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| author | Roger Frank <rfrank@pglaf.org> | 2025-10-14 19:58:02 -0700 |
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| committer | Roger Frank <rfrank@pglaf.org> | 2025-10-14 19:58:02 -0700 |
| commit | c664dec1461e6aa7fc316d9d4b01c70a5c5bd034 (patch) | |
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diff --git a/32675-h/32675-h.htm b/32675-h/32675-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..bda5818 --- /dev/null +++ b/32675-h/32675-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,14246 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" + "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> +<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> +<head> +<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1" /> +<title>The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Strife of the Roses and Days of the Tudors in the West, by William Henry Hamilton Rogers</title> + <style type="text/css"> + + p { margin-top: .75em; + text-align: justify; + margin-bottom: .75em; + } + + h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6 { + text-align: center; /* all headings centered */ + clear: both; + } + hr { width: 33%; + margin-top: 2em; + margin-bottom: 2em; + margin-left: auto; + margin-right: auto; + clear: both; + } + + hr.c5 {width: 5%;} + hr.c15 {width: 15%; margin-top: 2em; margin-bottom: 2em;} + + body{margin-left: 12%; + margin-right: 12%;} + + ul.none {list-style-type: none;} + + table {margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;} + + .pagenum { /* uncomment the next line for invisible page numbers */ + /* visibility: hidden; */ + position: absolute; + left: 94%; + font-size: 10px; + font-variant: normal; + font-style: normal; + text-align: right; + background-color: #FFFACD; + border: 1px solid; + padding: 0.3em; + } /* page numbers */ + + .footnotes {border: dashed 1px; background-color: #F0FFFF} + .footnote {margin-left: 15%; margin-right: 15%; font-size: 0.9em;} + .footnote .label {position: absolute; right: 84%; text-align: right;} + .fnanchor {vertical-align: super; font-size: .6em; text-decoration: none; + font-style: normal;} + + .box {margin: auto; + text-align: center; + border: 1px solid; + padding: 1em; + background-color: #F0FFFF;} + + .blockquote {margin-left: 5%; margin-right: 5%; font-size: 90%} + .block {margin-left: 15%; margin-right: 15%;} + .block2 {margin-left: 8%; margin-right: 8%;} + .sper {font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: .2em; padding-left: .2em;} + + ins {text-decoration: none; + border-bottom: thin dotted red;} + sup {font-size: 0.6em;} + + .frac sup, .frac sub { + font-style: normal; + position: relative; } + .frac sup { + font-size: 0.6em; + top: 0.1em; + left: 0.05em; + vertical-align: text-top; } + .frac sub { + font-size: 0.7em; + top: 0.1em; + left: -.1em; + vertical-align: text-bottom; } + + ul.none {list-style-type: none;} + + .center {text-align: center;} + .smcap {font-variant: small-caps; font-size: 90%;} + + .figcenter {margin: auto; text-align: center;} + + .p1 {margin-top: 1em;} + .p2 {margin-top: 2em;} + .p4 {margin-top: 4em;} + .p6 {margin-top: 6em;} + + .i1 {margin-left: 1em;} + .i2 {margin-left: 2em;} + .i3 {margin-left: 3em;} + .i4 {margin-left: 4em;} + .i6 {margin-left: 6em;} + .i9 {margin-left: 9em;} + + .gothic {font-family: "Old English Text MT",fantasy,sans-serif;} + .font90 {font-size: 90%;} + .left5 {margin-left: 5%;} + .left25 {margin-left: 25%;} + .left30 {margin-left: 30%;} + .left35 {margin-left: 35%;} + .left40 {margin-left: 40%;} + .right {text-align: right;} + + hr.full { width: 100%; + margin-top: 3em; + margin-bottom: 0em; + margin-left: auto; + margin-right: auto; + height: 4px; + border-width: 4px 0 0 0; /* remove all borders except the top one */ + border-style: solid; + border-color: #000000; + clear: both; } + pre {font-size: 85%;} +</style> +</head> +<body> +<h1>The Project Gutenberg eBook, The Strife of the Roses and Days of the +Tudors in the West, by William Henry Hamilton Rogers, Illustrated by +Roscoe Gibbs</h1> +<pre> +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at <a href = "http://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a></pre> +<p>Title: The Strife of the Roses and Days of the Tudors in the West</p> +<p>Author: William Henry Hamilton Rogers</p> +<p>Release Date: June 3, 2010 [eBook #32675]</p> +<p>Language: English</p> +<p>Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1</p> +<p>***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE STRIFE OF THE ROSES AND DAYS OF THE TUDORS IN THE WEST***</p> +<p> </p> +<h4>E-text prepared by Irma Spehar, Hélène de Mink,<br /> + and the Project Gutenberg Online Distributed Proofreading Team<br /> + (<a href="http://www.pgdp.net/c/">http://www.pgdp.net</a>)<br /> + from page images generously made available by<br /> + Internet Archive/Canadian Libraries<br /> + (<a href="http://www.archive.org/details/toronto">http://www.archive.org/details/toronto</a>)</h4> +<p> </p> +<table border="0" style="background-color: #ccccff;" cellpadding="10"> + <tr> + <td valign="top"> + Note: + </td> + <td> + Images of the original pages are available through + Internet Archive/Canadian Libraries. See + <a href="http://www.archive.org/details/strifeofroses00rogeuoft"> + http://www.archive.org/details/strifeofroses00rogeuoft</a> + </td> + </tr> +</table> +<p> </p> +<div class="box"> +<p>Transcriber's note:<br /> +<br /> +Inconsistent hyphenation and spelling in the original document have +been preserved. Obvious typographical and errors have been corrected.</p> + +<p>Corrected text is +indicated by dotted underlines. Scroll the mouse over the word +and the original text will <ins title="Transcriber's Note: original reads 'apprear'">appear</ins>.</p></div> +<p> </p> +<hr class="full" /> +<p> </p> + +<div class="p6 figcenter"><img src="images/cover.jpg" width="200" height="331" +alt="cover" title="" /></div> + +<p><a name="Page_I" id="Page_I"></a></p> +<h4>THE</h4> + +<h1>STRIFE OF THE ROSES</h1> + +<h5>AND</h5> + +<h2>DAYS OF THE TUDORS</h2> + +<h3>IN THE WEST.</h3> + +<p><a name="Page_II" id="Page_II"></a></p> + +<h1 class="p4">THE STRIFE OF THE ROSES</h1> + +<h5>AND</h5> + +<h2>DAYS OF THE TUDORS</h2> + +<h3>IN THE WEST.</h3> + +<h5>BY</h5> + +<h4>W. H. HAMILTON ROGERS, F.S.A.,</h4> + +<h5>AUTHOR OF "MEMORIALS OF THE WEST," &C.</h5> + +<h4>ILLUSTRATED BY ROSCOE GIBBS.</h4> + +<hr class="c15" /> +<p class="p4 center"><small>WHAT FAME IS LEFT FOR HUMAN DEEDS</small><br /> +<small>IN ENDLESS AGE?"</small></p> + +<hr class="c15" /> + +<h4 class="p2">EXETER:<br /> +JAMES G. COMMIN, 230 HIGH STREET.<br /> +LONDON: W. W. GIBBINGS, 18 BURY STREET.</h4> + +<h5>M.DCCC.XC.</h5> +<p><a name="Page_III" id="Page_III"></a></p> + +<h4 class="p4">TORQUAY:<br /> +PRINTED BY SHINNER & DODD.</h4> +<hr class="p15" /> +<h5>M.DCCC.XC.</h5> +<p><a name="Page_IV" id="Page_IV"></a></p> + +<h3 class="p6">PREFACE</h3> + +<p class="p2">The subjects described in the following pages, have been chosen from +among the almost unlimited number that present themselves to notice, +during the stirring periods in which they are included, as they +appeared to lend interest and variety of incident, illustrative of the +days wherein they occurred. The concluding paper—not originally +written for this series—extends into the era of the early Stuart, and +has claimed admission from the comparatively unique features of its +history.</p> + +<p class="right">W. H. H. R.</p> + +<p><a name="Page_V" id="Page_V"></a></p> + +<div class="block"> +<p class="center p4"><span class="smcap">"The Middle Ages had their wars and agonies, but also +intense delights. Their gold was dashed with blood; but ours is sprinkled with +dust. Their life was inwove with white and purple, ours is one +seamless stuff of brown."</span></p> + +<p class="right"><i>John Ruskin.</i></p></div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_VI" id="Page_VI">VI</a></span></p> + +<h3 class="p4">CONTENTS.</h3> + +<table border="0" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0" summary="toc"> +<colgroup span="2"> +<col width="500" align="left"></col> +<col align="right"></col> +</colgroup> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td>PAGE</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>1. "OUR STEWARD OF HOUSEHOLD."<br /> + <span class="smcap i9">Robert, Lord Willoughby de Broke, K.G.</span></td> + <td>1</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>2. EXTINCT FOR THE WHITE ROSE.<br /> + <span class="smcap i9">William, Lord Bonville, K.G.</span></td> + <td>37</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>3. UNDER THE HOOF OF THE WHITE BOAR.<br /> + <span class="smcap i9">Henry Stafford, 2nd Duke of Buckingham, K.G.</span></td> + <td>87</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>4. UNHORSED AT BOSWORTH.<br /> + <span class="smcap i9">John, Lord Cheney, K.G.</span></td> + <td>118</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>5. "WITH THE SILVER HAND."<br /> + <span class="smcap i9">Stafford of Suthwyke, Archbishop, and Earl</span></td> + <td>137</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>6. "THEY DID CAST HIM."<br /> + <span class="smcap i9">Sir Thomas Arundell, K.B.</span></td> + <td>155</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td>7. OF THE IMPERIAL LINE.<br /> + <span class="smcap i9">Theodoro Paleologus</span></td> + <td>183</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class="p4"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_VII" id="Page_VII">VII</a></span></p> + +<h4>POEMS.</h4> + +<table border="0" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0" summary="toc poems"> +<colgroup span="2"> +<col width="500" align="left"></col> +<col align="right"></col> +</colgroup> +<tr> + <td> </td> + <td>PAGE</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><span class="smcap">The Message of the Cross</span></td> + <td>24</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><span class="smcap">Tamar's Flow</span></td> + <td>36</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><span class="smcap">The Meadow Ranunculus</span></td> + <td>38</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><span class="smcap">Autumnal Hours</span></td> + <td>84</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><span class="smcap">A Mother's Song</span></td> + <td>86</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><span class="smcap">Salisbury Spire</span></td> + <td>117</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><span class="smcap">Distant Chimes</span></td> + <td>135</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><span class="smcap">Bosworth Field</span></td> + <td>136</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><span class="smcap">"The Transept of the Martyrdom"</span></td> + <td>154</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><span class="smcap">The Five Wounds</span></td> + <td>167</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><span class="smcap">"Sicut pullus hirundinis sic clamabo"</span></td> + <td>182</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><span class="smcap">The Weltering Shore</span></td> + <td>189</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><span class="smcap">Paleologus</span></td> + <td>196</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><span class="smcap">"Ex hoc momento pendet æternitas"</span></td> + <td>206</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class="p4"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_VIII" id="Page_VIII">VIII</a></span></p> + +<h3>ILLUSTRATIONS.</h3> + +<table border="0" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0" summary="toc illustrations"> +<colgroup span="3"> +<col width="450" align="left"></col> +<col width="150" align="left"></col> +<col align="right"></col> +</colgroup> +<tr> + <td><span class="smcap">A Glade in Old Shute Park</span></td> + <td><i>William Newbery</i></td> + <td>Frontispiece</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><span class="smcap">Effigy of Lord Willoughby de Broke, Callington</span> </td> + <td><i>Roscoe Gibbs</i></td> + <td>To face p. 1</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><span class="smcap">The Cheney Monument, Edington</span></td> + <td> — —</td> + <td>— 8</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><span class="smcap">Effigies of Sir Fulke and Lady Greville, Alcester</span></td> + <td> — —</td> + <td>— 29</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><span class="smcap">Tomb of the Second Lord Willoughby de Broke, Beer-Ferrers</span></td> + <td> — —</td> + <td>— 32</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><span class="smcap">Bench-ends, Beer-Ferrers</span></td> + <td> — —</td> + <td>— 33</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><span class="smcap">Presumed Effigy of Cicely Bonville, Astley</span></td> + <td> — —</td> + <td>— 37</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><span class="smcap">Effigy of the Earl of Shrewsbury, Whitchurch</span></td> + <td> — —</td> + <td>— 47</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><span class="smcap">Effigies of Lord and Lady Harington, Porlock</span></td> + <td> — —</td> + <td>— 48</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><span class="smcap">Old Shute Gateway</span></td> + <td><i>Photograph</i></td> + <td>— 66</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><span class="smcap">Effigy of the Duchess of Suffolk, Westminster Abbey</span></td> + <td><i>Roscoe Gibbs</i></td> + <td>— 77</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><span class="smcap">Bench-end, Limington</span></td> + <td> — —</td> + <td>— 80</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><span class="smcap">Bench-ends, Barwick</span></td> + <td> — —</td> + <td>— 81</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><span class="smcap">Dorset Chapel, Ottery St. Mary</span></td> + <td><i>Photograph</i> </td> + <td>— 84</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><span class="smcap">Monument to the Duke of Buckingham, Britford</span> </td> + <td><i>Roscoe Gibbs</i></td> + <td> — 87</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><span class="smcap">Discovery at the Saracen's Head Inn, Salisbury</span></td> + <td><i>Saturday Magazine</i></td> + <td>— 109</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><span class="smcap">Effigy of Cardinal Morton, Canterbury Cathedral</span></td> + <td><i>Roscoe Gibbs</i></td> + <td>— 116</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><span class="smcap">Effigy of Lord Cheney, Salisbury Cathedral</span></td> + <td> — —</td> + <td>— 118</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><span class="smcap">Indent of Brass of Archbishop Stafford, Canterbury Cathedral</span></td> + <td> — —</td> + <td>— 137</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><span class="smcap">Effigy of Sir John Dinham, Kings-Carswell</span></td> + <td> — —</td> + <td>— 140</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><span class="smcap">Gravestone of Emma, Mother of Archbishop Stafford, North-Bradley</span></td> + <td> — —</td> + <td>— 143</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><span class="smcap">Effigies of Lord and Lady Bottreaux, North Cadbury</span></td> + <td> — —</td> + <td>— 147</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class="smcap">Brass of Sir John Arundell, St. Columb-Major</span></td> +<td> — —</td> +<td>— 155</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><span class="smcap">Regal Heraldy, temp. Henry VIII. Cowic, Exeter</span></td> + <td> — —</td> + <td>— 168</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><span class="smcap">Bench-ends, Landulph</span></td> + <td> — —</td> + <td>— 183</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><span class="smcap">Part of the Lower Seats, Landulph</span></td> + <td> — —</td> + <td>— 199</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><span class="smcap">Panel from the Gorges Monument, St. Budeaux</span></td> + <td> — —</td> + <td>— 204</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><span class="smcap">Imperial Arms of Greece (Paleologus Monument)</span></td> + <td> </td> + <td>— 206</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><span class="smcap">Portrait</span></td> + <td> </td> + <td>— 206</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<div class="p6 figcenter"><img src="images/014_s.jpg" width="100" height="267" +alt="EFFIGY WILLOUGHBY DE BROKE," title="" /></div> +<p class="center"><span class="smcap">EFFIGY OF ROBERT, LORD WILLOUGHBY DE BROKE, K.G.<br /> +Callington Church, Cornwall—A.D. 1502.</span><br /> +<a href="images/014_b.jpg">View larger image</a></p> + +<p><a name="Page_IX" id="Page_IX"></a></p> + +<p class="p4"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1">1</a></span></p> + +<h3>"OUR STEWARD OF HOUSEHOLD."</h3> + +<p class="p2">At somewhat more than halfway distance between Weymouth on the skirt +of the Atlantic, and the good old city of Bristow by the Severn sea, +on the thin iron line that crosses the wide end of the western +peninsula between those places,—and which in the early days of +railway enterprise was cleverly, but of course futilely, stretched as +a boom, designed to 'block' all further extension westward,—and just +inside the county of Wilts, lies the quiet little town of Westbury.</p> + +<p>The station itself is somewhat "larger and more commodious" than +common. A two-fold reason accounts for this, one, that of its being +the junction of another line that departs hence for Salisbury, and +secondly the nature of the industry that meets the eye from the +platform, and is in its way unique in these parts. This is the +appearance of three towering iron furnaces, with attendant rows of +coke ovens, placed on an eminence just outside the station yard; +busily smelting the iron-stone that is quarried from a large +excavation on the opposite side of the line, and which passes under +the railway proper in mimic trains, pulled by a tiny locomotive up to +the great glowing bastions, there to be speedily devoured and purified +into 'pigs' of the best quality.</p> + +<p>A very English sight indeed you will say. Yes, certainly if we were in +some of the northern localities of this mineral-saturated island of +ours, but strange in its isolated appearance among the bucolic +characteristics of the southern portion of it, and moreover here, at +least, a development in its way peculiarly modern. The antient +'staple' of the district is the very primeval one of the manufacture +of woolen cloth, which has existed for centuries, is still +considerably followed, and enjoys all its olden reputation as being +'West of England,' a pass-word for excellence and purity of fabric, +untainted by the admixture of 'shoddy,' characteristic of +north-country production. Westbury in company with her sister towns is +largely interested in the industry.</p> + +<p>Our wandering to-day is not in quest of manufactured products iron or +woolen, but of a nature that lends a clue to our thoughts which takes +us back to the far past strife of the Red and White Roses, <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">2</a></span> and +era of Bosworth, and of the heart-burning that inspired the distich,</p> + +<p class="center font90">"The Rat, the Cat, and Lovell our Dog,<br /> +Rule all England under the Hog,"</p> + +<p>for the writing of which and presumed sympathy with the Red Rose, be +it remembered, a Wiltshire knight, Sir William Collingbourn of Lydiard +by name, was by the vindictive Richard "caused to be abbreviated +shorter by the head, and to be divided into four quarters,"—and to +search for traces of one of the principal actors, who played a +conspicuous part in the turmoil, for he was probably born, or had his +original habitation close by. Yonder is the town of Westbury with its +factory chimneys and massive church tower in their midst,—below us +the busy railway-station, and immense iron-stone quarry,—in front the +great furnaces. Nothing very suggestive in all this as to our +expedition to find the old home of Willoughby in these parts; he of +the famed circle of the Garter, and first Baron by a name taken from +the little rill of Brooke or Broke, that, outlasting his name and +fame, still flows past the house that he occupied while in the flesh. +Yet it cannot be very far off.</p> + +<p>These are our thoughts as we look from the parapet of the bridge that +carries the highway over the railroad below, our steps lead us +northward, and although our local geography ends here, our usual luck +for further guidance is at hand. An old stone-breaker by the wayside +stays his hammer as we pass, to give us the morning's salutation, and +to our respond we add the interrogatory as to our path to an old house +or place called Brooke or Broke, somewhere near. "Brooke-<i>Hall</i> you +mean" said he, with special emphasis on the affix, "I know it well, +follow on for nearly a mile until the road leads into the brook; then +turn into the gate on your right, go through two meadows and you will +see Brooke Hall before you. It is an old antient place, and I have +heard was a grand one once, but it is only a farm-house now."</p> + +<p>With due thanks to, and musing on the inextinguishable influence of +tradition, thus continued and wove into the life of our humble but +intelligent informant, we saunter along, until the rippling sound of +water attracts us on our left. Mounting the low ledge that bounds our +path on its other side, at our feet in the enclosure below (locally +termed the Bisse) the Brooke or Broke sparkles along gaily as ever, +and apparently as undiminished as when four centuries a-past, the +knight, whose memories we are in search of, forded its flow. A little +farther beyond, and the lane we have been traversing descends abruptly +into its bed, which forms a continuance of the thoroughfare for a +short distance. Our path diverges through the gate on the right, and +into the green fields.</p> + +<p>Here, at once, although much ameliorated to the wants of the modern +farmer, the undulating nature of the ground, the richness of the turf, +and scattered stately trees still lingering about to attest its olden +beauty and importance, we recognize unerringly the well known +characteristics of an antient park, but apparently not of large size. +Traces of a winding road lead on from the lane gate, and stretch <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">3</a></span> +away over a swarded knoll, on the right; with pleasurable steps we +reach the summit of the acclivity, and descry at about another field's +space ahead, the still existing remains of the Brooke Hall of our +trusty informant.</p> + +<p>"A grand place once"—we ruminate, recalling the words of the old +stone-breaker, as we halt under the shadow of a tall, massive gable, +buttressed at the angles like a church, and with the original hip-knop +a trefoil on a stalk, still very perfect, and bravely weathering the +sunshine and breeze at its apex. From this gable stretches back a +building ninety feet long with high-pitched roof, and forms one side +of the farm-court. Its further end is joined to a cross-structure of +smaller size, now used as the farm dwelling-house.</p> + +<p>Cautiously we push open the large doors of the cow-court and look +inside. This, from no dread of meeting, and having our intruding +footsteps ordered off by the antient knight who once possessed it, but +rather from the undesirableness of making too sudden acquaintanceship +with the vigilant curly-tailed custodian of its precincts eyeing us +from within, and who may not, until properly assured to the contrary, +be quite satisfied with the object of our investigation; but a kindly +word of advice to him, and of welcome to us, from his master close by, +speedily puts everything at ease, and with full permission for +inspection.</p> + +<p>Before however we proceed to investigate the old place, we mentally +join company with the famous old itinerant Leland, who came here on a +similar errand, and recall the burthen of his description, when it was +in pristine condition, and still in possession of the Willoughbys.</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> +<p>"There was of very aunciente tyme an olde maner place wher +<i>Brooke Hall</i> is now, and parte of it yet appearithe, but the +buyldynge that is there is of the erectynge of the Lorde Stewarde +unto Kynge Henry the vii. The wyndowes be full of rudders. +Peradventure it was his badge or token of the Amiraltye. There is +a fayre Parke, but no great large thynge. In it be a great nombar +of very fair and fyne greyned okes apt to sele howses.</p> + +<p>"The broke that renithe by <i>Brooke</i> is properly caulyd <i>Bisse</i>, +and risethe at a place namyd <i>Bismouth</i>, a two myles above +<i>Brooke</i> village, an hamlet longynge to <i>Westbyry</i> paroche. Thens +it cummithe onto <i>Brooke</i> village, and so a myle lower onto +<i>Brooke Haule</i>, levinge it hard on the right ripe, and about a +two miles lower it goith to <i>Trougbridge</i>, and then into <i>Avon</i>."</p></div> + +<p>We enter the court yard, and the main portion remaining, which was +probably erected by the Lord Steward, occupies the whole of the left +side. It is a strong substantial building. The front toward the yard +has three doorways having good late-pointed arches, and five two-light +windows of small dimensions. Between the doorways are buttresses. At +first sight, the building seems as if intended for a large hall, +especially from the fine high-pitched roof, and its completeness +inside, having all the old timbers remaining. But it appears to have +been divided off, and formed into apartments, a considerable portion +of the old wood partition-work still remains. It is now used as a +stable, barn, and for other farm purposes. The upper end of this long +building is joined to a cross portion, apparently the better part of +the fabric, but not of large dimensions. This has been modernized <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">4</a></span> +to the requirements of a farm-house, and almost all its antient +features obliterated. The walls are of great thickness, nearly six +feet, and at the end are some later transomed Elizabethan windows, +bricked up, and in a small outhouse below is "T.—1684;" a still later +time-mark.</p> + +<p>As far as could be observed, what at present remains, appears to be +only a small portion of the original structure, but in which direction +it extended is not certain. Aubrey, the Wiltshire antiquary, writing +in 1650, and who visited Broke about that time, describes it as "a +very great and stately old howse" with "a Hall which is great and +open, with very olde windowes." There was a "canopie chamber," a +dining room, parlour and chapel, and the windows were filled with +coats shewing the armorial descent of Willoughby, which he minutely +describes; and further, the windows "are most of them <i>semée</i> with +<i>Rudder of a Ship, or</i>;"—and again he observes "the <i>Rudder</i> +everywhere." We had greatly hoped to have enriched our sketch book +with a similitude of one of those rudders, but alas, the most diligent +search and enquiry was vain. Not a fragment of the old glazing +remained, and neither arms, badge, nor device, was to be found +anywhere on the building, sculptured or limned. A small enclosed +garden (now used as a rick-plot), skirted with poplars, on the +opposite side of the court, was the only other noticeable feature +connected with the old place.</p> + +<p>Thus much for Broke Hall, said we—retracing our steps over the grassy +undulations—the antient residence successively of Paveley, Cheney, +and Willoughby, all names of knightly renown; aforetime, as well as +now, probably no more apt description could be given of the still +sturdy old fabric, than the itinerant's terse note on this little park +that surrounds it, it was and is "no great large thing," albeit the +"grand one once" of the tradition-burthened mind of our friend the +stone-breaker, and this true enough in its way perhaps also, when +compared with the hovels of the peasantry that then had their stations +near it.</p> + +<p>The family of Paveley, the antient owners of Broke, held it as early +as the reign of Henry I. Reginald de Paveley was Lord of Westbury, +succeeded by Walter, and again by Walter Lord of Westbury, in 1255. To +him Reginald, who deceased 1279, and Walter, Sheriff of Wilts 1297, +died 1323, and succeeding him Reginald de Paveley, who died 1347; he +married Alice, widow of John, the second Lord St. John of Lageham, +died 1322. To him John de Paveley, who married Agnes, with issue two +daughters, Joan married to Sir Ralph Cheney, and Alice wedded to Sir +John St. Loe, died 1366. The Paveleys also held considerable +possessions in Dorsetshire, and bore for their arms, <i>Azure, a cross +fleurie or</i>.</p> + +<p>Cheney, Cheyney, or Cheyne,—originally <i>De Caineto</i>—(or query, from +the French <i>du chêne</i>, 'of the oak') was also an old and largely +ramifying family, that first came over with the Conqueror, and were +subsequently scattered throughout midland and southern England, from +Kent to Cornwall, their name still surviving as an affix to their +olden possessions in several localities. <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">5</a></span></p> + +<p>A branch appears to have been early settled, and afterward held +considerable station in Devon. "In king Henry III. tyme" says Pole, +"Sir Nicholas Cheyney was lord of Upotery," where he was succeeded by +his son Sir William, of whom the Antiquary continues "at what tyme the +Dean and Chapter of Roane, with consent of the Kinge, and Archbishop +of Roane, granted the same unto ye said Sir William Cheyney, which +they had formerly held of the grant of William the Conqueror."</p> + +<p>Sir William Cheney married Felicia, and had issue Sir Nicholas, who +married Elinor, was Sheriff of Devon, 15 Edward II., 1322, and died 3 +Edward III., 1330.</p> + +<p>To Sir Nicholas succeeded William his son, who married Joan daughter +of William Lamborn. He had two sons, Edmond, who died without issue, +and Ralph.</p> + +<p>Sir Ralph Cheney married Joan, daughter and coheiress of Sir John +Paveley of Broke, and died 2 Henry IV., 1401.</p> + +<p>Sir William Cheney, his son and successor, married Cicely, daughter of +Sir John Stretch of Pinhoe, Devon, and widow of Thomas Bonville. She +died 14 October, 1430. To him and his lady, Bishop Stafford of Exeter +on 27 Jan., 1400-1, granted license for them to have divine service +performed in their Chapel, "<i>infra manerium suum de Pinho</i>." He was +Sheriff of Devon 1408. Secondly he married Joan daughter of John Frome +of Woodlands, Dorset, and widow of Sir William Filliol who died 3 +Henry V., 1418. Sir William Cheney died 12 Henry VI., 1434, leaving +two sons Edmond and John.