Aleutian Islands; +now confined to the northern coast of the continent, and the Arctic +Islands. They call themselves Inuit, meaning "people," the name "Eskimo" +having been given them by some of their Indian neighbours. <b>Bib.</b>: Hodge, +<i>Handbook of American Indians</i>; Reclus, <i>Primitive Folk</i>. <i>See also</i> +United States Bureau of Ethnology <i>Reports</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Esquimalt.</b> Naval station, four miles from Victoria, Vancouver Island. +<b>Index</b>: <b>D</b> Suggested as site for city, 175; Douglas's spelling of name, +175; H. M. S. <i>Constance</i> arrives there, 184.</p> + +<p><b>Essex.</b> <b>Bk</b> United States frigate, captures British transport, 225.</p> + +<p><b>Estaing, Charles Hector Theodat, Count d'</b> (1729-1794). <b>Hd</b> His +proclamation to French-Canadians, 123. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Cyc. Am. Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>Esten, James C. Palmer</b> (1806-1864). Born in Bermuda. Educated at the +Charter House, London; called to the English bar. Came to Canada, 1836, +and called to the bar of Upper Canada, 1838. Served as a volunteer +during Rebellion of 1837. Practised his profession at Toronto. Appointed +vice-chancellor, 1849. <b>Bib.</b>: Read, <i>Lives of the Judges</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Etoline, Adolphus Karlovich.</b> Director of the Russian-American colonies, +1841-1845. <b>Index</b>: <b>D</b> Succeeds Kuprianoff as governor of Russian America, +1840, 45; splendour of his establishment, 45; visited by James Douglas, +45.</p> + +<p><b>European and North American Railway.</b> <b>W</b> Wilmot's attitude towards, 127. <b>T</b> +Peto, Brassy, and Betts propose to construct, 26; subsidies offered by +province, 26; progress of, 44.</p> + +<p><b>Eustache, Sir J. R.</b> Born 1795. Educated at St. Peter's College, +Cambridge. Entered the army; served in Upper Canada in command of the +19th Light Dragoons; present at the battle of Lundy's Lane and at the +storming of Fort Erie; knighted for distinguished services. Took part in +the suppression of the Rebellion of 1837-1838 in Lower Canada; +high-sheriff of Kildare, 1848; lieutenant-general, 1859. <b>Bib.</b>: Morgan, +<i>Cel. Can.</i></p> + +<p><b>Eustis, William</b> (1753-1825). <b>Bk</b> United States secretary of war, his +confident prediction of conquest of Canada, 215. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Cyc. Am. Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>Evans, Lieutenant.</b> <b>Dr</b> Case against, in connection with Walker affair, +dismissed by grand jury, 38.</p> + +<p><b>Evans, James</b> (1801-1846). Born in Kingston-upon-Hull, England. Emigrated +to Canada; opened a school near L'Original, and about 1828 moved to Rice +Lake, where he entered the Methodist ministry, and began his life-long +Work among the Indians. In 1840 given charge of missionary work in the +North-West, with headquarters at Norway House. Had already devoted<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_126" id="Page_126">[126]</a></span> much +time to the study of the native languages, and while at Norway House +invented the Cree syllabic characters, a simple, phonetic system, by +means of which the Indian was taught to read with surprising facility. +At first cast his own type, built his own press, and printed on +birchbark. Later obtained more effective materials, and set up +catechisms, hymn-books, and portions of the Bible in syllabic. <b>Bib.</b>: +Young, <i>The Apostle of the North</i>; McLean, <i>James Evans, Inventor of the +Syllabic System</i>; Carroll, <i>James Evans</i> in the <i>Methodist Magazine</i>, +October, 1882; Pilling, <i>Bibliography of the Algonquian Languages</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Ewan, John Alexander</b> (1854-1910). Born in Aberdeen, Scotland. Educated +in Scotland and in Canada. Assistant editor of the Toronto <i>Globe</i> for +many years; war correspondent for that paper during Boer War, 1899-1902. +<b>Index</b>: <b>B</b> Witnesses shooting of George Brown by Bennett, 255-256; seizes +Bennett, 256.</p> + +<p><b>Examiner.</b> Newspaper published at New York. <b>Index</b>: <b>Mc</b> Published by +William Lyon Mackenzie, 470.</p> + +<p><b>Examiner.</b> Newspaper published at Toronto. <b>Index</b>: <b>Sy</b> Advocates +responsible government, 107; supports union of provinces as leading +thereto, 212; on Clergy Reserves question, 247. <b>E</b> Chief organ of the +Clear Grits,—owned by James Lesslie, 110. <b>BL</b> Established by Hincks, +July 3, 1838, 58; in the interests of responsible government, 58; +excites interest in Oxford County, 69; Hincks explains his political +position in, 104; on Hincks, 179-180; Macdougall contributes to, 341. <b>Mc</b> +Of Toronto, newspaper, published by Sir Francis Hincks, 483; on the +riots, 483; its estimate of Mackenzie, 484, 485.</p> + +<p><b>Executive Council.</b> <b>Mc</b> In Upper Canada; created under Constitutional Act, +53; irritating relations with Assembly, 55, 58; Durham on, 61; real +advisers of the governor, 63; responsibility of, demanded by Upper +Canada Reformers, 64, 69; Durham's view of effect of irresponsibility +of, 65, 66; Sir John Colborne's view of, 279; Lord Glenelg's view of, +286. <b>Dr</b> In Lower Canada, how composed, 269. <b>Sy</b> Its powers and influence, +74-76, 78; practically controlled the governor, 175; necessity for +change in, 177; its defects described by Sydenham, 220, 221; changes +made in, 334, 335; salaries of, 334. <b>W</b> In New Brunswick, its +irresponsibility, 5, 6.</p> + +<p><b>Executive Office.</b> <b>Sy</b> Tenure of, in Canada, 175; Lord John Russell's +despatch on, 180-182; press comments on new regulations respecting, 183, +184.</p> + +<p><b>Exhibitions.</b> The first industrial exhibition held in Canada, and +probably the first in the world, was that of 1737, promoted by the +Intendant Hocquart. It included fruits and grains, woods and furs, and +the products of the mines and the fisheries. The exhibition was +afterwards sent to France. A provincial exhibition was held in Toronto +in 1846; Ottawa had an exhibition in 1878; Montreal in 1880; Halifax in +1881; and St. John in 1883. Since then many other cities and towns have +used this means of illustrating the industrial resources of the locality +and the country. <b>Bib.</b>: Johnson, <i>First Things in Canada</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Expulsion of Acadians.</b> <i>See</i> Acadians, Expulsion of the.</p> + +<p><b>Extradition with United States.</b> <b>Sy</b> Sydenham takes part in negotiations +for, 336.</p> + +<p><b>Eyre, Eustache R.</b> <b>S</b> Fort major, 47.</p> + + +<p><b>Faillon, Abbé Michel Étienne</b> (1799-1870). Historian. <b>Index</b>: <b>F</b> Quoted, 4, +9; his description of conduct of Perrot, governor of Montreal, 96, 97. +<b>Ch</b> Error in history of, 207. <b>Bib.</b>: Works: <i>Vie de Mme. d'Youville</i>; <i>Vie +de Mlle. Mance</i>; <i>Vie de Mlle. Le Ber</i>; <i>Histoire de la Colonie +Française en Canada</i>. For biog., <i>see</i> Desmazures, <i>L'Abbé Faillon: Sa +Vie et ses [OE]uvres</i>.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_127" id="Page_127">[127]</a></span></p> + +<p><b>Fairchild, Mrs.</b> <b>Hd</b> Haldimand's housekeeper, 314, 328, 329.</p> + +<p><b>Fairfield, John</b> (1797-1847). Sat in Congress, 1835-1839; governor of +Maine, 1839-1840, and 1842. Member of the United States Senate, +1843-1847. <b>Index</b>: <b>W</b> His connection with the Aroostook War, 135. <b>Bib.</b>: +<i>Cyc. Am. Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>Falconbridge, Sir Glenholme</b> (1846- ). Born at Drummondville, Ontario. +Educated at the University of Toronto, graduating 1866. Called to the +bar, 1871. Appointed judge of the Queen's Bench, Ontario, 1887; +chief-justice, 1900. Knighted, 1909. <b>Bib.</b>: Morgan, <i>Can. Men</i>; <i>Canadian +Who's Who</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Falkland, Lucius Bentinck, Viscount.</b> Governor of Nova Scotia, 1840-1846. +<b>Index</b>: <b>H</b> Lieutenant-governor of Nova Scotia, 69; his character and +policy, 69; invites Howe to join the Council, 69; his administration, +71; calls upon Howe, Uniacke and MacNab to give reasons for their +resignation from Executive Council, 87; Howe upsets his theories of +government, 89-92; lampooned by Howe, 92-93; conflict for supremacy, 94, +97; Howe makes insulting reference to, in Legislature, 100-101; returns +to England, 1846, 102. <b>Bib.</b>: Campbell, <i>History of Nova Scotia</i>; +Saunders, <i>Three Premiers of Nova Scotia</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Family Compact.</b> A group of Tory leaders in Upper Canada, so nicknamed by +their political opponents because they held power as a distinct group, +allied by bonds of political, social, and religious sympathy. Term also +used in other provinces, in connection with somewhat similar conditions. +<b>Index</b>: <b>Mc</b> Their loyalty tested, 10; Durham's view of, 62, 65, 66; great +influence of, 66; lasting and extensive monopoly of power, 66; decides +on Gourlay's destruction, 89; destroys <i>Colonial Advocate</i>, 115; +incensed at Lord Goderich's concessions, 230; secures Head's sympathy, +302. <b>Md</b> Its character and aims fiercely debated, 13; opposition to, of +Macdonald, Draper, and Morris, 27. <b>Sy</b> Its beginning, 77; its foundations +laid by Governor Simcoe, 78; attempt to identify Reform party with +Mackenzie's rebellious proceedings, 85; condemned by Durham in his +Report, 96; criticisms of Report, 97-104; Sir George Arthur allies +himself with, 110; opposed to union of provinces, 130; Sydenham's +opinion of, as given by <i>Colonial Gazette</i>, 138; its controlling +influence, 177; not a political party, 179; not specially connected by +family relationship, 180. <b>B</b> Rebellion in Upper Canada attributed by +Durham to ascendancy of, 11. <b>E</b> Fight against, 21; attacked by Hume +Blake, 69; Mackenzie ill-used by, 91; selfishness of its members, 92; +Bishop Strachan and, 150. <b>BL</b> Its character, 11-12; denounced by W. L. +Mackenzie, 13; opposed to union of the Canadas, 61; its restoration +hoped for, 113. <b>MS</b> Responsible for Rebellion of 1837, 242. <i>See also</i> +Strachan, John; Mackenzie, W. L.; MacNab, Sir Allan Napier; Robinson, +Sir John Beverley. <b>Bib.</b>: Kingsford, <i>History of Canada</i>; Durham, +<i>Report</i>; Mackenzie, <i>Sketches of Canada</i>; Bradshaw, <i>Self-Government in +Canada</i>; Dent, <i>Upper Canadian Rebellion</i>; Robinson, <i>Life of Sir John +Beverley Robinson</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Famine Creek.</b> <b>L</b> La Barre's expedition halts at, 193.</p> + +<p><b>Fancamp, Baron de.</b> <b>L</b> Presents shrine to Bonsecours chapel, 177.</p> + +<p><b>Fanning, Edmund</b> (1737-1818). Held various offices in the American +colonies before the Revolution. Removed to Nova Scotia, and in 1786 +governor of Prince Edward Island. Rose to the rank of general in the +army, 1808. <b>Index</b>: <b>Dr</b> Commands King's American Regiment, 202; succeeds +Patterson as governor of Prince Edward Island, 235. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Cyc. Am. +Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>Farnborough, Sir Thomas Erskine May, first Baron</b> (1815-1886). Born in +London. Assistant librarian of the House of Commons, 1831; examiner of +petitions for Parliament, 1847-1856; clerk of the House of Commons, +1871-1886; and president of the Statute Law Revision Committee, +1866-1884. Ap<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_128" id="Page_128">[128]</a></span>pointed privy councillor, 1885, and created Baron +Farnborough, 1886. <b>Index</b>: <b>Mc</b> On difficulties of granting responsible +government, 21; responsible government granted in Upper Canada in 1847, +25; principle of, adopted in other colonies about the same time, 25; on +effect of responsible government, 490. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Constitutional History of +England since the Accession of George III.</i></p> + +<p><b>Farrer, Edward</b> (1850- ). Canadian journalist. <b>Index</b>: <b>Md</b> Chief editorial +writer of the <i>Globe</i>, 312; his pamphlet on annexation—its terms, +312-313; assumes sole responsibility for, 314. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Canadian Who's +Who</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Fay, Jonas</b> (1737-1818). <b>Hd</b> Vermont emissary, 209. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Cyc. Am. Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>Fénelon, François de Salignac.</b> <b>L</b> Sulpician, sent on mission to Lake +Ontario, 105; his reserve as to his own labours and sacrifices, 109; +school for young Indians established by, 125; attacks Frontenac from the +pulpit, 160; refuses to furnish copy of his sermon and is cited before +the Council, 162; his conduct not approved by his ecclesiastical +superiors, 162; nor by the king, 164. <b>F</b> Intermediary between Frontenac +and Perrot, 92; indignant at Perrot's arrest, 93; preaches sermon +against Frontenac, 93; circulates memorial in Perrot's favour, 96; +summoned to Quebec, 98; his conduct before the Council, 101; sent to +France, censured, and not allowed to return to Canada, 102, 103. <i>See +also</i> Frontenac; Perrot. <b>Bib.</b>: Parkman, <i>Frontenac</i>; Garneau, <i>History +of Canada</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Fenety, George E.</b> <b>W</b> On Wilmot, 131.</p> + +<p><b>Fenian Raids.</b> The Fenian Brotherhood is said to have been formed about +1858 in Ireland and the United States, the object being to liberate +Ireland from its connection with England, and establish a republic. A +history of the movement in Ireland will be found in McCarthy's <i>History +of our Own Times</i>, and in O'Leary's <i>Recollections of Fenianism</i>. Early +in 1866 the American branch of the Brotherhood planned an invasion of +Canada. The Canadian militia was called out, but the invasion was +postponed. In April, the New Brunswick border was threatened, and troops +marched to the defence of St. Andrews and St. Stephen. The Fenians +thought better of it. Late in May another party, under one O'Neil, +crossed from Buffalo to Fort Erie and advanced to Ridgeway, where they +were driven back. In 1870 the same O'Neil led his followers into Quebec, +but was again repulsed. In 1871 he made a similar attempt in the West, +but a detachment of United States troops from Fort Pembina followed, +arrested him, and dispersed his followers. An aftermath of the earlier +Fenian Raids was the murder of Thomas D'Arcy McGee (<i>q.v.</i>) in Ottawa, +1868. <b>Index</b>: <b>Md</b> Claims for damages, 166-167; claims withdrawn, 175-177; +irritation in Canada, 176; Imperial government assumes responsibility +for their settlement, 177; gives Imperial guarantee of loan for public +works and defence in Canada, 178, 196. <b>T</b> Influence on Confederation, 98; +history of, 99, 105-107; referred to in address in Assembly, 102. <b>BL</b> +Feared by Metcalfe in 1843, 186. <b>B</b> Threatened in 1866—influences New +Brunswick electorate towards Confederation, 188. <b>C</b> As an argument for +retaining British troops in Canada, 92; Cartier's speech on, in House, +1872, 110. <b>Bib.</b>: Somerville, <i>Narrative of the Fenian Invasion of +Canada</i>; Campbell, <i>The Fenian Invasions of Canada of 1866 and 1870</i>; +Dent, <i>Last Forty Years</i>; <i>Correspondence relating to the Fenian +Invasion</i>, Ottawa, 1869; <i>Trials of the Fenian Prisoners at Toronto Who +Were Captured at Fort Erie, C. W., in June, 1866</i>, ed. by George R. +Gregg, and E. P. Roden; McMicken, <i>Fenian Raid on Manitoba</i> (Manitoba +Hist. and Sc. Society, 1888); Hannay, <i>History of New Brunswick</i>; +Macdonald, <i>Troublous Times in Canada</i>; Denison, <i>Soldiering in Canada</i> +and <i>The Fenian Raid on Fort Erie</i>.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_129" id="Page_129">[129]</a></span></p> + +<p><b>Fer, Jules de.</b> <b>Dr</b> His report on loyalty of French-Canadians, 301.</p> + +<p><b>Feret.</b> <b>Ch</b> Of Dieppe, discovers manuscript of Champlain's <i>Brief +Discours</i>, 7.</p> + +<p><b>Ferguson, Adam.</b> <b>R</b> Opposes Sir Charles Metcalfe, 126.</p> + +<p><b>Ferland, John Antony Baptist</b> (1805-1865). Member of faculty of Laval +University, 1855-1865. <b>Index</b>: <b>L</b> Quoted as to difficulty of educating +young Indians, 63; passage quoted from on Mère de l'Incarnation, 93-95; +on enterprise of Talon, 114; on creation of bishopric of Quebec, 133; on +advantage of connection of seminary with Foreign Missions, 140; on La +Salle, 149; on educational labours of the nuns, 155; praises stand taken +by Laval in regard to liquor traffic, 173; on return of Laval in 1688, +220. <b>Bib.</b>: Works: <i>Cours d' Histoire du Canada</i>; <i>Opuscules</i>; <i>La +Gaspésie</i>; <i>Joseph-Octave Plessis</i>; <i>Voyage au Labrador</i>. For biog., +<i>see</i> <i>Cyc. Am. Biog.</i>; Bibaud, <i>Pan. Can.</i>; Morgan, <i>Cel. Can.</i></p> + +<p><b>Ferrier, James.</b> <b>B</b> His account of the negotiations between Brown and the +government prior to Confederation, 152.</p> + +<p><b>Fidalgo, Salvador.</b> Accompanied Elisa to North-West Coast, 1790; founded +a Spanish settlement in Fuca Strait, 1792, and removed the post the same +year to Nootka. Still there in 1793 when Vancouver visited the place. +<b>Index</b>: <b>D</b> Sent by Elisa to examine northern coast, 1790, 26. <b>Bib.</b>: +Bancroft, <i>History of the North-West Coast</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Fidler, Peter</b> (1769-1822). Entered service of Hudson's Bay Company, +about 1791. Carried on extensive explorations and surveys in the +North-West. Left a series of manuscript journals, covering the records +of his explorations for over a quarter of a century. These are said to +be in the archives of the Hudson's Bay Company in London. Also left an +eccentric will, of which Bryce gives a synopsis. <b>Bib.</b>: Bryce, <i>Hudson's +Bay Company</i>; Burpee, <i>Search for the Western Sea</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Fiedmont, Jacquot de.</b> <b>WM</b> Engineer, fortifies bridges over River St. +Charles, 85-86; opposes capitulation, 225; directs artillery fire +against British camp, 230.</p> + +<p><b>Finances of Canada.</b> <b>Sy</b> Sydenham's efforts to rehabilitate, 315-320.</p> + +<p><b>Finlay, Hugh.</b> <b>Dr</b> Deputy postmaster-general, 243; expresses views of the +English-speaking people of Quebec in letter to home government, 248. <b>Hd</b> +On political situation, 174.</p> + +<p><b>Finlay, James.</b> <b>MS</b> Leaves Montreal for western fur country, 3. <b>Bib.</b>: +Mackenzie, <i>History of the Fur-Trade</i> in his <i>Voyages</i>; <i>Hendry's +Journal</i> (R. S. C., 1907); <i>Cocking's Journal</i> (R. S. C., 1908).</p> + +<p><b>Finlay, James, Jr.</b> <b>MS</b> Joins XY Company, 14; on Peace River, 1792, 62.</p> + +<p><b>Finlayson, Duncan.</b> <b>MS</b> Chief factor Hudson's Bay Company, 1832, and +governor of Assiniboia, 225; Alexander Ross on, 225.</p> + +<p><b>Finlayson, Roderick</b> (1818-1892). <b>D</b> Second in command at Victoria, 1843, +180; chief officer on death of Charles Ross, 1844, 181; his birth, 181; +joins Hudson's Bay Company, 1837, 181; his service and character, 181; +his narrative, 181; responsible for story of Captain Gordon and the +salmon that would not rise to a fly, 183-184; becomes chief accountant +of Western department, 188; holds position up to 1862, 188. <b>Bib.</b>: +Bancroft, <i>History of British Columbia</i>; Walbran, <i>British Columbia +Coast Names</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Fire Rafts.</b> <b>WM</b> Unsuccessful employment of by French at Quebec, 131.</p> + +<p><b>Fireships.</b> <b>WM</b> Ineffectual employment of by French, 98; described by +Captain Knox, 99; Montcalm on the cause of their failure, 99.</p> + +<p><b>Fisher, Charles</b> (1808-1880). Born in Fredericton. Educated at King's +College and called to the bar, 1833. Contested York for the New +Brunswick<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_130" id="Page_130">[130]</a></span> Assembly, 1834, but defeated. Elected for York, 1837, and +continued to hold the seat with slight intervals until after +Confederation. Entered the New Brunswick government, 1848, but resigned, +1850, owing to a difference with the lieutenant-governor. Appointed a +delegate to the Portland Railway Convention, 1850. Became premier and +attorney-general in the first purely Liberal government formed in New +Brunswick, 1851. Resigned, 1856; in the following year resumed office +and remained at the head of affairs until 1861. Appointed a delegate to +the Trade Convention at Detroit, 1865. Again entered the government as +attorney-general, 1866. Represented New Brunswick as one of the +delegates to the Quebec and Westminster Conferences. Represented York in +the first Dominion House of Commons. Appointed a judge of the Supreme +Court of his native province, 1868. Died in Fredericton. <b>Index</b>: <b>W</b> +Elected for York, 47; defeated in York, 66; opposes address to Metcalfe, +74; his efforts on behalf of responsible government, 91; elected for +York, in 1846, 102; moves want of confidence resolution, 103, 105; +defeated, 111; supports responsible government, 116; his influence, 117; +defeated in 1850, 128; opposes reduction of number of judges, 130. <b>T</b> His +character, 12; resigns, 18-19; attacks the government, 30-31; +attorney-general in Fisher government, 43; retires from government, 51; +re-elected for York, 52; delegate to Quebec Conference, 77; elected as +Confederation candidate in York, 95-96; moves amendment to address, 102; +attorney-general, 105; defeats Pickard, 108; moves Confederation +resolution, 115-116; sent as delegate to England, 120; elected for York +to first Dominion Parliament, and moves the address, 131. <b>Bib.</b>: Hannay, +<i>History of New Brunswick</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Fisheries Question.</b> <b>Md</b> Rights of American fishermen expire with +denunciation of Reciprocity Treaty, 166; the fishermen reluctant to +abandon former rights, 167; Canada's exclusive right to the inshore +fisheries recognized by Britain, 173; reciprocal trade proposed by +Canada as equivalent for the fishing rights, but rejected by Americans, +174; latter propose $1,000,000 for rights in perpetuity, 174; Macdonald +objects to any such arrangements, 174-175; Americans offer limited +reciprocity, 181; acceptable to British commissioners except Macdonald, +181-182; arbitration proposed by United States commissioners, 182; +Macdonald's dilemma, 183-185; opposition to treaty in Canada, 185; +Halifax Award, 190. <b>E</b> Under the Treaty of 1854, 198-200. <b>Bib.</b>: Isham, +<i>Fishery Question, its Origin, History and Present Situation</i>; Bourinot, +<i>Fishery Question, its Imperial Importance</i>; Elliott, <i>United States and +the North-Eastern Fisheries</i>; Ricci, <i>Fisheries Dispute and Annexation +to Canada</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Fitzgerald, Edward.</b> <b>B</b> On agricultural possibilities of North-West +Territories. 214.</p> + +<p><b>FitzGibbon, James</b> (1780-1863). Born in Ireland. Joined the Tarbert +Fencibles, 1798; served in Holland the following year, and in 1801 +present at the battle of Copenhagen. The same year came to Canada with +the 49th Regiment, and served under Brock with distinction in the War of +1812. In command of the British at Beaver Dam. In 1822 appointed +assistant adjutant-general; and in 1827 clerk of the House of Assembly. +Commissioned as colonel of the second West York Regiment 1831, and took +an active part in the suppression of the Rebellion of 1837. Returned to +England, where in 1850 made a military knight of Windsor. <b>Index</b>: <b>Bk</b> +Describes gallant conduct of Savery Brock at Egmont-op-Zee, 18-20; his +reminiscences of Brock, 66-67. <b>Sy</b> Made clerk of Legislative Council, +334. <b>Mc</b> Defeats rebels at Montgomery's farm, 379. <b>Bib.</b>: FitzGibbon, <i>A +Veteran of 1812</i>; Lucas, <i>Canadian War of 1812</i>;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_131" id="Page_131">[131]</a></span> Dent, <i>Upper Canadian +Rebellion</i>; Read, <i>Rebellion of 1837</i>; Lizars, <i>Humours of '37</i>; Morgan, +<i>Cel. Can.</i></p> + +<p><b>Fitzherbert, Mrs.</b> <b>Hd</b> Haldimand's opinion of, 335.</p> + +<p><b>Fitzmaurice, Lord Edward.</b> <b>Dr</b> On Germain, 170.</p> + +<p><b>Fitzpatrick, Sir Charles</b> (1853- ). Born in Quebec. Educated at Laval +University; studied law, and called to bar, 1876; chief counsel for +Louis Riel, 1885, and took part in several other famous trials; +represented Quebec County in provincial Assembly, 1890-1896; and in +House of Commons, 1896-1906; solicitor-general, 1901; minister of +justice, 1901-1906; chief justice of the Supreme Court of Canada, 1906. +<b>Bib.</b>: Morgan, <i>Can. Men</i>; <i>Canadian Who's Who</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Five Nations.</b> <b>Hd</b> Post at Oswego to be established for, 142; allies of +the British, 148; their rights respected, 166. <i>See</i> Iroquois.</p> + +<p><b>Flag Incident.</b> <b>L</b> In siege of Quebec, 230. <b>F</b> In siege of Quebec, 295-298.</p> + +<p><b>Fleet, British, before Quebec.</b> <b>WM</b> Placed under general command of +Admiral Charles Saunders, 75; ascends the river, 78; anchors at +Île-aux-Coudres, 83; anchors in Baie St. Paul, 90; at the entrance to +the harbour, 111; a few of its vessels pass the town, 123; several +vessels attempt the passage by Quebec, 152; sails for England, 238; +reappears in the harbour, 267. <b>Bib.</b>: Wood, <i>Logs of Naval Conquest of +Canada</i> and <i>The Fight for Canada</i>; Doughty, <i>Siege of Quebec</i>; Bradley, +<i>The Fight with France</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Fleet, French, at Quebec.</b> <b>WM</b> Protection afforded by to Bourlamaque's +army, 167.</p> + +<p><b>Fleming, Sir Sandford</b> (1827- ). Born at Kirkaldy, Scotland. Came to +Canada, 1845. Chief engineer of the Intercolonial Railway; and of the +Canadian Pacific Railway; chancellor of Queen's University since 1880; +president of the Royal Society of Canada, 1888-1889. To his initiation +and persistent enthusiasm are due the establishment of a system of +universal or cosmic time; the laying of the Pacific cable, as part of an +inter-imperial telegraph service; and the building of the memorial tower +at Halifax to commemorate the opening of the first colonial Legislature. +<b>Bib.</b>: Works: <i>The Intercolonial; England and Canada</i>; and numerous +historical and scientific papers. <i>See</i> Bibliog. of Royal Society (R. S. +C., 1894). For biog., <i>see</i> Morgan, <i>Can. Men</i>; Dent, <i>Can. Por.</i>; +<i>Who's Who</i>; Grant, <i>Ocean to Ocean</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Flibot.</b> <b>Ch</b> Kirke's vessel before Quebec, 188, 196.</p> + +<p><b>Florida.</b> <b>Hd</b> Under British rule, 64-81; Haldimand comes north from, 83, +87; Haldimand's interest in, 90; suggests closing of ports of, 104; his +career there, 121; proposed disposition of, 124; Haldimand's property +in, 316.</p> + +<p><b>Florida, West.</b> <b>Bk</b> Occupation of, by United States, 139.</p> + +<p><b>Flour-milling.</b> <b>B</b> Stimulated by British preference of, 1843, 32; +advantage swept away by free trade measure of 1846, 32; in 1834, 54.</p> + +<p><b>Foley, M. H.</b> <b>B</b> In Taché ministry, 1864, 149; retires with Buchanan and +Simpson to make room for Brown, Mowat, and Macdougall, in Coalition +ministry, 159. <b>Bib.</b>: Pope, <i>Memoirs of Sir John A. Macdonald</i>; Dent, +<i>Last Forty Years</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Foligné, Captain de.</b> <b>WM</b> On rapid construction of Beauport defences, 86; +his report of fighting at Lévis, 103; on pitiable condition of Quebec, +160; quoted as to rout of French army, 206; on distress following +capture of Quebec, 236.</p> + +<p><b>Fontbonne, Colonel.</b> <b>WM</b> His disposition of the Guienne Regiment, 192; +mortally wounded, 199.</p> + +<p><b>Fonte, Bartholomew de.</b> His fictitious voyage of 1640 to the North-West +Coast was described in a letter published in the <i>Monthly Miscellany</i>, +London,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_132" id="Page_132">[132]</a></span> 1708. <b>Index</b>: <b>D</b> His reputed strait, 19; his voyage again +credited, 23. <b>Bib.</b>: Bancroft, <i>History of the North-West Coast</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Fontenay, Mareuil.</b> <b>Ch</b> French ambassador in London, instructions to, 214.</p> + +<p><b>Forget, Amédée Emmanuel</b> (1847- ). Born in Ste. Marie de Monnoir, Quebec. +Studied law and called to the bar of Quebec, 1871. Secretary to the +Manitoba Half-Breed Commission, 1875; clerk of the North-West Council, +1876-1888; Indian commissioner, 1895-1898; lieutenant-governor of the +North-West Territories, 1898-1905; first lieutenant-governor of +Saskatchewan, 1905. <b>Bib.</b>: Morgan, <i>Can. Men</i>; <i>Canadian Who's Who</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Fornel, Abbé.</b> <b>L</b> His funeral sermon on Bishop Saint-Vallier quoted, 238.</p> + +<p><b>Forsythe, J.</b> <b>Sy</b> Member of Constitutional Association, 112.</p> + +<p><b>Forsyth, Richardson and Co.</b> Fur trading firm, of Montreal. <b>Index</b>: <b>Bk</b> +Send Prévost news of declaration of war, 203.</p> + +<p><b>Fort Albany.</b> Hudson's Bay Company post at mouth of Albany River, west +coast of James Bay. Established about 1683; captured by Iberville, 1686, +and held by the French for seven years. Finally restored to the Company. +<b>Index</b>: <b>F</b> Captured by Troyes, 206; captured alternately by French and +English, 343, 345. <b>Bib.</b>: Dawson, <i>The Saint Lawrence Basin</i>; Laut, +<i>Conquest of the Great North-West</i> and <i>Pathfinders of the West</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Fort Albert.</b> <i>See</i> Victoria.</p> + +<p><b>Fort Alexandria.</b> <b>D</b> Hudson's Bay Company post, built on Fraser River in +1821, 98.</p> + +<p><b>Fort Anne.</b> <b>Hd</b> Captured by Major Carleton, 149.</p> + +<p><b>Fort Babine.</b> In Northern British Columbia. <b>Index</b>: <b>D</b> Hudson's Bay Company +post, on Babine Lake, built in 1822, 98-99.</p> + +<p><b>Fort Bourbon.</b> On Hudson Bay. <b>Index</b>: <b>L</b> Captured by Iberville, 233. <i>See</i> +Fort Nelson.</p> + +<p><b>Fort Camosun.</b> <b>D</b> Hudson's Bay Company post, afterwards city of Victoria, +178.</p> + +<p><b>Fort Chilcotin.</b> <b>D</b> Built by Hudson's Bay Company, outpost of Fort +Alexandria, 99.</p> + +<p><b>Fort Chipewyan.</b> Built by North West Company, 1788, on southern shore of +Lake Athabaska, near mouth of Athabaska River. Removed, 1820, by +Hudson's Bay Company to north shore, where it still stands. <b>Index</b>: <b>MS</b> +Built by Roderick Mackenzie, on Lake Athabaska, 24; its situation, 25; +its famous library, 26; route to, from Grand Portage, 27; life at the +fort, 28; Mackenzie sets forth from, on his journey to Arctic, 32; +returns to, 50; McLeod builds new house, 50; Mackenzie winters there, +53; Turner winters there, and determines astronomical position, 57; +Governor Simpson at, 1828, 236; William McGillivray in charge of, 236. <b>D</b> +Mackenzie at, 53; his point of departure for Arctic journey, 53; and +Pacific expedition, 53. <b>Bib.</b>: Mackenzie, <i>History of Fur Trade</i> in his +<i>Voyages</i>; Masson, <i>Bourgeois de la Compagnie du Nord-Ouest</i>; Burpee, +<i>Search for the Western Sea</i>; Bryce, <i>Hudson's Bay Company</i>; Willson, +<i>The Great Company</i>; Laut, <i>Conquest of the Great North-West</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Fort Chippawa.</b> <b>Bk</b> On Niagara River, a mile and a half above the falls, +58; end of carrying-place, and a transport post, 58-59; had a blockhouse +enclosed with palisades, 59. <b>Bib.</b>: Lucas, <i>Canadian War of 1812</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Fort Churchill.</b> <i>See</i> Prince of Wales Fort.</p> + +<p><b>Fort Colville.</b> <b>D</b> Distributing point for Upper Columbia and Kootenay, +Hudson's Bay Company post, 77; centre of Columbia trade, 77; founded, +1825-1826, 116.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_133" id="Page_133">[133]</a></span></p> + +<p><b>Fort Conolly.</b> In northern British Columbia. <b>Index</b>: <b>D</b> Hudson's Bay +Company post, built on Bear Lake, 104.</p> + +<p><b>Fort Crèvecœur.</b> <b>L</b> Established by La Salle in Illinois country, 148; +attacked by Iroquois, 149. <b>F</b> Built by La Salle, 160. <b>Bib.</b>: Parkman, <i>La +Salle</i>; Sulte, <i>Les Tonty</i> (R. S. C., 1893).</p> + +<p><b>Fort Dearborn</b> (<b>Chicago</b>). <b>Bk</b> Captured by Indians, 266.</p> + +<p><b>Fort Dease.</b> On Dease Lake. <b>Index</b>: <b>D</b> Built by Robert Campbell in 1838, +123-124; burned by natives, 124.</p> + +<p><b>Fort de Chartres.</b> <b>WM</b> On the Mississippi, 22.</p> + +<p><b>Fort Douglas.</b> On Red River, about two miles below mouth of Assiniboine. +<b>Index</b>: <b>MS</b> Built by John McLeod, 176, 177; seized by Cuthbert Grant, 182; +retaken by the De Meurons, 191. <b>Bib.</b>: Bryce, <i>Five Forts of Winnipeg.</i></p> + +<p><b>Fort Duquesne.</b> <b>WM</b> At junction of Alleghany and Monongahela Rivers, 22; +battle at, 22. <b>Hd</b> Name changed to Fort Pitt by Bouquet, 16; plans for +recapture of, 25-26. <b>Bib.</b>: Parkman, <i>Montcalm and Wolfe</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Fort Edward.</b> <b>WM</b> General Webb in command at, 45.</p> + +<p><b>Fort Erie.</b> On Niagara River, opposite Buffalo. <b>Index</b>: <b>S</b> Military post in +1782, 51. <b>Bk</b> New fort planned by General Hunter, 59. <b>Bib.</b>: Lucas, +<i>Canadian War of 1812</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Fort Essington.</b> On the British Columbia coast. Used by the Hudson's Bay +Company as an intermediate post between Fort McLoughlin and Fort +Simpson. <b>Index</b>: <b>D</b> Built by Hudson's Bay Company in 1835, 118. <b>Bib.</b>: +Bancroft, <i>History of British Columbia</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Fort Fraser.</b> In northern British Columbia. <b>Index</b>: <b>D</b> North West Company +post, built on Fraser Lake, 98.</p> + +<p><b>Fort Frontenac.</b> <b>F</b> Erected at Cataraqui, 83; conceded to La Salle, 156; +seized by La Barre, 178; restored to La Salle, 179; Dongan demands its +destruction, 218; Denonville gives orders for blowing it up, 288; order +partially carried out, 234; repaired, 234; rebuilt, 341. <b>WM</b> Protected +outlet of Great Lakes, 17. <b>L</b> Récollet mission at, 111. <b>BL</b> Name altered +to Kingston by the British, 73. <i>See also</i> Cataraqui; Kingston. <b>Bib.</b>: +Parkman, <i>Frontenac</i> and <i>La Salle</i>; Sulte, <i>Le Fort de Frontenac</i> (R. +S. C., 1901).</p> + +<p><b>Fort Garry.</b> At junction of Red and Assiniboine Rivers, where the city of +Winnipeg now stands. <b>Md</b> Wolseley and the expeditionary force arrive +there Aug. 24, 1870, 162; murder of Scott, 242. <i>See</i> Winnipeg.</p> + +<p><b>Fort George.</b> <b>Bk</b> Flag of Fort Niagara transferred to, 56; its situation, +56; planned by Lieutenant-Governor Simcoe, 58; mutiny at, 61; silences +Fort Niagara, 309. <b>Hd</b> Captured by Major Carleton, 149. <b>Bib.</b>: Lucas, +<i>Canadian War of 1812</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Fort George.</b> On Fraser River. <b>Index</b>: <b>D</b> Simon Fraser sets out from, to +descend Fraser River, 61; returns to, 61; built on Fraser River, by the +North West Company, 98; massacre of Hudson's Bay Company men at, by +Indians, 1823, 105-107. <b>Bib.</b>: Bancroft, <i>History of British Columbia</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Fort George.</b> At mouth of Columbia. <b>Index</b>: <b>D</b> Astoria renamed, 149.</p> + +<p><b>Fort Gibraltar.</b> <b>MS</b> Built by North West Company, on site of Winnipeg, 99; +begun in 1804, 158; captured by Colin Robertson, 178, and dismantled, +179. <b>Bib.</b>: Bryce, <i>Hudson's Bay Company</i> and <i>Five Forts of Winnipeg</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Fort Glenora.</b> <b>D</b> Hudson's Bay Company post, built on Upper Stikine River, +121.</p> + +<p><b>Fort Grey.</b> <b>Bk</b> American fort opposite Queenston, 300, 305.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_134" id="Page_134">[134]</a></span></p> + +<p><b>Fort Halkett.</b> <b>D</b> Hudson's Bay Company post, built on branch of Liard +River, 123.</p> + +<p><b>Fort Hope.</b> On Fraser River. <b>Index</b>: <b>D</b> Hudson's Bay Company post, founded +shortly after Fort Yale, 186.</p> + +<p><b>Fort Kamloops</b> (<b>Fort Thompson</b>). <b>D</b> Hudson's Bay Company post, built in +1813, 98.</p> + +<p><b>Fort Kootenay.</b> On Kootenay River, built 1807. Otherwise known as +Kootenay House. <b>Index</b>: <b>D</b> Built by David Thompson, 58. <b>Bib.</b>: Burpee, +<i>Search for the Western Sea</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Fort Langley.</b> <b>D</b> Hudson's Bay Company post, built on Lower Fraser River, +1827, 116. <b>Bib.</b>: Bancroft, <i>History of British Columbia</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Fort Lawrence.</b> Built in 1750, on Chignecto Bay, three miles south of +Beauséjour, where the French shortly after built a rival fort. Fort +Lawrence became headquarters of the expedition sent in 1755, under +Monckton, to capture Fort Beauséjour. <b>Bib.</b>: Parkman, <i>Montcalm and +Wolfe</i>; Hannay, <i>History of Acadia</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Fort Le Bœuf.</b> <b>WM</b> Established communication with Lake Erie, 22.</p> + +<p><b>Fort Liard.</b> <b>D</b> Hudson's Bay Company post, built on Liard River, 123; +pillaged by Indians, and traders murdered, 123.</p> + +<p><b>Fort Loyal</b> (<b>Casco Bay</b>). <b>F</b> Captured by Canadians, 252. <b>L</b> Taken by +Canadians, 229.</p> + +<p><b>Fort Machault.</b> <b>WM</b> Established communication with Lake Erie, 22, 122.</p> + +<p><b>Fort McLeod.</b> On McLeod Lake, British Columbia. <b>Index</b>: <b>D</b> North West +Company post, first permanent trading-post built in British Columbia, +west of the mountains, 97-98. <b>Bib.</b>: Morice, <i>Northern Interior of +British Columbia</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Fort McLoughlin.</b> On Milbank Sound, British Columbia. <b>Index</b>: <b>D</b> Hudson's +Bay Company post, built by Finlayson, Manson, and Anderson, 1833, 117; +moved to head of Vancouver Island and renamed Fort Rupert, 122; +abandoned, 1843, 178-179. <b>Bib.</b>: Bancroft, <i>History of British Columbia</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Fort Miami.</b> <b>WM</b> On Miami River, 22. <b>Bk</b> Reconstruction of, by order of +Lord Dorchester, 53. <b>S</b> Erected by Simcoe at rapids of Miami River, 136; +measure strongly objected to by Americans, 137; General Wayne demands +evacuation of, which Major Campbell, officer in command, refuses, 139; +occupation of not approved by home government, 142.</p> + +<p><b>Fort Mumford.</b> <b>D</b> Hudson's Bay Company post, built on Upper Stikine River, +121.</p> + +<p><b>Fort Nanaimo.</b> East coast Vancouver Island. <b>Index</b>: <b>D</b> Hudson's Bay Company +post, built in 1852, 191. <b>Bib.</b>: Walbran, <i>British Columbia Coast Names</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Fort Necessity.</b> <b>WM</b> Battle at, 22.</p> + +<p><b>Fort Nelson.</b> <b>D</b> Hudson's Bay Company post, built on eastern branch of +Liard River, 123.</p> + +<p><b>Fort Nelson.</b> <i>See</i> York Factory.</p> + +<p><b>Fort Niagara.</b> <b>WM</b> At mouth of Niagara River, 22; taken by British, 62; +capitulates, 146. <b>Hd</b> In command of Captain Pouchot, 25, 36; taken by +British, 26; garrison at, 31, 32; shipment of goods to, 124, 136, 150, +163; position of, 145; Indians at, 148, 171, 256; expeditions in its +defence, 151, 153; number of refugees at, 152, 250; MacLean in command +at, 162, 307, 308; fraud discovered at, 166; Haldimand's refusal to +relinquish, 260. <b>Bib.</b>: Parkman, <i>Frontenac</i> and <i>Montcalm and Wolfe</i>; +Lucas, <i>Canadian War of 1812</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Fort Nisqually.</b> At head of Puget Sound. <b>Index</b>: <b>D</b> Hudson's Bay Company +post, built in 1833, between Langley and Fort Vancouver, 118.</p> + +<p><b>Fort Ontario</b> (<b>Oswego</b>). <b>Hd</b> Haldimand in command of, 29.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_135" id="Page_135">[135]</a></span></p> + +<p><b>Fort Pemaquid.</b> <b>F</b> Destroyed, 1669, rebuilt, 1692, 328; taken by +Iberville, 331.</p> + +<p><b>Fort Pitt.</b> <b>Hd</b> Formerly known as Fort Duquesne, Bouquet's victorious +march to, 16; Pouchot's designs on, 26; Bouquet stationed at, 40; +Haldimand's interest in, 90. <i>See</i> Fort Duquesne.</p> + +<p><b>Fort Presqu'île.</b> <b>WM</b> Establishes communication with Lake Erie, 22.</p> + +<p><b>Fort Prud'homme.</b> <b>L</b> At junction of Ohio and Mississippi Rivers, 150.</p> + +<p><b>Fort Rupert</b> (<b>Fort Charles</b>). Built by Gillam, at mouth of Rupert River, +foot of James Bay, 1667. <b>Index</b>: <b>F</b> Captured by Troyes, 206. <b>L</b> Captured +from English, 204. <b>Bib.</b>: Burpee, <i>Search for the Western Sea</i>; Laut, +<i>Canada</i> and <i>Conquest of the Great North-West</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Fort Rupert.</b> North end of Vancouver Island. <i>See</i> Fort McLoughlin. +<b>Index</b>: <b>D</b> Hudson's Bay Company post, coal mining at, 190. <b>Bib.</b>: Walbran, +<i>British Columbia Coast Names</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Fort St. Frederic.</b> <i>See</i> Crown Point. <b>Index</b>: <b>WM</b> At head of Lake +Champlain, 17; evacuated by Bourlamaque, 146. <b>Bib.</b>: Garneau, <i>History of +Canada</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Fort St. James.</b> On Stuart Lake, northern British Columbia. <b>Index</b>: <b>MS</b> +Governor Simpson there in 1828, 237-238. <b>D</b> North West Company post, +built on Stuart Lake, 98. <b>Bib.</b>: Morice, <i>Northern Interior of British +Columbia</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Fort St. Joseph.</b> <b>Bk</b> Stores despatched to, 202.</p> + +<p><b>Fort St. Louis.</b> On Illinois River, near site of present town of La +Salle. <b>Index</b>: <b>F</b> Built by La Salle, 160; seized by La Barre, 179.</p> + +<p><b>Fort St. Louis.</b> Quebec. <i>See</i> Château St. Louis. <b>Index</b>: <b>Ch</b> A school of +religion and virtue, 258; erected on Cape Diamond, 157. <b>Bib.</b>: Douglas, +<i>Old France in the New World</i>; Gagnon, <i>Fort et Château St. Louis</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Fort St. Pierre.</b> <b>Ch</b> Founded by Nicolas Denys, in Cape Breton, 236. <b>Bib.</b>: +Denys, <i>History of Acadia</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Fort Selkirk.</b> <b>D</b> Hudson's Bay Company post, built by Robert Campbell on +the Yukon River, 124. <b>Bib.</b>: Campbell, <i>Discovery of the Youcon</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Fort Simpson.</b> At mouth of Liard River. <b>Index</b>: <b>D</b> Built by Hudson's Bay +Company, at mouth of Liard River, 125. <b>Bib.</b>: Richardson, <i>Arctic +Searching Expedition</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Fort Simpson.</b> On coast of British Columbia, near Alaskan boundary. +<b>Index</b>: <b>D</b> Built by Hudson's Bay Company, at mouth of Naas River, 1831, +116; moved forty miles south, 1834, 120. <b>Bib.</b>: Walbran, <i>British +Columbia Coast Names</i> (under <i>Port Simpson</i>).</p> + +<p><b>Fort Stanwix.</b> On Mohawk River, near Lake Oneida. <b>Index</b>: <b>Dr</b> Unsuccessful +attack on, 173. <b>Hd</b> Abandonment of by rebels, 151.</p> + +<p><b>Fort Stikine.</b> On Stikine River. <b>Index</b>: <b>D</b> Hudson's Bay Company post, +handed over by Russians, 121-122; Rae left in charge of, 122.</p> + +<p><b>Fort Taku.</b> <b>D</b> Built by Hudson's Bay Company, on Taku River, 121; known as +Fort Durham—erected 1840, 122; abandoned, 1843, 178-179.</p> + +<p><b>Fort Ticonderoga.</b> <i>See</i> Ticonderoga. <b>Index</b>: <b>Dr</b> Fort seized by American +rebels, 82. <b>Hd</b> Carleton's raiders penetrate beyond, 149.</p> + +<p><b>Fort Umpqua.</b> <b>D</b> Founded in 1832 by Hudson's Bay Company, on route from +Fort Vancouver to San Francisco Bay, 132.</p> + +<p><b>Fort Vancouver.</b> On Columbia River. <b>Index</b>: <b>D</b> Established by Hudson's Bay +Company, in 1824, 47; depot of western department, 72; described, 72, +110; built by John McLoughlin, 111, 113; its importance, 111; range of +its operations, 111-112; agriculture at, 128; abandoned, 1849, 145. +<b>Bib.</b>: Bancroft, <i>History of the North-West Coast</i>; Laut, <i>Conquest of +the Great North-West</i>.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_136" id="Page_136">[136]</a></span></p> + +<p><b>Fort Vincennes.</b> <b>WM</b> On Wabash River, 22.</p> + +<p><b>Fort Walla Walla.</b> Hudson's Bay Company post, on Columbia River. <b>Index</b>: <b>D</b> +Distributing point for Snake River country, 7.</p> + +<p><b>Fort Wayne.</b> <b>Bk</b> Expedition to, under Captain Muir, 274, 275.</p> + +<p><b>Fort William.</b> At mouth of Kaministiquia River, Lake Superior. <b>Index</b>: <b>D</b> +Headquarters of North West Company, 59. <b>MS</b> Replaces Grand Portage, 13; +named after William MacGillivray, 100; Selkirk at, with the De Meuron +soldiers, 189. <b>Bib.</b>: Burpee, <i>Search for the Western Sea</i>; Bryce, +<i>Hudson's Bay Company</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Fort William Henry.</b> On Lake George. <b>Index</b>: <b>WM</b> Siege and destruction of, +37, 42-46; ensuing massacre, 47-52. <b>Bib.</b>: Parkman, <i>Montcalm and Wolfe</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Fort Yale.</b> <b>D</b> Founded in 1848, by the Hudson's Bay Company, on Fraser +River, 186.</p> + +<p><b>Fort Yukon.</b> Built by Alexander Hunter Murray of the Hudson's Bay +Company, at the mouth of Porcupine River in 1847. John Bell had +descended the Porcupine to its mouth in 1844. Although Fort Yukon was on +Russian territory, the Company maintained it until the sale of Alaska to +the United States, when they were summarily ejected, 1869. The Company +thereupon moved up the Porcupine to the Ramparts, where they built +Rampart House, then supposed to be on British territory, but proved to +be west of the boundary. The fort was moved twelve miles up the river, +and in 1890 was again moved to the eastward. <b>Index</b>: <b>D</b> Built by Murray +(not Bell) near mouth of Porcupine River, 125. <b>Bib.</b>: Murray, <i>Journal</i> +(Canadian Archives, 1910).</p> + +<p><b>Forts.</b> <i>See also</i> Carillon, Chambly, Crown Point, Frontenac, +Kaministiquia, Miami, Michilimackinac, Niagara, St. Johns, Sorel, Three +Rivers, Ticonderoga, Western Forts.</p> + +<p><b>Foster, Captain.</b> <b>Dr</b> Captures American post at Cedars, 142; gives up his +prisoners under agreement with Arnold, 143.</p> + +<p><b>Foster, George Eulas</b> (1847- ). Born in Carleton County, New Brunswick. +Entered political life as member for King's County, New Brunswick, in +the Dominion House of Commons, 1882; minister of marine and fisheries, +1885; minister of finance, 1888-1896. Elected for York, New Brunswick, +1896; and for Toronto North, 1904. <b>Index</b>: <b>Md</b> Minister of finance in +Macdonald administration—moves amendment to Sir Richard Cartwright's +resolution on unrestricted reciprocity, 299. <b>Bib.</b>: Morgan, <i>Can. Men</i>; +<i>Canadian Who's Who</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Foster, S. K.</b> <b>T</b> Candidate for St. John, New Brunswick, defeated, 25.</p> + +<p><b>Fothergill, Charles.</b> <b>Mc</b> Attacks Mackenzie in Upper Canada <i>Gazette</i>, 38; +accuses Mackenzie of disloyalty, 99; moves to pay Mackenzie for report +of debates, 102, 103; dismissed from position of king's printer, 110. +<b>Bib.</b>: Dent, <i>Upper Canadian Rebellion</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Foucher, Jean.</b> <b>Ch</b> Chief farmer at Cap Tourmente, informs Champlain of +destruction of establishment at Tadoussac, 176.</p> + +<p><b>Fouez.</b> <i>See</i> St. Maurice River.</p> + +<p><b>Fournier, Telesphore</b> (1824-1896). Studied law, and called to the bar, +1846; one of principal editorial writers on <i>Le National</i>; elected to +the House of Commons for Bellechasse, 1870; minister of inland revenue, +in Mackenzie government, 1873; minister of justice, 1874; +postmaster-general, 1875. Appointed judge of Supreme Court the latter +year; resigned, 1895. <b>Index</b>: <b>C</b> One of the leaders of the Quebec +Liberals, 24; a popular speaker, 25; kept in opposition by radical +programme, 29. <b>Bib.</b>: Dent, <i>Can. Por.</i><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_137" id="Page_137">[137]</a></span></p> + +<p><b>Fox, Charles James</b> (1749-1806). British statesman. <b>Index</b>: <b>Dr</b> Thought +Quebec Act should have been introduced in Commons, 66; discusses +Constitutional Act in House of Commons, 265. <i>S</i> Discusses +Constitutional Bill in House of Commons, 9. <b>Bk</b> Death of, 80. <b>Bib.</b>: +<i>Dict. Nat. Biog.</i>; Russell, <i>Life of Fox</i>; Trevelyan, <i>Early Life of +Fox</i>; Egerton and Grant, <i>Canadian Constitutional Development</i>.</p> + +<p><b>France.</b> <b>F</b> Condition of, in 1675-1676, 150, 151. <b>Dr</b> Declares war against +Britain, 271; anger in, on conclusion of Jay Treaty, 287; refugees from, +permitted to enter Canada, 289; some dangerous characters arrive from, +289; takes revenge on Britain in American Revolution, 269.</p> + +<p><b>Franchère, Gabriel</b> (1786-1856). Born at Montreal. Joined the Pacific Fur +Company, organized by John Jacob Astor, and sailed from New York for the +mouth of the Columbia, 1810. Returned overland, reaching Montreal in +September, 1814. Continuing in the fur trade, established at Sault Ste. +Marie in 1834; and later in New York. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Relation d'un Voyage à la +Côte du Nord-Ouest de l'Amérique Septentrionale</i>, trans. by J. V. +Huntington. For biog., <i>see</i> Morice, <i>Dict.</i>; Bibaud, <i>Pan. Can.</i></p> + +<p><b>Franchise Act, 1885.</b> <b>Md</b> Its terms, 258-259; fiercely opposed by +Liberals, 259-260; repealed by Laurier administration, 260. <b>Bib.</b>: Pope, +<i>Memoirs of Sir John A. Macdonald</i>; Willison, <i>Sir Wilfrid Laurier and +the Liberal Party</i>.</p> + +<p><b>François Xavier, Saint.</b> <b>L</b> Patron saint of Canada, 87.</p> + +<p><b>Franklin, Benjamin</b> (1706-1790). American statesman and philosopher. +<b>Index</b>: <b>Dr</b> Heads commission to enquire into affairs in Canada, 135; his +report, 136. <b>WM</b> Did not believe British colonies would revolt, 269. +<b>Bib.</b>: <i>Autobiography</i>; <i>Complete Works</i>, ed. by Bigelow. For biog., <i>see +Cyc. Amer. Biog.</i>; <i>also</i> Larned, <i>Lit. Am. Hist.</i></p> + +<p><b>Franklin, Sir John</b> (1786-1847). Served at Trafalgar, in the +<i>Bellerophon</i>. Headed overland expedition of 1819-1822, from York +Factory by way of Great Slave Lake, to the mouth of the Coppermine, and +the Arctic coast; and second expedition, 1825-1827, in which he +continued his explorations of the northern coast of the continent. +Started on third expedition, by sea, 1845, to make North-West Passage. +The ships had to be abandoned, and Franklin and all his men perished in +the attempt to reach one of the remote northern posts of the Hudson's +Bay Company. <b>Bib.</b>: Works: <i>Journey to the Shores of the Polar Sea, +1823</i>; <i>Second Expedition to the Shores of the Polar Sea</i>. For biog., +<i>see</i> Richardson, <i>Arctic Searching Expedition</i>; Rae, <i>Narrative</i>; +McClintock, <i>Narrative of the Fate of Sir John Franklin</i>; Osborn, +<i>Career, Last Voyage, and Fate of Sir John Franklin</i>; <i>Dict. Nat. Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>Franklin, Michael.</b> Born in England. Came to Halifax, 1752. Elected to +the Assembly, 1759; appointed to the Council, 1762; lieutenant-governor, +1766. Organized the militia of the province, 1776-1777: largely +instrumental in securing the peace of Nova Scotia during the +Revolutionary War. Appointed commissioner of Indian affairs. Died, 1782. +<b>Bib.</b>: Campbell, <i>History of Nova Scotia</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Fraser.</b> <b>Dr</b> Appointed judge, 183.</p> + +<p><b>Fraser, Captain.</b> <b>Dr</b> His connection with the Walker case, 19, 36, 38.</p> + +<p><b>Fraser, Duncan Cameron</b> (1845-1910). Born in New Glasgow, Nova Scotia. +Educated at Dalhousie University; studied law and called to the bar of +Nova Scotia, 1873. Appointed to the Legislative Council, 1878, but +resigned same year to run for the Assembly. Again called to the +Legislative and Executive Councils, 1888. Sat in the House of Commons +for Guysborough, 1891-1904; ap<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_138" id="Page_138">[138]</a></span>pointed a judge of the Supreme Court of +Nova Scotia, 1904; lieutenant-governor of Nova Scotia, 1906-1910. <b>Bib.</b>: +Morgan, <i>Can. Men</i>; <i>Canadian Who's Who</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Fraser, John James.</b> <b>T</b> Opposition candidate in York County, 86; opposes +Confederation, 87; afterwards governor of New Brunswick, 87; defeated in +York, 108. <b>Bib.</b>: Hannay, <i>History of New Brunswick</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Fraser, Captain Malcolm.</b> <b>Dr</b> Of Royal Emigrants, 112, 124; with Laws on +rear attack on Arnold, 130; in charge at Three Rivers, 144; repulses +Thompson's attack, 145. <b>D</b> Grandfather of Dr. John McLoughlin, 94; brings +Highland Regiment to Canada, 94; settles on St. Lawrence seigniory, 95. +<b>Bib.</b>: Wrong, <i>A Canadian Manor and its Seigneurs</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Fraser, Simon</b> (1776?-1862). Brought to Canada as a child from New York +state, his widowed mother settling near Cornwall. Joined the North West +Company in 1792, and ten years later became a <i>bourgeois</i> or partner. +Served for a time at Grand Portage, and sent to the Athabaska district; +in 1805, when the Company decided to carry its operations beyond the +Rocky Mountains, put in charge of the new field. After establishing +trading-posts in New Caledonia, now northern British Columbia, set out +from Fort St. James on Stuart Lake, with Jules Maurice Quesnel, and a +party of voyageurs and Indians, upon the exploration of the great river +that bears his name. In 1811 promoted to the charge of the Red River +department, and offered knighthood as a recognition of his services in +the cause of exploration, but declined the honour. Was present at the +Seven Oaks affair, when Governor Semple of the Hudson's Bay Company lost +his life. Retired from the fur trade about the time of the coalition of +the Hudson's Bay Company and the North West Company. <b>Index</b>: <b>D</b> In service +of North West Company, 57; ordered to extend operations of Company west +of Rocky Mountains, 59; reaches Fraser River, 1806, 59; builds forts on +Stuart Lake and Fraser River, 59; ordered to explore river to the sea, +60; his journey down the Fraser, 60-61; proves Tacouche Tesse not the +Columbia, 61; builds Rocky Mountain House and other posts, 97-98; given +command of Red River department, 1811, 98; offered and declines +knighthood, 98; dies, 1862, at age of 86, 98. <b>MS</b> Sent to explore New +Caledonia, 108; crosses Rocky Mountains, 1806, and builds fort on Stuart +River, 108; his journey down the Fraser, 108-110; arrested by Selkirk at +Fort William, 189. <b>Bib.</b>: Bancroft, <i>History of the North-West Coast</i>; +Masson, <i>Bourgeois de la Compagnie du Nord-Ouest</i>; Morice, <i>Northern +Interior of British Columbia</i>; Bryce, <i>Hudson's Bay Company</i>; Laut, +<i>Conquest of the Great North-West</i>; Burpee, <i>Search for the Western +Sea</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Fraser River.</b> Rises in Rocky Mountains, and flows into Strait of +Georgia. Its upper waters discovered by Alexander Mackenzie, 1793; and +first explored down to its mouth by Simon Fraser, 1808. The total length +of the river is 695 miles. <b>Index</b>: <b>D</b> Mackenzie on, 54; supposed to be the +Oregon, 54; native name Tacouche Tesse, 54; mistaken for the Columbia, +59; Simon Fraser on, 60-61; described, 60-61; route of fur-brigades +changed to, from the Columbia, 186. <b>MS</b> Mackenzie on, 77-79; Fraser on, +108-109. <b>Bib.</b>: Fraser <i>Journal</i> in Masson, <i>Bourgeois de la Compagnie du +Nord-Ouest</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Fraser's Highlanders.</b> <b>WM</b> Captain of, replies to French sentries in +French, 180. <b>Bib.</b>: Kelly, <i>The Fighting Frasers of the Forty-Five and +Quebec</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Fréchette, Louis</b> (1839-1908). Practised law, and then journalism. +Represented Lévis in the House of Commons, 1874-1878. Chiefly known as a +poet. Two of his poems were crowned by the French Academy, 1880, and he +was granted the first Montyon prize. <b>Index</b>: <b>Hd</b> His poem on Du Calvet, +292. <b>Bib.</b>: Works: <i>Mes Loisirs; La Voix d'un Exilé</i>; <i>Pêle Mêle</i>; <i>Les +Fleurs Boreales</i>;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_139" id="Page_139">[139]</a></span> <i>Légende d'un Peuple</i>; <i>Les Feuilles Volantes</i>; +<i>Lettres Basile</i>; <i>Originaux et Détra-qués</i>; <i>Lettres sur l'Education</i>. +For biog., <i>see</i> Dent, <i>Can. Por.</i>; Morgan, <i>Can. Men</i>; Taché, <i>Men of +the Day</i>; Chapman, <i>Le Lauréat</i>; Sauvalle, <i>Le Lauréat Manqué</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Fredericton.</b> Capital of New Brunswick. Situated on the west bank of the +St. John River. Founded by Sir Guy Carleton in 1785, and named by him +after the Duke of York. <b>Index</b>: <b>W</b> Popular demonstration at, 46; education +in, 85-86. <b>T</b> Abandonment of government house, 138-139. <b>Bib.</b>: Hannay +<i>History of New Brunswick</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Fredin, Jean.</b> <b>L</b> House of charity established by, 245.</p> + +<p><b>Free Trade.</b> <b>B</b> Its effect on Canadian invasion, 15, 31-32; recommended by +Reform convention of 1857, 217; advocated by George Brown, 47, 233. <b>C</b> +Peel's measure (1846) kills Canadian industries, 43-44; Cartier's views +on, 115-116. <b>E</b> Protest from Canadian Assembly, 29; discussed in +Legislature, 45; effects of, on Canada, 57-58. <b>T</b> Unpopular in New +Brunswick, 9.</p> + +<p><b>Freeman.</b> Newspaper published at St. John, New Brunswick. <b>Index</b>: <b>T</b> Edited +by T. W. Anglin, 85.</p> + +<p><b>Freemason's Hall, Niagara.</b> <b>S</b> First session of Upper Canada Legislature +held in, 83, 96; church services held in, 159.</p> + +<p><b>Fremin, Father Jacques.</b> <b>Ch</b> Jesuit, put in charge of Richibucto mission, +235.</p> + +<p><b>French-Canadians.</b> <b>L</b> Aubert's description of, 118, 119; habits and +customs, 120-124. <b>Sy</b> Tenacious of their legal institutions, 69; become +disaffected, 70; inconsistency of British policy regarding, 71; +Constitutional Act increases their power of resistance, 72, 80; Lord +Durham on their aspirations for independent nationality, 94; favour +responsible government, but oppose union of the provinces, 117; opposed +to improving navigation of St. Lawrence and development of the upper +province, 206; regard Sydenham as enemy of their race, 233; Sydenham's +estimate of, politically considered, 305. <b>E</b> Resent terms of Union Act, +23-24; resent Durham's views on British domination in Canada, 23; +increase of their influence, 31. <b>Dr</b> Murray's description of, 25; +Carleton on their military strength, 45, 46; on their rapid increase, +47; his anxiety to win their allegiance, 50; indifferent to +representative government, 55, 61; their petition to the king, 61; +disappointing conduct of, 78; address king expressing satisfaction with +Quebec Act, 78; unwilling to enlist against Americans, 87, 150; British +government relies fully on their loyalty, 92; some insult their leaders +and insist on being disbanded, 99; tired of American occupation, 150; +Carleton's summing up of their attitude, 161; delusion of British +government on the subject, 178; petition against any further change in +their laws, 246; object to a House of Assembly, 246; Dorchester's +consideration for, 260; attempt to enroll them for militia service +causes riot, 278; more or less affected by revolutionary principles, +278; their attitude serious, 289; report on their state of feeling by +Jules de Fer, 301. <b>B</b> Durham and, 12; dissatisfied with terms of union, +15; Peel's distrust of, 16, 17; George Brown's relations with, 43, +48-49, 70, 71, 78-81, 101-102, 105, 123-127; restive about +Confederation, 166. <b>Bk</b> Prosperity of, under British rule, 35; their +loyalty recognized by Brock and President Dunn, 1807, 86, 87; distrusted +by Sir James Craig, 91, 404; Craig hesitates to issue arms to, 102, 103. +<b>Hd</b> Characterized, 42, 220-222; Haldimand's experience of, 51, 52; +satisfied with change of sovereignty, 53, 79; corps of, formed, 55-57, +139; object to introduction of English civil law, 59, 60; favoured by +Quebec Act, 101; their aversion to military service, 111; costume of, +114, 115, 240; fear of communication with rebels, 119, 134, 136, 140, +174, 297; Estaing's<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_140" id="Page_140">[140]</a></span> proclamation to, 123; affected by alliance of +France with revolted colonies, 126, 127, 128, 140; prisoners in Albany +take up arms for Congress, 130; averse to taxation, 173; restricted as +to disposal of produce, 177; Haldimand's policy towards, 180; his use of +corvées disliked by, 182; gratified by news of British defeats, 189; +Baroness de Riedesel's description of, 219-220; their attitude towards +Loyalists, 264, 271; continued attempts to undermine their loyalty, +273-282, 283; addressed by Congress, 276; MacLean pleads for, 306; +Dorchester's policy with, 314-315. <b>Md</b> Ignorance of national affairs, +347; Macdonald's influence with, 347-348. <b>WM</b> Their unfortunate position, +131; two thousand desert the camp to protect their families, 152; placed +on right of Montcalm's battle-line, 192; dislodge British detachment +from Borgia's house, 193, 195; in general defeat make brave rally, +201-203; only those in vicinity of Quebec submit to the British, 237. <b>L</b> +Père Charlevoix on, 117; Aubert on, 118; Mère de l'Incarnation on, 119; +habits, dress, etc., of, 120 <i>et seq.</i> <b>Bib.</b>: Sulte, <i>Histoire des +Canadiens-Français</i>; Garneau, <i>Histoire du Canada</i>; Bibaud, <i>Histoire du +Canada</i>; Christie, <i>History of Lower Canada</i>; Davidson, <i>Growth of +French-Canadian Race</i>; Aubert de Gaspé, <i>Les Anciens Canadiens</i>; Salone, +<i>La Colonisation de la Nouvelle France: Étude sur les Origines de la +Nation Canadienne Française</i>; Greenough, <i>Canadian Folk-Life</i>; Tanguay, +<i>Dictionnaire Généalogique</i>; Sulte, <i>Origin of the French-Canadians</i> (R. +S. C., 1905); Nicholson, <i>The French Canadian</i>; Fiske, <i>New France and +New England</i>; Lambert, <i>Travels in Canada</i>.</p> + +<p><b>French Colonization.</b> <b>WM</b> Principle of, 17; Parkman on, 19.</p> + +<p><b>French Language.</b> <b>BL</b> Imperial Parliament repeals clause of Union Act +making English the sole official language, 287; Elgin reads speech from +the throne in French as well as English, 287.</p> + +<p><b>French Priests.</b> <b>Hd</b> Attempts to introduce, 181, 187.</p> + +<p><b>French Revolution.</b> <b>Dr</b> Its effect in the United States, 272, 273; +principles of, disseminated in Lower Canada, 279. <b>Sy</b> Effects of, in +Britain, 11.</p> + +<p><b>Frobisher, Benjamin.</b> A partner of the North West Company. <b>Index</b>: <b>Hd</b> +Petition to Haldimand, 261. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>See</i> the memorials of Benjamin +Frobisher and Joseph Frobisher, his brother, on the western fur trade, +in <i>Archives Report</i>, 1890, and particularly that of Oct. 4, 1784, +giving the early history of the North West Company; <i>also</i> +correspondence in <i>Archives Report</i>, 1888.</p> + +<p><b>Frobisher, Benjamin.</b> Probably, according to Masson, a son of Joseph +Frobisher. Entered service of North West Company, about 1798. Mentioned +as clerk of that Company, in 1804 and 1805, and took a violent part in +the troubles between the North West and Hudson's Bay Companies. Captured +by Hudson's Bay men in 1819, carried to York Factory and imprisoned; +escaped, and in a desperate attempt to make his way back to one of the +North West Company posts, died of exhaustion at Cedar Lake. <b>Bib.</b>: +Wilcocke, <i>Death of Frobisher</i> in Masson, <i>Bourgeois de la Compagnie du +Nord-Ouest</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Frobisher, Joseph.</b> A partner of the North West Company. Member of the +fur-trading firm of McTavish, Frobisher and Company. Built a fort on Red +River, and penetrated to the Churchill River, 1774, where, at Frog +Portage, he built a post. Gave the name of English River to the +Churchill. Accompanied Alexander Henry up the Saskatchewan in 1775. +Returned to Montreal, but retained a large interest in the fur trade +until 1798, when he retired. <b>Index</b>: <b>Hd</b> His petition to Haldimand, 261. +<b>MS</b> Builds trading-post on Sturgeon Lake in 1772, 4. <b>Bib.</b>: Henry, +<i>Travels and Adventures</i>, ed. by Bain; Mackenzie, <i>History of the Fur +Trade</i> in his <i>Voyages</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Frobisher, Sir Martin</b> (1535?-1594). Navigator. Made three voyages to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_141" id="Page_141">[141]</a></span> +America in search of the North-West Passage, 1576, 1577, and 1578. +Vice-admiral in Drake's expedition to West Indies, 1586; led one of the +squadrons against the Spanish Armada; took part in Hawkins's expedition, +1590. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Dict. Nat. Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>Frobisher, Thomas</b> (1744-1788). Partner of the North West Company. With +Joseph Frobisher, Alexander Henry, and Peter Pond, in the North-West, +1775. In that year, explored the Churchill River as far as Isle à la +Crosse Lake. <b>Index</b>: <b>MS</b> Builds trading-post at Sturgeon Lake, 1772, 4. +<b>Bib.</b>: Henry, <i>Travels and Adventures</i>; Mackenzie, <i>History of the Fur +Trade</i> in his <i>Voyages</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Frog Portage.</b> Or Portage de Traite, leading from the Saskatchewan River, +by way of Cumberland Lake, the Sturgeon-Weir River, Heron, Pelican, and +Woody Lakes, to the Churchill. It was discovered by Joseph Frobisher, +who built a temporary trading-post there in 1774. Two years later Thomas +Frobisher built a more substantial fort at the same place. He was joined +there in that year by Alexander Henry, and plans were matured for +intercepting the western Indians on their way down the Churchill to +trade at Prince of Wales Fort. Alexander Mackenzie says that the Indians +called the portage <i>Athiquisipichigan Ouinigam</i>, or the Portage of the +Stretched Frog Skin. <b>Bib.</b>: Bryce, <i>Hudson's Bay Company</i>; Burpee, +<i>Search for the Western Sea</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Frontenac, Louis de Buade, Comte de Palluau et de</b> (1620-1698). <b>F</b> +Particulars respecting his early life scanty, 61; enters army under +Prince of Orange at age of fifteen, 62; promoted to rank of <i>maréchal de +camp</i>, 62; peace of Westphalia, 1648, releases him from military life, +63; marriage, and birth of son, 63; his wife separates from him, 63; +extravagant habits of, 64; commands Venetian troops in defence of Crete +against Turks, 64; leaves France for Canada, midsummer of 1762, 65; +endeavours to constitute "three estates" and summons an Assembly, 67; +action disapproved by king, 67; his instructions regarding the +ecclesiastical power, 69; friendly to Sulpicians and Récollets, 74; +plans a visit to Cataraqui, 74; conducts an expedition to Cataraqui, +76-84; invites Indians to conference at that place, 79; harangues them +and distributes presents, 81, 82; erects fort, 83; expedition not +approved by minister, 84; Frontenac defends it, 85; difficulties with +Perrot, governor of Montreal, and the Abbé Fénelon, 90-104; captures +twelve <i>coureurs de bois</i>, 99; sends Perrot and Fénelon to France with +report on case, 102; the king's reply, 103; enemies at court, 110; +honour paid to him in church curtailed by Laval, 112; attitude towards +ecclesiastical powers, 113; difficulty with bishop over issue of trading +permits, involving carrying of liquor to Indians, 116; king prohibits +permits, 116; visits Cataraqui (Fort Frontenac), 117; appeals against +king's decision, 117; instructed not to meddle with questions of +finance, etc., 120; authorized to grant hunting permits, 125; number to +be issued restricted, 128; dispute with Intendant Duchesneau as to +presidency of Sovereign Council, 133-140; censured by minister for his +contentious spirit, 135; again cautioned by king and minister, 136; +recalled, 143, 144; asks home government for soldiers, 145; summons +conference on Indian question, 146; arranges peace between Senecas and +Ottawas, 146; orders strengthening of fortifications of Montreal, 147; +relations with Du Lhut, 162; has Récollet confessor, Father Maupassant, +165; alleged disorders in his household, 165; commends Sulpicians, 168; +his recall a triumph for clerical opponents, 171; on return to France +makes light of La Barre's demand for troops, 173; reappointed governor +of Canada, 229; arrives at Chedabucto, 232; arrives at Quebec, 232; goes +to Montreal, 233;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_142" id="Page_142">[142]</a></span> exaggerates number of killed in Lachine massacre, +227; tries to arrest destruction of Fort Frontenac, 233; organizes +raiding parties against English colonies, 234-236; brings out with him +from France survivors of Indians captured for the galleys, 237; sends +deputation to Iroquois, 237; sends reinforcements to La Durantaye, 241; +his address to the Lake tribes, 242; result of his raids on English +settlements, 253; improves fortifications of Quebec, 254; his relations +with the Sovereign Council, 254-257; goes to Montreal where anxiety +prevails, 257; his expedition to Lake Indians successful, 258; dances a +war dance, 260; protests to Massachusetts authorities against attack on +Pentagouet, 270; gets news at Montreal of approach of expedition against +Quebec, 282; replies to Phipps's demand for surrender, 288, 289; +recommends attack on Boston by sea, 316; describes ravages of the +Abnaki, 317; estimate of military losses in Canada, 318; expresses +himself as opposed to large expeditions, 320; orders De Louvigny at +Michilimackinac to send down Indians with their furs, 323; firm in +negotiations with Iroquois, 325, 338; complaints made against, 333-336; +gives theatrical representations at Quebec, 336; question of <i>Tartuffe</i>, +337; restores Fort Frontenac against instructions of minister, 341; +directs campaign against Iroquois, 350-353; reports his victory to the +king and asks for recognition, 353; receives cross of St. Louis, 354; +receives news of peace of Ryswick, 354; corresponds on question of +sovereignty over Iroquois with Earl of Bellomont, governor of New York, +355; his last despatch to home government, 357; illness and death, +357-359; his will, 358; no known portrait, 360; funeral sermon and +critical annotations thereon, 361. <b>L</b> Governor, erects fort at Cataraqui, +84, 145; takes Récollets under his protection, 112; arrival of, 143; his +services and character, 144; supports La Salle, 149; prejudiced against +the Jesuits, 157; tries to arrest <i>coureurs de bois</i>, 160; imprisons +Perrot, governor of Montreal, 160; takes offence at sermon preached by +Abbé Fénelon, 161; previously annoyed by sermon of Jesuit Father, 161; +demands copy of Fénelon's sermon, 162; difficulty with De Bernières, +162, 163; censured by the king, 164, 165; quarrels with intendant, 167; +recalled, 168; sends unfavourable reports regarding clergy, 170; summons +conference on liquor traffic, 172; reappointed governor, 218; arrival +of, 228; organizes three detachments to operate against English +colonies, 229; his answer to Phipps, 229; attacks the Iroquois, 233; +death of, 234. <b>Bib.</b>: Parkman, <i>Frontenac</i>; Myrand, <i>Frontenac et ses +Amis</i>; Lorin, <i>Le Comte de Frontenac</i>; Legendre, <i>Frontenac</i>; Brady, +<i>Frontenac, the Saviour of Canada</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Fulford, Francis</b> (1803-1868). Educated at Oxford; ordained, 1828. +Consecrated first Anglican bishop of Montreal, 1850, and sailed for +Canada the same year. In 1860 metropolitan of the ecclesiastical +province of Canada. <b>Bib.</b>: Taylor, <i>Brit. Am.</i> and <i>Last Three Bishops</i>; +Mockridge, <i>The Bishops of the Church of England in Canada and +Newfoundland</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Fuller, Thomas Brock</b> (1810-1884). Born in Kingston. Educated at the +Grammar Schools at Hamilton and York and at Chambly Theological +Seminary. Ordained priest, 1835; laboured in various parts of Canada; +archdeacon of Niagara, 1869; bishop of Niagara, 1875. <b>Bib.</b>: Dent, <i>Can. +Por.</i>; Mockridge, <i>The Bishops of the Church of England in Canada and +Newfoundland</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Fundy, Bay of.</b> Explored by De Monts and Champlain in 1604. Probably +visited a hundred years earlier by Basque and Breton fishermen, and +possibly by the Northmen several centuries before. Known to the +Portuguese as Baia Fundo (Deep Bay). Named by De Monts, La Baie +Française. The year 1604 witnessed not only the first exploration of +which any narrative survives,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_143" id="Page_143">[143]</a></span> but also the first European, settlement +on the shores of the bay. <i>See also</i> Acadia. <b>Bib.</b>: Champlain, <i>Voyages</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Fur Trade.</b> <b>F</b> Burdensome restrictions on, 38, 154. <b>Ch</b> Short history of, +119 <i>et seq.</i> <b>E</b> Under the French régime, 183. <b>Dr</b> Complicated questions +in connection with, 57. <b>Hd</b> Importance attached by Haldimand to, 260-261. +<b>S</b> In Upper Canada, 105-107. <b>D</b> Maintained supremacy of British flag in +far West, 37; of the Russians, stimulates adventure and exploration, 38; +forerunner of civilization, 49. <b>MS</b> Growth of, under North West Company, +7; <i>coureurs de bois</i> and <i>mangeurs de lard</i>, 14, 168; traders were men +of intelligence and intellectual tastes, 27; <i>bois-brûlés</i>, 167; +predominance of Scottish element, 219; <i>mariage du pays</i>, 263; Canada's +debt to, 281-290; names of famous fur-traders given to Canadian rivers, +lakes, and towns, 282; fur-trader as pioneer of settlement, 283-284; +character of the traders, 288-289; stood for law and order, 289. <i>See +also</i> Hudson's Bay Company; North West Company; X Y Company; Pacific Fur +Company; Company of New France, etc. <b>Bib.</b>: Mackenzie, <i>History of the +Fur Trade</i> in his <i>Voyages</i>; Masson, <i>Bourgeois de la Compagnie du +Nord-Ouest</i>; Biggar, <i>Early Trading Companies of New France</i>; Parkman, +<i>Works</i>; Henry, <i>Travels and Adventures; Henry-Thompson Journals</i>, ed. +by Coues; Harmon, <i>Journal</i>; Franchère, <i>Narrative</i>; Larpenteur, <i>Forty +Years a Fur Trader</i>; Chittenden, <i>History of the American Fur-Trade</i>; +Laut, <i>Conquest of the Great North-West</i>; Bryce, <i>Hudson's Bay Company</i>; +Willson, <i>The Great Company</i>; Burpee, <i>Search for the Western Sea</i>; +Begg, <i>History of the North-West</i>.</p> + + +<p><b>Gabriel.</b> <b>Ch</b> French vessel seized by English, 222.</p> + +<p><b>Gage, Thomas</b> (1721-1787). Fought under Braddock at Monongahela, 1755, +and under Abercrombie at Ticonderoga, 1758. Took part in the campaign +for the conquest of Canada, 1759; made military governor of Montreal +after its capitulation, 1760. Succeeded Amherst, 1763, as +commander-in-chief, with headquarters at New York. Sailed for England, +1773, leaving Haldimand in command. Returned the following year, as +governor of Massachusetts. After the battle of Bunker Hill, 1775, +recalled. <b>Index</b>: <b>Dr</b> Requests Carleton to send him two regiments, 78. <b>S</b> +In command at Boston, 19. <b>Hd</b> At Ticonderoga, 19; his letters to +Haldimand, 22, 23; in command at Oswego, 28, 29; at Albany, 31, 33; +governor of Montreal after surrender, 40, 41; his opinion of Croix de +St. Louis wearers, 52; replaces Amherst at New York, 53, 57, 58, 60, 61, +66, 68, 70, 72, 73, 77, 79-81; visits England on leave of absence, 83; +correspondence with Haldimand, 89, 94, 95; resumes chief command in +America, 96-98, 121; his position in Boston, 101; intended retirement +of, 105; his lack of energy, 108; recall of, 110; Indian policy of, 147; +his reply to Washington's complaint as to treatment of prisoners, 249; +death of, 335. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Letters of the Two Commanders-in-Chief, Generals +Gage and Washington</i>; <i>Detail and Conduct of the American War, under +General Gage</i>. <i>See also</i> Mass. Hist. Soc. <i>Colls.</i>, vols. 12, 14, and +34; and <i>Haldimand Papers</i> (Canadian Archives). For biog., <i>see Dict. +Nat. Biog.</i>; <i>Cyc. Am. Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>Gaillardin, Claud J. C.</b> (1810-1880). <b>F</b> French historian, referred to, +152. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Histoire de Louis XIV</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Gaillon, Michel.</b> <b>Ch</b> Member of Roberval's expedition, executed, 44.</p> + +<p><b>Galiano, Dionisio.</b> Accompanied Maurelle in 1792 to North-West Coast. +Carried out considerable surveys for the Spanish government, partly in +conjunction with Vancouver. <b>Index</b>: <b>D</b> Explores North-West Coast with +Valdez,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_144" id="Page_144">[144]</a></span> 35; meets Vancouver, 35; journal published at Madrid in 1802, +36. <b>Bib.</b>: Bancroft, <i>History of the North-West Coast</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Galinée, René de Bréhant de.</b> A member of a noble family of Brittany; +came to Canada in 1668. With his fellow-Sulpician, Dollier de Casson +(<i>q.v.</i>), carried out an important exploration in 1669-1670, from +Montreal up the St. Lawrence, and around the south shore of Lake Ontario +to Burlington Bay; thence to the Grand River, which they descended to +Lake Erie, where they wintered. In March, 1670, they continued their +journey along the north shore, passed through Lake St. Clair, and +coasting the south side of Manitoulin Island, reached Sault Ste. Marie, +where they found Marquette and Dablon. They returned to Montreal by way +of Lake Nipissing and the Ottawa. Galinée's narrative of the journey was +sent home to the king. He himself returned to France in 1671. <b>Index</b>: <b>L</b> +With Dollier, plants the cross on shores of Lake Erie, 11; arrives from +France as missionary, 105; on Lake Erie, 108; La Salle accompanies him +to Niagara, 148. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Exploration of the Great Lakes, 1669-1670</i>: +<i>Galinée's Narrative and Map</i>, ed. by James H. Coyne (Ont. Hist. Soc., +1903).</p> + +<p><b>Gallatin, Albert</b> (1761-1849). American statesman. <b>Bk</b> United States +secretary of the treasury, 81, 108. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Cyc. Am. Biog.</i>; Adams, +<i>Writings of Albert Gallatin</i>; Adams, <i>Life of Gallatin</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Galleran, Guillaume.</b> <b>Ch</b> Récollet priest, 149.</p> + +<p><b>Gallicanism.</b> <b>L</b> Cause of difficulty between the court of France and the +pope, 184, 201.</p> + +<p><b>Galt, Sir Alexander Tilloch</b> (1817-1893). Son of John Galt (<i>q.v.</i>). +Elected to the Legislature, 1849, for Sherbrooke. Dropped out of public +life for several years, but in 1853 again elected for Sherbrooke. Took +an active part in the movement leading up to Confederation; a member of +several administrations before and after Confederation; high +commissioner in Great Britain, 1880-1883. <b>Index</b>: <b>Md</b> Declines task of +forming a ministry, 86; becomes minister of finance in Cartier-Macdonald +administration, 86; speaks in favour of Confederation, 96; goes to +England with Cartier and Rose to secure approval of British government +to proposed union, 97; one of commissioners sent to England in 1865 to +confer with Imperial government on Confederation, defence, reciprocity, +etc., 120-121; minister of finance in first Dominion ministry, 134; +resigns, 1867, and succeeded by Rose, 136; introduces high tariff +(1859), 218; his protection policy supported by Macdonald, 219; +appointed high commissioner, 227. <b>T</b> Makes Confederation a Cabinet +question, 63; delegate to Charlottetown Conference, 74-75; to Quebec +Conference, 76; presented to the queen, 124; minister of finance in +first Dominion ministry, 129, 130. <b>B</b> Asked by Sir Edmund Head to form +government, declines, 106, 133; favours federal union, 106; takes +Cayley's place in Macdonald-Cartier government, 107; advocates in 1858 +federal union of all British North American provinces, 132-133; pledges +Cartier government to federal union policy, 133; mission to England, +133; his connection with reciprocity negotiations in 1865, 193-196; his +connection with negotiations with George Brown as to Confederation, 152, +154-155, 160; goes to England on Confederation mission, 186. <b>C</b> Goes to +England with Cartier and Rose in connection with Confederation, 56-57; +refuses decoration of C. B., 126-127. <b>Bib.</b>: Works: <i>Canada from 1849 to +1859</i>; <i>Union of the British North American Provinces</i>. For biog., <i>see</i> +Taylor, <i>Brit. Am.</i>: Dent, <i>Can. Por.</i> and <i>Last Forty Years</i>; Pope, +<i>Memoirs of Sir John A. Macdonald</i>; Egerton and Grant, <i>Canadian +Constitutional Development</i>.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_145" id="Page_145">[145]</a></span></p> + +<p><b>Galt, John</b> (1779-1839). Came to Canada, 1824; returned to England; came +out again in 1826, remaining until 1829. Associated, in the Canada +Company, with William Dunlop, Thomas Talbot, and Samuel Strickland. +Founded towns of Guelph and Goderich. Town of Galt named after him. +<i>See</i> Canada Company; Dunlop; Talbot; Strickland. <b>Bib.</b>: Works: <i>Ayrshire +Legatees</i>; <i>Annals of the Parish</i>; <i>Sir Andrew Wylie</i>; <i>The Entail</i>; +<i>Bogle Corbet</i>; <i>Stanley Buxton</i>; <i>Eken Erskine</i>; <i>The Lost Child</i>; <i>The +Member</i>; <i>The Radical</i>; <i>Laurie Todd</i>; <i>Life of Byron</i>; <i>Lives of the +Players</i>; <i>Autobiography</i>; <i>Literary Life and Miscellanies</i>. For biog., +<i>see</i> Morgan, <i>Cel. Can.</i>; <i>Dict. Nat. Biog.</i>; Lizars, <i>Days of the +Canada Company</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Galt.</b> A town in Ontario founded by the Canada Company, about 1827. Named +after John Galt. Situated on the Grand River. <b>Bib.</b>: Lizars, <i>Days of the +Canada Company</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Gamache, René de Rohault, Marquis de.</b> <b>Ch</b> Endows Jesuit College at +Quebec, 228.</p> + +<p><b>Gannentaha.</b> <b>L</b> Mission at, miraculously escapes massacre, 65. <b>Bib.</b>: +Parkman, <i>Jesuits in North America</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Garakontié.</b> <b>L</b> Iroquois chief, conversion of, 65; edifying death of, 73.</p> + +<p><b>Garfield, James Abram</b> (1831-1881). Twentieth president of the United +States. <b>Index</b>: <b>B</b> Favourable to proposed Reciprocity Treaty of 1864, +230-231. <b>Bib.</b>: Hinsdale, <i>Works of Garfield</i>; Gilmore, <i>Life of +Garfield</i>; <i>Cyc. Am. Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>Garneau, François-Xavier</b> (1809-1866). Studied law and practised as a +notary; afterwards clerk of the Legislative Assembly and city clerk of +Quebec; member of the Council of Public Instruction; president of the +<i>Institut Canadien</i>. <b>Index</b>: <b>P</b> Condemns Papineau's conduct in rejecting +Lord Goderich's offer, 77. <b>E</b> Attacks Hincks for suggesting amendment to +Union Act, 123; Hincks's denial, 123. <b>Hd</b> On the evils of English law, +59; on Murray, 60; on Haldimand, 291, 292. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Histoire du Canada</i>, +trans. by Andrew Bell. For biog., <i>see</i> Casgrain, <i>F.-X. Garneau</i>; +Morgan, <i>Cel. Can.</i> and <i>Bib. Can.</i></p> + +<p><b>Garnier, Charles.</b> Accompanied Jogues and Chatelain to the Huron mission, +1636; and, with the former, to the Tobacco Nation, near Nottawassaga +Bay, 1639-1640. Returned to the Huron mission, where, in 1649, died a +martyr to his faith, slain by an Iroquois hatchet. <b>Index</b>: <b>L</b> Death of, 5. +<b>Bib.</b>: Parkman, <i>Jesuits in North America</i>; Lalemant, <i>Relation des +Hurons</i>, 1640.</p> + +<p><b>Garnier de Chapouin.</b> <b>Ch</b> Provincial of Récollets, appoints four +missionaries for Canada, 85.</p> + +<p><b>Garreau, Leonard.</b> Jesuit father. <b>Index</b>: <b>L</b> Death of, 11.</p> + +<p><b>Garry, Nicholas.</b> The Hudson's Bay Company and the North West Company +having been amalgamated in 1821, Garry, then a director of the former +Company, was sent out to the North-West with Simon McGillivray, in that +year, to make the necessary arrangements. Garry's diary of this journey +is published in the Royal Society <i>Trans.</i>, 1900. Subsequently deputy +governor of the Hudson's Bay Company, 1822-1835. Fort Garry was named +after him. <b>Bib.</b>: Bryce, <i>Manitoba</i> and <i>Hudson's Bay Company</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Gaspé.</b> <i>See</i> Aubert de Gaspé.</p> + +<p><b>Gaspereau River.</b> A small tidal stream, flowing into the Basin of Minas. +Grand Pré, once a principal settlement of the Acadians, stands upon its +banks.</p> + +<p><b>Gates, Sir Thomas</b> (1596-1621). Governor of Virginia. <b>Index</b>: <b>Ch</b> Grant to, +by James I of England, 223. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Dict. Nat. Biog.</i>; <i>Cyc. Am. Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>Gaudais-Dupont, Louis.</b> <b>L</b> Comes out as royal commissioner to take over +Canada from Company of New France, 41.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_146" id="Page_146">[146]</a></span></p> + +<p><b>Gaufestre, Jean.</b> <b>Ch</b> Récollet, returns to France, 209.</p> + +<p><b>Gavazzi Riots.</b> <b>E</b> Father Gavazzi's lectures, 124; cause riots in Quebec +and Montreal, 124-125; Clear Grits attack Hincks and the government for +failure to suppress riots, 125. <b>Bib.</b>: Gavazzi, <i>Lectures and Life</i>; +Dent, <i>Last Forty Years</i>; Hincks, <i>Reminiscences</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Gazette (Halifax).</b> Established 1752. First newspaper published in what +is now the Dominion of Canada. <b>Bib.</b>: Wallis, <i>Hist. Sketch of Can. +Journalism</i> in <i>Canada: An Ency.</i>, vol. 5.</p> + +<p><b>Gazette (Montreal).</b> Established 1778. <b>Index</b>: <b>C</b> Denounces ministerial +responsibility, 97. <b>Hd</b> Establishment of, 276. <b>BL</b> Denounces La +Fontaine-Baldwin government, 140. <b>Bk</b> Editor of, arrested by order of the +Legislative Assembly, 93. <b>Mc</b> Mackenzie's obituary in, 514. <b>Bib.</b>: Wallis, +<i>Hist. Sketch of Can. Journalism</i> in <i>Canada: An Ency.</i>, vol. 5.</p> + +<p><b>Gazette (Quebec).</b> Established 1764. <b>Index</b>: <b>Hd</b> First newspaper printed in +Quebec, 190; its news columns censored, 191; publishes letters contained +in an intercepted rebel mail, 225; advertisements in, 231-242; articles +on moral themes, 246. <b>Sy</b> Its opposition to union of the provinces, 194, +211, 212. <b>Bk</b> Falls under displeasure of Legislative Assembly, 93. <b>Bib.</b>: +Wallis, <i>Hist. Sketch of Can. Journalism</i> in <i>Canada: An Ency.</i>, vol. 5.</p> + +<p><b>Gazette (Toronto).</b> <b>Mc</b> Mackenzie's newspaper, first published May 12, +1838, 433; last issue, 461. <b>Bib.</b>: Dent, <i>Upper Canadian Rebellion</i>.</p> + +<p><b>General Election</b>, 1841. <b>Sy</b> Rioting in connection with, 290, 291; result +of, 291.</p> + +<p><b>Genest, Edmond Charles</b> (1765-1834). <b>Dr</b> Minister of France to the United +States, 272; his intrigues in Canada, 273, 274. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Cyc. Am. Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>Genevay, Jean François Louis.</b> <b>Hd</b> French secretary to Haldimand, 305; +receives bequest from Haldimand, 342; his tomb, 346.</p> + +<p><b>Geological Survey.</b> First suggested by Dr. Rae, in 1832. W. E. +(afterwards <i>Sir</i>) Logan was appointed provincial geologist, 1842, and, +the government having decided to carry out a geological survey of the +province, he took charge of the work the following year. The +establishment of the survey was largely the result of petitions +presented by the Natural History Society of Montreal, and the Quebec +Literary and Historical Society. The first report was for the year 1843. +Twenty years later, the reports 1843-1863 were summarized in a volume of +983 pages, <i>Geology of Canada</i>. The periods 1863-1866 and 1866-1869 were +each covered in a single report. Thereafter, annual volumes were +published. Two general indexes have been issued, one for the reports +1863-1884, and the second for 1885-1906.</p> + +<p><b>George IV</b> (1762-1830). King of England, son of George III and the +Princess Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz. In 1795 married the Princess +Caroline of Brunswick. In 1811 regent, and in 1820 succeeded George III. +<b>Index</b>: <b>W</b> Grants charter to King's College, Fredericton, 49. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Dict. +Nat. Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>George, Sir Rupert D.</b> <b>H</b> Provincial secretary of Nova Scotia, 57; +dismissed from office, 111; challenges Joseph Howe to a duel, 244. <b>Bib.</b>: +Campbell, <i>History of Nova Scotia</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Georgian Bay.</b> An arm of Lake Huron. Discovered by Joseph Le Caron, a +Franciscan, 1615. Champlain reached the shores of the bay the same year. +<b>Index</b>: <b>Ch</b> Champlain crosses, 88.</p> + +<p><b>Germain, Charles.</b> Appointed missionary to the Abnaki Indians on the St. +John River, 1845. Authorized agent of the government at Quebec for the +purpose of destroying British supremacy in Acadia. Assisted De Ramezay +in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_147" id="Page_147">[147]</a></span> his plans for the attack on Mines, 1747. Removed to Miramichi, 1757. +After the fall of Quebec, took up the cause of the British. Received a +pension of £50 a year from the government at Halifax, 1761. Retired to +Quebec, taking with him a number of Indian families. Died, 1779. <b>Bib.</b>: +<i>Selections from the Public Documents of Nova Scotia</i>, ed. by Akins.</p> + +<p><b>Germain, Lord George.</b> <i>See</i> Sackville.</p> + +<p><b>German and Swiss Colonists.</b> <b>Hd</b> In America, scheme to enroll, 9.</p> + +<p><b>German Troops.</b> <b>Hd</b> Commanded by Riedesel, 114; not adapted to work +required of them, 126, 136; reorganization of, 141; Haldimand not +satisfied with, 141; some settle near Cataraqui, 265; leave Canada, 293, +296.</p> + +<p><b>Germans and Dutch.</b> <b>Dr</b> Large admixture of, among United Empire Loyalists, +240.</p> + +<p><b>Gerris, Sarah.</b> <b>F</b> Captured at Fort Loyal, exchanged for one of Phipps's +prisoners, 303.</p> + +<p><b>Gerry, Elbridge</b> (1744-1814). American statesman. <b>Index</b>: <b>Bk</b> Governor of +Massachusetts, 172. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Cyc. Am. Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>Gerrymander.</b> <i>See</i> Redistribution Bill.</p> + +<p><b>Gibault, Père.</b> <b>Hd</b> Absolves French of the west from their allegiance to +Britain, 167.</p> + +<p><b>Gibbs, Thomas Nicholson</b> (1821-1883). Born in Terrebonne, Quebec. Engaged +in business pursuits at Oshawa. Defeated for election to the Assembly +for South Ontario, 1854, but successful, 1865. Elected to represent +South Ontario in the House of Commons, 1867, the defeated candidate +being George Brown. Secretary of state and minister of inland revenue in +the government of Sir John A. Macdonald, 1873. Appointed to the senate, +1880.</p> + +<p><b>Gibson, David.</b> <b>Mc</b> Organizes shooting matches, 342; rebels meet at his +house, 360; opposes advance on Toronto, 362; his house burned, 375; +objects to Mackenzie's plans, 376; escapes, 380. <b>Bib.</b>: Dent, <i>Upper +Canadian Rebellion</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Gibson, John Morrison</b> (1842- ). Educated at the University of Toronto; +studied law and called to the bar of Ontario, 1867. Elected to the +Ontario Assembly for Hamilton, 1879; provincial secretary, 1889; +commissioner of crown lands, 1896; attorney-general, 1889-1905; +lieutenant-governor of Ontario, 1908. <b>Bib.</b>: Morgan, <i>Can. Men</i>; +<i>Canadian Who's Who</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Giffard, Robert.</b> First seignior in New France. Mentioned at Quebec in +1627; returned to France, 1629; established at his Beauport seigneury, +1634; a member of the Council, 1646; syndic of Quebec, 1648; gave his +St. Gabriel property to the Jesuits, 1667. <b>Index</b>: <b>Ch</b> Landed with his +family by Kirke on St. Pierre Island, 174; comes to Canada with forty +colonists, 250; receives grant of land near Beauport, 251. <b>Bib.</b>: +Douglas, <i>Old France in the New World</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Gilbert, Thomas.</b> <b>W</b> Member for Queens, New Brunswick, an advocate of +old-time Toryism, 96. <b>T</b> Proposes to convert King's College into +agricultural school, 20, 21; his bill defeated, 91.</p> + +<p><b>Gillam, Benjamin.</b> Son of following. Commanded a trading expedition from +Boston to Hudson Bay in 1683, and built a fort some miles up the Nelson +River. Pierre Radisson captured the fort, and carried Gillam a prisoner +to Quebec, where he was promptly released by the governor. Sailed for +Boston, and arrested on behalf of the Hudson's Bay Company for poaching +in their territory. Seems to have turned pirate a year or two later; +captured at Boston, carried to England with Captain Kidd, who had been +arrested at the same time, and hanged with his fellow pirate. <b>Bib.</b>: +Laut, <i>Conquest of the Great North-West</i>.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_148" id="Page_148">[148]</a></span></p> + +<p><b>Gillam, Zachariah.</b> A New England skipper, sent out in 1668 by Prince +Rupert and his associates, to Hudson Bay, in command of the <i>Nonsuch</i>, +on a voyage of exploration and trade. Medard Chouart (<i>q.v.</i>) sailed +with him, while Pierre Radisson (<i>q.v.</i>) followed, in 1669, in the +<i>Waveno</i>. Gillam's journal of the voyage is quoted in Joseph Robson's +<i>Hudson's Bay</i>. Made several subsequent voyages to the bay, on behalf of +the Hudson's Bay Company. In 1684 his ship crushed in the ice at the +mouth of Nelson River, and he and several of the crew perished. <b>Bib.</b>: +Robson, <i>Account of Six Years' Residence in Hudson's Bay</i>; Laut, +<i>Conquest of the Great North-West</i>; Burpee, <i>Search for the Western +Sea</i>; Bryce, <i>Hudson's Bay Company</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Gillmor, A. H.</b> <b>T</b> Provincial secretary in Smith ministry, New Brunswick, +91; a strong Liberal, 91.</p> + +<p><b>Gilmore, George.</b> <b>Hd</b> School teacher at St. Johns, 235.</p> + +<p><b>Ginseng.</b> <b>Hd</b> Gathered by Jesuits, for shipment to China, 148; brought $5 +a pound, 148; Indians engaged in trade, 148.</p> + +<p><b>Gipps, Sir George</b> (1791-1847). Born at Ringwould, England. Educated at +King's School, Canterbury, and at the Military Academy, Woolwich. +Entered the army, 1809; served throughout the Peninsular War; employed +in the West Indies, 1824-1829; appointed private secretary to the first +lord of the Admiralty, 1834; sent to Canada as commissioner, together +with Lord Gosford and Sir Charles Grey, to attempt to allay prevailing +discontent, 1835; knighted, 1835; governor of New South Wales, +1836-1846. <b>Index</b>: <b>P</b> Royal commissioner sent to Canada with Lord Gosford +and Sir Charles Grey, in 1835, 111. <b>Bib.</b>: Morgan, <i>Cel. Can.</i>; <i>Dict. +Nat. Biog.</i>; Lang, <i>New South Wales</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Girouard, Désiré</b> (1836- ). Born at St. Timothée, Quebec. Educated at +Montreal College; studied law and called to the bar of Lower Canada. For +some years sat in the House of Commons. Appointed judge of Supreme Court +of Canada, 1895. <b>Index</b>: <b>F</b> On loss of life in massacre of Lachine, 224; +at La Chesnaye and other places, 226. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Lake St. Louis and Cavelier +de la Salle.</i> For biog., <i>see</i> Morgan, <i>Can. Men</i>; <i>Cyc. Am. Biog.</i>; +<i>Canadian Who's Who</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Girouard, John Joseph</b> (1795-1855). Born in Quebec. Studied law, and +called to the bar of Lower Canada, 1816. Elected to the Assembly, 1830; +a strong supporter of Papineau; took an active part in the Rebellion of +1837-1838; imprisoned at Montreal for six months. Resumed the practice +of law. Offered a portfolio on the La Fontaine-Baldwin administration, +but refused to accept office; took no further part in public life. +<b>Index</b>: <b>BL</b> Associated with La Fontaine in constitutional agitation in +Lower Canada, 49; commissionership of crown lands promised to, 124; +declines appointment, 134; referred to as a rebel in <i>Transcript</i>, 141; +attacked by Tory press, 150. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Cyc. Am. Biog.</i>; Christie, <i>History +of Lower Canada</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Gisborne, Frederick Newton</b> (1824-1892). Came to Canada from England in +1845. Joined the staff of the British North American Electric Telegraph +Association, 1847, and became general manager. In 1852, laid the first +submarine cable in America, joining New Brunswick and Prince Edward +Island; and in 1856, laid another to Newfoundland. Conceived the idea of +connecting Europe and America by a submarine cable, and succeeded in +enlisting the interest of Cyrus W. Field. The cable finally completed, +1858. Appointed superintendent of the Dominion government telegraph and +signal service, 1879. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Cyc. Am. Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>Giscome Portage.</b> Leading from the Parsnip River to the Fraser, in +northern<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_149" id="Page_149">[149]</a></span> British Columbia. Named by an independent trader, Peter +Dunlevy, after his cook, about the year 1873. Both Mackenzie and Simon +Fraser crossed from the Parsnip to the Fraser, the former in 1793, and +the latter in 1806, but neither went by way of Giscome Portage, which +was not discovered until some years later. <b>Bib.</b>: Burpee, <i>Search for the +Western Sea</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Givins, James.</b> <b>Bk</b> Appointed aide-de-camp, 247.</p> + +<p><b>Gladstone, William Ewart</b> (1809-1898). British statesman. <b>Index</b>: <b>Sy</b> +Elected to Parliament for Newark, 22; defeated at Manchester, 48. <b>E</b> His +opinion of Lord Elgin, 7, 78; sympathy for Confederate States, 202. <b>B</b> +Defends free trade policy, 31; not in favour of Intercolonial Railway, +143; on committee to discuss Confederation and defences of Canada, 186. +<b>BL</b> His speech on Rebellion Losses Bill, 326-327, 328; his interview with +Hincks, 328. <b>Md</b> Opposes Rebellion Losses Bill, 41; withdraws claim +against United States on account of Fenian Raids, 176-177. <b>T</b> Insists on +sinking fund for Intercolonial scheme, 57. <b>Bib.</b>: Works: <i>The State in +its Relations with the Church</i>; <i>Gleanings from Past Years</i>. For biog., +<i>see</i> Morley, <i>The Life of William Ewart Gladstone</i>; <i>Dict. Nat. Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>Gladwin, Henry.</b> Joined the army, 1753; took part in the expedition under +Braddock; promoted to rank of major, 1759; in command at Detroit during +siege by Pontiac; served throughout the American Revolutionary War; +major-general, 1782. Died in England, 1791. <b>Index</b>: <b>Dr</b> Defence of Detroit +by, in Pontiac's War, 5. <b>Bib.</b>: Parkman, <i>Conspiracy of Pontiac</i>; Moor, +<i>The Gladwin Manuscripts</i>; <i>Cyc. Am. Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>Glandelet, Abbé Charles.</b> <b>L</b> Accompanies Laval to Canada, 141; theologist +of chapter of Quebec, 197. <b>F</b> Preaches against theatre, 336.</p> + +<p><b>Glassion, de.</b> <b>Dr</b> Superior of Jesuits, sends petition to the king, +through Carleton, 35.</p> + +<p><b>Glegg, Captain J. B.</b> Aide-de-camp to General Brock. <b>Index</b>: <b>Bk</b> Carries +summons for surrender of Detroit, 251, 255; carries despatches to +Quebec, announcing victory, 259. <b>Bib.</b>: Richardson, <i>War of 1812</i>, ed. by +Casselman; Lucas, <i>Canadian War of 1812</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Glen, John Sanders.</b> <b>F</b> Magistrate of Schenectady, life spared, 247.</p> + +<p><b>Glenelg, Charles Grant, Baron</b> (1778-1866). Born in Kidderpore, India. +Educated at Magdalen College, Cambridge, England, and called to the bar +at Lincoln's Inn, 1807. Member of the British House of Commons, +1811-1835. Appointed lord of the treasury, 1813; chief secretary for +Ireland and a member of the Privy Council, 1819; vice-president of the +Board of Trade and treasurer of the navy, 1823; president of the Board +of Control, 1830-1834, and colonial secretary, 1835. Created Baron +Glenelg, 1835. Resigned the secretaryship, 1839, and made land tax +commissioner. Died in Cannes. <b>Index</b>: <b>W</b> His incompetence and +procrastination, 42; on casual and territorial revenues of New +Brunswick, 61-62. <b>Sy</b> President of Board of Trade, 16; resigns, 16; +unequal to duties of colonial office, 57. <b>BL</b> Appointment of Head as +governor, 36; Head's letter to, 41. <b>H</b> Instructs Sir Colin Campbell to +grant a measure of responsible government to Nova Scotia, 44-45; Joseph +Howe's letter to, on ocean steamship service, 232. <b>Mc</b> Opposes +responsible government, 20; on colonial self-government, 73; refers +report of the Committee on Grievances to the king, 263; his reply to +report, 280; on Executive Councils, 302; schooled by Head, 304; Head +disobeys his orders, 307; on non-elective Legislative Council, 324. +<b>Bib.</b>: <i>Dict. Nat. Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>Glengarry.</b> A county in Ontario, on the St. Lawrence. Named after the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_150" id="Page_150">[150]</a></span> +famous glen in Inverness, Scotland. Many Scottish Highlanders left their +native country after the battle of Culloden in 1746, and emigrated to +America. They were all intensely loyal, and when the Revolution broke +out many moved north into Canada, settling on the Niagara frontier, the +bay of Quinté, and the banks of the St. Lawrence. From the latter +settlement sprang the present Glengarry County. In 1804-1805 Bishop +McDonell obtained several grants of land in the district for the +Highlanders of the disbanded Scottish Glengarry Regiment, and for +twenty-five years promoted the interests of the colonists. He raised, in +1812, the Glengarry Fencibles Regiment, which rendered valuable service +during the war. <b>Bib.</b>: Macdonell, <i>Sketches Illustrating the Early +Settlement and History of Glengarry in Canada</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Glengarry Fencibles.</b> <b>Bk</b> Canadian Highland corps, 180.</p> + +<p><b>Glenie, James.</b> <b>W</b> Member for Sunbury, in New Brunswick Assembly, +1792-1809, 13; a pioneer reformer, 13.</p> + +<p><b>Globe.</b> Newspaper published at Toronto; established, 1844. <b>Index</b>: <b>B</b> +Advocates responsible government, ix; its establishment, 9, 10; on +elections in Upper Canada in 1844, 25; criticism of Draper, 27; on +Toryism, 32; supports Elgin's attitude towards the Rebellion Losses +Bill, 36; attacks the Clear Grits, 40, 41; upholds British system of +responsible government, as superior to the American system, 42; gives +credit to French-Canadians for supporting Reform cause, 43; attitude +towards Roman Catholic questions, 44-46, 48; advocates secularization of +Clergy Reserves, 55; on free schools, 62; first issued as a daily, Oct. +1, 1853; its earlier history, absorbs <i>North American</i> and <i>Examiner</i>, +1855, 74; its policy, 75; on the Quebec <i>Rouges</i>, 78-79; contains appeal +on behalf of fugitive slaves, 112; and the "no popery" agitation, 121, +123; advocates uniform legislation for Upper and Lower Canada, 130; +assails Separate School Bill, 145; Brown's pride in, 150, 247; effect of +Brown's position in Macdonald ministry, 209; contains R. B. Sullivan's +address on North-West Territories, 211; Brown's article on North-West, +1852, 213; letters of "Huron" on North-West, 215-216; advocates union of +North-West with Canada, 217, 218; attacks Canada First party, 236, 237, +238, 239, 241; Peter Brown writes for, 243; edited by Gordon Brown, 244, +245; reveals George Brown's views, 248, 249; its support of Wilson, 250; +attacks Mr. Justice Wilson, 250, 252, 253; the office of publication, +255; shooting of George Brown, 255-258. <b>E</b> Hostile at first to Clear +Grits, 111; edited by George Brown, 111. <b>BL</b> Established by George Brown, +Mar. 5, 1844, 223-224; its fighting policy, 224; attacks Metcalfe, 225; +denounces the Grits, 342; outcry against Roman Catholicism, 343. <b>Mc</b> +Justifies the Rebellion of 1837, 13; on Mackenzie's expulsions, 254; on +Mackenzie's retirement from public life, 498; Mackenzie's obituary, 511; +on Mackenzie's personality, 523. <b>Md</b> Founded by George Brown with his +father, 52; on the Redistribution Bill, 275; on the elections of 1887, +282-283; supports commercial union, 295. <b>Bib.</b>: Wallis, <i>Historical +Sketch of Canadian Journalism</i> in <i>Canada: An Ency.</i>, vol. 5; +Buckingham, <i>George Brown and the Globe</i> in <i>Canada: An Ency.</i>, vol. 5; +Mackenzie, <i>Hon. George Brown</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Godard, Charles.</b> <b>S</b> Agent for government of Upper Canada, 178.</p> + +<p><b>Goddard, John.</b> <b>T</b> Elected for St. John, New Brunswick, 25.</p> + +<p><b>Gode, Nicolas.</b> <b>L</b> Land bought from, for church at Montreal, 88.</p> + +<p><b>Godefroy, Jean-Paul.</b> <b>Ch</b> Interpreter, 144.</p> + +<p><b>Godefroy, Thomas.</b> <b>Ch</b> Interpreter, 144.</p> + +<p><b>Goderich, Viscount.</b> <i>See</i> Ripon.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_151" id="Page_151">[151]</a></span></p> + +<p><b>Goderich.</b> Town in Ontario, situated at mouth of River Maitland, Huron +County, Ontario. Founded by John Galt and Wm. Dunlop about 1827. <b>Bib.</b>: +Lizars, <i>Days of the Canada Company</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Gomara, Lopez de.</b> <b>Ch</b> Suggests a canal through Isthmus of Panama, 14.</p> + +<p><b>Gondoin, Nicolas.</b> <b>Ch</b> Jesuit missionary at Miscou, 234.</p> + +<p><b>Gordon, Brigadier-General.</b> <b>Dr</b> Murder of, 152.</p> + +<p><b>Gordon, Arthur Hamilton.</b> <i>See</i> Stanmore.</p> + +<p><b>Gordon, Robert.</b> <b>T</b> Member for Gloucester in New Brunswick Assembly, votes +against Liberals, 18.</p> + +<p><b>Gore, Sir Charles S.</b> Born in Scotland, 1793; the third son of the second +Earl of Arran. Entered the army, 1808; served throughout the Peninsular +War; ordered to Canada, 1814; returned to Europe and present at the +battle of Waterloo, 1815. Again came to Canada; in command of the troops +in Lower Canada during the Rebellion of 1837-1838; subsequently knighted +and advanced to the rank of lieutenant-general. <b>Index</b>: <b>C</b> At St. Denis, +7. <b>P</b> In command of troops in Rebellion of 1837 in Lower Canada, 128-129; +marches on St. Denis, 130; second expedition against St. Denis, 134. +<b>Bib.</b>: Morgan, <i>Cel. Can.</i>; Christie, <i>History of Lower Canada</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Gore, Sir Francis</b> (1769-1852). Served in the army; lieutenant-governor +of Bermuda, 1804; lieutenant-governor of Upper Canada, 1806-1817. <b>Index</b>: +<b>Bk</b> Lieutenant-governor of Upper Canada, 8, 78; his civil and military +service, 78; arms supplied to, 97; arrives at Quebec from the west, 132; +Brock's high opinion of, 143; goes to England on leave, 159. <b>E</b> Postpones +secularization of Clergy Reserves by proroguing Legislature, 146. <b>Bib.</b>: +Read, <i>Lieutenant-Governors of Upper Canada</i>; Kingsford, <i>History of +Canada</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Gore District.</b> In Upper Canada; named after Governor Gore. <b>Index</b>: <b>Sy</b> +Resolutions in favour of responsible government adopted at meeting of +inhabitants, 125, 126.</p> + +<p><b>Gorham, John.</b> A native of Massachusetts. Stationed at Annapolis in +command of a body of provincial troops, 1845; sent to Boston to procure +aid against a threatened attack; induced to proceed to the siege of +Louisbourg under Pepperrell; appointed colonel. Returned to Annapolis +and placed in command of the Boston troops sent to Mines with Colonel +Noble. Afterwards commanded a body of Rangers raised in New England for +service in Acadia. A member of the Council of Nova Scotia. Returned to +Massachusetts, 1752. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Selections from the Public Documents of Nova +Scotia</i>, ed. by Akins; Marshall, <i>Life of Pepperell</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Gosford, Archibald Acheson, second Earl of</b> (1775?-1849). +Governor-general of Canada, 1835-1838. <b>Index</b>: <b>P</b> His mission of +conciliation to French-Canadians, 110; hostility of Papineau, 110; +replaces Aylmer in 1835, 111; his character, 111-112; entertains +Papineau, 112-113; his appeal for reconciliation, in opening Parliament, +113; his secret instructions published in Toronto, 113; their terms, +114; session of 1836, 115-116; dismisses Parliament, 116; eve of the +Rebellion, 116-117; appoints Bédard judge, 117; proclaims martial law in +the district of Montreal, 137; returns to England, 138; on the official +class in Lower Canada, 158. <b>BL</b> His attempts to placate popular leaders +in Lower Canada, 45; compared to Bagot, 151. <b>C</b> His amnesty proclamation, +9. <b>W</b> Conversation with William IV, 22. <b>Bib.</b>: Morgan, <i>Cel. Can.</i>; <i>Cyc. +Am. Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>Gosselin, Abbé Auguste</b> (1843- ). Born at St. Charles de Bellechasse, +Quebec. Educated at Quebec Seminary and at Laval University. Ordained +priest, 1866; subsequently chancellor of the Quebec Diocese, and vicar +of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_152" id="Page_152">[152]</a></span> Basilica. Retired from the ministry to devote himself to +literary work, 1893. <b>Index</b>: <b>L</b> On Laval's absolution, 35; on mandement +creating Seminary, 49; on policy of Laval, 169; on great extent of +parishes in Laval's time, 195. <b>F</b> His opinion of Talon, 54; on +administration of La Barre, 172; on Laval's choice of de Saint-Vallier, +191; on Frontenac's attitude towards religion, 359. <b>Bib.</b>: Works: <i>Vie de +Laval</i>; <i>Henri de Bernières</i>; <i>Le Docteur Labrie</i>; <i>Québec en 1730</i>; +<i>Mgr. de Saint-Vallier et son Temps</i>; <i>D'Iberville; Jean Bourdon</i>. For +biog., <i>see</i> Morgan, <i>Can. Men</i>; <i>Canadian Who's Who</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Gouin, Sir Lomer</b> (1861- ). Born in Grondines, Quebec. Educated at Sorel +College and Laval University, Montreal; studied law and called to the +bar of Quebec, 1884. Elected to the Assembly for the St. James division +of Montreal, 1897; minister of public works in the Parent +administration, 1900; premier, 1905; knighted, 1908. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Canadian +Who's Who</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Gourlay, Robert Fleming</b> (1778-1863). Born in the parish of Ceres, +Fifeshire, Scotland. Attended St. Andrews University. Took part in an +inquiry into the condition of the poor in Great Britain, and carried on +an aggressive agitation for a reform of the poor laws. Came to Canada, +1817, and settled at Kingston. Becoming convinced of the need of radical +changes in the land system of Upper Canada, attacked the administration +with so much energy that he was finally, after a grossly unfair trial, +expelled from the province. Returning to Scotland, devoted himself to +the preparation of his work on Upper Canada; lost most of his property +as the result of lawsuits; and imprisoned for a personal attack on Lord +Brougham in the lobby of the House of Commons. On his release, visited +the United States about 1836, and instrumental in dissuading Ohio +sympathizers from joining the movement under William Lyon Mackenzie. In +1842 his case brought before the Legislature of Upper Canada, and the +House decided that his arrest had been "illegal, unconstitutional and +without possibility of excuse and palliation, and the sentence declared +null and void." Did not, however, return to Canada until 1856, when he +was granted a pension of fifty pounds; this he refused because he +considered that his vindication had not been complete. Contested Oxford +County in 1860, but defeated; returned to Edinburgh, where he died. +<b>Index</b>: <b>Mc</b> Comes to Canada, 1817, 89; arouses public feeling, 89; tried +for libel at Kingston and again at Brockville, and acquitted at both +places, 89; tried under Alien Act, and ordered to leave province, 90; +refuses and is committed to jail, 90; <i>habeas corpus</i> proceedings fail, +90; treatment in prison, 91; Chief-Justice Powell orders him to leave +province, 92; banished, 93. <b>BL</b> Exaggerated language of his petition, 12. +<b>E</b> Collects information on best means of developing resources of Upper +Canada, 147. <b>R</b> His statistics of education in Upper Canada, 55; his +imprisonment and banishment, 63, 67. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Statistical Account of Upper +Canada</i>. For biog., <i>see</i> Dent, <i>Can. Por.</i> and <i>Last Forty Years</i>; +Rattray, <i>The Scot in British North America</i>; <i>Cyc. Am. Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>Governors.</b> <b>Sy</b> Their powers and functions, and relations to the home +government on the one side and the colonial Legislatures on the other, +74-76.</p> + +<p><b>Gowan, Ogle R.</b> (1796-1876). Born in Ireland. Edited for some years the +<i>Antidote</i>, published in Dublin. Came to Canada, 1829, and settled in +the county of Leeds. At once took a leading place in the politics of +Canada. First elected to the Legislative Assembly of Upper Canada, 1834, +and continued as representative, with brief intervals, until 1861. +Served in the militia during the troubles of 1837-1838; commanded the +right wing at the battle of the "Windmill" and severely wounded. For +twenty years<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_153" id="Page_153">[153]</a></span> grandmaster of the Orange Order. <b>Index</b>: <b>BL</b> His interview +with Metcalfe, and his letter, 187; challenges Hincks, 218; loses his +seat in Assembly, 279. <b>E</b> Insults Lord Elgin at Brockville, 79. <b>Bib.</b>: +<i>Responsible or Parliamentary Government</i>. For biog., <i>see Cyc. Am. +Biog.</i>; Morgan, <i>Cel. Can.</i>; Dent, <i>Last Forty Years</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Goyer, Olivier.</b> <b>F</b> Récollet, preaches funeral sermon on Frontenac, 361.</p> + +<p><b>Goyogouins.</b> <i>See</i> Cayugas.</p> + +<p><b>Graham, Sir James.</b> <b>Sy</b> His views on corn duties and Irish Church, 40.</p> + +<p><b>Grammar Schools.</b> <b>S</b> Simcoe's desire to establish, 169. <i>See</i> Education.</p> + +<p><b>Grand Jury.</b> <b>Dr</b> Presentment of, 14; protested against by Murray, 15.</p> + +<p><b>Grand Portage.</b> Near western end of Lake Superior, about twenty miles +south of Fort William. As in the case of so many other historic Canadian +places, it is impossible to say who was the first white man to stand +upon this famous centre of the fur trade. Radisson came this way in +1662; Du Lhut in 1678; Noyon in 1688; La Noüe in 1717; but there is no +evidence that any of the four were actually at Grand Portage. It is +first mentioned in a memoir by Pachot, 1722; and the earliest +authenticated visit to the spot is that of La Vérendrye, 1731. From that +time it grew steadily in importance until finally abandoned, 1801, in +favour of Fort William. The name was applied both to the trading-post on +the shore of Lake Superior, and to the portage thence to the Pigeon +River. <b>Index</b>: <b>MS</b> Described, 13; the portage, 13; as it is to-day, 13; in +Mackenzie's day, 14; Mackenzie at, 54. <b>Bib.</b>: Mackenzie, <i>History of Fur +Trade</i> in his <i>Voyages</i>; <i>Henry-Thompson Journals</i>, ed. by Coues; Henry, +<i>Travels and Adventures</i>; Carver, <i>Travels</i>; Masson, <i>Bourgeois de la +Compagnie du Nord-Ouest</i>; Bryce, <i>Hudson's Bay Company</i>; Burpee, <i>Search +for the Western Sea</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Grand Pré.</b> A village on the shores of the Basin of Minas. Stands upon or +near the site of the old village of the same name, one of the principal +settlements of the Acadians. The scene of many conflicts between the +French and English; and of the final expulsion of the Acadians. <i>See</i> +Acadians. <b>Bib.</b>: Parkman, <i>Half Century of Conflict</i> and <i>Montcalm and +Wolfe</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Grand Trunk Railway.</b> <b>C</b> Entrusts Cartier with its legal business, 22; +Carrier's deep interest in its development, 48; line extended from +Quebec to Rivière du Loup, 49, 114. <b>BL</b> Construction of, up to 1848, 301. +<b>B</b> Owners of said by Dorion to be the real authors of Confederation, 176; +Taché-Macdonald government condemned for subsidizing, 176. <b>E</b> Early +history of, 99, 100, 101, 115-116; Hincks's connection with, 100, 115. <b>H</b> +Hincks makes arrangements in England for construction of, 143; terms and +conditions not altogether satisfactory, 143. <b>Md</b> Early history, 45; +financial difficulties, 90. <b>Bib.</b>: Brown, <i>History of Grand Trunk +Railway</i>; Lanning, <i>Historical Sketch of the Grand Trunk Railway</i> in +<i>Canada: An Ency.</i>, vol. 2.</p> + +<p><b>Grant, Alexander</b> (1734-1813). Administered the government of Upper +Canada as senior member of the Executive Council, on death of General +Hunter, 1805. <b>Index</b>: <b>Bk</b> Administers government of Upper Canada, 69. <b>S</b> +Member of Legislative Council, 49, 79; member of the Executive Council, +80. <b>Bib.</b>: Read, <i>Lieutenant-Governors of Upper Canada</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Grant, Cuthbert.</b> One of the leading traders of the North West Company in +the West, in the early days. With Peter Pond on the Athabaska, and sent +by him, 1786, to establish a post near mouth of Slave River; at Fort +Chipewyan, 1789; at Fort Qu'Appelle, 1793; with David Thompson on the +Assiniboine, 1797. Died, 1798 or 1799. <b>Index</b>: <b>MS</b> Partner of the North +West Company,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_154" id="Page_154">[154]</a></span> 58; in charge of the Centre (Red River and Assiniboine) +country, 58. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Henry-Thompson Journals</i>, ed. by Coues; Bryce, +<i>Hudson's Bay Company</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Grant, Cuthbert.</b> Son of foregoing. Scottish half-breed, in western fur +trade. Educated at Montreal, and entered service of North West Company. +Led the half-breeds in the Seven Oaks affair. Some years later settled +near White Horse Plains, on the Assiniboine, and appointed Warden of the +Plains by the Council of Assiniboia. Became himself a member of the +Council. <b>Index</b>: <b>MS</b> Leader of the half-breeds at Red River—serves notice +on the colonists to leave the district, 174; brings a party of +<i>bois-brûlés</i> down from Qu'Appelle to drive out the settlers, 180; and +the Seven Oaks affair, 180-182. <b>Bib.</b>: Bryce, <i>Manitoba</i> and <i>Hudson's +Bay Company</i>; Laut, <i>Conquest of the Great North-West</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Grant, George Monro</b> (1835-1902). Born at Albion Mines, Nova Scotia. +Educated at University of Glasgow. Entered Presbyterian ministry in Nova +Scotia. Accompanied Sandford Fleming overland to British Columbia, 1872. +Principal of Queen's University, 1877, and built it up to the first rank +among Canadian universities. <b>Index</b>: <b>Md</b> Principal of Queen's +University—on ignorance in Maritime Provinces as to the West, 155; +opposes commercial union, 295; on character of Sir John A. Macdonald as +man and statesman, 329-330; one of Macdonald's strongest and most ardent +supporters, 340; but would not support him when he felt he was in the +wrong, 341. <b>Bib.</b>: Works: <i>Ocean to Ocean</i>; <i>Advantages of Imperial +Federation</i>; <i>Our National Objects and Aims</i>; <i>Religions of the World in +Relation to Christianity</i>; <i>Picturesque Canada</i>. For biog., <i>see</i> +Morgan, <i>Can. Men</i>; Rose, <i>Cyc. Can. Biog.</i>; Dent, <i>Can. Por.</i>; Grant +and Hamilton, <i>Principal Grant</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Grant, Sir William</b> (1752-1832). Commanded volunteers at siege of Quebec, +1775; attorney-general of Canada, 1776; chief-justice of Chester, 1798; +solicitor-general, 1799-1801; master of the Rolls, 1801-1817. <b>Index</b>: <b>Dr</b> +Removed from judgeship, returns to England and becomes Master of the +Rolls, 184. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Dict. Nat. Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>Gravé, Jeanne.</b> <b>Ch</b> Daughter of Dupont-Gravé, 47.</p> + +<p><b>Gravé, Robert.</b> <b>Ch</b> Son of Dupont-Gravé, accompanies Champlain on voyage +of discovery, 34.</p> + +<p><b>Graves, Samuel</b> (1713-1787). British admiral. <b>Index</b>: <b>S</b> Godfather of +Simcoe, 15; commands naval force at Boston, 19. <b>Dr</b> Refuses to send +transports to Quebec, 92. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Dict. Nat. Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>Gray, John Hamilton</b> (1814-1889). Born in Bermuda. Entered political life +in New Brunswick in 1850, and became a leading member of the provincial +government. Took part in the negotiations leading up to Confederation, +and sat in the first Dominion Parliament as member for the city of St. +John. In 1872 appointed to the Supreme Court of British Columbia. <b>Index</b>: +<b>T</b> Elected for St. John County, 1850, 10; his character and appearance, +13; deserts the Liberals, 13; joins the government, 18, 23; his course +condemned, 24; member for St. John County, 30; becomes attorney-general, +41; delegate to Charlottetown Conference, 73; and to Quebec Conference, +77; Confederation candidate in St. John County, 85, 109; becomes Speaker +of Assembly, 114; elected to House of Commons, 1867, 131. <b>Bib.</b>: Hannay, +<i>History of New Brunswick</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Gray, John Hamilton</b> (1811-1887). Born in Prince Edward Island. Entered +the army, 1831, and served for twenty-one years, retiring 1852. +Returning to Prince Edward Island, elected to the provincial +Legislature, and became premier in 1863. The following year presided at +the Charlottetown Conference, and also<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_155" id="Page_155">[155]</a></span> attended the Quebec Conference. +Made a C. M. G., 1871. <b>Index</b>: <b>T</b> Chairman of Charlottetown Conference, +76; premier of Prince Edward Island, 77; delegate from Prince Edward +Island to Quebec Conference, 77. <b>Bib.</b>: Campbell, <i>History of Prince +Edward Island</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Gray, Robert</b> (1755-1806). American captain and explorer. <b>Index</b>: <b>D</b> Voyage +to North-West Coast in 1787, 23; at Nootka, 1788-1789, 24; second +voyage—enters mouth of Columbia River, May 11, 1792, 24; names the +river, 24. <b>Bib.</b>: Bancroft, <i>History of the North-West Coast</i>; Laut, +<i>Vikings of the Pacific</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Great Bear Lake.</b> In Northern Canada. Area 11,821 square miles. +Discovered by men of the North West Company, and a post established on +or near the lake about 1800. Fort Franklin built on south-west shore, +1825, where Franklin wintered with Richardson and Back. Fort Confidence +built by Dease and Simpson, 1873, at eastern end of Dease Bay, on the +lake. <b>Index</b>: <b>MS</b> Area of, 39. <b>Bib.</b>: Franklin, <i>Second Expedition</i>; +Simpson, <i>Narrative of Discoveries</i>; Bell, <i>Great Bear Lake</i> (Geol. +Survey, 1899); Burpee, <i>Search for the Western Sea</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Great Lakes.</b> <b>WM</b> The domain of France, 18. <i>See also</i> under names of the +individual lakes. <b>Bib.</b>: Curwood, <i>The Great Lakes</i>; Channing, <i>Story of +the Great Lakes</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Great Mohawk (Grand Agnié).</b> <b>F</b> Christian Mohawk leader, 246.</p> + +<p><b>Great Portage.</b> <b>Hd</b> Trade route to the interior, 163. <i>See</i> Grand Portage.</p> + +<p><b>Great Slave Lake.</b> In Northern Canada. Area 10,719 square miles. +Discovered by Samuel Hearne (<i>q.v.</i>), in 1771. A post built there, 1786, +by Leroux and Grant, of the North West Company. Three years later +Alexander Mackenzie passed through the lake on his way to the mouth of +the Mackenzie River. Visited later by many other explorers and fur +traders, this being on the route to the far North and North-West. <b>Index</b>: +<b>MS</b> Discovered by Samuel Hearne, 3, 31; Leroux builds post on, 18; +Mackenzie on, 35, 36, 48, 49; forts on, 54-55. <b>Bib.</b>: Hearne, <i>Journey to +Coppermine</i>; Mackenzie, <i>Voyages</i>; Burpee, <i>Search for the Western Sea</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Great Western Railway.</b> Charter granted 1834, and renewed 1845. Absorbed +by the Grand Trunk in 1882. Ran from Hamilton to the international +boundary opposite Detroit. <b>Index</b>: <b>E</b> Construction stimulated by +provincial guarantee, 1849, 99. <b>Bib.</b>: Trout, <i>History of Canadian +Railways</i> in <i>Canada: An Ency.</i>, vol. 2.</p> + +<p><b>Greeley, Horace</b> (1811-1872). American journalist. <b>Index</b>: <b>Mc</b> Editor of +New York <i>Tribune</i>, 472; Mackenzie's friend, 473; his influence with +Mackenzie, 474. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Cyc. Am. Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>Green, Benjamin</b> (1713-1772). Accompanied the expedition against +Louisbourg as secretary, 1745; remained there as government secretary +until 1749; removed to Halifax, and appointed a member of the Council of +Nova Scotia. Treasurer of the province for many years. Administrator of +the government, 1776. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Selections from the Public Documents of +Nova Scotia</i>, ed. by Akins.</p> + +<p><b>Greene, Nathanael</b> (1742-1786). <b>Dr</b> American general, watches Leslie's +army in South Carolina, 197; destitute condition of his force, 204. +<b>Bib.</b>: <i>Cyc. Am. Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>Greenway, Thomas</b> (1838-1909). Born in Cornwall, England. Came to Canada +with his parents, 1844. Educated at the public schools of Huron County, +Ontario. Engaged in business for ten years at Centralia. Defeated on two +occasions for election to the House of Commons, but elected, 1875; did +not offer for re-election. Removed to Manitoba, 1878, and engaged in +farm<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_156" id="Page_156">[156]</a></span>ing. Elected to the Assembly, 1879; leader of the Liberal +opposition, 1887; premier, 1888; his government defeated, 1899. Elected +to the House of Commons, 1904. Appointed a member of the Dominion +Railway Commission, 1898. <b>Bib.</b>: Begg, <i>History of the North-West</i>; +Morgan, <i>Can. Men</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Gregory, John</b>. Born in England. Came to Montreal, and engaged in the fur +trade. Associated with A. N. McLeod, Alexander Mackenzie, Peter Pangman, +and others, in opposition to the North West Company. <b>Index</b>: <b>MS</b> In +opposition to North West Company, 10, 11; his share as partner of North +West Company, 58. <b>Bib.</b>: Bryce, <i>Hudson's Bay Company</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Gregory, William</b>. The first chief-justice of the province of Quebec. His +commission bears date August 24, 1764; succeeded by William Hey, +September 25, 1766.</p> + +<p><b>Grenville, George Leveson-Gower, second Earl</b> (1815-1891). Entered +Parliament, 1836; secretary for foreign affairs, 1851-1852, 1870-1874, +1880-1885; colonial secretary, 1868-1870 and 1886. <b>Index</b>: <b>Md</b> Colonial +secretary, his part in the transfer of North-West Territories to Canada, +157. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Dict. Nat. Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>Grenville, William Wyndham, Baron</b> (1759-1834). Entered Parliament, 1782; +paymaster-general, 1783; Speaker of the House of Commons, 1789; created +Baron Grenville, 1790; secretary for foreign affairs, 1791; first lord +of the treasury, 1806. <b>Index</b>: <b>Dr</b> Succeeds Sydney in colonial office, +248; sends out draft bill for better government of the province, 248. <b>S</b> +Sends draft of Constitutional Act to Lord Dorchester, 2. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Dict. +Nat. Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>Grenville, Thomas</b> (1755-1846). <b>Dr</b> Accompanies Oswald to Paris to discuss +terms of peace, 192. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Dict. Nat. Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>Grey, Charles, second Earl</b> (1764-1845). Distinguished British statesman, +noted particularly for his connection with the first Reform Bill. <b>Sy</b> +Becomes prime minister, 25; resigns, 45. <b>Mc</b> W.L. Mackenzie's opinion of, +221; favours amnesty for Mackenzie, 478; Mackenzie's letter to, 479. +<b>Bib.</b>: <i>Dict. Nat. Biog.</i>; Grey, <i>Life of Lord Grey</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Grey, Henry George, third Earl</b> (1802-1894). Secretary for the colonies, +1830-1833; secretary for war, 1835-1841; succeeded to the earldom, 1845; +again secretary for the colonies, 1846-1852. <b>Index</b>: <b>E</b> Colonial +secretary, 13; on Metcalfe's mistaken policy, 36; Elgin's letters to, +54-55; persuades Elgin to retain governor-generalship, 77; and the +Clergy Reserves, 164-165. <b>BL</b> Colonial secretary—his attitude towards +Canada, 267-272; Baldwin's reference to, 268-269; sanctions +representative government, but with a reservation, 273; his instructions +to Elgin, 274; Elgin's letter to, 285. <b>Md</b> Friendly attitude towards +responsible government, 33; his despatch to Sir John Harvey on +responsible government, 33; text of the despatch, 47-50. <b>W</b> His despatch +on money grants, 1847, 96; on colonial administration, 113; disallows +Hemp Bounties Bill, 118. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Dict. Nat. Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>Grey, Albert Henry George Grey, fourth Earl</b> (1851- ). Born Howick, +England. Educated at Harrow School and Trinity College, Cambridge. +Member of British House of Commons, 1880-1886; administrator of +Rhodesia, 1896-1897; director of British South Africa Company, +1898-1904. Succeeded Lord Minto as governor-general of Canada, 1904. +<b>Bib.</b>: <i>Hubert Hervey: a Memoir</i>. For biog., <i>see Who's Who</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Grey, Sir Charles Edward</b> (1785-1865). Educated at Oxford University; +called to the bar, 1811; commissioner in bankruptcy, 1817; judge of the +Supreme Court of Madras, 1820; knighted, 1820; sent to Canada as one of +three commissioners to investigate causes of prevailing discontent, +1835; elected<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_157" id="Page_157">[157]</a></span> to the House of Commons, 1838; governor of the Barbados, +1841-1846; governor of Jamaica, 1847-1853. <b>Index</b>: <b>P</b> Royal Commissioner, +sent to Canada with Lord Gosford and Sir George Gipps in 1835, 111. +<b>Bib.</b>: Morgan, <i>Cel. Can.</i>; <i>Dict. Nat. Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>Greywell Hill.</b> <b>Dr</b> Hampshire residence of Lord Dorchester, 307.</p> + +<p><b>Grisler, Charles.</b> <b>S</b> Shot for desertion, 73.</p> + +<p><b>Griffon.</b> <b>F</b> Vessel built by La Salle and lost in Lake Michigan, 159.</p> + +<p><b>Grignan, de.</b> <b>F</b> Son-in-law of Mme. de Sévigné, a candidate for +governorship of Canada, 65.</p> + +<p><b>Grondines.</b> <b>WM</b> French vessels retreat to, 152.</p> + +<p><b>Groseilliers.</b> <i>See</i> Chouart.</p> + +<p><b>Guelph.</b> A city of Western Ontario, situated on the Speed River, in the +county of Wellington. Founded by John Galt (<i>q.v.</i>), 1827. <b>Bib.</b>: Lizars, +<i>Days of the Canada Company</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Guernsey.</b> <b>Bk</b> Island of, birthplace of Brock, 1-6.</p> + +<p><b>Guerrière.</b> <b>Bk</b> British ship taken by the <i>Constitution</i>, 284.</p> + +<p><b>Guers, Jean-Baptiste.</b> <b>Ch</b> Accompanies Champlain to Quebec, 1620, 121.</p> + +<p><b>Gugy, Conrad</b> (1730-1786). Born at the Hague; son of a Swiss officer in +the Dutch service. Educated for the engineers; disposed of his +commission and settled in Quebec. Subsequently secretary to Sir +Frederick Haldimand and a member of the Legislative and Executive +Councils. <b>Index</b>: <b>Hd</b> Swiss, Haldimand's secretary, 62; his tomb, 345. +<b>Bib.</b>: Morgan, <i>Cel. Can.</i></p> + +<p><b>Gugy, Conrad Augustus.</b> Educated at Cornwall under John Strachan. Served +for a time in the army; afterwards studied law and called to the bar of +Lower Canada. Elected a member of the Assembly. Led the troops at the +assault of St. Eustache. Subsequently adjutant-general and commissioner +of police. <b>Index</b>: <b>P</b> Defends the government in the Assembly, 1835, +101-102; on French-Canadian grievances, 103; a major in the militia, +103; serves with Colborne at St. Eustache in 1837, 103; advocates +native-born ministry, 196. <b>Bib.</b>: Morgan, <i>Cel. Can.</i>; Christie, <i>History +of Lower Canada</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Guienne Regiment.</b> <b>WM</b> Soldier of saves Captain Ochterlony, mortally +wounded, from being scalped, 142; Wolfe wishes to reward him, but reward +declined by Vaudreuil, 145; ordered to Heights of Abraham, 160; unwise +withdrawal of, from Plains of Abraham, 184; in battle of Ste. Foy, 257. +<b>Bib.</b>: Parkman, <i>Montcalm and Wolfe</i>; Wood, <i>The Fight for Canada</i>; +Bradley, <i>Fight with France</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Guilbault.</b> <b>Ch</b> Merchant, assists in taking Fort St. Pierre, 236.</p> + +<p><b>Guilford, Frederick North, second Earl of</b> (1732-1792). Entered +Parliament, 1754; chancellor of the exchequer 1767; premier, 1770; +resigned in 1783. <b>Index</b>: <b>Dr</b> On Quebec Act, 66; defeat of his government, +191. <b>Hd</b> His difficulty with settlers at Vincennes, 92; burnt in effigy, +97; Haldimand's letters to, 259, 265; his idea of a military settlement +in the Eastern Townships, 264. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Dict. Nat. Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>Guines, Modiste.</b> <b>Ch</b> Récollet, 115.</p> + +<p><b>Guise, Captain.</b> <b>D</b> His voyage to North-West Coast for sea-otter, 22.</p> + +<p><b>Gunn, Donald</b> (1797-1878). Born in Falkirk, Scotland. Entered the service +of the Hudson's Bay Company, 1813. Left the service, 1823, but continued +to reside in the Red River Settlement. Appointed one of the judges of +the Court of Petty Sessions, and for a time president of the Court. +Appointed a member of the Legislative Council of Manitoba, 1870. <b>Bib.</b>: +Begg, <i>History of the North-West</i>.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_158" id="Page_158">[158]</a></span></p> + +<p><b>Gurnett, George.</b> <b>Mc</b> Brought to the bar, 152; editor of the <i>Courier</i>, +165; style of, 165.</p> + +<p><b>Guyard, Marie.</b> <i>See</i> Marie de l'Incarnation.</p> + +<p><b>Guyon, Jean.</b> <b>Ch</b> Mason, accompanies Robert Giffard to Canada, 252.</p> + +<p><b>Guyon, Jean.</b> <b>L</b> Canadian priest, accompanies Laval to France, 199; death +of, 219.</p> + +<p><b>Gwillim, Elizabeth Posthuma.</b> <b>S</b> Married to Simcoe, 40; descent and +characteristics, 40.</p> + + +<p><b>Habeas Corpus Act.</b> <b>Hd</b> Not in operation in Haldimand's time, 275; +demanded by Du Calvet, 291. <b>Bib.</b>: Shortt and Doughty, <i>Constitutional +Documents relating to Canada</i>; <i>Dict. Eng. Hist.</i></p> + +<p><b>Habitants.</b> The peasants of Quebec. <b>Index</b>: <b>Dr</b> More independent than +peasantry of France, 12; raised to dignity of jurymen, 40; their +objection to juries, 68. <b>WM</b> Superior to peasantry of France, 23. <b>C</b> Home +life and hospitality, 118-119. <b>Bib.</b>: Greenough, <i>Canadian Folk-Life</i>; +Fréchette, <i>Christmas in French Canada</i>; Morgan and Burpee, <i>Canadian +Life in Town and Country</i>; Fiske, <i>New France and New England</i>; Lambert, +<i>Travels in Canada</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Habitation de Québec.</b> The first building in Quebec. Erected by +Champlain, 1608. Stood about where the church of Notre Dame des +Victoires stands to-day. An illustration of the <i>Habitation</i> is in +Champlain's <i>Voyages</i>. <i>See also</i> Chateau St. Louis. <b>Index</b>: <b>Ch</b> +Constructed by Champlain, 41; description of, 44. <b>Bib.</b>: Champlain, +<i>Voyages</i>; Douglas, <i>Old France in the New World</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Hagarty, Sir John Hawkins</b> (1816-1900). Born in Dublin. Educated at +Trinity College there. Came to Canada, 1834. Studied law, and called to +the bar of Upper Canada, 1840. Appointed puisne judge of the Court of +Common Pleas, 1856; transferred to the Court of Queen's Bench, 1862; +appointed chief-justice of the Court of Common Pleas, 1868; +chief-justice of the Court of Queen's Bench, 1878; chief-justice of +Ontario, 1884. Served as administrator of the province, 1882. Retired +from the bench, 1897. <b>Bib.</b>: Dent, <i>Can. Por.</i>; Morgan, <i>Can. Men</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Hagerman, Christopher Alexander</b> (1792-1847). Born in Adolphustown, +Ontario. Educated at Kingston; studied law and called to the bar of +Upper Canada, 1815. Served during the War of 1812-1814 with the militia, +being for a time aide-de-camp to the governor-general. Collector of +customs at Kingston, and member of the Executive Council, 1815. Elected +a member of the Assembly, 1819. Appointed temporarily judge of the +King's Bench, 1828; solicitor-general, 1829. Removed from office by the +colonial secretary on the representations of William Lyon Mackenzie; +subsequently restored. Appointed attorney-general, 1837; puisne judge of +the Court of Queen's Bench, 1840. <b>Index</b>: <b>Mc</b> Solicitor-general, accuses +Mackenzie of libel, 208; dismissed from office, 232; goes to England, +233; restored to office, 234; threatens House with vengeance of troops, +298. <b>Sy</b> Attorney-general, opposes union of provinces, 207, 208; made +judge, 252. <b>BL</b> Brands Mackenzie as "a reptile unworthy of the notice of +any gentleman," 15; removed from office of solicitor-general, 15; +restored, 16; succeeded in 1840 by Draper, 77. <b>Bib.</b>: Kingsford, <i>History +of Canada</i>; Dent, <i>Upper Canadian Rebellion</i> and <i>Last Forty Years</i>; +Read, <i>Lives of the Judges</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Halard, Jacques.</b> <b>Ch</b> Brings out stores for De Caën, 136.</p> + +<p><b>Haldemans of Pennsylvania.</b> <b>Hd</b> Cousins of Sir Frederick Haldimand, 87, +343.</p> + +<p><b>Haldimand, Antoine François.</b> <b>Hd</b> Nephew of Sir Frederick Haldimand, +settled in England, 72, 88, 105; goes bail for his uncle, 311; very +successful<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_159" id="Page_159">[159]</a></span> in business. 311; his intimate relations with his uncle, +312, 332, 338, 341, 342.</p> + +<p><b>Haldimand, Barthélemi.</b> <b>Hd</b> Uncle of Sir Frederick Haldimand, 2; a +philanthropic fighting Calvinist, 2.</p> + +<p><b>Haldimand, Bertrand.</b> <b>Hd</b> Nephew of Sir Frederick Haldimand, 311, 340.</p> + +<p><b>Haldimand, François-Lois.</b> <b>Hd</b> Father of Sir Frederick Haldimand, 2.</p> + +<p><b>Haldimand, François-Louis.</b> <b>Hd</b> Brother of Sir Frederick Haldimand, 2, +312, 343.</p> + +<p><b>Haldimand, Sir Frederick</b> (1718-1791). <b>Hd</b> Descent and birth, 1-3; +antagonism to French nation, 3; joins Prussian army, 3; previous +military service, 5; present at battle of Mollwitz, 6; his admiration +for the king of Prussia, 6; recommended to command of second battalion, +Royal American regiment, 9; stationed at Philadelphia, 11; sent to +Albany and afterwards to southern colonies to recruit, 13; but slightly +acquainted with the English language, 15; popular in the military +profession, 15; resemblance to George Washington, 15; exchanges to +fourth battalion of Royal Americans, 17; joins expedition against +Canada, 17; wounded at Ticonderoga (Carillon), 21; in correspondence +with General Gage, 22, 23; in command at Fort Edward, 22; marches to +Oswego, 25; repulses attack of French under La Corne de St. Luc, 26; +yields precedence at Niagara to Sir W. Johnson, 27; returns to Oswego, +27; builds block-houses, 32; makes vegetable gardens for benefit of his +troops, 33; joins in attack on Fort de Lévis, 36; ordered to take +possession of one of the gates of Montreal, 38; demands the French +flags, 39; remains two years at Montreal under Gage, 40; succeeds Burton +at Three Rivers, 42; promoted to rank of colonel in British army, 42; +becomes British subject, 42; divides government of Three Rivers into +four districts, 43; his proclamations, 45; his relations with Murray, +49; with his nephew, 50; his land purchases, 50, 51; on Burton's return +to Montreal, 53; again at Three Rivers, 53; suppresses irregular trading +with Indians, 54; difficulties of his position, 60; obtains leave of +absence and visits England, 61; transferred to Florida, 63; unpleasant +relations with Governor Johnstone, 65, 73; improves conditions for the +troops, 66-69; lays out gardens, 71; tries to promote agriculture among +Indian tribes, 72; surveys Mobile River and Bay, 77, 78; transferred to +St. Augustine, 78; his farm of <i>Mon Plaisir</i>, 78; sent back to +Pensacola, 80; his position pecuniarily burdensome, 82, 87; made major +and placed in command at New York, 83; his attitude in relation to +colonial trouble, 84, 85; visits relatives in Pennsylvania, 87; +relations with Governor Tryon, 89; his views on employment of troops in +Indian and civil disturbances, 89, 90, 92; foresees civil war, 98; +summoned by Gage to Boston, 102; his property in New York stolen or +destroyed, 103; recalled to England, 105; his reception there, 106; made +inspector-general of forces in West Indies, and raised to rank of +general in America and lieutenant-general in the army, 107; receives +£3000 to cover past outlays, 107; appointed governor of Canada, in +succession to Carleton, 113; visits Yverdun, 113, 116; his reception at +Quebec, and at Montreal, 117, 119; receives news of a treaty between +France, Spain, and the revolted colonies, 124; fortifies post on +Carleton Island, 124; his distrust of French-Canadians, 127, 128; issues +letters of marque, 130; improves mail service with England, 131; his +report to Lord George Germaine, 132-143; his policy with the Indians, +147, 259; opens letter addressed by Guy Johnson to Germaine, 155; +reprimanded, 156; his efforts to keep peace between rival officers, +157-159; prohibited trading by officials, 162; on the value of Indian +allies, 164; negotiates with Washington for Henry Hamilton's release +from<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_160" id="Page_160">[160]</a></span> prison, 169; his later opinion of Indians in battle, 170; +disapproves the savagery of Butler's Indians, 170; suspends Allsopp, +member of Council, for sedition, 175; surrounded by spies, 175; +disagreements with Council, 176-178; prohibits exportation of grain, +177; befriends Ursuline nuns, 179; his rules of conduct, 179; sends back +two priests from France, 181; strengthens fortifications of Quebec, 183; +causes canals to be made at Coteau du Lac and Cascades, 185; visit to +Montreal and benefactions to its institutions, 186; greatly mortified by +despatch hinting that, in case of extreme danger, Carleton might be sent +to take command, 188; desires to resign his post, 189; concerned at +sympathy of leading French-Canadians with the French in the war, 190; +takes census, 190; founds library at Quebec, 190; exercises a certain +censorship of press, 191; his proclamations, 192; consents to remain in +Canada till conclusion of peace, 194; his cautious attitude in +connection with the Vermont question, 200, 208, 211, 212; breaks off +negotiations, 217; his instructions regarding vaccination, 230; +exercises fatherly care over his officers, 236; his opinion of Canadian +horses, 245; his resemblance in character to Washington, 250; receives +Baron Steuben at Sorel, 259; declines to surrender western forts, 260; +assists the North West Company, 261; his advice to home government +respecting western posts, 262; opposed to idea of military settlement in +eastern townships, 264; efforts on behalf of Loyalists, 265; the founder +of Ontario, 271; his unpopularity, 273; has to grapple with treasonable +intrigues, 273-282; admissions in his favour by French-Canadian +authorities, 291, 292; the kindness of his disposition, 293-296; +godfather to two of Baron Riedesel's children, 296, 299; his physical +ailments, 299; his garden at Quebec, 299; his regard for the Riedesels, +299-304; his departure from Canada, 309; arrested at suit of Du Calvet, +310; bailed by his nephew, 311; receives Order of the Bath, 313, 322; +promoted to be general in America, 313; his papers in the Archives in +Ottawa, 319; Dr. Brymner's opinion of, 320; his diary, 321; the king's +high regard for him, 321, 322; the queen's, 322, 336; characteristics, +323-329; his opinion of Lord Amherst, 326; on friendly terms with Lord +Sydney, 326; his hospitality to Canadians, 327; meets Sir Guy Carleton, +in London, 330; his opinions of various persons, 332, 333; notes from +his diary, 333-340; poor opinion of the French, 335; goes to +Switzerland, 336; returns to London, 337; his death, 340; his will, +340-343; memorial tablet to, in Westminster Abbey, 346; his devotion to +British interests, 347. <b>Bk</b> His able administration of the government of +Canada, 37; first canals made under his orders, 48. <b>Dr</b> His valuable +papers, 7; news received of his appointment as governor, 183; his +unwillingness to accept post, 183; arrival of, 189; exchange of +prisoners made by, 207. <b>E</b> Constructs St. Lawrence canals, 97. <b>Bib.</b>: +Kingsford, <i>History of Canada</i>; Lucas, <i>History of Canada</i>; Bradley, +<i>The Making of Canada</i>; <i>Dict. Nat. Biog.</i>; <i>Haldimand Papers</i> (Canadian +Archives).</p> + +<p><b>Haldimand, Frederick.</b> <b>Hd</b> Nephew of Sir Frederick Haldimand, 17; serves +in his uncle's battalion, 49; runs into debt, 50; drowned, 61, 294; +Haldimand's affection for, 62.</p> + +<p><b>Haldimand, Henry.</b> <b>Hd</b> Nephew of Sir Frederick Haldimand, 311; his death, +312.</p> + +<p><b>Haldimand, Honnête Gaspard.</b> <b>Hd</b> Grandfather of Sir Frederick Haldimand, +2, 17, 72, 311.</p> + +<p><b>Haldimand, Jean Abraham.</b> <b>Hd</b> Younger brother of Sir Frederick Haldimand, +2, 17, 72, 88, 311.</p> + +<p><b>Haldimand, Jean-Lois.</b> <b>Hd</b> Uncle of Sir Frederick Haldimand, 2, 4.</p> + + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_161" id="Page_161">[161]</a></span></p> + +<p><b>Haldimand, Justine.</b> <b><a name='TC_4'></a><ins title="Was 'Hb'">Hd</ins></b> Sister of Sir Frederick Haldimand, 3; death of, +338.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<img src="images/img_text160a.jpg" width="600" height="408" alt="Halifax and Harbour from Dartmouth about 1760 Drawn on +the spot by Richard Short" title="" /> +<span class="caption">Halifax and Harbour from Dartmouth about 1760 Drawn on +the spot by Richard Short</span> +</div> + +<p><b>Haldimand, Louis.</b> <b>Hd</b> Nephew of Sir Frederick Haldimand, 88; his arrival +and reception in Boston, 109; promoted, 110, 294; his debts, 312.</p> + +<p><b>Haldimand, Pierre.</b> <b>Hd</b> Nephew of Sir Frederick Haldimand, joins him in +Florida, 72; placed in charge of seigniory of Pabos, 73, 111; appointed +ranger of the woods, 294; death of, 294.</p> + +<p><b>Haldimand, William.</b> <b>Hd</b> Grand-nephew of Sir Frederick Haldimand; and +director of Bank of England, 343.</p> + +<p><b>Haldimand Papers.</b> <b>Hd</b> In Canadian Archives, 319, 320.</p> + +<p><b>Haliburton, Thomas Chandler</b> (1796-1865). Born at Windsor, Nova Scotia. +Educated at the Grammar School and at King's College there. Called to +the bar and practised for a time at Annapolis. Represented the county of +Annapolis in the Nova Scotia Legislature, and in 1829 appointed district +judge of the Court of Common Pleas. In 1841 transferred to the Supreme +Court. Resigned in 1856, and removed to England, where three years +later, entered Parliament as member for Launceston. Died at his home, +Gordon House, on the Thames. <b>Index</b>: <b>H</b> Contributes to <i>Nova Scotian</i>, 9; +his <i>History of Nova Scotia</i> published by Joseph Howe, a financial +failure, 10; friendship for Howe, 10; sails for England with Howe, 267; +Howe's poetical toast to, 267-268. <b>Md</b> Advocates Confederation, 96. <b>Bib.</b>: +Works: <i>An Historical and Statistical Account of Nova Scotia</i>; <i>The +Clockmaker, or The Sayings and Doings of Samuel Slick of Slickville</i>; +<i>Bubbles of Canada</i>; <i>Reply to the Report of the Earl of Durham</i>; +<i>Letter-bag of the Great Western, or Life in a Steamer</i>; <i>Attaché, or +Sam Slick in England</i>; <i>Old Judge, or Life in a Colony</i>; <i>English in +America</i>; <i>Traits of American Humour</i>; <i>Wise Saws and Modern Instances</i>; +<i>Americans at Home</i>; <i>Nature and Human Nature</i>; <i>Address on the Present +Condition, Resources, and Prospects of British North America</i>; <i>Season +Ticket</i>. Brief biographies are found in <i>Dict. Nat. Biog.</i>; Morgan, +<i>Bib. Can.</i>; Allibone, <i>Dict. Eng. Lit.</i>; Calnek and Savery, <i>History of +the County of Annapolis</i>; Chasles, <i>Études sur Littérature des +Anglo-Americains</i>; Crofton, <i>Haliburton: a Centenary Chaplet</i>. <i>See +also</i> last-mentioned volume for a bibliography of the various editions +of his works and a list of articles, in books and magazines, on the man +and his works; <i>also</i> A. H. O'Brien's exhaustive bibliography, in R. S. +C., <i>Trans.</i>, 1909.</p> + +<p><b>Halifax.</b> A seaport, and the capital of Nova Scotia; founded in 1749 and +named after the Earl of Halifax, then president of the Board of Trade. +The first settlers were brought out from England in that year by +Governor Cornwallis, in thirteen transports; following year made the +capital of the province (then including New Brunswick), instead of +Annapolis; in 1842 incorporated as a city; became, with its +fortifications, observatory stations, harbour mines, etc., one of the +fortresses of the Empire and the chief British naval station in North +America; garrisoned by Imperial troops until 1905, when they were +withdrawn and replaced by a Canadian garrison. <b>Index</b>: <b>H</b> Birthplace of +Joseph Howe, 1; the North-West Arm, 1; Melville Island, 5; newspapers +(<i>see</i> <i>Chronicle</i>; <i>Acadian</i>; <i>Nova Scotian</i>); municipal government in, +in 1835, 20; Howe's trial for libelling magistrates of the city, 21, 29; +represented by Howe and Annand, 1836, 29; bill for incorporation of, 69; +Howe re-elected for, 73; James MacNab elected for, 106; railway +communication with Windsor, 118. <b>Bib.</b>: MacMechan, <i>Halifax in Books</i>, a +collection of pen-pictures of Halifax and its people by many writers +from Edmund Burke to Rudyard Kipling, and including Marsden, +<i>Narrative</i>; Tom Moore, <i>Letters</i>; McGregor, <i>Maritime Colonies of +British America</i>; Moorsom, <i>Letters from Nova Scotia</i>;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_162" id="Page_162">[162]</a></span> Sleigh, <i>Pine +Forests</i>; Mrs. Williams, <i>Neutral French</i>; Marryat, <i>Frank Mildmay</i>; +Dickens, <i>American Notes</i>; Johnston, <i>Notes on North America</i>; Cozzens, +<i>Acadia</i>; Sladen, <i>On the Cars and Off</i>; Haliburton, <i>Nova Scotia</i>; +Thomas B. Akins, <i>History of Halifax</i> (Nova Scotia Hist. Soc. <i>Trans.</i>, +vol. 8); Mackay, <i>Sketch of City of Halifax</i>, in <i>Canada: An Ency.</i>, +vol. 5; Regan, <i>Sketches and Traditions of the North-West Arm</i>; +<i>Selections from the Public Documents of Nova Scotia</i>, ed. by Akins.</p> + +<p><b>Halifax Award.</b> The treaty of Washington having provided for a +commission, to settle the compensation due Canada by the United States +for the use of her fisheries, in 1877 the United States appointed E.H. +Kellogg, Canada appointed Sir Alexander Galt, and these two agreed upon +M. Delfosse, Belgian minister to Washington, as a third. The commission +met at Halifax, and after long and careful deliberation, decided that +Canada should be paid $5,500,000, the American commissioner protesting. +The award was paid, after some delay. <i>See</i> Washington, Treaty of. <b>Bib.</b>: +<i>Record of the Proceedings of the Halifax Fisheries Commission</i>, 1877.</p> + +<p><b>Hall, Major George D.</b> <b>Sy</b> Appointed military secretary and aide-de-camp, +152.</p> + +<p><b>Halliburton, Sir Brenton</b> (1773-1860). <b>H</b> Chief-justice, of Nova Scotia, +presides at trial of Joseph Howe for libel, 24; contest for his office, +168; his son challenges Howe, because of supposed insulting references +to the father, 236. <b>Bib.</b>: Hill, <i>Memoir of Sir Brenton Halliburton</i>; +Campbell, <i>History of Nova Scotia</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Halliburton, John Croke</b> (1806-1884). Eldest son of Sir Brenton +Halliburton, chief-justice of Nova Scotia. Called to the bar, 1829; +appointed deputy-clerk of the Legislative Council, 1830, and clerk, +1838. In early life challenged Joseph Howe to a duel, but neither of the +duellists injured. <b>Index</b>: <b>H</b> Challenges Joseph Howe, 236; the duel, +236-244.</p> + +<p><b>Haly, Sir William O'Grady</b> (1811-1878). Entered the army, 1828. Served +with distinction in the Crimea and in India. Created K.C.B., 1855. +Appointed commander-in-chief of the forces in British North America, +1873. Acted as administrator of the government of Canada during the +absence of Lord Dufferin, 1875. Attained the rank of general, 1877. Died +in Halifax.</p> + +<p><b>Hamilton.</b> City of Ontario, on Burlington Bay, west end of Lake Ontario. +Laid out and settled, 1813, by George Hamilton, from whom it takes its +name. <b>Index</b>: <b>BL</b> Early municipal government of, 298, 300. <b>Bib.</b>: Lovell, +<i>Gazetteer</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Hamilton, Alexander</b> (1757-1804). American statesman. <b>Index</b>: <b>Dr</b> Anxious +to keep on good terms with Britain, 286; Talleyrand's opinion of, 287. +<b>Bib.</b>: Hamilton, <i>Life of Alexander Hamilton</i>. For further biog., and +bibliog. of works by and of him, <i>see Cyc. Am. Biog.</i> and <i>Lit. Am. +Hist.</i></p> + +<p><b>Hamilton, John</b> (1801-1882). Born in Queenston, Ontario. Removed to +Kingston, 1840. Throughout his life largely interested in inland +navigation, and the first to introduce iron vessels on Canadian waters. +Sat in the Legislative Council of Upper Canada, 1831-1841; in the +Legislative Council of Canada, 1841-1867; and in the Senate from 1867 +until his death. On the completion of his fiftieth year of continuous +service in the Upper Chamber, presented with an address of +congratulation by his fellow-senators.</p> + +<p><b>Hamilton, Henry.</b> Lieutenant-governor of Detroit during Revolutionary +War; captured at Vincennes, 1779, and imprisoned. Retired from the army, +1783; lieutenant-governor of Quebec, 1784-1785; governor of Bermuda, +1790-1794. Died in Antigua, 1796. <b>Index</b>: <b>Hd</b> Governor of Detroit, +occupies<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_163" id="Page_163">[163]</a></span> Vincennes on Wabash, 167; captured and imprisoned by +Americans, 168; made lieutenant-governor of Quebec, 314. Died, 1796. +<b>Bib.</b>: <i>Cyc. Am. Biog.</i>; Shortt and Doughty, <i>Constitutional Documents of +Canada</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Hamilton, Paul</b> (1762-1816). <b>Bk</b> United States secretary of the navy, 173. +<b>Bib.</b>: <i>Cyc. Am. Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>Hamilton, Pierce Stevens</b> (1826-1893). Studied law, and called to the +bar, 1851. Entered journalism, and edited <i>Acadian Recorder</i>, 1853-1861. +Appointed chief commissioner of mines for Nova Scotia. An early advocate +of Confederation. <b>Index</b>: <b>B</b> Advocates Confederation, 129. <b>T</b> His views on +union of the colonies, 65-66. <b>Bib.</b>: Works: <i>Union of the Colonies of +British North America</i>; <i>Feast of Ste. Anne and other Poems</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Hamilton, Robert.</b> <b>S</b> Member of Legislative Council, 79; accused by Simcoe +of "republicanism," 97; visits England and takes legal advice respecting +land matters in Upper Canada, 103; his house at Queenston, 179; +entertains Prince Edward, 184; appointed lieutenant of county of +Lincoln, 198.</p> + +<p><b>Hammond, George</b> (1763-1853). <b>S</b> British minister at Philadelphia, +consulted by Simcoe on the situation, 134, 144. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Dict. Nat. Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>Hampton, Sir John Somerset Pakington, first Baron</b> (1799-1880). Sat for +Droitwich in British Parliament, 1837-1874; secretary for war and +colonies, 1852; first lord of Admiralty, 1858 and 1866; secretary for +war, 1867-1868. <b>Index</b>: <b>E</b> Opposes the secularization of Clergy Reserves, +165, 166, 167. <b>B</b> And the Clergy Reserves, 59. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Dict. Nat. Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>Hancock.</b> <b>Bk</b> Private of 41st, first man killed in War of 1812, 236.</p> + +<p><b>Hancock's House.</b> <b>S</b> Skirmish at, 24.</p> + +<p><b>Handy, Henry S.</b> <b>Mc</b> Commander of "patriot" army, 427; quarrels with +"General" Sutherland, 427; occupies Sugar Island, 428; put to flight, +428; forms new plot to revolutionize Canada, 437; its extent, 438; +failure of, 439. <b>Bib.</b>: Dent, <i>Upper Canadian Rebellion</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Hanington, Daniel</b> (1804-1889). Sat for over half a century in one or +other of the branches of the New Brunswick Legislature. Elected to +Assembly, 1834, for Westmoreland, which he represented up to 1862. A +member of the Executive Council under Sir Edmund Head; Speaker of the +Assembly for several years; appointed to the Legislative Council, 1867, +and president of that body, 1883-1886. <b>Bib.</b>: Morgan, <i>Can. Men</i>; Hannay, +<i>History of New Brunswick</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Hanington, Daniel Lionel</b> (1835-1909). Born at Shediac, New Brunswick. +Called to the bar, 1861; in 1870 entered the New Brunswick Assembly, +representing Westmoreland until 1874; and reëlected, 1878; member of the +Executive Council, 1878; premier of the province, 1882; resigned, 1883. +In 1892 appointed a puisne judge of the Supreme Court of New Brunswick. +<b>Index</b>: <b>T</b> Elected Speaker of New Brunswick Assembly, 30. <b>Bib.</b>: Hannay, +<i>History of New Brunswick</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Hanks, Captain.</b> <b>Bk</b> Surrenders Michilimackinac, 211; killed at Detroit, +255.</p> + +<p><b>Hanna, James.</b> <b>D</b> Voyage of 1785, 22; on enormous profits of sea-otter +trade, 22.</p> + +<p><b>Hanna, Michael</b> (1821-1882). Born in Ireland. Came to Canada, 1839, and +completed his studies at St. Mary's College. Ordained to the priesthood, +1845. Held various charges in Nova Scotia. Subsequently became +vicar-general of the diocese of Halifax and archbishop, 1877. Died in +Halifax.</p> + +<p><b>Harding, James A.</b> <b>T</b> Returned for St. John, 25, 30, 43.</p> + +<p><b>Hardy, Arthur Sturgis</b> (1837-1899). Born at Mount Pleasant, Ontario. +Studied law, and called to the bar of Upper Canada, 1865; practised his +profes<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_164" id="Page_164">[164]</a></span>sion at Brantford; Q. C., 1876. Elected to the Ontario +Legislature, 1873; provincial secretary, 1877; commissioner of crown +lands, 1889; premier, 1896. <b>Bib.</b>: Morgan, <i>Can. Men</i>; Biggar, <i>Sir +Oliver Mowat</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Hargrave, James.</b> Chief factor of the Hudson's Bay Company. <b>Index</b>: <b>MS</b> In +charge of York Factory, 226; correspondence with Rev. Wm. Cochrane, 227; +made chief trader, 1833, and chief factor, 1844, 227; Simpson's letters +to, 261-262. <b>Bib.</b>: Bryce, <i>Hudson's Bay Company</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Harlay, de.</b> <b>L</b> Archbishop of Rouen, desires ecclesiastical jurisdiction +over Canada, 133; called to the see of Paris, 134; desires to bring +diocese of Quebec under his jurisdiction, 184.</p> + +<p><b>Harmon, Daniel Williams.</b> Born in Vermont. Entered service of North West +Company, 1800, at Montreal, and left immediately for the western fur +country. Returned to the east in 1819, bringing with him his <i>Journals</i>, +covering this period, which were edited by Daniel Haskel, of Burlington, +Vt., and published at that place in 1820; reprinted in New York, with a +brief introduction, 1903. Returned to the West, and remained there +several years, finally settling with his native wife and family on the +shores of Lake Champlain. One of his daughters conducted a private +school in Ottawa for many years. <b>Index</b>: <b>D</b> Stuart's lieutenant in New +Caledonia, 98. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Journal of Voyages and Travels in the Interior of +North America</i>. For biog., <i>see</i> Bryce, <i>Hudson's Bay Company</i>; Laut, +<i>Conquest of the Great North-West</i>; Burpee, <i>Search for the Western +Sea</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Haro, Gonzalez Lopez de.