</p> + +<p>Sir John Cheney was of Pinhoe. He married Elizabeth daughter of John +Hill of Spaxton, was Sheriff of Devon 12 and 22 Henry VI., 1434-44, +and was succeeded by his son John, four times Sheriff, who married +Margaret daughter of Nicholas Kirkham of Blagdon, and died leaving +four daughters his coheiresses.</p> + +<p>Sir Edmond Cheney, of Broke, knt., born 4 Dec., 1401, married Alice +daughter of Sir Humphrey Stafford, knt. "<i>with the Silver Hand</i>," of +Suthwyke, Wilts, and Hooke, Dorset, who died 27 May, 1442, and was +buried in the Chapel of St. Anne in the Abbey Church of Abbotsbury, +which he founded;—by his wife Elizabeth who died in 1420, daughter of +Sir John Mautravers of Hooke, knt. Sir Edmond, who died 30 May, 1430, +left two daughters,—Elizabeth, born Nov., 1424, married Sir John +Coleshill, knt., of Duloe, Cornwall, and died about 1492,<a name="FNanchor_1" id="FNanchor_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a>—and +Anne, born, 26 July, 1428, who married <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">6</a></span> Sir John Willoughby, knt., +who was killed at Tewkesbury 3 May, 1471. Secondly his wife Alice +married Walter Tailboys, of Newton-Kyme, Yorkshire, by whom she had a +daughter Alianore married to Thomas Strangeways of Melbury, Dorset, +ancestor to the Earls of Ilchester. She died in 1469.</p> + +<p>Thus at the death of these brothers, the name of Cheney in the +Devonshire branch became extinct.</p> + +<p>A long genealogical digression this, but only the necessary putting +together a portion of the skeleton of our little history, which we +hope to clothe eventually with something of living interest. Our path +has led us back again to the elevated platform of the railway bridge, +and also at a mile's distance before us, the old town of Westbury, in +which, says Leland, "there is a large churche, and the towne stondith +moste by clothiers" appears dimly among the trees,—and its +characteristics of to-day still accurately confirm the itinerant's +description of three centuries ago. There, rises the lofty church +tower much as he witnessed it, but the tall chimney shafts that bear +it company have absorbed all the hand-looms that then made busy, by +the weaving of kersey and serge, the cottage precincts when he paced +its streets.</p> + +<p>Through the long, and comparatively quiet main thoroughfare of the +little borough, and our thoughts are busy, though our steps are +stayed, as we halt to admire the large and handsome west window of the +church, perpendicular in style, but with considerable originality of +treatment in design; and rising behind it, the massive proportions of +the tower.</p> + +<p>Here we hope to find some memorials of Paveley, Cheney or Willoughby, +for our historic memory recalls to us, that within the fabric there is +a Chantry which was formerly attached to Broke Hall, and that its +windows were said to be filled with <i>rudders</i> as at their old seat. +Our foot crosses the porch threshold, and with intuitive direction +leads us at once to the east end of the south aisle, where some +apparently well-preserved old oak screen-work, partition off what we +rightly divine was the Broke Chantry. But as we draw near a vision of +ominous newness, windows flaming with colour, and garish decoration of +costly kind spread over every part, puts to the rout at once all hope +of anything antient being found within it; and we learn that the +Chantry has been recently elaborately 'restored' as a memorial chapel +to the present owners of Broke, whose family have held its possession +for about a century.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">7</a></span></p> + +<p>We scan the enclosure minutely, but not a vestige of sculpture or +inscription, nor stray <i>rudder</i> in the windows, was visible to +identify its olden founders, and whether any such had ever existed +within it, could not be ascertained. Foiled in our examination of the +Chantry, we proceed to look carefully over the whole of the spacious +interior of the edifice, but the search is vain.</p> + +<p>There is yet one chance left, friend of mine, peradventure some stray +shield or badge memorizing these antient families may be found +outside. Slowly we perambulate the exterior of the structure, and were +just preparing to leave the churchyard precincts altogether +vanquished, when on the right dripstone termination of the label of +the doorway-arch of the little porch at the base of the west window, +there on a small shield very much denuded and weather-worn, we trace +the <i>four fusils in fess</i> of Cheney, with the ghosts of <i>the +escallops</i> faintly visible in their centres. On the shield to the left +is the indistinct outline of <i>a bird</i> of some kind.</p> + +<p>In his notice of Westbury church, Aubrey remarks:—</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> +<p>"In an aisle, north of the chancel where nothing remains of the +old glass, tradition is that two maydes of Brook built it +(probably Alice and Joan coheiresses of Sir John Paveley (1361) +of Brook,—the one married Sir John St. Loe, the other Sir John +Cheney). In a chappelle south of the chancell, are left in one +windowe some <i>Rudders of Ships</i> or the cognizance of the Lord +Willoughby of Brook. In an aisle north of the tower, called +Leversidge aisle, were these two escutcheons now gone, +viz.—Cheney impaling Paveley, Cheney as before impaling <i>a lion +ramp</i>: quartering <i>a cross flory</i>, not coloured."</p></div> + +<p>How surely and regularly history, at least the history of human nature +repeats itself. Our forefathers, as it is often discovered in the +repair or rebuilding old churches, did not scruple when alteration or +enlargement of the fabric was needed, to break up the gravestones, or +coffin-lids, of their predecessors, this also at the period when a +religious thrall exercised its full power over them, while at the same +time it encouraged the laying down similar memorials to those they +were destroying. In a succeeding age when this influence had lost its +spell, and greedy, selfish ends, had absorbed, or stifled completely +such traces as remained, a remorseless and almost revengeful +desecration followed, buildings were razed, monuments ruthlessly +defaced or destroyed, and sepulchres violated, as if those who had +left them such interesting and sacred heritage, had been a succession +of malefactors deserving the utmost reprobation and contempt. The +great despoliation over, the same spirit of heedless, callous +unconcern, although in lesser degree, has shewn itself as largely +existent through the succeeding centuries, down to these later times +of pseudo-ecclesiastical revival, which in too many instances +continues to exhibit in a still more exaggerated form, all the latent +traits of thoughtless destruction, that had its place in days of old.</p> + +<p>Thus much for our investigation of Westbury church and its garishly +garnished Chantry, but before we leave this part of the world, we have +another interesting structure to visit, where, if we mistake not, a +most important memorial concerning the antient lords of Broke Hall is +to be found.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">8</a></span> Our steps lead us out of Westbury by the north west, and passing along +under the great White Horse, boldly figured on the high hill by our +right, and through the village of Bratton, a turn in the road a short +distance beyond, brings us at once in full view of the large and +antient Conventual Church of Edington. It is no province of ours here, +to describe the great architectural attractions of this fine and still +well-preserved fabric, but a glance at the uniquely-shaped tower +windows, gives us a clue to what we may expect to find within, for the +tracery in their heads, have an unmistakable resemblance to a <i>cross +fleurie</i>, or rather <i>recercelée</i> would best describe its shape, the +coat-armour of the family of Paveley.</p> + +<p>Entering the church by the south porch, a survey of the south aisle +arcade, brings the eye at once to the memorial we are in search of.</p> + +<p>The monument is under the second arch of the nave, west of the +transept, in the south aisle. It consists of a high tomb with canopy, +flanked by an entrance-doorway forming part of one composition, +extending the whole breadth of the arch. This was originally one of +the enclosing screens of a Chantry, the other two, east and west, +dividing it from the aisle having been removed. In the wall of the +aisle opposite the tomb, is a two-storied piscina, which was formerly +within the area of the Chantry, and against the east division +doubtless stood the antient altar.</p> + +<p>The cover-stone of the tomb is Purbeck marble, and on it are the +indents of a knight and lady, but not of large size. The knight's head +appears to have rested on a helmet with lambrequin, and an animal was +at his feet. The lady in long robe and head on a cushion. Two shields +were above their heads, and two more below their feet. There was no +ledger-line.</p> + +<p>Below the tomb are traceried panels with shields in their centres, on +them is carved these arms:—1. <i>A rudder.</i>—2. <i>Four fusils in fess, +each charged with an escallop</i> (<span class="smcap">Cheney</span>).—3. <i>Four escallops, two and +two</i> (<span class="smcap">Erleigh</span>?). These charges are exactly repeated on both sides.</p> + +<p>The canopy is of square form, flanked by buttresses pinnacled on their +faces, and the groining within shews five fan-traceried pendants. At +the east end is a large niche, the west is open. The doorway is +surmounted by a rich ogee crocketted canopy with finial, and is +panelled above.</p> + +<p>A continuous cornice surmounts both tomb and doorway, of vine foliage +and mouldings, crested originally by the Tudor flower, only a part of +which now remains. It is broken on each side by four angels holding +shields. On the north side are two single angels supporting the arms +of Cheney, at the west corner are two angels holding a larger shield +quarterly of four:—1 and 4 (<span class="smcap">Cheney</span>); 2 and 3, <i>a cross fleurie</i> +(<span class="smcap">Paveley</span>). On the south side the single angels display the arms of +Paveley, and the pair at the end <span class="smcap">Cheney</span> impaling <span class="smcap">Paveley</span>. Over the +inner doorway <i>the rudder</i> is again carved—here at Edington its +earliest appearance.</p> + +<p>In the churchyard, near the porch, is a large broken Purbeck marble +stone, probably removed from the pavement of the Chantry <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">9</a></span> +within. On it are the indents of a knight, and lady in horned +head-dress, under an ogee crocketted canopy, flanked by pinnacles, +evidently of contemporary date with the tomb. Above the figures are +two shields, below their feet the space is powdered with scrolls, and +a ledger-line enclosed the whole.</p> + +<div class="p2 figcenter"><img src="images/023_s.jpg" width="200" height="309" +alt="CHENEY MONUMENT" title="" /></div> +<p class="center"><span class="smcap">CHENEY MONUMENT, EDINGTON CHURCH, WILTSHIRE.</span><br /> +<a href="images/023_b.jpg">View larger image</a></p> + +<p class="p2">As usual with influential families resident near large ecclesiastical +foundations, and having considerable landed property in the district, +the Paveleys, who were the Lords of Westbury Hundred, were doubtless +largely connected with the welfare of the Monastery, and as liberal +donors toward the building of the Abbey Church. The armorial story +told on the tomb, points to its being the memorial of Sir Ralph +Cheney, who married Joan, one of the daughters and coheiresses of Sir +John Paveley, and succeeded in her right to Broke. He died 2 Henry +IV., 1401. The great William of Edington, consecrated Bishop of +Winchester, 1345, and afterward Chancellor and Treasurer to King +Edward III., was born here, and became a considerable benefactor to +the village and Monastery. His surname has not been recovered, but +surmised to have been Cheney,—at any rate in a deed dated 1361, the +Bishop is described as "guardian of the heiresses of Sir John +Paveley,"—and one of these, Joan, as we have observed, married Sir +Ralph Cheney, and as a consequence with great probability she found +sepulchre here with her husband, in their Chantry in the Abbey Church.</p> + +<p>Back to the railway station again, and a place among the cohort of the +iron horse, for a long journey is before us, even from the open, +breezy chalk-plains of Wiltshire, to the marge of the majestic Tamar +in westernmost Devon, and the granite-bouldered precincts of east +Cornwall, where we hope to get further clue to the haunts of +Willoughby when in the flesh. Here, we are leaving what was probably +his first home and earliest associations before ambition dawned on his +future path; there, we shall visit his later possessions when the sun +of fortune had shone on him, and he basked in its rays of honours and +wealth. There also our pilgrimage will eventually lead us to that last +house, the which he in common with earth's humblest denizen must +share.</p> + +<p>Before, however, we proceed further on our way to what we may term his +second home, it behoves us to say something anent the antecedents and +coming of the knight himself, and how the name of Willoughby +originally became located in the west country. Like many a younger son +rejoicing in a titled extraction, coupled with probably only a slender +portion of the family patrimony, the wooing of a distaff—who, beside +let us hope, being endowed with her full share of love's talisman, +personal attractions, enjoyed also the further potent charm of being +an heiress to boot—brought the father of our knight from the fens of +Lincolnshire to the distant altitudes of Wilts, and in winning the +hand of Anne Cheney for a wife, subsequently became in her right the +Lord of Broke. A similar errand sent his son away to the boundary line +that divides Devon from Cornwall, and with the well-dowered Blanche +Champernowne of Beer-Ferrers for his helpmate, <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">10</a></span> there to find his +future home, and where we propose to look for him again, after we have +gossiped over his lineage awhile.</p> + +<p>In common with many of our old titled names, Sir John de Willoughby +its first possessor in this country was a Norman knight to whom the +Conqueror gave the manor of Willoughby in Lincolnshire.<a name="FNanchor_2" id="FNanchor_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a> His +descendant Sir William in the reign of Henry III. married Alice +daughter and coheiress of John Bec or Beke of Eresby, summoned to +Parliament as Baron Beke of Eresby 1295-6. He was succeeded by his son +Robert, who inherited at the decease of his grand-uncle Anthony Beke, +Bishop of Durham, the great possessions of that prelate, and 7 Edward +II., was summoned to Parliament as Baron Willoughby de Eresby.</p> + +<p>His great-grandson was Robert, fourth Lord Willoughby; he married +first Alice daughter of Sir William Skipwith, and secondly Margaret +daughter of William, Lord Zouch, who died in 1391.<a name="FNanchor_3" id="FNanchor_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a> His third son +Sir Thomas by Alice Skipwith, married Elizabeth daughter of John de +Nevill, Lord Nevill of Raby, and Elizabeth Latimer his second wife, +only daughter of William, fourth Lord Latimer of the first creation, +who died in 1388. Sir Thomas was succeeded by his son Sir John +Willoughby, who married Joan Welby, described as an heiress, and their +son was the Sir John Willoughby, who married Anne daughter of Sir +Edmond Cheney, of Broke, Wilts; whose son was Sir Robert Willoughby, +the first Lord Willoughby de Broke, and subject of our little memoir. +There were three other sons, William of Turners-Piddle, Dorset, who +died in 1512, and was buried at Bere-Regis; Thomas, who married Isabel +Bedyke of Silton, Dorset, died 1523, and ordered his body to be buried +in the church there; and Edward, Dean of Exeter Cathedral, and Canon +of St. George's, Windsor, who died in 1508. Also two daughters, +Cicely, Abbess of Wilton, who died in 1528, and Elizabeth, married to +William Carrant, of Toomer in Henstridge, Somerset.</p> + +<p>Thus far for the coming of the knight; our next care will be to trace, +as far as means available enable us, his progress and actions during +the eventful days in which he lived. The strife between the contending +factions of the Red and White Roses, in his younger years was strongly +predominant, and so thoroughly had the fierce rivalry for supreme +power permeated society, that probably it was almost <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">11</a></span> impossible +to remain neutral, while men so blindly, yet withal so devotedly, +risked their lives and fortunes in partizanship with the contending +claimants of the divine right. To choose a side was an absolute +necessity,—</p> + +<p class="center">"Under which king, Bezonian? speak or die!"</p> + +<p>was the question of the hour, and had to be answered with all its +contingent risk. In the west country the adherents of the Red Rose +seemed to have the preponderance, the detestable craft and cruelty of +Richard III. doubtless had its effect of estranging from sympathy with +him, all except just those who were allied to his rule by the hollow +tie of self-interest, and the usual glamour of adhering to the powers +that be, no matter how arrived at or constituted, or what its actions +were.</p> + +<p>The first important social function we find Sir Robert Willoughby +discharging, is that of Sheriff of Devon, 21 Edward IV., 1481, being +the year preceding the one in which his friend Sir Giles Daubeney held +the same office. And then, in harmony with the prevailing distracted +state of public affairs we have described, we next observe him in +active sympathy with the claims of the Red Rose, and consequent +enlistment in the cause of <ins title="Corrected erratum: original reads 'Richmond of York'">the Earl of Richmond</ins>, +in the company of a large number of west country gentlemen, the Marquis of Dorset +(representative of Bonville), Giles Daubeney, the Courtenays, John +Cheney, Walter Hungerford, and others, in their rising and march to +Salisbury, in order to effect a junction with, and aid the movement in +Wales of the ill-fated Duke of Buckingham, in 1483. But the +extraordinary swollen state of the Severn—"an inundation so +remarkable that for a hundred years afterward it was called the <i>Great +Water</i>, or <i>Buckingham's Water</i>, said to have lasted ten days, and +that men, women, and children were carried away in their beds by the +violence of it"—placed a barrier between their forces from effecting +a junction, leaving the unfortunate Stafford in Richard's power, who +forthwith consigned him to the scaffold at Salisbury, and sent Sir +Robert and his companions in speedy flight to the south coast, and +thence 'beyond seas' over to Richmond in Brittany, thereby escaping a +similar sanguinary fate, which would have been remorselessly meted out +to them. For this defection his lands were seized, and Broke and +Suthwyke were bestowed by Richard on his favourite Sir Richard +Radcliffe.</p> + +<p>Our clue as to his movements, for a short time, becomes one of surmise +rather than of actual proof. At the dispersal of Buckingham's +followers, Sir Robert and his attainted companions fled to Brittany, +and he remained probably with them at Vannes or the neighbourhood, +until the Earl of Richmond set out on his final expedition from +Harfleur to Milford-Haven. This he doubtless accompanied, although no +special mention is made of his name, nor as to his taking part in the +engagement at Bosworth, where however he must have been present from +circumstances that followed. Dugdale says "he was a successful sharer +in the benefit of that great victory," another thing to that of +sharing its danger.</p> + +<p>A much more important event however, identifying the presence <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">12</a></span> of +Sir Robert at Bosworth, or immediately near, and shewing the +confidence the victor placed in him, was Richmond despatching the +knight, the day after the battle, and before Henry left Leicester, +with a detachment of horse to the castle of Sheriff-Hutton in +Yorkshire, to convoy the unfortunate Earl of Warwick (son of the Duke +of Clarence and nephew of Edward IV.), then a prisoner there, to the +still safer and more dangerous custody of the Tower of London, only to +emerge eventually from thence to his death on the scaffold.</p> + +<p>This mission is thus described by the old chronicler Hall. Henry in +order</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> +<p>"to obsist the first likely mischiefe, sent before his departure +from Leycestre Sir Robert Willoghby knight to the maner of +Sheryhutton in the County of Yorke for Edward Plantagenet Erle of +Warwike sonne and heire to George Duke of Clarence then beyng of +the age of xv yeres, whom Kyng Richard had kept there as a +prisoner durynge the tyme of his vsurped reigne. Sir Robert +Willoghby accordynge to hys commission receaved of the conestable +of the castle the Erle Edward, and him conueighed to London, +where the youngelynge borne to perpetual calamitie was +incontynent in the towre of London putt under safe and sure +custody."</p></div> + +<p>The circumstances connected with the inveiglement of this poor +boy,—who for fifteen out of the twenty-four years he had lived, had +been a close prisoner, and so shut out from all knowledge of the outer +world, that he was said "not to know a goose from a capon,"—into a +confession of complicity with Perkin Warbeck's attempt, and then his +barbarous murder,—for it was nothing less,—on Tower Hill, is one of +the darkest of the many selfishly revengeful crimes that stain with +indelible cruelty the reign of the first Tudor king, as the equally +detestable slaying of the lad's aged sister the Countess of Salisbury, +in 1541, appals by the horror of its incidents, the second. "The truth +was," says Rapin, "the real crime that cost him his life, was his +being the last male heir of the house of York." He was beheaded 14 +Nov., 1499, and Sir Robert lived to witness the wretched fate of the +noble youth he had four years previously brought a captive to London, +and in his death the extinction of the hope of the White Rose.</p> + +<p>At the conclusion of Henry's first Parliament in 1485, in company with +his friend Sir Giles Daubeney, Sir Robert had the honour of the +peerage conferred on him, by the title of <span class="smcap">Baron Willoughby de Broke,</span> +but the writ of summons does not appear to have been issued until 12 +August, 1492. About the same time he was constituted one of the king's +Privy Council. In 1489, he was created a Knight of the Garter, being +the two hundred and forty-fourth on the roll of that noble order.</p> + +<p>Lord Willoughby de Broke's first important public function appears to +have been his despatch from Portsmouth by Henry, with an army "to the +number of eight thousand choice men and well armed, who, having a fair +wind, in a few hours landed in Brittany" in March, 1489, professedly +to protect at her own proper costs and charges the girl-duchess Ann, +then about twelve years old, from the aggression of the French king, +Charles VIII., who was encamped with a hostile force within her +territory, but which province he eventually added to his kingdom, +together with the hand of its young mistress. <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">13</a></span></p> + +<p>Here he remained in inglorious ease until November, when the little +army, with the exception of the five hundred left to occupy the +"cautionary towns" until payment for the expedition was made, +returned; during which time, and for a considerable portion of the +year ensuing, a game of dissimulation and feints at fighting was +carried on between the three monarchs, Henry, Charles, and Maximilian, +practically over the destiny of the young Duchess.</p> + +<p>Then the scene of this playing at war shifts suddenly from Brittany to +Flanders, where the subjects of Maximilian—the proxy husband of +Ann—at Ypres and Sluys were in open revolt, respecting "an +unpalatable edict concerning coin," and to aid whom Charles VIII. had +sent Marshal d'Esquerdes with large succours of help, thus attacking +the would-be bridegroom and his child <i>fiancée</i>, on each side, and at +once; a game that proved successful in the end.</p> + +<p>Maximilian in his turn sent ambassadors over to the wary calculating +Henry, then holding the scales between the monarchs, as he was at the +same time also engaged in negociations with Charles, who was +procrastinating and not intending to give any definite answer, nor but +little frightened at Henry's preparations, as he was well assured +within himself how matters would eventually terminate.</p> + +<p>Henry was however seriously annoyed at the French king's +dissimulation, and despatched with all speed a little expedition of a +thousand men over to Calais, the command being entrusted to the Lords +Morley and Willoughby de Broke. Lord Daubeney was at that period +Governor of Calais, and to this force he added another thousand men, +drawn from the garrisons of Calais, Hammes, and Guisnes; and they had +"secret instructions to aid Maximilian and raise the siege of Dixmude" +where the citizens, soldiers, and their allies were encamped. The +English soldiers appear to have stolen an effective surprise upon the +Flemings and their French allies in the night, for they had apparently +no idea of the attack, and routed them with great slaughter, said to +have been eight thousand in number, while only a hundred or thereabout +of the English were killed, a statement to be received with caution, +as Lord Morley, Sir James Tyrrell, Captain of Guisnes, Sir Humphrey +Talbot, Marshal of Calais, Sir Gilbert Talbot, and others, were among +the slain. The pursuit over, the English army retired to Newport, +where Marshal d'Esquerdes appears to have followed and attacked them +without result. As this was the first touch of real hostilities, such +as they were, between Henry and Charles, for the time it "bred a great +coldness" between the belligerent monarchs.</p> + +<p>But the coldness did not last long, and meanwhile a complete tangle of +matters enveloped these three royal players, over the destiny of their +hostage the girl-princess of Brittany, secretly wedded by proxy to +Maximilian, practically a prisoner in her little kingdom, unprotected, +and in the eyes of the French king a very desirable alliance for him, +and so incorporate that province under the crown of France, of which +nation it formed an integral portion. Ambassadors came over from the +Duchess to sound Henry's intentions of protection toward her, others +were despatched across in February, 1491, to the <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">14</a></span> French king by +Henry, and these were followed again by further ambassadors from Ann, +vainly waiting in London for an answer. So things progressed, and +Charles who by his agents was busily plying the young Duchess with his +suit, in his turn amused the English envoys, until he found he had won +her and had the game in hand; then he cut the knot of the difficulty +by marrying her 16 Dec., 1491, and Henry's ambassadors returned +discomfited.</p> + +<p>This climax came as a bomb-shell among the great personages. +Maximilian was furious at the loss of his bride, and threatened +immediate invasion of France for so deadly an affront; this however +did not much trouble Charles. What he was most concerned with was the +attitude of Henry who was also greatly enraged, and who, beside openly +boasting he should at once prepare for war against him, was also +influencing Ferdinand of Spain—whose daughter Katharine was espoused +to his son Arthur—to join him in the conflict. Thus France was +threatened on three sides at once, Charles however had little fear of +Maximilian or Ferdinand.</p> + +<p>In the meantime Henry had another trouble nearer his door, with the +Scotch, and no settlement appeared to be in view, while the +complication in France continued, the French king being probably +moving behind to prevent. Ambassadors again came over from Charles to +negociate, but Henry who had the ulterior object of getting well paid +for what he was about to do, and the old debt due by Ann of Brittany +discharged, aided by liberal subsidies from Parliament, assembled an +army of twenty-five thousand foot, and sixteen hundred horse, and on +the second of October crossed over to Calais, to make conditions on +his adversary's soil, never meaning to fight, but by show and menaces, +see what he could get.</p> + +<p>The conduct of this large flotilla, which arrived at Calais the same +day, was under the command of Lord Willoughby de Broke, as Lord High +Admiral; a notable piece of seamanship for the age, and shewing that +at the time England had a considerable reserve of shipping.</p> + +<p>Henry with all the 'pomp and circumstance' of war marched out to +Boulogne, then, instead of fighting, the inevitable ambassadors on +both sides duly met, and a treaty of peace was signed at Etaples on +the third of November. The French king perfectly well knew his +antagonist's mercenary longings, and that himself and his army were +only there to exact the last golden crown possible, for the conclusion +of the matter by monetary consideration was an understanding between +them before Henry left England. So Charles agreed to pay Henry an +immense sum in discharge of his wife's debt, and also another large +amount, arrears of the yearly pension agreed to be paid by Lewis XI. +to Edward IV., his wife's father. Thereon the English king retired +with his army and treasure, or the promise of it, back to London, the +French monarch returned to his young bride at Paris, and the +undisputed possession of her dowry the Duchy of Brittany, and +Maximilian was left to shift for himself. After this manner therefore +ended the war concerning Brittany which began five years before in +1487.</p> + +<p>This appears to have been the last foreign service in which Lord <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">15</a></span> +Willoughby de Broke was engaged. We do not find his name among the +generals<a name="FNanchor_4" id="FNanchor_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a> of the king's army employed in the suppression of the +Cornish revolt at Black-Heath, nor otherwise engaged at home, until +the landing of Perkin Warbeck at Whitsand Bay in September, 1498, when +he held a command in the royal forces under Henry in his march to the +west to meet the plebeian pretender to his crown. Lord Willoughby de +Broke came to Taunton with Lord Daubeney and others commanding the +troops, and after Perkin's return as a captive from Beaulieu, went on +with Henry to Exeter. There the king dealt with the insurgents +personally, many of whom came with halters round their necks sueing +for pardon, and having punished some, to use his own words, "grant +unto the residue generally our grace and pardon, and our +Commissioners, the Earl of Devon, our Chamberlain, and our Steward of +Household, have done, and do daily, in our County of Cornwall."