</b> <b>D</b> Finds Russian establishments, 38. <b>Bib.</b>: +Bancroft, <i>North-West Coast</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Harrison, Robert Alexander</b> (1833-1878). Studied law, and appointed to +crown law department of Upper Canada, 1854. Retired, 1859, and practised +in Toronto. Member for Toronto in first Dominion Parliament, 1867-1872. +Chief-justice of the Court of Queen's Bench, Ontario, 1875-1878. One of +the arbitrators in Ontario boundary dispute, 1878. Author of many legal +works; and edited <i>Poker</i>, a humorous paper, 1859-1860. <b>Index</b>: <b>B</b> His +connection with the contempt of court suit against George Brown, +249-254. <b>Md</b> Chief-justice, serves on Ontario Boundary Commission, 255. +<b>Bib.</b>: Dent, <i>Can. Por.</i>; Read, <i>Lives of the Judges</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Harrison, Samuel Bealey.</b> <b>Sy</b> Provincial secretary for Upper Canada, 283; +his resolutions on responsible government, 310, 311. <b>BL</b> Provincial +secretary for Upper Canada, 1841, 76; a moderate Liberal, 78; Baldwin's +confidence in, 78; retains office under La Fontaine-Baldwin +administration, 134; Constitutional Society of Orillia recommends his +dismissal, 167; member for Kingston—opposes transfer of capital to +Montreal, and resigns as provincial secretary, 182; Gowan predicts his +dismissal from office, 187. <b>Mc</b> Moves resolution for responsible +government, which carries, 408. <b>Bib.</b>: Dent, <i>Last Forty Years</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Harrison, T. T. J.</b> <b>Mc</b> His account of the Haldimand election, 487.</p> + +<p><b>Harrison, William Henry</b> (1773-1841). Ninth president of the United +States. <b>Index</b>: <b>Bk</b> United States general, his Tippecanoe exploit, +174-176. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Cyc. Am. Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>Harvey, Sir John</b> (1778-1852). Entered the British army, and saw active +service in Holland, France, at the Cape of Good Hope, Ceylon, India, and +Egypt. In 1812 deputy adjutant-general of the army in Canada, and +defeated the American generals Chandler and Winder at Stoney Creek. Took +part in the battles of Lundy's Lane, Fort Erie, and Chrystler's Farm. In +1815 aide-de-camp to the Duke of Wellington, and fought at Waterloo. In +1837-1841<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_165" id="Page_165">[165]</a></span> governor of New Brunswick; governor and commander-in-chief of +Newfoundland, 1841-1846; and governor of Nova Scotia, 1846-1852. Buried +at Halifax. <b>Index</b>: <b>Md</b> Governor of Nova Scotia, Grey's despatch on +responsible government, 33; text of the despatch, 47-50. <b>BL</b> Earl Grey's +despatch to, on responsible government in Nova Scotia, 269-272. <b>H</b> +Appointed lieutenant-governor of Nova Scotia, 103; his broad views on +responsible government, 112-113; his correspondence with Earl Grey as to +proposed Intercolonial Railway, 124; his death, 143. <b>W</b> Succeeds Sir +Archibald Campbell as lieutenant-governor, 47; assents to Civil List +Bill, 47; on tenure of public office, 57, 113; his connection with the +Aroostook War, 135. <b>Bib.</b>: Morgan, <i>Cel. Can.</i>; Lucas, <i>Canadian War of +1812</i>; Hannay, <i>History of New Brunswick</i>; Campbell, <i>History of Nova +Scotia</i>; Saunders, <i>Three Premiers of Nova Scotia</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Hatheway, George L.</b> <b>T</b> Chief commissioner of the Board of Works, New +Brunswick, 86; deserts the government and runs as opposition candidate +in York, 86; deserts Anti-Confederates, in 1866, 108.</p> + +<p><b>Haultain, Frederick William Gordon</b> (1857- ). Born in Woolwich, England. +Educated at Montreal High School, Peterborough Collegiate Institute, and +the University of Toronto. Called to the bar of Ontario, 1882; removed +to the North-West Territories and settled at Fort McLeod, 1884. Elected +to the North-West Council, 1887, and to the first Territorial Assembly, +1888. Member of the Advisory Council, 1888; Territorial premier, 1897; +held office until the formation of the provinces of Alberta and +Saskatchewan, 1905. <b>Bib.</b>: Begg, <i>History of the North-West</i>; Morgan, +<i>Can. Men</i>; <i>Canadian Who's Who</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Haviland, T. H.</b> (1822-1895). Born at Charlottetown, Prince Edward +Island. Studied law and called to the bar of Prince Edward Island, 1846; +elected to the Assembly for Georgetown the same year; member of the +Legislative Council, 1870; colonial secretary in the provincial +government, 1859-1862, 1866-1867, 1870-1872; solicitor-general, 1865; +Speaker of the Assembly, 1863-1864; provincial secretary, 1873-1876; +called to the Senate, 1873; lieutenant-governor of Prince Edward Island, +1879. <b>Index</b>: <b>T</b> Delegate from Prince Edward Island to Quebec Conference, +77. <b>Bib.</b>: Dent, <i>Can. Por.</i></p> + +<p><b>Hawke.</b> <b>B</b> His evidence on land grants in Upper Canada, 53-54.</p> + +<p><b>Hay, Charles.</b> <b>Hd</b> Imprisoned on charge of treason, 279.</p> + +<p><b>Hay, Jehu.</b> <b>Hd</b> Lieutenant-governor of Detroit, 158.</p> + +<p><b>Hay, Robert.</b> <b>Mc</b> Generosity of, 505.</p> + +<p><b>Hayes Route.</b> The main route of the fur traders, from Hudson Bay to Lake +Winnipeg and the interior. It was adopted at a very early date, the more +obvious route by way of Nelson River having proved impracticable. The +Hayes route runs up Hayes River to Oxford Lake, and thence by a series +of small lakes and rivers over the height of land and down the +Echimamish River to Little Playgreen Lake, and Lake Winnipeg. York +Factory stands at the Hudson Bay end of the route, and Norway House at +the entrance to Lake Winnipeg.</p> + +<p><b>Hazen, John Douglas</b> (1860- ). Born in Oromocto, New Brunswick. Educated +at the University of New Brunswick; studied law and called to the bar of +New Brunswick, 1883. Alderman of Fredericton and mayor for two years. +Elected to the House of Commons for St. John City and County, 1891; but +defeated, 1896. Elected to the New Brunswick Assembly for Sunbury, 1899; +chosen leader of the opposition in the Assembly; premier and +attorney-general, 1908. <b>Bib.</b>: Morgan, <i>Can. Men</i>; <i>Canadian Who's Who</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Hazen, Moses.</b> <b>Dr</b> Brings news of Arnold's attack on St. Johns, 34. <b>Hd</b> A +rebel spy, 130; mentioned by Haldimand in despatch, 132-133.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_166" id="Page_166">[166]</a></span></p> + +<p><b>Hazen, Robert Leonard</b> (1806-1874). Born in St. John, New Brunswick. +Studied law and called to the bar, 1832; sat for St. John in New +Brunswick Assembly, 1837-1848; in Legislative Council, 1848-1867; member +of Executive Council without portfolio, 1844-1854, and again, 1856-1857; +called to the Senate, 1867; judge of Vice-Admiralty Court of New +Brunswick, 1846-1874. <b>Index</b>: <b>W</b> On responsible government, 63-64; +appointed to Executive Council, New Brunswick, 72; resigns, 76; referred +to in Wilmot's speech, 104, 105, 106, 108, 109, 110. <b>T</b> Member of +Gray-Wilmot ministry, 41. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Parl. Comp.</i>, 1873; Hannay, <i>History of +New Brunswick</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Hazen's Rangers.</b> <b>WM</b> In battle of the Plains, 257.</p> + +<p><b>Head, Sir Edmund Walker</b> (1805-1868). Fellow of Merton College, Oxford, +1830-1837; lieutenant-governor of New Brunswick, 1847; governor-general +of Canada, 1854-1861. Afterwards appointed a civil service commissioner +and elected governor of the Hudson's Bay Company. <b>Index</b>: <b>Md</b> Calls upon +Taché to form ministry, 80; suggests Bytown (Ottawa) as capital, 85. <b>E</b> +Succeeds Elgin as governor-general, Dec. 19, 1854, 203; Elgin's opinion +of, 208; visits Elgin, 239. <b>B</b> Sends for George Brown to form +ministry—relations with, 101-105, 108. <b>R</b> Requests report on separate +school question from Ryerson, 234. <b>W</b> On reducing number of judges in New +Brunswick, 129, 130; and Wilmot, 131. <b>T</b> Judicial appointments, 31; and +Confederation question, 63. <b>Bib.</b>: Morgan, <i>Cel. Can.</i>; Dent, <i>Can. Por.</i> +and <i>Last Forty Years; Dict. Nat. Biog.</i>; Pope, <i>Memoirs of Sir John A. +Macdonald</i>; Mackenzie, <i>Hon. George Brown</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Head, Sir Francis Bond</b> (1793-1875). Served in Royal Engineers at +Waterloo; travelled in South America, 1825-1826; appointed +lieutenant-governor of Upper Canada, 1835-1837; made privy councillor, +1867. <b>Index</b>: <b>Mc</b> Governor of Upper Canada, states his position on +responsible government, 22; Durham says he purposely invited rebellion, +23; his instructions on taking office, 263; makes public a confidential +despatch, 280; arrives in Canada, 291; his appointment, 291; states his +position, 293; appoints three executive councillors, 294; Council +resigns, 294; his views of responsibility, 295; censured by committee of +the House, 296; House adopts the report, 297; refuses supplies, 297; he +replies to address of deputation, 298; deputation's reply, 300; appoints +four new councillors, 300; schooled by Lord Glenelg, 301; joins Family +Compact, 302; dissolves the House, 303; refuses assent to money bills, +303; interferes in elections, 304; insults Glenelg, 304; denounces +Robert Baldwin, 305; quarrels with imperial commission of inquiry, 305; +refuses to obey Lord Glenelg, 307; W. J. Rattray on, 307; his success in +the elections, 308; unscrupulous influence in, 309; Lord Durham on, 309; +some of his addresses, 313; charged with undue influence in, 313; +sustained by partisan House, 314; refuses offer of troops, 353; invites +revolt, 354, 355; prepares to escape, 364; sends flag of truce, 368; +offers reward for Mackenzie's apprehension, 380; orders burning of +property, 381; seeks Mackenzie's extradition, 415. <b>Sy</b> Recall of, 109. <b>BL</b> +Comes as governor, 16, 32; his appointment, 35; his character, 36; his +arrival in Toronto, 37; relations with the Reformers, 37; appoints +Baldwin, Rolph, and Dunn to the Council, 38; their resignation, 41; +quarrels with Reform party, 41-42; dissolves Assembly and throws his +influence on Tory side in the elections, 41-42; wins the election, 42; +his Tory Parliament, 62; attitude towards colonial self-government, 64; +Draper a member of his Council, 77; compared to Bagot, 151. <b>R</b> His +instructions, 112; his conciliatory promises not fulfilled, 113; end of +his administration, 114; advances funds to Upper<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_167" id="Page_167">[167]</a></span> Canada Academy, +142-143. <b>E</b> An unfortunate choice as governor, 1; and the Upper Canada +Rebellion, 22. <b>Bib.</b>: Works: <i>Narrative</i>; <i>The Emigrant</i>; <i>Journeys in +the Pampas and Andes</i>; <i>Life of Bruce, the Traveller; Life of Burgoyne</i>. +For biog., <i>see</i> Morgan, <i>Cel. Can.</i>; <i>Dict. Nat. Biog.</i>; Read, +<i>Lieutenant-Governors of Upper Canada</i> and <i>Rebellion of 1837</i>; Dent, +<i>Can. Por.</i> and <i>Upper Canadian Rebellion</i>; Lizars, <i>Humours of '37</i>; +Fitz Gibbon, <i>A Veteran of 1812</i>; Robinson, <i>Sir John Beverley +Robinson</i>; Ryerson, <i>Story of my Life</i>; Egerton and Grant, <i>Canadian +Constitutional Development</i>; Durham, <i>Report</i>; <i>Lord Glenelg's +Despatches to Sir F.B. Head</i>, London, 1839.</p> + +<p><b>Hearne, Samuel</b> (1745-1792). Came to Fort Prince of Wales on the Hudson's +Bay Company's ship <i>Prince Rupert</i>. Under instructions from the Company, +and after two abortive attempts, set forth in December, 1770, on his +memorable journey to the mouth of the Coppermine River, which he reached +in July of the following year. Returning by way of Great Slave Lake, +arrived at Fort Prince of Wales in June, 1772. Two years later sent to +the Saskatchewan, where he built Cumberland House. On his return in +1775, appointed governor of Fort Prince of Wales, and still in charge +when the fort was captured by La Perouse in 1782. Brief accounts of his +journey published after his return from the Coppermine, and some of his +statements severely criticized by Alexander Dalrymple. The complete +account of the expedition did not appear until three years after his +death. <b>Index</b>: <b>MS</b> Sent inland by Hudson's Bay Company, 3; discovers +Coppermine River and Great Slave Lake, 3, 31; builds Cumberland House, +4; magnitude of his explorations, 31; his guide Matonabee, 32. <b>D</b> His +expedition to Coppermine River made on behalf of Hudson's Bay Company, +51; his discoveries known to Alexander Mackenzie, 53. <b>Bib.</b>: Works: +<i>Journey from Prince of Wales Fort in Hudson's Bay to the Northern +Ocean</i>, etc., 1769-1772 (Lond., 1795). New ed., edited by J. B. Tyrrell, +Champlain Soc., 1910; French trans. by M. Lallemant in 2 vols. (Paris, +1799). Also, abridged in Mavor's collection of <i>Voyages</i>, xxiv, 1-66. +Brief accounts of Hearne and his explorations will be found in Bryce, +<i>Hudson's Bay Company</i>; Willson, <i>Great Company</i>; Laut, <i>Pathfinders of +the West</i> and <i>Conquest of the Great North-West</i>; Burpee, <i>Search for +the Western Sea</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Heath, General William</b> (1737-1814). <b>Dr</b> Commissioner on American side for +exchange of prisoners, 208. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Cyc. Am. Biog</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Heathfield, George Augustus Eliott, first Baron</b> (1717-1790). Defender of +Gibraltar. <b>Index</b>: <b>Hd</b> His marriage, 316. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Dict. Nat. Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>Heavysege, Charles</b> (1816-1876). Born in Liverpool, England. Came to +Canada, 1853. Settled in Montreal, and engaged in his trade of +cabinet-making. Afterwards connected with the staff of the <i>Witness</i>. +Author of a number of dramas, the most remarkable of which was <i>Saul</i>. +<b>Bib.</b>: For his works, <i>see</i> James, <i>Bibliography of Canadian Poetry</i>. For +biog., <i>see</i> Burpee, <i>Charles Heavysege</i> (R. S. C., 1901); Rose, <i>Cyc. +Can. Biog.</i>; MacMurchy, <i>Canadian Literature</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Hébert, Anne.</b> Eldest daughter of Louis Hébert, Quebec; married to +Stephen Jonquest in the autumn of 1617, Father Le Caron officiating. +This was the first marriage in New France. <b>Index</b>: <b>Ch</b> Her marriage, 113; +her death, 117.</p> + +<p><b>Hébert, Guillaume.</b> <b>Ch</b> Son of Louis, 146.</p> + +<p><b>Hébert, Louis.</b> Came from Paris to Acadia, 1604; mentioned there in 1610, +and again in 1613-1614. Returned to France, and in 1617 came to Quebec, +becoming the first permanent settler in New France. Died 1627. <b>Index</b>: <b>F</b> +First regular settler at Quebec, 16. <b>Ch</b> Consents to accompany Champlain +to Canada, 111, 112; a valuable member of the colony, 112; signs +complaint of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_168" id="Page_168">[168]</a></span> the inhabitants, 136; his family, 146; previous life, 147; +death of, 148; a native of Paris, 250; receives fief of Sault au +Matelot, 251. <b>Bib.</b>: Colby, <i>Canadian Types of the Old Régime</i>; Douglas, +<i>Old France in the New World</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Hébert, Guillemette.</b> <b>Ch</b> Wife of Guillaume Couillard, 146.</p> + +<p><b>Hébert, Madame.</b> <b>Ch</b> Mass celebrated in her house on restoration of +Quebec, 225.</p> + +<p><b>Heceta, Bruno.</b> Commanded Spanish expedition to North-West Coast, 1775. +<b>Index</b>: <b>D</b> Discovers mouth of Columbia, 14, 15. <b>Bib.</b>: Bancroft, <i>History +of the North-West Coast</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Helmcken, John Sebastian.</b> Born in England, 1832. Studied medicine and +admitted a member of the Royal College of Surgeons, London, 1848. +Appointed surgeon at Vancouver Island by Hudson's Bay Company; first +magistrate appointed in the colony. As magistrate stationed at Fort +Rupert, where the miners were very unruly. In 1856 elected for Esquimalt +district to the first Legislature of the colony; took a very active part +in its deliberations; and became Speaker. Member of Executive Council, +1864-1871. Opposed Confederation in 1870. Sent to Ottawa the same year +as one of the delegates to negotiate terms of union. <b>Index</b>: <b>D</b> Speaker of +first Legislature of Vancouver Island, 210. <b>Bib.</b>: Morgan, <i>Can. Men</i>; +Begg, <i>History of British Columbia</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Henderson, Captain.</b> <b>Dr</b> With crews of two war vessels assists in defence +of Quebec, 112.</p> + +<p><b>Henderson.</b> <b>WM</b> Private of grenadiers, helps to carry Wolfe off the field, +200.</p> + +<p><b>Hennepin, Louis.</b> Born in Ath, Belgium, about 1640. Entered order of +Récollets. Sailed for Quebec, 1675. Stationed at Fort Frontenac, 1676. +Accompanied La Salle to the West, 1678. From Fort Crèvecœur (Peoria, +Ill.), in 1680, descended the Illinois and explored the upper waters of +the Mississippi. Captured by the Sioux and carried to their country. +After eight months, rescued by Du Lhut (<i>q.v.</i>), passed the winter at +Michilimackinac, and returned to Quebec, 1682. Apparently satisfied with +his adventures in the wilderness, returned to Europe, and settled in +Holland, where devoted himself to the preparation of a series of +narratives of his explorations, real and imaginary. Died there about +1706. <b>Bib.</b>: Works: <i>Description de la Louisiane</i>, etc.; <i>Nouvelle +Découverte,</i> etc.; <i>Nouveau Voyage</i>, etc. For biog., and bibliog. +details of Hennepin's works, <i>see</i> Thwaites's edition of the <i>New +Discovery</i>, 1903. <i>See also</i> Parkman, <i>La Salle</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Henri.</b> <b>Ch</b> Servant of Madame Hébert, murdered by Montagnais Indian, 164.</p> + +<p><b>Henrietta of France, Queen of England.</b> <b>Ch</b> Dowry of, 216.</p> + +<p><b>Henry IV, King of France</b> (1553-1610). Succeeded Henry III in 1589. +<b>Index</b>: <b>F</b> Assassination of, 11. <b>Ch</b> Assassinated, 64. <b>Bib.</b>: Chambers, +<i>Biog. Dict.</i></p> + +<p><b>Henry, Alexander, the Elder</b> (1739-1824). One of the pioneer fur traders +in north-western America. Born in New Jersey. Entered the fur trade as a +young man, 1760, or perhaps earlier. His <i>Travels and Adventures</i> open +in that year and describe his experiences in the West for the following +sixteen years. Sailed for Europe in 1776, where he made the acquaintance +of Sir Joseph Banks, president of the Royal Society, and had an +opportunity of describing his adventures to Marie Antoinette. Afterwards +settled in Montreal as a merchant. <b>Index</b>: <b>MS</b> Leaves Montreal for western +fur country, 3. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Travels and Adventures in Canada and the Indian +Territories</i>, New York, 1809; new ed., with biog. and other notes, by +James Bain, Toronto, 1901. <i>See also</i> Burpee, <i>Search for the Western +Sea</i>.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_169" id="Page_169">[169]</a></span></p> + +<p><b>Henry, Alexander, the Younger.</b> Nephew of preceding. Entered service of +North West Company about 1792. His <i>Journal</i>, the original manuscript of +which is in the Library of Parliament at Ottawa, and which was published +in 1897, with introduction and elaborate notes by Elliott Coues, +contains an account of his western travels and experiences, 1799 to +1814. Drowned near Fort George, at the mouth of the Columbia, May 22, +1814. <b>Bib.</b>: Works: <i>New Light on the Early History of the Greater +North-West</i>; <i>The Manuscript Journals of Alexander Henry and David +Thompson</i>, ed. by Elliott Coues, New York, 1897. <i>See also</i> Burpee, +<i>Search for the Western Sea</i>; Bryce, <i>Hudson's Bay Company</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Henry, John.</b> <b>Bk</b> His mission to the New England states, 120; use made of +his letters, 120; referred to in message of Madison to Congress, 186, +187; sells his letters to United States government, 187. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Cyc. Am. +Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>Henry, Patrick</b> (1736-1799). American statesman. <b>Index</b>: <b>Dr</b> His rhetorical +exaggerations, 197. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Cyc. Am. Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>Henry, William Alexander</b> (1816-1888). <b>H</b> Solicitor-general, Nova +Scotia—becomes provincial secretary, 1856, 157; resigns from +government, 164; delegate to Charlottetown Conference, 177. <b>T</b> Delegate +from Nova Scotia to Charlottetown Conference, 73; and to Quebec +Conference, 76. <b>Bib.</b>: Campbell, <i>History of Nova Scotia</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Herald.</b> Newspaper published at Montreal. Established 1808. <b>Index</b>: <b>BL</b> On +debate on responsible government in Legislature, 1841, 94-95.</p> + +<p><b>Herald.</b> Newspaper published at Toronto. <b>Index</b>: <b>BL</b> Account of scene in +Parliament, 1842, 126-127.</p> + +<p><b>Herbin.</b> <b>WM</b> Commands the Montreal militia with Prud'homme, 105.</p> + +<p><b>Heriot, George</b> (1766-1844). Born in Island of Jersey. Came to Canada, +and appointed a clerk in the ordnance department at Quebec, 1799; deputy +postmaster-general of British North America, 1800; and afterwards +postmaster-general. Served in the War of 1812; second in command under +De Salaberry at Chateauguay; major-general, 1841. <b>Bib.</b>: Works: <i>History +of Canada; Travels through the Canadas</i>. For biog., <i>see Cyc. Am. Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>Hermione.</b> <b>Bk</b> British war vessel, mutiny of crew, 11.</p> + +<p><b>Hermitage at Caën. L</b> Laval passes three years at, 25.</p> + +<p><b>Hersault, Mme.</b> <i>See</i> Camaret, Marie.</p> + +<p><b>Hertel, François.</b> <b>F</b> Commands Three Rivers war party, 235; his old age, +235; leader in massacre of Salmon Falls, 251; joins De Portneuf in +attack on Fort Loyal, 251. <b>Bib.</b>: Parkman, <i>Frontenac</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Hertel, Jacques.</b> <b>Ch</b> Interpreter, 144; arrives from France in 1613, 144.</p> + +<p><b>Hertel de Rouville</b>. <b>Dr</b> Appointed judge, 183.</p> + +<p><b>Hervey, William</b> (1732-1815). British soldier. Spent the eight years +1755-1763 in North America. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Journals of the Hon. William Hervey +in North America and Europe from 1765 to 1814, with Order Books at +Montreal, 1760-1763.</i></p> + +<p><b>Hessians.</b> <b>Hd</b> Established near Cataraqui, 265. <b>Dr</b> Applications from, for +land grants, 218.</p> + +<p><b>Hey, William.</b> An English lawyer; succeeded William Gregory as +chief-justice of Quebec, 1766. Went to England, 1773, in connection with +the Quebec Act, and did not return to Canada until 1775. Left Canada +finally the same year, having been elected to the British House of +Commons for Sandwich, in 1774. Vacated his seat in 1776, and appointed a +commissioner of customs. Died, 1797. <b>Index</b>: <b>Dr</b> Chief-justice, not +favourable to Walker, 37, 39; called as witness in connection with the +Quebec Act, 63; evidence of, before House of Commons, 68; makes strong +appeal to British at Montreal, 88. <b>Bib.</b>: Morgan,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_170" id="Page_170">[170]</a></span> <i>Cel. Can</i>.; Lucas, +<i>History of Canada</i>; Bradley, <i>Making of Canada</i>; Egerton and Grant, +<i>Canadian Constitutional Development</i>; Shortt and Doughty, +<i>Constitutional Documents of Canada</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Hickson, Sir Joseph</b> (1830-1897). Born at Otterburn, England. After some +years' practical experience on various English railways, came to Canada, +1862, as chief accountant of the Grand Trunk. Subsequently promoted to +the office of secretary of the company; general manager, 1874. Between +that year and 1890, when he retired, succeeded in bringing the Grand +Trunk to the first rank among the railways of the continent.</p> + +<p><b>Higginson, Captain.</b> Private secretary to Sir Charles Metcalfe. <b>Index</b>: <b>BL</b> +His interview with La Fontaine—discusses constitutional government, +172-173, 174, 175, 176.</p> + +<p><b>Highlanders.</b> <b>WM</b> In battle of Ste. Foy, 259, 260.</p> + +<p><b>Hill, G. S.</b> <b>W</b> Member for Charlotte, in New Brunswick Assembly, nominates +Wilmot for speakership, 66.</p> + +<p><b>Hill, P. C.</b> <b>H</b> Member of first Nova Scotia government after +Confederation, 198.</p> + +<p><b>Hincks, Sir Francis</b> (1807-1885). <b>E</b> Appointed inspector-general by Sir +Charles Bagot, 31; on Metcalfe, 38; returned in elections of 1848, 50; +becomes inspector-general in La Fontaine-Baldwin ministry, 53; Ryerson's +letter to, 90; his capacity for discreet, practical statesmanship, 93; +his influence on railway construction, 99, 100; controversy with Howe, +101; his character and influence, 107; forms ministry, 107-108; makes +concessions to leaders of Clear Grits, 112; inspector-general in +Hincks-Morin ministry, 113; Brown's attitude to, 114; and the Grand +Trunk, 115; and the Clergy Reserves, 119; attacked by Garneau, 123; +bitterly attacked by Brown, 125; reorganizes government, 125-126; his +government defeated, 127; relations with John Sandfield Macdonald, 128; +on the appeal to the country in 1854, 133; result of the elections, +133-134; elected in two constituencies, 134; and the speakership in +1854, 135-136; resignation of ministry, 136; leader of the Liberals, +138; supports MacNab-Morin Liberal-Conservative government, 140, 141; +visits London, 1852, 156; his views on Clergy Reserves, 163, 165, 166, +196; appointed governor of Barbados, 220; becomes governor of British +Guiana, 220, 222; made Commander of the Bath, 222; his retirement from +Imperial service, 1869, 222; receives knighthood, 222; returns to +Canada, and becomes finance minister in Sir John Macdonald's ministry, +223; his final retirement from public life, 223; his character and his +closing years, 223-224; writes his <i>Reminiscences</i>, 224; his death at +Montreal, 1885, 224. <b>Sy</b> Publisher of <i>Examiner</i>, advocate of responsible +government, 107; supports union of provinces as leading thereto, 212; +his attitude on Clergy Reserves question, 247; supports useful +legislation introduced by Sydenham, 296; finds Lower Canada +Conservatives much more liberal than the "Liberals," 297; disapproves +Baldwin's action, 298; a man of more political wisdom than Baldwin, 299; +supports Local Government Bill, 323; partially adopts, as finance +minister of the Dominion, Sydenham's idea of bank of issue, 330; +Sydenham's high opinion of his financial abilities, 333; made +inspector-general by Sir Charles Bagot, 333. <b>B</b> On Metcalfe's policy, +18-49; opposed by George Brown—Brown's letters to, 48-49, 54-55; +protests against attitude of Derby government in England on Clergy +Reserves, 59; his action in legislature, 59; and the University of +Toronto Bill, 63; Brown acknowledges his services for responsible +government, 67; warns George Brown that the logical conclusion of his +course in Parliament was dissolution of the union, 70;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_171" id="Page_171">[171]</a></span> his ministry +defeated in June, 1854, 77; his retirement—supports MacNab-Morin +government, 77; his argument against representation by population, 84; +and the fight for responsible government, 261; his brief and troubled +reign, 262. <b>BL</b> Associated with Baldwin, 32; born in Cork, Dec. 14, +1807—came to Canada, 1830, 32; early years, 32; his marriage, 34; +manager of the Bank of the People, 34; friendship for Baldwin, 34; +commercial interests, 34-35; on Head's appointment, 36; secretary of +Constitutional Reform Society, 42; took no part in Rebellion of 1837, +44; establishes the <i>Examiner</i>, 58; supports Durham, 58; meets La +Fontaine and Morin in Lower Canada, 63; and enters into correspondence +with them, 63; elected for Oxford, 69; his address to the electors, 69; +his attitude in the Legislature of 1841, 85; explains reasons for +supporting Cavillier for speakership—challenges government to a vote, +87; presses government for a statement of policy on question of +responsible government, 91; supports Neilson's motion against Union Act, +96; his speech, 96-97; supports government's policy as to public works, +98-99; defends Municipal Government Bill, 102-103; charged with +desertion of his party, 102; repudiates charge, 103; explains his +position in the <i>Examiner</i>, 104; votes for Municipal Bill, 105; Bagot +makes him inspector-general, 118-119; address to his constituents, +119-120; his appointment criticized, 120, 121, 130; moves postponement +of debate, 131-132; remains in office in La Fontaine-Baldwin government, +133, 134; Constitutional Society of Orillia recommends his dismissal, +167; on La Fontaine, 170; takes charge of fiscal and commercial +legislation in the Assembly, 178-179; contemporary account of him, +178-180; Gowan predicts his dismissal, 187; burnt in effigy at Toronto, +187; his measure for protection of agriculture against competition of +United States, 189; supports Baldwin, 214; severs his connection with +<i>Examiner</i>, 1842—returns to newspaper work—edits <i>Times</i>, +Montreal—establishes <i>Pilot</i>, 217-218; challenged to duel, 218; his +letters to London <i>Morning Chronicle</i>, 218, 219, 220; exposes +Wakefield's fallacies, 219-220; referred to by George Brown, 224; on +Metcalfe, 230; in political controversy, 1844, 238; beaten in Oxford, +253; remains out of Parliament until 1848, 253; protests against +election of his opponent, 253; on "double majority," 259; Draper's plan +discussed, 261, 262; on Elgin, 275-276; elected for Oxford during his +absence in Ireland, 279; inspector-general, 1848, 284; charged with +commercial and economic measures in the Legislature, 301; his +transportation policy, 301-302; advocates reciprocity, 302; Customs Act, +302; defends Rebellion Losses Bill, 317-318; requests Elgin to assent to +Tariff Bill, 321; his house attacked by mob, 324; his letter to the +<i>Times</i>, 327-330; strengthens Canada's credit in London market, 331; his +letters to <i>Daily Mail</i>, 332; reconstructs the Reform government, 335; +on the Reform party, 336; his letters and views on the Clergy Reserves, +347-348; his later career in Canada, Barbados, and Guiana, 358-359; his +death, Aug. 18, 1885, 359; his <i>Reminiscences</i>, 359. <b>H</b> Confers with New +Brunswick and Nova Scotia representatives on Intercolonial Railway, 142; +goes to England to consult Imperial government, 142; quarrels with Sir +John Packington, 143; arranges for construction of Grand Trunk Railway, +143; represents British North America at railway celebration, Boston, +1851, 250. <b>R</b> Forms opposition party with Baldwin, La Fontaine, and +others, 122; his University Bill, 159-161; his opinion of the Roman +Catholic School Bill, 222; and separate schools, 224. <b>C</b> Urges Cartier to +enter Cabinet, 22. <b>Mc</b> On Welland canal, 265; befriends Mackenzie, 481; +publishes <i>Examiner</i>, 483; his <i>Reminiscences,</i> 483; his estimate of +Mackenzie, 484; becomes prime minister, 487. <b>Md</b> Forms ministry with +Morin, 1851, 47; finance minister—succeeds Rose, 136;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_172" id="Page_172">[172]</a></span> his political +attitude, 136; defeated in election, 1872, 197; serves on Ontario +Boundary Commission, 255. <b>T</b> Goes to England on Intercolonial mission, +26, 54; becomes minister of finance, 1869, 130; resigns, 133. <b>Bib.</b>: +Works: <i>Canada and its Financial Resources</i>; <i>Political History of +Canada</i>; <i>Reminiscences of his Public Life</i>. For biog., <i>see</i> Davin, +<i>The Irishman in Canada</i>; Dent, <i>Can. Por.</i> and <i>Last Forty Years</i>; +Taylor, <i>Brit. Am.</i>; Rose, <i>Cyc. Can. Biog.</i>; <i>Dict. Nat. Biog.</i>; Pope, +<i>Memoirs of Sir John A. Macdonald</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Hind, Henry Youle.</b> Born in Nottingham, England, 1823. Travelled in +Mexico, 1846. Came to Canada, 1847, and appointed lecturer in chemistry +and natural philosophy at the Toronto Normal School, Toronto. Five years +later became professor of chemistry and geology in Trinity College. +Geologist to the Red River exploring expedition, 1857; and had charge of +the expedition of 1858 to explore the country between Red River and the +Saskatchewan. In 1860 carried out an exploration of a portion of +Labrador peninsula. In 1854 resigned his chair at Trinity, and undertook +a preliminary geological survey of New Brunswick; and in subsequent +years carried out similar work for the government of Nova Scotia. In +1876 engaged by the Newfoundland government to report on northern cod +banks, but abandoned this work to assist the Canadian government in +preparing their case for the Halifax Fisheries Commission. <b>Index</b>: <b>R</b> On +staff of Toronto Normal School, 174. <b>Bib.</b>: Works: <i>Narrative of the +Canadian Red River Exploring Expedition of 1857, and the Assiniboine and +Saskatchewan Expedition of 1858</i>; <i>Sketch of the Overland Route to +British Columbia</i>; <i>Explorations in the Interior of the Labrador +Peninsula</i>; <i>Eighty Years' Progress of British North America</i> (by Hind +and others). For biog., <i>see</i> Morgan, <i>Cel. Can.</i> and <i>Can. Men</i>; Rose, +<i>Cyc. Can. Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>Hochelaga.</b> An Iroquoian town situated, in 1535, on Montreal Island. The +site is now covered by the city of Montreal. Cartier visited the town in +the year mentioned, and describes it as encircled by a triple row of +palisades, with galleries for the defenders. Within stood some fifty +large oblong lodges, each housing several families. In 1603, when +Champlain visited the place, nothing remained of the town, and Indians +of a different stock occupied the island. <b>Bib.</b>: Cartier, <i>Bref récit</i>, +etc.; Parkman, <i>Pioneers of France</i>; Fiske, <i>New France and New +England</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Hocquart, Gilles.</b> Intendant of New France. Son of Jean-Hyacinthe +Hocquart, chevalier, and seigneur d'Essenlis et de Muscourt. Held for a +time the office of commissary of marine, and in 1729 obtained from the +king a commission as commissary-general of New France. Arrived at Quebec +in 1729; and in 1731 succeeded Dupuy as intendant. After nearly twenty +years of service in New France, during which he devoted his energies +unselfishly to the welfare of the colony, returned to France in 1748, +and for some years filled the office of intendant at Brest. Appointed a +councillor of state, 1753. <b>Index</b>: <b>WM</b> Receives Montcalm at Brest, 2. +<b>Bib.</b>: Roy, <i>Intendants de la Nouvelle France</i> (R. S. C., 1903); Parkman, +<i>Half Century of Conflict</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Hodgins, John George</b> (1821- ). Born in Dublin. Came to Canada, 1833. +Educated at Upper Canada Academy, Victoria College, and Toronto +University. Appointed to department of education of Upper Canada, 1844; +secretary of provincial board of education; 1846; deputy superintendent +of education, 1855; deputy minister of education, 1876-1889; librarian +and historiographer of the education department since 1889. <b>Index</b>: <b>R</b> +Graduate of Victoria College, 144; Ryerson's right-hand man, 179, 202; +his estimate of children attending school in 1845, 189; objections noted +to School Act of 1870-1871, 205; his<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_173" id="Page_173">[173]</a></span> history of separate schools in +Upper Canada, 234; on Ryerson's last days, 295-296. <b>Bib.</b>: Works: +<i>Documentary History of Education in Upper Canada</i>; <i>Legislation and +History of Separate Schools in Upper Canada</i>. For biog., <i>see</i> Morgan, +<i>Can. Men</i>; <i>Canadian Who's Who</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Hodgson, Sir Robert</b> (1798-1880). Born in Charlottetown, Prince Edward +Island. Educated at Windsor, Nova Scotia, and called to the bar of Nova +Scotia and of Prince Edward Island, 1819. Appointed judge of Probate and +attorney-general for Prince Edward Island, 1828; president of the +Legislative Council, 1840. Appointed chief-justice, 1852, and judge of +the Court of Vice-Admiralty, 1853; resigned both offices to accept the +lieutenant-governorship of Prince Edward Island, 1874. Held office until +1879. Died in Charlottetown. <b>Bib.</b>: Campbell, <i>History of Prince Edward +Island</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Holdernesse, Robert D'Arcy, fourth Earl of</b> (1718-1778). <b>WM</b> Wolfe's +letter to, 166. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Dict. Nat. Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>Holland.</b> <b>S</b> Surveyor-general, Upper Canada, 178.</p> + +<p><b>Holland.</b> <b>Hd</b> Revolution in places William of Orange at head of affairs, +7. <b>Bk</b> British expedition to, under Duke of York, 13-22.</p> + +<p><b>Holland House.</b> <b>Dr</b> Occupied by Montgomery, 123.</p> + +<p><b>Holmes, B. E.</b> One of leaders of the Liberal party in Lower Canada, 50. +<b>Index</b>: <b>BL</b> At farewell banquet to La Fontaine, 1851, 354.</p> + +<p><b>Holmes, Charles</b> (1711-1761). Third in command under Sir Charles Saunders +(<i>q.v.</i>) before Quebec, 1759; commander-in-chief in West Indies, +1760-1761. <b>Index</b>: <b>WM</b> In command of second British fleet, 75; commands +ships above Quebec, 152; movements of his fleet up and down the river, +160, 163, 171. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Dict. Nat. Biog.</i>; Woods, <i>Logs of the Conquest of +Canada</i> and <i>The Fight for Canada</i>; Parkman, <i>Montcalm and Wolfe</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Holton, Luther Hamilton</b> (1817-1880). Entered public life, 1854, as one +of the members for Montreal; elected to Legislative Council, 1862; +resigned, 1863, and returned to the Assembly as member for Chateauguay, +which he represented to the time of his death; accepted portfolio of +commissioner of public works in the short-lived Brown-Dorion government, +1858; minister of finance in the Macdonald-Dorion administration, +1863-1864. <b>Index</b>: <b>E</b> Signs Annexation Manifesto, 81; associated with +<i>Parti Rouge</i>, 108; adopts less radical views, 134. <b>B</b> Enters George +Brown's ministry, 102; Brown's letter to, on Confederation, 131; on +English views of Canadian politics, 143; opposed to coalition, 160; +opposes Confederation scheme, 185; George Brown takes up question of +reciprocity with, 192; Brown urges that he be sent to Washington on +reciprocity mission, 192; opposed to Brown entering coalition ministry, +199, 200-203; George Brown writes of his determination to leave public +life, 245-246. <b>C</b> Countenances annexation movement in 1849, 44-45. <b>Bib.</b>: +Dent, <i>Can. Por.</i> and <i>Last Forty Years</i>; Mackenzie, <i>Hon. George +Brown</i>; Pope, <i>Memoirs of Sir John A. Macdonald</i>; Willison, <i>Sir Wilfrid +Laurier and the Liberal Party</i>; <i>Confederation Debates</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Holy Family.</b> <b>L</b> Devotion to, encouraged by Laval, 86; commended by Leo +XIII, 86.</p> + +<p><b>Holy Scapulary.</b> <b>L</b> Chapel dedicated to, in church at Quebec, 84.</p> + +<p><b>Home Rule in Ireland.</b> <b>Md</b> Resolutions on, in Canadian Parliament, 1882, +277.</p> + +<p><b>Hope, Henry.</b> Lieutenant-governor of Quebec, 1785-1789. <b>Index</b>: <b>Dr</b> +Lieutenant-governor and administrator, receives Carleton on his arrival +at Quebec, 222; death of, 249. <b>Bib.</b>: Shortt and Doughty, <i>Constitutional +Documents of Canada</i>.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_174" id="Page_174">[174]</a></span></p> + +<p><b>Hopkins, Caleb.</b> <b>B</b> A leader of the Clear Grits, 39. <b>E</b> One of the leaders +of the Clear Grits, 110.</p> + +<p><b>Hopson, Peregrine Thomas.</b> Early entered the army and advanced rapidly. +Commander-in-chief of Louisbourg, when the place was restored to the +French, 1649. Came to Halifax and appointed a member of the Council. +Governor of Nova Scotia, 1752; went to England, 1753. Raised to the rank +of major general, 1757. Commanded an expedition against the French West +India Islands, 1758; died before Guadaloupe, 1759. <b>Bib.</b>: Campbell, +<i>History of Nova Scotia</i>; <i>Selections from the Public Documents of Nova +Scotia</i>, ed. by Akins.</p> + +<p><b>Hornwork.</b> <b>WM</b> A strong defence on left bank of St. Charles River, 207; +panic among troops crowding into, 207.</p> + +<p><b>Hospital Nuns.</b> <b>WM</b> Take refuge in the General Hospital, 115.</p> + +<p><b>Hosta, Captain d'.</b> <b>F</b> Killed at Laprairie, 312.</p> + +<p><b>Hôtel-Dieu Nuns.</b> <b>WM</b> Take refuge in General Hospital, and render +assistance there, 153; return to their convent, 237.</p> + +<p><b>Hoüel, Louis, Sieur du Petit-Pré.</b> <b>Ch</b> Consulted by Champlain as to +obtaining missionaries for Canada, 83; assisted in forming Company of +New France, 168; made director, 170.</p> + +<p><b>House of Assembly.</b> <b>Hd</b> British government prepared to grant, 174; +Haldimand not favourable to, as matters stood, 195. <b>Dr</b> Of Lower Canada, +agitation for, by English residents, 55, 60; opposition to by seigniors, +55; indifference of <i>habitants</i>, 55; Carleton's views on, 56; not +provided for in Quebec Act, 64; meeting of, 269. <b>W</b> In New Brunswick, +early character of, 6.</p> + +<p><b>Houssart.</b> <b>L</b> Devoted servant of Bishop Laval, 251; details furnished by, +251-253.</p> + +<p><b>How, Edward.</b> Member of the Council of Nova Scotia, 1744. Took part in +the affair at Mines under Colonel Noble, 1747; severely wounded and +taken prisoner, but afterwards exchanged. Confidential agent of the +government in dealing with the Indians. Treacherously murdered by +Indians, it is said, at the instigation of Le Loutre. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Selections +from the Public Documents of Nova Scotia</i>, ed. by Akins.</p> + +<p><b>Howard, Joseph.</b> <b>Dr</b> Accused in connection with Walker affair, 36; tried +and acquitted, 38.</p> + +<p><b>Howard, Lady Maria.</b> <b>Dr</b> Carleton marries, 75; characteristics of, 77.</p> + +<p><b>Howe, George Augustus, third Viscount</b> (1724-1758). Came to Halifax, +1757, in command of 60th Regiment. Transferred to command of 55th same +year, and promoted brigadier-general. Accompanied Abercromby to Lake +George, 1758, and fell July 8, while leading his men in a skirmish at +Fort Ticonderoga. <i>See</i> Abercromby; Ticonderoga. <b>Index</b>: <b>Hd</b> Killed at +Ticonderoga, 18, 21. <b>Bib.</b>: Smith, <i>Our Struggle for the Fourteenth +Colony</i>; Parkman, <i>Montcalm and Wolfe</i>; Bradley, <i>Fight for North +America</i>; <i>Cyc. Am. Biog.</i>; <i>Dict. Nat. Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>Howe, John.</b> <b>H</b> Father of Joseph Howe; a United Empire Loyalist, 1; his +son's tribute to his memory, 1-2, 4; his marriages, 2; becomes king's +printer and postmaster-general, 3; educates his son, 3; his character, +4; religious views, 279.</p> + +<p><b>Howe, Joseph</b> (1804-1873). <b>H</b> Born at Halifax, 1804, 1; his father, John +Howe, a United Empire Loyalist, 1, 2; his Southampton speech, 1851, 1, +2; his character, 3; his education, 3; a voracious reader, 3; tributes +to his father, 2, 4; learns trade of printer, 4; early poems, 5; +establishes the <i>Acadian</i>, 6; buys <i>Nova Scotian</i>, 6; extends its +influence, 7; his <i>Rambles</i>, 8; his marriage, 8; <i>The Club</i>, 9; +friendship for Haliburton, 10; political writings, 10,11; develops +Liberal principles, 19, 20; attacks Halifax magistrates<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_175" id="Page_175">[175]</a></span> in his paper, +20; sued for libel, 1835, 21; pleads his own case, 22-25; his address to +jury, 25-28; wins case, 28; elected to represent Halifax in Legislature, +1836, 29; his principles of government, 29-31; physical and mental +characteristics, 31-33; his moral courage, 33; in Legislature, 1837, +36-44; debate on the resolutions, 41; moves address to crown, praying +for responsible government, 45; his speech in Legislature, 1838, 47; +advocates constitutional reform, but opposed to rebellion, 50, 51; his +patriotic action in Maine boundary dispute, 52, 53; letters to Lord John +Russell, 54, 55; his political principles, 59; moves want of confidence +in Executive Council, 62; moves address to queen praying for recall of +Sir Colin Campbell, 66; meets Poulett Thompson, 68; invited to a seat in +the Council, 69; defends his action in accepting office, 72-73; +re-elected for Halifax, 73; becomes Speaker of the House, 74; appointed +collector of customs at Halifax, 74; resigns speakership, 75; question +of ministerial responsibility, 75-76; his quarrel with the Baptists, +77-78; advocates compulsory education, 79-80; and a central, +undenominational college, 82; the election of 1843, 84-85; resigns from +the Cabinet, 86-87; attacks Lord Falkland through the newspapers, 90; +assumes editorial management of the <i>Nova Scotian</i> and <i>Morning +Chronicle</i>, 90; his first editorial, 91; described by Annand, 92; he +lampoons Falkland in verse, 93; political tour of the province, 94; his +speech at Cornwallis, 95-96; complimentary addresses, 96-97; speeches in +the Legislature, 1845, 97-98; attacks Falkland in Legislature, 100-101; +justifies his action in letter to his constituents, 101-102; again +offered seat in the Council, 103; declines the offer, 104; moves his +family from Halifax to Musquodoboit, 104-105; wins the election of 1847, +106-107; his character, 109; becomes provincial secretary in Uniacke +government, 111; secures responsible government for Nova Scotia, 113; +his reply to the manifesto of the British American League, 114-115; +advocates railway from Halifax to Windsor, in 1835, 117; 120-121; +favourable to government ownership of railways, 120, 123; sails for +England to explain Intercolonial Railway project to the government, 125; +his letters on the subject to Earl Grey, 125-126; his Southampton +speech, 1851, 127-128; obtains Imperial guarantee of railway, 130-132; +secures co-operation of New Brunswick and Canada, 134-138; predicts +transcontinental railway, 135; given public dinners at Toronto and +Montreal, 138; elected for Cumberland County, 1851, 139-141; brings down +railway measures, 141; Intercolonial scheme blocked, 141-143; reverts to +his original policy of building railways in Nova Scotia as a government +work, 143; raises a provincial loan in England, 144; railway measures +passed by Legislature, 145; becomes chief commissioner of railways, 146; +visits United States to secure recruits for British army, 151-155; +defeated by Tupper in Cumberland, 1855, 156; returned by acclamation for +Hants County, 1856, 157-158; his open letter to Gladstone, 159; attacks +Irish Roman Catholics, 160-162; results in defeat of government, +163-167; Liberals returned to power in 1859, 168; and Howe becomes +premier, 169; appointed fishery commissioner for carrying out provisions +of Reciprocity Treaty of 1854, 170; defeated, with his party, in +election of 1863, 171; opposes Confederation, 173; an Imperial +federationist, 174; declines to take part in Charlottetown Conference, +1864, 177; offered editorship of New York <i>Albion</i>, 182-183; his +articles against Confederation, 186, 189; outlines grounds of his +opposition, 190-191; continues the fight in London, 192; correspondence +with W.J. Stairs, 192-197; works up Anti-Confederation sentiment in Nova +Scotia, 199; his Bridgetown meeting, 200-202; sweeps the province in +both Dominion and Provincial elections, 202; fight for repeal of the +union, 203; meets Tupper in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_176" id="Page_176">[176]</a></span> London, 205; hesitates as to further +agitation for repeal, 207-210; rebukes <i>Acadian Recorder</i> for suggesting +violence to Sir John Macdonald, 210-212; meets Macdonald at Halifax, +213; correspondence with Macdonald, 215-216; interview with Annand, +217-218; refuses overtures of repealers, 219-223; conference at Portland +with A.W. McLellan, and Sir John Rose, 223-224; enters Dominion Cabinet, +1868, 225; re-elected in Hants, 226; visits Winnipeg, 1869, 227; +correspondence in relation to Red River Rebellion, 227; his character as +a statesman contrasted with that of Sir John Macdonald, 228-229; becomes +lieutenant-governor of Nova Scotia, 1873, 229; visits England and the +continent, 1838, 231; advocates ocean steamship service, 232-235; +challenged by Dr. Almon, 236; and by John C. Haliburton, 236; justifies +acceptance of the challenge in letter to his sister, 237-241; the duel, +241-242; letters to his wife and to the people of Nova Scotia, 242-244; +Sir Rupert D. George's challenge, 244; his practical interest in the +Micmacs, 245; opposes prohibition, 248-250; his speech at Boston, 1851, +250; his tribute to Edward Everett in 1857, 251; his Detroit speech of +1865 on trade relations, 252-254; acts as member of Prince Edward Island +Land Grants Commission, 254-255; as a man of letters, 257-270; his +poems, 260-268; oration at Shakespeare tercentenary, 264; his friendship +for Haliburton, 267; his social qualities, 271; secret of his +popularity, 272-274; his influence upon public men and public life, +277-278; his religious views, 279-280; his family, 282; as governor of +Nova Scotia, 283-284; his death, 284; funeral, 285-286; estimate of his +public work, 287-290; opposed to Pacific Railway policy in 1872, +299-300. <b>E</b> A consistent advocate of British connection, 22; on +parliamentary government, 51, 90; the father of responsible government +in the Maritime Provinces, 92; a constitutional agitator, 92; accuses +Hincks of breach of faith in Intercolonial Railway scheme, 101; on +Imperial honours and offices for distinguished colonials, 221; becomes +lieutenant-governor of Nova Scotia, 221; a constructive statesman, 236. +<b>B</b> In Dominion government—relations with Sir John Macdonald, 203. <b>Sy</b> +Advocates responsible government, 107, 257; approves of Sydenham's +propositions, 261; editor of <i>Nova Scotian</i>, 110. <b>T</b> Goes to England in +Intercolonial matter, 55; second mission to England, 57; advocates +Confederation, 62, 63; discusses tariff with Tilley, 70, 71; quoted for +and against Confederation, 117. <b>Bib.</b>: Works: <i>Speeches and Public +Letters of Joseph Howe</i>, ed. by Chisholm; <i>Poems and Essays</i>. For biog., +<i>see</i> Fenety, <i>Life and Times of Joseph Howe</i>; Bourinot, <i>Builders of +Nova Scotia</i>; Saunders, <i>Three Premiers of Nova Scotia</i>; Dent, <i>Can. +Por.</i>; Taylor, <i>Brit. Am.</i>; Rose, <i>Cyc. Can. Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>Howe, William, Viscount</b> (1729-1814). Brother of George Augustus, +Viscount Howe (<i>q.v.</i>), and Admiral Lord Howe. Commanded light infantry +under Wolfe at Quebec, 1759. Succeeded Gage as commander-in-chief in +America, 1775. Commanded forces at Bunker Hill. Defeated Washington at +White Plains, 1776, and at Brandywine, 1777. Recalled, 1778. Became +governor of Berwick, and later of Plymouth. <b>Index</b>: <b>Hd</b> Replaces Gage as +commander-in-chief, 110; his estimate of Loyalists, 268. <b>Dr</b> Orders +reinforcements to Quebec, 92; abandons Boston and occupies New York, +160; his weak conduct of campaign, 160; Germain's neglect to inform him +of his plan of campaign, 172. <b>WM</b> Calls for volunteers for first landing +at Wolfe's Cove, 176; captures posts at Samos and Sillery, 183. <b>Bib.</b>: +<i>Cyc. Am. Biog.</i>; Rhodes, <i>History of the United States</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Howland, Sir William Pearce</b> (1811-1907). Born at Paulings, New York. +Came to Canada in 1830. Represented West York in the Legislature, +1857-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_177" id="Page_177">[177]</a></span>1868. Member of Macdonald-Sicotte ministry, 1862, as minister of +finance; receiver-general, 1863-1864; postmaster-general, 1864-1866; +minister of finance, 1866-1867. Minister of inland revenue in first +Dominion Cabinet, 1867. Appointed lieutenant-governor of Ontario, 1868; +retired, 1873; knighted, 1879. <b>Index</b>: <b>Md</b> Minister of inland revenue in +first Dominion Cabinet, 134; defends his political attitude, 137; +becomes lieutenant-governor of Ontario, 138; heads syndicate offering to +build Canadian Pacific Railway, 237. <b>B</b> Presents address to Elgin, 36; +his connection with reciprocity negotiations in 1865, 193-196; defends +his action in remaining in coalition ministry after Confederation, 202, +209; becomes lieutenant-governor of Ontario, 202. <b>T</b> Invited to join +first Dominion ministry, 128; minister of inland revenue, 129. <b>Bib.</b>: +Dent, <i>Can. Por.</i>; Morgan, <i>Can. Men</i>; Read, <i>Lieutenant-Governors of +Upper Canada</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Howe's Pass.</b> <i>See</i> Howse Pass.</p> + +<p><b>Howse Pass.</b> In Rocky Mountains; source of North Saskatchewan River. +Discovered by Duncan McGillivray, 1800. Named after Joseph Howse, of the +North West Company. <b>Index</b>: <b>D</b> Its discovery, 58.</p> + +<p><b>Hubert, Jean François.</b> Bishop of Quebec, 1788-1797. <b>Index</b>: <b>Dr</b> Bishop of +Quebec, his views on education, 227, 228; recognizes reasonableness of +not permitting priests to be brought from France, 257.</p> + +<p><b>Hubou, Guillaume.</b> <b>Ch</b> Early settler, remains in Quebec during English +occupation, 196, 208.</p> + +<p><b>Huddy, Captain Joshua.</b> <b>Dr</b> Hanging of, 198.</p> + +<p><b>Hudson, Henry.</b> Made four notable voyages: the first, in 1607, for the +Muscovy Company, in search of a north-eastern passage to China; the +second, in 1608, for the same Company, and in search of the same +passage; the third, in 1609, at the expense of the Dutch East India +Company, begun, like the two former, in search of a north-eastern +passage, but changed to a quest of a north-western passage; the fourth, +in 1610, in search of a north-western passage, the expense borne by +three English gentlemen. In his first voyage, explored the coast of +Spitzbergen; in the second, part of Nova Zembla; in the third, the +Hudson River; and in the last, Hudson Strait and part of the bay. +Wintered, 1610-1611, at the foot of James Bay, and on the return voyage +was set adrift with eight companions in a small boat, and never again +heard of. <b>Bib.</b>: Asher, <i>Henry Hudson, the Navigator</i>; Read, <i>Historical +Enquiry concerning Henry Hudson</i>; Laut, <i>Conquest of the Great +North-West</i>. <i>See also</i> bibliog. list in Asher.</p> + +<p><b>Hudson Bay.</b> Explored by Henry Hudson, 1610, and named after him. +Explored by Sir Thomas Button, 1612; Jens Munk, 1619; Foxe and James. +1631. In 1668 the first trading-ship of the Hudson's Bay Company entered +the bay, and their first fort was built at the mouth of Rupert River. +<b>Index</b>: <b>F</b> English claim to, disputed by France, 204; La Barre instructed +to check English encroachments in, 205; expedition under De Troyes +captures English forts, 205; Iberville's exploits in, 342-350; English +possessions in, restored by peace of Ryswick, 349. <b>L</b> Expedition against +English forts in, 204; later exploits of Iberville in, 233. <b>Bib.</b>: Asher, +<i>Henry Hudson, the Navigator</i>; Gosch, <i>Expedition of Jens Munk</i>; +Christy, <i>Voyages of Foxe and James</i>; Coats, <i>Geography of Hudson's +Bay</i>; Robson, <i>Account of Six Years' Residence in Hudson's Bay</i>; Dobbs, +<i>Account of Countries Adjoining Hudson's Bay</i>; Gordon, <i>Report on +Hudson's Bay Expedition</i>; Wakeham, <i>Second Hudson Bay Expedition</i>; Low, +<i>Expedition to Hudson Bay</i>; Berrier, <i>Report on Expedition to Arctic +Islands</i>; Laut, <i>Conquest of the Great North-West</i>; Bryce, <i>Hudson's Bay +Company</i>. <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_178" id="Page_178">[178]</a></span><i>See also</i> General Indexes to Reports of Geol. Survey; Henry +Hudson; Hudson's Bay Company.</p> + +<p><b>Hudson's Bay Company.</b> Organized by a number of English gentlemen, who +sent out a trading expedition to Hudson Bay, in the <i>Nonsuch</i>, in 1668. +This initial venture proved so successful that two other ships were sent +out in 1670; and the same year King Charles granted a charter +incorporating them as "The Governor and Company of Adventurers of +England trading into Hudson's Bay." For many years the operations of the +Company were confined to the shores of Hudson Bay, but the pressure of +competition eventually forced them inland, and at the height of their +power they had established trading-posts from Labrador to the Pacific, +and from California almost to the Arctic. In 1821, the rival North West +Company (<i>q.v.</i>) was absorbed; and in 1869 the company surrendered to +Canada its territorial rights in British North America. <b>Index</b>: <b>F</b> 203; +trading done and posts established by, 204; redress claimed by, for +losses inflicted by the French, 343. <b>Dr</b> Its territory not included in +Canada, 7. <b>B</b> Deputation of Red River settlers sent to England to +complain of misgovernment by, 212; Gladstone admits charter of Company +not valid, 212; <i>Globe</i> on company's misgovernment of North-West +Territories, 213-214; attacked in series of letters in the <i>Globe</i>, +signed "Huron," 215-216; Toronto Board of Trade on, 216; George Brown +on, 219; Canada takes over North-West Territories, and compensates +Company therefor, 220-221. <b>MS</b> Early policy of, 1; attitude of natives +to, 2; opposition of Montreal traders (afterwards North West Company), +2, 3; sends Hearne inland, 3; averse to conflict with North West +Company, 5; builds posts in Assiniboine and Red River country, 5, 6; +absorbs North West Company, 8; policy towards natives, 51; sends George +Clarke to explore, 56; his incompetence, 56; then sends Philip Turner, +1791, 56; legal basis of its title, 143-145; Selkirk purchases tract of +land in Red River valley, 146; Parliamentary Report of 1857, 212; union +of the Companies, 213-214; takes over management of Selkirk colony, 222; +establishes Council of Assiniboia, 223; notable leaders after the union +of the Companies, 220-223; its influence on side of government, in +Rebellion of 1837, 242; its license to trade renewed, 271; the Report of +1857, 271; opposition to further renewal, 271; evidence taken by +committee, 272-278; committee's report, 279; defended by Sir George +Simpson before Parliamentary committee, 272-278. <b>D</b> Influence upon +development of Pacific coast, 4; operations typical of British colonial +policy, 11; established in the interior, 12; conserves British interests +in Western America, 17, 18; charged with neglecting to search for route +to Pacific, 51; absorbs North West Company, 1821, 73, 93; birth of, 73; +provisions of its charter, 73-74; its trade and explorations, 74; its +organization, 75-76; its Western department, 76-77; trade routes, 77-78; +its farms on Puget Sound, etc., 78; grist mills and other enterprises, +78; supplies Russians with flour, etc., 78; opens coal mines on +Vancouver Island, 78; influence of these industries on settlement, 79; +treatment of Indians, 79-81; trading-posts, 82; brigades and "York +boats," 82; famous officers of, 83-86; ambitious designs on Pacific +coast and beyond, 114; attempt to establish post on Stikine River, +119-120; permission obtained from Russians to build post on Taku River, +121; operations on Liard and Yukon, 123-125; invades California before +1830, 126; builds post at junction of Sacramento and Jesus Maria rivers, +126; establishes post on San Francisco Bay, 127; sells post and retires +from San Francisco Bay, 127; meets competition of American traders and +companies, 134-136; attitude towards Oregon settlers, 143-144; license +to trade of 1821 renewed in 1838, 191; its provisions, 192;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_179" id="Page_179">[179]</a></span> acquires +Vancouver Island, 194; attitude towards settlement there, 194-195; +quarrels with settlers, 198-199; Report of Committee, 1857, 201-202; +license to trade in British Columbia revoked, 1858, 229; relations +towards British Columbia government, 1858, 233-234; Douglas's relation +towards, 263; defends its policy, 264-265; officers of Company at +Victoria, 265; influence with natives, 266-267; builds first Protestant +church at Victoria, 1855, 269. <b>C</b> Cartier and MacDougall sent to England +by Canadian government in 1869 to negotiate purchase of Company's +territories in North-West, 68; Company asks exorbitant price, 68; +persuaded by Lord Grey to accept £300,000, 68. <b>Bk</b> Its voyageurs assist +in capture of Michilimackinac, 210. <b>Md</b> Its claims investigated, 83; +terms upon which it agreed to transfer to the crown its rights to +North-West Territories, 156; protest against unauthorized proceedings in +Red River Settlement, 157. <i>See</i> North-West Company; X Y Company; Fur +Trade; Selkirk. <b>Bib.</b>: Bryce, <i>Hudson's Bay Company</i>; Willson, <i>Great +Company</i>; Laut, <i>Conquest of the Great North-West</i>; Burpee, <i>Search for +the Western Sea</i>; Bryce, <i>Romantic History of Lord Selkirk's Colonists</i>; +Ross, <i>Red River Settlement</i>; Hargrave, <i>Red River</i>; Begg, <i>History of +the North-West</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Huet, Paul.</b> <b>Ch</b> Récollet missionary, 87; sails for Canada as assistant +commissary, 112; accompanies Champlain to France, 116; returns to +Canada, 116; goes to Three Rivers, 149.</p> + +<p><b>Huguenots.</b> <b>Ch</b> Had larger share of trade, 110; proposal to exclude, 110; +disagreements with Récollet missionaries, 150; their psalm-singing on +board ship objected to, 156; fanaticism of, 224; their doubtful loyalty, +254; not permitted to settle in Canada, 255.</p> + +<p><b>Hugues.</b> <b>L</b> Priest, comes to Canada, 41.</p> + +<p><b>Hull, William</b> (1753-1825). Born in Derby, Conn. Educated at Yale +University, and called to the bar, 1775. Served with distinction during +the Revolutionary War; major-general of militia in Massachusetts and a +member of the federal Senate; appointed governor of Michigan, 1805; +commander of the north-western army of the United States, 1812. +Surrendered Detroit to General Brock, 1812; tried by court-martial, and +sentenced to be shot; sentence commuted. Resided at Newton, Mass., until +his death. <b>Index</b>: <b>Bk</b> Marches north, 203; crosses Detroit River and +occupies Sandwich, 208, 213; his proclamation to the people of Canada, +213, 217, 235; his baggage and stores captured, 218; his supplies under +Major Van Horne captured, 237; re-crosses river to Detroit, 238; +summoned to surrender, and refuses, 251; surrenders with his whole army, +255; sent to Montreal as prisoner of war, 261, 265; released on parole, +283; makes bad impression on English officers, 283; court-martialled, +sentenced to death, but sentence remitted, 283, 284. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Cyc. Am. +Biog.</i>; Campbell, <i>Life and Services of General William Hull</i>; +Cruikshank, <i>General Hull's Invasion of Canada in 1812</i> (R. S. C., +1907-1908).</p> + +<p><b>Humbert.</b> <b>W</b> Candidate in St. John County, opposes responsible government, +64.</p> + +<p><b>Hume, Joseph</b> (1777-1855). Born at Montrose, Scotland. Studied medicine; +entered the service of the East India Company, 1797; returned to +England, 1808. Entered Parliament, 1812, but on account of his +independent principles compelled to resign his seat. Again elected, +1818, and continued a member of the House of Commons until his death. A +strong Radical in his opinions and effected many useful reforms. <b>Index</b>: +<b>BL</b> Correspondence with Mackenzie and Papineau, 229. <b>Mc</b> Lays Mackenzie's +petition before the House, 222; presents case against Upper Canadian +officials, 231; suggests independence<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_180" id="Page_180">[180]</a></span> of Canada, 250; his "baneful +domination" letter, 262-263; thanked by Mackenzie, 289; predicts civil +war, 326; letter to Mackenzie, on the Rebellion, and question of +amnesty, 475-479; urges amnesty for Mackenzie, 480. <b>Sy</b> An associate of +Sydenham's, 13; proposes reduction of corn duties, 39; his speech on +union resolutions in House of Commons, 122. <b>B</b> Attacks Metcalfe's policy, +23. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Dict. Nat. Biog.</i>; Dent, <i>Upper Canadian Rebellion</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Humphreys, Captain.</b> <b>Bk</b> Captain of <i>Leopard</i>, fires on <i>Chesapeake</i>, 83.</p> + +<p><b>Hundred Associates.</b> <i>See</i> Company of New France.</p> + +<p><b>Hundredth Regiment.</b> <b>Bk</b> Quartered in Quebec and Montreal, 74; disaster +to, by shipwreck, 74.</p> + +<p>"<b>Hungry Year.</b>" <b>S</b> Year 1787, so called from failure of harvest, 65, 69.</p> + +<p><b>Hunt, Thomas Sterry</b> (1826-1892). Born in Norwich, Conn. Came to Canada, +1847, at the invitation of Sir William E. Logan, to accept the position +of chemist and mineralogist to the Geological Survey, which he held +until 1872. Also occupied the chair of chemistry in Laval University, +1856-1862; and in McGill University, 1862-1868. In 1872 professor of +geology in the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Author of several +scientific works, and a large number of papers contributed to learned +societies and scientific periodicals. Died in New York. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Cyc. Am. +Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>Hunter, Peter</b> (1746-1805). <b>Bk</b> Lieutenant-governor of Upper Canada and +commander of forces in British North America, 45; calls attention of +home government to lack of proper accommodation for provincial +government and Legislature, 50; a Scotsman, previously governor of +Barbados, 51; death of, 69. <b>Bib.</b>: Read, <i>Lieutenant-Governors of Upper +Canada</i>; Rattray, <i>The Scot in British North America</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Hunter.</b> <b>Bk</b> British sloop, her boats capture United States schooner +<i>Cayahoga</i>, with stores of General Hull, 218.</p> + +<p><b>Hunter, Captain of.</b> <b>WM</b> Obtains information as to movements of French +provision boats, 172.</p> + +<p><b>Hunters' Lodges.</b> <b>Mc</b> Convention of, 440; attack on Prescott, 442.</p> + +<p><b>Hunting Permits.</b> <b>F</b> Issue of, sanctioned, 125; number to be issued +annually limited, 128; issue of, becomes a form of patronage, 129.</p> + +<p><b>Huntington, Herbert.</b> <b>H</b> Appointed to Executive Council, Nova Scotia, 47; +sent as delegate to England, to urge concession of responsible +government, 51, 56; candidate for speakership, 1843, 75; advocates +non-sectarian education, 82; member of Uniacke government, 110; finance +minister, 112; acts as Joseph Howe's second in duel, 236. <b>Bib.</b>: +Saunders, <i>Three Premiers of Nova Scotia</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Huntington, Lucius Seth</b> (1827-1886). Born at Compton, Quebec. Studied +law, and engaged in journalism, in the Eastern Townships. Elected to the +Legislature for Shefford, 1861; solicitor-general, 1863-1864. Advocated +independence of Canada. Became president of the Council, in the +Mackenzie government, 1874-1875; and postmaster-general, 1875-1878. +Defeated for Shefford, 1882, and retired from public life. Died in New +York. <b>Index</b>: <b>C</b> Brings charges against government in connection with +Pacific Scandal, 53. <b>Md</b> Prefers his charges in the House of Commons, +201-203. <b>Bib.</b>: Dent, <i>Can. Por.</i> and <i>Last Forty Years</i>; Buckingham and +Ross, <i>Alexander Mackenzie</i>; Pope, <i>Memoirs of Sir John A. Macdonald</i>; +Willison, <i>Sir Wilfrid Laurier and the Liberal Party</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Huot, P. G.</b> <b>C</b> One of the leaders of the Quebec Liberals, 24.</p> + +<p><b>Huron Indians.</b> Name applied by the French to a confederacy of four +Iroquoian tribes. When French missionaries and explorers first went +among them,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_181" id="Page_181">[181]</a></span> they occupied the country about Lake Simcoe and Georgian +Bay. They had been at enmity with the Iroquois for many years, and had +repeatedly ravaged their country. Finally the Iroquois determined to +make an end of the Hurons. They invaded their country in force in 1648, +and in 1650 had destroyed all their villages, killed most of the +inhabitants, and driven the remnant far to the westward. A few of the +Hurons escaped to Quebec, and settled at the mission of Lorette. In the +seventeenth century their population was estimated at from 20,000 to +35,000. In 1905 there remained a total of 832, in Canada and the United +States. <b>Index</b>: <b>F</b> Destruction of, by Iroquois, 26, 35; join Frontenac's +expedition to Cataraqui, 79; dread being abandoned to Iroquois, 222. <b>L</b> +Extermination of, by the Iroquois, 39; devotion displayed by a band of, +64; desert Dollard at Long Sault, 70; burnt by their enemies, 72. <b>Ch</b> +Champlain visits country of, 88; their cultivation of the soil, 89; +their language very widely spoken, 90; their mode of life, 94; customs +and beliefs, 95-100. <b>Bib.</b>: Hodge, <i>Handbook of American Indians</i>; +Parkman, <i>Old Régime</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Huron, Lake.</b> Area 23,200 square miles. Discovered by Le Caron, 1615, and +first seen by Champlain the same year. The route of missionaries, +explorers, and fur traders lay along the north shore of the lake, or the +south shore of Manitoulin Island, to Michilimackinac and Sault Ste. +Marie, at the western end.</p> + +<p><b>Huskisson, William</b> (1770-1830). British statesman. <b>Index</b>: <b>Sy</b> Criticizes +British commercial policy, 12; president of Board of Trade, 15; colonial +secretary, 16; resigns, 16; commends Poulett Thomson's speech on +Navigation Acts, 17; his proposals in regard to silk industry, 18; death +of, 25. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Dict. Nat. Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>Hutcheson, Major.</b> <b>Hd</b> Haldimand's secretary, 108, 110, 112; in charge of +Louis Haldimand, at Boston, 294.</p> + +<p><b>Hutchinson, Richard.</b> <b>T</b> Of Miramichi, member of Smith government, New +Brunswick, represents lumber interests, 91, 92.</p> + +<p><b>Hutchinson, Thomas</b> (1711-1780). <b>Hd</b> Governor of Massachusetts, quoted, +84. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Cyc. Am. Biog.</i></p> + + +<p><b>Iberville, Pierre Le Moyne, Sieur d'</b> (1661-1706). Third son of Charles +Le Moyne, Sieur de Longueuil. Entered the French navy, returning to +Canada in 1683. Three years later accompanied De Troyes in the +expedition against the English on Hudson Bay, and took part in the +capture of Moose Factory, Fort Rupert, and Albany. Returned to Quebec in +1687; and the following year was again on the bay. In 1689 captured the +<i>Hampshire</i>, and brought her to Quebec with her cargo of furs. In 1690 +took part in the raid on Schenectady; and the same year captured Fort +Severn on Hudson Bay. In 1694 sailed to the bay with a French fleet, and +captured Fort Nelson. Two years later captured Pemaquid; and, sailing to +Newfoundland, captured St. John's and raided the villages along the +coast. In 1697 again sailed to Hudson Bay, defeated a superior fleet, +and recaptured Fort Nelson. The following year sailed from Brest in +command of an expedition to discover the mouth of the Mississippi and +plant a colony there, in both of which he was successful. The remaining +years of his life spent in building up the colony of Louisiana. <b>Index</b>: <b>F</b> +Accompanies expedition to Hudson Bay, 206; joins war party against +Schenectady, 235; arrives from Hudson Bay with two captured vessels, +325; takes Fort Pemaquid, 331; exploits in Hudson Bay, 342-350; sails +for France, and returns with two French ships, 343; captures Fort +Nelson, 345; sails for<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_182" id="Page_182">[182]</a></span> France, 346; attacks English settlements in +Newfoundland, 346; takes St. John's, 347; in his ship <i>Pelican</i> +successfully engages three English vessels, 349; sails for France, 349. +<b>L</b> Commands expedition against English in Hudson Bay, 204; his exploits +in Newfoundland and Hudson Bay, 232; subsequent services and death of, +233. <b>Bib.</b>: Reed, <i>First Great Canadian</i>; Parkman, <i>Half Century of +Conflict</i>; Laut, <i>Conquest of the Great North-West</i>; Colby, <i>Canadian +Types of the Old Régime</i>; Desmazures, <i>Histoire du Chevalier +d'Iberville</i>; Gayarre, <i>History of Louisiana</i>; Margry, <i>Découvertes des +Français</i>; Wallace, <i>Louisiana under the French</i>; Martin, <i>History of +Louisiana</i>; Bacqueville de la Potherie, <i>Histoire de l'Amérique +Septentrionale</i>; Jerémie, <i>Relation du Detroit et de la Baye d'Hudson</i> +(Bernard, <i>Recueil de Voiages au Nord</i>). <i>See also</i> bibliography at the +end of Reed's work.</p> + +<p><b>Ihonatiria.</b> <b>Ch</b> Jesuit mission to Hurons founded at, 228.</p> + +<p><b>Île à la Crosse.</b> Lake and trading-post. The lake is on the upper waters +of the Churchill River, in about long. 108°. Its name is derived from +the Indian game of lacrosse, which was very popular there. The first +trading-post was built on a peninsula on the western side of the lake by +Thomas Frobisher in 1776. Other forts were built there later by the +North West Company and the Hudson's Bay Company, the lake being a +strategic point in the western fur trade.</p> + +<p><b>Île-aux-Coudres.</b> On north shore of the St. Lawrence, above Murray Bay. +<b>Index</b>: <b>WM</b> Arrival of British advance squadron at, 83; camp established +on, 89; capture by Canadians of two British officers on, 89.</p> + +<p><b>Île-aux-Noix.</b> <b>WM</b> Fortified post on Lake Champlain frontier, 146, 158, +233.</p> + +<p><b><a name='TC_5'></a><ins title="Was 'Ile'">Île</ins> Jésus.</b> At the junction of the Ottawa and the St. Lawrence. <b>Index</b>: <b>L</b> +Seigniory of Beaupré exchanged by Laval for, 58; obtained by Laval in +exchange for Island of Orleans, 138.</p> + +<p><b>Île Percé.</b> <b>L</b> Récollet mission at, 111.</p> + +<p><b>Île Royale.</b> A large island in Lake Superior, United States territory. +Mentioned in Carver's <i>Travels</i> and other early narratives.</p> + +<p><b>Illinois Indians.</b> Of Algonquian stock. First mentioned in the Jesuit +<i>Relation</i> of 1660 as living south-west of Green Bay. They ranged +throughout the country between Lake Michigan and the Mississippi, and +down the west bank of that river as far as the Des Moines; and have been +described by Allouez, Marquette, Hennepin, Rasles, and other early +French explorers. Harassed on one side by the Sioux and Foxes, and on +the other by the Iroquois, their numbers were reduced from six or eight +thousand, at the end of the seventeenth century, to less than two +thousand about 1750. The murder of Pontiac by one of their warriors +brought upon them a war of extermination. To-day only a handful remain, +in Oklahoma. <b>Index</b>: <b>F</b> Allies of the French against the Iroquois, 144. <b>L</b> +La Salle forms alliance with, 148. <b>Bib.</b>: Hodge, <i>Handbook of American +Indians</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Immaculate Conception.</b> <b>L</b> Church at Quebec placed under patronage of, 85. +<b>Ch</b> Church of Notre Dame de la Recouvrance consecrated under name of, +240; feast of, observed by people of Quebec, 240.</p> + +<p><b>Immigration.</b> <b>Mc</b> To colonies in 1820, state of, 88. <i>See also</i> Irish +Immigrants.</p> + +<p><b>Imperial Conference.</b> Held in London, 1887. Canada was represented by Sir +Alexander Campbell and Sandford Fleming. Among the questions discussed +were those of inter-Imperial defence and trade, the Pacific cable, etc. +Another conference was held in Ottawa in 1894 (<i>see</i> Colonial +Conference, 1894); and another in London in June, 1896, Canada being +represented by Sir Mac<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_183" id="Page_183">[183]</a></span>kenzie Bowell and Sandford Fleming. At an +adjourned meeting in October, 1896, Sir Donald Smith and Hon. A.G. Jones +represented the Dominion, Mr. Fleming being present in an advisory +capacity. On the occasion of Queen Victoria's diamond jubilee, 1897, +another conference was held in London, Joseph Chamberlain presiding, and +the self-governing colonies being represented by their premiers. Again, +in 1902, the colonial premiers met in London, under the presidency of +Joseph Chamberlain. The London Conference of 1907, presided over by Lord +Elgin, discussed various Imperial questions, but was chiefly memorable +because of the decision to hold similar meetings every four years, and +to provide a permanent bureau at London devoted specifically to the +interests of the Empire.</p> + +<p><b>Imperial Federation.</b> Advocated by Thomas Pownall, governor of +Massachusetts Bay, in 1764. He proposed a scheme by which "Great Britain +may be no more considered as the Kingdom of this Isle alone, with many +appendages of provinces, colonies, settlements, and other extraneous +parts, but as a grand marine dominion, consisting of our possessions in +the Atlantic and in America united into one Empire." Subsequently +proposed by Joseph Howe, in 1855, and again in 1863; also by Thomas +Chandler Haliburton and other Canadian statesmen and writers. <b>Index</b>: <b>B</b> +Elgin's conception of, 33; advocated by Edward Blake, 240. <b>H</b> Joseph Howe +a pioneer in the movement for, 174. <b>Bib.</b>: Denison, <i>Struggle for +Imperial Unity</i>; Macphail, <i>Essays in Politics</i>; Brassey, <i>Imperial +Federation and Colonization</i>; Ewart, <i>Kingdom of Canada</i>, <i>Imperial +Federation</i>, etc.; Parkin, <i>Imperial Federation</i>; Young, <i>A Pioneer of +Imperial Federation in Canada</i>; Milner, <i>Speeches in Canada</i>; <i>The +Empire and the Century</i>; Argyll, <i>Imperial Federation</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Imperial Federation League.</b> Formed in Canada at a meeting in Montreal, +in May, 1885. A conference to the same end had been held in London, in +July, 1884. The league in Canada changed its name, in 1896, to the +British Empire League in Canada, at the suggestion of Sir Charles +Tupper. <i>See</i> Denison.</p> + +<p><b>Incarnation, Marie de L'.</b> <i>See</i> Marie de L'Incarnation.</p> + +<p><b>Inches, Dr.</b> <b>T</b> Attends Sir Leonard Tilley in his last illness, 145.</p> + +<p><b>Independence.</b> <b>B</b> George Brown writes Macdonald of widespread sentiment in +England in 1864 in favour of British American colonies securing complete +autonomy, 167; and the Canada First party, 236, 237, 238, 239; advocated +by Goldwin Smith, 238, 239. <b>P</b> Advocated by Papineau, 167. <b>Mc</b> Declaration +of, July, 1837, its history, 330; work of Rolph and O'Grady, 330; object +of Association of Canadian Refugees, 449.</p> + +<p><b>Indians.</b> <b>Ch</b> Superstitions of, 10, 12; council held to consider best +policy to adopt in dealing with them, 108-111; murders committed by, +115; their great esteem for Champlain, 159; difficulty of educating +their children, 233. <b>S</b> Their general friendliness to Upper Canada +settlers, 62; their good conduct rewarded, 62; lands allotted to on +Grand River, 74; schools and churches provided for, 74; Simcoe's +estimate of, 75; engagements made with, faithfully kept, 76; their lands +encroached upon by Americans, 119; their defeat of expedition under St. +Clair, 121; great council of, 122, 124; failure of negotiations with +American commissioners, 123-125. <b>WM</b> Generally friendly to France, 17; +appearance of, on field of battle, 31; swell army of Montcalm at Fort +Carillon, 38; their habits in camp, 39; Christian Indians different from +the pagans, 39; attack British boats, 40; general meeting of, called by +Montcalm, 40-42; repulse British force on left bank of Montmorency, 129; +scalp the wounded after battle, 142; paid well for prisoners, but less +amount for<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_184" id="Page_184">[184]</a></span> scalps, 150; fly from battlefield, 202; form part of Lévis's +army, 245; in battle of Ste. Foy, 265. <b>Hd</b> Their lands secured by treaty, +12; allies of the French, 13, 16, 21; help Pouchot at Niagara, 25; Sir +William Johnson's following of, 28, 29; irregular traffic with, +prohibited, 32, 54; fears of an uprising among, 55; impressed by +enlistment of French-Canadians under British flag, 57; in Florida, 66, +71, 73; Haldimand's treatment of, 91-93, 131, 145, 146, 147, 150, 153, +157, 258-259, 266, 347; uncertain allies, 126, 137, 170, 260; rebels try +to gain for France, 127-128, 134, 136, 279; indignant at terms of peace +between Britain and colonies, 256-257; American cruelty towards, 307. <b>F</b> +Menacing attitude of, 17; defrauded by traders, 18, 154; not readily +receptive of Christian doctrine, 167. <b>Dr</b> Those with Burgoyne worse than +useless, 178; ignored in treaty of peace between Britain and American +colonies, 231; their lands invaded by frontiersmen, 233; attacked by +American troops, 234; trouble with western tribes, 249, 262, 276. <b>L</b> +Violent effects of intoxicating liquor upon, 36, 37; three of the +nations sue for peace, 53; conversion of, very precarious, 62; difficult +to civilize them, 63, 126; sincere devotion of many, 64. <i>See</i> Abnaki; +Algonquian; Cree; Creek; Delaware; Déné; Etchemin; Huron; Illinois; +Iroquois; Micmac; Ottawa; Tête de Boule. <b>Bib.</b>: Hodge, <i>Handbook of +American Indians</i>; Brinton, <i>The American Race</i>; Bancroft, <i>Native Races +of the Pacific States</i>; Catlin, <i>Manners, Customs, and Condition of the +North American Indians</i>; Drake, <i>Aboriginal Races of North America</i>; +Lafitau, <i>Mœurs des Sauvages Amériquains</i>; Maclean, <i>Canadian Savage +Folk</i>; Morgan, <i>Houses and House-Life of the American Aborigines</i>; +Schoolcraft, <i>Indian Tribes of the United States</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Indian Department.</b> <b>S</b> In Upper Canada, independent of the governor, +126-127.</p> + +<p><b>Indian Posts in West.</b> <b>Dr</b> Temporary retention of, by Great Britain, 231.</p> + +<p><b>Inflexible.</b> <b>Dr</b> Largest vessel of flotilla on Lake Champlain, 154.</p> + +<p><b>Inglis, Charles</b> (1734-1816). Born in Ireland. Emigrated to America; +taught school in Pennsylvania for a time, and then took holy orders. In +1764 became assistant to Dr. Auchmuty, rector of Trinity Church, New +York, and in 1777 succeeded him as rector. His sympathies being with the +mother country, removed to Nova Scotia after the Revolution, and thence +to England. First bishop of Nova Scotia, with jurisdiction over +practically all British North America, 1787. One of the notable events +of his episcopate was his establishment of King's College, Windsor. In +1793 his huge diocese divided by the creation of the diocese of Quebec, +of which Jacob Mountain (<i>q.v.</i>) became first bishop. <b>Index</b>: <b>Dr</b> +Appointed bishop of Nova Scotia with jurisdiction over Quebec, 241. +<b>Bib.</b>: Mockridge, <i>The Bishops of the Church of England in Canada and +Newfoundland</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Inglis, John.</b> <b>MS</b> Opposes sale by Hudson's Bay Company of land in Red +River valley to Selkirk, 146.</p> + +<p><b>Ingraham, Captain.</b> <b>D</b> Explores coast of Queen Charlotte Islands in 1791, +25; describes geography and natural history of the islands and language, +manners, and customs of the natives, 25.</p> + +<p><b>Innocent XI, Pope</b> (1611-1689). Benedetto Odescalchi; elected pope, 1676. +<b>Index</b>: <b>L</b> Misunderstanding with Louis XIV, 20.</p> + +<p><b>Institut Canadien.</b> A literary and scientific society, founded at +Montreal in 1844, and incorporated in 1852. It included among its early +members most of the leaders of the more progressive and independent +element in Quebec political life, among them A. A. Dorion, Eric Dorion, +Joseph Doutre, Rodolphe Laflamme, and Wilfrid Laurier. The success of +the parent society led to the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_185" id="Page_185">[185]</a></span> founding of similar Instituts throughout +the province. Although popular among the laity, these societies +encountered the determined opposition of the Roman Catholic Church, led +by Bishop Bourget of Montreal. The outside societies yielded to clerical +pressure, but the Montreal Institut stood upon its rights. The fight +went on for many years, but finally most of the Roman Catholic members +dropped out, and the books and papers were transferred to the Fraser +Institute. <b>Bib.</b>: Willison, <i>Sir Wilfrid Laurier and the Liberal Party</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Intendant.</b> An office created originally by Richelieu, in France, and +transferred to New France. The first intendant of Canada was Robert, +appointed in 1663, who was succeeded two years later by the ablest +occupant of the office, Jean Talon. The intendant was charged with the +supervision of practically all the civil affairs of the colony, +including the administration of justice, but his most important +function, from the point of view of the court, was to act as a virtual +spy upon the acts of the governor. Inevitably, harmony was impossible +between these two officials, and the history of New France is punctuated +with their perpetual quarrels. <b>Index</b>: <b>F</b> Jean Talon appointed as, 51; +office revived, 105; Jacques Duchesneau appointed, 108; Jacques de +Meulles, 171; Jean Bochart de Champigny, 207. <i>See also</i> under names of +individual intendants. <b>Bib.</b>: Roy, <i>Intendants de la Nouvelle France</i> (R. +S. C., 1903); Parkman, <i>Old Régime</i>; Munro, <i>The Office of Intendant in +New France</i> in <i>The American Historical Review</i>, October, 1906.</p> + +<p><b>Intendant's Palace.</b> <b>Bk</b> In Quebec, completely destroyed in siege of 1775, +90.</p> + +<p><b>Intemperance.</b> <b>S</b> A prevailing vice in Upper Canada, 71, 72. <i>See</i> Liquor +question; Brandy question.</p> + +<p><b>Intercolonial Railway.</b> Surveys proposed by the government of Canada in +1863. Three engineers were to be appointed, one by the Imperial +government, one by Canada, and one by the Maritime Provinces. They all +nominated the same man, Sandford Fleming, by whom the surveys were +accordingly carried out. The railway was made a condition of the union +of the Maritime Provinces with Canada, and the work of construction was +pushed forward, the line being formally opened July 1, 1876. In 1871 the +Prince Edward Island Railway was begun, and in 1873 it became a portion +of the Intercolonial system. Other extensions and branches were built or +acquired, the line finally running from Sydney and Halifax to Montreal. +<b>Index</b>: <b>Md</b> Negotiations for, begun, 45, 117; arranged for, by British +North America Act, 151; difficulty in selecting route, 152,153; northern +route finally adopted, 153. <b>E</b> Project to combine with Grand Trunk, 100; +history of negotiations after failure of larger scheme, 100-101. <b>H</b> +Recommended in Durham's Report, 118; company formed in London, 118-119; +"Robinson Line" surveyed, 119; Joseph Howe's connection with (<i>see</i> +under Howe); new route proposed, 141-143; Imperial guarantee refused, +143. <b>BL</b> Brought under consideration, 1849, 287; Hincks on, 332. <b>B</b> +Members of British government in 1862 favourable to, except Gladstone, +143; George Brown a convert to the scheme, 166; opposed by Dorion, 175. +<b>C</b> Cartier advocates roundabout route, for military and political +reasons, 49-50; Major Robinson's report, 49. <b>T</b> Proposal to build through +St. John Valley, 26; delegates consult British government, 26; +arrangements made with Jackson. 27; British government refuses to +guarantee interest, 45; St. John to Shediac line, 46-47; history of, +53-58, 90, 111-112, 116, 119, 122. <b>Bib.</b>: Fleming, <i>The Intercolonial</i>; +Fleming, <i>Historical Sketch of the Intercolonial Railway</i> in <i>Canada: An +Ency.</i>, vol. 2.</p> + +<p><b>Interpreters.</b> <b>Ch</b> Brûle, Marsolet, <i>et al.</i>, 144.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_186" id="Page_186">[186]</a></span></p> + +<p><b>Irish Immigrants.</b> <b>E</b> Measures for their relief, 1847-1848, 46-47; bring +plague to Canada, 47-48; prominent victims, 48; Elgin persuades British +government to reimburse Canada for expenses incurred in relief work. +48-49.</p> + +<p><b>Iroquet.</b> Algonquian chief. <b>Index</b>: <b>Ch</b> Urges Champlain to attack the +Iroquois, 48; his son meets Champlain, 51; a leader of the Hurons, 69; +chief of the Petite Nation—captures small party of Iroquois, 102; +adopts an Iroquois prisoner as his son, 104. <b>Bib.</b>: Parkman, <i>Old +Régime</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Iroquois.</b> A confederation of tribes, at first five, the Cayuga, Mohawk, +Oneida, Onondaga, and Seneca, to which the Tuscarora was added after +1726, as well as the remnants of many other tribes. They were known to +the English colonists as the Five Nations, and later as the Six Nations. +They called themselves <i>Oñgwanonsioñni</i>, "we are of the extended lodge." +When they first came into contact with Europeans, they occupied the +country between Lake Champlain and the Genesee River, and this remained +their home territory, but they ranged far and wide, carrying their +conquering raids eastwards to the Kennebec, westwards to Lake Michigan, +north to the Hudson Bay watershed, and south to the Tennessee. They +numbered about 16,000 in 1677, and after dropping to 10,000 in the next +century, they returned to their original strength at the opening of the +twentieth century. About two-thirds are on reservations in Canada; the +remainder in New York. <b>Index</b>: <b>F</b> Champlain joins Hurons and Algonquians +in attacking, 9, 10, 14; nearly exterminate Hurons, 26, 35; demand +establishment of French colony in their country, 40; their confederacy, +of what tribes composed, 41; attack remnant of Hurons on Island of +Orleans, 41; checked at Long Sault on the Ottawa by heroism of Dollard +and his companions, 44; Governor Courcelles marches against, 52; similar +expedition led by Tracy, 53; invited by Frontenac to conference, 79; +consent to make a peace including Indian allies of French, 82; under La +Barre's administration, seize canoes of French traders, 181; La Barre's +expedition against, 183; Denonville's, 207-214; capture of a number of +peaceful Iroquois for king's galleys, 215; reprisals, 218, 219; massacre +of Lachine, 224; send envoys to meet Frontenac, 238; native eloquence, +239; worsted in skirmish on Ottawa River, 243; Mohawk opinion of +Schenectady massacre, 248; ill-treat embassy from Frontenac, 262; renew +their attacks, 307; party of, destroyed at Repentigny, 308; three +prisoners burnt alive, 309; another party surprised and destroyed, 319; +expedition against (Mohawks), 321; peace negotiations, 337; Onondaga +orator, Teganissorens (Decanisora), 338; Frontenac's campaign against, +350. <b>Ch</b> Champlain assists his Indian allies against, 49; originally +settled on the St. Lawrence, 50; form great confederation of five +tribes, 50; attacked by Montaignais, assisted by Champlain, near mouth +of Richelieu River, 62; again, by Hurons, assisted by Champlain, on the +Oswego River, 102; make an attack near Quebec, 139; embassy sent to, +163. <b>Hd</b> Destroy mission at Three Rivers, 43; in general alliance with +British, 148; country of, pillaged by Butler's Rangers, 151. <b>WM</b> +Traditional foes of the French, 16. <b>L</b> Destroy Huron mission, 5; +converted settlements of, 9; their extermination of the Hurons, 39; +heroic resistance offered to, at the Long Sault, 72; depredations +committed by, 191; La Barre's expedition against, 193; threatening +attitude of, 213; Denonville's expedition against, 215; negotiations +with, 216; descend on Lachine, 225; ravage surrounding country, 227; +Frontenac marches against, 233. <b>Bk</b> Their lands encroached upon by +Americans, 149; attacked by United States troops at Tippecanoe, 174-176; +their bitter sense of wrong, 177; obtain grant of land on the Grand +River, 189;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_187" id="Page_187">[187]</a></span> effect on, of Hull's advance into Canada, 214; greatly +impressed by the capture of Detroit, 263. <i>See</i> Senecas; Mohawks; +Onondagas; Cayugas; Oneidas. <b>Bib.</b>: Hodge, <i>Handbook of American +Indians</i>; Schoolcraft, <i>Indian Tribes</i>; Morgan, <i>League of the +Iroquois</i>; Colden, <i>History of the Five Nations</i>; McKenzie, <i>The Six +Nations Indians in Canada</i>; Hale, <i>Iroquois Book of Rites</i>; Parkman, +<i>Old Régime</i>, <i>Jesuits in North America</i>, <i>Frontenac</i>, and <i>Half Century +of Conflict</i>; Fiske, <i>New France and New England</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Irving, Jacob Æmilius</b> (1797-1856). Born at Charleston, South Carolina. +Entered the army at an early age; severely wounded at Waterloo; +presented with freedom of Liverpool for gallant conduct during the +French war. Came to Canada, 1834; served during the Rebellion of 1837; +appointed first warden for the district of Simcoe; appointed to the +Legislative Council of Canada, 1843. <b>Index</b>: <b>BL</b> Appointed to Legislative +Council, Upper Canada, 177. <b>Bib.</b>: Morgan, <i>Cel. Can.</i></p> + +<p><b>Irving, Paulus Æmilius</b> (1714-1796). Served under Wolfe at Quebec; +administered government of Canada, 1765; appointed lieutenant-governor +of Guernsey, 1771; and afterwards governor of Upnor Castle, Kent. <b>Index</b>: +<b>Dr</b> Becomes administrator, 23; protests, as member of Council, against +position taken by Carleton, 34; dismissed from Council, 39. <b>Bib.</b>: +Morgan, <i>Cel. Can.</i></p> + +<p><b>Isbister, Alexander K.</b> (1820-1883). Born in the territories of the +Hudson's Bay Company; employed by the Company, 1838-1840, in the +Mackenzie River district. Went to England, about 1841; educated there, +and practised law in London. A half-breed himself, he ably pressed the +cause of the Indians and half-breeds upon the attention of the British +government. Also gave evidence before the parliamentary Committee of +1857. For some years master of the Stationers' School in England and +Dean of the College of Preceptors. Left a large sum of money to found +scholarships in connection with the University of Manitoba. <b>Index</b>: <b>B</b> A +native of the North-West Territories—his good work on behalf of the Red +River Settlement, 212; Brown's high opinion of, 212; suggests annexation +by Canada of western territory, 213. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Report on Hudson's Bay +Company</i>, 1857; Bryce, <i>Hudson's Bay Company</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Isis.</b> <b>Dr</b> British war vessel, arrival of, 137.</p> + +<p><b>Isle aux Noix.</b> On the Richelieu River. <b>Index</b>: <b>Hd</b> Fortifications of, 125, +133; Sherwood and Ira Allen in conference at, 204; refugees transported +to, 250.</p> + + +<p><b>Jack, William Brydone</b> (1819-1886). Born in Scotland. Educated at St. +Andrews University. Came to New Brunswick as professor of mathematics at +King's College, 1840. When King's College received its charter as +University of New Brunswick in 1861, appointed president. Retired from +office, 1885.</p> + +<p><b>Jackson.</b> <b>T</b> British Member of Parliament, and capitalist, his company +offers to build railways in New Brunswick, 26; visits the province, 27; +agreement with government, 27.</p> + +<p><b>Jackson, Francis James</b> (1770-1814). British diplomatist. <b>Index</b>: <b>Bk</b> +Succeeds W. Erskine as British minister at Washington, 122. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Dict. +Nat. Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>Jackson, Sir Richard Downes.</b> Served in Peninsular campaign; +commander-in-chief of forces in Canada. Administrator, 1841-1842. Died +at Montreal. <b>Index</b>: <b>BL</b> Carries on government after Sydenham's death, +113. <b>Sy</b> Commander of forces, appointed administrator for Lower Canada, +194. <b>Bib.</b>: Morgan, <i>Cel. Can.</i><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_188" id="Page_188">[188]</a></span></p> + +<p><b>Jacob, Dr.</b>, of Salisbury. <b>Sy</b> Maternal grandfather of Sydenham, 4.</p> + +<p><b>Jacques.</b> <b>Ch</b> English vessel seized by French, 221.</p> + +<p><b>Jacques Cartier River.</b> A tributary of the St. Lawrence, north shore, +above Quebec. <b>Index</b>: <b>WM</b> Retreat of French army to, 212, 216, 217; +retreat described as disorderly flight, 217.</p> + +<p><b>James Bay.</b> Southern extension of Hudson Bay, discovered in 1610, by +Henry Hudson who wintered there, 1610-1611, with the <i>Discovery</i>. The +bay was named after Captain Thomas James of Bristol, who explored the +west coast in 1631.</p> + +<p><b>Jameson, Anna Brownell</b> (1794-1860). Author. Married Robert Jameson, +afterwards vice-chancellor of the Court of Equity of Upper Canada. +<b>Index</b>: <b>E</b> On Upper Canadian schoolmasters, 87; compares conditions on +both sides of boundary, to the detriment of Canada, 191-192. <b>Bib.</b>: +Works: <i>Diary of an Ennuyée</i>; <i>Characteristics of Women</i>; <i>Visits and +Sketches</i>; <i>Essays</i>; <i>Sacred and Legendary Art</i>; <i>Legends of the +Madonna</i>; <i>History of Our Lord</i>; <i>Early Italian Painters</i>; <i>Sketches in +Canada</i>; <i>Winter Studies and Summer Rambles in Canada</i>. For biog., <i>see</i> +Dent, <i>Can. Por.</i>; <i>Dict. Nat. Biog.</i>; Read, <i>Lives of the Judges</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Jameson, Robert Simpson.</b> A member of the English bar. Reporter in Lord +Eldon's Court, 1824. Married Anna Brownell Murphy, 1826. Judge in the +Island of Dominica, 1829; retired, 1833, and returned to England. +Appointed attorney-general of Upper Canada by the Imperial government, +1833, and took up his residence at York. Called to the bar of Upper +Canada, 1833. Member of the Assembly, 1835-1837. Appointed +vice-chancellor of the Court of Equity. Died in Toronto, 1854. <b>Bib.</b>: +Read, <i>Lives of the Judges</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Jamet, Father Denis.</b> <b>Ch</b> Récollet missionary and commissary of the order +in Canada, 85; returns to France, where he remains, 111, 112.</p> + +<p><b>Jarvis, F. S.</b> <b>Sy</b> Gentleman usher of black rod, 334.</p> + +<p><b>Jarvis, William.</b> <b>S</b> Recommended by Simcoe as clerk of Council, 46; +provincial secretary, 79, 178.</p> + +<p><b>Jarvis, W. B.</b> <b>Mc</b> Loyalists retreat under, 373.</p> + +<p><b>Jay, John</b> (1745-1829). American statesman and jurist. <b>Index</b>: <b>Dr</b> +Negotiates treaty with Great Britain, 283, 286. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Cyc. Am. Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>Jay's Treaty.</b> Between Great Britain and the United States; negotiated +Nov. 19, 1794. Provided for the evacuation by Great Britain of the +western posts; the settlement by commission of pecuniary claims between +the two countries; the appointment of a joint commission to determine +the identity of the St. Croix River; and closer commercial relations. +Negotiated by John Jay on behalf of the United States, and Lord +Grenville representing Great Britain. <b>Index</b>: <b>S</b> Between Britain and the +United States, 142. <b>Dr</b> Copies of, circulated in Canada, 290; ratified, +291. <b>Bib.</b>: Hertslet, <i>Treaties and Conventions</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Jefferson, Thomas</b> (1743-1826). Third president of the United States. +<b>Index</b>: <b>Dr</b> His hostility to Great Britain, 273, 274, 281; his defeat for +the presidency, in 1797, 298. <b>Bk</b> Purchases Louisiana from France, 41, +42; his embargo on United States ships trading to British ports, 85, +108; withdraws embargo, 114; confident of easy conquest of Canada, 259, +285. <b>D</b> His influence in determining policy of United States as to the +Pacific coast, 64-66; sends Lewis and Clark overland to Pacific, 66. +<b>Bib.</b>: His <i>Works</i>, ed. by Henry A. Washington, were published by order +of Congress, in 9 vols., 1853. <i>See also</i> Randolph, <i>Memoirs, +Correspondence and Miscellanies of Jefferson</i>. For biog., <i>see</i> Randall, +<i>Life of Jefferson</i>; Tucker, <i>Life of Thomas Jefferson</i>; Parton, <i>Life +of Thomas Jefferson</i>; <i>Cyc. Am. Biog.</i><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_189" id="Page_189">[189]</a></span></p> + +<p><b>Jemseg.</b> On Jemseg Creek, Queen's County, New Brunswick. <b>Index</b>: <b>F</b> For a +time headquarters in Acadia, 270.</p> + +<p><b>Jenkins, William.</b> <b>T</b> Teacher in Gagetown Grammar School, New Brunswick, +5; conducts large school in Quebec, 6; visited by Sir Leonard Tilley in +1858, 6; dies in 1863, 6.</p> + +<p><b>Jersey Volunteers.</b> <b>Dr</b> Loyalists, 202.</p> + +<p><b>Jervis, John.</b> <i>See</i> St. Vincent.</p> + +<p><b>Jesuits' Estates Act.</b> Passed by the Mercier government in Quebec, 1888. +Following the suppression of the Society of Jesus by the pope, in 1773, +the property of the order in Canada became vested in the crown, and was +set apart for purposes of education in the province of Quebec. By the +British North America Act, it was vested in the provincial government. +The Mercier Act authorized payment of $400,000 as compensation to the +Jesuits for the lands confiscated by the crown. An agitation in Ontario +for disallowance of the Act, was followed by a formal motion in the +Dominion House, by Colonel O'Brien, but only thirteen members voted for +disallowance. <b>Index</b>: <b>Md</b> Origin, 286; claimed by Society of Jesus, 286; +Act passed by Quebec Legislature authorizing payment for lands Jesuits +held before the conquest, 286, 287; motion favouring federal +disallowance, proposed, 288, 289; motion defeated, 289; agitation ends +by formation of Equal Rights Association and later by the Protestant +Protective Association, 289. <b>Dr</b> Proposal to apply revenues of, to +educational purposes, 230; General Amherst's claim to, 230. <b>BL</b> Revenue +from, 18. <b>Bk</b> Appropriation of property a grievance with +French-Canadians, 77. <b>Bib.</b>: Willison, <i>Sir Wilfrid Laurier and the +Liberal Party</i>; Grant and Hamilton, <i>Principal Grant</i>; Pope, <i>Memoirs of +Sir John A. Macdonald</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Jesuit Missions.</b> <b>L</b> Zeal of the missionaries compared with that of the +Apostles, 61; among the Iroquois, 64-67; wide extension of, 103; to the +Algonquians, destroyed by drunkenness, 175. <b>F</b> Pure lives of missionaries +produces good effect, 168. <i>See</i> under names of individual missionaries. +<b>Bib.</b>: Parkman, <i>Jesuits in North America</i>. <i>See also</i> Jesuits.</p> + +<p><b>Jesuit Relations.</b> <i>The Relations</i> were published in Paris, by the +provincial of the order, in small annual volumes. The original +narratives were written in Canada, or in one or other of the remote +mission fields, by the devoted missionaries, and are invaluable as a +record of the condition and character of the various Indian tribes in +the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. <b>Index</b>: <b>Ch</b> Promoted immigration +to Canada, 250; describe religious condition of the colony, 256-258; +also last days of Champlain, 262, 263. <b>F</b> Parkman on, 30; Rochemonteix +on, 30; Marie de l'Incarnation on, 30; their influence in securing +support for the missions, 30-31. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Jesuit Relations and Allied +Documents, 1610-1791</i>, ed. by Thwaites, Cleveland, 1896-1901, 73 vols.; +<i>Relations des Jesuites</i>, Quebec, 1858, 3 vols.</p> + +<p><b>Jesuits.</b> The first missionaries of the order, Lalemant, Masse, and +Brébeuf, arrived in Canada in 1625. Work among the Algonquians began +that year; and among the Hurons in 1626. The mission to the Iroquois +dates from 1642. With the Iroquois mission are particularly associated +the names of Jogues, Le Moyne, Ragueneau, Frémin, and De Carheil; and +with the mission to the Hurons, those of Brébeuf, Lalemant, Chabanel, +Garnier, and Chaumonot. <i>See also</i> under names of individual +missionaries. <b>Index</b>: <b>Hd</b> Their mission at Three Rivers, 43; an unworthy +member of the order, 48-49; suspected of sympathy with rebels, 130, 181; +engage in the ginseng trade, 148; vestibule of their church turned into +theatre, 306-307. <b>F</b> Arrival of, 17; return after restoration of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_190" id="Page_190">[190]</a></span> Canada +to France, 25; Frontenac's attitude towards, 113; their missions, 166. <b>L</b> +Their devotion to the cause of missions, 4, 5; recommend Laval as vicar +apostolic, 26; re-establish mission in Iroquois country, 73; place +church at Quebec under patronage of Immaculate Conception, and St. +Louis, 85; works of piety instituted by, 86. <b>Dr</b> Expelled from France, +controversy respecting their property in Canada, 23; petition the king +for restoration of their property, 35. <b>Ch</b> Récollets decide to ask +assistance of, 150; not favoured by the traders, 152; arrival of, at +Quebec, 153; their convent robbed by English, 196; embark for Tadousac +on board Kirke's ship, 196; sail for France, 206; take charge of Quebec +mission on restoration of the country to France, 225; establish their +convent of Notre Dame des Anges, 227; their convent at Quebec, 228, 229; +give banquet to Emery de Caën, temporary governor, 228; found missions +at Three Rivers and in Huron country, 228; also at Miscou and Cape +Breton, 229. <b>D</b> As factors in spread of civilization in America, 2-3. +<b>Bib.</b>: <i>Jesuit Relations and Allied Documents</i>, ed. by Thwaites; Parkman, +<i>Jesuits in North America</i>; Rochemonteix, <i>Les Jésuites et la Nouvelle +France</i>; Kip, <i>Early Jesuit Missions</i>; Campbell, <i>Pioneer Priests of +North America</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Jetté, Sir Louis</b> (1836- ). Studied law, and called to the bar, 1857. +Practised in Montreal. Entered public life in 1872 as member for +Montreal East, defeating Sir Georges E. Cartier. Appointed puisne judge +of Supreme Court of Quebec, 1878; and the same year became professor of +civil law in Laval University; later dean of the faculty. Member of the +commission for revision of the civil code of Quebec, 1887; and of the +Alaskan Boundary Commission. Appointed lieutenant-governor of Quebec, +1898, and for a second term in 1903. Chief-justice of the Superior Court +of Quebec, 1909. <b>Index</b>: <b>C</b> One of the founders of <i>Le Parti National</i>, +and its organ <i>Le National</i>, 29-30; defeats Cartier in Montreal East, +84. <b>Bib.</b>: Morgan, <i>Can. Men</i>; Rose, <i>Cyc. Can. Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>Jews.</b> <b>Bk</b> Resolution of Lower Canada Assembly excluding, 104; further +discussion of question, 116.</p> + +<p><b>Joannes.</b> <b>WM</b> Town mayor of Quebec, strikes insubordinate officers, 230; +protests against order to propose capitulation, 230, 231; goes to +British camp with articles of capitulation, 231, 232.</p> + +<p><b>Jogues, Isaac</b> (1607-1646). Born at Orleans, France. Entered the Society +of Jesus, and sailed for Canada in 1636. Set out almost immediately for +the Huron mission. From there sent to the Tobacco nation; and in 1641 +visited the Chippewas at Sault Ste. Marie, and stood upon the shores of +Lake Superior. Went to Quebec the following year, and on the return +journey captured by a party of Mohawks and carried off to the Iroquois +country. After being repeatedly tortured, escaped at Fort Orange, with +the help of the Dutch governor, and sailed for France, arriving at +Rennes in 1643. After an interview with the queen regent, Anne of +Austria, returned to Canada the following year, and sent as an +ambassador to the Mohawks, 1646. Concluded a treaty of peace, and +returned to Quebec. Sept. 27 of the same year, again set out for the +Iroquois country, this time as a missionary. The attitude of the Indians +had changed, and on Oct. 18 he was tomahawked as he entered one of the +lodges at Tionnontoguen. <b>Index</b>: <b>Ch</b> Professor in college of Rouen, 207. <b>L</b> +Sufferings and death of, 5, 62. <b>Bib.</b>: Campbell, <i>Pioneer Priests of +North America</i>; Parkman, <i>Jesuits in North America</i>; Martin, <i>Isaac +Jogues</i>; Withrow, <i>Adventures of Isaac Jogues</i> (R. S. C., 1885).</p> + +<p><b>John and Thomas.</b> <b>F</b> Vice-admiral's ship in Phipps's squadron, 281.</p> + +<p><b>Johnson, Guy</b> (1740-1788). Deputy to Sir William Johnson, as +superin<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_191" id="Page_191">[191]</a></span>tendent of Indian affairs, and succeeded latter in office after +his death. Served under Amherst against the French, in 1759. At the +opening of the Revolutionary War, abandoned his home in Amsterdam, New +York, and brought his family to Montreal, and later went to England. +Returned in 1776, and served in New York. Also with Brant in the Mohawk +Valley, two years later. His estates confiscated by the New York +Assembly, 1779. <b>Index</b>: <b>Hd</b> His letter to Lord George Germaine, 155; +removed from his position of Indian agent, 156. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Cyc. Am. Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>Johnson, John.</b> <b>T</b> Returned for St. John, 25.</p> + +<p><b>Johnson, John M.</b> (1818-1868). <b>T</b> Solicitor-general, New Brunswick, 32-33; +member of Fisher ministry, postmaster-general, 43; attorney-general, +delegate to Quebec Conference, 77; elected for Northumberland as +Confederation candidate, 107; goes to England as Confederation delegate, +120; his views on County Courts, 125. <b>Bib.</b>: Hannay, <i>History of New +Brunswick</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Johnson, Sir John</b> (1742-1830). Son of Sir William Johnson (<i>q.v.</i>). +Appointed major-general of militia, 1774. Fled to Canada, 1776, and +served under St. Leger against Arnold the following year. After the +close of the Revolutionary War, became superintendent-general of Indian +affairs in British North America. <b>Index</b>: <b>Dr</b> Commissioned to raise +regiment, 151; advises Dorchester in regard to Upper Canada, 258; his +claims to be first governor of that province, 259; Indian agent in Upper +Canada, 302. <b>S</b> Disappointed at not being made governor of Upper Canada, +99; head of Indian department, 127. <b>Hd</b> Made Indian agent, 156; raises +King's Royal Regiment of New York, 156; Haldimand's instructions to, in +regard to smallpox, 231; his consent necessary to marriage, 237; +Haldimand stands sponsor to child of, 296; MacLean's opinion of, 308. +<b>Bib.</b>: Morgan, <i>Cel. Can.</i>; <i>Cyc. Am. Biog.</i>; Myers, <i>The Tories or +Loyalists in America</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Johnson, Sir William</b> (1715-1774). Born in Ireland. Came to America, in +1738, to take charge of the estates of his uncle, Sir Peter Warren. +Appointed Indian agent in 1744, and obtained unrivalled influence over +the Six Nations. In 1755 became superintendent of the affairs of the Six +Nations. The same year made major-general and commander-in-chief of the +expedition against the French. Defeated Dieskau at Lake George, and +received the thanks of Parliament, a baronetcy, and a vote of £5000. +Served with Abercrombie in 1758, and in 1759 captured Niagara from the +French. Accompanied Amherst to Montreal in 1760. Mainly instrumental in +settling and developing the Mohawk Valley. <b>Index</b>: <b>Dr</b> Quiets discontent +of Six Nations, 5, 6. <b>Hd</b> Takes possession of Fort Niagara, 26; takes +precedence of Haldimand, 27; his influence with Six Nations Indians, 27; +his Indians not allowed to attack La Galette, 28; retires for the +winter, 29; leaves Oswego for Montreal, under Amherst, 35; his opinion +on enlistment of Canadian corps, 57; takes Niagara, 121; his Indian +widow, 154; death of, 155; Indians' opinion of, 157; leave granted to, +to hold western posts for England, 257. <b>WM</b> Captures Fort Niagara, 146. +<b>Bib.</b>: <i>Language, Customs, and Manners of the Six Nations</i> (Phil. Soc. of +Phila. <i>Trans.</i>, 1772); <i>Correspondence</i> (Doc. Hist. N. Y.); Reid, +<i>Story of Old Fort Johnson</i>. For biog., <i>see</i> Morgan, <i>Cel. Can.</i>; +Stone, <i>Life of Sir William Johnson</i>; Buell, <i>Sir William Johnson</i>; +Bradley, <i>The Fight with France</i>; Parkman, <i>Montcalm and Wolfe</i> and +<i>Conspiracy of Pontiac</i>; <i>Cyc. Am. Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>Johnson-Clarendon Treaty.</b> <b>Md</b> Attempt to settle Alabama question by, 167; +United States Senate refuses to ratify treaty, 167. <b>Bib.</b>: Hertslet, +<i>Treaties and Conventions</i>.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_192" id="Page_192">[192]</a></span></p> + +<p><b>Johnston, Hugh.</b> <b>W</b> Appointed to Executive Council, New Brunswick, 1843, +72; resigns, 1845, 76; retires, 1848, 116.</p> + +<p><b>Johnston, Sir W.</b> <b>C</b> Chief-justice of Quebec, 119; his views on +French-Canadian cooking, 119.</p> + +<p><b>Johnstone, Chevalier.</b> <b>WM</b> Aide-de-camp to Lévis, 139; his redoubt +evacuated, 140; with Montcalm on night preceding battle, 175; his +opinion of Bougainville, 177; on brave rally of Canadians, 203; on +demoralization of French troops, 207; on Vaudreuil and proposed +capitulation, 209; on the flight to Jacques Cartier, 217; on battle of +Ste. Foy, 261, 263, 264. <b>Bib.</b>: Doughty, <i>Siege of Quebec</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Johnstone, James William</b> (1793-1873). Born in Jamaica. Came to Nova +Scotia, studied law in Annapolis, and practised in Kentville and +Halifax. Appointed solicitor-general and a member of the governor's +Council, and became the recognized leader of the Conservative party in +Nova Scotia. Resigned his seat in the Council in 1843 to contest +Annapolis for the Assembly, and represented the county until 1864, when +appointed judge in Equity. On the death of Howe in 1873 made +lieutenant-governor of Nova Scotia. Died in England the same year. +<b>Index</b>: <b>H</b> Appointed solicitor-general, 1834, 57; becomes member of +Executive and Legislative Councils, 1838, 57; leader of party opposed to +responsible government, 58; his birth, ancestry, and character, 58; Sir +Colin Campbell's chief adviser, 71; obnoxious to the Liberals, 71; +opposes Howe's views as to responsibility of ministers to the Assembly, +75; makes public declaration as to dual responsibility of ministers, to +the governor and the Legislature, 76; joins the Baptists, 77-78; defends +denominational schools, 83; the election of 1843, 85-86; W. B. Almon +called to Executive and Legislative Councils, 86-87; secures majority in +new Legislature, 87; contest with Howe, 89-90; makes speech against +Howe, 98; carries measure for simultaneous polling, 104; resigns with +his government, 1848, 107; member of Railway Convention at Portland, +1850, 121; opposes government railways, 144; moves vote of want of +confidence, 165, 167; forms new government, 167; his party defeated in +elections of 1859, 168; the chief-justiceship, 168; leader of the +opposition, 171; becomes attorney-general in 1863, and judge in Equity, +1864, 172; favours Confederation, 174; introduces bill prohibiting sale +of intoxicants to Indians, 247-248. <b>T</b> Advocates Confederation in Nova +Scotia Assembly, in 1854, 62. <b>Bib.</b>: Saunders, <i>Three Premiers of Nova +Scotia</i>; Campbell, <i>History of Nova Scotia</i>; Bourinot, <i>Builders of Nova +Scotia</i>; Rattray, <i>The Scot in British North America</i>; Rose, <i>Cyc. Can. +Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>Johnstone's Redoubt.</b> <b>WM</b> French position on Beauport shore, 133, 136, +140.</p> + +<p><b>Joint High Commission, British-American</b>, 1898-1899. Met in Quebec, Aug. +23, 1898, and again in Washington, Nov. 10. The meetings continued until +Feb. 20, 1899, ending in a disagreement. Canada was represented by Sir +Wilfrid Laurier, Sir Richard Cartwright, Sir Louis Davies, and John +Charlton; the United States by Gen. J. W. Foster, Hon. George Gray, Hon. +C.W. Fairbanks, Hon. John A. Kasson, Hon. N. Dingley, and T. Jefferson +Coolidge; and Newfoundland by Sir J. S. Winter and Hon. A. B. Morine. +Lord Herschell acted as chairman. Among the questions discussed were +reciprocity, the Atlantic fisheries, the Alaskan boundary, the seal +fisheries, war vessels on the Great Lakes, the bonding privilege, alien +labour laws, and mining rights. <b>Bib.</b>: Willison, <i>Sir Wilfrid Laurier and +the Liberal Party</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Jolliet, Louis</b> (1645-1700). Born at Quebec; son of a wagon-maker in the +employ of the Company of New France. Educated by the Jesuits, and took<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_193" id="Page_193">[193]</a></span> +minor orders, but renounced his clerical vocation to engage in the fur +trade. Sent by Talon to discover copper-mines on Lake Superior, and met +La Salle on his return journey, 1669, near the site of the city of +Hamilton. In 1673 set out with Jacques Marquette (<i>q.v.</i>) to discover +the Mississippi. Leaving Michilimackinac on May 17, they coasted the +north shore of Lake Michigan, to the foot of Green Bay, ascended Fox +River to Lake Winnebago, and descended the Wisconsin to the Mississippi, +which they reached a month after leaving Michilimackinac. Descended the +great river, passing the mouths of the Illinois, Missouri, Ohio, and +Arkansas, and turned back from a village of the Arkansas Indians on July +17; returning to Lake Michigan by way of the Illinois. Jolliet was +unfortunate enough to lose the records of his journey at the foot of the +Lachine rapids, almost within sight of Montreal. Made a journey to +Hudson Bay in 1679; and the following year received a grant of the +Island of Anticosti, where he settled with his family. In 1694 explored +the coast of Labrador. On his return made royal pilot for the St. +Lawrence, and hydrographer of the colony. <b>Index</b>: <b>F</b> Discoverer of +Mississippi, 155. <b>WM</b> Descends Mississippi, 19. <b>L</b> Follows course of +Mississippi, 11; abandons priestly career and becomes explorer, 59; his +exploration of Mississippi, 146; his burial, 147. <b>Bib.</b>: Parkman, <i>La +Salle</i>; Faillon, <i>Colonie Française en Canada</i>; Margry, <i>Découvertes et +Établissements des Français</i>; Gagnon, <i>Louis Jolliet</i>. <i>See also</i> +Marquette.</p> + +<p><b>Jolliet, Zachary.</b> <b>F</b> His December journey from Michilimackinac to Quebec, +240.</p> + +<p><b>Joly de Lotbinière, Sir Henri Gustave</b> (1829-1908). Studied law and +called to the bar, 1855. Elected to Assembly for Lotbinière, 1861. Took +a prominent part in opposition to Confederation. In 1867 elected for +both Dominion and Quebec Houses, and sat in both up to 1874. Led +opposition in Assembly until 1878, when he was called upon to form a +ministry. His government defeated in 1879, and in 1885 dropped out of +public life for a time. Returned for Portneuf in 1896, and became +controller of inland revenue; the following year called to the Cabinet +as minister of inland revenue. Appointed lieutenant-governor of British +Columbia, 1900. <b>Index</b>: <b>Md</b> Liberal leader in Quebec, sustained in +provincial election by majority of one, 249; his connection with the +Letellier case, 249. <b>Bib.</b>: Morgan, <i>Can. Men</i>; Dent, <i>Can. Por.</i>; Rose, +<i>Cyc. Can. Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>Jones, Alfred Gilpin</b> (1824-1906). Born at Weymouth, Nova Scotia, of +United Empire Loyalist stock. Built up great shipping industry at +Halifax. Entered public life as an opponent of Confederation. +Represented Halifax in Dominion House 1867-1872, 1874-1878. Became +minister of militia, 1878. Defeated in general election of that year, +and again in 1881; elected in 1887, but defeated in 1891. +Lieutenant-governor of Nova Scotia 1900-1906. <b>Index</b>: <b>H</b> Asked by Howe to +attend conference with Sir John Rose, on financial situation, 223; his +reasons for declining, 224; leader of Anti-Confederate party in Nova +Scotia, 224. <b>Bib.</b>: Dent, <i>Can. Por.</i>; Morgan, <i>Can. Men</i>; Rose, <i>Cyc. +Can. Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>Jones, John Paul</b> (1747-1792). Born in Scotland; son of John Paul, of +Arbigland; assumed name of Jones. Entered American navy, 1775. Captured +the <i>Serapis</i>, 1779. Entered Russian naval service, 1788, with rank of +rear-admiral. Died in Paris. <b>Index</b>: <b>Hd</b> Mentioned in Haldimand's +correspondence, 245. <b>Bib.</b>: Sherbourne, <i>Life of Paul Jones</i>; Mackenzie, +<i>Life of Paul Jones</i>; Hamilton, <i>Life of Paul Jones</i>; <i>Cyc. Am. Biog.</i><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_194" id="Page_194">[194]</a></span></p> + +<p><b>Jones, Jonas</b> (1791-1848). Educated at Cornwall under John Strachan. +Served as an officer of militia during the War of 1812-1814, attaining +the rank of colonel. Called to the bar of Upper Canada, 1815. Elected to +the Assembly for Leeds and Grenville, 1821, 1825, and again in 1832. A +strong supporter of the union of Upper and Lower Canada. Appointed a +puisne judge of the Court of Queen's Bench, 1837. <b>Bib.</b>: Read, <i>Lives of +the Judges</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Jones, Peter.</b> <b>R</b> His visit to England in 1831, 90.</p> + +<p><b>Jonquest, Étienne.</b> <b>Ch</b> Marries Anne Hébert, 113; death of, 117.</p> + +<p><b>Jordan, John.</b> <b>W</b> Member for St. John in New Brunswick Assembly, 105; +referred to in Wilmot's speech, 105. <b>T</b> Defeated in St. John County in +1850, 11.</p> + +<p><b>Joseph, Saint.</b> <b>L</b> Chapel dedicated to, in church at Quebec, 84; patron +saint of Canada, 87. <b>Ch</b> Jesuit mission in Huron country, 93; French +colony placed under patronage of, 150.</p> + +<p><b>Jotard.</b> <b>Hd</b> Editor of Mesplet's publications, 277.</p> + +<p><b>Journal de Québec.</b> <b>C</b> Cauchon writes for, 24; praises Cartier in, 88.</p> + +<p><b>Journal Tenu à l'Armée.</b> <b>WM</b> Quoted, 169; severe criticism of Montcalm, +205; Canadians praised, 196; quoted as to loss on French side, 205.</p> + +<p><b>Juan de Fuca.</b> <b>D</b> His real name Apostolos Velerianos, 9; expedition to +North-West Coast, 9; authenticity of his <i>Voyage</i>, 9, 19; his name +rescued from oblivion, 23. <b>Bib.</b>: Walbran, <i>British Columbia Coast +Names</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Juan de Fuca Strait.</b> Between Vancouver Island and United States +mainland. <b>Index</b>: <b>D</b> Its discovery, 9, 14, 19; rediscovered by Kendrick, +25. <b>Bib.</b>: Walbran, <i>British Columbia Coast Names</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Jubilee.</b> <b>Ch</b> Granted by pope, celebrated in Quebec, 1618, 114.</p> + +<p><b>Juchereau, Jean.</b> <b>Ch</b> A settler from La Ferté Vidame, in Thimerais, 252.</p> + +<p><b>Juchereau, Mère.</b> <b>F</b> Reports repulse of some of Phipps's men at Rivière +Ouelle, 291; on flag incident, 296; on divine protection of Quebec, 301. +<b>L</b> On Laval's patience in trial, 240.</p> + +<p><b>Juchereau de St. Denis.</b> <b>F</b> Wounded in skirmish on Beauport flats, 294.</p> + +<p><b>Judah, Henry Hague</b> (1808-1883). Born in London, England. Came to Canada, +and called to the bar, 1829. Represented Champlain in the Assembly, +1843-1844. Appointed one of the Commissioners under the Act abolishing +the Seigniorial Tenure, 1854. <b>Index</b>: <b>E</b> Commissioner under Federal Tenure +law, 186.</p> + +<p><b>Judges.</b> <b>Bk</b> Bill for exclusion of, passed by Lower Canada Assembly, but +thrown out by Council, 104; further discussion of question, 116; +instructions from Great Britain regarding, 117, 126; Act of Exclusion +passed, 145.</p> + +<p><b>Judicature.</b> <b>E</b> Measures relating to, passed by second La Fontaine-Baldwin +government, 86-87; <b>S</b> Act for establishing Superior Court for Upper +Canada passed, 92; amended, 94. <b>Sy</b> Bill passed by Special Council, 255. +<b>BL</b> Revisions of system, 286, 300-301; terms of the Act, 292, 302-303, +339.</p> + +<p><b>Jurisdiction, Question of.</b> <b>L</b> In New France, 163.</p> + +<p><b>Justices of the Peace.</b> <i>See</i> Magistrates.</p> + + +<p><b>Kaministiquia, or Kaministikwia, Fort.</b> At mouth of river of same name, +north-west shore of Lake Superior. Built by Zacharie Robutel de La Noüe, +in 1717. La Vérendrye wintered there in 1731, while making preparations +for his western explorations. The site abandoned in favour of Grand +Portage, which became for many years, under both French and British +rule, the jumping-off place for the western fur country. Fort William +was afterwards built on or near the site of the old French fort.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_195" id="Page_195">[195]</a></span></p> + +<p><b>Kane, Paul</b> (1810-1871). Born in Toronto. Received his first training +under Drury, the drawing-master at Upper Canada College. Spent the years +1836-1840 in the United States; and then sailed for Europe, where he +studied art in Italy and throughout the continent. Returned to Toronto +in 1845, and shortly after set out on a tour of the western territories +of the Hudson's Bay Company. Visited many of the tribes, from Lake +Superior to the Pacific, and brought back with him in 1848 several +hundred sketches, from which he painted a series of oil pictures of +Indian life and western scenery. Some years after, published a narrative +of this journey, illustrated from his own sketches. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Wanderings of +an Artist among the Indians of North America</i>. For biog., <i>see</i> Morgan, +<i>Cel. Can.</i>; <i>Cyc. Am. Biog.</i>; MacMurchy, <i>Canadian Literature</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Kaye, John W.</b> <b>BL</b> Quoted on Metcalfe, 156, 158; on La Fontaine and +Baldwin, 169-171; on Metcalfe, 176, 186, 236, 237. <b>B</b> Defends Metcalfe's +attitude towards political parties in Canada, 24. <b>Bib.</b>: Works: <i>Life and +Correspondence of Lord Metcalfe</i>; <i>Administration of East India +Company</i>; <i>Lives of Indian Officers</i>; <i>Life of Sir John Malcolm</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Keefer, Thomas Coltrin</b> (1821- ). Born at Thorold, Ontario. Engaged in the +enlargement of the Welland Canal, 1841-1845, and then transferred to the +Ottawa River works, 1845-1849. Made a survey of the St. Lawrence rapids, +1850; and prepared the report and plans which resulted in the building +of the Victoria bridge at Montreal. Instrumental in securing the +deepening of the St. Lawrence channel and the adoption of the standard +gauge on Canadian railways. Served as Canadian commissioner at the +London exhibitions of 1851 and 1862, and the Paris exhibition of 1878, +and also on the International Deep Waterways Commission. Author of a +number of articles and papers on engineering and public questions. <b>Bib.</b>: +Works: <i>Philosophy of Railways</i>; <i>Canals of Canada</i>; <i>Report on Victoria +Bridge</i>; <i>Canadian Waterways</i>. <i>See also</i> in Bourinot's bibliography (R. +S. C., 1894). For biog., <i>see</i> Morgan, <i>Can. Men</i>; Dent, <i>Can. Por.</i></p> + +<p><b>Kempt, Sir James</b> (1764-1854). Commanded brigade in Peninsula, 1812; and +division at Waterloo, 1815; governor of Nova Scotia, 1820-1828; and +governor of Canada, 1828-1830. Made a privy-councillor, 1830; +master-general of ordnance, 1834-1838; general, 1841. <b>Index</b>: <b>BL</b> His +efforts at conciliation, 20. <b>P</b> Succeeds Lord Dalhousie as governor, 70; +his attitude towards Canadians, 70; his report, 1829, on the political +situation in Lower Canada, 71. <b>Bib.</b>: Morgan, <i>Cel. Can.</i>; <i>Dict. Nat. +Biog.</i>; Christie, <i>History of Lower Canada</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Kendrick, Captain John.</b> American seaman. Trading on North-West Coast, +1787-1793. Killed in Sandwich Islands, 1793. <b>Index</b>: <b>D</b> Voyage to +North-West Coast in 1787, 23; at Nootka, 24; credited with rediscovery +of strait of Juan de Fuca, 25.</p> + +<p><b>Kennebec River.</b> A river of the state of Maine, rising in Moosehead Lake; +about 200 miles long. <b>Index</b>: <b>Dr</b> Arnold's march up, 107.</p> + +<p><b>Kennedy, Captain.</b> <b>B</b> Agitates through newspapers and Toronto Board of +Trade importance of acquiring and settling North-West Territories, 216; +writes Lord Elgin on same subject, 216.</p> + +<p><b>Kennedy, Sir Arthur Edward</b> (1810-1883). Governor of Vancouver Island, +1863-1867. Subsequently governor of Queensland. Died in Brisbane.</p> + +<p><b>Kennedy, William Nassau</b> (1839-1885). Born at Darlington, Ontario. Served +as a lieutenant in the Ontario Rifles with the Red River Expedition, +1870. Settled in Winnipeg, and appointed registrar of deeds, 1872. A +member of the North-West Council, 1873; mayor of Winnipeg, 1875-1876. +Organized<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_196" id="Page_196">[196]</a></span> the Winnipeg Field Battery and subsequently colonel of the +90th Rifles. Accompanied the Canadian <i>Voyageurs</i> to Egypt, as paymaster +of the contingent, 1885. Served through the campaign, but died at London +on his way home to Canada.</p> + +<p><b>Kennedy's Regiment.</b> <b>WM</b> On British right, 189.</p> + +<p><b>Kenny, Sir Edward</b> (1800-1891). Born in Kerry County, Ireland. Emigrated +to Nova Scotia. Summoned to the Senate at Confederation. Became +receiver-general in federal ministry, 1867-1869; president of the Privy +Council, 1869-1870. For a time acting lieutenant-governor of Nova +Scotia. Vacated his seat in the Senate, 1876. <b>Index</b>: <b>Md</b> Receiver-general +in first Dominion Cabinet, 134; represents Irish Roman Catholics, 135. <b>T</b> +receiver-general in first Dominion Cabinet, 129. <b>H</b> Member of first +Dominion Cabinet, 198.</p> + +<p><b>Kent and Strathern, Edward Augustus, Duke of</b> (1767-1820). Fourth son of +George III and father of Queen Victoria. Sent to Canada, 1791; served in +West Indies, 1794; returned to Canada, 1796; commander-in-chief of +forces in British North America, 1799-1800; governor of Gibraltar, +1802-1803; field-marshal, 1805. <b>Index</b>: <b>S</b> Commands 7th Fusiliers in +garrison at Quebec, 47; visits Simcoe at Navy Hall, 183; visits Niagara +Falls, 183; is entertained by Robert Hamilton at Queenston, 184. <b>Dr</b> +Arrival of, 270; popularity of, 275; service at Halifax, 276. <b>MS</b> +Stationed in Canada, 98; his friendship for Alexander Mackenzie, 98. +<b>Bib.</b>: <i>Dict. Nat. Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>Kent Lodge.</b> Near Quebec. <b>Index</b>: <b>Hd</b> Formerly Montmorency House, +Haldimand's summer residence, 345.</p> + +<p><b>Kentucky.</b> <b>Dr</b> Movements on foot in, for separation from other American +states, 247, 249.</p> + +<p><b>Kerr.</b> <b>T</b> Elected as Confederation candidate for Northumberland, N. B., +107; moves the address in New Brunswick Assembly, 115.</p> + +<p><b>Kerr, D. S.</b> <b>W</b> Council for Doak and Hill in libel case, 75.</p> + +<p><b>Kerr, W. J.</b> <b>Mc</b> Attempts Mackenzie's assassination, 218; tried and +convicted, 220.</p> + +<p><b>Ketchum, Jesse.</b> <b>Mc</b> Elected to the Assembly, 150; delivers rejoinder to +governor, 300.</p> + +<p><b>Kicking Horse Pass.</b> Through Rocky Mountains, north of lat. 51°, length +104 miles, and elevation at watershed 5300 feet. This pass is followed +by the main line of the Canadian Pacific Railway. It was explored and +named by Dr. Hector, of the Palliser expedition, in 1858.</p> + +<p><b>Killaly, H. H.</b> Represented town of London in first Parliament after the +union of 1841; chairman of the board of public works, 1841-1844, and +1844-1846. <b>Index</b>: <b>Sy</b> Made president of board of works for united +province, 333. <b>BL</b> Commissioner of public works, 1841, 76; a moderate +Liberal, 78; remains in office under La Fontaine-Baldwin government, +133, 134. <b>Bib.</b>: Dent, <i>Last Forty Years</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Killian, Doran.</b> <b>T</b> Recruits Fenian army in New York, 105; his force +arrives at Eastport, 105.</p> + +<p><b>King, Dr.</b> <b>Mc</b> Aids Mackenzie's escape, 389.</p> + +<p><b>King, Rev. Wm.</b> <b>B</b> Moving spirit in negro settlement in Upper Canada, 113.</p> + +<p><b>King's American Regiment.</b> <b>Dr</b> Commanded by Fanning, 202.</p> + +<p><b>King's College (New Brunswick).</b> <b>W</b> Charter granted by George IV, 1828, +49; endowed by New Brunswick Legislature, 49; controlled by Church of +England, 49-50, 51; proposed amendments to charter, 51-56; amendment +bill finally passed, 56; becomes University of New Brunswick, 86; +originated in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_197" id="Page_197">[197]</a></span> College of New Brunswick and chartered, 1800, 86. <b>T</b> +Proposal to convert into agricultural school, 20; cause of its +unpopularity, 21, 48; terms of the Act of 1859, 48-49. <i>See</i> New +Brunswick, College of; New Brunswick, University of.</p> + +<p><b>King's College (Nova Scotia).</b> An academy opened at Windsor, Nova Scotia, +1788. The following year an Act passed for "the permanent establishment +and effectual support of a college at Windsor," and £400 per annum +granted towards its maintenance. Under this act, King's College opened +in 1790. Received royal charter, 1802. <b>Index</b>: <b>H</b> Founded by Church of +England, 81. <b>E</b> Directly under control of Church of England, 93. <b>Bib.</b>: +Partridge, <i>University of King's College</i> in <i>Canada: An Ency.</i>, vol. 4; +Akins, <i>Brief Account of the Origin of King's College</i>; Hind, +<i>University of King's College</i>.</p> + +<p><b>King's College (Upper Canada).</b> Granted royal charter, Mar. 15, 1827. +<b>Index</b>: <b>Md</b> Proposed government subsidy in connection with university +scheme, 29; college and its property secularized, becoming University of +Toronto, 30; replaced as Church of England College by University of +Trinity College, 30. <b>BL</b> Conceived by Simcoe, land grant made, royal +charter granted, Strachan president of, 191-192; opposition to terms of +charter, amendments, building erected, teaching begins, 1843, 192-193; +its land grant, 194; Baldwin proposes transfer of its property to +University of Toronto, 195, 293; Strachan opposes transfer, 195, 196. <b>E</b> +Its history and connection with the university question, 93-94. <b>R</b> +Strachan secures royal charter, 72; and becomes first president, 73; +terms of charter, 73-74; inauguration, 1843, 147; its financial +position, 147; council of, charged with control of grammar schools, +248-249. <i>See</i> Toronto University. <b>Bib.</b>: Hopkins, <i>Canada: An Ency.</i>, +vol. 4; Bethune, <i>Memoir of Bishop Strachan</i>; Robinson, <i>Sir John +Beverley Robinson</i>.</p> + +<p><b>King's Printer, Upper Canada.</b> <b>S</b> Louis Roy, first incumbent of office, +172; Roy succeeded by G. Tiffany, 173.</p> + +<p><b>King's Royal Regiment of New York.</b> <b>Hd</b> Raised by Sir John Johnson, 156; +Beverley Robinson colonel of, 201; disbanded and receive grants of land, +255.</p> + +<p><b>Kingsford, William</b> (1819-1898). Came to Canada from England in 1837. +Qualified as a civil engineer in Montreal, and practised his profession +for some years. The author of many pamphlets, in addition to his +monumental history, the preparation of which he took up late in life, +and completed shortly before his death. <b>Index</b>: <b>L</b> On Dollard's exploit, +75. <b>Bib.</b>: Works: <i>Impressions of the West and South during a Six Weeks' +Holiday</i>; <i>Canadian Canals</i>; <i>Canadian Archæology</i>; <i>Early Bibliography +of Ontario</i>; <i>History of Canada</i>, 10 vols. For list of Dr. Kingsford's +contributions to periodicals, <i>see</i> R. S. C. <i>Trans.</i>, 1894, 47-48. For +biog., <i>see</i> Morgan, <i>Can. Men</i>; MacMurchy, <i>Canadian Literature</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Kingston.</b> City of Ontario, founded by United Empire Loyalists, 1783. +<b>Index</b>: <b>Md</b> Sir John A. Macdonald's early life in, 2; practises law there, +5; elected alderman of, 10; asked to be Conservative candidate for, 11; +elected for, 12; constituency represented by Macdonald, with one short +break, throughout his whole public career, 12, 16, 31, 211; its rivalry +for seat of government, 39; meeting at, protests against Rebellion +Losses Bill, 42; dissatisfied with selection of Ottawa as capital, 85; +difficulty over visit of Prince of Wales, 1860, 88; Macdonald defeated +in, 1878, 228. <b>S</b> Government of Upper Canada organized at, 79; rejected +by Simcoe in favour of York as arsenal for Lake Ontario, 204; Simcoe +spends winter of 1794-1795 at, 211; growth of the town, 211. <b>BL</b> Selected +by Sydenham as capital, reasons for the choice, 73; its history, 73-75; +the legislative building, 85-86; Assembly passes resolution<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_198" id="Page_198">[198]</a></span> declaring +city not suitable as seat of government, 147; reception to Metcalfe, +155; not satisfactory as capital, 180; Harrison member for, 182; serious +trouble between Orangemen and Roman Catholics, 187; severe fire of 1812, +298; special powers granted to magistrates of, 298, 300. <b>Sy</b> Chosen as +seat of government, 282, 292; accommodation at, for Legislature and +government offices, 293. <b>Bk</b> An important military post, 56; differing +views of Dorchester and Simcoe respecting, 56; Brock stations deputy +quartermaster-general at, 80. <i>See</i> Frontenac; Cataraqui. <b>Bib.</b>: Machar, +<i>Old Kingston</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Kinnear.</b> <b>W</b> Solicitor-general, New Brunswick, 1846, 116; joins the +government, 116; proposed for judgeship, 130.</p> + +<p><b>Kirby, William</b> (1817-1906). Born in Kingston-upon-Hull, England. Came to +Canada, 1832, but educated at Cincinnati, Ohio. Settled at Niagara, +Ontario, 1839, where edited and published the <i>Mail</i> for twenty years. +Collector of customs at Niagara, 1871-1895. <b>Bib.</b>: Works: <i>The United +Empire</i>; <i>Le Chien d'Or</i>; <i>Pontiac</i>; <i>Canadian Idylls</i>; <i>Annals of +Niagara</i>. For biog., <i>see</i> MacMurchy, <i>Canadian Literature</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Kirke, Sir David</b> (1596-1655?). Born in Dieppe, son of a Scottish +merchant. Went to England, and, with his two brothers, given command of +an expedition against the French in Canada, 1627. Appeared before +Quebec, but Champlain, who was then in charge, refused to surrender. +Returned down the river, met and defeated the French squadron under De +<a name='TC_6'></a><ins title="Was 'Roque nont'">Roquemont</ins>, in July, 1628, and reappeared before Quebec the following +year, when the garrison, reduced to starvation, was forced to surrender. +Knighted by Charles I, 1633, and obtained a grant of lands in +Newfoundland. Appointed governor of the island; removed by Cromwell; and +returned in 1652. <b>Index</b>: <b>Ch</b> Commands expedition against Quebec, 173; +acts under authority of Sir William Alexander, 176; his letter to +Champlain, 176; sails for Europe, 179; spends several days in Quebec, +204; accused by Champlain of intolerance, 205, 206; learns of treaty of +peace between England and France, 207. <b>F</b> Captures Quebec, 21. <b>Bib.</b>: +Kirke, <i>The First English Conquest of Canada</i>; Parkman, <i>Pioneers of +France</i>; <i>Cyc. Am. Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>Kirke, Sir Lewis.</b> Born 1599. Accompanied his brother Sir David Kirke on +his expeditions to Canada and Newfoundland. Fought on the side of +Charles during the Civil War. Commanded a troop of horse at the battle +of Edgehill; took part in the siege of Gloucester and in the battle of +Newbury; knighted by the king, 1643; made governor of Bridgenorth +Castle; heavily fined under Cromwell for his loyalty to Charles. After +the Restoration appointed captain and paymaster of the corps of +gentleman-at-arms. <b>Index</b>: <b>F</b> Left in charge of Quebec, surrenders it to +French on conclusion of peace, 23. <b>Ch</b> Resides in Fort St. Louis after +capitulation, 158; demands surrender of Quebec, 188-190; grants articles +of capitulation, 191, 192; receives keys of the fort, 195; hoists +English flag, 196; his courteous treatment of Champlain, 199; shows +religious intolerance, 206. <b>Bib.</b>: Kirke, <i>The First English Conquest of +Canada</i>; Parkman, <i>Pioneers of France</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Kirke, Thomas.</b> Born 1603. Brother of Sir David and Sir Lewis Kirke. +Accompanied them on their expeditions in Canada and Newfoundland. Killed +during the Civil War, fighting on the side of Charles. <b>Index</b>: <b>Ch</b> Demands +surrender of Quebec, 188-190; signs articles of capitulation, 192; takes +Emery de Caën prisoner, 220. <b>Bib.</b>: Kirke, <i>The First English Conquest of +Canada</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Kirkpatrick, Sir George Airey</b> (1841-1899). Born in Kingston. Educated at +Trinity College, Dublin; studied law, and called to the bar, 1865. Sat +for<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_199" id="Page_199">[199]</a></span> Frontenac in Dominion House, 1870-92; Speaker, 1883-1887; member of +Privy Council, 1891; lieutenant-governor of Ontario, 1892-1897; K. C. M. +G., 1897. <b>Bib.</b>: Read, <i>Lieutenant-Governors of Upper Canada</i>; Morgan, +<i>Can. Men</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Kishon</b> (<b>the Fish</b>). <b>F</b> Indian name for governors of Massachusetts, 253.</p> + +<p><b>Knox, Henry</b> (1750-1806). American general, in Revolutionary War. <b>Index</b>: +<b>Dr</b> Commissioner on American side for exchange of <a name='TC_7'></a><ins title="Was 'prisioners'">prisoners</ins>, 208. <b>Bib.</b>: +Drake, <i>Life and Correspondence of Henry Knox</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Knox, Captain.</b> Served under Wolfe at Quebec. Wrote an account of the +campaigns in North America from 1757 to 1769. <b>WM</b> His first impression of +Island of Orleans and surrounding country, 91; his description of +fireships, 99; as to appearance and demeanour of French troops, 163, +164; on Murray's order that civilians should leave the city, 250. <b>Bib.</b>: +<i>An Historical Journal of the Campaigns in North America, 1757-60</i>. <i>See +also</i> Parkman, <i>Montcalm and Wolfe</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Knox College.</b> Presbyterian Theological College, established, 1844. +<b>Index</b>: <b>R</b> Established by Free Church Presbyterians, a secondary school at +first, 155. <b>Bib.</b>: Caven, <i>Historical Sketch of Knox College</i> in <i>Canada: +An Ency.</i>, vol. 4.</p> + +<p><b>Knutsford, Henry Thurston Holland, first Viscount</b> (1825- ). Represented +Midhurst in Parliament, 1874-1885, and Hampstead, 1885-1888; secretary +of state for the colonies, 1887-1892. <b>Index</b>: <b>Md</b> Macdonald's letter to, +on Confederation, 158.</p> + +<p><b>Kondiaronk.</b> <b>F</b> Huron chief, wrecks peace negotiations with Iroquois, 222. +<b>L</b> Treachery of, 216; becomes friend of the French, 235. <b>Bib.</b>: Parkman, +<i>Frontenac</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Kootenay District.</b> In British Columbia. <b>Index</b>: <b>D</b> First explored by David +Thompson, 58.</p> + +<p><b>Kuprianoff, Ivan Andreevich.</b> <b>D</b> Succeeds Wrangell in Russian America, +1836, 45.</p> + + +<p><b>L'Alouette.</b> <b>Ch</b> One of De Caën's vessels, 156.</p> + +<p><b>L'Ange, Captain.</b> <b>Ch</b> Meets Champlain on his return from the Upper Ottawa, +78.</p> + +<p><b>L'Anticoton.</b> <b>Ch</b> Pamphlet against Jesuits, 153.</p> + +<p><b>L'Avenir.</b> Newspaper, of Montreal. <b>C</b> Organ of <i>Club démocratique</i>, 26, +27. <b>E</b> Organ of the <i>Parti Rouge</i>, 108. <b>BL</b> Organ of the Radicals of Lower +Canada,—demands universal suffrage, etc., 343.</p> + +<p><b>Laas, Captain de.</b> <b>WM</b> In battle of Ste. Foy, 263.</p> + +<p><b>La Barre, Joseph Antoine Lefebvre de.</b> Governor of La Guyane in 1665; and +in 1682 arrived in Quebec as governor of Canada. His administration +marked by hopeless incompetence; recalled, 1685. <b>Index</b>: <b>L</b> Succeeds +Frontenac as governor, 168; a feeble administrator, 185; prejudiced at +first against the bishop, 188; convokes a special assembly, 190; asks +for more troops, 191; his expedition against Iroquois, 193; makes terms +of peace, 193; recalled, 193. <b>F</b> Governor, arrival of, 171; summons +conference on Indian question, 172; applies for troops, 172; criticized +in despatches by intendant, 173, 174; takes to illegitimate trading, +175; disparages discoveries of La Salle, 176; seizes Fort Frontenac and +Fort St. Louis, 177, 179; instructed to restore to La Salle all his +property, 180; his unwise instruction to Iroquois, 180; decides to make +war on Senecas, 181; corresponds with Colonel Dongan, governor of New +York, 182; leads expedition, 183; arranges ignominious terms of peace, +186; recalled, 188; unfitness for his position, 189; results of his weak +policy, 198, 209. <b>Bib.</b>: Parkman, <i>Frontenac</i> and <i>La Salle</i>.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_200" id="Page_200">[200]</a></span></p> + +<p><b>Laberge, C. J.</b> <b>C</b> A Liberal leader in Quebec, 25; on Dorion, 28; kept in +opposition by Radical programme, 29.</p> + +<p><b>Labrador.</b> The name has been popularly applied to the whole territory +bounded by the Atlantic, Hudson Strait, and Hudson Bay, which includes +not only the Labrador coast-strip, but also a portion of the North-West +Territories. Also known at one time as New Britain. The name is properly +applied to the strip of coast from Cape Chidley to Blanc Sablon, forming +a dependency of the colony of Newfoundland. On various theories as to +origin of name, <i>see</i> Ganong, <i>Cartography of Gulf of St. Lawrence</i> (R. +S. C., 1889). The boundaries have long been in dispute between +Newfoundland and Canada, and the territory has several times changed +hands. The Labrador coast was first discovered by the Northmen, in the +tenth century. Cabot sailed along the coast in 1498, and Corte-Real in +1500. The interior remained practically unexplored till traversed by +officers of the Hudson's Bay Company about 1840. There are a few posts +of the Hudson's Bay Company on the coast. The southern portion is +inhabited by a primitive race of fishermen; in the north are several +missions of the Moravian Brethren, first established there in 1764. +<b>Index</b>: <b>Dr</b> Canadians petition for its restoration to Canada. <b>Bib.</b>: +Cartwright, <i>Sixteen Years on the Coast of Labrador</i>; Hind, +<i>Explorations in Interior of Labrador</i>; Packard, <i>The Labrador Coast</i>; +Stearns, <i>Labrador</i>; Dawson, <i><a name='TC_8'></a><ins title="Was 'anada'">Canada</ins> and Newfoundland</i>; Grenfell, +<i>Labrador</i>; Hubbard, <i>A Woman's Way through Unknown Labrador</i>; Gosling, +<i>Labrador, Its Discovery and Development</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Labrèche, L.</b> <b>E</b> Member of the <i>Parti Rouge</i>, 108.</p> + +<p><b>La Caffinière, De.</b> <b>F</b> Commander of squadron sent against New York, 234.</p> + +<p><b>La Canardière.</b> <b>F</b> Former name of Beauport flats, 293. <b>WM</b> French position +on Beauport shore, 94, 105, 134.</p> + +<p><b>Lac aux Claies.</b> <b>S</b> Renamed Lake Simcoe in honour of Governor Simcoe's +father, 207. <i>See</i> Simcoe.</p> + +<p><b>Lac de Soissons.</b> <b>Ch</b> Name given by Champlain to Lake of Two Mountains, +75.</p> + +<p><b>La Chaise, François d'Aix</b> (1624-1709). Born at the castle of Aix in +Forez. Entered Society of Jesus, and provincial of his order when +selected by Louis XIV as his confessor in 1675. Retained that difficult +position up to the time of his death. <b>Index</b>: <b>L</b> His report on the liquor +question, 174; his letter to Laval, 238.</p> + +<p><b>La Chesnaye.</b> <i>See</i> Aubert de la Chesnaye.</p> + +<p><b>La Chesnaye Settlement.</b> <b>F</b> Iroquois raid on, 226. <b>L</b> Ravaged by Iroquois, +228.</p> + +<p><b>Lachine.</b> Said to have been named by La Salle's men, in derision of his +dream of a westward passage to China. The land was granted by the +Sulpicians to La Salle as a seigniory in 1666; and from here he set +forth on his memorable explorations, in 1669. Twenty years later, this +was the scene of a terrible massacre by the Iroquois. In the eighteenth +and nineteenth centuries, Lachine became of importance as the +starting-point of the brigades of the fur traders, bound for the far +West. <b>Index</b>: <b>L</b> Origin of the name, 148; massacre of, 225. <b>F</b> Description +of massacre at, 10, 224, 225. <b>Bib.</b>: Parkman, <i>La Salle</i> and <i>Frontenac</i>; +Girouard, <i>Lake St. Louis and Cavelier de la Salle</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Lachine Canal.</b> <b>BL</b> Construction of, provided for by government in 1841, +98. <b>Bib.</b>: Rheaume, <i>Lachine and Origin of its Canal</i> (Women's Can. Hist. +Soc. <i>Trans.</i>, vol. 2). <i>See also</i> Canals.</p> + +<p><b>Lachine Railway.</b> <b>E</b> Commenced in 1846, 99.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_201" id="Page_201">[201]</a></span></p> + +<p><b>La Colonbière, De.</b> <b>L</b> On zeal and devotion of Laval, 23; preaches Laval's +funeral sermon, 40, 265; his account of Laval, 256, 257.</p> + +<p><b>Lacombe, Albert</b> (1827- ). Born at St. Sulpice, Quebec. Ordained priest, +1849, and immediately left for the western field. Laboured among the +Crees and other western tribes for many years, and devoted much time to +the study of their languages. Vicar-general of the diocese of St. +Albert. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Dictionnaire et Grammaire de la Langue des Cris</i>. <i>See +also</i> Pilling, <i>Bibliography of Algonquian Languages</i>.</p> + +<p><b>La Corne de St. Luc, Louis Luc.</b> Stationed at Fort St. Frederic (Crown +Point), 1741-1747; at La Présentation in 1752; and the following year +sent to take command of the posts west of Lake Superior. In 1758 +mentioned at Quebec; and the following year back once more at La +Présentation. In 1761, one of the seven survivors of the wreck of +<i>L'Auguste</i>. Remained in Canada after the conquest, and in 1775 raised a +company of Indians to act against the Americans. <b>Index</b>: <b>Dr</b> Accused in +connection with Walker affair, 36; tried and acquitted, 38; member of +Council appointed under Quebec Act, 91. <b>WM</b> Unable to cope with Sir +William Johnson's army, 146. <b>Hd</b> Repulsed by Haldimand at Fort Ontario, +26; one of the few saved in wreck of <i>L'Auguste</i>, 40. <b>Bib.</b>: Parkman, +<i>Montcalm and Wolfe</i> and <i>Pontiac</i>.</p> + +<p><b>La Corne, Pierre.</b> Accompanied Joncaire on an embassy to the Indians of +Niagara, 1720. Sent to Acadia with De Ramezay, 1747. Took part in the +action at Grand Pré. Returned to Quebec, but again sent to Nova Scotia +to induce the Acadians to remove from the province. After the failure of +the attempt, returned to Quebec, and took an active share in the +military expeditions of the next ten years. Distinguished himself at the +siege of Quebec, 1759, where he had command of a body of local troops. +<b>Bib.</b>: Campbell, <i>History of Nova Scotia</i>; <i>Historical Documents relating +to the Province of Nova Scotia</i>, ed. by Akins.</p> + +<p><b>Lacoste, Sir Alexandre</b> (1842- ). Born at Boucherville, Quebec. Educated +at Laval University; studied law and called to the bar of Lower Canada, +1863. A member of the Legislative Council of Quebec, 1882; and in 1884 +called to the Senate; appointed Speaker, 1891. Chief-justice of the +Court of Appeal of Quebec, 1891-1907. Sworn of the Privy Council, and +knighted, 1892. Administrator of Quebec, 1898. <b>Bib.</b>: Morgan, <i>Can. Men</i>; +<i>Canadian Who's Who</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Lacoste, Louis</b> (1798-1878). Born at Boucherville, Quebec. Educated at +St. Sulpice College, Montreal, and called to the bar of Lower Canada. +Sat in the Legislative Assembly of Lower Canada, 1834-1838, and in the +Legislative Assembly of Canada, 1843-1861. Elected a member of the +Legislative Council, 1861. Appointed to the Dominion Senate, 1867.</p> + +<p><b>La Dauversière, Roger de.</b> <b>F</b> One of the founders of Montreal colony, 32.</p> + +<p><b>La Durantaye.</b> <i>See</i> Morel de la Durantaye.</p> + +<p><b>Lady Maria.</b> <b>Dr</b> British vessel on Lake Champlain, 154.</p> + +<p><b>La Famine.</b> <b>F</b> La Barre's army encamps at, 184.</p> + +<p><b>Lafayette, Marie Jean Paul Joseph Roche Yves Gilbert du Motier, Marquis +de</b> (1757-1834). Sailed for America in 1777, with a number of other +French officers, and appointed by Congress a major-general. Met +Washington at Philadelphia, and a close friendship sprang up between the +two. Wounded at Brandywine. Given command of a division of Washington's +army. In 1778 appointed to the command of an expedition against Canada, +which ended in a fiasco. Served with distinction at Monmouth, and later +in Virginia. Secured from France an auxiliary force of 6000 men to +assist the Americans. After<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_202" id="Page_202">[202]</a></span> the close of the war, commanded a division +of the French army in the war against Austria, 1792, but removed by the +Jacobins, and fled to Belgium. Captured, and imprisoned by the +Austrians, and not set free until 1797. After Waterloo, sat in the +Chamber of Deputies, 1818-1824; visited the United States in the latter +year; and in 1830 instrumental in placing Louis Philippe on the throne. +<b>Index</b>: <b>Hd</b> His letter to Canadians, 128; Pillon's treasonable +correspondence with, 278. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Mémoires, etc., de Lafayette</i>; La +Bédollière, <i>Vie Politique du Lafayette</i>; Cloquet, <i>Souvenirs de la Vie +Privée du Lafayette</i>. <i>See also</i> <i>Cyc. Am. Biog.</i>, with further bibliog.</p> + +<p><b>Lafitau, Joseph-François.</b> Jesuit missionary in Canada for many years. +Afterwards returned to France, where he became a professor of +belles-lettres. Chiefly remembered because of his invaluable work on the +manners and customs of the Indian tribes of Canada in the early years of +the eighteenth century. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Mœurs des Sauvages Amériquains</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Laflamme, Rodolphe</b> (1827-1893). Born in Montreal. Entered public life as +member for Jacques-Cartier in Dominion House, 1872; minister of inland +revenue, 1876; resigned with the government, 1878. <b>Index</b>: <b>E</b> Member of +<i>Parti Rouge</i>, 108. <b>C</b> Liberal leader in Quebec, 25, 20; protests against +Dorion entering Cartier's administration, 106-107. <b>Bib.</b>: Dent, <i>Can. +Por.</i> and <i>Last Forty Years</i>.</p> + +<p><b>La Flèche, College of.</b> <b>L</b> Laval studies at, 19, 20.</p> + +<p><b>La Flèque.</b> <b>Ch</b> One of De Caën's vessels, 156.</p> + +<p><b>La Fontaine, Sir Louis-Hippolyte, Bart.</b> (1807-1864). <b>BL</b> His name +associated with responsible government, ix; espouses cause of Reformers +in Lower Canada, 46; no sympathy with Rebellion, 47; his birth and +parentage, 47; education—practises law in Montreal—his marriage, 47; +in politics, 47-48; arrested for complicity in Rebellion, but released, +49; on the union, 57; opposes union of the provinces, 61; offered and +refuses solicitor-generalship, 61; meets Hincks, 63; defeated in +Terrebonne, 70; favours ministerial responsibility, 70-71; reconciled to +the union, 71; his refusal to accept office leaves French-Canadians +without representation in executive, 1841, 78, 79; elected for +York,116-117; Bagot's letter to, offering attorney-generalship of Lower +Canada, 123-124; declines appointment, 125; referred to in Draper's +speech, 127; his speech in reply to Draper, 128; takes office, 132; +attorney-general for Lower Canada, 133; re-elected in York, 134; +attitude of Tories, 139; significance of his alliance with Baldwin, +142-143; personal appearance, 147-148; attacked by London <i>Times</i>, 150; +relations with Metcalfe, 164-176; Kaye's description of, 169; Hincks' +comments on Kaye, 170; interview with Higginson, 172-173; his published +memorandum, 173-176; his work in the Assembly, 178-179; seconds +resolution to remove capital to Montreal, 182; his act for securing +independence of Legislative Assembly, 184; reorganization of judicial +system of Lower Canada, 184-185; resigns office, 1843, 199; interview +with Metcalfe, 201; draws up official statement of reasons for +resignation of ministers, 201-205; Metcalfe's statement, 205-209; +announces resignation in Assembly, 213; returns to practise law in +Montreal, 217; Wakefield on, 219; his health proposed at Toronto +banquet, 221; Viger's criticism of, 236; Draper on, 236; resigns as +Queen's Counsel, 250; elected in Terrebonne, 251; his proposed +resolution on use of French in the Legislature, 255; Draper's overtures +to, 258-263; his contention for responsible government, 273; seconds +Baldwin's amendment to address on responsible government, 277; his +speech, 277; elected, 1848, for both Montreal and Terrebonne, 279; forms +with Baldwin the second La Fontaine-Baldwin administra<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_203" id="Page_203">[203]</a></span>tion, 281, 284; +interview with Elgin, 285-286; re-elected, 286; secures a pardon for +Papineau, 288; attacked by Papineau, 289; his reply, 290-292; his bill +amending judicial system of Lower Canada, and the general law of +amnesty, 302-303; his bill for redistributing seats in the Legislature +is defeated, 303; the Rebellion Losses Bill, 303, 305-334; his political +views, 339, 340; relations with George Brown, 342; opposition of +Papineau and the Radicals, 342, 343; not in favour of secularization of +Clergy Reserves, 348; his views on Seigniorial Tenure, 350-351, 353; +votes against Mackenzie's motion for abolishing the Court of Chancery, +352; his letter to Baldwin, 353; his retirement from public life, 354; +banquet in his honour at Montreal, 1851, 354; his farewell speech, +354-357; his resignation, 357; appointed chief-justice, of Lower Canada, +and created a baronet, 358; his second marriage, 358; his death at +Montreal, Feb. 26, 1864, 358; value of his political work, 239-260. <b>B</b> +Brought into Cabinet by Bagot, 16; dispute with Metcalfe, 19; his wise +leadership, 24; introduces resolutions on Rebellion Losses questions, +35; disintegration of old Reform party hastened by his retirement, 262. +<b>E</b> Denounces Union Act, 24; accepts the union and turns it to the +advantage of his compatriots, 32; conflict with Metcalfe, 33-34; as +opposition leader, 44-45; returned in 1848, 50; his plans thwarted by +Papineau, 51, 108; forms administration with Baldwin, 52, 53; his +resolution on Rebellion Losses Bill, 67-68; takes part in the debate, +69-70; mob attacks his house and burns his library, 74; second attack by +mob, 76-77; his retirement, 1851, and dissolution of government, 85; his +part in the establishment of the parliamentary system, 90; his attitude +towards Clergy Reserves question, 102, 103, 162-164; his resignation, +104, 107; practises law, 105; becomes chief justice of Court of Appeals +of Lower Canada, 105; receives baronetcy, 105; his rank as statesman and +jurist, 105; his death, 105, 220; his conservative influence, 138; his +views on Seigniorial Tenure question, 185, 187; as a constructive +statesman, 236. <b>C</b> Sides against the government, 6; statesmanlike +attitude towards Union of 1841, 16; forms alliance with Baldwin, 16, 97; +forms ministry, 16; resigns, 17; called to power again in 1846, 18; +standing as a statesman, 23; his party splits in two, 25-26; protests +against Union Act of 1840, 96; his fight for ministerial responsibility, +97; long lease of power, 99; wins constitutional battle, 100; his +retirement from politics, 132. <b>P</b> Refuses seat in Draper ministry, 72; +joins Papineau's party, 78; supports him in his violent attitude towards +government, 86; at meeting of Constitutional Committee, 88; his +character, 109; ridiculed by the <i>Mercury</i>, 123; relations with Papineau +in 1847 and after, 167-180; split in Liberal party causes retirement, +179-180; his farewell speech, 179. <b>R</b> Forms opposition party with +Baldwin, Hincks, and others, 122. <b>Mc</b> Addresses revolutionary meetings, +328. <b>Md</b> Given seat in administration by Bagot, 18; resigns, 1843, 18; +attacked by extreme Reformers, 22; forms administration with Baldwin, +30; elevated to the bench, 46-47. <b>Bib.</b>: Dent, <i>Can. Por.</i> and <i>Last +Forty Years</i>; Morgan, <i>Cel. Can.</i>; Taylor, <i>Brit. Am.</i>; David, +<i>Biographie et Portraits</i>; Hincks, <i>Reminiscences</i>.</p> + +<p><b>La Forest.</b> <b>F</b> Left in charge of Port Nelson, 346.</p> + +<p><b>La Franchise, Sieur de.</b> <b>Ch</b> Letter from in Champlain's first narrative, +14.</p> + +<p><b>La Galissonnière, Rolland-Michel Barren, Comte de.</b> Came to New France as +administrator of the government until the arrival of the governor, +Marquis de la Jonquière. Returned to France, 1749; the same year +appointed one of the commissioners on behalf of the French government, +to settle the boundaries of Acadia. Head of the department of nautical +charts at Paris. Commanded the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_204" id="Page_204">[204]</a></span> French fleet at Minorca, 1756, and +defeated the British under Admiral Byng. Died in Nemours, France, 1756. +Is said to have furnished money and supplies to the Abbe de la Loutre to +enable him to carry on his work in Acadia. <b>Index</b>: <b>WM</b> Foresaw danger from +British colonies, 21. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Mémoire sur les Colonies de la France dans +l'Amerique Septentrionale</i>. For biog., <i>see</i> Parkman, <i>Montcalm and +Wolfe</i>; <i>Selections from the Public Documents of Nova Scotia</i>, ed. by +Akins; Tyrrell, <i>Papers</i> in <i>Nova Scotia Documents</i>.</p> + +<p><b>La Grange-Trianon, Mlle. de.</b> <b>F</b> Becomes wife of Frontenac, 63.</p> + +<p><b>Laguide, Madeleine.</b> <b>F</b> Niece of Talon, wife of François Perrot, 97.</p> + +<p><b>La Hontan, Louis Armand de Lom d'Arce, Baron de</b> (1666-1715). Arrived in +Canada in 1683; spent some time at Quebec, and also travelled +extensively in the West. Embodied the result of his Canadian experiences +in a volume of travels, which, especially his extraordinary story of the +Rivière Longue, has been the subject of much controversy. Visited +Newfoundland in 1692 and 1693; and afterwards travelled in Portugal, +Spain, and Holland. <b>Index</b>: <b>F</b> On treatment of captured Indians at Fort +Frontenac, 216; on interview between Frontenac and Denonville, 233; +declines to go on embassy to Iroquois, 261; his account of attack on +Quebec by Phipps, 285. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Nouveaux Voyages dans l'Amérique +Septentrionale</i>, La Haye, 1703. Published in English, London, 1735. For +other editions, <i>see</i> Thwaites's edition of the <i>Voyages</i>, Chicago, +1905. <i>See also</i> Roy, <i>Le Baron de Lahontan</i> (R. S. C., 1894).</p> + +<p><b>Laird, David</b> (1833- ). Born at New Glasgow, Prince Edward Island. +Represented Queens County, in House of Commons, 1873-1876; became +minister of the interior, 1873; and in 1876 appointed +lieutenant-governor of the North-West Territories. Succeeded by Edgar +Dewdney in 1881. Appointed Indian commissioner for the western provinces +and territories, 1898. <b>Bib.</b>: Dent, <i>Can. Por.</i>; Morgan, <i>Can. Men</i>; +<i>Canadian Who's Who</i>; Rattray, <i>The Scot in British North America</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Lajoie, Antoine Gerin</b> (1824-1882). Born in Yamachiche, Quebec. Educated +at Nicolet College, and while there wrote the song <i>Le Canadien Errant</i>. +Studied law and called to the bar, 1848. One of the founders of the +<i>Institut Canadien</i>, 1849. Took up journalism and was editor of <i>La +Minerve</i>, 1845-1852. Appointed a French translator to the Canadian +Assembly, and later made assistant to the librarian of Parliament. +Retired from the public service, 1880. <b>Bib.</b>: Works: <i>Cathéchisme +Politique, ou Elements du Droit Public et Constitutionne du Canada</i>; +<i>Jean Renard</i>.</p> + +<p><b>La Jonquière, Jacques-Pierre de Taffanel, Marquis de.</b> Rear-admiral under +d'Anville in the disastrous expedition against Acadia, 1746. Commanded +another expedition with a similar purpose, 1747, which was defeated by +Anson and Warren. Captured and held for a time in England as prisoner of +war. Governor of Canada, 1749-1752. His administration marked by nothing +that would further the welfare of the colony; but rather by a determined +effort to enrich himself at the expense of the country. <b>Bib.</b>: Parkman, +<i>Half-Century of Conflict</i> and <i>Montcalm and Wolfe</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Lake Champlain.</b> <i>See</i> Champlain, Lake.</p> + +<p><b>Lake George.</b> South of Lake Champlain. This beautiful lake was known to +the Indians as Horicon, and to the French as Lac St. Sacrament. The +outlet of the lake, after circling through the forest and passing over a +series of leaps in the falls of Ticonderoga, flows nearly two miles and +enters Lake Champlain just above Fort George. Lying on the recognized +thoroughfare, north and south, this lake has been the scene of many +memorable conflicts, in the Indian<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_205" id="Page_205">[205]</a></span> and colonial wars. <b>Index</b>: <b>Ch</b> +Champlain's expedition against Iroquois arrives at, 53. <b>WM</b> Battle at, +22; commanded by Fort William Henry, 43. <b>Bib.</b>: Reid, <i>Lake George and +Lake Champlain</i>; Smith, <i>Our Struggle for the Fourteenth Colony</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Lake of the Woods.</b> On the international boundary, west of Lake Superior. +Probably discovered by Jacques De Noyon, about the year 1688. Fort St. +Charles was built by La Vérendrye, on the western shore of the lake, in +1732. His son Jean, with the Jesuit missionary Aulneau, and a number of +voyageurs, were murdered by the Sioux on an island in the lake, in 1736. +In addition to its present name, which is a translation of the name +given it by the French, Lac des Bois, it has also borne several other +names, Lac des Sioux, Lac des Isles, Lake of the Sandhills, etc.</p> + +<p><b>Lalemant, Charles.</b> First superior of Jesuit missions in Canada; arrived +at Quebec from France in 1625, with Enemond Massé and Jean de Brébeuf. +They were the guests of the Récollets for two years, until their own +home on the banks of the St. Charles was built. Lalemant's <i>Relation</i> of +1625 affords a graphic picture of the life of the little settlement at +Quebec, and the early beginnings of the Jesuit missions. <b>Index</b>: <b>Ch</b> +Jesuit, director of missions, 152; his letter to Provincial of +Récollets, 154; wrecked off Canseau Island, 200; professor in College of +Rouen, 207; conducts seminary for young Indians, 229; first parish +priest, 238; administers last rites to Champlain, 261, 263. <b>Bib.</b>: +Douglas, <i>Quebec in Seventeenth Century; Relation</i>, 1625; Le Clercq, +<i>Établissement de la Foy</i>; Parkman, <i>Jesuits in North America</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Lalemant, Gabriel</b> (1610-1649). Jesuit missionary; laboured with Brébeuf +at the mission of St. Ignace, among the Hurons, where he was killed by +the Iroquois in 1649. A Parisian by birth, and his family belonged to +the class of <i>gens de robe</i>. <b>Index</b>: <b>L</b> Sufferings and death of, 5, 62; +mentioned, 16. <b>Bib.</b>: Ragueneau, <i>Relations des Hurons</i>, 1649; Parkman, +<i>Jesuits in North America</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Lalemant, Jérôme</b> (1593-1673). Superior of Jesuit missions in Canada, +1645-1650, and 1659-1665. A missionary to the Hurons until 1645, when +called to Quebec to assume the office of superior. Sailed for France in +1650, and returned in 1659 to resume the office of superior. Appointed +grand vicar, and his name suggested for bishop of Quebec. <b>Index</b>: <b>L</b> His +opinion of Laval, 35; his exaggerated account of the earthquake, 42-45. +<b>Bib.</b>: <i>Journal des Jesuites</i>; Parkman, <i>Jesuits in North America</i>; +Douglas, <i>Old France in the New World</i>.</p> + +<p><b>La Loutre, Louis Joseph de.</b> Sent to Canada by the Society of Foreign +Missions at Paris, 1737. Missionary to the Micmac Indians, 1740. +Vicar-general of Acadia under the bishop of Quebec. A determined enemy +of British supremacy in Acadia. After the fall of Fort Beauséjour, +escaped and fled to Quebec. The following year embarked for France, but +on the voyage was taken prisoner by a British vessel and kept in +confinement for eight years. Returned to France when peace concluded in +1663. Died in obscurity. <b>Bib.</b>: Parkman, <i>Montcalm and Wolfe</i>; Richard, +<i>Acadia; Selections from the Public Documents of Nova Scotia</i>, ed. by +Akins. <i>See also</i> Acadians, Expulsion of the.</p> + +<p><b>Lambert, Captain.</b> <b>Bk</b> Commander of <i>Iphigénie</i>, and subsequently of +<i>Java</i>, 123; his death, 123.</p> + +<p><b>Lamberville, John de</b> (1633-1714). Jesuit missionary to the Onondagas; +forced to leave his mission in 1687, because of Denonville's expedition +against the Iroquois. Remained at Cataraqui as chaplain for a time, and +at Denon<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_206" id="Page_206">[206]</a></span>ville's request returned to the Onondagas to arrange a treaty +of peace. Succeeded in this mission, and resumed his ministry at +Cataraqui. In 1688 carried to Montreal, suffering from a severe attack +of scurvy. The following year returned to France, as procurator of the +mission. Died in Paris. <b>Index</b>: <b>F</b> Jesuit father, missionary to the +Iroquois, 144, 188, 208. <b>L</b> Describes the death of Garakontié, 73, 74; +his position imperilled, by action of governor and intendant, 215. <b>Bib.</b>: +Campbell, <i>Pioneer Priests of North America</i>; Parkman, <i>Frontenac</i> and +<i>Jesuits in North America</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Le Milletière, Dubois de.</b> <b>WM</b> Perishes with his men on fireship, 98.</p> + +<p><b>La Minerve.</b> Montreal newspaper, established 1826. <b>Index</b>: <b>P</b> Morin's +seditious articles in, 101; denounces every one opposed to Papineau, +122-123. <b>BL</b> Praises policy of La Fontaine-Baldwin government, 142; +discusses debate in Imperial Parliament on colonial government, 232; La +Fontaine's speech in reply to Papineau, printed in, 292. <b>C</b> Praises +Cartier, 88.</p> + +<p><b>Lamontagne.</b> <b>Ch</b> Interpreter, 144.</p> + +<p><b>La Montagne.</b> A settlement near Montreal. <b>Index</b>: <b>L</b> Settlement of +Christian Indians at, 9, 74.</p> + +<p><b>Lamotte.</b> <b>WM</b> Chief of the Follis-Avoines, 41.</p> + +<p><b>La Motte, Pierre de St. Paul, Sieur de.</b> Came to Canada with the Carignan +Regiment, 1665. Built Fort Ste. Anne, at the northern extremity of Lake +Champlain, 1666. Two years later took the place of Zacharie Dupuis as +commandant at Montreal. Returned to France, 1670. <b>Index</b>: <b>L</b> Foundation +stone of the parish church of Montreal laid on his behalf by Philippe de +Carion, 88.</p> + +<p><b>La Motte Cadillac, Antoine de.</b> Son of Jean de La Motte, Sieur de +Cadillac, de Launay et de Montet. Served for a time in the army, and +about 1683 came to Canada in search of fortune or adventure. Married +Marie-Thérèse Guyon at Quebec in 1687; stationed for several years at +Port Royal; returned to Quebec, and sent by Frontenac in 1694 to command +the post at Michilimackinac. In 1701 built a post at Detroit, went to +Quebec in 1709, sailed for France, and in 1713 sent out to Louisiana as +governor. <b>Index</b>: <b>F</b> Post commander at Michilimackinac, 340. <b>Bib.</b>: +<i>Cadillac Papers</i> (Michigan Hist. <i>Papers</i>, 1903); Sulte, <i>Les Tonty</i> +(R. S. C., 1893); Roy, <i>Le Baron de Lahontan</i> (R. S. C., 1894); Verreau, +<i>Quelques Notes sur Antoine de Lamothe de Cadillac</i>; Parkman, <i>Old +Régime</i> and <i>Frontenac</i>.</p> + +<p><b>La Mouche.</b> <b>L</b> Nephew of Huron chief, deserts to the Iroquois at Long +Sault, 71.</p> + +<p><b>Lampman, Archibald</b> (1861-1899). Educated at Trinity University, Toronto, +graduating in 1882; appointed to a clerkship in the post-office +department at Ottawa the following year, and remained there up to the +time of his death. Put the best of himself into his poems, in which he +interpreted with rare discernment and charm the spirit of the woods and +fields of his native country. <b>Bib.</b>: Works: <i>Among the Millet</i>; <i>Lyrics +of Earth; Poems</i>, ed. by Duncan Campbell Scott, with biog. sketch. For +biog., <i>see</i> Morgan, <i>Can. Men</i>; MacMurchy, <i>Canadian Literature</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Lancaster, Joseph</b> (1778-1838). Founded the Lancasterian system of +education. In 1798 began teaching poor children on the Madras system; +and gradually introduced improvements. In 1818 came to America, and at +one time conducted a school in Montreal. Published several books on his +system of education. <b>Index</b>: <b>W</b> Founder of Madras system of national +schools, 86. <i>See also</i> Madras schools. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Dict. Nat. Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>Landry, Pierre Armand</b> (1846- ). Born in Dorchester, New Brunswick.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_207" id="Page_207">[207]</a></span> +Educated at St. Joseph's College, Memramcook; studied law and called to +the bar of New Brunswick, 1870. Member of the Assembly, 1878-1883; +elected to the House of Commons, 1883; appointed judge of the County +Court, 1890; puisne judge of the Supreme Court of New Brunswick, 1893. +<b>Index</b>: <b>Md</b> His motion of regret that sentence of death passed upon Riel +not commuted, 280-281. <b>Bib.</b>: Morgan, <i>Can. Men</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Lands, Public.</b> <b>Mc</b> Evils of methods of granting, 74; list of grants in +first thirty-five years, 74. <b>Bk</b> Grants made near Niagara to previously +disloyal persons, 64. <b>W</b> Dissatisfaction over management of, in New +Brunswick, and movement to bring under provincial control, 18-30, 38, +48. <b>T</b> Improper sales of, 51-52. <b>S</b> Land boards attempt to check +speculation, 102; discontinued, 104; grants of, dealt with by Executive +Council after discontinuance of boards, 101-103, 104; grants of, made to +officers of the government, 215.</p> + +<p><b>Langelier, François Charles Stanislas</b> (1838- ). Born at Ste. Rosalie, +Quebec. Educated at Laval University; studied law and called to the bar, +1861. Joined the staff of Laval, and became dean of the law faculty, and +member of the council. Entered public life in 1871; returned for +Montmagny, 1873, and for Portneuf, 1878, in Legislature; sat for +Megantic, 1884; and for Quebec Centre, 1887, in Dominion House. Held the +offices of commissioner of crown lands, and provincial treasurer, in the +Quebec government, 1878-1879. <b>Index</b>: <b>C</b> One of the founders of <i>Le Parti +National</i> and its organ <i>Le National</i>, 30. <b>Bib.</b>: Morgan, <i>Can. Men</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Langevin, Sir Hector Louis</b> (1826-1906). Born at Quebec. Entered +Parliament in 1867, as member for Dorchester; subsequently represented, +successively, Charlévoix, and Three Rivers. Appointed secretary of +state, 1867; minister of public works, 1869; postmaster-general, 1878; +and again minister of public works, 1879; resigned 1891. <b>Index</b>: <b>Md</b> +Secretary of state in first Dominion Cabinet, 134; his organizing +ability and great local influence, 140; announces death of Sir John A. +Macdonald, 325-326. <b>T</b> Delegate to Charlottetown Conference, 74-75; to +Quebec Conference, 76; member of first Dominion ministry, 129. <b>Bib.</b>: +Dent, <i>Can. Por.</i> and <i>Last Forty Years</i>; Taylor, <i>Brit. Am.</i>; Rose, +<i>Cyc. Can. Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>Langhorn, John.</b> <b>S</b> Second Church of England clergyman to arrive in Upper +Canada, 158.</p> + +<p><b>Langlade.</b> <i>See</i> Mouet de Moras de Langlade.</p> + +<p><b>Langlois, Françoise.</b> <b>Ch</b> Wife of Pierre Desportes, 146.</p> + +<p><b>Langlois, Marguerite.</b> <b>Ch</b> Wife of Abraham Martin, 146.</p> + +<p><b>Langlois, Noël.</b> <b>Ch</b> Settler from Normandy, 252.</p> + +<p><b>Langoissieux, Pierre.</b> <b>Ch</b> Récollet, assumes monastic habit, 149; returns +to France, 209.</p> + +<p><b>Languedoc.</b> <b>WM</b> Battalion of regular troops, 29, 105, 118, 192.</p> + +<p><b>La Noüe.</b> <i>See</i> Robutel.</p> + +<p><b>Lanjuère, de.</b> <b>L</b> <i>Life of Olier</i> by, 135.</p> + +<p><b>Lansdowne, Henry Charles Keith Petty-Fitzmaurice, fifth Marquis of.</b> Born +in 1845. Educated at Eton and Balliol College, Oxford; succeeded to +marquisate, 1866. After holding minor offices in the government, became +under-secretary for war in 1872, and in 1880 under-secretary for India. +In 1883 appointed governor-general of Canada; and at the end of his +term, 1888, went to India as viceroy. On his return, became secretary +for war in 1895, and in 1900 foreign secretary. Since the death of the +Duke of Devonshire, has been the leader of the Conservatives in the +House of Lords. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Who's Who</i>.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_208" id="Page_208">[208]</a></span></p> + +<p><b>Lapause, De.</b> <b>WM</b> Sent to erect defences at fords of Montmorency, 112; +accompanies Lévis to the West, 147; in battle of Ste. Foy, 257, 261.</p> + +<p><b>La Peltrie, Marie Madeleine de</b> (<i>née</i> <b>de Chauvigny</b>). Daughter of the +Seigneur de Vaubougon, in Normandy; married early in life, and while +still young was left a widow with a large fortune. Filled with religious +zeal, devoted herself and her fortune to the founding of the Ursuline +convent in Canada. In 1639 sailed for Quebec, and with her companions +began there the important work of ministering to the sick and educating +Indian girls. With tireless energy, carried on the work for thirty-two +years, dying in November, 1671, a few months before her lifelong friend +and co-worker, Marie de l'Incarnation (<i>q.v.</i>). <b>Index</b>: <b>F</b> Arrival of, at +Quebec, 28; accompanies Maisonneuve to Montreal, 33. <b>L</b> Her piety, 92; +Ursuline convent established by, 125; death of, 153; appearance and +character, 153, 154. <b>Bib.</b>: Douglas, <i>Old France in the New World</i>; +Parkman, <i>Jesuits in North America</i> and <i>Old Régime</i>.</p> + +<p><b>La Pérouse, Jean François de Galaup, Comte de</b> (1741-1788). French +admiral. <b>D</b> Explores North-West Coast in 1788, 25. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Voyage autour +du Monde</i>; Marcel, <i>Vie de La Pérouse</i>.</p> + +<p><b>La Perrière.</b> <b>WM</b> Commanded to evacuate Johnstone's redoubt, 140.</p> + +<p><b>La Place, Jacques de.</b> <b>Ch</b> Jesuit missionary at Miscou, 234.</p> + +<p><b>La Potherie.</b> <i>See</i> Bacqueville.</p> + +<p><b>Laprairie.</b> On south shore of St. Lawrence, above Montreal. <b>Index</b>: <b>F</b> +Attack on, by war party under John Schuyler, 281; serious encounter at, +between Canadian forces and party under Peter Schuyler, 312.</p> + +<p><b>La Rabeyre, De.</b> <b>L</b> French officer, put to death by Iroquois, 227.</p> + +<p><b>La Ralde, Raymond de.</b> <b>Ch</b> Accompanies De Caën to Quebec, 138; returns to +France, 141; appointed admiral of Company's fleet, 154.</p> + +<p><b>La Riborde, Gabriel de.</b> Récollet missionary; arrived from France in +1670, and sent to Cataraqui as chaplain to the garrison. Was in the West +with La Salle and Hennepin, in 1679-1680. <b>Index</b>: <b>L</b> With Tonti and Membré +at Fort Crèvecœur, 149; murdered by the Illinois, 150. <b>Bib.</b>: Parkman, +<i>La Salle</i>.</p> + +<p><b>La Rochebeaucour, De.</b> <b>WM</b> Second aide-de-camp to Montcalm, 2; forms +cavalry corps, 87; commands Bougainville's cavalry, 222; brings +provisions into Quebec, 232.</p> + +<p><b>La Rochefoucauld-Liancourt, François Alexandre Frédéric, Duc de</b> +(1747-1827). Chiefly remembered because of his valuable and entertaining +<i>Travels</i>, "full of keen, fair-minded observation regarding every +variety of detail of life in America as this exiled French nobleman +found it, told in a readable style, not without an occasional touch of +humour." Exiled from France in 1768; returned, for several years, and +went into retirement until after Waterloo. Made a peer of France at the +Restoration. <b>Index</b>: <b>Dr</b> Not allowed to visit Lower Canada, 290. <b>S</b> Visitor +to Upper Canada, 56; his observations, 71, 73, 74; describes opening of +Legislature, 92, 93; high opinion of Simcoe's secretary, 178; describes +Colonel Smith's house, 179; on scarcity of servants, 182; entertained by +Simcoe at Navy Hall, 187, 230; on Simcoe's household, 187; Simcoe +objects to some of his remarks, 188; on Simcoe's military talent, 225. +<b>Bib.</b>: Works: <i>Voyage dans les États-Unis d'Amerique fait en 1795-97</i>; +<i>État des Pauvres en Angleterre</i>; <i>Le Bonheur du Peuple</i>.</p> + +<p><b>La Rochelle.</b> French seaport, on the Atlantic, long a stronghold of the +Huguenots. <b>Index</b>: <b>Ch</b> Merchants of, contraband traders, 140.</p> + +<p><b>La Rouette.</b> <b>Ch</b> Pilot, accompanies Champlain in his expedition against +the Iroquois, 52.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_209" id="Page_209">[209]</a></span></p> + +<p><b>La Salle, Jean Baptiste de</b> (1651-1719). Abbé; canon of Rheims. <b>Index</b>: <b>L</b> +Founder (1684) of the order of Christian Brothers, 125.</p> + +<p><b>La Salle, René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de</b> (1643-1687). Sailed for Canada +in the spring of 1666; granted by the Sulpicians the seigniory of +Lachine, from which, in 1669, he set out with Dollier de Casson and +Galinée upon the first of those explorations towards the west and south +for which he was to become famous. Meeting Jolliet at the western end of +Lake Ontario, Dollier de Casson and Galinée decided to make their way to +the upper lakes, while La Salle turned south and explored the Ohio. His +later explorations have been the subject of long controversy—the point +in dispute being whether he explored the Mississippi before or after +Marquette and Jolliet. In any event, he first descended the river to its +mouth, 1681-1682. Upon his return, sailed for France, and in 1684 set +out with four ships to establish a colony at the mouth of the +Mississippi. This unfortunate expedition culminated in the murder of La +Salle by his own men. <b>Index</b>: <b>F</b> Sent to invite Indians to conference, 79; +first commandant of Fort Frontenac (Cataraqui), 86; reports Perrot's +defiant proceedings to Frontenac, 92; his views on sale of liquor to +Indians, 123; obtains grant of Fort Frontenac from the king, 156; +obtains exclusive right of trading in Mississippi region, 158; +difficulties encountered by, 159, 161; relations with Frontenac, 162; +discoveries disparaged by La Barre and also by the king, 176; financial +affairs, 178; his forts and other property seized by La Barre, restored +to him, 179; king takes him under his special protection, 180. <b>L</b> Sells +liquor to Indians, 116; obtains letters of nobility, and concession at +Fort Frontenac (Cataraqui), 145; birth and character, 147; explorations, +148-153; goes to France, 151; misfortunes and death of, 152; reports +sermon of Abbé Fénelon, 160. <b>WM</b> Discovers mouth of Mississippi, 19. +<b>Bib.</b>: <i>Memoir</i>, in French, <i>Hist. Coll.</i> of <i>Louisiana</i>, 2d Ser., vol. +2; letters and other documents, in Margry, <i>Découvertes</i>; Shea, <i>Voyages +up and down Mississippi</i>; Parkman, <i>La Salle</i>; Winsor, <i>Nar. and Crit. +Hist.</i>; Falconer, <i>Discovery of Mississippi</i>; Griffin, <i>Discovery of +Mississippi</i>; Sparks, <i>La Salle</i> in <i>Lib. of Am. Biog.</i>; Gravier, +<i>Découvertes</i>; Harrisse, <i>Notes pour Servir</i>; Joutel, <i>Journal +Historique</i>; Chesnel, <i>Histoire de Cavelier de la Salle</i>; Guénin, +<i>Cavelier de la Salle</i>; Sulte, <i>La Morte de la Salle</i>; Girouard, <i>Lake +St. Louis and Cavelier de la Salle</i>.</p> + +<p><b>La Sarre Regiment.</b> <b>WM</b> One battalion of, sent to Canada, 12, 29; in +battle of the Plains, 192; in battle of Ste. Foy, 259, 261.</p> + +<p><b>Lascelles' Regiment.</b> <b>WM</b> In centre under Murray, 189; in battle of Ste. +Foy, 259.</p> + +<p><b>La Taille.</b> <b>Ch</b> Accompanies Champlain to Quebec, 41.</p> + +<p><b>La Terrière, Pierre de Sales.</b> Came to Canada from France, 1766; +appointed agent at Quebec for the St. Maurice forges, 1771; his place of +business in front of the lower town market, facing the church of Notre +Dame; in 1775 appointed inspector of works, and removed to the forges, +on the banks of the St. Maurice, a few miles above Three Rivers. Left an +interesting account of the works, in his <i>Mémoires de Laterrière</i>. +Implicated in the American invasion of 1776, and arrested. <b>Index</b>: <b>Hd</b> +Inspector of St. Maurice forges, 48; arrest of, 277; dislike of +Haldimand, 277; suspected of supplying Americans with petards and +cannon-balls from St. Maurice forges, 277-278; his defence of Du Calvet, +284-287; his description of Haldimand, 293. <b>Bib.</b>: Christie, <i>History of +Lower Canada</i>.</p> + +<p><b>La Terrière de Sales.</b> Represented Saguenay in Assembly, 1844-1854; +appointed to Legislative Council, 1856. <b>Index</b>: <b>E</b> Votes against +secularization of Clergy Reserves, 164.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_210" id="Page_210">[210]</a></span></p> + +<p><b>La Tesserie, De.</b> <b>L</b> Member of the Sovereign Council, 158.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 401px;"> +<img src="images/img_text210a.jpg" width="401" height="600" alt="Sir Wilfrid Laurier" title="" /> +<span class="caption">Sir Wilfrid Laurier</span> +</div> + +<p><b>Latour, Abbé Bertrand de.</b> <b>L</b> On the humility of Laval, 33; on the evils +flowing from the sale of liquor to the Indians, 36; on mental +characteristics of Canadian children, 100; on the virtues of Laval, 187. +<b>Bib.</b>: <i>Mémoire sur la Vie de Laval</i>.</p> + +<p><b>La Tour, Charles Amador de.</b> Son of Claude de la Tour. Came to Acadia in +1610 with his father. Driven out of Port Royal by the English; built a +post near Cape Sable, on what is now known as Port Latour. In 1632, when +Acadia was restored to France, Razilly came out with Charnisay to +strengthen the colony. Razilly died in 1636, and a bitter conflict +followed between Charnisay and La Tour, both of whom claimed to +represent the king in Acadia. Charnisay had rebuilt Port Royal, and La +Tour occupied a fort at the mouth of the St. John. The outcome of the +quarrel was an order for the arrest of La Tour. Charnisay attacked La +Tour's fort, but was driven off. When he blockaded the harbour, La Tour +escaped to Boston, returned with English ships, and drove Charnisay to +the shelter of Port Royal. The latter's opportunity came, however, +later. He attacked the fort during La Tour's absence. La Tour's wife +made a gallant defence, and Charnisay succeeded in the end only by +resorting to treachery. He carried Madame La Tour to Port Royal, where +she died in 1645. Some years later, after the death of Charnisay, La +Tour brought this curious drama to a conclusion by marrying the widow of +his rival. He had already obtained restitution from the king, who made +him governor of Acadia; and some years later showed his powers of +persuasion by obtaining a generous grant of land from Cromwell, who had, +in 1654, taken possession of the colony. Died about 1666. <b>Bib.</b>: Parkman, +<i>Old Régime</i>; Hannay, <i>History of Acadia</i>; Kirke, <i>The First English +Conquest of Canada</i>.</p> + +<p><b>La Tour, Claude de.</b> A Huguenot gentleman; came to Port Royal in 1610 +with Poutrincourt; in 1614 had a trading-post on the Penobscot. Sailed +for France in 1627, and on his return the following year, with supplies +for the defence of Acadia, captured by Kirke and carried to England. +There married one of the queen's French maids of honour, and was +persuaded to throw in his lot with the English. Promised to win over his +son Charles (<i>q.v.</i>), but the latter scornfully refused to change his +allegiance. Afterwards built a fort at the mouth of the St. John, for +the French, to whom he had once more transferred his services. <b>Index</b>: <b>Ch</b> +Captured by Kirke, 177. <b>Bib.</b>: Parkman, <i>Old Régime</i>; Hannay, <i>History of +Acadia</i>; Kirke, <i>The First English Conquest of Canada</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Lattaignant, Gabriel de.</b> <b>Ch</b> Assists in forming Company of New France, +168; made a director, 170.</p> + +<p><b>L'Auberivière, François Louis de Pourroy de.</b> Roman Catholic bishop of +Quebec, 1739-1740, succeeding Dosquet. Died at Quebec, 1740. <b>Index</b>: <b>L</b> +bishop of Quebec, 12.</p> + +<p><b>Laurier, Sir Wilfrid</b> (1841- ). Born at St. Lin, Quebec. Studied law at +McGill University, and called to the bar, 1864. Entered public life in +1871 as member for Drummond and Arthabaska in the Quebec Assembly; three +years later returned to the House of Commons for the same constituency. +Entered the Mackenzie Cabinet, 1877, as minister of inland revenue. In +1887 leader of the opposition; and in 1896, upon the defeat of the +Tupper government, called upon to form an administration, himself taking +the office of president of the Council. Received the honour of G. C. M. +G. in 1897, and the same year called to the Imperial Privy Council. +<b>Index</b>: <b>Mc</b> Justifies Upper Canada Rebellion, 30, 31. <b>Md</b> His +administration repeals Franchise Act of 1885, 260; succeeds<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_211" id="Page_211">[211]</a></span> Blake as +leader of Liberal party, 1887, 261, 263; lukewarm towards policy of +commercial union, 296; his reply to Macdonald's appeal to the +electorate, 1891, 311; finally disposes of unrestricted reciprocity, +317; his speech in Parliament on death of Macdonald, 326-329. <b>C</b> On the +Quebec radicals, 27-28; one of the founders of <i>Le Parti National</i> and +its organ <i>Le National</i>, 30; on Cartier, 116-117. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Discours sur le +libéralisme politique</i>; Barthe, <i>Discours de Laurier, depuis 1871 à +1890</i>. For biog., <i>see</i> Willison, <i>Sir Wilfrid Laurier and the Liberal +Party</i>; Fréchette, <i>Wilfrid Laurier</i>; Moreau, <i>Sir Wilfrid Laurier</i>; +David, <i>Laurier et son Temps</i>; Morgan, <i>Can. Men</i>; Dent, <i>Can. Por.</i></p> + +<p><b>Lausaunne.</b> <b>Hd</b> The resort of savants, 3.</p> + +<p><b>Lauzon, Jean de.</b> Born, 1582. Governor of New France, 1651-1656; had +already been associated with the interests of the colony by reason of +his position as president of the Company of New France, and had used his +office to acquire the island of Montreal and Point Lévis opposite +Quebec. His administration as governor made odious not only by a long +series of public mistakes, but by his too obvious intention of using the +office to enrich himself and his sons. Returned to France in 1656; and +mentioned in contemporary narratives as late as 1660. <b>Index</b>: <b>Ch</b> +Intendant of Company of New France, 170; objects to return of Récollets, +225. <b>F</b> Governor, 38; returns to France, 42. <b>Bib.</b>: Douglas, <i>Old France +in the New World</i>; Parkman, <i>Old Régime</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Lauzon-Charny, Charles de.</b> Son of Jean de Lauzon, and administrator of +New France after the departure of his father in 1656. During his +father's governorship, had been invested with the high-sounding but +empty title of <i>Grand Maître des Eaux et Forêts de la Nouvelle France</i>. +Returned to France in 1656; entered the church; and returned in 1659 +with Laval, who made him a member of the Ecclesiastical Council. <b>Index</b>: +<b>L</b> Director of Seminary, 55; grand vicar, accompanies Laval to France, +134. <b>Bib.</b>: Douglas, <i>Old France in the New World</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Laval, Anne Charlotte.</b> <b>L</b> Only sister of Bishop Laval, 19.</p> + +<p><b>Laval, Charles François Guy</b> (<b>Fanchon</b>). <b>L</b> Nephew of Laval, educated by +him at Quebec, 140.</p> + +<p><b>Laval-Montmorency, François de</b> (1623-1708). <b>L</b> Appointed apostolic vicar +with title of bishop of Petræa <i>in partibus</i>, 7; opposes liquor traffic, +10; founds Seminary at Quebec, 10; created bishop of Quebec, 12; not +fully appreciated in his lifetime, 15; his noble birth, 17; his devotion +to St. François Xavier and St. François d'Assisi, 18; a scholar at +College of La Flèche, 19; inherits patrimony of Montigny, and called for +a time Abbé de Montigny, 19; yields patrimony to his younger brother, +Jean-Louis, 19, 21; admitted to congregation of the Holy Virgin, 20; +receives tonsure at nine years of age and made canon of Evreux at +fifteen, 20; leaves La Flèche at nineteen and goes to the College of +Clermont at Paris, 21; death of his two elder brothers, 21; his mother +desires him to marry, 21; appointed archdeacon of cathedral of Evreux, +22; his zealous performance of his duties, 23; goes to Rome in +expectation of an appointment as one of three bishops for Asia, 23; +resigns his archdeaconry, 23; becomes inmate of Hermitage of de +Bérnières at Caen, 24, 25; recommended by Jesuits as vicar apostolic for +Canada, 26; consecrated as such by papal nuncio, 26; arrives at Quebec, +June 16, 1659, 26; his authority questioned, 27; demands written +recognition of his authority, 28; suspends the Abbé de Queylus, 28; +manner and personal appearance, 28, 29; attention to the sick, 33; his +different places of residence in Quebec, 33; friction with Governor +D'Argenson, 34; his efforts to prevent sale of brandy to the Indians, +36-39; sails for<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_212" id="Page_212">[212]</a></span> France, obtains recall of D'Avaugour, and military +reinforcements for colony, 39; his influence in the creation of the +Sovereign Council, 40; returns to Canada, 41; founds Seminary, 47, 48; +his regulations therefor approved by the king, 50; obtains authority to +collect tithes, 50; receives flattering letters from the king and +Colbert, with gift of money, 52; resides at Seminary, 55; opposed to +permanent livings for clergy, 55; his personal income transferred to the +Seminary, 56; imposes on himself many privations, 56; affiliates +Seminary with Foreign Missions of Paris, 57; acquires seigniory of +Beaupré and exchanges it for Île Jésus, 58; baptizes Iroquois chief, 65; +visits various settlements of Christian Indians, 74; bears testimony to +the high character of De Tracy, 81; describes church at Quebec in letter +to Pope, 84; approves of works of piety instituted by Jesuits, 86; +encourages devotion to the Holy Family, 86; his visits to Montreal, 87; +his wise views, 98; watches over instruction of youth, 99; establishes +boarding school at St. Joachim, 100; encourages Brotherhood of Ste. +Anne, 101; builds first sanctuary of Ste. Anne at Beaupré, 101; makes +pilgrimage to Beaupré, 101; his instructions to missionaries, 105-107; +receives Récollets with benevolence, 111; his zeal for primary +education, 124; appointed bishop, 129, 136; his letter to the +Propaganda, 131; has manager appointed for his abbey of Lestrées, 138; +rents it to Berthelot, 138; exchanges Island of Orleans for Île Jésus, +138; visits his family in France, 139; family troubles, 139; renews +connection of Seminary with Foreign Missions of Paris, 140; returns to +Canada, 141, 169; sails for France in connection with liquor traffic +question, 173; erects parish of Notre Dame de Montreal, 175; joins it to +Seminary of St. Sulpice, 175; his interest in chapel of Bonsecours, 178; +bows to king's decision on tithes question, 181; returns to Canada, 184; +resists attempt to connect his diocese with archbishopric of Paris, 184; +bestows all his property on the Seminary of Quebec, 185; letter to the +king, 187; visits parishes and missions, 189, 190; illness, 190; letter +to king as to need for reinforcements, 192; establishes chapter of +diocese, 197; sails for France, 198; resigns as bishop in favour of +Saint-Vallier, 200; returns to Canada, 202, 220; physical suffering, +205; letter to Saint-Vallier, 206; disagreement with Saint-Vallier on +the subject of the Seminary, 208; his return to Canada delayed, 211; +returns, 219, 220; receives his successor, 221; his conduct during siege +of Quebec, 231; his grief over the policy adopted in regard to the +Seminary, 235; his escape from burning building, 240; his labours in +extreme age, 244; his admiration of the Charron brothers, 247; his +habits and practices described by Brother Houssart, 251-256; by De la +Colombière, 256, 257; his death, 263; miraculous cures attributed to, +264; burial in cathedral and subsequent transfer of remains to Seminary, +265, 266. <b>F</b> Arrival of, as vicar apostolic and bishop of Petræa <i>in +partibus</i>, 43; sends De Queylus back to France, 43; disagrees with +Governor D'Argenson, 45; also with D'Avaugour, 46; sails for France, +1662, 46; procures recall of D'Avaugour and appointment of Mézy, 48; +returns to Quebec, September, 1663, 48; establishes Quebec Seminary, 48; +and Lesser Seminary, 49; quarrels with <a name='TC_9'></a><ins title="Was 'Mezy'">Mézy</ins>, 50; sails for France to +settle question of bishopric, May, 1672, 70; made bishop of Quebec, and +returns to Canada, 1675, 71; establishes Ecclesiastical Court, 111; +curtails honours paid to governor in church, 112; king's instructions on +the subject, 113; Frontenac's estimate of bishop's revenue, 114; objects +to trading permits issued by governor, as involving selling of liquor to +Indians, 116; gains the king over to his views, 116; sends grand-vicar +to France to uphold his policy, 118; goes to France to press his views, +1678, 125; effect of his elevation to rank of bishop, 164; not +favour<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_213" id="Page_213">[213]</a></span>able to permanent curacies, 165, 190; rejects offer of Récollets +to serve the parishes without any fixed provision for their support, +165; determines to resign, 190; goes to France, 1684, 191; chooses +Saint-Vallier as his successor, 191; describes Canada as "the country of +miracles," 301. <b>Bib.</b>: Têtu, <i>Esquisse Biographique de Laval</i>; <i>Esquisse +de la Vie, etc., de Laval</i>; Parkman, <i>Old Régime</i>; Gosselin, <i>François +de Montmorency-Laval</i>; Colby, <i>Canadian Types of the Old Régime</i>; <i>Le +Vénérable François de Montmorency-Laval</i>; Douglas, <i>Old France in the +New World</i>; Dent, <i>Can. Por.</i></p> + +<p><b>Laval, Guy de.</b> <b>L</b> Ancestor of Bishop Laval, 17.</p> + +<p><b>Laval, Henri de.</b> <b>L</b> His letter to his brother the bishop, 139; second +letter, 141.</p> + +<p><b>Laval, Hugues de.</b> <b>L</b> Father of Bishop Laval, 17.</p> + +<p><b>Laval, Jean-Louis.</b> <b>L</b> Brother of Bishop Laval, 19; bad conduct of, 139.</p> + +<p><b>Laval University.</b> Founded, 1668, as the Quebec Seminary, and granted a +royal charter in 1852, at the instance of Lord Elgin, then +governor-general. <b>Index</b>: <b>L</b> Its origin traced to Quebec Seminary, 99. +<i>See also</i> Quebec Seminary. <b>Bib.</b>: Hamel, <i>Sketch of Laval University</i> in +<i>Canada: An Ency.</i>, vol. 4; Roy, <i>L'Université Laval et les Fêtes du +Cinquantenaire</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Lavalette.</b> <b>Ch</b> A Basque, fishes on Acadian coast as early as 1565, 59.</p> + +<p><b>La Vallée, de.</b> <b>Ch</b> Godfather of young Hurons, 233.</p> + +<p><b>La Valtrie, Séraphin Marganne, Sieur de</b> (1643-1693). A native of St. +Benoit de Paris. Obtained a lieutenancy in the Lignières Regiment; took +service under De Tracy, 1664, and came to Canada the following year. +Granted the seigniory of Lavaltrie in 1672; sent to the western posts as +commandant, and replaced by La Durantaye, 1683; accompanied Denonville +on his expedition against the Iroquois, 1687. Killed, 1693. <b>Index</b>: <b>F</b> +Seignior, commands militia; in 1687 in attack on Iroquois, 209; killed +by Iroquois in 1693, 323. <b>Bib.</b>: Parkman, <i>Frontenac</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Laverdière, Charles Honoré</b> (1826-1873). Educated at Laval University. +Studied for the church and ordained priest. Joined the faculty of Laval, +and became university librarian. <b>Ch</b> On question of Champlain's tomb, +261-262. <b>Bib.</b>: Edited the <i>Works</i> and <i>Voyages</i> of Champlain; and +completed Ferland's <i>Cours d'Histoire du Canada</i>; author of <i>Histoire du +Canada</i>; <i>Samuel de Champlain</i>; edited, with Abbé Casgrain, the <i>Journal +des Jesuites</i>, 1645-1668.</p> + +<p><b>La Vérendrye, Pierre Gaultier de Varennes, Sieur de</b> (1685-1749). Son of +René Gaultier, Sieur de Varennes, governor of Three Rivers. Served in +the New England campaign of 1704, and the following year in +Newfoundland. In 1707 with the army in Flanders, and wounded at +Malplaquet in 1709. Returning to Canada, engaged in the fur trade, for +some years on the St. Maurice, and 1727-1728 on Lake Nipigon. There +conceived the idea of exploring the unknown country beyond Lake +Superior, to discover the Western Sea, a project to which he devoted the +remainder of his life. Left Montreal for the West in 1731; built forts +on Rainy Lake and Lake of the Woods, and in the succeeding years +penetrated to Lake Winnipeg, Red River, and the Assiniboine. In 1738 +made a journey to the Mandan villages on the Missouri; and the following +year one of his sons penetrated to the Saskatchewan. In 1742, unable to +go himself, sent two of his sons far to the south-west. They hoped, as +he had always hoped, to reach at last the Western Sea, but were baffled +by hostile tribes and the barrier of the Rocky Mountains. In 1743 +returned finally to Montreal, broken in health and heavily in debt. Six +years later died there. His sons begged to be allowed to continue his +western explorations, but<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_214" id="Page_214">[214]</a></span> hostile influences made this impossible. <b>WM</b> +Discoverer of the Rocky Mountains, 19. <b>L</b> Carries explorations as far as +the Rocky Mountains, 11. <b>MS</b> Leads the way inland from Lake Superior, 3; +his search for Western Sea, 40; his reply to charge of making money in +fur trade, 281. <b>Bib.</b>: Prud'homme, <i>Pierre Gaultier de Varennes, Sieur de +La Vérendrye</i> (R. S. C., 1905); Laut, <i>Pathfinders of the West</i>; +Parkman, <i>Half Century of Conflict</i>; Bryce, <i>Hudson's Bay Company</i>; +Burpee, <i>Search for the Western Sea</i>. <i>See also</i> his journals in +<i>Canadian Archives Report</i>, 1889; Richard's <i>Summary</i> (Can. Arch., +1904); and Margry, <i>Découvertes et Établissements des Français</i>. His +<i>Journals</i> are now being edited for the Champlain Society, Toronto.</p> + +<p><b>La Vigne, Captain de.</b> <b>Ch</b> Sails for France with Champlain, 141.</p> + +<p><b>Laviolette.</b> <b>Hd</b> Three Rivers founded by, in 1634, 43-44.</p> + +<p><b>Law.</b> <b>Dr</b> Confusion and abuse in administration of, 51-55.</p> + +<p><b>Law, Captain John.</b> <b>S</b> First sergeant at arms of the Upper Canada +Assembly, 85; a retired officer of the Queen's Rangers, 85.</p> + +<p><b>Law, John.</b> <b>R</b> Headmaster of Gore district Grammar School, Upper Canada, +4; Egerton Ryerson studies under, 5.</p> + +<p><b>Lawrence, Charles.</b> Entered the army as ensign, 1727; captain, 1742; and +major, 1747. Accompanied Warburton's Infantry to Nova Scotia, and +engaged in the French wars at Cobequid, 1749-1750; brigadier-general +under Amherst at the siege of Louisbourg, 1758. Nine years earlier had +been appointed a member of the Council of Nova Scotia; administered the +government on the retirement of Governor Hopson, 1753; +lieutenant-governor, 1754; and governor, 1756. The first Assembly met +under his governorship, 1758. Responsible for the expulsion of the +Acadians. Died at Halifax, Oct. 19, 1760. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Dict. Nat. Biog.</i>; +Akins, <i>History of Halifax</i>; Parkman, <i>Montcalm and Wolfe</i>; Hannay, +<i>History of Acadia</i>; Richard, <i>Acadia</i>. <i>See also</i> Acadians, Expulsion +of the.</p> + +<p><b>Lawrence, Joseph W.</b> <b>T</b> Supports Tilley in 1850, 10.</p> + +<p><b>Laws, Captain.</b> <b>Dr</b> Sent with seventy men to attack Arnold in rear, 129; +completes discomfiture of enemy, 131. <b>Hd</b> Effects arrest of Du Calvet, +285.</p> + +<p><b>Le Baillif.</b> <b>Ch</b> Under clerk at Tadoussac, 133; placed in charge of +storehouse by Kirke, 195; a bad character, 202-204.</p> + +<p><b>Le Baillif, George.</b> <b>Ch</b> Récollet missionary, 87; goes to France, as +delegate from colony, 136.</p> + +<p><b>Lebel, J. G.</b> <b>E</b> Commissioner under Seigniorial Tenure law, 187.</p> + +<p><b>Le Ber, Jeanne</b>, daughter of Jacques Le Ber, of Montreal. <b>Index</b>: <b>L</b> Birth, +baptism, and virtues of, 91; mortifications practised by, 92.</p> + +<p><b>Le Ber, Pierre.</b> <b>L</b> House of charity established by, 245.</p> + +<p><b>Le Ber de Senneville, Jacques</b> (1633-1706). One of the principal +merchants of Montreal; married in 1658 Jeanne, sister of Charles Le +Moyne. In 1673 engaged with Aubert de la Chesnaye in the fur trade at +Cataraqui, and aroused the hostility of Governor Perrot of Montreal, who +was also interested in the fur trade. In 1675 sold out his rights at +Cataraqui to La Salle; and four years later acquired the seigniory of +Senneville. Mentioned in 1691 as in a fur-trading partnership with +Frontenac. <b>Index</b>: <b>F</b> Imprisoned by Perrot, 92; La Barre's dealings with, +175. <b>Bib.</b>: Parkman, <i>Frontenac</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Le Borgne de Belle Isle, Emmanuel.</b> <b>Ch</b> Takes Fort St. Pierre, 236.</p> + +<p><b>Le Brun de Duplessis, Jean-Baptiste.</b> Born at Corbie, in Picardy, about +1730. Came to Canada about 1755 and joined the Béarn Regiment; practised +as a notary in Quebec for many years. Died there some time after 1796. +<i>See</i> R. S. C., <i>Trans.</i>, 1900, I, 129-130. <b>Index</b>: <b>Dr</b> Carleton's account +of, 68.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_215" id="Page_215">[215]</a></span></p> + +<p><b>Le Canadien.</b> Newspaper, published at Quebec. <b>Index</b>: <b>BL</b> On the political +situation in 1842, 116. <b>C</b> First French newspaper in Quebec, 95; +suppressed by Governor Craig, 95. <b>P</b> Established in 1806 by Bédard, +Panet, and other French-Canadian leaders, 28; suppressed by Sir James +Craig, 29.</p> + +<p><b>Le Caron, Joseph.</b> <b>Ch</b> Récollet missionary, 85; goes to country of the +Hurons, 88; with Champlain visits the Tionnontates or Petuneux, 106; +meets Father d'Olbeau at Three Rivers, 107; sails for France, 111; +becomes commissary of the Récollets, in Canada, 112; performs first +marriage ceremony in Canada, 113; proceeds to Huron country, 149; +returns to France, 208; death of, 226. <b>L</b> Missionary labours of, 3. <b>Bib.</b>: +Parkman, <i>Pioneers of France</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Le Chausseur.</b> <b>F</b> Secretary to Frontenac, 139.</p> + +<p><b>Le Clercq, Chrestien.</b> Récollet missionary in Canada, and historian of +his order. <b>Index</b>: <b>F</b> On great need for Récollet order in Canada, 72; on +Schenectady massacre, 247; on "flag" incident in siege of Quebec, 296. +<b>Ch</b> Quoted, 112, 114; praises virtue of early Canadian settlers, 258. +<b>Bib.</b>: <i>Établissement de la Foy dans la Nouvelle France</i>, trans. by Shea, +under the title <i>First Establishment of the Faith</i>; <i>Nouvelle Relation +de la Gaspesie</i>, trans. for the Champlain Society by Ganong, under the +title <i>New Relation of Gaspesia</i>. Both these translations give in the +introductions biographical details of the author as far as known.</p> + +<p><b>Lecompte-Dupré, J. B.</b> <b>Dr</b> Colonel of Quebec militia, 246.</p> + +<p><b>Le Diable.</b> <b>WM</b> Name given to floating battery, 87, 104.</p> + +<p><b>Le Du.</b> <b>S</b> French priest, deported, 190.</p> + +<p><b>Lee.</b> <b>W</b> Receiver-general, New Brunswick, 69.</p> + +<p><b>Le Faucheur.</b> <b>Ch</b> One of the men landed by Kirke on St. Pierre Island, +174.</p> + +<p><b>Le Foulon.</b> Now known as Wolfe's Cove. <b>Index</b>: <b>WM</b> Guard of 100 men at, +160; Wolfe carefully examines from the river, 168; learns that it is +poorly guarded, 171; effects landing at, 181.</p> + +<p><b>Le Gardeur de Repentigny, Jean Baptiste</b> (1632-1709). Son of Pierre Le +Gardeur (<i>q.v.</i>). His father brought him to Canada at the age of four +years. Resided in Montreal, 1642-1643; and in 1656 married Marguerite, +daughter of Jean Nicolet, the explorer. In 1663 elected mayor of Quebec, +but promptly resigned under official pressure, the policy of the +government being opposed to anything approaching popular government. +Raised a company of volunteers at Quebec in 1665, and accompanied the +regulars to Three Rivers, which they were just in time to save from an +Iroquois attack. In 1687 accompanied Denonville on his expedition +against the Iroquois. <b>Index</b>: <b>F</b> Goes to France on behalf of Montreal +colonists, 36. <b>Ch</b> Acts as godfather to young Hurons, 233. <b>Bib.</b>: Parkman, +<i>Frontenac</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Le Gardeur de Repentigny, Pierre.</b> Arrived at Quebec from Normandy with +his wife and family, 1636. Obtained a grant of land from the Company of +New France, and engaged in the fur trade. In 1644 went to France to +secure concessions for the Company of Habitants, which he had been +instrumental in organizing. In 1647 granted the seigniories of Cournoyer +and Repentigny, but did not live long to enjoy them, as he died the +following year on his way to France. <b>Bib.</b>: Parkman, <i>Frontenac</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Le Gardeur de Tilly, Charles</b> (1611-1695). Brother of Pierre Le Gardeur +de Repentigny; a native of Normandy; came to Canada in 1636; and in 1648 +made governor of Three Rivers. Married the same year Geneviève +Juchereau. In 1660 granted the fief of St. Michel by the Company of New +France; and transferred it to the Seminary in 1668. In 1673 acted for +the governor, Fron<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_216" id="Page_216">[216]</a></span>tenac, during his absence at Cataraqui, but +afterwards fell into his bad graces. <b>Index</b>: <b>L</b> Member of Sovereign +Council, 158, 166; temporarily banished from Quebec, 167. <b>F</b> Member of +Sovereign Council, 106. <b>Bib.</b>: Parkman, <i>Frontenac</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Legendre, Lucas.</b> <b>Ch</b> Purchases supplies for De Monts's second expedition +to Quebec, 56.</p> + +<p><b>Legislative Assembly.</b> <b>Mc</b> Composition of, under Constitutional Act, 53; +Goldwin Smith on, 54; irritation between, and Executive Council, 54, 55; +Lord Durham on, 56, 58, 59, 60; true principle of government, 61, 63. <b>S</b> +First of Upper Canada, list of members and their counties, 80; opening +of, at Niagara, 82.</p> + +<p><b>Legislative Council.</b> <b>Mc</b> Created by Constitutional Act, 52; Lord Durham +criticizes and suggests revision, 57; attitude of Lower Canada Reformers +to, 69; rejects three hundred and twenty-five bills in eight years, 73; +Sir John Colborne on, 268; collision with Assembly, 276; should be +elective, 277; Glenelg insists that it shall be non-elective, 324. <b>Sy</b> +Its constitution, 77, 175; its activity under Constitutional Act, 80; in +Lower Canada English-speaking element dominant in, 81; demand that it +should be made elective, 84; Sydenham's description of, 220; enlarged by +Sir George Arthur with good results, 220; members opposed to union +record their dissent, 231; <b>S</b> Suspicious of later Loyalist emigration, +57. <b>Dr</b> Appointed under Quebec Act, first meeting of, 90; how composed, +269; its power of veto, 277; its sympathies with governor and against +people, 277. <b>Hd</b> Its welcome to Haldimand, 117-118; composition of, 175; +statement made regarding power of, 188; sees Haldimand depart, 309; +changes in membership of, at change of governor, 314.</p> + +<p><b>Legislative Union.</b> <b>Md</b> Strongly favoured by Macdonald; opposed by +Maritime Provinces and Lower Canada, 107-109, 245.</p> + +<p><b>L'Huillier, Raoul.</b> <b>Ch</b> Director of Company of New France, 170.</p> + +<p><b>Leisler, Jacob.</b> <b>F</b> Seizes government of New York, 266.</p> + +<p><b>Le Jeune, Paul.</b> Superior of Jesuits in Canada. Came to Canada in 1632, +and went on a mission to the Algonquians the following year; succeeded +by Vimont as superior, 1639; appointed to the governor's Council, 1640; +returned to France the same year; proposed for bishop of Quebec. <b>Index</b>: +<b>L</b> Bishopric of Quebec offered to, 25. <b>F</b> Preaches funeral sermon on +Champlain, 27. <b>Ch</b> Celebrates mass in house of Mme. Hébert, 148; his +letter on education of Indian children, 230, 231; describes first +service in church, 239; preaches funeral sermon over Champlain, 261; +advises Mme. Champlain, 264. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Relations</i>, 1632-1640; Parkman, +<i>Jesuits in North America</i>; Douglas, <i>Old France in the New World</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Lelièvre, S.</b> <b>E</b> Commissioner under Seigniorial Tenure law, 186.</p> + +<p><b>Lemaire.</b> <b>L</b> Servant in the Seminary, Laval's account of, 250.</p> + +<p><b>Lemaistre, Simon.</b> <b>Ch</b> Director of Company of New France, 170.</p> + +<p><b>Lemaître.</b> <b>L</b> Sulpician, comes out in <i>St. André</i>, 31; his attentions to +those suffering from the plague, 32; dies a martyr, 91.</p> + +<p><b>Le Marchant, Sir John Gaspard</b> (1803-1874). <b>H</b> Becomes governor of Nova +Scotia, 1852, 143; his connection with the Foreign Enlistment Act, +149-152. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Dict. Nat. Biog.</i>; Campbell, <i>History of Nova Scotia</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Lemoyne, Mme. Jacques.</b> <b>L</b> Land bought from, for church at Montreal, 88.</p> + +<p><b>Le Moyne, Paul, Sieur de Maricourt</b> (1663-1704). Son of Charles Le Moyne, +Sieur de Longueuil. Born in Montreal. Accompanied De Troyes and +Iberville on the expedition against the Hudson Bay forts, Moose Factory, +Rupert, and Albany, in 1686; and left in charge of the captured posts +when the leaders returned to Quebec. Again served with Iberville on the +bay in 1689, in the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_217" id="Page_217">[217]</a></span> capture of the <i>Hampshire</i>. The following year +brought a party of voyageurs to help in the defence of Quebec against +Admiral Phipps. Once more with his brother Iberville on Hudson Bay, in +1694, and took part in the capture of Fort Nelson. Inherited much of his +father's remarkable influence over the Iroquois, and negotiated an +important treaty with them about the beginning of the eighteenth +century. <b>Index</b>: <b>F</b> Accompanies expedition to Hudson Bay, 206; arrives at +Quebec, during siege by Phipps, 292; with his brother, Iberville, in +Hudson Bay, 343. <b>L</b> Takes part in expedition to Hudson Bay, 204. <b>Bib.</b>: +Bryce, <i>Hudson's Bay Company</i>; Laut, <i>Conquest of the Great North-West</i>. +<i>See also</i> Iberville.</p> + +<p><b>Lemoyne, Simon.</b> <b>Ch</b> Jesuit, professor in College of Rouen, 207.</p> + +<p><b>Le Moyne de Ste. Hélène, Jacques</b> (1659-1690). Son of Charles Le Moyne, +and brother of Iberville, Bienville, and other members of this noted +family. Trained, like Iberville, for the navy; returned to Canada, and +in 1686 accompanied De Troyes on the Hudson Bay expedition. Took part in +the raid on Schenectady in 1690; and mortally wounded during the siege +of Quebec by Phipps. <b>Index</b>: <b>F</b> Accompanies expedition to Hudson Bay, 208; +commands in war party against Schenectady, 235; mortally wounded in +skirmish on Beauport flats, 299. <b>L</b> Takes part in expedition to Hudson +Bay, 204; killed in siege of Quebec, 231. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>See</i> Iberville.</p> + +<p><b>Le Moyne de Serigny, Joseph</b> (1668-1734). Son of Charles Le Moyne, and +brother of Iberville, Bienville, and St. Hélène. Accompanied Iberville +to Hudson Bay, 1690, and left in command of Fort Albany after its +capture. Again in the bay with Iberville in 1694 and in 1697. Given +command of Fort Nelson the latter year. Joined Iberville in Louisiana in +1700, and associated with him in the development of the colony. Reached +high rank in the navy, and was governor of Rochefort at the time of his +death. <b>Index</b>: <b>F</b> Goes to France on affairs of Hudson Bay, 345. <b>Bib.</b>: +<i>See</i> Iberville.</p> + +<p><b>Le Moyne.</b> <i>See</i> Bienville; Iberville; Longueuil.</p> + +<p><b>Le National.</b> Newspaper published at Montreal. <b>Index</b>: <b>C</b> Founded as organ +of <i>Le Parti National</i>, in 1872, 30.</p> + +<p><b>Leonard, Samuel.</b> <b>T</b> English schoolmaster, 5.</p> + +<p><b>Leopard and Chesapeake.</b> <b>Bk</b> Affair of, 82-86.</p> + +<p><b>Leroux, Laurent</b> (1758-1855). Western fur trader. <b>Index</b>: <b>MS</b> Builds post +on Great Slave Lake, 18; sends Sutherland and the "English Chief" to +northern tribes, 18; with Mackenzie at Chipewyan, 33; Mackenzie's +return, 48; post on Great Slave Lake, 49; sent to Beaver Indians, 49. +<b>Bib.</b>: Morice, <i>Dict. Hist. des Canadiens de l'Ouest</i>; Burpee, <i>Search +for the Western Sea</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Le Roy, Marguerite.</b> <b>Ch</b> Mother of Champlain, 1.</p> + +<p><b>Le Sage, Captain.</b> <b>WM</b> Repulses landing of English, 107.</p> + +<p><b>Lesage, Marguerite.</b> <b>Ch</b> Wife of Nicolas Rivert, 146.</p> + +<p><b>Lescarbot, Marc.</b> Born at Vervins, near Laon, France, about 1570. Studied +law and called to the bar in 1599. The previous year delivered two Latin +orations before the papal legate sent by Clement VIII to arrange the +terms of the treaty of Vervins. Through Poutrincourt (<i>q.v.</i>), who had +been one of his clients, induced to sail for Port Royal, 1606; and spent +twelve months in the New World, returning to France in 1607. While at +Port Royal, took an active part in the work of building, gardening, +etc., spent much of his time hunting and fishing; and in the evening +read and composed many of the poems afterwards included in his <i>Muses de +la Nouvelle France</i>. On his return, set to work to prepare his account +of Acadia. Spent the years 1612 to 1614 in Switzerland; married in 1619. +Beyond this year, nothing is known of his<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_218" id="Page_218">[218]</a></span> life. <b>Index</b>: <b>Ch</b> Arrival of, +at Port Royal, 35; useful in the colony, 37; returns to France, 37. +<b>Bib.</b>: <i>Histoire de la Nouvelle France</i>, Paris, 1609; 2nd ed., 1611; +reprinted 1612; 3rd ed., 1618; reprint of 1612 issue, 1866. In 1907 the +Champlain Society, Toronto, published a new edition, with an English +translation and notes by W. L. Grant, and an introduction by H. P. +Biggar. <i>See also</i> Demarsy, <i>Notes sur Marc Lescarbot</i>; Parkman, +<i>Pioneers of France</i>; Hannay, <i>History of Acadia</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Le Sire.</b> <b>Ch</b> Clerk in De Caën's company, 138.</p> + +<p><b>Leslie, Alexander</b> (1740?-1794). British general. <b>Index</b>: <b>Dr</b> In command at +Charleston, S. C., 197; embarks his force with large number of refugees, +204; joins Carleton at New York, 205.</p> + +<p><b>Leslie, James.</b> <b>BL</b> Victim of election frauds in 1841—elected for +Verchères, 1842, 116; president of Executive Council, 1848, 284; a +radical, 284; given seat in Legislative Council, 285; at farewell +banquet to La Fontaine, 354. <b>Bib.</b>: Dent, <i>Last Forty Years</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Lesseps, Ferdinand de</b> (1805-1894). Eminent French engineer. <b>Index</b>: <b>Ch</b> +Undertakes Panama Canal, 6. <b>Bib.</b>: Chambers, <i>Biog. Dict.</i></p> + +<p><b>Leslie, James</b> (1802-1885). Born in Dundee, Scotland. Came to Canada, +1820, settling first at Kingston, and afterwards at Toronto. A member of +the first city council of Toronto. Arrested and imprisoned in connection +with the Rebellion of 1837. Purchased the <i>Examiner</i>, 1844, and +conducted it for ten years. One of the founders of the Clear Grit party. +<b>Index</b>: <b>E</b> Proprietor of the Toronto <i>Examiner</i>, and a leader of the Clear +Grits, 110-111. <b>Mc</b> President of Canadian Alliance Society, 258; delivers +rejoinder to governor, 300; refuses to sign "declaration of +independence," 331. <b>B</b> Leader of the Clear Grits, 39. <b>Bib.</b>: Dent, <i>Upper +Canadian Rebellion</i> and <i>Last Forty Years</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Lestrées, Abbey of.</b> <b>L</b> Bestowed by king on diocese of Quebec, 136.</p> + +<p><b>Le Sueur, Jean de St. Sauveur.</b> <b>Ch</b> Comes to Quebec, 252; Godfather to +young Hurons, 223.</p> + +<p><b>Le Tardif, Olivier.</b> Born in Normandy, 1601. Came to Canada, 1620, and +employed as an interpreter at Quebec. Married Louise Couillard, 1637. +<b>Index</b>: <b>Ch</b> Interpreter, 144; remains in Quebec during English occupation, +208.</p> + +<p><b>Letellier de St. Just, Luc</b> (1820-1881). Born at Rivière Ouelle, Quebec. +Called to the Senate for the division of Grandville, 1867; a member of +the ministry, 1873; and in 1876 appointed lieutenant-governor of Quebec; +dismissed from office, 1879. <b>Index</b>: <b>Md</b> Appointed lieutenant-governor of +Quebec, 247; quarrels with and dismisses the provincial ministry, +247-248; Macdonald brings the matter before Parliament, 248-249; his +dismissal on the advice of the Dominion Cabinet, 249-250; his death, +250; political reasons for his dismissal, 251. <b>Bib.</b>: Dent, <i>Can. Por.</i>; +Willison, <i>Sir Wilfrid Laurier and the Liberal Party</i>; Pope, <i>Memoirs of +Sir John A. Macdonald</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Le Testu, Captain.</b> <b>Ch</b> Member of court to try Duval for conspiracy, 43.</p> + +<p><b>Le Valois, Father.</b> <b>L</b> Recommends Saint-Vallier to succeed Laval, 199.</p> + +<p><b>Lévis, Gaston-François, Chevalier de</b> (1720-1787). Entered French army in +1735; named second in command to Montcalm, 1756; sailed for Canada the +same year. On the death of Montcalm at Quebec, succeeded to the command +of the French forces, and won the battle of Ste. Foy, 1760. After the +capitulation, returned to France, and served under Condé against Prince +Ferdinand. Created a marshal, 1783, and the following year a duke and +peer of France. <b>Index</b>: <b>WM</b> Second in command to Montcalm, 2; his birth +and descent, 8; military service 9, 10; character, 11; at battle of +Carillon, 55, 60; confidence<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_219" id="Page_219">[219]</a></span> of Montcalm in, 85; persuades Montcalm to +extend line of defence to Montmorency River, 105; his great activity, +110, 118, 126; his bravery, 137; praises courage of troops, both +regulars and Canadians, 143; congratulated by Vaudreuil on victory at +Montmorency, 144; sent to defend western frontiers, 147; his absence +from principal scene of conflict has disastrous results, 147; sends +encouraging news from Montreal, 157; his presence and counsel much +desired by Montcalm, 165; his absence on eve of battle greatly felt by +Montcalm, 195; Montcalm bequeaths his papers to, 219; arrives at Jacques +Cartier and takes command, 227; disapproves of retreat, 227; marches +army back in hope of relieving Quebec, 229; his regret for death of +Montcalm, 233; hears of capitulation of Quebec, 234; decides to march on +Quebec in the spring, 241; his efforts to supply needs of his army, 242; +occupies Ste. Foy, 256-266; takes possession of General Hospital, 265; +arrival of British fleet compels him to retire, 267; surrender at +Montreal, 268; his high military qualities, 268. <b>L</b> French general, +burning of his flags by, 12. <b>Hd</b> Defeats Murray, 34; his final struggle, +36-37; surrenders, 38; account of having burned French flags, 39; not +forgotten, 122. <b>Bib.</b>: Parkman, <i>Montcalm and Wolfe</i>; Doughty, <i>Siege of +Quebec</i>; Wood, <i>The Fight for Canada</i>; Bradley, <i>Fight with France</i>; +<i>Collection des Manuscrits du Maréchal de Lévis</i>, ed. by Casgrain.</p> + +<p><b>Lévis, Heights of.</b> Opposite Quebec. <b>Index</b>: <b>WM</b> Skirmishing on, 102.</p> + +<p><b>Lewis, John.</b> <b>T</b> Confederation candidate, elected in Albert County, New +Brunswick, 89, 107.</p> + +<p><b>Lewis, Meriwether</b> (1774-1809), and <b>Clark, William</b> (1770-1838). American +explorers. Sent by the United States Government, in 1803, to find an +overland route to the Pacific by way of the Missouri. They ascended the +Missouri in 1804, to the Mandan villages; wintered there; continued +their journey in 1805, crossed the Rocky Mountains, and descended the +Columbia River to its mouth. They spent the winter there, and retraced +their steps in 1806 to the Missouri and St. Louis. Their party consisted +of fourteen soldiers, nine young men from Kentucky, two boatmen, an +interpreter, a hunter, and a negro servant of Captain Clark. <b>Index</b>: <b>D</b> At +Clatsop, 44; on the Columbia, 59; their overland expedition, 60, 64, 66; +mouth of the Columbia the objective, 66; objects of the enterprise, 66; +personnel of the expedition, 67; route followed by, 67; information +collected, 67; winter at Fort Clatsop, 67. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>History of the +Expedition to the Pacific Ocean</i>, Philadelphia, 1814; new ed., New York, +1843. In addition to other reprints, three recent editions are: the +Chicago edition of 1902, with introd. by Dr. J.K. Hosmer; the edition of +1893, in 4 vols., with copious notes and other critical equipment by Dr. +Elliott Coues; and the even more elaborate edition prepared by Dr. R.G. +Thwaites, New York, 1905, 8 vols. For biog. of Lewis and Clark, <i>see</i> +Jefferson's <i>Life of Lewis</i> in <i>Old South Leaflets</i>, no. 44, and in the +Hosmer edition; <i>Cyc. Am. Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>Lexington.</b> <b>Hd</b> Skirmish at, 103.</p> + +<p><b>Liard River.</b> A tributary of the Mackenzie; rises in the Yukon district, +south-west of Frances Lake, about lat. 61°, long. 131°. Its length is +about 550 miles. Explored by McLeod in 1834, and by Campbell in 1840. +The Upper Liard is known only by Indian report. Fort Simpson, of the +Hudson's Bay Company, is at the mouth of the main river; and Fort Liard +at the confluence of Black River and the Liard, not far from the point +where British Columbia, the Yukon, and the North-West Territories meet. +<b>Index</b>: <b>D</b> Operations of Hudson's Bay Company on, 123.</p> + +<p><b>Libel.</b> <b>Mc</b> Mackenzie's bill on, 163.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_220" id="Page_220">[220]</a></span></p> + +<p><b>Liberal.</b> Newspaper published at Toronto. <b>Index</b>: <b>B</b> Radical journal, +founded after Liberal victory of 1874, 235.</p> + +<p><b>Liberal Party.</b> <b>B</b> Growth of, 209; overthrows Sir John A. Macdonald's +government, and Ontario coalition government, 209-210. <i>See</i> Reform +Party.</p> + +<p><b>Libraries.</b> The first public library in Canada was the Quebec library, +founded in 1779 largely through the efforts of Haldimand. After many +vicissitudes, the library was absorbed by the Literary and Historical +Society of Quebec. The first college library was that of the Seminary at +Quebec, 1668; Montreal College library was opened in 1767; and King's +College library in 1790. Legislative libraries were established in each +of the provinces at an early date. In 1841 the libraries of Upper and +Lower Canada were combined, and from this year dates the establishment +of the library of Parliament. The first circulating library in Upper +Canada was founded at Niagara in 1800. Similar libraries existed in +Montreal as early as 1824, and at Kingston in 1836; the Red River +library was founded at Fort Garry in 1847. <b>Index</b>: <b>Hd</b> First in Canada +established by Haldimand, 190; merged in 1869 into Literary and +Historical Society of Quebec, 190; objects and cost of, 191; +appreciation of, 191. <b>R</b> Public school libraries established by Dr. +Ryerson, for use by the community, 185-187. <b>MS</b> One established by +Roderick Mackenzie at Fort Chipewyan, 26. <b>BL</b> W. L. Mackenzie maintains a +circulating library, 13. <b>E</b> Provided for in Upper Canada after 1841, 88. +<b>S</b> For Upper Canada, Simcoe recommends government to establish, 46; plan +not adopted, 175. <i>See also</i> Books. <b>Bib.</b>: Bain, <i>Public Libraries of +Canada</i> in <i>Canada: An Ency.</i>, vol. 5.</p> + +<p><b>Licorne.</b> <b>WM</b> Frigate in which Montcalm embarked at Brest, 12.</p> + +<p><b>Lieutenant-governor.</b> <b>Mc</b> Office of, Durham's view of power of, 56, 57; +surroundings of, in 1838, 61; position in both Upper and Lower Canada, +62.</p> + +<p><b>Lieutenants.</b> <b>S</b> Intended to be analogous to lords-lieutenant in England, +appointed by Governor Simcoe for the principal counties in Upper Canada, +197; measure not approved by secretary of state, 197; appointments not +continued by later governors, 198.</p> + +<p><b>Ligneris.</b> <b>WM</b> Force gathered by, and Aubry, dispersed, 146.</p> + +<p><b>Lincoln, Abraham</b> (1809-1865). Fourteenth president of the United States. +<b>Index</b>: <b>B</b> Believed by George Brown to be favourable to renewal of +Reciprocity Treaty, 192. <b>Bib.</b>: For biog. sketch, and bibliog. of lives, +<i>see Cyc. Am. Biog.</i>; Larned, <i>Lit. Am. Hist.</i></p> + +<p><b>Lincoln, Benjamin</b> (1733-1810). American general. <b>Index</b>: <b>S</b> United States +commissioner, entertained by Simcoe at Navy Hall, 184, 229. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Cyc. +Am. Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>Lindsay, W. B.</b> <b>Sy</b> Made clerk of Legislative Assembly, 334.</p> + +<p><b>Lindsay, William.</b> <b>T</b> Elected for the county of Carleton, New Brunswick, +89, 107.</p> + +<p><b>Linschot.</b> <b>Ch</b> His definition of the territory of New France, 211.</p> + +<p><b>Lippincott, Captain.</b> <b>Dr</b> Hangs Joshua Huddy, 198.</p> + +<p><b>Liquor Question.</b> <b>B</b> Agitated by Brown and the <i>Globe</i>, 75; the Canada +Company and cheap whiskey, 75; the movement in and out of Parliament, +75-76. <i>See also</i> Brandy question; Stills; Cas reservé.</p> + +<p><b>Lisgar, John Young, Baron</b> (1807-1876). Born at Bombay. Entered +Parliament in 1831; became lord of treasury in 1841, and secretary of +the treasury, 1844-1846; chief secretary for Ireland, 1852-1855; and +lord high commissioner of the Ionian Islands, 1855-1859. In 1861 sent to +New South Wales as governor-general. Seven years later came to Canada as +administrator;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_221" id="Page_221">[221]</a></span> and the following year appointed governor-general. +Succeeded by Lord Dufferin in 1872. <b>Index</b>: <b>C</b> His arrival in Canada, 89; +expresses views of Little Englanders—advises Canada to declare her +independence, 89. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Dict. Nat. Biog.</i>; Dent, <i>Can. Por.</i></p> + +<p><b>Literary and Historical Society of Quebec.</b> <b>P</b> Founded by Lord Dalhousie, +41. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>See</i> list of publications, from 1829, in <i>Lit. Am. Hist.</i>; +<i>also</i> Wurtële, <i>List of Lectures, Papers, etc., 1829-1891</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Little Belt.</b> <b>Bk</b> British corvette, fired on by United States frigate +<i>President</i>, 173.</p> + +<p><b>Littlehales, Edward B.</b> <b>S</b> Accompanies Simcoe as major of brigade, 47; +clerk of Council, 79; aide-de-camp to governor, 177; describes the site +of the present city of London, 200, 201.</p> + +<p><b>Livingstone.</b> <b>Dr</b> Of Montreal, his disaffection, 79; commands rebel +Canadians at Quebec, 132.</p> + +<p><b>Livingstone, Philip</b> (1716-1778). <b>Dr</b> President of Continental (American) +Congress, 201. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Cyc. Am. Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>Livius, Peter</b> (1727?-1795). Resided at Portsmouth, New Hampshire. A +member of the Council under the royal government; quarrelled with the +governor and went to England to lay his complaints before the crown. +Complaints dismissed, but appointed chief-justice of New Hampshire. At +once transferred to Quebec as chief-justice; held office from 1777 to +1786; retired and went to England, where he died. <b>Index</b>: <b>Dr</b> Appointed +chief-justice, 184; his character and abilities, 185; disagrees with +Carleton, 188; carries dispute to Privy Council, 188. <b>Bib.</b>: Morgan, +<i>Cel. Can.</i></p> + +<p><b>Logan, Sir William Edmond</b> (1798-1875). Born at Montreal, of United +Empire Loyalist descent. Educated at the University of Edinburgh. After +some years spent in business in England, and incidentally in studying +the geological formation of the coal-fields of Wales, returned to +Canada, and in 1842 appointed the first director of the Geological +Survey. In 1863 issued an elaborate summary of the work accomplished by +the Survey up to that time. Retired in 1870. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Geology of Canada</i>. +For biog., <i>see</i> Morgan, <i>Cel. Can.</i>; Harrington, <i>Life of Sir William +E. Logan</i>.</p> + +<p><b>London.</b> City of Ontario; founded by Peter McGregor, in 1826. <b>Index</b>: <b>S</b> +Site of present city, selected by Simcoe as best place for capital of +Upper Canada, 200, 205.</p> + +<p><b>London Conference.</b> <i>See</i> Westminster Conference.</p> + +<p><b>Long Point.</b> Lake Erie, north shore. <b>Index</b>: <b>S</b> Chosen by Simcoe as arsenal +for Lake Erie, 204.</p> + +<p><b>Longueuil, Charles Colmer Grant, Baron de.</b> <b>Sy</b> Owner of "Alwington," 294.</p> + +<p><b>Longueuil, Charles Le Moyne, Sieur de</b> (1625?-1685). Son of an innkeeper +of Dieppe. Came to Canada in 1641. In 1657 granted the seigniory of +Longueuil. In De Tracy's expedition against the Iroquois, in 1666, +commanded the Montreal militia, and was with Frontenac at Cataraqui in +1673. La Barre sent him to the Iroquois, 1682, to persuade them to meet +him in council at Montreal. When, two years later, La Barre led an +abortive expedition against the Iroquois, he was again compelled to +depend upon Le Moyne's influence with the Iroquois to patch up a peace. +<b>Index</b>: <b>F</b> Sent to invite Onondagas to a conference, 183, 184. <b>Bib.</b>: +Parkman, <i>Frontenac</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Longueuil, Charles Le Moyne, Baron de</b> (1656-1729). Son of Charles Le +Moyne, Sieur de Longueuil (<i>q.v.</i>) Wounded, in 1687, in the Iroquois +raid on Lachine.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_222" id="Page_222">[222]</a></span> Governor of Montreal. Administered the colony in 1725, +before the arrival of Beauharnois. <b>Index</b>: <b>F</b> Commands militia in attack +on Iroquois, 1687, 209. <b>E</b> Barony conferred on, in 1700, 181.</p> + +<p><b>Longueuil, Charles Le Moyne, Baron de</b> (1687-1755). Son of preceding. +Administered the colony in 1752, after the departure of La Jonquière. +<b>Index</b>: <b>Dr</b> In command of militia, in 1777, 187.</p> + +<p><b>Loquin.</b> <b>Ch</b> Company's clerk at Quebec, 139.</p> + +<p><b>Longworth, John</b> (1814-1885). Born at Charlottetown. Called to the bar of +Prince Edward Island, 1838. Elected to the Assembly, 1846. Occupied +offices in several successive administrations. Drafted the "No Terms +Resolution" of the Assembly in connection with Confederation. Appointed +prothonotary of the Supreme Court of Prince Edward Island, 1883. <b>Bib.</b>: +Campbell, <i>History of Prince Edward Island</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Loranger, Thomas Jean Jacques</b> (1823-1885). Born in Ste Anne +d'Yamachiche, Quebec. Educated at Nicolet College; called to the bar, +1844. Sat in the Assembly, 1854-1863; held office in the +Macdonald-Cartier ministry, 1857-1858. Appointed a judge of the Superior +Court, 1863; retired, 1879. Subsequently engaged in the consolidation of +the statutes of Quebec. Created by the pope a commander of the Order of +Pius IX. <b>Index</b>: <b>C</b> Conservative leader in Quebec, his character, 25. +<b>Bib.</b>: Dent, <i>Last Forty Years</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Lorette.</b> <b>L</b> Settlement of Christian Indians at, 74. <b>WM</b> British abandon +their position at, 249.</p> + +<p><b>Lorimer, Dr.</b> <b>Hd</b> Consulted by Haldimand as to sanitary measures, 66, 70.</p> + +<p><b>Lorin, Henri.</b> <b>F</b> Author of <i>Le Comte de Frontenac</i>, referred to, 109, +126, 128, 142, 165, 174, 216, 231, 250.</p> + +<p><b>Lormel, Captain de.</b> <b>Ch</b> Brings out settlers, 252.</p> + +<p><b>Lorne.</b> <i>See</i> Argyll.</p> + +<p><b>Lotbinière.</b> <i>See</i> Joly de Lotbinière; Chartier de Lotbinière.</p> + +<p><b>Louche, de.</b> <b>WM</b> Takes direction of fireships, 98.</p> + +<p><b>Loudon, James</b> (1841- ). Born in Toronto. Educated at Upper Canada College +and Toronto University, graduating 1862. Appointed to the staff of the +university; professor of mathematics, 1875; and president of the +university, 1892, succeeding Sir Daniel Wilson. One of the original +fellows of the Royal Society of Canada. Retired from presidency of +university, 1906. <b>Index</b>: <b>BL</b> Quoted on Baldwin's University Bill, 293. +<b>Bib.</b>: Morgan, <i>Can. Men</i>; <i>The University of Toronto and its Colleges, +1827-1906</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Loudon, John Campbell, fourth Earl of</b> (1705-1782). General. <b>Index</b>: <b>WM</b> +Made commander-in-chief of British forces in America, 33. <b>Hd</b> Commands +Royal Americans, 11; his opinion of Pennsylvanians, 11. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Dict. +Nat. Biog.</i>; Parkman, <i>Montcalm and Wolfe</i>; Bradley, <i>Fight with +France</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Louis XIII, King of France</b> (1601-1643). Succeeded his father, Henry IV, +in 1610. <b>Index</b>: <b>F</b> Close relations of Frontenac family with, 62. <b>Ch</b> +Demands restitution of Acadia, 212; plot against, 215. <b>L</b> Dedicated +France to the Virgin Mary, 87. <b>Bib.</b>: Larousse, <i>Dictionnaire Universel</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Louis XIV, King of France</b> (1638-1715). Succeeded his father, Louis XIII, +in 1643. <b>Index</b>: <b>F</b> His war with Holland, 148; absolutism of his rule +151-153; desires to have permanent curacies (<i>curés fixes</i>) established +in Canada, 164; private life of, 166; pronounces La Salle's discoveries +useless, 176; later takes him under his special protection, 180. <b>L</b> +Recommends creation of bishopric for New France and appointment of Laval +thereto, 131; stipulates that archbishop of Rouen shall be metropolitan, +133; yields the point, 134; bestows<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_223" id="Page_223">[223]</a></span> abbey of Lestrées on new diocese, +136; his decision on liquor question, 174; grants 8000 francs annually +to Canadian clergy, 182; later reduces amount, 183; his disagreement +with Pope Innocent XI, 201. <b>Bib.</b>: Voltaire, <i>Siècle de Louis XIV</i>; +Saint-Simon, <i>Mémoires</i>.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<img src="images/img_text222a.jpg" width="600" height="281" alt="Remains of the King's Bastion, Louisbourg" title="" /> +<span class="caption">Remains of the King's Bastion, Louisbourg</span> +</div> + +<p><b>Louis XVI, King of France</b> (1754-1793). Succeeded to the throne in 1774. +<b>Index</b>: <b>S</b> Public mourning ordered in Upper Canada for death of, 193. +<b>Bib.</b>: Larousse, <i>Dictionnaire Universel</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Louisbourg.</b> A seaport on the south-east coast of Cape Breton. Formerly +the chief stronghold of France in America. The fortress, named after +Louis XIV, was begun in 1790; twenty-five years were spent in fortifying +it; and the cost was estimated at thirty million livres. Captured by the +British under Pepperell and Warren in 1745; ceded back to France by the +treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle; and again captured by the British under +Amherst and Boscawen, in 1758. <b>Index</b>: <b>WM</b> Guards Gulf of St. Lawrence, +17; composition of garrison, 30; capture of, 71; expedition against +Quebec, sails to, 85. <b>Ch</b> Commonly known as Port aux Anglais, 236. <i>See +also</i> Cape Breton; Boscawen; Wolfe; Amherst. <b>Bib.</b>: Parkman, +<i>Half-Century of Conflict</i> and <i>Montcalm and Wolfe</i>; <i>Lettre d'un +Habitant</i>, ed. by Wrong; Archibald, <i>First Siege of Louisbourg</i> (R. S. +C., 1887); Bourinot, <i>Cape Breton and its Memorials</i>; Wood, <i>Logs of the +Conquest of Canada</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Louisbourg Grenadiers.</b> <b>WM</b> On British right, at Quebec, 189; re-embark +after fall of Quebec, 236.</p> + +<p><b>Louise, Princess.</b> Daughter of Queen Victoria; born 1848. <b>Index</b>: <b>E</b> Comes +to Canada with her husband, the Marquis of Lorne, 122.</p> + +<p><b>Louisiana.</b> <b>Hd</b> Secretly transferred to Spain by France, 64; Spanish rule +unpopular, 77; revolution in, 79; counter-revolution, 81; contemplated +invasion of, 81. <b>L</b> Colony sent to, 152. <b>Bk</b> Cession of by France to +Spain, 38; re-ceded to France, 38; purchased by United States, 42; +acquisition of, changes attitude of United States towards Great Britain, +43. <b>Bib.</b>: Le Page du Pratz, <i>Histoire de la Louisiane</i>. For further +material, <i>see</i> <i>Lit. Am. Hist.</i></p> + +<p><b>Lount, Samuel</b> (1791-1838). <b>Mc</b> Member for Simcoe, 316; election +corruption, 317; given command of rebels, 360; arrives at Montgomery's +tavern, 362; his account of the flag of truce, 369; his first +engagement, 373; his second engagement, 379; leaves country, 380; +executed, 435; his fidelity, 435; petitions for commutation, 435; effect +of his execution, 436; monument to, 436. <b>BL</b> Hanged for his share in the +Rebellion of 1837, 44-45. <b>Bib.</b>: Dent, <i>Upper Canadian Rebellion</i>; +Kingsford, <i>History of Canada</i>.</p> + +<p><b>L'Ouverture, Toussaint.</b> <b>Bk</b> Establishes independent republic in St. +Domingo, 39, 40; death of, 40.</p> + +<p><b>Louvigny, Louis de la Porte, Sieur de</b> (1652-1730). Accompanied +Denonville on his expedition against the Iroquois, 1687; sent by +Frontenac to relieve La Durantaye in 1690; in command at Three Rivers in +1701; two years later commanded an expedition to Detroit; major of +Quebec, 1706; sent to Michilimackinac in 1713; four years later at +Detroit, and led an expedition against the Fox Indians; at Quebec in +1724 as <i>lieutenant du roi</i>. <b>Index</b>: <b>F</b> Sent with reinforcements to +Michilimackinac, 241. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Cadillac Papers</i> (Michigan Hist. <i>Coll.</i>, +vol. 33); Parkman, <i>Frontenac</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Lovett, John.</b> <b>Bk</b> Secretary to General Van Rensselaer, letters of, +263-265, 286.</p> + +<p><b>Low, Albert Peter</b> (1861- ). Born in Montreal. Educated at McGill +University, graduating in 1882 with honours. Appointed to Geological +Survey<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_224" id="Page_224">[224]</a></span> 1881, and promoted to geologist, 1891. Spent many years in +exploring the Labrador peninsula, and is the chief authority on its +geography and geology. Appointed director of the Survey, and deputy +minister of mines, 1907. <b>Bib.</b>: Morgan, <i>Can. Men; Canadian Who's Who</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Lowell</b>. <b>S</b> White settler among Grand River Indians, murdered by Isaac +Brant, 191.</p> + +<p><b>Lower Canada</b>. <b>Mc</b> Crisis approaching in, 287; Imperial commissioners' +report, 323; against responsible government, 325; events leading to +Rebellion, 327; asks other provinces for support, 329; crisis arrives, +August, 1837, 344; arrest of editors, 344; condition of, in 1837, 347; +rebellion in, 358. <b>BL</b> Population of, at time of conquest, 1; its +character, 1; British immigration, 8; racial conflict, 8; political +situation after 1815, 9, 16-21; reorganization of its judicial system, +184-185. <b>Bk</b> Population of, 45. <b>Sy</b> Desire of majority to have the +province wholly French, 68; Pitt's expectations regarding, 68; governors +of, ally themselves with English-speaking element, 69; rupture between +the two races inevitable, 86, 87; Rebellion, 87. <b>Bib.</b>: Kingsford, +<i>History of Canada</i>; Christie, <i>History of Lower Canada</i>; Garneau, +<i>History of Canada</i>; McMullen, <i>History of Canada</i>; Bibaud, <i>Histoire du +Canada sous la Domination Anglaise; Political and Historical Account of +Lower Canada</i>, by a Canadian, London, 1830.</p> + +<p><b>Lowther, Catherine</b>. <b>WM</b> Wolfe's attachment to, 70, 72; Wolfe entrusts her +portrait to Captain Jervis, 175. <b>Bib.</b>: Doughty, <i>Siege of Quebec</i>; +Willson, <i>Life and Letters of James Wolfe</i>; Wood, <i>The Fight for +Canada</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Loyal American Regiment</b>. <b>Dr</b> Commanded by Beverley Robinson, 202. <b>W</b> +Commanded by Beverley Robinson, 3; Lemuel Wilmot a captain in, 3.</p> + +<p><b>Loyalist</b>. Newspaper published at St. John, New Brunswick. <b>W</b> Attacks +Wilmot and Fisher, 74-75; libel case arising out of, 75.</p> + +<p><b>Loyalist Corps.</b> <b>Hd</b> Formed, 253. <b>Dr</b> Practice of purchase of commissions +prevented in, 217; six disbanded and settled in Nova Scotia, 218.</p> + +<p><b>Loyalists, United Empire</b>. Name applied to the inhabitants of the +Thirteen Colonies who remained loyal to Great Britain, and rather than +submit to the new republic, migrated to Canada, New Brunswick, Nova +Scotia, and Prince Edward Island. No adequate provision having been made +for them by the mother country, in the treaty of Paris (1783), the +Loyalists were compelled in most cases to abandon all their worldly +possessions, and start life anew in the pioneer settlements of the +north. May 18, 1783, one great section of the refugees landed at the +mouth of the St. John River, and built a town, first named Parrtown, +later St. John. Other settlements were made, about the same time, at +various points on the coasts of Nova Scotia, as well as on St. John's +Island (Prince Edward Island). The bulk of the migration to what was +then Quebec (now Ontario and Quebec) took place in 1784, the eastern +Loyalists going north by way of Lake Champlain and the Richelieu, and +settling in the Eastern Townships; those of the West crossing the +boundary at Niagara and other points, and spreading throughout the +backbone of the future province of Upper Canada. <b>Index</b>: <b>B</b> Land grants to +their children fall into hands of speculators, 53. <b>S</b> Settlement of Upper +Canada by, 1; Carleton's interest in, 51; their sufferings, 52, 54; +claims for losses paid to, 55; settlements of, during and after war, 56; +pretenders among, 57; those from England not generally good settlers, +58; assisted by government, 60; their hardships, 61; their mode of life, +62-69; names of those who had joined British side before treaty of 1783, +registered, 70; clauses of treaty of Paris respecting, not carried out +by United States,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_225" id="Page_225">[225]</a></span> 118; consequently further emigration of to Canada, +119. <b>Sy</b> Constitutional Act an attempt to placate, 68. <b>Bk</b> Rations issued +to, from Fort Niagara, 58; Brock (1804) observes and reports on +comfortable condition of many of them, 65. <b>Dr</b> Emigration of, 64; +commended to Carleton's special care, 194; their pitiable condition, +196; twenty regiments of, in Carleton's command, 202; their +consternation on learning of proposed terms of peace, 206; left +unprotected by treaty of peace, 213; large number of, embark for Nova +Scotia, 214; Carleton continues occupation of New York till all have +left the country, 215, 216; their emigration to different British +provinces, 218; widows of, apply for pensions, 218, 219; effect of their +settlement in Canada, 221, 244, 248; increase of their numbers in +western Canada, 224; two distinct waves of emigration, 236; settlements +of at Niagara, and Sorel, 236, 237; claim representative institutions, +237; those in Kingston district petition for church establishments, 238; +their destitute condition, 238; their political weight underestimated by +Dorchester, 248; the Seigniorial Tenure system unsuited to, 256; +Dorchester's suggestion for conferring distinction on, 260. <b>E</b> +Extravagant land grants to, 144; Durham on, 144-145; settled along +Niagara River, 194. <b>MS</b> In the wilderness, 11. <b>R</b> Methodist preachers in +Upper Canada of Loyalist stock, 38; included many of the influential +families, 62; Ryerson's history of, 270, 274, 279. <b>H</b> Emigrate to the +loyal western colonies, 13, 17. <b>BL</b> Come to Maritime Provinces and +Canada, 4-5; their numbers and character, 5; in Lower Canada, 17; +support Common School Bill, 105; <b>Md</b> Dread possibility of revolution, 20. +<b>T</b> Severe treatment of, 3; they settle in Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, +3-4, 35. <b>Hd</b> Come to Canada, 125; houses built for, 138, 182; military +service of, 136, 137; at Niagara, 152; employed on fortifications of +Quebec, 183; in Vermont negotiations, 200, 202, 206; at Cataraqui, 236, +265; Washington's severity towards, 249, 250; arrangements for their +reception in Canada, 250, 254; not less patriotic than the opposite +party, 251; brutal treatment of, 252; compared with Jacobites, 253; +Haldimand's care of, 254; lands allotted to, 255; surveys made for, 263; +flock into Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, 263; their advent viewed with +alarm by French Canadians, 264; fed and clothed by government for three +years, 265; not fully appreciative of assistance given, 266; difficulty +of dealing with, 267-271, 348; some impostors among, 268, 306. <b>Mc</b> +Hardships suffered by, on account of naturalization laws, 140-141; bills +for their relief, 142-143. <b>Bib.</b>: Sabine, <i>Loyalists of the American +Revolution</i>; Ryerson, <i>Loyalists of America</i>; Campbell, <i>Travels in +North America</i>; Canniff, <i>The Settlement of Upper Canada</i>; Casselman, +<i>United Empire Loyalists of the County of Dundas, Ontario</i>; Haight, +<i>Country Life in Canada Fifty Years Ago</i>; Bourinot, <i>Builders of Nova +Scotia</i>; Frousac, <i>Rise of the Loyalists</i>; <i>Loyalists of New York in the +American Revolution</i> in <i>Columbia University Studies</i>; Curwen, <i>Journal +and Letters</i>; Myers, <i>The Tories or Loyalists in America</i>; +Eardley-Wilmot, <i>Loyalists' Centennial Souvenir</i>; St. John, <i>The +Centennial of the Settlement of Upper Canada by the United Empire +Loyalists</i>; Denison, <i>United Empire Loyalists</i>; (R. S. C., 1904); Van +Tyne, <i>Loyalists in the American Revolution</i>; Shortt and Doughty, +<i>Constitutional Documents of Canada</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Ludovica.</b> <b>Ch</b> Name proposed by Champlain for Quebec; 124.</p> + +<p><b>Lumagne.</b> <b>Ch</b> Merchant, compensation awarded to, for goods seized, 221.</p> + +<p><b>Lumber Trade.</b> <b>Bk</b> Canadian, great increase of, 125.</p> + +<p><b>Lundy's Lane, Battle of</b> (1814). British troops, including Canadian +militia, numbered 1600 at the beginning of the battle, later increased +to 2800, under the command of Sir Gordon Drummond; United States troops +about 4000,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_226" id="Page_226">[226]</a></span> under General Jacob Brown. The engagement opened in the +evening, and continued late into the night; the Americans finally +withdrew from the field. <b>Bib.</b>: Lucas, <i>Canadian War of 1812</i>. <i>See also</i> +War of 1812.</p> + +<p><b>Lusignan, Paul Louis Dazemard de.</b> Commanded Fort St. Frédéric (Crown +Point) in 1749, when the Swedish naturalist, Peter Kalm, visited the +place; and remained there for several years. Served under Montcalm at +the siege of Quebec. <b>Index</b>: <b>WM</b> Relieves Montcalm, 120.</p> + +<p><b>Luth, De.</b> <b>L</b> Royal engineer, directs erection of fortifications, 214.</p> + +<p><b>Lymburner, Adam</b> (1746-1836). Born in Kilmarnock, Scotland. Came to +Canada about 1776, and settled at Quebec, where he succeeded to the +business of his brother John, who had been lost at sea in 1775. For many +years a member of the Executive Council, and took an active part in +public affairs. Died in London at the age of ninety. <b>Index</b>: <b>Dr</b> Proceeds +to England with petition for political changes, 243; arrives in England, +251; opposes division of province, 257. <b>S</b> Recommends system of +representation adapted to strengthen English-speaking minority, 2; heard +at bar of House of Commons, 6. <b>Bk</b> Sent to England to oppose division of +Canada into two provinces, 49. <b>Bib.</b>: Lucas, <i>History of Canada</i>; +Bradley, <i>Making of Canada</i>; Shortt and Doughty, <i>Constitutional +Documents of Canada</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Lynch, John Joseph</b> (1816-1888). Born near Clones, Ireland. Studied in +Dublin, and entered the Lazarist order. Came to America in 1847; +laboured as a missionary in Texas, 1847-1848; became president of the +Lazarist College of St. Mary, Missouri, 1848; coadjutor to the bishop of +Toronto, 1859; and bishop, 1860. In 1870, consecrated archbishop of +Toronto and metropolitan of Ontario. His jubilee celebrated in 1884. +<b>Index</b>: <b>R</b> His policy as to separate schools, 235-236; proposed as member +of Council of Public Instruction of Upper Canada, 236. <b>Bib.</b>: Dent, <i>Can. +Por.</i>; <i>Cyc. Am. Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>Lyndhurst, John Singleton Copley, Baron</b> (1772-1863). British statesman. +<b>Index</b>: <b>Md</b> Denounces Rebellion Losses Bill, 241. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Dict. Nat. Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>Lyonne, De.</b> <b>Ch</b> Jesuit, founder of missions at Nipisiguit and Chedabucto, +235.</p> + +<p><b>Lyons, Richard Bickerton Pemell, Earl</b> (1817-1887). British diplomatist. +<b>Index</b>: <b>B</b> British ambassador at Washington—suggested that he confer with +Canadian agent on reciprocity, 192. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Dict. Nat. Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>Lyons.</b> <b>S</b> Teaches school at Hay Bay, 167.</p> + +<p><b>Lytton, Edward George Earle Lytton Bulwer, Baron</b> (1803-1873). Novelist +and statesman. <b>Index</b>: <b>E</b> Colonial secretary,—his views on the duties of +colonial governors, 4. <b>D</b> His series of despatches, 1858, on government +of British Columbia, 231-235. <b>T</b> On the Confederation question, 63. <b>Bib.</b>: +<i>Dict. Nat. Biog.</i>; Escott, <i>Edward Bulwer, First Baron Lytton of +Knebworth</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Lyveden, Robert Vernon, Baron</b> (1800-1873). British statesman. <b>Index</b>: <b>B</b> +Dwells upon defencelessness of Canada, 184. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Dict. Nat. Biog.</i></p> + + +<p><b>Mabane, Adam</b> (1734-1792). Born in Scotland. Studied medicine at +Edinburgh University; came to Canada, and practised his profession in +Quebec. In 1764 appointed a judge, and presided over the first civil +court held in Quebec. Member of the provincial Council; and in 1766 +surgeon of the garrison of Quebec. <b>Index</b>: <b>Dr</b> Member of Council, protests +against position taken by Carleton, 34; dismissed from Council, 39; +appointed judge, 183. <b>Hd</b> Head of military hospital, 178; intimate friend +of Haldimand, 300, 304; made judge and member of Legislative Council, +305; not in favour under<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_227" id="Page_227">[227]</a></span> Dorchester régime, 314, 315; his headstrong +temper, 332; his letter to Haldimand, 340; receives bequest from +Haldimand, 342. <b>Bib.</b>: Bradley, <i>Making of Canada</i>; Shortt and Doughty, +<i>Constitutional Documents of Canada</i>.</p> + +<p><b>M'Afee, Samuel.</b> <b>Mc</b> Aids Mackenzie's escape, 400.</p> + +<p><b>Macallum, A.</b> <b>R</b> In charge of union school at Hamilton, 195.</p> + +<p><b>McBride, Richard</b> (1870- ). Born in New Westminster, British Columbia. +Educated at the public and high schools, New Westminster. Elected to the +British Columbia Assembly, 1898; minister of mines in Dunsmuir +administration; premier of British Columbia, 1903. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Canadian Who's +Who</i>.</p> + +<p><b>McCarthy, Charles Justin.</b> <b>R</b> Martyr of early Canadian Methodism, 41.</p> + +<p><b>McCarthy, D'Alton</b> (1836-1898). Born in Dublin, Ireland. Came to Canada +with his parents, 1847. In 1858 called to the bar; in 1871 a bencher of +the Law society; and in 1872 made a Q. C. In 1876 elected to Parliament +for Cardwell, as a Conservative, but in 1889 severed his connection with +the party on the question of the Jesuits' Estates Act. In 1896 member of +Parliament for North Simcoe. Index: <b>Md</b> Opposes commercial union, 295. +<b>Bib.</b>: Morgan, <i>Can. Men</i>; Hopkins, <i>D'Alton McCarthy</i> in <i>Men of the +Day</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Macartney, Captain.</b> <b>WM</b> Rescues French soldiers from floating ice, 251.</p> + +<p><b>Macaulay, Sir James Buchan</b> (1793-1859). Born at Niagara, Ontario. Served +in the Glengarry Fencibles during the War of 1812. In 1822 called to the +bar and rose rapidly in his profession. A strong opponent of William +Lyon Mackenzie, and in 1826 appeared as counsel against him. In 1829 +became judge of the King's Bench; chief justice of the Court of Common +Pleas, 1849-1856; and subsequently of the Court of Error and Appeal. +Chairman of the commission to revise and consolidate the statutes of +Canada and Upper Canada. Knighted, 1859. <b>Index</b>: <b>Mc</b> Defends destroyers of +<i>Colonial Advocate</i>, 115; offers compensation, 117; Mackenzie's opinion +of, 118; violates secrecy of private letters, 121; taunts Mackenzie, +123; Mackenzie retaliates, 124; writes venomous pamphlet, 125; +Mackenzie's reply, 126. <b>Bib.</b>: Read, <i>Lives of the Judges</i>; Dent, <i>Upper +Canadian Rebellion</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Macauley, John.</b> <b>BL</b> Inspector-general, retires and succeeded by Hincks, +119.</p> + +<p><b>McClelan, Abner Reid</b> (1831- ). Born in Hopewell, New Brunswick. Educated +at Mount Allison Academy. Engaged in mercantile life. Represented Albert +County in the Assembly, 1854-1867; chief commissioner of public works, +1866-1867; appointed to the Senate, 1867; lieutenant-governor of New +Brunswick, 1896-1902. <b>Index</b>: <b>T</b> Elected as Confederation candidate in +Albert, New Brunswick, 89; chief commissioner of public works in +Mitchell government, 105; elected for Albert, 107. <b>Bib.</b>: Morgan, <i>Can. +Men</i>; <i>Canadian Who's Who</i>.</p> + +<p><b>McCulloch, Dr.</b> <b>BL</b> Defeats La Fontaine in Terrebonne; affiliated with +Draper, 82.</p> + +<p><b>McCulloch, J. R.</b> <b>Sy</b> Political economist, 13.</p> + +<p><b>McCully, Jonathan</b> (1809-1877). Born in Halifax, Nova Scotia. In 1837 +called to the bar, and practised in Halifax, 1849. In 1860 appointed +solicitor-general; from 1847 to 1867 member of the Legislative Council; +and served as chairman of the Board of Railways; delegate to the +Charlottetown and Quebec Conferences, 1864; appointed to the Dominion +Senate, 1867; and in 1870 judge of the Supreme Court of Nova Scotia. +<b>Index</b>: <b>H</b> Leader of Liberal party in Nova Scotia, 1864, 177; delegate to +Charlottetown Conference, 177; edits <i>Morning Chronicle</i>, 186; firm +advocate of Confederation, 186. <b>Bib.</b>: Campbell, <i>History of Nova +Scotia</i>; Saunders, <i>Three Premiers of Nova Scotia</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Macdonald, Andrew Archibald</b> (1829- ). Born in Brudenell, Prince<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_228" id="Page_228">[228]</a></span> Edward +Island. Engaged in business as a general merchant. Sat in Prince Edward +Island Assembly, 1853-1860; represented Kings South in Legislative +Council, 1863-1873; member of Executive Council, 1867-1871 and +1872-1873; lieutenant-governor of Prince Edward Island, 1884-1889. +Called to the Senate, 1891. <b>Index</b>: <b>T</b> Delegate to Quebec Conference, 77. +<b>Bib.</b>: Morgan, <i>Can. Men</i>; <i>Canadian Who's Who</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Macdonald, Archibald.</b> <b>MS</b> His account of the voyage of the third party of +Red River settlers in 1813, 162-163; in charge at Red River, 173; +colonists demand that he hand over field pieces, 173-174. <b>Bib.</b>: Bryce, +<i>The Romantic Settlement of Lord Selkirk's Colonists</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Macdonald, Donald Alexander</b> (1816-1896). Born in St. Raphael's, Quebec. +Engaged in business as railway contractor. Represented Glengarry in the +Assembly of Canada, 1857-1867, and after Confederation in the House of +Commons, 1867-1875. Postmaster-general in the Mackenzie administration, +1873-1878; lieutenant-governor of Ontario, 1875-1880. After his +retirement lived at Montreal. <b>Bib.</b>: Read, <i>Lieutenant-Governors of Upper +Canada</i>.</p> + +<p><b>MacDonald, Hugh.</b> Born in Antigonish, Nova Scotia, 1827. Studied law and +called to the bar, 1855; made a Q. C., 1872. In 1859 elected member for +Inverness to the provincial Legislature. Member of a delegation, +including Joseph Howe, that visited England in 1861 to represent the +views of those opposing the Confederation of the British North American +provinces. In 1867-1873 a member of the Dominion Parliament, and in 1873 +president of the Privy Council. On Nov. 5, 1873, appointed judge of the +Supreme Court of Nova Scotia; retired 1893. <b>Index</b>: <b>H</b> Delegate of +Anti-Confederation party, goes to England with Howe and Annand to oppose +Confederation, 192; expenses paid by subscription, 219. <b>Bib.</b>: Campbell, +<i>History of Nova Scotia</i>; Saunders, <i>Three Premiers of Nova Scotia</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Macdonald, Hugh.</b> <b>Md</b> Father of Sir John A. Macdonald, native of +Sutherlandshire, removes to Glasgow, and in 1820 emigrates to Canada, 1; +settles at Kingston, 2; moves to Hay Bay, thence to Stone Mills, on Bay +of Quinte, 2; unsuccessful in business, he returns to Kingston, 1836, +and secures position in Commercial Bank, 2; his death, 1841, 2; his +character, 2.</p> + +<p><b>Macdonald, Hugh John</b> (1850- ). Born in Kingston, Ontario; second son of +Sir John A. Macdonald. Educated at Queen's and Toronto Universities; +called to the bar, 1872; and practised for some years with his father +and James Patton. In 1882 removed to Winnipeg, and entered into +partnership with J. S. Tupper. In 1890-1891 represented Winnipeg in the +House of Commons; in 1896 minister of the interior in the Tupper +administration; in 1897 leader of the Conservatives in Manitoba; and +from Jan. 8 to Oct. 29, 1900, premier of the province. <b>Index</b>: <b>Md</b> Second +son of Sir John A. Macdonald—represents Winnipeg in Dominion +Parliament, 10; premier of Manitoba, 10. <b>Bib.</b>: Morgan, <i>Can. Men</i>; +<i>Canadian Who's Who</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Macdonald, John Alexander.</b> <b>Md</b> Eldest son of Sir John A. +Macdonald—accidentally killed when quite young, 10.</p> + +<p><b>Macdonald, Sir John Alexander</b> (1815-1891). <b>H</b> Attends Charlottetown +Conference, 1864, and proposes union of all the provinces, 178; premier +of first Dominion Cabinet, 198; Tupper writes him as to Howe's political +plans, 207; Tilley and Tupper urge him to visit Nova Scotia, 209; visits +Halifax with Sir Georges Cartier, Peter Mitchell, and William +Macdougall, 210; <i>Acadian Recorder</i> suggests violence, 210; Howe +denounces the suggestion, 210-212; arrives in Halifax, and guest of Sir +Hastings Doyle, 213; meets Howe, 213; appears before com<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_229" id="Page_229">[229]</a></span>mittee of +Legislature, 213-214; urges Howe to put an end to the agitation for +repeal of the union, 215-218; persuades Howe to enter Dominion Cabinet, +225; his public letters, 257; contrasted with Howe, 287; correspondence +with Howe on Pacific Railway policy, 299-300. <b>R</b> His University Bill, +1847—its terms, 155-157; withdrawn, 156; referred to, 161; amends +Separate School Bill, 231; supports Ryerson's stand as to separate +schools, 233. <b>D</b> And the Pacific Scandal, 321. <b>C</b> His alliance with +Cartier, 31, 33; his first appearance in Parliament as an uncompromising +Tory, 31; opposed to La Fontaine, 32; votes against settlement of +Seigniorial Tenure, 32; opposes Indemnity Bill, 32; and the Pacific +Scandal, 53; his resignation, 53; at Quebec Conference—favours +legislative union of provinces, 57; defends proposed constitution, +59-60; forms first Dominion administration, 67; resists demand for +disallowance of New Brunswick Act abolishing separate schools, 74; +sympathizes with Roman Catholic minority, 76; presents Militia Bill, +1862, 87; helps Cartier to establish political union, 100; freedom from +racial or religious prejudice, 100; his qualities, 101-102; strained +relations with Cartier, 102-103; Cartier's knowledge of service to, 111; +receives knighthood, 124, 129; explains Wolseley's quarrel with Cartier, +130. <b>E</b> Becomes receiver-general in Sherwood ministry, 43; his +statesmanlike qualities, 43-44; re-elected, 1848, 50; his political +sagacity, 110; rivalry with George Brown, 114; on provincial +representation, 118; on the dissolution of Parliament in 1853, 127; on +the Representation Bill, 132, 133; Liberal-Conservative party owed its +birth to his inspiration, 137; persuades Sir Allan MacNab to agree to +coalition government, 139, 141; attorney-general in MacNab-Morin +ministry, 140; his views on Clergy Reserves, 163; takes charge of bill +for secularization of the Clergy Reserves, 168; Hincks enters his +ministry, 223; one of the builders of the British Empire—honours +conferred upon him, 225; monuments erected to his memory, 226. <b>B</b> +Relations with George Brown, x; leads his party, 42; frames bill for +settlement of Clergy Reserves, 60; reveals political sagacity, 69; on +the character of the union, 82; bitter relations with George Brown, +87-91; offers seat in Cabinet to John Sandfield Macdonald, 100; the +"Double Shuffle," 107-108; moves want of confidence in Sandfield +Macdonald government, 1863, 146; Brown's motion for constitutional +changes, 1864, takes him by surprise, 150; his account of negotiations +between George Brown and government as to Confederation, 151, 154-156; +his connection with, 152,. 154-155; announces agreement, 153, 160; +favours nominative Senate, 164; describes new constitution, in +Confederation debate, 170-171; announces in Parliament decision of +government to carry Confederation at once and send mission to England, +182; explains intentions of government, 183; on defence of Canada, 183, +184-185; goes to England, 186; relations with George Brown, 189-192; +asked to form government, 1865, 189; interview with Brown, 189-191; his +proposal that Belleau be premier accepted by Brown, 191; virtual leader +of government, 191; charged with using Brown as a stepping-stone to his +own political ambition, 199; benefits by Brown's entry into ministry, +199, 200; Holton describes his path as "studded all along by the +gravestones of his slaughtered colleagues," 201; on friendly terms with +Holton, 202; his essential conservatism, 202; relations with Macdougall +and Howland, 202, 209; with Joseph Howe, 203-206, 210; his ideal of a +legislative union, 207; anomalous position of his Liberal colleagues, +209-210; his government overthrown, 210, 235. <b>BL</b> Co-operates in founding +United Empire Association, 228; elected in 1844, 252; enters ministry as +receiver-general, 276; re-elected, 279; offers Baldwin chief-justiceship +of Common Pleas, 357; Hincks in his Cabinet, 359.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_230" id="Page_230">[230]</a></span> <b>Md</b> Assigned foremost +place among Canadian statesmen, i; national recognition of his services +after his death by creation of peerage for his widow, i; memorial tablet +in St. Paul's Cathedral, and statues in Canadian cities, i; his personal +popularity, i-ii; his personality made Confederation possible, ii; +Canada's debt to him, iii-iv; his birth and ancestry, 1; brought to +Canada in 1820, 1; boyhood days at Kingston and on the Bay of Quinté, 2; +his debt to his mother, her strong personality, 2; educated at Kingston +Grammar School, 3; Mowat's tribute, 3; studies law, 4-5; called to the +bar, 1836, 5; begins practice at age of twenty-one, 5; Oliver Mowat and +Alexander Campbell students in his office, 6; called out as a volunteer +in Rebellion of 1837, 7; defends Schoultz and Ashley, 8-9; his first +visit to England, 1842, 9; takes Alexander Campbell into partnership, 9; +elected alderman for Kingston, 10; marries his cousin, Miss Isabella +Clark, Sept. 1, 1843, 10; their children, 10; enters public life, 1854, +as member for Kingston, 11-12; his <a name='TC_10'></a><ins title="Was 'fi m'">firm</ins> belief from the beginning that +Canada's prosperity depended on permanent connection with the mother +country, 12; impelling motives of his long public career, 13; unsettled +problems in 1844, 13-14; Confederation movement, 14; difficulties of his +position, 15-16; his election address, 23; takes little part in +discussions during his first session, 25; Draper recommends him for +position of commissioner of crown lands, 26; had no sympathy with +political creed of Family Compact, 27; becomes receiver-general, 27; his +views on university endowment, 28-29; Alexander Campbell's letter to, +31; opposes Rebellion Losses Bill, 36; refuses to join the annexation +movement, 40; strong supporter of British American League, 40; acts as +moderating force in conflict over Rebellion Losses Bill, 42, 43; his +character contrasted with George Brown's, 53, 54; conceives idea of +Liberal-Conservative party, 62, 63; appointed attorney-general for Upper +Canada, 63; introduces bill for secularization of Clergy Reserves, 65; +Pope's pen-portrait of his appearance and character, 73; supports +measure proposing to make Legislative Council elective, 75; has no +desire and makes no effort to hasten Sir Allan MacNab's resignation, +though circumstances force him into leadership, 76-77; resigns from the +MacNab-Taché ministry, 78; reasons for resignation, 79, 80; forms an +administration with Taché, May 24, 1856, 80; his quarrel with George +Brown, 80-81; challenged by Colonel Rankin, 81-82; his views on the +separate school system, 82; on the resignation of Taché, forms an +administration with Cartier, 83; becomes premier of the province of +Canada on Nov. 26, 1857, 83; dissolves House and appeals to people on +questions of separate schools and representation by population, 84; +makes proposition to Sandfield Macdonald, which is rejected, 84, 85; +forms administration with Cartier as premier, 86; the "Double Shuffle," +86, 87; becomes less opposed to representation by population, 89; forms +administration with Sir E. P. Taché, which lasts only a few weeks, 90; +buries the hatchet and forms coalition with Brown to work for +Confederation, 93, 100-102; anticipates results of Confederation, 103; +attends Charlottetown and Quebec Conferences, 104-114; though strongly +in favour of legislative union, modifies his views after discussion at +Quebec Conference, and accepts scheme of a federal union, 107-108, 245; +introduces in Parliament the resolutions adopted at Quebec Conference, +118, 119; one of commissioners to British government in regard to +Confederation, 120; upon death of Taché, is called upon to form a +ministry, but Brown refusing to act with him, or with Cartier, they sit +together under the nominal presidency of Sir Narcisse Belleau, 122, 123; +his answer to Lord Monck on delay in Confederation, 124; his wariness +and skill in presenting Confederation resolutions, 126, 127; made a K. +C. B. in recognition of his<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_231" id="Page_231">[231]</a></span> services in Confederation negotiations, +128, 267, 344; first prime minister of Dominion of Canada, 131; his +second marriage, 131; granted a special audience by the queen, 132; +returns to Canada, 132; difficulties in formation of first Dominion +Cabinet, 133; list of members, 134-135; his party adopts name of +Liberal-Conservative, 138; seeks able colleagues, 139, 140; results of +first Dominion election, 141; sends Tupper to oppose Howe and his +movement for repeal, 143; visits Halifax for purpose of winning Howe +over to Confederation, 144; Howe persuaded to enter Dominion Cabinet, +145; acts passed by first Dominion Parliament, 151; on verge of +ministerial crisis over Intercolonial Railway, 153, 154; his desire to +annex North-West Territories, 156; difficulties in accomplishing it, +157-163; introduces bill for establishment and government of province of +Manitoba, 161; taken seriously ill, 161; returns to Ottawa, 163; goes to +Washington as member of commission, 163, 165, 169; his reluctance to +become a member of the commission, 171-173; objects to any permanent +sale of the fisheries, 174-175; his connection with, and reasons for +withdrawal of Fenian Raid claims, 175-178; on decision in San Juan +boundary dispute, 179-181; on the fisheries question, 182-184; signs +Washington Treaty, 185; moves ratification of certain clauses of +Washington Treaty, 186-190; general election of 1872, 193 <i>et seq.</i>; the +"Pacific Scandal," 200 <i>et seq.</i>; his defence, 208, 209; sends in his +resignation, 210; leads opposition, 211; his resolution in favour of a +national policy, 217, 225; puts the new policy before the country, +220-223; urges preferential trade with mother country, 227; again in +power, 1878, 228; inaugurates the national policy and reverts to +transcontinental railway scheme, 234; crosses continent on Canadian +Pacific Railway, 238; firm in his conviction that Riel should be hanged, +243, 244, 280; brings Letellier difficulty before Parliament, 248-250; +Ontario boundary dispute, 254-258; introduces Franchise Act of 1885, +258-260; country's devotion to, 262, 263; qualities which maintained +loyalty and devotion of his followers, 263-265; Confederation honours +cause a break in his friendship with Cartier, 267, 268; introduces bill +to adjust representation in House of Commons, 273; election of 1882, +273-276; resolutions on home rule in Ireland, 277; contrasted with +Blake, 277-279; election of 1887, 279-283; adoption of jubilee address +to queen, 283; compromises with Canadian Pacific Railway over their +monopoly of transportation, 285; takes a constitutional stand on +Jesuits' Estates Act, 289; commercial union policy, 291 <i>et seq.</i>; +contemplates a general election, 300-302; takes steps to renew +commercial intercourse with United States, 303; his last appeal to +electors of Dominion, 304-311; makes the most of contents of Farrer +pamphlet, 313-314; throws himself with energy into election campaign of +1891, 314; for fourth time his government is sustained, 315; receives a +chill while attending demonstration at Napanee, 319; attends opening of +the session, 320; suffers a slight stroke of paralysis, 320; his last +appearance in the House, 320; suffers a final stroke on May 29, 1891, +321; and dies on June 6, 1891, 321; funeral, 321, 322; tribute from +Queen Victoria, 322; memorial service in Westminster Abbey, and tablet +to his memory in St. Paul's Cathedral, 322-323; a summing up of his work +and influence, 333-353; a practical politician, 333-336; his political +methods, 335-338; his personal magnetism, 339; anecdotes of, 340-341; +not an orator, but an effective debater, 341-342; proposed preferential +trade in 1879, 342; in favour of Imperial federation, 343; letter to, +from Cecil Rhodes, 349; kept in touch with Imperial affairs, 344; +Imperial honours bestowed on, 344-345; a self-made man, 345; tributes to +his statesmanship, 346; his sympathy with French-Canadians, 347-348; a +peacemaker, 348; Lord Dufferin on,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_232" id="Page_232">[232]</a></span> 348-349; a poor man, 349-350; sum +raised for, in 1870, 351; statues to, in many Canadian cities, 351; his +greatness and shortcomings, 351-353. <b>T</b> At Charlottetown Conference, 74, +75; at Quebec Conference, 76, 78; at Westminster Conference, 121; +presented to the Queen, 124; forms first Dominion ministry, 127-128, +129; forms second ministry, 136; his national policy, 137. <b>Bib.</b>: Pope, +<i>Memoirs of Sir John Alexander Macdonald</i>; Macpherson, <i>Life of +Macdonald</i>; Collins, <i>Life and Times of Macdonald</i>; Adam, <i>Life and +Career of Macdonald</i>; Hopkins, <i>Life of Macdonald</i>; Biggar, <i>Anecdotal +Life of Macdonald</i>; Dent, <i>Can. Por.</i> and <i>Last Forty Years</i>; Taylor, +<i>Brit. Am.</i>; <i>Cyc. Am. Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>Macdonald, John Sandfield</b> (1812-1872). Born in St. Raphaels, Glengarry. +In 1840 called to the bar, and practised in Cornwall. In 1841 elected to +the Parliament of the recently united provinces of Upper and Lower +Canada; and in 1849 solicitor-general in the La Fontaine-Baldwin +government. In 1852-1854 Speaker; and attorney-general in the brief +Brown-Dorion ministry; premier in 1862, and resigned, 1864. Formed the +first government of the Province of Ontario, 1867; defeated in the House +and resigned, 1871. <b>Index</b>: <b>E</b> Returned in elections of 1848, 50; his +discourtesy to Lord Elgin, 127-131; Hincks succeeds in humiliating him, +135-136. <b>B</b> Offered seat in Cabinet by John A. Macdonald, 100; enters +George Brown's ministry, 102; called on to form government, 1861, 142; +an enthusiastic advocate of the "double majority," 142; in Confederation +debate, 182-183; asks Brown to go on mission to Washington to discuss +reciprocity, 192, 196. <b>Md</b> Upholds principle of "double majority," but +later throws it overboard, 79; separate schools established by his +administration, 1862-1863, 82; refuses John A. Macdonald's offer of a +seat in the Cabinet, 1858, 84, 85; leads the moderate "Reformers," +84-89; forms ministry with Sicotte, 1862, 88-89; government defeated +same year on vote of want of confidence, 89; refuses to resign, and +reconstructs government by joining forces with Brown, Dorion, and the +Rouges, 89; resigns, March, 1864, 90; objects to passing of resolutions +adopted at Quebec Conference without submitting them to the people, 119; +becomes leader of provincial government in Ontario at Confederation, +141; his character, 141-142. <b>T</b> Resigns in 1864, 68. <b>Bib.</b>: Dent, <i>Can. +Por.</i> and <i>Last Forty Years</i>; Taylor, <i>Brit. Am.</i></p> + +<p><b>Macdonell, Alexander.</b> Represented Lord Selkirk's interests as governor +of the Red River Settlement. Had been for some years in the employment +of the Hudson's Bay Company. Left the Red River Settlement, 1821, when +it was discovered that he had been lining his own pockets at the expense +of Selkirk and the settlers. Popularly known as <i>Gouverneur Sauterelle</i>, +or the Grasshopper Governor. <b>Bib.</b>: Bryce, <i>Manitoba</i> and <i>The Romantic +Settlement of Lord Selkirk's Colonists</i>; Ross, <i>Red River Settlement</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Macdonell, Alexander.</b> <b>MS</b> Sheriff of the home district, Upper Canada, +133; Selkirk puts him in charge of the Baldoon Settlement, near Lake St. +Clair, Upper Canada, 133.</p> + +<p><b>Macdonell, Alexander.</b> <b>MS</b> Sent by North West Company, with Duncan +Cameron, to Red River, to break up the Red River Settlement, 172-173; +leads attack on the colonists, 175. <b>Bib.</b>: Bryce, <i>The Romantic +Settlement of Lord Selkirk's Colonists</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Macdonell, Alexander</b> (1769-1840). Born at Glen Urquhart, Scotland. +Raised a Roman Catholic regiment of which he was appointed chaplain and +saw service in Ireland; after the regiment had been disbanded, succeeded +in bringing the men to Canada in 1803-1804, and obtained for them an +extensive tract of land on the St. Lawrence, in what is now Glengarry +County. When the War of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_233" id="Page_233">[233]</a></span> 1812 was threatened, assisted in raising the +Glengarry Fencibles and accompanied them into action. In 1826 +consecrated bishop of Kingston. In 1839 returned to England to promote a +scheme of emigration from the Highlands, and died at Dumfries the +following year. <b>Index</b>: <b>Bk</b> Recommended as chaplain of Glengarry corps, +97. <b>Bib.</b>: Morgan, <i>Cel. Can.</i>; Macdonell, <i>Sketches Illustrating the +Early Settlement and History of Glengarry in Canada</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Macdonell, George</b> (1770-1870). Member of the well-known Glengarry family +of that name. Served for several years in the King's Regiment; +instrumental in organizing the Glengarry Fencibles in 1811, of which he +was given command. Served with distinction in the War of 1812, +particularly in the capture of Ogdensburg and the battle of Chateauguay. +<b>Index</b>: <b>Bk</b> Becomes colonel of Glengarry Fencibles, 180. <b>Bib.</b>: Lucas, +<i>Canadian War of 1812</i>; Macdonell, <i>Sketches Illustrating the Early +Settlement and History of Glengarry in Canada</i>. <i>See also</i> War of 1812.</p> + +<p><b>Macdonell, John.</b> <b>S</b> Speaker of first Assembly of Upper Canada, 80, 85.</p> + +<p><b>Macdonell, Lieutenant-Colonel John.</b> Born in Glengarry; son of +Lieutenant-Colonel Alexander Macdonell, of the 1st Glengarry militia. +Present at the capture of Detroit and mentioned in despatches. In 1812 +aide-de-camp to Sir Isaac Brock, and took an important part in the +battle of Queenston Heights, where he was killed. At the time of his +appointment to General Brock's staff was acting attorney-general of +Upper Canada. <b>Index</b>: <b>Bk</b> Proposes to raise corps from among Scottish +settlers in Glengarry, 97; his report on American fort at Detroit, 190; +Brock makes him his aide-de-camp, 230; carries summons for surrender of +Detroit, 251, 255; death of, at Queenston Heights, 306. <b>Bib.</b>: Lucas, +<i>Canadian War of 1812</i>; Edgar, <i>Ten Years of Upper Canada</i>; Macdonell, +<i>Sketches Illustrating the Early Settlement and History of Glengarry in +Canada</i>. <i>See also</i> War of 1812.</p> + +<p><b>Macdonell, Miles</b> (1767-1828). Governor of Assiniboia. Born in Scotland. +Came to America with his father, Colonel John Macdonell, in 1773; and +entered the army. In 1794 lieutenant in the Royal Canadian Volunteers, +and captain in 1796. Appointed by Lord Selkirk governor of his projected +colony on Red River, and arrived there with a party of colonists in +1812. Opposition on the part of the North West Company culminated in an +attack, June 11, 1815, by the Company's agents, on the colonists, and +Macdonell, to avoid bloodshed, surrendered. A threatened trial at +Montreal fell through, and returned to Red River Settlement, where for +nearly twelve years was one of its leading pioneers. <b>Index</b>: <b>MS</b> Quoted on +Selkirk's Red River scheme, 100; a United Empire Loyalist, settled in +Glengarry, Upper Canada, 150; sent for by Selkirk to take charge of the +Red River Colony, 150; sails for Scotland, 150; at Stornoway in the +Hebrides, 151; at York Factory, 153-155; at the Red River, 157; winters +at Pembina, 158; returns to the Forks, 158-159; difficulties in feeding +the colonists, 161; beginning of troubles with the North West Company, +161-164; goes to meet new settlers, 163; summoned to Montreal to answer +charges, 164; his proclamation, 169; and its effect, 170-171; sends John +Spencer to seize North West Company's provisions at Souris River, +171-172; is arrested and taken to Montreal, 174. <b>Bib.</b>: Bryce, <i>Hudson's +Bay Company</i> and <i>The Romantic Settlement of Lord Selkirk's Colonists</i>; +Ross, <i>Red River Settlement</i>; Laut, <i>Conquest of the Great North-West</i>.</p> + +<p><b>MacDonnell, Alan.</b> <b>B</b> Addresses Toronto Board of Trade on importance of +acquiring North-West Territories, 216.</p> + +<p><b>Macdougall, William</b> (1822-1905). Born in Toronto. Educated at Victoria<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_234" id="Page_234">[234]</a></span> +College, Cobourg; admitted as a solicitor in 1847, and as barrister, +1862. Engaged in journalism; founded the <i>Canada Farmer</i> in 1848, and +the <i>North American</i> in 1850. A member of the Assembly from 1858 to +1867; of the Dominion Parliament, 1867-1882; and of the Ontario +Legislature, 1875-1878. In 1862-1864 commissioner of crown lands; and +provincial secretary, 1864; minister of public works in first Dominion +government, 1867; attended the Westminster Conference, 1866-1867; +commissioner to London for the acquisition of North-West Territories, +1868; lieutenant-governor of Rupert's Land, 1869; and member of the +Ontario Boundary Commission. <b>Index</b>: <b>BL</b> One of the leaders of the new +Radicalism,—editor of the <i>North American</i>, 341. <b>E</b> A leader of the +Clear Grits, 110. <b>B</b> A leader of the Clear Grits, 39; a young lawyer and +journalist, 40; edits the <i>North American</i>, 40; denounces George Brown, +40; secretary of Reform Convention, 1859, 137; suggests joint authority +for federal purposes, in Confederation debate, 137; enters coalition +ministry, 159; defeated in North Ontario, 160; elected in North Lanark, +160; favours elective Senate, 164; relations with Macdonald, 202-203; +defends his action in remaining in coalition ministry after +Confederation, 202, 209; his work on the <i>Globe</i>, 245. <b>H</b> Accompanies +Macdonald to Halifax, 1868, 210; meets Joseph Howe, on his way to Fort +Garry to assume duties of governor, 227; blames Howe for fomenting +trouble, 227. <b>C</b> On mission for purchase of Hudson's Bay Company's +territories, 68; attempts to enter North-West as lieutenant-governor, +69. <b>R</b> Graduate of Victoria College, 144. <b>Md</b> Minister of public works, +134; agrees to maintenance of coalition, 137; lieutenant-governor of +Rupert's Land, 1869, 138; accompanies Macdonald to Halifax, 144; +quarrels with Howe, 153, 154; introduces series of resolutions on +acquisition of North-West Territories, 156; sent to London to negotiate +annexation of territories, 156-157; appointed lieutenant-governor of +Rupert's Land, 158; refused admittance to the territory, 159. <b>T</b> Enters +coalition government, 69; at Charlottetown Conference, 74, 75; at Quebec +Conference, 76; enters first Dominion government, 128, 129. <b>Bib.</b>: Dent, +<i>Can. Por.</i> and <i>Last Forty Years</i>; Morgan, <i>Can. Men</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Macé, Sister de.</b> <b>L</b> Her labours in the hospital at Montreal, 91.</p> + +<p><b>McEvoy, J. M.</b> <b>S</b> His pamphlet on <i>The Ontario Township</i> quoted, 89.</p> + +<p><b>McGee, Thomas D'Arcy</b> (1825-1868). Emigrated from Ireland to the United +States, 1842, and became editor of the Boston <i>Pilot</i>; returned to +Ireland and edited <i>The Nation</i>, the Young Ireland's party organ; fled +to New York; came to Canada in 1857. Established and edited the <i>New +Era</i> in Montreal; elected to Parliament for the same city; president of +Executive Council, 1862-1863; minister of agriculture, 1864-1867. Took a +leading part in the movement for the Confederation of the provinces. +Shot by a Fenian, P. J. Whelan, in Ottawa, April 9, 1868, <b>Index</b>: <b>B</b> On +Confederation movement, xi; his speech on Confederation—names founders +of movement, 129, 130, 147; in Taché's government, 1864, 149. <b>Md</b> Takes +part in debates on resolutions adopted at Quebec Conference, 118. <b>T</b> His +work for Confederation, 65, 67; at Charlottetown Conference, 74, 75; at +Quebec Conference, 76. <b>Bib.</b>: Works: <i>Canadian Ballads</i>; <i>Popular History +of Ireland</i>; <i>Notes on Federal Governments</i>; <i>Speeches and Addresses +Chiefly on Subject of British American Union</i>; <i>Poems</i>, with biog. +sketch by Mrs. J. Sadlier. For his minor publications in Canada, and +works published before coming to Canada, <i>see</i> Morgan, <i>Bib. Can.</i> For +biog., <i>see</i> Taylor, <i>Brit. Am.</i> and <i>Thomas D'Arcy McGee: Sketch of his +Life and Death</i>; Dent, <i>Can. Por.</i> and <i>Last Forty Years</i>.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_235" id="Page_235">[235]</a></span></p> + +<p><b>McGill, James</b> (1744-1813). Born in Glasgow, Scotland. Emigrated to +Canada. For some years engaged in the western fur trade; and in +partnership with his brother, Andrew McGill, acquired a large fortune. +Sat in Lower Canada Parliament for several years, and in the Legislative +and Executive Councils. An officer of the Montreal militia, and in 1812 +brigadier-general. Devoted a large part of his wealth to various +institutions in Montreal, and was the founder of the university that +bears his name. <b>Index</b>: <b>Bk</b> Founder of McGill University, 100. <b>Bib.</b>: +Morgan, <i>Cel. Can.</i> <b>See also</b> McGill University.</p> + +<p><b>McGill, John</b> (1752-1834). Born in Scotland. Emigrated to Virginia in +1773. Espoused the royal cause in the Revolution; in 1777 a lieutenant +in the Loyal Virginians, and in 1782 a captain in the Queen's Rangers. +In 1783 came to St. John, New Brunswick, and in 1792 to Upper Canada. +Became a member of the Executive Council, 1796, and of the Legislative +Council, 1797. In 1801 appointed inspector-general of accounts. <b>Index</b>: <b>S</b> +Accompanies Simcoe as commissary of stores, 47; appointed by Simcoe +purchasing agent for military supplies, 212; temporarily superseded, but +later confirmed in appointment, 213.</p> + +<p><b>McGill, Peter</b> (1789-1860). Born in Scotland. Emigrated to Canada in +1809; became a wealthy merchant of Montreal. President of the Bank of +Montreal, 1834 to 1860. In 1841 appointed to the Legislative Council; +Speaker, 1847; a member of the Executive Council. In 1834-1838 chairman +of the St. Lawrence and Champlain Railway Company; in 1840-1842 mayor of +Montreal. A governor of McGill University; and of Montreal general +hospital. <b>Index</b>: <b>Sy</b> Member of Constitutional Association, 112. <b>E</b> +President of Legislative Council and member of Sherwood administration, +45; his vote helps to keep government in power, 45. <b>BL</b> Member of +Legislative Council, 1841, 83. <b>Bib.</b>: Taylor, <i>Brit. Am.</i>; Dent, <i>Last +Forty Years</i>.</p> + +<p><b>McGill University.</b> Founded through the far-sighted liberality of James +McGill, a merchant of Montreal, who in his will left his property of +Burnside and £10,000 to found the college. It was granted a royal +charter in 1820, and opened in 1829. The original bequest proving +insufficient to complete the college buildings, a further sum was given +by William Molson for that purpose. A new charter was obtained in 1852. +The period of greatest development of the university dates from 1855, +when J. W. Dawson was appointed principal. The university has been +fortunate in receiving generous bequests from wealthy citizens of +Montreal, notably from Peter Redpath, Sir W. C. Macdonald, and Lord +Strathcona. <b>Bib.</b>: Dawson, <i>Historical Sketch of McGill University</i> in +<i>Canada: An Ency.</i>, vol. 4; <i>Ency. Brit.; Ency. Amer.</i></p> + +<p><b>McGillivray, Simon.</b> One of the leading partners of the North West +Company. Signed the agreement of 1821 under which the Hudson's Bay and +North West Companies were amalgamated. <b>Index</b>: <b>MS</b> His declaration that +"Lord Selkirk must be driven to abandon his project, for his success +would strike at the very existence of our trade," 172; arrested by +Selkirk at Fort William, 189. <b>Bib.</b>: Bryce, <i>Hudson's Bay Company</i>.</p> + +<p><b>MacGillivray, William.</b> Born in Scotland. Came to Canada, and entered the +service of the North West Company. In 1786-1787 had charge of the North +West Company post at Lac des Serpents, in opposition to Roderick +McKenzie of the rival Company. In the spring, the two traders with their +men set out together for their respective headquarters at Grand Portage, +and arrived there side by side, the crews singing in chorus, to the no +small amazement of the Grand Portage people. MacGillivray and McKenzie +were ever after firm<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_236" id="Page_236">[236]</a></span> friends. The former became a partner of the North +West Company in 1790; signed the agreement of 1804; and was one of the +most influential of the <i>bourgeois</i>. Fort William was named after him in +1807. Made a legislative councillor of Lower Canada in 1814, in +recognition of his services to the government during the War of 1812. +Returned to Scotland before the fusion of the Hudson's Bay Company and +North West Company; bought an estate in Argyllshire, and died there +about 1825. <b>Index</b>: <b>MS</b> Friendly rivalry with Roderick Mackenzie, of the X +Y Company, 15; buys Pond's share in North West Company, 58; Fort William +named after, 100. <b>Bib.</b>: Bryce, <i>Hudson's Bay Company</i>; Masson, +<i>Bourgeois de la Compagnie Nord-Ouest</i>.</p> + +<p><b>M'Govoch.</b> <b>Dr</b> Discharged soldier, offers testimony in Walker case, 35; +tried for perjury and sent to prison, 38.</p> + +<p><b>Machray, Robert</b> (1831-1904). Born in Scotland. Educated at Aberdeen and +Cambridge; ordained deacon, 1855; and priest, 1856; in 1858 elected dean +of his college; vicar of Madingley till 1865, when appointed bishop of +Rupert's Land; in 1893, on the union of the Anglican churches in Canada, +became archbishop of Rupert's Land and primate of all Canada. Professor +of ecclesiastical history and liturgiology in St. John's College, +Winnipeg, and chancellor of the University of Manitoba. <b>Bib.</b>: Morgan, +<i>Can. Men</i>; Dent, <i>Can. Por.</i>; Machray, <i>Life of Archbishop Machray</i>; +Mockridge, <i>Bishops of the Church of England in Canada and +Newfoundland</i>.</p> + +<p><b>McIntosh, John.</b> <b>Mc</b> Mackenzie's brother-in-law, 482; house attacked by +mob, 482.</p> + +<p><b>MacIntyre, Duncan.</b> <b>Md</b> Director of the Canadian Pacific Railway, 236.</p> + +<p><b>Mack, Karl Freiherr von</b> (1752-1822). <b>Bk</b> Austrian general, surrender of, +72.</p> + +<p><b>Mackay, Alexander.</b> Accompanied Alexander Mackenzie on his memorable +journey of 1793 to the shores of the Pacific. In charge of Île à la +Crosse House, 1797-1799; signed the Montreal agreement of 1804, as one +of the partners of the North West Company; joined the Pacific Fur +Company, 1810, and sailed to Astoria with Franchère that year. Murdered +on the <i>Tonquin</i>, near Nootka, in 1811. <b>Index</b>: <b>MS</b> With Mackenzie on +expedition to Pacific, 67; at Astoria, 67; killed on the <i>Tonquin</i>, 67. +<b>D</b> Engaged by Astor for the Pacific, 95; slain by Indians on the +<i>Tonquin</i>, 95; his widow marries Dr. John McLoughlin, 95; succeeds +Douglas in command of northern posts, 187. <b>Bib.</b>: Bryce, <i>Hudson's Bay +Company</i>. <i>See also</i> Douglas; Mackenzie; <i>Tonquin</i>.</p> + +<p><b>McKay, James.</b> Born in Edmonton, Alberta. Educated at the Red River +Settlement. For a time in the service of the Hudson's Bay Company. A +member of the Council of Assiniboia and of the North-West Council. +Appointed to the Legislative Council of Manitoba, 1870. Minister of +agriculture, 1875-1878. Died, 1879.</p> + +<p><b>McKay, Joseph William</b> (1829-1900). Born at Rupert House, Hudson Bay. +Crossed the mountains to Fort Vancouver in 1844; had charge of various +trading posts west of the mountains, and rose to the rank of chief +trader; also made important explorations in what is now the province of +British Columbia. Became one of the first members of the Legislative +Assembly of Vancouver Island, 1855. Retired from the Company's service, +1879. Appointed to the Department of Indian Affairs of Canada in 1883. +<b>Bib.</b>: Walbran, <i>British Columbia Coast Names</i>.</p> + +<p><b>McKee, Colonel.</b> <b>S</b> Indian superintendent in the west, 126, 141, 210. <b>Bk</b> +His influence over the Indians, 280.</p> + +<p><b>Mackellar.</b> <b>WM</b> Chief engineer, accompanies Wolfe in reconnaissance of +Island of Orleans, 93.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_237" id="Page_237">[237]</a></span></p> + +<p><b>Mackenzie, Alexander</b> (1822-1892). Born in Scotland. Emigrated to +Kingston, Canada, in 1842; in 1848 started in business at Sarnia as +builder and contractor; in 1852 editor of the <i>Lambton Shield</i>, a reform +newspaper; member for Lambton in the provincial Parliament 1861-1867; +and from 1867 to 1892 a member of the Dominion Parliament. In 1873 +became premier and minister of public works, the first liberal premier +of the Dominion. In 1878 his government defeated by the Conservative +party. Leader of the opposition until 1880, when he resigned on account +of ill-health, but remained in Parliament for some years, being elected +for East York in 1882 and 1887. Declined knighthood three times. <b>Index</b>: +<b>Mc</b> His letter in reference to George Brown, 496. <b>Md</b> Leader of opposition +in succession to George Brown, 150; Supreme Court organized under his +administration, 1875, 151; moves an amendment to the address, 208; +called upon to form a ministry, 1873, 211; pessimistic over the Canadian +Pacific Railway scheme, 234, 235; replaced in leadership by Edward +Blake, 235, 261. <b>E</b> Premier of Liberal government under which +simultaneous voting was required by law, 133. <b>B</b> Signs requisition to +George Brown to stand for Kent, 61; votes against proposal that three +members of opposition should enter the government, 157; opposes +Reformers taking seats in coalition ministry, but holds that they should +give Confederation an outside support, 199, 204; on George Brown's +character, 243; on Brown's relations with the parliamentary leaders +after retirement, 247-248; on Brown's last days, 257; character of his +speeches, 259. <b>D</b> His connection with the Canadian Pacific Railway +negotiations, 321. <b>T</b> His Cabinet, 90; opposes coalition idea, 128; his +ministry resigns, 136. <b>Bib.</b>: Works: <i>Speeches in Scotland and Canada</i>; +<i>Life and Speeches of George Brown</i>. For biog., <i>see</i> Buckingham and +Ross, <i>Life of Alexander Mackenzie</i>; Dent, <i>Can. Por.</i> and <i>Last Forty +Years</i>; Leggo, <i>History of the Administration of the Earl of Dufferin in +Canada</i>; Stewart, <i>Canada under the Administration of the Earl of +Dufferin</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Mackenzie, Sir Alexander</b> (1755-1820). <b>S</b> Visits Simcoe, 188; recommends +establishment of two trading-posts on Pacific coast, 189. <b>MS</b> Joins North +West Company, 7; opposes Selkirk's plans, 7, 146, 151, 159, 167; his +death, 8; born 1763 at Stornoway, Island of Lewis, Scotland, 10; +parentage, 10; education, 10; emigrates to Canada, 1779, 10; enters fur +trade and joins opposition to McTavish, 10, 11; his keenness and daring, +11; leads trading expedition to Detroit, 11; at Grand Portage, 1785, 12; +becomes a <i>bourgeois</i>, 12; assigned to English River department, 14; +friendly relations with officers of rival North West Company, 15; goes +to Athabaska, 17; his administrative ability, 17, 18; plans for +expansion, 18; sends Leroux to build post on Great Slave Lake, 18; and +Boyer to build one on Peace River, 19; describes life of fur trader, 22; +his ambitious designs for discovery, 22; unpopular with McTavish, 23; +hears of a great river in the north, 31; preparation for his journey, +32; his narrative, 32; his party, 33; sets out June 3, 1789, from Fort +Chipewyan, 33; reaches Great Slave Lake, 35; meets Yellow Knife Indians, +36; enters Mackenzie River, 37; meets Slave and Dog-Rib Indians, 28; +their account of the river, 38; passes mouth of Great Bear River, 28, +47; meets Hare Indians, 39; and Quarrellers, 39; enters the delta, 39; +lands on Whale Island, at mouth of the river, 40; erects post with +inscription, 40; uncertainty as to his having reached the sea, 43, 61; +the return journey, 43; coal seam on fire, 47; difficulties with +"English Chief," 45, 46, 48; returns to Great Slave Lake, 48; meets +Leroux, 48-49; reaches Chipewyan, Sept. 12, 1789, 50; results of the +journey, 50-51; establishes existence and course of Yukon, 50-51; his +treatment of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_238" id="Page_238">[238]</a></span> natives, 51; his account of fauna, 51; his character, +51-52, 59; winters at Chipewyan, 53; unfriendliness of partners of +Company, 53; his project for a journey to the West, 53; goes down to +Grand Portage, 53; cool reception there, 54; returns to Chipewyan, 54; +his letters, 54; meets Philip Turner, 57; his share in North West +Company, 58; goes to England to acquire instruction and instruments for +his second journey, 59; returns to Athabaska, 61; preparations for +journey to the Pacific, 61; sends men to Peace River to cut timber for a +post, 61; leaves Chipewyan, Oct. 10, 1792, 61; ascends Peace River, +passes the falls and Boyer's "Old Establishment," and reaches Finlay's +fort, 62; his method of dealing with the Indians, 62-63; winters at the +forks, 63-65; Chinook winds, 65; sets out for the mountains and beyond, +66; members of his party, 67; a man of heroic mould, 68; leaves Finlay's +fort, May 9, 1793, 69; describes Peace River, 69; difficulties in +crossing the mountains, 70, 72; meets strange Indians, 74; ascends the +Parsnip River, 75; reaches its source, 75; descends the Fraser, 77; +retraces his steps, and travels overland to the sea, 79-85; describes +visit to the Coast Indians, 83; natives refer to Vancouver's party, 85; +reaches coast and paints record of his journey on a rock, 86; the return +journey, 86; trouble with the natives, 87; reaches Peace River, 88; +reaches Finlay's fort, 89; and Chipewyan, 89; leaves the West, 89; +increased reputation among partners of North West Company, 92; withdraws +from Company and sails for England, 93; publishes his book, 94; King +Bernadotte of Sweden's tribute to explorer, 95; Napoleon has his +<i>Voyages</i> translated into French, 96, 97; friendship of duke of Kent, +98; receives knighthood, 98; becomes head of X Y Company, 99; elected to +Legislature of Lower Canada, 100; returns to Scotland, 1808, 100; +opposes Selkirk's scheme, 100; his marriage, 101; his family, 101; his +death, March 12, 1820, 102; compared with Selkirk, 209. <b>D</b> His +expeditions to the Arctic and Pacific, 51; his personality, 52; +parentage, 52; arrival in Canada, 53; enters fur trade, 53; in command +of Fort Chipewyan, 53; his desire to rival Samuel Hearne, 53; sets out +from Chipewyan in 1789 to explore Mackenzie River, 53; river named after +him, 53; proves futility of search for North-West Passage, 53; visits +England and, prepares himself for further discoveries, 53; returns to +the West, and leaves Chipewyan, Oct. 10, 1792, for the Pacific, 53; +ascends Peace River and crosses the mountains, 54; reaches Tacouche +Tesse (Fraser), which he supposes to be the Oregon (Columbia), 54; +difficulties and dangers of the journey, 54-55; his printed narrative +translated into French for Napoleon, 55; his burial-place, 55; his wife, +55; the legend he printed on a rock on the shores of the Pacific, 56; +results of his journey, 56. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Voyages from Montreal through the +Continent of North America</i>, 1789 and 1793, London, 1801; trans, into +French, Paris, 1802. <i>See also</i> his letters, in Roderick McKenzie's +<i>Reminiscences</i> (Masson, <i>Bourgeois du Nord-Ouest</i>). For biog., <i>see</i> +Willson, <i>The Great Company</i>; Bryce, <i>Hudson's Bay Company</i>; Burpee, +<i>Search for the Western Sea</i>; Laut, <i>Conquest of the Great North-West</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Mackenzie, Donald</b> (1783-1851). Born in Scotland. Emigrated to Canada in +1800, and engaged in the service of the North West Company for several +years. In 1809 associated with John Jacob Astor in fur-trading on the +Columbia. Returned to the service of the North West Company; and in +1821, on its absorption by the Hudson's Bay Company, became a chief +factor in the united Company. In 1825 appointed governor of the Red +River Settlement, and held the position till 1832, when he retired to +the United States. Died at Mayville, New York. <b>Index</b>: <b>MS</b> Chief factor, +and afterwards governor, of Assiniboia, 222. <b>Bib.</b>: Bryce, <i>The Romantic +Settlement of Lord Selkirk's Colonists</i>.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_239" id="Page_239">[239]</a></span></p> + +<p><b>Mackenzie, Geddes.</b> <b>MS</b> Marries Sir Alexander Mackenzie, 101; her +parentage, 101.</p> + +<p><b>Mackenzie, George.</b> <b>Md</b> Macdonald studies law in his office, 4; death of, +9.</p> + +<p><b>Mackenzie, Hope.</b> <b>B</b> Moves approval of George Brown's course in +Confederation negotiations, 156-157.</p> + +<p><b>Mackenzie, Isabel.</b> <b>Mc</b> Wife of William Lyon Mackenzie, granted $4000 by +Parliament, 240; at Navy Island, 424; death of, 508.</p> + +<p><b>McKenzie, Roderick.</b> Cousin of Sir Alexander Mackenzie. Came to Canada +from Scotland in 1784, and entered the service of the fur-trading firm +of Gregory, McTavish & Co., of Montreal. The following year reached +Grand Portage, where employed as a clerk. Accompanied his cousin to the +far West in 1786; built the original Fort Chipewyan, on the south shore +of Lake Athabaska, in 1788; and in charge of the post during Alexander +Mackenzie's expeditions of 1789 and 1792 to the Arctic and Pacific. In +1797, on his way to Montreal, after a long absence, rediscovered the old +Kaministiquia route, first discovered by the French many years before, +but afterwards abandoned. Became a partner of the North West Company, +1799; and signed the Montreal agreement of 1804 by which the X Y Company +was absorbed by the North West Company. A year or two later retired from +the fur trade, and began gathering material for a history of the North +West Company. The work was never published, nor even completed, but many +of the original journals which were to have formed its basis are +included in Masson's <i>Bourgeois de la Compagnie du Nord-Ouest</i>. Settled +at Terrebonne, in Lower Canada, and became a member of the Legislative +Council of the province. <b>Index</b>: <b>MS</b> Joins X Y Company, 14; friendly +rivalry with McGillivray (North West Company) in English River +department, 15; at Île à la Crosse, 16; brings news of death of Ross to +Grand Portage, 16; joins his cousin Alexander Mackenzie in Athabaska +department, 23; their friendship, 23; his <i>Reminiscences</i>, 24; builds +Fort Chipewyan, 24; plans library there, 26; winters there, 1788-1789, +27; at Chipewyan, 53; goes down to Grand Portage, 53; sent to Great +Slave Lake, 54. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Reminiscences</i> in Masson, <i>Bourgeois de la +Compagnie du Nord-Ouest</i>; Bryce, <i>Hudson's Bay Company</i>; Burpee, <i>Search +for the Western Sea</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Mackenzie, William Lyon</b> (1795-1861). <b>Mc</b> His personality, Goldwin Smith +on, 3; Dr. Harrison on, 4; W. J. Rattray on, 5, 6; first to enunciate +principle of responsible government, 5; "a man ahead of his time," 6; +his loyalty, 10; not an annexationist, 11; constitutional reformer, 12; +parentage and ancestry, 34-36; defends himself from charges of +disloyalty, 36-38; books read by him from 1806 to 1809, 40, 41; enters +commerce, 41, 42; goes to Canada, 43; physical description of, 43; joins +survey of Lachine Canal, 44; enters business with John Lesslie, 44; +moves to Queenston, 44; marries, 45; declares war on Constitutional Act, +72; starts <i>Colonial Advocate</i>, 85; describes Upper Canada in 1820, +85-87; warns Canadians against union with United States, 87, 97; +attitude on Clergy Reserves, 94; advocates provincial university, 95; +reforms advocated by, which have come into effect, 97, 98; defends +himself against disloyalty charge, 98-101; advocates federation of all +North American colonies, 104, 105; moves to York, 106; pictures life of +editors, 111; assists to bring about a party revolution, 112; mob +destroys <i>Colonial Advocate</i>, 113; Macaulay offers damages, 115; +personal attacks, 117-120; Macaulay's treatment of, 121-123; retaliates, +124, 125; answers Macaulay's pamphlet, 126; gets £625 damages, 129; +refuses to prosecute criminally, 129; indicted for libel, 130; +prosecution abandoned, 135; friendship of Robert Randal, 138; secures +Randal's mission to England,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_240" id="Page_240">[240]</a></span> 139; advocates responsible government, +146, 148; elected for York, 150; moves committal of Allan MacNab, 152; +chairman of committee on post-office, 153; chairman of committee on +privileges of House, 154; carries many motions and addresses, 154; +introduces Thirty-two Resolutions, 155; opinions stated, 156; visits New +York, 157; letter in <i>National Gazette</i>, 158; supports Robert Baldwin, +159; chairman of committee on banking, 161, 162; moves Libel Bill, 162, +163; letters to Sir John Colborne, 164; advocates responsible +government, 166, 167; appeal to the people of Upper Canada, 168; +re-elected for York, 169; banks oppose, 170; gets committee on state of +representation, 171; committee reports, 175; he prints journals of +House, 172; accused of printing libel on House, 175; arouses Upper +Canada, 176, 177; visits Quebec, 178; first expulsion from Assembly, +181-201; libel complained of, 182, 183; his speech in his defence, 185; +House refuses committee of inquiry, 201; petitions to the governor, 203; +governor's answer, 203; backed up by the people, 204; again elected, +205; presented by constituents with gold medal, 205; second expulsion +moved, 207; defends himself, 209; expelled a second time, 209; appeals +to electors, 210-213; again elected, 215; attempt to assassinate, 219; +<i>Colonial Advocate</i> office again attacked, 221; his mission to England, +221; estimate of Earl Grey, 221; his friendship with Joseph Hume, 222; +introduces George Ryerson to Lord Goderich, 223; offered management of +post-office department, 225; prepares statement for minister, 226; reply +to Lord Goderich, 227; concessions obtained, 227-230; third expulsion, +232, 242; secures dismissal of Boulton and Hagerman, 232; scheme of +post-office reform, 236; asks control of post-office revenue for +Canadians, 236; obtains veto of Bank Charter Acts, 237; introduces +Egerton Ryerson to colonial office, 238; publishes <i>Sketches of Canada +and the United States</i>, 238; visits Scotland, 239; pays old creditors, +239; refuses banquets in Montreal and Quebec, 240; left to pay his own +expenses, 240; unanimously re-elected for the third time, 242; not +permitted to take oath, 242; new election ordered, 244; unanimously +re-elected for the fourth time, 244; ejected from the House, 245; +governor orders that he be allowed to take oath, 248; takes the oath, +251; again ejected from the House, 252; first mayor of Toronto, 255; +designs city arms, 256; helps cholera patients, 256; takes cholera, 257; +defeated for second mayoralty term, 257; forms Canadian Alliance +Society, 258; retires from journalism, 259; estimate of, as a +journalist, 260; again elected for York, 261; obtains select "Committee +on Grievances," 263; obtains committee on Welland canal, 264; appointed +director, 264; anticipates official report of canal committee, 265; sued +for libel, 265; report of "Committee on Grievances," 270; urges +responsible government, 279; visits Quebec, 287; meets Papineau, 288; +opposes British restraint on trade, 292; anticipates Reciprocity Treaty, +292; defeated for the House, 308; claims the election was unfair, +309-314; insulted by Tory press, 317; his replies, 318; visits New York, +320; begins the <i>Constitution</i>, 320; "Declaration of Independence" of +Upper Canada, 329, 330; meetings at Doel's brewery, 330-332; becomes +agent of convention committee, 332; addresses nearly two hundred public +meetings, 333-338; advises run on Bank of Upper Canada, 340; second +meeting at Doel's brewery, 346; urges seizing arms and proclaiming +provisional government, 349; drafts constitution, 355; organizes +Rebellion, 359; warrant issued for his arrest, 360; tries to correct +Rolph's mistake, 361; his advice disregarded, 362; sets out for the +city, 363; again proposes to march on the city, 366; meets Head's flag +of truce, 367, 368; urges Lount to march into the city, 371; skirmish at +Montgomery's tavern, 379; ransom offered for, 380; account of his +escape, 381 <i>et seq.</i>; ad<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_241" id="Page_241">[241]</a></span>dresses Buffalo audience, 411; meets Van +Rensselaer, 412; Head seeks his extradition, 414; occupies Navy Island, +415; president of provisional government, 416; arrested at Buffalo, 424; +threats of assassination, 428; abandons Van Rensselaer, 430; visits New +York and Philadelphia, 433; begins <i>Mackenzie's Gazette</i>, 433; no +connection with later frontier movements, 439, 444, 446; moves to +Rochester, 448; forms association of Canadian refugees, 448; tried for +breach of neutrality laws, 452; found guilty, 454; his sentence, 454; +rigorous treatment in gaol, 455-458; released, 459; publishes <i>Caroline +Almanac</i>, 459; his exchange attempted, 463; attempts to kidnap him, 464; +publishes <i>Volunteer</i>, 467; moves to New York, 468; appointed to +Mechanics' Institute, 468; publishes <i>Lives of one Thousand Remarkable +Irishmen</i>, 469; publishes the <i>Examiner</i>, 470; appointed to New York +customs house, 470; publishes <i>Lives of Butler and Hoyt</i>, in 1845, 471; +and <i>Life and Times of Martin Van Buren</i>, 1846, 472; goes on <i>Tribune</i>, +472; Hume's letter to, 475; writes to Earl Grey, 479; amnestied, 480; +visits Toronto, 481; brings family back, 486; elected for Haldimand, +486; his relations with George Brown, 487; his work in Parliament, 492; +again elected for Haldimand, 497; resigns, 498; later parliamentary +life, 500; love of his children, 504; Buchanan's proffered friendship, +504; Robert Hay's generosity, 505; offered office, 505; publishes +<i>Mackenzie's Message</i>, 505; friends purchase homestead for, 505; +financial difficulties, 506; declining health, 506; death of, Aug. 28, +1861, 507; funeral, 507, 508; one of the founders of St. Andrew's +Church, 507; tributes of the press, 509-523. <b>Md</b> Leads Rebellion of 1837 +in Upper Canada, 7; supports Brown in his quarrel with Macdonald, 81. <b>R</b> +Views on relation of church and state in 1824, 45; his work for popular +government, 66; his policy, 111; his "Seventh Report on Grievances," +112; opposes separate schools, 224. <b>B</b> His return to Canada, 36; burnt in +effigy at Toronto, 36; defeats George Brown in Haldimand, 40, 44, 46; +his resolution for abolition of Court of Chancery, 47. <b>BL</b> His parentage, +12; early days in Canada, 12, 13; in politics, 13-16, 26, 27, 33; aids +Baldwin to secure seat in Legislature, 31; organizes revolutionary +clubs, etc., 43; his proposed constitution for Upper Canada, 43; plans +attack on Toronto by rebels, 43; described as a "mountebank," 120; his +correspondence with Hume and Roebuck, 229; founds Canadian Alliance +Association, 1834, 229; returns to Canada, 312, 318, 319; one of the +leaders of the new Radicalism, 340-341; brings in motion to abolish +Court of Chancery, 352. <b>Sy</b> Reform party falsely identified with his +proceedings, 85, 138. <b>E</b> And the Rebellion of 1837, 17; leads Radical +wing of Liberal party, in Upper Canada, 21, 22; and parliamentary +government, 51; and MacNab, 75, 76; returns from his exile, 91; causes +of his failure as a political leader, 91-93; proposes abolition of Court +of Chancery, 103, 112; defeats George Brown, 113; attacks the +government, 127; aftermath of the Rebellion, 190. <b>P</b> His correspondence +with Papineau, 189. <b>H</b> Effect of his action in Upper Canada, upon popular +party, in Nova Scotia, 49. <b>Bib.</b>: Works: <i>Life and Times of Martin Van +Buren</i>; <i>Life and Opinions of B. F. Butler</i>; <i>Sketches of Canada and the +United States</i>. For biog., <i>see</i> Morgan, <i>Cel. Can.</i>; Lindsey, <i>Life and +Times of W. L. McKenzie</i>; Dent, <i>Can. Por.</i>, <i>Upper Canadian Rebellion</i>, +and <i>Last Forty Years</i>; King, <i>Other Side of the Story</i>; Read, +<i>Rebellion of 1837</i>. <i>See also</i> Rebellion of 1837 (Upper Canada.)</p> + +<p><b>Mackenzie River.</b> Named after Sir Alexander Mackenzie, who explored it +from Great Slave Lake to the Arctic in 1789. It was known at one time as +Disappointment River. Its ultimate source is in Thutage Lake, the +headwaters of the Finlay in northern British Columbia. Its total length +from Thutage<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_242" id="Page_242">[242]</a></span> Lake to the sea is 2525 miles. The Hudson's Bay Company +has the following trading-posts on the main stream: Fort Providence, +near entrance of Great Slave Lake; Fort Simpson, at the mouth of the +Liard; Fort Wrigley, in lat. 63°; Fort Norman, at the mouth of Great +Bear River; Fort Good Hope near the Ramparts; and Fort MacPherson on +Peel River. The Company now operates a steamer from Fort Smith, on Slave +River, to the Arctic Ocean. <b>Index</b>: <b>MS</b> Alexander Mackenzie discovers and +explores, 37-48; "Great River," 53; Mackenzie refers to as "River +Disappointment," 55. <b>Bib.</b>: Mackenzie, <i>Voyages</i>; Franklin, <i>Narrative of +Second Expedition</i>; Richardson, <i>Arctic Searching Expedition</i>; Cameron, +<i>The New North</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Mackenzie's Message.</b> Published at Toronto. <b>Index</b>: <b>Mc</b> Newspaper, +published 1853, 505.</p> + +<p><b>McKim, R. P.</b> <b>T</b> Assists at funeral service of Sir Leonard Tilley, 146.</p> + +<p><b>McLachlan, Alexander</b> (1818-1896). Born in Scotland. Came to Canada, +1840; engaged in farming. Government emigration agent for Scotland, +1862. Collected edition of his <i>Poems</i> published, 1900. <b>Bib.</b>: MacMurchy, +<i>Canadian Literature</i>.</p> + +<p><b>McLane, David.</b> <b>Dr</b> Hanged for treason, 301.</p> + +<p><b>McLaren, Dr. Murray.</b> <b>T</b> Attends Sir Leonard Tilley, 145.</p> + +<p><b>MacLean, Judge.</b> <b>B</b> Proposes Metcalfe's health at St. Andrew's Society +banquet, 27.</p> + +<p><b>MacLean, Colonel Allan</b> (1725-1784). Born in Scotland. Served in Holland, +1747. In 1757 served with Montgomery's Highlanders in America, and in +1761 major-commandant of the 114th Royal Highlanders. In 1775 +lieutenant-colonel of the Royal Highland Emigrants. Served under +Carleton in the defence of Quebec, 1775-1776. <b>Index</b>: <b>Hd</b> Raises regiment +of Royal Highland Emigrants, 111; takes part in repulse of Arnold and +Montgomery, 112; on methods of trade, 162; speech of Indians to, 171; +his precipitancy in arresting Pillon, 279, 280, 285; departure of, 294; +his correspondence with Haldimand, 306; his opinion of the Americans, +307; letter to Haldimand regarding Du Calvet's movements, 209, 310; +visits Haldimand in London, 311, 327. <b>Bib.</b>: Bradley, <i>The Making of +Canada</i>; Lucas, <i>History of Canada</i>.</p> + +<p><b>McLean, Archibald</b> (1791-1865). Born in Scotland. Emigrated to Canada +with his father; educated at Cornwall Grammar School. In 1812 served in +the war with the United States. After the war, called to the bar, and +built up an extensive practice. For several years member for Stormont +and Cornwall in the Legislative Assembly of Upper Canada, of which he +was twice elected Speaker. In 1837 judge of the Court of King's Bench, +and held the position till 1856. In 1862-1863 chief-justice of Upper +Canada, and in 1864-1865 judge of the Court of Error and Appeal. <b>Index</b>: +<b>Mc</b> Elected Speaker, 1831, 170. <b>Bib.</b>: Read, <i>Lives of the Judges</i>.</p> + +<p><b>McLean, John</b> (1828-1886). Born in Scotland. Educated at the University +of Aberdeen; ordained priest, 1858, and became curate of St. Paul's, +London, Ontario. Removed to the Red River Settlement as archdeacon of +Assiniboia, and professor in St. John's College, 1866. Made bishop of +Saskatchewan, 1874. Died at Prince Albert as the result of an accident. +<b>Bib.</b>: Mockridge, <i>The Bishops of the Church of England in Canada and +Newfoundland</i>; Machray, <i>Life of Archbishop Machray</i>.</p> + +<p><b>McLeod, Alexander.</b> <b>Mc</b> Charged with murder of Amos Durfee, 423; trial and +acquittal, 424.</p> + +<p><b>McLeod, Alexander Norman.</b> Of the North West Company. <b>Index</b>: <b>MS</b><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_243" id="Page_243">[243]</a></span> +Associated with Gregory and others in opposition to North West Company, +10, 11; visits Mackenzie at Detroit, 12; his character, 14; builds new +house at Chipewyan, 50; brings North West men from Fort William, 182; +arrives seven days after the Seven Oaks affair, 183.</p> + +<p><b>McLeod, Archibald Norman.</b> Entered the service of the North West Company +some time before 1790. In charge of Fort Dauphin, 1799, and Swan River, +1800. Three years later moved to the Athabaska department, and remained +there until 1809, when he took charge of New Caledonia. Had already +become a partner of the Company, signing the agreement of 1804 as such.</p> + +<p><b>McLeod, Donald</b> (1779-1879). Born in Scotland. Educated at Aberdeen +University for the church, but entered the navy, 1803, and the army, +1808. Served in the Peninsula under Sir John Moore, and in Canada during +War of 1812-1814; wounded at the battles of Chrystler's Farm and Lundy's +Lane. Returned to Europe and fought at the battle of Waterloo. Came to +Canada, 1816; opened a classical school at Prescott; began publication +of the <i>Grenville Gazette.</i> Took part in the Rebellion of 1837, as a +major-general in the insurgent army. Fled to the United States; arrested +and tried at Detroit, but acquitted. Settled at Cleveland, Ohio, where +he died. <b>Index</b>: <b>Mc</b> Occupies Point Pelee Island, 430. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>History of +the Canadian Insurrection</i>. For biog., <i>see</i> Dent, <i>Upper Canadian +Rebellion</i>.</p> + +<p><b>McLeod, John</b> (1788-1849). Born in Scotland. Entered the service of the +Hudson's Bay Company; conducted Selkirk's colonists from York Factory to +the Red River, 1811; from that date to the union of the two fur +companies in 1821, engaged in building trading-posts and extending the +operations of the Hudson's Bay Company towards the Rocky Mountains. Had +taken a leading part in the long conflict between the Hudson's Bay +Company and the North West Company, some account of which is given in +his diary, 1814-1815, reproduced in part in Bryce's <i>Hudson's Bay +Company</i>. On the union of the Companies, given charge of the New +Caledonia department, west of the mountains, where he remained for many +years, finally retiring from the service, and spending the remainder of +his days on the banks of the Ottawa. <b>Index</b>: <b>MS</b> Leads the Selkirk +colonists in their opposition to Cuthbert Grant and the half-breeds, +175; his journal, 175, 176; builds house for governor, 176. <b>D</b> Ascends +upper Liard to its southern source in Dease Lake, 1834, 123. <b>Bib.</b>: +Bryce, <i>Hudson's Bay Company</i>; Burpee, <i>Search for the Western Sea</i>.</p> + +<p><b>McLoughlin, John</b> (1784-1857). Born at Rivière du Loup. Studied medicine +in Edinburgh; joined the North West Company; engaged for several years +in the Rainy Lake country; in charge of Fort William in 1821, when the +North West and Hudson's Bay Companies were amalgamated, and appointed to +take charge of the Columbia River department, 1823. Built Fort +Vancouver, 1824, and made it the headquarters for the whole territory +west of the mountains. Did more than any other man to strengthen the +hold of the Company on the fur trade of the Pacific coast. Through +misunderstandings over his attitude towards the American settlers on the +Columbia, retired from the Company's service, 1846, and spent the rest +of his life in Oregon City. <b>Index</b>: <b>MS</b> Edward Ellice on, 220; impresses +Sir George Simpson, 220; travels in state, 221. <b>D</b> First great Hudson's +Bay Company leader in Oregon, 84; his character, 84, 86; takes Douglas +under his charge, in North West Company, at Fort William, 93; persuades +Douglas to join Hudson's Bay Company, 94; his friendship for Douglas, +94; born, 1784, at Rivière du Loup, 94; grandson of Malcolm Fraser, 94; +his early home and training, 94-95; studies medicine in Edinburgh, 95;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_244" id="Page_244">[244]</a></span> +returns to Canada and enters North West Company, 95; sent to Sault Ste. +Marie, 95; there when post burned in War of 1812, 95; marries widow of +Alexander Mackay, 95; goes to Fort William, 95-96; at Fort Vancouver, +his practically absolute rule, 111; ambitious plans for development of +western department, 114; sends expedition to Fraser River by sea, 115; +builds Fort Colville, 1825-1826, 116; builds Fort Langley, 1827, 116; +builds Fort Simpson, 1831, 116; sends Findlayson, Manson, and Anderson, +1833, to build Fort McLoughlin, 117; sends Douglas to receive Fort +Stikine from Russians, 1840, 122; expedition to Sacramento and San +Joaquin Valleys, 126; recognizes agricultural possibilities of Oregon, +128; organizes Puget Sound Agricultural Company, 130; his attitude +towards Oregon settlers, 144; forced out of Hudson's Bay Company, 145; +Douglas and Ogden associated with him in management of western +department, 187; resigns from Hudson's Bay Company, 1846, 187; removes +to Oregon City, 187; treatment of, by American settlers, 187; his death, +187; his character contrasted with that of Douglas, 351-353. <b>Bib.