</p> + +<p>The 'Steward of Household' was Lord Willoughby de Broke, and he was +peculiarly fitted for the duty, not only on account of his +relationship by property with the County, but also by virtue of his +position as Steward of the Duchy of Cornwall. This was apparently his +last public employment of any note, and probably age was stealing on +him, as he died four years afterward.</p> + +<p>Of the offices and honours conferred on him by Henry, we find those of +Lord Steward of the Household, Steward of the Duchy of Cornwall, and +alternately that of Captain-General or Marshal of the land forces, and +as an Admiral of the fleet, in the king's expeditions to France, also +a chief Commander of the forces when engaged at home. He was called to +the Privy Council, created a Baron by writ of summons, and +subsequently elected a Knight of the Garter.</p> + +<p>He twice served the office of Sheriff of Devon, in 1481, and again in +1488. Lysons says "in the reign of Henry VII. the mines of silver and +gold (in Cornwall) were leased to Sir Robert Willoughby."</p> + +<p>Thus far have we proceeded with Lord Willoughby de Broke's public +services abroad and at home; our next care must be to glance at his +domestic surroundings, and what constrained him to leave his old +ancestral place of Broke Hall amid the breezy altitudes of north +Wilts, and find his way to the sheltered banks by Tamar's marge, in +south Devon. Nothing in any way singular or unusual, simply that +potent cause which has tempted many a young man to stray far away from +his father's roof-tree, brought Robert Willoughby down to +Beer-Ferrers,—the search for a wife,—and the lady he selected was +endowed with one, at least, most attractive charm, eagerly sought +after by mediæval knight—and not altogether lost sight of, by suitors +in these, in some respects not much-improved mercenary, unchivalric +modern days of ours,—she was an heiress, largely dowered with the +home possessions of an antient race, of whom she was there the sole +representative in right of her grandmother, one of three sisters, +coheiresses, its last descendants; while on her father's side she was +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">16</a></span> also the only survivor of a branch of another of the most +time-honoured names in the county.</p> + +<p>Blanche Champernowne was the pleasant name of the distaff that Robert +Willoughby won for his bride. She was the only daughter of John +Champernowne of Beer-Ferrers by Elizabeth Bigbury his wife, which John +succeeded his elder brother Roger who died without issue. He was the +second son of Alexander Champernowne (who died 30 June, 1441), by his +wife Joan, daughter and coheiress of Martyn Ferrers, who, says Pole +"was the last of y<sup>t</sup> name of Ferrers, Lord of Beere-Ferrers." +Alexander was son of Sir Richard Champernowne of Modbury, by his first +wife Alice daughter of Thomas Lord Astley, and whose second wife was +Katharine daughter of Sir Giles Daubeney.</p> + +<p>The family of De Ferraris or Ferrers, whose 'name and blood' Blanche +Champernowne represented, deserves a short genealogical notice here. +They had from very early date been settled in the parish of Beer, one +part of which, says Pole, "takes his name of ye family of Ferrers, th' +ancient inhabitants, from whence all the Ferrers in Devon and Cornwall +issued." Ralph de Ferrers was its lord in the reign of King Henry II., +to him succeeded Henry, Reginald, and Sir William who married Isolda +daughter of Andrew Cardinham, leaving issue Sir Roger, Sir Reginald, +and Sir Hugh the ancestor of the Churston descent. Sir Reginald, of +Beer, married Margaret sister and coheiress of Sir Robert le Dennis of +Pancrasweek, and had issue Sir William who married Matilda daughter of +Roger Carminow. They were followed by their son Sir John, who was +succeeded by his son Sir Martyn, who, says Pole, was "the last of that +name of Ferrers, Lord of Beere-Ferrers; a person of great honour and +integrity, one of the principal persons entrusted with the guard of +this shire," corroborated by Risdon, who adds, "he was put in special +trust, with others, for the defence of the sea-coast against the +invasion of the French in King Edward the third's time."</p> + +<p>Sir Martyn left three daughters, Elizabeth married to Hugh Poynings, +Lord St. John of Basing, Leva to Christopher Fleming, Baron of Slane +in Ireland, and Jone "to whom the mannor of Beer-Ferrers fell in +porcion" to Alexander Champernowne. Further notices of this family +will occur on our visit to the little sanctuary in the village, which +they appear to have originally built, and wherein several interesting +memorials to them remain. Their allusive arms were, <i>Or, on a bend +sable, three horse-shoes argent.</i></p> + +<p>Concerning this prettily named heiress Blanche Champernowne and her +family, the prosaic and literal old itinerant Leland, gives us further +notice, and, if his description of her be correct, takes much of the +romance out of it,—</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> +<p>"There was another house of the Campernulphes more auncient, +caullid Campernulphe of Bere. The last of this house left a +doughter and heire caullid Blanche, maried first onto Copestan of +Devonshire, and after devorcid and maried onto the Lord Brooke, +Steward onto Henry the VII, and he had by her a 700 markes of +lande by yere.</p> + +<p>"John Willoughby that cam out of Lincolnshire and maried the an +heire general of the Lord (of) Broke, and after was Lord Brooke +hymself, lyeth buried at Hedington, and was a benefactor to that +house. As I remembre, the sunne of <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">17</a></span> this Lord Broke was +Steward of king Henry the VII House, and his son was the third +Lord Brooke of that—. N.B.—and he had a sunne by his firste +wife, and that sunne had ij doughters maried to Daltery and +Graville. He had by another wife sunnes and doughters. The sunnes +toward yong men died of the sweting syknes."</p></div> + +<p>The genealogy is here somewhat confused, but Leland appears to have +been trusting to memory only.</p> + +<p>We have made pilgrimage to, and described what remains of the old +ancestral home of the knight in Wiltshire, and our steps next lead us +to the locality of the new one he possessed by right of his wife at +Beer-Ferrers in Devon. Like all places situate on the estuaries of +large rivers such as the Tamar, that are tidal, and fringed by creeks +that run considerable distances inland, Beer-Ferrers on the land side +is only to be reached by a circuitous route from Plymouth, and +therefore we elect the easier and more direct approach to it, by aid +of the iron horse to Saltash, and thence by boat.</p> + +<p>The tide is well up, and a pleasant breeze soon speeds us on our way. +We pass the Budshead creek, that extends inland to Tamerton-Foliot, +and are soon opposite a second and somewhat larger opening that runs +up to Maristow, where, at its far end, the sparkling Tavy, fresh from +the granite boulders of Dartmoor, delivereth her waters into the salt +bosom of the lower Tamar. At about mid-distance up the creek on its +northern shore, a small compact village, with a square battlemented +church tower rising in the midst, has its place on the bank that +slopes gently down to the water's edge. Thither we steer our way, and +making fast our little craft to the pier, or 'quay' as these landing +places are locally termed, find ourselves at Beer-Ferrers.</p> + +<p>And where shall we discover this new home, you say, that Lord +Willoughby de Broke acquired by right of Blanche Champernowne, and +when in the flesh possessed and resided in, with surrounding park, and +for which mansion or manor-house, his wife's ancestor Sir William de +Ferrers had a license to castellate from king Edward III. in 1337, a +concession subsequently renewed to his widow the Lady Matilda, and +continued to his son Sir John?</p> + +<p>Even in Leland's time, immediately after the decease of the last Lord +Willoughby de Broke, it seems to have disappeared, for he notes:—"on +the east side of this creek is Buckland. And on the west side is Bere, +<i>where the Lord Broke's house and park was</i>." We believe nothing now +remains to mark its former site but a few undulations in the turf. A +graphic picture of the lawlessness of the era of Lord Willoughby de +Broke's earlier residence at Beer-Ferrers, and the amenities of social +life exhibited between the "bettermost folk" of that district, and +comparatively neighbours also, is shewn in an account preserved among +the muniments of the Earl of Mount Edgcumbe, describing attacks made +on the person, servants and residence of his ancestor Richard Edgcumbe +of Cotehele (M.P. for Tavistock in 1468) by Robert Willoughby of +Beer-Ferrers, and thus described by the Earl to the members of the +Royal Archæological Society in 1876:—</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> +<p>"The document is rather amusing, dated 1470, and is apparently +the rough copy of a complaint or information by this Richard +against Robert Willoughby, <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">18</a></span> who lived across the water at +Beer Ferrers, of injuries done to him at sundry times. This paper +which is remarkable for its wonderful spelling and for the +careful way in which every hostile act is estimated at its money +value, contains no less than thirteen items or charges, each +specifying some distinct outrage on the part of the said +Willoughby and his followers, numbering on one occasion '<i>three +score persons, in form of war arraied, with jackes, salettes, +bowys, ar'ws, and byelys, who at various times and places +contrewayted the said Richard to have mordered him and with force +of armes made a great affray and assawte upon him and his +servants sometimes to the gret jeperdy and dispayre of his +liff</i>,' always to his hurt and damage of so many pounds. And on +another occasion attacked Cotehele House itself and carried off a +very miscellaneous collection of articles to the hurt and damage +of the said Richard of a great many pounds; and at other times +took divers of his servants and kept them for a week at a time in +prison at '<i>Bere Ferrers</i>,' and '<i>bete</i>' and grievously wounded +others, especially one William Frost, to the hurt and damage to +the said Richard of £20 and more. It is a curious fact that +fifteen years later this Willoughby (as Lord de Broke) and +Richard Edgcumbe held high places together in the court of Henry +VII."</p></div> + +<p>Richard Edgcumbe had a narrower escape however from the vengeance of +Richard III., after the suppression of Buckingham's revolt, in which +he was a partizan, being strongly attached to the fortunes of the Red +Rose. A party of armed men in Richard's interest, headed according to +tradition by Sir Henry Bodrugan, otherwise Trenoweth, of St. Gorran in +Cornwall, an adherent of the White Rose, made search for him in his +own beautiful home of Cotehele. Carew describing the event says,</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> +<p>"he was driven to hide himself in those his thick woods, which +overlook the river, what time being suspected of favouring the +Earle of Richmond's party, against King Richard the III., he was +hotely pursued, and narrowly searched for. Which extremity taught +him a sudden policy, to put a stone in his cap, and tumble the +same into the water, while these rangers were fast at his heeles, +who looking downe after the noyse, and seeing his cap swimming +thereon supposed that he had desperately drowned himselfe, gave +over their farther hunting and left him at liberty to shift away, +and ship over into Brittaine: for a grateful remembrance of which +delivery, hee afterwards builded in the place of his lurking, a +Chapell."</p></div> + +<p>After the victory of Bosworth, and Henry was seated on the throne, it +came to Edgcumbe's chance to turn the tables on his adversary, and +this he did most effectually. Tradition further relates, according to +Lysons quoting from Tonkin, that,</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> +<p>"Sir Henry Bodrugan was in arms in Cornwall against the Earl of +Richmond, (Henry VII.) that he was defeated on a moor, not far +from his own castle by Sir Richard Edgcumbe and Trevanion, and +that he made his escape by a desperate leap from the cliff into +the sea, where a boat was ready to receive him, and fled to +Ireland, when all his large estates, including Bodrugan Castle, +described by Borlase "that there was nothing in Cornwall equal to +it for magnificence" were forfeited to the Crown. Most of +Bodrugan's estates, including the manor of St. Gorran (whereon +was the castle) were granted to Sir Richard Edgcumbe, and now +belong to his descendants."</p></div> + +<p>Two very remarkable and almost identically coincident escapes. The +place where he jumped over the cliff at Dodman's Head, is still known +as "Bodrugan's Leap."</p> + +<p>Edgcumbe was Comptroller of the Household, and of the Privy Council to +Henry VII., and died returning from an embassy to <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">19</a></span> France, at +Morlaix on his way home, in 1489. Willoughby, Lord de Broke was his +superior officer as Lord Steward of the Household to the same monarch; +thus at Court they were closely associated with each other. +Subsequently 22 Henry VII. (1497), Lord de Broke obtained of the king +a grant in fee of the manor of Trethewye in St. Cleer, and all the +lands there, part of the forfeited possessions of Sir Henry Bodrugan, +and which were situate near his other property at Callington. So these +worthies divided the spoil of their unfortunate neighbour.</p> + +<p>As it hath happened to us aforetime, in many of our wanderings, in +search of the former earthly habitations of those we were essaying to +bring back to the stage of our thoughts, so also here,—successively +of Ferrers, Champernowne and Willoughby,—all traces of their olden +home have disappeared, and only a site with a name and a tradition +remains to identify where stood their antient dwelling-place. +Therefore our steps lead us back to that hallowed spot, where they, in +common with us all, found their last and final home of eternal rest, +there to seek for such memorials of them as may yet remain.</p> + +<p>The church of Beer-Ferrers is an antient structure, the chancel and +transepts of interesting early-decorated character, and but little +disturbed from their original condition. But although used for +parochial worship in the ordinary sense of the word, the little +sanctuary was of old something more than that, being dignified +ecclesiastically as a foundation of collegiate character, and termed +an Arch-Presbytery. Of these somewhat uncommon religious +establishments there were two in Devon, the other being at Haccombe, +founded (about the same time) 1341, by Sir Stephen de Haccombe. This, +at Beer-Ferrers, was founded by Sir William de Ferrers, who having +rebuilt the church was desirous of making it Collegiate. For this +purpose he assigned a sufficient endowment for an arch-priest and four +other priests, who were to live in common under the same roof; and +provision was also made for an assistant deacon, or sub-deacon, or at +least a clerk. The Community were to perform the daily and nightly +office in the church, and to offer up perpetual prayers for the +prosperity of the Founder and his Lady Matilda during their lives, and +for their souls after death. Also for the souls of Reginald de Ferrers +and his wife Margery (parents of the Founder) and the souls of Sir +Roger and Lady Joan de Carminow (parents of his wife) and the bishops +of Exeter living or dead. Bishop Grandison confirmed this foundation +17 June, 1333. The Founder did not long survive his charitable work, +for it is found in that prelate's register (vol. ii., fol. 219) that +his relict and executrix Matilda obtained from the bishop 15 Dec., +1338, an acknowledgment of having well and faithfully administered to +her husband's property, and that only the sum of twenty pounds +remained in arrear, "<i>ad completionem cantarie de Biry</i>." (Oliver.)</p> + +<p>A glance into the chancel, although five centuries have flown, brings +us face to face with the Founder and his wife. There—marvellously +preserved—humbly postured on one knee, his glowing tinted +proportions, amid the crimson interlacery, and quarrels of +pale-pencilled <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">20</a></span> leaflets, that fill the east window, arrayed in +gilded chain-mail, silver genouillères and sword-hilt, with the +armories of his race, the dark bend and gleaming horse-shoes +traversing both ailette and surcoat. In his raised hands he bears the +offering of a grand church, having three spires, and over his head +runs a legend that apparently reads "<span class="smcap">(SYR) E WILL'S FERREYS ME FECIT.</span>" +Fronting him in the adjoining light, with hands uplifted in prayer, +kneels his wife Matilda Carminow, in snowy wimple and cover-chief, +pink boddice and sleeves, with the broad bend of her husband's arms +embroidered on her golden robe. The inscription above her head, seems +to be confused and undecipherable. Studding the borders of the lights, +interspersed among other ornaments, are the arms of Ferrers and +Carminow, and a grand escutcheon similarly charged, and encircled with +beautiful green-foliaged ornament occurs below.</p> + +<p>Thus much for the history of the foundation of the arch-presbytery as +depicted in the window; immediately beneath on the north side of the +altar, upon a raised tomb of plain character, rest the recumbent +effigies of the Founder and his wife, carved in stone, and habited +almost exactly in duplicate of the figures limned on the glass above. +Over them rises a beautiful pyramidal canopy, cusped below, flanked by +pinnacles rising from the ground, the whole richly foliaged and +finialed. In the upper spandrels are angels swinging censers.<a name="FNanchor_5" id="FNanchor_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_5" class="fnanchor">[5]</a> But +the peculiarity of this memorial consists in the lower portion of the +canopy being cut through the wall, and opening to the side-chapel or +chamber that adjoins the chancel on that side, where its elevation is +repeated, as in the church, but with much less ornament.</p> + +<p>In the transept, which appears to be coeval with the chancel, in the +east wall is a piscina, and the moulding immediately adjoining, marks +the position of an altar that once had its position there. In a recess +beneath a finely moulded arch at the north end under the window, is +the effigy of a knight in chain-mail and surcoat, with shield, and +hands grasping his sword, cross-legged,—the head raised and supported +on a large bascinet-shaped helmet. The legs are destroyed to the +knees, and of the lion on which his feet rested, only the paws remain. +This figure is of contemporary date with the Founder in the chancel, +with great probability is a Ferrers, and may represent his father, who +was on the bede-roll of the foundation.</p> + +<p>Here concludes our notices of the memorials of Ferrers, the first of +the influential families Blanche Willoughby represented. Our next +care, will, if it may be, to note any traces of the equally antient +race that succeeded them at Beer, and gave to her, her maiden name of +Champernowne.</p> + +<p>One only, humble but characteristic, remains, now ousted from its +original position in the pavement of the church, to the yard outside, +where it must speedily pass to decay. It is a flat stone, on which is +incised a Calvary cross on degrees, having at the intersection the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">21</a></span> Sacred Heart <i>rayonné</i>, inscribed with the Sacred Monogram. Below +is this inscription,—</p> + +<p class="center gothic">Hic iacet Roger Champnow'e Armiger<br /> +cui' a'i'e p'p'cietur de' ame'</p> + +<p>This was the eldest brother of John Champernowne, to whom he succeeded +at Beer, and uncle to Blanche Willoughby. Roger died 14 November, +1422.</p> + +<p>Following these, our investigations naturally carry us on to note such +remembrances of Willoughby as occur in the sacred edifice. There are +several, actual and inferred, but our jottings must be stayed for the +present, as the first memorial to that noble race is found +elsewhere,—and our steps will return here after a while to conclude +them.</p> + +<p>Again we have recourse to our little craft, and crossing the bright +Tamar, land on the Cornish side, and thence by a circuitous and +winding lane of considerable length, find ourselves on the high road +about halfway between the old half-maritime, half-inland borough of +Saltash, and the equally antient half-mining, half-agricultural +borough of Callington. As we steadily climb the gentle but continual +ascent that leads to the old tinners' town, a grand and varied +prospect surrounds us. Immediately in front looms the immense +pyramidal mass of Hingston Down and Kit Hill rising over it, in all +near eleven hundred feet above the tidal marge of the blue sea that +gleams behind us, its crest garnished with many a tall chimney stack, +the out-growth of that glamour of wealth so invincibly dear to the +Cornishman's heart, that is always coming, but so seldom arrives, and +whose witchery has been handed down from countless generations even +long before old Leland's foot passed over it, and he made note of it +as "being a hy hylle, and nere Tamar yn the easte part, baryn of his +self, yt it is fertile by yielding of tynne both by water and dry +warkes." Hence the distich,</p> + +<p class="left30 font90">"Hengston Down well yrought,<br /> +Is worth London Town dear ybought,"</p> + +<p>but whose smokeless chimneys now stand as the witness-ghosts of the +hundreds of thousands of buried treasure sunk aforetime within its +vast bosom, yet nevertheless rich to a degree in mineral wealth, and +boundless resource of granite and clay of the finest quality, from +which considerable returns have been made. To the right in the far +distance rise the shadowy tors of Dartmoor in successive range, +melting back and merging into the grey realms of cloud-land. On the +left, clear cut into the bright evening sky, appears the magnificent +boldly outlined mass of the Caradons, behind which the sun has just +dipped, and a blue ærial haze of singular beauty and varying density, +stretches down their side and unites them to the broad valley beneath. +We pass the skirt of Viverdon Down, an immense common, susceptible of +better cultivation, but now a fastness for game only, and rough food +for young animals; albeit gay in its appointed season with <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">22</a></span> wealth +of heather and gorse, and, if neglected by man, glorified by the +unseen touch of the Infinite,—</p> + +<p class="left30 font90"> +<span class="i4">"How full of love must He</span><br /> +<span class="i6">In all things be,</span><br /> +Who strews with beauty e'en the waste and wold<br /> +<span class="i4">Who gives the moorland lark</span><br /> +<span class="i4">His purple heath-bower dark;</span><br /> +The mountain bee, his wilderness of gold."</p> + +<p>Quietly continuing our way, a short distance further brings us to the +apex of the ascent, and as we begin to descend, before us is the +'tynner's towne' of Callington, with its granite-built, +expressively-pinnacled church tower rising well above the clustering +houses that surround it.</p> + +<p>Here, at Callington, Lord Willoughby de Broke held another large +property by right of his wife as a descendant of Ferrers, and also at +South-Hill, as being himself the representative of the family of +Stafford. Lysons says,—</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> +<p>"The manor of Callington was in the Ferrers family when the +market was granted in 1267 by Henry III.; Joan daughter of Martyn +Ferrers, brought it into the Champernowne family, Lord Willoughby +de Broke became possessed of it by marrying their heiress. It +appears that he occasionally resided, and that he died, at the +Manor-house of Callington, for he directed in his will he should +be buried in the church of that parish in which he should die. +From Willoughby it passed by successive marriages to Paulet, +Marquis of Winchester (who married his grand-daughter Elizabeth), +Dennis, Rolle, Walpole, and Trefusis. At Southill, two-thirds of +the great manor or franchise of Callilond or Kalliland, to which +the church of Southill is appendant, which belonged formerly to +the baronial family of Stafford, and passed by a coheiress to +Willoughby Lord Broke, and now vested in Trefusis."</p></div> + +<p>Where the Manor-house mentioned by Lysons was situate cannot now be +determined, but it is surmised to have been a building, which has long +wholly disappeared, and was called Chickett-Hall, that formed Lord +Willoughby de Broke's residence at Callington, and where he presumably +departed this life. He was patron of the important benefice of +South-Hill, and in its daughter church of Callington he was buried. +But according to Sir R. C. Hoare he died at Wardour Castle, Wilts, +which he had purchased.</p> + +<p>Lord Broke made his will 19 August, 1502, and "<i>ordered his body to be +buried in that parish wherein he should happen to die appointing that +part of the issues and profits of Mitton and Kelmesham, &c., Co. +Worcester, and the Manors of Helmingham, Thorpe-Latimer, Skredyngton, +Heckington, Ledynghall and Swynehead in Com: Lincoln (then lately +belonging to Lord Latimer) should be employed, by the space of twenty +years next after his decease, to the finding of a priest to sing in +the parish church of Hoke in Com: Dorset, for that term, taking for +his salary every year ten marks, and to the relief of fourteen poor +men and women, by the space of the said twenty years, to pray for his +soul, as also for the soul of Blanche his wife, and the souls of his +father and mother</i>." Probate, 25 December next ensuing. (Dugdale.) +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">23</a></span></p> + +<p>Lord Willoughby de Broke is buried on the north side of the chancel of +Callington church, and his monument—perhaps the finest of its kind in +Cornwall—consists of his effigy recumbent on a high-tomb, both +composed of alabaster. He is habited in complete plate armour, collar +and apron of mail, and broad-toed sollerets, and is armed with sword +and miséricorde. The hands are in gauntlets, the head—which rests on +a helmet—is uncovered, the hair cut short across the forehead, but +flowing by the sides of the face, to the shoulders. The helmet is +mantled, and surmounted by the crest <i>a Saracen's head affronté, +couped at the shoulders, ducally crowned, and with ear-rings</i>. The +feet are on a lion, and behind the soles, are two monks, or weepers, +their heads bowed and inclining toward each other, resting on one +hand, with the other they hold a rosary. The Garter appears below the +left knee, and over the armour he wears the Robe and Collar of the +Order, on the left shoulder is embroidered the Shield encircled by the +Riband, the Collar is composed of roses within a garter, and +garter-knots alternate, and from it is suspended the George.</p> + +<p>The tomb below is formed of panels filled with rich tracery, having in +their centres shields with carved armorial bearings, and twisted +pillars were at the corners; of these two remain. No inscription is +visible, it was probably only painted on the verge of the +ledger-moulding, but traces of colour and gilding are faintly +discernible on the figure. The effigy is in a fair state of +preservation, but wretchedly disfigured on the surface, by legions of +names and initials, barbarously cut into, and scratched on it.</p> + +<p>The shields,—two of which are encircled by the Garter,—are charged +with the arms borne by Lord Willoughby de Broke, as derived from +Willoughby de Eresby with due difference. Quarterly: first grand +quarter 1 and 4, <i>Sable, a cross engrailed or</i> (<span class="smcap">Ufford</span>); 2 and 3, +<i>Gules, a cross moline argent</i> (<span class="smcap">Bec</span> or <span class="smcap">Beke</span>), at the intersection <i>a +crescent for difference</i>; second, <i>Gules, a cross patonce or</i> +(<span class="smcap">Latimer</span>); third, <i>Gules, four fusils argent, on each an escallop +sable</i> (<span class="smcap">Cheney</span>); fourth, <i>Or, a chevron gules, within a bordure +engrailed sable</i> (<span class="smcap">Stafford</span>). On the styles between the panels appears +the <i>rudder</i>, surmounted by the <i>rose</i> of his patron Henry VII.</p> + +<p>It is singular that no armorial alliance allusive to his wife appears +on the tomb, but only his own family achievement with its proud +distinguishment conspicuously displayed, finds place thereon. Yet +Blanche Champernowne was an heiress of no mean descent, and richly +dowered also, being the representative of the two very antient races +of Ferrers and Champernowne, west country names of remote descent, and +wide-spread renown, whose property she inherited. The more to be noted +also, as he was presumably buried and his monument occurs in the +church at Callington, whose manor formed a portion of her possessions. +Where Lady Willoughby de Broke was buried does not appear. At +Beer-Ferrers the <i>horse-shoes</i> of Ferrers do find position of equal +consequence with her husband's, but largely super-imposed with the +<i>rudders</i> of Willoughby. Champernowne does not appear in either +church, but on her descendant's tomb at Alcester, <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">24</a></span> both Ferrers +and Champernowne are carefully marshalled among the elaborate heraldic +display.</p> + +<p>Stay thy foot, friend of mine, a short while, ere thou passest out of +the sacred enclosure, and scan yon venerable churchyard cross—how +rich is Cornwall in these reminders—slightly leaning, yet hale in the +strength of the almost imperishable granite, and with the age-worn +imagery of the Great Sacrifice, still plainly discernible, insculped +on one of the faces of its pediment. There it was before the +honour-bedizened noble—whose tomb we have been just surveying—found +his way to Callington to enjoy the portion of his great possessions, +situate near it; and who shall say he may not many a time have bowed +his head in silent prayer, and crossed himself reverently at the sight +of its solemn appeal, when in life he passed in front of it, as he +entered the adjoining sanctuary for worship, ere he finally found +therein his grave. And here also it is to-day, speaking the same +eternal lesson to us, who are seeking to gather back from the woof of +the Past, ravelled threads of his memory; and there it will doubtless +be found, when we also are merged into the things that were. Such is</p> + +<p class="p2 left25">THE MESSAGE OF THE CROSS.</p> + +<div class="left30 font90"> +<p>Hoary and worn and frayed,—<br /> +<span class="i3">Old cross,—</span><br /> +By ruin's hand arrayed,<br /> +<span class="i3">Time's dross:—</span><br /> +What message never stayed,<br /> +Speaks from thy lips decayed?</p> + +<p>"Strife of the years is gone,<br /> +<span class="i3">Not me,—</span><br /> +Drooping, bereft, and lone,<br /> +<span class="i3">Here see</span><br /> +Pilgrim, by days undone,<br /> +Heaven's pleading-still, milestone.</p> + +<p>"Ah! many eyes as thine<br /> +<span class="i3">Have come,</span><br /> +Met this old gaze of mine,<br /> +<span class="i3">Then home,</span><br /> +Would their glad steps incline,<br /> +Bearing my tale divine.</p> + +<p>"Where are they now? O say—<br /> +<span class="i4">No sound,—</span><br /> +Ask the memorials gray,<br /> +<span class="i4">Around,—</span><br /> +They came again this way,<br /> +And down beside me lay."</p></div> + +<p class="p2">Lord Willoughby de Broke by his wife Blanche Champernowne, left one +son Robert, his heir, and a daughter Elizabeth, married (as his second +wife) to William Fitz-Alan, seventeenth Earl of Arundel, K.G. who died +in 1543, and was buried at Arundel.</p> + +<p>Robert Willoughby, the second Lord Willoughby de Broke, married first +Elizabeth, eldest of the three daughters and coheiresses of Sir +Richard Beauchamp, second Lord Beauchamp of Powyke, who died <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">25</a></span> +1503, by his wife Elizabeth daughter of Sir Humphrey Stafford, knt.</p> + +<p>This marriage of Lord Beauchamp and Elizabeth Stafford, took place in +the private chapel of his manor-house of Beauchamp's-Court near +Alcester, by special license of the Bishop of Worcester.</p> + +<p>The manor of Alcester belonged to the Beauchamps. Walter de Beauchamp, +brother to William de Beauchamp, the first Earl of Warwick of that +line, purchased a moiety of the manor, and had one of his seats at +Beauchamp's-Court near that town, the other being at Powyke, in +Worcestershire. His descendant Sir John de Beauchamp, K.G., who was +created Baron Beauchamp of Powyke, 2 May, 1447, by Henry VI. and who +was also Lord Treasurer of England, purchased the other portion of the +manor of Thomas Bottreaux, a representative of the antient Cornish +family of that name, who had held it for several descents. He died in +1478, and at his death left the whole manor to his son and heir, +Richard, the second baron; and he at the marriage of his daughter +Elizabeth with Robert Willoughby, settled its reversion, subject to +his own life, upon her.</p> + +<p>By this his first marriage, Robert, the second Lord Willoughby de +Broke had one son Edward. More concerning him presently.</p> + +<p>Secondly he married Dorothy, daughter of Thomas Grey, Marquis of +Dorset, K.G.—by his wife Cicely, the heiress of the Lords Bonville +and Harington. By her he had two sons Henry and William (who died +young of the sweating sickness)<a name="FNanchor_6" id="FNanchor_6"></a><a href="#Footnote_6" class="fnanchor">[6]</a> and two daughters, Elizabeth +married to John Paulet, second Marquis of Winchester who died in 1576, +and Anne wedded to Charles Blount, fifth Lord Montjoy, who died in +1545, son and heir of William, fourth Lord Montjoy, whom her mother +Dorothy Grey subsequently married as her second husband. Of the public +services of this nobleman we hear little beyond his being attached to +the expedition under the command of his father-in-law the Marquis of +Dorset, sent to Spain early in 1512 by Henry VIII. on behalf of +Ferdinand of Arragon, and which returned to England somewhat +ingloriously in the November of the same year. He survived his son +Edward, and gave a considerable portion of his large property to the +daughters of his second wife. He made his will 1 Oct., 1521, and +"<i>bequeathed his body to be buried in the Hospital called the Savoy, +in the suburbs of London, before the image of St. John the Baptist, +appointing a priest of honest conversation should be provided to sing +and pray for his soul, as also for his wife's soul, and</i> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">26</a></span> <i>all his +ancestors souls for ever, in the place where he should be buried +taking for his yearly salary seven pounds</i>." After making bequests to +his illegitimate children, he gives "<i>to his son Henry, all his +harness, bows, arrows, and all other his weapons defensive, to the +intent he should be therewith ready to serve his prince, in time of +need</i>." "And departing this life shortly after by a pestilential air +10 Nov. 13 Henry VIII.—1521,—was buried in the church of +Beer-Ferrers." (Dugdale.)</p> + +<p>Edward Willoughby, son of the foregoing, married Margaret daughter of +Richard Nevill, second Lord Latimer<a name="FNanchor_7" id="FNanchor_7"></a><a href="#Footnote_7" class="fnanchor">[7]</a> of the second creation (by Anne +Stafford his wife), who died in 1530. By her he had three daughters, +Elizabeth, Anne, and Blanche. Anne died unmarried, Blanche married Sir +Francis Dautry, knt., and dying leaving no issue, Elizabeth the eldest +was left at length, says Collins,—</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> +<p>"sole heir to the last Lord Broke, her grandfather; also to her +grandmother Elizabeth, eldest of the daughters and coheirs of the +last Lord Beauchamp of Powyke; and thus in her own person, united +the illustrious successions of those two noble families. As the +sole heir to her grandmother, she came to be seized in fee of the +whole manor of Alcester, in consequence of which, letters-patent +of exemplification were granted 3 Elizabeth, to her then a widow, +confirming all the grants of fairs, markets, &c., made in the +time of her ancestors. And as the sole heir of her grandfather, +it appears by an inquisition taken after her death, that she died +seized in fee, not only of the manor of Alcester, but of sundry +other manors and lands, in the counties of Warwick, Worcester, +Lincoln, Leicester, Somerset, and divers others; the whole +amounting to so great a value, that she might well have been +esteemed one of the richest heiresses of her time, as well as one +of the best descended."</p></div> + +<p>Here was a lady rivalling in illustrious birth and immenseness of +possessions the famed west country heiress Cicely Bonville, one of +whose daughters her grandfather had married as his second wife. What +fortunate youth was destined to make prize of this high-born and +wealthy orphan,—with whom was to reside the influence of the bestowal +of her hand, fortune, and let us hope also, her heart?</p> + +<p>There resided not far away from the home of this fatherless, +richly-dowered girl, an old and well descended race of gentlemen +called Greville. Leland, who wrote his itinerary contemporary with the +little lady's existence in the flesh, thus describes them,—</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> +<p>"Sum hold Opinion, that the gravilles cam originally in at the +conquest. The veri ancient house of the gravilles, is at draiton +by banburi, in oxfordshire. <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">27</a></span> But ther is an nother manor place +of the chief stok of the Gravilles, caullid Milcot, yn +Warwickshire, where a late is a newer, fairer and more commodious +house. And court rolles remayne yet at Draiton, that the +Gravilles had landes ons by yere 3300 marks. And Gravilles had +Knap Castel, and Bewbush Parke, and other landes in Southfax, by +descentes of their name.</p> + +<p>"Grevill an ancient Gent. dwelleth at Milcote, scant a mile lower +than Stratford towards <i>Avon ripa dextra</i>."</p></div> + +<p>This "ancient gent" residing at Milcote, only a comparatively short +distance from Beauchamps-Court, Sir Edward Greville by name, although +of considerable social standing, did not rank in influence with the +Brokes and Beauchamps. He appears to have been an assiduous attendant +at the Court of Henry VIII.,</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> +<p>"was in the commission of the peace for Warwickshire, and in 1514 +at the seiges of Terouen and Tournay, also at the battle that +ensued, called by our historians the Battle of Spurs, from the +swiftness of the French running away. He received the honour of +Knighthood 13 October for his valiant behaviour. In 1523, he was +appointed one of the Knights to attend the King (Henry VIII.) and +Queen to Canterbury, and from thence to Calais, and Guisnes, to +the meeting of the French king; every one of that degree having a +chaplain, eleven servants, and eight horses."</p></div> + +<p>Sir Edward married Anne, daughter of John Denton of Amersden in the +county of Bucks, died in 1529, and was buried in the Chapel of St. +Anne in the church of Weston-upon-Avon. By his wife he had four sons, +John, Fulke, Thomas, and Edward, and like a prudent far-seeing father, +he naturally looked about for good matches for them, and one prize at +least was in view, and near at home, if he could obtain her reversion. +So making use of his Court influence, on his return from the Field of +the Cloth of Gold, he</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> +<p>"in 13 Henry VIII., 1522, obtained the wardship of Elizabeth, one +of the daughters and coheirs, and eventually the sole heir of +Edward Willoughby the only son of Robert, the second Lord Broke; +a grant which in its consequences, greatly contributed to +aggrandize his family as will appear from what followed."</p></div> + +<p>Theoretically it would be presumed the "obtaining a wardship from the +Crown," was simply that of a philanthropic trusteeship, but +practically it meant something of a much more sordid nature, even the +disposal of the person and possessions of the ward, for its own +selfish uses and purposes, a monstrous privilege, or rather power, +which was the chief object of their acquisition, and as a rule duly +enforced. Therefore in accordance, we learn further that</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> +<p>"Sir Edward intended her for John his eldest son, but she +preferred in affection Fulke his younger son, and we get the +following account of this marriage from a manuscript entitled +'<i>The Genealogie, Life, and Death of Robert, Lord Brooke</i>,'—wrote +in 1644, and in possession of Francis Earl Brooke,<a name="FNanchor_8" id="FNanchor_8"></a><a href="#Footnote_8" class="fnanchor">[8]</a>—'In the +days of king Henry the Eighth, I read of Sir Edward Grevill of +Milcote, who had the wardship of Elizabeth, one of the daughters +of the Lord Brook's son. This Knight made a motion to his ward, to +be married to John his eldest son; but she refused, saying, that +she did like better of Fulke his second son. He told her, that he +(Fulke) had no estate of land to maintain her, and that he was in +the King's service of warre, <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">28</a></span> beyond the seas, and therefore +his returne was very doubtful. She replyed and said, that shee had +an estate sufficient for both, for him, and for herselfe, and that +shee would pray for his safeties, and waite for his coming. Upon +his returne home, for the worthy service he had performed, he was +by king Henry honoured with knighthood; and then he married +Elizabeth, the daughter of the Lord Brooke's son.'"</p></div> + +<p>After all, Sir Edward did not have it exactly his own way, some little +romance was mixed up with this "matter of mere attorneyship," and the +evidently high-spirited girl had a will of her own, and preferred the +sailor youth, to the more prosaic stay-at-home son. It is well perhaps +her inclinations did not lead her for choice outside Sir Edward's +family circle, and doubtless the knight was sufficiently reconciled to +find one of his boys in possession of the heiress.</p> + +<p>By this marriage Sir Fulke settled himself at Beauchamp's-Court, and +with his wife's large property, and others acquired afterward by +purchase, became of high distinction and position in the county of +Warwick, and it further appears that</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> +<p>"he was an affectionate husband and tender parent; that he had +encountered great difficulties, in securing the inheritance of +his wife (the daughters of the late Lord Broke, claiming as +coheirs), and that he was remarkably accurate in his accounts, +and adhered strictly to justice in all his transactions, appears +by the whole tenor of his will, dated 12 Elizabeth, in which +towards the end he thus expresses himself, '<i>and my especial +requests to my executors (his wife and eldest son) for the love I +have borne them, and for the travel I have taken in establishing +the hole inheritance, with my great costs also to be considered, +I most earnestly require them, and on God's behalf charge them, +that my debts be paied, if I die before the accomplishments +thereof</i>.'"</p></div> + +<p>So it fortunately turned out, that the Lady Elizabeth was happily +wedded to a kind, honourable, and just man. She bore him seven +children, three sons and four daughters,—Fulke, who succeeded his +father,—Robert, of Thorpe-Latimer, Lincolnshire, ancestor of the +Earls Brooke and of Warwick,—Edward, of Harrold Park, Waltham-Abbey, +Essex, whose line terminated in two daughters coheiresses,—Mary, +married to William Harris of Hayne, Devon,—Eleanor, to Sir John +Conway, of Arrow, and Ragley, in Warwick, who died in 1603, father of +Edward, first Baron Conway,—Catherine, to Charles Read, of the county +of Gloucester, and Blanche who died unmarried.</p> + +<p>This evidently attached couple did not long survive each other, Sir +Fulke died 10 Nov., 1559, and his wife followed him to the tomb the +year following—1560.</p> + +<p>They were buried under a magnificent monument that originally stood at +the end of the south aisle, near the chancel in Alcester church, but +which is now removed to a position near the tower at the west end.</p> + +<p>Considering Alcester church was almost wholly rebuilt about a century +and a half since, at an era when memorials of the dead were not too +circumspectly cared for, this noble tomb with its recumbent figures, +and wealth of ornament has been wonderfully preserved from injury. +Except that the coloured decoration is somewhat softened by Time, it +is otherwise but little mutilated, and displays all its antient +splendour almost unimpaired.</p> + +<div class="p2 figcenter"><img src="images/046_s.jpg" width="175" height="290" +alt="FULKE AND ELIZABETH GREVILLE" title="" /></div> +<p class="center"><span class="smcap">EFFIGIES OF SIR FULKE AND LADY ELIZABETH GREVILLE</span><br /> +<a href="images/046_b.jpg">View larger image</a></p> + +<p class="p2"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">29</a></span> +On a black marble table are their effigies in alabaster, richly +painted and gilded. Sir Fulke, bare-headed, is in full armour, two +chains around the breast, from the lower depends a Maltese cross (or +star) of five arms, sword and miséricorde, feet in broad sabbatons +puffed at the toes, and resting on a lion,—rings on his fingers, head +reclining on a helmet, with crest <i>a greyhound's head couped at the +shoulders sable, collared or</i>. Lady Elizabeth wears a close fitting +cap, hair parted in the centre and brought across the brow, ruff, +three small chains around the neck, gown with collar, sleeves having +dependant lappets, and putted, knotted and slashed at the shoulders, +with robe over fastened across the breast with cordon and tassels. Her +head rests on double cushions, rings are on her fingers, and from her +girdle, suspended by a chain, a gold pomander or pix, with double rose +ornament on the lid. By her left foot is a little dog, sable and +collared. The effigies are in a fine state of preservation, and around +the edge of the table this inscription:—</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> +<p class="left5 gothic">Here lyeth the bodyes of s ffoulke grevile knyght & lady +Elizabeth his wefe the doughter & heire of edward willoughbye +esquyre the sone & heyre of Robert willoughbye knyght lord of +broke & lady Elizabeth one of the doughters & coheyres of the +lord beauchamps of powycke whiche s ffoulke dyed the x day of +november a'no d'ni M<sup>o</sup> d<sup>o</sup> lix and the seid lady Elizabeth +hys wyff deperted the day of in the yere of o<sup>r</sup> lord god M<sup>o</sup> +d<sup>o</sup> lx of whose soules god have mercy amen</p></div> + +<p>On the sides of the tomb below are a series of small figures, and an +elaborate heraldic display, which claims special notice. Under the +knight are seven figures: 1, a knight in full armour, bareheaded, +sword, and chain round neck; 2 and 3, two ladies, with black hair, +chains round their necks, their gowns red, lined with black. On the +other side of the large shield, four figures: 4 and 5, two ladies with +black hair, gold chains, and black gowns lined with red; 6, apparently +a chrism child, with hood and clothes wound round in red, laced across +the chest, knees, and ankles with a black band; 7, another lady +clothed as 1 and 2. Under the cornice eight small shields:—1. <i>Sable, +a cross engrailed or</i> (<span class="smcap">Ufford</span>).—2. <i>Gules, a cross moline or</i> +(<span class="smcap">Bec</span>).—3. <i>Gules, a cross fleurie or</i> (<span class="smcap">Latimer</span>).—4. <i>Sable, a fess +between three fleurs-de-lys or.</i>—5. <i>Gules, four fusils in fess +or,<a name="FNanchor_9" id="FNanchor_9"></a><a href="#Footnote_9" class="fnanchor">[9]</a> each charged with an escallop sable</i> (<span class="smcap">Cheney</span>).—6. <i>Gules, +three mullets pierced, or.</i>—7. <i>Azure, a cross fleurettée or</i> +(<span class="smcap">Paveley?</span>).—8. <i>Gules, a lion rampant or.</i> Below them inscribed in +the centre,</p> + +<p class="center gothic">Arma Edwardi grevile de milcote militis.</p> + +<p>under the inscription a large escutcheon quarterly of four,—1 and 4. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">30</a></span> <i>Gules, a fess between six martlets or.</i>—2 and 3. <i>Or, on a fess +azure, three fleurs-de-lys of the first.</i> Round the shield on a blue +riband,</p> + +<p class="center sper"><span class="smcap">DONA PACIENCIA DIEN ME</span></p> + +<p>On the other side under the lady are eight figures: 1 and 2, are +ladies in gilded caps and cuffs, black gowns lined with red, and +sleeves similar to those worn by Lady Greville; 3, a chrism child +habited exactly as that on the opposite side; 4, a lady clad similar +to the first two. On the other side of the central shield, four ladies +apparelled as the other three, their gowns red lined with black. All +the figures stand on little pedestals and have their hands raised in +prayer. Under the cornice eight small shields: 1. <i>Sable, a fret or</i> +(<span class="smcap">Maltravers</span>).—2. <i>Azure, two bars gemells or</i> (<span class="smcap">Cifrewast</span>).—3. <i>Per +fess gules and azure, three crescents or</i> (<span class="smcap">D'Aumarle</span>).—4. <i>Gules, a +saltier vaire, between twelve billets or</i> (<span class="smcap">Champernowne</span>).—5. <i>Or, on +a bend sable, three horse-shoes of the first</i> (<span class="smcap">Ferrers</span>).—6. <i>Azure, +an eagle displayed or</i> (<span class="smcap">Bigbury</span>).—7. <i>Gules, a fess between six +martlets or/</i>—8. <i>Or, on a fess azure, three fleurs-de-lys of the +first.</i> Inscribed below them in the centre,</p> + +<p class="center gothic">Arma Robert Willoughbye domina de broke.</p> + +<p>Under the inscription a large escutcheon quarterly of eighteen:—1. +<i>Sable, a cross engrailed or</i> (<span class="smcap">Ufford</span>).—2. <i>Gules, a cross moline or</i> +(<span class="smcap">Bec</span>).—3. <i>Gules, a cross fleurie or</i> (<span class="smcap">Latimer</span>).—4. <i>Sable, a fess +between three fleurs-de-lys or.</i>—5. <span class="smcap">Cheney</span>.—6. <i>Gules, three mullets +pierced or.</i>—7. <i>Azure, a cross fleurettée or</i> (<span class="smcap">Paveley?</span>)—8. <i>Gules, +a lion rampant or.</i>-9. <i>Or, a cross fleurie gules.</i>—10. <i>Or, three +bars gules.</i>—11. <i>Or, a chevron gules, within a bordure engrailed +sable</i> (<span class="smcap">Stafford</span>).—12. <i>Or, six lioncels rampant gules, three and +three.</i>—13. <span class="smcap">Maltravers</span>.—14. <span class="smcap">Cifrewast.</span>—15. <span class="smcap">D'Aumarle.</span>—16. +<span class="smcap">Champernowne</span>.—17. <span class="smcap">FERRERS.</span>—18. <span class="smcap">Bigbury.</span>—Around the shield the +riband of the Garter with motto,</p> + +<p class="center sper"><span class="smcap">HONI SOIT QVI MAL Y PENSE</span></p> + +<p>At the head of the tomb, four small shields<a name="FNanchor_10" id="FNanchor_10"></a><a href="#Footnote_10" class="fnanchor">[10]</a> on the cornice:—1. +<i>Sable, on a cross within a bordure both engrailed or, nine pellets of +the first</i> (<span class="smcap">Greville</span>).—2. <i>Erminois, a fess checquy or and azure.</i> 3. +<i>Quarterly per fess dancetté, 1 and 4 or, 2 and 3 azure, in the dexter +chief a crescent gules.</i>—4. <span class="smcap">Greville.</span> Below them inscribed in the +centre,</p> + +<p class="center gothic">Arma Fulconis grevile militis & domini Elizabeth uxoris eius.</p> + +<p>under, a large escutcheon supported by nude alabaster figures of +boys,—<i>baron</i>, quarterly of four charged as the shields on the +cornice above, impaling <i>femme</i>, quarterly of twenty, eighteen of the +charges as on <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">31</a></span> the large shield below the lady, and 19. <i>Gules, a +fess between six martlets or.</i>—20. <i>Or, on a fess azure, three +fleurs-de-lys of the first.</i> Around the shield on a blue riband the +motto as under the knight.</p> + +<p>At the foot of the tomb, four shields on the cornice:—1. <i>Or, a cross +moline gules.</i>—2. <i>Or, three bars gules.</i>—3. <span class="smcap">Stafford.</span>—4. <i>Or, six +lioncels rampant gules, three and three.</i> Inscribed below them,</p> + +<p class="center gothic">Arma Richardi d'ni de bello Campo baronis de powick et d'ni de +Alcester.</p> + +<p>Underneath are two shields and a lozenge,—one above two. On the +first, quarterly of four, as under the knight; on the second, +quarterly of four as <i>baron</i> at the head of the tomb, <i>in the fess +point a mullet for difference</i>. On the lozenge twenty quarterings as +<i>femme</i>,—as at the head of the tomb.</p> + +<p>Twisted pillars occur at the corners of the tomb, and on each side of +the large escutcheons, and the whole composition is in a remarkably +good state of preservation.</p> + +<p>Fulke, the eldest son of Lady Elizabeth, was a most accomplished man, +and the great friend and biographer of that "mirror of knighthood," +Sir Philip Sidney. He married Ann, daughter of Ralph Nevill, fourth +Earl of Westmoreland who died in 1549. By her he left one son Fulke, +and one daughter Margaret, married to Sir Richard Verney of +Compton-Mordak, Warwickshire. Sir Fulke died in 1606.</p> + +<p>Sir Fulke, the grandson of Lady Elizabeth, was really the heir through +her to the barony of Broke, but at that time, it did not appear to be +a point clear in law, that after an honour had been for some time in +abeyance in the female line, it could be afterward claimed by the +heir. He was greatly in favour at the Court of Elizabeth, who rewarded +him liberally, and he obtained from king James I., in the second year +of his reign, a grant of Warwick Castle and its dependencies, then in +a ruinous state, which he gradually re-edified and restored at great +cost, and, January 29, in the eighteenth year of the same reign was +advanced to the title of Baron Brooke, of Beauchamp's-Court, a dignity +further enhanced to an Earldom of the same name 7 July, 1746, followed +by that of the Earldom of Warwick 13 Nov., 1759. Sir Fulke, the first +Lord Brooke, was unfortunately murdered at his house in London, by one +Haywood his servant, who hearing Lord Brooke had not included him for +a legacy in his will, as he had his other servants, Lord Brooke not +considering him entitled to it, resented the omission, and after angry +expostulations, stabbed him in the back, in his bedchamber. The +assassin then rushed into another chamber, locked the door, and +destroyed himself. Lord Brooke lingered a few days, and expired 30 +Sep., 1638.</p> + +<p>It was to the descendants of Margaret Greville, sister to Sir Fulke +the first Lord Brooke, and grand-daughter of the Lady Elizabeth, that +the title of Willoughby de Broke, was destined to be restored. She +married Sir Richard Verney, of Compton-Murdack in Warwickshire, <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">32</a></span> +the then representative of that very antient and distinguished family. +Sir Richard died 7 Aug., 1630, and Lady Margaret 26 March, 1631. They +had issue four sons and four daughters. Sir Greville ob: 1642, the +eldest son of Sir Richard, had also four sons,—Greville, the eldest; +John, who died young; Richard, of Belton; and George. This descent of +Greville (the eldest son of Sir Greville) became extinct on the death +of his son William in 1683, leaving no issue.</p> + +<p>The succession was now vested in Richard of Belton in the county of +Rutland, third son of Sir Greville. He was a person of considerable +culture and influence, and Sheriff and Knight of the shire for +Warwick. As descendant through the heiress of Greville, from Robert +Willoughby, Baron of Broke, he laid claim to that title, which was +allowed him in Parliament 13 February, 1695,—8 William III., and on +the twenty-fifth of that month, had summons by writ to the house of +peers, and on the twenty-seventh took his seat accordingly as the +third Baron Willoughby de Broke,—the original title being granted 12 +August, 1492,—7 Henry VII. He married two wives, lived to the great +age of ninety, and was buried at Compton-Verney, Warwickshire. The +title is still held by his descendants.</p> + +<p>Here ends our direct genealogical and biographical details, and we +retrace our steps to the church of Beer-Ferrers, where the second Lord +Willoughby de Broke was buried. We have described such remembrances as +remain there to the families of Ferrers and Champernowne, and it now +becomes our province to make note of the memorials that exist to their +successors the Willoughbys.</p> + +<p>The first traces that meet the eye are on the bosses of the roof of +the south porch—whereon are shields charged with the arms of Ferrers, +Cheney, Latimer, &c.; and a glance within the church shews us a +pleasing array of bench-ends, of well designed tracery and uniform +design, except the two easternmost, which are ornamented with shields +of arms, referable to their presumed donor. On one is the achievement +of Willoughby de Broke, similar to the escutcheon on the tomb at +Callington, on the other the <i>bend and horse-shoes</i> of Ferrers, here +made <i>four</i> in number, and saltierwise across them, are <i>five +rudders</i>,—that descended to and was adopted by Willoughby. Both porch +and bench-ends are of late fifteenth century work. We pass into the +north transept, and there on the north side of the position of the +antient altar once therein, and standing at right angles from the +wall, is a large high-tomb of Purbeck marble. The massive cover stone +is plain, but around its edge is a deeply sunk indent in which was +originally the inscription either on brass or painted within it. Below +in panels are shields with classic wreaths around them, boldly +sculptured,—there are no charges on the escutcheons, and they appear +to have been originally covered with brasses, on which the charges +were emblazoned.</p> + +<p>The era may be referred to the first half of the sixteenth century, +and with great probability it may be considered to be the tomb of +Robert, the second Lord Willoughby de Broke, who died in 1522.</p> + +<div class="p2 figcenter"><img src="images/051_s.jpg" width="200" height="126" +alt="SECOND LORD WILLOUGHBY" title="" /></div> +<p class="center"><span class="smcap">TOMB OF THE SECOND LORD WILLOUGHBY DE BROKE, +BEER-FERRERS.</span><br /> +<a href="images/051_b.jpg">View larger image</a></p> + +<p class="p2">Before we leave the sacred edifice, a chastened thought creeps over +us, as we take a last look at the fine old glass in the east +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">33</a></span>window. Just seventy years a-past, a gifted student in the +pursuit we also at humbler distance love, made pilgrimage here, and +was engaged in making a drawing of its interesting painted story, when +death suddenly stayed the work of the artist, snapping the very pencil +in his fingers, and instantly translated him, from picturing the +earthly image of the Founder of these courts below, into his immortal +presence in the great temple above, and the company of all those who +"have died in His faith and fear." Gratefully we note, appreciative +minds have placed a small brass in the pavement, where, on the 28 May, +1821, Charles Alfred Stothard met with his sad, and to mortal sight, +untimely end. His cunning fingers are mouldering in the dust below, +and moss and decay are stealthily obliterating his record outside, but +the fidelity and truth of his works remain bright and undimmed, +forming his best and most enduring monument,—for</p> + +<p class="left30 font90">"It is the gods that die, not God;<br /> +It is the arts that perish, not Art;<br /> +And beauties may disappear, but Beauty herself<br /> +Is immortal."</p> + +<div class="p2 figcenter"><img src="images/054_s.jpg" width="187" height="235" +alt="BENCH-ENDS, DEVON." title="" /></div> +<p class="center"><span class="smcap">BENCH-ENDS, BEER-FERRERS CHURCH, DEVON.</span><br /> +<a href="images/054_b.jpg">View larger image</a></p> + +<p class="p2">The arms proper of Willoughby appear to be <i>Or, fretty azure</i>, and +with regard to the badge of <i>the rudder</i>, although it has been +questioned, still the evidence of investigation goes far to prove it +to be by ancestral descent, the peculiarity of this family. Leland +makes special note of their appearance at Broke-Hall, and also in +Westbury church. It first occurs in connection with Cheney on the tomb +at Edington, also with Willoughby at Callington, is well marked on the +bench-end at Beer-Ferrers, and again—out of compliment—appears in +similar situation in Landulph church, on the opposite side of the +river. It is found in Lychet-Matraver's church in east Dorset, on the +font and over the windows, accompanied by the golden <i>fret</i> of +Matravers; here it follows Elizabeth, sister of Lord Willoughby de +Broke, who married William Fitz-Alan, Earl of Arundel, Baron Matravers +of Lychet, and lord of the place, who died in 1543. The church was +evidently rebuilt about that time, and displays the characteristics of +late, almost debased Perpendicular.