</b>: +Holman, <i>Dr. John McLoughlin: the Father of Oregon</i>; Laut, <i>Conquest of +the Great North-West</i>; Bryce, <i>Hudson's Bay Company</i>; Bancroft, <i>History +of the North-West Coast</i>.</p> + +<p><b>McLoughlin, John.</b> <b>D</b> Son of Dr. John McLoughlin, accompanies Douglas to +Sitka, 122; succeeds Rae at Fort Stikine, 122; shot by Indians, 1842, +122-123.</p> + +<p><b>McMaster University.</b> Located at Toronto. Formed in 1887 from the union +of Toronto Baptist College and Woodstock College. Mainly indebted for +endowment to William McMaster. Woodstock College, Woodstock, and Moulton +Ladies' College, Toronto, are maintained in close connection.</p> + +<p><b>McMillan, John</b> (1816-1886). Born in Scotland. Came to New Brunswick, +1832. Represented Restigouche in the Assembly, 1857-1867; +surveyor-general, 1861-1865; postmaster-general, 1867-1868; inspector of +post offices for New Brunswick, 1868-1886. A strong advocate of +Confederation. <b>Index</b>: <b>T</b> Elected for Restigouche, 89; postmaster-general +in Mitchell ministry, 105.</p> + +<p><b>MacNab, Sir Allan Napier</b> (1798-1862). Born at Newark (now Niagara), +Ontario. On the American invasion of Canada joined the army in 1813 and +served throughout the war. In 1826 called to the bar of Upper Canada and +practised in Hamilton. In 1829 first elected for Wentworth County in the +Assembly, and during 1837-1841 Speaker of the House. Took an active part +in the Rebellion of 1837-1838 and knighted for his services. After the +union of Upper and Lower Canada became Conservative leader and elected +Speaker of the House, 1844-1848, and again in 1862. Premier, 1854, and +resigned, 1856. <b>Index</b>: <b>H</b> Entertains Joseph Howe at Hamilton, 138. <b>BL</b> +Brings loyal troops from Hamilton, to disperse rebels under Mackenzie, +44; taunts Baldwin with his share in the Rebellion, 45; his exploits in +1837 win him knighthood, 82; leader of Tories in Legislature, 1841, 82; +proposed for speakership, 87; withdraws his name, 88; his faction +welcomes Bagot's appointment as governor, 113; raises racial question, +178; opposes transfer of capital to Montreal, 183; Baldwin on, 183; +attacks La Fontaine-Baldwin ministry, 214; referred to by George Brown, +224; elected in 1844, 252; elected Speaker, 279; his opposition to +Rebellion Losses Bill, 314; his quarrel with Blake, 315; warns ministry +of riot, 322; rescues portrait of the queen, 324; proposed for Speaker, +Baldwin's tribute to his qualifications, Morin elected in his stead, +283; and Papineau, 343; and Baldwin, 353. <b>E</b> His<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_245" id="Page_245">[245]</a></span> part in suppressing +Rebellion of 1837-1838, 31; returned in 1848, 50; defeated for +speakership, 51; takes part in stormy debate on Rebellion Losses Bill, +68-69; his responsibility for the disturbances of 1849, 75; nominal +leader of Conservative party, 119; called upon by Lord Elgin for advice, +137; agrees to coalition ministry, 139-140; forms government with Morin, +140; his last resting-place, 224. <b>B</b> And the old Tory party, 69; his +farcical amendment to prohibition motion, 76; forms coalition ministry +with Morin, 77; on the charges against George Brown, 89. <b>C</b> His alliance +with Quebec Liberals, 33. <b>Mc</b> Committed to gaol by Speaker, 152; moves +Mackenzie's expulsion, 241; admits error, 242; leads forces against Navy +Island, 417; orders cutting out of <i>Caroline</i>, 420; knighted, 423; goes +to Brantford, 425; seizes Dr. Duncombe's papers, 426; goes to Sandwich, +427; in debate on Rebellion Losses Bill, 489. <b>Md</b> Called upon to form an +administration, 61; forms government with A. N. Morin, 63; Morin resigns +and he forms a new administration with Colonel Taché, 74; his ideal of +government, 76; problem of superseding him, 76, 77; resigns, 80; +supports Brown in his quarrel with Macdonald, 81. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Dict. Nat. +Biog.</i>; Taylor, <i>Brit. Am.</i>; Dent, <i>Can. Por.</i> and <i>Last Forty Years</i>; +Pope, <i>Memoirs of Sir John A. Macdonald</i>.</p> + +<p><b>MacNab, James.</b> <b>H</b> Member of Lord Falkland's Council, 69; declaration as +to ministerial responsibility, 75; retires from government, 87; offered +seat in Executive Council, 1846, 103; declines offer, 104; elected for +Halifax, 106; member of Uniacke government, 110; becomes +receiver-general, 112. <b>Bib.</b>: Campbell, <i>History of Nova Scotia</i>.</p> + +<p><b>McPhelim, Francis.</b> <b>T</b> Deserts Liberals in New Brunswick, 18; +postmaster-general in Gray ministry, 41.</p> + +<p><b>McPherson, Charles.</b> <b>T</b> Member of Executive Council, New Brunswick, 41.</p> + +<p><b>Macpherson, Sir David Lewis</b> (1818-1896). Born in Scotland. Came to +Canada, 1835. In 1842 entered business in Montreal; in 1851 he, with +others, obtained a charter for a railway from Montreal to Kingston, and +associated with the construction of other lines; formed the +Inter-Oceanic Railway Company for the purpose of constructing the +projected Canadian Pacific Railway, but the contract given to the +syndicate headed by Sir Hugh Allan. In 1864-1867 a member of the +Legislative Council of Canada; in 1867 appointed to the Senate; Speaker, +1880; member of the Cabinet without portfolio; minister of the interior, +1883-1885; knighted, 1884. <b>Index</b>: <b>Md</b> Heads the Inter-Oceanic Company +which received charter from government, 200. <b>E</b> Signs Annexation +Manifesto, 81. <b>Bib.</b>: Dent, <i>Can. Por.</i> and <i>Last Forty Years</i>; Pope, +<i>Memoirs of Sir John A. Macdonald</i>.</p> + +<p><b>McTavish, Dugald.</b> <b>D</b> Member of Victoria board of management, 265; becomes +president of board, 265; transferred to Montreal, in 1870, 265.</p> + +<p><b>McTavish, Simon</b> (1750-1804). Born in the Highlands of Scotland. A man of +"enormous energy and decision of character." Settled at Montreal. +Engaged in the fur trade soon after the cession of Canada to England, +and chiefly instrumental in organizing the North West Company, 1784. +Purchased the seigniory of Terrebonne; entertained in princely style at +his home in Montreal; and at the time of his death was engaged in +building a huge mansion at the foot of Mount Royal. <b>Index</b>: <b>MS</b> A leader +in the fur trade, 10; known as <i>le Marquis</i> and <i>le Premier</i>, 23, 91; +his dislike for Alexander Mackenzie, 23; his haughty temper and +domineering spirit make him unpopular, 54, 91, 93; compared with +Mackenzie, 92; puts new life into North West Company, 99; his death, +1804, 99. <b>Bk</b> And McGillivray of North West Company, send<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_246" id="Page_246">[246]</a></span> news of +declaration of war, 203. <b>Bib.</b>: Masson, <i>Bourgeois de la Compagnie du +Nord-Ouest</i>; Bryce, <i>Hudson's Bay Company</i>.</p> + +<p><b>McTavish, William.</b> <b>MS</b> Chief factor, 1851, 228; last governor of +Assiniboia under Hudson's Bay Company, 228.</p> + +<p><b>Madison, James</b> (1751-1836). Fourth president of the United States. +<b>Index</b>: <b>Dr</b> His hatred of Great Britain, 274, 281. <b>Bk</b> Maintains +non-intercourse with Britain and France, 120; his warlike messages to +Congress, 173, 185; places temporary embargo on United States ships, +192; informs Congress of Hull's advance into Canada, 213. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Cyc. +Am. Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>Madocawando.</b> <b>F</b> Abenaquis chief, 329.</p> + +<p><b>Madras Schools.</b> <b>W</b> Founded by Joseph Lancaster, 86; the system described, +86-87; established in New Brunswick, 87. <b>T</b> At Gagetown, 5; system +popular, 5.</p> + +<p><b>Magdalen Islands.</b> In Gulf of St. Lawrence. Uncertain who first +discovered the group. They were known for many years as the Isles +Ramées, or Ramea. This name first appears in narratives of voyages to +the Gulf in 1590-1597, in Hakluyt. Champlain applied the present name to +what is now known as Amherst Island, in the 1632 ed. of his <i>Voyages</i>. +It was afterwards applied to the whole group. <b>Bib.</b>: Ganong, <i>Cartography +of Gulf of St. Lawrence</i> (R. S. C., 1889).</p> + +<p><b>Magistrates.</b> <b>Dr</b> Poor character and scandalous methods of many of them, +52; some of them most worthy men, 55.</p> + +<p><b>Magnan, Pierre.</b> <b>Ch</b> Goes on embassy to Iroquois, 163; is murdered, 164.</p> + +<p><b>Maguaga.</b> <b>Bk</b> Americans successful in skirmish at, 238-243.</p> + +<p><b>Mahicanaticouche.</b> <b>Ch</b> Montagnais chief, 139, 163; found to have been +guilty of murder, 165.</p> + +<p><b>Mail.</b> Newspaper published at Niagara. <b>Index</b>: <b>B</b> Ridicules <i>Globe's</i> +proposal for annexation of North-West Territories, 217-218.</p> + +<p><b>Maillard, Antoine Simon.</b> Missionary to the Indians and French of Acadia +and Cape Breton, 1734. Vicar-general at Louisbourg for several years. +Invited by the governor of Nova Scotia to settle at Halifax, 1759. At +first opposed British supremacy, but afterwards a strong supporter of +the government. Died in Halifax, 1768. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Selections from the Public +Documents of Nova Scotia</i>, ed. by Akins.</p> + +<p><b>Mair, Charles</b> (1840- ). Born in Lanark, Ontario. Educated at Queen's +University, Kingston. Paymaster for the Dominion government at Fort +Garry, 1868; captured by the rebels in Riel's first rising, 1869; +condemned to death, but escaped. In the second rising, 1885, served as +quartermaster of the Governor-General's Body Guard. In 1893, appointed +Canadian government immigration agent in charge of the Lethbridge +district, Southern Alberta. <b>Index</b>: <b>Md</b> Comes to Ottawa from Prince Albert +to impress on authorities the serious situation in the West, 241. <b>Bib.</b>: +Works: <i>Dreamland and other Poems</i>; <i>Tecumseh: a Drama</i>. For biog., +<i>see</i> Morgan, <i>Can. Men</i>; MacMurchy, <i>Canadian Literature</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Maisonneuve, Paul de Chomedy, Sieur de.</b> In this "devout and valiant +gentleman," as Parkman says, lived again the spirit of Godfrey de +Bouillon, leader of the first Crusade. He had seen much service in +European wars, before the opportunity came to consecrate his sword to +the church in Canada. A group of enthusiasts in France had obtained a +grant of the Island of Montreal from Lauson and the Company of New +France, and purposed to establish there a religious colony, of which +Maisonneuve was appointed governor. Sailed from<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_247" id="Page_247">[247]</a></span> Rochelle, in 1641, with +a company of soldiers and artisans; wintered at Quebec; and on the +eighteenth of May, 1642, landed on the same spot where Champlain had +stood thirty-one years before. Here he and his men set to work to build +a chapel, fort, and their simple habitations, thereby laying the +foundation of the future city of Montreal. Was for 22 years governor of +Montreal, but through the jealousy of De Mésy, governor-general of +Canada, was recalled to France by De Tracy in 1664. Though no charges +were made against him he found no possibility of reinstatement in office +and resigned in 1669; died in 1676. <b>Index</b>: <b>F</b> Conducts mission colony to +Montreal, 29, 33; bravery of, 34; goes back to France for +reinforcements, 38; returns to Canada with one hundred soldiers, 39; +removed from governorship by Marquis de Tracy, 54. <b>L</b> Governor of +Montreal, his piety, 8; carries cross on his shoulders to summit of +Mount Royal, 91; removed from his position, 176; presents a cannon from +which to make a bell, to Bonsecours chapel, 177. <b>Ch</b> Comes out in 1613 +with three vessels licensed to trade, 78; Champlain returns to France in +his ship, 79. <b>Bk</b> Founder of Montreal, 99. <b>Bib.</b>: Parkman, <i>Jesuits in +North America</i> and <i>Old Régime</i>; Faillon, <i>La Colonie Française</i>; +Dollier de Casson, <i>Histoire de Montreal</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Maitland, Sir Peregrine</b> (1777-1854). Born in Hampshire, England. Entered +the army, 1792. Served in Flanders, 1794-1798; in Spain, 1809 and 1812; +promoted major-general, 1814; took part in the battle of Waterloo and +made K.C.B for his services. Lieutenant-governor of Upper Canada, +1818-1828; and lieutenant-governor of Nova Scotia, 1828-1834. +Commander-in-chief of the Madras army, 1836-1838; and governor and +commander-in-chief at the Cape of Good Hope, 1844-1847. Knighted, 1852. +<b>Index</b>: <b>E</b> Grants charter to King's College, 93. <b>BL</b> Dismisses Willis from +office, 28. <b>R</b> Favours encouragement to British Methodists in Canada, +87-88. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Dict. Nat. Biog.</i>; Read, <i>The Lieutenant-Governors of +Upper Canada</i>; Campbell, <i>History of Nova Scotia</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Maizerets, Louis Ange de.</b> <b>L</b> Comes to Canada, 41; director of the +Seminary, 55; transfers his personal income to Seminary, 56; made +archdeacon of chapter of Quebec, 197; administers diocese, with +Glandelet, in absence of Laval, 243.</p> + +<p><b>Malartic, Anne Joseph Hyppolite, Count de</b> (1730-1800). Born in France. +In 1745 entered the army; and in 1749 came to Quebec as assistant major. +In 1756 served under Montcalm, and took part in all his campaigns; bore +a conspicuous part in the siege of Quebec, 1759-1760, and severely +wounded at the battle of Ste. Foy; served on the American side in the +War of Independence. <b>Index</b>: <b>WM</b> Anxious as to line of defence above the +city, 159, 162; in battle of Ste. Foy, 261; wounded, 264; Murray's +conversation with, 269. <b>Bib.</b>: Parkman, <i>Montcalm and Wolfe</i>; Doughty, +<i>Siege of Quebec</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Malaspina.</b> <b>Dr</b> In search for Strait of Anian, 26.</p> + +<p><b>Malot, Louis.</b> <b>Ch</b> Jesuit, drowned, 200.</p> + +<p><b>Mance, Jeanne</b> (1606-1673). Born at Nogent-le-Roi. Infected with the +prevailing enthusiasm for missionary work in Canada, and in 1640 +journeyed to Rochelle, intending to embark for the New World. At +Rochelle met Dauversière and others interested in the project of a +missionary settlement at Montreal, and determined to throw in her lot +with them. Sailed to Quebec with Maisonneuve, and spent the winter there +with the Ursulines. In May, 1642, the colonists ascended the river, +having gained another convert at Quebec in the person of Madame de la +Peltrie. The following year a hospital was built at Montreal, with money +supplied by Madame de Bullion. Jeanne Mance<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_248" id="Page_248">[248]</a></span> was put in charge, and +devoted the remainder of her life to ministering to the sick, native as +well as white. <b>Index</b>: <b>F</b> Establishes Hôtel Dieu at Montreal, 29; death +of, 78. <b>L</b> Founder of hospital at Montreal, 8; smitten by plague on board +the <i>St. André</i>, 31; laid one of the foundation stones of Montreal +church, 89; her labours in the hospital at Montreal, 91. <b>Bib.</b>: Parkman, +<i>Jesuits in North America</i>; Faillon, <i>Vie de Mlle. Mance</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Manchester.</b> In England. <b>Index</b>: <b>Sy</b> Poulett Thomson elected for, 31; his +free trade views find support in, 36; great dinner to Thomson in, 37.</p> + +<p><b>Manet, Jean.</b> <b>Ch</b> Interpreter, 144.</p> + +<p><b>Manitoba.</b> Area, 73,956 square miles. The province was created in 1870, +the old Red River Settlement, founded by Lord Selkirk, forming the +nucleus. The name is a contraction of the Cree word <i>Manitowaban</i>. La +Vérendrye and his sons were the first white men to set foot within what +now forms the province. They built Fort Maurepas, at the mouth of +Winnipeg River, in 1734; Fort Rouge, at the mouth of the Assiniboine, in +1733; and Fort La Reine, near present Portage la Prairie, in 1738. They +afterwards built Fort Dauphin, on or near Lake Dauphin. <i>See also</i> Red +River Colony; Winnipeg. <b>Index</b>: <b>C</b> Bill creating province introduced by +Cartier, 71; meaning of name, <i>The God That Speaks</i>, 71. <b>Md</b> Bill passed +for establishment of, as province, 161; restrictions against rival lines +to Canadian Pacific Railway removed, 236, 284; boundary dispute, 256; +its connection with commercial union, 298. <b>Bib.</b>: Bryce, <i>Manitoba</i>; Gunn +and Tuttle, <i>History of Manitoba</i>; Begg, <i>History of the North-West</i>; +Bryce, <i>Romantic Settlement of Lord Selkirk's Colonists</i>; Hargrave, <i>Red +River</i>; Ross, <i>Red River Settlement</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Manson, Donald.</b> Engaged in the service of the Hudson's Bay Company, west +of the Rocky Mountains. Led three brigades from the Columbia to Langley +on the Fraser, 1848. Appointed a justice of the peace. <b>Index</b>: <b>D</b> At Fort +McLoughlin, 117; establishes first circulating library on Pacific slope, +117-118.</p> + +<p><b>Mantet, Nicholas d'Ailleboust, Sieur de</b> (1663-1709). In 1689 defeated +the Iroquois at the Lake of the Two Mountains; and in 1690 led an +expedition against Schenectady. Killed during an attack on Fort St. +Anne, Hudson Bay. <b>Index</b>: <b>F</b> One of the leaders of war party against +Schenectady, 235. <b>Bib.</b>: Parkman, <i>Old Régime</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Maquinna.</b> <b>D</b> His relations with Captain Meares at Nootka, 27; keeps +armourer and sailmaker of the <i>Boston</i> in slavery four years, 37.</p> + +<p><b>Marcel, Captain.</b> <b>WM</b> Third aide-de-camp to Montcalm, 2; accompanies +Montcalm on visit of inspection, 173; with Montcalm in his last hours, +219; informs Lévis of Montcalm's death, 220; departure for France, 238.</p> + +<p><b>Marcet, Mrs.</b> <b>Hd</b> Grand-niece of Haldimand, 343.</p> + +<p><b>Marchand, Étienne</b> (1755-1793). Engaged in the trade between the West +Indies and North and South America. In 1790 sailed from Marseilles on a +voyage of trade and exploration, in which he made careful surveys of the +coast of Tierra del Fuego and Patagonia, visited the islands of +Polynesia, sailed up the west coast of America, visited China and +Siberia, and finally returned to Europe, 1792. <b>Index</b>: <b>D</b> Explores +North-West Coast, 1791, 25; his narrative, 25. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Voyage autour du +Monde</i>, ed. by Fleurien. For biog., <i>see Cyc. Am. Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>Marchand, Félix Gabriel</b> (1832-1900). Born in St. Johns, Quebec. Educated +at St. Hyacinthe College. Elected to the Legislative Assembly of Quebec, +1867; provincial Secretary, 1878-1879; commissioner of crown lands, +1879; Speaker of the Assembly, 1887-1892; premier of Quebec, 1897. For +many<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_249" id="Page_249">[249]</a></span> years proprietor and editor of <i>Le Franco-Canadien</i>. <b>Bib.</b>: Works: +<i>Manuel et Formulaire du Notariat</i>; <i>Fatenville</i>; <i>Erreur n'est pas +Compte</i>; <i>Un Bonheur en Attire un Autre</i>; <i>Les Faus Brillants</i>. For +biog., <i>see</i> Morgan, <i>Can. Men</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Marché, Charles de.</b> <b>Ch</b> Jesuit missionary at Miscou, 234.</p> + +<p><b>Marcy, William Learned</b> (1786-1857). <b>Mc</b> Governor of New York, declines to +surrender Mackenzie, 414. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Cyc. Am. Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>Mariana.</b> <b>Ch</b> Jesuit, book written by, ordered to be burnt, 153.</p> + +<p><b>Marie.</b> <b>WM</b> A storeship launched at Montreal, 244.</p> + +<p><b>Marie Antoinette</b> (1755-1793). Queen of France. <b>Index</b>: <b>S</b> Public mourning +in Upper Canada for death of, 193.</p> + +<p><b>Marie de l'Incarnation</b> (<b>Marie Martin</b>, <b><i>née</i> Guyart</b>) (1599-1672). Born at +Tours, France. Married early, and was left a widow after two years, with +an only child. For twelve years devoted herself to his education; and +then entered the Ursuline convent at Tours; in 1639 accompanied Madame +de la Peltrie to Canada, and became the first superior of the Ursuline +convent at Quebec. Her <i>Lettres Historiques</i>, written for the +edification of her son Claude Martin, form one of the most valuable +sources of information on the history of the period. Composed a +catechism in Huron, three in Algonquian and a dictionary of French and +Algonquian. <b>Index</b>: <b>F</b> Arrival of, at Quebec, 28; on <i>Jesuit Relations</i>, +30; on influence of convent teaching, 89; on rapid decline of Indian +population, 168. <b>L</b> On the devotion of Laval to the sick, 33; on his +saintliness, 34, 254; on conversions wrought by the earthquake, 45; +mentions Dollard's exploit, 75; on piety of the soldiery, 79; her piety, +92; called the Theresa of New France, 93; Abbé Ferland's account of, 93; +on the zeal of Fénelon and Trouvé, 109; on the sale of brandy to the +Indians, 113; praises Talon, 114; on Canadians, 119; on education of +Indian girls, 125; death of, 153, 154; character and influence, 155. <b>Ch</b> +Praises virtues of early settlers, 258. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Lettres de la Vénérable +Mère Marie de l'Incarnation</i>; Martin, <i>La Vie de la Vénérable Mère Marie +de l'Incarnation</i>; Charlevoix, <i>Vie de Mère Marie de l'Incarnation</i>; +Casgrain, <i>Vie; Life</i>, by a Religious of the Ursuline Community.</p> + +<p><b>Marion, Nicholas.</b> <b>Ch</b> Captain of the <i>Levrier</i>, one of the two vessels of +Champlain's first expedition to Quebec, 40.</p> + +<p><b>Maritime Provinces.</b> <b>B</b> Movement for union of, 161, 186; Taché argues +advantages of union with, 169-170; coal mines of, 170; shipping of, 170, +174; inclusion of, in Confederation, opposed by Dorion, 176; British +government brings pressure upon, in interests of Confederation, 186-187; +involved in reciprocity negotiations, 194. <b>Md</b> Their determined +opposition to Confederation, 116-118. <b>T</b> History of union movement in, +69-71; Charlottetown Conference, 73-75. <i>See also</i> New Brunswick; Nova +Scotia; Prince Edward Island; Cape Breton. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>See</i> under foregoing +titles.</p> + +<p><b>Markland, George H.</b> <b>R</b> Member of Legislative Council, Upper Canada, and +of Board of Education, 58.</p> + +<p><b>Marquette, Jacques</b> (1637-1675). Born at Laon, in the north of France. +Joined the Society of Jesus about 1654, and sailed for Canada, 1666. +Sent to the Upper Lakes, 1668, and stationed at La Pointe, near the +western end of Lake Superior, 1670. Here he heard from the Illinois of a +great river flowing far to the south, and was filled with an ardent +desire to explore it. His opportunity came two years later, when he was +chosen by the Intendant Talon to accompany Louis Jolliet on his +memorable exploration of the Mississippi, 1673. Descending the river to +the mouth of the Arkansas, and satisfying themselves that it flowed +neither into the Atlantic nor the Gulf of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_250" id="Page_250">[250]</a></span> California, but into the Gulf +of Mexico, they returned to Green Bay, arriving in Sept. 1673. Marquette +remained at the mission of De Père until 1675, when he established a +mission at Kaskaskia, on the Illinois. His strength had been broken by +the difficult journey of 1673, and on his return from Kaskaskia to +Michilimackinac, died on the shore of Lake Michigan, May 18, 1675. In +the winter of 1676 his bones were brought to Michilimackinac and buried +there. <b>Index</b>: <b>F</b> Accompanies Jolliet in his explorations, 155. <b>L</b> One of +the founders of mission at Sault Ste. Marie, 11; follows course of +Mississippi, 11, 146; accompanies Jolliet in his explorations, 59; his +death, 146. <b>WM</b> Descends the Mississippi with Jolliet, 19. <b>Bib.</b>: Shea, +<i>Discovery and Exploration of the Mississippi Valley</i>; Griffin, +<i>Discovery of the Mississippi</i>; Parkman, <i>La Salle</i>; Breese, <i>Early +History of Illinois</i>; Sparks, <i>American Biography</i>, ser. 1, vol. 10.</p> + +<p><b>Marriages.</b> <b>W</b> Dissenting ministers forbidden to perform ceremony in New +Brunswick, 14, 15; the Dissenters' Marriage Bill, 14, 15; question +settled in 1834, 16. <b>F</b> Stimulated by civil authorities, 57. <b>S</b> Question +of, in Upper Canada, 85-88, 161.</p> + +<p><b>Marriott, Sir James</b> (1730?-1803). Advocate general, 1764; +vice-chancellor, 1767; sat in Parliament for Sudbury, 1781-1784, and +1796-1802. <b>Index</b>: His views on question of Canadian laws, 62; examined +in connection with the Quebec Act, 63, 69. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Dict. Nat. Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>Marshall, John George</b> (1786-1880). Born in Nova Scotia. Educated at +Halifax, and called to the bar, 1808. Represented Sydney in the Nova +Scotia Assembly, 1811-1823. Subsequently appointed chief-justice of the +Court of Common Pleas. Died in Halifax. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Brief History of Events +in Nova Scotia during the Earliest Years of the Present Century</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Marsolet, Nicolas</b> (1587-1677). Came to Canada from France about 1608, +and for many years an interpreter for the Montagnais and Algonquian +tribes. In 1629, when Kirke took Quebec, deserted to the English. <b>Index</b>: +<b>Ch</b> Accompanies Champlain to Quebec, 41; joins Algonquians to learn their +language, 63; interpreter of Algonquian language, 144; sides with the +Kirkes, 194; subsequent career, 203. <b>Bib.</b>: Parkman, <i>Pioneers of +France</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Marteilhe.</b> <b>Dr</b> Appointed judge, 183.</p> + +<p><b>Martial Law.</b> <b>Bk</b> Question respecting, 226. <b>Hd</b> Canada under, for four +years after conquest, 41, 43; abolished, 59; Haldimand's opinion of, for +Florida, 65; at Vincennes, 93; not strictly enforced by Haldimand, 275.</p> + +<p><b>Martin, Abraham</b> (1589-1664). Born in Scotland. Came to Canada in 1614, +having married Marguerite Langlois the previous year. Engaged as a pilot +at Quebec. In 1635 granted lands on the heights of Quebec by the Hundred +Associates, and in 1648 and 1652 received further gifts of land from +Adrien Duchesne. <b>Index</b>: <b>WM</b> First proprietor of Plains of Abraham, 186. +<b>Ch</b> Early settler, 145, 146; his property, 147. <b>Bib.</b>: Doughty, <i>Siege of +Quebec</i>; Wood, <i>Fight for Canada</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Martin, Anne.</b> <b>Ch</b> Daughter of Abraham Martin, 146.</p> + +<p><b>Martin, Charles Amador.</b> <b>Ch</b> Priest, 146.</p> + +<p><b>Martin (or Marten), Sir Henry</b> (1562-1641). Born in London. Educated at +Oxford. Sent to the Palatinate, 1613; chancellor of London diocese, +1616; judge of the Admiralty Court, 1617-1641. A member of the Court of +High Commission, 1620-1641. One of the commissioners appointed to +negotiate a settlement in Canadian affairs between England and France, +1629-1630. <b>Index</b>: <b>Ch</b> English commissioner in matter of Canada, 214. +<b>Bib.</b>: <i>Dict. Nat. Biog.</i><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_251" id="Page_251">[251]</a></span></p> + +<p><b>Martin, Joseph</b> (1852- ). Born in Milton, Ontario. Educated at the public +schools and at the Toronto Normal School. Taught school for a time; +studied law at Ottawa; removed to Portage la Prairie, Manitoba, 1882, +and the same year called to the bar of Manitoba. Member of the Manitoba +Assembly, 1883-1892; attorney-general, 1888-1891; carried through the +Act abolishing separate schools in Manitoba, 1890. In 1891 contested +Selkirk for the House of Commons, but defeated; elected for Winnipeg, +1893, but defeated, 1896. Removed to British Columbia, 1897; elected to +the British Columbia Assembly for Vancouver; subsequently +attorney-general and premier of the province. Removed to England, 1909, +and in same year contested Stratford-on-Avon for the British House of +Commons, but defeated; elected to represent East St. Pancras, London, +1910. <b>Bib.</b>: Morgan, <i>Can. Men</i>; <i>Canadian Who's Who</i>; Ewart, <i>The +Manitoba School Question</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Martin, Marguerite.</b> <b>Ch</b> Daughter of Abraham Martin, 146.</p> + +<p><b>Martinez, Estévan José.</b> Accompanied Perez to North-West Coast in 1773 as +pilot. In 1788 sent again to the North-West Coast as joint commander +with De Haro of an expedition to watch the operations of the Russians; +the following year again sent north from Mexico in command of the +<i>Princessa</i>. Seized the <i>Iphigenia</i> at Nootka, but afterwards released +it; fortified Hog Island near Friendly Cove, and took formal possession +of Nootka; also seized several other vessels at Nootka, and imprisoned +Captain Colnett. After carrying out some local explorations returned to +Mexico. <b>Index</b>: <b>D</b> Asserts Spanish sovereignty over Pacific, 28; at +Nootka, 28; seizes <i>Iphigenia</i> and <i>North-West America</i>, and claims +Nootka by right of conquest, 28; claims disproved by Douglas, 28; +<i>Iphigenia</i> released, but <i>North-West America</i> retained, 29; seizes +<i>Princess Royal</i> and <i>Argonaut</i>, 29. <b>Bib.</b>: Bancroft, <i>History of the +North-West Coast</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Marylanders.</b> <b>Dr</b> Loyalists, commanded by Chalmers, 202.</p> + +<p><b>Mascarene, Paul</b> (1684-1760). Born in Castras, in the south of France. +Educated at Geneva, and afterwards went to England; naturalized, 1706. +Entered the army, 1708; accompanied his regiment to America, 1710; took +part in the capture of Port Royal. Became lieutenant-colonel of +Philipps's regiment, and a member of the Council of Nova Scotia. +Lieutenant-governor of Annapolis, 1740, and administrator of the +government of the province until the arrival of Governor Cornwallis, +1749. Defended Annapolis against Du Vivier, 1744. Retired from active +service on account of advancing age; gazetted major-general. Lived in +Boston until his death. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Selections from the Public Documents of +Nova Scotia</i>, ed. by Akins; Campbell, <i>History of Nova Scotia</i>. <i>See +also</i> Acadians, Expulsion of the.</p> + +<p><b>Mascouten Indians.</b> An Algonquian tribe. The name means "Little prairie +people." They were known to the French as <i>Nation du feu</i>. First +mentioned by Champlain in 1616; Perrot visited their village, near Fox +River, Wis., some time before 1669. They were also seen by Allouez in +1670, and by Marquette in 1673. Always a small tribe, they disappeared +entirely before the end of the eighteenth century. <b>Bib.</b>: Hodge, +<i>Handbook of American Indians</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Masères, Francis</b> (1731-1824). Born in London. Educated at Cambridge. In +1766 appointed attorney-general of Quebec, holding the position until +1769. Returned to England and was cursitor baron of the Exchequer, +1773-1824, and in 1780 became senior judge of the Sheriff's Court, +London. <b>Index</b>: <b>Dr</b> Attorney-general, of Huguenot descent, conducts +prosecution in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_252" id="Page_252">[252]</a></span> Walker Case, 37; called upon to report on a system of +law for the country, 41; goes to England, 56; opposed to Carleton and +others on question of Canadian laws, 62; called as witness in connection +with Quebec Act, 63; evidence before House of Commons, 68. <b>Hd</b> Supports +Du Calvet, 290, 291, 305; mentioned by MacLean, 310; his opinion of +Mabane, 315. <b>Bib.</b>: Works: <i>Account of the Proceedings of the British and +other Protestant Inhabitants of the Province of Quebec, in Order to +Obtain an House of Assembly</i>; <i>Additional Papers Concerning the Province +of Quebec</i>; <i>Canadian Freeholder</i>; <i>Collection of Commissions, etc., +Relating to the Province of Quebec</i>; <i>Occasional Essays</i>. For biog., +<i>see Dict. Nat. Biog.</i>; Bradley, <i>The Making of Canada</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Massachusetts.</b> <b>F</b> Charter of, declared null and void, 264; takes lead in +expedition against Quebec, 277. <b>Bk</b> War of 1812 unpopular in, 208.</p> + +<p><b>Massé, Enemond</b> (1574-1646). Born in France. Entered the Society of +Jesus, 1596. In 1611 went to Port Royal (Annapolis); and later to Mount +Desert Island, where he established a mission and built a fort. In 1613 +Captain Samuel Argall (<i>q.v.</i>), attacked the fort, and Massé and most of +the colonists were taken prisoners. In 1614 went to France; returned in +1625, and spent the remainder of his life in mission work among the +Algonquians and Montagnais. Taken prisoner at Quebec in 1629, but +afterwards released. <b>Index</b>: <b>Ch</b> Jesuit, 152; returns to college of La +Flèche, 207; returns to Canada, 228. <b>Bib.</b>: Charlevoix, <i>History of New +France</i>; Parkman, <i>Old Régime</i>; Murdoch, <i>History of Nova Scotia</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Masson, Louis François Rodrigue</b> (1833-1903). Born at Terrebonne. Entered +Parliament in 1867 as member for Terrebonne; minister of militia and +defence, 1878; president of the Council, 1880; called to the Senate, +1882; lieutenant-governor of Quebec, 1884; again called to the Senate, +1890. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Bourgeois de la Compagnie du Nord-Ouest</i>. For biog., <i>see</i> +Morgan, <i>Can. Men</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Mather, Cotton</b> (1663-1728). <b>F</b> On failure of Phipps's expedition, 302; on +rescue of some men cast ashore on Anticosti, 304. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Cyc. Am. Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>Matheron.</b> <b>L</b> Steward of abbey of Maubec, 137.</p> + +<p><b>Mathews, Peter.</b> <b>Mc</b> Executed, 435; monument to, 436.</p> + +<p><b>Mathews, Robert.</b> <b>Hd</b> English secretary to Haldimand, 245, 305; signs +order for arrest of Du Calvet, 286; sails for England with Haldimand, +309; on Mrs. Fairchild, 314; Haldimand's interest in, 331; returns to +Canada as aide-de-camp to Lord Dorchester, 332; sent to Detroit as +lieutenant-governor, 332; receives bequest from Haldimand, 342.</p> + +<p><b>Maubec, Abbey of.</b> <b>L</b> Revenues of, assigned to bishopric of Quebec, 131, +132, 136, 137.</p> + +<p><b>Maupassant.</b> <b>F</b> Récollet father, Frontenac's confessor, 165.</p> + +<p><b>Maurelle, Francisco Antonio.</b> Sailed to the North-West Coast with Quadra +in 1775, and again in 1779. Embodied the results of the explorations in +several charts of the coast with explanatory text, which were published +in Mexico and also in London. His journal of the 1775 expedition +published in Barrington's <i>Miscellany</i>, 1781. Commanded the <i>Princessa</i>, +1781-1782, on a voyage from Manilla to San Bias. <b>Index</b>: <b>D</b> On North-West +Coast, 15. <b>Bib.</b>: Walbran, <i>British Columbia Coast Names</i>; Bancroft, +<i>History of the North-West Coast</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Maxwell, Colonel.</b> <b>W</b> Sent to frontier with troops in 1839, 135.</p> + +<p><b>May, Sir Humphrey</b> (1573-1630). Born in England. Educated at Oxford. In +1604 groom of the King's privy chamber; in 1618 surveyor of the Court of +Wards, and chancellor of the duchy of Lancaster; and in 1625 privy +coun<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_253" id="Page_253">[253]</a></span>cillor; in 1629 one of the commissioners appointed to negotiate a +settlement in North American affairs between England and France. <b>Index</b>: +<b>Ch</b> English commissioner in matter of Canada, 214. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Dict. Nat. +Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>May, Sir Thomas Erskine.</b> <i>See</i> Farnborough.</p> + +<p><b>Meade, George Gordon</b> (1815-1872). In 1865-1866 commanded the military +division of the Atlantic, during which period prevented the Fenians from +making Eastport, Maine, the base of operations against New Brunswick. +<b>Index</b>: <b>T</b> Sent to check Fenians, 107. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Cyc. Am. Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>Meares, John</b> (1756-1809). Born in England. Entered the navy, 1776, and +served against the French until 1783. Entered the merchant service, +1783, and explored the coast of Alaska, 1786. Explored and surveyed the +north-west coast of America, 1789. <b>Index</b>: <b>D</b> Winters 1786-1787 in Prince +William Sound, 22; half his crew die of scurvy, 22; voyage of 1788, and +his connection with "Nootka Affair," 26; at Canton, 1788, 27; expedition +to North-West Coast, 27; at Nootka, 27; purchases land from Maquinna for +fur-trading post, 27; builds <i>North-West America</i>, at Nootka,—first +ship launched in what is now British Columbia, 28; explores coast +southwards, 28; enters and examines Strait of Juan de Fuca, and takes +possession for Great Britain, 28; sails for China, 28. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Dict. Nat. +Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>Medley, John</b> (1804-1892). Born in London, England. Graduated at Oxford, +1826; ordained priest, 1829; vicar of St. John's, Truro, 1831; of St. +Thomas, Exeter, 1838, and prebendary of Exeter cathedral, 1842. Elected +first bishop of Fredericton, New Brunswick, 1845; metropolitan of +Canada, 1879. <b>Bib.</b>: Mockridge, <i>The Bishops of the Church of England in +Canada and Newfoundland</i>; Dent, <i>Can. Por.</i></p> + +<p><b>Meech, Lieutenant.</b> <b>WM</b> Makes reconnaissance of Island of Orleans, 92.</p> + +<p><b>Meilleur, Jean Baptiste</b> (1795-1878). Born in St. Laurent, near Montreal. +Educated at the College of St. Sulpice, Montreal; studied law, and, +later, medicine. Elected to the Assembly, 1834, and appointed +superintendent of public instruction by Sir Charles Bagot, 1842. Held +this position for fifteen years, during which time forty-five +educational institutions were established. In 1862 appointed postmaster +of Montreal. One of the founders of the College of L'Assomption. <b>Index</b>: +<b>BL</b> Appointed superintendent of public instruction by Bagot, 115. <b>Bib.</b>: +Bibaud, <i>Dict. Hist.</i> and <i>Pan. Can.</i></p> + +<p><b>Melbourne, William Lamb, second Viscount</b> (1779-1848). Born in London, +England. Educated at Eton, Cambridge, and Glasgow. Entered Parliament, +1805; Irish secretary under Canning, 1827, and under Wellington, 1828; +and in 1830-1834 home secretary under Grey; for a few months in 1834, +prime minister. In 1835 again became prime minister and retained office +for six years; from 1837 to 1841 acted as adviser to the young Queen +Victoria. <b>Index</b>: <b>Sy</b> Becomes prime minister, 45; dismissed by the king, +45; recalled to power, 46; weakness of his government, 47; his estimate +of Poulett Thomson, 6; resigns, 56; returns to office, 57; Cabinet +reorganized, 57. <b>W</b> Negotiations <i>re</i> New Brunswick crown lands, 37. +<b>Bib.</b>: <i>Dict. Nat. Biog.</i>; <i>Letters of Queen Victoria</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Melville, Henry Dundas, first Viscount</b> (1742-1811). Sat for Midlothian, +1774-1790, and for Edinburgh, 1790-1802; home secretary, 1791-1794; +secretary of war, 1794-1801; first lord of admiralty, 1804-1805. <b>Index</b>: +<b>S</b> Secretary of state, thought Simcoe's educational schemes premature, +169. <b>Dr</b> Colonial secretary, disapproves of Dorchester's speech to Miami +Indians, 283. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Dict. Nat. Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>Melville, Henry Dundas, third Viscount</b> (1801-1876). Served through +Re<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_254" id="Page_254">[254]</a></span>bellion of 1837. General, 1868. <b>Index</b>: <b>Mc</b> Defends Windmill Point, +443; accepts Van Schoultz's surrender, 444. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Dict. Nat. Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>Membertou, Henry</b> (1510?-1611). Micmac sagamore; became a convert to +Christianity in extreme old age. In 1604 De Monts and his band of +colonists landed in Acadia, and the chief received them hospitably. +Assisted the French against hostile Indians, and in 1607 with a force of +Micmacs defeated the Armouchiquois Indians. In 1610 baptized, with his +family and other Indians; and was counted a zealous son of the church. +Is reputed to have been over a hundred years of age at his death. <b>Index</b>: +<b>Ch</b> Aged Indian who claimed to have known Jacques Cartier, 36. <b>Bib.</b>: +Parkman, <i>Pioneers of France</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Membré, Zenobius</b> (1645-1687). Born in France. The first novice in the +Récollet province of St. Anthony. In 1675 came to Canada; in 1679 a +member of La Salle's expedition to the West; and in 1682 accompanied La +Salle on his voyage down the Mississippi. In 1684 again associated with +La Salle on his second expedition to the mouth of the Mississippi. +Killed at Fort St. Louis, in an Indian attack. <b>Index</b>: <b>L</b> Récollet +missionary, 149, 150. <b>Bib.</b>: Parkman, <i>La Salle</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Menneval, Robineau de.</b> Governor of Acadia in 1689, with headquarters at +Port Royal. In 1690 Port Royal was attacked by the English, and after +vainly attempting to defend it, captured and sent as prisoner to +England. <b>Index</b>: <b>F</b> Governor of Acadia, 272; surrenders to Phipps, 274; +carried prisoner to Boston, 276; released, 277. <b>Bib.</b>: Charlevoix, +<i>History of New France</i>; Murdoch, <i>History of Nova Scotia</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Mercier, Honoré</b> (1840-1894). Born at Ste. Athanase, Quebec. Educated at +the Jesuit College, Montreal. In 1865 called to the Quebec bar; and in +1872 elected to the Dominion Parliament for Rouville. In 1879 appointed +solicitor-general in the Quebec provincial Assembly; and in 1883 elected +member for St. Hyacinthe, and liberal leader in the House. In 1887 +premier of Quebec and held office until Dec. 15, 1891, when the ministry +was dismissed because of the Baie de Chaleur Railway scandal. Introduced +the Jesuits' Estates Act in the Quebec Legislature. <b>Index</b>: <b>C</b> One of the +founders of <i>Le Parti National</i> and its organ <i>Le National</i>, 30; +eulogizes the clergy, 30. <b>Md</b> Heads an agitation in favour of Riel, 243; +incorporates the Society of Jesus, 286; introduces and passes the +Jesuits' Estates Act in Quebec Legislature, 186, 287. <b>Bib.</b>: Legendre, +<i>Honoré Mercier</i> in <i>Men of the Day</i>; Willison, <i>Sir Wilfrid Laurier and +the Liberal Party</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Mercury.</b> Newspaper of Quebec, established, 1805. <b>Index</b>: <b>BL</b> Voices +sentiments of dominant faction in Lower Canada, 20. <b>P</b> Antagonistic +attitude to French-Canadians, 28; makes merry at expense of Papineau's +followers, 122-123. <b>Bk</b> Editor of, forced to apologize to Legislative +Assembly, 93; opinions expressed in, 93, 116.</p> + +<p><b>Meredith, Sir William Collis</b> (1812-1894). Born in Dublin, Ireland. +Emigrated to Canada; in 1836 called to the bar of Montreal, and in 1844 +appointed Q. C. From 1849 to 1859 a judge of the Superior Court for the +province of Quebec; in 1859-1866 judge of the Queen's Bench; in 1866 +chief justice of the Superior Court; retired in 1884. During Lord +Elgin's administration as governor-general of Canada (1847-1854), one of +the judges of the Seigniorial Court. In 1886 knighted. <b>Index</b>: <b>E</b> Member +of Seigniorial Court, 187.</p> + +<p><b>Meredith, Sir William Ralph</b> (1840- ). Born in the county of Middlesex, +Ontario. Educated at the London District Grammar School, and at the +University of Toronto. Studied law, and called to the bar, 1861. Sat in +the On<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_255" id="Page_255">[255]</a></span>tario Assembly, 1872-1894; leader of the opposition, 1878-1894. +Appointed chief justice of the Common Pleas Division of the High Court +of Justice, 1894. Knighted, 1896. Chancellor of the University of +Toronto. <b>Bib.</b>: Morgan, <i>Can. Men</i>; <i>Canadian Who's Who</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Merritt, William Hamilton</b> (1793-1862). Born in Westchester County, New +York. Came to Canada with his parents, 1796. Served during the war of +1812-1814; took part in the capture of Detroit and the battles of +Queenston Heights, Stony Creek, and Lundy's Lane. The principal promoter +of the Welland Canal, opened in 1830. In 1832 elected to the Legislative +Assembly; and in 1845 projected the Niagara Falls suspension bridge. In +1848 president of the Council in the La Fontaine-Baldwin administration; +in 1850 commissioner of public works; and in 1860 member of the +Legislative Council. <b>Index</b>: <b>Bk</b> Commands troop of cavalry at Queenston +Heights, 310. <b>E</b> Elected in 1848, 50; Welland Canal due to his +enterprise, 97; a member of the La Fontaine-Baldwin ministry, 97. <b>Mc</b> +President of Welland Canal, 265; sues Mackenzie for libel, 265. <b>Bib.</b>: +Dent, <i>Can. Por.</i> and <i>Last Forty Years</i>; Merritt, <i>Hon. W. H. Merritt</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Mesnard, Father.</b> <b>L</b> Death of, 11.</p> + +<p><b>Mesnu, Peuvret de.</b> <b>L</b> Clerk of the Sovereign Council, 158, 167.</p> + +<p><b>Mesplet, Fleury.</b> <b>Hd</b> Publisher of first books printed in Canada, 276; +founder of Montreal <i>Gazette</i>, 276; publishes scurrilous sheet in +French, and is arrested, 277. <b>S</b> Prints Simcoe's first proclamation, 80, +173.</p> + +<p><b>Metaberoutin.</b> <i>See</i> St. Maurice River.</p> + +<p><b>Metcalfe, Charles Theophilus, Baron</b> (1785-1846). Born in Calcutta, +India. Educated at Eton. Resident of Delhi, 1811-1820; in 1820-1827 +resident of Hyderabad; and member of the Supreme Council of India, 1827. +Provisional governor-general, 1835-1836; and lieutenant-governor of the +North-West Provinces, 1836-1838; governor of Jamaica, 1839-1842. In 1843 +appointed governor-general of Canada, and held the position until 1845. +<b>Index</b>: <b>Sy</b> Did not believe that Sydenham was really in favour of +responsible government, 312; his reactionary policy, 313. <b>C</b> On the union +of 1841, 14-15; his high-handedness, 17; his political schemes, 18; +constitutional battle with La Fontaine as to meaning of ministerial +responsibility, 97. <b>R</b> Ryerson's defence of, 126, 129-130, 163; +opposition to, 126-131; confers with Ryerson on popular education, 163. +<b>B</b> Reasons for his selection as governor, 18-19; Hincks on, 18-19; +rupture with his advisers, 19; his character and attitude towards +responsible government, 19-20, 23, 24; defended by Ryerson, 22; wins +elections, 26; leaves Canada, 27; his death, 27; Brown refuses to drink +his health, 27-28. <b>H</b> His narrow views and arbitrary conduct, delays full +development of responsible government, 55. <b>BL</b> The great political +controversy during his administration, x; on responsible government, +138; his arrival in Kingston, reception, and appearance, 155; his +character and views on representative government, 156-166; his birth, +158; difficulties of his position, 166-168; relations with Baldwin and +La Fontaine, 169-176; 199-214; defended by Daly and MacNab, 214-215; +forms provisional government, 216; defended by Wakefield, 219, 220; +agitation of the Reform Association, 221-223; attacked by the <i>Globe</i>, +224, 225; public addresses, 226-228; supported by Stanley, the colonial +secretary, in his quarrel with the Reformers, 230-234; and by Lord John +Russell, Peel, and Buller, 234-235; attempts to form a Cabinet, 235-236; +defended by Ryerson, 240-242; Sullivan's reply, 243-244; Ryerson's +rejoinder, 245-246; forms Cabinet, 246-247; uses personal influence in +elections, 1844, 249-250; wins the election, 250; elevation to peerage, +256-257; his recall, 263, 265; his illness and death,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_256" id="Page_256">[256]</a></span> 265; succeeded by +Cathcart, 265; his mistaken policy, 272, 274, 285; refuses La Fontaine's +request for amnesty, 288, 291; and Baldwin's University Bill, 293; and +the Indemnification Bill, 308; La Fontaine's reference to, in his +farewell speech, 356. <b>E</b> Succeeds Bagot as governor-general, 32; his +defects as governor, 32, 33, 39; comes into conflict with La Fontaine +and Baldwin, 33-34; his views on patronage, 34-35; attempts to form a +ministry, 35-36, 66, 119; and Ryerson, 36, 90; Kaye's views on, 36; +raised to peerage, 37; his death, 37; Macaulay on, 37-38; Hincks on, 38; +succeeded by Cathcart, 38; and the Rebellion Losses question, 64; rebels +allowed to return from exile, 91. <b>Md</b> Succeeds Sir Charles Bagot as +governor-general of Canada, 18; previous appointments, 18; disagrees +with Baldwin and La Fontaine on question of patronage, 18, 19; +difficulty in forming administration, 19; his high-handed policy, 20; +carries on government with three ministers, 20; his administration +sustained in general election, 21; resigns, 24; leaves Canada, 24, 25. <b>W</b> +New Brunswick House of Assembly presents address to, 74; attacked by +Wilmot and Fisher, 74; addresses from St. John and county of York, +74-75; his unconstitutional attitude, 75, 76. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Dict. Nat. Biog.</i>; +Dent, <i>Can. Por.</i> and <i>Last Forty Years</i>; Kaye, <i>Life and Correspondence +of Lord Metcalfe</i>; Ryerson, <i>Story of my Life</i>; Pope, <i>Memoirs of Sir +John A. Macdonald</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Methodist Church in Canada.</b> Can be traced back to 1772, when a party of +Yorkshire Methodists settled in Nova Scotia. The first provincial +Methodist Conference was held at Halifax in 1786. In 1814 the British +Conference appointed missionaries to Quebec and Montreal; and in 1807 +the first Methodist Conference was held at Elizabethtown (Brockville). +In 1828 the Canada Conference became independent of the Methodist +Episcopal Church of the United States; and in 1833 the Canada Methodist +Episcopal Church united with the British Wesleyans. In 1874 the Wesleyan +Methodist Conference of Canada, the Canadian Wesleyan New Connexion +Conference, and the Wesleyan Conference of Eastern British America +became one as the Methodist Church of Canada. The first session of the +General Conference was held the same year. In 1883 the Primitive +Methodist Church and the Methodist Episcopal Church also became part of +the Methodist Church in Canada. <b>Index</b>: <b>R</b> History of church in Canada, +38; without civil rights, 40; independent Canadian church established, +81; English Methodism in Canada, 87; Wesleyan missionaries, 89; Canadian +bodies united, 287-288. <b>S</b> Bishop Mountain's low opinion of Methodist +preachers in Upper Canada, 159; their earnest labours, 162-164. <b>Bib.</b>: +Sanderson, <i>The First Century of Methodism in Canada</i>; Ryerson, +<i>Canadian Methodism</i>; Carman, <i>Historical Sketch of Canadian Methodism</i> +in <i>Canada: An Ency.</i>, vol. 2.</p> + +<p><b>Methye Portage.</b> Also known as Portage La Loche. Named after the methye +or loche (<i>Lota maculosa</i>), which has always been abundant in +neighbouring waters. This portage was an important point in the palmy +days of the fur trade. It leads from the Churchill to the Clearwater, +and so to the Athabaska and the immense systems of northern and western +waterways that lie beyond. It was noted for its beautiful scenery, which +has been described or mentioned by Mackenzie, Franklin, Back, and other +northern travellers. It was first crossed by Peter Pond in 1778. The +route has now been abandoned for some years, supplies for the northern +posts of the Hudson's Bay Company being transported overland from +Edmonton to Athabaska Landing, and thence down the Athabaska. <b>Bib.</b>: +Burpee, <i>Search for the Western Sea</i>; Bryce, <i>Hudson's Bay Company</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Métiomègne.</b> <b>L</b> Algonquian chief, joins Dollard at Long Sault, 69.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_257" id="Page_257">[257]</a></span></p> + +<p><b>Métis.</b> <b>Md</b> Or Half-breeds, view with alarm the prospect of annexation of +territories to Canada, 157; their complaints as to division of lands, +240; their sympathy with Riel, 243.</p> + +<p><b>Meulles, Chevalier Jacques de.</b> Intendant of New France, 1682-1686. The +son of François Meulles, seignior of the forest of Montpensier, in +Poitou; held the office of grand bailiff, or magistrate, of Orleans, +before coming to Canada. Married a sister of Michel Bégon, intendant of +Rochefort, and father of Michel Bégon, afterwards intendant of New +France. <b>Index</b>: <b>F</b> Intendant, opposed to popular representation, 69; +arrival of, 171; criticizes La Barre in despatches, 173, 174; on La +Barre's expedition against Senecas, 188; recalled, 207; visits Acadia, +and makes census, 271. <b>L</b> Succeeds Duchesneau as intendant, 68; incapable +and conceited, 186; the king's instructions to, 186, <b>Bib.</b>: Roy, +<i>Intendants de la Nouvelle-France</i> (R. S. C., 1903); Parkman, +<i>Frontenac</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Mexico.</b> <b>Ch</b> Visited and described by Champlain, 4.</p> + +<p><b>Mézy, Augustin de Saffray, Chevalier de.</b> Governor of New France from +1663 until his death in 1665. <b>Index</b>: <b>F</b> Appointed governor on Laval's +recommendation, 48; quarrels with Laval, 50; death of, 50. <b>L</b> Governor, +sides with traders on the liquor question, 10; succeeds D'Avaugour, 41; +supports the bishop at first, and then quarrels with him, 51; death of, +51. <b>Bib.</b>: Parkman, <i>Frontenac</i> and <i>Old Régime</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Miami Indians.</b> A tribe of the Algonquian family, belonging chiefly to +what is now Wisconsin, where the French first came in contact with them +in 1690. After 1700 many removed to Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, and +adjoining territory. In the colonial wars they fought indifferently on +both sides. In 1812 they served under Tecumseh with the British against +the Americans. <b>Index</b>: <b>Dr</b> Dorchester's speech to, 282. <b>Bib.</b>: Hodge, +<i>Handbook of American Indians</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Miami River.</b> Rises in Hardin County, Ohio, and flowing south and +south-west for about 150 miles, enters the Ohio River, twenty miles west +of Cincinnati. <b>Index</b>: <b>S</b> General Wayne defeats Indians on, 139.</p> + +<p><b>Michel, Jacques.</b> <b>Ch</b> Huguenot, violent conduct of, towards Father Jean de +Brébeuf, 201; his fate, 202.</p> + +<p><b>Michigan Territory.</b> <b>Bk</b> Ceded to Britain with surrender of Detroit, 255, +260.</p> + +<p><b>Michilimackinac.</b> A missionary station and fur-trading post, which stood +on the straits between Lakes Huron and Michigan. The name was derived +from an Algonquian tribe, the Mishinimaki, and in its original form +meant "Place of the big wounded person." The name is now shortened to +Mackinac. It was an important place throughout the period of French rule +in Canada; and was the scene of the famous massacre of 1763, described +by Alexander Henry, and by Parkman in his <i>Conspiracy of Pontiac</i>. +<b>Index</b>: <b>Bk</b> Resort of fur traders, 53; United States fort, captured by +Captain Roberts, 211. <b>S</b> Handed over to United States, 142. <b>MS</b> Migration +of French to, from Detroit, 12. <b>Hd</b> Situation of, 145, 153; Sinclair in +charge at, 158; an expensive fort to maintain, 161, 163; plan for +settling Loyalists near, 259; Haldimand's determination regarding +defence of, 260; surrender of, in 1796, 262. <b>Bib.</b>: Kelton, <i>Annals of +Fort Mackinac</i>; Parkman, <i>Conspiracy of Pontiac</i>; Lucas, <i>Canadian War +of 1812</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Micmac Indians.</b> An Algonquian tribe, called by the French, Souriquois. +Their habitat was in Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, and northern New +Brunswick. Visited by Cabot in 1497; and by Corte-Real in 1501. They +were for a long time bitterly hostile to the British. In 1611 they +numbered about 3000; and their population in 1884 was given as 4000. +<b>Index</b>: <b>WM</b><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_258" id="Page_258">[258]</a></span> Indian tribe, enemies of the English, 16; <b>H</b> Howe interests +himself in their welfare, 245; his report on their condition, 246. <b>Bib.</b>: +Biard, <i>Relation</i>, 1616; Rand, <i>Micmac Dictionary</i>; Hodge, <i>Handbook of +American Indians</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Middleton, Sir Frederick Dobson</b> (1825-1898). Born in Belfast, Ireland. +Educated at Sandhurst, and entered the army, 1842. Served in India +during the mutiny, 1857-1858. In 1868 stationed in Canada; and in 1884 +general in command of the militia of Canada. In 1885 commanded the +Canadian troops during the Riel Rebellion, and, for his services in +suppressing it, knighted and received a grant of $20,000. Appointed, +1896, keeper of the crown jewels in the Tower of London. <i>See</i> Riel +Rebellion, 1885. <b>Index</b>: <b>Md</b> Commands troops sent to quell Riel Rebellion, +242. <b>Bib.</b>: Morgan, <i>Can. Men</i>; Denison, <i>Soldiering in Canada</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Milan Decree.</b> <b>Bk</b> Issued by Napoleon in 1808, 110; disastrous effects of, +110-111; 171, 172. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Dict. Eng. Hist.</i></p> + +<p><b>Milbank Sound.</b> West coast of British Columbia, north of Queen Charlotte +Sound, and south of Princess Royal Island. Named in 1788 by Captain +Charles Duncan, of the <i>Princess Royal</i>, after Vice-admiral Mark +Milbanke. <b>Index</b>: <b>D</b> Natives of, attack the <i>Atahualpa</i>, 1805, and kill +the captain, mate, and six seamen, 37. <b>Bib.</b>: Walbran, <i>British Columbia +Coast Names</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Militia and Defence.</b> <b>WM</b> Militia in Canada raised by conscription and +receive no pay, 30; composition of military forces, 29-30; desertions, +119. <b>Dr</b> French-Canadian militia called out, 86; their unwillingness to +serve, 87; their good behaviour at Quebec, 111, 124, 144; lose +confidence in British regulars as result of American war, 242; strongly +object to being enrolled, 278, 290; Militia Bill of 1777 disliked by +<i>habitants</i>, 186. <b>Bk</b> Military roads in Upper Canada, 52; military posts +in Upper Canada, 53-59; militia organization in Upper and Lower Canada, +190; Brock's commendation of militia in general order, 212. <b>S</b> Passage of +Militia Act of Upper Canada, 91. <b>C</b> Militia reorganized after Trent +affair, and again after Confederation, 87; Cartier's interest in, 87-88, +110. <b>E</b> Under French régime, 177-178; Elgin's views on colonial defence, +209-210. <b>B</b> Government defeated on Militia Bill of 1862, 142; its terms, +142; disappointment in England over, 142; question of defence one of +forces leading towards Confederation, 142, 147, 181, 182; debate in +House of Lords on Canadian defence, 181, 183-184; scheme of defence, +184-185, 186; improved militia system advocated by Canada First +Association, 236. <b>Md</b> Bill defeated for better organization of, 88; +militia organized, 151.</p> + +<p><b>Mill, John Stuart</b> (1806-1873). English philosopher. <b>Index</b>: <b>Sy</b> Sydenham's +acquaintance with, 13. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Dict. Nat. Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>Miller, James Andrew</b> (1839-1886). Born in Galt, Ontario. Called to the +bar, 1863; judge of the Court of Queen's Bench for Manitoba, 1880-1882; +attorney-general of Manitoba, 1882-1885; prepared, along with Oliver +Mowat, the special case on the boundaries of Ontario and Manitoba for +submission to the Privy Council; registrar-general of titles of +Manitoba, 1885.</p> + +<p><b>Miller, William.</b> <b>H</b> Anti-Confederationist, changes his views, and moves +resolution authorizing Nova Scotia delegates to frame Confederation +scheme in London, 179; brings action against Annand for libel, 188.</p> + +<p><b>Millet, Pierre</b> (1635-1708). Born at Bourges, France. Came to Canada, +1667; sent to the Onondaga mission the following year; and in 1672 to +Oneida, where he remained until 1686, labouring with characteristic +devotion among his savage flock. Met Denonville at Cataraqui in 1686, +and, as a result of the governor's expedition against the Iroquois, +unjustly suspected by the Oneidas<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_259" id="Page_259">[259]</a></span> of being implicated. Captured by a +war-party at Cataraqui, in 1689, and carried back to Oneida as a +prisoner. The Oneidas threatened to kill him, but he was finally +released, and adopted into the tribe. Remained at Oneida until 1694, +when he returned to Quebec, where he spent his latter years. <b>Index</b>: <b>F</b> +Tortured by Oneida Indians, 216. <b>L</b> On the Christian character of +Garakontié, 73. <b>Bib.</b>: Campbell, <i>Pioneer Priests of North America</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Mills, David</b> (1831-1903). Born in the township of Orford, Kent County, +Ontario. Educated at the University of Michigan. Taught school for +several years; afterwards inspector of schools for Kent County until +1865. In 1867 entered the Dominion Parliament; and in 1876-1878 minister +of the interior in Mackenzie administration. In 1883 called to the bar +of Ontario; practised in London; and created Q. C., 1890. Appointed to +the Senate, 1896; minister of justice in the Laurier administration, +1897; justice of the Supreme Court of Canada, 1901-1903. <b>Index</b>: <b>Md</b> On +national policy, 224. <b>Bib.</b>: Rose, <i>Cyc. Can. Biog.</i>; Morgan, <i>Can. Men</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Milnes, Sir Robert Shore</b> (1746-1836). Born in England. Entered the army. +In 1795 governor of the island of Martinique; in 1799 appointed +lieutenant-governor of Lower Canada; and during the absence of Gen. +Robert Prescott acting governor; retired, 1803. <b>Index</b>: <b>P</b> His +governorship marked by bitter relations between French and English in +Lower Canada, 27. <b>Bk</b> Lieutenant-governor of Lower Canada, 34, 45; +distrusted French-Canadians, 47. <b>Bib.</b>: Christie, <i>History of Lower +Canada</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Minchin, George.</b> <b>W</b> Appointed to New Brunswick Council, 69.</p> + +<p><b>Minto, Gilbert John Murray Kynynmond Elliot, Earl</b> (1847- ). Educated at +Eton and Cambridge, and entered the army, 1867. Served with the Turkish +army, 1877; in the Afghan War, 1879; private secretary to Lord Roberts +at the Cape, 1881; took part in the Egyptian campaign, 1882. Military +secretary to the Marquis of Lansdowne when governor-general of Canada, +1883-1885; and in 1885 served through the Riel Rebellion as chief of +staff to General Middleton. Governor-general of Canada, 1898-1904; +viceroy of India, 1905-1910. <b>Index</b>: <b>Md</b> On Louis Riel, 240. <b>Bib.</b>: Morgan, +<i>Can. Men</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Miristou.</b> <b>Ch</b> Montagnais chief, 159.</p> + +<p><b>Miscou.</b> An island on the southern side of the entrance to the Baie de +Chaleur. Name probably of Indian origin. First appears in Champlain's +narrative. It was the reputed home of the Gougou, a very remarkable +monster, described by Champlain. Cartier sighted the island in 1534, +when sailing into the Baie de Chaleur. He named Miscou Point, Cap +d'Espérance. A Basque establishment is mentioned here as early as 1623; +and in 1645 Nicolas Denys built a fort about the same place, having +secured a concession from the Company of Miscou. <b>Index</b>: <b>Ch</b> French +habitation at, seized by Kirke, 177; Jesuit mission at, 234, 235. <b>Bib.</b>: +Ganong, <i>Place-Nomenclature of New Brunswick</i> (R. S. C., 1896); Denys, +<i>Acadia</i>, ed. by Ganong; Dawson, <i>St. Lawrence Basin</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Mississagua Indians.</b> A tribe of Algonquian stock. They are named on +Galinée's map of 1670 as occupying the north shore of Lake Huron, about +the mouth of Thessalon River. Some were at the mission of Sault Ste. +Marie, 1670-1673. After the great Iroquois raid of 1650, they scattered +to the north country. A hundred years later, some of the tribe were +found on the borders of Lake Ontario. They had been absorbed by the +Iroquois in 1746. About seven hundred are now living on reservations in +Ontario. <b>Index</b>: <b>Hd</b> Engage in ginseng trade, 148; lands purchased from, +265. <b>Bib.</b>: Chamberlain,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_260" id="Page_260">[260]</a></span> <i>Notes on the History, Customs and Beliefs of +the Mississaguas</i>; Pilling, <i>Bibliography of the Algonquian Languages; +Jesuit Relations</i>, ed. by Thwaites.</p> + +<p><b>Mississagua Point.</b> <b>Bk</b> At entrance to Niagara River, lighthouse, +dockyard, and a fort at, 58.</p> + +<p><b>Mississippi River.</b> Rises in northern Minnesota, its chief source being +Itasca Lake, and enters the Gulf of Mexico, after a course of 2550 +miles. It was discovered by the Spaniards, early in the sixteenth +century. De Soto explored the lower part of the river, and died on its +banks in 1541. Radisson was probably the first white man to see its +upper waters, in 1659. Jean Nicolet reached Wisconsin River in 1634, but +did not descend it to the Mississippi. Jolliet and Marquette in 1673 +reached the Mississippi, and descended as far as the mouth of the +Arkansas. In 1682 La Salle descended the river from the mouth of the +Illinois to the Gulf of Mexico. Its headwaters were discovered by David +Thompson, of the North West Company, in 1798. <b>Index</b>: <b>WM</b> Exploration of, +19. <b>L</b> Exploration of, 145; La Salle reaches mouth of, 150; taken +possession of, in name of king of France, 151. <b>Hd</b> Proposed canal route +to, 77. <b>Bib.</b>: Lippincott's <i>Gazetteer of the World</i>; Parkman, <i>La +Salle</i>; Chambers, <i>The Mississippi River and its Wonderful Valley</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Mitchell, Peter</b> (1824-1899). Born in Newcastle, New Brunswick. Educated +at the Newcastle Grammar School; called to the bar, 1848. Engaged in the +lumbering and shipbuilding trades. Elected to the Assembly, 1856; +appointed to the Legislative Council, 1860. Became a member of the +government, 1858. A strong advocate of Confederation. Delegate to the +Charlottetown, Quebec, and Westminster Conferences. Premier of New +Brunswick, 1865. Called to the Senate, 1867. Entered the government of +Sir John A. Macdonald as minister of marine and fisheries, 1867. +Resigned from the Senate, 1874, and elected to the House of Commons. +Defeated, 1878, but again elected, 1882; defeated at general election of +1896. Appointed inspector of fisheries for Quebec, New Brunswick, and +Nova Scotia, 1897. For some years after 1885, proprietor and editor of +the <i>Montreal Herald</i>. <b>Index</b>: <b>B</b> Forms government in New Brunswick +favourable to Confederation, 188. <b>H</b> Accompanies Sir John Macdonald to +Halifax in 1868, 210. <b>Md</b> Minister of marine and fisheries in first +Dominion Cabinet, 135, 138; supports route along Gulf of St. Lawrence +for Intercolonial Railway, 152-153. <b>T</b> Delegate to Quebec in +Intercolonial Railway Conference, 56; attends Quebec Conference, 77; +forms ministry in New Brunswick, 104-105; delegate to England <i>re</i> +Confederation, 140-141; in first Dominion ministry, 128, 129. <b>Bib.</b>: +Works: <i>Notes of a Holiday Trip</i>; <i>Review of President Grant's Message +Relative to Canadian Fisheries</i>. For biog., <i>see</i> Morgan, <i>Can. Men</i>; +Dent, <i>Last Forty Years</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Moberley, Walter.</b> <b>D</b> Associated with Edgar Dewdney in building road from +Hope to Similkameen, British Columbia, 252-253.</p> + +<p><b>Moffatt, George</b> (1787-1865). Born in England. Emigrated to Canada; and +engaged in business in Montreal. Served during the War of 1812. In 1831 +appointed to the Legislative Council of Lower Canada, being leader of +the British party in that house and a member of the Constitutional +Association. In 1841 elected for Montreal to the House of Assembly, and +in 1844 re-elected, retiring 1847. President of the British American +League, formed to oppose the annexation movement of 1849. <b>Index</b>: <b>Sy</b> +Member of Constitutional Association, 112; delegated to promote union of +provinces in Upper Canada, 112. <b>Bib.</b>: Taylor, <i>Brit. Am.</i>; Christie, +<i>History of Lower Canada</i>.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_261" id="Page_261">[261]</a></span></p> + +<p><b>Mohawk Indians.</b> A tribe of the Iroquois confederacy. Their villages +stood in the valley of the Mohawk River. From their position as the +easternmost of the Iroquois tribes, they came first in contact with both +the Dutch and English to the south and the French on the north. They +took a leading part in most of the wars between the Iroquois and the +French, as well as with other tribes. In the Revolutionary War they +sided with the British; and afterwards removed to Canada, settling +principally on Grand River, in the Niagara peninsula. <i>See also</i> +Iroquois. <b>Index</b>: <b>L</b> Tracy marches against, 53. <b>Ch</b> (Agniers), Iroquois +tribe or nation, 50. <b>Dr</b> Join British forces, 88; easily depressed by +reverses, 99; Caughnawagas desert at St. Johns, 100. <b>Hd</b> Loath at first +to fight against the English colonists, 148; lands allotted to, on Grand +River, 258; payment made to, for land, 259; education of, 265. <b>F</b> Attack +Hurons on Island of Orleans, 41; Courcelles leads expedition against, +52; Tracy leads a second, 53; expedition against, 331. <b>Bib.</b>: Hodge, +<i>Handbook of American Indians</i>; Diefendorf, <i>The Historic Mohawk</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Mohier, Gervais.</b> <b>Ch</b> Récollet, returns to France, 208.</p> + +<p><b>Molson, John</b> (1787-1860). Born in Montreal. In 1837 a member of the +Special Council of Lower Canada; served during the Rebellion; in 1849 as +a protest against the passing of the Rebellion Losses Bill, signed, with +others, the Annexation Manifesto, and was in consequence relieved of his +commission as colonel of militia and justice of the peace. In +partnership with his brother William founded, in 1853, the Molsons Bank. +<b>Index</b>: <b>E</b> Signs Annexation Manifesto, 81. <b>Bib.</b>: Morgan, <i>Cel. Can.</i>; +Weir, <i>Sixty Years in Canada</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Monck, Sir Charles Stanley, fourth Viscount</b> (1819-1894). Born in +Ireland. Educated at Trinity College, Dublin; and called to the Irish +bar, 1841. Entered Parliament, 1852; lord of the treasury, 1855-1858. In +1861 appointed governor-general of Canada and British North America; in +1867 governor-general of the Dominion of Canada; in 1868 resigned +office, after successfully inaugurating Confederation. In 1869 appointed +a member of the Imperial Privy Council. <b>Index</b>: <b>B</b> Attempts to secure a +ministry, 149; proposes coalition government, 151; his keen interest in +the negotiations prior to Confederation, 157; writes George Brown urging +him to join Cabinet, 157-158. <b>C</b> Enlists Taché in task of forming a +Cabinet, on advice of Cartier, 68; correspondence in regard to Cartier's +refusal of the C. B. decoration, 125-128. <b>Md</b> Governor-general of Canada, +90; induces Brown to enter coalition ministry, 121; calls on Macdonald +to form a ministry, 122; impatient at delay in Confederation, 123, 124; +charges Macdonald with formation of a government, 131; letter to, from +Macdonald, in reference to election of 1872, 197. <b>T</b> Renders valuable +assistance in Confederation scheme, 123; entrusts Macdonald with +formation of ministry, 128. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Dict. Nat. Biog.</i>; Dent, <i>Can. Por.</i> +and <i>Last Forty Years</i>; Pope, <i>Memoirs of Sir John A. Macdonald</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Monckton, Robert</b> (1726-1782). Born in England. Served in Flanders, 1742; +sent to Nova Scotia, 1752, and appointed lieutenant-governor of +Annapolis Royal, 1754. In 1755 captured several French forts; in 1759 +brigadier-general, and served under Wolfe at the siege of Quebec, where +he was wounded. In 1761 promoted major-general, and made governor of New +York. In 1762 co-operated with Rodney in the expedition which resulted +in the capture of Martinique, Grenada, St. Lucia, and St. Vincent. +<b>Index</b>: <b>WM</b> Brigadier under Wolfe, character of, 74; occupies village of +Beaumont, 100; commands British left in battle of Montmorency, 134, 140, +142; moves up the river with his command to join fleet, 161; at St. +Nicholas, 165; Wolfe's bequest to, 175;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_262" id="Page_262">[262]</a></span> commands British right in +battle of Plains, 189; wounded, 189. <b>Bib.</b>: Doughty, <i>Siege of Quebec</i>; +Campbell, <i>History of Quebec</i>; Wood, <i>The Fight for Canada</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Mondelet, Charles Joseph Elzear</b> (1801-1877). Born in St. Charles, +Quebec. Educated at Nicolet and Montreal. In 1822 called to the bar of +Lower Canada; practised at Three Rivers and Montreal. Arrested in 1828 +and 1838 for political offences, but never brought to trial. In 1842 +district judge for Terrebonne, L'Assomption, and Berthier; in 1844 +circuit judge at Montreal; and judge of the Superior Court, 1849; +appointed judge of the Seigniorial Court, 1855, and in 1858 assistant +judge in Appeals, Court of Queen's Bench. <b>Index</b>: <b>E</b> Member of Seigniorial +Court, 187. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Cyc. Am. Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>Mondelet, Dominique.</b> <b>P</b> Called to the Council, 72; expelled from Lower +Canada Assembly, 72.</p> + +<p><b>Monk, James.</b> <b>Dr</b> Attorney-general, his account of state of feeling among +French Canadians, 278.</p> + +<p><b>Monmouth.</b> <b>S</b> Battle of, Simcoe at, 26; description of, 26-29.</p> + +<p><b>Monro, Lieutenant-Colonel.</b> <b>WM</b> In command of Fort William Henry, 45; +despatch to, from Webb, intercepted by French, 46. <b>Bib.</b>: Bradley, <i>The +Fight with France</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Monroe, James</b> (1758-1831). Fifth president of the United States. <b>Index</b>: +<b>Bk</b> United States representative in England, presents claims on account +of <i>Chesapeake</i> matter, 84; United States secretary of state, purchases +the John Henry letters, 187. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Cyc. Am. Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>Monsabré, Father.</b> <b>L</b> On Laval University, 99.</p> + +<p><b>Monseignat.</b> <b>F</b> Frontenac's secretary, 260, 297.</p> + +<p><b>Montagnais Indians.</b> A tribe of Algonquian stock. Occupied the Saguenay +country in 1608, when Champlain visited Tadoussac, and acted as +intermediaries between the French and the tribes of the far north. They +defeated a party of Iroquois in 1610, with Champlain's assistance; but +paid bitterly for their success in later years, when the warriors of the +Five Nations hunted them relentlessly throughout all the region of their +northern fastnesses. In 1633 the Jesuits first established missions +among them, and laboured diligently for many years among this most +degraded of the Algonquian tribes. They are described in modern +narratives of exploration and travel in northern Quebec and Labrador. +<b>Index</b>: <b>Ch</b> Induced to cultivate land near Quebec, 159; allies of the +French, 162, 163; murders committed by, 164; give Champlain three young +girls to be educated, 165. <b>Bib.</b>: Parkman, <i>Pioneers of France</i> and +<i>Jesuits in North America</i>; Pilling, <i>Bibliography of Algonquian +Languages</i>; Comeau, <i>Life and Sport on the North Shore of the Lower St. +Lawrence and Gulf</i>; Low, <i>Report on Labrador</i> (Geol. Survey, 1895).</p> + +<p><b>Montagne, Perche, France.</b> <b>Ch</b> Colonists from, 252.</p> + +<p><b>Montagu, Lady Mary Wortley</b> (1689-1762). <b>WM</b> On death of Wolfe, 239. <b>Bib.</b>: +<i>Dict. Nat. Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>Montbeillard.</b> <b>WM</b> Receives note from Bougainville, 162; his letter to +Bougainville, 178.</p> + +<p><b>Montcalm, Louis Joseph, Marquis de</b> (1712-1759). <b>WM</b> Seigneur de Saint +Véran, his appointment as commander-in-chief in New France, 1; his +friendship with Chevalier de Lévis, 3; birth and descent of, 3; +education, 4; enters the army, 4; returns to Candiac, his birthplace, 5; +his marriage, 5; colonel of Auxerrois Regiment, 6; promoted to be +brigadier, 7; major-general with command of troops in North America, 7; +character of, 11; his expedition sails from Brest, 12; lands at Cap +Tourmente, 12; greatly interested in Quebec, 15; goes to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_263" id="Page_263">[263]</a></span> Montreal to +meet Vaudreuil, 27; king's instructions made him subordinate to +Vaudreuil, 28; places troops of Fort Carillon under charge of Lévis, 32; +goes to Fort Frontenac, 34; captures Oswego, 34; erects a cross in +commemoration of the event, 35; calls a general assembly of the Indian +warriors, 40-42; vainly endeavours to arrest massacre at Fort William +Henry, 50; destroys the fort, 51; reports to home government destitute +condition of country and army, 53; his victory at Fort Carillon, 54-61; +erects cross with Latin inscription, 61; inveterate hatred between him +and Vaudreuil, 62; returning to Quebec, finds nothing in readiness, 79; +summons meeting of naval men, 80; speaks of Vaudreuil as playing the +general, 83; promoted to rank of lieutenant-general, 84; sarcastic +entries in his journal, 87; makes manor of De Salaberry at Beauport his +headquarters, 94; his military prudence, 96; little confidence in +fireships, 98; prepares for an attack on Beauport side, 104; consults +Lévis as to concentration of their forces, 106; not anxious to dislodge +British from left bank of Montmorency, 119; gains battle at the +Montmorency River, 138-141; accuses English of scalping, 150; +despondent, 151; letter to Bourlamaque, 157; rearranges his forces, 159; +thought cliff above Quebec inaccessible, 160; writes to Lévis expressing +desire to have him near, 165; despondent but determined to hold out, +173; completely deceived by feint made by British at Beauport, 174; his +anxiety respecting boats bringing provisions, 175; learns that the +British have gained the heights, 187, 188; sends forward troops and +immediately follows, 188; orders all remaining troops forward, 190; +disregards Vaudreuil's request not to precipitate engagement, 193; his +action severely criticized, 193, 194; encourages his troops, 196; +mortally wounded, 201; consulted by Vaudreuil as to best course to +pursue, 212; carried into house of Dr. Arnoux, 218; his message to +Townshend, 219; death and burial, 220, 221; forgotten in France, +remembered and honoured in Canada, 239. <b>P</b> Causes of his defeat at +Quebec, 143. <b>Hd</b> At Carillon, 18; unable to take advantage of victory +there, 22; destroys fort at Oswego, 25; a forged letter of, 49; his +memory green with Canadians, 122; referred to in D'Estaing's appeal, +123. <b>Bib.</b>: Doughty, <i>Siege of Quebec</i>; Wood, <i>The Fight for Canada</i>; +Parkman, <i>Montcalm and Wolfe</i>; Bradley, <i>The Fight with France</i>; +Bonnechose, <i>Montcalm et le Canada Français</i>; Casgrain, <i>Montcalm et +Lévis</i>; Martin, <i>Le Marquis de Montcalm</i>; Guérin, <i>Montcalm</i>; +<i>Manuscrits de Lévis</i>, ed. by Casgrain, vols. 6 and 7.</p> + +<p><b>Monteagle, Thomas Spring-Rice, Baron</b> (1790-1866). British statesman. +<b>Index</b>: <b>Sy</b> Chancellor of the Exchequer, 55, 56; elevated to the peerage +as Lord Monteagle, 57. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Dict. Nat. Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>Montgomery, John</b>. <b>W</b> Becomes member of New Brunswick government, 72. <b>T</b> +Surveyor-general, 41.</p> + +<p><b>Montgomery, John</b> (1783-1879). Born in Gagetown, New Brunswick. +Accompanied his father to York about 1799, where he settled. Served with +the York Volunteers during the War of 1812-1814. An active supporter of +the Reform party in Upper Canada. At outbreak of Rebellion of 1837 was a +boarder at the tavern, of which he was owner, on Yonge Street, Toronto. +Charged with treason and arrested; imprisoned at Fort Henry, but escaped +to the United States. After the passing of the Amnesty Act, returned to +Canada and appointed postmaster at Davidtown. <b>Index</b>: <b>Mc</b> Banished, 437; +escapes from Fort Henry, 437; president of Association of Canadian +Refugees, 448. <b>Bib.</b>: Dent, <i>Upper Canadian Rebellion</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Montgomery, Richard</b> (1736-1775). Born in Ireland. Entered the British +army, 1754, and in 1757 stationed at Halifax, Nova Scotia; served under +Wolfe<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_264" id="Page_264">[264]</a></span> at the siege of Louisbourg, and in 1759 in command of the force +that captured the French forts on Lake Champlain; in 1760 took part in +the campaign against Montreal; in 1775 joined the American +revolutionists; made brigadier-general, and in command of expedition to +Canada; after reducing the fortresses of St. Johns and Chambly, and +capturing Montreal, laid siege to Quebec, and on a final and +unsuccessful attack on Dec. 31, 1775, mortally wounded. <b>Index</b>: <b>Dr</b> +Commands American force on Lake Champlain, 96; his previous service in +British army, 97; captures fort at St. Johns, 102; greatly assisted by +boats captured from Carleton, 114; describes difficulty of taking +Quebec, 115; joins Arnold at Pointe-aux-Trembles, 116; his summons and +warning to Carleton, 118; despondent, 123; attacks Quebec, 125; his +death, 126; his body recovered from snow and buried, 132. <b>Hd</b> Captures +Montreal, 111; death of, 112; inhabitants neutral during attack of, 127. +<b>Bib.</b>: <i>Cyc. Am. Biog.</i>; Bradley, <i>The Making of Canada</i>; Lucas, <i>History +of Canada</i>; Smith, <i>Our Struggle for the Fourteenth Colony</i>; Jones, <i>The +Campaign for the Conquest of Canada in 1776</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Montigny, Abbé de.</b> <b>L</b> Title borne by Laval in his youth, 7, 19.</p> + +<p><b>Montigny-sur-Avre.</b> <b>L</b> Birthplace of Laval, 17.</p> + +<p><b>Montmagny, Charles Jacques Hualt de.</b> Came to Canada as governor, 1636. +Strongly opposed the settlement at Montreal, 1641-1642, but finding +Maisonneuve determined, accompanied him from Quebec, and gave his +official countenance to the founding of the new town; in 1642 built a +fort at the mouth of the Richelieu, where Sorel now stands, to check the +inroads of the Iroquois; three years later arranged a treaty of peace +with these troublesome neighbours; returned to France in 1648; and died +there shortly afterwards. <b>Index</b>: <b>Ch</b> Restored Fort St. Louis, and named +it Château St. Louis, 158. <b>F</b> Second governor of Canada, 27; retirement +of, 35. <b>L</b> His pious administration, 8. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Jesuit Relations</i>, ed. by +Thwaites; Parkman, <i>Jesuits in North America</i>; Charlevoix, <i>History of +New France</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Montmorency.</b> Seven miles below Quebec. <b>Index</b>: <b>WM</b> British establish +themselves on left bank of river, 112; unsuccessful attack by British on +French position, 135-141; British loss in battle at, 142; French loss, +143; victory raises morale of French army, 145; the British evacuate +their position, 158.</p> + +<p><b>Montmorency Family.</b> <b>L</b> Great distinction of, 16; motto of, 18. <i>See also</i> +Laval.</p> + +<p><b>Montmorency, Henri, Duc de</b> (1595-1632). In 1620 purchased the +viceroyalty of New France from the Comte de Soissons, his +brother-in-law, and retained Champlain as his lieutenant; in 1624 +conveyed his rights as viceroy to Henri de Levi, Duc de Ventadour; +served at the sieges of Montaubon and Montpellier, and in 1625 captured +the islands of Ré and Oleron. Having taken part in the rebellion of +Gaston of Orleans against Louis XIII in 1632, was arrested and executed. +<b>Index</b>: <b>Ch</b> Becomes viceroy of New France, 129; his administration causes +dissatisfaction, 130; his letter to Champlain, 130; resigns position of +viceroy, 151; executed for treason, 215. <b>F</b> Becomes lieutenant for +Canada, 17; executed for revolt, 22. <b>L</b> Executed, 18. <b>Bib.</b>: Charlevoix, +<i>History of New France</i>; Parkman, <i>Pioneers of France</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Montmorency, Mathieu.</b> <b>L</b> Ancestor of Laval, 17.</p> + +<p><b>Montmorency House.</b> Below Quebec. <b>Index</b>: <b>Hd</b> Residence of Haldimand, 301; +occupied later by Prince William Henry and the Duke of Kent, 345.</p> + +<p><b>Montpensier, Mlle. de.</b> <b>F</b> Mme. Frontenac's relations with, 63.</p> + +<p><b>Montreal.</b> Founded May 17, 1642, by Chomedy de Maisonneuve. Cham<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_265" id="Page_265">[265]</a></span>plain +had selected the site thirty-one years before, as adapted to a +settlement. With Maisonneuve, at the historic ceremony which gave birth +to the future city of Canada, were Montmagny, governor of Quebec, +Vimont, superior of the Jesuits, Madame de la Peltrie, and Mademoiselle +Mance. Several years later another heroic woman, Marguerite Bourgeoys, +joined the builders of the infant town. In 1653 colonization began in +earnest, and in 1667 Montreal counted a population of 766. Its later +history has been largely one of material progress. <b>Index</b>: <b>Hd</b> Lévis at, +34; Amherst prepares to capture, 36, 37; surrender of, 38; Haldimand +takes possession of, 39; Gage at, 40; under martial law, 41; Haldimand +improves roads to, 45, 46; change of command at, 53; enlistment of +French-Canadians in, 55-56; difficulties of government, 60; Tryon at, +91; surrenders to rebels, 111; trade with upper lakes, 124, 140; rebel +spies in, 130, 274, 278; Sulpician priests deported from, 181; Haldimand +visits, 186; rebel prisoners at, 187, 250; census taken, 190; postal +service in, 193; its people present loyal addresses, 225; schools of, +233, 235, 236; North West Company formed at, 261; Indians in, 266; first +printing press in, 276; the Riedesels at, 300; MacLean at, 306; old +burying-ground in, 345. <b>T</b> Transaction connected with its bonds causes +defeat of Taché government, 69. <b>L</b> Church erected at, 84; foundation +stone laid by De Courcelles, 88; completion of edifice, 89; description +of, 89. <b>F</b> Hôtel Dieu established by Mlle. Mance, 29; beginnings of, 33; +settlement in danger of extinction, 38; population in 1666, 56; +Frontenac's arrival at, on his way to Cataraqui, 76; description of, 77; +expedition from Albany against, 268; great rejoicings at, on arrival of +trading canoes from the lakes, 324. <b>E</b> Public reception to Elgin, 41; +riots at, in opposition to Rebellion Losses Bill, 73-74, 77, 78, 79; +ceases to be seat of government, 78; Elgin's reference to, in his +farewell address, 204. <b>B</b> Election methods in 1844, 25. <b>Dr</b> British +residents of, dissatisfied with Quebec Act, 79; king's bust at, +disfigured, 82; British at, with few exceptions, refuse to serve against +Americans, 88; gaiety in, during winter of 1776-1777, 162. <b>BL</b> Sir +Charles Bagot's public reception there, 118; Sydenham's gerrymander, +146; original boundaries restored, 146; aspires to be chosen as capital, +181; its population, etc., in 1843, 181; Dr. Taché on, 181; opposition +in Upper Canada to its selection as capital, 182-183; resolution carried +recommending it for capital, 182-183; MacNab's and Draper's opposition, +183; gerrymandered by government, 1844, and elects two supporters of +government, 252; becomes capital, 254; address of welcome to Elgin, 275; +returns La Fontaine in elections of 1848, 279; riots in, over Rebellion +Losses Bill, 305, 322-325. <b>Sy</b> Charter of, reëstablished, 255; change in +electoral limits of, 285; two members assigned to, 285. <b>Bk</b> Description +and early history of, 99, 100; centre of fur trade, 100. <b>Md</b> Ceases to be +seat of government after the riots, 28, 29; issues Annexation Manifesto +in 1849, 39, 40. <b>S</b> The entrepôt between Britain and Upper Canada, 109. <b>C</b> +Cartier warns people of the importance to city's welfare of means of +transportation, 47; urged as terminus of Canadian Pacific Railway, 52. +<i>See also</i> Ville Marie; Mount Royal. <b>Bib.</b>: Dollier de Casson, <i>Histoire +du Montreal, 1640-1672</i>; Morin, <i>Le vieux Montreal</i>; McLennan, <i>Anciens +Montrealais</i> ("Canada Français," vol. 3); Bosworth, <i>Hochelaga Depicta</i>; +Sandham, <i>Ville-Marie</i>; Warburton, <i>Hochelaga</i>; Leblond de Brumath, +<i>Histoire Populaire de Montreal</i>; Lighthall, <i>Montreal after Two Hundred +and Fifty Years</i>; McLennan, <i>Montreal, 1642-1842</i>, and Dawson, +<i>Montreal, 1842-1892</i> in the <i>Semi-centennial Report of the Montreal +Board of Trade</i>. <i>See also</i> under Maisonneuve; Jean-Jacques Olier; +Marguerite Bourgeoys; Mademoiselle<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_266" id="Page_266">[266]</a></span> Mance; Jeanne Le Ber; Madame +d'Youville; and in publications of the Soc. Hist. de Montreal, Quebec +Literary and Historical Society, and Royal Society of Canada. +Contemporary descriptions are found in narratives of Kalm, Lambert, and +Landmann.</p> + +<p><b>Montreal, Island of.</b> <b>Dr</b> Limit of French settlement, 8; governorship of, +abolished, 21. <b>L</b> Consecrated to the Virgin Mary, 8, 85; granted to the +Sulpicians, 108.</p> + +<p><b>Montreal Company.</b> Founded at Montreal, 1784, in opposition to the North +West Company. Two Montreal merchants, John Gregory and Alexander Norman +McLeod, formed a partnership with Peter Pond and Peter Pangman, western +fur traders. Alexander Mackenzie joined the Company, and much of its +success was due to his energy and resourcefulness. His cousin, Roderick +Mackenzie, was also in its service. Keen rivalry resulted between the +two companies, finally culminating in a tragedy; in the Athabaska +department, Pond, who had deserted to the North West Company, quarrelled +with his rival, Ross, and in the scuffle Ross was fatally shot. This +serious news being brought down to the headquarters at Grand Portage, a +conference was held, resulting in the union of the Companies in 1788. +<b>Bib.</b>: Bryce, <i>Hudson's Bay Company</i>; Willson, <i>The Great Company</i>. <i>See +also</i> North West Company; X Y Company.</p> + +<p><b>Montresor.</b> <b>Dr</b> His survey of route through Maine, 106.</p> + +<p><b>Montreuil, Chevalier de.</b> Served during the French campaigns in America +from 1754 to 1758 as adjutant-general, and during the siege of Quebec in +1759 took part in the battle of the Plains and the battle of Ste. Foy, +with the rank of major-general. <b>Index</b>: <b>WM</b> Advances Guienne regiment to +meet British, 188; his views in council of war, 195. <b>Bib.</b>: Doughty, +<i>Siege of Quebec</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Monts, Pierre du Guast, Comte de</b> (1560-1611). In 1603 became head of the +Company formed by Champlain to plant colonies in New France, and to +which a monopoly of the fur trade had been granted by the king. Had made +the voyage to Tadoussac with Pont-Gravé in 1603, and had conceived no +very high opinion of the St. Lawrence as a field for colonization; it +was therefore decided to direct the operations of the Company to Acadia. +In 1604, with Champlain, sailed to Acadia, explored the Bay of Fundy, +and discovered Annapolis Basin and the St. John River; settlements were +established at Ste. Croix Island and Port Royal; in 1606 returned to +France; and the following year sent Champlain and Pont-Gravé on an +expedition to the St. Lawrence. <b>Index</b>: <b>F</b> Ten years trading patent, with +position of lieutenant-general granted to, 5; conducts expedition to +Acadia, 6; patent cancelled but renewed for one year, 7; sails for +Quebec, 8; resigns lieutenancy, 12. <b>Ch</b> Commissioned as +lieutenant-general in Acadia, 17; forms Company and obtains ten years' +privilege of exclusive trading, 18; is joined by Champlain, 19; occupies +Ste. Croix Island, 21; decides to abandon it, 25; transfers post to Port +Royal, 31; returns to France, 32; obtains monopoly of fur trade for one +year and sends Champlain to Quebec as his lieutenant, 39; encouraged by +Champlain's report, decides to extend operations, 56; his commission not +renewed, 56; serious loss incurred by, 64; present at Champlain's +marriage, 66; his Company dissolved, 71; applies to the king (Louis +XIII) for assistance, but without success, 71; signs agreement on behalf +of Company, 127; his Company abolished, 132. <b>Bib.</b>: Parkman, <i>Pioneers of +France</i>. <i>See also</i> Champlain.</p> + +<p><b>Moodie, Colonel.</b> <b>Mc</b> Shot at Montgomery's hotel, 365. <b>Bib.</b>: Dent, <i>Upper +Canadian Rebellion</i>; Read, <i>Rebellion of 1837</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Moodie, Susanna</b> (1803-1885). Born in England. Daughter of Thomas<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_267" id="Page_267">[267]</a></span> +Strickland, and sister of Agnes Strickland and Katherine Parr Traill. In +1832 emigrated to Canada with her husband, John Wedderbar Dunbar Moodie, +and settled in the forest near the present city of Peterborough. In 1839 +her home was in Belleville, and later in Toronto. Published numerous +works of fiction and poetry. <b>Bib.</b>: Works: <i>Roughing it in the Bush</i>; +<i>Life in the Clearings</i>. For full list of her writings, <i>see</i> Morgan, +<i>Bib. Can.</i> For biog., <i>see</i> McMurchy, <i>Canadian Literature</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Moody, Richard Clement</b> (1813-1887). Born in the Barbados, West Indies. +Entered Woolwich Military Academy, 1827; first lieutenant, 1835; and +professor of fortifications, 1838. In 1841 governor of the Falkland +Islands; promoted lieutenant-colonel, 1858; appointed chief commissioner +of lands and works in British Columbia, 1858. Founded New Westminster, +the former capital, and built a number of roads and other public works. +In 1863 returned to England. Promoted major-general, 1866. <b>Index</b>: <b>D</b> In +charge of lands and works in British Columbia, 1858, 235-237; arrives, +246-247; reports in favour of site of New Westminster as capital of +British Columbia, 247; proposes Queensborough as name of capital, 247; +returns to England, 1863, 254. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Dict. Nat. Biog.</i>; Begg, <i>History +of British Columbia</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Moravian Indians.</b> <b>Hd</b> Massacre of, by Americans after conclusion of +peace, 171.</p> + +<p><b>Moreau, M.</b> <b>Ch</b> On the settlement at Ste. Croix, 25. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Histoire de +l'Acadie Française, 1598-1755</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Morel.</b> <b>Ch</b> Captain of vessel in which Champlain returned to Canada in +1617, 112.</p> + +<p><b>Morel, Thomas.</b> Arrived at Quebec in August, 1661; appointed first curé +of Château Richer and attached as mission priest to the Seminary at +Quebec; spent several years in missionary work among the Indian tribes. +<b>Index</b>: <b>L</b> Director of Seminary, 55; chaplain of Beaupré, 101; arrested, +163; released, 164; death of, 219.</p> + +<p><b>Morel de la Durantaye, Olivier</b> (1641-1717). Born at Notre-Dame de Gaure, +in the diocese of Nantes. Entered the army, and obtained a lieutenancy +in the regiment of Chambellé, afterwards being promoted to the rank of +captain in the regiment of Carignan; came to Canada, 1665, and was with +La Motte the following year at Fort Ste. Anne; sailed for France, and +returned in 1670; granted the seigniory of Bellechasse, and that of La +Durantaye; served as an officer of the garrison at Quebec; and took part +in the expeditions against the Iroquois in 1684 and 1687, and again in +1696; named a member of the Superior Council in 1701, and granted a +pension of six hundred francs. <b>Index</b>: <b>F</b> Post commander, ordered to +rendezvous at Niagara, 181; captures English canoes on the way, 210; +reports critical situation among lake tribes, 240; reinforced, 241. +<b>Bib.</b>: Parkman, <i>Old Régime</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Morgan, Daniel</b> (1736?-1802). Served in the Indian and French wars. Took +the colonial side in the Revolution; marched with Arnold to Quebec; +captured in an assault on one of the batteries, 1776, and released on +parole. Subsequently served under Washington against Burgoyne, and +defeated Tarleton at Cowpens. <b>Index</b>: <b>Dr</b> Leader of Virginia Mountaineers +in attack on Quebec, 128. <b>Bib.</b>: Graham, <i>Life of Daniel Morgan</i>; <i>Cyc. +Am. Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>Morgan, Maurice.</b> <b>Dr</b> Sent to Canada to study legal situation, 43, 51; +returns to England, 56; Carleton's private secretary, 203.</p> + +<p><b>Morin.</b> <b>L</b> Describes church at Montreal, 89.</p> + +<p><b>Morin, Augustin Norbert</b> (1803-1865). Born in St. Michel, Quebec. +Edu<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_268" id="Page_268">[268]</a></span>cated at the Seminary of Quebec, and called to the bar of Lower +Canada, 1828. Elected to the Assembly, 1830; commissioner of crown lands +in the La Fontaine-Baldwin administration, 1842-1843; Speaker of the +House, 1848. In 1851 joined Francis Hincks in forming an administration, +Hincks being premier, and Morin provincial secretary until 1853; +commissioner of crown lands, 1853. Appointed judge of the Superior Court +of Lower Canada, 1855; a commissioner for codifying the laws of Lower +Canada, 1859. <b>Index</b>: <b>BL</b> On the union, 57; meets Hincks, 63; his letters +to Hincks, 79; member for Nicolet, relations with Reform party in Upper +Canada, 79; supports Cavillier for Speaker, 1841, 87; commissioner of +crown lands, 134; elected for two constituencies, 1844, 252; Draper +attempts to secure his support, 259; elected Speaker, 1848, 283; +occupies the chair at farewell banquet to La Fontaine, 354; joint +premiership with Hincks, 359. <b>B</b> Brown acknowledges his services in cause +of responsible government, 67. <b>C</b> Sides against the government, 7; his +standing as a statesman, 23; forms alliance with Upper Canadian +Conservatives, 99-100. <b>E</b> Member of first La Fontaine-Baldwin ministry, +32; his character, 32; refuses seat in Draper government, 43; elected in +1848, 50; opposed by Papineau, 51; forms ministry with Hincks, 113; +commissioner of crown lands in reconstructed ministry, 126, 127; +defeated in Terrebonne, 1854, 133; his conservative influence in Lower +Canada, 138; forms coalition government with MacNab, 140, 141; favours +secularization of Clergy Reserves, 166-167; member of Seigniorial Court, +187; his services as a statesman, 236. <b>Sy</b> His letter to Hincks, 294. <b>P</b> +Joins Papineau's party, 78; drafts "Ninety-Two Resolutions," 85; +supports Papineau in his violent attitude towards government, 86; at +meeting of Constitutional Committee, 1834, 88; in the Assembly, 100-109; +his articles in <i>La Minerve</i>, 101. <b>Md</b> Forms administration with Hincks, +47; their administration defeated on a technicality, 47; accepts, in +1855, a seat on the bench, 74. <b>Bib.</b>: Morgan, <i>Cel. Can.</i>; Dent, <i>Last +Forty Years</i>; Hincks, <i>Reminiscences</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Mornay, Louis-François Duplessis de.</b> Bishop of Quebec, 1727-1733. +Consecrated at Paris, 1714, as coadjutor to the bishop of Quebec, but +never came to America. <b>Index</b>: <b>L</b> Appointed bishop of Quebec, 12.</p> + +<p><b>Morris, Colonel.</b> <b>Dr</b> Presided over department of Loyalist claims, 202.</p> + +<p><b>Morris, Alexander</b> (1826-1889). Born at Perth, Upper Canada. Educated at +the University of Glasgow and McGill University; studied law and called +to the bar of both Upper and Lower Canada, 1851. Entered public life in +1861 as member for South Lanark; minister of inland revenue, 1869-1872; +appointed chief justice of the Court of Queen's Bench of Manitoba, 1872; +and the same year lieutenant-governor of Manitoba and the North-West +Territories; returned to Ontario, 1877, and sat in the Ontario +Legislature for East Toronto from 1878 to 1886. <b>Index</b>: <b>B</b> Member for +South Lanark, advocates Confederation in a pamphlet, <i>Nova Britannia</i>, +129; conference with George Brown on Confederation, 152, 154. <b>Bib.</b>: +Works: <i>Nova Britannia</i>; <i>Canada and Her Resources</i>; <i>Treaties of +Canada</i>. For biog., <i>see</i> Dent, <i>Can. Por.</i> and <i>Last Forty Years</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Morris, Charles.</b> Born in England. Under the direction of Governor +Shirley of Massachusetts made a survey of the whole of Nova Scotia. In +command of a company during the action at Grand Pré. Assisted in laying +out the city of Halifax. Member of the Council of Nova Scotia, 1775; +surveyor-general; acting judge of the Supreme Court. Died, 1781. <b>Bib.</b>: +<i>Selections from the Public Documents of Nova Scotia</i>, ed. by Akins.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_269" id="Page_269">[269]</a></span></p> + +<p><b>Morris, James</b> (1798-1865). Born in Scotland. Came to Canada as a child +with his parents; in business at Brockville with his brothers, William +and Alexander. Member for Leeds County in the Upper Canada Assembly, +1837; a commissioner for the improvement of navigation of the St. +Lawrence, 1838; and member of the United Canada Parliament, 1841. In +1844 appointed to the Legislative Council; in 1851 to the Executive +Council, and postmaster-general; in 1853-1854 Speaker of the Legislative +Assembly; in 1858 member of the Executive Council and Speaker of the +Legislative Council; in 1862-1863 receiver-general. <b>Index</b>: <b>E</b> +Postmaster-general in Hincks-Morin ministry, 113; president of +Legislative Council in reconstructed government, 1853, 126. <b>Bib.</b>: +Morgan, <i>Cel. Can.</i>; Taylor, <i>Brit. Am.</i>; Dent, <i>Last Forty Years</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Morris, William</b> (1786-1858). Born in Scotland. Emigrated with his +parents to Canada in 1801, and engaged in business in Montreal; served +in the militia in the War of 1812, and in 1816 settled in Perth. Member +for Lanark in the Upper Canada Assembly, 1820-1836, when he was +appointed to the Legislative Council; in 1837-1838 served as colonel of +the militia during the Rebellion; in 1844 appointed receiver-general; +and in 1846-1848 president of the Executive Council. <b>Index</b>: <b>Sy</b> Claims +share of Clergy Reserves for Church of Scotland, 239. <b>BL</b> Member of +Legislative Council, 1841, 83; previous career, 83; protests against +removal of capital to Montreal, 183-184; receiver-general, 247. <b>Bib.</b>: +Morgan, <i>Cel. Can.</i>; Dent, <i>Can. Por.</i> and <i>Last Forty Years</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Morrison, Joseph Curran</b> (1816-1885). Born in Ireland. Came to Canada +with his father. In 1839 called to the bar of Upper Canada; in 1843-1847 +deputy clerk of the Executive Council of Canada; in 1847 elected for +West York to the Assembly; solicitor-general in the Hincks-Morin +ministry, 1853-1854; a member of the Executive Council, 1856; and the +same year receiver-general in the Taché-Macdonald administration. +Registrar of Toronto, 1859; solicitor-general in the Cartier-Macdonald +ministry, 1860. Puisne judge of the Court of Common Pleas, 1862; judge +in the Court of Queen's Bench, 1863; judge of the Court of Appeal, 1877, +which position he filled until his death. <b>Index</b>: <b>E</b> Solicitor-general, +West, in Hincks-Morin ministry, 1853, 126. <b>B</b> His connection with the +contempt of court case against George Brown, 249-254; solicitor-general +under Hincks, and a colleague of John A. Macdonald, 250. <b>Bib.</b>: Dent, +<i>Can. Por.</i> and <i>Last Forty Years</i>; Read, <i>Lives of the Judges</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Morrison, Thomas David.</b> <b>Mc</b> Defends Joseph Hume, 263; aids Mackenzie's +petition, 310; aids Lower Canada, 330; refuses to sign "Declaration of +Independence," 331; at Doel's brewery, 346; his conduct explained, 350; +joins Rebellion movement, 357. <b>Bib.</b>: Dent, <i>Upper Canadian Rebellion</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Morse, Colonel.</b> <b>S</b> Recommends union of British North American provinces, +4.</p> + +<p><b>Moss, Sir Charles</b> (1840- ). Born in Cobourg, Ontario. Studied law and +called to the bar of Ontario, 1869. Lecturer and examiner to the Law +Society, 1872-1879; bencher, 1880; Q. C., 1881; vice-chancellor of the +University of Toronto, 1900-1906; judge of the Court of Appeal, 1897; +chief justice of Ontario, 1902. <b>Bib.</b>: Morgan, <i>Can. Men</i>; <i>Canadian +Who's Who</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Moss, Thomas</b> (1836-1881). Born in Cobourg, Ontario. Educated at Gale's +Institute, Upper Canada College, Toronto, and at the University of +Toronto; graduated with triple first-class honours and gold medals in +classics, mathematics, and modern languages. Studied law and called to +the bar of Upper Canada, 1861. For a time lecturer in equity at Osgoode +Hall, and registrar of the University of Toronto. Bencher of the Law +Society, 1871; Q. C., 1872; member of the Law Reform Commission, 1875. +Sat in the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_270" id="Page_270">[270]</a></span> House of Commons for West Toronto, 1873-1875. Appointed +judge of the Court of Appeal, 1875; chief justice of Ontario, 1877. +Vice-chancellor of the University of Toronto, 1874. Died in Nice, +France. <b>Bib.</b>: Dent, <i>Can. Por.</i>; Read, <i>Lives of the Judges</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Motin.</b> <b>Ch</b> Author of an ode to Champlain, 72.</p> + +<p><b>Mouet de Moras de Langlade, Charles de</b> (1729-1800). <b>WM</b> With band of +Indians crosses Montmorency, and attacks English, 112, 113. <b>Bib.</b>: +Morice, <i>Dict. des Canadiens de l'Ouest</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Mounier.</b> <b>Dr</b> One of protesting members of Council under Carleton, 34.</p> + +<p><b>Mount Allison College.</b> Located at Sackville, New Brunswick. In 1858 an +Act of the New Brunswick Legislature authorized the trustees of the +Mount Allison Wesleyan College to establish a degree-conferring +institution at Sackville, under the name of the Mount Allison Wesleyan +College. Work regularly organized, 1862. Corporate name changed to +University of Mount Allison College, 1886.</p> + +<p><b>Mount Royal.</b> <b>L</b> Cross planted on summit, by Maisonneuve, 91.</p> + +<p><b>Mount-Stephen, George Stephen, first Baron</b> (1829- ). Born in Dufftown, +Banffshire, Scotland. In 1850 came to Canada; built up a successful +business in Montreal; in 1873 vice-president of the Bank of Montreal, +and in 1876 president. In 1881 elected president of the Canadian Pacific +Railway, and for his valuable services in promoting its construction +created a baronet, 1886. Joined Lord Strathcona in 1886 in donating +$1,000,000 for the erection of the Royal Victoria Hospital, Montreal. In +1888 retired from the presidency of the Canadian Pacific Railway. In +1891 created a baron; and in 1905 G.C.V.O. <b>Index</b>: <b>Md</b> Director of the +Canadian Pacific Railway, 236. <b>Bib.</b>: Morgan, <i>Can. Men</i>; <i>Who's Who</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Mountain, George Jehoshaphat</b> (1789-1863). Born in England. Educated at +Cambridge; ordained deacon, 1812, and priest, 1816. In 1814-1817 rector +of Fredericton, New Brunswick; in 1817 rector of Quebec; and in 1821 +archdeacon of Lower Canada. Appointed suffragan bishop of Montreal, +1836, as coadjutor to Dr. C. J. Stewart, bishop of Quebec; and in 1850 +bishop of Quebec. Established Bishop's College, Lennoxville, which was +incorporated as a college, 1843, and as a university, 1853. <b>Index</b>: <b>R</b> +Secures incorporation of Church of England in Canada, 48. <b>Bib.</b>: Morgan, +<i>Cel. Can.</i>; Taylor, <i>Brit. Am.</i> and <i>Last Three Bishops</i>; Mockridge, +<i>Bishops of the Church of England in Canada and Newfoundland</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Mountain, Jacob</b> (1750-1825). Born in Norfolk, England. Graduated at +Cambridge, 1774, and became fellow, 1779. After holding several livings, +appointed castor prebendary of Lincoln cathedral, 1788. Through the +friendship of William Pitt, appointed in 1793 first Anglican bishop of +Quebec. During his administration the number of clergy increased from +nine to sixty-one. The cathedral of Quebec erected under his auspices. +<b>Index</b>: <b>Dr</b> First bishop of Quebec, 271. <b>S</b> Appointed bishop of Quebec, +158; visits Upper Canada, 158; made legislative and executive +councillor, 160. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Dict. Nat. Biog.</i>; Mockridge, <i>Bishops of the +Church of England in Canada and Newfoundland</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Mounted Police.</b> <i>See</i> Royal North-West Mounted Police.</p> + +<p><b>Moustier, Count.</b> <b>Dr</b> French minister to United States, proposes to visit +Canada, 247-248.</p> + +<p><b>Mowat, Sir Oliver</b> (1820-1903). Born in Kingston, Ontario. Educated +there; called to the bar of Upper Canada, 1841, and practised in +Kingston and Toronto. In 1857-1864 represented South Ontario in the +Canada As<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_271" id="Page_271">[271]</a></span>sembly; in 1858 provincial secretary in the Brown-Dorion +ministry; postmaster-general in the Macdonald-Dorion administration, +1863-1864, and in the Taché coalition government, 1864. From 1864 to +1872 vice-chancellor of Ontario. In 1872 premier and attorney-general of +Ontario, and held office until 1896. In 1896 minister of justice in the +Dominion Cabinet, with leadership in the Senate; and in 1897 +lieutenant-governor of Ontario, a position he held until his death. +<b>Index</b>: <b>B</b> Member of brief Brown ministry, 102; on committee of +Anti-Slavery Society, 112; speech on Confederation, 1859, 135; George +Brown's letter to, on his contemplated retirement from the leadership, +141; opposes proposal that opposition members should enter government, +to further Confederation movement, 157; enters coalition government, +158; reëlected, 160; favours elective Senate, 164; his successful fight +for provincial rights, 207. <b>Md</b> Enters Macdonald's office as a student, +6; succeeds Edward Blake as premier of Ontario, and leader of Liberal +party, 252; his characteristics, 252; takes prominent part in Ontario +boundary dispute, 252-258. <b>T</b> Enters coalition ministry, 69; attends +Quebec Conference, 76. <b>Bib.</b>: Dent, <i>Can. Por.</i> and <i>Last Forty Years</i>; +Morgan, <i>Can. Men</i>; Biggar, <i>Sir Oliver Mowat</i>; Clarke, <i>Sixty Years in +Upper Canada</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Muir, Major.</b> <b>Bk</b> Commands detachment of 41st Regiment at Brownstown and +Maguaga, 237, 238-241.</p> + +<p><b>Mulock, Sir William</b> (1843- ). Born in Bond Head, Simcoe County, Ontario. +Educated at the University of Toronto. In 1868 called to the bar of +Ontario, and appointed an examiner and a lecturer on equity of the Law +Society. In 1882 entered the Dominion Parliament; 1896-1905, +postmaster-general of Canada, and through his initiative the +Inter-Imperial Postal Conference adopted penny postage within the +empire. Created K.C.M.G., 1902. In 1905 appointed chief-justice of the +Exchequer Division of the High Court of Justice for the province of +Ontario. <b>Bib.</b>: Morgan, <i>Can. Men</i>; <i>Canadian Who's Who</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Municipal Government.</b> <b>BL</b> Legislation under Sydenham, 100-105; bill +passed, 105; Baldwin Act of 1849, 105; regulation of, 287, 292; <i>Law +Journal</i> on the bill, 296; Shortt on, 296; municipal history, 297-298; +terms of Baldwin Act, 299-300. <b>Sy</b> Lack of, noted in Lord Durham's +Report, 92; provided for in first draft of Union Bill, 273; Sydenham's +deep interest in the subject, 273-275; municipal clauses struck out of +Union Bill, 275; ordinance respecting, passed by Special Council of +Lower Canada, 276; and later (for Upper Canada) by Legislature, 277; +Sydenham's bill providing for, in Upper Canada, 323; provisions of bill, +324; bill passed, 325. <b>S</b> Beginnings of, in Upper Canada, 89. <b>Bib.</b>: +Wickett, <i>City Government in Canada</i> and <i>Municipal Government in +North-West Territories</i>; Shortt, <i>Municipal Government in Ontario</i>; +Ewart, <i>Municipal History of Manitoba</i>; Weir, <i>Municipal Institutions in +Quebec</i> (Toronto Univ. Studies in Hist, and Econ.).</p> + +<p><b>Munro, John.</b> <b>S</b> Member of Legislative Council, 79.</p> + +<p><b>Murders.</b> <b>Ch</b> Committed by Indians near Quebec, 115; in colony, 209.</p> + +<p><b>Murdoch, Beamish.</b> Historian. <b>Index</b>: <b>H</b> Contributes to <i>The Club</i> edited +by Joseph Howe in the <i>Nova Scotian</i>, 10; his independent stand in the +Nova Scotia Assembly, 18. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>History of Nova Scotia</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Murdoch, T. W. C.</b> <b>Sy</b> Appointed civil secretary, 152.</p> + +<p><b>Murray.</b> <b>R</b> Appointed to take charge of improvement of popular education +in Upper Canada, 163.</p> + +<p><b>Murray.</b> <b>Dr</b> One of the protesting members of Council under Carleton, 34.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_272" id="Page_272">[272]</a></span></p> + +<p><b>Murray, Sir George</b> (1772-1846). Born in Scotland. Educated at Edinburgh +University, and entered the army, 1789. Served in Flanders, 1794; in the +West Indies, 1795-1796; in Egypt, 1801; in the Baltic expedition, and in +Portugal, 1808; quartermaster-general in the Peninsular War, and for his +services promoted major-general, and made K.C.B., 1813. In 1814 +appointed governor of Canada. Entered Parliament, 1823; +commander-in-chief in Ireland, 1825-1828; colonial secretary, 1828-1830. +<b>Index</b>: <b>Sy</b> Colonial secretary, 16. <b>Bk</b> Disapproves employment of German +troops, 136. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Dict. Nat. Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>Murray, Mrs. George.</b> <b>Bk</b> Wife of Colonel (afterwards Sir George) Murray +142.</p> + +<p><b>Murray, George Henry</b> (1861- ). Born in Grand Narrows, Nova Scotia. +Educated at the public schools and at Boston University; studied law and +called to the bar of Nova Scotia, 1883. Appointed to the Nova Scotia +Legislative Council, 1899; took office in the Fielding administration, +1891; premier, 1896; sustained at general elections of 1897, 1901, and +1906. <b>Bib.</b>: Morgan, <i>Can. Men</i>; <i>Canadian Who's Who</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Murray, James</b> (1719-1794). Entered the army, 1740, and served in the +West Indies, Flanders, and Brittany. In 1758 commanded a brigade at +Louisbourg; and the left wing of the army at the battle of the Plains, +1759. After the surrender of Quebec, left in command, and defended the +city against the French, 1760. On Oct. 27, 1760, appointed governor of +Quebec, and from 1763 to 1766 governor of Canada. In 1772 +lieutenant-general; in 1774 governor of Minorca; and 1783 promoted +general. <b>Index</b>: <b>WM</b> Under Wolfe, character of, 74; governor of Canada, +and highly esteemed by Canadians, 74; joins Holmes's fleet with four +battalions, 161; commands British centre in battle of Plains, 189; takes +command at Quebec, 235; issues proclamation, 236; maintains strict +discipline, 237; learns of intended attack on Quebec, 250, 251; his +proclamation ordering civilians to leave the city, 250; goes out to meet +Lévis and occupies Ste. Foy, 252; returns to city, 253; his character +described by Bernier, 254; leads army out to give battle to Lévis, 256; +orders attack, 258; loses battle, 263; foresees coming trouble with +British colonies, 269. <b>Dr</b> Administrator of Canada, 2; character of his +government, 4; quells mutiny, 4; after cession (1763) appointed governor +of Canada, 9; his troubles with English settlers, 9, 10, 14; wins +confidence of French-Canadians, 10; appoints Council, 13; sends Cramahé +to London to represent condition of affairs, 16; his recall petitioned +for by certain of the English settlers, 17; defended by Canadian +seigniors, 18; goes to Montreal in connection with Walker case, 21; +summoned home, 23; presents report on colony, 24-28; somewhat offended +at Carleton's proclamation relinquishing fees, 35; resigns governorship, +57. <b>B</b> Instructed to provide for support of Protestant clergy and +schools, 51-52. <b>Bk</b> His heroic defence of Quebec, 35. <b>P</b> His iron rule +relaxed, 8. <b>Hd</b> Marches on Montreal, 34, 36, 37; governor of Quebec, 41; +his feelings towards French-Canadians, 42; his precautionary measures, +43; threatened friction with Haldimand, 49; his friendship for +Haldimand's nephew, 49-50; made governor-general, 53; petitions against +and in favour of, 60; his high regard for Haldimand, 94. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Dict. +Nat. Biog.</i>; Morgan, <i>Cel. Can.</i>; Doughty, <i>Siege of Quebec</i>; Wood, <i>The +Fight for Canada</i>; Parkman, <i>Montcalm and Wolfe</i>; Bradley, <i>The Fight +with France</i> and <i>The Making of Canada</i>; Lucas, <i>History of Canada</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Murray, Colonel John.</b> <b>W</b> Massachusetts Loyalist, 4.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_273" id="Page_273">[273]</a></span></p> + +<p><b>Musgrave, Sir Anthony</b> (1828-1888). Born in England. Entered the Inner +Temple, London, 1851; governor of the colony of Neiro, 1860; governor of +the island of St. Vincent, 1861; governor of Newfoundland, 1864-1869; +governor of British Columbia, 1869; governor of Natal, 1872; governor of +South Australia, 1873; governor of Jamaica, 1877; governor of +Queensland, 1888. <b>Index</b>: <b>Md</b> Governor of British Columbia, succeeding +Seymour, 149. <b>D</b> His work for Confederation, 312, 313. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Dict. Nat. +Biog.</i>; Begg, <i>History of British Columbia</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Myers, Lieutenant-Colonel.</b> <b>Bk</b> In command at Fort George, 225.</p> + +<p><b>Myrand, Ernest.</b> <b>F</b> Author of <i>Frontenac et Ses Amis</i>, 229; his work, <i>Sir +William Phipps devant Québec</i>, quoted, 293; on losses incurred in siege +of Quebec, by Phipps, 302; discusses question of Frontenac's portrait, +361.</p> + + +<p><b>Nairne, Captain John.</b> <b>Hd</b> Haldimand gives him rank of major, 294.</p> + +<p><b>Napagabiscou.</b> <b>Ch</b> Indian, brings news to Champlain of Kirke's arrival, +176.</p> + +<p><b>Napoleon I</b> (1769-1821). Born at Ajaccio, Corsica. First consul, 1799. +Crowned Emperor, 1804. Abdicated, 1814, and retired to Elba. Escaped, +raised another army, and finally defeated at Waterloo, 1815. Banished to +St. Helena, where he died. <b>Index</b>: <b>Bk</b> Crowned as emperor, 71; threatens +Britain, 71; battle of Austerlitz, 72; Jena and the Berlin Decrees, 81; +endeavours to force on war between Britain and the United States, 98, +111; enforces Berlin Decrees, 105; dominates Europe, 106-108; his Milan +Decree, 110; his reverses in Spain, 112, 113; triumphs over Austria at +Wagram, 117. <b>Bib.</b>: Larousse, <i>Dictionnaire Universel</i>; Chambers, <i>Biog. +Dict.</i>, and lives mentioned in article.</p> + +<p><b>Natel, Antoine.</b> <b>Ch</b> Accompanies Champlain to Quebec, 41; reveals +conspiracy against Champlain, 43; death of, 46.</p> + +<p><b>Nation.</b> Newspaper published at Toronto. <b>Index</b>: <b>B</b> Radical journal, +founded after Liberal victory of 1874, 235; its programme, 236.</p> + +<p><b>National Club.</b> Social club at Toronto. <b>Index</b>: <b>B</b> Founded during Canada +First movement, 235.</p> + +<p><b>National Policy.</b> <b>B</b> Secret of its success in 1878, 241. <b>Md</b> Description +and history of, 217-219; political picnics used as means of placing its +advantages before the country, 220-223; Macdonald on its advantages, +221-223; Blake in favour of, 224; Mills on, 224; comes into effect, +228-230; adopted by Liberal party in 1896, 262; comments on, after its +operation for three years, 273. <i>See also</i> Macdonald, Sir John A.; +Conservative Party.</p> + +<p><b>Navigation, Art of.</b> <b>Ch</b> Highly praised by Champlain, 7.</p> + +<p><b>Navigation Acts.</b> <b>Sy</b> Poulett Thomson's speech on, 17. <b>E</b> Their disastrous +effect on Canadian development, 38-39; Legislature passes address +praying for repeal of, 45; repealed in 1849, 83.</p> + +<p><b>Navy Hall.</b> <b>S</b> Simcoe's residence at Niagara, 99, 180; guests entertained +at, 183-188, 229, 230; erected by Haldimand for accommodation of naval +officers, 195; description of, 195, 196. <b>Bk</b> Residence of Governor Simcoe +at Niagara, 57.</p> + +<p><b>Naxouat.</b> <b>F</b> Governor Villebon of Acadia establishes himself at, 327.</p> + +<p><b>Needham, William H.</b> <b>T</b> Elected for St. John, 10, 18; character, 12, +86-87; refuses to resign his seat, 24; candidate in York County, New +Brunswick, 86; elected for York, 95; defeated in York, 108.</p> + +<p><b>Negroes.</b> <b>Dr</b> Disputed property in, at close of war, 216. <i>See also</i> +Slavery.</p> + +<p><b>Neilson, John</b> (1776-1848). Born in Scotland. In 1790 came to Canada, and +in 1797 edited the Quebec <i>Gazette</i>. Member of the provincial Assembly +for Quebec County, 1818. In 1822 one of the delegates, with Papineau, +sent to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_274" id="Page_274">[274]</a></span> England to oppose the union of Upper and Lower Canada; and in +1830 went on a similar mission. Member of the Canadian Parliament, 1840; +and Speaker of the Legislative Council, 1844. <b>Index</b>: <b>Sy</b> Proprietor of +Quebec <i>Gazette</i>, and member of Special Council of Lower Canada, his +opposition to union, 193, 194, 211, 234, 309; opposed also to +responsible government, 211; continued opposition to Union Act, 287; the +real leader of the French-Canadians in 1841, 295. <b>P</b> Proprietor of Quebec +<i>Gazette</i>—supports Papineau in his opposition to proposed union of +Upper and Lower Canada in 1822, 46-47; sent as delegate to London, 46; +persecuted by Dalhousie, 55; again sent to England with French-Canadian +petition, 63; Papineau's friendship for, 67; Papineau's letters to, +67-68; deserts Papineau because of his violent attitude towards +government, 86; loses his seat in Assembly, 102; attacked by Papineau, +169. <b>BL</b> Supports Papineau and popular party, 20; moves amendment against +Act of 1840, 96; his amendment voted down, 97. <b>Bib.</b>: Morgan, <i>Cel. +Can.</i>; Christie, <i>History of Lower Canada</i>; Dent, <i>Last Forty Years</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Nelles, S. S.</b> <b>R</b> Graduate of Victoria College, 143.</p> + +<p><b>Nelson, Horatio, Viscount</b> (1758-1805). Born at Burnham Thorpe, England. +In 1770 entered the navy; in 1794 served under Lord Hood in the capture +of Corsica; under Sir John Jervis at the battle of Cape St. Vincent, +1797; and in 1798 defeated the French fleet in Aboukir Bay; in 1801 +destroyed the Danish ships and batteries at Copenhagen; at the battle of +Trafalgar Bay, 1805, overwhelmed the French and Spanish fleets, but his +own life was sacrificed. <b>Index</b>: <b>Bk</b> His victory at Copenhagen, 24-31; +ignores signal to cease firing, 28. <b>Hd</b> Captain of <i>Albemarle</i>, enamoured +of Miss Mary Simpson of Quebec, 244. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Dict. Nat. Biog.</i>; Southey, +<i>Life of Nelson</i>; Mahan, <i>Life of Nelson</i>; <i>Dispatches and Letters</i>, ed. +by Nicolas. <i>See also</i> lives by Clarke and McArthur, Pettigrew, Browne, +Laughton.</p> + +<p><b>Nelson, Robert</b> (1794-1873). Born in Montreal. Practised as a surveyor; +and in 1812 served during the War. In 1827 elected with Louis J. +Papineau to the Assembly as member for Montreal. In 1838, while residing +in the United States, organized a force of 600 filibusters, and invaded +Canada, making his headquarters at Napierville, and as president of a +provisional government proclaimed a Canadian republic. The insurgents +were defeated at Lacolle and Odelltown, and Nelson fled to the United +States. In 1862-1873 practised as a surgeon in New York. <b>Index</b>: <b>P</b> Leads +outbreak at Lacolle and Odelltown in 1838, 139-140. <b>Bib.</b>: Morgan, <i>Cel. +Can.</i>; Christie, <i>History of Lower Canada</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Nelson, Wolfred</b> (1792-1863). Born in Montreal. Practised medicine and +served as a surgeon in the War of 1812. One of the leaders of the +Rebellion of 1837; captured and banished to the Bermudas, but released +in October, 1838. In 1842 returned to Montreal and resumed the practice +of his profession. In 1844 elected to Parliament for Richelieu County; +inspector of prisons, 1851, and chairman of the Board of Prison +Inspectors, 1859. <b>Index</b>: <b>P</b> With Papineau at St. Charles meeting, 1837, +125; preaches rebellion, 126; leads <i>Patriotes</i> at St. Denis, 128; said +to have advised Papineau to leave the field, 132; a price put on his +head, 137; captured, 137; exiled to Bermuda, 138; extent of his +responsibility for the Rebellion, 143; throws blame on Papineau, 145. <b>E</b> +His misguided attitude, 22; elected to Parliament after his return from +exile, 50; his actions compared with disturbances of 1849, 76; permitted +to return from exile, 91. <b>BL</b> Arrested after Rebellion in Lower Canada, +49; defeats Viger in election of 1844, 252; his house in Montreal +attacked by mob, 324; at farewell banquet to La Fontaine, 354. <b>C</b> +Defeated by Colonel Wetherall, 7;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_275" id="Page_275">[275]</a></span> entrusts Cartier with a mission, 8. +<b>Mc</b> Addresses revolutionary meetings, 328; takes the field, 358. <b>Bib.</b>: +Dent, <i>Can. Por.</i>; Morgan, <i>Cel. Can.</i>; Christie, <i>History of Lower +Canada</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Nelson River.</b> Rises in the Rocky Mountains, at the headwaters of Bow +River, a branch of the South Saskatchewan. Length to Lake Winnipeg, 390 +miles; to headwaters of the Bow, 1660 miles. The mouth of the river was +discovered, and named, by Sir Thomas Button in 1612. He wintered there, +1612-1613. Captain Luke Foxe spent eleven days at Port Nelson in 1631. +The river itself was explored by David Thompson in 1792. Pierre Radisson +visited the mouth of the river in 1669, and built the first trading-fort +there. In later years the post was repeatedly captured by the French, +and recaptured by or restored to the Hudson's Bay Company, in whose +hands it finally remained, under the name of York Factory (<i>q.v.</i>). +<b>Bib.</b>: Bryce, <i>Hudson's Bay Company</i>; Laut, <i>Pathfinders of the West</i> and +<i>Conquest of the Great North-West</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Neptune.</b> <b>WM</b> Ship in which Wolfe sailed for Quebec, 75.</p> + +<p><b>Nesbitt, William.</b> Accompanied Governor Cornwallis to Halifax. Acted as +Secretary of Nova Scotia for several years. Afterwards practised the +profession of law at Halifax. Attorney-general for twenty-five years. +Elected to the Assembly, 1758; Speaker of the House, 1759-1783; retired +on a pension, 1783. Died, 1784. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Selections from the Public +Documents of Nova Scotia</i>, ed. by Akins.</p> + +<p><b>Nesle, Captain de.</b> <b>Ch</b> Brings out settlers, 252.</p> + +<p><b>Neuchâtel, Canton of.</b> <b>Hd</b> Haldimand born in, 3.</p> + +<p><b>Neutral Nation.</b> An Iroquoian tribe, occupying the north shore of Lake +Erie. First visited by the Jesuit Fathers, Brébeuf and Chaumonot, in +1640, who described them as ferocious and extremely superstitious. +Despite all efforts, the attempted mission had to be abandoned. The +tribe was exterminated by the Iroquois in 1650. <b>Bib.</b>: Parkman, <i>Jesuits +in North America</i>; Lalemant, <i>Relations</i>, 1641, 1643; Ragueneau, +<i>Relations</i>, 1648, 1651.</p> + +<p><b>New Brunswick.</b> The gulf coast of the province was discovered by Cartier +in 1534; first settlement made by De Monts and Champlain, on St. Croix +Island, near the entrance to the Bay of Fundy, in 1604. The same year +they discovered and named the St. John River, at the mouth of which La +Tour built a fort in 1635. The territory embraced in this province +formed part of Acadie under French rule. It was included in Nova Scotia +from the date of the cession to England up to 1784, when it became a +separate province. <b>Index</b>: <b>Dr</b> Creation of province, 224. <b>Sy</b> Satisfactory +political condition of, 265. <b>B</b> Confederation an issue in, and government +defeated, 182-183; British government brings pressure on, in interests +of Confederation, 186-187, 206. <b>Md</b> Its attitude towards Confederation, +123; appoints delegates to confer on question of, 125; sullen on +completion of, 129; result of first general election in, 141; selection +of routes for Intercolonial through, 152; boundary dispute, 152; low +tariff in, before Confederation, 218; supports Mackenzie in election of +1878, 228; assents to resolution in favour of unrestricted reciprocity, +298. <i>See also</i> Acadia; Nova Scotia; St. John; De Monts; Champlain. +<b>Bib.</b>: Hannay, <i>History of Acadia</i> and <i>History of New Brunswick</i>.</p> + +<p><b>New Brunswick, College of.</b> <b>W</b> Early history of, 10. <i>See also</i> New +Brunswick, University of; King's College (New Brunswick).</p> + +<p><b>New Brunswick, University of.</b> <b>W</b> Established as provincial university, +1859, 51; formerly King's College, previous history, 86; part of Madras +school property handed over to, 88. <b>T</b> History of, 48-49. <i>See also</i> New +Brunswick, College of; King's College (New Brunswick).<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_276" id="Page_276">[276]</a></span></p> + +<p><b>New Brunswick Land Company.</b> <b>W</b> Involved in crown lands dispute, 26, 29, +36.</p> + +<p><b>New Caledonia.</b> <b>D</b> Traversed by Mackenzie, 56; origin of name, 56; extent +of district, 56; so named about 1806, 59; described, 97; furs and other +products of the district, 99. <b>Bib.</b>: Bancroft, <i>History of the North-West +Coast</i>; Morice, <i>Northern Interior of British Columbia</i>.</p> + +<p><b>New Company.</b> <b>F</b> Name given to trading Company formed by inhabitants of +Canada in 1645, 36.</p> + +<p><b>New France.</b> Name given to the French possessions in North America, +otherwise known as Canada and Acadia. First discovered by Jacques +Cartier in 1534. First settlement made in Acadia by De Monts, in 1604; +and in Canada, by Champlain, in 1608. <b>Index</b>: <b>E</b> Government of, 171-172; +feudal tenure, etc., in, 171-185. <b>Ch</b> Population of colony in 1629, 208; +births, deaths, and marriages, 209; restoration of, demanded by French +king, 212; ceded back to France, 213; limits of, not clearly defined, +222; colony based on religion, 255. <i>See also</i> Canada; Acadia; Quebec; +Port Royal; Montreal; Cartier; Champlain; Monts; Frontenac; La Salle. +<b>Bib.</b>: Charlevoix, <i>Histoire de la Nouvelle France</i>; Lescarbot, <i>Histoire +de la Nouvelle France</i>; Cartier, <i>Voyages</i>; Champlain, <i>Voyages</i>; +Parkman, <i>Works</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Newfoundland.</b> Discovered by Cabot in 1497. Sir Humphrey Gilbert +established a short-lived colony on the island in 1583. Another attempt +was made in 1610, by the Company of London. A more successful effort at +colonization was that of Lord Baltimore in 1621. For a time the colony +was governed by the so-called "Fishing Admirals," the most famous of +whom was Richard Whitbourne, author of <i>A Discourse and Discoverie of +Newfoundland</i>. French influence on the island dated from the founding of +Placentia in 1660. In 1696 Iberville captured St. John's, and laid waste +the coast settlements. St. John's was again captured by a French +squadron, in 1760. A Legislative Assembly was granted to the colony in +1832 as a result of popular agitation; and responsible government +established in 1855. Efforts to bring about the union of the island with +Canada were made in 1864, and again in 1895, but without success. <b>Index</b>: +<b>B</b> Withdraws from Confederation scheme, 185-186. <b>F</b> English settlements +in, attacked, 46. <b>L</b> French successful in, 232. <b>Md</b> Withdraws from +Confederation negotiations, 117; further negotiations unsuccessful, 146; +fishery question, 303. <b>Bib.</b>: Kirke, <i>The First English Conquest of +Canada</i>; Prowse, <i>History of Newfoundland</i>; Reeves, <i>Governors of +Newfoundland</i>; Dawson, <i>Canada and Newfoundland</i>; Hatton and Harvey, +<i>Newfoundland</i>; Willson, <i>The Tenth Island</i>.</p> + +<p><b>New Langley.</b> <b>D</b> Or Derby, proposed as capital of British Columbia, 246.</p> + +<p><b>New Ontario.</b> Includes that part of the province known as northern and +north-western Ontario, lying west of the Upper Ottawa River and its +tributary lakes north of Lake Huron and Lake Superior, and extending to +the eastern boundary of the province of Manitoba on the west, and to the +Albany River and James Bay on the north. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>North-Western Ontario, +its Boundaries, Resources, and Communications</i>.</p> + +<p><b>New Orleans.</b> <b>Hd</b> Haldimand's enquiries regarding, 64; embassy to, 73; +dissatisfaction at, 77; Haldimand's visit to, 78; Spaniards send troops +to, 80, 81.</p> + +<p><b>New Westminster.</b> A city of British Columbia, founded by Colonel R. C. +Moody in 1859, and first named Queensborough. The present name was given +by Queen Victoria the same year, when the new town was selected as the +capital of British Columbia. It was incorporated in 1860; and in 1868 +the seat of govern<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_277" id="Page_277">[277]</a></span>ment was removed to Victoria. <b>Index</b>: <b>D</b> Chosen as +capital of colony of British Columbia, 247; local dispute as to name, +247; present name given by Queen Victoria, 247; sale of town lots, 247. +<b>Bib.</b>: Walbran, <i>British Columbia Coast Names</i>; Begg, <i>History of British +Columbia</i>.</p> + +<p><b>New York City.</b> <b>Hd</b> Haldimand in command at, 1, 87, 90, 91, 96, 121; +Amherst in command at, 41; Gage in command at, 53; influenced by +outbreak of violence at Boston, 86; rioting in, 91, 95; Lord North burnt +in effigy at, 97; Haldimand's departure from, 102; his property in, 103, +107; difficulties of communication with, 129; animosity against British +in, 252.</p> + +<p><b>New York State.</b> <b>Hd</b> Proposal to build Florida barracks there, 79; slow in +joining revolt, 98, 101; Vermont's dispute with, 198, 203, 209, 215, +217; Indians migrate from, 258. <b>F</b> British colony, plan for conquest of, +231.</p> + +<p><b>Newark.</b> <i>See</i> Niagara.</p> + +<p><b>Newcastle, Henry Pelham Tiennes Pelham Clinton, Duke of</b> (1811-1864). +Entered Parliament, 1832; chief secretary for Ireland, 1846; and +secretary for war and the colonies, 1852-1854; secretary for war in +1854-1855; colonial secretary, 1859-1864; visited Canada in 1860, with +the Prince of Wales, afterwards Edward VII. <b>Index</b>: <b>E</b> Secretary of state +for colonies, 167. <b>Md</b> Colonial secretary, accompanies Prince of Wales on +his visit to Canada in 1860, 88; his difficulty at Kingston with Orange +Order, 88; threatens to disallow high tariff measure, 218. <b>T</b> And +Intercolonial Railway question, 55, 56; on Confederation question, 64. +<b>Bib.</b>: <i>Dict. Nat. Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>News.</b> Newspaper published at Toronto. Established, 1880. <b>Index</b>: <b>Mc</b> Urges +monument to Mackenzie, 521.</p> + +<p><b>Newspapers.</b> <b>Mc</b> Postage on, 93, 103, 106; their tributes to Mackenzie, +509-523. <i>See also</i> under names of individual newspapers.</p> + +<p><b>Niagara</b> (<b>Newark</b>). Settled by Loyalists about 1782. Selected by Simcoe +ten years later as the capital of Upper Canada, and named by him Newark. +The first Legislature of the province met there in 1792. The first +public library in the province established in 1800. <b>Index</b>: <b>Bk</b> First seat +of government of Upper Canada, 57. <b>S</b> First seat of government of Upper +Canada, 50; Loyalists settled at, 58; social life at, 181. <b>L</b> Fort built +at, 216. <b>Bib.</b>: Kirby, <i>Annals of Niagara</i>; <i>Reminiscences of Niagara</i> +(Niagara Hist. Soc., n.d.); Carnochan, <i>Niagara Library, 1800 to 1820</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Niagara Falls.</b> First described from actual observation by Father +Hennepin, in the narrative of his journey of 1678. The falls are +indicated on Champlain's map of 1632, and are briefly mentioned in +Ragueneau's <i>Relation des Hurons,</i> 1648. The name is of Iroquois origin. +<b>Bib.</b>: Hulbert, <i>Niagara River</i>; Spencer, <i>Falls of Niagara</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Niagara, Fort.</b> <b>S</b> Guards entrance to Niagara River, 51; held by the +British pending settlement of Loyalist affairs, 55; cannon mounted on, +129; handed over to United States, 142. <b>Hd</b> Surrendered to British, 26; +number of refugees at, 152. <b>Bk</b> Its history, 54-56; its transfer to +United States, 56; rations issued from, to Loyalists, 58; silenced by +Fort George, 309.</p> + +<p><b>Nichol, Lieutenant-Colonel.</b> <b>Bk</b> Quartermaster-general of militia, Upper +Canada, 206; his statistical account of Upper Canada, 207; supports +Brock's proposal to attack Detroit, 248.</p> + +<p><b>Nicholson, Sir Francis</b> (1660-1728). Born in England. Entered the army, +1678; lieutenant-governor of the colonies north of Chesapeake Bay, +1686-1689; and lieutenant-governor of Virginia, 1690-1694. Governor of +Maryland, 1694; and of Virginia, 1698-1705. From 1705 to 1713 engaged in +military operations<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_278" id="Page_278">[278]</a></span> against the French in Canada, and, by capturing +Port Royal, made Acadia British territory. In 1712 appointed governor of +Nova Scotia; and in 1719 of South Carolina. Subsequently appointed +commander-in-chief of the forces in North America, and a +lieutenant-general. <b>Index</b>: <b>F</b> Lieutenant-governor of New York, 263; +uprising against, 266. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Dict. Nat. Biog.</i>; Campbell, <i>History of +Nova Scotia</i>; Parkman, <i>Half Century of Conflict</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Nicolet, Jean</b> (1598-1642). Born at Cherbourg, Normandy. Came to Canada, +1618, and the same year sent to the Algonquians of Allumette Island, on +the Ottawa, to learn their language. Remained with the tribe two years; +and afterwards spent eight or nine years with the Nipissings, gaining so +much of their confidence that he was made a member of the tribe and took +part in their councils. His memoirs on this tribe, furnished to Father +Le Jeune, were embodied in the <i>Jesuit Relations</i>. Returned to Quebec, +1633, after an absence of fifteen years. There met Champlain, who sent +him west once more, in 1634. Reached Green Bay the same year, and +ascended Fox River to the Wisconsin portage. The following year returned +to Quebec, and employed as commissary of the fur trade, and interpreter +at Three Rivers, till his death. <b>Index</b>: <b>Ch</b> Arrives in Canada, 144. <b>Bib.</b>: +Butterfield, <i>Discovery of the North-West by Jean Nicolet</i>; Parkman, +<i>Pioneers of France</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Ninety-Two Resolutions.</b> <b>P</b> Drafted by Morin—embodied the grievances of +Papineau and his followers, 85; inspired by Papineau, 85-86; their +intemperate language, 89-93; real grievances set forth, 94-96; voiced +complaints and indignation of the people, 99; criticized by Lord Aylmer, +106. <b>BL</b> Denounce Upper House, 21; Cuvillier votes against, 86. <b>Bib.</b>: +Christie, <i>History of Lower Canada</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Nipigon Lake.</b> Discovered by Charles de Greysolon, Sieur de La Tourette, +brother of Du Lhut, about 1678. Built several trading-posts on or near +the lake, between 1678 and 1686. La Vérendrye had charge of these forts +in 1727-1728, and acquired there much of the information which induced +him to undertake his long search for the Western Sea. In 1784 Édouard +Umfreville was sent by the North West Company to discover a canoe route +from the lake west to the Winnipeg River. The narrative of his +successful expedition is in the archives of McGill University.</p> + +<p><b>Nipisiguit.</b> <b>Ch</b> Jesuit mission at, 235.</p> + +<p><b>Nipissing Indians.</b> A tribe of the widespread Algonquian family, +occupying the upper waters of the Ottawa River, and the country about +Lake Nipissing. First mentioned and described by Champlain, who calls +them the <i>Nebecerini</i>. The name also appears, in ever-varying form, in +the narratives of other early French explorers and missionaries. Parkman +mentions that they were also known as <i>Sorciers</i>, from their ill repute +as magicians. <b>Index</b>: <b>Ch</b> Indian tribe alleged to be sorcerers, 77. <b>Bib.</b>: +Hodge, <i>Handbook of North American Indians</i>; Parkman, <i>Pioneers of +France</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Nipissing Lake.</b> Named after the Algonquian tribe of the same name. +Discovered by the Récollet missionary Le Caron in 1615, on his way to +the country of the Hurons. Traversed by Champlain the same year. +Constant references are made to the lake in the early journals of +explorers, missionaries, and fur traders. It formed part of the western +route of the fur traders under both French and British rule. <b>Index</b>: <b>Ch</b> +Visited by Champlain, 88.</p> + +<p><b>Nipissirini.</b> <i>See</i> Nipissing.</p> + +<p><b>Noble, Colonel Arthur.</b> A Massachusetts officer, sent by Governor Shirley +in 1746 to oppose Ramesay in Acadia. Occupied Grand Pré without +opposi<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_279" id="Page_279">[279]</a></span>tion, Ramesay having retreated to Chignecto. In February of the +following year a party of Canadians and Indians under Coulon de Villiers +surprised the British garrison at Grand Pré, and in the fight Noble and +his brother, with a large number of men, were killed, and the rest +forced to capitulate. <b>Bib.</b>: Parkman, <i>Half Century of Conflict</i>; Hannay, +<i>History of Acadia</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Nomenclature.</b> <b>D</b> Of Pacific coast, largely due to Vancouver, 34, 36; +Spanish, 36. <b>Bib.</b>: Walbran, <i>British Columbia Coast Names</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Non-importation Act.</b> <b>Bk</b> Passed by Congress, 84.</p> + +<p><b>Nootka Affair.</b> <b>D</b> Origin of the dispute, 26; history of, 26-35; Martinez +claims Nootka by right of discovery, 28; Martinez seizes <i>Iphigênie</i> and +<i>North-West America</i>, 28; held by Spaniards until 1795, 29; restored to +British, 31; terms of treaty, 31-33, 36; act of restitution completed, +35; no actual occupation by Britain at end of eighteenth century, 62. <b>Dr</b> +Dorchester's connection with the Nootka incident, 250, 259. <b>Bib.</b>: +Bancroft, <i>History of North-West Coast</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Nootka Sound.</b> On west coast of Vancouver Island. Discovered and named by +Captain James Cook in 1778. Prior discovery in 1774 claimed by +Spaniards, but not established. They built a fort there in 1789, and +remained in possession until 1795, when the district was taken over on +behalf of Britain. Here Vancouver and Quadra carried on the negotiations +of 1792 for the restoration of the territory. <b>Index</b>: <b>D</b> Supposed to have +been visited by Perez, 14; visited by Cook, 14; Captain Cook refits his +ships at, 20; Gray and Kendrick at, in 1788-1789, 24; visited by +Metcalfe in 1789, 25; Spanish establishment at Friendly Cove in 1790, +26; Douglas arrives from Sandwich Islands, 28; Spaniards name the place +Port San Lorenzo, 28; Meares at, in 1788, 27; builds <i>North-West +America</i> there, 28; natives destroy American ship <i>Boston</i> and murder +crew, 1803, 37. <b>Bib.</b>: Bancroft, <i>History of the North-West Coast</i>; +Walbran, <i>British Columbia Coast Names</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Normanby, Constantine Henry Phipps, Marquis of</b> (1797-1863). Entered +Parliament, 1818; appointed governor of Jamaica, 1832; entered the +Cabinet as lord of the privy seal, 1834; lord lieutenant of Ireland, +1835; secretary of war and the colonies, 1839; home secretary, +1839-1841; ambassador at Paris, 1846-1852; minister at Florence, +1854-1858. <b>Index</b>: <b>Sy</b> Succeeds Lord Glenelg in the colonial office, 57; +offers to go to Canada as governor-general, 58. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Dict. Nat. Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>Normandy.</b> <b>L</b> Many of colonists natives of, 116.</p> + +<p><b>Norquay, John</b> (1841-1889). Born in St. Andrews, Manitoba. After the +suppression of the Riel Rebellion, elected to the Assembly of Manitoba, +and entered the ministry as minister of public works. Defeated for +election to the House of Commons, 1872. Resigned from the ministry, +1874, but became provincial secretary, 1875; and again minister of +public works, 1876; premier, 1878. Held office continuously until 1887, +when he resigned. <b>Bib.</b>: Begg, <i>History of the North-West</i>; Rose, <i>Cyc. +Can. Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>North, Lord Frederick.</b> <i>See</i> Guilford.</p> + +<p><b>North American.</b> Newspaper published at Toronto. <b>Index.</b>: <b>B</b> The organ of +the Clear Grits, edited by Macdougall, 40; absorbed by the <i>Globe</i>, 74; +publishes personal attack on George Brown, editor apologizes, 93. <b>BL</b> +Radical publication, edited by Macdougall, 341.</p> + +<p><b>North American Colonial Association.</b> <b>Sy</b> On appointment of Poulett +Thomson (Sydenham), 132.</p> + +<p><b>North American Fur Company.</b> <b>D</b> Succeeds Pacific Fur Company, 134; Astor +at head of, 134. <i>See also</i> Astor; Pacific Fur Company.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_280" id="Page_280">[280]</a></span></p> + +<p><b>North-West America.</b> <b>D</b> Built by Meares at Nootka—first ship launched in +what is now British Columbia, 28; seized by Martinez, 28; crew sent to +China, 29.</p> + +<p><b>North-West Coast.</b> <b>D</b> Spanish influence delays colonization, 4; history +of, affected by Russian occupation of Alaska, 4; by British trade +interests by sea, 4; by North West Company, 4; by Hudson's Bay Company, +4; by Astorians, 4; unvisited by European navigators during whole of +seventeenth and three-quarters of eighteenth century, 11, 12; final era +of exploration of, 18; American voyages to, 23, 24, 25; La Pérouse +explores in 1788, 25; Étienne Marchand explores in 1791, 25; Malaspina's +voyage to, in 1791, 25; Elisa's and Quimper's visit to, 26. <b>Bib.</b>: +Bancroft, <i>History of the North-West Coast</i>.</p> + +<p><b>North West Company.</b> Organized in 1795, by a number of merchants chiefly +of Montreal, engaged in the fur trade. The first "partners," or +<i>bourgeois</i>, of the Company were Simon McTavish, Joseph Frobisher, John +Gregory, William McGillivray, Angus Shaw, Roderick McKenzie, Cuthbert +Grant, Alexander McLeod, and William Thorburn. Most of them had +previously been in the North-West as independent fur traders. A new +agreement was entered into by the then partners in 1802; in 1804 the +Company absorbed its vigorous rival, the X Y Company, and in 1821 was +itself absorbed by the Hudson's Bay Company. <b>Index</b>: <b>MS</b> Early +beginnings—Montreal traders enter the North-West, 2; oppose the +Hudson's Bay Company, 3; the Frobishers build a post on Sturgeon Lake, +4; penetrate to Lake Athabaska, 5; their aggressiveness, 5; more than a +match for the Hudson's Bay Company, 6; Company organized, 1783-1784, 6; +opposition (X Y) Company formed, 6; absorbs rival interests, 1787, 6, +16; growth of fur trade, 7; amalgamates with Hudson's Bay Company, 8; +rearrangements of partners and stock, 58; operations extended to Hudson +Bay, 99; absorbs X Y Company, 1804, 99; opposes Red River settlers, +161-164; resents Miles Macdonell's proclamation, 170-171; sends Duncan +Cameron and Alexander Macdonell to Red River, 172-173; breaks up the +colony, 174-176. <b>D</b> Influence upon development of Pacific slope, 4; +conserves British interests in western America, 17, 18. <b>Hd</b> Establishment +of, 261-263. <b>Bk</b> Its headquarters at Montreal, 99. <i>See also</i> Hudson's +Bay Company; X Y Company; Montreal Company. <b>Bib.</b>: Mackenzie, <i>Voyages</i>; +Henry, <i>Travels and Adventures</i>; Henry-Thompson, <i>Journals</i>, ed. by +Coues; Harmon, <i>Journal</i>; <i>Narrative of Occurrences in the Indian +Country</i>; <i>Sketch of the British Fur Trade</i>; Bancroft, <i>History of the +North-West Coast</i>; Bryce, <i>Hudson's Bay Company</i>; Begg, <i>History of the +North-West</i>; Masson, <i>Bourgeois de la Compagnie du Nord-Ouest</i>; Tassé, +<i>Canadiens de l'Ouest</i>; Laut, <i>Conquest of the Great North-West</i>; +Burpee, <i>Search for the Western Sea</i>.</p> + +<p><b>North-West Passage.</b> <b>D</b> Tenacity of belief in its existence, 50; +Mackenzie's journey to Pacific is additional blow to belief in, 55.</p> + +<p><b>North-West Rebellion.</b> <i>See</i> Riel Rebellion.</p> + +<p><b>North-West Territories.</b> Comprised all the western portions of Canada, +except Manitoba and British Columbia. Its early history is the history +of the western fur trade, whose forts became in time centres of +settlement. In 1870, the territories were transferred to Canada by the +Hudson's Bay Company. In 1882, four provisional districts were +formed—Assiniboia, Saskatchewan, Alberta, and Athabaska. In 1905 these +were made into the two provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan. <b>Index</b>: <b>B</b> +Annexation of, advocated by George Brown, 137; communication to be +opened with, 166; value of, 174; acquisition of, 186; Brown's interest +in, 211-213, 217, 218-221; R.B. Sullivan's address on, 1847,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_281" id="Page_281">[281]</a></span> 211; warns +Canadians of danger of American occupation, and urges immediate steps to +settle and develop the country, 211; Isbister's work on behalf of, 212, +213; <i>Globe</i> article on, 213-215; value of the country, 214; Edward +Fitzgerald on agricultural possibilities of, 214; "Huron's" letters in +the <i>Globe</i> on, 216; Toronto Board of Trade urges acquisition and +settlement of, 216; <i>Globe</i> carries on vigorous campaign, 216-217; +William Macdougall an enthusiastic advocate, 217; incorporation of, +adopted as part of Reform Convention of 1857, 217; project ridiculed by +Niagara <i>Mail</i>, 217-218; and Montreal <i>Transcript</i>, 218; matter taken up +by Canadian government, and arrangements made for acquiring the +territories, 220-221; bill for government of, provision for separate +schools opposed by George Brown, 249. <b>Md</b> Terms upon which Hudson's Bay +Company transfers territory to the crown, 156-157; causes of discontent +and rebellion involved in annexation of, 157-163. <i>See also</i> Assiniboia; +Alberta; Athabaska; Saskatchewan. <b>Bib.</b>: Adam, <i>Canadian North-West</i>; +Tassé, <i>Canadiens de l'Ouest</i>; Dugas, <i>Légendes du Nord-Ouest</i>; Begg, +<i>History of the North-West</i>; Hind, <i>North-West Territory</i>; MacBeth, +<i>Making of the Canadian West</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Northern Railway.</b> Chartered in 1849 as the Toronto, Sarnia, and Lake +Huron Railway. The line ran north from Toronto to Lake Simcoe, thence to +Georgian Bay. In 1879 the Northern acquired the Hamilton and +North-Western; and in 1888 was itself absorbed by the Grand Trunk. +<b>Index</b>: <b>E</b> Construction of, stimulated by provincial guarantee, 1849, 99.</p> + +<p><b>Norton, John.</b> Born in Scotland. Came to America and settled among the +Mohawks, who made him a chief. After the close of the War of 1812, went +to Georgia. Died in Scotland. <b>Index</b>: <b>Bk</b> In battle of Queenston Heights, +310. <b>Bib.</b>: Richardson, <i>War of 1812</i>, ed. by Casselman.</p> + +<p><b>Norway House.</b> Also known at one time as Jack River House. A post of the +Hudson's Bay Company, on Little Playgreen Lake, at the northern end of +Lake Winnipeg. The post formerly stood on Mossy Point, where the Nelson +River flows out of Lake Winnipeg, but was burnt to the ground about +1826. The present fort was completed in 1828. It is described in +McLeod's <i>Peace River</i>, pp. 49-50. In Sir George Simpson's day, Norway +House was the headquarters of the Company, where the governor and +Council met annually to discuss and arrange its affairs. The name +originated in the fact that a party of Scandinavians had been employed +in building the old fort. <b>Index</b>: <b>MS</b> Selkirk colonists at Jack River, +163-164, 175; becomes headquarters of Hudson's Bay Company, 216; +Governor Simpson at, 1828, 233-236. <b>Bib.</b>: Bryce, <i>Hudson's Bay Company</i>; +Laut, <i>Conquest of the Great North-West</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Notre Dame de la Recouvrance.</b> First parish church of Quebec; built by +Champlain, 1633, and enlarged, 1635. Totally destroyed by fire, June 14, +1640. Replaced in 1645 by the Church of Notre Dame de la Paix, now the +Basilica of Quebec. <b>Index</b>: <b>Ch</b> First service in, 239; Champlain's bequest +to, 239; gifts to, 240; consecrated under name of Immaculate Conception, +240; burnt, 241. <b>Bib.</b>: Doughty, <i>Cradle of New France</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Notre Dame de Montréal.</b> <b>L</b> Parish erected, 175; united to Seminary, 175, +176.</p> + +<p><b>Notre Dame des Anges.</b> <b>Ch</b> Jesuit convent, 45, 227; views of Jesuits in +connection with, 229; instruction of Indian children, 232, 233; Récollet +convent dedicated to, 148.</p> + +<p><b>Notre Dame des Victoires.</b> Church in Quebec. The corner-stone was laid +May 1, 1688, Bishop Laval officiating. The building was completed the +following year. In 1690 the name was changed to Notre Dame de la +Victoire, to com<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_282" id="Page_282">[282]</a></span>memorate the repulse of Phipps. In 1711 the name was +again changed, to its present form, to mark the second deliverance of +the city from the English fleet under Walker. The church was destroyed +in the siege of 1759; restored in 1765; and the interior completed in +1817. <b>Index</b>: <b>L</b> Church of, 185. <b>Bib.</b>: Doughty, <i>Cradle of New France</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Noüe, Anne de</b> (1587-1646). Born in France. Entered the Jesuit novitiate +in 1612; and came to Canada in 1626. For several years laboured among +the Hurons and Montagnais, and from 1632 spent the remainder of his life +in mission work in the French settlements along the St. Lawrence. <b>Index</b>: +<b>Ch</b> Jesuit, goes to Bourges, 207. <b>L</b> Death of, 5. <b>Bib.</b>: Charlevoix, +<i>History of New France</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Nouveau Monde.</b> <b>C</b> Edited by Canon Lamarche, 81; bitterly attacks Cartier, +81-82.</p> + +<p><b>Nova Scotia.</b> Acadia of the French régime. The present name dates from +1621, when Sir William Alexander (<i>q.v.</i>) obtained from King James I a +grant of all the territory now constituting the provinces of Nova Scotia +and New Brunswick. After many vicissitudes the territory was finally +ceded to England. Halifax was founded in 1749, as the capital of the +young colony; and in 1784 New Brunswick was made a separate colony. +<b>Index</b>: <b>Ch</b> Grant of, to Sir William Alexander, 223. <b>Dr</b> Carleton arranges +to visit, 235; population of, 236; communication with England and +Quebec, 236. <b>B</b> Strong feeling against Confederation in, 186, 206. <b>Md</b> Its +agitation for "better terms" in Confederation scheme, 110; opposes +Confederation, 116-117; though discarding Quebec Resolutions, +compromises by appointing delegates to arrange question with Imperial +government, 122; dissatisfied with terms offered, demands and receives +"better terms" before entering Dominion, 145. <i>See also</i> Acadia; New +Brunswick; Halifax. <b>Bib.</b>: Murdoch, <i>History of Nova Scotia</i>; Haliburton, +<i>Historical and Statistical Account of Nova Scotia</i>; Campbell, <i>History +of Nova Scotia</i>; Bourinot, <i>Builders of Nova Scotia</i>; Kirke, <i>The First +English Conquest of Canada</i>; Moorson, <i>Letters from Nova Scotia</i>; +Cozzens, <i>Acadia</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Nova Scotian.</b> Newspaper <a name='TC_11'></a><ins title="Was 'puplished'">published</ins> at Halifax. <b>Index</b>: <b>H</b> Joseph Howe +becomes editor and proprietor of, 1828, 6; extends its influence +throughout the province, 7; Haliburton contributes to, 9; also Lawrence +O'Connor, Doyle, and others, 9; published by William Annand, 75; Howe +contributes to, 90-93, 117, 231.</p> + +<p><b>Noyrot, Father.</b> <b>Ch</b> Jesuit, sails for Canada, 167; vessel did not reach +Quebec, 168, 177; drowned, 200.</p> + + +<p><b>Oblate Fathers.</b> A religious order founded in 1816 in France, and first +established in Canada at St. Hillaire, Quebec, in 1841. Its headquarters +in Canada are at Montreal, and it has missions in Quebec, Ontario, and +in the North-West. <b>Index</b>: <b>L</b> Their labours in Canada, 1.</p> + +<p><b>O'Brien, William Edward</b> (1831- ). Born at Thornhill, Ontario. Educated at +Upper Canada College; engaged in journalism at Toronto; studied law and +called to the bar of Ontario, 1874. In command of the York and Simcoe +Regiment during the Rebellion of 1885. Sat in the House of Commons, +1882-1896; defeated in the general election of 1896. A strong opponent +of the Jesuits' Estates Act and of the Remedial Bill, 1896. <b>Index</b>: <b>Md</b> +His motion for disallowance of Jesuits' Estates Act, 288; its defeat, +289. <b>Bib.</b>: Morgan, <i>Can. Men</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Observer.</b> <b>Mc</b> Carey's newspaper, allowed to print legislative reports, +107; defends Judge Willis, 132, 133.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_283" id="Page_283">[283]</a></span></p> + +<p><b>O'Callaghan, Edmund Bailey</b> (1797-1880). Born in Ireland. In 1823 +emigrated to Canada, and practised medicine at Quebec. Edited the +<i>Vindicator</i>, 1834. Elected to the Assembly of Lower Canada, 1836, as a +supporter of Papineau. Having been involved in the Rebellion of 1837, +after its collapse he retired to New York, and for many years employed +in editing the records of the state at Albany. <b>Index</b>: <b>P</b> Edits the +<i>Vindicator</i>, 86; elected through Papineau's influence in Richelieu +County, 86; advocates annexation, 97; ridiculed by Quebec <i>Mercury</i>, +122; charged with high treason, 128; extent of his responsibility for +the Rebellion, 143; a born conspirator, 145; calls the Rebellion a +spontaneous explosion, 145; blames Gosford, 146; his letter to Garneau, +145-149. <b>BL</b> Flies the country, after collapse of Rebellion, 49. <b>Bib.</b>: +Christie, <i>History of Lower Canada</i>.</p> + +<p><b>O'Connell, Daniel</b> (1775-1847). Irish statesman. <b>Index</b>: <b>Mc</b> Befriends +Mackenzie, 221. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Dict. Nat. Biog.</i>; Chambers, <i>Biog. Dict.</i>, and +lives mentioned in article.</p> + +<p><b>O'Connor, John</b> (1824-1887). Born in Boston, Mass. Came to Canada, 1828. +Studied law and called to the bar of Upper Canada, 1854. Practised at +Sandwich. Defeated for the Assembly, 1861; elected, 1863, but unseated +by order of the House. Elected to the House of Commons, 1867; president +of the Council, 1872; minister of inland revenue, 1873; +postmaster-general, 1873; defeated for re-election, 1874; again elected, +1878; held successively the offices of president of the Council, +postmaster-general, and secretary of state. Appointed judge of the Court +of Queen's Bench, 1884. <b>Bib.</b>: Dent, <i>Can. Por.</i>; Read, <i>Lives of the +Judges</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Ochateguin.</b> <b>Ch</b> Huron chief, 48; forms alliance with Champlain, 55; +wounded in battle, 103.</p> + +<p><b>Ochterlony, Captain.</b> <b>WM</b> Rescued by French grenadier from Indian about to +scalp him, 142; carefully tended by nuns of General Hospital, 145.</p> + +<p><b>Odell.</b> <b>W</b> Father of W. F. Odell, 8; provincial secretary, New Brunswick, +8, 34, 57.</p> + +<p><b>Odell, William Franklin.</b> <b>W</b> Provincial secretary, New Brunswick, 8, 34, +57, 72; dies at Fredericton, 1844, 75, 76.</p> + +<p><b>Odell, William Hunter</b> (1811-1891). Born in New Brunswick. Called to the +bar, 1838; appointed clerk of the Supreme Court of New Brunswick, and +subsequently deputy provincial secretary, registrar and clerk of the +Executive Council. In 1847 appointed judge of the Court of Common Pleas; +and in 1850 a member of the Legislative Council of New Brunswick. A +member of the Executive Council, and postmaster-general of the province, +1865-1866. Called to the Dominion Senate, 1867. <b>Index</b>: <b>T</b> Son of W. F. +Odell, and postmaster-general, New Brunswick, 91-92; his character, 92. +<b>Bib.</b>: Hannay, <i>History of New Brunswick</i>.</p> + +<p><b>O'Donoghue, William B.</b> A professor in St. Boniface College. Elected a +member of the first convention called by Louis Riel, and afterwards a +member of the Council. When the Rebellion was suppressed, fled to the +United States. Pardoned, 1877. Died in St. Paul, Minn., 1878.</p> + +<p><b>Ogden.</b> <b>S</b> Methodist preacher, not allowed to officiate, being a citizen +of the United States, 190.</p> + +<p><b>Ogden, Charles Richard</b> (1791-1866). Son of following. Studied law and +called to the bar, 1812; elected to the Assembly for Three Rivers, 1815; +attorney-general for district of Three Rivers, 1818; solicitor-general, +1823; attorney-general for Lower Canada, 1833-1842. On his retirement +went to England, and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_284" id="Page_284">[284]</a></span> appointed attorney-general for the Isle of Man, as +well as district registrar at Liverpool. <b>Index</b>: <b>Sy</b> Attorney-general for +Lower Canada, 283. <b>BL</b> Attorney-general for Lower Canada, 1841, 76; +unpopular with French, 78; Baldwin's attitude to, 80; his retirement +suggested by Bagot, with a pension, 123; pension objected to by La +Fontaine, 125; is given Imperial appointment, 133. <b>Bib.</b>: Taylor, <i>Brit. +Am.</i>; Dent, <i>Last Forty Years</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Ogden, Isaac.</b> Born in New England. Took the Loyalist side in the +Revolution, and, when New York was evacuated in 1783, went to England. +Came to Canada, 1784, and appointed judge of the Admiralty Court for the +Montreal district; judge of the Superior Court, 1796.</p> + +<p><b>Ogden, Peter Skene</b> (1794?-1854). Son of Isaac Ogden (<i>q.v.</i>). Entered +the fur trade, was sent out to Astoria by Astor, and, finding that +Astoria had been transferred to the North West Company, entered their +service. Led trading expeditions into the interior, explored the +Yellowstone country, Lewis River and Utah, and discovered the Ogden +River in California. After the union of the North West and Hudson's Bay +Companies, moved to New Caledonia and became chief factor in 1835, with +headquarters at Fort St. James. Died at Ogden City, Oregon. <b>Index</b>: <b>D</b> +Sent with Anderson to establish post on the Stikine, 1834, 120; +frustrated by Russians, 120; reaches Sacramento River, 126; associated +with McLoughlin and Douglas on board of management of western +department, 187; dies, 1854, 265; in charge of New Caledonia, 285. <b>Bib.</b>: +Laut, <i>Conquest of the Great North-West</i>; Bancroft, <i>History of the +North-West Coast</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Ogdensburg.</b> <i>See</i> Oswegatchie.</p> + +<p><b>O'Grady, Doctor.</b> <b>Mc</b> Publishes <i>Correspondent and Advocate</i>, 259; visits +Quebec with Mackenzie, 287; prepares answer to governor, 298; pens +"Declaration of Independence," 330. <b>Bib.</b>: Dent, <i>Upper Canadian +Rebellion</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Ohio River.</b> One of the largest tributaries of the Mississippi, +discovered by La Salle in 1669. Its short portages from Lake Erie to the +navigable tributaries of the Ohio, and the continuous waterway to the +Gulf of Mexico, made the river an important route for the explorer, +missionary, and settler of the early colonial days. <b>Index</b>: <b>WM</b> First +named La Belle Rivière, 19. <b>S</b> Demanded as boundary of Indian territory, +120, 122. <b>Bib.</b>: Parkman, <i>La Salle</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Ohio Valley.</b> <b>WM</b> French retreat from, 62.</p> + +<p><b>Olbeau, Jean d'.</b> Born in Langres. Joined the Jesuit College there in +1628. In 1640 came to Canada, and laboured as a missionary at Miscou +until 1643. <b>Index</b>: <b>Ch</b> Récollet missionary, 85; his missionary labours, +107; returns to France to report to the king, 113; lays foundation stone +of Récollet convent, 148; sees its doors closed in 1629, 167. <b>Bib.</b>: +Charlevoix, <i>History of New France</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Old Company.</b> <b>F</b> Name given to Company of New France after 1645, 36. <i>See +also</i> Company of New France.</p> + +<p><b>Olier de Verneuil, Jean Jacques</b> (1608-1687). In 1640 parish priest of +St. Sulpice, Paris, and established the St. Sulpice Seminary in 1645. +Founded in 1636 the Company of Montreal, through whose instrumentality +Maisonneuve was sent out in 1641-1642 to lay the foundations of the +future city. <b>Index</b>: <b>L</b> His designs for establishing a religious centre at +Montreal, 6; trained by St. Vincent de Paul, 24; sends four priests to +Canada, 25; dying, recommends work to his successor, 135. <b>F</b> Founder of +Sulpician Order, obtains grant of island of Montreal, 32. <b>Bib.</b>: Parkman, +<i>Old Régime</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Oneidas.</b> A tribe of the Iroquois confederacy. Their villages stood +between those of the Mohawks on the east and the Onondagas on the west. +In the Ameri<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_285" id="Page_285">[285]</a></span>can Revolution, they alone with some of the Tuscaroras took +the side of the rebellious colonists, the remainder of the confederacy +remaining loyal to Great Britain. The remnant of the tribe is now +settled on reservations in New York, in Wisconsin, and in the Niagara +peninsula. <b>Index</b>: <b>F</b> Torture Father Millet, 216; party of, destroyed, +308; three burnt alive, 309; negotiate for peace, 324. <b>Ch</b> Iroquois +tribe, 50. <b>L</b> Frontenac marches against, 233. <b>Hd</b> Their wavering fidelity, +148; Brant burns village of, 153. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>See</i> Iroquois.</p> + +<p><b>Onneyouts.</b> <i>See</i> Oneidas.</p> + +<p><b>Onondaga.</b> <b>S</b> Armed schooner of eighty tons, 113; Prince Edward embarks +on, at Kingston, 183.</p> + +<p><b>Onondagas.</b> A tribe of the Iroquois confederacy. Their country lay west +of that of the Oneidas. They took the British side in the Revolutionary +War; and on its conclusion many of them settled on Canadian +reservations. Some are now on reservations in New York. <b>Index</b>: <b>F</b> +Iroquois tribe, demand a French colony, 40; escape of, 41; a number +treacherously captured for king's galleys, 215; their orator, +Teganissorens, 338; campaign against, 250-253. <b>Ch</b> Indian tribe, 50. <b>L</b> +Frontenac marches against, 233. <i>See also</i> Iroquois. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>See</i> +Iroquois.</p> + +<p><b>Onontagues.</b> <i>See</i> Onondagas.</p> + +<p><b>Onontio (Big Mountain).</b> <b>F</b> Name applied by Indians to French governors, +35.</p> + +<p><b>Ontario.</b> <b>Hd</b> Armed vessel, foundering of, 163.</p> + +<p><b>Ontario.</b> Area, 260,862 square miles. Formerly Upper Canada. As a +separate province, its existence dates from 1791. The population at that +time was insignificant. Simcoe became the first governor, and the first +Legislature met at Newark (Niagara) in 1792. The province was reunited +to Lower Canada in 1841; and in 1867 became a member of the new +Confederation, under its present name. The greater part of the province +was explored by Champlain, <a name='TC_12'></a><ins title="Was 'Etienne'">Étienne</ins> Brûlé, and Brébeuf, Chaumonot, and +other Jesuit missionaries, in the first half of the seventeenth century. +<b>Index</b>: <b>W</b> Abolishes second chamber, 71. <i>See also</i> Upper Canada; New +Ontario. <b>Bib.</b>: Dent, <i>Last Forty Years</i>; Smith, <i>Geographical View of +Upper Canada</i>; Gourlay, <i>Statistical Account of Upper Canada</i>; Haight, +<i>Country Life in Canada</i>; Canniff, <i>History of the Settlement of Upper +Canada</i>; Moodie, <i>Roughing it in the Bush</i>; Edgar, <i>Ten Years of Upper +Canada</i>; Strickland, <i>Twenty-Seven Years in Canada West</i>; Clarke, <i>Sixty +Years in Upper Canada</i>; Conant, <i>Upper Canada Sketches</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Ontario Boundary Dispute.</b> <b>Md</b> Began in 1871, 254; arbitration arranged, +254-255; Macdonald refuses to accept award, 255; federal influence in +Manitoba dispute, 255-256; Manitoba's claims, 256; settlement of, +257-258. <b>Bib.</b>: Mills, <i>Report on Boundaries of Ontario</i>; Lindsey, +<i>Unsettled Boundaries of Ontario</i>; <i>Documents relating to the Boundaries +of Ontario, 1878</i>; <i>Correspondence, etc., relating to the Boundaries of +Ontario, 1882</i>; <i>Proceedings before the Judicial Committee of the Privy +Council, 1889</i>; Biggar, <i>Life of Sir Oliver Mowat</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Ontario, Lake.</b> The smallest of the Great Lakes; area, 7,260 square +miles. Discovered by Étienne Brûlé in 1615.</p> + +<p><b>Orders-in-Council.</b> <b>Bk</b> British, prohibiting neutral trade between hostile +ports, 93, 106, 111; premature announcement of withdrawal of, 120, 121; +difficulty of withdrawing, 192, 193; repealed, 193. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Dict. Eng. +Hist.</i></p> + +<p><b>Ordre du Bon Temps.</b> <b>Ch</b> Social club established at Port Royal, 36.</p> + +<p><b>Oregon.</b> <b>D</b> Extent of district, 56-57; origin of name, 56-57; arrival of +ships <i>Convoy</i> and <i>Owyhee</i>, 1829, 136; first missionaries, 136-142; +coming of the settlers,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_286" id="Page_286">[286]</a></span> 138-142; provisional government, 143; John +Gordon sent to report on its value, 183; incident of his salmon fishing, +183-184; question of ownership, conflicting views of Great Britain and +the United States, 62-64. <b>Bib.</b>: Bancroft, <i>History of the North-West +Coast</i>; Nicolay, <i>Oregon Territory</i>; Foster, <i>Bibliography of Oregon</i> in +<i>Mag. of Amer. Hist.</i>, vol. xxv.</p> + +<p><b>Oregon Boundary Question.</b> <b>D</b> Settled in 1846, 27; occupation of the +Columbia by the Astorians made basis of United States claims, 72; Oregon +Treaty, 1846, 114; fundamental elements of dispute, 147-149; the Spanish +title, 148; the collision at Nootka, 148; Gray's exploit strengthens +United States claim, 148; negotiations between Great Britain and the +United States, 149-150; United States flag raised over Astoria, 150; +agreement of Oct. 20, 1818, 151; Florida Treaty, 1819, and the Spanish +title in the west, 153; negotiations reopened at London, 154; attitude +of British and American governments, 154; compromise of 1827, 155; +popular feeling in United States, 156; "fifty-four forty or fight," 157; +arbitration refused, 157; 49th parallel proposed by Britain as boundary, +157; analyses of opposing claims, 159-168; mutual ignorance concerning +Oregon, 169-170; British and American diplomacy, 171-172; negotiations +and treaty of 1846, 275; history of the dispute, 276-283. <b>BL</b> Treaty +removes any immediate prospect of rupture with the United States, 272. <b>E</b> +Threatening aspect of dispute leads to selection of a military governor; +Lord Cathcart, 38; settlement of, 40. <b>Md</b> Settled by treaty of June 15, +1846, 178. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Lit. Amer. Hist.</i>; Kingsford, <i>History of Canada</i>; +Nicolay, <i>Oregon Territory</i>; Gray, <i>History of Oregon</i>; Hodgins, +<i>British and American Diplomacy Affecting Canada</i>; Begg, <i>History of +British Columbia</i>; Schafer, <i>History of the Pacific North-West</i>; +<i>History and Digest of International Arbitrations to which United States +has been a Party</i>; Egerton, <i>Canada</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Orehaoué.</b> <b>F</b> Cayuga chief, brought back from France by Frontenac, 237; +services rendered by, 315, 339.</p> + +<p><b>Orford, Horace Walpole, fourth Earl of</b> (1717-1797). Sat in Parliament, +1741-1767; established a private press at Strawberry Hill, at which he +printed his various works. <b>Index</b>: <b>WM</b> His statement regarding Townshend, +74; on fall of Quebec, 238. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Dict. Nat. Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>Oriskany.</b> <b>Dr</b> Battle of, Indians lose heavily in, 173.</p> + +<p><b>Orleans, Jean Baptiste Gaston, Duke of</b> (1608-1660). <b>Ch</b> Conspires against +his brother Louis XIII, 215.</p> + +<p><b>Orleans, Isle of.</b> In the St. Lawrence River, below Quebec. It was first +named by Jacques Cartier, in 1535, the Island of Bacchus, on account of +the numerous grape-vines growing there. In 1759 it was occupied by Wolfe +and the British troops during the siege of Quebec. <b>Index</b>: <b>WM</b> Evacuated, +90; British establish fortified camp on, 108; settlements on, burned by +Wolfe's orders, 150. <b>L</b> Exchanged by Laval for Ile Jésus, 138. <b>Ch</b> Granted +to Guillaume de Caën, 140. <b>Bib.</b>: Doughty, <i>Siege of Quebec</i>; Wood, <i>The +Fight for Canada</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Ormiston, William.</b> Born in the parish of Symington, on the banks of the +Clyde, Scotland, 1821. Came to Upper Canada 1834, and settled with his +parents in the township of Darlington, then a comparative wilderness; +studied divinity at Victoria College under Egerton Ryerson, 1843; +appointed professor of moral philosophy and logic, 1847; mathematical +master at Toronto Normal School, 1853-1861; minister of the Central +Presbyterian Church, Hamilton, 1857. <b>Index</b>: <b>R</b> Graduate of Victoria +College, 144; his tribute to Ryerson, 144-146; on staff of Toronto +Normal School, 174; inspector of schools, 253; his report on union +schools, 254-255, 257.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_287" id="Page_287">[287]</a></span></p> + +<p><b>Ormsby, Major.</b> <b>Bk</b> Brings up supply of ordnance from Quebec, 229.</p> + +<p><b>Osgoode, William</b> (1754-1824). Born in England. Educated at Oxford; +studied law, and called to the English bar, 1779. Appointed +chief-justice of Upper Canada, 1792; and chief-justice of Lower Canada, +1794. In 1801 resigned and returned to England. Osgoode Hall, Toronto, +the seat of the provincial law courts, is named after him. <b>Index</b>: <b>S</b> +Legislative councillor, 49; executive councillor, 79; chief-justice, +178. <b>Dr</b> Chief-justice of Lower Canada, 291. <b>Bib.</b>: Morgan, <i>Cel. Can.</i>; +Dent, <i>Can. Por.</i>; Read, <i>Lives of the Judges</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Osler, William</b> (1849- ). Born in Bond Head, Ontario. Educated at Toronto +and McGill Universities; from 1874 to 1884 professor of medicine at +McGill University; from 1884 to 1889 professor of clinical medicine in +the University of Pennsylvania; Gulstonian lecturer at the Royal College +of Physicians, London, 1885; and professor of medicine at Johns Hopkins +University, 1889-1904; appointed regius professor of medicine at Oxford, +1904. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Who's Who</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Oswald, Richard</b> (1705-1784). <b>Dr</b> Sent to discuss matters with Franklin, +192, 213. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Dict. Nat. Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>Oswegatchie.</b> Former name of the town of Ogdensburg. <b>Index</b>: <b>Dr</b> Captain +Foster stationed at, 142. <b>Hd</b> Starting-point of many scouting parties, +150.</p> + +<p><b>Oswego.</b> <b>Hd</b> British post at mouth of Oswego River, 25; battle at, 26, 40, +121; Haldimand returns to, from Niagara, 27; Indians around, 28; +derivation of name, 32; Amherst at, 33, 34, 35; Haldimand insists on +importance of suitably fortifying, 142; fear of rebels taking post, 150; +retaken, after falling into hands of enemy, by Major Ross, 157; +Loyalists at, 250; Haldimand's determination regarding defence of, 260. +<b>WM</b> Capture of, 34.</p> + +<p><b>Otis, Charles Pomeroy.</b> <b>Ch</b> Translator of Champlain's <i>Voyages</i>, 277.</p> + +<p><b>Otoucha.</b> <b>Ch</b> Huron village, 88.</p> + +<p><b>Ottawa.</b> Formerly Bytown. Founded about the year 1827, and named after +Colonel By, a Royal Engineer, who built the Rideau Canal, and whose +workmen formed the nucleus of the infant town. The name was changed to +Ottawa in 1854, and Queen Victoria, in 1858, selected the place as the +seat of government. In 1867 it became the capital of the new Dominion. +<b>Index</b>: <b>E</b> Selected as seat of government, and later as capital of the +Dominion, 79. <b>B</b> Selection of, as capital, opposed by George Brown, 100. +<i>See also</i> Bytown. <b>Bib.</b>: Edgar, <i>Canada and its Capital</i>; Gourlay, +<i>History of the Ottawa Valley</i>; Gard, <i>The Hub and the Spokes</i>; Scott, +<i>The Choice of the Capital</i>. <i>See also</i> papers by Mrs. H. J. Friel, M. +Jamieson, F. G. Kenny, Eva Read, in Women's Can. Hist. Soc. of Ottawa +<i>Trans.</i>, vol. 1; B. Sulte, <i>The Name of Ottawa</i> in Ottawa Lit. & Sc. +Soc. <i>Trans.</i>, 1898-1899.</p> + +<p><b>Ottawa Indians.</b> A tribe of the Algonquian family. First mentioned in +Champlain's narrative, 1615. The explorer met a party of these Indians +on French River. They were called the <i>Cheveux Relevés</i>, because of +their peculiar method of dressing the hair. They occupied Manitoulin +Island from about 1615 to 1650; were attacked and dispersed by the +Iroquois the latter year, and settled West of Green Bay. They were keen +fur traders, and throughout the greater part of the seventeenth century +continued to bring down quantities of furs from the west to Montreal by +way of the Ottawa River. Fought under Pontiac in 1763; made peace with +Sir William Johnson at Niagara in 1764. A few thousand are now scattered +on reservations in Ontario. <b>Index</b>: <b>F</b> Keen for trade and cheap goods, +259; entertained at Quebec, 310. <b>Hd</b> Sioux offer to attack,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_288" id="Page_288">[288]</a></span> 148. <b>Bib.</b>: +Pilling, <i>Bibliography of Algonquian Languages</i>; Champlain, <i>Voyages</i>; +Parkman, <i>Conspiracy of Pontiac</i>; Schoolcraft, <i>Indian Tribes of the +United States</i>; <i>Jesuit Relations</i>, ed. by Thwaites. <i>See also</i> Sulte's +papers in the Royal Society of Canada <i>Trans.</i>, 1903 and 1904.</p> + +<p><b>Ottawa River.</b> A tributary of the St. Lawrence. Total length, 685 miles. +Explored by Champlain in 1613 and 1615. Named after Ottawa Indians. The +river formed for many years the thoroughfare of explorers, missionaries, +and fur traders, from Montreal to the far West. It will furnish the +major portion of the route of the proposed Georgian Bay Canal. <b>Index</b>: <b>P</b> +Papineau's home at Montebello, 6. <b>Bib.</b>: Champlain, <i>Voyages</i>; Sulte, +<i>The Valley of the Grand River, 1600-1650</i> (R. S. C., 1898-1899); +Parkman, <i>Pioneers of France</i>; Keefer, <i>Montreal and the Ottawa</i>; +Stewart, <i>Georgian Bay Canal</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Ottawa, University of.</b> Established, 1848. Originally incorporated under +the title of "College of Bytown"; received the title of "College of +Ottawa," 1866. Pope Leo XIII raised it to the rank of a Roman Catholic +University, 1889. It suffered from a serious fire, 1903. The university +is conducted by the Oblate Fathers of Mary Immaculate.</p> + +<p><b>Otway's Regiment.</b> <b>WM</b> On British right, 189.</p> + +<p><b>Ouendats.</b> <b>Ch</b> General name given by French to four Huron tribes, 89.</p> + +<p><b>Ouentaron.</b> <b>S</b> Indian name of Lake Simcoe, 93. <i>See also</i> Lake Simcoe.</p> + +<p><b>Ourouehate.</b> <i>See</i> Big Mouth.</p> + +<p><b>Overman.</b> <b>Ch</b> Farmer of county of Renfrew, Ontario, discovers astrolabe +lost by Champlain, 76.</p> + +<p><b>Owen, Admiral.</b> <b>W</b> Member of New Brunswick Council, 69.</p> + + +<p><b>Pabos.</b> <b>Hd</b> Haldimand acquires seigniory of, 50; sends his nephew there, +73; not profitable, 111.</p> + +<p><b>Pacific Coast.</b> <i>See</i> North-West Coast.</p> + +<p><b>Pacific Fur Company.</b> Organized by John Jacob Astor in 1810. Sometimes +known as the Astor Fur Company. Astor had made a fortune in the fur +trade, and formed the plan of extending his operations to the Pacific +coast, and building a post at the mouth of the Columbia. He suggested to +the North West Company that the project be undertaken jointly, but the +Company declining the offer, he induced several of its partners and +employees to join him. These men sailed to the Columbia by way of Cape +Horn, while another party went overland by the route followed by Lewis +and Clark. Astoria was built in 1811, at the mouth of the Columbia, but +the energetic competition of the North West Company, and complications +arising out of the War of 1812, defeated Astor's plans. <b>Index</b>: <b>D</b> Logical +sequel to journey of Lewis and Clark, 68; formed in 1810 by John Jacob +Astor, 68; made famous by Washington Irving, 68; character and extent of +its operations, 69-71; employees recruited in Montreal, 70; expeditions +sent out, 71. <i>See also</i> Astoria. <b>Bib.</b>: Cox, <i>Adventures on the Columbia +River</i>; Ross, <i>Fur Hunters of the Far West</i>; Franchère, <i>Voyage to +North-West Coast of America</i>; Irving, <i>Astoria</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Pacific Scandal.</b> <b>D</b> Difficulties aroused by episode, 321. <b>C</b> Cartier's +connection with, 53-54, 105-106. <b>Md</b> History of, 199-211; grew out of +Pacific Railway project, 200; the two syndicates, 200; government +subsidies, 201; Huntington's motion for a committee to investigate +charges against Sir Hugh Allan and the government, 201-203; motion +defeated, 203; Macdonald's motion for select committee, 203-204; Allan's +letters and telegrams published, with other documents, 205; royal +commission issued, 206; Macdonald's letter to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_289" id="Page_289">[289]</a></span> Dufferin, 207; Mackenzie +moves vote of censure, 208; Macdonald's defence, 208-209; Donald A. +Smith's speech, 210; Macdonald resigns, 210; his party defeated at the +elections, 211. <b>T</b> Tilley not involved in, 131. <i>See also</i> Macdonald, Sir +John A.; Macpherson, Sir David L.; Cartier, Sir Georges E.</p> + +<p><b>Pagan, William.</b> <b>W</b> Appointed to New Brunswick Council, 7.</p> + +<p><b>Pakington, Sir John.</b> <i>See</i> Hampton.</p> + +<p><b>Palliser, Hugh.</b> Captain of the <i>Shrewsbury</i> in 1759. <b>Index</b>: <b>WM</b> British +marines under, occupy Lower Town of Quebec, 235.</p> + +<p><b>Pallu.</b> <b>L</b> Proposed appointment of, as bishop in Asia, 23.</p> + +<p><b>Palmer, Edward</b> (1809-1889). <b>T</b> Represents Prince Edward Island at Quebec +Conference, 77.</p> + +<p><b>Palmerston, Henry John Temple, third Viscount</b> (1784-1865). Born in +Hampshire, England. Educated at Harrow, Edinburgh, and Cambridge. First +entered Parliament, 1807; lord of the admiralty, 1808; secretary of war, +1809-1828; foreign secretary, 1830-1840 and 1846-1851; home secretary, +1852; prime minister, 1855; defeated, but returned to power, 1857; again +defeated, 1858, and once more prime minister, 1859; warden of the Cinque +Ports, 1861. <b>Index</b>: <b>E</b> Sends Elgin on mission to China, 212. <b>Sy</b> Resigns +from Duke of Wellington's Cabinet, 16. <b>T</b> On Intercolonial Railway +question, 55; on Confederation negotiations, 63-64. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Dict. Nat. +Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>Pambrun, Pierre Chrysologue.</b> Served in the Canadian Voltigeurs during +the War of 1812. Entered the service of the Hudson's Bay Company, and +sent to the Qu'Appelle district. Captured there by Cuthbert Grant, of +the North West Company, in 1816, and held prisoner for five days, +shortly before the Seven Oaks affair. Stationed at Stuart Lake, New +Caledonia, in 1824, and still in the same district in 1828 when Sir +George Simpson made his overland journey to the Pacific. In 1842 in +charge of Fort Halkett. <b>Index</b>: <b>D</b> At Stuart Lake, 99. <b>Bib.</b>: Bryce, +<i>Hudson's Bay Company</i>; Bancroft, <i>History of British Columbia</i>; Morice, +<i>History of the Northern Interior of British Columbia</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Panama Canal.</b> <b>Ch</b> Suggested by Champlain, 5; undertaken by De Lesseps, 6.</p> + +<p><b>Panet, Jean Antoine</b> (1751-1815). Practised as an advocate and notary in +Montreal, represented Quebec in the Legislature, 1792, and presented a +petition from the citizens of Quebec for the abolition of slavery. First +Speaker of the Legislature of Quebec; appointed judge of the Court of +Common Pleas by Lord Dorchester, 1793, but resigned almost immediately +and re-elected to the Legislature of Lower Canada where he sat until +1815; appointed a member of the Legislative Council, 1815. <b>Index</b>: <b>Bk</b> +Speaker of Lower Canada Assembly, his commission as lieutenant-colonel +of militia cancelled by Governor Craig, 105; elected for Huntingdon and +again made Speaker, 115. <b>Dr</b> Speaker of first Lower Canada Assembly, 276; +appointed to judgeship, 277. <b>C</b> Claims liberty of the press, 95; sent to +jail, 95. <b>P</b> Establishes <i>Le Canadien</i>, 28; name struck off militia list +by Sir James Craig, 28; sent to jail, 29; released, 29; Speaker of +Assembly succeeded by Papineau, 33. <b>Bib.</b>: Bibaud, <i>Pan. Can.</i>; Christie, +<i>History of Lower Canada</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Panet, Jean Claude.</b> <b>Dr</b> Appointed judge, 183.</p> + +<p><b>Pangman, Peter.</b> Born in New England. Engaged in the fur trade west of +Lake Superior about 1780. With Peter Pond, John Gregory, and A. N. +McLeod, organized in 1784 a company in opposition to the North West +Company. Afterwards for some years in the service of the North West +Company. In 1793 retired from the fur trade, and purchased seigniory of +Mascouche in Lower Canada. <b>Index</b>: <b>MS</b> Associated with Pond and others in +opposition to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_290" id="Page_290">[290]</a></span> North West Company, 11; sent to Saskatchewan, 14; his +share as partner of North West Company, 58. <b>Bib.</b>: Bryce, <i>Hudson's Bay +Company</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Paper Currency.</b> <b>Bk</b> Issue of, in Upper Canada, 198. <b>Hd</b> Redemption of, 58, +<b>Dr</b> French, in circulation in Canada, 23; <i>habitants</i> object to American, +116, 135, 150. <b>Bib.</b>: Weir, <i>Sixty Years in Canada</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Papin.</b> <b>C</b> Liberal leader in Quebec, 25; protests against Dorion entering +Cartier administration, 106-107.</p> + +<p><b>Papineau, Denis B.</b> <b>E</b> Brother of Louis Joseph Papineau, 35; Metcalfe +brings into Cabinet, 35; his lack of influence in Lower Canada, 44, 66. +<b>BL</b> Elected for Ottawa, 116; becomes commissioner of crown lands, 1844, +246; attacked, 246-247; elected for Ottawa, 1844, 252; introduces +question of French language, 255-256; Draper prepared to throw him over, +259, 260. <b>Bib.</b>: Dent, <i>Last Forty Years</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Papineau, Joseph.</b> <b>P</b> Represents Montreal in first Parliament, 1792, 4; +his patriotism, 4; oratorical gifts, 4; services during American +invasion, 1775-1776, 5, 33; acquires seigniory of La Petite Nation, 5-6.</p> + +<p><b>Papineau, Louis Joseph</b> (1786-1870). <b>P</b> Tribune of the people, 1; a +melodious speaker, 1-3; compared with Cartier, 2; his parentage, 3-4; +services in War of 1812, 5, 33; his house at Montebello, 6; college +days, 32; enters Assembly, 1812, and immediately springs to front, 32; +succeeds Panet as Speaker, 1815, 33; studies history and constitutional +law, 33; his speeches, 34; leadership acknowledged, 34; his opinion of +the constitution of 1791, 34-38; insists on budget being voted item by +item, 42; sent to England to oppose proposed union of Upper and Lower +Canada, 1822, 44-53; attacks Dalhousie in the Assembly, 56; Bibaud on, +56; fight for control of the budget, and removal of political abuses, +56-64; criticized for accepting mission to England, 65-66; revolt +against his leadership, 66; friendship for Neilson, 67; difficulties +with his followers, 68-69; refuses offer of seat in the Council, 1822, +72; his unsuccessful fight for responsible government, 75; defeats +motion for adoption of Goderich's offer, 77; his action defended in +Durham's <i>Report</i>, 77; advocates reform of Legislative Council, 79; his +Montreal speech, 1834, 79-82; question of patronage, 84; his immoderate +attitude, 86; deserted by Neilson and other moderate men, 86; blames +government for ravages of cholera, 88-89; Ninety-Two Resolutions, 85-97; +becomes an annexationist, 97, 113; stormy scenes in the Legislature, +1835, 99; his outbursts of passion, 100; replies to Gugy's speech in +Assembly, 103-106; has Lord Aylmer's remarks about Ninety-Two +Resolutions erased from journals of Assembly, 106, 109; bitter attack on +Aylmer, 107-108; and Craig, 109; becomes an irreconcilable, 110; +conflict with Lord Gosford, 110; criticized by Dr. Henry, 112; accepts +invitations to Government House, 112-113; refuses to vote supplies, 115; +the eve of the Rebellion, 116; moderate French, with the clergy, break +away from his leadership, 116-117; fails to secure support of +malcontents in other provinces, 118-119; his seditious speeches, +119-125; influenced by example of American Revolution, 121-122; at the +St. Charles meeting, 1837, 125-126; leaves Montreal for St. Hyacinthe, +127; charged with high treason, 128; leaves St. Denis on the eve of the +fight, 132; a price put on his head, 137; escapes to the United States, +137-138; extent of his responsibility for Rebellion, 143; denies having +advocated violence, 143; his speeches evidence against him, 144; his +letters, 144; and the government, 156; the people follow him blindly, +indifferent to political rights, 160-161; spends the period of his exile +in France, 163; letter to his brother, 164; returns to Canada in 1845, +165; historical studies in Paris, examines Canadian Archives<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_291" id="Page_291">[291]</a></span> there, +164-165; his pamphlet on the Rebellion, 165; again enters Parliament, +1847-1854, 166; relations with La Fontaine, 167-180; advocates +independence, 167; attacks La Fontaine, 170-172; La Fontaine's reply, +172-176; his hatred of all forms of compromise, 177; forms new party, +<i>Le parti démocratique</i>, 1849, 178, 187; its leaders, 178; its +programme, 178; retires from public life, 180; his letters to Christie, +144, 180, 191, 194; criticism of the Act of 1840, 181-182; his +correspondence with his friends, 183; lectures before Canadian +Institute, Montreal, 1867, 183, 199; his portrait, 185; his character, +185; his father's influence, 186; merits and defects of his public life, +186-188; his correspondence with W. L. Mackenzie, 189; his home on the +Ottawa, 190; his social qualities, 190-191; home life, 192; friendly +attitude towards the English, 196; his letters, 197; his death, Sept. +23, 1870, 198; attitude towards the church, 198; opposed to +Confederation, 199; his love for his country, 200. <b>BL</b> Born in Montreal, +19; political life, 19, 20; his connection with the Rebellion in Lower +Canada, 45, 46, 49; anxious to conciliate clergy, 47; Cuvillier votes +against his Ninety-Two Resolutions, 86; his correspondence with Hume and +Roebuck, 229; his life in exile, 288; La Fontaine secures his pardon, +288; his return and election for St. Maurice, 288; his lost leadership, +289; attacks La Fontaine and his policy, 289-290; La Fontaine's reply, +290-292; for Radical party, 292; opposes Redistribution Bill, 303; in +the Assembly, 312; leads Radical party, 342; opposes La Fontaine, 342, +343; Elgin calls him "Guy Fawkes," 342; attitude on Seigniorial Tenure, +350. <b>E</b> Causes of Rebellion, 17, 75, 76; his dangerous eloquence, 17-18; +an agitator rather than a statesman, 20; fights for an elective Council, +21; mistaken attitude, 22; returns from exile, 50, 91; elected to +Parliament, 50; his career in Parliament, 50-51; Elgin's antipathy for, +56, 57, 72, 73; contrasted with Mackenzie, 91, 92; controls Legislature +of Lower Canada, 97; opposes development of St. Lawrence, 97, 98; forms +<i>Parti Rouge</i>, 108, 109; factious opposition to law increasing +representation, 117; held responsible by Cartier for amendment to Union +Act, 122; his defeat and retirement from public life, 134; aftermath of +Rebellion, 190. <b>Bk</b> Elected to the Lower Canada Legislature, 117. <b>C</b> His +influence on Cartier, 1, 5; his St. Charles meeting, 3; standing as a +statesman, 23; founds Democratic party, 26; advocates reforms, but +crosses limits of constitutional agitation, 96. <b>Md</b> Heads Rebellion of +1837, in Lower Canada, 7; Cartier goes to United States with, after +defeat of rebels, 266; in struggle against political domination of +priesthood, 45. <b>Mc</b> Visited by Mackenzie, 288; addresses meetings, 328; +amnestied, 474. <i>See also</i> Rebellion of 1837. <b>Bib.</b>: Dent, <i>Can. Por.</i>; +Taylor, <i>Brit. Am.</i>; <i>Dict. Nat. Biog.</i>; Christie, <i>History of Lower +Canada</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Pardoe, Avern</b> (1845- ). <b>B</b> Librarian of Legislative Assembly of Ontario, +255; a witness of the shooting of George Brown by Bennett, 255-256.</p> + +<p><b>Parent, Étienne</b> (1801-1874). Born at Beauport, near Quebec. Educated at +the Seminary of Quebec, and at the College of Nicolet. In 1822 editor of +<i>Le Canadien</i>, but resigned, 1825, to study law. After being called to +the bar and practising for a short time, abandoned the profession on his +appointment as French translator to the Legislative Assembly of Lower +Canada. In 1831 editor of <i>Le Canadien</i>, and held the position for +eleven years. During the Rebellion of 1837-1838 strongly supported the +extreme measures of Papineau, and imprisoned in Quebec jail. In 1841 +elected to the Assembly for Saguenay. In 1842 appointed clerk of the +Executive Council; and in 1847 assistant secretary for Lower Canada. +<b>Index</b>: <b>P</b> Applies name of Chouayens to those who would not follow +Papineau, 68; withdraws from Papineau's party,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_292" id="Page_292">[292]</a></span> 117; denounced by <i>La +Minerve</i> as a traitor, 123. <b>Bib.</b>: Christie, <i>History of Lower Canada</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Paris, Treaty of.</b> Between England and France, signed 1763. Ceded Canada +to Britain, France retaining islands of St. Pierre and Miquelon. <b>Index</b>: +<b>E</b> Guarantees institutions of French-Canadians, 24. <b>P</b> Grants free +exercise of Roman Catholic religion, 9; breadth of view of framers of, +9. <b>Dr</b> Cedes Canada to Great Britain, 7. <b>Sy</b> Liberal provisions of, 62. <b>WM</b> +Signed Feb. 10, 1763, 268; ends the Seven Years' War, 269. <b>Bib.</b>: +Hertslet, <i>Treaties and Conventions</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Parke, Thomas.</b> Born in Ireland. Emigrated to Canada, and settled in York +(Toronto) in 1820. Member for the county of Middlesex in the two last +Parliaments of the province of Upper Canada. Member of the first +Parliament of Canada, 1841-1844; surveyor-general in the La +Fontaine-Baldwin administration, 1841-1845, when the office was +abolished. Died, 1864. <b>Index</b>: <b>Sy</b> Made surveyor-general, 333. <b>Bib.</b>: Rose, +<i>Cyc. Can. Biog.</i>; Dent, <i>Last Forty Years</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Parker, Sir Hyde</b> (1739-1807). Second son of Vice-Admiral Sir Hyde +Parker. Born in England. Served in the navy under his father. In 1757 +became lieutenant, and in 1763 commanded the <i>Baleine</i>. In 1766 +transferred to the <i>Hussar</i>, and served under Lord Hood on the North +American station until 1770; served with Howe at New York; Rhode Island +in 1778; and in 1779 convoyed the troops to Savannah; knighted for his +services, 1779; commander-in-chief at Jamaica, 1796-1800; promoted +rear-admiral of the <i>Red</i> in 1799; commanded the fleet which attacked +Copenhagen in 1807. <b>Index</b>: <b>Bk</b> In command of expedition to the Baltic, +24; signals Nelson at Copenhagen to leave off action, 28. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Dict. +Nat. Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>Parker, Robert.</b> <b>T</b> Attorney-general, New Brunswick, appointed to bench, +19; made chief-justice, 1865, 93-94; dies same year, 94.</p> + +<p><b>Parkes, Sir Henry</b> (1815-1896). Australian statesman. <b>Index</b>: <b>Md</b> Rhodes +suggests scheme of Imperial preferential trade to, 343.</p> + +<p><b>Parkman, Francis</b> (1823-1893). Born in Boston. Educated at Harvard, where +he graduated, 1844. While still at college decided to write the history +of the struggle between France and Britain for the dominion of the New +World, and the remainder of his life was devoted to carrying out this +great plan. Lived among the western tribes for months at a time, and on +several occasions visited Canada and Europe for material for his work. +<b>Index</b>: <b>F</b> On the <i>Jesuit Relations</i>, 30; on the beginnings of education +and its founders, 31-32; on the encouragement of marriage, 57-58; +reference to his account of the defence of fort at Verchères, 319-320. <b>L</b> +On the friction of Laval with the governor-general and others, 34. <b>WM</b> On +French colonization, 19. <b>Bib.</b>: Works: <i>Pioneers of France in the New +World</i>; <i>Count Frontenac</i>; <i>The Jesuits in North America</i>; <i>La Salle and +the Discovery of the Great West</i>; <i>The Old Régime in Canada</i>; <i>A Half +Century of Conflict</i>; <i>Montcalm and Wolfe</i>; <i>The Conspiracy of Pontiac</i>; +<i>The Oregon Trail</i>. For biog., <i>see</i> Farnham, <i>Life of Francis Parkman</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Parliamentary Government.</b> <b>E</b> Canadian and American systems compared, +239-267. <b>P</b> Not at first welcomed by French-Canadians, 19, 20; their +change of view, 22; Lower Canadian Assembly petitions the king to be +allowed to provide for expenses of administration, 30; partial control +of budget granted in 1818, 30. <b>H</b> Granted to Canada and the Maritime +Provinces, 14; its limitations, 14-17. <b>Bib.</b>: Bourinot, <i>Parliamentary +Procedure and Government</i>; Todd, <i>Parliamentary Government in the +British Colonies</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Parliaments in France.</b> <b>F</b> Subjection of, to royal power, 152.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_293" id="Page_293">[293]</a></span></p> + +<p><b>Parr, John.</b> Served in the army for some years; appointed governor of +Nova Scotia, 1782; lieutenant-governor of Nova Scotia, 1786-1791. The +last governor of the province previous to the separation of New +Brunswick from the old province of Nova Scotia, and instrumental in +bringing about the change. Created widespread dissatisfaction by bad +management of the affairs of the Loyalists in Nova Scotia. Parrtown, +afterwards St. John, was named after him. <b>Index</b>: <b>Dr</b> Lieutenant-governor +of Nova Scotia, 206, 235; arranges for receiving Loyalists, 214. <b>Bib.</b>: +Hannay, <i>History of New Brunswick</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Partelow, John R.</b> <b>W</b> Opposed to responsible government, 65; his views on +initiation of money grants, referred to in Wilmot's speech, 104, 108; +enters government as provincial secretary, 116. <b>T</b> Defeated for St. John +County, 11; Speaker of House of Assembly, 11; mayor of St. John, 11; +elected for Victoria, 14; his character, 14-15; elected for St. John +County, 30; defeated, 32. <b>Bib.</b>: Hannay, <i>History of New Brunswick</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Parti Catholique.</b> <b>C</b> An extreme faction of Quebec Conservatives, 82; its +policy, 82; attacks Cartier, 82-83.</p> + +<p><b>Parti Rouge.</b> <b>B</b> Origin of, 78-79; alliance with, of George Brown and +Upper Canadian Reformers, 78, 80; led by A. A. Dorion, 80; significance +of movement, 235. <b>E</b> Its history and members, 108; help to defeat +Hincks-Morin government, 127; Papineau becomes leader of, 134. <b>BL</b> Origin +of, 335, 351. <b>Md</b> Formed to fight against domination of priesthood, 45, +46; members of, in Legislature in 1854, 51; defeated in 1857, 84; George +Brown's rupture with, 102. <b>Bib.</b>: Dent, <i>Last Forty Years</i>; Willison, +<i>Sir Wilfrid Laurier and the Liberal Party</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Party Government.</b> <b>B</b> Origin of the double ministries, 81. <b>Sy</b> Absence of +necessary conditions for, 185, 186, 303; Robert Baldwin's premature +demand for, 187, 294; party names in Canada without significance, 303. +<i>See also</i> Representative government; Responsible government.</p> + +<p><b>Paterson, General.</b> <b>Hd</b> His report on state of affairs at Boston, 95.</p> + +<p><b>Patriot.</b> Newspaper published at Toronto. <b>Index</b>: <b>Mc</b> Publishes proceedings +of House, 174. <b>BL</b> Attacks Bagot, 142, 153; on the election law, 145-146; +its abuse of Bagot, 153; on Rebellion Losses Bill, 319.</p> + +<p><b>Patriotes.</b> <b>P</b> Name assumed by popular party in Lower Canada—particularly +the followers of Papineau, 40, 68; Neilson checks the more violent among +them, 46; vacillation of Quebec wing of party, 68; their press publish +violent articles, 86; prepare Ninety-Two Resolutions, 85-97; Gugy +belittles their cause, 103; influenced by American Revolution, 121; +advocate smuggling, 122; boycott English goods, 122; the St. Charles +meeting, 125; under Nelson and Brown at St. Denis and St. Charles, 128; +they kill Lieutenant Weir, 134; crushed at St. Eustache, 137; in the +Montreal election, 1834, 144. <b>Bib.</b>: Christie, <i>History of Lower Canada</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Patriotic Fund.</b> <b>Bk</b> Raised in Canada during war with Napoleon, 46.</p> + +<p><b>Patterson, James Colebrooke</b> (1839- ). Born in Ireland. Came to Canada, +1857; entered civil service at Ottawa; studied law and called to the +Ontario bar, 1876. Represented North Essex in the Ontario Assembly, +1874-1878; and the county of Essex in the House of Commons, 1882-1891. +Defeated at the general election of 1891, but elected for West Huron, +1892. Secretory of State, 1892; minister of militia, 1892-1895; +lieutenant-governor of Manitoba, 1895-1900. <b>Bib.</b>: Morgan, <i>Can. Men</i>; +<i>Canadian Who's Who</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Patterson, Walter.</b> Born in Ireland. Entered the army; came to Prince +Edward Island in 1770 as first governor of the colony. It was then known +as the Island of St. John. Patterson, who was one the largest landed +proprietors<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_294" id="Page_294">[294]</a></span> in the Island, had an Act passed by the Assembly in 1780 +changing the name to New Ireland, but the Act was disallowed by the +Imperial government. The present name was given in 1798, in honor of the +Duke of Kent. Patterson was recalled in 1787. <b>Index</b>: <b>Dr</b> Governor of +Prince Edward Island, objects to make way for his successor, Fanning, +235. <b>Bib.</b>: Davin, <i>The Irishman in Canada</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Paul I</b> (1754-1801). Czar of Russia, son of Peter III and Catherine II. +Ascended the throne, 1796. <b>Index</b>: <b>Bk</b> Withdraws from British alliance, +23; murder of, 30.</p> + +<p><b>Paul V, Pope</b> (1552-1621). Camillo Borghese: elected pope, 1605. <b>Index</b>: +<b>Ch</b> Grants brief to Récollets for their mission in Canada, 84.</p> + +<p><b>Payne, Captain.</b> <b>Dr</b> His connection with the Walker case, 19.</p> + +<p><b>Peace River.</b> A tributary of the Mackenzie; rises in Thutage Lake, in +northern British Columbia, its total length being 1065 miles. It is +first mentioned in the <i>Voyages</i> of Alexander Mackenzie. Mackenzie +ascended the river, in 1792, on his way to the Pacific. He says that it +took its name from a place on its banks known as Peace Point, where the +Crees and Beaver Indians settled their disputes. Alexander Henry learned +of the river, under the same name, in 1776, from a party of Chipewyans +whom he met at Île à la Crosse Lake. <b>Index</b>: <b>MS</b> Post built on, by Boyer, +1788, 19, 61; its outlet, 33, 34; described, 34; Mackenzie on, 34, 62; +sends party to build post on, 61; Boyer's post known as "Old +Establishment," 61; fertility of the region, 61; the falls, 62; +Mackenzie winters there, 64-66; beautiful scenery, 69; Mackenzie's +description of, 69, 71. <b>D</b> Mackenzie ascends, 54; visited by Thompson, +58; ascended by Simon Fraser, 59. <b>Bib.</b>: Bryce, <i>Hudson's Bay Company</i>; +Burpee, <i>Search for the Western Sea</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Peace River Pass.</b> The gorge cut by the Peace River through the Rocky +Mountains. The summit of the pass is 2000 feet above the sea. First +traversed and described by Alexander Mackenzie, 1793. Simon Fraser +followed in 1805, to build several trading-posts in New Caledonia, and +explore the river that bears his name.</p> + +<p><b>Péan, Mdme. Hugues, née Davennes des Meloises.</b> <b>WM</b> Casemate made for, 87.</p> + +<p><b>Pearson, Lieutenant-Colonel.</b> <b>Bk</b> Captured at sea by United States +privateer, 224.</p> + +<p><b>Peel, Sir Robert</b> (1788-1850). Born in Lancaster, England. Educated at +Harrow, and Christ Church, Oxford. Entered Parliament, 1809; +under-secretary for war and the colonies, 1811-1812; chief secretary for +Ireland, 1812-1818; and home secretary, 1822; premier in 1834, but +resigned the following year; again premier, 1841-1846. <b>Index</b>: <b>E</b> Supports +Rebellion Losses Bill, 78. <b>B</b> His government misunderstands situation in +Canada, 14, 15; his distrust of French-Canadians, 16; disapproves of +Bagot's policy, 16-17; reasons for selection of Metcalfe, 18; justifies +Metcalfe's action in withholding responsible government, 23. <b>Sy</b> Resigns +from Cabinet, 16; returns to office as home secretary, 16; assists Duke +of Wellington to form a government, 46; brief tenure of office, 56; +anxious for due representation of commercial interest in Canada, 285; +desires to give representation to Chambers of Commerce, 286; his +moderation as leader of the opposition, 350. <b>Mc</b> His attitude towards +great political movements, 16; condemns Head for inducing rebellion, +355. <b>W</b> Fails to form administration, 37. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Dict. Nat. Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>Pellegrin.</b> <b>WM</b> Pilot of Montcalm's squadron, 81.</p> + +<p><b>Pelletier, Captain.</b> <b>WM</b> Takes soundings in the Traverse, 82.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_295" id="Page_295">[295]</a></span></p> + +<p><b>Pelletier, Sir Charles Alphonse Pantaléon</b> (1837- ). Born at Rivière +Ouelle, Quebec. Educated at Laval University; studied law, and called to +the bar, of Lower Canada, 1860. Represented Kamouraska in House of +Commons, 1869-1877. Appointed minister of agriculture in Mackenzie +ministry, 1877. President of the Canadian Commission at the Paris +exhibition, 1878. Called to the Senate, 1877; Speaker, 1896-1901. +Appointed lieutenant-governor of Quebec, 1908. <b>Index</b>: <b>C</b> One of the +founders of <i>Le Parti National</i> and its organ <i>Le National</i>, 30. <b>Bib.</b>: +Dent, <i>Can. Por.</i>; Morgan, <i>Can. Men</i>; <i>Canadian Who's Who</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Pelly River.</b> Rises in the Pelly Mountains about lat. 62°, and flows into +the Yukon after a course of 330 miles. Discovered and explored by Robert +Campbell between the years 1840-1848. Campbell reached the upper waters +of the Pelly, by way of the Liard, in 1840; built Fort Pelly Banks, +1842; and descended the river to the junction of the Pelly and Lewes in +1843. He built Fort Selkirk at the forks in 1848. The river was named +after Sir H. Pelly, the governor of the Hudson's Bay Company. <b>Index</b>: <b>D</b> +Explored by Robert Campbell, 124. <b>Bib.</b>: Campbell, <i>Discovery and +Exploration of the Youcon</i>; Dawson, <i>Report on the Yukon</i> (<i>Geol. +Survey</i>, 1887-1888); Burpee, <i>Search for the Western Sea</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Pennahouel.</b> <b>WM</b> Ancient Indian warrior, 38, 41, 42.</p> + +<p><b>Pennsylvania.</b> <b>Hd</b> Independent temper of the colony, 11.</p> + +<p><b>Pennsylvania Loyalists.</b> <b>Dr</b> Commanded by Allen, 202.</p> + +<p><b>Penny, Edward Goff</b> (1820-1881). Born in England. In 1844 came to Canada, +studied law, and in 1850 called to the bar of Lower Canada. Became +editor-in-chief of the Montreal <i>Herald</i> and afterwards one of the +proprietors. In 1869 published a pamphlet giving his views in opposition +to Confederation. In 1874 appointed to the Senate. <b>Index</b>: <b>E</b> Signs +Annexation Manifesto, 81.</p> + +<p><b>Pensacola.</b> <b>Hd</b> Bouquet at, 58, 63; Haldimand's headquarters in Florida, +63, 65, 70; his labours to improve, 67, 68; watch kept on Spaniards +from, 77; troops transferred from, to St. Augustine, 78; Haldimand again +in charge at, 79, 80; barracks built at, 81, 90; Haldimand's house at, +104, 316.</p> + +<p><b>Pentagouet.</b> <b>F</b> Fortress on western boundary of Acadia, captured by +freebooters, 269; captured by New Englanders, 275.</p> + +<p><b>Perceval, Spencer</b> (1762-1812). <b>Bk</b> British prime minister, assassinated, +192. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Dict. Nat. Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>Perche</b> (<b>France</b>). <b>L</b> Many colonists natives of, 116.</p> + +<p><b>Perez, Juan.</b> Voyage of, in 1774, 13, 14.</p> + +<p><b>Péricard, Michelle de.</b> <b>L</b> Mother of Laval, 17; death of, 26.</p> + +<p><b>Péricard, Mgr. de, Bishop of Evreux.</b> <b>L</b> Cousin of Bishop Laval, 21.</p> + +<p><b>Perley, Moses Henry</b> (1804-1863). Born in Maugerville, New Brunswick. +Educated at St. John. In 1828 became an attorney; called to the bar of +New Brunswick, 1830, but soon forsook his profession. For some years +engaged in milling and lumbering, and, having mixed much with the Micmac +and Melicete Indians, appointed commissioner of Indian affairs and +immigration officer. In 1841 and succeeding years spent much time +visiting the Indian tribes and investigating their grievances. Also +active in advertising the resources of the province, and in 1846 asked +to report on the capabilities of the country. A line of railway being +projected, sent to England in 1847 to report on the matter. Returning to +New Brunswick, pursued his investigations into the fisheries of the +province. In 1849 commissioned to report on the fisheries of the Gulf of +St. Lawrence; in 1850 those of the sea and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_296" id="Page_296">[296]</a></span> rivers of New Brunswick; and +in 1851 those of the Bay of Fundy. In 1852-1853 compiled the trade +statistics which were used in the negotiations for the Reciprocity +Treaty between Canada and the United States. In 1854 the treaty was +signed, and he was appointed a commissioner to carry out the terms +arranged. <b>Index</b>: <b>H</b> Fishery commissioner on behalf of Great Britain, 170; +his death in Newfoundland, 1863, 170. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Sea and River Fisheries of +New Brunswick</i>. For biog., <i>see</i> Hannay, <i>History of New Brunswick</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Perrault, Joseph François</b> (1753-1844). Born in Quebec, the son of a rich +merchant trading with New England and the West Indies. Given the +appointment of prothonotary in Quebec, and held it throughout his life. +Took a deep interest in educational matters; founded a number of schools +on the Lancaster system; and is regarded in Quebec as the father of the +provincial school system. Also did much, both by his writings and by +furthering the establishment of model farms, to place agriculture upon a +better and more scientific basis. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Biographie de Joseph François +Perrault écrite par Lui-Même, à l'Age de Quatre-Vingt Ans, sans +Lunettes</i>; Casgrain, <i>Vie de Joseph François Perrault</i>; Bender, <i>Old and +New Canada</i>. For list of his writings, <i>see</i> Casgrain's work mentioned +above.</p> + +<p><b>Perrault, Father Julien.</b> <b>Ch</b> Jesuit, carries on mission at Cape Breton, +236, 237.</p> + +<p><b>Perrot.</b> <b>F</b> Curé of Montreal, disapproves of Abbé Fénelon's sermon, 95.</p> + +<p><b>Perrot, François-Marie.</b> Sent to Canada as governor of Montreal, 1670. +Obtained a grant of Isle Perrot in 1672. Used his office to further his +own interests; quarrelled violently with Frontenac, who had him arrested +and sent to France. Imprisoned for a short time in the Bastile, +released, and restored to his governorship, which he held until 1684. +Governor of Acadia, 1684-1687. <b>Index</b>: <b>F</b> Succeeds Maisonneuve as governor +of Montreal, 54; engages in illicit trading and shields <i>coureurs de +bois</i>, 90; arrests Bizard, an officer of Frontenac's, 91; summoned +before Sovereign Council, 92; arrested at Quebec, 93; character and +conduct of, 96-97; protests competency of Sovereign Council to try him, +99; specially commended to Frontenac in a despatch from minister, 101; +sent to France, 102; allowed to return to Canada, after brief +imprisonment, 103; removed to government of Acadia, 270; continues to +trade, 271; dismissal, and death, 272. <b>L</b> Governor of Montreal, lays +foundation stone of church, 89; comes into contact with Frontenac, 160; +punished by the king, 164. <b>Bib.</b>: Parkman, <i>Frontenac</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Perrot, Nicolas</b> (1620-1697). Born in France. Came to Canada, and entered +the service of the government at Quebec. Went on several exploring +expeditions, living among the Indian tribes, and mastering the +Algonquian language. In 1665 returned to Quebec; and accompanied as +interpreter Daumont de St. Lusson to the Falls of St. Mary. In 1684 +induced a number of the western tribes to join Lefèbvre de la Barre in +his campaign against the Iroquois. In 1687 his influence with the +Indians proved of great service to the Marquis de Denonville, and later +to Vaudreuil. Among his other notable achievements was the discovery of +the lead mines on the Des Moines River, Iowa. Left manuscripts +describing his sojourn among the different Indian tribes, and their +manners and customs. <b>Index</b>: <b>F</b> Ordered to rendezvous at Niagara with +Indians, 181, 186, 187; arrives with contingent, 210; accompanies +Louvigny to Michilimackinac, 242; exhibits Iroquois scalps, 243. <b>L</b> Sent +by Talon to visit northern and western tribes, 82. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Mémoire sur +les Mœurs, Coustumes et Religion des Sauvages de l'Amerique +Septentrionale</i>. For biog., <i>see</i> Stickney, <i>Nicolas Perrot</i>; Parkman, +<i>Frontenac</i>.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_297" id="Page_297">[297]</a></span></p> + +<p><b>Perry, Peter.</b> Born at Ernestown, Upper Canada. Followed his father's +occupation as farmer; entered public life, 1824, as member for Lennox +and Addington in the Upper Canada Assembly, and became a leader of the +Reform party; defeated, 1836; again elected in 1849, for the east riding +of York, succeeding William Hume Blake. <b>Index</b>: <b>R</b> Leading member of Upper +Canada Assembly, on popular side, 66. <b>B</b> Leader of the Clear Grits, 39. <b>E</b> +One of the leaders of Clear Grits, 110; founder of Liberal party in +Upper Canada before the Union, 110. <b>BL</b> Fights for reform, 13; Baldwin's +letter to, 39-40. <b>Mc</b> Expenditure of £50,000 road money, 303; defeated +for the House, 308. <b>Bib.</b>: Dent, <i>Can. Por.</i> and <i>Last Forty Years</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Peters.</b> <b>W</b> Attorney-general, New Brunswick, 50.</p> + +<p><b>Peters, Harry.</b> <b>W</b> Retires from New Brunswick Council, 69. <b>T</b> Speaker of +House of Assembly, 6.</p> + +<p><b>Peters, Samuel Leonard.</b> <b>T</b> Uncle of Sir Leonard Tilley, 5.</p> + +<p><b>Peters, Susan Ann.</b> <b>T</b> Mother of Sir Leonard Tilley, 5.</p> + +<p><b>Peters, T. H.</b> <b>W</b> Appointed to New Brunswick Council, 69.</p> + +<p><b>Peters, William.</b> <b>W</b> Grandfather of Sir L. Tilley, 3. <b>T</b> Member of +Assembly, 4.</p> + +<p><b>Petit, Father.</b> <b>L</b> Companion of Father Marquette, 62.</p> + +<p><b>Petitot, Émile Fortuné Stanislas Joseph.</b> Roman Catholic missionary in +the North-West, particularly in the Mackenzie River district. Author of +several works on the languages, manners, and customs of the native +tribes. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Traditions Indiennes du Canada Nord-Ouest</i>; <i>On the +Athabaska District of the Canadian North-West</i> in <i>Canadian Record of +Science</i>, 1884; <i>Essai sur une Légende Américaine</i> (Société +Philologique, <i>Actes</i>, Alençon, 1883).</p> + +<p><b>Peto.</b> <b>T</b> His proposal to build railways in New Brunswick, 25, 27.</p> + +<p><b>Peuvret, de Mesnu.</b> <b>L</b> Clerk of Sovereign Council, 158, 167. <b>F</b> Clerk of +the Council, imprisoned by Frontenac, 135.</p> + +<p><b>Peyras, Jean Baptiste.</b> <b>F</b> Member of Sovereign Council, 106; visits +Acadia, 271. <b>L</b> Appointed to Sovereign Council, 166.</p> + +<p><b>Philadelphia.</b> <b>S</b> British army evacuates, 25. <b>Hd</b> Spirit of rebellion +strong in, 104.</p> + +<p><b>Philipps, Richard</b> (1661-1751). Early entered the army. Served at the +battle of the Boyne; lieutenant-colonel, 1712; governor of Nova Scotia, +1717. Arrived in Nova Scotia, 1720, and remained until 1722. Again +visited Nova Scotia for a short time, returning to England, 1731. +Arranged for a lieutenant-governor to act during his absence. Did not +return to Nova Scotia, but continued to draw full pay as governor until +1849. <b>Bib.</b>: Murdoch, <i>History of Nova Scotia</i>; Campbell, <i>History of +Nova Scotia</i>; <i>Selections from the Public Documents of Nova Scotia</i>, ed. +by Akins.</p> + +<p><b>Phillips, Mary.</b> <b>Dr</b> Sister-in-law of Colonel Beverley Robinson, becomes +wife of Colonel Morris, 202.</p> + +<p><b>Phillips, William</b> (1731-1781). Born in England. Entered the Royal +Military Academy at Woolwich as a cadet, 1746; promoted captain, 1756; +commanded three companies of British artillery attached to the Duke of +Brunswick's army, at Minden, 1759; served also at Warberg, 1760. In 1772 +became colonel and in 1776 sent to Canada on the staff of General +Burgoyne; in command of the artillery at the battles of Skenesborough, +near Ticonderoga, and Mount Independence, at both of which distinguished +himself; afterwards promoted major-general; in 1777 took a leading part +in the two battles which led to the capitulation at Saratoga. <b>Index</b>: <b>Dr</b> +Comes<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_298" id="Page_298">[298]</a></span> out with Burgoyne, 152; disappointed that Crown Point not +occupied, 159. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Dict. Nat. Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>Phipps, Sir William</b> (1651-1695). Born in Maine. In 1669, employed as a +ship carpenter, and later became captain of a merchantman sailing from +Boston. In 1687 succeeded in raising a Spanish treasure-ship which had +been sunk near the Bahamas, recovering £300,000, of which his share was +£16,000. Knighted the same year, and given the office of provost-marshal +of New England. In 1690 commanded an expedition against Acadia, and +captured Port Royal. His expedition the same year against Quebec met +with failure. In 1692 appointed governor of Massachusetts, with a +special commission to take aggressive measures against the French in +Canada, but accomplished little. Summoned to England in 1694 to account +for his administration, but died before the inquiry was held. <b>Index</b>: <b>F</b> +Birth and early life, 272; conducts expedition against Acadia, 273; +captures Port Royal, but violates terms of surrender, 274; ravages +committed by his men, 274; captures other Acadian posts, and establishes +government, 275; returns to Boston with prisoners and booty, 176; sails +from Nantasket, 279; arrives at Quebec, 282; demands surrender, 285-287; +his attack repulsed, 295; decides on retreat, 299; his estimate of his +losses, 302; disastrous return voyage, 303; goes to England, 315; +returns as governor of Massachusetts, 328; recall and death of, 331. <b>L</b> +Commands expedition against Quebec, 11, 229-231; is forced to retreat, +231. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Dict. Nat. Biog.</i>; <i>Cyc. Am. Biog.</i>; Parkman, <i>Frontenac</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Piat, Father.</b> <b>Ch</b> Récollet, sails for France, 141; goes on mission to +Montagnais, 149; complains of negligence of trading company, 150; +recommends seminary for young Indians, 150.</p> + +<p><b>Pichon, Thomas.</b> A native of France; in early life a medical student. +Secretary to the governor of Louisbourg, 1751-1753. Sent to Fort +Beauséjour as commissary of stores. Furnished information to the +British, which was of great assistance in the capture of the place. +Acted as a spy for the British while confined with the French prisoners +held at Halifax. Went to London, 1758; resided there until his death, +1781. <b>Bib.</b>: Murdoch, <i>History of Nova Scotia</i>; <i>Selections from the +Public Documents of Nova Scotia</i>, ed. by Akins.</p> + +<p><b>Pickard, John.</b> <b>T</b> Candidate in York, New Brunswick, 95; defeated, 96, +108.</p> + +<p><b>Pickering, Timothy</b> (1745-1829). Joined the revolutionary army; appointed +adjutant-general, 1776, and took part in the battles of Brandywine and +Germantown. In 1790 sent on a commission to the Seneca Indians, and +arranged a treaty. In 1795 secretary of war, an office which also +included Indian affairs; later secretary of state in the administration +of John Adams; dismissed in 1800, and returned to Massachusetts, where +he was appointed chief-justice of the Court of Common Pleas, 1802. +<b>Index</b>: <b>S</b> American commissioner to treat with Indians, 123; entertained +at Navy Hall by Simcoe, 184, 229. <b>Bk</b> Massachusetts Senator, his toast to +Great Britain, 172. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Cyc. Am. Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>Picquet.</b> <b>L</b> Proposed appointment of, as bishop in Asia, 23.</p> + +<p><b>Pierre, Captain.</b> <i>See</i> Chauvin, Pierre de.</p> + +<p><b>Pijard, Father.</b> <b>L</b> Establishes first brotherhood of the Holy Family, 86.</p> + +<p><b>Pillet.</b> <b>Ch</b> Frenchman, murdered by Montagnais Indians, 161.</p> + +<p><b>Pillon.</b> <b>Hd</b> Surgeon, arrested for treason, 278, 279, 280.</p> + +<p><b>Pilot.</b> Newspaper published at Montreal. <b>Index</b>: <b>BL</b> Established, March 5, +1844, by Hincks, and edited by him, 217-218; on Elgin, 275-276; offices +wrecked by mob, 323.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_299" id="Page_299">[299]</a></span></p> + + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 450px;"> +<a href="images/wolfeablarge.png"><img src="images/wolfeabthumb.png" width="450" height="287" alt="Battle of the Plains of Abraham" title="" /></a> +<span class="caption">Battle of the Plains of Abraham</span> +</div> + +<p><b>Pilots, Canadian.</b> <b>WM</b> Deceived by the hoisting of French flag on British +men-of-war, 78; forced to steer English ships, 90. <i>See also</i> Quebec, +Siege of, 1759.</p> + +<p><b>Piraube, Martial.</b> <b>Ch</b> Godfather to young Hurons, 233.</p> + +<p><b>Pitt, William</b> (1759-1806). Son of William Pitt, Earl of Chatham; born at +Hayes, England. Educated at Pembroke Hall, Cambridge. Entered +Parliament, 1781, becoming prime minister in 1783. In consequence of +French aggressions, formed in 1793 a great coalition with Russia, +Sardinia, Spain, Prussia, and Austria. In 1798 formed a second coalition +against France, including Russia, Austria, and other countries. Resigned +office, 1801. Again premier in 1804; and in 1805 formed a third +coalition with Russia, Austria, and Sweden. The union of Ireland with +Great Britain was effected by his influence and under his +administration. <b>Index</b>: <b>S</b> Constitutional Act introduced by, 1, 7. <b>Dr</b> +Introduces Constitutional Act in House of Commons, 263. <b>Sy</b> His +expectations regarding Lower Canada, 68. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Dict. Nat. Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>Pivert, Nicolas.</b> <b>Ch</b> Early settler, 145.</p> + +<p><b>Plague.</b> <b>L</b> Breaks out on the <i>St. André</i>, 31.</p> + +<p><b>Plains of Abraham.</b> Above city of Quebec. Named after Abraham Martin, a +Quebec pilot, who owned a portion of these lands in the early days of +the colony. The Plains have now been set apart by the Dominion +government as a national park. <b>Index</b>: <b>WM</b> Origin of name, situation and +extent of, 186; battle of, the arrangement of British troops, 188; of +French troops, 192, 195; engagement begins at ten o'clock in the +morning, 197; defeat of French, 200, 201; losses, 205; French army +seized by panic, 206. <b>Ch</b> Origin of name, 146-147; famous conflict fought +on, Sept. 13, 1759. <i>See also</i> Martin, Abraham. <b>Bib.</b>: Doughty, <i>Siege of +Quebec</i>; Woods, <i>The Fight for Canada</i>; Bradley, <i>The Fight with +France</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Plamondon, Marc Aurèle.</b> Born in Quebec, 1823. Educated at the Quebec +Seminary. In 1846 called to the bar, and practised for many years in +Quebec, achieving success in the criminal courts. In his early years +closely connected with newspapers published in the Liberal interests, +among others the <i>Artisan</i>; also established <i>Le Menestre</i> and the +<i>Courrier Commercial</i>. In 1855 founded <i>Le National</i>, for several years +one of the leading organs of the Reform party in Lower Canada. In 1874 +appointed a puisne judge of the Supreme Court of Quebec. In 1896 the +members of the profession in Quebec celebrated the 50th anniversary of +his call to the bar. Retired from the bench, November, 1897. <b>Index</b>: <b>C</b> +One of the leaders of the Quebec Liberals, 24. <b>Bib.</b>: Morgan, <i>Can. Men</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Plessis, Joseph Octave.</b> Bishop of Quebec, 1806 to 1825. Named archbishop +of Quebec in 1819, but never assumed the title. <b>Index</b>: <b>Bk</b> His staunch +support of British rule, 87. <b>P</b> Accepts leadership of Papineau, 34, 45.</p> + +<p><b>Plet.</b> <b>F</b> Cousin of La Salle, comes from France in connection with +financial matters, 177.</p> + +<p><b>Pointe au Fer.</b> <b>Dr</b> British troops concentrated at, 153.</p> + +<p><b>Pointe-aux-Trembles.</b> On north shore of St. Lawrence, Portneuf County. +<b>Index</b>: <b>WM</b> Carleton lands at, and makes prisoners, 125; retreating army +halts at, 218; Lévis's army lands at, 246.</p> + +<p><b>Pointe Lévis.</b> On south shore of St. Lawrence, opposite Quebec. <b>Index</b>: <b>WM</b> +Abortive attempt to capture British batteries at, 133-135; Quebec +bombarded from, 115, 116; sailors landed at daily, for military +exercises, 120; Wolfe assembles three army corps at, 159.</p> + +<p><b>Pollock, Duncan.</b> <b>MS</b> Sent to Red River district by X Y Company, 14.</p> + +<p><b>Pommier, Hugues.</b> <b>L</b> Director of Seminary, 55.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_300" id="Page_300">[300]</a></span></p> + +<p><b>Pomone.</b> <b>WM</b> French frigate, loads stores at Sorel, 243.</p> + +<p><b>Pompadour, Jean Antoinette Poisson, Marquise de</b> (1721-1764). <b>WM</b> Assisted +in Bougainville's promotion, 177.</p> + +<p><b>Pond, Peter.</b> <b>MS</b> Associated with Pangman and others in opposition to +McTavish, 10, 11; returns to North West Company, 15; his character, 15, +17; causes death of Wadin, 15; relations with Ross, 15; death of Ross, +16; leads way to Athabaska, 21; builds post on Elk (Athabaska) River, +1778, 21; his map, 55; his error as to distance from Lake Athabaska to +Pacific, 57; sells his share in North West Company to McGillivray, 58. +<b>Bib.</b>: Burpee, <i>Search for the Western Sea</i>; Bryce, <i>Hudson's Bay +Company</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Pontbriand, Henri-Marie Dubreuil de</b> (1709-1760). Born in Vannes, France. +In 1741 consecrated bishop of Quebec, and left Paris for Canada. Soon +after his arrival in Quebec engaged in a lawsuit with the nuns of the +general hospital as to the ownership of the episcopal palace, which they +claimed Bishop Saint-Vallier had bequeathed to them. The king, however, +confirmed him in its possession. Another royal decree prohibited +religious congregations from holding lands in mortmain, but the bishop +refused to enforce it. In 1760, after the fall of Quebec, he appointed a +vicar-general, admonished the clergy to observe strictly the terms of +capitulation, and went to Montreal, where he died after a short illness. +<b>Index</b>: <b>WM</b> Bishop of Quebec, urges inhabitants to take to arms, 63; his +palace converted into redoubt, 86; visits hospital in spite of fatal +illness, 153; administers last sacrament to Montcalm, 220; issues +<i>mandemant</i> in support of Lévis' attack on Quebec, 245. <b>L</b> Bishop of +Quebec, 12. <b>Bib.</b>: Têtu, <i>Evêques de Quebec</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Pontchartrain, Louis Phélypeaux, Comte de</b> (1643-1727). Chancellor of +France. <b>Index</b>: <b>F</b> Minister of marine, 72.</p> + +<p><b>Pont-Gravé, François Gravé, Sieur du Pont.</b> A merchant of St. Malo; +sailed for Tadoussac with Chauvin, 1600. Had already made several +voyages to the St. Lawrence; accompanied Champlain in the voyage of +1603, and again in 1613. <b>Index</b>: <b>Ch</b> Joins expedition to Acadia, 19; +arrives at Island of Ste. Croix, 26; in temporary charge of colony, 32; +sails for Quebec, 40; his vessel disarmed by a Basque captain, 40; +member of court to try Duval for conspiracy, 43; sails for France, 45; +returns to Canada, 47; in command of the colony during Champlain's +absence, 48; returns to France with Champlain, 54; sent out in charge of +second expedition to Quebec, 56; sails for France, 64; returns to +Quebec, 106; trades at Three Rivers, 121; rivalry with Champlain, 125; +comes to Canada as representative of De Monts' (Rouen) Company, 133; +proceeds to Three Rivers to trade, 135; returns to France, 136; comes to +Canada with De Caën, 138; placed in charge at Quebec, 138; sails for +France, 141; very ill at Quebec, 156; his commission read publicly at +Quebec, 181; with Champlain signs articles of capitulation of Quebec, +191; too sick to leave Quebec, 196. <b>F</b> Voyages of, to St. Lawrence, 3, 8. +<i>See also</i> Champlain. <b>Bib.</b>: Parkman, <i>Pioneers of France</i>; Biggar, +<i>Early Trading Companies of New France</i>; Douglas, <i>Old France in the New +World</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Pontiac</b> (1720-1769). Born on the Ottawa River. An ally of the French +during their struggles against the British colonists. In 1746 he and his +Indians assisted the French at Detroit in an attack by northern tribes, +and in 1755 he led the Ottawas when General Braddock was defeated. In +1763 began a campaign against the British; destroyed several forts from +Lake Michigan to Niagara, and massacred their garrisons. Detroit then +attacked and besieged for nearly a year, until relieved by Colonel +Bradstreet; Pittsburg saved only<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_301" id="Page_301">[301]</a></span> by the timely arrival of Colonel +Bouquet. Eight out of twelve fortified forts destroyed by Pontiac and +his Indians. They were finally subdued by Sir William Johnson, who in +1766 concluded a treaty of peace. In 1769 assassinated by a Kaskaskia +Indian. <b>Index</b>: <b>Hd</b> Rouses western tribes against British, 55; his rising +quelled, 57; after effects of, 259. <b>Bib.</b>: Parkman, <i>Conspiracy of +Pontiac</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Pontiac's War.</b> <b>Dr</b> History of, 4; fomented by French traders, 5; conduct +of the colonies in connection with, 5, 6. <i>See also</i> Pontiac. <b>Bib.</b>: +Parkman, <i>Conspiracy of Pontiac</i>; Smith, <i>Historical Account of +Bouquet's Expedition</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Pontleroy.</b> <b>WM</b> French military engineer, 85, 90.</p> + +<p><b>Pope, James Colledge</b> (1826-1885). Born in Bedeque, Prince Edward Island. +Educated at home and in England. Engaged in mercantile pursuits. Sat in +the Prince Edward Island Assembly, 1857-1867; premier, 1865-1867. A +strong opponent of Confederation and succeeded in preventing the +entrance of Prince Edward Island into the Dominion. Defeated, 1868; two +years later elected and again became premier. His government defeated, +1872, but returned to power, 1873. Carried through resolutions under +which Prince Edward Island became a province of Canada. Elected to the +House of Commons for Prince County, 1873; did not offer for re-election. +Again elected to the House of Commons, 1878; entered the government of +Sir John A. Macdonald as minister of marine and fisheries. Held office +until his retirement from public life, 1882. <b>Bib.</b>: Dent, <i>Can. Por.</i>; +Rose, <i>Cyc. Am. Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>Pope, John Henry</b> (1824-1889). Born in the Eastern Townships, Quebec. +Elected for Compton to the Canada Assembly, 1857; and in 1867 to the +Dominion Parliament. Called to the Cabinet, 1871, as minister of +agriculture, and again in 1878 on the return of the Conservatives to +power; in 1880 accompanied Sir John Macdonald and Sir Charles Tupper to +England in connection with the negotiations as to the Canadian Pacific +Railway contract; minister of railways and canals, 1885. <b>Index</b>: <b>B</b> +Conference with George Brown on Confederation, 152, 154. <b>Bib.</b>: Rose, +<i>Cyc. Can. Biog.</i>; Dent, <i>Can. Por.</i></p> + +<p><b>Pope, Joseph</b> (1854- ). Eldest son of William Henry Pope (<i>q.v.</i>). Private +secretary to Sir John A. Macdonald, 1882-1891; under-secretary of state, +1896-1908; under-secretary for external affairs, 1908. <b>Index</b>: <b>B</b> On the +"double shuffle," 107-108. <b>Md</b> On Macdonald's early life, prints +Campbell's letter, 31; his pen picture of Macdonald, 73; on the double +majority, 78; Macdonald's notes on Quebec Conference, 106; Macdonald's +negotiations with Howe, 145; does not publish documents on last stages +of Macdonald's life, 272. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Memoir of Sir John A. Macdonald</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Pope, William Henry</b> (1825-1879). Born in Prince Edward Island. Elected +to the Legislature and became provincial secretary in the Gray ministry, +1863; represented Prince Edward Island at the Charlottetown Conference, +1864, and the Quebec Conference, 1864; judge of the County Court of +Prince County, Prince Edward Island, 1873-1879. <b>T</b> Represents Prince +Edward Island at Quebec Conference, 77. <b>Bib.</b>: Campbell, <i>History of +Prince Edward Island</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Population.</b> <b>B</b> Of Upper Canada, doubled between 1842 and 1851, exceeds +that of Lower Canada in 1852, 62, 75; in 1841, 82; in 1852, 134. <b>Dr</b> Of +Canada in 1763, 9. <i>See also</i> Census.</p> + +<p><b>Porcupine.</b> <b>WM</b> Sloop of war, commanded by Captain Jervis, 176.</p> + +<p><b>Porcupine River.</b> Discovered by John Bell, of the Hudson's Bay Company, +in 1842, and explored to its junction with the Yukon, by Bell, in 1844. +In 1847 Alexander Hunter Murray, of the same company, descended the +Porcupine to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_302" id="Page_302">[302]</a></span> its mouth, and built Fort Yukon, about three miles above +the mouth of the Porcupine, on the east bank of the Yukon. In 1869, on +the abandonment of Fort Yukon, the Hudson's Bay Company built Rampart +House, on the Porcupine River, close to the international boundary. As +subsequent surveys proved it to be on American territory, the fort was +moved some miles to the east. <b>Index</b>: <b>D</b> Ascended by Robert Campbell in +1850, 125. <b>Bib.</b>: Murray, <i>Journal of the Yukon</i> (Canadian Archives, +1910); McConnell, <i>Report on the Yukon and Mackenzie Basins</i> (Geol. +Survey, 1889).</p> + +<p><b>Port au Mouton (Acadia).</b> <b>Ch</b> De Monts stops at, 19.</p> + +<p><b>Port aux Anglais.</b> <b>Ch</b> Louisbourg commonly known as, 236. <i>See also</i> +Louisbourg.</p> + +<p><b>Port Hayes.</b> On Hudson Bay, captured by Troyes, 206.</p> + +<p><b>Port Nelson.</b> Fort built by the Hudson's Bay Company, at mouth of Hayes +River, west coast of Hudson Bay, 1669. Afterwards known as York Factory +(<i>q.v.</i>). It was captured by the French under Iberville in 1694, and +again in 1697. <b>Index</b>: <b>F</b> Captured by Iberville, 345; retaken by English, +347; again taken by Iberville. <b>Bib.</b>: Bryce, <i>Hudson's Bay Company</i>; +Laut, <i>Pathfinders of the West</i> and <i>Conquest of the Great North-West</i>. +<i>See also</i> Iberville.</p> + +<p><b>Port Royal.</b> Founded by De Monts in 1605. The basin had been discovered +the previous year, and the land granted to Poutrincourt, who named it +Port Royal. The early settlement is described in Lescarbot's <i>History of +New France</i>. Captured by Sedgwick, under the orders of Cromwell, in +1654; restored in 1668. Again captured by Phipps, 1690, and once more +restored to France by the treaty of Ryswick, 1697. Nicholson finally +captured the place in 1710, and re-named it Annapolis Royal (<i>q.v.</i>). +<b>Index</b>: <b>F</b> Capital of Acadia, 270; captured by Phipps, 274. <b>Ch</b> Settlement +made at, 32; new settlers arrive under Poutrincourt, 36. <b>L</b> Captured by +English, 229. <b>Bib.</b>: Champlain, <i>Voyages</i>; Lescarbot, <i>History of New +France</i>; Parkman, <i>Pioneers of France</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Portages.</b> <i>See</i> Frog Portage; Giscome Portage; Grand Portage; Methye +Portage; Rocky Mountain Portage.</p> + +<p><b>Porter, G. R.</b> <b>Sy</b> Statistician of Board of Trade, 54.</p> + +<p><b>Portland Railway Convention.</b> <b>W</b> Its object to secure a shorter route to +Europe, 119-120.</p> + +<p><b>Portland, William Henry Cavendish Bentinck, third Duke of</b> (1738-1809). +Educated at Eton and Oxford; entered Parliament, 1760; prime minister in +1783; and again in 1807. <b>Index</b>: <b>Dr</b> Thanks Dorchester for surrendering +his fees, 292. <b>S</b> Secretary of state, Simcoe's despatch to, explaining +his advance in American territory, 143-154; does not approve of the +creation of lieutenants for the Upper Canada counties, 197; writes to +Simcoe in very commendatory terms, 216. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Dict. Nat. Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>Portlock.</b> <b>D</b> With Dixon, sails from England, 1785, 22; discovers that +Queen Charlotte Islands are not part of mainland, 22.</p> + +<p><b>Portneuf, De.</b> <b>F</b> Commands war party from Quebec, 236; captures Fort +Loyal, 252; removed for peculation, 330.</p> + +<p><b>Porto Bello.</b> <b>Ch</b> Champlain's description of, 4.</p> + +<p><b>Porto Rico Island.</b> <b>Ch</b> Taken and abandoned, by English in 1598, 3.</p> + +<p><b>Portuguese.</b> <b>Ch</b> Island of Cape Breton once occupied by, 236.</p> + +<p><b>Post Office.</b> <b>Mc</b> Report on, 153; Mackenzie offered control of department, +225; Lord Goderich requests Mackenzie's opinion on, 235; Mackenzie's +scheme for reform of, 236; control of the revenue from, 236. <b>Bk</b> Service +in Upper Canada, 155. <b>Md</b> Savings banks introduced in 1867, 151; rates +reduced and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_303" id="Page_303">[303]</a></span> unified at same time, 151. <b>E</b> Reforms brought about by La +Fontaine-Baldwin government, 85-86. <b>BL</b> Transferred from Imperial to +Canadian government, and reorganized, 338. <b>Dr</b> Condition of service in +1788, 243; Dorchester's improvement of, 243. <b>Hd</b> Difficulties of, 129, +131; improved by Haldimand, 131; inefficiency of, in 1782, 193.</p> + +<p><b>Potash.</b> <b>S</b> Decline in production of, 107.</p> + +<p><b>Potenger, Maria.</b> <b>Bk</b> Niece of Sir Isaac Brock, 133.</p> + +<p><b>Potenger, Zelia.</b> <b>Bk</b> Niece of Sir Isaac Brock, 133.</p> + +<p><b>Pottawotomi Indians.</b> An Algonquian tribe, allied to the Chippewas. They +ranged over portions of what is now the state of Michigan, and in 1760, +when Detroit fell into the hands of the British, occupied a village +below the fort. One hundred and fifty of the tribe fought under Pontiac +in 1763. In the War of 1812, they took the British side. <b>Index</b>: <b>Hd</b> Sioux +offer to attack, 148; described as fickle, credulous, and timid, 148. +<b>Bib.</b>: Pilling, <i>Bibliography of Algonquian Languages</i>; Charlevoix, +<i>History of New France</i>; Parkman, <i>Conspiracy of Pontiac</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Pouchot</b> (1712-1769). Born at Grenoble, France. Entered the Engineers' +corps of the French army in 1733, and served in Flanders, Corsica, and +Germany. Accompanied Montcalm to Canada and took part in the defence of +Fort Niagara and Fort de Lévis. Served in the campaigns against the +British and Indians, until the fall of Quebec in 1759. <b>Index</b>: <b>WM</b> Quoted +with reference to battle of Carillon, 58; in command at Niagara, divides +his force, 122; forced to capitulate, 146. <b>Hd</b> In command of French fort +at Niagara, 25; surrenders, 26; surrenders Fort de Lévis, 36. <b>Bib.</b>: +Doughty, <i>Siege of Quebec</i>; Parkman, <i>Montcalm and Wolfe</i>; Bradley, +<i>Fight with France</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Poulariez.</b> <b>WM</b> Placed in command of French left (Beauport to +Montmorency), 158, 174, 175; protests against idea of capitulation, 209; +in battle of Ste. Foy, 262.</p> + +<p><b>Poulett.</b> <b>Sy</b> Maiden name of Sydenham's mother, 4.</p> + +<p><b>Poullain, Father Guillaume.</b> <b>Ch</b> Récollet missionary, 87; goes to +Nipissing mission, 149.</p> + +<p><b>Pouthier, Toussaint.</b> <b>Bk</b> Agent of the Hudson's Bay Company, assists in +capture of Michilimackinac, 210.</p> + +<p><b>Poutrincourt.</b> <i>See</i> Biencourt de Poutrincourt.</p> + +<p><b>Powell, Henry Watson</b> (1733-1814). Born in England. Entered the army; in +1756 became captain; and in 1759 served in the West Indies; in 1768 and +subsequent years stationed in different parts of North America, and in +1771 promoted lieutenant-colonel. Took part in General Burgoyne's +expedition in 1777, with the rank of brigadier-general; in July, 1777, +in command of Fort Ticonderoga, and held it successfully against the +besieging forces of New Hampshire and Connecticut. Returned to England +at the end of the American Revolution, and in 1801 promoted general. +<b>Index</b>: <b>Dr</b> In command at Ticonderoga, discouraging messages from, 179, +180; on surrender of Burgoyne retreats to St. Johns, 180. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Cyc. +Am. Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>Powell, John.</b> <b>Mc</b> Shoots at Mackenzie, 364; his treachery, 365.</p> + +<p><b>Powell, Colonel Walker</b> (1828- ). Born in Waterford, Ontario. Educated at +the county Grammar School, and at Victoria College, Cobourg. Engaged for +some years in mercantile pursuits. Appointed warden of Norfolk County, +1856. Member of the Legislative Assembly for Norfolk County, 1857-1861. +Appointed deputy adjutant-general for the Dominion of Canada, 1862. +Served during the Fenian Raid, 1866, and in the Rebellions of 1869-1870<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_304" id="Page_304">[304]</a></span> +and 1885. Adjutant-general of the Dominion, 1875-1896. Largely +responsible for the present militia system of Canada, and aided in the +establishment of the Royal Military College at Kingston. <b>Index</b>: <b>R</b> +Adjutant-general, graduate of Victoria College, 144. <b>Bib.</b>: Rose, <i>Cyc. +Can. Biog.</i>; Morgan, <i>Can. Men</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Powell, William Dummer</b> (1755-1834). Born in Boston. Called to the bar, +1779. Came to Montreal, and made judge of the district of Hesse with +headquarters at Detroit, 1789. Promoted to chief-justiceship, 1815. +Retired from the bench, 1825. <b>Index</b>: <b>S</b> Judge of Common Pleas in Upper +Canada, 178. <b>Bk</b> On Brock's victory at Detroit, 262. <b>Mc</b> Tries and +banishes Robert Gourlay, 92. <b>Bib.</b>: Read, <i>Lives of the Judges</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Power, Michael</b> (1804-1848). Born in Waterford, Ireland. Emigrated to +Canada. Ordained a priest, and became curé of La Prairie, which position +he held until 1841, when he went to Europe with Bishop Bourget. On his +return to Canada appointed bishop of the western part of Kingston, when +that diocese was divided. Consecrated, May 8, 1842, and adopted the +title of bishop of Toronto, from the city in which he resided. During +his administration the missions which the Jesuits had formerly held in +Upper Canada were restored, and others established by his aid. <b>Index</b>: <b>R</b> +Chairman of the Council of Public Instruction in Ontario—favourable to +public schools, 219.</p> + +<p><b>Prairie de la Madeleine.</b> <b>L</b> Settlement of Christian Indians at, 74.</p> + +<p><b>Precedence.</b> <b>L</b> Questions of, 163.</p> + +<p><b>Preferential Trade.</b> <b>B</b> Ended by repeal of corn laws, 31; protests from +Canada, 31; <i>Globe</i> defends free trade and urges Canada to help herself, +31-32; Elgin against Canadian dependence on Imperial tariff legislation, +32. <b>E</b> Elgin on, 58-59; debates on, in Canadian Parliament, 59.</p> + +<p><b>Presbyterian Church in Canada.</b> Had its beginnings early in the +eighteenth century in Nova Scotia. In 1776 the Presbytery of Truro, Nova +Scotia, was organized; that of Montreal in 1793; and in 1818 the +Presbytery of the Canadas was formed in Montreal. In 1831 the united +Presbytery became the Synod of Upper Canada; and in 1840 joined the +Church of Scotland Synod. In 1844, on the disruption of the Church of +Scotland, the (Free) Presbyterian Synod of Canada was organized. +Training colleges were established at Toronto, Halifax, Montreal, and +other centres. In 1861 the Free and United Presbyterian synods united as +the Synod of Canada Presbyterian Church; and in 1875 all Presbyterian +bodies became one in the Presbyterian Church in Canada. <b>Index</b>: <b>E</b> Secures +a share of Clergy Reserves, 153. <b>B</b> George Brown's attitude to, 2; the +<i>British Chronicle</i> and "disruption," 4; the <i>Banner</i> largely devoted to +the interests of, 5, 6. <b>R</b> Claims equality with Anglicans, 39; statistics +in Upper Canada, 51. <b>W</b> Represented by one in New Brunswick Assembly, 69. +<b>Bib.</b>: Torrance, <i>Origin of the Canadian Presbyterian Church</i> in <i>Canada: +An Ency.</i>, vol. 4; Gregg, <i>History of the Presbyterian Church in +Canada</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Prescott, Richard</b> (1725-1788). Born in England. Entered the army, and +promoted major, 1756; lieutenant-colonel, 1762, and served in Europe +during the Seven Years' War. In 1773 sent as colonel of the 7th Foot to +Canada, and during the next two years rendered good service. In 1775, +during the investment of Montreal by the Americans, surrounded while on +the way to Quebec with troops and stores, and captured. In September, +1776, exchanged; and in December, third in command of the British army, +until again made prisoner, July 10, 1777. Released, and the same year +became major-general, and in 1782 lieutenant-general. <b>Index</b>: <b>Dr</b> Placed +in charge of Montreal, 89;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_305" id="Page_305">[305]</a></span> leaves Montreal with Carleton, 112; captured +by Americans, 113. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Cyc. Am. Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>Prescott, Sir Robert</b> (1725-1816). Born in Lancashire, England. Educated +for the army. Promoted captain of the 15th Foot, 1755; served in the +expeditions against Rochefort, 1757, and Louisbourg, 1758. Aide-de-camp +to Amherst, 1759; afterwards served under Wolfe in Canada. Promoted +major, 1761; lieutenant-colonel, 1762. During the American Revolution, +1775, took part in the battle of Long Island, and at the attack on Fort +Washington; engaged in the expedition against Philadelphia, 1777; +promoted brevet-colonel, and took part in the battle of Brandywine; +promoted colonel, 1780; major-general, 1781; lieutenant-general, 1793. +Sent in 1794 to Martinique, which he reduced. On April 10, 1796, +appointed governor of Canada in succession to Lord Dorchester, who was +recalled. In that year the fortifications at Quebec were greatly +strengthened under his direction. In 1797 also appointed governor of +Nova Scotia and of New Brunswick. Held all three positions until his +recall to England, 1799. <b>Index</b>: <b>Bk</b> Succeeds Dorchester as governor of +Canada, 38. <b>Dr</b> Succeeds Dorchester as governor, 303. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Dict. Nat. +Biog.</i>; Bradley, <i>The Making of Canada</i>; Lucas, <i>History of Canada</i>.</p> + +<p><b>President and Little Belt.</b> <b>Bk</b> Affair of, 173.</p> + +<p><b>Preston, Major.</b> <b>Dr</b> Sent to occupy fort at St. Johns, 84; surrenders to +Montgomery, 102.</p> + +<p><b>Prévert.</b> <b>Ch</b> Explorer, gives information to Champlain respecting a copper +mine, 13.</p> + +<p><b>Prévost, Augustin</b> (1725?-1786). Father of Sir George Prévost. Entered +the army; served under Wolfe at Quebec, 1759; became lieutenant-colonel, +1761, colonel, 1777; major-general, 1779; defeated General Ashe at Brier +Creek, 1779, and defended Savannah against the Americans the same year. +<b>Index</b>: <b>Hd</b> Haldimand's correspondence with, 294, 338; proposed +appointment of, 330. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Cyc. Am. Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>Prévost, Major Augustin.</b> Son of preceding. <b>Index</b>: <b>Hd</b> Interested in +settlement of Haldimand's lands in Pennsylvania, 315; his father, +General Prévost, also a friend of Haldimand's, 316.</p> + +<p><b>Prévost, Sir George</b> (1767-1816). Born in New York. Entered the army; +took part in the battles of St. Vincent, Dominica, and St. Lucia. In +1803 created a baronet and promoted major-general. In 1803 appointed +governor of Nova Scotia, and in 1812, governor of Canada and commander +of the forces in British North America. In 1812-1813 rendered important +service in the defence of Canada against the Americans, but was +unsuccessful in his operations in the invasion of New York state, being +severely defeated, Sept. 11, 1814. <b>Index</b>: <b>Bk</b> Governor of Nova Scotia, +and second in military command in British North America, 101; arrives in +Canada as governor-general and commander of forces, 157; previous +career, 157, 158; his appointment satisfactory to French-Canadians, 158; +appoints Bédard to judgeship, 158; hampered by his instructions from +England, 184; his despatch with reference to the John Henry letters, +188; his cautious instructions to Brock, 190, 194, 204, 216; receives +news of declaration of war, 203; officially informed of it, 207; his +instructions to Captain Roberts at St. Joseph, 210; praises Roberts for +his prompt action, 227; his despatch to Lord Bathurst, 227; sends money +and stores to Upper Canada, 229; sends proposal for armistice to General +Dearborn, 233; letter of congratulation to Brock, 268, 269; notifies +Brock of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_306" id="Page_306">[306]</a></span> termination of armistice, 269; disapproves of Brock's proposal +to attack Sackett's Harbour, 271; his pacific policy approved by British +government, 271; speaks of "infatuation" of British ministers regarding +American affairs, 277; letter to Brock recommending attitude of defence, +288; his despatch on victory at Detroit, 295. <b>P</b> Arrives as governor, +1811, 32; political quiet restored for a time, 32, 39. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Dict. Nat. +Biog.</i>; Lucas, <i>Canadian War of 1812</i>. <i>See also</i> War of 1812.</p> + +<p><b>Prevost.</b> <b>F</b> Town-major of Quebec, 257; strengthens defences, 284.</p> + +<p><b>Prévôte (Provost's court).</b> <b>F</b> Abolished, 1674, reëstablished, 1677, 107.</p> + +<p><b>Price.</b> <b>Dr</b> A disaffected Montrealer, 122, 123.</p> + +<p><b>Price, David Edward</b> (1826-1833). Born in Quebec. Interested in +lumbering. Sat in the Assembly for Chicoutimi and Saguenay, 1855-1864. +Although English-speaking and a Protestant, returned to the Legislative +Council for a purely French-Canadian district, 1864. Appointed to the +Senate, 1867.</p> + +<p><b>Price, James Hervey</b> (1797-1882). Born in England. Came to Canada and +settled at Toronto, 1828. Studied law and called to the bar, 1833. Took +a leading part in the agitation preceding the Rebellion of 1837, but not +concerned in the Rebellion itself. Elected to the Canadian Assembly as +member for the 1st Riding of York, 1841; during the succeeding years one +of the most influential members of the Assembly; held office as +commissioner of crown lands in the La Fontaine-Baldwin government, +1848-1851; defeated at the election of 1851 and retired from public +life. Returned to England and settled at Shirley, near Southampton. Died +in Shirley. <b>Index</b>: <b>E</b> Returned to Parliament, 1848, 50; commissioner of +crown lands, in La Fontaine-Baldwin ministry, 53; his views on Clergy +Reserves, 160, 161, 162. <b>BL</b> Commissioner of crown lands—supports +Baldwin, 214; his resolution, 215, 216; elected for York, 279; +commissioner of crown lands, 284; resolution on Clergy Reserves, 346, +348. <b>Mc</b> At Doel's brewery, 330; rebels meet at his house, 362. <b>Bib.</b>: +Dent, <i>Upper Canadian Rebellion</i> and <i>Last Forty Years</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Prices of Commodities.</b> <b>S</b> In Upper Canada, 114.</p> + +<p><b>Prideaux, John</b> (1718-1759). Born in Devonshire, England. Entered the +army in 1739 as an ensign. In 1743 took part in the battle of Dettingen; +in 1745 promoted captain; in 1748 became lieutenant-colonel; in 1758 +colonel; and in 1759 brigadier-general. In 1759 appointed by Pitt, +commander of a division of the army in Canada, under the supreme command +of General Amherst. Ordered by Amherst to attack Fort Niagara, then one +of the strongest of the French forts. On July 7, 1759, made the first +assault on the fort, and on July 11 repulsed an attack by the French. On +the same day, while directing the artillery fire, killed by the bursting +of one of his own guns. Succeeded by Sir William Johnson, who carried +out his plan of operations, the fort capitulating on July 24, 1759. +<b>Index</b>: <b>Hd</b> Marches against Fort Niagara, 25; death of, 26. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Dict. +Nat. Biog.</i>; Bradley, <i>The Fight with France</i>; Parkman, <i>Montcalm and +Wolfe</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Priests.</b> <b>Dr</b> Introduction of, from France, prohibited, 257.</p> + +<p><b>Primogeniture.</b> <b>E</b> Abolished in Upper Canada with respect to real estate, +87.</p> + +<p><b>Prince, Colonel.</b> <b>Mc</b> Defends Windsor, 447; shoots prisoners, 447; +condemnation for, 448.</p> + +<p><b>Prince Edward Island.</b> Under the name of Isle St. John, it appears in +Champlain's narrative and on his map. The name is found on earlier maps, +and both the discovery and naming of the island have been attributed to +Cabot, and again to Cartier, but without sufficient proof. It bore that +name until the year 1798,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_307" id="Page_307">[307]</a></span> when the present form was adopted, in honour +of the Duke of Kent, father of Queen Victoria. During the French régime, +it was largely settled by Acadian families, but these were expelled +after the island came under British rule. In 1769 the island was granted +to a number of proprietors, and settlement was very slow. It formed part +of Nova Scotia until 1769, when it was made a separate province. +Responsible government was granted in 1851; and in 1873 the province +entered Confederation. <b>Index</b>: <b>E</b> Land question in, 143-144; 174-175. <b>B</b> +Withdraws from Confederation scheme, 185-186. <b>Md</b> Electors reject +proposals of Quebec Conference in 1865, 147; again reject Confederation +terms in 1866, 147; Macdonald's interest in acquisition of, 148; +financial difficulties lead to union in 1873, 148-149; railway debt of, +assumed by Canada, 149. <b>Dr</b> Carleton arranges to visit, 235; difficulty +in transfer of governorship from Patterson to Fanning, 235. <i>See also</i> +Charlottetown. <b>Bib.</b>: Campbell, <i>History of Prince Edward Island</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Prince of Wales College.</b> Located at Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island. +Founded, 1860, and amalgamated with the provincial Normal School, 1879.</p> + +<p><b>Prince of Wales Fort.</b> At the mouth of the Churchill River, Hudson Bay. +Built by the Hudson's Bay Company, between the years 1733 and 1771. It +was of massive masonry, 37 to 42 feet thick; 310 feet long on the north +and south sides, and 317 on the east and west; and is said to have been +designed by English military engineers. The walls are still standing, +though parts have fallen in. The parapet mounted forty guns, which are +still on the walls. <i>See</i> Tyrrell's Introduction to Hearne's <i>Journey</i> +(Champlain Society ed., 1910). Hearne was governor of the fort in 1782, +when it was captured by the French under Admiral La Perouse. The fort +was built on Eskimo Point, just west of the mouth of the river. The +present Hudson's Bay Company post stands on the site of a much earlier +fort, built by the Company in 1688. <b>Bib.</b>: Bryce, <i>Hudson's Bay Company</i>; +Laut, <i>Conquest of the Great North-West</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Prince of Wales Island.</b> On the north-west coast of North America. <b>Index</b>: +<b>D</b> Recognized as Russian territory by Convention of 1825, 118.</p> + +<p><b>Pringle, Captain.</b> <b>Dr</b> Commands flotilla on Lake Champlain, 154.</p> + +<p><b>Prison Reform.</b> <b>B</b> Need of, in Upper Canada, shown by George Brown, 90; +his strong interest in, 91-92.</p> + +<p><b>Prisoners.</b> <b>Dr</b> British, in America, 201; exchange of, after Revolutionary +War, 207, 208; hardships suffered by Germans captured by Burgoyne, 208, +209; refuse service either as farm labourers or in American army, 210, +211; liberation and embarkation of, 214.</p> + +<p><b>Proclamation, Royal.</b> <b>Dr</b> Following treaty of Paris, 7; its provisions, 7, +8.</p> + +<p><b>Proclamation of 1764.</b> <b>P</b> Attorney-general Yorke's opinion of, 11-13; +Solicitor-general Wedderburne's views on, 14.</p> + +<p><b>Procter, Henry A.</b> (1787-1859). Born in Wales. Served in the army, and +became colonel of his regiment. In 1812, being stationed in Canada, +ordered by General Brock to prevent the landing of the American troops +under General Hull at Amherstburg. This he successfully accomplished, +and later defeated the enemy at Brownstown. In 1813 inflicted a severe +defeat on the Americans, under General James Winchester, at Frenchtown +on the river Raisin. For these services promoted brigadier-general. In +August, 1813, forced to retire from Fort Stephenson by Major Croghan. On +Oct. 5, defeated by General W.H. Harrison at the battle of the Thames. +For this disaster tried by court-martial and sentenced to be suspended +for six months from rank and pay. Afterwards reinstated; served during +the later stages of the war, and promoted lieutenant-general.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_308" id="Page_308">[308]</a></span> <b>Index</b>: <b>Bk</b> +In command of Niagara frontier, 205; sent to Amherstburg, 215, 235; +second in command to Brock, 247; opposed to the attempt on Detroit, 267. +<b>Bib.</b>: Lucas, <i>Canadian War of 1812</i>. <i>See also</i> War of 1812.</p> + +<p><b>Programme Catholique.</b> <b>C</b> Issued by <i>Le Parti Catholique</i>, 82; its terms, +82; disapproved of by Archbishop Taschereau, 82-83.</p> + +<p><b>Prohibition.</b> <b>T</b> Bill introduced by Tilley in New Brunswick, 34; +difficulty with its enforcement, 35-39; causes defeat of government, 41; +Act repealed, 41. <i>See also</i> Liquor question; Brandy question.</p> + +<p><b>Protection.</b> <b>B</b> Beginnings of agitation for, in Canada, 231; opposed by +George Brown, 232-233; at the bottom of objections to proposed +Reciprocity Treaty of 1864, 232, 233; secret of its success in 1878, +241. <b>C</b> Cartier's views on, 115-116. <i>See also</i> National policy.</p> + +<p><b>Protestant Protective Association.</b> <b>Md</b> Carries on an anti-Roman Catholic +campaign, 289.</p> + +<p><b>Protestants.</b> <b>Dr</b> Feeling aroused among, in connection with Quebec Act, +69. <b>Ch</b> Fanaticism of Huguenot agents, 86; had large share of trade, 110; +proposed to exclude, 110. <b>L</b> Protestantism proscribed in Canada under the +French régime, 12.</p> + +<p><b>Provençal.</b> <b>Ch</b> Uncle of Champlain, officer in Spanish naval service, 2.</p> + +<p><b>Provincial Secretaries.</b> <b>Sy</b> Duties assigned to, 331.</p> + +<p><b>Prud'homme.</b> <b>WM</b> Commands Montreal militia, 105.</p> + +<p><b>Prussia.</b> <b>Hd</b> Becomes a first-class power, 6.</p> + +<p><b>Public Works.</b> <b>Sy</b> Expenditure on, in Lower and Upper Canada, +respectively, 317, 318; home government advances money for completion +of, 320.</p> + +<p><b>Puget Sound Agricultural Company.</b> <b>D</b> Organized, 129; agricultural +interests of Hudson's Bay Company handed over to, 129; its farms, +129-130; checkered career, 130; McLoughlin first manager, 130; disputes +with United States, 130-131; claims settled by commission, 131; Douglas +succeeds McLoughlin as manager, 132; epidemic of fever and ague follows +first turning of soil about Fort Vancouver, 132; land claims on +Vancouver Island, 198; dispute with Langford, 199. <b>Bib.</b>: Bancroft, +<i>History of the North-West Coast</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Punshon, William Morley</b> (1824-1881). Born in England. Engaged for a time +in the timber business with his father; joined the Methodists, 1838, and +ordained a Wesleyan minister, 1845. Worked in London, 1858-1868, and in +Canada, 1868-1873, when he returned to England. <b>Index</b>: <b>R</b> Ryerson's +friendship for, 285; comes to Canada, 285-286; Ryerson's letter to, +288-289. <b>Bib.</b>: Dent, <i>Can. Por.</i>; <i>Dict. Nat. Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>Purchas, Samuel</b> (1575?-1626). A graduate of St. John's College, +Cambridge. Rector of St. Martin's, Ludgate, London, 1614-1626. Fell heir +to a number of unpublished narratives left by Hakluyt, and edited them +with many others, in his collections of voyages and travels. <b>Index</b>: <b>Ch</b> +Gives in his <i>Pilgrims</i> English version of Champlain's first narrative, +15. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Purchas his Pilgrimage</i>, 1613; <i>Purchas his Pilgrim</i>, 1619; +<i>Hakluytus Posthumus, or Purchas his Pilgrimes</i>, 1625.</p> + +<p><b>Purchase of Commissions.</b> <b>Dr</b> In Loyalist corps, 217.</p> + +<p><b>Putnam, Charles S.</b> <b>W</b> A leading barrister of Fredericton, 11.</p> + + +<p><b>Quadra, Juan Francisco de la Bodega y</b> (1744?-1794). Knight of the Order +of Santiago. Made voyages of exploration to the North-West Coast in 1775 +and 1779. Governor of Nootka, and met Vancouver there in 1792 for the +purpose of arranging the restoration of Nootka to the British crown. +<b>Index</b>: <b>D</b> Voyage to North-West Coast, 7, 14; at Bay of Islands, 15; takes +possession for Spain,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_309" id="Page_309">[309]</a></span> 15; searches for Strait of Anian, 15; fails to +discover mouth of Columbia, 15; sights Mount St. Elias and enters Prince +William's Sound, 15; meets Vancouver at Nootka, 33. <b>Bib.</b>: Bancroft, +<i>History of the North-West Coast</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Quakers.</b> <b>S</b> Try to bring about peace with Indians, 122. <b>Hd</b> Of +Pennsylvania, their opposition to the government, 11, 12. <b>Bk</b> Emigration +of, from Pennsylvania to Upper Canada, 49.</p> + +<p><b>Quebec Act, 1774.</b> Provided that the boundaries of the province of Quebec +in the west should extend from Lake Erie to the Ohio, along the Ohio to +the Mississippi, and north to the territories of the Hudson's Bay +Company; guaranteed the French-Canadians in the free exercise of their +religion; provided for the continuance of the criminal law of England, +and for the appointment of a Legislative Council, with limited powers. +<b>Index</b>: <b>E</b> Guarantees institutions of French Canada, 24. <b>Dr</b> Introduced in +House of Lords, 63; its delimitation of Canada gives offence to older +colonies, 63; concedes full religious liberty to Roman Catholics and +establishes French civil law, 64; opposition to, 65; passed, 65; +corporation of London petitions king to withhold assent, 69; saves +Canada to British crown, 78; agitation against, 79-81; goes into force, +81, 89. <b>L</b> Beneficial operation of, 13. <b>Sy</b> Its effect in creating +cleavage between French and English in Canada, 62; precipitated by +American Revolution, 65; not carried out in its integrity, 66, 67; a +mistake as preventing the unification of Canada, 91. <b>BL</b> Its provisions, +2-3; opposition to, 4; its results, 4. <b>P</b> Gives French-Canadians +long-deferred justice, 7; establishes French civil law, 9; the <i>magna +charta</i> of French-Canadians, 9, 16; its genesis and history, 11. <b>Mc</b> +Commentary on, 47; cause of its repeal, 47. <b>Hd</b> Extends Quebec to +Mississippi, 93; obnoxious to New Englanders, 101; not satisfactory to +English inhabitants, 173, 175; in Haldimand's opinion, saved the country +from going over to the enemy, 174; and estates of Ursuline nuns, 179; +opposition to, 180; repeal wanted, 188, 264; Haldimand's opinion of, +195; his use of, 273. <b>Bib.</b>: Houston, <i>Constitutional Documents of +Canada</i>; Bourinot, <i>Constitutional History of Canada</i>; Egerton and +Grant, <i>Canadian Constitutional Documents</i>; Bradley, <i>The Making of +Canada</i>; Lucas, <i>History of Canada</i>. <i>See also</i> Dorchester.</p> + +<p><b>Quebec City.</b> Founded by Champlain (<i>q.v.</i>), in 1608. Seventy-three years +earlier, Jacques Cartier had sailed up the great river, and landed near +the same spot, wintering in a creek not far from the native town of +Stadaconé. Champlain, in 1608, built a rude fort, the <i>Abitation de +Québec</i>, and a warehouse. There he and his men spent the winter, but +before succour arrived in the spring, most Of them died of scurvy. Had a +man of less courage and resourcefulness been in Command, the infant +settlement of Quebec might have died a natural death. Champlain kept it +alive, and, though harassed by enemies, and neglected by the motherland, +the town grew steadily from the year of its birth. Quebec has passed +through five sieges, that of Kirke in 1629, that of Phipps, 1690, the +great siege of 1759, Lévis's siege of 1760, and that of Montgomery and +Arnold, 1775-1776. <b>Index</b>: <b>Bk</b> The centre of society in Canada, 46; +defective state of fortifications, 75; defences of in early years of +nineteenth century, 89, 90, 94. <b>Sy</b> Charter of, reëstablished, 255; +change in electoral limits of, 285; two members assigned to, 285. <b>L</b> +Church erected at, 84; placed under patronage of Immaculate Conception +and St. Louis, 85; not less pious as a community than Montreal, 92; +conflagration at, 186; siege of, by expedition under Phipps, 229-231. <b>B</b> +Brown's objection to, as seat of government, 70; gross election frauds +in 1857, 99; fortifications of, to be completed by England, 186. <b>Dr</b> +Carleton's report on fortifications of, 44; fortifications of, improved +by Cramahé, 117;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_310" id="Page_310">[310]</a></span> attack by Montgomery and Arnold on, repulsed, 125-131; +garrison of, greatly encouraged, 133; gayety in, during winter of +1776-1777, 162; unreasonable demands of British inhabitants of, 252, +253. <b>F</b> Foundations of, 7; capture of, by Kirke, 20; restored to France, +23; population of city in 1666, 56; first ball given at, 59; sea +expedition planned against, by New Englanders, 268-277; defences +strengthened, 284; attack by squadron under Phipps, 285-300; defences +further strengthened, 326. <b>E</b> Seat of government at, 78; Lord Elgin's +references to, in his farewell address, 205-206. <b>WM</b> In 1756, description +of, 15; Wolfe's plan for attacking, 76; fortifications afforded no +protection, 79; batteries at, 95; batteries of, have no effect against +enemy's works at Pointe Lévis, 113; discouragement of inhabitants, 113; +general exodus from, 115; bombardment of, 115; thieves pillage the +houses, 122; pitiable condition of, 160; abandoned by the enemy, the +citizens call for capitulation, 224; garrison of, disorganized, 230; +capitulation of, 230-235; rejoicing in England over fall of, 238; +Vaudreuil maintains spies in, 243; sickness in British garrison of, 243. +<b>Ch</b> Fortifications of, 157; slow progress of settlement at, 167; terms of +capitulation of, 190-192; keys of, handed to Lewis Kirke, 195; English +flag hoisted over, 196; names of families remaining at, after surrender, +196; passes again under French rule, 224; population in 1629, 208; +destructive fire at, 1640, 241. <b>BL</b> Boundaries of, for political purposes +changed by Sydenham, restored in 1842, 146; aspires to honour of +capital, 181; seat of government, 338. <b>Md</b> Shares with Toronto the honour +of seat of government, for sixteen years, 39; dispute over capital, 77; +dissatisfaction of, over selection of Ottawa as capital, 85; conference +on Confederation meets at, in 1864, 104-105. <b>Hd</b> Besieged by Wolfe, 25; +news arrives of surrender of, 29; defended by Murray, 34; Murray +lieutenant-governor of, 41; roads to, 45, 46; uses St. Maurice forges, +47; government of, 49; enlistment of French-Canadians in, 55-56; +Haldimand arrives at, 117; Indians brought to, 152; fortifications of, +strengthened, 183; prisons in, 187; threatened by French fleet, 188; +census of, taken, 190; old customs of, 192, 221-224; Riedesels at, 220, +300-304; education in, 233-235; food supply of, 239; Nelson at, 244; +rebel sympathizers in, 279; Du Calvet in, 286, 287; Haldimand's life in, +298; Haldimand sails from, 310; Haldimand Hill in, named after him, 346. +<b>Bib.</b>: Doughty, <i>Cradle of New France</i>; Le Moine, <i>Historical Notes on +Quebec</i>; MacPherson, <i>Reminiscences of Old Quebec</i>; Hawkins, <i>Picture of +Quebec</i>; Douglas, <i>Old France in the New World</i>; Le Moine, <i>Quebec Past +and Present</i>; Parker, <i>Old Quebec</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Quebec Committee.</b> <b>Sy</b> Its address to the electors in opposition to the +union, 288.</p> + +<p><b>Quebec Conference, 1864.</b> To discuss terms of Confederation. <b>Index</b>: <b>C</b> +Cauchon's commentaries on the resolutions, 24. <b>B</b> Division of authority +between federal and provincial Legislatures, 163; residuary powers, +163-164; constitution of the Senate, 164-165; financial question, 165; +resolutions adopted, 165; George Brown on, 165-166; delegates tour +Canada, 166; its character defined, 205. <b>H</b> Frames scheme of +Confederation, 178-179; Howe opposes the scheme, 185-191. <b>Md</b> Meets at +Quebec, Oct. 10, 1864, to discuss union of provinces, 104; Taché +selected as chairman, 104; deliberations behind closed doors, 105; +passes seventy-two resolutions along main lines upon which Confederation +was finally accomplished, 106; Macdonald's notes on, 106; legislative +<i>vs.</i> federal union, 107-109, 245-247; financial relations of provinces +and Dominion, 110; constitution of Senate, 110-112; question of +representation, 112-113. <b>T</b> Deals with Intercolonial Railway question, +54; history of, 76-80. <b>Bib.</b>: Pope,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_311" id="Page_311">[311]</a></span> <i>Confederation Documents</i>; Cauchon, +<i>Union of the Provinces</i>; Whelan, <i>Union of the British Provinces</i>; +Rawlings, <i>Confederation of the British North American Provinces; +Confederation Debates</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Quebec General Hospital</b>. <b>WM</b> Care taken of wounded British in, 153; +British guard placed on, 223; Lévis takes possession of, 265; painful +scenes at, described, 265, 266. <b>Bib.</b>: Doughty, <i>Cradle of New France</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Quebec, Hôtel Dieu</b>. <b>F</b> Origin of, 28. <b>L</b> Laval lodges at, for a time, 33; +nuns of, take charge of the general hospital, 236. <b>Bib.</b>: Doughty, +<i>Cradle of New France</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Quebec Library</b>. Founded at Quebec in 1779. The first public library in +what is now Canada. On Jan. 7 of that year, the following advertisement +appeared in the Quebec <i>Gazette</i>: "A subscription has been commenced for +establishing a publick library for the city and district of Quebec. It +has met with the approbation of His Excellency the Governor and of the +Bishop, and it is hoped that the institution, so particularly useful in +this country, will be generally encouraged." The idea of the library +originated with Governor Haldimand, and the first lot of books was +purchased in England, under his instructions, by Richard Cumberland, the +dramatist. An Act of incorporation obtained in 1840. Five years later, +the library was absorbed by the Quebec Library Association, founded +1843; and in 1866 the Association dissolved and sold its books to the +Quebec Literary and Historical Society (<i>q.v.</i>). <b>Bib.</b>: A detailed +account of the Quebec Library, and the Quebec Library Association, will +be found in Würtele's paper, in Quebec Lit. and Hist. Soc. <i>Trans.</i>, +1887-1889.</p> + +<p><b>Quebec Literary and Historical Society</b>. Founded at Quebec in 1824, +largely through the influence and liberality of the Earl of Dalhousie, +then governor-general. Its purposes were "to discover and rescue from +the unsparing hand of time the records which yet remain of the earliest +history of Canada. To preserve while in our power, such documents as may +be found amid the dust of yet unexplored depositories, and which may +prove important to general history and to the particular history of this +province." In 1829, another similar organization was absorbed; and in +1831 the society was incorporated by Act of Parliament. The library had +been started the previous year, as well as the museum. Both have grown +steadily, despite serious losses from fires. <b>Bib.</b>: The publications +consist of <i>Transactions</i> and <i>Historical Documents</i>. The first volume +of the former appeared in 1829, and the first part of the latter in +1838. The <i>Trans.</i>, for 1887-1889 contain an account of the Society, its +publications and its library, by F. C. Würtele, who also published in +1891 an Index to the series of publications.</p> + +<p><b>Quebec, Province of</b>. Area 351,873 square miles. Formed the principal +part of Canada, as ceded to Britain in 1763. Under the Quebec Act, 1774, +its boundaries extended west to the Ohio and Mississippi. In 1791, the +province was divided into Upper and Lower Canada, with the Ottawa River +as the boundary; in 1841 the two provinces were again united; and in +1867, Quebec became a province of the Dominion. The period of military +rule extended from the conquest to 1764, when civil government was +established. In 1775 the first Legislative Council met at Quebec. +Constitutional government was established in 1791; and responsible +government in 1841. <b>Index</b>: <b>Dr</b> Government of, embraced Canada, 7. <b>S</b> +Divided, 1. <b>Md</b> Seigniorial Tenure in, 14; difficulties of Confederation +in, 101; supports Confederation, 115; "doubtful and expectant" on entry +into Dominion, 129; representation in Cabinet, 133; result of election +of 1867 in, 141; excitement in, over Riel question, 242-244; Cartier's +influence<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_312" id="Page_312">[312]</a></span> in, 266. <i>See also</i> Quebec Act; Constitutional Act; +Seigniorial Tenure; Ninety-Two Resolutions; Responsible government; +Rebellion of 1837; Lower Canada.</p> + +<p><b>Quebec Revenue Act.</b> <b>Sy</b> Provided fund for carrying on colonial +government, 83. <b>Bib.</b>: Houston, <i>Constitutional Documents of Canada</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Quebec Seminary.</b> Opened 1668, in a house belonging to the widow of +Guillaume Couillard, at the entrance to the governor's garden. +Corner-stone of the first separate building laid in 1678; enlarged, +1701; restored and enlarged after the fire of 1866. <b>Index</b>: <b>F</b> +Establishment of, 48. <b>L</b> Founded by Laval, 10, 47-50; empowered to +collect tithes, 50; Laval transfers his personal income to, 56; +affiliated with Foreign Missions of Paris, 57, 140; buildings erected +for, 58; total destruction of, by fire, 58, 240; Saint-Vallier's high +opinion of, 203; sends missionaries to Louisiana, 208; Saint-Vallier +makes important changes in, 236; destroyed a second time by fire, 241. +<i>See also</i> Laval University. <b>Bib.</b>: Doughty, <i>Cradle of New France</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Quebec, Siege of, 1629.</b> The previous year, David Kirke had sailed up the +river, and sent a demand for the surrender of the fort, which Champlain +peremptorily refused. Kirke thereupon returned to the gulf to meet the +French fleet under De Roquemont, which he captured after a battle which +lasted fifteen hours, and carried his prizes and prisoners back to +England. The following year he returned, with a fleet of three sails, +and Champlain surrendered the fort, the more readily as the little +garrison was at the point of starvation. <b>Index</b>: <i>See</i> Quebec City; +Kirke. <b>Bib.</b>: Kirke, <i>The First English Conquest of Canada</i>; Parkman, +<i>Pioneers of France</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Quebec, Siege of, 1690.</b> Sir William Phipps, having captured Port Royal +in May of this year, appeared before Quebec in October, with thirty-two +ships and a force of over two thousand men. He immediately summoned +Frontenac to surrender, and got a contemptuous refusal. Quebec was well +defended both in men and guns, and after a fruitless attack on the town +from the Beauport flats, and a subsequent bombardment in which he did +much less damage to the town than his ships suffered from Frontenac's +batteries, Phipps abandoned the siege. A little church then building in +the Lower Town was named <i>Notre Dame de la Victoire</i>, to commemorate the +victory. <b>Index</b>: <i>See</i> Quebec city; Phipps. <b>Bib.</b>: Myrand, <i>Sir William +Phipps devant Québec</i>; Parkman, <i>Frontenac</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Quebec, Siege of, 1759.</b> Following the capture of Louisbourg, Duquesne, +and Fort Frontenac, in the campaign of 1758, two expeditions were sent +the following year against Quebec, one by land under Amherst, the second +by water under Wolfe and Saunders. The French forces were commanded by +Montcalm, whose plans were hampered at every stage by the interference +of the governor, Vaudreuil. Wolfe commanded the attacking army, and +Saunders the fleet. The former had as brigadiers Townshend, Monckton, +and Murray. Montcalm had a force of over fourteen thousand men, partly +regulars and partly militia. Wolfe's army numbered less than nine +thousand men, but all were regulars. After bombarding the city from the +Lévis shore, Wolfe, on July 31, made an unsuccessful attack at +Montmorency. Several ineffective efforts followed, and it was not until +early in September that Wolfe matured the plans which led to ultimate +success. Landing his men at a cove two miles above the city, on the +night of the twelfth, he had three thousand men upon the heights of +Abraham before daybreak. Montcalm hastily assembled his troops and led +them to the attack, but was completely defeated. During the battle, both +Wolfe and Montcalm were mortally wounded, and five of the French +brigadiers fell upon the field. The French were pursued to the gates of +the city, and Townshend,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_313" id="Page_313">[313]</a></span> who had succeeded to the command, had +difficulty in re-forming his troops to repel an attack from the rear by +Bougainville. The latter, however, after a brief engagement, was forced +to retire; and the British remained masters of the field. Five days +later, the city capitulated to Saunders and Townshend. <b>Index</b>: <i>See</i> +Quebec City; Wolfe; Montcalm. <b>Bib.</b>: Doughty, <i>Siege of Quebec</i>; Woods, +<i>Logs of the Conquest of Canada</i> and <i>Fight for Canada</i>; Bradley, <i>The +Fight with France</i>; Knox, <i>Historical Journal</i>; Waddington, <i>La Guerre +de Sept Ans</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Quebec, Siege of, 1760.</b> After the battle of Ste. Foy, April 20, 1760, +Murray retreated within the walls of Quebec, and Lévis laid siege to the +town. The defences were in a feeble state, but Murray strengthened them +by forming a wall of ice. In May a British fleet appeared, and Lévis, +seeing that the cause was lost, hastily raised the siege. <b>Bib.</b>: Bradley, +<i>The Fight with France</i>; Doughty, <i>Siege of Quebec</i> and <i>Cradle of New +France</i>; Waddington, <i>La Guerre de Sept Ans</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Quebec, Siege of, 1775-1776.</b> <i>See</i> American invasion; Montgomery; +Arnold; Dorchester. <b>Bib.</b>: Anderson, <i>Siege and Blockade of Quebec</i> +(Quebec Lit. and Hist. Soc. <i>Trans.</i>, 1872); Strange, <i>Historical Notes +on the Defence of Quebec</i> (Quebec Lit. and Hist. Soc. <i>Trans.</i>, 1875).</p> + +<p><b>Queen Charlotte Islands.</b> A group in the Pacific Ocean, off the coast of +British Columbia. Discovered by Captain Cook in 1778. Captain George +Dixon examined both the eastern and western shores of the islands in +1787, and named them after his ship, the <i>Queen Charlotte</i>. The natives +are known as Haidas. <b>Index</b>: <b>D</b> Portlock and Dixon discover that group is +not part of mainland, 22; discovery confirmed by Duncan in 1788, 22; +Douglas at, 29; coal discovered, 191; discovery of gold, 219. <b>Bib.</b>: +Poole, <i>Queen Charlotte Islands</i>; Chittenden, <i>Report of Exploration of +Queen Charlotte Islands</i>; Dawson, <i>Report on the Queen Charlotte +Islands</i> (Geol. Survey, 1878-1879).</p> + +<p><b>Queen's Brigade (French).</b> <b>WM</b> In battle of Ste. Foy, 262.</p> + +<p><b>Queen's Rangers.</b> <b>Dr</b> Commanded by Colonel Simcoe, 202. <b>S</b> Raising of, 22; +Simcoe obtains command of, 22; disperse large body of rebel militia, +26-29; ordered to Virginia, 33; capture large quantity of enemy's +stores, 34; defeat superior force at Spencer's Ordinary, 36; surrender +with army of Cornwallis, 37; placed on roster of British army, 39; +disbanded, 39; first division of, arrives in Canada, 49; transferred +from Niagara to Toronto, 203; employed to make Yonge Street road, 208, +216. <b>Bk</b> Stationed at Newark (Niagara), 57. <b>Bib.</b>: Simcoe, <i>Journal of the +Operations of the Queen's Rangers</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Queen's University.</b> Established at Kingston, Ontario. Founded in 1839, +and incorporated by royal charter in 1841. The first principal was Rev. +Thomas Liddell; succeeded by Dr. John Machar, Dr. John Cook, Dr. Leitch, +Dr. Snodgrass. In 1877 Dr. George Monro Grant became principal, and it +was due mainly to his enthusiasm and splendid organizing ability that +the university reached its present high state of efficiency. On the +death of Dr. Grant, in 1902, he was succeeded by Dr. D.M. Gordon. <b>Index</b>: +<b>R</b> Opened March, 1842, a Presbyterian institution, 135, 147; Act of +incorporation, 1840, 146; royal charter, 1841, 147; legislative grant, +148; Dr. Liddell principal, 150; advocates university scheme, 150. <b>E</b> +Proposal to make it part of a provincial university, 94. <b>BL</b> Established +by Presbyterians at Kingston, 194; refuses to come into provincial +university under terms of Baldwin's Bill, 295. <b>Bib.</b>: Machar, <i>Sketch of +Queen's University</i> in <i>Canada: An Ency.</i>, vol. 4.</p> + +<p><b>Queenston.</b> Village on Canadian side of Niagara River. <b>Index</b>: <b>Bk</b> In 1803 +an important village, 58. <b>Bib.</b>: Lovell, <i>Gazetteer of Canada</i>.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_314" id="Page_314">[314]</a></span></p> + +<p><b>Queenston Heights, Battle of.</b> In War of 1812. Brock commanded the +British forces, consisting of regulars and militia, between 1500 and +2000 men, scattered along the Niagara River from Fort Erie to Fort +George. The opposing American forces numbered about 6000 men, similarly +distributed on the south bank of the river, under Stephen Van +Rensselaer. In the first skirmish, a few hundred men only were engaged +on either side, and the Americans finally gained the heights, brought up +reinforcements, and remained in possession for several hours. The +British losses included Brock and Macdonell. Sheaffe, on whom the +command had devolved, gathered together the scattered detachments of +British troops, 1000 strong, and marching them through the woods, +attacked the Americans from the inland side, and completely defeated +them. Many were driven over the banks into the river, and between 900 +and 1000 surrendered, including Major-General Wadsworth and +Lieutenant-Colonel Winfield Scott. <b>Index</b>: <b>Bk</b> Account of battle, 300-312. +<b>Bib.</b>: Lucas, <i>Canadian War of 1812</i>; Currie, <i>Battle of Queenston +Heights</i>. <i>See also</i> War of 1812.</p> + +<p><b>Quen, Jean de</b> (1603-1659). Born at Amiens. Came to Canada, 1635. +Laboured for many years among the Montagnais. In 1647, explored the +upper Saguenay and Lake St. John. Five years later returned, and +established a permanent mission on the shores of the lake. Superior of +the Canadian missions, 1655-1656. <b>Index</b>: <b>Ch</b> Parish priest of Notre-Dame +de la Recouvrance, 238. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Jesuit Relations</i>, ed. by Thwaites; +Charlevoix, <i>History of New France</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Quentin, Barthelemy.</b> <b>Ch</b> Director of Company of New France, 170.</p> + +<p><b>Quentin, Bonaventure, Sieur de Richebourg.</b> <b>Ch</b> Director of Company of New +France, 170.</p> + +<p><b>Quentin, Father Claude.</b> <b>Ch</b> Jesuit, visits Miscou, 234.</p> + +<p><b>Quesnel, Frederick A.</b> <b>Sy</b> Member of Special Council of Lower Canada, +opposes union, 193. <b>P</b> Withdraws his support of Papineau, 86; loses his +seat in Assembly, 102.</p> + +<p><b>Quesnel, Jules Maurice.</b> <b>D</b> Accompanies Simon Fraser on voyage down the +Fraser, 60. <b>MS</b> With Simon Fraser in New Caledonia, 108-109; river named +after, 109. <b>Bib.</b>: Masson, <i>Bourgeois de la Compagnie du Nord-Ouest</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Queylus, Abbé de.</b> <b>F</b> Sulpician, appointed vicar-general for Canada, 42; +sent back to France by Bishop Laval, 43. <b>L</b> His difficulties with Laval, +7; Sulpicians desire his appointment as bishop, 25; recognizes authority +of Laval, 27; receives appointment as grand vicar to archbishop of +Rouen, 27; returns to France, 27; again in Canada, and assumes charge of +parish of Montreal, 28; suspended by Laval, returns to France, 28; later +returns to Canada and is made grand vicar at Montreal, 29; causes chapel +to Ste. Anne to be erected at Beaupré, 101; arrival of, 1668, 105; makes +donation to hospital at Quebec, 107; Talon's recommendation of, 107, +134; departure of, for France, 134; his great liberality, 135. <b>Bib.</b>: +Parkman, <i>Old Régime</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Quimper, Manuel.</b> Accompanied Eliza on his voyage to the North-West Coast +in 1790, and under his orders explored the Strait of Juan de Fuca, and +named various points on both sides of the strait. Returned to Monterey, +Mexico, in September, 1790. <b>Index</b>: <b>D</b> Examines both shores of Juan de +Fuca Strait, 1790, 26. <b>Bib.</b>: Walkran, <i>British Columbia Coast-Names</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Quinte, Bay of.</b> An inlet of Lake Ontario, on the north shore. The name +is of Iroquois origin. A number of Cayugas settled here about the middle +of the seventeenth century; and in 1668 two Sulpicians, Trouvé and +Fénelon, were sent from Montreal to open a mission among these "Iroquois +of the North." About 1783, permanent settlements on the shores of the +bay were made by<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_315" id="Page_315">[315]</a></span> United Empire Loyalists and disbanded officers and men +of regiments serving in Canada. About the same time a number of Mohawks +settled in the township of Tyendenaga—named after Joseph Brant. <b>Index</b>: +<b>Hd</b> Iroquois settlement on, 265. <b>Bib.</b>: Conant, <i>Life in Canada</i> and +<i>Upper Canada Sketches</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Quintin's Bridge.</b> <b>S</b> Skirmish at, 24.</p> + +<p><b>Quinton, James.</b> <b>T</b> Candidate in St. John County, New Brunswick. 85, 109.</p> + + +<p><b>Radisson, Pierre Esprit</b> (1620?-1710?). Born in Paris. Came to Canada in +1651, and settled at Three Rivers. In 1652 captured by the Iroquois and +carried off to their country, where by great good fortune he escaped the +following year. In 1657 had the hardihood to make a voluntary visit to +the Onondagas; in 1658 explored the country south-west of Lake Superior, +discovered the Mississippi, and possibly went beyond. In 1661 made +another journey to the west, accompanied as on the previous journey by +his brother-in-law, Medard Chouart; wintered among the Sioux, and the +following year explored the country north of Lake Superior, and +apparently penetrated to James Bay. In 1665 went to England and offered +his services to lead a trading expedition to Hudson Bay. The result of +this trading venture was the establishment of the Hudson's Bay Company. +In 1674, returned to the service of France, led an expedition to Hudson +Bay in 1682, and captured an English ship. In 1684 once more changed his +allegiance, and from that year to the time of his death remained in the +service of the Hudson's Bay Company. <b>Index</b>: <b>F</b> Proceedings of, in Hudson +Bay, 204-205. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Voyages of Peter Esprit Radisson</i> (Prince Society, +Boston, 1885); <i>Relation du Voiage du Sieur Pierre Esprit Radisson</i> +(Canadian Archives <i>Report</i>, 1895); Sulte, <i>Radisson in the North-West</i> +(R. S. C., 1904); <i>Découverte du Mississippi</i> (R. S. C., 1903); +Prud'homme, <i>Notes Historiques sur la Vie de Radisson</i>; Dionne, <i>Chouart +et Radisson</i> (R. S. C., 1893, 1894); Bryce, <i>Further History of Pierre +Esprit Radisson</i> (R. S. C., 1898) and <i>Hudson's Bay Company</i>; Laut, +<i>Pathfinders of the West</i> and <i>The Conquest of the Great North-West</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Rae, John</b> (1813-1893). Served as a surgeon in the Hudson's Bay Company. +In 1846-1847 made two exploring expeditions. Accompanied Richardson in +his expedition in search of Sir John Franklin, 1848; and in 1851 +commanded another expedition which examined Wollaston Land. During an +expedition in 1853-1854, he obtained positive intelligence of Franklin's +death from the Eskimo on the west coast of Boothia. <b>Index</b>: <b>MS</b> Journey in +search of Franklin, 51; his method of provisioning his party, 51; chief +factor, 1850, 227; Franklin expedition, 228. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Expedition to the +Shores of the Arctic Sea</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Rae, W. G.</b> <b>D</b> Expedition on behalf of Hudson's Bay Company, 51; in charge +of Fort Stikine, 122; appointed to post on Yerba Buena Cove, San +Francisco Bay, 127; commits suicide, 1845, 127.</p> + +<p><b>Rafeix, Father.</b> <b>L</b> Jesuit, comes to Canada, 41.</p> + +<p><b>Rageot, Gilles.</b> <b>F</b> Clerk to attorney-general, 106.</p> + +<p><b>Ragueneau, Paul</b> (1605-1680). Born in Paris, France. Joined the Society +of Jesus, and in 1636 came to Canada as a missionary to the Indians. For +a few years worked among the Hurons, and in 1640 sent on a mission to +the Iroquois. In 1650 appointed superior of the missions. In 1657 went +on a mission to the Onondagas, and after finding that they had murdered +several Hurons, barely escaped with his life. Spent the next nine years +in labouring among the Hurons and other tribes, and in 1666 returned to +France, where he acted as agent for<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_316" id="Page_316">[316]</a></span> the Canadian missions until his +death. <b>Bib.</b>: Charlevoix, <i>History of New France</i>; Parkman, <i>Jesuits in +North America</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Raikes, Thomas.</b> <b>Sy</b> His description of Poulett Thomson, 43.</p> + +<p><b>Railways.</b> <b>E</b> History of, in Canada, 99; vigorous policy of La +Fontaine-Baldwin government, 99-101; and Hincks-Morin ministry, 114-117. +<b>C</b> Cartier favours building of, 45. <b>BL</b> Early charters for, in Canada, +301. <b>B</b> One from Quebec to Windsor and Sarnia advocated by George Brown, +61; arrangements for building of Grand Trunk made by Hincks, 64; +Intercolonial negotiations fall through, 64. <b>H</b> Line from Halifax to +Windsor advocated by Joseph Howe in 1835, 117, 120; survey completed in +1849, 118; European and North American Railway projected, 121-125; +transcontinental railway foretold by Howe, 135; Nova Scotia Railway +Bills passed, 141, 143; government railways in Nova Scotia, 143-147; +railway riots in Nova Scotia, 157-158. <b>T</b> In New Brunswick, subsidies to, +19-20. <i>See also</i> Canadian Pacific Railway; Grand Trunk Railway; Grand +Trunk Pacific Railway; Intercolonial Railway; Canadian Northern Railway; +Northern Railway.</p> + +<p><b>Rainsford, John.</b> <b>F</b> Rescues comrades cast away on Anticosti, 304.</p> + +<p><b>Raisin, Sister Marie.</b> <b>L</b> Member of Congregation de Notre Dame, 91.</p> + +<p><b>Ralleau.</b> <b>Ch</b> Secretary of De Monts, 33.</p> + +<p><b>Ramesay, De.</b> <b>F</b> Commands militia in attack on Iroquois, 351.</p> + +<p><b>Ramezay, Claude de.</b> <b>WM</b> Commandant of garrison of Quebec, 214, 219; +describes despondency in city, 224; calls council which declares for +capitulation, 225; seeks pretext for capitulation, 230; capitulates, +231, 232. <b>Bib.</b>: Doughty, <i>Siege of Quebec</i>; Wood, <i>The Fight for +Canada</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Rand, Theodore Harding</b> (1835-1900). Born at Cornwallis, Nova Scotia. +Educated at Horton Academy and at Acadia College. Taught for a time in +the provincial Normal School, Truro. Subsequently superintendent of +education in both Nova Scotia and New Brunswick. Occupied various +professorships in educational institutions; chancellor of McMaster +University, Toronto, 1892-1895. <b>Bib.</b>: Works: <i>At Minas Basin, and other +Poems</i>; <i>Song Waves and other Poems</i>; <i>Treasury of Canadian Verse</i>. For +biog., <i>see</i> Morgan, <i>Can. Men</i>; MacMurchy, <i>Canadian Literature</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Randal, Robert.</b> <b>Mc</b> Virginian, settled at Chippewa, 138; Mackenzie +defends, 138; goes to England about Alien Act, 139; success of his +mission, 142, 143.</p> + +<p><b>Randolph, Beverley</b> (1755-1797). Governor of Virginia. Born in Henrico +County, Virginia, and educated at William and Mary College. In 1784 was +appointed a visitor of the college. A member of the Virginia Assembly +during the American Revolution. In 1787 appointed president of the +Executive Council; and in 1788 governor of Virginia. <b>Index</b>: <b>S</b> American +commissioner to treat with Indians, 123; entertained by Simcoe at Navy +Hall, 184, 229. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Cyc. Am. Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>Rangers (British).</b> <b>Hd</b> Established near Cataraqui, 265. <b>WM</b> Reëmbark after +fall of Quebec, 236. <i>See also</i> Queen's Rangers.</p> + +<p><b>Rankin, Colonel.</b> <b>Md</b> Challenges Macdonald, but makes frank apology, and +meeting is averted, 81-82.</p> + +<p><b>Rankine, Alexander.</b> <b>T</b> Deserts Liberals in New Brunswick, 18.</p> + +<p><b>Rattray, William Jordan</b> (1835-1883). Born in London, England. Emigrated +to Canada, 1848. In 1858 graduated from Toronto University, and later +entered the journalistic profession. Published a number of books on +religious and general subjects; for several years on the editorial staff +of the Toronto <i>Mail</i>. Contributed to Canadian and American periodicals. +<b>Index</b>: <b>Mc</b> His opinion<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_317" id="Page_317">[317]</a></span> of Mackenzie, 5, 6, 12, 26; views on the +Rebellion, 26; on destruction of the <i>Advocate</i>, 115; opinion of Head, +307. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>The Scot in British North America</i>. For biog., <i>see</i> Rose, +<i>Cyc. Can. Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>Raudot, Antoine-Denis</b> (1679-1737). Son of Jacques Raudot. Filled the +office of inspector-general of the navy at Dunkirk, before coming to +Canada with his father in 1705. Acted as assistant to the intendant; +recalled to France in 1710, and appointed intendant-general of seamen; +also made a director of the Company of the Indies. Succeeded his father +as councillor of marine. <b>Bib.</b>: Roy, <i>Intendants de la Nouvelle-France</i> +(R. S. C., 1903).</p> + +<p><b>Raudot, Jacques</b> (1647-1728). Councillor to the Parliament of Metz in +1674; and to the Cour des Aides at Paris, 1678. Came to Canada as +intendant, 1705, and devoted himself with rare disinterestedness to the +welfare of the colony. Returned to France in 1711. <b>Bib.</b>: Roy, +<i>Intendants de la Nouvelle-France</i> (R. S. C., 1903).</p> + +<p><b>Razilly, Chevalier de.</b> <b>Ch</b> One of the Hundred Associates, 170; ordered to +assist Quebec, 200; instructions cancelled, 201; sent with expedition to +take possession of Quebec, 213.</p> + +<p><b>Ré, François, Sieur de Gand.</b> <b>Ch</b> One of the Hundred Associates, 171.</p> + +<p><b>Read, David Breakenridge</b> (1823- ). Born in Augusta, Ontario. Educated at +Upper Canada College; studied law and called to the bar of Upper Canada, +1845; practised his profession in Toronto; appointed Q.C., 1858; mayor +of Toronto, 1858. <b>Index</b>: <b>Mc</b> On Mackenzie, 1; Mackenzie as a reformer, 5; +on responsible government, 12. <b>Bib.</b>: Works: <i>The Lives of the Judges of +Upper Canada</i>; <i>The Life and Times of General John Graves Simcoe</i>; <i>The +Life and Times of Major-General Sir Isaac Brock</i>; <i>The Rebellion of +1837</i>; <i>The Lives of the Lieutenant-Governors of Upper Canada and +Ontario</i>. For biog., <i>see</i> Morgan, <i>Can. Men</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Reade, Alfred.</b> <b>W</b> Appointed by Governor Colebrooke as provincial +secretary of New Brunswick, 76; causes resignation of ministers, 76-78; +discussed in House, 79-80; appointment cancelled, 80.</p> + +<p><b>Rebellion Losses Bill.</b> <b>Mc</b> Furious debate on, between MacNab and Blake, +489. <b>BL</b> Passed in 1847, 292; La Fontaine responsible for, 303; its +history, 305-334, 335, 336. <b>E</b> History of, 63-84; commission appointed by +Draper-Viger government, 64; report of commissioners, 65; La Fontaine's +resolutions, 67-68; new commission appointed, 68; bitter opposition of +Tories, 68-69; the debate, 69-70; public meetings held in opposition to +bill, 70; bill passed by both houses by large majorities, 70; Elgin +gives royal assent, 71; his reasons for doing so, 72-73; the Montreal +riots, 73-77, 161, 203. <b>B</b> History of, 34-38. <b>C</b> John A. Macdonald +characterizes it as a reward for treason, 32. <b>Md</b> Circumstances leading +up to introduction of bill, 33-35; presented to Legislature, 35; passes +the Assembly, 36; consented to by Elgin, 36-38; cause of unseemly riots, +38; causes division of opinion in British Parliament, 41. <i>See also</i> +Rebellion of 1837 (Lower Canada). <b>Bib.</b>: Dent, <i>Last Forty Years</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Rebellion of 1837 in Lower Canada.</b> The culmination of a long agitation, +on the part of the French-Canadians, for a larger measure of popular +government. The older and more experienced of their leaders refused to +overstep the bounds of constitutional agitation; but Papineau, Wolfred +Nelson, and a few more hot-headed enthusiasts determined to resort to +armed rebellion. A series of violent speeches and demonstrations, in the +summer and autumn of 1837, in which Papineau was the central figure, led +to incipient riots in Montreal and elsewhere, and the decision of the +authorities to arrest Papineau blew the smoulder<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_318" id="Page_318">[318]</a></span>ing embers into a +fierce blaze. Nelson and Brown gathered their followers together at St. +Denis and St. Charles on the Richelieu, and Colonel Gore and Colonel +Wetherall were sent to disperse them. Shortly after, Amury Girod raised +the flag of revolt at St. Eustache, and Sir John Colborne led a force +against him. In every case the rebels were dispersed. Papineau, Nelson, +Brown, and the other leaders fled. Papineau and Brown escaped over the +border. The others were captured and exiled to Bermuda. The next year +Robert Nelson and Dr. Côte made a final attempt at Napierville. Nelson +managed to escape, but his misguided followers were captured, twelve +executed, and eighty-seven transported to Australia. <b>Index</b>: <b>C</b> +Responsibility of the government for, 2; Cartier's part in, 7; defence +of, 9-10; the aftermath, 11; suspension of the constitution of 1791, 11; +origin of, 121-122. <b>Sy</b> In Lower Canada, 57. <b>B</b> Attributed by Durham to +racial animosity, 11; his remedy, 12. <b>P</b> Responsibility of the +bureaucrats for, 24-25; street fights in Montreal, 127; Demaray and +Davignon arrested, and rescued by Bonaventure Viger and party of +<i>Patriotes</i>, 128; rebels gather at St. Denis and St. Charles, 128; +Colonel Gore's expedition up the Richelieu, and Colonel Wetherall's +against St. Charles, 128-132; the fight at St. Denis, 130-132; at St. +Charles, 133; death of Lieutenant Weir, 134; the fight at St. Eustache, +135-137; leaders sent into exile, 138-139; outbreak of 1838 crushed, +139-141; causes of the Rebellion, 143-161; O'Callaghan's version, +146-149; Bouchette's views, 149-153. <b>BL</b> Papineau's connection with, +45-46; history of, 45-49; its lessons, 51; general pardon, 287-288. <b>MS</b> +Governor Simpson and Hudson's Bay Company influence strongly against +Papineau, 243. <b>H</b> Its effect on popular party in Nova Scotia, 49. <b>E</b> Its +causes, 17-21; Durham on, 18, 25-26; aftermath of the Rebellion, 62-63; +contrasted with the disturbances of 1849, 75-76; spirit of its leaders, +91-92. <b>Md</b> Cartier involved in, 7; takes advantage of amnesty, 7; +passions kindled by, 13; and responsible government, 23. <i>See also</i> +Ninety-Two Resolutions; Papineau; Nelson; Rebellion Losses Bill. <b>Bib.</b>: +Christie, <i>History of Lower Canada</i>; Kingsford, <i>History of Canada</i>; +Carrier, <i>Les Evénéments de 1837-1838</i>; David, <i>Les Patriotes de 1837</i>; +Globensky, <i>La Rebellion de 1837</i>; Theller, <i>Canada in 1837-38</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Rebellion of 1837 in Upper Canada.</b> Almost the exact counterpart of the +revolt in the lower province. The leaders here were William Lyon +Mackenzie, Samuel Lount, Van Egmond, and Rolph. The plan was to march +upon Toronto, seize the city, and proclaim a republic. This was early in +December. On the night of the 5th, the insurgents marched on the city, +were met on the outskirts by a small body of Loyalists, and +ignominiously fled. The following day, having gained reinforcements, +they made a stand at Montgomery's tavern, and were completely routed by +the militia under MacNab. Mackenzie, Lount, and Rolph made their escape. +Lount was afterwards captured, tried, and hanged. Spasmodic efforts were +made in this and the following years, with the aid of American +sympathizers, to keep the Rebellion alive, but the movement had no +serious support in Canada, and in every case ended in disaster to the +rebels. <b>Index</b>: <b>Mc</b> Excuses for, 12; history of, 12-13; <i>Globe</i> justifies, +13; J. S. Willison's view, 14; Lord Durham on the power of rebellion, +14, 15; Lord Dalling and Bulwer on, 15, 16; Goldwin Smith's view, 18, +27; how far justified, 23, 24; Edward Blake on, 26-27; Chamberlain's +view of, 28-30; Laurier's view of, 30, 31; "first low murmur of +insurrection," 300. <b>B</b> Attributed by Durham to ascendancy of Family +Compact, 11. <b>MS</b> Responsibility of Family Compact, 242; Hudson's Bay +Company influence supports government, 242. <b>BL</b> Mackenzie's and Rolph's +connection with, 43-45; Van Egmond leads rebel forces, 43; attack<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_319" id="Page_319">[319]</a></span> +planned at Toronto, 43; rebels gather at Montgomery's tavern, 43; and +are dispersed by loyal troops under MacNab, 44; Baldwin's and Lount's +connection with, 44-45; general pardon, 287-288. <b>E</b> Its causes, 17, +18-21; the Sherwoods and Sir Allan MacNab take a conspicuous part in +suppressing, 31; aftermath of, 62-63; contrasted with disturbances of +1849, 75-76; spirit of its leaders, 91-92. <b>R</b> Mentioned, 113, 143. <b>Md</b> +Militia and volunteers called out, 7; John A. Macdonald serves at +Toronto, 7; trial of Von Schoultz, 8-9; passions kindled by, 13; and +responsible government, 23. <i>See also</i> W. L. Mackenzie; Rolph; Lount; +Grievances. <b>Bib.</b>: Dent, <i>Upper Canadian Rebellion</i>; Head, <i>Narrative</i>; +King, <i>Other Side of the Story</i>; Ryerson, <i>Affairs of the Canadas</i>; +Glenelg, <i>Despatches to Sir F. B. Head</i>; Read, <i>Rebellion of 1837</i>; +Lizars, <i>Humours of '37</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Reciprocity.</b> Efforts were made from time to time by Canada, between the +years 1847 and 1854, to secure the free admission of goods between +Canada and the United States, but without success until the latter year, +when Lord Elgin negotiated a treaty. It came into force in 1855, and was +abrogated in 1866, at the instance of the United States. The renewal of +the treaty was urged by Canada in 1866, 1869, 1871, 1874, 1879, 1887, +1892, and 1896, but in every instance the American authorities failed to +respond. <b>Index</b>: <b>B</b> Advocated by Elgin, 37; the treaty and its abrogation, +148; George Brown's interest in, 192; Lincoln believed to be favourable +to, 192; Brown urges action, but nothing done, 192-193; confederate +council on, authorized, 192; Galt and Howland at Washington, 193; +reciprocal legislation suggested by Seward, 193; Galt outlines scheme, +193; Brown objects to terms and plan of reciprocal legislation as +against interests of Canada, 194; Brown's resentment at being set aside +in the formation of the confederate council, and his objection to +reciprocal legislation, lead to his resignation, 195; his attitude +towards proposed renewal of treaty of 1854, 223-224; failure of +negotiations of 1866, 224; changing attitude in Canada on subject, +224-225; Canadian offers of 1869 and 1871 rejected, 225; the Brown +treaty of 1874—history of the negotiations, 225-233; a treaty suggested +by Mr. Rothery as compensation for fisheries, 226; Brown sent on mission +to Washington, 226; joint plenipotentiary with Sir Edward Thornton for +negotiation of treaty, 226; terms of the proposed treaty, 227-228; Brown +corrects American ignorance as to balance of trade under old treaty, +228-230; and carries on active propaganda in American newspapers, 230; +treaty rejected by the United States Senate, 231; objections urged +against treaty in Canada, 231-232. <b>BL</b> Advocated by Hincks, 1849, 302; +movement for, with United States and Maritime Provinces, 338. <b>H</b> Halifax +Convention, 1849, affirms principle of reciprocity with United States, +115-116. <b>E</b> Treaty urged by Elgin, 82; supported by La Fontaine-Baldwin +government, 101; Elgin negotiates treaty, 124; ratified by MacNab-Morin +government, 142; history of the treaty, 196-202. <b>Md</b> Treaty negotiated by +Elgin in 1854, 45, 98; speech by Howe in 1865, favouring renewal of, 99; +ended in 1866, 166, 215-216. <b>T</b> Discussed in New Brunswick Assembly, 28; +treaty arranged, 29; ratified in New Brunswick, 30; bill passed, 33. +<i>See also</i> Elgin; Unrestricted Reciprocity; Commercial Union; +Zollverein. <b>Bib.</b>: Derby, <i>Report upon the Treaty of Reciprocity</i>; +Griffin, <i>The Provinces and the States</i>; Howe, <i>The Reciprocity Treaty</i>; +Haliburton, <i>American Protection and Canadian Reciprocity</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Récollets.</b> A branch of the Franciscan order. First came to Canada in +1615, at the request of Champlain, and under the authority of Pope Paul +V. The same year they built a convent at Quebec. Of the four members of +the order<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_320" id="Page_320">[320]</a></span> who came out in 1615, Le Caron was assigned to the Huron +mission; Dolbeau to the Montagnais; and Jamay and Du Plessis remained at +Quebec. Among later members of the order, Sagard and Le Clerc became +famous as the historians of their missions in New France. <b>Index</b>: <b>F</b> +Brought out by Champlain, 13; difficulties encountered by, 16; not +allowed to return to Canada after restoration to France, 25; permitted +to return, 1668, 72; favoured by Frontenac and La Salle, 162; offer to +serve the parishes without any fixed provision for their support, 165; +not greatly esteemed by the bishop, 165; missions, 166. <b>Dr</b> Their +churches at Montreal and Quebec used by Anglicans, 241, 242. <b>L</b> Recommend +adoption of St. Joseph as patron saint of Canada, 87; desire +ecclesiastical independence of Louisiana, 208; through Talon's +influence, return to Canada, 109; the pope's letter to Laval in regard +to, 110; four missions assigned to them, 111; surprised at their kind +treatment by Laval, 111; welcomed by the people, 111, 112; build a +monastery in the Upper Town of Quebec, 112; take sides with Frontenac +against Intendant Duchesneau, 112; their convent of Notre Dame des Anges +reopened, 236. <b>Ch</b> Consent to come to Canada, as missionaries, 83; papal +brief defining their powers, 84; their activity, 94; their mission a +failure, 113; authorized to build a convent, 116; disagree with +Huguenots, 150; lodge Jesuits on their arrival at Quebec, 153; abandon +Huron mission, 167; had chapel at Cap Tourmente, 171; refuse assistance +in general distress, 180; the Kirkes promise protection to, 190; hide +the ornaments of their church, 196; embark for France, 206; do not +return to Canada after restoration of the colony to France, 225. <b>Hd</b> +Recommended by Gage, 48; their house pronounced unsatisfactory as a +prison, 187; steeple of chapel destroyed by storm, 222; Du Calvet +imprisoned in house of, 286, 289. <b>Bib.</b>: Le Clerc, <i>First Establishment +of the Faith in New France</i>, trans. by Shea; Sagard, <i>Histoire du +Canada</i>; Parkman, <i>Pioneers of France, Old Régime</i>, and <i>Frontenac</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Red River.</b> Sometimes called Red River of the North, to distinguish it +from the Red River of Texas. The name is supposed to have been derived +from the colour of its waters, heavily impregnated with clay. It was +discovered by La Vérendrye in 1733, and explored as far as the mouth of +the Assiniboine in that year. The river rises in North Dakota, and +enters Lake Winnipeg after a course of 545 miles. <b>Bib.</b>: Lovell, +<i>Gazetteer of Canada</i>; Hind, <i>Canadian Red River and Assiniboine and +Saskatchewan Expeditions</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Red River Colony.</b> Also known as the Red River Settlement; Selkirk +Colony; Assiniboia, etc. Founded by the Earl of Selkirk (<i>q.v.</i>), in +1811. The first party of colonists from Scotland reached York Factory +that year, under the leadership of Miles Macdonell, and arrived at the +Red River in 1812. A second party was sent out in 1812, reaching Red +River in 1813. In that same year a third party sailed from the Orkneys, +reaching their destination in 1814; and in 1815 a still larger party, in +charge of Robert Semple, sailed for Hudson Bay and reached Red River the +same year. The colonists suffered great privations for the first few +years, and were constantly harassed by the fur traders of the North West +Company. This petty warfare culminated in the Seven Oaks affair, in +which Governor Semple lost his life. After the union of the two fur +Companies, in 1821, the colony entered upon a period of comparative +peace and prosperity; and eventually became, in 1870, part of the +province of Manitoba. <b>Index</b>: <b>MS</b> The settlers sail from Stornoway, in the +Hebrides, 151; the voyage to Hudson Bay, 152; settlers land at York +Factory, 153; and winter there, 154; set out for Red River, June 1, +1812, 155; the first winter on the Red River, 157; the encampment at +Pembina, 158; return to the Forks, 158; buildings erected a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_321" id="Page_321">[321]</a></span> mile north +of Fort Gibraltar, 159; second party of colonists sail from Stornoway, +159; ship-fever breaks out, 159; reach Red River, 1813, 159; first +attempts at agriculture, 160; opposition of North West Company, 161-164; +winter again at Pembina, 161-162; third party of settlers arrive, 1814, +163; a number of colonists abandon the Red River and settle in Upper +Canada, 163; the remainder are driven north by the half-breeds and +settle at Jack River, 163; brought back by Colin Robertson, 165; Robert +Semple brings out party of Highlanders, 164; beginnings of education and +religion, 165-166; Miles Macdonell's proclamation, 169; retaliatory +measures of North West Company, 172-176; again winter at Fort Daer +(Pembina), 178; Fort Gibraltar captured and dismantled, 178-179; Seven +Oaks affair, 180-181; surrender of Fort Douglas, 182; Selkirk comes to +the rescue, 191; brings back the settlers, 191; surveys ordered, roads +and bridges built, 192; Commissioner Coltman sent to Red River, 195; his +investigation, 196; Coltman returns to Quebec, 196; his report, 196; +trial of Charles Rimhart, 197; Hudson's Bay Company relieves Selkirk's +heirs of the responsibility of maintaining the colony, 222; agricultural +experiments, 222; Adam Thorn appointed recorder, 245; stirs up trouble, +246-247; local governor appointed, 247; arrival of Bishop Anderson, +1849, 270; Simpson's evidence on conditions in the colony, 273-278; +population, 1870, 286. <b>B</b> Isbister's work on behalf of, 212; deputation +from, in England, 212; George Brown's interest in, 212-213. <b>Md</b> Plague of +grasshoppers in, in 1868, 155; had population of about ten thousand +persons at Confederation, 157. <i>See also</i> Selkirk; Assiniboia. <b>Bib.</b>: +Bryce, <i>Romantic History of Lord Selkirk's Colonists</i>; Begg, <i>Creation +of Manitoba</i>; Hargrave, <i>Red River</i>; Ross, <i>Red River Settlement</i>; Bell, +<i>The Selkirk Settlement</i>; MacBeth, <i>The Selkirk Settlers in Real Life</i>; +Selkirk, <i>Statement Respecting the Settlement upon the Red River; +Narrative of Occurrences in the Indian Countries</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Red River Rebellion.</b> <i>See</i> Riel Rebellion, 1869-1870.</p> + +<p><b>Redistribution Bill.</b> <b>Md</b> Bill brought in by Macdonald in 1882, to adjust +representation in House, 273; Blake on, 274; description of, 274; +<i>Globe</i> on, 275; unfairness of, 275-276; effect of, on election, 276.</p> + +<p><b>Redpath, Peter</b> (1821-1894). Born in Montreal. Educated at St. Paul's +School there; engaged in business in his native town. Took a deep +interest in the improvement of Montreal and of its public institutions, +and particularly McGill University, of whose governing board he was a +member from 1864 to his death. Besides many minor donations to the +University, gave $20,000 in 1871 to found a chair of mathematics, +$140,000 for a museum in 1881, and $135,000 for a library building, +besides an endowment of $100,000 for the library fund, and $30,000 for +the museum fund. Removed to England in 1880, where he made his home in +the old manor house of Chislehurst. Mrs. Redpath made further donations +of $85,000 to the library. <b>Index</b>: <b>E</b> Signs Annexation Manifesto, 81. +<b>Bib.</b>: Dawson, <i>Peter Redpath, Governor and Benefactor of McGill +University</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Reed, Joseph.</b> <b>T</b> Deserts his party in New Brunswick, 18.</p> + +<p><b>Reform Alliance.</b> <b>Mc</b> Objects of, 495; Mackenzie attacks, 496; death of, +497.</p> + +<p><b>Reform Association.</b> <b>BL</b> Founded in Toronto, with branches throughout +Canada, in 1844, 221; organizes series of public meetings to oppose +Metcalfe, 221; meeting at Toronto, 238; series of "tracts for the +people," 238.</p> + +<p><b>Reform, Parliamentary.</b> <b>Sy</b> Question of, in Britain, 25, 28, 32.</p> + +<p><b>Reform Party.</b> <b>B</b> Fight for responsible government, against Metcalfe, 21; +under wise leadership of Baldwin and La Fontaine, 24; Convention of +1857<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_322" id="Page_322">[322]</a></span> recommends representation by population, free trade, uniform +legislation for two provinces, and annexation of North-West Territories, +131, 217; Convention of 1859 considers relations of Upper and Lower +Canada, 133-134; arguments for and against Confederation, 135-138; +leaders of, consulted by George Brown as to Confederation, and the +coalition Cabinet, 156-157; inadequately represented in government, 159; +Convention of 1867, 208; against continuance of coalition ministry, +208-209; disintegration of, hastened by retirement of Baldwin and La +Fontaine, 262. <b>Sy</b> Its support of the policy of union of the provinces +acknowledged by Sydenham, 213. <i>See also</i> Liberal Party.</p> + +<p><b>Regale.</b> <b>L</b> Dispute respecting, between Louis XIV and Pope Clement, 184, +201.</p> + +<p><b>Regina.</b> Capital of the province of Saskatchewan, and formerly of the +North-West Territories. Founded in 1882, and named by the Marquis of +Lorne (now Duke of Argyll), after Queen Victoria. It is the headquarters +of the Royal North-West Mounted Police. <b>Bib.</b>: Powers, <i>History of +Regina: its Foundation and Growth</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Regiopolis College.</b> Established at Kingston. <b>Index</b>: <b>BL</b> Established by +Roman Catholics, 194. <b>R</b> Incorporated March 4, 1837, 147.</p> + +<p><b>Registration.</b> <b>S</b> Of deeds in Upper Canada, system introduced, 94, 102. <b>Sy</b> +Of titles in Lower Canada, ordinance providing for, passed by Special +Council, 278, 279.</p> + +<p><b>Reid, Stuart J.</b> <b>Mc</b> On colonial government, 2; on Lord Durham, 7; on the +Duke of Wellington, 17; on authorship of Durham's Report, 82, 83. <b>Bib.</b>: +<i>Life and Letters of Durham</i>; <i>Lord John Russell</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Renaud.</b> <b>C</b> Demands disallowance of New Brunswick Act abolishing separate +schools, 73.</p> + +<p><b>Repentigny.</b> On the St. Lawrence, north bank. <b>F</b> Band of Iroquois +surprised and destroyed at, 308.</p> + +<p><b>Repentigny, Captain de.</b> <b>WM</b> With Canadians, guards fords of Montmorency, +112; drives British force back to their camp, 129; ordered with his +reserve, with Indians, to the city, 161; commands Canadian +sharpshooters, in battle of Ste. Foy, 259.</p> + +<p><b>Representation Bill, 1853.</b> <b>E</b> Sir John Macdonald's view on, 132-133.</p> + +<p><b>Representation by Population.</b> <b>B</b> Advocated by George Brown, 71, 75, 82, +142; principle defined, 82-83; movement for, 83-84; demanded by Upper +Canada Reformers, 125; conceded at Confederation to Ontario, 127; growth +in sentiment for, 142. <b>Md</b> Not an issue in 1844, 14; difficulty caused by +working out of Act of Union, 70; Lord Durham on, 71; George Brown's +solution of difficulty, 71-72; Macdonald becomes less opposed to, 89; +solution of problem, 112-113; settled by British North America Act, 141. +<b>T</b> Movement for, in Upper Canada, 67-68.</p> + +<p><b>Representative Government.</b> <b>Dr</b> Little interest felt in, by +French-Canadians, 61; mentioned in their petition to the king, 61. <i>See +also</i> Responsible government.</p> + +<p><b>Representative Institutions.</b> <b>F</b> Complete absence of, in New France, +131-132.</p> + +<p><b>Responsible Government.