</p> + +<p>Another memory concerning Willoughby de Broke yet remains for us to +chronicle, and we must spirit you away, gentle reader, from Tamar's +oozy marge to the dry undulating chalk hills of central Dorset, and +invite you to enter the well-cared-for little church of Hooke. +Descending to him through his grandmother Anne Cheney, as +representative of the families of Stafford and Matravers of Hooke, +Lord Willoughby de Broke held large properties in this and the +adjoining parishes, eleven manors (as enumerated by Hutchins), and +where also he had a seat, of which, says Coker, "Humphrey Stafford who +married Matraver's heir, was the great builder of it," then the +residence of the Marquis of Winchester, descendant of the +Willoughbies; "but his successors have not thought so well of it, +wherefore it is like to run to decay." On its site now stands a modern +mansion, with a few antient vestiges interwoven, and around it is a +fair-sized park. It was in Hooke church that the first Lord <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">34</a></span> +Willoughby de Broke by will endowed the priest for twenty years to +pray for his soul; and within the edifice, on the south side, is a +small chantry, which opens to the church by an arch of late character, +richly decorated with a course of quatrefoil panels having in their +centres shields, and edged on each side with a string-course of +foliage. There are no bearings on the shields. Here, doubtless, the +masses <i>pro bono statu</i> of the deceased nobleman's soul were regularly +sung and said for the time specified. No memorial to Willoughby is +visible in the chantry, excepting a small brass, that probably had its +original station within it, but is now affixed to the opposite wall, +which records the following,—</p> + +<div class="block2"> +<p class="center gothic">Of yo<sup>r</sup> charyte pray for the soule of Edmond Semar late se'v'nt +to Robt wylughby knyght late lord Broke whiche Edmond decessed +y<sup>e</sup> xiii day of Ianuary the yer of o<sup>r</sup> lord m v<sup>e</sup> xxiii on whose +soule Ihu haue mercy amen</p></div> + +<p>William Willoughby succeeded to the Arch-Presbytery of Beer-Ferrers 21 +April, 1533,—patron <i>Walter Seymour</i>, by virtue of grant from Lord de +Broke. He died 1565, and the Arch-Presbytery expired with him. Both +probably were members of the same family.</p> + +<p>A review of the life of the first Lord Willoughby de Broke exhibits no +salient features, beyond those associated with the social distinctions +and worldly prosperity, usually conferred on and accompanying the +faithful subserviency, that follows in the wake of a conqueror. His +public functions scarcely reached in importance those exercised by his +companion at Court and in arms, and fellow west-countryman Giles, Lord +Daubeney; but in the main they were much alike; each served Henry as a +military commander, both on sea and land, abroad and at home, were the +envoys entrusted to negociate his crafty, vacillating, compromising +policy in missions to foreign potentates, and held respectively the +highest positions at his court, the one as Lord Chamberlain, and the +other as Lord Steward of his Household. Although the Edgcumbe episode +seems to pourtray him in his younger years as a daring and lawless +marauder on his neighbour's peace and possessions, large allowance +must be made for the disorganized state of society in that distracted +age, where every man essayed to be a law unto himself, and might +became right, in a very large sense of the word. In after years—like +Lord Daubeney—when Henry was firmly seated on the throne, and order +largely restored, Lord Willoughby de Broke was probably a careful and +cautious courtier, steering clear of the intrigues that stalked about +Henry's court (and infested the Tudor dynasty to its close), one who +studied the mercenary, selfish policy of his royal master, and made +himself generally useful as opportunity and circumstance occurred, and +in return was rewarded with honours, accompanied by grants of his +neighbour's confiscated lands, which cost the generous monarch he +served, nothing to bestow. His name, somewhat prominent from the +functions he exercised, helps to fill up the middle distance of the +picture, that environs the advent of the first Tudor king. <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">35</a></span></p> + +<p>Concerning the history of the subsequent possession of the antient +home of the Willoughbies de Broke,—Charles Blount, the fifth Lord +Montjoy, who married Anne the daughter of Robert, the second Lord +Willoughby de Broke by his second marriage, had in her right, livery +of the manor, 31 Henry VIII., 1539. He was of eccentric turn, served +in the rear guard of the army sent to France in 1544, and by his will +made at that time, he ordered a stone to be set over his grave in case +he was there slain, with the following epitaph, as a memento to his +children, to keep themselves worthy of so much honour as to be called +forward to die in the cause of their king and country—</p> + +<div class="left30 font90"> +<p>"Willingly have I sought<br /> +<span class="i2">And willingly have I found,</span><br /> +The fatal end that wrought<br /> +<span class="i2">Thither as dutie bound:</span></p> + +<p>Discharged I am of that I ought<br /> +<span class="i2">To my countrey by honest wound;</span><br /> +My soul departyd Christ hath bought;<br /> +<span class="i2">The end of man is ground."</span></p></div> + +<p>and further devised some extensive charitable bequests. He died in +1545, and was buried in the church of St. Mary Aldermary, London +(Weever)—his grandson Charles Blount, eighth baron (raised to the +dignity of Earl of Devonshire, and K.G. in 1603),—sold Broke Hall and +Manor to William Jones, of Edington, Wilts, gent, in 1599.</p> + +<p>Yet one more remembrance of the Willoughbies and of the same house as +the Lords Willoughby de Broke, waits notice, and our little chronicle +concerning them is concluded. In Southleigh churchyard in east Devon, +close to the chancel end of the church is a high-tomb, erected +evidently to a person of some position; on the end panel is incised +the grand achievement of Willoughby de Eresby, as on the tomb at +Callington, and with the <i>crescent</i> for difference, shewing that he +was of the same descent. The form of the letters in the inscription is +of an extraordinary uncouth kind, and tell us</p> + +<p class="center">HERE LIETH THE BODY OF HENRY WILLOUGHBY<br /> +WHO DYED THE 28 DAY OF SEPTR. 1616.</p> + +<p>but we have been hitherto unable satisfactorily to place him in the +Willoughby pedigree; the following however may be added.</p> + +<p>Sir William Willoughby, second son of Sir John Willoughby of Broke, +and brother to Robert, Lord Willoughby de Broke, was of Toners-Piddle +near Bere-Regis, Dorset, and by his will dated 28 November, 1512, +proved 13 February, 1512-13, ordered his body to be buried in the +church of St. John the Baptist at Bere-Regis. He endowed a Chantry at +Edington in Wilts, and gave to the Abbey of Milton in Dorset fifty +marks. Nicholas Willoughby his son was also of Toners-Piddle, where, +says Hutchins, "he held this manor and advowson, and four hundred +acres of (plough) land, two hundred of mead, three hundred of wood, +and two thousand of furze and heath, there and in Snelling and +Chilborough, of Lewis Mordant as of his manor of Duntish, in free +socage and by fealty." In 1546 Robina his widow instituted John +Brikill to the rectory. By his will <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">36</a></span> dated 15 May, 1542, he +ordered his body to be buried in the church of Bere-Regis, as did also +Leonard Willoughby his son. "At the upper end of the north aisle," +Hutchins remarks, "are two altar tombs of grey marble, but the brass +plates, effigies, escutcheons, and inscriptions gone; perhaps they +belong to the family of the Willoughbies." In 1653 Sir Robert +Willoughby and Elizabeth his wife sold the capital mansion-house, +farm, and advowson of Toners-Piddle to Robert Lewen. Toners-Piddle +church "was re-built in 1759, the little aisle of the Willoughbies was +not re-erected. There were no inscriptions in it, that family +generally burying at Bere." Christopher Willoughby, another son of Sir +William, married Isabel daughter of Nicholas Weeks of Dodington, +Gloucester, and he had a son named <i>Henry</i>, who married Jane daughter +of Dauntsey of Lavington, Wilts.</p> + +<p>Richard Willoughby, third son of Sir John Willoughby of Broke, was of +Silton, Dorset, having married Isabel daughter of John Bedyke of that +place, who brought the manor to her husband. He died 1523, she 1524, +and both by their wills ordered their bodies to be buried in the +church of St. Nicholas there. They left several descendants.</p> + +<p>Henry Willoughby's tomb at Southleigh has been carefully and +substantially repaired by a representative of the family.</p> + +<p>Back to Beer-Ferrers again our thoughts return, and recall the memory +of our last visit to the antient home, successively of Ferrers, +Champernowne, and Willoughby, names all now extinct, that had +relationship there. Evening is creeping on, as we leave the little +jetty and find ourselves afloat, slowly making way out into the Tamar +proper. How many a story speaks to us of the past, from its dim cliffy +banks, that history and tradition have preserved, how many more, +silent and forgotten, are lost for ever. Such the doom and fate of +human life, little episodes on the stream of time, successive and +evanescent as the wavelets that rise and die against the bosom of our +little craft. Of Willoughby de Broke, a larger remembrance remains, +but it only points in a fuller sense to an often recurring issue of +human life, graphically summed up concerning them by the quaint old +historian Westcote,—"but this family fading in his very blossom, soon +came to his period."</p> + +<p class="p2 left35"> TAMAR'S FLOW.</p> + +<p class="left30 font90">O Tamar's flow! lowly I bend mine ear,<br /> +<span class="i2">And listen to thy lisp that greets the shore,</span><br /> +Bearing Tradition's burthen soft and clear,<br /> +<span class="i2">From the dim portals of the never more;—</span><br /> +Two voices spell me from thy mingled tide,<br /> +<span class="i2">One, mighty ocean's whisper, murmurous, deep,</span><br /> +Telling of ventures glorious, that hide<br /> +<span class="i2">Within its billowy bosom rocked in sleep;—</span><br /> +The other, rippling from thy crystal fount,<br /> +<span class="i2">A tinkle sweet of elves, and fays, and flowers,</span><br /> +Legends borne down from woodland, vale, and mount,<br /> +<span class="i2">Departed homes, and haunted shrines and towers;—</span><br /> +Flow on,—until this trancèd ear shall be,<br /> +But one more memory that is merged in thee!</p> + +<div class="p2 figcenter"><img src="images/060_s.jpg" width="100" height="300" +alt="CICELY BONVILLE" title="" /></div> +<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Effigy, Presumed To Represent<br /> +CICELY BONVILLE, MARCHIONESS OF DORSET.<br /> +Astley Church, Warwickshire—circa 1530-5</span><br /> +<a href="images/060_b.jpg">View larger image</a></p> + +<p class="p4"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">37</a></span></p> + +<h3>EXTINCT, FOR THE WHITE ROSE.</h3> + +<p class="p2">Leaving the antient town of Colyton by its south-western approach, the +broad turnpike-road that leads over the hill to Sidmouth, at about +half-a-mile's distance up its ascent, a turn to the right takes us +into the trackway of a winding and somewhat narrow Devonshire lane. A +pleasant prospect opens across the valley below, through which the +Coly sparkles along with sinuous course, and immediately in the +mid-distance appears the old ruinous cradle of the Courtenay family, +Colcombe Castle, grey-walled, ivy-clad, and orchard environed. Beyond +and just under the further fir-topped hill-line, another grey dot +strugglingly emerges from among the dense garnishing of foliage that +surrounds it, and shews us what remains of old Shute House, while to +its left, across the far valley, rises the beautiful tree-crested +acclivity of Shute Park; localities of special importance pertinent to +the <ins title="Corrected erratum: original reads 'interests'">interest</ins> +of our little narrative, to be referred to by and by. In +front a delightful and typical Devonian landscape extends itself. +Sprinkled over with the deserted homes of the olden lesser +squirearchy, the antient lords of the vale, and picturesquely varied +alternate with copse, plantations, and well-timbered hedgerow, the two +valleys of the Coly and the Brinkly bifurcate just at this point, +meeting under the shadow of the remarkable pyramid-shaped hill, Waddon +Pen, and then stretch away, variously broken into lesser knoll and +vale, until lost in the misty outline of the high, far-distant curtain +of the Farway hills, with their tiny clumps of trees that just break +the even contour, and stand like sentinels on the rampart-appearanced +outline against the grey sky. They recall also for the moment to the +historic memory, the burthen of a pleasant story, connected with its +breezy, and comparatively unfrequented altitude, one of the numberless +traditions that throng the hills and vales of the olden region of the +Danmonii.</p> + +<p>A rest for awhile on the parapet of the bridge spanning the little +Morganhayes brook, hastening to join the Coly a few fields' distance +below; a rivulet whose banks at Spring time are almost fairy-land with +abundance of some of our finest wild flowers, broad stretches of +daffodils, myriads of white-starred anemones, gleams of pale primroses +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">38</a></span> and bleached lady-smocks, and sheen of golden-cups in their +succession, but specially, when uncertain April brings her tears and +sunshine, the haunt of the most gorgeous of them all</p> + +<p class="left30"> THE MEADOW RANUNCULUS.</p> + +<div class="font90 left30"> +<p>Close by the rippling streams' translucent marge,<br /> +<span class="i3">Ranunculus of gold,</span><br /> +Bright to the sun in constellation large,<br /> +<span class="i3">Thy glowing stars unfold</span></p> + +<p>'Mid all the wealth Spring scatters without stint,<br /> +<span class="i3">By meadow, bank or stream,</span><br /> +Gay daffodil, or king-cup's myriad glint,<br /> +<span class="i3">Spread like a golden dream;—</span></p> + +<p>She brings no rival whose attractions may<br /> +<span class="i3">With thee in all compare,</span><br /> +Brave thy full beauty in its strong array,<br /> +<span class="i3">And matchless clusters dare.</span></p> + +<p>No, nor sweet Summer when adown the land<br /> +<span class="i3">Her flower-sprent steps incline,</span><br /> +Bearing the sceptred iris in her hand,—<br /> +<span class="i3">The glory still is thine.</span></p></div> + +<p>Continuing our pilgrimage, about a mile's distance further brings us +to a bridge spanning another small stream, also flowing down to meet +the Coly below at a place appropriately named Bournehayne, and +immediately at the entrance of the little village of Southleigh. +Passing under the shadow of some fine old yews, our steps lead up a +little acclivity to the left, into the churchyard. There we halt for a +minute to scan the Willoughby tomb, with its grand escutcheon and +uncouth caligraphy, and then look inside the little sanctuary, where, +owing to the necessity of almost entire rebuilding, only one monument +of importance remains, preserved in the chancel, to be further +referred to in the course of our little story. On the porch threshold +the eye is arrested momentarily by an almost obliterated +seventeenth-century flat stone, bearing the still-traceable +yeoman-gentleman name of Starre of Beer, and the fragment of another +leaning against a grave near, of contemporary date, inscribed with the +patronymic of Clode—a name still existent in the parish,—and whose +earthly calling is described as '<i>goldsmith</i>,' a strange vocation to +find chronicled here in this rural vale, and the memorial probably of +one who practised the craft in busier scenes elsewhere, and returned +to his native parish, when he finally laid down burnisher and graver, +to find his last resting-place.</p> + +<p>Down a small meadow below the church, to the rill we crossed on +entering the hamlet, and our path inclines along its banks up the +valley through which it flows, and a right pleasant vale it is, +flanked on the left by extensive plantations of almost every species +of useful conifer, which stretch down, exhibiting great luxuriance of +growth, their different habits finely contrasting, and adding the +great charm of variety; while the opposite ascent is also +picturesquely wooded with <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">39</a></span> ordinary foliage. So we leisurely +continue a full mile or more, when the valley somewhat expands. Here +some fine trees are scattered park-like in appearance around, with a +small modern mansion in their midst, and this brings us to our present +destination.</p> + +<p>Who would imagine, viewing the peace and retirement of this delightful +rural solitude, so far removed from the ken and the movements of busy, +anxious, restless, ambitious man, and where only the voice of the +thrush, the flicker of the butterfly, the hum of the bee, the rustle +of the coney, the song of the lark, the bleating of the flock, or the +low of the kine, is seen or heard, that a story of wondrous historic +interest and significance "take hys begynnyng" from this spot? Yet an +apt symbol of how small and comparatively unknown beginnings, at times +end in being engrafted into the largest results, lies close beside us. +Who shall predict the ultimate destiny of the humble ripple of water +that sparkles along at our feet? Down through this valley it hastens +to the Coly, then on to join the larger Axe, thence to mingle with the +salt tide and be merged in the blue expanse of the Channel, and +finally be found adding its tiny tribute to the grandeur of the great +Atlantic.</p> + +<p>As of the stream, so of the story that has origin here on its banks, +and from him who was one of the earliest settlers thereon, back in the +twilight of the days of the early Plantagenets, when a country +gentleman with no recorded pretension to influence or fame, beyond the +inalienable witness of Norman descent, betrayed by his name, to this +place found his way and fixed his abode. After sundry generations the +descendants of his race, although still holding their original home +here, travelled far afield, away from the quietude and peace of these +sylvan scenes, lured into the dangerous path of ambition, and became +prominent actors in the great, stirring, troublous drama of mediæval +English history, as active and devoted partizans in the contending +factions, fighting to the death amid the strife of its kings, and +shedding their blood unstintedly in the conflict. Then followed the +great but dangerous honour of kinship with royalty and its fatal +glamour, culminating at last in their aspiration to the possession of +the crown itself, with the result, finally, of laying one of their +last and most guileless representatives, headless on the steps of the +throne to which they laid claim. A relation of real incidents that +needs no garnishing of romance to enhance its extraordinary interest.</p> + +<p>Wiscombe,—Wescombe, probably originally West-combe, is the name given +to these historic precincts. The very earliest mention of its +ownership assigns it as among the possessions of the Abbey of St. +Michael de Monte, <i>in periculo maris</i>, in Normandy, and was at the +beginning of the thirteenth century held of its Abbot by Roger de +Daldich, of the family of Daldich of East-Budleigh. After awhile came +a change of ownership, and then we get the first mention of the name +of the family, the outline of whose succeeding generations we propose +to attempt, albeit imperfectly, to chronicle. A story, nevertheless, +of surpassing interest, even among the crowd of great traditions that +form the historic heritage of the famed county of Devon. <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">40</a></span></p> + +<p>This was, according to Pole, its grant, or sale, with the reservation +of twenty shillings yearly rent, "about ye middest of the raigne of +kinge Henry III.," by the aforesaid Abbot and Roger de Daldich to +Nicholas de Bonville, evidently a gentleman of that era, and whose +name—<i>de bonne ville</i>—'of the fair or good village'—unmistakably +pointed to the original birthplace of his family, as being found in +the land immediately beyond the southern sea, from which his ancestor +doubtless also migrated in the train of the Conqueror.</p> + +<p>All we know of the life of this Nicholas de Bonville, presumably the +first of his name as possessor of Wiscombe, is that he married a lady +named Amicia, and it was probably he, who in accordance with the +religious custom of the age, was the donor of a rent-charge at +'Tuddesheye,' now Studhayes, in Kilmington, to the Abbey of Newenham, +in the adjoining valley of the Axe, and in its Conventual church was +buried, as described by Mr. Davidson, "lastly against the north wall +of the choir, lay Sir Nicholas Bonville, a benefactor to the abbey who +died in 1266."<a name="FNanchor_11" id="FNanchor_11"></a><a href="#Footnote_11" class="fnanchor">[11]</a> He left a son named William.</p> + +<p>But according to another account of the early generations of Bonville, +the first recorded was Nicholas Bonville who was living in 1199. To +him his son William Bonville (not Nicholas), who married Amicia, did +homage for lands in Somerset, 6 Feb., 1265, and was succeeded by his +son William, who married Joan, a widow.<a name="FNanchor_12" id="FNanchor_12"></a><a href="#Footnote_12" class="fnanchor">[12]</a></p> + +<p>William Bonville wedded a lady named Joan,—in a list of the Guild +Merchants of the antient borough of Totnes, dated 1260, and still +preserved, the third name that occurs is <i>Will's de Boneuille</i>, but +whether to be identified with an owner of Wiscombe of that name, may +not be determined, but the era accords. Of him we learn nothing +further beyond the date of his death 2 Edward I., 1273; and that he +was succeeded by his son Nicholas.</p> + +<p>Nicholas de Bonville was styled also "of Shute," by right of his wife +Elizabeth de Pyne, of whom and her dower a few words.</p> + +<p>The first recorded owners of Shute, and from whom it received its +name, were Sir Lucas and Sir Robert de Schete, who held it early in +the reign of Henry III. From them it passed to Sir Robert and Sir +Thomas de Pyne, of the "antient progeny" of Pyne in east Devon. Sir +Thomas who was Sheriff of Devon 56 Henry III., and successively 6, 9, +and 10 Edward I., at his death left two daughters coheiresses. One of +these distaffs, Matilda (otherwise Hawise), wedded Nicholas de +Bonville of Wiscombe, to whom she brought Shute as her portion. "In +this place (Shute) the famylye of Bonvill," says Pole, "made their +principall dwellinge, which had (longe before this Nicholas had the +mansion howse, and mannor of Shute) divers lands within Shute, namely +Sir Nicholas Bonvill (his grandfather) had Leggeshayes, and other +lands their, his dwellinge beinge at yt tyme at Wiscombe." The policy +of this marriage is therefore apparent. Himself and wife appear to +have both died the same year, 23 Edward I., 1295. They left a son and +heir named Nicholas, and another son John, who married Joan, daughter +of <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">41</a></span> Waryn Hampton of Musbury, and she married secondly John +Sachville, and thirdly John Faringdon of Faringdon.</p> + +<p>Sir Nicholas Bonville of Shute and Wiscombe, married Johanna, daughter +of Sir Henry Champernon of Clyst-Champernon (who died in 1320), by his +wife Johanna daughter of Henry Bodrugan. He was two years old only at +his father's death, but the date of his own decease does not appear. +There were four children, of whom Sir William was the eldest son and +successor.</p> + +<p>Alexander, the second son, married Hawise, daughter of Henry de la +Forde in Musbury, and had a son Nicholas, styled "of Forde," whose +daughter Edith, married Richard Okebeare, through whose descendant, +Pole, afterward of Shute, was the representative, before he purchased +the Bonville's forfeited inheritance, and through whom they quarter +the arms of de la Forde; <i>Sable, a poppy with roots and fruit or</i>, and +Bonville.</p> + +<p>Isabel, who married Sir Roger de Nonant of Broad-Clyst, and last of +that name; they left two daughters, Alice who married John Beauchamp +of Ryme, and Eleanor. The beautiful monument with effigy in +Broad-Clyst church is supposed to represent this knight, who reclines +in a recess on the south side of the chancel, and is clad in plate +armour with bascinet, mail-gorget, surcoat, and ornamented baudrick. +The feet rest on a lion, the head on a tilting helmet, and angels are +at the shoulders. A richly foliated canopy of screen-like character +fronts the figure on the side toward the church.</p> + +<p>Anne, the second daughter became a nun at Wherwell.</p> + +<p>Sir William Bonville, of Shute, "a very sweet and noble seat, adorned +in those days (as it still is) with a fair park and large demesnes," +the first prominent representative of this family, and who added +greatly to its social status, was a wealthy and munificent man. He +married first Margaret, daughter and coheiress of Sir William +d'Aumarle of Woodbury, Devon, who died 15 Nov., 1361, by his wife +Agnes de Meriet, daughter of George de Meriet, of Merriot, Somerset. +By her he had four sons, and two daughters. She died 13 May, 1399.</p> + +<p>Early in the succeeding century Sir William married secondly Alice +(whose surname has not been recovered), widow of Sir John Rodney, who +died 19 Dec, 1400. Sir William Bonville was her <i>fifth</i> spouse, for +she had wedded three husbands previous to Sir John Rodney. Firstly, +John Fitz-Roger, lord of the manor of Chewton-Mendip, Somerset; by +whom she had a daughter, Elizabeth, who married John Bonville, her +last husband's eldest son by his first wife; secondly, she married Sir +Edmond de Clyvedon, of Clyvedon, Somerset, who died 13 Jany., 1375-6; +and thirdly, as his second wife, Sir Ralph Carminow of Menheniot, +Cornwall, who deceased 9 Oct., 1386. Sir Ralph who is said to have +been "by a brase of Greyhounds pulled over a Cliff and died," was +buried in Menheniot church, where there is a small brass,—probably +the earliest remaining in Cornwall—to his memory, thus inscribed,—</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> +<p class="center gothic">Orate pro anima domini Radulphi Carmynow militis, cuius anime +propicietur deus Amen.</p></div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">42</a></span> Lady Alice Bonville survived all her +husbands nearly twenty years, and died 27 March, 1426.</p> + +<p>A glance at the numerous ventures of this much-married lady will give +the uninitiated in the study of genealogy some idea of the +difficulties which beset it, in sifting, tracing, and separating the +tangle of relationship that wove together the leading families of the +west during the fourteenth, fifteenth, and sixteenth centuries. It was +the custom to marry very early in life, often at fifteen or sixteen, +and that short widowhoods and remarriage almost invariably followed +decease on either side, and not uncommonly resulting further also, in +the children of the previous marriages matching together, a "matter of +mere attorneyship," probably in many cases entered into to consolidate +the family estates.</p> + +<p>Beside his "mansion howse" at Shute, which was his principal +residence, Sir William, as was usual, had a town house or hotel, in +the parish of the Holy Trinity, Exeter. On 17 April, 1404, Bishop +Stafford licensed John Govys rector of Holy Trinity, as the parish +church was being rebuilt at the time, "<i>ut in aula infra mansum domini +Willelmi Bonevyle, militis, infra parochiam dicte ecclesie Sancte +Trinitatis situatum, divina possis celebrare, ac per presbiteros +ydoneos facere celebrari, necnon parochianis tuis quibuscumque +Sacramenta et Sacramentalia conferre et ministrare valeas</i>."</p> + +<p>Of Sir William's sons, Richard the eldest died without issue before +1397. John the second son became his father's heir and successor.</p> + +<p>Thomas Bonville, third son, married Cicely, daughter of Sir John +Stretche of Sampford-Arundell, Somerset, who died 6 Aug., 1390, by his +wife Katharine daughter of Sir John Beaumont, of Sherwill, North +Devon. They had two sons, William who died 28 Aug., 1412, and John in +1426. Both were styled "of Merriot, Somerset," property that descended +to them through their great-grandmother, and died without issue. He, +Thomas, died about 1401, and his widow soon after married Sir William +Cheney of Broke, Wilts, and died 18 Oct., 1430.<a name="FNanchor_13" id="FNanchor_13"></a><a href="#Footnote_13" class="fnanchor">[13]</a></p> + +<p>William, the fourth son, died without issue; we hear nothing of him +beyond his being a witness to his stepmother's will.</p> + +<p>Katharine, the eldest daughter, married first Sir John Cobham, of +Blackborough, Devon, by whom she had a daughter Elizabeth, married to +Walter Charleton. Secondly she married John Wyke of Nynehead-Florey, +Somerset, and thirdly Humphry Stafford of Grafton, Worcestershire. She +died 1 Aug., 1416.</p> + +<p>Elizabeth, second daughter, married about 1390, Sir Thomas Carew of +Ottery-Mohun, who died 25 Jan., 1431. She died 8 Feb., 1450-1.</p> + +<p>Sir William who was Sheriff of Devon 13 Richard II., 1400, died on 14 +Feb., 1407-8, and was buried before the great Cross in the choir of +Newenham Abbey Church. Beside him was afterward laid Alice his second +wife. This was during the abbacy of Leonard Houndalre, who presided +over the Community 1402-13. <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">43</a></span></p> + +<p>He bequeaths by his will,—a very long document written in +French,—and made</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> +<p>"on the Saturday next before the feast of the Assumption of our +Lady, 1404, my body to be buried before the High Cross of the +church of Newenham; to Alice my consort my mansion at Exeter for +her life, all my books, vestments with other apparel belonging to +my chapel, all kinds of necessaries belonging to my hall, +chambers, pantry, buttery, kitchen and fish-pond, within my manor +of Shute, and all other chattels on my manors of Wescombe, &c., +&c., elsewhere, 100 marks in money, and the half of my silver +vessels, &c.; 100 marks, to assist in making and repairing the +bridges and roads that are weak and fallen within my lordships of +Devon and Somerset; to alienate by mortmain 50 marks of land and +of rent per year for a <i>Maison Dieu</i> in Combestreet at Exeter, +for 12 poor men and women to be lodged there always, also 300 +marks to the said Maison Dieu in honour of God, and to sustain +the said house, and the aforesaid poor men and women, all my +rents in Exeter, except my mansion;—to Dame Anne Bonville, nun +of Wherwell, 10 marks, a <i>hanapp</i> (drinking cup) with silver +cover, and my best <i>hoppelond</i> (great coat) with the fur. To +William my son 200 marks to assist him in getting married; to +Thomas son of John Bonville £20 in money; to John son of Thomas +Bonville to assist him in getting married 100 marks. To my +daughter Dame Katharine Cobham £20; to my daughter Dame Elizabeth +Carew, £20. I devise that all my debts be duly and fully paid, +and if any offences or extortions by me have been committed +against any persons I will that they be restored to them, +according to the greatness of the offence; 24 torches of wax, and +24 poor men be clothed the day of the interment of my body, and +to other poor people coming on the day of my burial £10, that +each who comes may have one penny; and that my mansion and my +retinue be kept just as it is for one quarter of a year after my +death. Appoints Alice my consort, and six clerks executors; +Monsieur Thomas Brooke and John Strecch, surveyors; nothing to be +done without the counsel and assent of the said surveyors."</p></div> + +<p>There is also included a very large number of religious bequests to +pray for the good estate of his soul, at various places, and legacies +in money and kind, to the poor on his extensive estates.</p> + +<p>John Bonville, son and heir of Sir William and Margaret d'Aumarle, +married Elizabeth, only child and heiress of John Fitz-Roger, daughter +of the first husband of his father's second wife. She was +heiress-general to the Fitz-Rogers and brought the manor of +Chewton-Mendip, near Wells, Somerset, and much other property into the +family. In the south aisle of the chancel of Chewton-Mendip church, on +a high-tomb are the recumbent effigies of a knight and lady,—the +knight in chain and plate armour, with bascinet, mail-gorget, baudrick +and spurs. On his surcoat are embroidered <i>three lions rampant</i>, the +arms of Fitz-Roger. The lady is in long robe, wimple and cover-chief. +The armour and costume are assignable to this era. John Bonville had +two sons, William eldest and heir, Thomas, and one daughter Isabel.</p> + +<p>Thomas the second son, who was Sheriff of Cornwall, married first +Johanna eldest daughter of Hugh de St. John, eldest son of Thomas de +Poynings, Lord St. John of Basing, by his wife Elizabeth daughter of +Martyn Ferrers of Beer-Ferrers. By her he had one son John. Secondly, +he married Leva, daughter and heir of John Gorges of Tamerton-Foliot, +Devon, and widow of John Wibbery. She died 16 Dec, 1461. Thomas died +11 Feb., 1467.</p> + +<p>John Bonville son of Thomas, married first Johanna Wibbery daughter of +his father's second wife, by her first husband John <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">44</a></span> Wibbery. By +her he had two daughters, Anne married to Philip Coplestone, and +Joanne married to John Elliot of Coteland. Secondly, he married +Katharine, by whom he had two daughters, Florence who married first +Sir Humphry Fulford, K.B., and secondly, Thomas Hext; and Elizabeth +who married Thomas West, Lord Delawarr. John Bonville died 24 Aug., +1494.</p> + +<p>Isabel, only daughter of John Bonville, son and heir of William +Bonville, married Sir Richard Champernowne of Modbury, son of Sir +Richard Champernowne, who died 26 Feb., 1418-19, and Katharine +daughter of Sir Giles Daubeney, and who were both buried at Dodbrooke, +near Kingsbridge.</p> + +<p>John Bonville, her father, died in the lifetime of his father, 21 +Oct., 1396, and Elizabeth Fitz-Roger, his widow, married secondly Sir +Richard Stuckley of Trent, Somerset.</p> + +<p>Leland thus speaks of the "maner places" of the Bonvilles, Wiscombe, +and Shute:—</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> +<p>"on the west part, over an hille byyond Seton is Wiscombe, a fair +maner place, sumtyme the Lord Bonvilles; now longging to the +Marquise of Dorsete. The parkes and maner places of Wischum and +Shoute abowte Axminster in Devonshire were the Lord Bonevilles, +and after a knightes of that name or ever they came to the +Marquis of Dorsetes hand."</p></div> + +<p>In Sir William Bonville, the eldest son of John Bonville and Elizabeth +Fitz-Roger, we reach the most celebrated individual of his race, and +practically the last male in the direct line, as his son and grandson +died in his lifetime. His father having died in 1396, when he was +quite a child, and his mother being married again to Richard Stuckley, +it is probable the boy was in the custody of his grandfather at Shute +up to his death in 1407, and subsequently in the guardianship of his +step-grandmother the Lady Alice until his coming of age, and taking +possession of his large property in 1414, which year his mother died, +but his step-grandmother lived twelve years afterward, dying in 1426.</p> + +<p>The particulars as to the birth and baptism of this wealthy and +unfortunate man, as they were deposed to by the witnesses appearing +before the escheator at the enquiry held to make proofs as to his +coming of age, are very homely and interesting.<a name="FNanchor_14" id="FNanchor_14"></a><a href="#Footnote_14" class="fnanchor">[14]</a> This was taken at +Honiton on "Tuesday, All Hallow's Eve, in the first year of the reign +of King Henry the Fifth after the Conquest, before Henry Foleford, the +Lord the King's Escheator in the county of Devon." Numerous witnesses +were examined, and John Cokesdene and two others deposed,—</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> +<p>"that William the son of John, is of the age of 21 years and +upwards, having been born at Shute, on the last day of August in +the 16th year of the reign of the Lord Richard, late King of +England, the Second after the Conquest (1393), and baptized in +the parish church of the same vill on the same day about the +hour of vespers. And this they well know to be true, as they the +said jurors were, on the said last day of August, together +elected at Honiton, on a certain 'Love Day' to make <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">45</a></span> peace +between two of their neighbours, and on that very day there came +there a certain Lady Katharine, widow of Sir John Cobham, +knight, and then wife of John Wyke of Nynhyde, an aunt of the +said William the son of John, proposing to drive to Shute, +thinking that she should be Godmother to the said infant, and +met there a certain Edward Dygher, servant to the said Sir +William Bonevile, who was reputed to be half-witted in +consequence of his being loquacious and jocular, and who asked +her whither she was going. Who answering quickly said: 'Fool, to +Shute to see my nephew made a Christian,' to which the said +Edward replied, with a grin, in his mother tongue, 'Kate, Kate, +ther to by myn pate comystow to late,' meaning thereby that the +baptism of the child was already over. Whereupon she mounted +upon her horse in a passion, and rode home in deep anger, vowing +that she would not see her sister, to wit the said child's +mother, for the next six months, albeit she should be <i>in +extremis</i> and die."</p></div> + +<p>Thus much for the Lady Katharine's appearance, her disappointment and +displeasure at not being able to be present at the child's baptism, +although she had adjournied so far for that purpose, and her immediate +return. Then a certain John Prentys and two others testify that</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> +<p>"all the matters as to the said Lady Katharine are true, inasmuch +as the whole took place in the said John Prentys' house, where +they themselves were present at the time, and saw and heard all."</p></div> + +<p>Then comes an interesting testimony shewing the lord of Shute still +kept full interest in the older home of the family at Wiscombe, and at +the date of his grandson's birth was engaged near there in a business +transaction with squire Walrond of Bovey, living thereby. Richard +Lutrell and John Prustes relate,—</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> +<p>"on that day Sir William Bonevile was at his manor of Southleigh +busy in setting up certain boundary marks between a parcel of his +own land called Borcombe to the same manor belonging, and the +land of one William Walrond, on which occasion the aforesaid +Richard and John were present at the special request of the said +Sir William Bonevile. And then and there came Andrew Ryden, a +servant of the same Sir William, and told his master that his son +John had a son born to him, upon hearing which the said Sir +William rejoicing exceedingly lifted up his hands, and thanked +God, and immediately mounting upon his horse rode home."</p></div> + +<p>Following this is the evidence of those who witnessed the ceremony of +the christening in the little church on that summer evening, William +Hodesfelde, and Richard Damarle, probably a relative of the child's +grandmother. They also speak of the grandfather's delight and the +present he made his grandson thereon, and say,</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> +<p>"they were present in the said church on that day at the time of +the solemnization of the baptism of the said William the son of +John, to hear vespers, and as soon as the ceremony was over there +came one Walter Walsche, the said William Bonevile's bailiff of +his manor of Stapyldon in the county of Somerset, and told his +master that he had well and finally completed the autumn +gathering, both of his said manor of Stapyldon and his manor of +Sokke, and had brought with him 400 lambs of that year's produce +of the manor of Sokke aforesaid, of which said lambs the said +William Bonevile immediately gave 200 to the said infant then and +there baptized."</p></div> + +<p>Finally we get the information as to who were the child's sponsors and +of the high ecclesiastic who was one of them, and doubtless <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">46</a></span> came +across specially from Newenham Abbey to perform the ceremony, making +his distinguished godson a commensurate present. Thomas Bowyer and +Ralph Northampton remember</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> +<p>"that they were personally present in the said church, and saw +there three long torches burning, and two silver basins, with two +silver ewers full of water, John Legge then Abbot of Newenham and +Sir William Bonevile being the godfathers and Agnes Bygode the +godmother of the same child, upon whom the said Abbot there +bestowed a silver gilt cup of the value, as it was said, of 100 +shillings, with 40 shillings in money told, contained in the +same, which as it appeared to them was the most beautiful they +had ever beheld in a like case."</p></div> + +<p>Poor child! The lambs bleating outside, and the glittering gift +cup,—"the most beautiful they had ever beheld,"—and filled with +silver pieces! The costly christening vessels and flaming torches, the +abbot in his robes, the knights and ladies in their splendid apparel, +the clustering parishioners gathered round, curiously and respectfully +to witness the baptism of the heir, and the solemn evening twilight +softly stealing through the casements of the little sanctuary. What a +suggestive picture of country wealth and peace thus surrounding the +first hours of the child, and what a contrast to the scene that was +destined to environ that child's last hours, of whose bitterness, what +seer, had he been then present, would have been bold enough to +predicate? When crushed by misfortune, his son and grandson having +fallen by the sword before his eyes a few weeks previously, and +although bowed by age, yet still attracted by the glamour of the +deadly conflict,—far away from these happy precincts, with a captive +king in his keeping as a ransom, but powerless to save him,—he stood +an unfriended prisoner alone in the hands of a relentless enemy, +surrounded by the ghastly wrecks of a battlefield, and then hastily +perished amid the ghastlier paraphernalia of the scaffold, the axe and +block, the executioner in his mask and the jeering soldiery. With what +boundless mercy are the ultimate issues of these lives of ours hidden +from us!</p> + +<p>Being in possession of his large property, it was not likely that a +young man of his distinguished station, in those stirring times should +long remain "with idle hands at home." Accordingly we find him three +years afterward, in 1418, employed in the military service of his +country, for "being then a knight" he proceeded to France in the +retinue of Thomas, Duke of Clarence, brother to Henry V., in that +king's expedition to Normandy. In the first year of Henry VI., 1422, +he served the office of Sheriff of Devon.</p> + +<p>In 1428 we get an interesting incident recorded, of amenities passing +between Sir William and his neighbour the Lady Joan Brooke, widow of +Sir Thomas Brooke, of Weycroft, near Axminster, and Holditch Court, +Thorncombe, "on the 14th April of that year Nicholas Wysbeche, Abbot +of Newenham," says Mr. Davidson,</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> +<p>"was appointed with five of his neighbours a mediator in a +dispute between Sir William Bonville of Shute, and Joan widow of +Sir Thomas Brooke, arising from the obstruction of several +public roads and paths in the formation and enclosure of the +park at Weycroft by the lady and her son. The transcript of an +instrument has been preserved which recites the circumstances of +the case at great <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">47</a></span> length, and concludes with an award, +which as the abbot was nominated by the lady Brooke, does credit +to his justice as an umpire, as well as to his hospitality; for +after deciding on every point in favour of Sir William Bonville, +and directing all the ways in question to be thrown open to the +public, that the knight and the lady should ride amicably +together to Newenham Abbey on a day appointed, where they should +exchange a kiss in token of peace and friendship and dine +together at the abbot's table. The deed is dated at Axminster 13 +August, 1428."</p></div> + +<div class="p2 figcenter"><img src="images/072_s.jpg" width="100" height="271" +alt="JOHN TALBOT" title="" /></div> +<p class="center"><span class="smcap">EFFIGY OF JOHN TALBOT, EARL OF SHREWSBURY, K. G.<br /> +Whitchurch, Shropshire—A.D. 1453.</span><br /> +<a href="images/072_b.jpg">View larger image</a></p> + +<p class="p2">The brass effigies of Sir Thomas and his lady are in Thorncombe +church, still very perfect.</p> + +<p>Amicably and pleasantly settled, and justly too withal by the good +Abbot Wysbeche, and with proper regard to the rights of way exercised +by the public at large, which seem to have been duly cared for and +protected by the lord of Shute.</p> + +<p>Nearly fourteen years now elapse before we hear further of him, and +then in 1442, he appears to have held a maritime command, and "sailed +from Plymouth to Bordeaux with twenty-five ships and four thousand +men," and the year following was employed on land service, being +"retained by indenture to serve the king a whole year with twenty men +at arms, and six hundred archers, and was made Seneschal of +Acquitaine."</p> + +<p>In 1449, he was commissioned "to serve the king upon the sea, for the +cleansing of robbers and pirates," and the same year he held Taunton +Castle, but was compelled to surrender it to the Duke of York. In 1450 +a letter was sent to him amongst others, by the king requesting help +for the preservation of Lower Normandy from the French.</p> + +<p>Doubtless in consideration of these military and other services, +actively and faithfully rendered to Henry VI., he was by that king +raised to the honour of the peerage, by writ of summons dated 23 +September, 1449,—26 Henry VI.,—to Parliament by the title of <span class="smcap">Baron +Bonville of Chewton</span> (from Chewton-Mendip in Somerset), where he +inherited a large property, derived from his mother as heiress of the +Fitz-Rogers. He was also created a <span class="smcap">Knight of The Garter</span>, being the one +hundred and eighteenth in the succession of that noble Order.</p> + +<p>In 1453 he was ordered to France with a force sent for the relief of +Guienne. While there it is probable he was a participator in the +engagement wherein the gallant Talbot, Earl of Shrewsbury, lost his +life. The same year "in consideration of his further services he was +constituted Governor of the Castle of Exeter, and the year following, +1454, made Lieutenant of Acquitaine."</p> + +<p>From this partial relation of his public services, our thoughts wander +for a time, to the domestic surroundings of his home life.</p> + +<p>Lord Bonville married first a lady named Margaret, but who she was the +labours of investigators have as yet failed to discover. By her he had +one son, William, and two daughters,—Philippa, who married William +Grenville, brother to Sir John, and second son of Sir Theobald +Grenville, by Margaret daughter of Sir Hugh Courtenay of Haccombe, by +his third wife Matilda daughter of Sir John Beaumont, and was thus +grandson to Earl Hugh and Margaret Bohun of Colcombe,—and Margaret, +second daughter, who married Sir <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">48</a></span> William Courtenay of Powderham, +Sheriff of Devon in 1483, and who died in 1485.</p> + +<p>Lord Bonville wedded secondly, Elizabeth, daughter of Edward +Courtenay, third Earl of Devon, known as "the blind Earl," who died in +1419, and was presumably buried at Ford Abbey; by his wife Matilda, +daughter of Thomas Lord Camoys. She was then the widow of Sir John +Harington, fourth Baron Harington of Aldingham in the County of +Lancaster, and who died 11 Feb., 1417-18. She died 28 October, 1471, +thus surviving her second husband ten years, and her first husband +fifty-three years!—and was probably buried with her first husband in +Porlock church, where they founded a perpetual Chantry, and where +their splendid tomb still exists, with effigies recumbent; moved +probably from its antient position, and now much shorn by time and ill +usage of its original glory, but still displaying ample evidence of +the taste and skill of the mediæval craftsman. By his second marriage +Lord Bonville left no issue.</p> + +<p>The figures on the monument at Porlock are sculptured in alabaster, +and Lady Harington-Bonville wears cote-hardie and gown, with mantle +over, fastened across the breast by cordon and tassels. Around the +hips is a rich cincture, and a double chain with dependant jewel +encircles the neck. The head-dress is horned, the hair secured in a +reticulated caul splendidly embroidered, and with jewelled ornaments +filling the interstices. Just over the brow is a band-coronet, studded +with pearls and crested by fleurs-de-lys, and her fingers are +ornamented with rings. Angels support the cushions on which her head +rests, and an animal, probably intended for a boar, as allusive to her +family, is at her feet. Lord Harington is in plate armour, orle around +his bascinet, plate gorget, large epaulières with deeply scolloped +terminations, diagonally placed sword-belt with sword, rich baudrick +across the hips with anelace, small tuilles, gauntlets, and about his +neck a chain of ornamented link-work, with the usual trefoil clasp and +small pendant. The head reclines on a helmet with crest of <i>a lion's +head couped at the shoulders</i>, and angels were originally on each side +supporting it. The feet rest on a lion. The armour is of an +interesting character, and of later date than that worn at the death +of the knight, being referable to what was in use about the middle of +the fifteenth century, accounted for by the appearance of his wife by +his side, who survived him more than half a century. There is a fine +canopy over the effigies.</p> + +<div class="p2 figcenter"><img src="images/075_s.jpg" width="200" height="315" +alt="ELIZABETH COURTENAY" title="" /></div> +<p class="center"><span class="smcap">EFFIGIES OF ELIZABETH COURTENAY, LADY BONVILLE,<br /> +and her First Husband, JOHN, Fourth BARON HARINGTON OF ALDINGHAM,<br /> +Porlock Church, Somerset.—A.D. 1417-71.</span><br /> +<a href="images/075_b.jpg">View larger image</a></p> + +<p class="p2">We broke off our little personal history in the year 1454, when +presumably Lord Bonville had returned from Aquitaine, of which +province he had been made Lieutenant. The next glimpse we get of him +is in the year following, and the incident, that brings him before us, +is quite in keeping with the belligerent spirit of the times, and +which seems to have invaded both public and private life at this +turbulent and lawless era. The old historian, Westcote, gives a +succinct outline of this remarkable quarrel,</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> +<p>"In this parish (Colyton) are yet remaining the two antient +seats of two illustrious families, Colcombe of Courtenay, Earl +of Devonshire, and Shute alias Sheet, of the Lord Bonvile; each +of them having their parks and large lati-funds <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">49</a></span> +(broad-acres), but seldom any good neighbourhood, familiarity, +or friendship between them. This emulation increased at length +to a quarrel, and eagerly taken a both sides, about a +couple of dogs, or hounds, if you will, which could not by any +mediation of friends, or intercession of their equals, be +qualified or appeased, until it was valiantly tried in a single +combat (which is now by a fitter word termed a duel,) upon +Clist-Heath, which manfully and constantly performed by both +parties, and after they had well tried one the other's strength +and valour, and with their sharp swords, they at last lovingly +agreed and embraced each other, and ever after there continued +great love and amity between them."</p></div> + +<p>Shute was antiently part of Colyton, its church being a dependant +chapelry,—it now forms a distinct parish.</p> + +<p>A very singular spectacle, this valiant performance, between these +noble neighbours, and ending according to the gossiping topographer in +genuine three-volume style. Dugdale says, Lord Bonville had the best +of the encounter, and Prince, after narrating the bellicose +transaction and "the great love and amity" said to have existed +between the combatants afterward, naïvely adds, "which I can hardly +believe for a reason, which hereafter may be observed in reference to +this Lord." Cleaveland however gives probably the truer version of its +cause, observing</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> +<p>"But Hollingshed and others do say, that several men on both +sides were slain in the quarrel, and that the Lord Bonvile +prevailed and went to Exeter, and had the gates opened to him. +And this is most likely to be true, for there was a great +animosity between those two great men, before this quarrel +happened, they being engaged in different parties; the Earl of +Devonshire was zealous for the house of Lancaster, and the Lord +Bonvile for the house of York, and the civil war between these +houses did then begin to break out, and no wonder the city of +Exeter opened its gates, to the Lord Bonvile, for the Duke of +York had at that time all the power in his hands, and no doubt +the city favoured those of the prevailing side. But whoever had +the better of it in this quarrel, both the Earl of Devonshire +and Lord Bonvile were great sufferers by that bloody and +unnatural war, for the Earl's three sons, successively Earls of +Devon, lost their lives for that quarrel for the house of +Lancaster, and it is said by some the Earl himself came to an +untimely end by it. And the Lord Bonvile lost both his son and +grandson in the battle of Wakefield, and the Lord himself was +put to death after the second battle of St. Alban's. The Earl's +family became <i>extinct</i> as to the first branch of that +illustrious house, and the Lord Bonvile's became <i>wholly +extinct</i>."</p></div> + +<p>A large and melancholy history in a few lines, and a pertinent +illustration of the effects and horrors of civil war, but this new +position of affairs requires careful scrutiny, as far as the slender +means at disposal afford.</p> + +<p>Up to 1454, at least, Lord Bonville's allegiance must have been true +to the interests of the king, Henry VI. He had been employed, as would +be usual with men of his position and military aptitude, in the +warlike expeditions of the time abroad, and in the command of the +forces on land and sea, at home. In this respect he was evidently +esteemed an able and trusted servant, and the king had rewarded these +services by conferring on him a peerage, and investing him with the +order of the Garter, two of the highest honours at the sovereign's +disposal, and it would be presumable, in view of the foregoing, that +Lord Bonville's sympathies would naturally be on the side of Henry +VI., and the cause of the Red Rose, in the bitter conflict then just +beginning to be developed. <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">50</a></span></p> + +<p>Although we have no direct testimony to the contrary in the earlier +stages of the warfare, as to Lord Bonville's then actually throwing in +his lot with the partizans of the White Rose, still the inferential +evidence remaining seems to point to it. The quarrel between Courtenay +and himself, although said to be over a couple of dogs,—if it really +happened as described,—had its basis probably in the absorbing social +questions that then stirred men's hearts to the deepest. A strange and +fierce development of ill-feeling, such as is related, between +neighbours and almost relatives of such distinguished station, could +scarcely arise except over some very weighty cause. Lord Bonville was +then married to the aunt of the Earl Thomas Courtenay he is said to +have fought with, and it is also fairly presumable they were close +neighbours, living within a mile of each other, the one at Shute and +the other at Colcombe. The Earl of Devon had married Margaret Beaufort +daughter of John, Earl of Somerset, and grand-daughter of John of +Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster; three of their children were buried at +Colyton, and the beautiful monument in the church is considered to be +the memorial of his wife, the Countess Margaret herself, so the Earl +and his family must have been in residence there about that time.</p> + +<p>Beyond this encounter, presumably begotten through the combatants +holding opposite views in the contending factions, we have no direct +evidence for four or five years as to Lord Bonville's active +participation in the fortunes of the White Rose.</p> + +<p>Before proceeding further, we had better resume our notes as to the +family relationships following in Lord Bonville's domestic circle, and +their possible influence eventually on him.</p> + +<p>William Bonville, Lord Bonville's only son by his first wife, was +probably born about 1416-17, soon after which date his father wedded +his second wife, Elizabeth Courtenay, widow of John, fourth Lord +Harington.</p> + +<p>He married about 1440, Elizabeth sole daughter and heir of William, +fifth and last Lord Harington of Aldingham, who died 3 March, 1458, +brother and heir to his stepmother's first husband. One son, William, +was the issue of this marriage; the mother appears to have died in the +lifetime of her father, Lord Harington, for at the <i>inq. post mortem</i> +following his death, held April, 1458, this grandson William, son of +his daughter Elizabeth, was found his next heir, and then aged 16 +years. The above William Bonville, the father, fell at the battle of +Wakefield, 31 Dec., 1460, fighting on the side of the White Rose. +Between the date of his wife's father's death in March, 1458, and his +own decease in Dec., 1460, he would by courtesy bear the title of Lord +Harington, <i>jure uxoris</i>.</p> + +<p>William Bonville, only son of the foregoing William Bonville, <i>jure +uxoris</i> Lord Harington, and grandson of Lord Bonville, was born about +1441-2.</p> + +<p>He made a distinguished match indeed, having married Katharine, fifth +daughter of Sir Richard Nevill, K.G., eldest son of Sir Ralph Nevill, +K.G., the first Earl of Westmoreland, who died in 1425, by <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">51</a></span> his +second wife the Lady Joan Beaufort, daughter of John of Gaunt, Duke of +Lancaster, and Katharine Swynford.</p> + +<p>Her mother was the Lady Alice Montacute, daughter and heir of Sir +Thomas de Montacute, K.G., Earl of Salisbury, Baron Montacute and +Monthermer, who died 1428,—by his wife the Lady Elizabeth +Plantagenet, daughter of Thomas, and sister of Edmund, Earl of Kent; +and in her father Sir Richard Nevill, was revived in 1442 the title of +Earl of Salisbury, and the Baronies of Montacute and Monthermer.</p> + +<p>Thus the Lady Katharine Bonville was sister to Richard Nevill, the +"great Earl of Warwick, the king-maker," and aunt to his daughters, +the Lady Isabel who married George Plantagenet, Duke of Clarence, +brother to Edward IV., drowned in a butt of malmsey in the Tower, +whose son Edward was cruelly beheaded by Henry VII., and whose +daughter Margaret, the aged Countess of Salisbury was remorselessly +butchered by Henry VIII.; and also to the Lady Anne, married first to +Edward, Prince of Wales, son of Henry VI.,—so foully slain by Edward +IV. and Richard, Duke of Gloucester, or by their orders, immediately +after the battle of Tewkesbury,—and to whom, as that poor prince's +widow, Gloucester, afterward king Richard III., was subsequently +married.</p> + +<p>The Lady Katharine Bonville was also sister to George Nevill, Bishop +of Exeter, between 1455-65,—and afterward Archbishop of York and Lord +Chancellor. Of this prelate the only remaining remembrance of his ten +years' supervision of the diocese appears on the shield in the east +window of Branscombe church.</p> + +<p>William Bonville, her husband, only son of William Bonville, Lord +Harington <i>jure uxoris</i>,—and grandson of Lord William Bonville, +K.G.,—also fell with his father at the battle of Wakefield, fighting +on the side of York and the White Rose, and when he could have been +scarcely twenty years of age.</p> + +<p>He left one infant daughter, Cecilia or Cicely Bonville, at her +father's untimely death probably under a year old.</p> + +<p>Lady Katharine Bonville married secondly Sir William de Hastings, the +first Lord Hastings of Ashby-de-la-Zouch. He was the eldest son and +heir of Sir Leonard de Hastings, who died in 1456, by his wife Alice, +daughter of Thomas, Lord Camoys. The career of this prominent man, and +his tragic death, form one of the most remarkable episodes in English +history, is strangely, but directly interwoven with our little +narrative, and the relation of which, however well worn, could not be +passed over here.