</b> The period of responsible government in Canada +dates from the union of 1841; in Nova Scotia, from 1848; in New +Brunswick, the same year; in Prince Edward Island, 1851. The agitation +for responsible government, from its very nature, cannot be limited to +an exact period. It was a gradual growth, whose roots ran back almost to +the beginning of the period of British rule in Canada. The Quebec Act of +1774, the Constitutional Act of 1791, the Ninety-Two Resolutions of +1834, the Rebellion of 1837, and Durham's<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_323" id="Page_323">[323]</a></span> Report, were mile-stones on +the road to responsible government. <b>Index</b>: <b>Mc</b> Rattray on, 5, 6; Lord +John Russell on, 19, 20; resolution refusing, passed by Imperial House, +20; Lord Glenelg opposes, 21; Erskine May's review, 21; Bond Head on, +22; Lord Durham justified in demanding, 61, 67-69; the "true remedy," +61, 63; Durham's Report favours, 81; Mackenzie urges, 81; Mackenzie +advocates, 148, 166, 177, 244, 279; Seventh Report on Grievances, 273; +Lord Glenelg on, 279-286; Lord Russell opposes, 325; comes at last, 409; +May on value of, 490. <b>Md</b> Its principles accepted in Act of Union in +1840, 17, 22; established under Elgin, 32-33; principles of, outlined by +Lord Grey in despatch to Sir John Harvey, 47-50. <b>W</b> History of movement +for, in New Brunswick, 99-130. <b>Sy</b> Effects of its introduction foreseen, +81; not fully understood, 82, 107; idea opposed in reports of committees +of both Houses of Upper Canada Legislature, 100-103; Sydenham's great +tact in dealing with question of, 104; limited views of its more ardent +advocates, 105, 230; open to theoretical objections, 105-107; advocated +by Hincks and Howe, 107; problem not theoretically solved, 108; +responsible government favoured by French-Canadians, 117; opposed by +English element in Lower Canada, 117; favoured by Reform party in Upper +Canada, 117; agitation on subject of, 124; Sir George Arthur opposes, +125; inhabitants of Gore district pass resolutions in favour of, 125; +Lord John Russell's despatch on the subject, 169-172; misunderstood by +Conservatives and Reformers alike, 172, 173, 219, 230; absence of, in +Canada, 175, 176; Russell's despatch on tenure of office brings it +nearer, 184; the sole issue on which Reformers were united, 185; could +be introduced only gradually, 189; not clearly defined in Durham's +Report, 223; Sydenham's view of, 224; excitement on the subject +diminishing, 225; unity in the Cabinet a necessary condition of, +227-229; question of, in Nova Scotia, 257-264; French-Canadians +indifferent to, 305; appreciation of, in Upper Canada, 305; resolutions +on, adopted by Legislative Assembly, 310, 311. <b>B</b> Explained in the +<i>Banner</i>, 9; Durham's remedy for political unrest, 12; withheld by +Metcalfe, 20-25; introduced by Elgin, 33, 35; Hincks's and Morin's +services in cause of, 67; George Brown's views on, 67. <b>C</b> La Fontaine's +fight for, 97; Lord Elgin's good work for, 98. <b>H</b> Fight for, in Nova +Scotia, 18-19, 30-31; only partially conceded by Union Act of 1841, 53; +triumph of, in Nova Scotia, 111; in Canada, 111; Sir John Harvey on, +112-113; Joseph Howe's fight for. <i>See</i> Howe. <b>BL</b> Baldwin's "one idea," +ix; the corner-stone of the British Imperial system, ix; evolution of, +in Canada, ix; impossible in early days of British rule, 1-2; Head calls +it the "smooth-faced insidious doctrine," 38; the desire for, at the +root of both constitutional and armed movements in Canada, 52; +recommended by Durham, 56-58; advocated by Hincks in the <i>Examiner</i>, 58; +Union Bill identified with, by Reformers of Upper Canada, 61; Sydenham's +views on, 64-67; favoured by La Fontaine, 70; discussion on, in +Legislature of 1841, 90-95; the Baldwin resolutions, 108-110; history +of, 137-143. <i>See also</i> Brown, George; Howe, Joseph; Baldwin, Robert; +Hincks, Sir Francis; La Fontaine, Sir L. H.; Elgin, Earl of; Head, Sir +F. B.; Sydenham; Metcalfe; Bagot; Durham; Stanley; Papineau, L. J.; +Cartier, Sir G. E.; Ninety-Two Resolutions; Twelve Resolutions; +Representative government; Constitutional Act, 1791; Union Act, 1840; +British North America Act, 1867; Mackenzie, W. L.; Union of 1840. <b>Bib.</b>: +Bourinot, <i>Constitutional History of Canada</i>; Shortt and Doughty, +<i>Constitutional Documents of Canada</i>; Egerton and Grant, <i>Canadian +Constitutional Documents</i>; Dent, <i>Last Forty Years</i>; Durham, <i>Report</i>; +Kingsford, <i>History of Canada</i>.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_324" id="Page_324">[324]</a></span></p> + +<p><b>Revenue.</b> <b>Mc</b> Casual and territorial, how derived and appropriated, 54-55; +subject of contention, 55. <b>Sy</b> Control of, contended for by provincial +Assemblies, 84; division of, between Upper and Lower Canada, gives rise +to dispute, 93. <b>W</b> Disputes over disposition of, in New Brunswick, 16-30, +35-39, 44-47, 92.</p> + +<p><b>Revue Canadienne.</b> Established in Montreal, in 1865. This important +French-Canadian magazine contains an immense amount of valuable material +bearing on the history and literature of Quebec. Its contributors have +embraced most of the ablest writers of the province during the past half +century.</p> + +<p><b>Reye, Pierre.</b> <b>Ch</b> Sides with the Kirkes, 194; his character bad, 204.</p> + +<p><b>Rhéaume, Colonel.</b> <b>WM</b> Killed in battle of Ste. Foy, 264.</p> + +<p><b>Rhodes, Cecil John</b> (1853-1902). Born at Bishop Stortford, England. +Educated at Oxford. Went to South Africa, 1871, and made a fortune in +the diamond mines. Entered the Assembly of Cape Colony, 1881, and became +a member of the Executive Council, 1884, as treasurer-general. Appointed +deputy-commissioner of Bechuana Land, 1884. Organized the British South +Africa Company, 1889. Premier of Cape Colony, 1890-1896. Left the +greater part of his fortune for the establishment of scholarships at +Oxford University, open to university students in each of the British +colonies, the United States, and Germany. <b>Index</b>: <b>Md</b> Letter from, to +Macdonald suggesting Imperial preferential trade, 343; makes same +suggestion to Sir Henry Parkes of Australia, 343. <b>Bib.</b>: Hensman, <i>Cecil +Rhodes: a Study of a Career</i>; Scholz, <i>Oxford and the Rhodes +Scholarships</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Riall, Sir Phineas.</b> Entered the army, 1794; lieutenant-colonel, 1806; +saw service in the West Indies. In 1813 attained the rank of +major-general and ordered to Canada. Took part in the contest on the +Niagara frontier; in command of the British troops at the battle of +Chippawa. Appointed governor of Grenada, 1816; lieutenant-general, 1825; +knighted, 1833; general, 1841. Died at Paris, 1851. <b>Bib.</b>: Morgan, <i>Cel. +Can.</i>; Lucas, <i>Canadian War of 1812</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Rice, Spring.</b> <i>See</i> Monteagle, Lord.</p> + +<p><b>Richard, Father.</b> <b>Ch</b> Jesuit, in charge of mission at Miscou and +afterwards at Chedabucto, 235, 237.</p> + +<p><b>Richards, Sir William Buell</b> (1815-1889). Born in Brockville, Ontario. +Studied law and called to the bar of Upper Canada, 1837. Elected a +member of the Upper Canada Assembly, 1848; appointed to the Executive +Council, 1851; Q.C., 1850; puisne judge of the Court of Common Pleas, +1853; chief-justice of that Court, 1863; chief-justice of Ontario, 1868; +arbitrator for Ontario on the commission to delimit the north-western +boundary of the province, 1874; chief-justice of the Supreme Court of +Canada, 1875; knighted, 1878; awarded the confederation medal, 1885. +<b>Index</b>: <b>E</b> Returned in 1848, 50; attorney-general of Upper Canada, in +Hincks-Morin ministry, 113; elevated to the bench, 126; first +chief-justice of Supreme Court of Canada, 128. <b>Bib.</b>: Dent, <i>Can. Por.</i></p> + +<p><b>Richardson, James</b> (1791-1875). Entered the provincial marine, 1809, and +served through the War of 1812. Entered the ministry of the Methodist +Episcopal Church, 1824. Became editor of the <i>Christian Guardian</i>, 1832, +and secretary of the British and Foreign Bible Society, 1837. +Consecrated bishop, 1858. <b>Index</b>: <b>B</b> Asked to enter religious controversy +in Upper Canada, 68; elected editor of <i>Christian Guardian</i>, 94; in the +internal troubles among the Methodists, 105. <b>Bib.</b>: Webster, <i>Life of +Rev. James Richardson</i>; Dent, <i>Can. Por.</i></p> + +<p><b>Richardson, John</b> (1796-1852). Born near Niagara Falls, Ontario. In 1812 +served during the war in the Canadian militia; at the battle of the +Thames taken prisoner; released; and afterwards entered the British +army. <b>Index</b>:<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_325" id="Page_325">[325]</a></span> <b>BL</b> Cited on Baldwin, 64; quoted on Hincks, 105; on Bagot, +153. <b>Bk</b> His <i>War of 1812</i> quoted, 236; describes encounter at Maguaga, +238-242; describes attack on Detroit, 252, 254. <b>Bib.</b>: Works: <i>War of +1812</i>, 1842; new ed., edited by Casselman, 1902; <i>Wacousta; Ecarté</i>; +<i>The Canadian Brothers</i>. For biog., <i>see</i> <i>Dict. Nat. Biog.</i> <i>See also</i> +introduction to <i>War of 1812</i>, ed. by Casselman.</p> + +<p><b>Richardson, Sir John</b> (1787-1865). Born in Dumfries, Scotland. Educated +at Edinburgh University. In 1807 entered the navy as assistant surgeon, +and took part in the attack on Copenhagen. In 1816 obtained the degree +of M.D. from Edinburgh; and in 1819 appointed surgeon and naturalist in +Franklin's Arctic expedition, spending the winter of that year in the +Saskatchewan district. In 1821 the party reached Fort Providence, and in +October, 1822, returned to England. In 1825 accompanied Franklin on his +second expedition to the north. In 1838 appointed physician to the Royal +Hospital at Haslar; in 1840 inspector of hospitals; and in 1846 +knighted. Placed in command of an expedition sent to search for Franklin +in 1848, but returned to England without finding any trace of the +explorer. <b>Bib.</b>: Works: <i>Arctic Searching Expedition</i>; <i>Fauna Boreali +Americana</i>. For biog., <i>see Dict. Nat. Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>Richelieu, Armand Jean du Plessis, Duc de</b> (1585-1642). Born in France. +In 1607 bishop of Luçon; entered politics, and in 1616 secretary of +state for war and foreign affairs. In 1622 created cardinal; in 1624 +councillor of state, and from that time till his death practically +dictator of France. The founder of the French Academy. <b>Index</b>: <b>E</b> +Introduces modified form of feudal system into Canada, 175. <b>L</b> Provides +for maintenance of missionaries, 4; strong measures of, to strengthen +royal power, 18. <b>F</b> Creates Company of New France, 19. <b>Ch</b> Founder of the +Company of New France, 168; heads list of members, 170. <b>Bib.</b>: +<i>Correspondence and State Papers</i>, 1853-1877. <i>See</i> lives or political +biographies by Hanotaux, Dussieux, Fagniez, Lodge.</p> + +<p><b>Richelieu District.</b> In the Province of Quebec. <b>Index</b>: <b>Dr</b> Parishes in, +show marked sympathy with Americans, 89.</p> + +<p><b>Richelieu Islands.</b> Near mouth of Richelieu River. <b>Index</b>: <b>Ch</b> A trading +place, 120, 245.</p> + +<p><b>Richelieu River.</b> Rises in Bennington county, Vermont, and flows into the +St. Lawrence, after a course of 210 miles. Discovered by Champlain in +1609, who in that year ascended the river to Lake Champlain. It was at +first known as the Rivière des Iroquois, and has at different times +borne the names of Chambly, St. Louis, and Sorel. <b>Index</b>: <b>F</b> Highway to +Iroquois country, 9; fort erected at mouth of, 51. <b>C</b> Scenes of +patriarchal life along, 118-121. <b>P</b> In Rebellion of 1837, 128-134. <b>Bib.</b>: +Parkman, <i>Pioneers of France</i>; White, <i>Atlas of Canada</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Richer, Jean.</b> <b>Ch</b> Interpreter, 144.</p> + +<p><b>Richibucto.</b> <b>Ch</b> Jesuit mission at, 234.</p> + +<p><b>Richmond, Charles Lennox, third Duke of</b> (1735-1806). Graduated at +Leyden, 1753; entered the army, and distinguished himself at Minden, +1759; ambassador at Paris, 1765; secretary of state, 1766-1767; member +of Pitt's Cabinet, 1783. <b>Index</b>: <b>Dr</b> Carleton appointed as preceptor to, +30. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Dict. Nat. Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>Richmond, Charles Lennox, fourth Duke of</b> (1764-1819). Entered +Parliament, 1790; privy councillor, 1807; lord lieutenant of Ireland, +1807-1813; governor-general of British North America, 1818-1819. Died +near Richmond, Upper Canada. <b>Index</b>: <b>E</b> An unsuccessful governor, 2; his +death at Richmond, 2. <b>P</b> Quiet rule of, 39. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Dict. Nat. Biog.</i>; +Dent, <i>Can. Por.</i>; Morgan, <i>Cel. Can.</i>; Kingsford, <i>History of Canada</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Rickson, Lieutenant-Colonel.</b> <b>WM</b> Wolfe's letter to, 72.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_326" id="Page_326">[326]</a></span></p> + +<p><b>Riddell, Robert.</b> <b>BL</b> Defeats Hincks in Oxford, 1844, 253; Hincks's +petition against his election refused, 253.</p> + +<p><b>Rideau Canal.</b> Built in 1826-1832, by Colonel John By, with several +companies of Royal Engineers. The first boat went through the canal in +May, 1832, from Bytown (Ottawa) to Kingston. The project arose out of +the War of 1812, and was mainly a military work, designed to afford a +secure route for gunboats and military supplies between Montreal and the +Great Lakes. This, with the other canals then built, remained under the +control of the Imperial government until 1853. It was then handed over +to the government of Upper Canada. In 1867 it came under the control of +the Dominion government. <b>Index</b>: <b>E</b> Its origin as a military work, and +importance to Upper Canada, 98. <b>BL</b> Its importance from a military point +of view, 74. <b>Bib.</b>: Billings, <i>The Rideau Canal</i> (Women's Can. Hist. Soc. +of Ottawa <i>Trans.</i>, vol. 2).</p> + +<p><b>Ridout, George.</b> <b>Mc</b> Dismissed by Head, 306.</p> + +<p><b>Ridout, Thomas.</b> A United Empire Loyalist. Came to Canada in 1780; became +registrar of York; and subsequently surveyor-general of Upper Canada. +<b>Index</b>: <b>R</b> Surveyor-general, and member of Board of Education, 58. <b>Bk</b> On +administrative energy of Brock, 168. <b>Bib.</b>: Morgan, <i>Cel. Can.</i>; Edgar, +<i>Ten Years of Upper Canada</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Ridout, Thomas G.</b> (1792-1861). Born near Sorel. Removed with his family +to Niagara, and later to York. At the age of nineteen appointed deputy +assistant commissary-general. Resigning this office, became cashier of +the Bank of Upper Canada, which position he held until his death. <b>Index</b>: +<b>Bk</b> Letter from, describing condition of affairs in England in 1811, 167; +on the political situation in England in 1812, 192-193. <b>Bib.</b>: Edgar, +<i>Ten Years of Upper Canada</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Riedesel, Frederica Charlotte Louisa</b> (1746-1808). Wife of Baron +Friedrich Adolph Riedesel; born in Bradenburg, Germany. Educated in +Berlin. In 1777 accompanied her husband to Canada and was with him +through the Burgoyne campaign, acting as nurse during the war. <b>Index</b>: <b>Dr</b> +Her journal, 145, 159. <b>Hd</b> Her Canadian diary, 219-220, 239, 240, +299-304, 345.</p> + +<p><b>Riedesel, Friedrich Adolph, Baron</b> (1738-1800). German officer. Born in +Rhine-Hesse. Educated at Marburg. Served on the staff of Prince +Ferdinand of Brunswick in the Seven Years' War, and took part in the +battle of Minden. In 1776 attached to the British forces in North +America, and while in Quebec organized his troops to meet colonial +methods of fighting. Took part in the capture of Ticonderoga, and in the +defeat of the Americans at Hubbardton. In 1777 taken prisoner at +Saratoga, and exchanged in 1779. Returned to Germany, 1783, and promoted +lieutenant-general, 1787. Commandant of the city of Brunswick, 1794. +<b>Index</b>: <b>Dr</b> Commands German troops, 145; joins Burgoyne at St. Johns, 147; +his regret at Carleton's being superseded in military command, 174. <b>Hd</b> +Commands German troops, 114; his description of Canada and Canadians, +114-116, 239-240; personal friend of Haldimand, 296, 297, 299, 302; on +Washington's methods, 298. <b>Bib.</b>: Bradley, <i>The Making of Canada</i>; +<i>History of Canada</i>. <i>See also</i> Haldimand.</p> + +<p><b>Riel, Louis</b> (1844-1885). Born in St. Boniface, Manitoba. Educated at the +Jesuit College, Montreal. Leader of the Rebellion of 1869-1870; +organized a provisional government at Fort Garry, but fled to the United +States on the arrival of the punitive force under Wolseley. Returned to +Canada in 1884, took command of the rebel forces in Saskatchewan, +captured at Batoche, tried, convicted of treason, and hanged. <b>Index</b>: <b>C</b> +Leads revolt in North-West, 69;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_327" id="Page_327">[327]</a></span> establishes provisional government, 69. +<b>Md</b> Sets up provisional government at Fort Garry, 158; puts Thomas Scott +to death, 160; his good faith doubted by Macdonald, 160; Cartier's plan +of a full amnesty and a new provincial government, 162; decamps on +arrival of Wolseley, 162; long the storm centre of Canadian politics, +162; elected to Parliament, 1874, but expelled and outlawed, 162; +invited by half-breeds to return to Canada, 241; leads Rebellion of +1885, 242; captured and hanged, 242; excitement in Quebec, 243-244; his +execution debated in Parliament, 280. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>The Queen</i> vs. <i>Louis +Riel</i>; <i>Louis Riel, Martyr du Nord-Ouest</i>; Begg, <i>History of the +North-West</i>; Morice, <i>Dict.</i> <i>See also</i> Riel Rebellion.</p> + +<p><b>Riel Rebellion</b>, 1869-1870. The territorial rights of the Hudson's Bay +Company having been transferred to Canada, a surveying party under +Colonel Dennis was sent out to Red River in 1869, and the same year +William Macdougall was appointed lieutenant-governor of Rupert's Land, +and instructed to proceed to Fort Garry and assume control. The French +half-breeds, alarmed at these proceedings, which they thought menaced +the rights to their lands, turned back the surveying parties, and +prevented Macdougall from crossing the boundary. They formed themselves +into a provisional government, of which Louis Riel was secretary, and +later was elected president. Riel published a "Bill of Rights," and +seized Fort Garry. An ill-judged attempt on the part of some of the +loyal settlers to compel the release of certain prisoners failed, and +the leader, Major Boulton, with Thomas Scott and others, was captured. +Boulton was released, but Riel caused Scott to be shot. Intense +indignation throughout Canada was aroused by this act, and the +government at once organized an expeditionary force, under Colonel +Wolseley. The force proceeded by way of the lakes, and the Dawson route +from Fort William to Lake Winnipeg. Wolseley reached Fort Garry on Aug. +24, 1870, to find that Riel, with his lieutenants Lepine and O'Donoghue, +had fled across the border. Riel was subsequently outlawed. <b>Index</b>: <b>C</b> Its +causes, 69. <b>H</b> Joseph Howe's official connection with, 227-228. <i>See +also</i> Riel. <b>Bib.</b>: Huyshe, <i>Red River Expedition</i>; Boulton, +<i>Reminiscences of the North-West Rebellions</i>; Bryce, <i>Manitoba</i>; +McArthur, <i>Causes of the Rising in Red River Settlement</i> (Man. Hist. and +Sc. Soc., 1882); Denison, <i>Reminiscences of the Rebellion of 1869</i> and +<i>Soldiering in Canada</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Riel Rebellion</b>, 1885. The land question, which had given rise to the Red +River Rebellion of 1869-1870, was also responsible for the Saskatchewan +Rebellion of 1885. The government had neglected to issue patents to the +half-breeds on the Saskatchewan, and they became convinced that their +lands would be taken from them. Riel was sent for, and an agitation +worked up, at first along peaceful lines, but rapidly moving towards +violence. Riel finally threw discretion to the winds, and deliberately +inflamed not only the half-breeds, but also the western tribes. A small +detachment of Mounted Police and volunteers was attacked at Duck Lake, +and the government at Ottawa, hitherto indifferent, awoke to the +seriousness of the situation. A force was organized, and sent west under +General Middleton. Middleton divided his force into three columns; one +under General Strange, to operate against Big Bear in the neighbourhood +of Edmonton; the second under Colonel Otter, to relieve Battleford, +which was threatened by Poundmaker; and the third, of which he himself +took command, to relieve Prince Albert. Middleton met the rebels at Fish +Creek, and experienced a stubborn resistance, but drove them back to +Batoche. Here Riel and his men held the troops at bay for three days, +but were finally routed and scattered. Meanwhile Otter had encountered +Poundmaker at Cut Knife<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_328" id="Page_328">[328]</a></span> Creek, and after a desperate fight had been +forced to retreat. In the far west, Strange had a similar experience +with Big Bear, but finally drove him to the north. Big Bear gave himself +up; Poundmaker and Riel were captured, and the latter paid the penalty +of his crimes on the scaffold. <b>Index</b>: <i>See also</i> Riel. <b>Bib.</b>: Boulton, +<i>Reminiscences of the North-West Rebellions</i>; <i>Report upon the +Suppression of the Rebellion in the North-West</i>; Denison, <i>Soldiering in +Canada</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Ripon, Frederick John Robinson, Earl of</b> (1782-1859). Born in London. +Educated at Harrow and Cambridge. In 1806 entered Parliament; in 1809 +appointed under-secretary for the colonies; in 1810 lord of the +Admiralty; in 1812 a member of the Privy Council; and paymaster-general +of the forces, 1813-1817. Appointed chancellor of the exchequer, 1823, +and introduced various fiscal reforms. In 1827 created Viscount +Goderich; and became leader of the House of Lords and prime minister on +the death of Canning. Subsequently filled the portfolios of war, the +privy seal, the Board of Trade, and Indian affairs. In 1836 created Earl +of Ripon. <b>Index</b>: <b>Mc</b> Colonial secretary, 1832, 221; inquires into Upper +Canada Reformers' grievances, 223, 224; offers Mackenzie the post-office +department, 225; deprecates civil war, 226; replies to Mackenzie, 227; +relieves religious bodies as to taking oath, 227; stops free gifts of +public lands, 227; decides that British subjects not to be disqualified +from voting, 228; promotes extension of education, 228; orders account +of public moneys, 228; suggests retirement of ecclesiastics as +legislative councillors, 229; reduces cost of elections, 229; favours +independent judiciary, 229; differs from Mackenzie, 230; Family Compact +incensed at, 230; dismisses Hagerman and Boulton, 231, 232; resigns, +235; disallows Bank Acts, 237. <b>Sy</b> Resigns, 16. <b>BL</b> His despatch to the +colony of Upper Canada, 15; petition and correspondence as to affairs in +Upper Canada, 30. <b>P</b> Offers Papineau and his friends control of revenue +in exchange for a civil list, 76-79. <b>W</b> Views on crown lands, New +Brunswick, 23. <b>Sy</b> Liberal statesman, 15; becomes prime minister as Lord +Goderich, 16; resigns, 16. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Dict. Nat. Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>Ripon, George Frederick Samuel Robinson, first Marquess</b> (1827- ). +Succeeded his father as Earl of Ripon, 1859, and his uncle as Earl de +Grey the same year. Created marquis, 1871. Has been secretary of state +for war, India, the colonies, lord president of the Council, and first +lord of the Admiralty. Viceroy of India, 1880-1884. <b>Index</b>: <b>B</b> Explains +proposed scheme of defence for Canada, 184; on committee as to +Confederation and defence, 186. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Who's Who</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Ritchie, Sir William Johnstone</b> (1813-1892). Born in Annapolis, Nova +Scotia. Educated at Pictou Academy, Nova Scotia. In 1838 called to the +bar of New Brunswick; in 1846-1851 member for St. John in the +Legislative Assembly, and in 1854-1855 appointed to the Executive +Council. In 1855 became puisne judge of the Supreme Court of New +Brunswick; in 1865 chief-justice of New Brunswick; and in 1875 puisne +judge of the Supreme Court of Canada. Appointed chief-justice of Canada, +1879; knighted, 1881. <b>Index</b>: <b>T</b> Elected for St. John County, 10, 12-13; +afterwards chief-justice of Canada, 13; moves amendment to address, 18; +condemns the government, 22; resigns his seat, 24; returned for St. John +County, 30; and surveyor-general question, 33; made chief-justice, New +Brunswick, 94. <b>Bib.</b>: Dent, <i>Can. Por.</i></p> + +<p><b>Rivière aux Raisins.</b> <b>S</b> Boundary of territory dependent on Detroit during +British occupation, 145.</p> + +<p><b>Rivière Ouelle.</b> South shore of St. Lawrence, below Quebec. <b>Index</b>: <b>F</b> +Alleged repulse of party of New Englanders at, 291.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_329" id="Page_329">[329]</a></span></p> + +<p><b>Roads.</b> <b>BL</b> Government makes provision for, in 1841, 98-99; winter roads +at Quebec, 146-147. <i>See also</i> Yonge Street; Dundas Street; Baldoon +Road.</p> + +<p><b>Roberts, Captain.</b> <b>Bk</b> Commands on Island of St. Joseph, 202, 210; +instructed by Brock to capture Michilimackinac, 205; contrary order from +Prévost, 210; acts on Brock's order and captures fort, 210, 211, 227.</p> + +<p><b>Robertson.</b> <b>T</b> Anti-Confederate candidate in St. John County, 109.</p> + +<p><b>Robertson, Colin.</b> <b>MS</b> Brings Selkirk settlers back to Red River, 165, +177; captures Fort Gibraltar, 178; takes Duncan Cameron to York Factory, +178; tried at Montreal, 198; his character, 220. <i>See also</i> Red River +Colony. <b>Bib.</b>: Bryce, <i>Hudson's Bay Company</i>; Laut, <i>Conquest of the +Great North-West</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Robertson, James</b> (1839-1902). Born in Scotland. Removed to Canada and +educated at the University of Toronto, Union Theological Seminary, New +York, and Princeton University. Ordained to the ministry of the +Presbyterian Church, 1869; settled at Winnipeg as pastor of Knox Church, +1874. Appointed superintendent of western missions of the Presbyterian +Church, 1881. <b>Bib.</b>: Morgan, <i>Can. Men</i>; Gordon, <i>Life of James +Robertson</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Robertson, Thomas Jaffray.</b> <b>R</b> First principal of Toronto Normal School, +173; his methods and influence, 173-174; inspector of schools, 253.</p> + +<p><b>Robertson, William.</b> <b>S</b> Appointed member of Legislative Council, but did +not come to Canada, 79.</p> + +<p><b>Roberval, Jean François de la Roque, Sieur de.</b> A gentleman of Picardy, +born about the year 1500. By a commission dated Jan. 15, 1541, Francis I +gave him the command of the expedition planned by Jacques Cartier, and +made him his viceroy and lieutenant-general in the new lands discovered +by Cartier. The commission granted to the latter in 1540 was revoked, +and Cartier sailed as Roberval's lieutenant. Cartier left St. Malo in +May, 1541, and Roberval did not follow until April, 1542. His ships +entered the harbour of St. John's, Newfoundland, June 8, and there he +met Cartier on his way home. Sailing on into the gulf, and up the St. +Lawrence, he reached Charlesbourg Royal, where Cartier had wintered, and +set his men to work erecting forts and other buildings. Here he +wintered; explored the river in the spring; and sailed back to France +with his colonists in the autumn of 1543. Despite the failure of his +colonizing venture, commissioned by the king in 1544 to rebuild the +fortifications of Senlis; and in 1548 made controller of all mines in +France. Lost sight of about the year 1560. One story has it that he was +murdered in the streets of Paris; and another that he died at sea; but +both lack confirmation. There is reason to believe that he died in 1560, +or early in 1561. <b>Index</b>: <b>Ch</b> Ravages of scurvy in his expedition, 23. +<b>Bib.</b>: Hakluyt, <i>Principall Navigations</i>; Harrisse, <i>Notes sur la +Nouvelle France</i>; Dawson, <i>The St. Lawrence Basin</i>; Dionne, +<i>Jean-François de la Roche, Seigneur de Roberval</i> (R. S. C., 1899).</p> + +<p><b>Robie, Simon Bradstreet.</b> <b>H</b> Member of Executive Council, Nova Scotia, +1838, 56-57.</p> + +<p><b>Robineau de Becancour, Réné.</b> <b>E</b> His seigniory of Portneuf made a barony, +181.</p> + +<p><b>Robineau de Portneuf, Pierre.</b> Son of Réné Robineau, Baron de Becancour, +a lieutenant in the regiment of Robineau de Menneval, 1690. Served in +Acadia, 1691. <b>Index</b>: <b>Ch</b> Director of Company of New France, 170.</p> + +<p><b>Robinson, Major.</b> <b>T</b> Makes survey for Intercolonial, 53.</p> + +<p><b>Robinson, Colonel Beverley</b> (1723-1792). Born in Thornbury, England. +Entered the army; took part as a major, under Wolfe, in the attack on +Quebec, 1759. Opposed the measures that led to the separation of the +American<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_330" id="Page_330">[330]</a></span> colonies from the motherland, but joined the Loyalists when +independence was declared; raised the Loyal American Regiment, of which +he was colonel, and on several occasions conducted matters on behalf of +the Loyalists. At the end of the war came to New Brunswick, and was a +member of the first Council of that colony. <b>Index</b>: <b>Hd</b> Of Royal Regiment +of New York, his negotiations with Ethan Allen of Vermont, 201-203. <b>Dr</b> +Commanded Loyal Americans, 202. <b>W</b> Commands Loyal American Regiment, 3. +<b>Bib.</b>: <i>Cyc. Am. Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>Robinson, Frederick John.</b> <i>See</i> Ripon.</p> + +<p><b>Robinson, F. P.</b> <b>W</b> Auditor of king's casual revenue, 34; resigns, 72.</p> + +<p><b>Robinson, John.</b> <b>WM</b> His impression of Wolfe's conversation on night +before battle, 179.</p> + +<p><b>Robinson, Sir John Beverley</b> (1791-1863). Educated at Dr. Strachan's +school, Kingston; studied law and became acting attorney-general in +1812, before he had been called to the bar. Played a distinguished part +as a volunteer during the War of 1812. One of the leading members of the +so-called Family Compact; represented York in the Assembly, 1821, and +for several years thereafter; appointed chief-justice of Upper Canada, +1829, and the following year nominated Speaker of the Executive Council; +upon the union of the provinces in 1841, retired from political life, +but retained his office as chief-justice; in 1850 created a baronet of +the United Kingdom. <b>Index</b>: <b>Sy</b> Opposes union of the provinces, 211; goes +to England in hope of defeating measure, 230. <b>BL</b> His character, 12; +pupil of Dr. Baldwin, 24; becomes chief-justice, 31; opposes union of +the Canadas, 61; his pamphlet, 62. <b>B</b> His part in movement towards +Confederation, 129. <b>E</b> Receives baronetcy, 105. <b>R</b> Member of Board of +Education, 58; his connection with university scheme, 153. <b>Bk</b> As acting +attorney-general gives opinion on Michigan question, 260; letter of, +describing battle of Queenston Heights, 298, 299, 302, 305, 306. <b>Mc</b> +Prosecutes Gourlay, 92; reports on union of provinces, 105; denies +existence of ministry, 274. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Canada and the Canada Bill</i>. For +biog., <i>see</i> Robinson, <i>Life of Sir John Beverley Robinson, Bart.</i>; +Morgan, <i>Cel. Can.</i>; Dent, <i>Can. Por.</i>; Read, <i>Lives of the Judges</i>; +Edgar, <i>Ten Years of Upper Canada</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Robinson, John Beverley</b> (1820-1896). Second son of Sir John Beverley +Robinson; born in Toronto. Educated at Upper Canada College; appointed +aide-de-camp to Sir Francis Bond Head; saw active service during the +Rebellion of 1837. Studied law, and called to the bar of Upper Canada, +1844. Served as alderman in Toronto for six years; elected mayor, 1857. +Elected to the Assembly for one of the divisions of Toronto, 1858; +president of the Council in the Macdonald-Cartier administration, 1862. +Elected to the House of Commons for Algoma, 1872, and for Toronto West, +1878. Lieutenant-governor of Ontario, 1880-1887. <b>Bib.</b>: Read, <i>The +Lieutenant-Governors of Upper Canada</i>; Dent, <i>Can. Por.</i>; Rose, <i>Cyc. +Can. Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>Robinson, W. B.</b> <b>BL</b> Brother of Sir J. B. Robinson, appointed +inspector-general, 1844, 247; elected in elections of 1844, 252.</p> + +<p><b>Roblin, Rodmond Palen</b> (1853- ). Born in Sophiasburg, Ontario. Educated at +Albert College, Belleville. Removed to Manitoba and settled at Carman, +1880. Elected to the Manitoba Assembly for Dufferin, 1888; premier, +1900; also holds offices of minister of agriculture and railway +commissioner. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Canadian Who's Who</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Rochemonteix, Camille.</b> A member of the Society of Jesus. <b>Index</b>: <b>F</b> On the +<i>Jesuit Relations</i>, 30. <b>Bib.</b>; <i>Les Jésuites et le Nouvelle France au +XVII<sup>e</sup> Siècle</i>.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_331" id="Page_331">[331]</a></span></p> + +<p><b>Rockingham, Charles Watson-Wentworth, Marquis of</b> (1730-1782). Born in +Yorkshire, England. Educated at Westminster School and St. John's +College, Cambridge. In 1746 served as a volunteer against the Jacobites. +In 1765 premier of a coalition ministry opposed to royal grants and +general warrants; from 1768 to 1781 leader of the opposition in the +House of Lords, during which time supported the proposals to grant +independence to the American colonies. In 1782 again became prime +minister. Throughout his political career upheld the contentions of the +American colonists, and opposed to royal encroachments. <b>Index</b>: <b>Dr</b> Forms +Cabinet, 192. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Dict. Nat. Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>Rocky Mountain Fur Company.</b> Founded at St. Louis, in 1822, by William H. +Ashley. The field of its operations was the Upper Missouri country. +After an adventurous career of twelve years, in which Ashley, Andrew +Henry, M. G. Sublette, and other well-known western American traders +took a leading part, the company was disbanded at the annual rendezvous +in Green River Valley, in the summer of 1834. <b>Index</b>: <b>D</b> Made famous by +the enterprise of the trader Ashley, 134; re-establishes commercial +communication between United States and Oregon, 134. <b>Bib.</b>: Chittenden, +<i>History of the American Fur Trade</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Rocky Mountain Portage.</b> Leads across an elbow of the Peace River, in the +mountains, about long. 122°, to avoid a series of dangerous rapids. +First used by Alexander Mackenzie in 1793, on his expedition to the +Pacific. The North West Company had a trading post here for many years; +and one was afterwards maintained by the Hudson's Bay Company, but has +long since been abandoned. <b>Index</b>: <b>D</b> Simon Fraser's first post built in +1805, 97. <b>Bib.</b>: Burpee, <i>Search for the Western Sea</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Rocky Mountains.</b> Commence in New Mexico, and extend north to the Arctic +coast, west of the Mackenzie River. The highest known peaks in the +Canadian Rockies are Mount Brown (16,000 feet) and Mount Hooker (15,690 +feet). The general altitude of the range varies from 10,000 to 14,000 +feet. The following are the principal passes in Canada: Boundary, 6030 +feet above the sea; Kootenay, 5960 feet; Crow's Nest, 4845 feet; +Kananaski, 5985 feet; Vermillion, 4947 feet; Kicking Horse, 5420 feet; +Howse, 6347 feet; Athabaska, 7300 feet; Yellowhead, 3760 feet; Peace, +2000 feet. <b>Index</b>: <b>WM</b> Discovered by La Vérendrye, 19. <b>D</b> Crossed by +Mackenzie, 54; by David Thompson, 58; by Simon Fraser, 59; by Lewis and +Clarke, 67. <b>Bib.</b>: White, <i>Atlas of Canada</i>; Lovell, <i>Gazetteer of +Canada</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Rodier, Édouard.</b> <b>C</b> As an orator, 7; influence on Cartier, 7.</p> + +<p><b>Rodney, George Brydges, Baron</b> (1718-1792). Born in Walton-upon-Thames, +England. Educated at Harrow School. Entered the navy; promoted +lieutenant, 1739, and captain, 1742. In 1748 appointed governor and +commander-in-chief of the station of Newfoundland; in 1759 rear-admiral; +in 1761 commander-in-chief of Barbados and the Windward Islands, and +captured St. Pierre, Grenada, and St. Lucia; vice-admiral, 1762; made a +baronet, 1764; master of Greenwich Hospital, 1765; admiral, 1779. On +Jan. 16, 1780, won the battle of St. Vincent. <b>Index</b>: <b>Hd</b> His victory over +French and Spanish fleets, 189. <b>Dr</b> His great victory in West Indies, +195. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Dict. Nat. Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>Roebuck, John Arthur</b> (1801-1879). Born in Madras, India. Brought to +Canada at an early age, and educated here. Went to England in 1824 to +study law, and called to the bar in 1831. In 1832-1837 member of +Parliament for the city of Bath, and in 1835 agent in England for the +House of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_332" id="Page_332">[332]</a></span> Assembly of Lower Canada. Again member for Bath, 1841-1847, +and in 1849-1868 member for Sheffield. In 1855 moved in the House of +Commons for a committee of inquiry into the conduct of the Crimean War, +and on the resignation of Lord Aberdeen's government, elected chairman +of the Sebastopol Committee appointed by Palmerston. In 1856 appointed +chairman of the Administrative Reform Association. In 1874 re-elected +member for Sheffield, which he represented until his death. <b>Index</b>: <b>BL</b> +Correspondence with Papineau and Mackenzie, 229; speech on affairs in +Canada, 231, 233; defends Rebellion Losses Bill, 325, 327. <b>B</b> Attacks +Metcalfe's policy, 23. <b>W</b> On responsible government, 110. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Dict. +Nat. Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>Rogers, Sir F.</b> <i>See</i> Blachford.</p> + +<p><b>Rogers, Robert</b> (1727-1800). Born at Dunbarton, New Hampshire. In the War +of 1755-1760 with the French, commanded Rogers's Rangers and +distinguished himself in several engagements. Sent by Amherst in 1759 to +destroy the Indian village of St. Francis near the St. Lawrence River. +In 1760 took possession of Detroit and other western posts ceded by the +French after the fall of Quebec. In 1765 George III appointed him +governor of Mackinaw, Mich.; subsequently accused of intriguing with the +Spaniards and tried by court-martial in Montreal, but released. Became +colonel in the British army in North America, and commanded the Queen's +Rangers. In 1777 went to England. Proscribed by the provincial Congress +of New Hampshire, 1778. <b>Bib.</b>: Works: <i>Concise Account of North America</i>, +1765; <i>Journals during the Late War</i>, 1765. For biog., <i>see</i> <i>Dict. Nat. +Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>Rohault, de.</b> <b>F</b> Establishes college for boys at Quebec, 28.</p> + +<p><b>Rolette, Lieutenant.</b> <b>Bk</b> Captures schooner <i>Cayahoga</i> with stores and +baggage of General Hull, 218, 243; in command of brig <i>Detroit</i> captured +by Americans, 292.</p> + +<p><b>Rollet, Marie.</b> <b>Ch</b> Wife of Louis Hébert, 112, 146.</p> + +<p><b>Rolph, John</b> (1792-1870). Born in Thornbury, England. Emigrated to +Canada. Practised as a physician in Toronto, and in 1837 took part in +the Rebellion. Connected with Mackenzie in the attempt to capture +Toronto. After the collapse of the movement fled to the United States, +where he practised for some years. Pardoned and returned to Canada, +1843; settled in Toronto. Joined with Lesslie, Perry, and others in +forming the Clear Grit party; founded a medical school in Toronto; +commissioner of crown lands in the Hincks-Morin ministry, 1851; resigned +from the government, 1854, and joined the opposition; retired from +public life, 1857. <b>Index</b>: <b>Mc</b> Defends Judge Willis, 133; moves address, +151; brings Gurnett to bar, 152; appointed executive councillor, 294; +resigns, 294; prepares answer to Governor Head, 298; exposes opposition +to Mackenzie's petition, 311; prevented from speaking in the House, 319; +speech ridiculing Governor Head's exculpation by House, 323; pens +"Declaration of Independence," 330; does not sign, 331; to be "sole +executive" of Rebellion movement, 350; changes day of rising, 361; meets +Mackenzie, 362; accompanies flag of truce, 368; advises Lount to +advance, 371; second flag of truce, 371; leaves for the United States, +375; on Navy Island, 413; declines treasurership, 416; amnestied, 474. +<b>BL</b> Fight for reform, 13; appointed to Executive Council by Head, 38-39; +joint organizer of Rebellion of 1837, with Mackenzie, 43; changes date +of rising, 43; sent by Head to the rebels, 44; tells Lount to pay no +attention to Head's message, 44-45; his exile and return, a leader of +the new Radicalism, 340-341. <b>E</b> One of the leaders of the movement that +ended in the Rebellion of 1837, 110; a con<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_333" id="Page_333">[333]</a></span>spicuous member of the Clear +Grit party, 110; invited by Hincks to a seat in Cabinet, 1851, 112; +becomes commissioner of crown lands, 113; president of Executive +Council, 1863, 126; votes against his colleagues, 136. <b>B</b> A leader of the +Clear Grits, 39; plays a leading part in movement for reform before the +Rebellion, 39. <b>R</b> Member for Middlesex in Upper Canada Assembly, 65-66. +<b>Bib.</b>: Dent, <i>Upper Canadian Rebellion</i> and <i>Last Forty Years; Dict. Nat. +Biog.</i> <i>See also</i> Rebellion of 1837, Upper Canada.</p> + +<p><b>Roman Catholic Church</b>. The first authentic landmark in the history of +the Roman Catholic Church in Canada is the arrival of several Jesuit +missionaries in Acadia in 1611. The Récollets first came to Quebec in +1615, and the Jesuits in 1625. In 1657 the Sulpicians arrived in +Montreal, and the following year Canada was made a Vicariate Apostolic. +The Jesuit missionaries explored the most distant parts of the +continent, in labouring among the Indians. Laval, the first +vicar-apostolic of New France, arrived in Quebec in 1659. In 1674 Quebec +was made a diocese, and Laval became the first bishop. After 1818 Canada +was divided into the dioceses of Nova Scotia, Upper Canada, New +Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, Cape Breton, and the North-West. In +1841 the chapter of Montreal was established, and in 1874 the diocese of +Quebec was subdivided into eight dioceses. The first cardinal of Canada +was Archbishop Taschereau. <b>Index</b>: <b>Sy</b> Its members excluded from certain +civil privileges, 63. <b>Dr</b> Attitude of British government towards, 21, 57, +58; full privileges conceded to, by Quebec Act, 64. <b>S</b> Free exercise of +religion guaranteed by Constitutional Act, 12. <b>WM</b> Important part played +by Roman Catholicism in Quebec, 16. <b>Bk</b> Faithful to British rule, 47. <b>B</b> +Relations with George Brown, x, 44-46; 48-49, 61, 121-128; position and +political sympathies in Upper Canada, 125. <b>Bib.</b>: O'Leary, <i>Roman +Catholic Church in Quebec</i>; Harris, <i>Roman Catholic Church in Ontario</i>; +Cameron, <i>Catholic Church in Maritime Provinces</i> in <i>Canada: An Ency.</i>, +vol. 2.</p> + +<p><b>Rooseboom, Johannes</b>. <b>F</b> Of Albany, carries goods to Lake Indians, 201.</p> + +<p><b>Roquemaure</b>. <b>WM</b> Montcalm's early childhood spent at, 3.</p> + +<p><b>Roquemont, Claude de, Sieur de Brison</b>. <b>Ch</b> Assists in forming Company of +New France, 168; comes out in command of ships, 172; encounters English +vessels under David Kirke in the St. Lawrence, 173; his conduct +criticized, 175.</p> + +<p><b>Rose, Sir John</b> (1820-1888). Born in Aberdeenshire, Scotland. Educated +there. In 1836 emigrated to Canada, and served during the Rebellion of +1837. Studied law; called to the bar, 1842, and practised in Montreal +for several years. A member of the Legislative Assembly, 1857-1861; +solicitor-general for Lower Canada, 1857-1858; and commissioner of +public works, 1859-1861. Appointed a commissioner for the settlement of +claims under the Oregon Treaty, 1864. Minister of finance in first +Dominion government. In 1870 sent by the British government on a mission +to the United States, which led to the treaty of Washington. Made +K.C.M.G., 1870; created a baronet, 1872; privy councillor, 1886; +G.C.M.G., 1878. <b>Index</b>: <b>C</b> Goes to England with Cartier and Galt, in +connection with Confederation, 57; Montreal banquet to, 92. <b>H</b> Sir John +Macdonald asks Joseph Howe to discuss financial terms of Nova Scotia +with, 215; confers with Howe and A. W. McLellan at Portland, 223. <b>E</b> +Signs Annexation Manifesto, 81. <b>Md</b> Succeeds Galt as finance minister, +136; resigns a year later, 136; letter to, from Macdonald, on Riel, +160-161; also on Washington Treaty, 184-185. <b>T</b> Goes to England with +Cartier and Galt, 63; succeeds Galt as minister of finance, 130. <b>Bib.</b>: +<i>Dict. Nat. Biog.</i>; Morgan, <i>Cel. Can.</i>; Dent, <i>Can. Por.</i> and <i>Last +Forty Years</i>.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_334" id="Page_334">[334]</a></span></p> + +<p><b>Rosebery, Archibald Philip Primrose, Earl of</b> (1847- ). Born in London. +Educated at Eton and Oxford. In 1881-1883 under-secretary for the home +office; in 1885 lord privy seal; and later chief commissioner of works; +secretary for foreign affairs in Gladstone's administration, 1886 and +1892-1894. Became prime minister, 1894, on the retirement of Gladstone. +<b>Index</b>: <b>Md</b> Secretary of state for foreign affairs, 332; his speech at +unveiling of bust of Macdonald in St. Paul's Cathedral, 332-333. <b>Bib.</b>: +<i>Who's Who</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Rosée, Jean.</b> <b>Ch</b> Director of Company of New France, 170; agent of Company +of New France, 244.</p> + +<p><b>Ross, Major.</b> <b>Hd</b> Of the 34th Regiment, devastates large section of +country, 157; retakes Oswego, 157. <b>S</b> Leads Queen's Rangers in battle of +Monmouth, 29.</p> + +<p><b>Ross, Alexander.</b> Joined Astor's Pacific Fur Company in 1810, having +probably been previously engaged as a clerk in the service of the North +West Company. Sailed in the <i>Tonquin</i> to the mouth of the Columbia, +where Astoria was built in 1811. Left Pacific Fur Company and joined +North West Company, 1814; stationed at Fort George (Astoria) and Fort +Okanagan, 1811-1816; transferred to Kamloops, 1816. Wrote two valuable +narratives of the fur trade on the Columbia. Joined Hudson's Bay +Company, on the union of the Hudson's Bay and North West Companies in +1821. Returned east, and settled in Red River Colony; sheriff and member +of the Council of Assiniboia, 1835. <b>Index</b>: <b>MS</b> On the sequel to Seven +Oaks affair, 185. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Red River Settlement</i>; <i>Adventures on the +Columbia</i>; <i>Fur Hunters of the Far West</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Ross, Charles.</b> <b>D</b> In charge of Fort Camosun (Victoria), 1843, 180; his +death, 1844, 181.</p> + +<p><b>Ross, Dunbar.</b> <b>E</b> Solicitor-general, last in Hincks-Morin government, 126; +holds same office in MacNab-Morin ministry, but without seat in Cabinet, +141.</p> + +<p><b>Ross, James</b> (1811-1886). Born in West River, Nova Scotia. For a time +headmaster of Westmoreland Grammar School, New Brunswick. Editor of the +<i>Presbyterian Banner</i>, 1842. Principal Dalhousie College, 1863.</p> + +<p><b>Ross, John.</b> <b>MS</b> Sent to Athabaska district by X Y Company, 14; relations +with Pond, 15; his death, 16.</p> + +<p><b>Ross, John</b> (1818-1871). Born in county Antrim, Ireland. Emigrated to +Canada; educated at the district school, Brockville. In 1839 called to +the bar, and built up a successful practice. Appointed to the +Legislative Council, 1848; and in 1851 solicitor-general. In 1852, as a +director of the Grand Trunk Railway, superintended the completion of the +contracts in England, and was president of the Company for ten years. +Appointed attorney-general in 1852; Speaker of the Legislative Council, +1854-1856; receiver-general, 1858; and the same year president of the +Executive Council in the Cartier administration. Called to the Dominion +Senate, 1867; speaker of that body, 1869. <b>Index</b>: <b>E</b> Solicitor-general for +Upper Canada in Hincks-Morin government, but without seat in Cabinet, +113; attorney-general for Upper Canada, 1853, 126; becomes president of +Legislative Council in MacNab-Morin ministry, 141. <b>Bib.</b>: Morgan, <i>Cel. +Can.</i>; Dent, <i>Last Forty Years</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Ross.</b> <b>D</b> Name of Russian settlement at Bodega Bay, 45; purchased from +Russians for $30,000 by Sutter in 1841, 45.</p> + +<p><b>Rosslyn, Alexander Wedderburn, Baron Loughborough, first Earl of</b> +(1733-1805). Entered Parliament, 1761; solicitor-general, 1771, and +supported George III and Lord North in resisting the claims of the +American colonies. <b>Index</b>: <b>Dr</b> Solicitor-general, on Canadian claims in +matters of law, 62, 66. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Dict. Nat. Biog.</i><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_335" id="Page_335">[335]</a></span></p> + +<p><b>Rothery, Henry Cadogan</b> (1817-1888). <b>B</b> Registrar of the High Court of +Admiralty in England,—prepares Canadian case in fisheries arbitration, +225-226; suggests Reciprocity Treaty, as compensation for fisheries, +226. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Dict. Nat. Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>Rottenburg, Baron de.</b> Entered the army, and in 1795 promoted major of +Hussars; in 1797 lieutenant-colonel of the 60th Foot; and colonel in +1805. Served during the Rebellion in Ireland in 1798; present at the +capture of Surinam in 1799; promoted brigadier-general, 1808; took part +in the Walcheren expedition, 1809; in 1810 ordered to Canada, and +commanded the garrison at Quebec; promoted major-general. In command of +the Montreal district during the War of 1812; and in 1813 +commander-in-chief of the forces in Upper Canada. Promoted +lieutenant-general in 1819, after his return to England. Died in 1832. +<b>Index</b>: <b>Bk</b> Appointed brigadier, 123; arrival of, at Quebec, 134. <b>Bib.</b>: +Morgan. <i>Cel. Can.</i>; Lucas, <i>Canadian War of 1812</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Rottenburg, Baroness de.</b> <b>Bk</b> Her great charm, 134, 137.</p> + +<p><b>Roubaud, Pierre.</b> <b>Hd</b> Ex-Jesuit, his erratic habits, 48, 49; a friend of +Du Calvet, 290.</p> + +<p><b>Rouer de Villeray, Louis</b> (1630?-1685). Born in France. Came to Canada in +1651. Through Laval's influence, appointed to the Sovereign Council in +1663, and retained his position in the reorganization of the Council in +1675. Always a strong supporter of Laval and the Jesuits; and reputed to +be the wealthiest man of his day in the colony. <b>Index</b>: <b>F</b> First +councillor, 106; Frontenac's opinion of, 110; his right to title of +"esquire" challenged by Frontenac, 139; waits on Frontenac, 255, 256. <b>L</b> +Describes system of apprenticeship adopted with new settlers, 78; +appointed to Sovereign Council, 166; temporarily banished from Quebec, +167. <b>Bib.</b>: Parkman, <i>Frontenac</i> and <i>Old Régime</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Rous, John.</b> In command of a Boston privateer, did much damage to French +commerce. Made a successful raid on the French posts on the north coast +of Newfoundland, 1744. Took part in the capture of Louisbourg, 1745; +sent to England with the news; rewarded with rank of captain in the +navy. Engaged in coast defence of Nova Scotia, 1749; in command of the +squadron sent against Beauséjour, 1755; took part in the expedition +against Cape Breton under Lord Loudon, 1756. Commanded the <i>Sutherland</i> +at the capture of Louisbourg, 1758, and in 1759 was with Admiral +Saunders at the siege of Quebec. Settled at Halifax; a member of the +Council of Nova Scotia; died in 1760. <b>Bib.</b>: Murdoch, <i>History of Nova +Scotia; Selections from the Public Documents of Nova Scotia</i>, ed. by +Akins.</p> + +<p><b>Rouvier.</b> <b>Ch</b> Clerk, goes to France, 121; returns with letters, 135.</p> + +<p><b>Rowan, Sir William.</b> Born in Ireland, 1789. Entered the army as ensign, +1783; saw service in various parts of the world, including Spain, +France, and North America; secretary to Lord Seaton in Canada, +1832-1839; major-general, 1846; Commander-in-chief of the forces in +British North America, 1849-1855; administrator of the government for a +short time during the absence of Lord Elgin. <b>Bib.</b>: Morgan, <i>Cel. Can.</i></p> + +<p><b>Roy, Louis.</b> <b>S</b> First printer in Upper Canada, 172; acts as king's +printer, 173; succeeded by G. Tiffany, 173.</p> + +<p><b>Royal, Joseph</b> (1837- ). Born at Repentigny, Quebec. Educated at St. +Mary's College, Montreal. Entered into newspaper work; established +<i>L'Ordre, Le Nouveau Monde</i>, and assisted in founding <i>La Revue +Canadien</i>. Called to the bar of Lower Canada, 1864. Removed to Manitoba, +1870; founded there<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_336" id="Page_336">[336]</a></span> <i>Le Métis</i>. Elected to the first Legislative +Assembly of Manitoba, 1870; held many offices in successive +administrations until 1879. Member of the House of Commons, 1879-1888; +lieutenant-governor of the North-West Territories, 1888-1893. Member of +the Royal Society of Canada, 1893; editor of <i>La Minerve</i>, Montreal, +1894. <b>Bib.</b>: Begg, <i>History of the North-West</i>; Morgan, <i>Can. Men</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Royal American Regiment.</b> <b>Hd</b> Afterwards 60th Foot, Haldimand +lieutenant-colonel in, 1, 9, 11; recruiting for, 12; Washington suggests +change of uniform for, 16; Haldimand exchanges from 2nd to 4th battalion +of, 17; at Oswego, 29; at Montreal, 50; Haldimand made +colonel-commandant in, 83, 313; discipline in, 94. <b>WM</b> On British left, +189; one battalion of, guards communication with landing-place, 189.</p> + +<p><b>Royal Canadian Academy of Arts.</b> Founded by the Marquis of Lorne +(afterwards Duke of Argyll), in 1880, the first exhibition being held in +Ottawa the same year. The first president was L. R. O'Brien. In +furtherance of its objects the Academy established a national gallery in +Ottawa, to which it has contributed a number of paintings, and which has +also received some assistance from the Dominion government, though its +support is very inadequate. The Academy has held a number of exhibitions +in the different Canadian cities; and supports classes for drawing from +the living model. <b>Bib.</b>: Johnson, <i>First Things in Canada</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Royal Highland Emigrants.</b> <b>Hd</b> Regiment raised in Canada, 111, 112, 306; +disbanded and take up lands, 255, 262, 265. <b>Dr</b> Composition of corps, 93; +arrival of detachment of, at Quebec, 112.</p> + +<p><b>Royal Military College, Kingston.</b> Established by Act of Parliament in +1874; opened 1875. <b>Bib.</b>: Mayne, <i>The Royal Military College</i> in <i>Canada: +An Ency.</i>, vol. 4.</p> + +<p><b>Royal North-West Mounted Police.</b> Organized in 1873 by the Dominion +government, for the preservation of law and order in the new settlements +west of Lake Superior. The force at first numbered only 190 men, +subsequently increased to nearly 1000. The police patrol the frontier, +and preserve the peace throughout the whole vast region from the +international boundary to the Arctic. They have posts on the shores of +Hudson Bay, in the Yukon, and on Herschell Island, off the mouth of the +Mackenzie. <b>Bib.</b>: Haydon, <i>The Riders of the Plains</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Royal Regiment of New York.</b> <b>Dr</b> Raised by Sir John Johnson, 151, 173.</p> + +<p><b>Royal Roussillon Regiment.</b> <b>WM</b> One battalion of, sent to Canada, 12; +deserters from, give information to Wolfe, 171, 184; in retreat from +Jacques Cartier, alone kept in good order, 217; in battle of Ste. Foy, +257; 262. <b>Bib.</b>: Doughty, <i>Siege of Quebec</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Royal Society of Canada.</b> Founded by the Marquis of Lorne (afterward Duke +of Argyll) in 1881, during his governorship in Canada. The first meeting +was held in Ottawa, in May, 1882. The society is divided into four +sections: French literature, history, etc.; English literature, history, +etc.; mathematical, chemical, and physical sciences; and geological and +biological sciences. Each section is limited to twenty members. The +original members were nominated by the Marquis of Lorne. Subsequent +vacancies filled by election on the nomination of three members. The +first president was (Sir) J. W. Dawson, and the vice-president Pierre J. +O. Chauveau. The president of section 1 was (Sir) James M. Le Moine; of +section 2 (Sir) Daniel Wilson; of section 3 T. Sterry Hunt; and of +section 4 A. R. C. Selwyn. (Sir) J. G. Bourinot was the first secretary +of the society. An account of its organization, with the list of +original members, will be found in the first volume of <i>Transactions</i>, +1882-1883.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_337" id="Page_337">[337]</a></span> <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Proceedings and Transactions</i>, 1st series, 1882-1894, +12 vols.; 2nd series, 1895-1906, 12 vols.; 3rd series, 1907, to date.</p> + +<p><b>Royal William.</b> Built at Quebec in the year 1830; launched in the spring +of 1831. On Aug. 5, 1833, she sailed from Quebec for London, stopping at +Pictou for coal. She arrived at Gravesend in twenty-five days from +Pictou—the first vessel to cross the Atlantic wholly under steam. She +had been named by Lady Aylmer, wife of the governor-general, after +William IV. A few days after her arrival in London, the vessel was +chartered as a troop-ship by the Portuguese government. In 1894, on the +occasion of the opening of the Colonial Conference at Ottawa, Lord +Aberdeen unveiled a tablet in the entrance to the Library of Parliament, +bearing this inscription: "In honour of the men by whose enterprise, +courage and skill the <span class="smcap">Royal William</span>, the first vessel to cross the +Atlantic by steam power, was wholly constructed in Canada, and navigated +to England in 1833. The pioneer of those mighty fleets of ocean steamers +by which passengers and merchandise of all nations are now conveyed over +every sea throughout the world." <b>Bib.</b>: Fleming, <i>Notes on Ocean Steam +Navigation</i> (Can. Inst. <i>Trans.</i>, 1891-1892); Christie, <i>History of +Lower Canada</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Royal William, H. M. S.</b> <b>WM</b> Conveys Wolfe's remains to England, 238.</p> + +<p><b>Ruette d'Auteuil, Denis-Joseph.</b> <b>L</b> Crown prosecutor, 167; temporarily +banished from Quebec, 168. <b>F</b> Attorney-general, 106; death of, 138.</p> + +<p><b>Ruette d'Auteuil, François-Madeleine-Fortuné.</b> <b>F</b> Son of Denis, succeeds +him, 138; makes trouble for Intendant Meulles, 174; waits on Frontenac, +255.</p> + +<p><b>Rumigny.</b> <b>WM</b> At Sillery, directs artillery fire on enemy on opposite +shore, 161.</p> + +<p><b>Rupert's Land.</b> The name applied to the territories of the Hudson's Bay +Company, particularly to that portion lying west of Hudson Bay and east +of the Rocky Mountains. The Company held these lands under royal charter +granted by Charles II in 1670. The first governor of the Company was +Prince Rupert, after whom the territories were named. The Company's +title was repeatedly challenged, but its validity was always upheld by +the law officers of the crown. In 1869 the territories were transferred +to Canada, for the sum of £300,000, the company retaining certain blocks +of land around their trading-posts and one-twentieth of the arable land +of the country. <i>See also</i> Hudson's Bay Company; North-West Territories.</p> + +<p><b>Rupert, Prince</b> (1619-1683). Third son of the elector palatine, Frederick +V, and Elizabeth, daughter of James I of England. Served in the army +during the Thirty Years' War; commanded the royal cavalry in the Civil +War in England. Returned to England at the Restoration. The first +governor of the Hudson's Bay Company. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Dict. Nat. Biog.</i>; Erskine, +<i>A Royal Cavalier: the Romance of Rupert, Prince Palatine</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Russell, Alexander J.</b> <b>Ch</b> His papers on Champlain's astrolabe, 76.</p> + +<p><b>Russell, John, first Earl</b> (1792-1878). Born in London. Entered +Parliament, 1813; home secretary, 1835, in Melbourne's ministry; in 1839 +colonial secretary; and in 1846 premier. In 1852 foreign secretary in +Aberdeen's ministry; in 1854 president of the Council, and in 1855 +secretary for the colonies. Prime minister, 1865, with Gladstone as +leader of the Commons. <b>Index</b>: <b>Sy</b> The leading member of the Melbourne +government, 55; Sydney Smith on, 55; becomes colonial secretary, 59; his +speech in House of Commons on reunion of Upper and Lower Canada, +117-122; asks for civil list, 120; not prepared to grant responsible +government in the full sense, 121; his resolutions, 122; withdraws +resolutions and submits bill, 123; his reply to Sir George Arthur on the +subject of responsible government, 127; his letter accompanying +Sydenham's<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_338" id="Page_338">[338]</a></span> instructions, 141-144; his despatch on responsible +government, 163-169; his despatch on tenure of executive office, +180-182; his views on emigration, 322; Sydenham's high testimony to, +343; as leader of opposition, defends Sir Charles Bagot, 351. <b>B</b> +Justifies Metcalfe's policy, 23; his reply to Cardinal Wiseman's +pastoral, 45-46, 121; and the Clergy Reserves, 58-59. <b>P</b> Secures +authority for governor to expend moneys without authorization of Lower +Canada Assembly, 117-118; defends the measure, 118; condemned by +Bouchette, 151. <b>E</b> His colonial policy, 26, 227-228; supports Metcalfe, +37; wise choice of Elgin as governor, 40; supports Rebellion Losses +Bill, 78; his ministry forced to resign, 165; on the severance of the +colonies, 229, 231. <b>BL</b> Denies representative government to Lower Canada, +46; Sydenham's letter to, 60; his despatch to Sydenham, 65, 137; on +constitutional government, 231, 234; comes into power, 267; attitude +towards colonies, 269; not unreservedly favourable to colonial +self-government, 273; defends right of Canadians to legislate as they +please, 325. <b>C</b> Effect of his resolutions, 2. <b>Mc</b> Opposes elective +Legislative Council, 19; opposes Cabinet government, 19; instructions to +Sydenham, 20; seizes Lower Canada funds, 324; opposes responsible +government, 325; on Union Act, 405. <b>W</b> Suggests new charter for King's +College, Fredericton, 53, 54; on tenure of public offices, 57, 60, 61; +Roebuck's interview with, 110; Sydenham's despatch to, 114. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Dict. +Nat. Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>Russell, Peter</b> (1755-1825). Born in England. In 1791 accompanied Simcoe +to Canada, and appointed inspector-general; later becoming a member of +the Assembly and of the Executive Council. Administered the government +of Upper Canada, 1796-1799. <b>Index</b>: <b>S</b> Recommended by Simcoe as collector +of customs, 46, 178; arrives in Canada, 49; member of Legislative +Council, 79; executive councillor, 79; sworn in as administrator, 217. +<b>Bib.</b>: Read, <i>Lieutenant-Governors of Upper Canada</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Russian-American Fur Company.</b> Chartered in 1799, with a monopoly of the +fur trade of Russian America. It absorbed the various smaller +independent companies, and for a time was a powerful rival of the +Hudson's Bay Company. Its operations were directed by Baranof, as +governor of Russian America, and the headquarters of the company were +established at New Archangel (modern Sitka), in 1800. <b>Index</b>: <b>D</b> Claim +north-west coast of America, 45; dissolved, 1861, 45. <b>Bib.</b>: Dall, +<i>Alaska</i>; Bancroft, <i>History of Alaska</i>; Laut, <i>Vikings of the Pacific</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Russian Convention, 1825.</b> <b>D</b> Its provisions, 118-119.</p> + +<p><b>Russian Explorations.</b> <b>D</b> Stimulated by fur trade, 38; America reached by +way of Siberia, 38; Vitus Bering's expeditions, 39-40; explorations +between 1764 and 1769, 42; discoveries and colonies along the coast, +44-45; <a name='TC_13'></a><ins title="Was 'Baranoff'">Baranof</ins>, Wrangell and Etoline, 44-46; explorations of +Krusenstern, Lisiansky, and others, 1787-1822, 46. <b>Bib.</b>: Muller, +<i>Voyages from Asia to America</i>; Coxe, <i>Discoveries of the Russians +between Asia and America</i>; Lauridsen, <i>Vitus Bering</i>, trans. by Olson; +Kotzebue, <i>Voyages</i>, trans. by Lloyd; Krusenstern, <i>Voyage</i>; Lutke, +<i>Voyage</i>; Bancroft, <i>History of Alaska</i>; Laut, <i>Vikings of the Pacific</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Russian Fur Trade.</b> <b>D</b> In Alaska, 4, 12, 17; grew out of Bering's voyages, +41; character of the traders, 41; expansion of the trade, 42; companies +formed, 42-43; Russian-American Company, 43-44. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>See</i> Russian +Explorations.</p> + +<p><b>Ryerson, Egerton</b> (1803-1882). <b>R</b> Born March 24, 1803, near village of +Vittoria, Upper Canada, 1; parentage, 1; his father a United Empire +Loyalist, 1; his mother's influence, 2; his early life on the farm, 3; +school days, 4; hard study brings on brain fever, 5; enters Methodist +ministry, 5, 15; moral development,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_339" id="Page_339">[339]</a></span> 5-9; environment, 10-11; difficulty +with his father over joining Methodists, 12-13; his reading, 12; returns +home and reconciled to his father, 13; ministerial life, 16-20; mission +to the Indians, 20-25; appointed to Cobourg circuit, 25; controversial +writings, 26-27; becomes editor of <i>Christian Guardian</i>, 27; his +political principles, 44; seeks equal rights in religion and education, +45-46; controversial conflict with Strachan, 46, 67-72; replies to +Strachan's speech of 1828, 76-79; ordained an elder of Methodist Church, +1829, 81; Canadian Methodist Church established, 81-82; becomes editor +of <i>Christian Guardian</i>, 82-83; establishment of Methodist College, +84-86; his attitude towards union of Canadian and British Methodists, +94-96; his political views, 97; attacked by W. L. Mackenzie in the +<i>Colonial Advocate</i>, 98; schisms among the Methodists, 99-106; in +political life, 107-110; his letters to the London <i>Times</i> on "The +Affairs of the Canadas," 111; discusses Clergy Reserves and other +questions with Lord Glenelg and Mr. Stephen, 111-112; resumes editorship +of <i>Guardian</i>, 114; his platform, 115-117; sums up popular demands, 118; +his letters to the Marquis of Normanby, 120-121; president of Victoria +College, 126; defends Metcalfe, 126, 129-130; denounced by Reformers, +130-131; letters on Clergy Reserves, 132; letter of 1867, 132; writes on +education policy, 134-135; on the Upper Canada Academy, 137-143; +receives degree of D.D., 143; Dr. Ormiston's tribute to, 144-146; +defends university scheme, 150-154; supports Macdonald's University +Bill, 157; opposes Baldwin's University Bill of 1849, 159; outlines new +scheme, 159; his views on a provincial university, 161-162; appointed +superintendent of schools, 164; studies school systems in Europe and +United States, 1844-1846, 164; his reports, 167-168; his reforms, +168-170; Common School Act of 1846, 170; his governing principles, +172-173; establishes normal schools for training of teachers, 173; his +unerring instinct in choice of men, 173-174; elements of his system of +schools, 175-178; his personal influence, 179; meets opposition in +carrying out reforms, 180-182; School Act of 1850, 182-183; question of +text-books, 183-184; educational depository, 184; museum, 185; school +libraries, 185; free schools and compulsory education, 190-191; quality +and efficiency, 192-195; municipal relations, 196-199; his personal +influence as a factor in developing the school system, 201-203; the +School Acts, 203-208; criticisms, 209-211; creation of office of +minister of education, 211-213; the separate school question, 215-245; +the high school system, 247-268; his concluding years, 269; his +writings—<i>Story of My Life</i>, <i>Canadian Methodism</i>, <i>Loyalists of +America</i>, 270-279; later church work and closing days, 281-297; his +death, Feb. 19, 1882, 296. <b>BL</b> Referred to in Brown's speech, 224; in +political controversy, 1844, 238; appointed superintendent of education, +240-241; his defence of Metcalfe, 240; Sullivan's reply, 243-244; his +rejoinder, 245-246. <b>E</b> Defends Metcalfe, 36; his services to the cause of +popular education, 89-90; opposes Sydenham's measures on Clergy +Reserves, 157. <b>B</b> Denounces Baldwin and defends Metcalfe, 22-23; accepts +Separate School Bill, 144, 145; his environment, 260. <b>T</b> Member of King's +College Commission, 48. <b>Mc</b> His mission to England, 237; introduced to +colonial office, 238; quarrels with Mackenzie, 238. <b>Bib.</b>: Works: <i>Report +on Popular Education</i>; <i>Affairs of the Canadas</i>; <i>Story of My Life</i>; +<i>Canadian Methodism</i>; <i>Loyalists of America</i>. For biog., <i>see</i> Morgan, +<i>Cel. Can.</i>; <i>Dict. Nat. Biog.</i>; Dent, <i>Can. Por.</i> and <i>Last Forty +Years</i>; Rose, <i>Cyc. Can. Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>Ryerson, George</b>. <b>R</b> Joins Methodists, and sent as missionary to the +Indians, 18; appears before British parliamentary committee, 75, 136. <b>Bk</b> +Carries news of victory at Detroit to Talbot Settlement, 259.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_340" id="Page_340">[340]</a></span></p> + +<p><b>Ryerson, John</b> (1800-1878). Born in Norfolk, Ontario. Educated at the +public schools. In 1818 became a Wesleyan preacher, and active for many +years in the establishment of missionary and other institutions of the +Methodist-Episcopal Church. In 1854 sent by the Canadian Conference of +that church on a visit to the missions of the London Wesleyan Committee +in the North-West Territories. The result of his investigation was the +transfer of the missions to Canadian control. <b>Index</b>: <b>R</b> President of +Canada Conference Missionary Society, his views on proposed entry of +British Methodists into Upper Canada, 89-90; his essays on the +Methodists, 273; closely associated with Egerton Ryerson in Methodist +Conference, etc., 281. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Hudson's Bay, or, A Missionary Tour</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Ryerson, Colonel Joseph.</b> <b>R</b> Father of Egerton Ryerson, a United Empire +Loyalist, serves as an officer in Prince of Wales Regiment of New +Jersey, in American Revolution, native of New Jersey, emigrates to New +Brunswick and marries there a Miss Stickney, follows elder brother to +Canada, 1; quarrels with his son Egerton, who has joined Methodists, +11-12; reconciliation, 13; dies, 1854, 18; his life, 274-275.</p> + +<p><b>Ryerson, William.</b> <b>R</b> His brother, Egerton, takes his place in the +Methodist ministry for a year, 15; describes Egerton's Indian school, +24-25; closely associated with Egerton in Methodist Conference, etc., +281.</p> + +<p><b>Ryland, Herman W.</b> <b>Bk</b> Private secretary to Lieutenant-Governor Milnes, +47; unfriendly to French-Canadians and Roman Catholics, 48, 86; his +violent language, 92; his mission to London, 129; his recommendations +not adopted, 146; mission a failure, 147; John Henry's letters to, 186. +<b>P</b> Sir James Craig's secretary and adviser, poisons his mind against +French-Canadians, 28; his character, 41. <b>Bib.</b>: Christie, <i>History of +Lower Canada</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Rymal, Jacob.</b> <b>Mc</b> Aids Mackenzie's escape, 390.</p> + +<p><b>Rynd.</b> <b>S</b> Simcoe's account of death of, 34.</p> + +<p><b>Ryswick, Treaty of.</b> Concluded in 1697; brought peace between Great +Britain and France. Provided for the mutual restoration of all places +taken by either party during the war; the appointment of commissioners +to determine their respective rights in Hudson Bay; formally recognized +William III as sovereign of Great Britain. <b>Index</b>: <b>F</b> Restores to England +her Hudson Bay posts, 349. <b>L</b> Concluded in 1697, 234; terms of, 234. +<b>Bib.</b>: Hertslet, <i>Treaties and Conventions</i>; <i>Dict. Eng. Hist</i>.</p> + + +<p><b>Sable Island.</b> Off the coast of Nova Scotia. It was known from about the +beginning of the sixteenth century as Santa Cruz, and so appears on +Reinel's map of 1505, and on the Cabot <i>mappemonde</i> of 1544. First +appears under its present name on a map of Joannes Freire, dated 1546. +Sir Humphrey Gilbert sailed for the island in 1583, and lost one of his +ships among its treacherous shoals. He mentions that above thirty years +before, the Portuguese had placed neat cattle and swine upon it to +breed, and that these had multiplied exceedingly. In 1598 La Roche left +fifty convicts upon the island, while he explored the coast, but his +little ship was blown out to sea, and he returned to France without +them. Five years later a ship was sent out to rescue the survivors, +eleven in all. The earliest description of the island is in De Laet's +<i>Novus Orbis</i>, 1633. It is at present twenty miles long, by about a mile +wide, and is wasting away rapidly. At the end of the eighteenth century, +it was forty miles long by two and a half wide; and when white men first +visited the island, it must have been of quite a considerable size. +Records exist of something over 187 wrecks, and this does not<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_341" id="Page_341">[341]</a></span> begin to +represent the actual tribute in ships to this "Graveyard of the +Atlantic." <b>Bib.</b>: Patterson, <i>Sable Island: Its History and Phenomena</i> +(R. S. C., 1894); McDonald, <i>Sable Island and Its Attendant Phenomena</i> +(N. S. Inst. of Science <i>Trans.</i>, vi.); Taché, <i>Les Sablons</i>; Paul de +Gazes, <i>Ile de Sable</i> (R. S. C., 1892).</p> + +<p><b>Sackville, George Sackville Germain, first Viscount</b> (1716-1785). Served +with distinction at Fontenoy, 1745; major-general, 1755; +lieutenant-general of the ordnance, 1757; second in command of St. Malo +expedition, 1758; dismissed from the service for gross incompetence at +Minden, 1760; secretary of state for colonies, 1775-1782. <b>Index</b>: <b>Dr</b> +Succeeds Dartmouth as secretary of state, 148; his character, 149; his +hostility to Carleton, 163, 170; criticizes Carleton's action, 164; +generally distrusted, 170; his plan of campaign, 171; created peer as +Viscount Sackville, 192. <b>Hd</b> Colonial secretary, 107; errors made by, +112; his disapproval of Carleton's methods, 113; ignorant of conditions +in Canada, 125; characterized, 132, 165; Haldimand's despatches to, +132-143, 153; Haldimand reproved by, 155-156; letters of Haldimand to, +164-166, 170, 176, 178, 294; Hamilton a correspondent of, 167; his +instructions in matter of Vermont, 199, 216; Haldimand's low opinion of +people of Vermont, 199-201; Haldimand reports progress of Vermont +negotiations to, 206, 208; his letter to Haldimand, 275. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Dict. +Nat. Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>Saco River.</b> <b>F</b> Fort built at falls of, 329.</p> + +<p><b>Sagard-Théodat, Gabriel.</b> <b>F</b> Récollet, on bad examples shown by colonists +to Indians, 14. <b>L</b> Missionary labours of, 3. <b>Ch</b> Récollet friar, 139; +sails for France, 141; arrives and proceeds to Huron country, 149; +recalled to France, 149; his opinion of Guillaume de Caën, 182; his +remarks on surrender of Quebec, 193. <b>Bib.</b>: Works: <i>Histoire du Canada</i>; +<i>Grand Voyage du Pays des Hurons</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Saguenay River.</b> One of the principal tributaries of the St. Lawrence. +Rises at the head waters of the Peribonka in lat. 52° N. and long. 71° +10' W., and joins the St. Lawrence after a course of 405 miles. It was +discovered by Jacques Cartier in 1535. Its original Indian name was +Chicoutimi, signifying "deep water." Champlain ascended the river to +Chicoutimi in 1603; and in 1679 Jolliet ascended the river to the height +of land, and descended to Ungava Bay. <b>Index</b>: <b>Ch</b> Explored by Champlain, +12. <b>Bib.</b>: Lovell, <i>Gazetteer of Canada</i>.</p> + +<p><b>St. Andre.</b> <b>L</b> Brings out a number of colonists and ecclesiastics, 31.</p> + +<p><b>St. Andrews.</b> Seaport of New Brunswick, and the chief town of Charlotte +County. Founded by American Loyalists in 1783, and was for some time +only an outbay of St. John, but in 1822 became a separate and free port. +<b>Index</b>: <b>W</b> Grammar school at, 85. <b>Bib.</b>: Lovell, <i>Gazetteer of Canada</i>.</p> + +<p><b>St. Augustine.</b> <b>WM</b> Retreating army halts at, 218; Lévis hears news of +surrender of Quebec at, 234. <b>Hd</b> Haldimand's headquarters for a time, +78-80.</p> + +<p><b>St.-Castin, Jean de l'Abadie, Baron de</b> (1650-1712). Native of Béarn; +came to Canada, 1665, with the Carignan-Salières Regiment, as an ensign +in the company of Chambly. Took part in the expedition of De Courcelles, +and when his regiment was disbanded in 1668, removed to Acadia, +established a trading house at Pentegoet (now Castine), and roamed far +and wide through the woods with the natives, over whom he gained an +extraordinary ascendency. The post at Pentegoet was raided by parties of +New Englanders in 1686 and 1687, who stripped the stores of everything +portable. In 1696, with a party of Indians, assisted Iberville in the +capture of Pemaquid. In 1702 drew up a plan for attacking Boston, which, +however, was never acted on. <b>Index</b>: <b>F</b> His life in New France, 329; leads +Indians against Fort Pemaquid, 331. <b>Bib.</b>: Parkman, <i>Frontenac</i>; +Charlevoix, <i>History of New France</i>.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_342" id="Page_342">[342]</a></span></p> + +<p><b>St.-Cirque.</b> <b>WM</b> Killed at Laprairie, 232.</p> + +<p><b>St. Clair, Arthur</b> (1734-1818). Born in Scotland. Entered the army, 1757, +and came to America, serving under Amherst at Louisbourg, 1758, and +Wolfe at Quebec, 1759. Settled in America, and on the breaking out of +the Revolution took the colonial side; given command of a Pennsylvania +regiment, and served with Sullivan in Canada. Promoted +brigadier-general, 1777. In command at Ticonderoga, 1777, and compelled +to retreat by Burgoyne. Court-martialled, but acquitted. <b>Index</b>: <b>Dr</b> Sent +as governor to the Indian territory, 233. <b>S</b> Expedition under, crushingly +defeated by Indians, 121. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Cyc. Am. Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>St. Domingo.</b> Island in the West Indies. <b>Bk</b> Revolution in, 39-41.</p> + +<p><b>St. Étienne.</b> <b>Ch</b> Vessel in which Récollet missionaries came to Canada, +85.</p> + +<p><b>St. Francis Xavier College.</b> Located at Antigonish, Nova Scotia. Diocesan +institution, known as Arichat College, opened at Arichat, 1853. +Transferred to Antigonish and established as St. Francis Xavier College, +1855. University powers conferred by Act of the Legislature of Nova +Scotia, 1866.</p> + +<p><b>St. George, Sir Thomas Bligh</b> (1765-1837). Born in England. Entered the +army and rose to the rank of major-general, 1819. Came to Canada, 1809, +as inspecting field officer of militia in Upper Canada; commanded at +Amherstburg when it was attacked by Hull, 1812; commanded militia at the +capture of Detroit; and defeated Winchester at Raisin River, 1813. +Knighted, 1835. <b>Index</b>: <b>Bk</b> In command at Amherstburg, 214, 216, 236; +reports capture of Cayahoga, 218; in charge of 1st brigade, 247. <b>Bib.</b>: +<i>Cyc. Am. Biog.</i>; Morgan, <i>Cel. Can.</i>; Lucas, <i>Canadian War of 1812</i>.</p> + +<p><b>St. Germain-en-Laye, Treaty of.</b> Signed between France and Great Britain +on March 29, 1632. Restored Quebec, Nova Scotia, and the island of Cape +Breton to France. <b>Index</b>: <b>Ch</b> Treaty signed, 222. <b>Bib.</b>: Hertslet, +<i>Treaties and Conventions</i>.</p> + +<p><b>St. Hubert, Father.</b> <b>Hd</b> Recommended for vacancy in bishopric, 182.</p> + +<p><b>St. Ignace, Mother.</b> <b>WM</b> Describes scene at General Hospital, 223.</p> + +<p><b>St. Ignace.</b> <b>Ch</b> Jesuit mission in Huron country, 92.</p> + +<p><b>St. Jean.</b> <b>Ch</b> One of the vessels of Company of New France, 245.</p> + +<p><b>St. Joachim.</b> <b>L</b> Boarding school for children established at, 100; Laval's +gift to school at, 199.</p> + +<p><b>St. John.</b> City and seaport of New Brunswick, situated at the mouth of +the St. John River. It was incorporated as the city of St. John in 1785, +during the administration of Thomas Carleton, having previously been +known as Parrtown, so named after John Parr, governor of Nova Scotia. +Champlain was the first white man to stand upon its site, in 1604. +<b>Index</b>: <b>W</b> Presents address to Sir Charles Metcalfe, 74-75; grammar +schools in, 85. <b>T</b> Young Men's Debating Society, 7; preferred men to +measures, 25. <b>Bib.</b>: Hannay, <i>History of New Brunswick</i>; Lovell, +<i>Gazetteer of Canada</i>.</p> + +<p><b>St. John Island.</b> <i>See</i> Prince Edward Island.</p> + +<p><b>St. John's.</b> Capital of Newfoundland. Founded in 1582 by Sir Humphrey +Gilbert. It was captured by Iberville in 1696, and again during the +Seven Years' War, but finally reverted to Britain, with the rest of the +island, in 1763. <b>Index</b>: <b>Hd</b> Taken by the French, 44. <b>F</b> Captured by +Iberville, 347. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Ency. Brit.</i></p> + +<p><b>St. John's.</b> A city on the Richelieu River, Province of Quebec. It was a +military station during the American invasion; captured by Arnold in +1775; and relieved by Preston with troops from Montreal. Later in the +same year, the fort was besieged by Montgomery, and the little garrison +held out gallantly for<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_343" id="Page_343">[343]</a></span> twenty-four days, being forced to surrender in +the end through the capture of Chambly, which gave Montgomery fresh +ammunition and supplies. <b>Index</b>: <b>Dr</b> Fort at, abandoned by Americans, 146; +reoccupied by British, 161. <b>Hd</b> Fortifications of, 125, 130, 133; people +of, pay schoolmaster, 235. <b>Bib.</b>: Lovell, <i>Gazetteer of Canada</i>.</p> + +<p><b>St. John's River.</b> <b>L</b> Récollet mission on, 111.</p> + +<p><b>St. Joseph de Lévis.</b> <b>WM</b> Skirmish at, 102, 103.</p> + +<p><b>St. Julien.</b> <b>Ch</b> Spanish vessel, commanded by Champlain, 3.</p> + +<p><b>St. Laurent.</b> <b>Ch</b> French vessel seized by the English, 222.</p> + +<p><b>St. Laurent.</b> Village on north bank of St. Lawrence. <b>Index</b>: <b>WM</b> Letter of +curé of, to British officers, 93.</p> + +<p><b>St. Lawrence Channel.</b> <b>C</b> Cartier favours deepening of, 45.</p> + +<p><b>St. Lawrence Gulf.</b> The first authenticated voyage to the gulf is that of +Jacques Cartier, in 1534. In his second voyage, of 1535-1536, Cartier +made further discoveries. On Aug. 10, 1535, he sailed into what is now +known as Pillage Bay, on the Labrador coast of the gulf. As this was the +feast of St. Lawrence, he named the bay <i>Baye Sainct Laurens</i>. Since +then the name has gradually spread until it embraces the whole gulf, and +the great river that empties its waters there. <b>Bib.</b>: Dawson, <i>The St. +Lawrence Basin</i>.</p> + +<p><b>St. Lawrence Island.</b> <i>See</i> Cape Breton.</p> + +<p><b>St. Lawrence Rapids.</b> <b>Hd</b> Amherst loses a large number of men in, 37.</p> + +<p><b>St. Lawrence River.</b> Rises at the source of the St. Louis River, west end +of Lake Superior, and falls into the Gulf of St. Lawrence. West of Lake +Ontario the river is known by different names, and the St. Lawrence +proper issues from that lake. The name was originally given by Jacques +Cartier to a bay on the Labrador coast of the gulf. Cartier explored the +river in 1535, as far as the island of Montreal. <b>Index</b>: <b>Ch</b> Early visits +of fishing vessels to, 59. <b>Bib.</b>: Dawson, <i>The St. Lawrence Basin</i>; +Johnson, <i>Picturesque St. Lawrence</i>.</p> + +<p><b>St. Lawrence and Atlantic Railway.</b> <b>E</b> Chartered, 1845, to connect with +Atlantic and St. Lawrence Railway, 99; provincial guarantee, 1849, 99. <b>C</b> +Built in 1849,—gives Montreal access to the sea through Portland, 45. +<i>See also</i> Railways.</p> + +<p><b>St. Leger, Colonel Barry.</b> <b>Hd</b> Ordered to occupy Crown Point, 211; unjust +complaints against, by chaplain of regiment, 256; his application on +behalf of his son, 295; commandant of Quebec garrison, 309; in chief +command in Canada, 314. <b>Dr</b> Fails in attack on Fort Stanwix, 173; brave, +but lacking in capacity, 174; sent to Ticonderoga, 179.</p> + +<p><b>St. Malo.</b> Seaport of France. <b>Index</b>: <b>Ch</b> Merchants of, demand freedom of +commerce in the St. Lawrence, 123. <b>L</b> Jurisdiction of bishop of, over New +France, 6.</p> + +<p><b>St. Martin, Captain.</b> <b>WM</b> Killed in battle of Ste. Foy, 264.</p> + +<p><b>St. Maurice Forges.</b> Were situated on the river St. Maurice, about nine +miles above Three Rivers, Quebec. Iron ore was discovered on the banks +of the St. Maurice in 1667, but the mines were not systematically worked +until 1733, when a company was formed and forges established. Since that +date and until 1883, under different ownership, they were in active +operation, being the oldest blast-furnace, on the continent of America. +<b>Index</b>: <b>Dr</b> Their output of iron manufacture, 60; Americans cast cannon +at, 141. <b>Hd</b> Use made of, by Haldimand, 46-48; under direction of +Nordberg, 48; Laterrière's report on, 48; Haldimand in charge of, 54; +leased by Murray, 62; Laterrière inspector of, 277-278; partners of, +345. <b>L</b> Development of mines by Talon, 82. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>See</i> General Index to +Royal Society of Canada <i>Trans.</i><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_344" id="Page_344">[344]</a></span></p> + +<p><b>St. Maurice River.</b> One of the tributaries of the St. Lawrence, rises in +the height of land near the head waters of the Nottaway, and falls into +the St. Lawrence at Three Rivers, after a course of 325 miles. During +the seventeenth century it was much infested by Iroquois; and the French +were constantly at war with them in its neighbourhood. It was first seen +by Cartier in 1535, and named by him the Rivière du Fouez, or Rivière du +Foix. <b>Index</b>: <b>Ch</b> Named De Fouez by Jacques Cartier, and Three Rivers by +Champlain, and known to the Indians as the Metaberoutin, 52. <b>Bib.</b>: +Lovell, <i>Gazetteer of Canada</i>.</p> + +<p><b>St. Maws.</b> <b>S</b> English constituency for which Simcoe sat, 15.</p> + +<p><b>St. Nicholas.</b> <b>WM</b> Troops disembark at, 165; re-embarkation, 172.</p> + +<p><b>St. Ours, Charles Louis Roch de</b> (1753-1834). Entered public life on the +establishment of civil government in Canada, and appointed a member of +the Legislative Council, where he voiced the views of the +French-Canadian majority. Appointed major of militia, 1774, and served +with Carleton, 1776, as his aide-de-camp. Travelled in Europe in 1785; +and on his return to Canada took an important part in public affairs. +<b>Index</b>: <b>P</b> Follows Papineau's leadership, 34; urges him to accept mission +to England, to oppose union of Canadas, 45. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Cyc. Am. Biog.</i>; +Christie, <i>History of Lower Canada</i>.</p> + +<p><b>St. Ours, François-Xavier de</b> (1714-1759). Served in the campaigns of +1758 and 1759; severely wounded in the attack on Fort George; commended +by Montcalm for conspicuous bravery in the battle of Carillon; and +commanded the right wing of the French army on the Plains of Abraham, +where he was mortally wounded. <b>Index</b>: <b>WM</b> Commands Quebec and Three +Rivers militia, 105; wounded in battle of the Plains, 199. <b>Bib.</b>: +Doughty, <i>Siege of Quebec</i>; Parkman, <i>Montcalm and Wolfe</i>.</p> + +<p><b>St. Pater's Port, Guernsey.</b> <b>Bk</b> Home of the Brock family, 3-5.</p> + +<p><b>St. Paul's Bay.</b> On St. Lawrence River. <b>Hd</b> Contagious disease breaks out +at, 190.</p> + +<p><b>St. Pierre.</b> <b>Ch</b> One of the vessels of Company of New France, 245.</p> + +<p><b>St. Pierre.</b> An island on the southern coast of Newfoundland, which, with +the Miquelon Islands immediately north-west, constitute all that remains +of New France still under French government. From 1635 it was +alternately under British and French control until 1816, when it was +finally ceded to France. <b>Index</b>: <b>Ch</b> French captured by Kirke, landed on, +174.</p> + +<p><b>St. Regis Indians.</b> A band of Roman Catholic Iroquois from Caughnawaga, +Quebec, who settled about 1755 in the village of St. Regis, on the south +bank of the St. Lawrence, on what afterwards became the boundary line +between Canada and the United States. <b>Index</b>: <b>Hd</b> Compensation paid to, +for lands required for Loyalists, 258.</p> + +<p><b>St. Rome, Chevalier de.</b> <b>WM</b> Sent in charge of provisions to Quebec, 226; +delayed by bad roads, 229.</p> + +<p><b>St. Sacrament Lake.</b> <i>See</i> Lake George.</p> + +<p><b>St. Simon.</b> <b>F</b> His statements regarding Frontenac, 65.</p> + +<p><b>St. Vallier, Jean Baptiste de la Croix Chevrières des</b> (1653-1727). Born +at Grenoble. Came to Canada in 1685 as vicar-general under Laval. +Succeeded Laval as bishop of Quebec, 1688. Returning from France in +1704, on <i>La Seine</i>, taken prisoner by the English and detained in +England until 1709. Returned to France, spent four years there, and +finally arrived in Quebec in 1713. Remained in charge of his huge +diocese until his death. <b>Index</b>: <b>L</b> Recommended to succeed Laval, 199, +200; accepts position, 200; appointed<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_345" id="Page_345">[345]</a></span> provisionally grand-vicar, 201; +his liberality to Quebec Seminary, 202, 203; sails for Canada, 202; +makes visitations, 203; Laval's caution to, 206; disagrees with Laval on +certain questions, 208; his eulogy of Laval, 209; sails for France, 209; +consecration of, 219; returns to Canada, as bishop, 221; reverses +Laval's policy in regard to Seminary, 236; captured at sea by English +vessel, 243. <b>F</b> Chosen by Bishop Laval as his successor, 191; comes out +to Canada first as vicar-general, 191; his first impression of country +and its inhabitants, 192; his revised opinion, 193, 220; pays pastoral +visit to Acadia, 1686, 271; issues mandate concerning the theatre, 337; +pays Frontenac 1000 francs on condition <i>Tartuffe</i> shall not be +produced, 337. <b>Bib.</b>: Charlevoix, <i>History of New France</i>; <i>St. Valier et +l'Hopital General de Quebec</i>; Parkman, <i>Old Régime</i>.</p> + +<p><b>St. Veran, Marquise de.</b> <b>WM</b> Mother of Montcalm, 3; her fortitude, 8; +Montcalm's letter to, describing capture of Oswego, 34.</p> + +<p><b>St. Vincent, John Jervis, Earl of</b> (1735-1823). British admiral. Served +at Quebec in 1759; defeated Spanish fleet off Cape St. Vincent, 1797; +became admiral of the fleet, 1821. <b>Index</b>: <b>Bk</b> Gains victory off Cape St. +Vincent, 10. <b>WM</b> Wolfe's conversation with, on eve of battle, 175. <b>Bib.</b>: +<i>Dict. Nat. Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>Ste. Anne.</b> <b>Ch</b> French vessel seized by the English, 22.</p> + +<p><b>Ste. Anne, Brotherhood of.</b> <b>L</b> At Quebec, 101.</p> + +<p><b>Ste. Croix Island.</b> Near the entrance to the Bay of Fundy; explored by +Champlain and De Monts in 1604, who in that year erected buildings and +fortifications on the island. Scurvy breaking out among the French +colonists, they soon afterwards removed from the island to Port Royal. +The foundations of these buildings were dug up in 1797, settling a +boundary dispute between New Brunswick and Maine in favour of the +former. <b>Index</b>: <b>Ch</b> Occupied by the De Monts expedition, 21; settlement +there a failure, 24. <b>Bib.</b>: Parkman, <i>Pioneers of France</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Ste. Croix River.</b> Also known as Schoodiac and Passamaquoddy. Rises in +Grand Lake on the borders between Maine and New Brunswick, and flows +into Passamaquoddy Bay. It was discovered by Champlain in 1604. <b>Index</b>: +<b>Ch</b> Name changed to St. Charles, 148.</p> + +<p><b>Ste. Foy.</b> Above Quebec. <b>Index</b>: <b>L</b> Settlement of Christian Indians at, 74.</p> + +<p><b>Ste. Foy, Battle of.</b> Took place on April 28, 1760, when Murray, in +command of the British troops, made a sortie from the citadel of Quebec +upon the besieging French force under Lévis, and was defeated, being +driven back into his intrenchments. <b>Index</b>: <b>WM</b> Description of, 264; +horrors of battlefield, 265; news of, causes joy in Canadian parishes, +266; victory nullified by arrival of British fleet, 267. <i>See also</i> +Quebec, siege of, 1759; Quebec, siege of, 1760; Lévis; Murray. <b>Bib.</b>: +Doughty, <i>Siege of Quebec</i>; Wood, <i>The Fight for Canada</i>; Bradley, <i>The +Fight with France</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Ste. Suzanne.</b> <b>Ch</b> Name given by Champlain to the Upper Rivière du Loup, +52.</p> + +<p><b>Ste. Thérèse.</b> On the Richelieu River. <b>Index</b>: <b>L</b> Fort erected at, 53.</p> + +<p><b>Salaberry, Charles Michel d'Irumberry de</b> (1778-1829). Born at Beauport, +near Quebec. Entered the British army; served for eleven years under +General Robert Prescott; and in 1794 took part in the capture of +Martinique. In 1809 served in Ireland; and in 1810 took part in the +Walcheren expedition. In 1811 major and aide-de-camp to General +Rottenburg in Canada. At the outbreak of the American War of 1812, +promoted lieutenant-colonel, and rendered good service as commander of +the Canadian Voltigeurs. On Oct. 26, 1813, defeated the American forces +under General Hampton at<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_346" id="Page_346">[346]</a></span> Chateauguay, the outcome of this action being +to compel the invaders to evacuate Lower Canada. For these services made +a C. B. In 1818 elected to the Legislative Assembly. <b>Index</b>: <b>Bk</b> Corps +raised and commanded by, 189, 191. <b>Bib.</b>: Morgan, <i>Cel. Can.</i>; <i>Dict. +Nat. Biog.</i>; Lucas, <i>Canadian War of 1812</i>. <i>See also</i> Chateauquay.</p> + + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"> +<img src="images/img_text346a.jpg" width="600" height="351" alt="The Promised Land From the painting by Paul Wickson" title="" /> +<span class="caption">The Promised Land From the painting by Paul Wickson</span> +</div> + +<p><b>Salaberry, Colonel de.</b> <b>BL</b> Comes to Kingston to solicit office of +provincial aide-de-camp, 172; La Fontaine's opposition to appointment, +173.</p> + +<p><b>Salaries, Civil.</b> <b>S</b> In Upper Canada, 177.</p> + +<p><b>Salmon Falls.</b> <b>L</b> Hamlet, destruction of, 229. <b>F</b> Massacre of, 251.</p> + +<p><b>Salmon River.</b> <b>L</b> La Barre's expedition encamps at, 184.</p> + +<p><b>Salt.</b> <b>S</b> Production of, in Upper Canada, 115.</p> + +<p><b>Samos.</b> <b>WM</b> Battery at, captured, 182.</p> + +<p><b>Sandwich.</b> A town in Essex County, Ontario; first settled in 1750 by the +soldiers of a disbanded French regiment. It was subsequently named after +the town of Sandwich, in Kent, England. <b>Index</b>: <b>Bk</b> Military fort, 59; +occupied by United States general, Hull, 209, 213; evacuated by +Americans, 248. <b>BL</b> Early municipal government of, 298. <b>Bib.</b>: Lovell, +<i>Gazetteer of Canada</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Sangster, Charles</b> (1822-1893). Born in Kingston. For some time in public +service; engaged in newspaper work at Amherstburg and Kingston; for many +years prior to his death employed in the civil service at Ottawa. <b>Bib.</b>: +Works: <i>The St. Lawrence and the Saguenay and other Poems; Hesperus and +other Poems and Lyrics</i>. For biog., <i>see</i> Morgan, <i>Cel. Can.</i>; +MacMurchy, <i>Canadian Literature</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Sangster, J. H.</b> <b>R</b> On staff of Ontario Normal School, 174.</p> + +<p><b>San Juan Boundary.</b> Dispute arose between the United States and Great +Britain out of a difference of opinion as to the meaning of the phrase +"middle of the channel which separates the continent from Vancouver +Island" in the treaty of 1846, and by which the rightful possession of +San Juan and other islands in the vicinity for years remained unsettled. +A compromise was made in 1859, both governments jointly occupying San +Juan with troops. Finally, by the Washington Treaty of 1871, the +question was referred to the arbitration of the German emperor, who +decided in favour of the United States. <b>Index</b>: <b>Md</b> Brought up under +Washington Treaty, 166; dispute caused by vague terms of Oregon Treaty, +178-179; submitted to arbitration of German emperor, 179; Macdonald on, +179-180; decision in favour of United States, 180-181. <b>Bib.</b>: Hertslet, +<i>Treaties and Conventions</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Sanstein.</b> <b>Ch</b> Clerk, brings news of amalgamation of de Monts and de Caën +Companies, 138.</p> + +<p><b>Saskatchewan.</b> Organized as a provisional district in 1882. It then +extended from long. 111° 20' W. to the Manitoba boundary and Lake +Winnipeg, and from the northern boundary of the district of Assiniboia, +to the southern boundary of Athabaska. The province of Saskatchewan, +created in 1905, extends from long. 110° on the west to the Manitoba +boundary on the east, extended north to lat. 60°, which forms the +northern boundary of the new province. The capital of the province is +Regina, former capital of the North-West Territories. <i>See also</i> +North-West Territories. <b>Bib.</b>: Lovell, <i>Gazetteer of Canada</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Saskatchewan Rebellion.</b> <i>See</i> Riel Rebellion, 1885.</p> + +<p><b>Saskatchewan River.</b> Ultimate source is at the head waters of the Bow +River, about lat. 51° 40', in the heart of the Rocky Mountains. After a +course of 1205 miles, it flows into Lake Winnipeg, finally discharging +its waters by the Nelson into Hudson Bay. The length of the South +Saskatchewan to its junction with the North Saskatchewan at the Forks is +865 miles; and of the North Saskatche<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_347" id="Page_347">[347]</a></span>wan, which rises in the watershed +range of the Rocky Mountains, near the source of the Athabaska, is 760 +miles. La Vérendrye reached the river, then known as the Pasquia, or +Poskoyac, in 1748, and built Fort Bourbon on the shores of Cedar Lake. +He ascended the river to the Forks, a few miles below which he built +Fort Poskoyac. In 1751 a party of French explorers ascended one of the +branches to the mountains, where they built Fort La Jonquière. Anthony +Hendry reached the Saskatchewan from Hudson Bay in 1754, and descended +the river from the upper waters of the Red Deer, to the Pas. Many +trading posts were afterwards built at different points on the two +branches, both by the North West Company and the Hudson's Bay Company. +<b>Bib.</b>: White, <i>Atlas of Canada</i>; Tyrrell, <i>Report on Northern Alberta</i> +(Geol. Survey, 1886); Burpee, <i>Search for the Western Sea</i>; Hind, +<i>Canadian Red River and Assiniboine and Saskatchewan Expeditions</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Saskatchewan, University of.</b> Act passed establishing the university, +1907. Board of Governors decided to fix location of university at +Saskatoon, 1909.</p> + +<p><b>Sault-au-Matelot.</b> <b>Dr</b> Arnold's attack on barrier repulsed, 129.</p> + +<p><b>Sault St. Louis.</b> <b>Ch</b> Called after young man named Louis drowned there, +69; centre of fur trade for some years, 120. <b>L</b> Converted Iroquois +settled at, 9, 74.</p> + +<p><b>Sault Ste. Marie.</b> The county seat of Chippewa County, Michigan, on the +St. Mary's River. In 1641 the Jesuit fathers Raymbault and Jogues +founded a mission on its site, and in 1662 Marquette established the +first permanent settlement there. On the opposite side of the river is +its Canadian namesake, a port of entry of the Algoma district, Ontario. +<b>Index</b>: <b>L</b> Mission established at, 11.</p> + +<p><b>Saumarez, Sir Thomas.</b> <b>Bk</b> His letter to Brock from Halifax, 223.</p> + +<p><b>Saunders, Sir Charles</b> (1713-1775). Born in Scotland. Entered the navy in +1727, becoming lieutenant in 1734. In 1739-1740 served under Lord Anson. +Stationed in home waters in 1745, and on Oct. 14, 1747, took part in +Hawke's victory over the French. In 1750 elected member of Parliament +for Plymouth. In 1752 commodore and commander-in-chief on the +Newfoundland station; in 1755 comptroller of the navy; and in 1756, rear +admiral. In 1759 Pitt appointed him commander-in-chief of the fleet +which co-operated with Wolfe in the siege of Quebec, with the rank of +vice-admiral of the blue, and his operations in the St. Lawrence largely +contributed to the success of the British arms. In 1760 +commander-in-chief in the Mediterranean; in 1761 created K.B.; in 1765 a +lord of the Admiralty; in 1766 first lord; and in 1770 reached the rank +of admiral. <b>Index</b>: <b>WM</b> Appointed to naval command of expedition against +Quebec, 75; sails for Louisbourg, and puts in at Halifax, 75; his fleet +detained at Louisbourg, 78; takes soundings of Traverse Channel, 90; +joins in attack on French left at Montmorency, 136; orders burning of +two stranded transports, 142; makes feint opposite Beauport, 164, 174; +Wolfe's bequest to, 175; advances vessels in front of Lower Town, 231. +<b>Bib.</b>: <i>Dict. Nat. Biog.</i>; Doughty, <i>Siege of Quebec</i>; Wood, <i>Logs of the +Conquest of Canada</i> and <i>The Fight for Canada</i>; Bradley, <i>The Fight with +France</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Saunders, John</b> (1754-1834). Born in Virginia. Joined the royal forces +and served throughout the War of Independence. Went to England; studied +law and called to the bar. In 1790 appointed judge of the Supreme Court +of New Brunswick, and a member of the Council; from 1822 to 1834 +chief-justice of the province. <b>Index</b>: <b>W</b> Chief justice, 74; dies, 1834, +74. <b>Bib.</b>: Hannay, <i>History of New Brunswick</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Saunders, John Simcoe</b> (1795-1878). Born in Fredericton, New Brunswick. +Went to England; educated at Oxford University. Called to the bar of +Nova<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_348" id="Page_348">[348]</a></span> Scotia, 1819, and to that of Lower Canada, 1820. Surveyor-general +of New Brunswick, 1840, and provincial secretary, 1845. Appointed to the +Legislative Council, of which he became Speaker, 1866; also senior +justice of the Court of Common Pleas. <b>Index</b>: <b>W</b> Advocate-general, New +Brunswick, 34; Partelow succeeds as provincial secretary, 116. <b>Bib.</b>: +<i>The Law of Pleading and Evidence in Civil Actions</i>. For biog., <i>see</i> +Morgan, <i>Annual Register</i>, 1878; Hannay, <i>History of New Brunswick</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Sauvage.</b> <b>WM</b> Frigate in which Lévis embarked at Brest, 12.</p> + +<p><b>Savage, Thomas</b> (1608-1682). Went to Massachusetts in 1635 with Sir Harry +Vane, and the following year elected a freeman of Boston. In 1638 helped +to found the settlement of Rhode Island. Served in the Indian wars, +1675. <b>Index</b>: <b>F</b> Third in command in Phipps's expedition, 281. <b>Bib.</b>: +<i>Dict. Nat. Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>Savignon.</b> <b>Ch</b> Name given to young Algonquian taken as hostage for Nicolas +Marsolet, 63.</p> + +<p><b>Scalping.</b> <b>WM</b> Forbidden by Wolfe except in case of Indians, or Canadians +dressed as Indians, 102; declared by Vaudreuil to be necessary, 102, +108; by Indians on the side of French, 141; by Wolfe's rangers, 150.</p> + +<p><b>Schank, John</b> (1740-1823). Born in Scotland. Entered the navy, 1758. +Commanded the <i>Canso</i> in the St. Lawrence, 1766. Placed in charge of the +naval establishment at St. John's; succeeded in launching several small +war vessels on Lake Champlain. Subsequently had charge of the marine +depots at Quebec and at Detroit; and in 1777 employed under Burgoyne in +the construction of floating bridges. <b>Index</b>: <b>Hd</b> Superintends building of +gunboats, 125; his letter to Carleton, 159; marriage of, 236-237; his +evidence in Du Calvet matter, 288, 289; sails for England with +Haldimand, 209, 313. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Dict. Nat. Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>Schenderatchta.</b> <b>Hd</b> Seneca chief, serving under John Butler, 154.</p> + +<p><b>Schenectady.</b> The county seat of Schenectady County, New York. Settled in +1662 by Arendt Van Corlaer on the site of Schonowe, the capital of the +Five Nations. It was chartered as a borough in 1765, and as a city in +1798. <b>Index</b>: <b>L</b> Attack on, 229. <b>F</b> Massacre of, 245-248. <b>Bib.</b>: Parkman, +<i>Old Régime</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Schultz, Sir John Christian</b> (1840-1896). Born in Amherstburg, Ontario. +Educated at Oberlin College, Ohio; studied medicine at Queen's and +Victoria Universities; licensed to practise, 1860. Removed to Fort +Garry, 1860, and began practice of his profession there. Also engaged in +the fur trade. Owner and editor of the <i>Nor'Wester</i>, the pioneer +newspaper of the Canadian West. Played an important part in the Riel +Rebellion of 1869-1870. Imprisoned by the rebels, but made his escape, +and, after enduring many hardships, reached Toronto. Elected to the +House of Commons at the first election after the formation of the +province of Manitoba, and sat almost continuously until 1883, when he +was called to the Senate. Lieutenant-governor of Manitoba, 1888-1895. +<b>Bib.</b>: Dent, <i>Can. Por.</i>; Morgan, <i>Cyc. Can. Biog.</i>; Begg, <i>History of +the North-West</i>. <i>See also</i> Riel Rebellion, 1869-1870.</p> + +<p><b>Schurz, Carl</b> (1829-1906). Fled from Germany in 1849, after the collapse +of the revolutionary movement. Went to the United States, 1852. Minister +to Spain, 1860-1861; commanded a division in the war with the South; +engaged in journalism in Detroit and St. Louis; elected to the United +States Senate, 1869. Appointed secretary of the interior, 1877. <b>Index</b>: <b>B</b> +Favourable to proposed Reciprocity Treaty of 1864, 230-231. <b>Bib.</b>: Works: +<i>Speeches; Life of Henry Clay; Reminiscences</i>. For biog., <i>see Cyc. Am. +Biog.</i><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_349" id="Page_349">[349]</a></span></p> + +<p><b>Schuyler, Major John.</b> <b>L</b> Attack camp at Laprairie, 232. <b>F</b> His raid on +Laprairie, 281; comes to Quebec with news of peace, 354.</p> + +<p><b>Schuyler, Peter</b> (1657-1724). Born in Albany. Appointed lieutenant in the +militia, 1685, and served in the colonial and Indian wars. In 1709 +second in command of the expedition against Montreal. Became president +of the Council, 1719; and acted as governor of New York until 1720. +<b>Index</b>: <b>F</b> Commands expedition from Albany, 311. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Cyc. Am. Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>Schuyler, Philip John</b> (1733-1804). Born in Albany. Served in the French +and Indian War, 1755, and took part in battle of Lake George. Resigned +from the army, 1757, and again served, 1758-1761. On the breaking out of +the Revolution, took the colonial side, and in 1775 appointed +major-general by Congress. Organized the invasion of Canada in 1775, and +was court-martialled for the evacuation of Ticonderoga in 1777, but +acquitted. Served in House of Representatives and afterwards in the +Senate. <b>Index</b>: <b>Hd</b> Watches movements of the Allens of Vermont, 205, 206; +Ethan Allen's letter to, 209; thanks Haldimand for kind treatment of +Loyalists, 250; threatens Six Nations, 257; François Cazeau's +correspondence with, 279. <b>Dr</b> Commands American force on Lake Champlain, +96. <b>Bib.</b>: Lossing, <i>Life and Times of Philip Schuyler</i>; <i>Cyc. Am. Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>Scott.</b> <b>Hd</b> Chaplain to 34th Regiment, forbidden to exercise clerical +functions, 256.</p> + +<p><b>Scott, Sir Richard William</b> (1825- ). Born in Prescott, Ontario. Educated +privately, and studied law; in 1848 called to the bar and practised with +success in Ottawa. Elected mayor of Bytown (now Ottawa) in 1852. Sat in +the Legislative Assembly, 1857-1863. A member of the first Legislature +of Ontario, 1867-1873; in 1871 elected Speaker; and in 1872 appointed +commissioner of crown lands. Called to the Senate in 1874. Secretary of +state and registrar-general of Canada in Mackenzie ministry, 1874-1878. +In 1878 introduced the Temperance Act, more commonly known as the Scott +Act, which constitutes his principal title to a place among Canadian +legislators. In 1896 secretary of state in Laurier government, which +position he held until 1908; knighted, 1909. <b>Index</b>: <b>R</b> His Separate +School Bills, 235-238. <b>B</b> Introduces separate school legislation, 144. +<b>Bib.</b>: Morgan, <i>Can. Men</i>; <i>Canadian Who's Who</i>; Dent, <i>Last Forty +Years</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Scott, Thomas</b> (1746-1824). Born in Scotland. Studied for the ministry +and became a probationer; employed for a time as private tutor. Studied +law and called to the English bar, 1793. While yet a student, in 1788 +employed by Dorchester to investigate the estates of the Jesuits in +Quebec. Appointed attorney-general of Upper Canada, 1801; chief-justice, +1804. President of the Loyal and Patriotic Society of Upper Canada +during the War of 1812; president of a special tribunal created for the +trial of cases of treason during the war. <b>Bib.</b>: Dent, <i>Lives of the +Judges</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Scott, Thomas.</b> <b>Md</b> Murdered at Fort Garry by Riel's followers, 160, 194, +242. <i>See also</i> Riel Rebellion, 1869-1870.</p> + +<p><b>Scott, Winfield</b> (1786-1866). Entered the United States army, and served +in the War of 1812. From 1832 to 1838 engaged in Indian warfare. In 1839 +instrumental in allaying the excitement arising out of the dispute as to +the boundary between New Brunswick and Maine, and paving the way for its +settlement by the Ashburton Treaty. In 1841 commander-in-chief of the +United States army. <b>Index</b>: <b>Bk</b> At battle of Queenston Heights, 311. <b>W</b> +Sent to Maine to settle Aroostook War, 135. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Cyc. Am. Biog.</i><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_350" id="Page_350">[350]</a></span></p> + +<p><b>Scott, Walter</b> (1867- ). Born in Middlesex County, Ontario. Took up the +profession of journalism. Removed to the North-West Territories, and, in +1895, became proprietor and editor of the <i>Leader</i>, Regina. Sat in the +House of Commons for Assiniboia West, 1900-1905; first premier of +Saskatchewan, 1905. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Canadian Who's Who</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Scott Act.</b> The popular name given to the Temperance Act introduced by +(Sir) R. W. Scott and passed by the Dominion government in 1878. Its +principal provisions were that on a petition of one-fourth of the +electors of a city or county, a vote was to be taken, and if a majority +of the votes polled were in favour of the act, it came into force at the +close of the then current license year. <b>Index</b>: <b>B</b> A measure for +introducing prohibition by local option, 249. <b>Bib.</b>: Johnson, <i>First +Things in Canada</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Scovil, W. H.</b> <b>T</b> Confederation candidate in St. John County, New +Brunswick, 85.</p> + +<p><b>Scrope, A. Poulett.</b> <b>BL</b> Quoted on Baldwin, 64, 80; on Sydenham, 71. <b>Bib.</b>: +<i>Memoir of Life of Sydenham</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Scurvy.</b> <b>Ch</b> Ravages of, among colonists, 22; called by Champlain <i>mal de +terre</i>, 24; breaks out at Port Royal, 33; at Quebec, 46; deaths from, +209.</p> + +<p><b>Sea-otter.</b> <b>D</b> Trade, 21, 22; found by Russians, 40.</p> + +<p><b>Seat of Government.</b> <b>Sy</b> Question of, 280-282; Sydenham in favour of +Kingston, 281. <b>Md</b> Montreal ceases to be, after riots, 38-39; rivalry of +Kingston, Quebec, and Toronto for honour, 39; Quebec and Toronto divide +honour for sixteen years, 39; Ottawa finally selected in 1865, 39; +dissatisfaction over choice, 85. <i>See also</i> Ottawa; Quebec; Toronto; +Montreal.</p> + +<p><b>Seaton, Sir John Colborne, first Baron</b> (1778-1863). Served in Holland, +Egypt, and Italy. Commanded a brigade under Wellington, 1810-1814, and +led the 52d Light Infantry in their victorious movement at Waterloo. +Sent to Upper Canada as lieutenant-governor, 1829; appointed +commander-in-chief of the forces, 1835; suppressed the Rebellion in +Lower Canada, 1837-1838; acted as administrator, 1838, both before and +after Durham; and the same year appointed governor-general. Returned to +England, 1839, and created Baron Seaton same year. Promoted to +field-marshal, 1860. <b>Index</b>: <b>Mc</b> Governor of Upper Canada, 157; +Mackenzie's letters to, 164-167; suggests Mackenzie make reparation, +248; his view of Legislative Council, 268; his view of Executive +Council, 279. <b>P</b> Sends Colonel Gore against rebels at St. Denis, 134; +marches on St. Eustache, 135-137; succeeds Gosford as governor, 138; +crushes outbreak of 1838, 139; his severity, known as the "Old +Firebrand," 140-141. <b>Sy</b> A valuable adviser to Sydenham and Bagot, 111; +increases number of Special Council of Lower Canada, 192. Conflict with +the Assembly, 14-15; recommends Baldwin for seat in Legislative Council, +38; endows forty-four rectories, 42; crushes Rebellion in Lower Canada, +46, 48; succeeded by Sydenham, 59; appoints Special Council, 60. <b>E</b> +Endows forty-four rectories in Upper Canada, on eve of his departure for +England, 154; opinions for and against his action, 155-156. <b>B</b> +Establishes fifty-seven rectories, 53. <b>Md</b> Creates and endows forty-four +rectories in Upper Canada, 59. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Cyc. Am. Biog.</i>; <i>Dict. Nat. +Biog.</i>; Read, <i>Lieutenant-Governors of Upper Canada</i>; Christie, <i>History +of Lower Canada</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Secret Societies Bill.</b> <b>BL</b> Prepared and introduced by Baldwin, its +history, 185-188; its reservation by Metcalfe leads to resignation of +Cabinet, 200, 208, 209, 251. <b>R</b> Reservation of, brings on a crisis in +Upper Canada, 126-127.</p> + +<p><b>Sedgewick, Major Robert.</b> <b>F</b> Seizes Acadia by Cromwell's orders, 268.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_351" id="Page_351">[351]</a></span></p> + +<p><b>Seely, Alexander McLaughlan</b> (1812-1882). Born in St. John, New +Brunswick. Engaged in lumbering, shipbuilding, and in banking. Appointed +a member of the Legislative Council for New Brunswick, 1854, and held +his seat until his death.</p> + +<p><b>Seignelay, Marquis de.</b> <b>F</b> Succeeds his father, Colbert, in ministry of +marine, 72; marries Mlle. d'Allegre, 111. <b>L</b> Minister of marine and +colonies, receives La Salle favourably, 151; postpones Laval's return to +Canada, 211.</p> + +<p><b>Seigniorial Tenure.</b> The history of this feudal system of land tenure, +transplanted from Old to New France, dates back to the commission of the +Sieur de la Roche, 1598, in which he is empowered to make grants in the +form of fiefs, seigniories, etc., to persons of merit. Up to 1627, when +the Company of New France (or the Company of One Hundred Associates) was +chartered, only three seigniories had been granted, two to colonial +laymen and the third to the Jesuit Order. Thereafter a large number of +seigniorial grants were made—no less than sixty between 1632 and 1663, +when the Company surrendered its rights to the crown. Details as to the +later history of Seigniorial Tenure in Canada, how it was applied to the +land, and why it outlived the same system in Old France, will be found +in the works cited below. The system was abolished in Canada in 1854. +<b>Index</b>: <b>F</b> In New France, 56. <b>L</b> Beginning of, 119. <b>Dr</b> Described, 11; an +obstacle to the transfer of land, 256; notaries favourable to, 257. <b>E</b> +Failure of La Fontaine-Baldwin ministry to settle question, 101-102; +measure passed by Assembly, but defeated in Legislative Council, +119-120; settlement postponed by Hincks-Morin government in 1853, 126; +Cauchon offers amendment to address, expressing regret at failure to +settle question, 126-127; MacNab-Morin ministry pledged to settlement, +140; measure passed in 1854, 142; history of question, 171-188; +originates in old feudal system, 171-174; introduced into Canada by +Richelieu, 175; description of system, 175-184; movement for its +abolition, 185-186; judicial investigation by a commission, 186-187; +terms of settlement, 187-188. <b>S</b> Not satisfactory to English settlers, 1, +6. <b>BL</b> Commission appointed (1841) to consider question of abolishing it, +99; pressing for settlement, 339; weakens Reform party in Lower Canada, +349; history of, 349-351; court for adjustment of claims, presided over +by La Fontaine, 358. <b>C</b> John A. Macdonald votes against settlement of, +32; Cartier works for, 32-115; the system described, 35-37. <b>Md</b> A problem +in Quebec, 14; abolition of, demanded in Quebec, 62; dealt with by +MacNab-Morin ministry, 63; its abolition effected, 66-68. <b>Bib.</b>: Munro, +<i>Seigniorial System in Canada</i> and <i>Documents Relating to Seigniorial +Tenure</i>; Munro, <i>Droit de Banalité</i>; <i>Pièces et Documents Relatifs à la +Tenure Seigneuriale</i>; <i>Lower Canada Reports</i>; <i>Seigniorial Questions</i>; +Dent, <i>Last Forty Years</i>. On the history of individual seigniories, +<i>see</i> Lalande, <i>Une Vielle Seignieurie: Boucherville</i>; <i>Mingan +Seigniory: Documents in Appeal to Privy Council</i>; Roy, <i>Seigneurie de +Lauzon</i>; Sellar, <i>History of Huntingdon</i>; Jodoin et Vincent, <i>Histoire +de Longueuil</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Seigniors, Canadian.</b> <b>Bk</b> Remained faithful to British rule, 47. <b>Dr</b> +Murray's relations with, 10; comparatively small emigration of, to +France, 10; Carleton sends home a list of, 45, 47; pleads cause of, 46, +48; they ask for military service, 49; their satisfaction with the new +régime, 162; their objection to sale of land in freehold, 239; their +loss of influence, 255. <b>WM</b> Their relation to the <i>censitaires</i>, 23. +<b>Bib.</b>: Bradley, <i>The Making of Canada</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Select Committee on Grievances.</b> <b>Mc</b> Seventh report of, 26; Mackenzie +obtains committee, 263; matters referred to, 269; committee's report, +270-277; reply of Lord Glenelg, 280; Head's instructions, 280; subjects +dealt with, 281-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_352" id="Page_352">[352]</a></span>286. <b>BL</b> On political situation in Upper Canada, 11; +report of, studied by Sir F.B. Head, 37. <i>See also</i> William Lyon +Mackenzie.</p> + +<p><b>Selkirk, Thomas Douglas, Earl of</b> (1771-1820). <b>MS</b> Influenced by +Mackenzie's <i>Voyages</i>, 7, 94; gains controlling interest in Hudson's Bay +Company, 7; organizes colony, 7, 8, 100; dies, 1820, 8; Canadian places +named after, 115; his lineage, 115, 116; birth, June, 1771, 116; +educated at University of Edinburgh, 117; influenced by French +Revolution, 117-118; becomes Baron Daer and Shortcleugh, 1797, on death +of his brother, and Earl of Selkirk, on death of his father, 1799, +118-119; philanthropic interest in the Highlands and emigration policy, +119-120; his scheme for national defence, 120-121; made Fellow of Royal +Society, 122; his <i>Sketch of the British Fur Trade in 1806</i>, 122; +earlier pamphlets on the North American Indians, attributed to him, 122; +his pamphlet on <i>Parliamentary Reform</i>, 123, 124; character sketch, 125; +his memorial of 1802, on the proposed colony in Rupert's Land, 127-128; +his Prince Edward Island colony, 129-132; visits United States and +Canada, 132-133; the Baldoon Settlement in Upper Canada, 133; the +Moulton Settlement, 134; visits Montreal, 1803, 137; entertained by the +partners of the North West Company, at the Beaver Club, 139-140; takes +advantage of his opportunities to obtain knowledge of the fur trade, +140; genesis of the Red River project, 141-142; obtains legal opinion on +the Hudson's Bay Company, 143-145; purchases controlling interest in the +Hudson's Bay Company, 145-146; buys Red River property from the Company, +146; opposition of Mackenzie, Inglis, and Ellice, 146; area of the +tract, 147; plans for the colony, 149; terms of settlement, 149-150; +sends for Miles Macdonell and puts him in charge of the colony, 150; +sends him out to Hudson Bay with colonists, 151; sends second party of +colonists, 159; sends third party of colonists, 1813, 162; sends Robert +Semple with a fourth party, 1815, 164; arrives in Montreal from Scotland +with his family, 1815, 185; makes representations to Lord Bathurst, and +Sir George Drummond, 186; brings the De Meurons, disbanded Swiss +soldiers, to Fort William, 189; winters at Point De Meuron, 190; reaches +Red River, June, 1817, 191; makes treaty with Indians, 192; returns to +Upper Canada, 193; faces trial at Sandwich, 198; and at York, 199; +brings charges against North West Company, 199; his letter to Duke of +Richmond, 200; returns to England, 201; the Bluebook of 1819, 201; +letter of Sir Walter Scott, 202-203; his health breaks down, 202; death, +April 8, 1820, at Pau, 204; sketch of his life in <i>Gentleman's +Magazine</i>, 204-206; his family, 206; compared with Alexander Mackenzie, +209. <i>See also</i> Red River Colony. <b>Bib.</b>: Works: <i>Sketch of the British +Fur Trade in 1806</i>; <i>Observations on a Proposal for the Civilization and +Improvement of the North American Indians within the British Boundary</i>; +<i>Parliamentary Reform</i>; <i>Civilization of the Indian in North America</i>; +<i>On the Necessity of a More Efficient System of National Defence</i>; +<i>Observations on the Present State of the Highlands of Scotland, with a +View of the Causes and Probable Consequences of Emigration</i>. For biog., +<i>see</i> Morgan, <i>Cel. Can.</i>; Dent, <i>Can. Por.</i>; <i>Dict. Nat. Biog.</i>; Bryce, +<i>Manitoba</i>, <i>Hudson's Bay Company</i>, and <i>Romantic Settlement of Lord +Selkirk's Colonists</i>; Laut, <i>Conquest of the Great North-West</i>. <i>See +also</i> Red River Colony; Baldoon.</p> + +<p><b>Selkirk Settlement.</b> <i>See</i> Red River Colony.</p> + +<p><b>Selwyn, Alfred Richard Cecil</b> (1824-1902). In 1845 appointed assistant +geologist in the Geological Survey of Great Britain; and director of the +Geological Survey, Victoria, Australia, 1852-1869. Came to Canada in +1869, and filled the office of director of the Canadian Geological +Survey, 1869-1895. <b>Bib.</b>: Morgan, <i>Can. Men</i>.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_353" id="Page_353">[353]</a></span></p> + +<p><b>Seminarists.</b> <b>L</b> Aid in defence of Quebec, 12.</p> + +<p><b>Semple, Robert</b> (1766-1816). Born in Boston, Mass. Engaged in mercantile +pursuits, and travelled extensively. In 1802 visited Cape Colony, and +from 1805 to 1810 travelled through Spain, Portugal, the West Indies, +and Brazil. In 1813, while on a journey in the rear of the allied armies +from Hamburg to Gottenburg, arrested by Lord Cathcart as an American +spy. In 1815 appointed governor of the factories and territories of the +Hudson's Bay Company. In the course of his tour of inspection, reached +his headquarters at Douglas (now part of Winnipeg), early in 1816. For +some time there had been an active feud between the Hudson's Bay Company +and the North West Company, and in an attack at Seven Oaks by a party of +"Nor'-Wester's," under Cuthbert Grant, Semple was killed. <b>Index</b>: <b>MS</b> +Brings party of Highlanders to Red River, 1815, 164; succeeds Macdonell +as governor of Red River settlement, 164. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Dict. Nat. Biog.</i>; +Bryce, <i>Manitoba</i>. <i>See also</i> Red River Colony; Seven Oaks.</p> + +<p><b>Senate.</b> <b>B</b> Elective <i>versus</i> nominative system discussed at Quebec +Conference—latter decided upon, 164; George Brown approves of +nominative system, 165; distribution of members of, 173; Dorion objects +to nominative system, 175, 177; weakness of the system, 178; its +reorganization advocated by Canada First Association, 236.</p> + +<p><b>Seneca Indians.</b> One of the tribes of the Iroquois confederacy. They +dwelt chiefly in the region of the Seneca and Canandaigua lakes, and +extended westwards to Genesee River. During the American Revolution they +espoused the British cause. There are now some hundreds living in Grand +River Reservation, Ontario. <b>Index</b>: <b>F</b> Show quarrelsome temper, 143; +attack Illinois, 144; enraged by murder of a chieftain on territory of +Ottawas, 145; accept terms of peace, 146; attack canoes of French +traders, 181; Denonville's expedition against, 207-214. <b>Ch</b> One of the +five tribes or nations, 50; murder four delegates sent to Five Nations, +164. <i>See also</i> Iroquois. <b>Bib.</b>: Charlevoix, <i>History of New France</i>; +Hodge, <i>Handbook of American Indians</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Senezergues, De.</b> <b>WM</b> Brigadier, commands battalion of La Sarre Regiment, +12; commands regular troops, 105; mortally wounded, 199; carried on +board British vessel, 222.</p> + +<p><b>Separate Schools, Manitoba.</b> <b>C</b> The question used as a test of provincial +power, 61-62; rights of Roman Catholics safeguarded, 1871, 71; +overthrown by Legislature, 72; judgment of provincial courts reversed by +Supreme Court, 72. <b>Bib.</b>: Ewart, <i>Manitoba School Question</i>; Wade, +<i>Manitoba School Question</i>; Willison, <i>Sir Wilfrid Laurier and the +Liberal Party</i>. For further references, <i>see</i> <i>Lit. Am. Hist.</i>, pp. +438-439.</p> + +<p><b>Separate Schools, New Brunswick.</b> <b>C</b> Public opinion aroused in Quebec, 73; +Costigan and other Roman Catholic members from New Brunswick demand +disallowance of bill against, 73-74; Macdonald and Cartier oppose +disallowance, 74-76; question becomes an issue in Quebec elections, 76; +opinion of law officers in England obtained, 76; opinion adverse to +Roman Catholics, 77; Costigan again demands disallowance, 77; compromise +effected, 77-78; in Parliament, 131. <b>Md</b> Bill passed in 1871, 194; takes +away government support from separate schools, 194; Roman Catholics +petition for its disallowance, 194, 285; compromise effected, 194-195.</p> + +<p><b>Separate Schools, North-West Territories.</b> <b>B</b> Provision for, opposed by +George Brown—he warns the Senate that effect would be to fasten them on +the West forever, 249.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_354" id="Page_354">[354]</a></span></p> + +<p><b>Separate Schools, Nova Scotia.</b> <b>Md</b> Refused to Roman Catholics, 116.</p> + +<p><b>Separate Schools, Upper Canada.</b> <b>B</b> Opposed by George Brown, 121; a +compromise arranged, 122-123; bill introduced by R. W. Scott, 144; +Ryerson's support of bill, 144; adopted by government and becomes law, +144-145; attacked by <i>Globe</i>, but finally accepted by George Brown, 145. +<b>Md</b> Claimed by Roman Catholics and conceded after years of controversy, +82. <b>Bib.</b>: Hodgins, <i>History of Separate Schools in Upper Canada</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Servants.</b> <b>S</b> Scarcity of, in Upper Canada, 182.</p> + +<p><b>Seven Nations.</b> <b>Hd</b> Their fighting force an uncertain quantity, 126.</p> + +<p><b>Seven Oaks.</b> <b>MS</b> Conflict between Hudson's Bay Company men and North West +Company men, June 19, 1816, 180; Governor Semple shot, 181; Alexander +Ross on, 184; Joseph Tassé on, 184; Sergeant Huerter on, 183; printed +evidence, 199. <b>Bib.</b>: Bryce, <i>Manitoba</i> and <i>Romantic History of Lord +Selkirk's Colonists</i>; Laut, <i>Conquest of the Great North-West</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Sévigné, Marie de Rabutin-Chantel</b> (1627-1696). <b>F</b> Her son-in-law a +candidate for governorship of Canada, 65; describes severities exercised +on peasants in revolt in France, 150.</p> + +<p><b>Seward, William Henry</b> (1801-1872). Governor of New York, 1838; appointed +secretary of state by Lincoln, 1860. <b>Index</b>: <b>N</b> Suggests Canadian agent at +Washington to confer on Reciprocity Treaty, 192; tells Galt that treaty +could not be renewed, 193. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Cyc. Am. Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>Sewell, Jonathan</b> (1766-1839). Born at Cambridge, Mass. Educated at +Bristol, England. In 1785 studied law in New Brunswick under Ward +Chipman; in 1789 called to the bar of Lower Canada and practised in +Quebec. Appointed solicitor-general, 1793, and attorney-general, 1795. +In 1808 chief-justice of Lower Canada, and held the position until 1838; +also president of the Executive Council from 1808 to 1829, and Speaker +of the Legislative Council from 1809 to 1838. The dispute as to +boundaries, between the Dominion government and the province of Ontario, +was afterwards settled on the basis of his decision of 1818. Introduced, +in 1809, into the procedure of the courts, certain rules of practice +which for some years met with strong opposition. In 1814 went to England +to meet the charges made against him in this regard, and his conduct +upheld. Received the honorary degree of LL.D. from Harvard. <b>Index</b>: <b>P</b> +Papineau describes him as "a vain creature," 55; fills dual positions of +president of Executive Council and chief-justice, 59. <b>B</b> Chief-justice, +his part in movement for Confederation, 129. <b>Bib.</b>: Morgan, <i>Cel. Can.</i>; +Taylor, <i>Brit. Am.</i>; Christie, <i>History of Lower Canada</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Seymour, Frederick.</b> Succeeded Sir James Douglas as governor of British +Columbia, and arrived in the colony, April, 1864. Had previously been +governor of British Honduras. On the union of Vancouver Island and +British Columbia in 1866 became governor of the united colonies. In the +spring of 1869 visited several Indian tribes on the coast; taken ill, +and died at Bella Bella, June 10, 1869. <b>Index</b>: <b>Md</b> Governor of British +Columbia, death of, 149. <b>Bib.</b>: Begg, <i>History of British Columbia</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Shaw, Major-General Æneas.</b> <b>Bk</b> Stationed on frontier between Kingston and +Cornwall, 195. <b>S</b> Member of Legislative Council, 79, 98.</p> + +<p><b>Shaw, Helen.</b> <b>Md</b> Wife of Hugh Macdonald, and mother of Sir John A. +Macdonald, 1; her strong character, 2.</p> + +<p><b>Shea, Sir Ambrose</b> (1818-1905). Born at St. John's, Newfoundland. Entered +Newfoundland Assembly, 1850; Speaker, 1855-1861; member of government, +1864-1869; governor of the Bahamas, 1887-1895. <b>Index</b>: <b>T</b><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_355" id="Page_355">[355]</a></span> Represents +Newfoundland at Quebec Conference, 77. <b>Bib.</b>: Morgan, <i>Can. Men</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Sheaffe, Sir Roger Hale</b> (1763-1851). Born in Boston, Mass. Entered the +army, 1778; served in Ireland and Holland; stationed in Canada, +1802-1811, and 1812-1813. Commanded the British, forces at Queenston +Heights after the death of Brock. Administered the government of Upper +Canada, 1812-1813. Created a baronet, 1813; raised to the rank of +lieutenant-general, 1821; general, 1828. <b>Index</b>: <b>Bk</b> Present at battle of +Egmont-op-Zee, 19; his severe discipline causes mutiny, 61-63; profits +by experience, 74; appointed to staff, and sent to Upper Canada, 223; +commands at battle of Queenston Heights after death of Brock, 309-312; +his conduct at taking of York, 312. <b>S</b> Sent to protest against occupation +by Americans at Sodus Bay, 137. <b>Bib.</b>: Morgan, <i>Cel. Can.</i>; Read, +<i>Lieutenant-Governors of Upper Canada</i>; Lucas, <i>Canadian War of 1812</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Shelburne.</b> A town on the south-west coast of the province of Nova +Scotia; founded by United Empire Loyalists in 1783; first known as Port +Roseway. For a few years after its foundation the town grew at an +astonishing pace, and at one time "had a population larger than that of +Quebec and Montreal combined," but the locality afforded none of the +elements of permanent prosperity, and the bulk of the population drifted +to other parts of the province. <b>Index</b>: <b>Hd</b> Town of, founded by Loyalists, +263. <b>Bib.</b>: Haliburton, <i>History of Nova Scotia</i>; Sabine, <i>American +Loyalists</i>; Bourinot, <i>Builders of Nova Scotia</i>; Lovell, <i>Gazetteer of +Canada</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Sheppard, George.</b> <b>B</b> Editorial writer on <i>Colonist</i>, joins staff of +<i>Globe</i>, 135; speech against Confederation, 1859, 135-136; Brown's +reply, 137.</p> + +<p><b>Sherbrooke.</b> A city in the Eastern Townships, Quebec, on the St. Francis +River, named after Sir John Coape Sherbrooke. Founded by David Moe and +other pioneers, about the year 1800.</p> + +<p><b>Sherbrooke, Sir John Coape</b> (1760-1830). Born in Nottinghamshire, +England. Entered the army; took part in the capture of Seringapatam, +1797; and served under Wellington in the Peninsular War, 1809. Appointed +lieutenant-governor of Nova Scotia in 1811; and governor of Canada, +1816-1818. <b>Index</b>: <b>B</b> Quiet rule of, 39. <b>Bib.</b>: Morgan, <i>Cel. Can.</i>; <i>Dict. +Nat. Biog.</i>; Christie, <i>History of Lower Canada</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Sherwood, Henry</b> (1807-1855). Represented Toronto in Legislative +Assembly, 1841-1854; member of Executive Council and solicitor-general, +1842 and 1844-1846; attorney-general for Upper Canada, 1847-1848. <b>Index</b>: +<b>BL</b> Called to the Cabinet, 118; becomes solicitor-general for Upper +Canada, 121; his appointment an obstacle to La Fontaine's acceptance of +office, 125; solicitor-general for Upper Canada, 247; elected in 1844, +252; resigns, 266; becomes attorney-general for Upper Canada, 276; +elected in 1848, 279. <b>E</b> Becomes head of ministry under Elgin, 43; defeat +of his Cabinet, 50; his opposition to Rebellion Losses Bill, 68; +proposes division of Clergy Reserves, in 1844, 159. <b>Md</b> Succeeds Draper +in leadership of party, 28. <b>Bib.</b>: Dent, <i>Last Forty Years</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Sherwood, Captain Justus.</b> <b>Hd</b> Commissioner for exchange of prisoners with +Vermont, 202; confers with Ira Allen, 204; applies for lands in Eastern +Townships, 267.</p> + +<p><b>Sherwood, Levins Peters</b> (1777-1850). Born in St. John's, Lower Canada. +Removed to Upper Canada; studied law and called to the bar, 1803. +Elected to the Assembly for Leeds, 1821; Speaker of the Assembly, 1822; +Speaker of the Legislative Council, 1841. Appointed judge of the Court +of King's Bench,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_356" id="Page_356">[356]</a></span> 1825. <b>Index</b>: <b>Sy</b> Retires with pension, 252. <b>Mc</b> Quarrels +with Judge Willis, 131-133. <b>Bib.</b>: Read, <i>Lives of the Judges</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Shirley, William</b> (1693-1771). Born in Preston, England. Called to the +English bar; removed to Boston, where he practised his profession. +Governor of Massachusetts, 1741-1745; planned the successful expedition +against Louisbourg. Resided in England, 1745-1753. One of the +commissioners at Paris to settle the boundaries of Nova Scotia, 1750. +Again appointed governor of Massachusetts, 1753; commander-in-chief of +the British forces in North America. Lieutenant-general, 1759; +afterwards governor of the Bahama Islands. Returned to Massachusetts, +1770, and resided at Roxbury until his death. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Cyc. Am. Biog.</i>; +Campbell, <i>History of Nova Scotia</i>; Parkman, <i>Montcalm and Wolfe</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Shore.</b> <b>W</b> Resigns from New Brunswick government, 72, 116.</p> + +<p><b>Short, Judge.</b> <b>E</b> Member of Seigniorial Court, 187.</p> + +<p><b>Short Administration.</b> <b>Md</b> Formed by George Brown, 85; lasted less than +forty-eight hours, 85.</p> + +<p><b>Short Hills Affair.</b> <b>Mc</b> Mackenzie's connection with, 440.</p> + +<p><b>Shortt, Adam</b> (1859- ). Born at Kilworth, Ontario. Educated at Queen's +University, and at Edinburgh and Glasgow. Appointed assistant professor +of philosophy at Queen's University, 1885; lecturer in political +science, 1889; professor of political science, 1892. In 1908 became a +member of the Historical Manuscript Commission; and civil service +commissioner the same year. <b>Index</b>: <b>BL</b> On Baldwin's Municipal Corporation +Act, 1849, 296. <b>Bib.</b>: Morgan, <i>Can. Men</i>; <i>Canadian Who's Who</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Sicotte, Louis Victor</b> (1812-1889). Born in St. Famille, Boucherville, +Quebec. Studied law, and called to the bar of Lower Canada, 1838. +Entered public life, 1852, as member for St. Hyacinthe. Elected Speaker +of the Assembly, 1854, and held the office until 1857; appointed to the +Executive Council as commissioner of crown lands, 1853; and held the +same office, 1857-1858; chief commissioner of public works, 1858; +attorney-general, 1862-1863. In the latter year appointed a judge of the +Superior Court, retiring 1887. <b>Index</b>: <b>E</b> Declines seat in Hincks-Morin +ministry, 126; proposes secularization of Clergy Reserves, 126-127; +elected Speaker, 1854, 135-136. <b>C</b> A follower of Cartier, 24; forms +Macdonald-Sicotte administration, 24. <b>Md</b> Leader of moderate Reformers, +forms ministry with Sandfield Macdonald, 89. <b>Bib.</b>: Rose, <i>Cyc. Can. +Biog.</i>; Dent, <i>Last Forty Years</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Sifton, Arthur L.</b> (1858- ). Educated at Victoria University; called to +the bar, 1883. Removed to the North-West Territories and elected to the +Legislature, 1891; held office as treasurer and commissioner of public +works; appointed chief-justice of the North-West Territories; +chief-justice of Alberta, 1905; premier of Alberta, 1910. <b>Bib.</b>: +<i>Canadian Who's Who</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Sifton, Clifford</b> (1861- ). Educated at Victoria University. Removed to +Manitoba and called to the bar of that province, 1882. Elected to the +Manitoba Assembly, 1888; attorney-general and minister of education, +1891; elected to the House of Commons for Brandon, 1896; minister of the +interior in the Laurier administration, 1896; resigned, 1905; agent of +British government before Alaska Boundary Commission, 1903; chairman of +Dominion Commission on the Conservation of Natural Resources, 1909. +<b>Bib.</b>: Morgan, <i>Can. Men</i>; <i>Canadian Who's Who</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Sillery.</b> Village on the north side of the St. Lawrence, four miles above +Quebec. It was originally founded by Noel Brulart de Sillery in 1637 as +a settle<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_357" id="Page_357">[357]</a></span>ment for Christian Indians. <b>Index</b>: <b>WM</b> Vaudreuil orders fifty +men to be posted at, 162; post at, captured, 183. <b>L</b> Settlement of +Christian Indians at, 74. <b>Bib.</b>: Charlevoix, <i>History of New France</i>; +Lovell, <i>Gazetteer of Canada</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Simcoe.</b> A lake situated between Lake Ontario and Georgian Bay; named +after Governor Simcoe's father. It was discovered by Champlain in 1615, +and was within the field of the famous Huron Mission of the Jesuit +fathers. La Salle crossed the lake in 1680, on his way west to the +Mississippi; and the following year dated one of his letters from the +long portage between Toronto and Simcoe. <b>Index</b>: <b>S</b> Formerly Lac aux +Claies, 207; present name given by Simcoe, 207.</p> + +<p><b>Simcoe, Frank.</b> <b>S</b> Son of Governor Simcoe, killed in storming of Badajoz, +179, 222.</p> + +<p><b>Simcoe, John</b> (1714-1759). Entered the navy and promoted captain, 1743; +served on the court martial of Admiral Byng, 1756-1757. Commanded H. M. +S. <i>Pembroke</i> at Quebec, 1759, and killed in action. <b>Index</b>: <b>S</b> Father of +John Graves Simcoe, 15; sails with Admiral Saunders for Quebec, 16; his +death, 16; story of his previous imprisonment at Quebec not +authenticated, 16; his anticipation of the future greatness of Canada, +17; Lake Simcoe named after, 207. <b>Bib.</b>: Morgan, <i>Cel. Can.</i></p> + +<p><b>Simcoe, John Graves</b> (1752-1806). <b>S</b> Speaks in House of Commons on +Constitutional Act, 7, 8; birth and family, 15; death of his father, 16; +educated at Eton and Oxford, 17; obtains commission as ensign, 18; +ordered to America, 18; obtains command of Queen's Rangers, 19, 22; +proposes to enlist Boston Negroes, 19; sails with Howe for Halifax, 20; +promoted to captaincy, and sails for New York, 20; wounded in action, +22; major in command of Queen's Rangers, 22; his <i>Military Journal</i>, 23; +improves organization of his corps, 24; his intense devotion to British +cause, 25; promoted to be lieutenant-colonel in America, 25; with a few +men disperses considerable body of rebel militia, 26-29; wounded, 27; +goes into winter quarters at Oyster Bay, Long Island, 30; operations +with right column of army, 30; taken prisoner, 30; released, 31; makes +plan to carry off Washington, 32; attached to expedition to Virginia +under Benedict Arnold, 33; captures enemy's stores, 34; defeats superior +force of the enemy at Spencer's Ordinary, 35; health impaired, 36; after +surrender of Cornwallis, sails for England on parole, 37; promoted to be +lieutenant-colonel, 39; recruits his health at home in Devonshire, 40; +his marriage, 40; released from parole, 41; poetical gifts, 41-43; +elected to Parliament, 44; speech on impeachment of Warren Hastings, 44; +appointed to governorship of Upper Canada, 45; correspondence with +Grenville and Dundas upon Upper Canada matters, 45, 46; desires +appointment of a bishop, 46; sails for Canada in <i>Triton</i>, 47; brings +out various commissions, 47; delay in swearing in, 48; sworn in, 49, 79; +arrives in Upper Canada and proceeds to Niagara, 50; his eagerness to +welcome Loyalist emigrants, 56; favours aristocracy, 69, 70, 197; his +proclamation on the subject of persons entitled to special distinction +as Loyalists, 71; his estimate of the Indians, 75; issues proclamation +announcing county divisions, 80; opens first session of Legislature, 82; +his speech from the throne, 83; deals with marriage question in Upper +Canada, 86-88; strongly supports bill to prevent introduction of slaves +into Upper Canada, 90; his speech on closing of fifth session, 95; his +satisfactory relations with Legislature, 97; detects "republicanism" in +some members of the Legislative Council, 97; changes his opinion, 98; +goes to England on leave of absence, 99; his advice regarding Benedict +Arnold's application for a grant of land in Upper Canada, 104; receives +grant of 5000 acres of land as colonel of Queen's Rangers, 104; +endeav<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_358" id="Page_358">[358]</a></span>ours to check abuses of fur trade, 106; desires to promote trade +between Upper Canada and the United States, 107; his endeavours to +assist the farming community, 110, 198; his scheme to provide currency +for the province, 111, 112; his apprehension of war with United States, +117-132, 144; sends his secretary to confer with British minister at +Philadelphia, 117; his estimate of Brant's motives, 125, 126; his +difficulties with the Indian department, 126-128; loved and respected by +Indians, 128; moves to York, 129; his relations with Lord Dorchester +strained, 130-132; correspondence with Dundas exhibits petulance, 130, +131; anticipating war, sends Major Littlehales to consult British +minister, 134, 144; receives proposition from Spanish governor of +Louisiana, 134, 136; despatch from Lord Dorchester leads him to fortify +post at rapids of Maine, 136, 210; returns to Niagara, 136; protests +against occupation by Americans at Sodus Bay, 137; his despatch to the +Duke of Portland explaining his proceedings, 143-144; his conviction of +loyalty of Upper Canada militia, 151; his opinion of Washington, 153; +believes in a church establishment for Upper Canada, 155; his influence +in the framing of the Constitutional Act, 156; a soldier, not a +statesman, 157; desires appointment of a bishop and offers portion of +his salary to meet the expense, 158; his scorn of dissent, 160; his +opposition to repeal of Marriage Act, 161; prefers Roman Catholics as +instructors for Indians, 166; his efforts in cause of education, +166-170; desires establishment of university, 168; and of grammar +schools, 169; his admonitions to the king's printer, 174; donations to +Agricultural Society of Upper Canada, 175; his social influence, 180; +entertains Prince Edward, 183, 184; also United States commissioners to +the Indians, 184-186, 203; entertains the Duke de la +Rochefoucauld-Liancourt, 187, 214; receives visit from Alexander +Mackenzie, the explorer, 188; changes name of Niagara to Newark, 195; +appoints lieutenants for the more populous counties, 197; defends +measure against criticism of secretary of state, 198; makes official +tour through western Canada, 198-201; visits Detroit and examines the +fort, 200; impressed by site of present city of London, and proposes to +make it the capital of the province, 200; begins a military road (Dundas +Street) from Burlington Bay to the Thames, 201; surveys Toronto harbour, +202; hears of declaration of war with France, 203; changes name of +Toronto to York, 203; decides to spend winter of 1793-1794 there, 204; +brings over his "canvas house" from Niagara, 204; his plans for the +defence of province, 204, 205; these not approved by Lord Dorchester, +206; goes north to Georgian Bay and examines harbour of Penetanguishene, +207; makes road north from York, and names it Yonge Street, 207; renames +Lac aux Claies, "Lake Simcoe," 207; his anticipation that road to the +west by Lake Simcoe would supersede that by the Ottawa, 208; spends +winter of 1794-1795 at Kingston, 211; spends summer of 1795 at Niagara, +214; moves government to York (1796), 215; plans new government +buildings, 215; applies for leave of absence on account of ill health, +216; leave granted with flattering terms of approval, 216; leaves York, +July, 1796, but does not sail from Quebec till November, 217; does not +return to Canada, 217; offered governorship of Lower Canada, 218; sent +to St. Domingo to quell insurrection, 219; retires on account of ill +health, 219; placed in command at Plymouth, 220; appointed +commander-in-chief in India, 220; sent instead to Portugal on important +diplomatic and military mission, 220, 221; ill health compels his return +to England, 221; his death, 222; monument to his memory erected by +county of Devon, 222; his great desire to establish the British +constitution in Canada, 223; hardships of his life, 224; his hostility +to the United States, 224, 225; his military genius, 225; the king's +opinion of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_359" id="Page_359">[359]</a></span> his military service, 226; his ideas for Upper Canada, 227; +founder of the Upper Canada bureaucracy, 227; did not allow for forces +at work in a new country, 228; too little control of his temper in +controversy, 228; his courtesy and high-mindedness, 229, 230; Pitt's +appreciation of his integrity, 231; his lofty aims, 232. <b>Dr</b> Raises and +leads Queen's Rangers, 202; appointed first governor of Upper Canada, +258; appointment not agreeable to Dorchester, 259; arrival of, 270; his +character and opinions, 271; builds fort on Miami River, 284; relations +with Dorchester, 293; situation in Upper Canada, 294; his service in +Revolutionary War, 295; colonel of Queen's Rangers, 295; disposed to +overlook Dorchester, 296; sustained by home government, 297; his opinion +that towns might best grow about military posts, 302. <b>B</b> Favours close +relations of church and state, 52. <b>E</b> On the system of colonial +government in Upper Canada in 1792, 18. <b>R</b> His educational policy, 35; +favours an established church, 47; plans endowment of a university and +grammar schools, 51-53; the university question, 133. <b>Bk</b> Entertains +distinguished guests at Navy Hall, 57. <b>BL</b> On the new constitution, 7; +his phrase that the constitution of Upper Canada was "the very image and +transcript of that of Great Britain," 58; his plans for higher +education, 105-106, 191. <b>Mc</b> Lieutenant-governor of Upper Canada, his +views on the Constitutional Act, 54. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Journal of Operations of the +Queen's Rangers</i>. For biog., <i>see</i> Morgan, <i>Cel. Can.</i>; Dent, <i>Can. +Por.</i>; <i>Dict. Nat. Biog.</i>; Read, <i>Life of Simcoe</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Simcoe, Mrs.</b> Wife of preceding. <b>Index</b>: <b>S</b> Centre of society at Niagara, +179; receives present of a horse, 181; spends winter of 1794-1795 at +Quebec, 213.</p> + +<p><b>Simonds, Charles.</b> <b>W</b> Delegate to England to represent New Brunswick +grievances, 24; member of Rump government, 101. <b>T</b> Elected for St. John +County, 10; elected Speaker, 18; protests against defection of Wilmot +and Gray, 24; re-elected Speaker, 41. <b>Bib.</b>: Hannay, <i>History of New +Brunswick</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Simpson, Sir George</b> (1792-1860). <b>MS</b> His influence, 8; sent to Athabaska, +1820, 215, 231-232; his character and appearance, 215; his account of +the Athabaska district, 216; his executive ability, 217-218; an +autocrat, 226; love of pomp and show, 232; his voyage from York Factory +to Fort Vancouver, 1828, 232; McDonald's narrative, 232; at Norway +House, 233-236; at Fort Chipewyan, 236; crosses the mountains by way of +Peace River, 237; in New Caledonia, 237-238; descends Fraser River, 238; +reaches Fort Vancouver, 239; his return, 239; headquarters at Lachine, +241; influence in Canadian affairs, 241; knighted, 1839, for his +services in furthering exploration, and his strong support of the +government in 1837, 243; influence of his opposition to Papineau, on Red +River affairs, 244-245; appoints Adam Thom as recorder of Red River, +245; his visits to Fort Garry, 247; relations to the local clergy, +247-248; his journey round the world, 249; his narrative, 249; its +authorship, 249; leaves London, March 3, 1841, 250; at Montreal, and +ascends the Ottawa, crosses Georgian Bay, and Lake Superior to Fort +William, 250-251; at Fort Garry, 251; crosses the plains to Edmonton +House, 252; at Fort Vancouver, 253; voyage to Sitka and return, 253; +visits California, the Sandwich Islands, and Sitka again, 255-256; +crosses Siberia, 257-259; reaches London, 260; his letters to James +Hargrave, 261; his marriage, 262; life at Red River, 263-266; opposition +to liquor traffic among the Indians, 267; dislike for John Tod, 268-269; +method of appointment of high officers, 269; gives evidence before +parliamentary committee, 272; his views on agriculture, 273-277; defends +Hudson's Bay Company, 272-278; his death, 1860, at Lachine, 279; John +McLean's opinion of, 279-280; his management of Hudson's Bay Company's +affairs, 280, <b>D</b> Expedition on<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_360" id="Page_360">[360]</a></span> behalf of Hudson's Bay Company, 51; +visits New Caledonia in 1828, 109; received by James Douglas at Fort St. +James, 109; at Fort Vancouver, 110. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Narrative of a Journey Round +the World</i>. For biog., <i>see</i> Morgan, <i>Cel. Can.</i>; Bryce, <i>Manitoba</i> and +<i>Hudson's Bay Company</i>; McLeod, <i>Peace River</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Simpson, John</b> (1807-1878). Born in Helmsley, Yorkshire, England. Elected +to the Legislative Assembly of Upper Canada, 1858, for the town of +Niagara, and sat for the same constituency until 1864. Member of the +Executive Council and provincial secretary, 1864; assistant +auditor-general, 1864-1878. <b>Index</b>: <b>B</b> Retires from ministry with Foley +and Buchanan, to make room for George Brown, Mowat, and Macdougall, 159. +<b>Bib.</b>: Dent, <i>Last Forty Years</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Simpson, Miss Mary.</b> <b>Hd</b> Nelson's admiration for, 244.</p> + +<p><b>Simpson, Thomas</b> (1808-1840). Born in Dingwall, Scotland. Educated at +University of Aberdeen. In 1829 appointed secretary to his cousin, Sir +George Simpson, resident governor of the Hudson's Bay Company. With +Peter Warren Dease, commanded an expedition to connect the discoveries +on the Arctic coast of Sir John Ross and Sir George Back, and in July, +1837, arrived at Foggy Island Bay, the farthest point reached by Sir +John Franklin. Surveyed the Arctic coast of North America, from the +mouth of the Mackenzie to Point Barrow, and from the Coppermine River to +the Gulf of Bothnia, and solved the problem of the existence of a +passage by water between the Pacific and Atlantic oceans. <b>Index</b>: <b>MS</b> His +explorations of Arctic coast, 225. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Narrative of the Discoveries +on the North Coast of America, 1826-1829</i>. For biog., <i>see</i> Simpson, +<i>Life and Travels of Thomas Simpson</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Simultaneous Polling.</b> <b>E</b> Provided for by law in 1874, existed some years +previously in Nova Scotia, 133.</p> + +<p><b>Sinclair, Colonel.</b> <b>Hd</b> Lieutenant-governor at Michilimackinac, 158, 161, +163.</p> + +<p><b>Sioux Indians.</b> A western tribe, occupying the country between the west +end of Lake Superior and the head waters of the Mississippi when French +explorers and missionaries first went among them. Radisson and Chouart +wintered among them in 1661-1662; they were visited by Du Lhut about +1678; and constant references are made to the tribe in the <i>Jesuit +Relations</i> of the seventeenth century. Fierce and implacable by nature, +they were rightly known as the Iroquois of the West. They are described +in the narratives of Hennepin and other early writers. <b>Index</b>: <b>Hd</b> Offer +to attack Ottawas, Chippewas, and Pottawattamies, 148. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Jesuit +Relations</i>, ed. by Thwaites; Carver, <i>Travels through the Interior Part +of North America</i>; Schoolcraft, <i>Indian Tribes of the United States</i>; +Catlin, <i>North American Indians</i>; Hodge, <i>Handbook of American Indians</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Sitka.</b> Capital of Alaska. Baranof built a fort there in 1799, which he +named Archangel Gabriel. It was captured by the natives in 1802, and +recaptured by the Russians two years later. The same year, another fort +was built near by, which was called Archangel Michael. The town which +grew up about it was known as New Archangel, or Sitka. The latter name +is of native origin, and the meaning is unknown. <b>Bib.</b>: McCormick, +<i>Geographic Dictionary of Alaska</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Six Friends.</b> <b>F</b> Flagship of Phipps, 281.</p> + +<p><b>Six Nations.</b> <b>Dr</b> Their grievances, 5. <b>S</b> Lands allotted to, on Grand +River, 74. <b>Hd</b> Too few in number to be important as allies, 126; their +raid on Wyoming, 151; deputation to Quebec shown English fleet, 152; +Molly Brant's influence with, 155; deputation of, wait on MacLean at +Niagara, 171; threatened by Schuyler, 257; settle on Grand River, 258; +party of, remain at Cataraqui, 265. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>See</i> Iroquois.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_361" id="Page_361">[361]</a></span></p> + +<p><b>Skelton, Rev. Thomas.</b> <b>Dr</b> Step-father of Carleton, 29.</p> + +<p><b>Skinner, Charles N.</b> <b>T</b> Candidate in St. John County. New Brunswick, 85, +109.</p> + +<p><b>Slafter, E. F.</b> <b>Ch</b> His estimate of Champlain, 277-279. <b>Bib.</b>: Memoir on +Champlain in <i>Voyages of Champlain</i> (Prince Society). Edited <i>Voyages of +Northmen to America</i> (Prince Society); <i>Sir William Alexander and +American Colonization</i> (Prince Society).</p> + +<p><b>Slavery.</b> <b>Hd</b> Census of, in Lower Canada, in 1784, 231; negroes advertised +in Quebec, 246. <b>B</b> George Brown's lifelong opposition to, xi, 1-2, +111-119; Anti-Slavery Society of Canada formed, 112, 113. <b>S</b> Prohibition +of, in Upper Canada, 89-91. <i>See also</i> Negroes. <b>Bib.</b>: Johnson, <i>First +Things in Canada</i>; Withrow, <i>The Underground Railway</i> (R. S. C., 1902); +Jack, <i>Loyalists and Slavery in New Brunswick</i> (R. S. C., 1898); Smith, +<i>Slavery in Canada</i> (N. S. Hist. Soc. Coll., vol. 10); <i>L'Esclavage en +Canada</i> (Soc. Hist, du Montreal, 1859); Garneau, <i>History of Canada</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Small, James E.</b> <b>Mc</b> Defeated by Baldwin, 159; opposes Mackenzie, 214.</p> + +<p><b>Small, John E.</b> <b>S</b> Clerk of Executive Council, 178; his duel with John +White, attorney-general, 181. <b>BL</b> Solicitor-general for Upper Canada, +134; Constitutional Society of Orillia recommends his dismissal, 167; +elected in 1844, 253. <b>Bib.</b>: Dent, <i>Last Forty Years</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Smallpox.</b> <b>Dr</b> Breaks out in army before Quebec, 120, 123. <b>Hd</b> Discussion +on, in Quebec <i>Gazette</i>, 228-231. <i>See also</i> Vaccination.</p> + +<p><b>Smith, Colonel.</b> <b>S</b> Commands 5th Regiment, his residence at Niagara, 179.</p> + +<p><b>Smith, Adam</b> (1723-1790). Political economist. Filled successively the +chairs of logic and of moral philosophy at Glasgow. In 1766 published +his great work, <i>The Wealth of Nations</i>. <b>Index</b>: <b>Sy</b> His economic views +receive attention, 11. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Dict. Nat. Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>Smith, Sir Albert James</b> (1824-1883). Born in Shediac, New Brunswick. +Educated at the Westmoreland County Grammar School; studied law, and +called to the bar, 1847. Represented Westmoreland in the New Brunswick +Assembly, 1851-1867. A member of the government without portfolio, 1856. +Resigned with his colleagues, and on the return of his party to power +again resumed office. Attorney-general, 1862. A strong opponent of +Confederation. On the resignation of the Tilley government, called on to +form an administration; succeeded and held the office of president of +the Council. Went to England to oppose Confederation, 1865. Held the +attorney-generalship, 1865. His administration resigned office, 1866. +Returned for Westmoreland to the House of Commons, 1867. Held office as +minister of marine and fisheries in the Mackenzie government, 1873-1878. +Chief counsel of the Canadian government before the Halifax Fisheries +Commission, 1877. In recognition of his services, created K. C. M. G., +1878. <b>Index</b>: <b>T</b> Member of New Brunswick government, 33, 43; resigns, +1862, 90; member of Mackenzie ministry, 90; a Liberal, 91; declines +chief-justiceship, 93, 94; resigns with his government, 103-104; opposes +Quebec scheme, 116-117, 118-119. <b>H</b> Leader of Anti-Confederate government +in New Brunswick, 179. <b>B</b> His ministry resigns, owing to action of +Lieutenant-Governor Gordon and the Legislative Council on Confederation +question, 188. <b>Bib.</b>: Dent, <i>Can. Por.</i>; Hannay, <i>History of New +Brunswick</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Smith, Goldwin</b> (1823-1910). Born in Reading, England. Educated at Eton +and Oxford; elected a fellow of University College, London, 1846; regius +professor of modern history at Oxford, 1858-1866; honorary professor of +English and constitutional history at Cornell, 1868-1871. Came to +Canada, 1871;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_362" id="Page_362">[362]</a></span> and thereafter made his home in Toronto. Elected a member +of the Senate of Toronto University; and was first president of the +Council of Public Instruction. <b>Index</b>: <b>Mc</b> His opinion of Mackenzie, 3; on +the Family Compact, 10; on revolution, 18; on Mackenzie, 27; view of +parliamentary government under Constitutional Act, 54, 55. <b>B</b> His +connection with Canada First movement, 235; elected president of +National Club, 237; attacked by the <i>Globe</i>, 237-238; his reply, +238-239. <b>Md</b> Supports Canada First party, 226; on Red River Rebellion, +240; his belief that "Annexation to United States was written in the +stars," 283; favours commercial union, 292, 293, 294. <b>Bib.</b>: Works: +<i>Three English Statesmen</i>; <i>Lectures on the Study of History</i>; <i>Canada +and the Canadian Question</i>; <i>Cowper</i>; <i>Essays on Questions of the Day</i>; +<i>A Trip to England</i>; <i>Life of Jane Austen</i>; <i>The Moral Crusader</i>; +<i>Oxford and Her Colleges</i>; <i>Shakespeare the Man</i>; <i>Guesses at the Riddle +of Existence</i>; <i>Irish History and the Irish Question</i>; <i>The United +Kingdom</i>; <i>The United States</i>; <i>Labour and Capital</i>. For biog., <i>see</i> +Morgan, <i>Can. Men</i>; Dent, <i>Can. Por.</i>; Denison, <i>The Struggle for +Imperial Unity</i>; and his <i>Reminiscences</i>, edited by T. Arnold Haultain.</p> + +<p><b>Smith, Sir Henry</b> (1812-1868). Born in London, England. Came to Canada +with his parents; studied law and called to the bar of Upper Canada, +1836. Entered Parliament, 1841, as member for Frontenac; appointed +solicitor-general, 1854, in MacNab-Morin ministry, and held same office +in succeeding governments till 1858. Elected Speaker, 1858. Knighted, +1860, on the occasion of the visit of the Prince of Wales to Canada. +<b>Index</b>: <b>E</b> Solicitor-general for Upper Canada in MacNab-Morin ministry, +141; judge of Seigniorial Court, 187. <b>Bib.</b>: Morgan, <i>Cel. Can.</i>; Dent, +<i>Last Forty Years</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Smith, H. W.</b> <b>Index</b>: <b>H</b> Delegate of Anti-Confederate party,—goes to +England with Howe to demand repeal of British North America Act, 204; +receives thanks of Nova Scotia Legislature, 218. <b>Bib.</b>: Campbell, +<i>History of Nova Scotia</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Smith, James</b> (1808-1868). Born in Montreal. Studied law, and called to +the bar of Lower Canada, 1830. Elected to the Legislature for +Missisquoi, 1844. Appointed attorney-general the same year and held +office until 1847, when he was appointed to the Court of Queen's Bench, +Lower Canada; puisne judge of the Superior Court, 1849-1868. <b>Index</b>: <b>BL</b> +Attorney-general for Lower Canada, 1844, 246. <b>Bib.</b>: Morgan, <i>Cel. Can.</i></p> + +<p><b>Smith, Sydney</b> (1771-1845). <b>Sy</b> On Conservative reaction in England, 11; +on Lord John Russell, 55. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Dict. Nat. Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>Smith, William</b> (1728-1793). Born in New York City. Graduated at Yale, +1745; called to the New York bar, and practised in that city. In 1763 +appointed chief-justice of the colony; and sat in the Council, +1767-1782. In 1786 appointed chief-justice of Canada, holding the office +until his death. <b>Index</b>: <b>Hd</b> His influence over Lord Dorchester, 314; his +ultra-English sentiments, 315. <b>Dr</b> Chief-justice of Canada, 224; his +position on the civil law question, 225; favours union of all British +North American provinces, 261; made Speaker of new Legislative Council, +269. <b>S</b> His plan for a union of all British possessions in North America, +5. <b>Bib.</b>: Morgan, <i>Cel. Can.</i>; <i>Cyc. Am. Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>Smith, William O.</b> <b>T</b> Mayor of St. John, New Brunswick, 7.</p> + +<p><b>Smuggling.</b> <b>S</b> Prevalence of, between Upper Canada and the state of New +York, 106, 107. <b>Bk</b> Promoted between United States and Canada by United +States Embargo Act, 109. <b>Dr</b> From New England into Canada, 57.</p> + +<p><b>Society for the Propagation of the Gospel.</b> <b>S</b> Assists the church of +England in Upper Canada, 158, 159.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_363" id="Page_363">[363]</a></span></p> + +<p><b>Soissons, Charles de Bourbon, Comte de</b> (1565-1612). At the urgent +solicitation of Champlain, who was in desperate need of a powerful +protector to shield the infant colony of New France from rival +intrigues, the Comte de Soissons was appointed by the king +lieutenant-general of the colony, with viceregal powers. Made Champlain +his lieutenant, with full control of the fur trade as well as of the +exploration and settlement of the colony. Unfortunately for Champlain, +his protector died shortly after the commission was issued. Succeeded as +viceroy by Henri de Bourbon, Prince de Condé. <b>Index</b>: <b>Ch</b> Assumes +direction of colony, and makes Champlain his lieutenant, 73. <b>Bib.</b>: +Parkman, <i>Pioneers of France</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Soleil d'Afrique.</b> <b>L</b> French vessel, 219. <b>F</b> French frigate, brings +supplies, 319</p> + +<p><b>Somerset, Edward Adolphus Seymour, twelfth Duke of</b> (1804-1885). Sat in +House of Commons, 1830-1855; first commissioner of works, 1851-1852; +first lord of Admiralty, 1859-1866. <b>Index</b>: <b>B</b> On committee on +Confederation of Canada and defence scheme, 186. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Dict. Nat. +Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>Somerville, Alexander</b> (1811-1885). Born in Scotland. Served in the +regular army. Came to Canada, 1858. Took up newspaper work; for a time +editor of the <i>Canadian Illustrated News</i>. Present as a volunteer at the +battle of Ridgeway. <b>Bib.</b>: Works: <i>Diligent Life</i>; <i>Narrative of the +Fenian Invasion of Canada</i>. For biog., <i>see</i> Rattray, <i>The Scot in +British North America</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Sorel.</b> A city of Quebec, at the mouth of the Richelieu River. Named +after Pierre de Sorel. A fort was built here by Montmagny in 1642, of +which Senneterre was commandant in 1645. It was abandoned in 1647, and a +new fort built by Sorel in 1665. Haldimand fortified the place in 1778, +in view of another possible American invasion. <b>Index</b>: <b>WM</b> Two French +frigates load stores at, 243. <b>Dr</b> Name of, changed to William Henry, 240. +<b>L</b> Fort erected at, 53. <b>Hd</b> Situation of, 125; Haldimand at, 132, 259, +298; made depot for stores, 134, 183; inhabitants of, praised for their +courage and loyalty, 135; Haldimand's proposition for purchase of +seigniory of, 135, 183; lands allotted to Loyalists in district of, 255; +Protestant mission at, 256; hospital at, closed, 269; dispute over +wood-cutting at, 274; Riedesel stationed at, 296. <b>Bib.</b>: Lovell, +<i>Gazetteer of Canada</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Souart, De.</b> <b>F</b> Physician of the Seminary at Montreal, 91; presents bell +to Bonsecours Chapel, 177.</p> + +<p><b>Souel, Father.</b> <b>L</b> Dies a martyr, 62.</p> + +<p><b>Sovereign Council.</b> <b>F</b> Created, 1647, at Quebec, 37, 49; reorganized, +105-106; resembles a Parliament in French sense, 131; Frontenac claims +to be styled president of, 133-140; fixes prices of goods, 153. <b>L</b> +Creation of, 41; expresses preference for settlers from north of France, +78; makes decrees respecting sale of liquor, 113; members of, 158, 166; +deals with case of Perrot, 160; reconstituted and enlarged, 165; +question as to title of president, 166. <b>Bib.</b>: Parkman, <i>Frontenac</i> and +<i>Old Régime</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Spain.</b> <b>Dr</b> Her action in the Nootka matter, 250. <b>Hd</b> Her rule in +Louisiana, 64-81; war imminent with, 81; recovers Florida, 81; +Hamilton's opinion of, 167; Rodney's victory over, 189. <b>D</b> Lacked genius +for colonization, 4.</p> + +<p><b>Special Council of Lower Canada.</b> <b>Sy</b> Summoned to consider question of +union, 192; legislation by, 255, 256; summoned for last time, 272; +passes ordinance for establishment of municipal institutions, 273, 276; +passes bill for registry of titles, 278; established board of works, +with H. H. Killaly as president, 333. <b>Bib.</b>: Christie, <i>History of Lower +Canada</i>.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_364" id="Page_364">[364]</a></span></p> + +<p><b>Speedy.</b> <b>Bk</b> Government vessel, foundering of, in Lake Ontario, 69.</p> + +<p><b>Spence, R.</b> <b>E</b> Postmaster-general in Hincks-Morin government, 140.</p> + +<p><b>Spencer, John Charles, third Earl</b> (1782-1845). Entered Parliament, 1804, +and sat almost continuously to 1834; chancellor of the exchequer and +leader of the House of Commons, 1830-1834. <b>Index</b>: <b>Sy</b> Chancellor of the +exchequer, 25; on his father's death becomes Earl Spencer, 45; declines +governorship of Canada, 58. <b>W</b> His death, 37. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Dict. Nat. Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>Spragge, John Godfrey</b> (1806-1884). Born in New Cross, Surrey, England. +Came to York with his father, 1820. Educated at the Central School, +York, under his father, who was headmaster, and at the Home District +School under John Strachan. Called to the bar, 1828; elected a bencher +of the Law Society of Upper Canada, 1835, and treasurer of that body, +1850. Appointed judge of the Surrogate Court of the Home District, 1836; +master in Chancery, 1837; registrar of the Court of Chancery, 1844; +vice-chancellor of Upper Canada, 1851; chancellor, 1869, and +chief-justice of Ontario, 1881. <b>Bib.</b>: Read, <i>Lives of the Judges</i>; Dent, +<i>Can. Por.</i></p> + +<p><b>Springer, Judge.</b> <b>R</b> Graduate of Victoria College, 143.</p> + +<p><b>Stadaconé.</b> An Indian town, which stood near the mouth of the St. Charles +River, in what is now the city of Quebec. It was occupied by a tribe of +the Huron-Iroquois race, of which Donnacona was chief in 1535, when +Jacques Cartier brought his little fleet to anchor in the St. Charles.</p> + +<p><b>Stairs, W. J.</b> <b>H</b> President of Anti-Confederation League, Nova Scotia, +192; correspondence with Joseph Howe, 192-197.</p> + +<p><b>Stamford, Katherine.</b> <b>S</b> Maiden name of Simcoe's mother, 15.</p> + +<p><b>Stamp Act.</b> <b>Dr</b> Effect of, in Canada, 33, 57.</p> + +<p><b>Stanley, Lord.</b> <i>See</i> Derby.</p> + +<p><b>Stanmore, Sir Arthur Hamilton Gordon, Baron</b> (1829- ). <b>Md</b> +Lieutenant-governor of New Brunswick, at first opposes Confederation, +but later exerts all his influence in its favour, 121-122. <b>B</b> Son of Earl +of Aberdeen, opposed to Confederation, 187; reverses his attitude on +instructions from colonial office, 187-188. <b>W</b> Organizes first military +camp in New Brunswick, 136. <b>T</b> Hostile to Confederation, 97; son of Lord +Aberdeen, 97; strong advocate of maritime union, 97; under pressure from +England, favours Confederation, 98; relations with A. J. Smith, 103-104. +<b>Bib.</b>: <i>Who's Who</i>, 1910.</p> + +<p><b>Star.</b> Newspaper published at Cobourg; established 1828. <b>Index</b>: <b>B</b> +Estimate of George Brown, 72-73.</p> + +<p><b>Star.</b> Newspaper published at Toronto; established 1892. <b>Index</b>: <b>Mc</b> +Opinion of Mackenzie, 4; on rebellion, 13; on Mackenzie as a reformer, +522.</p> + +<p><b>State Church.</b> <b>Sy</b> Provision made for, by Clergy Reserves, 77. <i>See also</i> +Clergy Reserves.</p> + +<p><b>Steadman, James.</b> <b>T</b> Postmaster-general, 51.</p> + +<p><b>Steamship Service.</b> The first steam vessel in Canadian waters was the +<i>Accommodation</i>, which made her first trip between Montreal and Quebec +in 1809. She was followed by the <i>Swift Sure</i> in 1811. The <i>General +Smyth</i> made her first journey on the St. John River in 1816; and the +<i>Frontenac</i> was the pioneer steamer on Lake Ontario, 1817. The first +vessel to cross the Atlantic under steam was the <i>Royal William</i>, built +at Quebec, 1830-1831, and crossed the Atlantic, 1833. The <i>Unicorn</i>, +built by Samuel Cunard, sailed from Liverpool to Halifax in 1840. The +<i>Britannia</i> followed the same year. The Allan Line began its career in +1852, the Dominion Line in 1870, the Canadian Pacific Steamship Line in +1859, and the Canadian Northern in 1910. <b>Index</b>: <b>H</b> Ocean<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_365" id="Page_365">[365]</a></span> service +advocated by Joseph Howe, 232-234; established by Samuel Cunard, 234. +<i>See also</i> Allan; Cunard; Molson; <i>Accommodation</i>; <i>Royal William</i>. +<b>Bib.</b>: Johnson, <i>First Things in Canada</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Steeves, William Henry</b> (1814-1873). Born at Hillsborough, New Brunswick. +Represented Albert County in the Assembly, 1846-1851; member of +Legislative Council, 1851-1867; surveyor-general, 1854-1855; +commissioner of public works, 1855-1856, and 1857-1863; member of +Intercolonial Railway Council, 1862; delegate to Charlottetown +Conference, 1864; and Quebec Conference, 1864; called to the Senate, +1867. <b>Index</b>: <b>T</b> Member of New Brunswick government, 33, 43; delegate to +England, 56; New Brunswick delegate to Charlottetown Conference, 73. +<b>Bib.</b>: Hannay, <i>History of New Brunswick</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Steinhauer, Henry Bird</b> (1804-1885). A full-blooded Chippewa Indian. Born +in the Ramah Indian settlement, Lake Simcoe, Ontario. Adopted in early +life by a Pennsylvania family whose name he took and by whom he was +educated. About 1840 went to the North-West with the Rev. James Evans. +Established himself at Norway House, where he remained for fifteen +years. Assisted Evans in his invention of the Cree syllabic characters. +Translated almost the whole of the Old Testament, and the greater part +of the New Testament, into Cree. About 1858 removed to Whitefish Lake +and established the Methodist mission there.</p> + +<p><b>Steuben, Frederick William Augustus Henry Ferdinand, Baron von</b> +(1730-1794). Served through Seven Years' War. In 1777 offered his +services to the Continental Congress, and attached to main army under +Washington, who made him inspector-general. Promoted major-general at +Yorktown. <b>Index</b>: <b>S</b> Stores guarded by, captured by Queen's Rangers, 34. +<b>Hd</b> Sent as envoy to demand surrender of western forts, 259. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Cyc. +Am. Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>Stevens.</b> <b>WM</b> Hostage, escapes from Quebec, 125.</p> + +<p><b>Stevenson, Captain.</b> <b>S</b> Accompanies Simcoe to Canada, 47.</p> + +<p><b>Stewart, Alexander</b> (1794-1868). Born in Halifax, Nova Scotia. Engaged in +West India trade. Afterwards studied law and called to the bar of Nova +Scotia, 1822. Elected to the Assembly, 1826; member of the Legislative +Council, 1837; and of the Executive Council, 1840. In 1846 appointed +Master of the Rolls and judge of the Vice-Admiralty Court. <b>Index</b>: <b>H</b> His +independent attitude in Nova Scotia Assembly, 18, 35; standing in public +life of the province, 35; deserts popular party, 41; delegate of +Legislative Council to England to oppose representative government, 52, +56. <b>Bib.</b>: Campbell, <i>History of Nova Scotia</i>; Saunders, <i>Three Premiers +of Nova Scotia</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Stewart, Sir William</b> (1774-1827). British general. <b>Index</b>: <b>Bk</b> In command +of marines in expedition to Baltic, 24, 29; organizes Rifle Brigade, 25. +<b>Bib.</b>: <i>Dict. Nat. Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>Stikine River.</b> Rises in northern British Columbia and flows into the +Pacific, through Alaskan territory, after a course of 335 miles. The +name is a corruption of the Thlinkit word <i>sta-hane</i>, meaning "the +river." The mouth of the river was visited by Captain Cleveland in 1799. +The Russians built Fort Dionysius there, in 1834, on the site of the +present town of Wrangell. Three years later, the post was acquired by +the Hudson's Bay Company, and renamed Fort Stikine. The upper waters of +the river were visited by J. McLeod, of the Hudson's Bay Company, in +1834. The river was explored in 1863 by Lieutenant Pereleshin, of the +Russian navy; and in 1866-1867 by the surveyors of the Western Union +Telegraph Company. <b>Index</b>: <b>D</b> Attempt to establish Hudson's Bay Company +fort there in 1834 frustrated by Russians, 119-120; Russians<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_366" id="Page_366">[366]</a></span> hand over +their fort at mouth of river to Hudson's Bay Company, 121. <b>Bib.</b>: Blake, +<i>Geographical Notes upon Russian America and the Stickeen River</i>; +Dawson, <i>Report on Yukon District</i> (Geol. Survey Report, 1887-1888).</p> + +<p><b>Stills</b>. <b>S</b> Taxes imposed upon, by Legislature of Upper Canada, 92.</p> + +<p><b>Stirling, Sir William Alexander, Earl of</b> (1567?-1640). King James gave +him a patent, September, 1621, to the territory now embracing the +provinces of Nova Scotia and New Brunswick and the Gaspé peninsula. To +further the colonization of his huge domain, Alexander instituted the +baronetcy of New Scotland, or Nova Scotia. In 1628 the first colonists +were landed at Port Royal. <b>Index</b>: <b>Ch</b> Equips vessel to operate against +French colonies, 176; grant to, of Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, etc., +223. <i>See</i> Baronets of Nova Scotia. <b>Bib.</b>: Biggar, <i>Early Trading +Companies of New France</i>; Rogers, <i>The Earl of Stirling's Register of +Royal Letters Relative to the Affairs of Scotland and Nova Scotia</i>; +Alexander, <i>An Encouragement to Colonies</i> in Laing, <i>Royal Letters +Relating to Colonization of New Scotland</i>; Patterson, <i>Sir William +Alexander</i> (R.S.C., 1892); Kirke, <i>The First English Conquest of +Canada</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Stisted, Sir Henry William</b>. Educated at Sandhurst and entered the army +as ensign, 1835. Served through the Persian War and the Indian Mutiny. +Made major-general, 1864, and divisional commander of the troops in +Upper Canada, 1866. Appointed first lieutenant-governor of Ontario, +1867; held office until July 14, 1868. Returned to England; knighted, +1871. Died in England, 1875. <b>Bib.</b>: Read, <i>Lieutenant-Governors of Upper +Canada</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Stobo, Robert</b>. <b>WM</b> Former hostage with French, acts as guide to Carleton +above Quebec, 124; said to have pointed out Le Foulon to Wolfe, 168.</p> + +<p><b>Stoney Creek, Battle of</b>. Took place on June 5, 1813, when the American +troops, under Generals Chandler and Minder, were defeated by the British +forces under Colonel (afterwards General) Harvey. The defeat was +decisive, the two American generals being captured. It was a +turning-point in the Niagara campaign. <b>Bib.</b>: Lucas, <i>Canadian War of +1812</i>; Richardson, <i>War of 1812</i>; Brymner, <i>Battle of Stoney Creek</i>. +<i>See also</i> War of 1812.</p> + +<p><b>Stopford, Major</b>. <b>Dr</b> Commands force at Chambly, 93.</p> + +<p><b>Strachan, John</b> (1778-1867). Born in Aberdeen, Scotland. Graduated at +King's College, Aberdeen, 1796. Came to Canada, 1799, and opened a +school at Kingston. Ordained deacon, 1803, and priest, 1804. Became +rector of York, 1812; archdeacon, 1827; and bishop of Toronto, 1839. +Appointed to the Executive Council, 1815; and to the Legislative +Council, 1818; remained a member of the former until 1836, and of the +Legislative Council until 1841. <b>Index</b>: <b>R</b> Comes to Canada, 1799, to +inaugurate educational policy, 36; his character, 37; takes orders in +Church of England, and appointed rector of York, 37; called to Executive +Council, 37, 46; his ambitious plans, 38; becomes archdeacon of York, +1827, 46; his commanding influence, 46; asserts pretensions of Church of +England, 49; proposes sale of Clergy Reserves, 50; his sermon, 1826, +50-51, 63; his educational policy, 52; chairman of Board of Education, +58; asks legislative aid for theological students, 59; development of +his policy, and of opposition to it, 61-63; outlines his views in sermon +on death of bishop of Quebec, 67; visits England, 72; has bill +introduced in Imperial Parliament for sale of portion of Reserves, 72; +secures charter of King's College, 72-73; becomes first president, 73; +his letter to Horton on church establishment in Upper Canada, 72; his +ecclesiastical chart, 74; counter chart prepared by Dr. Lee, 75; +evidence laid before parliamentary committee, 75; his speech before +Legislative Council, 1828, 75-76; Ryerson's reply, 76-79; his fight for +denomi<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_367" id="Page_367">[367]</a></span>national schools, 243. <b>S</b> His arrival in Canada, 170; becomes +bishop, 171. <b>Sy</b> Bishop of Toronto, his opposition to Sydenham's Clergy +Reserves Bill, 247. <b>B</b> Denounces bill for secularization of King's +College, 8; his environment, 260. <b>BL</b> Head of Home District Grammar +School, 25, 106; Robert Baldwin one of his pupils, 25; and King's +College, 192-193; leads opposition to Baldwin's University Bill, 195, +196; referred to by George Brown, 224; leads agitation against Baldwin's +University Bill, 295; raises funds for an Anglican ministry, 295-296. <b>E</b> +Secures charter for King's College, 93; deeply incensed at +secularization of King's College, 94; his mistaken policy, 94-95; +establishes Trinity College, 95; his uncompromising attitude in +settlement of Clergy Reserves, 150; induces Sir John Colborne to create +and endow forty-four rectories, 154; his report on this question, 156; +dominant influence in Legislative Council, 157; opposes division of the +Reserves, 159, 160; his final discomfiture, 169. <b>Mc</b> Proposes provincial +university, 95. <b>Md</b> First bishop of Toronto, opposes secularization of +King's College, 29-30; also opposes secularization of Clergy Reserves, +59. <b>W</b> His charter for King's College, Upper Canada, 51. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Dict. +Nat. Biog.</i>; Rose, <i>Cyc. Can. Biog.</i>; Dent, <i>Can. Por.</i>; Bethune, +<i>Memoir of Bishop Strachan</i>; Mockridge, <i>The Bishops of the Church of +England in Canada and Newfoundland</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Strathcona and Mount Royal, Donald Alexander Smith, Baron</b> (1820- ). Born +in Archieston, Morayshire, Scotland. Entered the service of the Hudson's +Bay Company, 1838, and spent thirteen years at various trading-posts on +the Labrador coast. Moved to the North-West, becoming chief factor, +1862; and afterwards resident governor and chief commissioner. Appointed +by the Dominion government, in 1869, special commissioner to investigate +the Riel Rebellion. Member of first Executive Council of the North-West +Territories, 1870; represented Winnipeg in Manitoba Legislature, +1871-1874; elected for Selkirk to Dominion House, 1871, 1872, 1874, +1878; and represented West Montreal, 1887-1896. Appointed high +commissioner for Canada in London, 1896. Knighted, 1886, and in 1897 +raised to the peerage. <b>Index</b>: <b>D</b> Dugald McTavish succeeds, at Montreal, +1870, 265; drives last spike of Canadian Pacific Railway, Nov. 7, 1885, +326. <b>MS</b> Serves under Sir George Simpson in Hudson's Bay Company, 228; +chief factor (1861), 228; serves in Labrador, 228. <b>Md</b> Takes part in +debate on Pacific Scandal, 210; feels that the future of the West +depends on Macdonald's return to power, 236; public spirit shown by, in +building of the Canadian Pacific Railway, 237. <b>Bib.</b>: Willson, <i>Lord +Strathcona</i>; Morgan, <i>Can. Men</i>; <i>Who's Who</i>. <i>See also</i> Riel Rebellion, +1869-1870.</p> + +<p><b>Street, George F.</b> <b>W</b> Solicitor-general of Brunswick, 34.</p> + +<p><b>Street, John Ambrose.</b> <b>W</b> Supports the governor of New Brunswick, 46. <b>T</b> +Attorney-general and leader of government, 19; introduces railway +resolutions, 26, 53. <b>Bib.</b>: Hannay, <i>History of New Brunswick</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Strickland, Samuel</b> (1804-1867). Born at Reydon Hall, Suffolk; brother of +Agnes Strickland, Mrs. Traill, and Mrs. Moodie. Entered the army, and +reached the rank of lieutenant-colonel. Emigrated to Canada, 1826. <b>Bib.</b>: +<i>Twenty-Seven Years in Canada West</i>. For biog., <i>see</i> Morgan, <i>Cel. +Can.</i>; <i>Dict. Nat. Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>Strong, Sir Samuel Henry</b> (1825-1909). Born in Dorsetshire, England. Came +to Canada studied law, and called to the bar of Upper Canada, 1849. +Member of the commission for consolidating the statutes, 1856. Appointed +vice-chancellor of Ontario, 1869; transferred to the Court of Error and +Appeal, 1874; puisne judge of the Supreme Court of Canada, 1875; and +chief-justice, 1892-1902. Knighted, 1893. <b>Bib.</b>: Dent, <i>Can. Por.</i>; +Morgan, <i>Can. Men</i>.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_368" id="Page_368">[368]</a></span></p> + +<p><b>Stuart, Andrew.</b> <b>Sy</b> Member of Constitutional Association, 112. <b>P</b> Declares +the French Canadians to be "a race of gentlemen," 49; one of Papineau's +followers, 197.</p> + +<p><b>Stuart, Archdeacon.</b> <b>Sy</b> Conducts funeral service of Lord Sydenham, 344.</p> + +<p><b>Stuart, George Okill</b> (1807-1884). Born in York, Upper Canada. Grandson +of the Rev. John Stuart, <i>q.v.</i> Educated at Kingston and Quebec, and +called to the bar of Lower Canada, 1830. Mayor of Quebec, 1846-1850; +elected to represent Quebec in the Assembly, 1852; defeated at the +general election, but again returned, 1857. Appointed by the Imperial +government judge of the Vice-Admiralty Court of Quebec, 1873.</p> + +<p><b>Stuart, James.</b> <b>Ch</b> Erects fort in Cape Breton, 200.</p> + +<p><b>Stuart, Sir James</b> (1780-1853). Born at Fort Hunter, New York. Educated +at King's College, Windsor, Nova Scotia. Appointed assistant secretary +to the government of Lower Canada in 1800; and solicitor-general, 1801. +Entered the House of Assembly, for Montreal, 1808; attorney-general for +Lower Canada, 1825; and in 1831 suspended from office by Lord Aylmer, +and suspension confirmed by colonial secretary; a few months later the +injustice of the decision admitted, and offered the chief-justiceship of +Newfoundland, but declined the position. Appointed chief-justice of +Lower Canada by Durham in 1838. Created a baronet, 1841. <b>Index</b>: <b>Sy</b> +Praised by <i>Colonial Gazette</i>, 140; consulted by Sydenham, 191; +accompanies him to Upper Canada, 195. <b>E</b> Chief-justice of the Court of +Appeal of Lower Canada, and succeeded in 1853, by Sir L. H. La Fontaine, +105. <b>Bib.</b>: Morgan, <i>Cel. Can.</i>; <i>Dict. Nat. Biog.</i>; Christie, <i>History +of Lower Canada</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Stuart, John.</b> <b>MS</b> Chief factor of Hudson's Bay Company in New Caledonia, +221; accompanies Simon Fraser down the Fraser, 222; his intellectual +tastes and correspondence, 222. <b>D</b> Accompanies Simon Fraser on voyage +down the Fraser, 60; succeeds Simon Fraser in New Caledonia, 98; still +in command in 1821 when Companies amalgamated, 98; goes to Mackenzie +River, 1824, 99. <b>Bib.</b>: Fraser, <i>Journal</i> in Masson, <i>Bourgeois de la +Compagnie du Nord-Ouest</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Stuart, Rev. John.</b> <b>S</b> First Church of England clergyman to arrive in +Upper Canada, conducts school at Montreal, and then moves to Cataraqui +(Kingston), 158; opens first school in the province, 166. <b>Hd</b> +School-teacher at Montreal, 235; becomes rector at Cataraqui (Kingston), +236; supervises education of Indians, 265.</p> + +<p><b>Sturgeon Lake.</b> On the Saskatchewan. A notable place in the annals of the +Western fur trade. Here the traders from Montreal built a post about +1772; and in 1774 Samuel Hearne built a rival post for the Hudson's Bay +Company. The latter, Cumberland House, remained an important centre of +the fur trade for many years, and is still in operation. By way of this +lake, the fur traders' route lay north to Frog Portage and the Churchill +River. <b>Index</b>: <b>MS</b> Frobishers build trading-post there in 1772, 4; its +strategic importance, 4.</p> + +<p><b>Subercase, Lieutenant.</b> <b>F</b> In command at Lachine, on occasion of massacre, +225; sent to island of Orleans to watch Phipps, 303. <b>L</b> Anxious to attack +Indians at Lachine, 226. <b>Bib.</b>: Parkman, <i>Old Régime</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Suete.</b> <b>WM</b> A swamp, near Ste. Foy, 252.</p> + +<p><b>Sullivan, John</b> (1740-1795). Commanded northern army during Revolutionary +War in 1776; served in Canada; and took part in the battles of Trenton, +Brandywine, and Germantown. <b>Index</b>: <b>Hd</b> Lays waste Iroquois settlements, +151. <b>Dr</b> In command of American army at Sorel, 145. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Cyc. Am. +Biog.</i><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_369" id="Page_369">[369]</a></span></p> + +<p><b>Sullivan, Robert Baldwin</b> (1802-1853). Born in Bandon, Ireland. Came to +Canada with his father, 1819, and settled at York. Studied law and +called to the bar, 1828. Practised for a time at Vittoria, in the county +of Norfolk. Elected mayor of Toronto, 1835. Appointed to the Executive +Council by Sir Francis Bond Head, 1836. Served in the militia during the +Rebellion of 1837. Appointed to the Legislative Council, 1839; member of +the first Executive Council after the union of Upper and Lower Canada; +continued in office under the La Fontaine-Baldwin administration. +Resigned office with his colleagues, 1843; defended the course of the +ministry against Sir Charles Metcalfe in a series of letters in the +<i>Examiner</i>, under the <i>nom de plume</i> of "Legion." Again took office as +provincial secretary in the second La Fontaine-Baldwin administration. +Appointed judge of the Court of Queen's Bench, 1848; judge of the Court +of Common Pleas, 1850. <b>Index</b>: <b>BL</b> Enters into law partnership with +Baldwin, 32; his character, 32, 77; president of the Council, 1841, 76; +Baldwin's attitude to, 80; member of Legislative Council, 83; defends +the government, 130-131; remains in office under La Fontaine-Baldwin +government, 133, 134; defends La Fontaine-Baldwin ministry, in Metcalfe +crisis, 214; speaks before Reform Association, Toronto, 223; in +political controversy, 238, 243-244; provincial secretary, 284. <b>B</b> Writes +series of letters, over signature of "Legion," on responsible +government, 211; provincial secretary in Baldwin-La Fontaine government, +211; his address on resources of North-West Territories, 211; urges +importance of British settlement of North-West, 211; and responsible +government, 261. <b>Sy</b> Introduces union resolutions in Legislative Council, +209, 228; president of Council under union, 283; duties and salary, 334. +<b>R</b> His connection with university scheme, 153. <b>E</b> Provincial secretary in +La Fontaine-Baldwin ministry, 53. <b>Bib.</b>: Morgan, <i>Cel. Can.</i>; Dent, +<i>Upper Canadian Rebellion</i> and <i>Last Forty Years</i>; Read, <i>Lives of the +Judges</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Sullivan, William Wilfrid</b> (1843- ). Born at New London, Prince Edward +Island. Educated at Central Academy and St. Dunstan's College, +Charlottetown. Engaged for a time in journalism; studied law and called +to the bar, 1867. Elected to the Assembly; held office as +attorney-general; premier, 1879-1889; chief-justice of Prince Edward +Island, 1889. <b>Bib.</b>: Morgan, <i>Can. Men</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Sully, Maximilien de Bethune, Duc de</b> (1560-1641). Trusted counsellor of +Henry IV of France. <b>Index</b>: <b>Ch</b> False report of his death, 64. <b>Bib.</b>: +<i>Memoires, 1634-1662</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Sulpicians.</b> A Canadian order, founded by Jean Jacques Olier, in 1640, as +part of the threefold religious settlement of Ville Marie. Named after +Olier's parish of St. Sulpice, in Paris. After Maisonneuve had laid the +foundations of Montreal, the Sulpicians built their Seminary, and became +proprietors of the island, much of which still remains in their +possession. They encouraged settlement on their seigniory, and in 1666, +when Queylus was superior, granted a large tract of land at Lachine to +La Salle. Among the notable members of the order in its early days were +the Abbé Fénelon and Dollier de Casson, the latter the historian of the +order. <b>Index</b>: <b>F</b> Religious order, come to Montreal with Maisonneuve, 42; +work of colonization done by, 56; Frontenac friendly to, 74; seigniors +of the island of Montreal, 97; their missions, 166, 168. <b>L</b> Four priests +of the order come to Canada, 25; peculiarly devoted to the Virgin Mary, +85; build new chapter house, 90; acquire island of Montreal and +seigniory of St. Sulpice, 108, 135; large contributions of, to work of +evangelization, 136; parish of Montreal attached to, 175; send petition +to the king, 183; union with Foreign Missions of Paris, 221. <b>Sy</b> +Incorporation of Seminary of, 255.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_370" id="Page_370">[370]</a></span> <b>C</b> Their quarrel with Bishop Bourget, +80. <b>Bib.</b>: Dollier de Casson, <i>Histoire de Montreal</i>; Faillon, <i>Colonie +Française en Canada</i>; Parkman, <i>La Salle</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Sulte, Benjamin</b> (1841- ). Born at Three Rivers. Served as a volunteer in +the Fenian Raids, 1865-1866; employed in the Department of Militia and +Defence, 1870-1903; president of Royal Society of Canada, 1904. <b>Index</b>: +<b>Hd</b> On Haldimand, 291-292. <b>Bib.</b>: Works: <i>Les Laurentiennes</i>; <i>Chants +Nouveaux</i>; <i>Melanges d'Histoire</i>; <i>Histoire des Canadiens-Français</i>; +<i>Pages d'Histoire du Canada</i>; <i>Histoire de la Milice Canadienne</i>; +<i>Bataille de Châteauguay</i>. For biog., <i>see</i> Morgan, <i>Can. Men</i>; +<i>Canadian Who's Who</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Sumner, Charles</b> (1811-1874). American statesman, and leader in the +anti-slavery movement. Elected to Senate, 1851; chairman of committee on +foreign affairs, 1861. <b>Index</b>: <b>B</b> Very favourable to Reciprocity Treaty, +226. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Cyc. Am. Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>Sunday.</b> <b>S</b> Little observed in Simcoe's time, so far as transaction of +public business was concerned, 198.</p> + +<p><b>Superior, Lake.</b> Area 31,800 square miles. Discovered by Étienne Brulé, +in 1622. In the next quarter century the devoted Jesuit Fathers +penetrated to the shores of the lake. Jogues and Raymbault preached the +Faith at the outlet of the lake in 1641; Ménard attempted a mission on +the south shore in 1661; and a few years later Allouez explored most of +the same side. Radisson and Chouart penetrated to the western end of the +lake and beyond in 1661; and Du Lhut covered much the same ground in +1678-1681. From that time, the shores of the lake became familiar ground +to missionaries, explorers, and fur traders. <b>Bib.</b>: Kohl, <i>Wanderings +round Lake Superior</i>; Agassiz, <i>Lake Superior</i>; Butterfield, <i>History of +Brulé's Discoveries</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Supreme Court of Canada.</b> Created by Act of Parliament in 1875. Consists +of a chief-justice and five puisne judges, who, also constituted the +Exchequer Court until 1887, when the latter was separated. The first +chief-justice was Sir William Buell Richards, 1875-1879; succeeded by +Sir William Johnston Ritchie, 1879-1892; Sir Samuel Henry Strong, +1892-1902; Sir Henri Elzear Taschereau, 1902-1906; and Sir Charles +Fitzpatrick, since 1906. <b>Index</b>: <b>Md</b> Bill for establishment of, shaped, +1868-1870, but not passed until 1875, 151.</p> + +<p><b>Surprise.</b> <b>Dr</b> British frigate, arrival of, 137.</p> + +<p><b>Sutherland.</b> <b>WM</b> British frigate, with five other vessels, passes up the +river, 123; Wolfe on board of, opposite Cap Rouge, 166; his last +proclamation from, 172; Wolfe's conversation with Jervis on board of, +175; signal given from, for movement of the army, 179.</p> + +<p><b>Sutherland, Thomas J.</b> <b>Mc</b> Plans occupation of Navy Island, 412; his lack +of discretion, 412; starts for Michigan, 418; reaches Detroit, 427; +meets Handy, 427; lands on Bois Blanc Island, 428; taken by Loyalists, +431; found guilty, but released, 431. <b>Bib.</b>: Dent, <i>Upper Canadian +Rebellion</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Sutton, H. T. Manners.</b> <i>See</i> Canterbury.</p> + +<p><b>Suze, Treaty of.</b> Signed April 24, 1629. Under its terms peace was +declared between France and England; the former French possessions in +America to revert to France. The conditions were not fulfilled until +three years later. <b>Index</b>: <b>Ch</b> Signed by England and France, April 24, +1629, 183; ancient possessions of England in America given to France by, +213. <b>Bib.</b>: Hertslet, <i>Treaties and Conventions</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Sweatman, Arthur</b> (1834-1909). Born in London, England. Educated at +Christ College, Cambridge. Headmaster of Hellmuth College, London, +Ontario, 1865-1872; rector of Grace Church, Brantford, 1872-1876; +archdeacon of Brant,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_371" id="Page_371">[371]</a></span> 1876-1879. Succeeded Dr. Bethune as bishop of +Toronto, 1879; and in 1907 elected archbishop and metropolitan, and +primate of all Canada. <b>Bib.</b>: Morgan, <i>Can. Men</i>; Dent, <i>Can. Por.</i>; +Mockridge, <i>The Bishops of the Church of England in Canada and +Newfoundland</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Swiss</b>. <b>Hd</b> Their bravery, 7, 8; take up lands in English colonies, 9; +scheme to form them into a regiment, 9.</p> + +<p><b>Switzerland</b>. <b>Hd</b> Dangerous situation of, 4.</p> + +<p><b>Sydenham, Charles Edward Poulett Thomson, first Baron</b> (1799-1841). <b>Sy</b> +Represented (as Charles Edward Poulett Thomson) city of Manchester in +House of Commons, 2; his liberal views, 3; birth, 4; enters office of +his father's firm at St. Petersburg, 5; introduced to best society +there, 5; returns to England, 6; foreign travel, 6; linguistic +acquirements, 6; returns to St. Petersburg, 7; visits central, southern, +and eastern Russia, 7; spends part of winter at Vienna, 8; his journals, +8; death of his mother, 8; yields to prevalent mania for speculation, +10, 14; adopts new economic views, 12; becomes associated with +philosophic Liberals, 13; candidate for representation of Dover in +Commons, 13; incurs heavy expenses, 14; elected, 15; votes for reduction +in duty on corn, 15; his view of politics, 16; his speech on the +Navigation Acts, 17; advocates ballot and repeal of usury laws, 18; +supports repeal of Test and Corporation Acts, 18; a believer in free +trade, 18; moderate in his views, 19; suffers from gout, 20; spends +winter in Paris and meets many able men, 20; speaks on parliamentary +reform, 21; on the national system of taxation, 22, 23; recommends +income tax, 24; made vice-president of Board of Trade, and treasurer of +navy, 25; tariff reform and vested interests, 27, 29; takes little part +in framing Reform Bill, 28; but devotes much attention to the public +accounts, 28; negotiates commercial treaty with France, 29; his +excessive labours, 30; elected both for Manchester and for Dover, 31; +elects to sit for Manchester, 31; an advocate of commercial freedom, +33-38; great dinner given to, at Manchester, 37; his views on banking, +38; on the corn duties, 39; on free trade, 41; president of Board of +Trade in reconstructed government, 43; Greville's description of, 43, +44; returns to office with Melbourne (1835), 46; re-elected (over +Gladstone) for Manchester, 48; a departmental worker rather than an +active politician, 49; description of, by Thomas Raikes, 49; makes +commercial treaty with Austria, 50; founds school of design and promotes +international copyright, 51; provides for regulation of railway +charters, 53; collects statistics, 54; Lord Melbourne's estimate of his +abilities, 56; accepts governor-generalship of Canada, in preference to +chancellorship of the exchecquer, 57-59; instructor for Canada in +principles of responsible government, 83; his tact in dealing with that +question, 104; makes important changes in draft bill for reunion of +provinces, 124; news of his appointment received in Canada, 129; +appointment not acceptable to all parties, 129-132; Reformers of Upper +Canada disposed to favour him, 133; article in <i>Colonial Gazette</i> on his +mission, 136-141; his views on question of French nationality, 137; on +parties in Upper Canada, 138; on responsible government, 139; his +instructions, 141; Lord John Russell's letter accompanying instructions +to, 141-144; large discretion intrusted to him, 144; sails in frigate +<i>Pique</i> from Portsmouth, 147; arrival at Quebec, 147; his reflections on +shipboard, 147, 148; sworn in, 149; his proclamation, 149, 150; address +of the Quebec Committee of Trade, 152; meets Sir George Arthur at +Montreal, 153; his task, to place Cabinet government in Canada on stable +basis, 179, 187; forced to exercise an unusual measure of political +control, 188; opposed by ultra-Tories and ultra-Radicals, 189; consults +with Chief-Justice Stuart of Lower Canada, 191; sum<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_372" id="Page_372">[372]</a></span>mons Special Council +of Lower Canada to consider question of union, 192; proceeds to Upper +Canada, 195; describes navigation of the St. Lawrence, 196; arrives at +Toronto and takes over government of province, 197; his significant +reply to address of Toronto corporation, 198; calls for a return of +revenue and expenditure of province, 198; describes condition of things +in Upper Canada, 200-203; speech on opening of Upper Canada Legislature, +203, 204; thought too sympathetic with French-Canadians, 205, 233; +carries union resolutions in Upper Canada Legislature, 203-210; his +personal influence very marked, 210, 211; acknowledges support given to +him by Reformers and moderate Conservatives, 213, 214; reports to the +colonial secretary on the state of Upper Canada, 215-226; unpopular with +French-Canadians, 233; decides to attempt settlement of Clergy Reserves +question, 238; his message on the subject to the Legislative Assembly, +245, 246; secures passing of bill, 248; is non-committal on subject of +responsible government, 249; his report on session to colonial +secretary, 250, 251; goes to Montreal to meet Special Council, 253; +describes situation in Lower Canada, 253-255; proceeds to Nova Scotia, +257; reports on situation there, 259-263; fails to anticipate full +action of responsible government in the colonies, 263, 264; visits New +Brunswick at request of Sir John Harvey, 264; returning to Canada, +visits Eastern Townships, 265; tour through Upper Canada, 265-268; well +received everywhere, 267; proposes to fix capital of united provinces at +Kingston, 268; not so popular in Lower Canada, 269; notified that royal +assent had been given to Union Act, 271; raised to peerage as Baron +Sydenham and Toronto, 272; his strong desire that Union Act should +provide a municipal system for Canada, 273-275; favours Kingston as seat +of government, 281; authorized to proclaim Union, 282; appoints 10th of +February, 1841, as date, 282; becomes from that date governor-in-chief +of united province, 282; issues proclamation to people, 282; issues writ +for general election, 282; his sympathy with French-Canadians, 284; +changes electoral limits of Montreal and Quebec by attaching suburbs to +adjoining counties, 285, 286; unable to give French-Canadians +representation in his Cabinet owing to their rooted opposition to union, +288; supported by moderate Reformers, 291; his difficulty with Baldwin, +294-296; much aggrieved by Baldwin's action, 299; his analysis of the +Legislature of 1841, 303, 304; his belief in theory of responsible +government, 312, 313; his efforts to improve financial conditions, 315, +320; promises in speech from throne Imperial loan in aid of public +works, 320; his views on emigration, 321; his satisfaction over passing +of Local Government Bill, 325; interest in public works, 326; his plan +for a bank of issue, 327; plan not suited to Canadian conditions at the +time, 329; partial adoption of, many years later, 330; reorganizes +public departments and Executive Council, 331-335; takes part in +extradition and boundary negotiations with the United States, 336; +serious illness, 337; sends resignation to take effect on close of +session, 338; his confidence in the solidity of his work, 338; his +absorption in his work, 339; receives Grand Cross of Bath, 340; meets +with fatal accident, 341; his fortitude in suffering, 342; his last +words to the Legislature, 342; his high opinion of Lord John Russell, +343; his death, 343; buried at Kingston, 344; eulogy of, by Dr. Ryerson, +346, 347; by Joseph Howe, 348, 349; general support given to his ideas +by home government, 350; his special qualifications for his work in +Canada, 352-355; gradually gains favour with French-Canadians, 355; his +administration marks transition from the old system to the new, 356. <b>B</b> +French-Canadians complain they are outraged by, 15-16. <b>E</b> His character, +2, 14; appointed governor-general to complete the union and establish +responsible government, 26-29; his qualities, 29; his death, 30; his +canal policy,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_373" id="Page_373">[373]</a></span> 96-97; his proposed settlement of Clergy Reserves, +156-157. <b>C</b> Sent to Canada to carry out some of Durham's recommendations, +12; his character, 12; attitude towards Canadians, 12; secures approval +of union scheme, 12-13; persuades Upper Canada to modify conditions of +union, 14; wins the elections, 15; his constitutional battle with La +Fontaine as to meaning of ministerial responsibility, 97; asked to +disfranchise French of Lower Canada, 99. <b>R</b> Comes to Canada, supported by +Ryerson, 122; his policy, 122; draws up resolutions on responsible +government, 123-126; his influence on political life, 131; interview +with Ryerson, 163; his death, 163. <b>H</b> Visits Nova Scotia, and discusses +political situation with Joseph Howe and other leaders, 68. <b>P</b> His views +as to political situation in Nova Scotia, 24; requests La Fontaine to +enter Draper ministry, 72; referred to by Papineau, 171; his aim in +bringing about union of the Canadas to crush the French-Canadians, +according to La Fontaine, 174-175. <b>BL</b> In period of reconstruction, 50; +sent to Canada as governor-general, 59; his previous career, 59; becomes +Baron Sydenham and Toronto, 59; takes over government, and lays his +plans before the Special Council, 59-60; his special project the union +of the Canadas, 60-61; visits Upper Canada, 61; appoints Baldwin +solicitor-general of Upper Canada, 63; his attitude towards responsible +government, 64-67; union project, 67-71; describes a journey in Canada +in 1839, 74-75; summons Legislature, 1841, 75; appoints Legislative and +Executive Councils, 75, 83; correspondence with Baldwin as to personnel +of Cabinet, 79-80, 81; succeeds in carrying on the government, 85; on +the luxurious surroundings of colonial legislators, 86; absent from +meeting of the Houses, 86; his speech from the throne, 89; his public +policy, 90; his views as to his constitutional position, 97-98, 137; +legislation as to municipal government, 100-105; the resolutions on +constitutional government, 109-111; his death, Sept. 19, 1841, 111; +Turcotte and McMullen on, 111-112; his character, 111-112; referred to +in La Fontaine's speech, 128; changes boundaries of constituencies of +Montreal and Quebec for political purposes, 146; this and other +legislation of his repealed in 1842, 146-147; on responsible government, +161, 162, 163; dissatisfaction with his selection of Kingston as +capital, 180; his instructions, 230; and Ryerson, 241; his application +of the constitutional system, 274; municipal legislation under, 299. <b>Mc</b> +On state of province, 406; would not have fought against rebels, 407; +praises Reformers, 407; opposition from Family Compact, 407; gives +responsible government, 409; surprised people had not rebelled sooner, +477. <b>Md</b> Advocate of responsible government, 17; his death, 17; secures +passage, by Assembly, of Act secularizing Clergy Reserves, 1840, but on +being sent to England, it is disallowed on technical grounds, 59-60. <b>W</b> +His despatch to Lord John Russell on the Executive Council, 113. <b>Bib.</b>: +Morgan, <i>Cel. Can.</i>; Dent, <i>Can. Por.</i> and <i>Last Forty Years</i>; Scrope, +<i>Memoir of Life of Sydenham</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Sydney.</b> An important seaport of Nova Scotia; formerly the capital of the +colony of Cape Breton. Founded in 1784, and the seat of the local +government until 1820, when the island was united to Nova Scotia. +Incorporated as a town in 1886, and received a city charter in 1904. +<b>Bib.</b>: <i>Nelson's Ency.</i></p> + +<p><b>Sydney, Thomas Townshend, first Viscount</b> (1733-1800). Entered +Parliament, 1754; lord of the treasury, 1765; war secretary, 1872; and +home secretary, 1783. The office of home secretary then included the +colonies. <b>Index</b>: <b>Dr</b> Secretary of state, discusses with Carleton future +of Canada, 224; his correspondence with Carleton, 242; succeeded in +colonial office by Grenville, 248.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_374" id="Page_374">[374]</a></span> <b>Hd</b> Du Calvet's petition to, 284-288; +Haldimand's intercourse with, 310, 315, 322, 326, 337; speech to, 327. +<b>Bib.</b>: <i>Dict. Nat. Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>Syndics.</b> <b>F</b> Local representatives without votes, provided for in first +council, 37.</p> + + +<p><b>Taché, Alexandre Antoninus</b> (1823-1894). Born in Rivière du Loup, Quebec, +and educated at Quebec and Montreal. In 1845 volunteered as a missionary +to the Indians on the Great Lakes, and in the same year ordained to the +priesthood. Founded several missions, schools, colleges, and convents in +the North-West. In 1853 became bishop of St. Boniface, and in 1871 made +archbishop. <b>Index</b>: <b>C</b> His missions, 69; warns government of trouble with +half-breeds, 70; his visit to Rome, 70; recalled to placate half-breeds, +70. <b>Md</b> Warns Sir Georges Cartier of trouble in North-West, 157-158; on +causes of rebellion, 240. <b>Bib.</b>: Works: <i>Sketch of the North-West of +America</i>; <i>Vingt Années de Missions dans la Nord-Ouest</i>. For biog., +<i>see</i> David, <i>Vie de Taché</i>; Benoit, <i>Vie de Mgr. Taché, Archevêque de +St. Boniface</i>; Dent, <i>Can. Por.</i></p> + +<p><b>Taché, Sir Étienne Pascal</b> (1795-1865). Born in St. Thomas, Quebec. +Served during the War of 1812-1815. Studied medicine, practising until +1841. Entered Parliament, and in 1848 became commissioner of public +works. Held the position of receiver-general from 1849 to 1856. +Appointed to Legislative Council, 1856; subsequently elected Speaker; +shortly after became premier, with John A. Macdonald as attorney-general +and leader of the lower House. In 1858 visited England; knighted by +Queen Victoria; appointed to the honorary rank of colonel in the British +army, and made an aide-de-camp to the queen. For a few months in 1864 +became premier in conjunction with Macdonald, but on the defeat of the +government retired from public life. <b>Index</b>: <b>C</b> Replaces Morin in +Liberal-Conservative administration, 33; with Cartier, induces Grand +Trunk to extend line from Quebec to Rivière du Loup, 49; intrusted by +Lord Monck with duty of forming a Cabinet, 68; alliance with Upper +Canadian Conservatives, 99. <b>BL</b> Chief commissioner of public works, in +second La Fontaine-Baldwin ministry, 284; in Assembly for six years +(1841-1846), held office of deputy adjutant-general, given seat in +Legislative Council, 284-285. <b>E</b> Chief commissioner of public works in La +Fontaine-Baldwin Cabinet, 53; his historic saying as to British +supremacy in America, 56; a Liberal leader in Lower Canada, 109; +receiver-general in Hincks-Morin government, 113; retains same office in +reconstructed ministry in 1853, 126. <b>B</b> Challenges Brown to publish +Cardinal Wiseman's pastoral in the <i>Globe</i>, 44; said to have advised +Roman Catholics to oppose secularization of Clergy Reserves, 48; forms +ministry, 1864, 149; leads coalition government, 159; presents case for +Confederation in Upper Chamber, 169; his death, July 30, 1865, 189; his +character, 189; his prejudice against the Rouges, 200. <b>R</b> Introduces +Separate School Bill, 230. <b>Md</b> Takes Morin's place in the Cabinet, 74; +forms administration with Macdonald, 1856, 80; failing health forces him +to resign, 83; induced to leave his retirement, and form another +administration with Macdonald, which lasts only a few weeks, 90-91; +chairman of Confederation Conference held at Quebec, 104; his death, +122. <b>T</b> His government weak, and defeated in 1864, 69; delegate to Quebec +Conference, 76; president of Conference, 77. <b>Bib.</b>: Morgan, <i>Cel. Can.</i>; +Dent, <i>Can. Por.</i> and <i>Last Forty Years</i>; Taylor, <i>Brit. Am.</i></p> + +<p><b>Tadoussac.</b> A town in Saguenay County, Quebec, situated at the confluence +of the Saguenay River with the St. Lawrence. Founded in 1599 by Chauvin, +and visited by Champlain in 1603 and 1609. In the days of the early +French<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_375" id="Page_375">[375]</a></span> colonists, a centre of the seal fisheries and the fur trade. +<b>Index</b>: <b>Ch</b> Champlain arrives at, May 24, 1603, 10; derivation of name, +10; early date at which fishing vessels resorted thither, 59; seat of +the fur trade, 119; Récollet mission at, 167.</p> + +<p><b>Tait, Sir Melbourne McTaggart</b> (1834- ). Born at Melbourne, Quebec. +Educated at St. Francis College, Richmond. Studied law in Montreal, and +graduated B. C. L. at McGill University, 1862; called to the bar, 1863; +practised at Melbourne and afterwards at Montreal. In 1882 created Q. +C.; in 1886 became a fellow-in-law in McGill University; in 1887 +appointed judge of the Superior Court of Quebec; in 1894 acting +chief-justice; and in 1906 chief-justice. On the completion of the +sixtieth year of Queen Victoria's reign in 1897, knighted. <b>Bib.</b>: Morgan, +<i>Can. Men</i>; <i>Canadian Who's Who</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Talbot, Thomas</b> (1771-1853). Rose to the rank of colonel in the British +army, and for a time attached to the staff of Governor Simcoe. Resigning +his commission, obtained in 1801 a grant of 5000 acres on the north +shore of Lake Erie for the purposes of a settlement, and devoted himself +to its development. Brought out a band of colonists from England, and +others followed. Port Talbot became the centre of an ever-widening +region of cultivated land, until before his death twenty-eight townships +had been settled as the result of his efforts. <b>Index</b>: <b>S</b> Aide-de-camp to +Simcoe, 177; returns to Ireland, later returns to Canada, and forms a +settlement in western Ontario, 178. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Six Years in the Canadas</i>. +For biog., <i>see</i> <i>Dict. Nat. Biog.</i>; Dent, <i>Can. Por.</i>; Taylor, <i>Brit. +Am.</i> <i>See also</i> Coyne, <i>The Talbot Papers</i> (R. S. C., 1907).</p> + +<p><b>Talbot Settlement.</b> <i>See</i> Talbot, Thomas.</p> + +<p><b>Talleyrand-Perigord, Charles Maurice, Prince de</b> (1754-1838). French +statesman. <b>Index</b>: <b>Bk</b> Foreign secretary under Napoleon, 81. <b>Bib.</b>: For +biog., <i>see</i> works of Taine, Mignet, Bastive, Lamartine, and Guizot.</p> + +<p><b>Tallon, Major.</b> <b>Bk</b> In command of 3d Brigade, 247.</p> + +<p><b>Talon, Jean-Baptiste</b> (1625-1691). Born in Picardy, France. Held offices +in the intendancies of Bordeaux and Lyons, and intendant of Hainant from +1661 to 1663. In 1663 intendant of New France. During his administration +in Canada, was the first to build ships in the colony; opened up trade +between Canada and the West Indies; established the first brewery in +North America; and developed cod fisheries along the St. Lawrence. In +1668 left for France, but returned to Canada in 1670, and resumed the +intendancy. In 1672 returned to France, and for several years held high +positions in the king's household. <b>Index</b>: <b>F</b> Intendant, 51; character, +54; attitude to the clerical power, 55; labours for the prosperity of +the country, 55; recalled at his own request, 60; instructed to guard +against ecclesiastical encroachments, 69; secures permission for +Récollets to return to Canada, 72. <b>L</b> Appointed intendant, 51; arrival +of, 79; his zeal for settlement of the country, 79, 80; his high +character, 81; takes steps to develop St. Maurice mines, 82; sends +Perrot to visit western and northern tribes, 82; promotes explorations +of Jolliet and Marquette, 82; recommends de Queylus to Colbert, 107, +135; to counterbalance influence of Jesuits, brings out Récollet +Fathers, 109; obtains decree permitting sale of liquor to the Indians, +113; styled the "Canadian Colbert," 113; his exertions for the good of +the colony, 114-116; returns to France, 143; his reports prejudice mind +of Colbert against clergy, 170. <b>E</b> His seigniory of Des Islets made a +barony in 1671, 181. <b>WM</b> Montcalm marries his grand-niece, 5. <b>Bib.</b>: +<i>Mémoire sur l'État Présent du Canada, attributé à M. Talon</i> (Quebec +Lit. and Hist. Soc., <i>Hist. Doc.</i>, 1st ser., 1840); Parkman, +<i>Frontenac</i>; Garneau, <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_376" id="Page_376">[376]</a></span><i>Histoire du Canada</i>; Faillon, <i>Histoire de la +Colonie Française</i>; Bibaud, <i>Histoire du Canada sous la Domination +Française</i>; Ferland, <i>Cours d'Histoire du Canada</i>; Miles, <i>Canada under +French Régime</i>; Kingsford, <i>History of Canada</i>; Colby, <i>Canadian Types +of the Old Régime</i>; Roy, <i>Intendants de la Nouvelle France</i> (R. S. C., +1903); Chapais, <i>Jean Talon</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Tanguay, Cyprien</b> (1819-1902). Born in the city of Quebec. Graduated at +Quebec Seminary in 1839, and ordained priest 1843. In 1860 removed to +St. Germain, and instrumental in building the cathedral for the diocese +of Rimouski, as also the college and convent in that diocese. Entered +the service of the Canadian government in 1865, and for some years +connected with the statistics branch of the Department of Agriculture. +In 1867 went to Paris to report on the French archives bearing on +Canadian history. In 1883 received the honorary degree of Litt.D. from +Laval University, and in 1886, being one of the original fellows of the +Royal Society of Canada, received the Confederation medal from the +Dominion government. In 1887 visited Europe and reported on the +historical archives. Subsequently created a <i>Prélat Romain</i> by the pope. +<b>Bib.</b>: <i>Dictionnaire Genealogique des Familles Canadiennes</i>. For biog., +<i>see</i> Morgan, <i>Can. Men</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Tanswell, J.</b> <b>Hd</b> Schoolmaster at Quebec, 234.</p> + +<p><b>Tarieu de Lanaudière, Charles.</b> Member of an old French family, +originally of Guienne; settled in Canada about 1665. Commanded a part of +the Canadian militia at Carillon, in 1758; remained in Canada after the +conquest, and became aide-de-camp to Dorchester; served against the +Americans in 1775, and accompanied the governor to England. Afterwards +appointed a legislative councillor, and deputy postmaster-general for +Canada. <b>Index</b>: <b>Dr</b> In command of militia, 187; offered to settle his +seigniory with freeholders, 255. <b>WM</b> Canadian officer, sent to prevent +landing at St. Paul's Bay, 89.</p> + +<p><b>Tariff.</b> <b>BL</b> Increased in 1841, 99; and 1842, 147; on agricultural +products, and live stock, 189; Act of 1849, 292, 302.</p> + +<p><b>Tarleton, Sir Bonastre</b> (1754-1833). Born in Liverpool. Educated at +Oxford University; and joined the army in 1775. In 1776 came to America +as a volunteer with Cornwallis, and became major in Colonel Harcourt's +Regiment of Dragoons. Given command of the "British Legion" or +"Tarleton's Green Horse," and with this force was in constant action +against the enemy. In 1780 met and severely defeated Colonel Burford's +detachment at Waxhaw Creek; arrived at Camden in time to complete the +rout of General Gates's left wing; and overwhelmed the army of General +Sumter at Fishing Creek. Badly beaten by the American force under +General Daniel Morgan at Cowpens, 1781. In 1782 returned to England, and +promoted to colonel; from 1790 to 1812 a member of Parliament; in 1817 +made lieutenant-general; and created a baronet in 1818. <b>Index</b>: <b>Dr</b> +Commands British Legion, 202. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Cyc. Am. Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>Taschereau.</b> <b>Bk</b> Arrested, 127; discharged, 128. <b>C</b> Claims liberty of the +press, 95; sent to jail, 95. <b>P</b> Name struck off militia list by Sir James +Craig, 28; sent to jail, 29; released, 29.</p> + +<p><b>Taschereau, Elzear Alexandre</b> (1820-1898). Born at Ste. Marie de la +Beauce, Quebec. Educated at the Seminary of Quebec; subsequently +travelled throughout Europe; and in 1837 entered the Grand Seminary at +Quebec. In 1842 ordained to the priesthood in his native parish. In +1847, while attending the sick and dying immigrants at Grosse Island, +stricken with fever. In 1854 went to Rome, and in 1856 received the +degree of D.D. In 1860 elected superior<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_377" id="Page_377">[377]</a></span> of the Quebec Seminary, the +appointment including the rectorship of Laval University. In 1871 +consecrated archbishop of Quebec, in succession to Archbishop +Baillargeon. In 1872 founded the Hôtel Dieu du Sacré-Cœur at Quebec, +and also instrumental in restoring the church at St. Anne de Beaupré. In +1886 created cardinal. Towards the end of 1894 retired from the +administration of his diocese. <b>Index</b>: <b>C</b> Disapproves of appeal of <i>Le +Parti Catholique</i>, 82-83. <b>L</b> Attributes establishment of first +brotherhood of Holy Family to Father Pijard, 86. <b>Bib.</b>: Morgan, <i>Can. +Men</i>; Dent, <i>Can. Por.</i>; Têtu, <i>Le Cardinal Taschereau</i>; Hamel, +<i>Taschereau</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Taschereau, Sir Henri Elzear</b> (1836- ). Born at Ste. Marie de la Beauce, +Quebec. Educated at Quebec Seminary; called to the bar, 1857, and +practised in Quebec. From 1861 to 1867 represented Beauce in the +Canadian Assembly. In 1867 appointed a Q. C.; and in 1868 clerk of the +peace for the district of Quebec. In 1871 judge of the Quebec Superior +Court; in 1878 judge of the Supreme Court of Canada; and in 1902 +chief-justice; retired, 1906. In 1904 a member of the Imperial Privy +Council. <b>Bib.</b>: Morgan, <i>Can. Men</i>; Dent, <i>Can. Por.</i></p> + +<p><b>Tassé, Joseph</b> (1848-1895). Born in Montreal. Educated at Bourget +College. Chose journalism as his profession; in 1867 became editor of +<i>Le Canada</i>; from 1869 to 1872 associate editor of <i>La Minerve</i>; and a +director of <i>La Revue Canadienne</i>. About the same period appointed +assistant French translator of the House of Commons. In 1878 elected to +the House of Commons for Ottawa, and re-elected 1882; member of the +Senate from the province of Quebec, 1891-1895. <b>Index</b>: <b>MS</b> On Seven Oaks +affair, 184. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Canadiens de L'Ouest</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Taylor, Brigadier-General.</b> <b>Hd</b> In command at Pensacola, 65; his dispute +with Governor Johnstone, 69; at St. Augustine, 75.</p> + +<p><b>Taylor, Sir Henry</b> (1800-1886). Born in England. In 1824 appointed to the +permanent staff of the colonial office, with which he was connected +until 1872. In 1835 declined the offer of the governorship of Upper +Canada. <b>Index</b>: <b>W</b> His characterization of Lord Glenelg, 42. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Dict. +Nat. Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>Taylor, John Fennings</b> (1817-1882). Born in London, England. Educated at +Radley, England, and came to Canada, 1836. Held various clerical offices +under the Assembly and Council of Canada, and after Confederation was +appointed deputy clerk of the Senate. Died in Old Point Comfort, Va. +<b>Index</b>: <b>E</b> On John Sandfield Macdonald's reproof to Lord Elgin, 129-130. +<b>Bib.</b>: Works: <i>Portraits of British Americans</i>; <i>The Last Three Bishops +Appointed by the Crown for British North America</i>; <i>Life and Death of +the Hon. Thomas D'Arcy McGee</i>; <i>Are <a name='TC_14'></a><ins title="Was 'Are Legislat res'">Legislatures</ins> Parliaments?—A Study +and Review</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Tecumseh</b> (1768-1813). Born near the site of Springfield, Ohio. First +appeared as a brave in a battle with Kentucky soldiers about 1788. In +the campaign of 1794-1795 between American troops and Indians, came into +prominence as a daring warrior. In 1805 he and his brother Ellskwatawa, +the Prophet, formed the project of uniting all the western tribes of +Indians in a war against the Americans. With this object visited the +different tribes and induced many to join his ranks. In the campaigns of +1812-1813 joined the British against the Americans, and wounded at the +battle of Maguaga. In 1812 given the rank of brigadier-general. In 1813 +killed at the battle of Moravian town, on the Thames, while leading his +Indian troops on the British side. <b>Index</b>: <b>Bk</b> Shawnee warrior, desirous +of uniting all the Indian tribes for their common defence, 150; proposes +alliance with United States, 150; his<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_378" id="Page_378">[378]</a></span> overtures being rejected, decides +on war, 151, 176; repulses Americans at Canard River, 237; disperses +force of the enemy on their own territory, 237; in fight at Maguaga, +241; his opinion of Brock, 246; appearance, dress, and character, 246, +247; leads Indians in attack on Detroit, 254; his commendation of Brock, +257. <b>Bib.</b>: Morgan, <i>Cel. Can.</i>; Dent, <i>Can. Por.</i>; Drake, <i>Life of +Tecumseh</i>; Eggleston, <i>Tecumseh and the Shawnee Prophet</i>; Tupper, <i>Life +and Correspondence of Brock</i>; Tupper, <i>Family Records</i>; Lucas, <i>Canadian +War of 1812</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Teganissorens (Decanisora).</b> <b>F</b> Onondaga orator, 338.</p> + +<p><b>Telegraph Companies.</b> <b>BL</b> Incorporated in 1847, 277-278.</p> + +<p><b>Temple, Richard Temple Grenville, Earl</b> (1711-1779). Represented +Buckingham and Buckinghamshire in Parliament, 1734-1752; first lord of +the Admiralty, 1756-1757; lord privy seal, 1757-1761. <b>Index</b>: <b>WM</b> +Witnesses singular behaviour of Wolfe at house of Pitt, 65, 66. <b>Bib.</b>: +<i>Dict. Nat. Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>Temple, Sir Thomas</b> (1614-1674). Born in England. Given a grant of land +in Nova Scotia, in 1656; induced Cromwell to confirm it, and in 1657 +appointed governor of Acadia. Sailed for America, and occupied the forts +of St. John and Pentagoet. On the restoration of Charles II, his claims +were again in jeopardy, but were eventually confirmed. In 1662 created +by Charles II a baronet of Nova Scotia, and again appointed governor. In +1667 Nova Scotia was ceded to France, and in 1670 forced to resign his +claims to the territory. Afterwards settled in Boston, finally returning +to England. <b>Index</b>: <b>F</b> English governor of Acadia, 1656, 268. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Dict. +Nat. Biog.</i>; Murdoch, <i>History of Nova Scotia</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Tessoüat.</b> <b>Ch</b> Algonquian chief, 10, 75, 77.</p> + +<p><b>Têtes de Boule.</b> <b>Hd</b> Indian tribe trading at Three Rivers, 54.</p> + +<p><b>Têtu.</b> <b>Hd</b> On Haldimand. 291.</p> + +<p><b>Theatre.</b> <b>F</b> At Quebec, 336. <b>Hd</b> Allan Maclean's effort for, 306-307; +attempt to produce Molière's <i>Les Fourberies de Scapin</i>, 307.</p> + +<p><b>Themines, Pons de Lauzière, Marquis de</b> (1552-1627). Marshal of France. +<b>Index</b>: <b>Ch</b> Temporary viceroy of New France, 123.</p> + +<p><b>Thierry-Desdames.</b> <b>Ch</b> Company's clerk at Quebec, 121, 138; sent to St. +Barnabé Island, 173.</p> + +<p><b>Thom, Adam.</b> Born in Scotland. Educated at King's College, Aberdeen. Came +to Canada, and practised law in Montreal. Appointed recorder of Rupert's +Land, 1838, and arrived in the Red River Settlement the following year. +Also legal adviser to the governor of Assiniboia. His arbitrary conduct +made him extremely unpopular, especially among the French half-breeds, +and he was compelled to retire from the bench in 1849. The following +year reinstated, to try a complicated case of defamatory conspiracy, but +the verdict proved so unsatisfactory that Governor Caldwell procured his +permanent removal, and had him appointed clerk of the court. Resigned +this office in 1854, and returned to Scotland. <b>Index</b>: <b>MS</b> Governor +Simpson makes him recorder of Red River, 1839, 245; opposes Papineau in +Lower Canada, 245; his newspaper letters signed "Camillus," 245; on +Durham's staff, 245; returns with him to England, 245; his influence in +Red River affairs, 246; the "stormy petrel," of the Settlement, 247; +returns to England, 1854, 247; his connection with Simpson's narrative +of his journey round the world, 249. <b>Bib.</b>: Bryce, <i>Manitoba</i> and +<i>Hudson's Bay Company</i>; Ross, <i>Red River Settlement</i>; Begg, <i>History of +the North-West</i>. <i>See also</i> Red River Colony.</p> + +<p><b>Thomas, John</b> (1725-1776). Born in Marshfield, Mass. Surgeon in a +regiment sent to Annapolis Royal, 1746; and in 1747 surgeon, and +afterwards lieuten<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_379" id="Page_379">[379]</a></span>ant, in Shirley's Regiment. In 1759 promoted colonel +of Provincials, and in 1760 commanded a regiment at the capture of +Montreal. On the outbreak of the Revolution joined the colonials; raised +a regiment of volunteers; and in 1775 became brigadier-general. In 1776 +commanded a brigade at the siege of Boston, capturing Dorchester +Heights, and promoted major-general. Succeeded to the command of the +American army in Canada on the death of General James Montgomery, +arriving before Quebec on May 1, 1776. Died near Chambly, on the retreat +from Quebec. <b>Index</b>: <b>Dr</b> Replaces Wooster, recalled, 136; stampede of his +forces when attacked by Carleton, 138. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Cyc. Am. Biog.</i> <i>See also</i> +Siege of Quebec, 1775-1776.</p> + +<p><b>Thompson.</b> <b>T</b> Elected in York, New Brunswick, 108.</p> + +<p><b>Thompson, David</b> (1770-1857). Born in the parish of St. John's, +Westminster, England. Educated at the Gray Coat School; and entered the +service of the Hudson's Bay Company, 1784. The first of his voluminous +journals opens at Fort Churchill in that year. The last is dated 1850. +The journals fill forty-five volumes of manuscript, and cover a period +of sixty-six years. Remained in the service of the Hudson's Bay Company +until 1797, and in that period carried on explorations and surveys of +the Nelson, Churchill, and Saskatchewan Rivers, and the intervening +territory. In 1797 joined the North West Company, and in the years that +followed, explored the upper waters of the Assiniboine; made a journey +overland to the Mandan villages on the Missouri; and another to the head +waters of the Mississippi; and surveyed portions of the upper waters of +the Saskatchewan, Athabaska, and Peace Rivers. From 1807 to 1811, +explored the entire system of the Columbia and Kootenay Rivers, from +source to mouth. Left the North-West in 1812, and from 1816 to 1826 +engaged in surveying and defining the international boundary. Afterwards +carried out several minor surveys, in what is now eastern Canada. Died +at Longueuil, near Montreal. <b>Index</b>: <b>MS</b> Referred to in Mackenzie's +letters, 58; his explorations, 103; leaves Hudson's Bay Company, and +joins North West Company, 103; visits the Mandan Indians, 104; further +explorations, 105; sent to explore the Columbia, 106; crosses the Rocky +Mountains, 1806, and builds post on Columbia, 106; descends the Columbia +to its mouth, 106-107; builds other posts west of the mountains, 107; +leaves service of the North West Company, 107; prepares his great map, +107; Thompson River named after, 109. <b>D</b> Completes his western work, +1811, 58; returns to eastern Canada, 58; ends his days in poverty, 59; +astronomer of North West Company, 57; previously in service of Hudson's +Bay Company, 57-58; extent of his travels, 58; visits Mandan country, +58; enters Bow River Pass, 1805, 58; discovers Howse Pass, 58; builds +Fort Kootenay, 58; first to explore Kootenay district, 58; discoverer of +Athabaska Pass, 58; proclaims British sovereignty, at junction of +Spokane and Columbia, 58. <b>Bib.</b>: Tyrrell, <i>Journeys of David Thompson</i>; +<i>Henry-Thompson Journals</i>, ed. by Coues; Laut, <i>Conquest of the Great +North-West</i>; Burpee, <i>Search for the Western Sea</i>; Bryce, <i>Hudson's Bay +Company</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Thompson, David</b> (1796-1868). Born in Scotland. Served in the British +army and in the Canadian militia. Taught school in Niagara and acted as +a surveyor. In 1832 published <i>History of the late War between Great +Britain and the United States of America</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Thompson, Edward.</b> <b>Mc</b> Defeats Mackenzie, 308.</p> + +<p><b>Thompson, James.</b> <b>Dr</b> Engineer, his work on the fortifications of Quebec, +117.</p> + +<p><b>Thompson, Sir John Sparrow David</b> (1844-1894). Born in Halifax, Nova +Scotia. Educated at Free Church Academy, Halifax. In 1859 a reporter in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_380" id="Page_380">[380]</a></span> +the House of Assembly. In 1865 called to the bar and practised in +Halifax. In 1877 member for Antigonish, in the Assembly; and in 1878 +attorney-general in the Holmes-Thompson government. On the retirement of +Holmes in 1882, became premier, but being defeated in the House, +resigned two months later. In 1882 appointed a judge of the Supreme +Court. In 1885 minister of justice and attorney-general of Canada, in +Sir John A. Macdonald's government, being elected for Antigonish to the +House of Commons. Appointed legal adviser to the British +plenipotentiaries who arranged the Fishery Treaty with the United States +in 1888, and knighted for his services. In 1892 premier, on the +retirement of Sir John Abbott. In 1893 went to Paris as one of the +arbitrators upon the Bering Sea fisheries dispute. In 1894, while on a +visit to England, and soon after being sworn in as a member of the +Imperial Privy Council, died suddenly at Windsor Castle. <b>Index</b>: <b>Md</b> +Minister of justice, 254; his address when unveiling statue of John A. +Macdonald at Hamilton, 332. <b>Bib.</b>: Morgan, <i>Can. Men</i>; <i>Dict. Nat. +Biog.</i>; Hopkins, <i>Life of Sir John Thompson</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Thompson, Samuel.</b> <b>B</b> His pen picture of George Brown, 4-5.</p> + +<p><b>Thompson, S. R.</b> <b>T</b> Anti-Confederate candidate in St. John County, New +Brunswick, 108, 109.</p> + +<p><b>Thompson, William</b> (1725-1781). Born in Ireland. Emigrated to +Pennsylvania, and commanded a troop of mounted militia in the French and +Indian campaigns. In 1776 appointed a brigadier-general by Congress, and +sent to Canada with reinforcements for General John Thomas. On June 6, +ordered by General Sullivan, who had succeeded Thomas, to attack the +enemy at Three Rivers, but badly defeated and taken prisoner; exchanged +two years later. <b>Index</b>: <b>Dr</b> Sent to attack Fraser at Three Rivers, 145; +repulsed with loss, 146. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Cyc. Am. Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>Thomson, Andrew.</b> <b>Sy</b> Elder brother and business partner of Sydenham, 9; +annoyed at losses and expenses incurred by his brother, 14.</p> + +<p><b>Thomson, Edward William</b> (1849- ). Canadian author and journalist. <b>Index</b>: +<b>B</b> His sketch of Gordon Brown, 245. <b>Bib.</b>: Morgan, <i>Can. Men</i>; <i>Canadian +Who's Who</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Thomson, John.</b> <b>Sy</b> Merchant, father of Sydenham, 4; adds "Poulett" to his +name, 4.</p> + +<p><b>Thomson, Poulett.</b> <i>See</i> Sydenham.</p> + +<p><b>Thornton, Sir Edward.</b> Born in London, England, 1817; son of Sir Edward +Thornton, minister to Portugal. Graduated at Cambridge in 1840. Entered +the diplomatic service, and in 1842 stationed at Turin. In 1845 attaché +in Mexico, and in 1851 secretary of legation. Appointed minister to the +Argentine Confederation in 1859; and in 1865 minister to Brazil; in 1867 +minister to Washington; in 1871 a member of the Joint High Commission on +the <i>Alabama</i> claims; and in 1873 one of the arbitrators of the American +and Mexican Claims Commission. In 1878 served on the Ontario Boundary +Commission. In 1881 appointed ambassador to St. Petersburg; and to +Turkey in 1884; retired from the diplomatic service, 1887; made a G. C. +B., 1883. <b>Index</b>: <b>B</b> British minister at Washington, joint plenipotentiary +with George Brown for negotiation of a reciprocity treaty, 1874, 226. <b>Md</b> +Serves on Ontario Boundary Commission, 255. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Cyc. Am. Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>Thorpe, Robert.</b> A member of the Irish bar. Judge of the Supreme Court of +Prince Edward Island, 1802; judge of the Court of King's Bench of Upper +Canada, 1805. Took part in the political quarrels of the time; elected a +member<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_381" id="Page_381">[381]</a></span> of the Upper Canadian Assembly, 1807; dismissed from his +judgeship by order of the secretary of state, on the representations of +the governor, Sir Francis Gore; sued Sir Francis Gore in England for +libel and recovered damages. Appointed chief-justice of Sierra Leone; +returned to England after two years on account of ill-health; brought +with him for delivery a petition to the home government from the people +of Sierra Leone, and on this account dismissed from office. Died in +England. <b>Bib.</b>: Morgan, <i>Cel. Can.</i>; Read, <i>Lives of the Judges</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Three Rivers.</b> City of Quebec, at the mouth of St. Maurice River. First +colonists settled there in 1633; the Jesuits arrived the following year; +and the same year a fort was built by Laviolette, who is regarded as the +founder of the town. Throughout the seventeenth century, it was the +scene of almost constant conflict with the Iroquois. In 1670 the Jesuits +were replaced by the Récollets; and in 1697 the Ursulines established a +convent. <b>Index</b>: <b>L</b> Récollet mission at, 111. <b>WM</b> French provision ships +retire to, 87. <b>Dr</b> Governorship of, abolished, 21; used as military dépôt +by Americans in invasion of Canada, 141; Carleton's troops rendezvous +at, 144. <b>F</b> Fort erected at, 24; population in 1666, 268. <b>Ch</b> Centre of +fur trade for some years, 120; conference with Indian tribes at, 162; +Jesuit mission founded at, 228. <b>Hd</b> Haldimand military governor of, 1; +Ralph Burton governor of, 41-42; Haldimand appointed to district on +Burton's departure, 42-51, 64, 65, 290, 293; early history of the +settlement, 42; fires in, 44; difficulty in obtaining recruits at, 56; +government divided between Quebec and Montreal, 60; Haldimand relieved +of command at, in 1765, 61-62; Indians protected at, 147; Haldimand +befriends Ursuline nuns at, 179; census taken, 190, 231; question of +inoculation for smallpox at, 229; schools of, 233, 235; banns of +marriage published at, 237; Loyalists sheltered near, 254; Du Calvet +arrested at, 280. <b>Bib.</b>: Sulte, <i>Histoire des Trois-Rivières, 1534-1537</i> +and <i>Album d'Histoire des Trois-Rivières, 1634-1721</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Three Rivers.</b> <b>Ch</b> Name given by Champlain to river St. Maurice, 52.</p> + +<p><b>Thurlow, Edward, Baron</b> (1731-1806). Born in Norfolk, England. Entered +Parliament for Tamworth, 1768. In 1770 appointed solicitor-general, and +in 1771 attorney-general. In 1774 supported on constitutional grounds +the ministerial scheme for the government of Quebec province. In 1778 +lord chancellor and raised to the peerage. Presided at the trial of +Warren Hastings, 1788. Supported Pitt's foreign policy throughout, but +on other questions was not a loyal adherent of the prime minister. In +1792 Pitt and Grenville, with whom he then bitterly disagreed, induced +the king to part with the chancellor, who then resigned the great seal. +Throughout his career an ardent supporter of the king, and added all his +influence in favour of the policy which led to the revolt of the +American colonies. <b>Index</b>: <b>Dr</b> Attorney-general, on French-Canadian claims +in matters of law, 62, 66. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Dict. Nat. Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>Thury, Abbé.</b> <b>F</b> Missionary to Abenaquis, 250.</p> + +<p><b>Ticonderoga.</b> Known to the French as Carillon. Built by Lotbinière in +1755-1756, on a promontory at the southern end of Lake Champlain, where +it formed the advanced post of the French, and guarded the frontier from +British attack. Abercromby brought an army against it in 1758, and was +badly beaten by Montcalm. The following year Amherst captured the fort, +Bourlamaque retreating down the lake with his force. In 1775 it was +taken by the Americans, under Ethan Allen; and recaptured in 1777 by +Burgoyne, remaining in the possession of the British until the close of +the war. When the boundary was settled, it became the property of the +United States. <b>Index</b>: <b>Ch</b> Scene of fight with<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_382" id="Page_382">[382]</a></span> Iroquois, 54. <b>Hd</b> +Disastrous attack on, 18-21. <i>See</i> Carillon; Abercromby; Allen; Amherst. +<b>Bib.</b>: Parkman, <i>Montcalm and Wolfe</i>; Smith, <i>Our Struggle for the +Fourteenth Colony</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Tilley, James.</b> <b>T</b> Grandfather of Sir Leonard Tilley, grantee of Parrtown, +3; died in Sunbury County in 1851, 3.</p> + +<p><b>Tilley, John.</b> <b>T</b> Came over in the <i>Mayflower</i> in 1620, 2.</p> + +<p><b>Tilley, Sir Leonard</b> (1818-1896). <b>W</b> Grandson of William Peters, 3; +succeeds Wilmot as lieutenant-governor, 133. <b>T</b> Elected to New Brunswick +Assembly, 1850, 1; born in Gagetown, New Brunswick, May 8, 1818, his +descent, 1-2; his father, 3-4; early home, 4-5; education, 5; begins +commercial life, 7; espouses cause of total abstinence, 8; his business +career, 8-9; enters political life, 10; returned for St. John city, 10; +his colleagues, 11-15; supports Ritchie's amendment, 18; resigns his +seat, 24; out of Parliament, 25; his tariff views, 29-30; becomes +provincial secretary, 32; introduces prohibitory liquor bill, 34; +defeated in St. John, 41; elected in St. John, 43; provincial secretary, +43; his nomination speech, 52; delegate to England in railway matter, +54-55; attends Quebec Intercolonial Railway Conference, 56; again in +England on same matter, 57; supports Confederation, 59; proposes uniform +tariff for Maritime Provinces, 70-71; attends Charlottetown Conference, +73; and Quebec Conference, 77, 79; candidate in St. John, 84; resigns, +90; his influence, 104; again provincial secretary, 105; elected for St. +John, 109; the Confederation movement, 112; his personal magnetism, 113; +his work for Confederation, 114; his defence of the union, 116-118; +delegate to England, 120; presented to the queen, 124; in first Dominion +ministry, 128-129; becomes minister of finance, 130; represents St. John +in Dominion Parliament, 131; receives honour of C. B., 132; his +parliamentary career, 133-134; appointed lieutenant-governor, 134; his +governorship, 135-136; returns to political life as minister of finance, +137; again lieutenant-governor, 138-139; his popularity, 140; his +religious life, 140-141; given a K. C. M. G., 141; visits the queen at +Osborne, 142; his marriage, 1843, 142; his second wife, 142; his family, +142-143; last illness and death, 1896, 144-145; funeral service, 146; +his character, 147-148. <b>H</b> His government defeated in New Brunswick on +Confederation issue, 179; returned to office, 187; welcomes Tupper on +his return from England, 207; urges Sir John Macdonald to visit Nova +Scotia and confer with leaders of Anti-Confederate party, 209. <b>B</b> Tours +Canada with other delegates after Quebec Conference, 166; defeated in +New Brunswick on Confederation issue, 182-183; in Peter Mitchell's +Pro-Confederation ministry, 188; relations with Macdonald, 202-203. <b>Md</b> +Delegate to Quebec Conference, 110; letters to, from Macdonald, on +Confederation, 117-118, 125-126; minister of customs, 134; supports +Intercolonial route running directly across New Brunswick, 153; supports +Macdonald and the national policy, 220; introduces a bill to give effect +to the national policy, 228-229; his co-operation with Macdonald, +270-271. <b>Bib.</b>: Dent, <i>Can. Por.</i> and <i>Last Forty Years</i>; Taylor, <i>Brit. +Am.</i>; Hannay, <i>Life and Times of Sir Leonard Tilley</i> and <i>History of New +Brunswick</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Tilley, Samuel.</b> <b>T</b> Sir Leonard Tilley's great-grandfather, 1; a Loyalist +farmer on Long Island, 2; arrives at Parrtown (St. John), 1783, 3; dies +there, 1815, 3; his wife dies, 1835, 3.</p> + +<p><b>Tilley, Thomas Morgan</b> (1790-1870). <b>T</b> Father of Sir Leonard Tilley, born, +1790, 3; in lumber business, 4; dies, 1870, 4.</p> + +<p><b>Tilsit, Treaty of.</b> <b>Bk</b> Between Russia and Napoleon, 1807, 105; failure +of, 106.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_383" id="Page_383">[383]</a></span></p> + +<p><b>Timber Trade.</b> <b>Sy</b> Between Britain and colonies. Sydenham's views on, 130, +136. <i>See also</i> Trade.</p> + +<p><b>Times.</b> Newspaper published at London, England; established, 1785. <b>Index</b>: +<b>BL</b> On Rebellion Losses Bill, 320-321. <b>B</b> On Canadian independence, 143; +attitude towards United States during war with the South, 144; on +Canadian defence, 147. <b>C</b> Advocates independence of Canada and other +great colonies, 89-93; Cartier replies to, 92. <b>Md</b> Account in, of +memorial service held in Westminster Abbey in honour of Macdonald, +322-324.</p> + +<p><b>Tippecanoe.</b> <b>Bk</b> General Harrison's encounter with Indians at, 174-176.</p> + +<p><b>Tipping, Captain.</b> <b>D</b> Voyage to the North-West Coast for sea-otter skins, +22.</p> + +<p><b>Tithes.</b> <b>Dr</b> Attempts to create discontent on the subject of, 79. <b>L</b> +Collection of, by Quebec Seminary, sanctioned by the French king, 10; +fixed by Sovereign Council at one twenty-sixth, 10; Laval obtains +authority to collect one-thirteenth as, 50; rate reduced to one +twenty-sixth, 54; objected to by some of the colonists, 54; decree of +1679 respecting, 55; limitation of, 181.</p> + +<p><b>Tobin, Michael.</b> <b>H</b> Member of Uniacke government, Nova Scotia, 110; +resigns seat in government, as protest against Howe's attack on Irish +Roman Catholics, 164. <b>H</b> Member of Uniacke administration, 1848, 110; +resigns seat in government, 164. <b>Bib.</b>: Campbell, <i>History of Nova +Scotia</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Tod, John.</b> Born in Water Leven, Dumbartonshire, Scotland. Joined the +Hudson's Bay Company, 1813, and employed for a time at York Factory as +superintendent of the fur shed. Sent by Governor Simpson to New +Caledonia, 1823; took an active part in the development of the Company's +operations west of the mountains. A man of strong personality, and a +notable correspondent; many of his letters to Hargrave, Ermatinger, and +other contemporaries among the fur traders have been preserved. +Stationed at Fort McLeod in 1824, and still there when Sir George +Simpson visited the post on his overland journey in 1828. Chief trader +in charge of Fort Kamloops, 1846. Bancroft describes some dramatic +incidents of his reign at Kamloops. Retired from Company's service, +1851; appointed same year a member of the council of government; +subsequently a member of the Legislative Council of Vancouver Island. +Died at Oak Bay, near Victoria. <b>Index</b>: <b>MS</b> Governor Simpson's prejudice +against, 268. <b>D</b> At McLeod Lake, 99; character, 100; account of Fort +George massacre, 105-106. <b>Bib.</b>: Bancroft, <i>History of British Columbia</i>; +Bryce, <i>Hudson's Bay Company</i>; Begg, <i>History of British Columbia</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Todd, Alpheus</b> (1821-1884). Born in London, England. Removed to Canada in +1833. In 1836 appointed assistant librarian of the House of Assembly of +Upper Canada, and upon the union of the two provinces of Canada, +assistant librarian to the Legislative Assembly. In 1854 appointed +principal librarian, and constitutional adviser to both Houses of the +Legislature. In 1856, a library grant of £10,000 having been made, sent +to Europe to expend it. Upon the Confederation of the provinces in 1867, +appointed librarian to the Dominion Parliament. In 1881 received the +honorary degree of LL.D. from Queen's University, Kingston. <b>Bib.</b>: Works: +<i>Parliamentary Government in England</i>; <i>Parliamentary Government in the +British Colonies</i>. For biog., <i>see</i> Rose, <i>Cyc. Can. Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>Tolmie, William Fraser</b> (1812-1886). Born at Inverness, Scotland. Studied +medicine; joined the Hudson's Bay Company, 1832, arriving at Fort +Vancouver the following year. Filled the dual positions of medical +officer and trader in the Company's service for many years. Stationed at +Fort McLoughlin, 1833-1836; visited Scotland, 1841-1843; chief factor, +1856, and removed to Victoria,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_384" id="Page_384">[384]</a></span> where appointed to the board of +management of the Company, 1859. Retired in 1860, and for five years sat +in the Legislative Assembly. Died in Victoria. Tolmie Channel was named +after him. <b>Index</b>: <b>D</b> Succeeds Anderson at Fort McLoughlin, 1834, 117; +establishes first circulating library on Pacific slope, 117-118. <b>Bib.</b>: +Bancroft, <i>History of British Columbia</i>; Walbran, <i>British Columbia +Coast Names</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Tonnancour, De.</b> <b>Dr</b> Entertains Carleton at Three Rivers, 89; in command +of militia, 187. <b>Hd</b> Commander at Three Rivers, his application to +Haldimand, 243.</p> + +<p><b>Tonquin.</b> An American vessel, which brought out the Astorians from New +York to the Columbia in 1810. She was commanded by a domineering +officer, Captain Thorn. The following year, accompanied by Alexander +McKay, one of the partners of Astor's company, Thorn sailed north on a +trading expedition. At Nootka, while trading with the natives, he struck +one of the principal chiefs and turned him out of the ship. A few days +later a large party of Indians came on board, ostensibly to trade, but +carrying concealed weapons. At a preconcerted signal, they fell on the +officers and crew, killing all but five seamen, who escaped into the +hold. Four of these escaped the following day in a boat, but perished at +sea. The natives, believing the ship deserted, come on board in a crowd +to pillage her. Suddenly, while four or five hundred were huddled +together on the deck, the ship blew up with a frightful noise. The +sailor who had remained behind, probably wounded, is supposed to have +taken this terrible revenge. An Indian of Gray's Harbour, who had been +among the crew, managed to escape during the massacre, and brought the +news to Astoria. <b>Index</b>: <b>D</b> Attacked by natives at Clayoquot Sound, June, +1811, and entire crew massacred, 37; sent to the Columbia by Astor, 71; +murder of crew, 71. <b>Bib.</b>: <a name='TC_15'></a><ins title="Was 'Franchere'">Franchère</ins>, <i>Voyage to the North-West Coast of +America</i>; Irving, <i>Astoria</i>; Bryce, <i>Hudson's Bay Company</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Tonti, Chevalier Henri de</b> (1650-1704). Born in Gaeta, Italy; son of a +well-known financier, and inventor of the Tontine form of life +insurance. Served in the Silician wars, where lost one of his hands. +Introduced to La Salle in Paris, and agreed to join him in his ambitious +schemes of western exploration. They crossed the Atlantic together in +1678, and the same year set forth for the west. At Cayuga Creek, above +Niagara Falls, Tonti built the <i>Griffon</i>, while La Salle went back to +Fort Frontenac for supplies. In the spring of 1679, they sailed together +to Michilimackinac; descended the Illinois, and built Fort Crèvecœur. +In 1682 accompanied La Salle down the Mississippi to the Gulf. Engaged +in the fur trade at Fort St. Louis, after the death of La Salle. <b>Index</b>: +<b>L</b> Left in charge of Fort Crèvecœur, 149; driven out by Iroquois, 194; +La Salle makes him his representative in Canada, 151. <b>F</b> La Salle's +lieutenant at Fort Crèvecœur, 144, 160; joins expedition against +Iroquois, 209; arrives from Illinois country with <i>coureurs de bois</i>, +325. <b>Bib.</b>: Parkman, <i>La Salle</i>; Margry, <i>Relations et Mémoires Inédits</i>. +<i>See also</i> La Salle.</p> + +<p><b>Toronto.</b> Capital of the province of Ontario. The name is of Huron origin +and means "place of meeting." Fort Rouillé was built on the site of the +city by the French in 1749; also known as Fort Toronto. In 1793, +Governor Simcoe moved the seat of government from Newark (Niagara), to +Toronto Bay, and named the new settlement York. In 1813 it was captured +and sacked by the Americans. In 1834 the city was incorporated, and +renamed Toronto. <b>Index</b>: <b>E</b> Becomes joint seat of government with Quebec, +78. <b>B</b> Represented by George Brown in Parliament, 99; Board of Trade of +advocates incorporation of North-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_385" id="Page_385">[385]</a></span>West Territories with Canada, 216. <b>BL</b> +Attack on, planned in 1837, 43; banquet to Baldwin and others, 220-221; +aspires to honour of capital, 181; Orange mob burn Baldwin and Hincks in +effigy, 187; under Baldwin's Municipal Act, 300; becomes seat of +government, 338. <b>S</b> Name of, officially changed to York, 203; building +regulations in, 203. <b>C</b> City council asks Poulett Thomson to disfranchise +French of Lower Canada, 99. <i>See also</i> York. <b>Bib.</b>: Robinson, <i>History of +Toronto</i>; Robertson, <i>Landmarks of Toronto</i>; Adam, <i>Toronto Old and +New</i>; Scadding, <i>Toronto of Old</i>; Mulvany, <i>Toronto Past and Present</i>; +Taylor, <i>Toronto Called Back</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Toronto Alliance Society.</b> <b>Mc</b> Sympathizes with Lower Canada, 327.</p> + +<p><b>Toronto University.</b> Projected in 1797, and chartered, 1827, as King's +College, mainly through the efforts of Bishop Strachan. The charter was +amended in 1837, as the result of an agitation against its theological +bias. In 1850 the university was completely secularized; and in 1853 the +institution received its present name. In 1887 the charter was again +amended. Victoria, Knox, St. Michaels, and Wycliffe colleges were +affiliated with the university in that year; and Trinity in 1903. +Further changes were made in the government of the university in 1906. +<b>Index</b>: <b>BL</b> Baldwin's Bill and the university question, 190-197; its +definite foundation, 281; Act amending the charter, 292; history of +legislation affecting, 293; Bourinot and Loudon on Baldwin Bill, 293; +terms of the bill, 294-295. <b>E</b> Its history, 93-95. <b>Md</b> Formerly King's +College, 30; an institution for secular learning alone, 30, 44, 69. +<b>Bib.</b>: Loudon, <i>History of the University of Toronto</i> in <i>Canada: An +Ency.</i>, vol. 4; Burwash, <i>Founding and Development of University of +Toronto</i> (R. S. C., 1905); <i>The University of Toronto and its Colleges, +1827-1906</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Tourmente, Cap.</b> <b>Ch</b> Champlain's establishment at, for raising cattle, +171; his establishment destroyed by fire, 177.</p> + +<p><b>Townshend, Lord Charles.</b> <i>See</i> Bayning.</p> + +<p><b>Townshend, George, Marquis</b> (1724-1807). Born in Norfolk, England. +Entered the army, and engaged in the battles of Dettingen, Fontenoy, and +Culloden. In 1759 ordered to Canada; brigadier-general, and commanded +one of the divisions under Wolfe. On Wolfe's death succeeded to the +command, and received the capitulation of Quebec. Returning to England, +served in continental campaigns. Lord-lieutenant of Ireland from 1767 to +1772. In 1784 created Earl of Leicester, and in 1787 Marquis Townshend. +<b>Index</b>: <b>WM</b> Brigadier under Wolfe, 74; commands British right in battle of +Montmorency, 134, 140, 141, 142; moves up river with his command to join +fleet, 161; commands British right in battle of the Plains, 189; takes +command on death of Wolfe, 219; Montcalm's letter to, 219; fortifies +British position, 222; places guard on General Hospital, 223; accepts +capitulation of Quebec, 235; receives keys of the Château St. Louis, +235; returns to England, 235. <b>Hd</b> His lack of interest in Canada, 184; +Haldimand's letter to, 188. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Dict. Nat. Biog.</i>; Doughty, <i>Siege of +Quebec</i>; Wood, <i>The Fight for Canada</i>; Townshend, <i>Life of Marquess +Townshend</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Tracy, Alexandre de Prouville, Marquis de</b> (1603-1670). Served in the +French army, and in 1655 recaptured Cayenne from the Dutch. In 1663 +appointed lieutenant-general of all the French dominions in America, +and, after spending a year in the West Indies, reached Quebec, June 30, +1665. With the newly arrived Carignan-Salières Regiment as his weapon, +at once initiated a vigorous policy against the Iroquois, and especially +the contumacious Mohawks. In 1666, with thirteen hundred men, marched +against the latter, burnt their<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_386" id="Page_386">[386]</a></span> villages, and drove them into the +woods. The following year deputies arrived at Quebec from all the +Iroquois tribes, suing for peace. Having secured to the colony a peace +which lasted for nearly twenty years, returned to France. <b>Index</b>: <b>F</b> +Appointed king's lieutenant-general for all his possessions in America, +50; arrives at Quebec, 51; marches against Iroquois (Mohawks), 53; +concludes peace, 53; removes Maisonneuve from governorship of Montreal, +54; recalled, 54. <b>L</b> Appointed viceroy, 51; erects three forts on +Richelieu River, 53; marches against Mohawks, 53; returns to France, 81; +high character of, testified to by Laval, 81; his devout practices, 81, +82; makes pilgrimage to Ste. Anne de Beaupré, 102. <b>Bib.</b>: Parkman, <i>Old +Régime</i>; Charlevoix, <i>History of New France</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Trade.</b> <b>E</b> Depression in Canada following Britain's adoption of free +trade, 38-39, 45; Elgin's views on, 57-58; stimulated by repeal of +Navigation Laws in 1849, 85-86. <b>S</b> Exports from Kingston in 1794, 108.</p> + +<p><b>Trading Permits.</b> <b>F</b> Issued by governor, 115; objected to by bishop as +involving carrying of liquor to the Indians, 116; prohibited by king, +116; permitted under limitations, 128. <i>See also</i> Liquor question; +Brandy question.</p> + +<p><b>Trahan, Joseph.</b> <b>WM</b> His account of Montcalm before the battle, 197.</p> + +<p><b>Traill, Catherine Parr</b> (1802-1899). Born in England; daughter of Thomas +Strickland of Reydon Hall, Suffolk, and sister of Agnes Strickland and +Susanna Moodie. Educated at home. Began to write at an early age, her +first volume of stories for children being published in 1818. In 1832 +married Lieutenant Thomas Traill of the Royal Scotch Fusileers, and some +months later they removed to Canada. Most of her books were written in +Canada, and embody her experiences in the backwoods, and her intimate +studies of plant life. <b>Bib.</b>: Works: <i>Plant Life in Canada</i>; <i>Canadian +Wild Flowers</i>; <i>Canadian Crusoes</i>; <i>Pearls and Pebbles</i>, with biog. +sketch by Mary Agnes FitzGibbon. For biog., <i>see</i> Morgan, <i>Cel. Can.</i>; +MacMurchy, <i>Canadian Literature</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Transcontinental Railway.</b> <b>B</b> Members of British government in 1862 +favourable to, except Gladstone, 143. <i>See also</i> Railways.</p> + +<p><b>Transcript.</b> Newspaper published at Montreal. <b>Index</b>: <b>B</b> Opposes annexation +of North-West Territories, 218. <b>BL</b> Denounces La Fontaine-Baldwin +government, 141.</p> + +<p><b>Transportation.</b> <b>B</b> Roads in Upper Canada in 1834, 54; improvement of, +advocated by George Brown, 61; Hincks and the Grand Trunk, 64. <b>S</b> +Difficulty and cost of, in early times, 109. <b>BL</b> Steamboat and stage +travel in 1839, 74-75; improvement of inland navigation provided for in +government programme in 1841, 89; interests advanced under second La +Fontaine-Baldwin ministry, 282, 286, 287, 301-302; 337. <b>E</b> Vigorous +policy of La Fontaine-Baldwin government, 96-101; and of Hincks-Morin +ministry, 114-116. <i>See also</i> Railways; Canals; Roads.</p> + +<p><b>Trayes.</b> <b>S</b> Baptist deacon, teaches school at Port Rowan, 167.</p> + +<p><b>Traytorrens, Captain.</b> <b>Hd</b> Correspondent of Haldimand's, 315.</p> + +<p><b>Treaties.</b> <i>See</i> Aix-la-Chapelle; Ashburton; Jay's; Paris; St. +Germain-en-Laye; Ryswick; Breda; Utrecht; Suze; Versailles; Oregon; +Washington.</p> + +<p><b>Tregatin.</b> <b>Ch</b> Indian, brings news of Kirke's arrival, 176.</p> + +<p><b>Trent Affair.</b> Took place in November, 1861, when Captain C. Wilkes of +the United States navy intercepted the British mail steamer <i>Trent</i> +sailing from Havana, and arrested two commissioners from the Confederate +States who were passengers, and who were accredited to France. They were +conveyed to the United States and imprisoned in Boston. The affair +caused great excitement; war between Great Britain and the United States +seemed imminent, and was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_387" id="Page_387">[387]</a></span> averted only by the release of the two +commissioners on the demand of Great Britain in January, 1862. <b>Index</b>: <b>C</b> +Canada's connection with, leads to reorganization of militia, 87. <b>T</b> +Helped along Intercolonial Railway project, 55. <b>Md</b> Storm aroused by +seizure of the <i>Trent</i>, 97-98. <b>Bib.</b>: Dent, <i>Last Forty Years</i>; Harris, +<i>The Trent Affair</i>; King, <i>Turning on the Light</i>; Roberts, <i>History of +Canada</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Trenton (New Jersey).</b> <b>Dr</b> Surrender of Hessians at, 164.</p> + +<p><b>Trinité.</b> <b>Ch</b> French vessel, seized by the English, 222.</p> + +<p><b>Trinity College.</b> College with university powers, established at Toronto. +Now affiliated with the University of Toronto. <b>Index</b>: <b>E</b> Established +through the efforts of Bishop Strachan, 95-96. <b>BL</b> Founded by Bishop +Strachan, 1851, 295-296. <b>Md</b> Founded by Bishop Strachan, 30. <b>Bib.</b>: Clark, +<i>The University of Trinity College</i> in <i>Canada: An Ency</i>., vol. 4; +Bethune, <i>Memoir of Bishop Strachan</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Troop, J. C.</b> <b>H</b> Delegate of Nova Scotia Anti-Confederate party to +England, to demand repeal of British North America Act, 204; receives +thanks of Legislature, 218. <b>Bib.</b>: Campbell, <i>History of Nova Scotia</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Troop, J. V.</b> <b>T</b> Ship-owner of St. John, New Brunswick, Anti-Confederate +candidate there, 84; defeated in St. John, 109.</p> + +<p><b>Trouvé, Claude.</b> <b>L</b> Sulpician, sent on mission to Lake Ontario, 105.</p> + +<p><b>Troyes, Chevalier Pierre de.</b> Born in France. Entered the army, and came +to Canada as an officer of the Carignan Regiment. In 1686 commanded an +expedition of one hundred men, against the forts of the Hudson's Bay +Company on the bay. With him went three members of the famous Le Moyne +family,—Iberville, St. Hélène, and Maricourt. They were successful in +surprising and capturing Moose Factory, Fort Rupert, and Albany. Took +part in Denonville's campaign of 1687; left at Niagara with a hundred +men to rebuild the fort erected by La Salle nine years before, and died +there of some malignant disease. <b>Index</b>: <b>F</b> Leads expedition to Hudson +Bay, 205; joins expedition against Iroquois, 209; in charge of fort at +Niagara, 214. <b>L</b> Commands expedition against English in Hudson Bay, 204, +<b>Bib.</b>: Laut, <i>Conquest of the Great North-West</i>; Bryce, <i>Hudson's Bay +Company</i>; Parkman, <i>Old Régime</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Tryon, William</b> (1725-1788). Born in Ireland. Served in the British army. +In 1764 sent to North Carolina, and on the death of Dobbs succeeded him +as lieutenant-governor in 1765. Held the position until 1771, when +appointed governor of New York. In 1772 made a colonel, and in 1777 +major-general. During his administration of the colony suppressed +insurrections and political misdemeanours with great severity. In 1778 +resigned the governorship. On his return to England promoted to +lieutenant-general, 1782. <b>Index</b>: <b>Hd</b> Governor of New York, 89; his house +burned, 91; returns to England, 91; Haldimand refuses to send troops to +aid of, 197. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Dict. Nat. Biog.</i>; <i>Cyc. Am. Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>Trytorrens, Marie Madeleine.</b> <b>Hd</b> Mother of Haldimand, 2.</p> + +<p><b>Tucker, R. G.</b> <b>Sy</b> Appointed provincial registrar, 332.</p> + +<p><b>Tuffet, Jean.</b> <b>Ch</b> Director of Company of New France, 170.</p> + +<p><b>Tupper, Charles</b> (1794-1881). Born in Cornwallis, Nova Scotia. At the age +of twenty-one entered the ministry of the Baptist Church. Held charges +at various places in Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island. Settled at +Amherst, where he became principal of the Grammar School, 1834. +Appointed principal of the Baptist Seminary at Fredericton, New +Brunswick, 1838. Returned to Amherst, 1840. Settled at Aylesford, 1851, +where he remained until his death.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_388" id="Page_388">[388]</a></span> <b>Bib.</b>: Hill, <i>Forty Years with the +Baptist Ministers and Churches of the Maritime Provinces of Canada</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Tupper, Sir Charles, Bart.</b> (1821- ). Born at Amherst, Nova Scotia. +Educated at Acadia College, and at Edinburgh. In 1843 graduated M.D., +and won the diploma of the Edinburgh Royal College of Surgeons. For some +years practised medicine at Amherst, Nova Scotia. In 1855 began his +political career, being elected to the Nova Scotia Legislature for +Cumberland County. In 1856, when the Johnstone Cabinet was formed, +became provincial secretary, serving until 1860. From 1864 to 1867 prime +minister of Nova Scotia. In 1867 elected member for Cumberland to the +first Dominion Parliament; president of the Privy Council, 1870; +minister of inland revenue, 1872-1873; minister of customs, 1873; +minister of public works, 1878; minister of railways and canals, +1879-1884. Held the position of high commissioner for Canada in England, +1884-1887; and was member of the Fisheries Conference, 1887. Returning +to Canada, was appointed minister of finance, 1887. Created a baronet, +1888. Again became high commissioner, 1888, holding the position until +1896. Returned to Canada, 1896; leader of the House of Commons in the +Bowell administration; four months later on the retirement of Sir M. +Bowell, prime minister of Canada, but was not upheld at the polls on +June 23, 1896. From 1896 to 1900 leader of the Opposition in the House +of Commons, but being defeated in the election of 1906, retired from +active political life. <b>Index</b>: <b>E</b> Leads movement for Imperial Zollverein, +59, 101. <b>B</b> Tours Canada with other delegates after Quebec Conference, +166. <b>C</b> Secures baronetcy for Cartier, 128; his letter to Duke of +Buckingham, 129. <b>H</b> Establishes free school system in Nova Scotia, 1864, +80; meets Joseph Howe on political platform in Cumberland County, 1852, +155-156; defeats him in 1855, 156-157; leads opposition in Legislature, +163; uses Howe's attack on Irish Roman Catholics as a handle to +overthrow the government, 163-164; becomes provincial secretary, 167; +his fight in Legislature to keep government in office, 168; his +retrenchment scheme, 1863, 171; elected by acclamation in Cumberland, +171-172; becomes leader of government, 172; quotes Howe against himself +in Confederation controversy, 173; his scheme for union of Maritime +Provinces, 175-180; advocates Confederation, 186-189; forms provincial +government, 1867, 198; offered but declines seat in first Dominion +Cabinet, 198; stumps the province against Howe, 199; sole advocate of +Confederation elected in Nova Scotia, 202; secures recruits from the +other side, 203; opposes Nova Scotia repealers in London, 204-205; his +interview with Howe, 205-206; letter to Macdonald, 207; urges Macdonald +to visit Nova Scotia, 209; contributes political articles to magazines, +258. <b>Md</b> Premier of Nova Scotia, arranges Conference at Charlottetown, to +discuss Confederation, 104; attends Conference at Quebec, 104-114; +passes through the House a law establishing compulsory education, 116; +Macdonald's first lieutenant, 139; opposes Howe's petition to home +government for repeal of British North America Act, 143-144; letter from +Macdonald, 184; supports Macdonald and national policy, 220; his +co-operation with Macdonald, 269-270; summoned from his post of high +commissioner to assist in election campaign of 1891, 315. <b>T</b> Favourable +to uniform tariff for Maritime Provinces, 70; delegate to Charlottetown +Conference, 73; to Quebec Conference, 76; presented to the queen, 124; +given a C. B., 132. <b>Bib.</b>: Dent, <i>Can. Por.</i> and <i>Last Forty Years</i>; +Taylor, <i>Brit. Am.</i>; Morgan, <i>Can. Men</i>; Thibault, <i>Biography of Sir +Charles Tupper</i>; Saunders, <i>Three Premiers of Nova Scotia</i>; Campbell, +<i>History of Nova Scotia</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Tupper, Sir Charles Hibbert</b> (1855- ). Son of Sir Charles Tupper. +Edu<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_389" id="Page_389">[389]</a></span>cated at McGill University, and at the Harvard Law School. Called to +the bar of Nova Scotia, 1877. Sat in the House of Commons, 1882-1891 and +1896-1900; minister of marine and fisheries, 1888-1895; minister of +justice, 1895-1896. Agent for the British government at the Paris +arbitration, 1892. <b>Bib.</b>: Morgan, <i>Can. Men</i>; <i>Canadian Who's Who</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Turcotte, J. G.</b> <b>E</b> Commissioner under Seigniorial Tenure law, 186.</p> + +<p><b>Turgiss, Father Charles.</b> <b>Ch</b> Jesuit missionary at Miscou, 234. <b>L</b> Dies of +plague, 62.</p> + +<p><b>Turner, Philip.</b> Entered the service of the Hudson's Bay Company about +1779, and carried out important surveys for the Company. Stationed at +Cumberland House in 1789, and while there gave David Thompson +instruction in practical astronomy. Between 1790 and 1792 made a survey +of Lake Athabaska, and of the canoe route from Cumberland House to Great +Slave Lake. Dr. J. G. Kohl says that his manuscript journal of a +<i>Journey from Cumberland-house towards the Athapiscow Country and back +to York Factory, 1790-1792</i>, is preserved in the archives of the +Hudson's Bay Company at London. His map of this region, the original of +which is also in the Hudson's Bay Archives, is reproduced in Burpee's +<i>Search for the Western Sea</i>. His careful survey of Lake Athabaska was +important in that it corrected Peter Pond's crude map, which placed the +western end of the lake as far west as 131°, and so gave rise to the +impression that the lake was within easy reach of the Pacific Ocean. +<b>Index</b>: <b>MS</b> Sent west to explore by Hudson's Bay Company, 57; meets +Alexander Mackenzie, 57; winters at Chipewyan, 57; determines its +position, 57. <b>Bib.</b>: Burpee, <i>Search for the Western Sea</i>; Bryce, +<i>Hudson's Bay Company</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Tuscarora Indians.</b> A tribe of the Iroquois family, dwelling chiefly in +North Carolina. In 1722 they were adopted into the league of the +Iroquois in New York, forming the sixth nation. There are now a few +hundreds living on the Six Nations Reserve, Grand River, Ontario. <b>Index</b>: +<b>Hd</b> Incorporated in Indian confederacy, 148. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>See</i> Iroquois; Six +Nations.</p> + +<p><b>Twelve Resolutions.</b> Presented by Joseph Howe before the Assembly of Nova +Scotia in 1837. They embody those principles of constitutional +government for which he so long and strenuously contended. <b>Index</b>: <b>H</b> +Presented by Howe, 39; his speech, 39-40, 41; passed by the Assembly, +42; resented by Legislative Council, 42; rescinded on motion of Howe, +43-44; embodied in address to the crown, 44; bring about partial +concession of responsible government, 45-47; text of resolutions, +293-298. <b>Bib.</b>: Campbell, <i>History of Nova Scotia</i>. <i>See also</i> Howe.</p> + +<p><b>Twiss, Captain.</b> <b>Hd</b> Of the Royal Engineers, superintends fortification +of, 183; takes over plans to England, 184; employed on St. Lawrence +canals, 184, 185, 186; visits Haldimand in London, 327.</p> + + +<p><b>Ulloa, Antonia de</b> (1716-1795). Born in Seville, Spain. Studied at +Seville, and in 1733 entered the navy. Accompanied astronomical +expedition to Brazil, 1735; and also that of 1744 to observe the comet. +In 1745 taken prisoner at Louisbourg by the British. On the intercession +of the Royal Society of London, released, and elected an associate of +the society in 1746. In 1760 made rear-admiral, and in 1764 governor of +Louisiana. In 1770 appointed lieutenant-general of the Spanish naval +forces. The remainder of his life was chiefly occupied in establishing +schools of natural history and metallurgy, and in the promotion of naval +and astronomical objects. <b>Index</b>: <b>Hd</b> Spanish governor of Louisiana, 79.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_390" id="Page_390">[390]</a></span></p> + +<p><b>Uniacke, James Boyle.</b> Son of Richard John Uniacke. Practised law in Nova +Scotia. Entered the Legislature some time before 1837. Appointed to the +Executive Council, 1840, and in 1848 formed an administration in which +he took the office of attorney-general. Appointed commissioner of crown +lands, 1853. Died soon after. <b>Index</b>: <b>H</b> Virtual leader of Tory party in +Nova Scotia, in 1837, 35; resists Howe's plans for responsible +government, 49; leads government side in Legislature up to 1840, 57; +resigns from Council, 63; joins forces with Howe, 64; appointed to +Council by Lord Falkland, 69; unsuccessful candidate for speakership, +74; retires from government, 87; moves want of confidence in government, +97-99, 107; forms administration, 107, 110; becomes attorney-general, +111; legislation, 115; delegate to Portland Railway Convention, 121; +becomes commissioner of crown lands, 145. <b>B</b> Submits scheme of colonial +union to Imperial authorities in 1805, 129. <b>Bib.</b>: Campbell, <i>History of +Nova Scotia</i>; Saunders, <i>Three Premiers of Nova Scotia</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Uniacke, Richard John</b> (1753-1830). Born at Castletown, County Cork, +Ireland. Emigrated to the West Indies, 1773; went from there to +Philadelphia the following year; and induced by Moses Delesdernier, who +was interested in the settlement of certain lands near Fort Cumberland, +to come to Nova Scotia. In 1776 arrested as a sympathizer with the +rebellious colonists; pardoned, and returned to Ireland, where he +studied law. Returned to Nova Scotia in 1781, and admitted to the bar +the same year; appointed solicitor-general, 1782. Entered House of +Assembly as member for Sackville, 1783, and from the beginning took an +active part in public affairs. Chosen Speaker, 1789. Appointed +attorney-general, 1797, and held the office until the time of his death. +Again Speaker, 1799. Appointed to the Council, 1808. Died at Mount +Uniacke. <b>Bib.</b>: Power, <i>Richard John Uniacke</i> (N. S. Hist. Soc. <i>Coll.</i>, +vol. 9); Murdoch, <i>History of Nova Scotia</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Union of 1841.</b> <b>H</b> Act did not concede full measure of responsible +government, 53. <b>BL</b> Planned by Sydenham, 60-61; bitterly opposed in Lower +Canada, 61; protested against by La Fontaine, 61, 70; attitude of Upper +Canada, 61-68; opposed by Chief-Justice Robinson, 61-62; Act of Union +enacted—its terms, 68-69; proclaimed Feb. 10, 1841, 69; seat of +government, 73; provision as to language of Legislature denounced by La +Fontaine, 128; boundaries of Quebec constituencies, 146; slight +influence on force of racial discussion, 282. <b>P</b> Union first proposed in +1822, bill introduced in British House of Commons that year, 43-44; +petition against, 44; Papineau and Neilson go to England to oppose bill, +44-53; bill suggested by Ellice of Beauharnois, 47; bill withdrawn, 53; +repeal of, demanded by Papineau, 167; accepted by La Fontaine, 170; +protest of French Canadians, 170; defended by La Fontaine, 173-176; +Papineau's criticism of, 181-182. <b>C</b> Recommended by Durham, 12; approved +by Special Council, 12; and by Upper Canada Legislative Assembly, 13; +terms demanded by Upper Canada, 13; Poulett Thomson secures +modifications of, 14; French Canadians protest against, 15; La Fontaine +protests against, 96; concedes ministerial responsibility, 97. <b>E</b> +Unsatisfactory working of, when Elgin came to Canada, 4-5; its terms, +22-23; described by La Fontaine as "an act of injustice and despotism," +24; unsatisfactory to French Canadians, 25; Elgin proposes repeal of +clause restricting use of the French language, 55; restrictions removed, +1849, 61; increase of representation under, 117; clauses relating to +Legislative Council repealed, 120; amendment to representation, 122-123. +<b>Sy</b> Recommended in Lord Durham's Report, 94; advocated by Constitutional +Associations of Quebec and Montreal, 112; favoured by Legislative +Assembly<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_391" id="Page_391">[391]</a></span> of Canada on certain conditions, 113, 114; opposed by +Legislative Council, 113, 115; strongly opposed by French Canadians, +117; favoured by English element in Lower Canada, 117; Lord John +Russell's speech and resolutions with reference to, 117-122; diverse +views regarding, 191, 192; question submitted to Special Council of +Lower Canada, 192; their report on, 193; question discussed in press, +193, 194; submitted to Upper Canada Legislature, 203; carried in +Assembly, 207; Attorney-General Hagerman argues strongly against, +207-209; carried in Legislative Council, 209; supported by general body +of Reformers, 213; anti-union resolutions passed at Quebec, 233; in +favour of union, 235; royal assent given to Act, 271; as drafted by +Sydenham, provided for municipal institutions, 273; municipal clauses +struck out of bill, 275; object of, to insure a British future for the +country, 283. <b>Md</b> Embodies theory of responsible government, 17; provides +that proceedings of Legislature be printed in English only, 24. <b>Mc</b> Bill +introduced by Lord John Russell, 405; Poulett Thomson sent to secure +consent of Canada to, 405; bill introduced a second time, 405. <b>Bib.</b>: +Dent, <i>Last Forty Years</i>; McMullen, <i>History of Canada</i>; Bourinot, +<i>Constitutional History of Canada</i>; Egerton and Grant, <i>Canadian +Constitutional Documents</i>; Houston, <i>Constitutional Documents</i>; +Turcotte, <i>Canada sous l'Union</i>; Robinson, <i>Canada and the Canada Bill</i>; +Bonnycastle, <i>Canada in 1841</i>.</p> + +<p><b>United States.</b> <b>Bk</b> Purchase of Louisiana by, 42; consequent change of +attitude towards Great Britain, 43; growing hostility of, to England, +73; British armed vessels ordered to leave United States forts, 83; lays +embargo on its own vessels, 85; their vessels seized under Berlin +Decrees, 105; indemnity paid therefor, 122; occupation of West Florida, +139; growing hostility to Great Britain, 172; declares war, 193, 203, +208. <b>Bib.</b>: Rhodes, <i>History of the United States</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Universities.</b> <i>See</i> Acadia; Dalhousie; King's; Knox; Laval; McGill; +Ottawa; Queen's; Toronto; Trinity; Victoria; McMaster; Manitoba; +Saskatchewan; Alberta; Western; St. Francis Xavier; Mount Allison; New +Brunswick.</p> + +<p><b>University, Provincial.</b> <b>Mc</b> Mackenzie's views on, 95.</p> + +<p><b>University Endowment.</b> <b>Md</b> Scheme opposed by Strachan, 28-29.</p> + +<p><b>Unrestricted Reciprocity.</b> <b>Md</b> Adopted by Liberal party, 262; campaign in +favour of, 292; Goldwin Smith supports, 292; favoured by interprovincial +conference, 297; movement arouses suspicion, 300; Farrer's pamphlet, +312-314. <i>See also</i> Reciprocity; Commercial Union.</p> + +<p><b>Upper Canada.</b> The name originally applied by General Murray to the +Montreal district, in 1760. Under the terms of the Constitutional Act of +1791, the country was divided into two provinces, and the name Upper +Canada applied to the western province. The population at that time was +made up chiefly of United Empire Loyalists from the United States. In +1841 Upper and Lower Canada were reunited; and in 1867 Upper Canada +again became a separate province, under the name of Ontario (<i>q.v.</i>). +<b>Index</b>: <b>B</b> Federal union of all British North American provinces not +acceptable to, 155; feeling in favour of Confederation all but +unanimous, 166; parliamentary representation of, 172-173. <b>E</b> First +railroad in, 99; political parties organized in, 148. <b>Bk</b> Population of, +49; commerce, 50; lack of public buildings, 50. <b>Sy</b> Its political +condition described by Sydenham, 200-202; opening of Legislature, 203; +equality of representation with Lower Canada proposed for, 204; defects +in its administration, 221-223; Sydenham enthusiastic over its soil and +climate, 268; larger part of its revenue collected in Lower Canada, 316; +its public works burdensome, its revenue small, 317. <b>S</b> Condition of, in +1782, 51; division of, into counties, 80; population of, 115; population +of, largely composed of dissenters, 159; Simcoe<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_392" id="Page_392">[392]</a></span> presents books and +premium in money to Agricultural Society of, 175. <b>BL</b> Coming of the +Loyalists, 5; population in 1811, 8; political situation after 1815, 9, +16, 17; municipal history of, 297-298. <b>Sy</b> Defects in administration +described by Sydenham, 221-223; his endeavours to remedy by +reorganization of public departments, 331. <b>R</b> Religious life in pioneer +days, 10-11; character of the people, 35-36; movement for civil and +religious equality in, 42-43, 61-63; population, 51; growth of popular +government, 64-66, 120-132. <b>Mc</b> State of representation in Mackenzie's +committee on, 171; report on, 175, 176. <i>See also</i> Ontario.</p> + +<p><b>Upper Canada Academy.</b> <b>R</b> Established by Methodists, June, 1836, 135; +Ryerson on, 137-138; difficulty of raising funds, 138-139; Ryerson sent +to England to obtain funds and secure royal charter, 139-141; his +success, 142; Rev. Matthew Richey first principal, 142; financial +assistance from government, 142-143; becomes Victoria College, 1841, +143; continued as preparatory school for Victoria College, 155. <b>BL</b> +Incorporated by Methodists in 1836 at Cobourg, 193; power to grant +degrees conferred in 1841, 193; name changed to Victoria College, 194. +<i>See also</i> Victoria College.</p> + +<p><b>Upper Canada College, Toronto.</b> Originally established in 1807 as the +Home District Grammar School of York, the first principal of which was +Dr. G. O. Stuart, who was succeeded by Dr. Strachan in 1813. In 1816 a +new building was erected, popularly known as the "Old Blue School." +Upper Canada College proper dates from 1829, when provision was made by +the government for its establishment. In 1891 the college was moved to +the present building in Deer Park. <b>Index</b>: <b>BL</b> Land grant for, in 1831, +191-192. <b>Bib.</b>: Adam and Dickson, <i>Upper Canada College</i>; <i>Canada: An +Ency.</i>, vol. 4.</p> + +<p><b>Upper Canada Gazette.</b> <b>Mc</b> Official organ of the house, 38, 109-110.</p> + +<p><b>Upper Canada Gazette or American Oracle.</b> <b>S</b> First paper published in +Upper Canada, 172, 173; removed to York, 174. <b>Bk</b> First published at +Newark (Niagara), 57.</p> + +<p><b>Urfé, Abbé d'.</b> <b>F</b> Haughtily treated by Frontenac, 110. <b>L</b> Sulpician, +arrival of, 105.</p> + +<p><b>Ursulines.</b> A religious order of women, in the Roman Catholic Church, +founded in 1535 at Brescia, by Angela Merici. The order was established +in France in 1584, and spread to Germany and other European countries. +In 1639 four members of the order, Madame de la Peltrie, Marie de +l'Incarnation, Marie de St. Bernard, and another not named, sailed from +Dieppe for Quebec, where they were lodged at first in wooden huts, in +what is now the Lower Town. Three years later, they took possession of +the massive stone convent still occupied by the order. <b>Index</b>: <b>L</b> +Establishment of convent, 8; Laval lodges with, for a time, 33; their +educational work, 125; its great influence for good, 155; convent +destroyed by fire, 210. <b>F</b> Foundation of convent, 28, 30; Marguerite +Bourgeoys urged to join, 39. <b>WM</b> Take refuge in general hospital, 115; +and render assistance there, 153; return to their convent, 237. <b>Bib.</b>: +<i>Les Ursulines de Québec</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Usury Laws.</b> <b>Sy</b> Their repeal advocated by Sydenham, 18.</p> + +<p><b>Utrecht, Treaty of.</b> Between France and Great Britain, signed in 1713. +Provided for the restoration and full surrender of all claims to the +Hudson Bay Territory, to Acadia, and to Newfoundland by France; for +compensation to the Hudson's Bay Company; for certain rights to fishing +on the north-east coast of Newfoundland; and the possession of Cape +Breton by France. <b>Index</b>: <b>Ch</b> Determines boundaries of Acadia, 18. <b>Bib.</b>: +Hertslet, <i>Treaties and Conventions</i>.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_393" id="Page_393">[393]</a></span></p> + + +<p><b>Vaccination.</b> <b>Hd</b> Subject discussed in Quebec <i>Gazette</i>, 228-231. <i>See +also</i> Smallpox.</p> + +<p><b>Vail, Edwin Arnold</b> (1817-1885). Born in Sussex, New Brunswick. Studied +medicine at Edinburgh and Glasgow Universities. Elected to the New +Brunswick Assembly, 1857; Speaker, 1865, and again in 1870; a member of +the government, 1883. A strong opponent of Confederation.</p> + +<p><b>Vaillant.</b> <b>F</b> Jesuit father, sent as negotiator to Albany, 218.</p> + +<p><b>Valdes, Cayetano.</b> Accompanied Maurelle and Galiano to North-West Coast, +1792. <b>Index</b>: <b>D</b> Explores North-West Coast, 35; meets Vancouver, 35; his +journal published at Madrid, 1802, 36. <b>Bib.</b>: Bancroft, <i>History of the +North-West Coast</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Valinière.</b> <b>Hd</b> Sulpician priest, banished for disloyalty, 128.</p> + +<p><b>Vallières de St. Réal, Joseph-Remi</b> (1787-1847). Born in Markham, Upper +Canada. Called to the bar, 1812, and practised in Quebec. In 1813 +elected member for the county of Chambly in the provincial Assembly, and +later chosen Speaker in the absence of Papineau in England. In 1828 +appointed judge of the district of Three Rivers, and in 1842 +chief-justice of Montreal. <b>Index</b>: <b>P</b> Opposes Papineau in Lower Canada +Assembly, 57; rivalry between the two, 57; attacked by Papineau, 169. <b>E</b> +Appointed chief-justice of Montreal by Sir Charles Bagot, 31. <b>BL</b> +Colborne's political antagonist, 115; elevated to the bench, 115. <b>Bib.</b>: +Morgan, <i>Cel. Can.</i>; Christie, <i>History of Lower Canada</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Valrennes, De.</b> <b>L</b> Commander of Fort Frontenac, 223; repels attack of +Schuyler, 232. <b>F</b> Commandant at Fort Frontenac, 233; tries to cut off +retreat of Peter Schuyler at Chambly, 313.</p> + +<p><b>Van Buren, Martin</b> (1782-1862). Eighth president of the United States. +<b>Index</b>: <b>Mc</b> Anxious to avoid war with Britain, 423; issues neutrality +proclamation, 444; annoyed at Mackenzie, 445; pardons Mackenzie, 458; +his political death-blow, 472. <b>WT</b> Sends Winfield Scott to settle +Aroostook War, 135. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Cyc. Am. Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>Vancouver.</b> <b>D</b> Hudson's Bay Company vessel, 183.</p> + +<p><b>Vancouver, George</b> (1758-1798). Entered British navy, 1771; sailed in the +<i>Resolution</i> with Captain Cook on his second voyage, 1772-1775, and in +the <i>Discovery</i> on his third voyage, 1776-1780. Lieutenant on the +<i>Martin</i>, 1780; and served in the West Indies with Rodney, taking part +in the battle of 1782. Appointed to the <i>Europe</i>, 1784; and to the +<i>Courageux</i>, 1790, and promoted commander. In 1791 sent out in command +of the <i>Discovery</i>, to survey the coast from lat. 30° N. to Cook's +River, and to carry out the terms of the Nootka Convention. Through +differences of opinion with the Spanish representative, Quadra, the +latter part of his instructions could not be carried out, but the survey +of the North-West Coast was carried out with such zeal and accuracy as +to make it a permanent and very important addition to geographical +knowledge. Returned to England in 1795, and spent the rest of his life +preparing his journals for publication. <b>Index</b>: <b>D</b> Outline of his voyages +to North-West Coast, 17; his skill, courage, and endurance, 19; search +for North-West Passage, 19; meets Quadra at Nootka, 33; makes thorough +exploration of entire Pacific coast from San Francisco to Bering Sea, +1792-1794, 34; finally leaves North-West Coast, Oct. 16, 1794, 15; meets +Galiano and Valdez at Point Gray, 35. <b>MS</b> Mackenzie hears of, from Coast +Indians, 85; his ships on the Pacific coast at time of Mackenzie's +journey, 86. <b>Bib.</b>: Works: <i>Voyage of Discovery to the North Pacific +Ocean, 1790-1795</i>. <i>See also</i> Bancroft, <i>History of North-West Coast</i>;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_394" id="Page_394">[394]</a></span> +Begg, <i>History of British Columbia</i>; Laut, <i>Vikings of the Pacific</i>; +Meany, <i>Vancouver's Discovery of Puget Sound</i>; <i>Dict. Nat. Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>Vancouver Island.</b> The largest island on the west coast of North America. +Named after Captain George Vancouver, who explored this coast in the +years 1792-1794. The island was first named Quadra and Vancouver in +honour of the two naval officers who met at Nootka in 1792 to carry out +the provisions of the Nootka Convention. The first authentic landing on +the coast of the island is that of Captain James Cook in 1787. Captain +James Hanna landed at Nootka in 1785; and Captain John Meares in 1788. +From this time trading and exploring expeditions spent more or less time +at Nootka. In 1843 the Hudson's Bay Company made their first +establishment on the island, Fort Victoria, at first known as Camosun. +The island remained under the control of the Company until 1849, when it +became a crown colony. Representative government was introduced, 1856; +and in 1866 the island and mainland were united under one government. +<b>Index</b>: <b>D</b> Organic existence since 1849, 1; first named Quadra and +Vancouver Island by Vancouver, 35; only nominal possession at end of +eighteenth century, 62; handed over to Hudson's Bay Company, Jan. 13, +1849, 194; terms of grant, 194; colonization and the Company, 194-195; +first settler, 196; other arrivals, 197; population in 1853, 198; +quarrels between Company and settlers, 198-199; recommendation of +committee on Hudson's Bay Company, 1857, 201-202; history of early +settlement, 203; first governor, Richard Blanshard, 1849, 203; relations +with Company, 203-204; succeeded by James Douglas, 205; Hudson's Bay +Company secures renewal of grant, 1854, 207; establishment of +representative government, 1856, 208-210; meeting of first Legislature, +210-211; governor's inaugural speech, 211-215; Company's rights acquired +by crown, 229; road-building, 249; early legislation, 271; Clergy +Reserves, 273-274; history of legislation, 274; railway built, 327. +<b>Bib.</b>: Begg, <i>History of British Columbia</i>; Bancroft, <i>History of British +Columbia</i>; Macdonald, <i>British Columbia and Vancouver's Island</i>; MacFie, +<i>Vancouver Island and British Columbia</i>. <i>See also</i> British Columbia.</p> + +<p><b>Van Egmond, Anthony.</b> Commander of the Upper Canadian rebels in 1837; a +native of Holland; had been a colonel in Napoleon's army, and had seen +much active service. In 1819 emigrated with his family to America, +settling first in Indiana County, Pennsylvania, where he had a farm and +a store. In 1827 moved to Upper Canada, and rented a farm near Waterloo; +in 1832 possessed a mill at Egmondville, near Seaforth, and a farm +within five miles. Invited by William Lyon Mackenzie to command the +forces of the insurgents. In this capacity took part in the fight on +Dec. 7, 1837, with the Loyalist troops, near Montgomery's tavern, on +Yonge Street, Toronto, when the rebels were badly defeated. Later +captured, and placed in jail; afterwards removed to the hospital, but +died early in 1838 from disease and exposure. <b>Index</b>: <b>Mc</b> +Commander-in-chief of the rebels, 1837, 360; arrives late, 376; indorses +Mackenzie's plans, 376; in charge at Montgomery's farm, 379; captured, +382; dies in prison, 382. <b>Bib.</b>: Dent, <i>Upper Canadian Rebellion</i>; Read, +<i>Rebellion of 1837</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Vanelly.</b> <b>Ch</b> Merchant, compensation awarded to, for goods seized, 221.</p> + +<p><b>Vanfelson, Judge.</b> <b>E</b> Member of Seigniorial Court, 187.</p> + +<p><b>Van Horne, Major.</b> American officer. <b>Index</b>: <b>Bk</b> Force of, dispersed by +Tecumseh's Indians, 237.</p> + +<p><b>Van Horne, Sir William Cornelius</b> (1843- ). Born in Will County, +Illinois. Educated at the common schools. In 1857 entered the railway +service as<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_395" id="Page_395">[395]</a></span> telegraph operator on the Illinois Central Railway. After +serving in various capacities on railways in the United States, and +rising rapidly through all the grades, appointed in 1881 general manager +of the Canadian Pacific Railway; and since that date the vast extension +and financial success of the railway has been due largely to his energy +and resourcefulness. Became vice-president, 1884; president, 1888; +chairman of the board of directors, 1899-1910. In 1894 created K.C.M.G. +<b>Index</b>: <b>Md</b> Made president of the Canadian Pacific Railway, 1888, 238. +<b>Bib.</b>: Morgan, <i>Can. Men</i>; <i>Canadian Who's Who</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Vankoughnet, Philip Michael Scott</b> (1823-1869). Born in Cornwall, +Ontario. Studied law and called to the bar, 1843; practised in Toronto; +appointed Q.C., 1850. In May, 1856, president of the Executive Council, +and minister of agriculture, in the Taché administration, and in +November, 1856, first member of the Legislative Council for Rideau. From +1858 to 1862 chief commissioner of crown lands in the Cartier-Macdonald +government; amongst some of his important measures was the system of +selling townships <i>en bloc</i>, and the opening up and improvement of +roads. In 1862 appointed chancellor of Upper Canada. <b>Index</b>: <b>T</b> Delegate +to England on Intercolonial matter, 55. <b>Bib.</b>: Morgan, <i>Cel. Can.</i>; Read, +<i>Lives of the Judges</i>; Dent, <i>Last Forty Years</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Van Rensselaer, Rensselaer</b> (1802-1850). Son of General S. Van Rensselaer +of Albany, New York; for some time employed as a clerk in the post +office, Albany. In November, 1837, while on a trip through the west for +the <i>Albany Daily Advertiser</i>, came in contact with the Canadian +revolutionists and was offered and accepted the position of +commander-in-chief of the rebel forces. After a few months' desultory +fighting, arrested on Feb. 28, 1838, at Syracuse, by the American +authorities, for violating the neutrality laws. Tried on Oct. 18, 1839, +and convicted; sentenced to six months' imprisonment and fined $250. +After serving the six months, the fine was remitted. <b>Index</b>: <b>Mc</b> Fights +under Bolivar, 412; given command at Navy Island, 413; arrives there, +415; his habits, 417; evacuates island, 424; plans attack on Kingston, +429; failure of, 429; blames Mackenzie, 430; exonerates Mackenzie, 430. +<b>Bib.</b>: <i>Cyc. Am. Biog.</i>; Dent, <i>Upper Canadian Rebellion</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Van Rensselaer, Solomon</b> (1774-1852). Born in Rensselaer County, New +York. Entered the army in 1792 as a cornet of cavalry, later becoming +captain. In 1794, while commanding a company of volunteers, severely +wounded at the battle of Maumee Rapids. In 1812 adjutant-general of New +York militia, and arranged the armistice which enabled the Americans to +make use of Lake Ontario as a highway for the transportation of troops +and stores. In 1812 commanded an attacking party at Queenston Heights +and seriously wounded. Member of Congress, 1819-1822; and postmaster at +Albany, 1822-1839. <b>Index</b>: <b>Bk</b> Aide-de-camp to General Van Rensselaer, +284; wounded in crossing river at Queenston, 300. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Cyc. Am. +Biog.</i>; Lucas, <i>Canadian War of 1812</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Van Rensselaer, Stephen</b> (1764-1839). Born in New York. Graduated at +Harvard, 1782. In 1786 major of militia, and in 1788 colonel. In 1789 +elected to the Assembly as a member of the Federal party, of which he +soon afterwards became leader; state Senator in 1790-1795; +lieutenant-governor in 1795, and returned to the Assembly in 1798 and +1808-1810. In 1801 promoted major-general. In 1812, on the outbreak of +war with Great Britain, commanded the United States forces on the +Niagara frontier. Resigned his command, Oct. 24, 1812, and left the +service. In 1816 elected to the Assembly, and from<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_396" id="Page_396">[396]</a></span> 1823 to 1829 served +in Congress. <b>Index</b>: <b>Bk</b> In command on Niagara frontier, 284; +correspondence with Brock, 285; force under his command, 287. <b>Bib.</b>: +<i>Cyc. Am. Biog.</i>; Lucas, <i>Canadian War of 1812</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Varin, J. B.</b> <b>E</b> Commissioner under Seigniorial Tenure law, 187.</p> + +<p><b>Vauban, De.</b> <b>F</b> French engineer, prepares plans for defence of Quebec, +326.</p> + +<p><b>Vaudreuil-Cavagnal, Pierre de Rigaud, Marquis de</b> (1698-1778). Born at +Quebec, son of Philippe de Vaudreuil (<i>q.v.</i>). Entered the army at an +early age, becoming ensign, 1708; lieutenant, 1712; and major, 1729. The +following year gained the coveted honour of chevalier of the Order of +St. Louis. Appointed governor of Three Rivers, 1733; and of Louisiana, +1742; governor of Canada, 1755. Continually at odds with Montcalm, and +hampered him in his defence of Quebec. After the battle of the Plains +retired with the army to Jacques Cartier, and took no part in the +subsequent operations before Quebec. On his return to France arrested +and thrown into the Bastile on charges connected with his government of +Canada, but released after trial before the Châtelet de Paris. <b>Index</b>: <b>WM</b> +Governor, his first interview with Montcalm, 28; considered the sending +out of Montcalm unnecessary, 28; birth and personal qualities, 29; his +inveterate hatred for Montcalm, 62; popular with Canadians, 63; his +military views, 80, 81; activity of, 127; congratulates Lévis on victory +of Montmorency, 144; prefers his advice to that of Montcalm, 145; +thought Le Foulon (Wolfe's Cove) insufficiently guarded, 160; writes +Bougainville that safety of colony is in his hands, 161; gives orders +for disposition of troops along the heights, 162; his uneasiness about +Le Foulon, 162; would not risk engagement between French and British +fleets, 167; learns of landing of Wolfe's army, 189; begs Montcalm not +to precipitate an engagement, 193; takes no part in battle, 201; +prepared, according to Chevalier Johnstone, for immediate capitulation, +208; holds council of war, 211; decides on retreat to Jacques Cartier, +212; his letter to Lévis on loss of battle, 212; letter to Montcalm, +214; gives instructions respecting capitulation of Quebec, 214; his lack +of energy, 215; promises assistance to Ramezay, 226; Quebec having +fallen, he marches with Lévis to retake it, 241-242; maintains spies in +Quebec, 243; congratulates Lévis on victory of Ste. Foy, 267. <b>P</b> Extent +of his responsibility for defeat of Montcalm at Quebec, 143. <b>BL</b> His +capitulation at Montreal in 1760, 1. <b>Hd</b> Last French governor of Canada, +36; Amherst's letter to, 38, 39. <b>Bib.</b>: Doughty, <i>Siege of Quebec</i>; Wood, +<i>The Fight for Canada</i>; Parkman, <i>Montcalm and Wolfe</i>; Bradley, <i>The +Fight with France</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Vaudreuil, Philippe de Rigaud, Marquis de.</b> Came to Canada, 1687, in +command of eight hundred troops, and, leaving his men behind, pushed on +alone to join Denonville in his expedition against the Iroquois. In 1696 +commanded a division of Frontenac's army against the Iroquois, and led a +detachment to destroy the Oneida town. Appointed governor of Montreal, +1698; administrator of the colony, 1703; and governor, 1705-1725. <b>Index</b>: +<b>L</b> Acting governor of Montreal, 223; succeeds Callières as governor, 235. +<b>F</b> Acts as chief of staff to Governor Denonville, 209; acting governor of +Montreal, 225; surprises and destroys band of Indians at Repentigny, +308. <b>Bib.</b>: Parkman, <i>Frontenac</i> and <i>Half Century of Conflict</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Vauquelin, Jean</b> (1726-1763). Born in Caen, France. Entered the navy, and +in 1745 successfully engaged a British frigate off Martinique. In 1754 +did good service in reconnoitring the English ports, and subsequently +given command of the <i>Arethuse</i>. In 1758 despatched to Louisbourg with<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_397" id="Page_397">[397]</a></span> +reinforcements and stores for the French troops and got into the +harbour, although many of his crew were killed and wounded. In 1759, +with three frigates, sailed to the relief of Quebec. After the +capitulation endeavoured to escape with his ships, but they were +destroyed or captured by the British, and Vauquelin taken prisoner. On +his release returned to France, and was arrested. <b>Index</b>: <b>WM</b> Hero of +Louisbourg, 81; in charge of frigates <i>Atalante</i> and <i>Pomone</i>, 243. +<b>Bib.</b>: Doughty, <i>Siege of Quebec</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Vaux, Mme. de.</b> <b>WM</b> Grandmother of Montcalm, 4.</p> + +<p><b>Vendremur, Corneille de.</b> <b>Ch</b> Clerk, returns to France, 209.</p> + +<p><b>Ventadour, Henri de Lévy, Duc de</b> (1595-1651). Viceroy of Canada, +1625-1627. Served for a time in the army, and is said to have taken holy +orders. In any event took a deep interest in the spiritual welfare of +Canada, and after acquiring the viceroyalty instrumental in sending out +the first Jesuit missionaries in 1625. In 1627, on the formation of the +Company of New France by Richelieu, purchased the viceroyalty from De +Ventadour. Pointe Lévy, or Lévis, opposite Quebec, was named after him. +<b>Index</b>: <b>F</b> Lieutenant-general of New France, 17. <b>Ch</b> Appointed viceroy of +New France, 151; resigns, 168. <b>Bib.</b>: Parkman, <i>Pioneers of France</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Verchères, Marie-Madeleine Jarret.</b> Born in 1678 in the fort on her +father's seigniory on the St. Lawrence River, twenty miles below +Montreal. In 1692 she heroically defended this fort, with the assistance +of her two young brothers, two soldiers, and an old man of eighty. When +the settlers were working in the fields, a band of Iroquois suddenly +appeared and began their work of slaughter. Madeleine had barely time to +reach the fort. She found everyone, including the two soldiers, +demoralized, and, taking command, she ordered the little band to keep up +constant firing. The Iroquois beseiged the fort for two days, but +finally retired discomfited; and relief came from Montreal in another +week. In 1706 she married Thomas Tarien de la Naudière; and in 1722 De +la Perrade. In her later years she received a pension for life. The date +of her death is not known. <b>Index</b>: <b>F</b> Defends fort against Iroquois, 319. +<b>Bib.</b>: Parkman, <i>Frontenac</i>; Richard, <i>Supplement to Report on Canadian +Archives</i>, 1899.</p> + +<p><b>Vergennes, Charles Gravier, Count de</b> (1717-1787). Born in Dijon. +Educated there at the Jesuit College. In 1740 entered the diplomatic +service, being sent to Lisbon. In 1741 took part in the negotiations +that resulted in the election to the empire of the elector of Bavaria, +Charles VII. In 1752 attended the Congress of Hanover. From 1754 to 1768 +ambassador at Constantinople. In 1771-1774, when minister at the court +of Sweden, supported the revolution in favour of Gustavus III. In 1774 +appointed by the king of France, secretary of foreign affairs. Secretly +aided the American Revolution with funds, arms, and stores, and arranged +the treaty of alliance between the United States and France, 1778. +<b>Index</b>: <b>Dr</b> His letter in regard to Asgill, 199. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Cyc. Am. Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>Vergor, Duchambon de.</b> In command of Fort Beauséjour, 1745. A confederate +of the intendant Bigot; used his opportunities to plunder both the +people and the government. Betrayed by Thomas Pichon and compelled to +surrender the fort to Monckton. Returned to Quebec and censured for his +actions. In command at Le Foulon, near Quebec, at the siege by Wolfe, +1759; surprised, and his command cut to pieces. <b>Index</b>: <b>WM</b> Placed by +Bougainville in charge of Le Foulon, 178, 184; previously censured for +giving up Fort Beauséjour, 178; roused from sleep by Wolfe's soldiers, +181; wounded, 181. <b>Bib.</b>: Parkman, <i>Montcalm and Wolfe</i>; Murdoch, +<i>History of Nova Scotia</i>; <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_398" id="Page_398">[398]</a></span><i>Selections from the Public Documents of Nova +Scotia</i>, ed. by Akins; Doughty, <i>Siege of Quebec</i>. <i>See also</i> Siege of +Quebec, 1759.</p> + +<p><b>Vermont.</b> <b>Dr</b> People of, anxious for canal communication with St. +Lawrence, 230; their aversion to entering American union, 244, 245; +annoy British outposts, 285; anxious to bring about war for commercial +reasons, 299; <b>Hd</b> Inhabitants of, claim separation from New York, +197-199; efforts to bring them back to their allegiance to Great +Britain, 199-216; Washington's alleged threat, 205; exchange of +prisoners with, 206; intention of inhabitants to join British in event +of their success, 208; duplicity of their policy, 210; trade carried on +with Canada, 216; received into Union as fourteenth state, 217; +emissaries of, reappear as Loyalists, 266.</p> + +<p><b>Verrazano, Giovanni du.</b> Born near Florence, Italy, in 1470. Entered +French marine service, 1495. Credited with visiting the coast of +America, 1508. In 1523 sent by Francis I to explore to the westward. The +following year arrived with La Dauphine off the coast of North America, +and explored from Florida to Newfoundland, taking possession of the +latter island in the name of the king of France. Landed at a point near +Cape Fear, and discovered the bays of Narragansett and New York. Nothing +is known of his latter years, beyond the fact that he was in Paris, at +least as late as Dec. 24, 1527, fitting out an expedition of five ships +to sail the following March. Verrazano's claim to the discovery of the +mouth of the Hudson, questioned by Murphy, has been re-established by +the discovery in Rome of a hitherto unknown version of the explorer's +report of his voyage. <i>See</i> Bacchiani's article, with facsimile, in the +<i>Bollettiano</i> of the Italian Geographical Society, November, 1909. +<b>Index</b>: <b>Ch</b> His discovery of the coast of North America, 211. <b>Bib.</b>: +Murphy, <i>Voyage of Verrazano</i>; De Costa, <i>Verrazano, the Explorer</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Verreau, Hospice-Anthelme Jean Baptiste</b> (1828-1901). Born at L'Islet, +Quebec. Educated at Quebec Seminary, and a teacher there in 1847-1848. +In 1848-1856 principal of Ste. Thérèse College. In 1851 ordained priest. +In 1857 first principal of the Jacques Cartier Normal School in +Montreal. Sent by the Quebec provincial government in 1873 to Europe to +make investigations respecting Canadian history, the results of which +were published in 1875. In 1887 appointed to the chair of Canadian +history in Laval University. A fellow of the Royal Society of Canada; a +member of the Société des Antiquaires de Normandie; and a member of the +Société des Arcadem of Rome. <b>Index</b>: <b>L</b> On educational work of Marguerite +Bourgeoys, 127. <b>F</b> On attempt to civilize the Indians, 168; on character +of Frontenac, 360. <b>Bib.</b>: Morgan, <i>Can. Men</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Versailles, Treaty of.</b> Signed between Great Britain and the rebellious +thirteen colonies, 1783. Acknowledged the independence of the thirteen +colonies; settled the boundaries between the latter and British North +America; dealt with the fisheries question; and provided for amnesty to +Loyalists and the restoration of their property. The colonies +repudiating the last obligation, provision was made by the British +government for compensation to the Loyalists, many of whom were given +grants of land in Upper Canada, New Brunswick, and the Eastern +Townships. <b>Index</b>: <b>WM</b> Concluded in 1783, 269; assured the independence of +the thirteen colonies, 269. <b>S</b> Its provisions for protection of +Loyalists, 52-54; not carried out in its integrity by the united +colonies, 118. <b>Bib.</b>: Hertslet, <i>Treaties and Conventions</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Vesey, Colonel.</b> <b>Bk</b> Question of land grant for, 138; letters to Brock, +153, 154, 157.</p> + +<p><b>Vicaille.</b> <b>Ch</b> Vessel of David Kirke, 178.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_399" id="Page_399">[399]</a></span></p> + +<p><b>Victoria</b> (1819-1901). Granddaughter of George III, and only child of +George III's fourth son, Edward Augustus, Duke of Kent, by Mary Louisa +Victoria, daughter of the Duke of Saxe-Cobourg-Saalfield; born at +Kensington Palace, May 24, 1819. Succeeded to the throne on the death of +her uncle, William IV, 1837. Married to Prince Albert of Saxe-Cobourg +1840. <b>Index</b>: <b>Sy</b> Accession of, 48. <b>Md</b> Selects Ottawa (Bytown) as seat of +government, 85; jubilee address to, 283. <b>Bib.</b>: Works: <i>Leaves from a +Journal of our Life in the Highlands</i>; <i>Letters of Queen Victoria</i>; +<i>Royal Correspondence</i>. For biog., <i>see</i> Fawcett, <i>Life of Queen +Victoria</i>; Gurney, <i>Childhood of Queen Victoria</i>; Holmes, <i>Queen +Victoria</i> Lee, <i>Queen Victoria: a Biography</i>; Oliphant, <i>Queen Victoria: +a Personal Sketch</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Victoria.</b> Capital of British Columbia, and formerly capital of the +colony of Vancouver Island. Founded in 1843 as Fort Camosun, afterwards +Fort Victoria, the latter name in honour of the queen. The city was +incorporated in 1862, and the old fort finally demolished, 1864. <b>Index</b>: +<b>D</b> Founded by James Douglas in 1843, 146; built on site of Indian +village, known as Camosun, 175; McNeill's exploration, 1837, 176; Sir +George Simpson's approval of the site, 176; Douglas examines locality, +1842, and reports favourably, 176; establishment of fort at Camosun +approved, 176; advantages of the site, 177; Douglas sails, March 1, +1843, from Fort Vancouver with an expedition to establish the post, 177; +lands at Clover Point, 177; site selected and building operations begun, +178; fort and stockade completed, 179; Charles Ross in command with +Roderick Finlayson as assistant, 180; natives attack the fort, 182; +early shipping, 183; name of port changed to Fort Victoria, 183; visit +of frigate <i>America</i>, 183; American whalers touch at, for supplies, 184; +H.M.S. <i>Constance</i> arrives at Esquimalt, 184; visit of frigate +<i>Fisguard</i>, 184; surveying ships <i>Herald</i> and <i>Pandora</i>, 184; trade +gravitating from Fort Vancouver to Victoria, 184; farming operations, +185; dairying, 185; supplying Russian ports, 186; momentous events of +1849, final removal of chief emporium of company from Fort Vancouver to +Victoria, 188; Helmcken, afterwards Douglas's son-in-law, arrives, 189; +effect of gold discoveries, 189-190; coal mining, 190-191; the Hudson's +Bay Company and colonization, 192-195; early settlers of, 196-197; town +laid out in streets, 1852, 198; population in 1853, 198; during the gold +fever, 224-225; gold-miners boom the town, 225; population rises and +falls with the fortunes of the gold-fields, 271; proposed waterworks, +building of wagon roads, education, first newspaper, <i>British Colonist</i>, +1858, 271. <b>Bib.</b>: Walbran, <i>British Columbia Coast Names</i>; Begg, <i>History +of British Columbia</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Victoria Bridge.</b> At Montreal, over the St. Lawrence. Built by Robert +Stephenson, for the Grand Trunk Railway, 1854-1859, at a total cost of +$6,300,000. Opened by the Prince of Wales (afterwards King Edward VII), +May 25, 1860. It was enlarged and remodelled in 1897. <b>Index</b>: <b>E</b> Built by +Grand Trunk Railway, 115. <b>Md</b> Opened in 1860 by Prince of Wales, 87. +<b>Bib.</b>: <i>Ency. Brit.</i></p> + +<p><b>Victoria University.</b> In affiliation with the University of Toronto. +Formerly located at Cobourg, but later moved to Toronto. Founded in +1830; opened 1836. <b>Index</b>: <b>BL</b> Refuses to come into the provincial +university, under terms of Baldwin's bill, 295. <b>R</b> Founded, 86; Ryerson +president of, 126-127, 143; eminent graduates, 143-144; its curriculum, +144; legislative grant, 148. <b>E</b> Proposal to make it part of a provincial +university, 94. <b>Bib.</b>: Burwash, <i>Historical Sketch of Victoria +University</i> in <i>Canada: An Ency.</i>, vol. 4.</p> + +<p><b>Vidal, Alexander</b> (1819-1906). Born at Brocknell, Berkshire, England. +Educated at Christ's Hospital, London, and in 1834 came to Canada with +his<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_400" id="Page_400">[400]</a></span> parents. Served in the militia during the Rebellion of 1837; and +afterwards lieutenant-colonel of the Lambton Reserve militia; member of +the Legislative Council for the St. Clair division, 1863-1867; in 1873 +appointed to the Senate. President of the Dominion Alliance for the +Suppression of the Liquor Traffic. <b>Index</b>: <b>B</b> His resolution in favour of +prohibition, 249. <b>Bib.</b>: Morgan, <i>Can. Men</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Viel, Father Nicolas.</b> <b>Ch</b> Récollet, 139; arrives and proceeds to Huron +country, 149; drowned, 209. <b>L</b> Missionary labours of, 3.</p> + +<p><b>Vieux-Pont, Father.</b> <b>Ch</b> Jesuit, landed at Grand Cibou, 200; wrecked at +Canseau Island, 200; in charge of Cape Breton, 237.</p> + +<p><b>Viger, Denis Benjamin</b> (1774-1861). Born in Montreal. Educated for the +legal profession. Practised in Montreal for some years; and in 1808 +elected to the Legislative Assembly. Took an active part in the +discussion of the grievances of the French Canadians, and in 1828 and +1831 sent as a delegate to London to represent their views to the +Imperial authorities. In 1837, when the Rebellion broke out, arrested +and charged with sedition, but soon afterwards released. In 1843, on the +resignation of the La Fontaine-Baldwin government, premier for a short +period. Appointed to the Legislative Council, 1848. <b>Index</b>: <b>BL</b> Member for +Richelieu, relations with Reform party in Upper Canada, 79; opposes +municipal government, 102; attacks government, 130; deserts La +Fontaine-Baldwin party, 215; in provisional government, 216, 235; his +pamphlet, 236; president of the Council, 247; defeated by Wolfred +Nelson, 252; Draper to throw him over, 259, 260, 261. <b>C</b> In Draper +government, 17; opposed in election by Cartier, 17; defeated in St. +Hyacinthe, 18. <b>P</b> Delegate to England to present grievances of French +Canadians, 63; at meeting of Constitutional Committee, 1834, 88; +ridiculed by the <i>Mercury</i>, 123; at St. Charles meeting, 1837, 125. <b>Md</b> +Represents Lower Canada in Metcalfe's government, 19. <b>Bib.</b>: Bibaud, +<i>Pan. Can.</i>; Dent, <i>Last Forty Years</i>; Christie, <i>History of Lower +Canada</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Viger, Louis Michel.</b> <b>E</b> Called to Cabinet by Metcalfe, 35, 66; +receiver-general in La Fontaine-Baldwin ministry, 53; a leader of the +<i>Parti Rouge</i>, 108. <b>BL</b> Receiver-general in second La Fontaine-Baldwin +ministry, 284. <b>Bib.</b>: Dent, <i>Last Forty Years</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Vignal.</b> <b>L</b> Sulpician, comes out in <i>St. André</i>, 31; ministers to those +suffering from the plague, 32; dies a martyr, 91.</p> + +<p><b>Ville Marie.</b> <b>L</b> Name given by Sulpicians to Montreal, 85; inhabitants of, +all aspired to martyrdom, 90. <b>Bk</b> Former name of Montreal, 99. <i>See also</i> +Montreal.</p> + +<p><b>Villebon, Chevalier de.</b> Arrived at Port Royal, June 14, 1690, being +commissioned to inquire into the condition of the colony. In June, 1691, +received from the French king a commission as governor of Acadia, with +promises of assistance in supplies, funds, and men. Sailed to Quebec, +and from thence to Port Royal, capturing on the way an English vessel, +with the newly appointed English governor of Acadia. Met with no +opposition on arriving at Port Royal, and, in the name of the French +king took formal possession of Acadia. In 1692, while in command of a +fort on the river St. John, the English sent an abortive expedition to +capture him. In 1695-1696 stationed at Nachouac Fort, engaged in +organizing French stations. Several encounters between French and +English vessels took place with varying success. On Sept. 3, 1696, +captured by an English ship on the river St. John, but released soon +afterwards. Died July 5, 1700. <b>Index</b>: <b>F</b> Governor of Acadia, mentions +burning of prisoners, 328. <b>Bib.</b>: Hannay, <i>History of Acadia</i>; Parkman, +<i>Frontenac</i>.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_401" id="Page_401">[401]</a></span></p> + +<p><b>Villieu, De.</b> <b>F</b> Leads Abenaquis in attack on English settlements, 330.</p> + +<p><b>Vimont, Barthelemy.</b> Born in France. Came to Canada in 1639 as superior +of the missions. With him were the Jesuits, Chaumonot and Poncet, and +the Ursulines, Madame de la Peltrie and Marie de l'Incarnation. When +Maisonneuve came in 1642 to establish a religious colony at Montreal, +accompanied him from Quebec and gave his blessing to the project. His +prophecy is not without interest: "You are a grain of mustard-seed," he +said to the little group of enthusiasts, "that shall rise and grow till +its branches overshadow the earth. You are few, but your work is the +work of God. His smile is on you, and your children shall fill the +land." <b>Index</b>: <b>C</b> Jesuit, landed at Grand Cibou, 200; in charge of Cape +Breton mission, 237. <b>F</b> Jesuit father, celebrates first mass at Montreal, +34. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Jesuit Relations</i>, 1640-1645; Parkman, <i>Jesuits in North +America</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Vincennes.</b> <b>Hd</b> Haldimand's difficulties with settlers near, 92, 93; +occupied by governor of Detroit, 167; French inhabitants of, won over by +Congress, 167; Hamilton takes peaceable possession of, 168; but is later +betrayed by Clark, 168, 314.</p> + +<p><b>Vincent, John</b> (1765-1848). Born in England. In 1781 entered the army as +ensign, and promoted lieutenant the same year. In 1786 captain; in 1795 +major; in 1800 lieutenant-colonel; and in 1810 colonel. Served with +distinction during the War of 1812-1814 in Canada, and in 1813 promoted +major-general. Took part in the capture of St. Domingo in the West +Indies, and in the expedition to Copenhagen under Sir Hyde Parker. In +1841 reached the grade of general. <b>Index</b>: <b>Bk</b> Of the 49th, his military +service, 124; ordered to Fort George, 229. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Dict. Nat. Biog.</i>; +Lucas, <i>Canadian War of 1812</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Vincent de Paul, Saint</b> (1576-1660). Born in Pouay. Studied for the +priesthood and ordained, 1600. In 1617 founded the Congregation of +Priests of the Mission, which was established in the Priory of St. +Lazare in Paris, 1632. <b>Index</b>: <b>L</b> Olier a pupil of, 24.</p> + +<p><b>Vindicator.</b> Newspaper published at Montreal. <b>Index</b>: <b>P</b> Edited by Dr. +O'Callaghan, Papineau's lieutenant, 86; supports cause of the +<i>Patriotes</i>, 122; the office sacked by members of the Doric Club, 127. +<b>Bib.</b>: Christie, <i>History of Lower Canada</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Virginia.</b> <b>Ch</b> Grant of, to Sir Thomas Gates, 223.</p> + +<p><b>Vitelleschi, Father.</b> <b>Ch</b> General of Jesuits, accepts donation of Marquis +de Gamache, for a college at Quebec, 228.</p> + +<p><b>Vitré Charles Denis de.</b> <b>F</b> Member of Sovereign Council, 106. <b>L</b> Appointed +to Sovereign Council, 166.</p> + +<p><b>Vitré, Jean Denis de.</b> <b>WM</b> Pilot, taken prisoner, guides Durell's fleet, +78.</p> + +<p><b>Voltaire, François Marie Arouet de</b> (1694-1778). French writer. <b>Index</b>: <b>WM</b> +Speaks of Canada as "a few acres of snow," 11. <b>L</b> On men and empires, +123. <b>Bib.</b>: For biog. and bib. of his works, <i>see</i> Larousse, <i>Dict. +Univ.</i></p> + +<p><b>Voltigeurs.</b> <b>Bk</b> Corps raised and commanded by Colonel de Salaberry, 189, +191.</p> + +<p><b>Volunteer.</b> <b>Mc</b> Newspaper, Mackenzie publishes, 467.</p> + +<p><b>Volunteers at Quebec.</b> <b>Dr</b> On conclusion of siege, dismissed and thanked, +144.</p> + +<p><b>Von Shoultz.</b> A Polish gentleman, settled in the United States. During +the Rebellion of 1837-1838, led a party of American sympathizers over +the border. They seized a windmill near Prescott, and held it for eight +days, but were finally dislodged and captured. Von Schoultz and ten +others were tried by court martial and hanged. <b>Index</b>: <b>Mc</b> Plans attack on +Prescott, 442; officers op<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_402" id="Page_402">[402]</a></span>pose plans, 442; lands at Prescott, 443; +engagement at Windmill Point, 443; surrender, 444; execution, 444. <b>Md</b> +With rebel Americans in encounter near Prescott, 8; Macdonald counsel +for, in court martial, 8-9; executed, 9. <b>Bib.</b>: Dent, <i>Upper Canadian +Rebellion</i>; Pope, <i>Memoirs of Sir John A. Macdonald</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Vorhees.</b> <b>S</b> Rebel captain, killed by Rangers, 32.</p> + +<p><b>Voyageurs.</b> <b>D</b> Character of, 52. <b>Bk</b> Of the Hudson's Bay Company, assist in +capture of Michilimackinac, 210.</p> + +<p><b>Voyer, Colonel.</b> <b>Dr</b> Commands French militia in siege of Quebec, 115.</p> + +<p><b>Vrooman's Point.</b> <b>Bk</b> On Niagara River, battery at, 299, 300.</p> + + +<p><b>Wadsworth, William</b> (1732-1833). Born in Durham, Connecticut. In the War +of 1812, brigadier-general in the New York militia. Took part in the +battle of Queenston Heights on Oct. 13, 1812, and when the Americans +were defeated, surrendered to Sir Roger Sheaffe. <b>Index</b>: <b>Bk</b> Commanding +United States troops on Niagara River, 213; surrenders with nine hundred +men at Queenston Heights, 312. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Cyc. Am. Biog.</i>; Lucas, <i>Canadian +War of 1812</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Wages.</b> <b>S</b> Rate of, 113.</p> + +<p><b>Wake, Sir Isaac</b> (1580-1632). Born at Hartwell, Northamptonshire, +England. Educated at Oxford. Entered the diplomatic service, and in 1609 +secretary to the British minister at Venice; British representative at +the court of Savoy, 1615-1630. During these years sent on several +diplomatic missions: in 1617 to arrange an alliance between Savoy and +the Swiss states; in 1626 to Berne and Zurich on behalf of the Grisons; +and in 1627 to mediate between the king of Denmark and the duke of +Savoy. Ambassador to the French court, 1630-1632. <b>Index</b>: <b>Ch</b> English +ambassador at Paris, 215, 220; commissioner to settle dispute between +Kirke and De Caën, 218. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Dict. Nat. Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>Wakefield, Edward Gibbon</b> (1796-1862). Born in London, England. Educated +at Westminster and at Edinburgh. One of the founders of the National +Colonization Society in 1830. In 1838 accompanied Lord Durham (<i>q.v.</i>) +to Canada as unofficial adviser. Assisted Durham in drawing up the +<i>Report on the Affairs of British North America</i>. In 1843 elected to the +Canadian Parliament; at the same time secret adviser to Sir Charles +Metcalfe. Founded the Colonial Reform Society, 1850. In 1853 removed to +New Zealand and became adviser to the acting governor, Colonel Robert +Wynyard. <b>Index</b>: <b>BL</b> Private adviser to Sir Charles Bagot, 150; attacked +by Tory press, 150; elected for Beauharnois, 177; his views on +colonization, 177; in Canada with Durham, 177-178; his share in the +Report, 178; his land scheme, 178; relations to Bagot and Metcalfe, 178; +attacks La Fontaine-Baldwin party, and defends Metcalfe, 218-220. <b>Bib.</b>: +<i>Dict. Nat. Biog.</i>; Garnett, <i>Edward Gibbon Wakefield</i>; Dent, <i>Last +Forty Years</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Walcheren Expedition.</b> <b>Bk</b> Failure of, 119.</p> + +<p><b>Walker, Sir Hovenden</b> (1660-1726). Born in Somersetshire, England. +Entered the navy; in 1691-1692 captain of the <i>Vulture</i> fireship; in +1695 in command of the <i>Foresight</i>, and in 1696, when in charge of +convoy, had a successful action with two French frigates when off the +Lizard; in 1710 rear-admiral, and in 1711 knighted. In command of the +fleet which, in August, 1711, sailed up the St. Lawrence River for the +conquest of Canada. Stormy weather and fog combined to wreck the greater +part of the fleet, and the ships returned to England without meeting the +French. In 1715, either on account of the failure of the Canadian +expedition or on suspicion of being a Jacobite, dismissed from the +British navy. In 1720 published a pamphlet in defence of the abortive +expedi<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_403" id="Page_403">[403]</a></span>tion to Canada. <b>Index</b>: <b>WM</b> Loss of his fleet at Seven Islands, 83. +<b>Bib.</b>: <i>Dict. Nat. Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>Walker, Thomas.</b> <b>Dr</b> Magistrate, strong anti-military feeling of, 18; +assault upon, 20; inquiry made into affair without result, 21; certain +persons accused of participation in, 36; complaint carried by Walker to +England, 37; secretary of state's despatch on the subject, 37; accused +parties brought to trial and acquitted, 38; insolent conduct of, in +court, 38. <b>Dr</b> Agitates against Quebec Act, 79; treasonable +correspondence of, with Arnold, 86; entertains Franklin and Carrol, +American commissioners, 136; Franklin's opinion of, 136. <b>Bib.</b>: Bradley, +<i>The Making of Canada</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Wallace, Hugh.</b> <b>Hd</b> Haldimand's New York agent, 61, 74, 77; sends +Haldimand news of Bunker Hill and other events, 108.</p> + +<p><b>Wallace, Nathaniel Clarke</b> (1844-1901). Born at Woodbridge, Ontario. +Educated at the public schools and Weston Grammar School; taught school +for some years. Subsequently engaged in mercantile life. Elected to the +House of Commons for West York, 1878; continued as representative of +that constituency until his death. Voted for the disallowance of the +Jesuits' Estates Act, 1888; appointed controller of customs in the +ministry of Sir John Thompson, 1892; resigned, 1895, owing to a +disagreement with his colleagues in regard to the Manitoba school +question. Grand master of the Orange Order in British America for over +twenty years. <b>Bib.</b>: Dent, <i>Can. Men</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Walley, John</b> (1644-1712). Born in London, England. Commanded expedition +against the French and their Indian allies in Canada, 1689. In 1690 +sailed under Sir William Phipps to Quebec, but the siege was a failure. +Published an account of the expedition on his return to Boston. In 1687, +being one of the chief founders of the town of Bristol, elected a member +of the Council. Also captain of the Ancient and Honourable Artillery +Company of Boston. <b>Index</b>: <b>F</b> Second in command to Phipps, 281; lands with +troops on Beauport flats, 292; his forces suffer severely, 298; draws +off his men, leaving artillery behind, 300; his explanation of defeat of +expedition, 300. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Cyc. Am. Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>Walpole, Horace.</b> <i>See</i> Orford.</p> + +<p><b>Walrond, Theodore.</b> <b>E</b> On British ignorance of Canada, and Elgin's work +there, 215. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Life of Elgin</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Walsingham, William de Grey, first Baron</b> (1719-1781). <b>Dr</b> +Solicitor-general of England, his views on Canadian laws, 62. <b>Bib.</b>: +<i>Dict. Nat. Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>War of 1812.</b> Declared by the United States against Great Britain in +June, <a name='TC_16'></a><ins title="Was '1872'">1812</ins>. The president in his message to Congress specified the +grounds for war as follows: Non-revocation of the orders-in-council; +interference with American trade; practical blockade of American ports; +impressment of American seamen, and the instigation of Indian +hostilities against the United States. The original intention of the +American government was the conquest of the British provinces on the +northern border, and several of the most important engagements were +fought on Canadian soil. After severe fighting with varying success, a +treaty of peace was signed at Ghent on Dec. 24, 1814. By this treaty all +territory taken by either country (except some islands on the Bay of +Passamaquoddy) was to be restored. All the American claims that led to +the war were left unsettled by the treaty. <b>Index</b>: <b>R</b> Loyalty of +Methodists in, 41; its aftermath, 41. <b>P</b> Services rendered by Papineau, +5. <b>BL</b> Stills for the time the internal conflict of races, 8-9. <i>See +also</i> Stoney Creek; Queenston Heights; Châteauguay; Chrystler's Farm; +Beaver Dam; Brock; FitzGibbon; Sheaffe; Van Rensselaer; Hull. <b>Bib.</b>: +Lucas, <i>Canadian War of 1812</i>; Richardson,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_404" id="Page_404">[404]</a></span> <i>War of 1812</i>; Cruikshank, +<i>Documentary History of the Campaign</i> and <i>Record of the Services of +Canadian Regiments in the War of 1812</i>; Roosevelt, <i>Naval War of 1812</i>; +Auchinleck, <i>War between Great Britain and the United States</i>; Coffin, +<i>1812: the War and its Moral</i>; Lossing, <i>Pictorial Field Book of the War +of 1812</i>; Irving, <i>Officers of the British Forces in Canada during the +War of 1812-14</i>; Mahan, <i>Naval War of 1812</i>; Hannay, <i>War of 1812-14</i>. +<i>See also</i> other references in <i>Lit. Am. Hist.</i></p> + +<p><b>Wark, David</b> (1804-1905). Born near Londonderry, Ireland. Came to New +Brunswick, 1825; engaged in mercantile life. Elected to the Legislative +Assembly, 1843; appointed to the Legislative Council, 1851; member of +the ministry, at first without portfolio and afterwards as +receiver-general, 1858-1862; called to the Senate, 1867. Attended the +session of the Senate in his hundredth year. <b>Index</b>: <b>W</b> Moves resolutions +in New Brunswick Assembly on foreign commercial relations, 118. <b>T</b> Member +of Fisher government, 43. <b>Bib.</b>: Morgan, <i>Can. Men</i>; Hannay, <i>History of +New Brunswick</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Warner, Seth</b> (1743-1784). Born in Roxbury, Connecticut. At the outbreak +of the American Revolution, joined the ranks of the patriots, and as +second in command took part in the capture of Ticonderoga and Crown +Point. In 1775 ordered to Canada to serve under General Montgomery. +Present at the siege of St. John's, and repulsed the British troops +under Sir Guy Carleton, who attempted its relief. Served in the American +army until 1782, when he retired. <b>Index</b>: <b>Dr</b> Attacks Ticonderoga, 179. +<b>Bib.</b>: <i>Cyc. Am. Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>Washington, George</b> (1732-1799). First president of the United States. +<b>Index</b>: <b>Dr</b> Recognizes Arnold's abilities, 105; ordered by Congress to +appoint commission for exchange of prisoners, 207; opposed to +resurrection of French power in North America, 281; his moderate views, +286. <b>Hd</b> Compared with Haldimand in appearance, 15; suggests change in +uniform of troops, 16; occupies New York, 104; occupies Boston, 110; +objects to his French allies invading Canada, 123; his small army, 126, +253; his dread of re-establishment of French rule in Canada, 129; +Haldimand's demand on, for Hamilton's release, 169; his alleged threat +against Vermont, 205; Schuyler's letter to, 206; his caution to +Chittenden, 212-213; anxious to keep up exchange of prisoners through +Vermont, 215; provoked at carrying on of trade between Vermont and +Canada, 225; letter to Gage as to treatment of prisoners, 249; severity +towards Loyalists, 249, 250; compared with Haldimand in character, 250; +Pillon's treasonable correspondence with, 278; Riedesel's opinion of +methods of, 298. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>See</i> <i>Cyc. Am. Biog.</i> for sketch, and list of +lives.</p> + +<p><b>Washington Treaty</b>, 1871. Dealt with the Alabama claims; arbitration of +the San Juan boundary; North Atlantic fisheries; navigation of certain +rivers and canals and of Lake Michigan; system of bonded transit; +exemption from duty of United States logs floated down the St. John +River. An attempt was made by Sir John A. Macdonald, who represented +Canadian interests in the negotiation of the treaty, to revive the +provisions of the Reciprocity Treaty of 1854, but without success. The +other British commissioners were Earl de Grey, Sir Edward Thornton, Sir +Stafford Northcote, and Professor Montague Bernard. The United States +representatives were Hamilton Fish, General Schenck, Judge Nelson, Judge +Hoar, and Senator Williams. The treaty was duly ratified, and brought +into operation by proclamation, July 4, 1871. It was terminated, at the +instance of the United States, July, 1885. <b>Index</b>: <b>Md</b> History of, +165-192; questions arising out of American War of Secession, 165; +questions of special interest to Canada—San Juan boundary, Fenian Raid<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_405" id="Page_405">[405]</a></span> +claims, inshore fisheries, reciprocity, 166-167; Joint High Commission, +168-169; personnel of commission, 169; Macdonald a member, 169; +difficulty of his position, 172; outcome of negotiations, 174-178; San +Juan boundary referred to arbitration, 178-180; settlement of fisheries +question, 181-183; Macdonald signs treaty in interests of empire, +184-185; meets storm of opposition in Canada, 185-186; defends treaty in +Parliament, 186-190; Halifax Commission and award, 190. <b>B</b> Brown's +mission of 1874, and abortive Reciprocity Treaty of same year, a direct +result of, 225. <b>Bib.</b>: Pope, <i>Memoirs of Sir John A. Macdonald</i>; Houston, +<i>Constitutional Documents</i>; Hertslet, <i>Treaties and Conventions</i>; +<i>Messages, Despatches, and Minutes of the Privy Council Relative to the +Treaty of Washington</i>, Ottawa, 1872; Cushing, <i>The Treaty of +Washington</i>; Adams, <i>Before and after the Treaty of Washington</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Waterways.</b> <b>B</b> Improved as a result of British preference, 31; navigable +rivers in North-West, 214-215; joint commission for improvement of, +provided for in Reciprocity Treaty of 1854, 227. <i>See also</i> Canals; +Rivers.</p> + +<p><b>Watkin, Sir Edwin William, Bart.</b> (1819-1901). Born in Manchester, +England. Educated there. In 1845 secretary of the Trent Valley Railway, +and at various times connected with the London and North-Western +Railway, the Manchester, Sheffield, and Lincoln Railway, Great Western +Railway, and South-Eastern Railway. In 1857 elected member of Parliament +for Yarmouth. From 1862 to 1868 president of the Grand Trunk Railway. +<b>Index</b>: <b>C</b> President of Grand Trunk Railway, 125; friend of Cartier's, +125; declines distinction of C. B., 125; Cartier's letter to, 125-128. +<b>Bib.</b>: Morgan, <i>Can. Men</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Watson, Samuel James</b> (1837-1881). Born in Ireland. Educated at Belfast +Academy. Came to Canada and engaged in newspaper work, 1857. Appointed +librarian of the Ontario Assembly, 1871. Died in Toronto. <b>Bib.</b>: Works: +<i>The Constitutional History of Canada</i>; <i>The Powers of Canadian +Parliaments</i>; <i>The Peace-Killer or The Massacre of Lachine</i>; <i>The Legend +of Roses</i>; <i>Ravlan: a Drama</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Watters, Charles.</b> <b>T</b> Defeated in St. John County, New Brunswick, 11; +becomes solicitor-general, New Brunswick, 43; defeated in St. John, 84.</p> + +<p><b>Waverley Abbey.</b> <b>Sy</b> In Surrey, birthplace of Sydenham, 5.</p> + +<p><b>Wayne, Anthony</b> (1745-1796). Born in Pennsylvania. Sent in 1765, on the +recommendation of Benjamin Franklin, to Nova Scotia, as financial agent +and land surveyor. One of the provincial deputies chosen in 1774 to +consider the relations between the American colonies and Great Britain. +In 1775 raised a regiment of troops, and in 1776 made colonel; defeated +and wounded at Three Rivers in an attack on the British. Promoted +brigadier-general, 1777; major-general, 1783; and general-in-chief, +1792. <b>Index</b>: <b>Dr</b> Defeats Indians at Fort Recovery, and demands evacuation +of British fort on the Miami, 286. <b>S</b> Army under, threatens Detroit, 133; +defeats Indians at Fort Recovery and on the Miami, 139; demands +evacuation of Fort Miami, 139; his instructions to avoid anything that +might lead to war with Great Britain, 142. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Cyc. Am. Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>Weatherbe, Sir Robert Linton</b> (1836- ). Born in Prince Edward Island. +Educated at Prince of Wales's College, Charlottetown, and Acadia +College, Wolfville. Edited the <i>Acadian Recorder</i>. Called to the bar, +1863; judge of the Supreme Court of Nova Scotia, 1878; chief-justice, +1905-1907; knighted, 1906. <b>Bib.</b>: Morgan, <i>Can. Men</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Webb, Samuel Blatchley</b> (1753-1807). Born in Connecticut. Took part in +the civil and military movements that preceded the Revolution in 1775. +Com<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_406" id="Page_406">[406]</a></span>manded a company of Light Infantry in the battle of Bunker Hill. In +1776 appointed private secretary and aide-de-camp to Washington. In 1777 +took part in the American expedition to Long Island, and captured with +his troops by the British fleet; released in 1780. Afterwards +brigadier-general. <b>Index</b>: <b>WM</b> Sent to America with reinforcements, 33; +retreats on learning of fall of Oswego, 36; in command at Fort Edward, +45; his despatch to Colonel Monro intercepted, 46. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Cyc. Am. +Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>Webb's Regiment</b>. <b>WM</b> Formed part of reserve in battle of the Plains, 189. +<b>Bib.</b>: Doughty, <i>Siege of Quebec</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Wedderburn, Lord</b>. <i>See</i> Rosslyn.</p> + +<p><b>Weir, Lieutenant George</b>. Came to Canada with the 32nd Regiment; served +in the Rebellion of 1837 in Lower Canada; sent with despatches to the +officer in command at Sorel; captured by Wolfred Nelson and sent +prisoner to St. Charles; attempted to escape at St. Denis, and was +killed by his rebel guards. <b>Bib.</b>: Kingsford, <i>History of Canada</i>; +Christie, <i>History of Lower Canada</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Weldon, John Wesley</b> (1804-1885). For many years a member of the +Legislative Assembly of New Brunswick, and 1843-1851 Speaker of the +House. In 1865 appointed a judge of the Supreme Court of New Brunswick, +and held the position until his death, 1885. <b>Index</b>: <b>W</b> Elected Speaker of +New Brunswick Assembly, 65, 66; action brought against in Doak and Hill +case, 75; his amendment on question of money votes, 94. <b>T</b> Appointed to +New Brunswick Bench, 94. <b>Bib.</b>: Hannay, <i>History of New Brunswick</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Welland Canal</b>. Projected as a result of the War of 1812. A commission +was appointed in 1816 to report on a canal between Lakes Erie and +Ontario. The matter dragged along for several years, until at last, +through the energy and enthusiasm of William Hamilton Merritt, a company +was incorporated, and work actually commenced, in 1824. Five years +later, the first vessels passed through from Ontario to Erie. In 1841 +work was commenced on the enlargement of the canal, and completed in +1850. Between 1873 and 1883, the canal was deepened to 12 feet; and in +1887 to 14 feet. In the meantime, the work had been taken over by the +government, and become part of the system of Dominion canals. <b>Index</b>: <b>Mc</b> +Mackenzie's committee to inquire into, 264; Mackenzie a director of, +265; Francis Hincks on, 265; transactions of officials, 266, 267; report +of committee, 268. <b>BL</b> Bought by government from private company, 1841, +98; completion of improvements, 337. <i>See also</i> Canals. <b>Bib.</b>: Kingsford, +<i>Early Canals</i>; Merritt, <i>Biography of W. H. Merritt</i>; Matheson, +<i>Welland Canal</i> (Women's Can. Hist. Soc. <i>Trans</i>., vol. 2).</p> + +<p><b>Wellington, Arthur Wellesley, Duke of</b> (1769-1852). Entered the army in +1787, and after serving in the Netherlands went to India in 1797, where +he filled various military and civil offices until 1805. Two years later +commanded the Copenhagen expedition and defeated the Danes at Kioge. +Took command of the army in the Peninsula in 1808, and between then and +1814 defeated the French under Soult, Victor, Massena, and King Joseph. +On his return to England in 1814 created Duke of Wellington. The +following year, with the co-operation of Blücher, defeated Napoleon at +Waterloo. Premier in 1828, and resigned in 1830; foreign secretary in +Peel's ministry, 1834. <b>Index</b>: <b>Bk</b> His successes in the Peninsula, 119; +retreats into Portugal, 123. <b>Sy</b> Resigns from Cabinet, 16; returns to +office as prime minister, 16; resigns, 52; on dismissal of Melbourne, +summoned to form a ministry, 46; his government defeated, 46; persuaded +by Chief Justice Robinson to oppose Union Bill in House of Lords, 231. <b>B</b> +Disapproves of Bagot's policy, 16, 17. <b>Mc</b> His con<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_407" id="Page_407">[407]</a></span>nection with Catholic +Emancipation Bill, 16-17. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Despatches, 1799-1832</i>; <i>Speeches</i>. For +biog., <i>see Dict. Nat. Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>Wentworth, Sir John</b> (1737-1820). Born in Portsmouth, New Hampshire. +Educated at Harvard. In 1765 went to England as agent of the province of +New Hampshire, and in 1767 appointed governor of the province; in the +same year made surveyor-general of the king's woods in North America. +While governor of New Hampshire opposed the imposition of the taxes by +Great Britain, but still supported British connection; compelled in 1775 +to take refuge on board a British ship on which he sailed for England. +Appointed lieutenant-governor of Nova Scotia, 1792. <b>Index</b>: <b>Dr</b> +Lieutenant-governor of Nova Scotia, 290. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Dict. Nat. Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>West.</b> <b>W</b> Of Halifax, establishes first Madras school in St. John, New +Brunswick, in 1818, 87.</p> + +<p><b>West India Company.</b> Established by royal edict in 1664, under the usual +conditions, that it should further the cause of colonization and +religion in New France, and in return should possess a monopoly of the +fur trade. The charter was revoked in 1674. In 1721, a similar charter +was granted to a new West India Company. <b>Index</b>: <b>F</b> Creation of, 49; +failure of, 149. <b>Bib.</b>: Biggar, <i>Early Trading Companies of New France</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Western Forts.</b> <b>S</b> Held by Great Britain pending settlement of Loyalist +affairs, 55, 119; handed over to United States, 142. <b>Bk</b> Transfer of, to +United States, 53. <b>Hd</b> Necessity for strengthening, 137; Haldimand +declines to surrender till instructed by his government, 260; surrender +of, 262. <b>Dr</b> Retained by Great Britain as security for concessions to +Loyalists, 231; handed over to United States, 291, 303. <i>See also</i> +Michilimackinac; Detroit, etc.</p> + +<p><b>Westminster Conference, 1866.</b> To settle finally the plan on which the +Confederation of the provinces was to be carried out, the delegates from +Canada, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia met in the Westminster Palace +Hotel, London. The Conference lasted from the 4th to the 24th of +December, and passed a series of sixty-nine resolutions based on those +of the Quebec Conference. The Conference resumed again in January, 1867, +with the result that the British North America Act was framed, and +passed by the Imperial Parliament. <b>Index</b>: <b>Mc</b> Conference meets in London, +125-127. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>See also</i> British North America Act; Confederation.</p> + +<p><b>Wetherall, Sir George Augustus</b> (1788-1868). Born in Hampshire, England. +Educated at Winchester and the Military College, Farnham. In 1803 joined +the regiment of Nova Scotia Fencibles formed by his father, General Sir +Fred A. Wetherall. During the Rebellion of 1837-1838 in Canada in +command of the troops at Montreal, defeating the rebels at St. Charles +and Point Oliver. In 1838 promoted brevet-colonel; from 1843 to 1850 +deputy-adjutant-general in Canada; adjutant-general, 1854; +lieutenant-general, 1857, and in 1860 commanded the northern district in +Great Britain. In 1865 appointed governor of the Royal Military College +at Sandhurst. <b>Index</b>: <b>C</b> At St. Charles, 7. <b>P</b> Attacks rebels at St. +Charles, 129. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Dict. Nat. Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>Wetmore, A. B.</b> <b>T</b> Anti-Confederate candidate in St. John, New Brunswick, +84; his character, 84-85; breaks away from government, 101; elected as +Confederate candidate in St. John, 109.</p> + +<p><b>Wheat.</b> <b>B</b> Lord Stanley introduces measure giving preference to Canadian +wheat, 1843, 15; preference wiped out by the corn laws, 15, 31; <i>Globe</i> +on effect of corn laws, 31-32; Elgin on, 32; trade in, under Reciprocity +Treaty of 1854, 229, 230. <b>MS</b> Red River settlers raise first crop of, +1813, 160, <i>See also</i> Agriculture.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_408" id="Page_408">[408]</a></span></p> + +<p><b>Whelan, Edward</b> (1824-1867). Born in County Mayo, Ireland. Emigrated to +Nova Scotia, and employed in the office of the <i>Nova Scotian</i>, under +Joseph Howe. Moved to Prince Edward Island, 1842, and immediately threw +himself into the struggle for popular rights; elected to the Assembly; a +member of the Council, 1864, when he represented his province at the +Quebec Conference. Died at Charlottetown. <b>Index</b>: <b>T</b> Delegate to Quebec +Conference from Prince Edward Island, 77. <b>Bib.</b>: Davin, <i>The Irishman in +Canada</i>.</p> + +<p><b>White, John.</b> <b>S</b> First attorney-general of Upper Canada, 81, 178; his duel +with John Small, clerk of council, 181.</p> + +<p><b>White, Philip.</b> <b>Dr</b> Loyalist, murder of, 198.</p> + +<p><b>White, Thomas</b> (1830-1888). Born in Montreal. Educated at the high school +there. Joined the editorial staff of the <i>Quebec Gazette</i>; and in 1853 +founded the <i>Peterborough Review</i>, which he edited for seven years. In +1860 went to Cobourg to study law, and in 1864 with his brother founded +the <i>Hamilton Spectator</i>. Elected to the Dominion Parliament for +Cardwell, 1878, and again in 1882 and 1887. A member of Sir John A. +Macdonald's Cabinet in 1885 as minister of the interior, and carried out +the political organization of the North-West Territories. <b>Index</b>: <b>E</b> On +the coalition of 1854, 139; minister of the interior in the Macdonald +ministry, 1885-1888, 139. <b>Md</b> Takes part in political picnic campaign, +220. <b>Bib.</b>: Rose, <i>Cyc. Can. Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>Whitney, Sir James Pliny</b> (1843- ). Born at Williamsburg, Ontario. +Educated at the Cornwall Grammar School. Served for some years in the +militia, and on active service during the Fenian raid, 1866. In 1876 +called to the bar and practised at Morrisburg, Ontario. Elected for +Dundas to the Ontario Assembly, 1888. In 1896 leader of the Conservative +party in Ontario; and in 1905 premier, on the defeat of the Liberal +government. Knighted, 1908. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Canadian Who's Who</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Wilcox, Absalom.</b> <b>Mc</b> Aids Mackenzie's escape, 383.</p> + +<p><b>Wilcox, Allan.</b> <b>Mc</b> Accompanies Mackenzie in his flight, 384-386.</p> + +<p><b>Wilkins, Lewis Morris</b> (1801-1885). Born in Halifax, Nova Scotia, son of +Lewis Morris Wilkins, judge of the Supreme Court. Educated at King's +College, Windsor, graduating in 1819. Called to the bar and practised at +Windsor from 1823 to 1856. In 1856 appointed judge of the Supreme Court +of Nova Scotia, resigning in 1876. For several years a member of the +Nova Scotia Legislature, and provincial secretary in the Young ministry, +1854-1856. <b>Index</b>: <b>H</b> Delegate to England to represent views of +Legislative Council of Nova Scotia on responsible government, 52, 56; +supports Howe, 145; becomes provincial secretary, 146; signs Foreign +Enlistment Proclamation, 152; appointed judge of Supreme Court, 157. +<b>Bib.</b>: Campbell, <i>History of Nova Scotia</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Wilkinson.</b> <b>B</b> Edits a Bowmanville newspaper, charges Senator Simpson with +bribery in 1872, publishes letter from George Brown to Simpson, 249; +sued for libel, 249; applies to have Brown committed for contempt of +court, 252.</p> + +<p><b>Wilkinson.</b> <b>Dr</b> Aide-de-camp to Benedict Arnold, describes Arnold's rapid +retreat, 147.</p> + +<p><b>William III</b> (1650-1702). King of England; son of William II, Prince of +Orange, and Mary, daughter of Charles I of England. In 1677 married +Mary, daughter of James II of England. In 1688 on the invitation of a +number of leading British statesmen and nobles, headed an expedition to +England. On his arrival in England, James II fled, and on Feb. 13, 1689, +William and Mary were proclaimed king and queen. <b>Index</b>: <b>Hd</b> Forms +regiment of Swiss Guards, 7. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Dict. Nat. Biog.</i><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_409" id="Page_409">[409]</a></span></p> + +<p><b>William IV</b> (1765-1837). King of England; third son of George III and +Queen Charlotte; born in Buckingham Palace. On June 26, 1830, succeeded +George IV. <b>Index</b>: <b>Sy</b> Accession of, 25; dismisses Lord Melbourne, 45; +death of, 48. <b>Dr</b> Arrival of, in Canada, as Prince William Henry, 238, +240; his popularity, 240. <b>W</b> Opposed to alienation of crown lands, 22; +dismisses his advisors, 37; his death, 1837, 47. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Dict. Nat. +Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>William Henry.</b> <b>Dr</b> Name of Sorel changed to, 240.</p> + +<p><b>Williams, Sir William Fenwick</b> (1800-1883). Born in Annapolis Royal, Nova +Scotia. Graduated at Woolwich, England, in 1821; entered the army, 1825; +and served with distinction in the Crimean War, 1854-1855. On his return +to England created a baronet, received the Order of the Bath, and +granted a pension of £1000 a year. Nova Scotia presented him with a +sword of honour. In 1860-1866 commander of the forces in Canada; during +the absence of the governor-general, Sir Edmund Head, administrator of +Canada, from Oct. 12, 1860, to Jan. 22, 1861; and in 1865 governor of +Nova Scotia. In 1868 full general; and in 1870 governor-general of +Gibraltar. In 1877 retired from the army; and in 1881 appointed +constable of the Tower. <b>Index</b>: <b>Md</b> Co-operates with Tupper in +Confederation movement, 122. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Dict. Nat. Biog.</i>; Dent, <i>Can. +Por.</i>; Taylor, <i>Brit. Am.</i>; Saunders, <i>Three Premiers of Nova Scotia</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Willis, John Walpole</b> (1792-1877). Born in England. A voluminous writer +on legal subjects. In 1827 appointed a puisne judge of the King's Bench +in Upper Canada. A capable judge, but in constant conflict with Sir +Peregrine Maitland, the lieutenant-governor of the province. On the +ground that he had refused to conduct the business of the court alone, +in the absence of the two other judges, the governor dismissed him from +the bench in June, 1828. Subsequently judge in Demerara and judge of the +Supreme Court of New South Wales; dismissed from the latter appointment, +1743. <b>Index</b>: <b>Mc</b> Appointed, 1827, 130; quarrels with brother judges, 131; +his contention, 131, 132, 133; removed, 133; large petition in favour +of, refused, 133. <b>BL</b> Dismissed from office, 28; his cause taken up by +Reform party, 28; petition of protest, 29. <b>Bib.</b>: Morgan, <i>Cel. Can.</i>; +Read, <i>Lives of the Judges</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Willis, Michael</b> (1799-1879). Born in Greenock, Scotland. Educated at the +University of Glasgow. A minister in Glasgow for a number of years, and +professor of divinity for the secession branch of the Presbyterian +Church. In 1843, at the disruption, joined the Free Church, and +afterwards invited to Canada in connection with the colonial board of +that religious body. In 1845 appointed professor of theology in Knox +College, and later principal of that institution, resigning in 1870. <b>B</b> +President of Anti-Slavery Society of Canada, 112; principal of Knox +College, 112.</p> + +<p><b>Willison, John Stephen</b> (1856- ). Born at Hill's Green, Ontario. Began +his journalistic career with the London <i>Advertiser</i>, 1882; joined the +staff of the Toronto <i>Globe</i>, 1883. Represented the <i>Globe</i> in Ottawa +for some years; editor-in-chief of the <i>Globe</i>, 1890; subsequently +editor of the Toronto <i>News</i>. <b>Index</b>: <b>Mc</b> His opinion of Mackenzie, 14. <b>Md</b> +Quoted on <i>Parti Rouge</i>, 45. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Sir Wilfrid Laurier and the Liberal +Party</i>. For biog., <i>see</i> Morgan, <i>Can. Men</i>; <i>Canadian Who's Who</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Williston, Edward.</b> <b>T</b> Solicitor-general, New Brunswick, 105.</p> + +<p><b>Williston, John T.</b> <b>T</b> Deserts Liberal party in New Brunswick, 18; elected +for Northumberland, 107.</p> + +<p><b>Willson, John.</b> Representative for Wentworth. <b>Index</b>: <b>R</b> Speaker of +Legislative Assembly, Upper Canada, 64, 65.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_410" id="Page_410">[410]</a></span></p> + +<p><b>Wilmot, Benjamin</b> (1589-1669). <b>W</b> Born in England, one of early settlers +of New Haven, 3; ancestor of L. A. Wilmot, 3.</p> + +<p><b>Wilmot, Ezekiel.</b> <b>W</b> Born, 1708, son of Thomas Wilmot, 3.</p> + +<p><b>Wilmot, Lemuel.</b> <b>W</b> A Loyalist of Poughkeepsie, New York, 3; a captain in +Loyal American Regiment, came to New Brunswick after the war, 3.</p> + +<p><b>Wilmot, Lemuel Allan</b> (1809-1878). <b>W</b> His work for responsible government, +2; born in Sunbury County, New Brunswick, 1809, 2; his ancestry, 3; +attorney-general, 1848, 7; a Baptist, 9; his mother, 10; education, +10-11; studies law, 11; interest in militia, 12; his success as a +lawyer, 31; enters public life as member for York County, 1834, 31; +re-elected, 1835, 32; his eminence as a stump orator, 32, 33; takes +leading part in debates, 35; his interest in crown lands question, 35; +and question of salaries of customs officials, 38-39; sent to England as +delegate, 41-42, 45; again goes to England on behalf of Assembly, <i>re</i> +Civil List Bill, 46; elected for York, 47; obtains new charter for +King's College, 49-56; on provincial salaries, 61-63; nominated for +Speaker, but declines to run, 66; advocates reform of Legislative +Council, 68-69; enters the government, 72-73; opposes address to +Metcalfe, 74; attacked by <i>Loyalist</i>, 75; resigns over Reade +appointment, 77; his letter to the governor on same, 77-79; views on +education, 83, 88-91; advocates initiation of money grants by executive, +91-93; 94-97; opposes bill requiring executive councillors, etc., to be +re-elected, 99-100; re-elected for York, 102; declines seat in +government, 102-103; enters government as attorney-general, 116-117; +speaks at Portland Railway Convention, 119-126; views on railway +question, 126-127; consolidation of criminal law and other legislation, +127-128; on reduction of judges, 129; appointed to bench, 130, 173; +Fenety's characterization, 131; appointed lieutenant-governor, 132-133; +a many-sided man, his religious life, 133-134; his family life, 135; in +the militia, 135; his home, 136; his marriage, 1832, 137; second +marriage, 137; character and achievements, 137-139; his death, May 20, +1878, 137. <b>Bib.</b>: Dent, <i>Can. Por.</i>; <i>Dict. Nat. Biog.</i>; Hannay, <i>History +of New Brunswick</i>; Bourinot, <i>Canada during Victorian Era</i> (R. S. C., +1897); Roberts, <i>History of Canada</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Wilmot, Montagu.</b> Lieutenant-colonel in the army, 1755; commanded an +expedition against Fort Cumberland, 1756. Appointed lieutenant-governor +of Nova Scotia, 1763; governor, 1764. Died, 1766. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Selections from +the Public Documents of Nova Scotia</i>, ed. by Akins.</p> + +<p><b>Wilmot, Robert Duncan</b> (1809-1891). Born at Fredericton, New Brunswick. +Member of the provincial Parliament, 1846-1861 and in 1865-1867; and +surveyor-general, 1851-1854. Provincial secretary in the Wilmot-Gray +ministry, and in 1867 called to the Senate, of which he was a member for +thirteen years. In 1878-1891 a member of the Privy Council; in 1878-1880 +a member of the Cabinet without portfolio, and Speaker of the Senate; +lieutenant-governor of New Brunswick, 1880-1885. <b>Index</b>: <b>T</b> Elected for +St. John County, 10; elected as a Liberal, but sides with Conservatives, +13-14; joins administration, 18, 23, 24; re-elected for St. John, 24, +30; provincial secretary, 41; his government resigns, 42-43; re-elected +for St. John County, as Anti-Confederate, 85-86; enters Smith +government, 91; his character, 93; dissatisfied with government, 94; +resigns, 94; forms new government with Peter Mitchell, 105; elected for +St. John County, 109; goes to England as delegate, 120. <b>Bib.</b>: Dent, +<i>Can. Por.</i>; Hannay, <i>History of New Brunswick</i>; <i>Parliamentary +Companion</i>, 1885.</p> + +<p><b>Wilmot, Thomas.</b> <b>W</b> Born, 1679, son of William Wilmot, 3.</p> + +<p><b>Wilmot, William</b>, <b>W</b> Father of L. A. Wilmot, 2; lumberman, 3; son of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_411" id="Page_411">[411]</a></span> +Lemuel Wilmot, 3; his family, 3-4; a Baptist, 9; moves to Fredericton, +10; a local preacher, 10; in politics, 10. <b>T</b> In partnership with William +Peters, 4.</p> + +<p><b>Wilson, Sir Adam</b> (1814-1891). Born in Edinburgh. Educated in that city. +In 1830 came to Canada; studied law under Robert Baldwin Sullivan, and +in 1839 called to the bar of Upper Canada. In 1840 partner of Robert +Baldwin, the Reform leader, and built up a successful practice. Elected +to the Assembly for the north riding of York; in 1862-1863 +solicitor-general in John Sandfield Macdonald's government; resigned on +being appointed a judge of the Queen's Bench. Chief-justice of the Court +of Common Pleas, 1878; and of Queen's Bench, 1884. Knighted, 1888. +<b>Index</b>: <b>B</b> Comments on George Brown's letter to Senator Simpson, 249-250; +had been supported by <i>Globe</i> in election contests, 250; +solicitor-general in Macdonald-Sicotte ministry, 250; attacked by +<i>Globe</i>, 250-252; takes no part in Brown's trial for contempt of court, +252, 254. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Dict. Nat. Biog.</i>; Dent, <i>Can. Por.</i> and <i>Last Forty +Years</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Wilson, Sir Daniel</b> (1816-1892). Born in Edinburgh, Scotland. Educated at +Edinburgh University. In 1845 appointed honorary secretary of the +Scottish Society of Antiquaries. In 1853 came to Canada as professor of +history and English literature in Toronto University, becoming president +of the university in 1881. Elected president of the Royal Society of +Canada, 1885. Knighted, 1888. <b>Bib.</b>: Works: <i>Prehistoric Man</i>; <i>The +Missing Link</i>; <i>Archæology and Prehistoric Annals of Scotland</i>; +<i>Chatterton: A Biographical Study</i>; <i>The Lost Atlantis, and other +Ethnographic Studies</i>. For biog., <i>see Dict. Nat. Biog.</i>; Dent, <i>Can. +Por.</i>; Kingsford, <i>Sir Daniel Wilson</i> (R. S. C., 1893); MacMurchy, +<i>Canadian Literature</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Wilson, John.</b> <b>T</b> Runs against Tilley in St. John, New Brunswick, and +defeated, 131.</p> + +<p><b>Wilson, John</b> (1809-1869). Born in Paisley, Scotland. Came to Canada, +1823; for some years worked on a farm near Perth. Studied law and called +to the bar of Upper Canada, 1835. Practised his profession at London. +Served as a volunteer during the Rebellion of 1837. Represented London +in the Assembly, 1847-1851; defeated, 1851, but again elected, 1854; +elected to the Legislative Council, 1863; appointed judge of the Court +of Common Pleas, 1863. <b>Bib.</b>: Read, <i>Lives of the Judges</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Wiman, Erastus</b> (1834-1904). Born at Churchville, Ontario. Educated in +Toronto; early became engaged in newspaper work; joined the staff of the +Toronto <i>Globe</i>, 1856; edited Montreal <i>Trade Renew</i>, 1864-1865; entered +the service of R. G. Dun & Co., 1865; removed to the United States, +1866, and connected with many large commercial enterprises. A strong +advocate of reciprocity between Canada and the United States. <b>Index</b>: <b>Md</b> +Favours commercial union, 293. <b>Bib.</b>: Morgan, <i>Can. Men</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Windmill Point.</b> Situated in Grenville County, Ontario, and the scene of +an engagement between filibusters from the United States under Colonel +Von Schoultz (<i>q.v.</i>), and Canadian troops, in November, 1838, when the +former were defeated. <b>Index</b>: <b>Mc</b> Engagement of, 441-444. <b>Md</b> Americans +under Von Schoultz capture windmill near Prescott, 8; party finally +overcome and leaders court-martialled, 8-9.</p> + +<p><b>Winnipeg.</b> Capital of the province of Manitoba. Founded about 1862. In +the summer of that year "the first attempt was made to establish a place +of business on the highway at the spot where the Assiniboine and Red +River tracks meet close to the boundary of the Hudson's Bay Company's +land reserve" (Hargrave's <i>Red River</i>). Incorporated in 1873. Its early +growth was very slow<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_412" id="Page_412">[412]</a></span> and the city suffered for years from the effects +of an ill-timed boom. The first decade of the twentieth century, +however, brought rapid and substantial growth, <b>Index</b>: <b>D</b> Becomes centre +of western department of Hudson's Bay Company. 265. <b>Bib.</b>: Hargrave, <i>Red +River</i>; Bryce, <i>Manitoba</i>; <i>Ency. Brit.</i>; <i>Ency. Amer.</i></p> + +<p><b>Winnipeg, Lake.</b> Area, 9460 square miles. The lake was known both to the +English on Hudson Bay and to the French in Canada, long before its +actual discovery, and is represented on a number of early maps, though +sometimes very far from its actual position. The lake was actually +discovered by La Vérendrye in 1732. The name is derived from the Cree +word <i>Wi-nipi</i>, turbid water. The name has had a host of variants, from +Ouinipigon and Ouinipique to Winnipeck and Winipic, not to mention the +name given in Coats's <i>Hudson Bay</i>, Winnipeg-gon-e-sepe.</p> + +<p><b>Winslow, John</b> (1702-1774). Born in Plymouth, Massachusetts. Entered the +army. In 1740 captain of a company that served in the expedition to +Cuba; in 1752 sent to Fort St. George, Maine, as a commissioner to +settle land disputes with the Indians. In 1755 when major-general of +militia, and captain in the British army, ordered to Nova Scotia to +remove the Acadians from that province. This duty he performed under the +instructions of Governor Lawrence. In 1756 as major-general served +against the French, and also in 1758-1759. In 1762 chief justice of the +Court of Common Pleas in Plymouth County. The town of Winslow in Maine +is named after him. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Cyc. Am. Biog.</i>; Campbell, <i>History of Nova +Scotia</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Winter, P.</b> <b>E</b> Commissioner under Seigniorial Tenure Act, 187.</p> + +<p><b>Winthrop, Fitz-John</b> (1639-1707). Born in Boston, Massachusetts. Educated +at Harvard. Going to England, served in the parliamentary army there and +in Scotland. Took part in the march of General Monk's army to London. In +1663 returned to New England and employed in both military and civil +capacities. In 1690 major-general in command of the army which +unsuccessfully invaded Canada. Agent for Connecticut in London, +1693-1697; and governor of the colony, 1698-1707. <b>Index</b>: <b>F</b> Commands +expedition against Montreal, 279; arrives at Albany, and pushes on to +Wood Creek, 280; returns to Albany, and to Hartford, Conn., 281. <b>L</b> +Commands expedition against Montreal, 229; his army disorganized and +scattered, 231. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Cyc. Am. Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>Wiseman, Nicholas Patrick Stephen</b> (1802-1865). Born at Seville, Spain. +Educated at St. Cuthbert's College, Ushaw, near Durham, and the English +College in Rome. Took a leading part in the Oxford movement. Created +arch-archbishop of Westminster, and cardinal, 1850. <b>Index</b>: <b>B</b> His +pastoral letter defending the papal bull dividing England into Roman +Catholic sees, and George Brown's reply, 44-45. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Dict. Nat. Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>Wolfe, James</b> (1727-1759). <b>WM</b> Intrusted by William Pitt with command of +expedition against Quebec, 65, 73; singular anecdote of, 65; birth and +personal characteristics, 66, 67; at Dettingen and Culloden, 68; in +Paris, 69; attached to the Louisbourg expedition, 70; falls in love, 70, +72; returns to England, 71; his criticism of the Louisbourg campaign, +72; made brigadier and intrusted with expedition against Quebec, 73; +bids farewell to father and mother, 74; has under him three brigadiers, +74; hears of his father's death, 76; his plan for the attack, 76-78; +proceeds to upper end of island of Orleans, 93; perceives all the +difficulty of the situation, 96; his proclamation to the Canadians, 101; +advances to Pointe Lévis, 108; decides on bombardment of Quebec, 110; +seizes left bank of Montmorency River, 112; his hesitancy, 119; courtesy +to prisoners taken by Carleton, 125; tries to bridge Montmorency, 127; +attempts<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_413" id="Page_413">[413]</a></span> passage of Montmorency by a ford, 128; protests against use of +fire-rafts, 130; his poor opinion of Canadian militia, 132, 173; his +plan to bring on general engagement, 134; unsuccessfully attacks French +position at Montmorency, 139-143; greatly appreciates kindness shown to +Ochterlony, 145; after defeat at Montmorency, bombards city with +increased severity, 145; burns country on both sides of the St. +Lawrence, 149; ill of fever at Ange Gardien, 154; his great activity and +energy, 154; hands command over to his brigadiers, 154; his three plans +for attack, 154; accepts plans of brigadiers, 155; convalescent, 156; +letter to his mother, 156; his extreme despondency, 157; abandons +position at Montmorency, 158; resolves to attack above Quebec, 159; +gives general order to be ready for early landing, 163; goes to +Pointe-aux-Trembles to reconnoitre, 164; his great discouragement +expressed in letter to Lord Holdernesse, 166; goes down opposite Le +Foulon and makes careful examination of it, 168; his propositions to +council of war, as narrated by French author, 169; visits each ship in +the fleet above Quebec, 170; his last proclamation from H.M.S. +<i>Sutherland</i>, 172; bequests in his will, 175; intrusts portrait of Miss +Lowther to Captain Jervis, 175; his boat takes the lead in moving down +the river, 179; his conversation in the boat, 179; recites Gray's +<i>Elegy</i>, 180; climbs up cliff and arranges troops in line of battle, +182; advances towards Quebec, 186; marches to battle at head of his +troops, 197; death of, 200; his remains conveyed to England on <i>Royal +William</i>, 238; grief of his mother, 239; monument to, in Westminster +Abbey, 239. <b>Dr</b> His friendship for Carleton, 30; secures his appointment +to Quebec expedition, 31. <b>P</b> Causes of his victory at Quebec, 143. <b>BL</b> +Sydenham ranked with, 112. <b>Hd</b> Besieges Quebec, 25; preparations made in +event of his failure, 28; his success and death, 34; compared with +Amherst, 35; Gugy comes with, to Quebec, 62; glories won by, on Plains +of Abraham, 121. <b>Bib.</b>: Doughty, <i>Siege of Quebec</i>; Wood, <i>Fight for +Canada</i>; Willson, <i>Life and Letters of James Wolfe</i>; Salmon, <i>Life of +Wolfe</i>; Bradley, <i>Life of Wolfe</i> and <i>The Fight with France</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Wolford Lodge.</b> <b>S</b> In Devon, family estate of Simcoe, 40, 220, 222.</p> + +<p><b>Wolseley, Garnet Joseph, Viscount</b> (1833- ). Born in Golden Bridge House, +Dublin county, Ireland. In 1852 entered the army as ensign; served in +the Burmese War, 1852-1853; in the Crimean War, 1854-1856; and in India, +1857; in 1861 sent to Canada in connection with the <i>Trent</i> incident; in +1867 deputy-quartermaster-general of Canada; and in 1869-1870 commanded +the Red River Expedition during the Riel Rebellion; commanded the +British army in the Ashantee War of 1873-1874; and in Egypt, 1882, and +1884-1885; field-marshal in 1894; and commander-in-chief of the army, +1895-1900. <b>Index</b>: <b>C</b> His expedition to North-West, 69-70; his article in +<i>Blackwood's Magazine</i>, 70-71; his quarrel with Cartier, 130. <b>Md</b> Leads +expedition against Riel, 161; gains a bloodless victory, 162. <b>Bib.</b>: +<i>Story of a Soldier's Life</i>. For biog., <i>see</i> <i>Who's Who</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Wood, Edmund Burke</b> (1820-1882). Born near Fort Erie, Ontario. Educated +at Overton College, Ohio. Called to the bar of Upper Canada, 1848, and +appointed clerk of the County Court of Brant, 1853. Represented West +Brant in the Canadian Assembly, 1863-1867. After Confederation returned +for both the Ontario Assembly and the Dominion House of Commons, but +resigned the latter seat, 1872. Held office as provincial treasurer in +the Sandfield-Macdonald ministry, 1867-1871. Elected to the House of +Commons for West Durham, 1873. Appointed chief-justice of Manitoba, +1874. Died in Winnipeg. <b>Bib.</b>: Dent, <i>Can. Por.</i></p> + +<p><b>Wood, Enoch.</b> <b>W</b> Methodist clergyman in Fredericton, 133; his influence +over L. A. Wilmot, 133.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_414" id="Page_414">[414]</a></span></p> + +<p><b>Wood Creek.</b> <b>F</b> Expedition against Montreal encamps at, 280.</p> + +<p><b>Wool, Captain.</b> <b>Bk</b> Succeeds in landing United States troops above +Queenston, 303.</p> + +<p><b>Wooster, David</b> (1710-1777). Born in Stratford, Connecticut. Graduated at +Yale University. Took part in the expedition against Louisbourg, 1745; +in 1776 served as brigadier-general of the American forces in Canada. +<b>Index</b>: <b>Dr</b> Montgomery leaves him in charge at Montreal, 116; on death of +Montgomery, succeeds to command at Quebec, 132; his army reinforced, +134; criticized in Franklin's report, 136; recalled, 136. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Cyc. +Am. Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>Work, or Wark, John</b> (1792-1861). Born in Ireland. Entered service of +Hudson's Bay Company, 1814; employed east of the mountains until 1822, +when transferred to the Columbia; in charge of Fort Simpson, 1835-1849; +appointed chief factor, 1846; removed to Victoria, 1849, as one of the +managers of the Company's affairs on the Pacific slope. In 1857 a member +of the Legislative Council of Vancouver Island. Died at Victoria. <b>Index</b>: +<b>D</b> Leads expedition into wilds of Oregon and the Upper Missouri in 1834, +132; member of Victoria board of management, 265; his death, 265. <b>Bib.</b>: +Bancroft, <i>History of British Columbia</i>; Walbran, <i>British Columbia +Coast Names</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Workman, T.</b> <b>Md</b> Liberal, elected for Montreal in by-election in 1876, +224.</p> + +<p><b>Wrangell, Ferdinand Petrovitch, Baron von</b> (1796-1870). Born in Pleskau, +Esthonia. Educated in the school for cadets in St. Petersburg. Entered +the Russian navy in 1812; in 1817 took part in a scientific expedition +to Siberia and Kamtchatka; and in 1820 commanded an expedition to +explore the Russian polar seas, which reached 72° 2' north latitude. In +1827 appointed governor of Russian America (Alaska), and during his +administration made surveys of the country, opened roads, built bridges, +and instituted various other reforms and improvements. In 1834 recalled +to Russia; in 1837 rear-admiral; in 1847 vice-admiral. Strongly opposed +to the cession of Alaska to the United States. <b>Index</b>: <b>D</b> Succeeds +Baranoff in Russian America, 45.</p> + +<p><b>Wright, Justice.</b> <b>S</b> Barrack-master, 47.</p> + +<p><b>Wright, Philemon</b> (1760-1839). Born in Woburn, Massachusetts. In 1800 +emigrated to Canada, and ascended the river Ottawa sixty miles beyond +any previous known settler, with the object of selecting a suitable +tract of land for a settlement. Eventually chose the site of the present +town of Hull, Quebec, and received a grant from the government. Imported +several of the best breeds of cattle from Great Britain, and, +introducing other improvements, the agricultural settlement grew into an +important and thriving township.</p> + +<p><b>Wyoming District.</b> <b>Hd</b> Laid waste, 151.</p> + + +<p><b>X Y Company.</b> Founded at Montreal in 1795 by several partners of the +North West Company, who had become dissatisfied with the administration +of the old company, and particularly resented the autocratic ways of its +chief, Simon McTavish, popularly known among the fur traders, because of +his domineering manner, as "Le Premier," and "Le Marquis." The backbone +of the new concern was the powerful Montreal firm of Forsyth, Richardson +& Co. Alexander Mackenzie was almost persuaded to join the new company +in 1795, but did not actually do so until 1801. Meanwhile the X Y +Company had built a post at Grand Portage in 1797, and followed their +rivals to the Assiniboine, the Saskatchewan, the Athabaska, and even +into the remote Peace River country. On the death of McTavish, in 1804, +the two companies were united as the North West Company. <b>Index</b>: <b>MS</b> +Organized by malcontents from North West<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_415" id="Page_415">[415]</a></span> Company, 6, 92; builds rival +post at Grand Portage, 93; Mackenzie becomes the head of, 98; absorbed +by North-West Company, 1804, 99. <b>Bib.</b>: Masson, <i>Bourgeois de la +Compagnie du Nord-Ouest</i>; Bryce, <i>Hudson's Bay Company</i>.</p> + + +<p><b>Yale, James Murray.</b> Entered the service of the Hudson's Bay Company +about 1815, when still a boy, and after some years' service east of the +mountains, transferred to New Caledonia. Eventually promoted to the rank +of chief factor; and retired from the service about 1870, settling near +Victoria, where he died. Fort Yale on the Fraser River was named after +him. <b>Index</b>: <b>D</b> At Stewart Lake, 99; in command at Fort George, 1823, 105. +<b>Bib.</b>: Bancroft, <i>History of British Columbia</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Yamaska River.</b> Rises in Brome Lake. After a course of about ninety miles +falls into the St. Lawrence at the head of Lake St. Peter. <b>Index</b>: <b>Ch</b> +Named by Champlain, De Gênes, 52.</p> + +<p><b>Yellowhead Pass.</b> Through the Rocky Mountains. Elevation, 3733 feet above +sea level. The summit of the pass is eighteen miles in a straight line +from the Athabaska River. Yellowhead Lake, a little west of the summit, +discharges its waters into the Fraser River. Because of its easy +gradients, this pass was favoured by (Sir) Sandford Fleming as the route +for the Canadian Pacific Railway, but political considerations forced +the selection of the much more difficult Kicking Horse Pass.</p> + +<p><b>Yonge Street, Toronto.</b> Originally an Indian trail leading to Lake +Simcoe. Built as a bush road by Simcoe in 1794. Named after Sir George +Yonge, then secretary for war. <b>Index</b>: <b>BL</b> Named in honour of the then +secretary for war, 8. <b>Bib.</b>: Robertson, <i>Landmarks of Toronto</i>.</p> + +<p><b>York.</b> <b>S</b> Name Toronto officially changed to, 203; name York previously in +use, 203. <b>Bk</b> Fortifications begun at, 182. <b>BL</b> Becomes seat of +government, 8; incorporated as city of Toronto, 16; origin of Spadina +Avenue, 26; Baldwin elected for, 31; Parliament house; 33; municipal +government in, 298. <i>See also</i> Toronto.</p> + +<p><b>York and Albany, Frederick Augustus, Duke of</b> (1763-1827). Second son of +George III. Commanded British army in Flanders, 1793-1795. +Commander-in-chief, 1798-1809. <b>Index</b>: <b>Bk</b> Takes command of expedition to +Holland, 15, 21. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Dict. Nat. Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>York Factory.</b> One of the principal establishments of the Hudson's Bay +Company, near the mouth of Hayes River, north bank. The first trading +post here, or near here, was Fort Nelson, built in 1669. Throughout the +eighteenth century, this was the principal post of the Company, in +charge of a governor, with a considerable staff. It was the +starting-point of the explorations of Henry Kellsey in 1692, of Anthony +Hendry in 1754, and of Matthew Cocking in 1772, and was the gateway to +the vast interior country, the recognized route being the Hayes River. +<b>Index</b>: <b>MS</b> Red River settlers winter near, 153-155. <i>See also</i> Port +Nelson. <b>Bib.</b>: Bryce, <i>Hudson's Bay Company</i>; Laut, <i>Conquest of the +Great North-West</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Yorke, Charles</b> (1722-1770). <b>Dr</b> Attorney-general of England, his views on +Canadian laws, 62.</p> + +<p><b>Yorke, Sir Joseph Sydney</b> (1768-1831). Entered the navy in 1780; in 1781 +joined the <i>Duke</i> and later the <i>Formidable</i>, both under Sir Charles +Douglas. In 1785 served on the flagship of Commodore John Elliot on the +Newfoundland station, and afterwards on the <i>Adamant</i> under Sir Richard +Hughes at Halifax. In 1789 lieutenant; in 1790 commander; in 1793 +captain; in 1810 a lord of the Admiralty. Sent to Lisbon in 1811 with +reinforcements, the arrival of which<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_416" id="Page_416">[416]</a></span> compelled the French under Massena +to retreat from Torres Vedras. In 1814 vice-admiral; and admiral, 1830. +<b>Index</b>: <b>Hd</b> Recommends Haldimand and Bouquet for command in America, 9-10; +Haldimand's description of, 327; Haldimand visits, 337. <b>Bib.</b>: <i>Dict. +Nat. Biog.</i></p> + +<p><b>Young, George Paxton</b> (1819-1889). Born at Berwick-upon-Tweed. Educated +at the University of Edinburgh; came to Canada, 1847; minister of Knox +Church, Hamilton, 1850-1853. Joined the faculty of Knox College the +latter year, where he filled various chairs in succession until 1864. +Employed by Dr. Ryerson for several years in reorganizing the grammar +schools of Ontario. In 1871 succeeded Dr. Beaven as professor of logic, +metaphysics, and ethics in Toronto University, holding the position up +to the time of his death. <b>Index</b>: <b>R</b> Appointed inspector of grammar +schools, 1863, 255; reports on defects in the system, 255-257; examines +results of Grammar School Act of 1865, 260. <b>Bib.</b>: Duncan, <i>George Paxton +Young</i> in <i>Univ. of Tor. Monthly</i>; Dent, <i>Can. Por.</i></p> + +<p><b>Young, George Renny</b> (1800?-1847). Born in Scotland; a brother of Sir +William Young (<i>q.v.</i>). Founded the <i>Nova Scotian</i> newspaper in 1824, +and edited it until 1828. For several years a member of the Legislative +Assembly of Nova Scotia; and also of the Executive Council. <b>Index</b>: <b>H</b> Son +of John Young, author of <i>Letters of Agricola</i>, 8; Speaker of Nova +Scotia Legislature, 99-100; associated with organization of Company to +build Intercolonial, 99-100; attacked by Lord Falkland, 100; offered +seat in Council by Sir John Harvey, 103; declines office, 104; elected +for Halifax, 106; member of the Uniacke administration, 110; resigns +from government, 132. <b>Bib.</b>: Campbell, <i>History of Nova Scotia</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Young, James.</b> <b>B</b> On George Brown's attitude in the Legislature at Quebec, +65; describes Brown's personal appearance, 73.</p> + +<p><b>Young, John</b> (1773-1837). Born in Falkirk, Scotland. Educated at Glasgow +University; emigrated to Canada, 1814. In 1818 published a series of +letters under the nom-de-plume of "Agricola," in the <i>Halifax Recorder</i>. +These letters drew attention to the backward state of agriculture in +Nova Scotia and led to the establishment of a Board of Agriculture, of +which he was appointed secretary. In 1822 the letters were published in +book form with the title <i>Letters of Agricola on the Principles of +Vegetation and Tillage</i>. From 1825 to 1837 represented Sydney in the +Nova Scotia Assembly. Took an active part in the formation of +agricultural societies. <b>Index</b>: <b>H</b> Author of <i>Letters of Agricola</i>, 6; +member of Nova Scotia Assembly, 1837, 35; proposes conciliatory +resolutions as to the Legislative Council, 38-39. <b>Bib.</b>: Campbell, +<i>History of Nova Scotia</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Young, John</b> (1811-1878). Born at Ayr, Scotland. Came to Canada, 1826. In +1837 raised a regiment of volunteers and served during the Rebellion. In +1841 partner of the firm of Stephens, Young & Company of Montreal; +connected with the construction in 1845 of the railway line to Portland, +Maine, through which Montreal secured a winter port. It was largely by +his efforts that the railway from Montreal to Kingston was built; and +the Victoria Bridge, the deepening of Lake St. Peter, and the +enlargement of the Welland, St. Lawrence, and Lachine canals were also +due to a considerable extent to his broad policy. In 1851 commissioner +of public works in the Hincks-Morin Cabinet. During his brief +administration organized the Canadian exhibit at London, 1851; and +subsidized steamships between Montreal and Liverpool. <b>Index</b>: <b>E</b> +Commissioner of public works in Hincks-Morin ministry, 113; resigns and +replaced by J. Chabot, 126. <b>Bib.</b>: Dent, <i>Last Forty Years</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Young, Sir John.</b> <i>See</i> Lisgar.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_417" id="Page_417">[417]</a></span></p> + +<p><b>Young, Sir William</b> (1799-1887). Born at Falkirk, Scotland. Educated at +Glasgow University. Came to Nova Scotia; studied law, and called to the +bar of that province, 1826. In 1832 elected to the Assembly for Cape +Breton. In 1835 called to the bar of Prince Edward Island. In 1838-1839 +took part in the negotiations that followed the Rebellion in Lower +Canada, and his report on the alleged grievances was included in that of +Lord Durham. In 1842 appointed a member of the Executive Council, and +Speaker of the Assembly, 1843-1854; premier of the province, 1854-1857; +and again in 1860. In 1860 appointed chief-justice of Nova Scotia, +retiring after twenty-one years' service. Knighted, 1868. <b>Index</b>: <b>H</b> +Political leader in Nova Scotia, and afterwards chief-justice of the +province, 6; sent as delegate to England to urge granting of +<a name='TC_17'></a><ins title="Was 'representatative'">representative</ins> government to Nova Scotia, 51, 56; appointed to Executive +Council, 1843, 75; elected Speaker the same year, 75; reelected Speaker, +1848, 107; attorney-general and leader of government, 146; his +government sustained, 157; non-committal attitude of, on Irish Roman +Catholic question, 163; chief justice of Nova Scotia, 169. <b>Bib.</b>: +Campbell, <i>History of Nova Scotia</i>; Saunders, <i>Three Premiers of Nova +Scotia</i>.</p> + +<p><b>Young, Sir William A. G.</b> (1827-1885). Secretary to the North American +Boundary Commission, 1856; colonial secretary and auditor of British +Columbia, 1859; colonial secretary of Vancouver Island, 1864; +administrator of the government there, 1866. Subsequently appointed +governor of the Gold Coast.</p> + +<p><b>Yukon River.</b> Rises at the headwaters of the Nisutlin, and empties into +Bering Sea, after a course of 1765 miles. The lower waters of the river +were explored by Glazunof in 1836 or 1837; and a Russian post was built +at Nulato, about four hundred miles above the mouth, in 1838. In 1843, +Zagoskin carried the exploration up to the mouth of the Nowikakat. In +1846, John Bell, of the Hudson's Bay Company, reached the Yukon by way +of the Porcupine; and in 1847 Alexander H. Murray, of the same Company, +built Fort Yukon, at the mouth of the Porcupine. Robert Campbell +explored the Pelly and Yukon, down to the mouth of the Porcupine, in +1840-1850. <b>Index</b>: <b>MS</b> Mackenzie establishes existence and course of, 50; +makes inquiries concerning, 55. <b>D</b> Operations of Hudson's Bay Company on, +123; explored by Robert Campbell, 125. <b>Bib.</b>: Dall, <i>Alaska</i>; Bancroft, +<i>History of Alaska</i>; Campbell, <i>Discovery of the Youcon</i>; Whymper, +<i>Travel and Adventure in Alaska</i>; Murray, <i>Journal of the Yukon</i> +(Archives, Pub. 4); Dawson, <i>Report on the Yukon</i> (Geol. Survey Report, +1887-1888).</p> + +<p><b>Yverdun.</b> <b>Hd</b> Home of the Haldimand family, 2, 3; visited by Haldimand, +113, 116; his death there, June 5, 1791, 340; its institutions +remembered in his will, 342.</p> + + +<p><b>Zollverein.</b> <b>Md</b> Proposed by Butterworth in United States Congress, as a +method of fiscal union with Canada, 295. <i>See also</i> Commercial Union. +<b>Bib.</b>: Willison, <i>Sir Wilfrid Laurier and the Liberal Party</i>.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_418" id="Page_418">[418]</a></span></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_419" id="Page_419">[419]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="MANUSCRIPT_SOURCES_IN_THE_DOMINION_ARCHIVES" id="MANUSCRIPT_SOURCES_IN_THE_DOMINION_ARCHIVES"></a>MANUSCRIPT SOURCES IN THE DOMINION ARCHIVES</h2> + + +<h3>CHAMPLAIN</h3> + +<p>Correspondance Générale, North America-Acadia, 1603-1632, Serie F, +Volume No. 112. Colonial Office Records, 1603, 1635, Serie M, Volume No. +395. Correspondance Générale, Acadia, 1605, Serie F, Volume No. 125. +Suggestions to the King by M. de Monts for the discovery and settlement +of the Coasts and Lands of Acadia, Serie F, Volume No. 125. Letters from +the King and the Duke of Montmorency, 1620-1621, Serie F, Volume No. +177. Papers relating to the Company of New France, 1624-1660, Serie F, +Volume No. 1. Letters Patent of the Hundred Associates. Restoration of +Canada to the French, 1632, Serie F, Volume No. 110. English and French +Correspondence on the Treaty of St. Germain-en-Laye, 1632, Serie F, +Volume No. 176. Papers on the Establishment of Three Rivers. Papers on +the English Grants in Nova Scotia, 1632, Serie M, Volume 371. Papers +relating to the Jesuits and to other subjects.</p> + + +<h3>LAVAL</h3> + +<p>Mandements of the Bishops, Serie M, Volume No. 179. Jesuit Relations. +Acts of Fealty and Homage, Serie M, Volumes No. 1-8. Correspondence of +Governors D'Argenson and D'Avaugour, 1658-1663, Colonial Records, Nova +Scotia, 1658-1688, Serie M, Volume No. 395. Memoires of the Church, +1658, Serie F, Volumes No. 127, 128. Documents copied at Rome, Serie M, +Volume 128. Correspondence of Governor de Mésy, 1663-1665. +Correspondence of Colbert with Talon, 1663-1667, Serie F, Volumes No. 2, +3, 4. Insinuations du Conseil Souverain, 1663-1758, Serie M, Volumes No. +60-67. Register of Royal Orders and other despatches for the Cie des +Indes Orientales and Occidentales de France, 1663-1688, Serie F, +206-218. Letter of Father L'Allemant, 1664, Serie M, Volume No. 130. +Letter of Governor de Courcelles, 1665-1667, Serie F, Volume No. 177. +Papers relating to the establishment of the Quebec Seminary, 1668. +Expeditions Baie du Nord. Correspondence of the Governor and the +Intendant with the Minister, 1672-1681, Serie F, Volume No. 5. Disputes +with the Governor, Collection Moreau St. Méry, Volume 78. Correspondence +of Colbert with Governor and Intendant, 1682-1684, Serie F, Volume No. +6. Relation du Voyage au Nord de l'Amérique, 1682-1684, Serie M, Volume +No. 193. <i>See also</i> Calendars Dominion Archives.</p> + + +<h3>FRONTENAC</h3> + +<p>General references in Collection Moreau St. Méry. Correspondance +Générale North America-Canada, 1654, 1790, Serie F, Volume 175. Canada +and Île Royale, detached companies, 1658-1736, Serie F, Volume No. 249. +Collection Moreau St. Méry, 1670-1699, Serie F, Volumes No. 178, 178 +<i>E</i>, 193. Register<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_420" id="Page_420">[420]</a></span> of despatches of Les Indes Occidentales, 1671-1682, +Serie F, Volumes No. 208-213. Correspondance Générale, North +America-Acadia, 1671-1685, Serie F, Volume No. 112. Correspondance +Générale, Letters to and from the King, the Ministers, and others, +1672-1698, Serie F, Volumes 177-178<i>E</i>. Officers on Staff, 1672, Serie +F, Volume No. 276. Correspondence and papers, 1673-1678, Serie F, Volume +No. 4. Dispute with Bishops, 1674, Collection Moreau St. Méry, Volume +No. 78. Miscellaneous papers, 1675-1681, Serie F, Volume No. 5. +Correspondance Générale, Louisiana, 1678-1706. Dispute with Duchesneau, +1679-1681, Serie F, Volumes No. 176-177. Posts in the Western Country, +Serie F, Volume No. 126. Papers relating to the banishment of D'Auteuil, +1681, Collection St. Méry, Volume No. 78. Miscellaneous Papers, +1682-1684, Serie F, Volume No. 6. Correspondance Générale, North +America-New France, Boundary regulations, 1685, Serie F, Volume No. 113. +Correspondance Générale, North America-Acadia, 1686-1699, Serie F, +Volumes No. 114, 115, 116, 117. Letters and Memoirs of Champigny, +1687-1698, Serie F, Volumes No. 176, 176<i>a</i>, 176<i>b</i>, 176<i>d</i>, 176<i>e</i>. +Correspondence of Champigny with the Minister, 1687-1702, Serie F, +Volumes No. 9-20. Register of Despatches, Les Indes Occidentales, +1688-1699, Serie F, Volumes No. 218, 266, 273. The Establishment of +Trading Posts, Serie F, Volume No. 129. Rivalry between English and +French Colonies, 1689, Serie F, Volume No. 174. Correspondence with the +Minister, Serie F, Volumes No. 11, 12, 13, 14. Correspondance Générale, +Acadia, 1692-1693, Serie F, Volume No. 125. Correspondance Générale, 2d +Serie, 1692-1699, Serie F, Volumes No. 110 and 110 <i>bis</i>. Civil and +Military Officers, Canada, 1692, Serie F, Volume No. 283. Posts in the +Upper Country, North America, 1690-1704, Serie F, Volume No. 130. Troops +and Companies serving in the Colonies, Serie F, Volume No. 277. Canada +and Île Royale, General Staff, 1694, Serie F, Volume No. 280. Letters of +the Lords of Trade, 1698-1700, Serie M, Volume No. 381. <i>See also</i> +Alphabet-Lafilard, 1627-1780, Serie F, Volumes No. 284-285. Archives de +Saint-Servan, Serie F, Volume No. 260. Inventaire des documents +historiques, Province de Québec, 1638-1759, Serie M, Volume No. 843. +Parkman Papers, Serie M, Volume No. 664. Hudson's Bay Memorial Book, +1680-1688, Serie M, Volume No. 710. Papers of the Hudson's Bay Company, +Serie M, Volume No. 372. Prévôté de Québec, 1694-1696, Serie M, Volumes +No. 611-613. Hudson's Bay, State Papers, 1673-1696, Serie M, Volume No. +394.</p> + + +<h3>MONTCALM AND WOLFE</h3> + +<p>Examination of prisoner taken at Crown Point, 1755, Serie M, Volume No. +99. The Conquest of Canada, Shirley, Serie M, Volume No. 204. Operations +of General Webb, 1756, Serie M, Volume No. 205. Miscellaneous +Correspondence on the Conquest of Canada, Serie M, Volumes No. 203-221. +Official Despatch on the Battle of the Plains, by General Townshend, +Serie M, Volume No. 210. Operations at Fort Oswego, 1756, Serie M, +Volume No. 205. Correspondance du Marquis de Montcalm conservée par son +arrière petit-fils, le Marquis Victor de Montcalm, 1756-1759, Serie M, +Volume No. 129. Secret and Miscellaneous Papers relating to the Conquest +of Canada, 1756-1761, Serie M, Volume No. 203. Military Despatches, +1756-1760, Serie M, Volumes No. 307-308. Dartmouth Papers, 1757-1772, +Serie M, Volumes No. 383-385. Logs of the British Fleet before +Louisbourg, 1758, Serie M, Volumes No. 785-787 <i>B</i>. Logs of the British +Fleet before Quebec in 1759, Serie M, Volumes No. 594-604. Military +Despatches, General Amherst, 1758-1762, Serie M, Volumes No. 211-220 +and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_421" id="Page_421">[421]</a></span> Volume No. 309. Papers of Admiral Saunders, 1759, Serie M, Volume +No. 210. Wolfe's letters to Lord Holderness, 1759, Serie M, Volume No. +123. Orders issued by General Wolfe in 1759, Serie M, Volume No. 413. +Capitulation of Quebec, 1759, Serie M, Volume No. 663. List of Officers +present at the Siege of Quebec in 1759, Serie M, Volume No. 607. Memoir +of the Siege by Quarter-Master John Johnson, 1759-1760, Serie M, Volume +No. 132. Journal of James Thompson, 1759, Serie M, Volume No. 667. +Admiralty Despatches, 1759-1760, Serie M, Volume No. 652. Muster Rolls +of the 15th Regiment, 1760. Capitulation of Montreal, 1760, Serie M, +Volume No. 663. Treaty of Paris. Reflexions et notes sur le Canada, +1760, Serie M, Volume No. 99. Extracts from letters of General Murray. +Conquest of Canada. J. Atkin, Conquest of Canada, Serie M, 1756-1760, +Volume No. 205, 1-2, and Volume No. 221. Conquest of Canada, Earl +Loudou, Serie M, Volumes No. 205, 207, 208. Conquest of Canada, General +Hopson, 1757, Serie M, Volume No. 207, Pts. 1-2. Conquest of Canada, +Abercromby's Campaign, 1756, Serie M, Volumes No. 205 and 209. Conquest +of Canada, General Forbes, Serie M, Volume No. 209, Pts. 1-2. Expedition +of Sir John Mourdant, 1755-1757, Serie M, Volume No. 206. Parkman +Papers, Serie M, Volume No. 664. Inventaire des Documents historiques, +Province de Quebec, Serie M, Volume No. 843. Prévôté de Québec, +1755-1757, Serie M, Volumes No. 629-630. Correspondence of Louis Antoine +de Bougainville, Serie M, Volume No. 392, Pts. 1, 2, 3. Correspondence +of Vaudreuil, Bigot, and Montcalm with the Minister, Serie F, Volumes +No. 101-105, 168-174, 176, 202-204. Copy of various letters and +documents relating to the Siege of Quebec and the Plains of Abraham, +Serie M, Volume No. 794. Services of Vaudreuil, French Serie D, 2, +Volume No. 4. Military Officers in the Colony, 1758-1761, French Serie +D, 2, Volume 63. Correspondence of Vaudreuil, Bigot, Montcalm, in the +Minutes (French) (Analyzed in Report for 1905, Volume No. 1), French +Serie B, Volumes No. 101-112.</p> + + +<h3>AMERICAN COLONIES</h3> + +<p>Reports, 1721-1762, Serie M, Volume No. 375. The Claus Papers, Serie M, +Volumes No. 104-115. The Kennebec Grants, 1752-1762, Serie M, Volume No. +370. Papers relating to Braddock and Boscawen, Serie M, Volume No. 204, +Pt. 1-2. The Surrender of Fort Beauséjour, 1755, Serie M, Volume No. +123, Pt. 3. Letters from Bigot, Vaudreuil, and Lévis, 1759-1760, Serie +F, Volume No. 111. Memoir on Bigot, Serie M, Volume No. 126.</p> + + +<h3>HALDIMAND</h3> + +<p>Correspondence with General Gage, 1758-1777, Serie B, Volume No. 2, Pt. +1. General Orders and Letters relating to the Garrison at Niagara, 1759, +1778, Serie B, Volume No. 18. Correspondence with Wallace, Ross & Co., +1765-1778, Serie B, Volume No. 19. Correspondence with Major Hutcheson, +1766-1778, Serie B, Volume No. 20. Papers relating to the Government of +Three Rivers and the Iron Works, 1760-1764, Serie B, Volume No. 21, Pt. +1. Do., Serie B, Volume No. 21, Pt. 2. Papers relating to Courts +Martial, etc., 1758-1779, Serie B, Volume No. 22. General Orders and +Instructions, 1763-1777, Serie B, Volume No. 23. Instructions for the +Ordnance, Officers, and Barracks at Quebec, 1764-1777, Serie B, Volume +No. 24. Accounts and Papers relating to Long Meadow, Maryland, 1766, +Serie B, Volume No. 25. Journal of Ex<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_422" id="Page_422">[422]</a></span>ploring Expeditions, Maps, and +Plans, 1750-1780, Serie B, Volume No. 26. Miscellaneous Papers, Orders, +and Returns, 1756-1776, Serie B, Volume No. 27. Ledger of Contingent +Warrants, granted by General Haldimand, June, 1773, to June, 1774 +(containing the accounts of the different departments), Serie B, Volume +No. 28. List of Warrants granted by General Haldimand for Contingent and +Extraordinary Expenses, 1773-1774, Serie B, Volumes No. 29-30. Receipt +Book for Payments made at New York by Order of Haldimand, 1773-1774, +Serie B, Volume No. 31. Cash Account and Journal of the Paymaster to the +Commander-in-Chief in New York, from June, 1773, to June, 1774, Serie B, +Volume No. 32. Correspondence from General Haldimand and as +Commander-in-Chief, 1773-1774, Serie B, Volume No. 33. Letters to the +Treasury, 1773-1774, Serie B, Volume No. 34. Correspondence with Lord +Barrington, 1764-1777, Serie B, Volume No. 36. Correspondence with Lord +Dartmouth, 1773-1775, Serie B, Volume No. 35. Correspondence of the +Ministers with Generals Amherst, Gage, and Carleton, 1760-1778, Serie B, +Volume No. 37. Letters from Lord G. Germaine and others to Sir Guy +Carleton, 1776-1779, Serie B, Volume No. 38. Register of Letters from +Sir Guy Carleton, 1776-1778, vol. i, Serie B, Volumes No. 39-40. Orders +and Instructions to General Haldimand, 1778, Serie B, Volume No. 41. +Letters from General Haldimand to Lord George Germaine and the Treasury, +1777-1779, Serie B, Volume No. 42. Letters from Lord George Germaine to +General Haldimand, vol. i, 1777-1779, Serie B, Volume No. 43. Do., vol. +ii, 1780-1782, Serie B, Volume No. 44, D. A., B. M., 21704. Letters from +British Ministers, 1782-1784, Serie B, Volume No. 45. Letters from the +Treasury, vol. 1777-1785, Serie B, Volume No. 46. Letters from the War +Office, 1778-1786, Serie B, Volume No. 48. Letters to General Haldimand +from the Board of Admiralty and Ordnance, 1778-1785, Serie B, Volume No. +49. Letters from the English Ministers, 1777-1784, Serie B, Volume 50. +Letters from the Treasury, and from and to the War Office, 1778-1785, +Serie B, Volume No. 51. Letters from the Treasury, 1783-1786.—The Board +of Trade, 1780-1781.—The Ordnance, Navy, and Admiralty, 1779-1782, +Serie B, Volume No. 52. Letters of appointments to various Commands held +by General Haldimand, 1762-1786, Serie B, Volume No. 53. Letters to the +Ministers, vol. i, 1778-1780, Serie B, Volume No. 54. Do., vol. ii, +1780-1782, Serie B, Volume No. 55. Do., vol. iii, 1782-1784, Serie B, +Volume No. 56. Register of Letters to the Ministry, 1778-1780, part i, +Serie B, Volume No. 57, Pt. 1. Do., 1780-1784, part ii, Serie B, Volume +No. 57, Pt. 2. Register of Letters to the Ministry, 1784-1790, Serie B, +Volume No. 58. Letters to the Treasury, 1778-1785, Serie B, Volume No. +59. Letters from General Haldimand to the Secretary of War, Ordnance +Office, Admiralty and Board of Trade, 1778-1786, Serie B, Volume No. 60. +Letters from the Secretaries of General Haldimand, 1779-1784, Serie B, +Volume No. 61. Letters to various persons, 1778, Serie B, Volume No. 62. +Letters to various persons, 1784-1786, vol. iii, Serie B, Volume No. 64. +Private letters, 1784, Serie B, Volume No. 65. Letters from General +Haldimand during his Command at Florida, Three Rivers, New York, and +Quebec, and after his return to England, 1762-1791, vol. i, Serie B, +Volume No. 66. Letters to various persons, 1781-1791, Serie B, Volume +No. 67. Letters from various persons, vol. i, 1757-1758, Serie B, Volume +No. 68. Do., vol. ii, 1769-1772, Serie B, Volume No. 69. Do., vol. iii, +1773, Serie B, Volume No. 70. Do., vol. iv, 1774-1777, Serie B, Volume +No. 71. Letters to General Haldimand as Governor of Quebec, vol. i, +1778-1782, Serie B, Volume No. 72. Do., vol. ii, 1780, Serie B, Volume +No. 73. Do., vol. iii, 1781-1782, Serie B, Volume No. 74. Do., vol. iv, +part 1, 1783, Serie B,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_423" id="Page_423">[423]</a></span> Volume No. 75, Pt. 1. Do., vol. iv, part 2, +1784, Serie B, Volume No. 75, Pt. 2. Do., vol. v, 1785-1787, Serie B, +Volume No. 76. Letters to General Haldimand after his appointment as +Governor of Quebec, 1788-1790, Serie B, Volume No. 77. Minutes of the +Council at Quebec, 1778-1784, Serie B, Volume No. 78. Minutes of the +Legislative Council at Quebec, 1779-1784, Serie B, Volume No. 79. +Letters from the Adjutant-General's Office at Quebec, vol. i, 1778-1780, +Serie B, Volume No. 80. Do., vol. ii, 1780-1783, Serie B, Volume No. 81. +Do., vol. iii, 1783, Serie B, Volume No. 82. General Orders of Sir Guy +Carleton and General Haldimand, 1776-1783, Serie B, Volume No. 83. +General Orders of General Haldimand, 1783-1784, Serie B, Volume No. 84. +Register of Military Commissions, 1778-1782 (There are also a few dated +in 1783 and 1784), Serie B, Volume No. 85, Pt. 1. Register of Naval and +Military Commissions, 1778-1782 (almost a duplicate of B. 85.1. D.A.), +Serie B, Volume No. 85, Pt. 2. Warrants issued for the Ordinary Service +of the Army, vol. i, part 1, 1778-1871, Serie B, Volume No. 86, Pt. 1. +Do., vol. i, part 2, Serie B, Volume No. 86, Pt. 2. Do., vol. i, part 3, +1778-1782, Serie B, Volume No. 86, Pt. 3. Do., vol. ii, 1782-1784, Serie +B, Volume No. 87. Abstract of Warrants, 1778-1784, Serie B, Volume No. +88. Register of Warrants issued for the Extraordinary Service of the +Army, vol. i, 1778-1780, Serie B, Volume No. 89. Do., vol. ii, +1780-1781, Serie B, Volume No. 90. Do., vol. iii, 1781-1782, Serie B, +Volume No. 91. Do., vol. iv, part 1, 1782-1783, Serie B, Volume No. 92, +Pt. 1. Do., vol. iv, part 2, 1782-1784, Serie B, Volume No. 92, Pt. 2. +Do., vol. v, 1783-1784, Serie B, Volume No. 93. Abstract of Warrants, +1778-1784, Serie B, Volume No. 94. Correspondence of H. T. Cramahé and +H. Hamilton, Lieutenant-Governors of Quebec, 1778-1784, Serie B, Volume +No. 95. Correspondence with Officers Commanding at Michillimakinak, vol. +i, part 1, 1778-1785, Serie B, Volume No. 96, Pt. 1. Do., part 2, Serie +B, Volume No. 96, Pt. 2. Correspondence with Officers Commanding at +Michillimakinak, vol. i, part 1, 1778-1785, Serie B, Volume No. 97, Pt. +1. Do., vol. i, part 2, Serie B, Volume No. 97, Pt. 2. Do., vol. ii, +Serie B, Volume No. 98. Letters and Papers relating to the Upper Posts, +1778-1782, Serie B, Volume No. 99. Letters from Officers Commanding at +Niagara, vol. i, 1777-1778 (The dates extend to 1780), Serie B, Volume +No. 100. Letters from Officers Commanding at Niagara, vol. ii, +1777-1784, Serie B, Volume No. 101. Do., vol. iii, Serie B, Volume No. +102. Do., vol. iv, Serie B, Volume No. 103. Letters to Officers +Commanding at Niagara, 1779-1783, Serie B, Volume No. 104. +Correspondence with Officers at Niagara, 1777-1784, Serie B, Volume No. +105. Correspondence with Officers at Niagara, 1777-1784, Serie B, Volume +No. 105 (<i>continued</i>). Correspondence with Colonel Guy Johnson, +1779-1783, Serie B, Volume No. 106. Do., 1778-1783, vol. i, Serie B, +Volume No. 107. Do., do., vol. ii, Serie B, Volume No. 108. Letters and +Papers relating to Indian Affairs, 1777-1783, vol. i, Serie B, Volume +No. 109. Do., do., vol. ii, Serie B, Volume No. 110. Letters from +Colonel Campbell and others, 1778-1784, vol. i, Serie B, Volume No. 111. +Do., do., vol. ii, Serie B, Volume No. 112. Letters to Colonel Campbell +and others, 1779-1793, Serie B, Volume No. 113. Correspondence with +Lieutenant-Colonel D. Claus, 1778-1784, Serie B, Volume No. 114. +Correspondence with Brigadier-General Sir John Johnson, 1782-1784, Serie +B, Volume No. 115. Commissions and Instructions to Sir John Johnson, +1782-1783, Serie B, Volume No. 116. Correspondence with Indian +residents, 1777-1783, Serie B, Volume No. 117. Reports on Indian +Nations, etc., Serie B, Volume No. 118. Reports of Indian Meetings, +Treaties, etc., 1778-1784, Serie B, Volume No. 119. Correspondence<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_424" id="Page_424">[424]</a></span> with +Officers Commanding at Oswegatchie, 1778-1784, Serie B, Volume No. 120. +Correspondence with Officers Commanding at Detroit, 1776-1783, Serie B, +Volume No. 121. Correspondence and Papers relating to Detroit, +1772-1784, vol. i, Serie B, Volume No. 122. Do., do., vol. ii, Serie B, +Volume No. 123. Correspondence with Officers Commanding at Carleton +Island, Oswego and Cataraqui, 1781-1783, Serie B, Volume No. 124. +Correspondence with Major Ross at Oswego, 1782-1784, Serie B, Volume No. +125. Correspondence with Major Ross and Others at Cataraqui, 1783-1786, +Serie B, Volume No. 126. Letters from Officer Commanding at Carleton +Island, 1778-1784, Serie B, Volume No. 127. Letters to Officers +Commanding at Carleton Island, 1779-1783, Serie B, Volume No. 128. +Letters from Officers Commanding at Montreal, 1778-1784, vol. i, Serie +B, Volume No. 129. Do., do., vol. ii, Serie B, Volume No. 130. Letters +to Officers Commanding at Montreal, 1778-1784, Serie B, Volume No. 131. +Correspondence with Officers Commanding at Isle aux Noix, 1778-1783, +Serie B, Volume No. 132. Letters from Officers Commanding at Fort St. +John's, 1778-1784, vol. i, Serie B, Volume No. 133. Do., 1780-1784, vol. +ii, Serie B, Volume No. 134. Letters to Officers Commanding at Fort St. +John's 1778-1784, Serie B, Volume No. 135. Letters from Officers +Commanding at Sorel, 1778-1781, vol. i, Serie B, Volume No. 136. Do., +1778-1784, vol. ii, Serie B, Volume No. 137. Do., do., vol. iii, Serie +B, Volume No. 138. Letters to Officers Commanding at Sorel, 1778-1783, +Serie B, Volume No. 139. Correspondence with Officers of the Royal Navy, +1778-1783, Serie B, Volume No. 140. Letters from Officers of the +Provincial Navy, 1778-1780, vol. i, Serie B, Volume No. 141. Do., +1778-1784, vol. ii, Serie B, Volume No. 142. Letters to Officers of the +Provincial Navy, 1778-1784, Serie B, Volume No. 143. Miscellaneous +Papers relating to the Provincial Navy, 1775-1784, vol. i, Serie B, +Volume No. 144. Do., do., vol. ii, Serie B, Volume No. 145. Letters to +Sir Guy Carleton, 1782-1783, Serie B, Volume No. 146. Correspondence +with Sir Henry Clinton, Sir Guy Carleton, and other Officers, 1777-1783, +vol. i, Serie B, Volume No. 147. Do., do., vol. ii, Serie B, Volume No. +148. Letters from Governors of Nova Scotia and Officers Commanding at +Halifax, 1777-1784, Serie B, Volume No. 149. Letters to Governors of +Nova Scotia and Officers Commanding at Halifax, 1779-1784, Serie B, +Volume No. 150. Letters from Officers of the German Legion, 1778-1784, +vol. i, Serie B, Volume No. 151. Do., do., vol. ii, Serie B, Volume No. +152. Letters to Officers of the German Legion, 1776-1783, Serie B, +Volume No. 153. Correspondence with Officers of the Engineers in Canada, +1777-1783, Serie B, Volume No. 154. Returns from the Office of +Engineers, 1771-1784, Serie B, Volume No. 155. Correspondence with +Colonel Macbean and Officers of the Ordnance, 1778-1784, Serie B, Volume +No. 156. Return of Ordnance in Canada, 1779-1784, Serie B, Volume No. +157. Letters from Officers of the Royal Regiment of New York, 1779-1783, +Serie B, Volume No. 158. Letters to Officers of the King's Royal +Regiment of New York, 1779-1783, Serie B, Volume No. 159. Correspondence +with Lieutenant-Colonel Rogers and Major Rogers, 1779-1784, Serie B, +Volume No. 160. Letters from Officers of the Loyalists, 1776-1782, vol. +i, Serie B, Volume No. 161. Do., 1777-1785, vol. ii, Serie B, Volume No. +162. Letters to Officers of the Loyalists, 1779-1783, Serie B, Volume +No. 163. Correspondence with Conrad Gugy relating to the Loyalists, +1778-1784, Serie B, Volume No. 164. Correspondence with Colonel Cuyler +and others, 1781-1784, Serie B, Volume No. 165. Returns, accounts, etc., +relating to the Loyalists in Canada, 1778-1785, Serie B, Volume No. 166. +Muster Rolls, accounts, etc., relating to the Corps of Loyal Americans,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_425" id="Page_425">[425]</a></span> +1776-1789, Serie B, Volume No. 167. Return of Loyalists desiring to +settle in Canada, 1784, Serie B, Volume No. 168. Surveys, etc., relative +to the settlement for the Loyalists, 1782-1784, Serie B, Volume No. 169. +Correspondence with Colonel de Tonnancour and others, at Three Rivers, +1778-1784, Serie B, Volume No. 170. Letters and Papers relating to +Militia, 1776-1784, Serie B, Volume No. 171. Accounts of Thomas Dunn, +Paymaster-General of the Marine Department in Canada, 1775-1784, Serie +B, Volume No. 172. Military returns and papers, 1775-1784, Serie B, +Volume No. 173. Letters from General Burgoyne, Riedesel, Philips, etc., +1778, Serie B, Volume No. 174. Correspondence relating to the exchange +of prisoners and to Vermont, 1780-1784, Serie B, Volume No. 175. Letters +from Captain Sherwood and Dr. Smyth, 1777-1784, vol. i, Serie B, Volume +No. 176. Do., do., Serie B, Volume No. 177. Do., do., vol. ii, Serie B, +Volume No. 177, Pt. 2. Do., do., Commissioners for exchange of +prisoners, 1783-1784, Serie B, Volume No. 178. Letters to Captain +Sherwood and Dr. Smyth, 1780-1783, Serie B, Volume No. 179. Letters from +Captain Sherwood on Secret Service, 1780-1781, Serie B, Volume No. 180. +Secret Intelligence from various parts, 1775-1782, Serie B, Volume No. +181. Do., do., vol. ii, Serie B, Volume No. 182. Correspondence relating +to Rebel Prisoners, 1778-1783, Serie B, Volume No. 183. Papers relating +to State Prisoners and suspected Persons in Canada, 1775-1784, vol. i, +part 1, Serie B, Volume No. 184, Pt. 1. Do., do., vol. i, part 2, Serie +B, Volume No. 184, Pt. 2. Do., 1777-1784, Serie B, Volume No. 185, Pt. +1. Do., do., Serie B, Volume No. 185, Pt. 2. Journal of Colonel de la +Balme, Serie B, Volume No. 186. Pocket-book taken from a rebel sergeant, +Serie B, Volume No. 187. Correspondence with Colonel Thomas Carleton and +others, 1778-1784, Serie B, Volume No. 188. Returns and Papers relating +to the Quarter-Master-General's Department at Quebec, 1778-1783, Serie +B, Volume No. 189. Papers relating to the Department of the +Barrack-Master-General, 1777-1785, Serie B, Volume No. 190. +Correspondence with Nathaniel Day, Commissary-General, 1778-1784, Serie +B, Volume No. 191. Return of Provisions in stores at Quebec, and +forwarded to the Upper Post, 1778-1784, Serie B, Volume No. 192. +Commissariat returns of provisions issued and in store, 1778-1783, Serie +B, Volume No. 193. Contingent and current accounts relating to the +Commissariat, 1767-1785, vol. i, Serie B, Volume No. 194. Do., do., vol. +ii, Serie B, Volume No. 195. Commissariat invoices of cargoes, +1779-1784, Serie B, Volume No. 196. Correspondence with Officers of the +General Hospital, 1778-1784, Serie B, Volume No. 197. Papers and +accounts of the Receiver-General's Department, 1777-1788, vol. i, Serie +B, Volume No. 198. Do., do., vol. ii, Serie B, Volume No. 199. +Correspondence with Postmaster-General Finlay, 1778-1784, vol. i, Serie +B, Volume No. 200, Pt. 1. Do., do., do., vol. ii, Serie B, Volume No. +200, Pt. 2. Statistics of the trade of Quebec, 1768-1783, Serie B, +Volume No. 201. Correspondence with Major Nicholas Cox +(Lieutenant-Governor of Gaspé, etc.), 1774-1786, Serie B, Volume No. +202. Correspondence with James Monk, Attorney-General, 1778-1784, Serie +B, Volume No. 203. Letters of Chief-Justice Peter Livius, 1777-1778, +Serie B, Volume No. 204. Papers relating to Pierre du Calvet and Boyer +Pillon, 1776-1786, Serie B, Volume No. 205. Papers relating to Pierre +Roubaud, 1771-1787, Serie B, Volume No. 206. Papers relating to the case +of Joseph Despin, 1778, and to the Cartel Sloop <i>Sally</i>, 1778-1781, +Serie B, Volume No. 207. Memoranda relating to Hon. J. Cochrane, +1778-1784, Serie B, Volume No. 208. Correspondence with Hon. J. Cochrane +and David Gordon, 1779-1784, Serie B, Volume No. 209. Correspondence and +papers relating to the Hon. John Cochrane<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_426" id="Page_426">[426]</a></span> and money affairs, 1779-1784, +Serie B, Volumes No. 210 and 211. Proceedings in the suit of General +Haldimand <i>vs.</i> Hon. John Cochrane, 1779-1784, Serie B, Volume No. 212, +Pts. 1 and 2. Memorials from Officers and Soldiers of the Army, +1778-1784, Serie B, Volume No. 213. Memorials from the Provincial Corps +and Loyalists, 1777-1785, vol. i, Serie B, Volume No. 214. Memorials +from the Indian and Naval Departments, 1776-1784, Serie B, Volume No. +216. Memorials from Civilians in Canada, 1777-1785, Serie B, Volume No. +217. Memorials of French Inhabitants of Canada, 1778-1784, vols. i and +ii, Serie B, Volumes No. 218 and 219. Speeches in the Legislative +Council, etc., 1779-1784, Serie B, Volume No. 220. Letters of +Instruction to Brigadier-General St. Léger, on giving up Command of +Quebec, 1784, Serie B, Volume No. 221. Forms of Warrants, Commissions, +etc., 1776-1785, List of Officers in various Departments, 1783-1784, +Serie B, Volume No. 222. Papers concerning the tenures of Foy et +Hommage, 1771-1784, Serie B, Volume No. 223. Valuation of Fiefs and +Seigniories in Canada, 1781-1782, Serie B, Volume No. 224. Miscellaneous +Papers, 1777-1778, Serie B, Volume No. 225, Pts. 1 and 2. General +Inventory of Papers relating to Canada, Serie B, Volume No. 227. +Inventories of Papers relating to Canada, 1778-1784, Serie B, Volume No. +228. Memorandum Books of General Haldimand, 1756-1778, Serie B, Volume +No. 229. Private Diary of General Haldimand (in French, with a +translation, printed in full), Serie B, Volumes No. 230-232.</p> + + +<h3>DORCHESTER</h3> + +<p>Correspondence with the Ministry, 1766-1770, Serie Q, Volumes No. 4, 7, +and Serie B, Volume No. 37. Despatches from England to Governor, 1768 to +1776, Serie Q, Volume No. 12a. Correspondence of Lord Darmouth, 1774, +1775, Serie Q, Volumes No. 10-11. Correspondence with Lord George +Germain, 1776-1777, Serie Q, Volumes No. 12, 13, and Serie B, Volume No. +38. Correspondence respecting Burgoyne's Expedition, 1577, Serie Q, +Volume No. 14. Correspondence with Nepean and Sydney, 1786-1787, Serie +Q, Volume No. 26, Pt. 2 to Volume No. 29, Pt. 1; Serie Q, Volumes No. +35, 36, 38-42. Instructions to Dorchester, 1786, Serie Q, Volume No. 62 +A. Correspondence with Lord Grenville, 1789-1790, Serie Q, Volumes No. +42-47, Pt. 2, Serie Q, Volumes No. 49, 50, 51, 52. Correspondence with +Dundas, Simcoe, and others, 1790-1794, Serie Q, Volumes No. 66-71, Pt. +1. Correspondence with the Duke of Kent, 1794, Serie Q, Volume No. 70. +Correspondence with the Duke of Portland, 1794-1796, Serie Q, Volume No. +69, Pt. 1, Serie Q, Volume No. 72-77. Correspondence with Simcoe, +1794-1796, Serie Q, Volume No. 74, Pt. 2 to Volume 76; Volume No. 280, +Pt. 2 to No. 282, Pt. 2. Correspondence and Papers relative to Detroit, +1772-1784, Serie B, Volumes No. 122, 123. Register of Letters, +1776-1778, Serie B, Volumes No. 39, 40. Correspondence with the Officers +commanding at Detroit, 1776-1783, Serie B, Volume No. 121. General +Orders, 1776-1783, Serie B, Volume No. 83. Correspondence with +Haldimand, 1777-1783, Serie B, Volumes No. 146-148. Miscellaneous +correspondence, 1767-1783, Serie M, Volume No. 116, Pt. 2. Military +Despatches, 1781-1782, Serie M, Volume No. 321. Minutes of Executive +Council, 1791-1796, State Book, A and B. Correspondence relating to +Justice Livius, 1777-1778, Serie B, Volume No. 204. War Office Returns, +Serie M, Volumes No. 324-329. Journal of the Siege of Fort St. Jean, +1775, Serie M, Volume No. 99. Memoir of the War, 1775 (Berthelot), Serie +M, Volume No. 99. Journal of the Siege in 1775 (Faucher), Serie M, +Volume No. 80. Miscellaneous Papers on the War, Serie M, Volume No. +178.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_427" id="Page_427">[427]</a></span></p> + + +<h3>SIMCOE</h3> + +<p>Commissions to Governors, Serie M, Volume No. 229. Instructions to +Governors of Lower and Upper Canada, Serie M, Volumes No. 231-232. +Instructions to Dorchester, 1791, Serie G, Volume No. 181. Extracts from +Royal Instructions to Governors, 1791, Serie M, Volumes No. 116-4. +Minutes of the Executive Council, Correspondence, registers, indexes, +etc., Serie E. Despatches from Simcoe to Colonial Office, Serie Q, +Volume No. 278; Serie Q, Volume No. 282-2. Despatches from Colonial +Office to Simcoe, Serie Q, Volume No. 278—<i>A</i>. Letter Book of Lord +Dorchester, Serie G, Volume No. 409. Colonial Secretary to Dorchester, +1787-1796, Serie G, Volume No 1. Correspondence of Provincial Secretary, +Serie S. Reports of Land Board <i>re</i> District of Hesse, 1788-1791. +Meeting of Magistrates, Cornwall, 1802. Resolution to buy Dr. Strachan's +property, Serie M, Volume No. 393-41. Claus Papers, 1716-1826, Serie M, +Volumes No. 104-115. Settlement near Cataraqui, 1783, Serie B, Volume +No. 56. Correspondence of Simcoe, Serie Q, Volumes No. 49-1, 74-1, 74-2, +77, 90, 96. Noah Freer, Documents, returns, etc., Serie M, Volume No. +139. Hubert Tredenwolden's correspondence with James Bain, Jr., <i>re</i> +papers relating to the Losses of the Loyalists, Serie M, Volumes No. +393-52. Essex Militia, letters, returns, etc., 1793-1794, Serie M, +Volumes No. 120-121. United Empire Loyalist List, 1784, 1796-1798. List +of United Empire Loyalists, Serie M, Volume No. 185. United Empire +Loyalist, Dorothy Arnold, Serie M, Volume No. 180. Land of Upper Canada, +Minutes of the Executive Council, Serie M, Volumes No. 254-259. Talbot +Settlement, Serie M, Volume No. 803. Lands, Warrant Book, Serie M, +Volume No. 810 <i>A</i>. Land grants in Upper Canada, Serie M, Volumes No. +805-806-807. Emigration, Serie M, Volume No. 173. Glengarry Highlanders, +Sketch by Macdonell, Serie M, Volume No. 100. Correspondence of Miles +Macdonell, 1783-1838, Serie M, Volume No. 155. Niagara described by +Captain Emys, 1787, Serie M, Volume No. 135. Military Correspondence, +1792-1795, Serie C, Volumes No. 102-105-106-112. Correspondence relating +to Government of Upper Canada, 1791, Serie M, Volume No. 652. Vermont +Papers, Serie M, Volume No. 690. Lands under certificates of location, +districts of Mecklenburg and Lunenburg, 1790, Serie S. Land and State +Books, Serie E. Letters of John Richardson, 1789-1799. Askin papers, +1786-1805, Volume No. 1. Extract from proceedings of Court of Quarter +Session at Sandwich, 1799, Serie M, Volumes No. 116-5. Proceedings of +Courts of Quarter Sessions of the Peace, Lunenburg and Eastern +Districts, 1789-1802, Volume No. 1. Wm. D. Powell's private +correspondence, 1775-1870, Serie M, Volumes No. 760-763. War of +Independence. Relations with United States, 1790-1815, Serie C, Volume +No. 673. Correspondence with Simcoe, Series C, G, Q. Burgoyne, +Despatches to Lord Geo. Germain, Serie M, Volumes No. 123-126. Wm. +Berczy, The German Settlement at Markham, 1791-1798, Serie M, Volumes +No. 137-138. Collection of Askin Papers, 1830-1861, Volumes No. 6, 8, 9, +11, 12, 15, 17, 18, 19. Collection Askin Papers, 1830-1861, Volumes No. +20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 26, 27, 28, 29. Correspondence with Lord Grenville +and others, 1791, Serie Q, Volume No. 278. Correspondence with Nepean +and others, 1791-1792, Serie Q, Volume No. 279. Correspondence with +Dundas and others, 1791-1794, Serie Q, Volume No. 280, Pt. 2. +Correspondence with Lieutenant-Governor Clarke, 1792-1793, Serie Q, +Volumes No. 62, 65. Correspondence on Indian Affairs, 1793-1795, Serie +Q, Volumes No. 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71. Corre<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_428" id="Page_428">[428]</a></span>spondence with Duke of +Portland and Lord Dorchester, 1794-1796, Serie Q, Volume No. 282, Pt. 2. +Correspondence with various persons, 1798, Serie Q, Volume No. 286, Pt. +2. Minutes of Executive Council Upper Canada, 1791. Ira Allen, +correspondence with Simcoe, Serie Q, Volume No. 79, Pts. 1, 2. Papers on +the Markham Settlement, 1791, Serie M, Volumes No. 137-138. Puisaye +Papers, Serie M, Volume No. 370.</p> + + +<h3>MACKENZIE, SELKIRK, SIMPSON</h3> + +<p>Land and State Books, Serie E. North-West Exploration. North Pole +Explorations. Journal of Chs. Chaboillez, 1797-1798. Journal of +Larocque, 1804-1805. Journal of Curot, 1803-1804. Hudson Bay, Journal of +Mathew Cochran, 1772-1773, Serie M, Volume No. 190. Census of Red River +Colony, 1831-1846, Serie M, Volume No. 399. Golden North of America, by +M. McLeod, Serie P, Volume No. 458. Rod. McKenzie's account of the +North-West Company, Serie M, Volume No. 417. Colony Register A, Red +River Colony, Serie M, Volume No. 721 <i>B.</i> Selkirk Papers, Serie M, +Volumes No. 732-786. Minutes of the Assiniboia Council, Serie M, Volume +No. 721. Alex'r Henry's Journal of a trip across the continent, Serie M, +Volume No. 723. Papers—Journal of an expedition in search of Sir J. +Franklin. Also letters, papers, and journal, Serie M, Volumes No. 733 +<i>A</i> to <i>M</i>, 733 <i>D</i>. Wentzill's Journal, Parker's Journal, John +Thompson's Journal, etc., 1797-1855. Miles Macdonell and various +documents, 1763-1825, Serie M, Volume No. 155. Red River Disturbances, +1811-1818, Serie M, Volumes No. 788 <i>A</i> to 778 <i>G</i>. North-West Company +Journal, 1804-1806, Correspondence of Alex. McKenzie, and Rod. McKenzie, +1790-1791. Alex. McKenzie, Memoirs, etc., 1735-1820, Serie M, Volume +414. Letters on North-West Company, 1830. Meteorological Journal and +letters. Voyages, reports, etc., <i>re</i> North-West, by Rod McKenzie and +others. From Masson Collection. Letters of John Richardson, 1789-1799, +Askin Papers, Volume 27. Chaplains for Canada, Serie C, Volume No. 63. +Memorial for the discharge of John Pritchard from an indictment for +conspiring to destroy the trade of the North-West Company, 1819, Serie +M, Volumes No. 116-117. Official Correspondence <i>re</i> annexation of +Portage-la-Prairie to Canada, Serie M, Volume No. 155-2. Miles Macdonell +Correspondence with Selkirk and other documents, Serie M, Volume No. +155. Lieutenant Andrew Bulger's Correspondence, etc., Serie M, Volumes +No. 150-151. Red River Settlement, Serie S. John McLeod's Journal and +Correspondence <i>re</i> North-West, 1811-1842, Serie M, Volume No. 201. +Hudson's Bay Company, Correspondence and resolutions, Serie M, Volumes +No. 372, 395-397-398. Ottawa—Papers on the Rideau Canal, Serie M. +McLeod Letters and papers, 1811-1842, Serie M, Volume No. 201. D. +Thompson's Papers, Serie M.</p> + + +<h3>BROCK</h3> + +<p><b>Brock and his Time.</b> Brock, Sir Isaac, Correspondence, 1811, Serie Q, +Volume No. 315. Papers relating to the War of 1812, Canadian Archives, +Serie Q, Volumes No. 129-130, Admiralty Papers. Correspondence with Lord +Castlereagh, 1807, Serie Q, Volume No. 103. Correspondence with Thomas +Dunn, 1807, Serie Q, Volume No. 104. Correspondence with the Earl of +Liverpool, 1811-1812, Serie Q, Volumes No. 314, 315. Correspondence with +Sir George Prevost, 1812, Serie Q, Volume No. 118. Correspondence with +Lord<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_429" id="Page_429">[429]</a></span> Bathurst, 1812, Serie Q, Volume No. 315. Correspondence relating +to Prize Money War of 1812, Serie C, Volume No. 695. Correspondence of +the Commanding Officer with the Colonial Office, 1813-1815, Serie Q, +Volumes No. 129, 134. Goulburn—Correspondence with various persons in +1813, Serie Q, Volumes No. 123-126. Gore, +Lieutenant-Governor—Correspondence with Liverpool, Bathurst, and +others, 1810-1813, Serie Q, Volumes No. 311-318. Correspondence with +Bathurst and others, Serie Q, Volumes No. 318-323. +Prevost—Correspondence with General Sheaffe, 1812, Serie Q, Volume No. +317. Prevost—Correspondence with Bathurst, 1812-1815, Serie Q, Volumes +No. 118, 121-123, 127, 131. Correspondence with the Colonial Office, +Serie Q, Volumes No. 129-134. Prevost—Correspondence with Proctor, +1813, Serie Q, Volumes No. 135-2. Prevost—Correspondence with Drummond, +1813-1814, Serie Q, Volumes No. 127, 318. Correspondence with Sir James +Yeo, 1815, Serie Q, Volume No. 131. Correspondence relating to Prisoners +of War, 1812-1815, Serie M, Volumes No. 194, 195. Papers of the Canadian +Militia, 1812, Serie M, Volume No. 415. Lincoln Militia Orderly Book, +1812, Serie M, Volume No. 119. Correspondence relating to Prisoners, +1812, Serie Q, Volume No. 130. Regimental Correspondence, 1812, Serie C, +Volumes No. 1035, 715, 828, 929, 930, 1006, 1024. Horse +Guards—Correspondence of, Officers, 1812-1815, Serie C, Volumes No. +228-233. Navy Office—Correspondence of, 1813, Serie Q, Volume No. 129. +Ordnance Department—Correspondence, Serie Q, Volume No. 134. General +Post-Office Correspondence, 1814, Serie Q, Volume No. 130. Prevost, Sir +George, Correspondence with Lord Liverpool, 1811-1812, Serie Q, Volumes +No. 114, 115, 117-119. Papers in Anticipation of War, Serie Q, Volumes +No. 673, 103, 795, Serie Q, Volumes No. 102, 107.</p> + + +<h3>BALDWIN, LA FONTAINE, HINCKS</h3> + +<p><b>Baldwin, La Fontaine, Hincks, and their Time.</b> Minutes of Executive +Council, Correspondence, registers, indexes, etc., Serie E, 1837-40. +Correspondence between Colonial Office and Governor-General of Canada, +Serie G, 1830-1850. Military Secretary's Correspondence, Serie GS. Civil +Secretary's Correspondence, Serie GS. Provincial Secretary's +Correspondence, Serie S. Original Blue Books, Serie E. Sketch of the +Baldwin Family, Serie M, Volumes No. 393-27-28. La Fontaine's +certificate of baptism, Oct. 4, 1807. La Fontaine's commission as +advocate, 18-8, 829, Serie S. La Fontaine's Correspondence <i>re</i> +Rebellion and Grievances, 1838-1839, Serie S. Responsible Government, +Serie M, Volume No. 682. Collection of letters presented by Sir Francis +Hincks, Serie M, Volumes No. 116-2. Correspondence and papers relating +to the Rebellion in Lower Canada, 1837-1840, Serie S.</p> + + +<h3>ELGIN</h3> + +<p><b>Elgin and his Time.</b> Minutes of Executive Council, Correspondence, +registers, indexes, etc., Serie E. Military Correspondence, Serie C, +Volume No. 61. Letters of W. Macaulay to Civil Secretary as to seat of +Canadian Government, 1847, Serie M, Volume No. 662. Correspondence of +Governor-General's Secretary, Serie GS. Military Secretary's +Correspondence, Serie GS. Provincial Secretary's Correspondence, Serie +S. Original Blue Books, Serie E. Correspondence <i>re</i> removal of Niagara +Harbour and Dock Co., 1846-1847. Church of England, University of Upper +Canada, 1850-1851, Serie G, Volume No. 247.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_430" id="Page_430">[430]</a></span> Correspondence <i>re</i> +Navigation Laws, 1848-1849, King's College, 1844-1848, Serie G, Volume +No. 246. Correspondence <i>re</i> Post Office, 1847-1848, Serie G, Volume No. +245. Diary of Captain Johnston, 1846, Serie M, Volume No. 753 <i>E</i>. Old +Bytown Periodicals, 1857-1860, Serie M, Volume No. 796. Drafts of +letters from Governor-General's Secretary, 1839-1855, Serie G, Volumes +No. 240-241. Stipend to Minister at Sorel, 1846-1848, Serie G, Volume +No. 243. Correspondence <i>re</i> McGill College, 1840-1850, Serie G, Volume +No. 243. War Steamers on the Lakes, 1844-1849, Serie G, Volume No. 244. +Despatches referred to Executive Council, Serie E. Original Blue Books, +Serie E. Minutes of Executive Council, correspondence, registers, +indexes, etc., Serie E.</p> + + +<h3>DOUGLAS</h3> + +<p><b>Douglas, Sir James, and his Time.</b> Colonial Secretary's Despatches to +Governors of Vancouver Island, 1846-1867, Serie G, Volumes No. 342-346. +Governor of Vancouver to Colonial Secretary, Letter Book, 1858-1864, +Serie G, Volumes No. 360-362. Governor of British Columbia to Colonial +Secretary, 1864-1871, Serie G, Volumes No. 363-365. Colonial Secretary +to Governor of British Columbia, 1858-1871, Serie G, Volumes No. +347-359. Correspondence of Douglas as Governor of British Columbia.—San +Juan question, 1859, Serie G. John McLeod's Journal and Correspondence, +1811-1842. Hudson's Bay Company, Correspondence and resolutions, Serie +M, Volume No. 372. Hudson's Bay Territory, Correspondence of J. +Anderson, 1850-1858, Serie M, Volumes No. 719-720. D. Thompson, +geographer, papers, Serie M. Captain Vancouver's Despatches, 1791-1793, +Serie M, Volume No. 379. Hudson's Bay Company, Papers <i>re</i> British +Columbia, Serie M, Volumes No. 731<i>c</i>, 731<i>d</i>, 731 <i>E</i>, 731 <i>F</i>. British +Columbia and Vancouver. Journals of Jno, Work, 1823-1835, Serie M, +Volume No. 731-<i>A</i>. Correspondence of Douglas, 1839-1864, Serie M. Copy +of Correspondence of Douglas <i>re</i> British Columbia, 1871-1874. Papers +<i>re</i> Graving dock at Esquimalt, 1873-1875, Serie G. Imperial Blue Books, +1851-1864. British Columbia and Vancouver. Journals of Ermatinger, 1828; +Dean, 1829; Tolmie, 1830-1833; Douglas, 1835; Tod, 1841; Pemberton, +1855, Serie M, Volume No. 731<i>b</i>.</p> + + +<h3>MACDONALD</h3> + +<p>Minutes of the Executive Council, Correspondence, registers, indexes, +etc., 1842-1867, Serie E. Despatches to and from Colonial Office, Serie +G. Correspondence of the Governor-General with Downing Street <i>re</i> +Confederation. Confederation debates. Provincial Secretary's +Correspondence, Serie S. Old Bytown Periodicals, 1857-1860, Serie M, +Volume No. 796. Ottawa, Various Pamphlets, 1879-1903, Serie M, Volume +No. 801. Original Blue Books, Serie E.</p> + + +<h3>CARTIER</h3> + +<p><b>Cartier and his Time.</b> Minutes of the Executive Council, correspondence, +registers, indexes, etc., Serie E. Despatches to and from Colonial +Office, Serie G. Provincial Secretary's Correspondence, Serie S. +Original Blue Books, Serie E. Correspondence of the Governor-General +with Downing Street <i>re</i> Confederation. Confederate debates.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_431" id="Page_431">[431]</a></span></p> + + +<h3>PAPINEAU</h3> + +<p><b>Papineau and his Time.</b> Despatches to and from Colonial Office, Serie G. +Colonial Office Despatches to Governors of Lower Canada, Serie Q. +Minutes of the Executive Council, Correspondence, registers, indexes, +etc., Serie E. Executive Council of Lower Canada, Minutes, 1809-1841, +Serie M, Volumes No. 238-253. Civil Secretary's correspondence, Series +GS. Military Secretary's correspondence, Series GS. Provincial +Secretary's correspondence, Serie S. Correspondence between British +Minister at Washington and Governor of Lower Canada, Serie G. Collection +Bagot, Serie M, Volumes No. 157-167. Collection Durham, Serie D, 20 +Volumes. Statement of confiscation, Lower Canada, 1837-1838. List of +persons exiled to Van Diemen's Land. Return of Judgment rendered on +claims investigated before Sept. 1, 1850. Pay Lists. Rebellion Losses +Claims. Mémoire de Pothier, Serie M, Volume No. 829. T. F. Elliot, +Secretary to Gosford Commission. Letters on the condition of Lower +Canada, 1835, Serie M, Volumes 154-1-2. Evénements de 1837.—Mémoire par +un prisonnier, Montréal, 1838, Serie M, Volume No. 156. Les Griefs du +Bas Canada, 1827-1834, Serie M, Volumes 188-1-2. Volunteers killed and +wounded in Lower Canada, 1837-1838, Serie M, Volume No. 402. Voters' +Lists, Quebec County, 1804-1834, Serie M, Volume No. 147. Proposed Union +of Upper and Lower Canada, 1822, Serie M, Volume No. 811. Papers +relating to the Rebellion, in Records of General Post-Office, Serie M, +Volumes No. 115-678-C. Miscellaneous Correspondence on Emigration, Serie +M, Volume No. 173. Neilson Papers, 1794-1845, Serie M, Volumes 148-1-2. +Bédard Papers, Serie M, Volume No. 679. Papineau, Neilson and other +papers, Serie M, Volume No. 684. Correspondence of D. B. Viger, +1821-1834, Serie M, Volume No. 680. Papers on Responsible +Government,—Serie M, Volume No. 683. Minutes of Council, State of +British North America, 1836, Serie M, Volume No, 154. De Roos's travels +in the United States and Canada, 1826, Serie M, Volume No. 169. Notes +prises à Terrebonne par le Notaire Séguin, 1831-1833, Serie M, Volume +No. 136. Relation officielle de la Batille de St. Charles, 1837, Serie +S. Military correspondence relating to the Rebellion of Lower Canada, +Serie C, Volume No. 97. Military correspondence relating to the +Rebellion of 1837-1838 in Lower Canada, Serie C, Volumes No. 608-615. +Militia Papers, Lower Canada, 1837-1840, Serie MD. Procès D. B. Viger, +1839, Serie S.</p> + + +<h3>RYERSON</h3> + +<p>Minutes of the Executive Council, correspondence, registers, indexes, +etc., Serie E. Despatches to and from Colonial Office, Serie G. +Correspondence with various persons, 1836-1840, Serie Q, Volumes No. +395-2, 402-2, 412-2-3, 430-3-4. Correspondence of Provincial Secretary, +1797-1867. Register of Correspondence <i>re</i> Education in Upper Canada, +1797-1867, Serie S, Volume No. 533. Original Blue Books, Serie E.</p> + + +<h3>HOWE</h3> + +<p>Minutes of the Executive Council, correspondence, registers, indexes, +Serie E. Despatches to and from Colonial Office, Serie G. Correspondence +of the Governor-General with Downing Street <i>re</i> Confederation. +Confederation debates. Provincial Secretary's Correspondence, Serie S. +Fenian Raid, 1866-1868, Serie M, Volume No. 777.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_432" id="Page_432">[432]</a></span></p> + + +<h3>MACKENZIE, WILLIAM LYON</h3> + +<p>Colonial Office despatches to and from Governors of Upper Canada, Series +G and Q. Correspondence between Governor's Secretary and +Lieutenant-Governor of Upper Canada, Serie G. Correspondence of Civil +Secretary, Serie GS. Provincial Secretary's Correspondence, Serie S, +Correspondence between British Minister at Washington and Governor of +Upper Canada, Serie G. Land and State Books, Serie E. Responsible +Government, Serie M, Volume No. 683. Baldwin's Correspondence, +1836-1852, Serie M, Volume No. 686. Documents and letters, Serie M, +Volume No. 154-3. Dr. Rolph's papers. Elliot and Rolph letters, Serie M, +Volumes No. 154, 154-<i>A</i>-<i>B</i>. Clergy Reserves, Canada, by W. J. +Strachan, 1827, Serie M, Volume No. 170. Bush life and frontier service, +by Lieutenant-Colonel Thos. Wily, Serie M, Volumes No. 168-1-2-3. De +Roos's Travels in the United States and Canada, 1826, Serie M, Volume +No. 169. Colonel Gilkison, Upper Canada, 1838-1839, Serie M, Volume No. +795. Upper Canada marriage registers, Eastern districts, 1831-1865, +Serie M, Volume No. 93-A. Charles Jones, papers, Serie M, Volumes No. +763-A-B. Diary of Captain Johnson, 1832, Serie M, Volume No. 753 <i>E</i>. +History of Cornwall, 1839, Serie M, Volume No. 842. Collection Askin +papers, 1830-1861, Volumes No. 4, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, +17, 18, 19. Collection Askin papers, 1830-1861, Volumes No. 20-29. +Lieutenant-Colonel Phillpott's report on inland navigation, 1839. +Militia Papers, Upper Canada, 1837-1840, Series MD. Correspondence and +papers relating to the Rebellion in Upper Canada, 1837-1840, Serie S. +Report of Captain Briscoe, R. E., on the Rebel position on Navy Island; +also Report of Captain Baddeley, R. E., on the defences of the Western +frontier of Upper Canada, 1838, Serie C, Volume No. 445. Military +correspondence relating to the Rebellion of 1837-1838 in Upper Canada, +Serie C, Volumes No. 608-615. Military correspondence relating to the +Rebellion in Upper Canada, Serie C, Volume No. 981. Proceedings of +Courts of enquiry upon claims arising out of the Rebellion, 1839, Serie +C, Volume 96. Correspondence and Papers, 1832-1836, Serie Q, Volumes No. +374, 376, 378, Pts. 3 and 4, 379, 380, 384, 387, 388, 389, 395. +Correspondence of McNab, relating to Rebels, 1836-1838, Serie Q, Volumes +No. 397, 402. Correspondence of Marshall Bidwell with Sir Francis Head, +1838, Serie Q, Volume No. 402, Pts. 2-3. Correspondence relating to the +destruction of the <i>Caroline</i>, 1838-1841, Serie Q, Volumes No. 251, 402, +Pt. 2; 403, 408, Pt. 1; 410, 420, 428, 431, Pts. 1, 2. Journal of Lower +Canada, Serie M, Volume No. 156. Conduct of the Militia, Serie Q, Volume +No. 416. Documents and Letters relating to Upper Canada Rebellion, Serie +M, Volume No. 154. Instructions to Governors, Serie M, Volume No. 231. +Rebellion, Correspondence and papers relating to, Serie C, Volumes No. +608-615, and Serie Q, Volumes No. 406, 408, 409, 418, 430.</p> + + +<h3>BROWN</h3> + +<p>Minutes of the Executive Council, correspondence, registers, indexes, +etc., 1855-60, Serie E. Despatches to and from Colonial Office, 1857-60, +Serie G. Original Blue Books, Serie E. Correspondence of the +Governor-General with Downing Street <i>re</i> Confederation. Confederation +debates. Provincial Secretary's correspondence, Serie S. Old Bytown +Periodicals, 1857-1860, Serie M, Volume No. 796.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_433" id="Page_433">[433]</a></span></p> + + +<h3>SYDENHAM</h3> + +<p>Original Blue Books, 1840-1842, Serie E. Post-Office Commission, 1840. +Correspondence, registers, etc., Serie S, Volumes No. 331-334. Drafts of +letters from Emigrant Office to Chief Secretary, 1840-1842, Serie G, +Volumes No. 263-264. Miscellaneous Correspondence on Emigration, Serie +M, Volume No. 173. Drafts of letters to Emigrant Office, 1841-1843, +Serie G, Volume No. 267. Correspondence between Sydenham and Colonial +Office, and Lieutenant-Governors of the Provinces of British North +America, Serie G. Instructions from Downing Street, Serie G, Volume No. +183. The Six Nation fund investment and Grand River Navigation Company, +Serie M. Addresses received by Sydenham, Serie G, Volume No. 536. +Correspondence <i>re</i> Emigrants, 1840-1843, Serie G, Volume No. 245. Visit +to Carillon, 1840, Serie C, Volume No. 60. Provincial Secretary's +Correspondence, Serie S. Military Secretary's Correspondence, Series GS. +Civil Secretary's Correspondence, Series GS. Minutes, correspondence, +registers, indexes, etc., of Executive Council, Serie E.</p> + + +<h3>TILLEY</h3> + +<p>Minutes of the Executive Council, correspondence, registers, indexes, +etc., Serie E. Despatches to and from Colonial Office, Serie G. +Correspondence of the Governor-General with Downing Street <i>re</i> +Confederation. Confederation debates. Provincial Secretary's +Correspondence, Serie S.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_434" id="Page_434">[434]</a></span></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_435" id="Page_435">[435]</a></span></p> +<h2><a name="A_PARTIAL_LIST_OF_SCARCE_MAPS_AND_PLANS_RELATING_TO_CANADA" id="A_PARTIAL_LIST_OF_SCARCE_MAPS_AND_PLANS_RELATING_TO_CANADA"></a>A PARTIAL LIST OF SCARCE MAPS AND PLANS RELATING TO CANADA</h2> + +<p>(From the collection of 7000 maps in the Dominion Archives)</p> + + +<p><b>Nicolas Deny's Map</b>, with designs attached of—"Charnier en forme +depressoir"; "Charnier en barrique"; "Les Brouettes"; "Timbre à laver la +Morue"; Édifice de l'eschaffaut, complet hormis la couvertur d'un voile; +Plan de l'eschaffaut, planchayé" et "Plan de l'eschaffaut portant la +Terre"; MS. copy of map in the Louvre, also photo copy of map only in +the Lennox Library.</p> + +<p><b>Plan du Cap Breton</b> dit Louisbourg, avec ses environs, Pries, par +L'Amiralle Bockoune, le 26 Jullet, 1758. Dimensions, 72 x 19-½ inches. +A rare old map copied from one in the Library of Congress, a coloured +manuscript showing the positions of the English and French Fleets, the +landing of the troops, the nature of the ground, the skirmishes in the +environs of the City, and burning of houses, surrounding the defences; +the city and defences. The French ships in the Harbour afterwards burnt, +as well as the intrenchments and movements of the besieged.</p> + +<p><b>Amerique Septentrionale</b>. North America, etc.</p> + +<p><b>A Map of the Sea Coast of New England</b>, according to the actual survey +made thereof by Captain Cyprian Southack. As also the outlines of +several of the Provinces and Colonies lying therein, according to the +respective grants and charters.</p> + +<p><b>Tierra Noeva</b>. Tierra Noeva, de los Bocalaos, Tavola Prima, Del Mundo +Nuova. Print from Plate.</p> + +<p><b>Amerique Septentrionale</b>, Par N. Sanson d'Abbeville, Geog. du Roy à +Paris, chez l'auteur et chez Pierre Mariette, rue S. Jacques à +l'Esperance 1650. Avec privilège du Roy pour vingt ans. Print from +Plate.</p> + +<p><b>L'Amerique Septentrionale</b> divisée en ses principales parties scauoir: +Les Terres Arctiques, Le Canada ou Nouvelle France, Le Mexique ou +Nouvelle Espagne; Le Nouveau Mexique; Les Îles de Terre Neuve; de +Californie et Antilles, ou sont distingués les uns des autres les Éstats +comme ils sont possédés presentement par les François, Castillans, +Anglois, Suédois, Danois et par les Éstats Généraux des Provinces Vrais +ou Hollandais. Tirée des Relations de toutes ces nations, par le Sr. +Sanson, Geographe ordinaire du Roy 1674, présentée à Monseigneur Le +Dauphin par son très humble, très obeissant, et très fidèle Serviteur, +Hubert Iaillot. Print from Plate.</p> + +<p><b>An Accurate Map of North America</b>. Describing and distinguishing the +British, Spanish, and French Dominions, according to the Definitive +Treaty concluded in Paris, Feb. 10, 1763. Eman Bowen, Geog. His Majesty, +and John Gibson, Engraver. Print from Plate.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_436" id="Page_436">[436]</a></span></p> + +<p><b>North America</b> from the French of M. d'Anville, improved with the English +Surveys made since the Peace. London. Printed for Robt. Sayer and J. +Bennett, Map and Print Sellers, No. 53, Fleet Street, June 10, 1775. +Print from Plate. North American Atlas.</p> + +<p><b>A Map of the British Empire</b> in North America, by Samuel Dunn, +Mathematician, improved from the Surveys of Captain Carver. London. +Printed for R. Sayer and J. Bennett, Map and Sea Charts Sellers, No. 53 +Fleet Street, Aug. 17, 1776. Print from Plate. North American Atlas.</p> + +<p><b>A New and Correct Map of North America</b>, with the West India Isles. +Divided according to the last Treaty of Peace. Concluded at Paris, Feb. +10, 1763. Gov. Pownall, M.P., 1777. Print from Plate.</p> + +<p><b>A Map of the Inhabited Part of Canada</b> from the French Surveys, with the +Frontiers of New York and New England from the large Survey by Claude +Joseph Gauthier, engraved by Faden, 1777. Print from Plate.</p> + +<p><b>The British Colonies in North America</b>. Engraved by William Faden, 1777. +Print from Plate. North American Atlas.</p> + +<p><b>A New Map of North America</b> with the West India Islands. Divided +according to the Preliminary Articles of Peace. Signed at Versailles, +Jan. 20, 1783. Governor Pownall, M.P., 1794. Print from Plate.</p> + +<p><b>Map of Part of Canada</b> from Bay de la Val and Island of Barnaby in the +River St. Lawrence to the Lakes Huron and Erie. For the use of H. M. +Secretary of State, Quebec, Oct. I, 1790. Samuel Holland, +Surveyor-General, John Collins, D.S.G.</p> + +<p><b>Carte d'Amerique</b>, divisée en ses Principaux Pays. Par M. l'Abbé Clouet, +de l'Académie Royal de Rouen. Illustrated, 1782. Print from Plate.</p> + +<p><b>Amherstburg</b>, 1799. Showing the Main Street, and lots with owners' names. +Captain H. M. Lewis, June 26, 1799. Original MS.</p> + +<p><b>Amherstburg</b>, with the names of occupants, 1800. Original MS.</p> + +<p><b>Bonaventure</b>.</p> + +<p><b>A Plan of Bonaventur</b> in the Baie of Chaleurs. In the Province of Quebec +as surveyed agreeable to order and instructions of the Honourable James +Murray, Esq., Governor of the said Province, by John Collins, Dept. Sur. +Genl., 1765. MS.</p> + +<p><b>Chambly</b>. Sketch of the Public Buildings at Chambly, 1815. Coloured MS.</p> + +<p><b>Châteauguay</b>. Sketch of part of the River Châteauguay, George Williams, +R.M.S.D., Aug. 9, 1814. Accompanying Lieutenant-Colonel Hughes's letter +to Lt.-General Mann, Aug. 16, 1814. Shows the position of the troops in +the affair of Oct. 26, 1813. MS.</p> + +<p><b>Detroit and Erie</b>. Fort de Détroit et ses Environs, 1768. MS. Plan of a +sketch of the Grand River and the Soundings. Plan of a sketch from Fort +Erie along the North Shore of Lake Erie round Long Point to where it +joins the main Land with the Soundings, W. Chewett, Niagara, Aug. 28, +1793. MS. Plan of Fort Erie and surroundings showing the sites of the +old and proposed forts, surveyed lots, 1794. Original coloured MS. Plan +of ground at mouth of Detroit River, Captain W. Mayne, Sept. 8, 1796. +Original MS. 1796, Sketch of the Communication between Lake Ontario and +Lake Erie. MS. Plan of the Situation of Fort Erie, with the new Works +and buildings proposed. Submitted by Gother Mann, Colonel Commanding +Royal Engineer, Quebec, Aug. 1, 1803. MS. At Detroit, Plan of Fort +L'Arnaud, as it is repaired at this present date, 1812. Fort l'Arnaud at +Detroit, surrendered to Major-General Isaac Brock, Aug. 16, 1812. J. B. +Duberger, Jr. Coloured MS. Plan of the Country round Fort Erie, showing +the retrenchments thrown up by<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_437" id="Page_437">[437]</a></span> the Enemy in August, 1814. Position, +Aug. 8, 1814, P. A. Hughes, Lieutenant-Colonel Commanding Royal +Engineers. With a letter to Lieutenant-General Mann, dated Montreal, +Oct. 7, 1814. Original MS. Survey of Lake Erie, in the years 1817 and +1818, by Lieutenant Henry W. Bayfield, R.N. Insets "Entrance to the +River Niagara" and "Survey of the Mouth of the River Detroit." MS.</p> + +<p><b>Fort Erie</b>. Plan of British Attack, 1818, Royal Engineers' Drawing-Room, +Quebec, Jan. 31, 1818. A. Walpole, D.R., Eng. E. W. Durnford, +Lieutenant-Colonel Commanding Royal Engineer. Original coloured MS.</p> + +<p><b>Hudson's Bay and North</b>. Carte montrant le chemin que Louis Jolliet a +fait depuis Tadousac, jusqu'à la mer du Nord dans la Baye d'Hudson, et +la vraye situation de la baye et du d'estroit. Fait à Quebec, le 8me +Novembre, 1679, L. Jolliet. MS.</p> + +<p><b>Golfe du Nort</b>. Ci-devant Baye de Hudson, indorsed, British America. +Chart of Hudson's Bay, abt. 1790. MS. Carte d'une Exploration faite en +1732 par I. L. Normandin, arpenteur du Roy. Comprenant les Rivières +Chemerichane Lac K...., MS. A Particular Map of Baffin's and Hudson's +Bay, 1775. Thomas Jefferys. London, Sayer and Bennett. Print from Plate.</p> + +<p><b>Illinois and West</b>. Carte des découvertes de la Vérenderye. Carte d'une +partie du Lac Supérieur avec la découverte de la Rivière depuis le grand +portage, jusqu'à la Barrière. With explanations. MS. Map of the Illinois +Country from the Gulf of Mexico, Lake Superior, and from Lake Ontario to +the River de Norte. 1720. MS. Blocus du Fort des Sauuages Renards, par +les François et Sauuages. Situé entre les Rivières des Islinois et celle +d'Ouabache, à 50 lieues à l'Est-sud-est du Rocher dans la Nouuelle +France fait à Québec ce, 15 9bre, 1730. Chaussegors de Léry. MS. Carte +du pays des Sauuages Renards. Depuis la Baye du Lac Michigan, jusques à +leur dernier village, fait à Québec, ce 10 nouembre, 1730 Chaussegros de +Léry. MS. Plan du Fort des Sauuages Renards, scitué entre les Rivières +des Islinois et celle d'ouabreche, à 50 lieue à l'Est-sud-Est du Rocher, +dans la nouuelle France. Avec Explications, fait à Québec, ce 15 9bre, +1730. Chaussegros de Léry. MS. Carte d'une Partie des Islinois pour idée +seullement à la Nouvelle <a name='TC_18'></a><ins title="Was 'orléans'">Orléans</ins> le premier Aout 1734. Broutin. MS. +Carte contenant les Nouvelles Découvertes de l'Ouest en Canada, mers, +rivières, laes et nations y habittant en l'année 1757. Découverte de la +mer de l'ouest. Jointe à la lettre de M. de Beauharnois du 14 8bre, +1737. MS. Plan of part of Canada, showing the districts of +Michilimakinac as possessed by the French, and the district of Detroit. +Indorsed, Rj., Nov. 11, 1676 with Major Rogers, MS.</p> + +<p><b>A Sketch</b> of the several Routes of the French from Quebec to the +Mississippi with the principal Rivers and Lakes through which they pass, +also of the Route from New York to Oswego, and from Albany to Montreal, +and also of the Route from Kennebec River to Quebec, and from New +Hampshire to Lake St. Peter in Canada. Done by order of His Excellency +Major-General Shirley, from the most authentic Maps and best +intelligence by Wm. Alexander, Secretary to His Excellency. Braddock, +July 9, 1755. Coloured MS.</p> + +<p><b>Map</b> of the country between the Great Lakes and the Mississippi, April +11, 1777. MS.</p> + +<p><b>Map</b> of Major Pond's discoveries, 1785. MS.</p> + +<p><b>Travels</b> of Captain Peter Pond of Milford, from April, 1773, to March, +1790. Extracted from his own Map by Ezra Stiles, March 25, 1690. Copy of +plan in Yale University Library. MS. Forts abandoned in the peace +(Wabash district), 7-6-1794. MS.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_438" id="Page_438">[438]</a></span></p> + +<p><b>Ile aux Noix</b>. Plan of Ile aux Noix, showing the present and proposed +works. Gother Mann, Captain Commanding Royal Engineer, Quebec, May 12, +1790. MS. No. 4, Plan of the works at Isle aux Noix. Accompanying +Lieutenant-Colonel Hughes's letter to Lieutenant-General Mann, dated +Aug. 16, 1814. MS. Plan of Isle aux Noix, showing a part of the adjacent +country on the banks of the River Sorel. Quebec, April 27, 1816. G. +Nicolls, Lieutenant-Colonel Commanding Royal Engineer in Canada. MS. +Plan of Isle aux Noix, Colonel Nicolls, 1816. MS. Plan of the Port at +Isle aux Noix, showing the present state of the works and those proposed +for connecting them together. Gother Mann, Captain Commanding Royal +Engineer. MS.</p> + +<p><b>Kingston</b>. Fort de Frontenac ou Katarakouy, 13 Novembre 1685. Photo copy +of plan in the Depot des Cartes et Journaux de la Marine, Paris. MS. +Plan du Fort Frontenac. fait à québec ce 11 Octobre 1726. Chaussegros de +Léry. Coloured MS. Plan de l'Emplacement de Frontigny. Chaussegros de +Léry, Oct. 16, 1729. Uncoloured MS. Plan du Fort Frontenac citué à l'Est +du Lac Ontario à la Coste du Nord. Developement du Fort. Fait à québec +le 11 Décembre 1738. Chaussegros de Léry. fils MS.</p> + +<p><b>Plan</b> du Fort de Laprésentation, 1752. Sur la Rivière de Katarakoui. +Photo copy. Original in the Depot de Fortifications des Colonies à +Paris. Surveyed by Order of His Excellency General Haldimand, Governor +Commander-in-Chief of the Province of Quebec, etc., etc. A Township or +tract of Land of six Miles square lying and being in the Province +aforesaid situated on the North side of Lake Ontario near the ancient +Fort Frontenac. This Township hath great advantages on account of its +situation, having Lake Ontario on its front, all the small bays afford +good harbours for Boats, and the lake abounds with variety of excellent +fish and wild fowl. The little River Cataraqui is navigable for Batteaux +from its entrance into the Lake to its Upper Boundary of the Township, +in which space are many proper situations for erecting mills. Surveyed +Oct. 27, 1785. John Collins, D. S. Gen. Coloured MS.</p> + +<p><b>Sketch</b> of Kingston Harbour, showing the grounds reserved for the +purposes of Government for Public Works. Buildings, Naval Yard, etc. +Quebec, Dec. 6, 1788. Gother Mann, Captain Commanding Royal Engineer. +Coloured MS.</p> + +<p><b>Sketch</b> of Kingston Harbour with the neck reserved for a Town lot with +its Common, Quebec, Dec. 6, 1788. Gother Mann, Captain Commanding Royal +Engineer. Original MS. Plan showing the ground opposite the Town of +Kingston to be reserved for the Crown, on which no settlement is to be +made. No buildings erected or Timber cut but by the authority and for +the purposes of Government, 1790. Coloured MS.</p> + +<p><b>Kingston</b>, 1790. Coloured MS. Plan of Kingston and its vicinity. +Accompanying Lieutenant-Colonel Hughes's letter to Lieutenant-General +Mann, dated Aug. 16, 1814. J. B. Duberger, Jr., January, 1814. No. 9, +plan of the fort at Point Henry. Accompanying Lieutenant-Colonel +Hughes's letter to Lieutenant-General Mann, dated Aug. 16, 1814. +Original MS. Plan of the City of Kingston, showing its environs three +miles on the East and West sides thereof and six miles to the Northward +of said town. Surveyor-General's Office, York, Upper Canada, Oct. 21, +1815. Thomas Ridout, Surveyor-General. MS.</p> + +<p><b>Lake Champlain</b>. Plan des Terres des Environs du Fort St. Frédéric. +Marquière par le Sr. Boisclerc, à mil sept cent trente neuf. Sur +laquelle Carte sont aussy raportiés les sondes qu'il a observé. MS. +Carte du Lac Champlain avec les Rivières, depuis le Fort de Champlain +dans la Nouvelle France, jusques à Orange Ville de la Nouvelle +Angleterre. Dressée sur divers memoires. Coloured<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_439" id="Page_439">[439]</a></span> MS. Plan du Fort de +Carillon et du Camp tranché qui fut fait pour s'opposer à l'attaque des +Anglais avec l'ordre des Colonnes à action du 8 Juillet 1758. Coloured +MS. Army of Lake George. Order of March, Major-General Amherst, +Commander-in-Chief, Brigadier-General Gage. M. Amherst's letter, June +19, 1759. Coloured MS. A plan of Lake Champlain, 1770. MS. No. 12. Plan +of the River La Colle. Copies by George Williams, R. M. S. D., July 19, +1814. Accompanying Lieutenant-Colonel Hughes's letter to +Lieutenant-General Mann, dated Aug. 16, 1814. Original MS. Champlain +River. No 13. Accompanying Lieutenant-Colonel Hughes's letter to +Lieutenant-General Mann, dated Aug. 16, 1814. Original MS.</p> + +<p><b>Lake Ontario</b>. A Survey of Lake Ontario, done by N. Laforce of the Naval +Department and Lewis Kotté, Assistant Engineer, the North Shore in 1783 +and the east and south Shores in 1789. MS.</p> + +<p><b>Miscellaneous</b>. Plan d'un Fort scitué au dedans d'une enceinte pour être +construit au bord du Lac des Deux Montagnes, à la côte du Nord, au +Détroit, environs à deux lieue au desous de l'Ile de Montréal à la vue +du Fort de Senneville scitué à la dite Ile. Fait à Québec ce 26 Octobre +1719. Chaussegros de Léry. MS. A map of the Country of the Five Nations +belonging to the Province of New York and of the Lakes near which the +nations of Five Indians live, with part of Canada. Cadwallader Coldere, +1747. MS. No. 1, a sketch of the Field of Battle of the 9th of July, +upon the Monongahela, seven miles from Fort Du Quesne, between the +British Troops commanded by General Braddock, and the French and French +Indians commanded by Marq. de St. Pierre. Showing the dispositions of +the troops when the action began. Pat. Mackellar, Engineer, November, +1755. MS. No. 2 (Monongahela), a sketch of the field of battle and +showing the disposition of the troops about 2 o'clock, when the whole of +the main body had joined the advanced and working parties, then beat +back from the ground they occupied as in Plan No. 1. Pat. Mackellar, +Engineer, 1755. MS. A Map of that Part of America which was the +Principal Seat of War in 1786. MS. A Sketch of the Provinces of New +York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia, showing the line +of Forts lately built on the Frontiers of those Colonies, and their +situation with respect to the French Forts on the Ohio and Lake Erie. +Also the Route from Albany to Oswego, with the Forts built and to be +built for its security. Drawn by order of His Excellency General William +Shirley by William Alexander. Surveyed and copied by Mr. Bartmann, 1756. +MS. Plan of Fort Levy upon one of the Islands Gallops in the River St. +Lawrence since named Island Royale from its being fortified. Besieged +from August 22 till the 25th, when it surrendered towards evening. +Surveyed by B. Ratzee. Endorsed in M. G. Amherst of Oct. 4, 1760. MS. A +Plan of the Division Line between the Provinces of Quebec and New York. +Surveyed, October 1, 1772, by John Collins, D.S. General. MS.</p> + +<p><b>Map of Turkey Point</b> and Environs, 1795. Done in the Surveyor-General's +Office, Upper Canada, Oct. 12, 1795. D.W. Smith, Acting S. General. +Coloured manuscript, showing the site of the town and barracks the Brock +House Wharf, etc. A Map of Sandwich with the position and situation of +the Lands of William Park and Meldrum and Park, together with notes and +references. Inscribed for William Park, Dec. 30, 1800, with copious +references and notes on the ownership of Lots and Titles to Church +Lands, and extracts from French deeds. Thomas Smith. Original MS. Sketch +of the entrance to the River Kamanistiqua. Sketch of Thunder Bay and the +adjacent coasts of Lake Superior, 1802. R. H. Bruyères, Captain Royal +Engineers. Original coloured MS.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_440" id="Page_440">[440]</a></span> A Map exhibiting the Frontiers of +Canada and the United States intended to illustrate the operations of +the British and American Armies. London. Printed for C. Smith, Map +seller and Publisher, 172 Strand, Oct. 1, 1813. Print from Plate.</p> + +<p><b>Montreal</b>. Plan de la Ville de Montréal, dans la Nouvelle France, fait à +Montréal ce 21 Aoust 1729. Chaussegros de Léry. MS. Plan showing the +Magistrates of Montreal's proposals for improving the ground, April 15, +1799. Original plan. Plan of the Town and Fortifications of Montreal, +showing the Reserves now proposed to be made for Military purposes. +Gother Mann, Colonel Corry, Royal Engineers, Nov. 11, 1802. MS. Plan of +the Citadel Hill, Montreal, and the King's Reserve Contiguous, showing +the Buildings belonging to the Ordnance and Engineers' Department. R. N. +Bruyère, Captain Royal Engineers, June 2, 1804. MS. Plan of the Ground +between Montreal and Lachine, showing the line of the proposed Canal. +Samuel Romilly, Captain Royal Engineers, Montreal, 1817. MS.</p> + +<p><b>Niagara</b>. Entrée de la Rivière Niagara, dans le fond du Lac Ontario ou +est marqué la maison à Machicoulis et le fort proposée, 21 Juin 1726; +fait à Niagara le Juin 21, 1726. Chaussegros de Léry. Coloured MS. +Original in the Depot des Fortifications à Paris. Plans Elevations de la +Nouvelle Maison à Machicoulis, scituée à la coté de l'ouest du Lac +Ontario, à l'entrée de la Rivière de Niagara. Fait à Québec, ce 19 +Janvier 1727. Chaussegros de Léry. MS. plan. Original in the Depot des +Fortifications des Colonies à Paris. Plan et Elevations de la Maison à +Machicoulis scituée à la côte de l'ouest du lac Ontario à l'entrée de la +rivière de Niagara, fait à Québec le 9 Décembre 1738. Chaussegros de +Léry, fils. MS. Original in the Depot des Fortifications des Colonies à +Paris. Entrée de la Rivière de Niagara située a l'Ouest du lac Ontario. +Fait à Québec le 20 Septembre 1740. Chaussegros de Léry. MS. Copy of a +plan in the Depot des Fortifications à Paris. Niagara, taken from the +Old Quebec plan, and used in the Strubel Weldon trial, 1784. Original +MS. Plans (2). Plan of the River from Niagara to Fort Schlosser. Quebec, +Dec. 6, 1788. Gother Mann, Captain and Commanding Royal Engineer. MS. +Sketch of the Lower Part of Niagara River, 1790. MS.</p> + +<p><b>Plan of Fort George</b>. Upper Canada, showing the Works of Defence ordered +to be constructed in 1799. Scale, 200 feet to an inch. Dimensions, 35-37 +inches. Original coloured manuscript plan, bears the Inspector-General +of Fortifications and Board of Ordnance stamps, formerly in the Ordnance +office, transferred to the Dominion Government in July, 1891, and to the +Archives in February, 1907. Sketch of an Action fought on the night of +July 25, 1814 near the Falls of Niagara between a British Force under L. +G. Drummond and an American Force under Major-General Brown, Aug. 5, +1814. Coloured MS. Plan of Niagara Frontier. Lieutenant-General, Sir. G. +Prevost, Oct. 4, 1814. MS. Plan of Forts George, Mississippi, and +Niagara, the Military Reserves and the town of Newark. Henry Willsons, +Lieutenant Royal Engineers, May 2, 1817. MS.</p> + +<p><b>Nouvelle France</b>. Description de la Nouvelle France, ou sont remarquées +les diverses habitations des François, depuis la première découverte +jusques à présent, recueille et dressée sur diverses relations modernes, +1643. A Paris, chez Jean Boisseau, Enlumineur du Roy pour les cartes +géographiques, en l'île, du Palais à la Royalle Fontaine de Jouvence. +Print from Plate.</p> + +<p><b>Le Canada</b> faict par le Sr. de Champlain, ou sont La Nouvelle France, La +Nouvelle Angleterre, La Nouvelle Hollande, La Nouvelle Suede, La +Virginie, etc.,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_441" id="Page_441">[441]</a></span> avec les nations voisines et autres terres nouvellement +découvertes, Suivant les mémoires de F. Du Val, Géographe du Roy. A +Paris, en l'Isle du Palais sur le grand cours de l'eau à Paris. Avec +Privilège, 1653. Print from Plate. Carte de la partie de l'Amérique, +pour la Baye de Hudson communément appellée le Passage du Nord Quest, +par J. Thornton, J. Seller, Guil. Fisher, Jacques Atkinson, J. Colvon, à +Londres, 1681. A Chart of the North Part of America, the Hudson Bay +commonly called the North-West Passage, by John Thornton, John Seller, +William Fisher, James Atkinson, John Colvon. Print from Plate. Partie de +la Nouvelle France, dédiée à Monseigneur le Marquis de Seigneley et +Baron de Sceaux, Conseiller du Roy en tous ses Conseils, Commandeur et +Grand Trésorier de ses Ordres, Ministre, Secretaire d'Estat et des +Commandements de Sa Majesté. Par son très aimable et très obéisant +serviteur Hubert Iaillot. Les Grande Augustins, aux 2 Globes, avec +privilège de Sa Majesté, 1685. Print from Plate. Le Canada ou Nouvelle +France, la Floride, la Virginie, Pensilvanie, Caroline, Nouvelle +Angleterre et Nouvelle York, l'Isle de Terre Neuve, la Louisiane et le +Cours de la Rivière Misisipi. Par N. de Fer, Géographe de Monseigneur le +Dauphin. A Paris, chez l'auteur dans l'île du Palais sur le Quay de +l'Orloge, à la sphère Royale. Avec privilège du Roy, 1705. Print from +Plate.</p> + +<p><b>Quebec <a name='TC_19'></a><ins title="Was 'C ty'">City</ins></b>. Plan de la Ville de Québec, capitale de la Nouvelle France. +Photo of Plan in British Museum. Plan of part of the Basse-Ville de +Quebek. MS Coppie du plan de la censive de l'Eglise paroissialle de +notre dame de Quebeck. MS. Vray Plan du haut & bas de Québec comme le +Sr. de Léry, 1660. MS. Le véritable plan de Québec fait en 1669. MS. The +Port and environs of Québec, as it was when attacked by the English. +With inset showing the attack of 1670. Thos. Hardup. MS. Hospice de +Québec en 1692. Original conservé aux Archives departementales de Seine +et Oise France. MS.</p> + +<p><b>Quebec</b>. Ville d'Amérique Septentrionale dans la Nouvelle France avec +titre d'Eveché, située sur le Fleuve St. Laurent à 310 dégrés, 17 +Minutes de Longitude et 46 dégrés 55 Minutes de Latitude; elle fut +assiégée par les Anglois sur les François par qui elle est encore +possédée l'an 1670 depuis le 16 Octobre jusqu'au 22 du même mois. M. de +Frontenac estoit pour lors Gouverneur du Pays, qui leur fit honteusement +levé le Siege, 1693. MS. Plan du Séminaire de Kébec en Canada, 1714. MS. +Plan de la Ville de Québec. Désigné d'après le plan en relief que +Monsieur de Chaussegros de Léry, Ingénieur en Chef envoya en France en +l'année 1720, pour être mis au Louvre avec les autres. MS. Plan of St. +Roch's, showing the Intendant's Palace and surroundings. Fait à Québec +le 4 8bre 1739. Chaussegros de Léry. MS. Plan of the town of Quebec in +Canada, enlarged from Bellin's plan with additions. Pat. Mackellar, +Major, 1757, with Report 522 on the Defences of Quebec. MS. Plan of +Quebec showing the position of the English and French Armies at the +Battle of the Plains, 1759. Print from Plate. Plan of the Town of +Quebec, the Capital of Canada in North America, with the Basin and a +part of the adjacent county. Showing the principal encampments and works +of the British Army, commanded by Lieutenant-General Wolfe, and those of +the French Army commanded by Lieutenant-General the Marquis de Montcalm, +during the siege of that place in 1759. Pat. Mackellar, Major and Chief +Engineer. MS. An Authentic Plan of the River St. Lawrence, from Sillery +to the Falls of Montmorenci with the operations of the Siege of Quebec, +under the command of Vice-Admiral Saunders and Major-General Wolfe down +to the Sept. 5 1759. Drawn by a Captain in His Majesty's Army. Thomas +Jefferys, 1759. Print from Plate. Plan de la Ville de Québec, 1759. +Coloured MS.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_442" id="Page_442">[442]</a></span></p> + +<p><b>Quebek De</b>. Hoofstad van Kanada; an de Rivier van St. Laurens; das de +Engelschen belegend en by Verdrag bemagtigd, mit jaar 1759. Coloured +Print from Plate. Plan of the Battle fought the 28th of April, 1760, +upon the Heights of Abraham, near Quebec between the British Troops +garrisoned in that place and the French Army that came to besiege it. +With copious notes. Pat. MacKellar, Major Chief Engineer, 1760. Coloured +original manuscript plan of the Battle of St. Foie. Plan of Quebec, +showing the houses burned by us in 1759 and those burned during the +Siege, 1760. Original coloured MS. Plan of Captain Gordon's Project of a +Citadel at Quebec, 1768. Also Plans of the Barracks projected for +Captain Gordon's proposed citadel. Coloured MS. Plan of a citadel on Cap +Diamond for improving the fortifications of Quebec, being Captain Henry +Gordon's engineer. His Project with some insignificant alterations, +Quebec, April 12, 1769. John Marr, Esq. MS. Plan of the city and +environs of Quebec with its siege and Blockade by the Americans from the +8th of December, 1775, to the 13th of May, 1776. Engraved by Faden. +Print from Plate. Plan of the City and Environs of Quebec with the siege +and Blockade by the Americans from the 8th of December, 1775, to the +13th of May, 1776. Engraved by Wm. Faden, London. Published, Sept. 12, +1776, by Wm. Faden, successor to the late Mr. Thos. Jefferys, corner of +St. Martin's Lane. Print from Plate. Plan of Cape Diamond and the +Heights of Abraham, as far as they rise before the City of Quebec, and +some distance beyond their summit with part of the ramparts of Quebec. +Taken partly in 1769 and completed in 1778 by John Marr, Commanding +Engineer in Canada and Captain. MS. Plan of the City of Quebec and its +Fortifications and of the Ground withoutside, beyond the Heights of +Abraham, from an actual Survey, taken thereof by Captain Marr, +Commanding Engineer in Canada. Not dated. His plan shows the bush where +the rebels worked their batteries in 1775. Captain Marr was Chief +Engineer in 1769 and 1778. MS. Plan of the New Works. Erecting on Cape +Diamond and which form the Citadel of Quebec, showing their state in +October, 1783. These plans show the mines under the glacis. MS. Plan of +the Town and suburbs of Quebec, showing the State of the Fortifications +as they were nearly completed in 1783. A note states that the +Fortifications were in no wise completed by the French and that the +English never touched them until 1779, when General Haldimand gave +orders to Captain Twiss, C.R.E. in Canada, for the erection of a +temporary Citadel on Cape Diamond. MS. Plan of a Survey of the City and +Fortifications of Quebec with part of its environs. Done in the +Engineers' Drawing-Room, by Wm. Hall, Lieut. Royal Artillery, 1799. MS. +Plan of the Fortifications of Quebec, with the new works proposed. G. +Mann, M. Genl. Commanding Royal Engineer. MS. Citadel of Quebec, showing +proposed works, by M. Genl. Mann, Aug. 1, 1804. MS. Projected works at +Quebec (Major-General Mann's Project) as mentioned in the Report of the +Committee of Engineers, March 14, 1805. Original coloured manuscript +plan. Plans of Government House at Quebeck, Jeffry Wyatt, 1812, MS. +Quebec in 1815, by J. B. Duberger, C.E. MS. Plan of Quebec, showing the +present state of the Works of Defence distinguishing what are completed +and what are in progress, with the Military works and Buildings that +have been ordered, March 18, 1816. G. Nicolls, Lieutenant-Colonel +Commanding Royal Engineer in Canada. MS. Plan du Palais Episcopal et du +Terrein en dependant levé en vertu d'un acte de la Legislature +Provinciale du Bas Canada. Intitulé Acte pour mettre Sa Majesté en état +d'acquérir la Propriété, Palais Episcopal de Québec et du terrein en +dependant pour les usages publics de la<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_443" id="Page_443">[443]</a></span> Province. Par ordre de +Commissaires appointés à cet effet. Québec ce 9 Juillet 1851. MS.</p> + +<p><b>Quebec Province</b>, Lower Canada. Cartes du Gouvernement de Québec leuée en +l'année 1709 par les ordres de Monseigneur le Comre de Pontchartrain, +Commandeur des Ordres du Roy, Ministre et Secretaire d'Estat par le Sr. +Catalogné, Lieutenant des Troupes et dressée par Jean Bte. Decouagne. 3 +Plans avec vue de Québec. MS. Carte du Gouvernement des Trois Rivières +qui comprend en descendant le Fleuve St. Laurent depuis la sortie du Lac +St. Pierre jusqu'à Ste. Anne. Leuée en 1709 par les ordres de +Monseigneur le Comte de Pontchartrain, Commandeur des Ordres du Roy, +Ministre et Secretaire d'estat par le Sieur Catalogne, Lieutenant des +Troupes et dressée par Jean Baptiste Decouagne. Avec Vue de Trois +Rivières. MS. Plan of Part of His Majesty's Province of Quebec from +Montreal Westward; part of the Ottawa River; the river Iroquois as far +as Kingston, the South Shore and part of the North Shore of Lake Erie, +Detroit River and part of the Lake St. Clair delineated from my own +surveys made in the years 1784, 1785, 1786, 1787, 1788, 1789. The +remainder from the surveys and sketches of different persons finished, +March 16, 1790. MS. Map of part of the Province of Quebec, comprehending +also Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, the Island of Cape Breton and New +England and extending westward to the river Mississippi, compiled in the +Drawing-Room of the Engineers' Department at Quebec, under the direction +of Captain G. Mann, Commanding Royal Engineer, by Wm. Hall, Draftsman, +1791, in five sections. MS. A new and correct Map of the Province of +Quebec with the Adjacent States and Provinces from the French Surveys. +Connected with those made by Captain Curver and other officers in His +Majesty's Service, London. Printed by Laurie and Whittle, 53 Fleet +Street, May 12, 1794. Print from Plate. North American Atlas. Plan of +part of the Province of Lower Canada, containing the country from the +River Montmagny near Quebec upwards as far as any surveys have been +hitherto made, that is, to St. Régis on the St. Lawrence, and the +Township of Buckingham on the River Ottawa. Compiled in the +Surveyor-General's office in the latter part of the year 1794 and early +part of the year 1795, by Messrs. Samuel Gale and John B. Duberger. With +a list of previous surveys. Marked original by the War Office. By order +of His Excellency Guy, Lord Dorchester, Captain-General and +Governor-in-Chief of the Provinces of Upper and Lower Canada. Coloured +original MS. A new topographical Map of Lower Canada. William +Vondervelden and Louis Charland, 1805. Print from Plate.</p> + +<p><b>River St. Lawrence</b>. Plan of part of the River St. Lawrence, from +Montreal to the Parish of Berthier on the North and to Sorel on the +South Side of the River. By John Montrésor, Sub-Engineer, and Lieutenant +Samuel Holland, Captain and Assistant Engineer. Scale, 2000 feet an +inch. Dimensions, 126-26 inches. Original coloured manuscript map bears +the Board of Ordnance stamp, formerly in the Ordnance Office, +transferred to the Dominion Government in July, 1891, and to the +Archives in March, 1909. This map covers the portion of the St. Lawrence +surveyed by John Montresor for the Murray Survey (viz. from Montreal to +Repentigny in one section and from Repentigny to Berthier in another). +It is, however, of an earlier date than the Murray Survey, as is shown +by an indorsement: North America, British America, Part of the St. +Lawrence from Montreal to Berthier and Sorel. J. Montresor, March 25, +1761. Another indorsement reads,—"Received 30th Sept. 1761 with Mr. +John Montresor's letter, Quebec 26 March." This map shows the arable and +pasture land, the houses, churches, calvaries and Mills along the river. +MS. Carte du Cour du<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_444" id="Page_444">[444]</a></span> Fleuve de Saint Laurent en Canada, Yorck! Carte do +Lanouvelle Yorck, de la mer des Iroquois ou est Montreal. Sorel, Orange, +le cour du Fleuve St. Laurent, celuis d'Orange. Original MS. Carte du +Fleuve St. Laurent. A MS. plan of the river from Anticosti to Quebec. La +Grande Baye de St. Laurens en la nouvelle france mise dans un jour ou +elle n'avoit jusqu'ici parue, l'exactitude, la curiosité et la justesse +y aient été observées autant qu'il a été possible et que les mémoires +des habitans du mesme lieu on put fournir, jointe à cela la propre +connaissance de Geographic qu'il a de plusieurs endroits notamment de la +Rivière Ste. Croix où faisant la mission il a eu l'honneur d'adorer +plusieurs fois de grandes croix arborées au milieu des deserts et des +bois par les sauvages nationaux, nommées ports Croix. Aient reçu les +croix direstement du ciel longtemps avant l'arrivée des françois en ce +pays, faite par le père Emmanuel Jumeau, récollet missionnaire en +Canada, 4 Octobre 1685. Two copies, one of the original in the Seminary +at Quebec, the other of the plan in Paris. MS. La Grande Rivière de +Canada, appellée par les Européens de St. Laurens. Variation corrected +to 1686. Levé et dressée par Deshayes. Publiée vers 1695. Print from +Plate. Partie Haute et Occidentale du Fleuve de Canada ou de St. Laurent +depuis le lac Ontario jusqu'à la ville de Québec. Eveché et capitale du +Canada, avec les noms des Particuliers à qui il a été fait des +Concessions de Terre, sur l'un et l'autre Rive de ce Fleuve. Dressée sur +les Némoires de M. de Catalogne. Ingénieur du Roy tres Chrestien à +Paris. Chez le Sr. Moullard. Mouillard-Samson, G. V. de Sa Majesté, Rue +Froimanteau vis à vis le vieux Louvre avec privilège, 1723. Coloured +print. Basse partie et Orientale du Fleuve de St. Laurent, depuis l'Isle +aux Licores jusqu'à un embouchure. Dressée sur les mémoires de M. de +Catalonbe, Ingénieur du Roy très chrestien à Paris. Chez le Sr. +Moullart-Samson, H.O.D.R. Rue Froimanteau vis le Vieux Louvre avec +Privilege du Roi, 1723. Print from Plate. Plan of the River St. Lawrence +from the Island of Anticosti to Quebec. With notes. This map is founded +on a manuscript found on Board Ship <i>Alcide</i>, taken June, 1755, by +Admiral Boscawen. MS. A Sketch of the River St. Lawrence from La +Gallette to the Island of Perrot with the Encampments of the Army, 1760. +Taken from a French draught and corrected. MS. Plan of that Part of +Canada and the River St. Lawrence which lies between Coteau des Cedres +to the Uppermost settlement of Canada, and Island of Ste. Thérèse, +containing the Island of Montreal, Isle Jésus, Ile Bizard, Isle Perrot +and the lakes of St. Louis, les Deux Montagnes, as formed by the River +St. Lawrence; the City of Montreal with all the villages, fortified +posts, and cultivated country throughout the whole district; by order of +Brigadier-General Murray, Governor of Quebec. The Murray Survey, 1765. +MS. Plan of that Part of Canada and the River St. Lawrence which lies +between Pointe du Lac and Repentigny on the North Shore and Nicollette +and Varennes on the South Shore, etc. By order of Brigadier-General +Murray, Governor of Quebec, 1765. MS. Plan of that Part of Canada and +the River St. Lawrence, which lies between Cape Tourmente and +Deschambeaux on the North Shore, Pointe La Caille and Lotbinière on the +South Shore, in which is contained the City of Quebec and all the +villages, fortified posts, Habitations and cultivated Country throughout +the whole district.... The whole from a survey carried on under the +direction of the Hon. Brigadier-General Murray, Governor of Quebec, by +Captain Holland, Lieutenant Peach, Lieutenant Fusev, and Lieutenant +Mathews, 1763. Those MS. maps form a complete geography and census of +the Canada of the time. Carte d'une partie des Côtes du St. Laurent, ou +est situé la Seigneurie de Mingan et celle des Isles et Islets de +Mingan. Le tout compilé et dressé sur les Cartes de la Marine faites +sous la direction de<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_445" id="Page_445">[445]</a></span> M. M. James Cook, célèbre navigateur, Michel Lane +et de Grandin, etc. Au dépot général des Cartes, Plans et Journeaux de +la Marine, Paris, 1784. MS. St. Lawrence, Kingston to Brockville, 1815. +MS.</p> + +<p><b>St. John</b>. Plan of Fort St. John on the river Chambly, Quebec, May 7, +1791, G. Mann, Captain Commanding Royal Engineer. Coloured MS.</p> + +<p><b>Sorel</b>. Plan of the Seigneurie House at William Henry. Original MS. A +plan of the Seigniory of Sorel in the Province of Quebec, the property +of MM. Greenwood & Higginson, Merchants in London, Aug. 15, 1770, John +Collins, D. S. General. MS. Isle aux Noix, River Sorel, Lower Canada. +Proposed New Works, 1787. G. Mann. MS. Plan of Sorel, showing the +proposed new Town lots and Defences. Sorel, July 19, 1797, G. Mann, +Captain and Commanding Engineer. MS.</p> + +<p><b>Toronto</b>. York. Plan of Toronto Harbour and the proposed town and part of +the Settlement. Quebec, Dec. 6, 1788. G. Mann, Captain and Commanding +Royal Engineer. Original coloured MS. Plan of Toronto Harbour with the +Rocks, Shoals, and Soundings, etc., Surveyed and drawn by J. Bouchette, +1793. Original coloured MS. Sketch of a route from York Town on Lake +Ontario to Penetanguishene on Lake Huron, Upper Canada, by Lieutenant +Pilkington, in the year 1793. Plan of the Dock up at York, 1797. +Original MS. Plan of Humber Mills, S.G.O., Jan. 31, 1798. D. W. Smith, +A.S.G. Original coloured MS. Plan and Elevation of the +Lieutenant-Governor's House at York, Upper Canada, erected by Captain +Pilkington in 1800. Indorsed Plan and Elevation of the Governor's House, +York, Upper Canada, destroyed in the late war. Colonel Pilkington, R. E. +Original coloured MS. Plan of the Don Bridge and the agreement of +William Smith, Carpenter for erecting it on or before March 1, 1803. Two +original MS. Plan for a house of Assembly at York, which can be built of +wood and brick for less than £1000 Sterling. Dr. Wells, May 15, 1804. +Two original MS. No. 1. Garrison at York, accompanying +Lieutenant-Colonel Hughes's letter to Lieutenant-General Mann dated Aug. +16, 1814. Original MS.</p> + +<p><b>York Harbour</b>, 1815. Plan by actual survey of the Street of Communication +between Kempenfeldt Bay on Lake Simcoe and Penetanguishene Harbour on +Lake Huron, and one concession on each side, made at the particular +request of Angus Shaw, agent to the North-West Company. Yonge Street, +Aug. 15, 1822. Samuel J. Wilmot, Surveyor. MS.</p> + +<p><b>Upper Canada</b>. Ontario. Plan of the new settlement from Point a Bodet to +Niagara, comprehending the carrying places, the rivers, and lakes to +Lake Huron. W. Chewett, D. P. S., 1789. MS. Plans accompanying +Lieutenant-Governor Simcoe's report of his tour, 1793. MS. Plan of the +Province of Upper Canada, divided into Counties; by order of His +Excellency John Graves Simcoe, Lieutenant-Governor and +Commander-in-Chief. By Wm. Chewett, P. Surveyor, 1795. MS. Plan of the +organized part of the Province of Upper Canada, according to a Bill +which has passed the two Houses, and is reserved for the signification +of the Royal Pleasure, 1798. D. Smith, Chief Surveyor of Lands, Acting +as Surveyor-General, Upper Canada. Coloured MS. A Map of the Province of +Upper Canada describing all the new Settlements, Townships, etc., with +the Countries adjacent from Quebec to Lake Huron. Compiled at the +Request of His Excellency Major-General John G. Simcoe, first +Lieutenant-Governor, by David William Smyth, Surveyor-General. London. +Published by W. Faden, geographer to His Majesty and to H.R.H., the +Prince of Wales. Charing Cross, April 13, 1800, accompanied with a +topographical description. Coloured print. A Map of the located +Districts in the Province of Canada, describing all the new<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_446" id="Page_446">[446]</a></span> +Settlements, Townships, etc., with the adjacent frontiers. By William +Chewett. Wm. Faden, Charing Cross, Jan. 1, 1813. Print from Plate. Map +of the provinces of Upper and Lower Canada. Joseph Bouchette, 1815. +Print from Plate. A Map of the Eastern Part of the Province of Upper +Canada. Indorsed, Canada, Upper, 1793. Left by Colonel Phillpotts on his +going to Gibraltar, 1818. MS. Plan of the Central part of the Province +of Upper Canada, showing the seat of war in the years 1812, 1813, and +1814. J. G. Chewett, P.S. York, May 1, 1819. Print from Plate.</p> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<div class="transnote"> +<h3>Transcriber's note<a name="tnotes" id="tnotes"></a></h3> + +<p>The following changes have been made to the text:</p> +<p><a href='#TC_1'>Page 4</a>: Was 'd'Evangeline' (references under Acadia. Bib.: Parkman, <i>Montcalm and Wolfe</i>; Richard, <i>Acadia</i>; Casgrain, <i>Un Pélérinage au Pays <b>d'Evangéline</b></i>; <i>Une Seconde Acadie</i>; <i>Les Sulpiciens et les Prêtres des Missions Etrangères en)</i></p> +<p><a href='#TC_2'>Page 36</a>: Was 'Athapaskan (Newfoundland. For his native primers, <i>see</i> Pilling, <i>Bibliography of <b>Athabaskan</b> Languages</i>.)</p> +<p><a href='#TC_3'>Page 81</a>: Was 'Clayquet (<b>Clayoquot</b> Sound. West coast of Vancouver Island. Index: D Natives of, attack <i>Tonquin</i>, 1811, and massacre crew, 37.)</p> +<p><a href='#TC_4'>Page 161</a>: Was 'Hb' (Haldimand, Justine. <b>Hd</b> Sister of Sir Frederick Haldimand, 3; death of, 338.)</p> +<p><a href='#TC_5'>Page 182</a>: Was 'Ile' (<b>Île</b> Jésus. At the junction of the Ottawa and the St. Lawrence. Index: L Seigniory of Beaupré exchanged by Laval for, 58; obtained by Laval in)</p> +<p><a href='#TC_6'>Page 198</a>: Was 'Roque nont' (Returned down the river, met and defeated the French squadron under De <b>Roquemont</b>, in July, 1628, and reappeared before Quebec the following year, when the garrison, reduced to starvation, was forced to surrender.)</p> +<p><a href='#TC_7'>Page 199</a>: Was 'prisioners' (Knox, Henry (1750-1806). American general, in Revolutionary War. Index: Dr Commissioner on American side for exchange of <b>prisoners</b>, 208. Bib.: Drake, <i>Life and Correspondence of Henry Knox</i>.)</p> +<p><a href='#TC_8'>Page 200</a>: Was 'anada' (<i>Explorations in Interior of Labrador</i>; Packard, <i>The Labrador Coast</i>; Stearns, <i>Labrador</i>; Dawson, <i><b>Canada</b> and Newfoundland</i>; Grenfell, <i>Labrador</i>; Hubbard, <i>A Woman's Way through Unknown Labrador</i>; Gosling,)</p> +<p><a href='#TC_9'>Page 212</a>: Was 'Mezy' (returns to Quebec, September, 1663, 48; establishes Quebec Seminary, 48; and Lesser Seminary, 49; quarrels with <b>Mézy</b>, 50; sails for France to settle question of bishopric, May, 1672, 70; made bishop of Quebec, and)</p> +<p><a href='#TC_10'>Page 230</a>: Was 'fi m' (Clark, Sept. 1, 1843, 10; their children, 10; enters public life, 1854, as member for Kingston, 11-12; his <b>firm</b> belief from the beginning that Canada's prosperity depended on permanent connection with the mother)</p> +<p><a href='#TC_11'>Page 282</a>: Was 'puplished' (Nova Scotian. Newspaper <b>published</b> at Halifax. Index: H Joseph Howe becomes editor and proprietor of, 1828, 6; extends its influence)</p> +<p><a href='#TC_12'>Page 285</a>: Was 'Etienne' (Confederation, under its present name. The greater part of the province was explored by Champlain, <b>Étienne</b> Brûlé, and Brébeuf, Chaumonot, and other Jesuit missionaries, in the first half of the seventeenth century.)</p> +<p><a href='#TC_13'>Page 338</a>: Was 'Baranoff' (between 1764 and 1769, 42; discoveries and colonies along the coast, 44-45; <b>Baranof</b>, Wrangell and Etoline, 44-46; explorations of Krusenstern, Lisiansky, and others, 1787-1822, 46. Bib.: Muller,)</p> +<p><a href='#TC_14'>Page 377</a>: Was 'Are Legislat res' (Appointed by the Crown for British North America; <i>Life and Death of the Hon. Thomas D'Arcy McGee</i>; <i>Are <b>Legislatures</b> Parliaments?—A Study and Review</i>.)</p> +<p><a href='#TC_15'>Page 384</a>: Was 'Franchere' (1811, and entire crew massacred, 37; sent to the Columbia by Astor, 71; murder of crew, 71. Bib.: <b>Franchère</b>, <i>Voyage to the North-West Coast of America</i>; Irving, <i>Astoria</i>; Bryce, <i>Hudson's Bay Company</i>.)</p> +<p><a href='#TC_16'>Page 403</a>: Was '1872' (War of 1812. Declared by the United States against Great Britain in June, <b>1812</b>. The president in his message to Congress specified the grounds for war as follows: Non-revocation of the orders-in-council;)</p> +<p><a href='#TC_17'>Page 417</a>: Was 'representatative' (province, 6; sent as delegate to England to urge granting of <b>representative</b> government to Nova Scotia, 51, 56; appointed to Executive Council, 1843, 75; elected Speaker the same year, 75; reelected Speaker,)</p> +<p><a href='#TC_18'>Page 437</a>: Was 'orléans' (1730. Chaussegros de Léry. MS. Carte d'une Partie des Islinois pour idée seullement à la Nouvelle <b>Orléans</b> le premier Aout 1734. Broutin. MS. Carte contenant les Nouvelles Découvertes de l'Ouest en Canada, mers,)</p> +<p><a href='#TC_19'>Page 441</a>: Was 'C ty' (Quebec <b>City</b>. Plan de la Ville de Québec, capitale de la Nouvelle France. Photo of Plan in British Museum. Plan of part of the Basse-Ville de)</p> + + +</div> + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Makers of Canada: Index and +Dictionary of Canadian History, by Various + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MAKERS OF CANADA: INDEX *** + +***** This file should be named 32699-h.htm or 32699-h.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/3/2/6/9/32699/ + +Produced by Brendan Lane, Carla Foust, and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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