</p> + +<p>He acted a conspicuous part in the political events of the time, was a +devoted Yorkist, to whom Edward IV. was greatly attached, and who +literally heaped appointments, honours, and possessions upon him. He +was constituted at various times, Master of the Mint (coining, during +his term of office, the first new gold piece, value eight shillings +and four pence, called the "Noble"), Steward of numerous Royal manors, +and Ranger of Royal Forests,—Constable of Leicester, Nottingham, and +several other Castles,—Captain of Calais and its dependencies, +Chamberlain of the Exchequer, Lord <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">52</a></span> Chamberlain of the Household, +and Chamberlain of Wales. On 26 July, 1461,—1 Edward IV.,—he was +created by patent Baron Hastings of Ashby-de-la-Zouch, and afterward +invested with the dignity of the Garter.</p> + +<p>Then comes a curious and special bit of family history, strongly +reflecting the habits and policy of the age, that has a most +interesting bearing on our annals. On 14 April, 1464, he entered "into +an agreement with Dame Elizabeth Grey, late wife of Sir John Grey, +knt., son and heir of Edward Grey, late Lord Ferrers, that he should +have the wardship of her son Thomas (afterward Marquis of Dorset), on +whose part it was stipulated, that he should, within five or six years +afterward, <i>marry the eldest daughter of Lord Hastings that might then +be living</i>."</p> + +<p>A monstrous arrangement, thus to betroth young people, mere children +often, <i>nolens volens</i>, but a very common one at the period. Now it so +happened that the mother of Thomas Grey became Queen to Edward IV., +and Lord Hastings had married the Lady Katharine Bonville, whose only +child by her first husband was Cicely. It is true that by Lord +Hastings she subsequently had another daughter, Anne, who married +George Talbot, Earl of Shrewsbury, but Cicely Bonville was one of the +greatest heiresses in England, which the young man's mother, the +Queen, and her husband, Edward IV., were quite aware of. Thomas Grey, +however, Lord Hastings' ward, who must have been considerably older +than Cicely, does not seem to have waited for her, but married first, +Anne daughter of Henry Holland, Duke of Exeter,—she however appears +to have died sufficiently in time for him to marry Cicely. Lord and +Lady Hastings had been legally constituted the guardians of Cicely, +together with the custody of her estates, and her coming of age was +fixed at sixteen years. Immediately after this, which would be about +1476-7, she appears to have been married to the Marquis, but at the +time the "arrangement" for her marriage was entered into by her +step-father, Lord Hastings, she could not have been more than four or +five years old.</p> + +<p>Thus one nice little family compact was negociated, and contained the +secret of Cicely's alliance, which altogether turned out to be happy +enough. The agreement of marriage with the eldest daughter of Lord +Hastings was thus construed to include his wife's also, if that was +not really intended to be the essence of the contract in the first +instance. The step-son of the king was to be married to the +step-daughter of his friend and favourite, a rich heiress in her own +right and also to the titles of Bonville and Harington.</p> + +<p>The ward, or guardianship, of fatherless or orphan children of noble +parentage, was a trust practically vested in the king, or crown, and +by him was usually given to some Court favourite, being eagerly sought +after as a rule, because it generally conferred the almost absolute +control both of the ward's property and future destiny, and of wedding +him or her, if desirable, to a child of the guardian nominated. Lord +Hastings, from his position and influence, appears to have acquired +and exercised this questionable position to the utmost, as will be +seen. <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">53</a></span></p> + +<p>For this was only one of the wardships obtained by Lord Hastings, +because he had sons as well as daughters to be wedded. He further +procured the wardship of Mary, only daughter of Sir Thomas Hungerford, +who was tried and beheaded at Salisbury, 8 Edward IV., and entered +into an agreement with her mother and step-father, that Edward his son +and heir should in due time take her to wife, and in the event of +Edward's death, then George or Richard, the younger brothers. Edward +Hastings however lived to marry Mary Hungerford, sole heiress of the +elder descent, and to the baronial titles of Hungerford, Bottreaux, +Molyns, and Moels, which were afterward revived in his person by Henry +VII.</p> + +<p>We have mentioned Lord Hastings had one daughter also, by his wife +Katharine Neville-Bonville, named Anne, and she had to be provided +for. The Marquis of Dorset had been allotted to his step-daughter +Cicely Bonville, and therefore from a clause in his will we learn that +he had yet another "ward and marriage to him granted," in the person +of George Talbot, Earl of Shrewsbury, and if George should die, then +the contract was to extend to his next brother Thomas. But George +lived to marry the young lady. So these family compacts were arranged +and went merrily forward. Property, honours, and influence, appear to +have been the sole objects of these unnatural arrangements; love and +natural predilection not considered at all, and nowhere, being +evidently not deemed of the least importance,—marriage being treated +in all respects as a "matter of mere attorneyship." And do not these +transactions afford a clue to the amours and intrigues that infested +the age? The vengeful results of outraged hearts, and the sure +outcome.</p> + +<p>Shakspeare well describes this 'brokerage' of marriageable maidens, in +the fourth act of the third part of <i>Henry VI</i>.—</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> +<p><span class="smcap">Hastings.</span> 'Tis better using France than trusting France: Let us +be back'd with God, and with the seas, Which he hath given for +fence impregnable, And with their helps only defend ourselves; In +them, and in ourselves, our safety lies.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Clarence.</span> For this one speech, Lord Hastings well deserves To +have the heir of the Lord Hungerford.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">King Edward.</span> Ay, what of that? it was my will, and grant; And, +for this once, my will shall stand for law.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Gloucester.</span> And yet, methinks, your grace hath not done well, To +give the heir and daughter of Lord Scales Unto the brother of +your loving bride; She better would have fitted me, or Clarence: +But in your bride you bury brotherhood.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Clarence.</span> Or else you would not have bestow'd the heir Of the +Lord Bonville on your new wife's son, And leave your brothers to +go speed elsewhere.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">King Edward.</span> Alas, poor Clarence! is it for a wife That thou art +malcontent? I will provide thee.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Clarence.</span> In choosing for yourself, you show'd your judgment; +Which being shallow, you shall give me leave To play the broker +in mine own behalf; And, to that end, I shortly mind to leave +you.</p></div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">54</a></span> +In 1470 Hastings accompanied Edward IV. in his hasty flight from Lynn, +in Norfolk, to Holland, when he also so narrowly escaped capture by +the Easterlings, and the king had nothing beyond his "gown lined with +martens" to pay the captain of the ship for his voyage. He also +returned with that monarch, when he landed at Ravenspur, to reclaim +the kingdom,—the place where Henry of Bolingbroke, a century and a +half previously, had disembarked to dethrone Richard II. Although his +wife's brother was the 'king-maker,' and engaged in the opposite +interest, Hastings remained loyal to Edward IV., and at the battle of +Barnet, on April 14, which ended so disastrously for Warwick, was one +of the king's principal commanders. So also he took active part in the +decisive action at Tewkesbury on 4th of May following. Then comes the +darkest episode in this nobleman's career. The Queen Margaret and her +son, the Prince Edward, were made prisoners, and the royal youth was +ushered into Edward's presence, who, flushed with success, +ungenerously asked him "How he dared to invade his dominions," to +which question, the answer was proudly but perhaps imprudently given, +"To claim my father's crown and mine own inheritance." Stung probably +by the conscious truth and nobleness of the reply, Edward unmanfully +struck the youth on the mouth with his gauntlet, whereon the Dukes of +Clarence and Gloucester, the Lords Hastings and Dorset, taking this as +a signal for further violence, hurried the prince away from Edward's +presence, and despatched him with their swords. Pity evaporates over +any misfortunes that may overtake men guilty of such deeds as this. In +1474 he got leave from the king to 'unpark' some seven thousand acres +at Ashby-de-la-Zouch, and elsewhere, and to 'fortify' his mansions on +his different manors, specially the magnificent castle he erected at +Ashby. He was in the retinue of Edward at the inglorious peace of +Pecquigny, and got his share of the spoil, "his French Majesty at one +time making him a present of plate valued at ten thousand marks." He +is said to have refused at first to accept the pension awarded him on +this occasion by the king of France, but "after some courteous and +friendly correspondence" consented to receive it in a left-handed way, +refusing to give any receipt for it, saying, "put it (the gold) here +into my sleeve, for other acknowledgment you get none from me, for no +man shall say, that king Edward's Lord Chamberlain hath been pensioner +to the French king, nor that my acquittances be found in his Chamber +of Accounts." So these 'great' men magnanimously salved their qualms +of conscience, and satisfied the questions of their pride; and it is +further added, his pension was ever after paid without further +acquittance.</p> + +<p>Then came his amour, or rather passion, for the beautiful Jane +Wainstead, afterward Jane Shore. It is related he was smitten by her +charms while still under her father's roof, and his attentions aroused +the suspicions of her father, who thereupon, to save his daughter, got +her suitably married to Mr. Matthew Shore, the goldsmith of Lombard +Street. Hastings not to be baffled, followed his prey after her +marriage, until on an occasion, when he attempted <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">55</a></span> to pass the +boundary of honour, he got indignantly discharged and interdicted all +future communication. Thereon he is said, out of revenge, to have sent +the royal spoiler on the track, with a success but too well known. +Hastings' old affection however appears to have survived, and at +Edward's death he took her,—all sullied in reputation as she +was,—under his protection, until the day of his own death, his +acquaintanceship with her being made a chief accusation against him by +the relentless Gloucester.</p> + +<p>Although so devoted to the king, Edward IV., he was by no means +friendly disposed toward his Queen, Elizabeth Woodville, and at king +Edward's death this dislike evidently greatly increased, which was in +great measure the Queen's fault, as she manifested considerable +antipathy toward the older nobility, being much wrapt up in the +welfare of her own family, but recently ennobled. Doubtless Hastings +and others saw this, and it had its due influence on them; but he was +perfectly loyal to the king's children. Almost immediately after +Edward's decease Hastings and Buckingham were sent for to confer with +Gloucester at Northampton, the young king being then with his uncle +and governor the Earl Rivers at Ludlow Castle, and his brother, the +Duke of York, with the Queen-mother in London. At this meeting was +urged the danger of the Queen-mother's influence, the necessity of +removing the young princes from her control, the advisability of +Gloucester's assuming the Protectorate, and the securing and, if +necessary, destroying the persons of the Rivers and Grey families as +dangerous to the common peace. All this the well-pleased and astute +Gloucester cleverly managed, and Hastings was sent on to London to +pacify the city, where he had great influence, and when the citizens +in alarm at hearing of the apprehension of Rivers and others, the +young king's attendants, and that they had been sent northwards toward +Pontefract, he deceived them with the assurance that they were simply +transported thither for conspiring against Gloucester and Buckingham, +and would be duly put on their trial; and Gloucester completed the +illusion by bringing the young king with much ceremony to London. Soon +after, Hastings "readily gave his assent" to the execution of the Earl +Rivers and others in custody at Pontefract, although still ignorant of +Gloucester's final design, and still more so of the grim fate that was +hanging over his own head, for it was also agreed on by those in the +secret, that he himself,—whose interest for the young king was well +known,—should be gained over in harmony with the project, or +dispatched out of the way, if necessary.</p> + +<p>Although Hastings does not seem to have seen through Gloucester's +designs, his companion and friend Lord Stanley, "a man of deep +penetration," appears to have comprehended the whole situation, and +spoke his mind fully thereon to his colleagues, then assembling day by +day making preparations for the young king's coronation, of which +council Hastings was a member with others, the young king's friends, +but Hastings, it is related, still doubted Gloucester's plotting, and +also that the other council, sitting under Gloucester's presidency at +Crosby Place, were engaged in no design against the young king, and +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">56</a></span> that he would "pawn his life" if anything detrimental to the +youthful monarch were transacted there, he should be instantly +informed of it by a trusty member thereof, devoted to the king's +interests; moreover he was still prepossessed of Gloucester, and +believed his council were only desirous of humbling the Queen's party, +whom he, Hastings, so greatly disliked.</p> + +<p>This 'trusty member' was none other than Richard Catesby, "a lawyer, +who had, through Lord Hastings' means, been placed in a position of +considerable trust, in the counties of Northampton and Leicester, +where Hastings' property lay," and this man, his friend and confidant +as he supposed he was, eventually betrayed him. Stanley's fears, it +seems, were greatly modified or allayed by Hastings' assertions, and +they quietly proceeded with their arrangements for the coronation, +while Gloucester was carefully doing all he could to prevent it, and +secretly and busily laying his dark plans for a very different issue. +Catesby, who had become the creature of Gloucester, unknown to +Hastings, was despatched by Gloucester to sound Hastings, "with all +the caution imaginable," most carefully guarding the grand secret. The +part was well played, and Hastings, not distrusting Catesby, told him +of Stanley's suspicions, and that for himself, rather than the late +king's children should be deprived of their rights, he would see ruin +and destruction overtake Gloucester and Buckingham, and that he would +employ every means in his power, even to his very life, to prevent its +succeeding.</p> + +<p>All this intelligence Catesby carefully transmitted to Gloucester. Its +receipt appears to have greatly embarrassed him, as Gloucester greatly +desired to secure Hastings' adherence, knowing the importance his +assistance would afford. Wishing therefore to be perfectly assured of +the attitude Hastings was likely to assume, and to a considerable +extent fearing his influence if exerted for the king, Gloucester sent +Catesby to him a second time, with instructions to get as complete an +answer as possible. Catesby appears to have spoken plainly in this +second interview of Gloucester's designs, and to have received similar +answer to that given at their first parlance, and he left Hastings +with the knowledge that he had discovered Gloucester's intentions, and +also revealed to him his own treachery. Gloucester in due time was +made acquainted with the fact that in Hastings he had, under the +circumstances, now only an adversary to deal with. The Protector's +mind was soon made up, and Hastings' death resolved on; no one was to +stand between him and the throne, and live.</p> + +<p>On June 15, 1483, Gloucester called a council at the Tower, ostensibly +to finish the preparations for the king's coronation. Rapin, from +information condensed from the various old chroniclers, thus +circumstantially describes the final scene,—</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> +<p>"The Protector came himself at nine o'clock in the morning with +a cheerful countenance, courteously saluting the lords, as if he +had nothing in his mind that gave him the least uneasiness. +After that he went out and desired the council to continue their +deliberations in his absence.</p> + +<p>"About an hour after, he returned with an angry countenance, +knitting his brows, and biting his lips, and shewing all +possible signs of perturbation of mind. <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">57</a></span> Remaining some time +without speaking, he broke silence with these words,—<i>My +Lords, what punishment do they deserve who have plotted against +my life?</i>' The Lords not immediately answering, Lord Hastings +replied, '<i>Whoever is guilty of that crime ought to be punished +as a traitor</i>.' The Duke answered, '<i>It is that sorceress my +sister-in-law, with her accomplices</i>.' These words astonished +many of the council who favoured the Queen, being afraid this +accusation concerned them. But the Lord Hastings was far from +any such fear. All knew he was a sworn enemy to the Queen, and +consequently there was no likelihood of his joining her in such +a design. Besides, he had lately approved of the order sent to +Pontefract to behead the lords prisoners, who were to be +executed that very day.</p> + +<p>"After a short pause the Protector, unbuttoning his left sleeve, +shewed the Council his arm, dried and withered, saying with +extreme emotion, '<i>See what that sorceress, and Shore's wife have +done by their witchcrafts. They have reduced my arm as you see, +and my whole body would fain have been the same, if by God's +mercy their infamous plot had not been discovered.</i>' These words +caused a greater surprise than the former, the whole Council +knowing the Duke's arm had long been in that condition; besides, +if the Queen had framed such a project, Jane Shore would have +been the last person she would have imparted it to, since of all +women she most hated her.</p> + +<p>"The Lord Hastings who, since Edward's death, had kept Jane +Shore, perceiving she was involved in the accusation, could not +forbear to shew how much he doubted her being guilty by saying, +'<i>If they had committed such a crime they deserved to be +punished</i>.'</p> + +<p>"Then the Protector raising his voice said, '<i>What, dost thou +answer me with 'Ifs' and 'Ands,' as if I forged this accusation? +I tell thee they have conspired my death, and thou thyself art +accessory to the crime.</i>' As he ended these words he struck the +table twice with his fist, and immediately the room was filled +with armed men.</p> + +<p>"As soon as they were in, the Protector turning to Lord Hastings +said to him, '<i>I arrest thee for High Treason.' 'Who, me, my +Lord</i>,' answered Hastings. '<i>Yes, thee traitor</i>,' replied the +Protector. At the same time he delivered him to the custody of +the soldiers.</p> + +<p>"During the bustle one of the soldiers would have cleft the Lord +Stanley's skull, with a battle-axe. But he avoided part of the +blow by sinking under the table, however he was dangerously +wounded. Probably the soldier had orders to kill him as it were +by chance, under pretence that he would have defended the Lord +Hastings. It is not hard to guess why the Protector desired to be +rid of him. Having missed his aim, Stanley was arrested with the +Archbishop of York, and the Bishop of Ely, it being the +Protector's interest to put it out of their power to hurt him, +whom he knew to be zealously affected for the young king.</p> + +<p>"As for the Lord Hastings, he would scarce give him time to make +confession to the next priest that came, swearing '<i>By St. +Paul,—he would not dine until his head was struck off</i>.' +Accordingly he was beheaded upon a log that was found on the +green before the Tower Chapel, the time fixed by the Protector +being too short to erect a scaffold."</p></div> + +<p>So miserably and brutally perished the Lady Katharine Bonville's +<i>second</i> husband, one of the chief friends and favourites of Edward +IV., through the remorseless malice aforethought of that king's +brother, the Duke of Gloucester. Lord Hastings was a prominent, it may +be said, representative character of that age of intrigue and +unscrupulous ambition. Although loyal to Edward and his sons, he was a +"sworn enemy" to Queen Elizabeth Woodville, notwithstanding his wife's +daughter, Cicely Bonville, was married to her eldest son, and he is +said to have "greatly contributed" to the execution of the prisoners +at Pontefract, Anthony, Earl Rivers, and Richard, Lord Grey, the +Queen's brothers, and near relatives of his step-daughter Cicely +Bonville's husband, the Marquis of Dorset; by a most remarkable +retribution he was awarded a similar fate to theirs, <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">58</a></span> said to have +occurred on the same day, and at the same hour. His hands too are +reputed to have been imbrued with the blood of Margaret of Anjou's +unfortunate youthful son. His amour with Jane Shore was made the +handle of Gloucester's accusation, and sudden and cruel as his fate +was, it was perhaps merciful as compared with the suffering that was +reserved for her. While Hastings, her protector, lived, her position +was one of comparative safety, but at his death none dared befriend +her, and true to the hideous completeness of the part Gloucester was +acting, she was to be the next victim. Then the poor, frail, beautiful +and withal amiable creature,—Edward used to call her the 'holiest' of +his three mistresses, the other two being respectively the 'wittiest' +and the 'merriest'—one to whom a king, and 'the handsomest man in +Europe' to boot, had paid court, amid unstinted opulence and luxury, +was dragged forth and exposed to the gibes, jeers, and insults of a +vulgar mob, with studied opprobrium publicly disgraced, and finally +with contumely driven away to eke out the remainder of her days in the +most abject poverty, misery, and distress. The purist,—forgetful his +mother was a woman,—may say the degradation was deserved; but there +is no human shortcoming that gives justification for unmanliness, the +most detestable of all crimes.</p> + +<p>By his wife Katharine, widow of William Bonville, and daughter of +Richard Nevill, Earl of Salisbury, Lord Hastings had issue four +sons:—1. Edward, eldest son and heir; he married Mary, grand-daughter +and heiress of Robert, Baron Hungerford, Bottreaux, Molyns, and Moels, +and in right of his wife was summoned to Parliament, though still a +minor, in 1483, by the title of Baron Hastings of Hungerford; he died +in 1507.—2. Sir Richard.—3. Sir William.—4. Sir George; and one +daughter, Anne, married to George Talbot, fourth Earl of Shrewsbury.</p> + +<p>Lord Hastings made his will 27 June, 1481, bequeaths his body to be +buried in the "<i>Chapel of Seynt George at Wyndesore</i>," and "<i>that +there be ordeigned a tumbe convenient for me by myne executors, and +for the costs of the same I bequeath c marks</i>." After many religious +bequests,—"<i>also when George, Erle of Shrewsbury, whose warde and +marriage to be, me is granted, &c.,—hath married Anne my daughter, I +woll that if the same Erle should die, which God defend, &c., that +then Thomas brother of the said Erle take to wife, her the same Anne, +&c.</i>,"—gives to "<i>Kateryn myn entirely beloved wyff</i>," sundry manors +and constitutes her one of his executors, and "<i>ordaynes John, Lord +Dynham</i>," a contemporary of west-country fame, as one of the +surveyors.</p> + +<p>Katharine, Lady Hastings, made her will 22 Nov., 1503, and orders her +body "<i>to be buried in our Lady Chapell, within the parish church of +Ashby-de-la-Zouch</i>," gives numerous religious bequests, and "<i>where I +owe unto Cecilie, Marquesse Dorset, certain summes of money which I +borrowed of her at diverse times, I woll that the said Cecilie in full +contentation of all summes of money as I owe unto her, have my bed of +arres, tittor, tester, and counterpane, which she late borrowed of me; +and over that I woll that she have my tabulet of</i> <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">59</a></span> <i>gold that she +now hath in her hands for a pledge, and three curtains of blew +sarcionet, and three quishons of counterfeit arres with imagery of +women, a long quishon, and two short of blew velvet, also two +carpets</i>;" and "<i>makes and ordaines Cercell, Marquis Dorset, widow</i>," +one of her executors. She died in 1504.</p> + +<p>Lord Hastings was buried in the Chantry erected by his widow, and +dedicated to St. Stephen, in the north arcade of the choir of St. +George's Chapel at Windsor Castle. The screen that separates it from +the aisle, is of three stories, the two upper of open work with +tracery. Above is a cornice with Tudor flower cresting, and in the +centre, an open-vizored helmet with mantling, supporting the Hastings' +crest, <i>from out a ducal coronet, a bull's head affrontée, couped at +the shoulders</i>. Below are the arms of Hastings, <i>a maunch sable</i>, and +this device with the Garter appears in a series below. The screen was +originally richly painted and gilded. There is no monument within it, +and probably there never was such. In general design the Hastings' +Chantry has much in common with Canon Oxenbridge's, on the opposite +side of the choir.</p> + +<p>To return to Lord Bonville. We have thus traced as clearly and +succinctly as may be, this somewhat tangled genealogy of their +descents, and its bloodstained surroundings, to clear the ground, and +get a more comprehensive view of the circumstances that may have had +their influence on the last years of Lord Bonville's life, and also to +afford some reason as to when, and why, he finally transferred his +influence and allegiance from the Red to the White Rose.</p> + +<p>Our last glimpse of him was in 1455, when he was said to have +"valiantly performed" the duel on Clyst-Heath, with Thomas Courtenay, +Earl of Devon, the real basis of which quarrel it is inferred, but not +authenticated, was his presumed sympathy then with the cause of the +White Rose, and so raised the anger of his antagonist, who was warmly +interested on the side of the Red.</p> + +<p>Apart from this rather apochryphal incident, there does not appear to +be any direct evidence of his identification, at least actively, with +the cause of York for the next five years. There were reasons why +perhaps this might not be so. He was then married to his second wife, +a Courtenay, the member of a family strongly identified with the +fortunes of the Red Rose. She was the widow of a wealthy peer, and her +present husband's son was married to the heiress of her first +husband's house, in the person of her niece, the only daughter of his +brother; and there does not appear to be any evidence as to which way +the Haringtons leant toward the impending struggle, that may have +influenced him. Lord Bonville may from conviction have passively +inclined toward the interest of York, but no mention is made of his +being at the first battle of St. Albans (which took place the same +year as the duel on Clyst-Heath) 22 May, 1455, nor as to his being in +any way concerned with the fluctuating aspects of the strife during +the next four years, up to and including the battle of Bloreheath, +which occurred 23 Sep., 1459.</p> + +<p>But about 1458-9 a new and very powerful factor found admission into +Lord Bonville's family, in the marriage of his grandson with <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">60</a></span> +Katharine Nevill, the sister of the king-maker, Richard, Earl of +Warwick, the central point around which the hopes of the White Rose +concentrated, while her other brother George Nevill presided over the +diocese of Exeter. It is difficult to estimate the important influence +this relationship would naturally exercise on the Bonvilles, +especially if already inclined that way, and doubtless it did add +considerable weight to turn the scale promptly, and as it turned out +irremediably, on the side of York, as immediate events shew.</p> + +<p>Taking the foregoing speculations and surmises, however, only for what +they are worth, by the middle of the year 1460, there could be no +doubt as to the side Lord Bonville had taken, whether by the "subtile +insinuations" of his grandson's wife's family or otherwise. The battle +of Northampton took place 10 July, 1460, and the unfortunate +half-demented Henry VI. being taken prisoner, we are told by Prince, +with probable correctness, the king was, "among others, committed to +the care and custody of the Lord Bonvil."</p> + +<p>Doubtless afterward, Lord Bonville, accompanied by his son and +grandson, found distinguished places in the retinue of the king-maker, +in their triumphal march back to London, escorting the captive monarch +in the train.</p> + +<p>Short spell of success and victory, soon to be followed by a terrible +nemesis! The scared but determined Margaret of Anjou, and her son +Edward had escaped into Scotland, and presently the dark war-clouds +were again gathering north and south for another sanguinary conflict. +Six months of preparation brought the combatants together, and on the +31 Dec., in the same year, the frightful and merciless battle of +Wakefield shattered, for the time, the hopes of York to the centre.</p> + +<p>Among the nobles fighting on the side of Queen Margaret, was Lord +Bonville's neighbour and old antagonist, Thomas Courtenay, Earl of +Devon; and on the other, arrayed in the cause of York, were the three +generations of the Bonvilles, two of whom were destined never to come +out of that fearful conflict alive. Whether in the thick of the +battle, or in the pursuit that followed, may not be related, but both +son and grandson perished, and Prince intensifies its horror by +relating "that both were slain before his (the grandfather—Lord +Bonville's) face."</p> + +<p>In the carnage fell also Richard, Duke of York, whose head Margaret, +in womanish revenge, then caused to be struck off and displayed over +one of the gates of York, decorated with a paper crown; while +immediately after, his second son, the Earl of Rutland, a beautiful +boy of thirteen was stabbed to the heart by the savage Clifford. +Eleven years intervened of ceaseless anxiety, and then at Tewkesbury, +Margaret's own son Edward shared a similar dreadful fate at the hands +of his captors.</p> + +<p>In the pursuit that followed the battle of Wakefield, during the +night, the Earl of Salisbury—the Lady Katharine Bonville's +father—was captured, taken to Pontefract Castle, and the next day +beheaded. The brother also, Sir Thomas Nevill, was killed in the +engagement,—so <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">61</a></span> that she lost husband, father, and brother in the +fight; misfortunes almost greater than Lord Bonville's.</p> + +<p>Thus died in the prime of life William Bonville (Lord Harington), the +father,—and also before he had scarcely emerged from his teens, +William Bonville the son. Probably both found common sepulture on the +battle-field, or unrecorded graves in some sanctuary near. The Earl of +Salisbury's body, and that of his son Thomas, were subsequently +conveyed to Bisham Abbey in Berkshire, and there interred, with others +of their ancestors and kindred.</p> + +<p>It would be supposed that the aged Lord Bonville, satiated and stunned +with these accumulated horrors, would have quietly withdrawn from the +desperate dangers of further participation in these conflicts, and +devoted the remainder of his declining days to a more peaceful life, +and the preservation and guardianship of his baby +great-grand-daughter, the last green branch of his antient stock, the +infant Cecily. But no, his very name was now practically extinguished, +his son and grandson were not, and the iron of misfortune had probably +entered and seared his soul. Determined and perhaps reckless of the +future on thus seeing all his hope and ambition blasted, he still +followed on, for good or for evil, to the bitter end, regardless of +consequence, the fortune of the cause he had espoused, and for which +he had sacrificed so much. Who may enter into, or estimate fully the +feelings that convulsed the stricken heart of this old man, under such +an avalanche of misery?</p> + +<p>But this misery, sharp as it was, was mercifully of short duration. +Six weeks only intervened, in which interval it is probable Lord +Bonville retreated from Wakefield, with such of the discomfited army +that remained unslain, back to join the Earl of Warwick, then waiting +on the outskirts of London to effect a junction with the forces of +Edward, Duke of York, who had just fought and won a decisive victory +over Jasper and Owen Tudor, with a Lancastrian army at Mortimer's +Cross, near Hereford.</p> + +<p>Before however this could be accomplished, the energetic Margaret, +flushed with success, and hurrying southward in hope to secure the +metropolis, was upon him; and the furious battle of St. Albans on the +18 Feb., 1460-1, was the result. There she at first received a check, +but by turning the position she fell on Warwick's army, and the combat +was carried on over the undulating country, between St. Albans and +Barnet, in which two thousand Yorkists are said to have perished. At +nightfall, Warwick found himself beaten at all points, and made +precipitate retreat, leaving the King, who was accompanying the army +as a prisoner, behind.</p> + +<p>It would require no seer to divine the vindictive thoughts of +Margaret, on regaining possession of her captive husband, and the +consummate danger environing those in whose custody she found him, +whether for preservation or otherwise. The Queen and her son +discovered the helpless man in his tent with one personal attendant +only, Lord Montague his Chamberlain. But there were at least two other +distinguished men near, who were said to have remained to guard him +from the lawless soldiery, one was the brave Sir Thomas <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">62</a></span> Kyriel, +and the other Lord Bonville. Both could doubtless have fled with the +rest of the fugitives, had they been so minded, but it is recorded, +that out of chivalrous feelings, when urged by the King to remain by +him and protect him, they did so, under the assurance from him that +their lives should be preserved.</p> + +<p>A fatally hazardous undertaking in those days of merciless reprisals, +and so it turned out. Whatever the well-meaning King may have promised +and perhaps really wished, his wife, the determined Margaret, was the +"master of the situation," and the arbiter of their destiny; nor was +she probably wanting in prompters calculated to urge her to wreak the +worst vengeance upon her husband's guardians. However that may be, it +is recorded, that as she turned from the battle-field in the evening, +she left orders for their decapitation the next day, and the barbarous +sentence was promptly carried out.</p> + +<p>Weever says,—</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> +<p>"Sir <i>Thomas Kiriell</i> was beheaded with the Lord <i>Bouvile</i> the +day after the second battell at <i>St. Albons</i>, in the raigne of +king Henry the sixth: or slain in the battell according to John +Harding.</p></div> + +<p class="left30"><span class="i2">'The Lords of the north southward came,</span><br /> +To Sainct <i>Albones</i>, vpon fasting gang eve<br /> +Wher then thei slewe the Lord Bouvile I leve<br /> +And Sir <i>Thomas Kyriell</i> also of Kent,<br /> +With mekell folke, that pitee was to se.'"</p> + +<p>The old chronicler Hollingshed describing this unhappy transaction +tells us with greater truth,—</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> +<p>"When the daie was closed, those that were about the king (in +number a twenty thousand) hearing how euill their fellowes had +sped, began utterlie to despair of the victorie, and so fell +without anie long tarriance to running awaie. By reason whereof, +the nobles that were about the king, perceiving how the game +went, and withall saw no comfort in the king, but rather a good +will and affection toward the contrarie part, they withdrew also, +leauing the king accompanied by the Lord Bonneuille and Sir +Thomas Kiriell of Kent, which vpon assurance of the king's +promise, tarried with him and fled not. But their trust deceived +them, for at the queenes departing from Saint Albons they were +both beheaded, though contrarie to the mind and promise of her +husband."</p></div> + +<p>No record exists of Lord Bonville's burial place. At the first battle +of St. Alban's, in 1455, the Abbot craved the bodies of the slain +nobles from the victors, and buried them in the choir of the Abbey +Church. But after this second engagement, Margaret's ill-paid, +freebooting soldiers pillaged the town and abbey, so that probably +those that perished were hastily interred near where they fell. This +plundering the abbey "entirely changed the worthy Abbot Whethamstede's +politics, and from being a zealous Lancastrian, he became a Yorkist."</p> + +<p>Lord Bonville's ancestors in the direct line were mostly, if not all, +buried in the choir of Newenham Abbey Church, near Axminster, of which +hardly a trace now remains.</p> + +<p>At the death of Lord Bonville, his brother Thomas of Tamerton-Foliot, +was still alive, and survived until 11 Feb., 1467. He left one son +John, who deceased in 1494, leaving a daughter Anne, married to <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">63</a></span> +Philip Coplestone. Some years anterior to this, the little +child-heiress of Shute, Cicely Bonville, grown to woman's estate, was +wedded,—and so, before the fifteenth century had closed, the antient +and influential name of Bonville was extinct.<a name="FNanchor_15" id="FNanchor_15"></a><a href="#Footnote_15" class="fnanchor">[15]</a></p> + +<p>It is with feelings of relief that we turn away, at least for a time, +from these scenes of horror. The Wars of the Roses appear to us, we +regret to say, to have been imbued with very little, if any, chivalry. +They were in the main, only fought for the selfish purpose, lust of +power, and as a consequence, were attended by the congenial sinister +characteristics of cruelty, treachery, and revenge. It is noteworthy +however, that notwithstanding so many of the common people shed their +blood and lost their lives thus freely, and it may be added +ignorantly, partly lured and partly compelled probably to take part in +these conflicts, at the bidding of their superiors in station and +wealth striving for the mastery, it was not upon them as a class the +great social misfortunes of the war fell. As a general result, the +engagements being over, their little houses and surroundings were +scarcely ever ravaged or destroyed, the humble partizans in these +sanguinary encounters, if victors, do not seem to have laid waste or +appropriated their beaten neighbours' possessions, but simply kept +their legions together, until their antagonists had time to rally, and +again gather themselves in array for another trial of strength; an +extraordinary, in its way, but by no means uncommon hallucination, +that has first and last, in the world's history, cost millions of +lives, wasted to determine the unmanly and degrading sentiment as to +who should be a nation's master and rule over them;—a totally +opposite aspiration to a people engaged fighting against a tyranny for +liberty. But not thus comparatively scatheless, did the great actors +in and promoters of this sanguinary drama, come off from the effects +of the internecine strife. These men were desperate gamblers for high +stakes, and the loss of the game to them was a fatal mischance, +resulting in the deprivation of their lives, the confiscation of their +estates, and occasionally—as with Bonville and the elder strain of +Courtenay, extermination of their race also. No such terrible social +quarrel ever convulsed England, nor heart-rending dissension so +bitter, sown between the nearest and dearest relatives and friends, +that the very commonest ties of humanity were outraged, dyed in blood, +and trampled under foot, until at last the majority of the most +illustrious families in the land were wrecked in misery and +destruction.</p> + +<p>Over such a relation as this, friend of mine, fraught with +contingencies and evils so desperate, let us close the record for +awhile.</p> + +<hr class="c15" /> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">64</a></span> +Old Shute Park! A royally descending gift of demesne,—as such, sacred +from the intrusion of despoiling hands, and therefore happily +preserved to us undesecrated of Nature's abounding charms and native +beauty.</p> + +<p>Here we are, seated on one of its pleasant knolls, throned in +luxuriant ferns, surrounded by magnificent trees, and a calm, sunny, +summer evening. Overhead a congregation of noisy rooks are flapping +about, quarrelling with us apparently for thus intruding on the +solitude of their domain. Below, across the openings of a densely +foliaged avenue, a shadowy train of flying horn and bounding hoof has +passed noiseless as an apparition into the adjoining covert, where +they presently assemble in timorous conclave, at safer distance, alert +and watchful.</p> + +<p class="left30 font90">"Gold of the reddening sunset, backward thrown<br /> +In largess on these old paternal trees,<br /> +Thou with false hope or fear did'st never tease<br /> +His heart that hoards thee; nor is childhood flown,<br /> +From him, whose life no fairer boon hath known<br /> +Than that which pleased him earliest, still should please:<br /> +And who hath incomes safe from chance as these,<br /> +Gone in a moment, yet for life his own?"</p> + +<p>Such is the commentary Nature suggests, as we linger on this +delightful acclivity. But what to us is the inspiration of the hour, +whose minds are now busy in contemplation of the olden doings of her +sons?</p> + +<p>Look along that glade of venerable oaks, huge, gnarled, and twisted, +the duration of whose lives may be reckoned by centuries, yet still +hale, vigorous and leaf-arrayed, whose outward and visible aspect +during the little cycle of mortal existence that at present looks upon +them, has shewn no appreciable change, and will probably with +unvarying regularity continue to display their perennial Spring +garniture, to many succeeding generations, long after the eyes that +now behold them have closed for ever.</p> + +<p>Among them yonder is a veteran with a regal appellative—called after +him, surnamed of Lackland,—"King John's Oak," with which monarch, +tradition delivers it was in existence contemporary. And who is to say +the legend is not correct, especially as every lineament of this aged +grandee of the forest's appearance, goes to confirm it. Could a tongue +be given thee, old tree, what a history mightest thou relate. Then, +probably in the vigour of early youth, thou mayest have witnessed the +<i>first</i> Bonville, that claimed the ownership of this acclivity, pass +cross-bow in hand under thy branches. His influential descendant who +lies at rest in the valley of the far distance, and his still more +celebrated but unfortunate grandson—both, when in the flesh,—with +little doubt thou hast seen. Aye, even the little Lady Cicely—the +<i>last</i> hope of their unfortunate race,—may have toddled and prattled +beneath thy shade, and afterward escorted by her noble husband, +accompanied by his august relative, the moody and astute Henry VII., +and followed by her fine family, rested beside or near <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">65</a></span> thee, when +that monarch and his host exercised their skill as bowmen in these +delightful glades.</p> + +<p>Then a season of desertion and gloom fell for a time over these +erstwhile pleasant precincts; but when the star of the last Tudor +sovereign was in the ascendant, then it again became thy destiny to +welcome the new owner of this historic and time-honoured appanage, and +thenceforward from time to time to greet each succeeding inheritor +down to its genial possessor of the present hour. Here, may we not +appropriately say,</p> + +<p class="center font90">"Beneath thy shadowing leafage dense<br /> +What stories have been told;—<br /> +Perchance of booty won and shared<br /> +Beneath the starry cope,—<br /> +Or beauty kept an evil tryste,<br /> +Ensnared by love and hope,—<br /> +Of old intrigues,<br /> +And privy leagues,<br /> +Of traitor lips that muttered plots,<br /> +Of kin who fought and fell;<br /> +Performed long generations since,<br /> +If trees had tongues to tell."</p> + +<p>Notwithstanding all the devices of man, for perpetuity of +remembrance,—Nature, changing yet changeless, silent, unobtrusive and +unobserved, often continues and preserves the clue that binds all our +generations together, long after our own mortal schemes and efforts, +though projected with the utmost care, have passed away; and carefully +and lovingly bridges the void of Time, if not by actual record, by the +even more true and gracious message of association.</p> + +<p>And well it is so; in her tender keeping alone the memory of Bonville +is now seemingly vested, for of their former existence, residence, or +sepulture, otherwise not a vestige recalling their direct line, we +believe, remains. On the capitals of the pillars of Powderham church, +are shields displaying the <i>torteaux</i> of Courtenay, impaling the +<i>mullets</i> of Bonville, allusive to the marriage of Sir William +Courtenay, the Lord of Powderham, who died in 1485, with Margaret +Bonville, daughter of the noble and unfortunate victim of St. Albans, +and a further shield similarly charged, having relation to the same +alliance, is found on the capital of a pillar in Stockland church. +Beyond this, and until the girl-heiress of Shute had been many years +married, if not in her widowhood,—mementos which in due time will +engage our attention—no further trace has been discovered.</p> + +<p>We descend from our pleasant elevation, and our steps lead us a short +distance over to what is now called Old Shute. The church stands on a +little acclivity to the left, but in addition to the tower, whose +supporting arches are of Early English type, coeval probably with the +first Bonville,—and were in being when the interesting christening +ceremony, previously recorded, took place,—there is apparently little +of the fabric that was in existence when the name was extinguished.</p> + +<p>It is equally doubtful if any part of the present Old Shute House was +erected by them. The portion of the main fabric remaining, as <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">66</a></span> +also the gate-house, are both of Elizabethan origin, and retain +evidence of having been erected by William Pole, Esq. (whose initials +W. P. occur in the spandrels of one of the doorways), who purchased +the Bonville's confiscated inheritance here of Secretary Petre, to +whom Queen Mary gave it, after the attainder and execution of the Duke +of Suffolk, last male representative of the Bonville blood.</p> + +<p>And the mention of the name of the Duke of Suffolk brings us back +again to our little annals, and to Cicely, the girl-possessor of this +antient inheritance and a vast accumulation of other family property, +a baroness with the two titles of Bonville and Harington,—altogether +an heiress of the first magnitude.</p> + +<p>After her father, grandfather, and great-grandfather's untimely +deaths, her mother the Lady Katharine, and her second husband Lord +Hastings, were constituted, as we have mentioned, her legal guardians, +and had custody of her estates until she was of age, which was fixed +at the mature period of sixteen. But this was considered quite a +marriageable age at that era; and which would have arrived at about +1476-7. We have also described how her stepfather Lord Hastings had +the wardship of her future husband, and so it fell out that in due +time "a convenient marriage was purveyed for her."</p> + +<p>Thomas Grey was the eldest son of Sir John Grey of Groby, by his wife +Elizabeth,—daughter of Richard Widville, afterward Earl Rivers,—who +subsequently became Queen to Edward IV. Sir John Grey was killed +fighting on the side of the Red Rose at the second battle of St. +Albans, 18 Feb., 1460-1, the same engagement, after which Cicely's +great-grandfather lost his head.</p> + +<p>He was first created Earl of Huntingdon 4 Aug., 1471, a title he +afterward relinquished on his being advanced to the Marquisate of +Dorset, an honour which was performed with great state ceremony 18 +April, 1475, "<i>per cincturam gladii, et capæ honoris et dignitatis +impositionem</i>, the coronet being omitted. Upon which day he sate in +his habit at the upper end of the table among the knights in St. +Edward's chamber."</p> + +<p>The rich girl-bride was his second wife, and presumably he was +considerably her senior in years. His first wife was both of royal +descent and alliance, being his step-father's niece, Anne daughter of +the unfortunate Henry Holland, the last Duke of Exeter, found drowned +between Calais and Dover in 1473,—by his wife Anne, daughter of +Richard, Duke of York, and sister to Edward IV. There does not appear +to have been any issue of this marriage.</p> + +<p>By his second wife Cicely Bonville, the Marquis is said to have had +the large family of fifteen (Leland makes it only fourteen) children, +seven sons and eight daughters.</p> + +<p>Of the sons, Thomas the eldest succeeded his father to the title.</p> + +<p>Leonard, was in 1536 created Viscount Graney in the peerage of +Ireland, and same year authorized to execute the office of Deputy of +Ireland under Henry Fitzroy, Duke of Richmond, natural son of king +Henry VIII., by Elizabeth daughter of Sir John Blount, and widow of +Gilbert, Lord Talboys. In 1540 he was recalled, and the next year +articles of high treason were exhibited against him, and <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">67</a></span> +although he had shewn the king good services formerly both in France +and Ireland, was charged with a purpose to join Cardinal Pole and +other the king's enemies, and to that end had left the king's ordnance +in Galloway, and consented to the escape of his nephew Gerald (son of +his sister Eleanor), and being brought to trial confessed all. He was +thereupon beheaded on Tower Hill, and attainted by the Parliament then +sitting.</p> + +<div class="p2 figcenter"> <img src="images/095_s.jpg" width="200" height="292" +alt="GATEWAY." title="" /></div> +<p class="center"><span class="smcap">OLD SHUTE GATEWAY.</span><br /> +<a href="images/095_b.jpg">View larger image</a></p> + +<p class="p2">This nephew, he had consented to the escape of, was Gerald, his +sister's eldest son, who subsequently became the eleventh Earl of +Kildare. He was born in 1525, and at the time of his half-brother's +execution about ten years of age. Henry VIII., "being very averse to +his whole family, and offering large sums of money for his +apprehension," the poor youth's peril was imminent, and his escapes +almost marvellous, from the treachery that environed him, and plots +laid to get possession of his person; besides disease and accidents of +extraordinary nature that otherwise threatened his existence. But he +contrived to keep safe until after the death of Henry VIII., when +Edward VI. reinstated him in much of his forfeited property, and Queen +Mary, at the intercession of Cardinal Pole, restored him, 13 May, +1554, to the titles of Baron Offaley and Earl of Kildare.</p> + +<p>George was in holy orders. Edward and Anthony died young, and John, of +whom we have no further account.</p> + +<p>Of the daughters,—Dorothy married first, Robert, the second Lord +Willoughby de Broke, and secondly, William Blount, seventh Lord +Montjoy, who died in 1594.</p> + +<p>Cicely married John Sutton, seventh Lord Dudley,—"a man of weak +understanding, who became entangled in usurer's bonds, and at last +became exposed to the charity of his friends for subsistence, and +spending the remainder of his life in visits among them, was commonly +called <i>Lord Quondam</i>."</p> + +<p>Mary, as his first wife, to Walter Devereux, Lord Ferrers of Chartley, +and Bourchier, created first Viscount Hereford, 1549, and K.G.</p> + +<p>Margaret, as his second wife, to Richard Wake, of Hartwell, +Northamptonshire, second son and heir of Roger Wake of Blisworth in +the same county, who died 19 Henry VII., 1504.</p> + +<p>Elizabeth, as his first wife, to Sir John Arundell of Lanherne, +Cornwall. He was the eldest son of Sir Thomas Arundell, K.B., who died +1 Oct., 1485, by Katharine, third daughter of Sir John Dinham, and +coheir to her brother John, Lord Dinham; their daughter Elizabeth was +wife of Giles, Lord Daubeney, K.G. "Sir John Arundell was made a +Knight of the Bath on the eve of All Saints, 31 October, 1494, Knight +of the Garter, 1501, and Knight Banneret in the expedition to +Terouenne and Tournay at the battle of 'the Spurs,' in 1513, Receiver +of the Duchy of Cornwall in 1506, and Receiver General for life, 1509" +(Dunkin). He died 36 Henry VIII., 1545. Their second son Thomas was +ancestor of the Lords Arundel of Wardour.</p> + +<p>Their splendid and originally richly enamelled brass still exists in +the church of St. Columb-Major, Cornwall, in a fairly complete state, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">68</a></span> the knight bare-headed, but otherwise in complete armour, between +his two wives (the second was Katharine, daughter of Sir Thomas +Grenville), in gowns, mantles, and pedimental head-dresses. Below them +were two smaller male figures, one partly perfect in armour, and +underneath again, six female children, of whom two remain. The +inscription, partly missing, is on a ledger-line,—</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> +<p class="left5 gothic"> ✠ John Arundell Knyght of ye Bath and Knyght Banneret Recey ... +ye Duchye of Cornewall ffirst Ma ... Elizabeth Grey Daughter to +the Lorde Marques Dorset & after Kateryn ye Daughter of Syr +Thomas Gre ... ght of ffebruary the xxxvi yere of the raigne +of Kyng Henry the Eyght an<sup>o</sup> domine 1545 and ye +and ye yere of his age</p></div> + +<p>There were formerly eight shields of arms; of these six remain +quartered as follows,—</p> + +<p>(1.) <i>Baron</i>, quarterly of six:—1. <span class="smcap">Arundell.</span>—2. <span class="smcap">Dinham.</span>—3. +<span class="smcap">Arches.</span>—4. <span class="smcap">Chideock.</span>—5. <span class="smcap">Carminow.</span>—6. <span class="smcap">Arundell</span>;—impaling <i>femme</i>, +quarterly of eight,—1. <span class="smcap">Grey.</span>—2. <span class="smcap">Hastings.</span>—3. <span class="smcap">Valence.</span> 4. <span class="smcap">Ferrers of +Groby.</span>—5. <span class="smcap">Astley.</span>—6. <span class="smcap">Widville.</span>—7. <span class="smcap">Bonville.</span>—8. <span class="smcap">Harington.</span> For Sir +John Arundell, and the Lady Elizabeth Grey, his first wife.</p> + +<p>(2.) <i>Baron</i>, quarterly of six as before, impaling <i>femme</i>, quarterly +of four:—1 and 4. <span class="smcap">Grenville.</span>—2 and 3. <span class="smcap">Whitley.</span> For Sir John Arundell +and Katharine Grenville his second wife.</p> + +<p>(3.) <i>Baron</i>, as before, impaling <i>femme</i>, quarterly of four:—1. +<span class="smcap">Howard.</span>—2. <span class="smcap">Brotherton.</span>—3. <span class="smcap">Warren.</span>—4. <span class="smcap">Mowbray.</span> For Sir Thomas +Arundell (second son of Sir John), and his wife Margaret Howard, +daughter of Lord Edmund Howard, and sister of Queen Katharine Howard.</p> + +<p>(4.) <i>Baron</i>, quarterly of four:—1 and 4. <span class="smcap">Edgcumbe.</span>—2 and 3. +<span class="smcap">Holland</span>;—impaling <i>femme</i>, Arundell and other quartered coats as +before. For Richard Edgcumbe and Elizabeth daughter of Sir John +Arundell.</p> + +<p>(5.) <i>Baron</i>, quarterly of eight:—1. <span class="smcap">Ratcliffe.</span>—2. <span class="smcap">Fitz-Walter.</span>—3. +<span class="smcap">Burnell.</span>—4. <span class="smcap">Botetourt.</span>—5. <span class="smcap">Lucy.</span>—6. <span class="smcap">Milton.</span>—7. <span class="smcap">Mortimer of +Norfolk.</span>—8. <span class="smcap">Culcheth</span>?;—impaling <i>femme</i>, Arundell with quartered +coats as before. For Mary (daughter of Sir John Arundell and his +second wife Katharine Grenville;) and her <i>first</i> husband, Robert +Ratcliffe, Earl of Sussex.</p> + +<p>(6.) <i>Baron</i>, quarterly of four:—1. <span class="smcap">Fitz-Alan.</span>—2. <span class="smcap">Fitz-Alan of +Bedale.</span>—3. <span class="smcap">Widville.</span>—4, quarterly, 1 and 4 <span class="smcap">Maltravers.</span> 2 and 3 +<span class="smcap">Clun</span>;—impaling <i>femme</i>, Arundell, &c., as before. For Mary Arundell, +as above, and her <i>second</i> husband, Henry Howard, Earl of Arundel.</p> + +<p>Although, from his memorial brass, Sir John Arundell is presumably +buried here, Weever, in his notice of St. Mary Woolnoth, <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">69</a></span> London, +gives this inscription as being found in that church for him,—</p> + +<p class="center smcap">"HERE LIETH SIR <i>JOHN ARUNDELL</i> KNIGHT OF THE BATH, AND<br /> +KNIGHT BANERET, RECEIVOR OF THE DUCHY ......................<br /> +GREY DAUGHTER TO THE LORD MARQUESE <i>DORSET</i>, WHO<br /> +DIED 8 FEBR: THE 36 OF THE REIGNE OF KING <i>HEN.</i> THE 8."</p> + +<p>Of the three remaining daughters of Cicely Bonville, Marchioness of +Dorset, Eleanor married as his second wife Gerald Fitzgerald, ninth +Earl of Kildare, for a considerable time Lord Deputy of Ireland during +the reign of Henry VIII. In his prime, he is said to have been "one of +the fairest men then living," and led a very eventful and troubled +life, was greatly disliked by Wolsey, who twice got him cited to +England and sent to the Tower on charges of maladministration, and on +his third committal in 1534 to that fortress, he never emerged again +alive. During his incarceration his son—"called 'Silken Thomas,' of +tall stature, comely proportion, amiable countenance, flexible and +kind nature, and endowed with many accomplishments and good +qualities"—together with his five brothers, engaged in open +insurrection in Ireland. The news of this so "oppressed him with +grief," that it is said to have hastened his death, which took place +in 1534. Six months afterward, the five brothers and their nephew, his +son, "were all six condemned to suffer the punishment of traitors, and +were accordingly executed at Tyburn, on 2 Feb., 1535-6,—being hanged +up, cut down before they were dead and quartered." The Earl was buried +in the Tower Chapel, and on digging a grave therein for Ralph, son of +Sir Owen Hopton, Lieutenant of the Tower in 1580, his coffin was found +with this inscription on it,—</p> + +<p class="center smcap">HERE LYETH THE CORPES OF THE L. GERALD FITZ-GERALD,<br /> +EARLE OF KYLDARE, WHO DECEASED THE 12TH OF DECEMBER,<br /> +IN THE YEAR OF OUR LORD M.CCCCC.XXXIIII. ON WHOSE SOLE<br /> +JESU HAVE MERCY</p> + +<p>Of this Earl, Hollingshed relates that he was</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> +<p>"A wise, deep, and far reaching man; in war valiant and without +rashness; and politic without treachery; such a suppressor of +rebels in his government, as they durst not bear armour to the +annoyance of any subject. He was so religiously addicted to the +serving of God, as what time soever he travelled to any part of +the Country, such as were of his chapel should be sure to follow +him. He was also well affected to his wife, as he would not at +any time buy a suit of apparel for himself, but he would suit her +with the same stuff; which gentleness she recompensed with equal +kindness; for after that he deceased in the Tower, she did not +only ever after live a chaste and honourable widow, but also +nightly before she went to bed, she would resort to his picture, +and there, with a solemn <i>congé</i> she would bid her lord good +night."</p></div> + +<p>Not the least interesting, and almost romantic account, of one of the +many of Cicely Bonville's daughters. The poet Earl of Surrey's 'Fair +Geraldine' was one of this Earl's children. <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">70</a></span></p> + +<p>Of the Marchioness's two remaining daughters, Anne was married to +Richard Clement; and Bridget died young.</p> + +<p>Leland, making note of this large family, remarks,—</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> +<p>"The sole doughtar of the Lorde Harington cawlid (Cecily) was +maried to Thomas the first Marquese of Dorset that favorid the +cummynge of Henry the vii, and he had by hir a 14 children, bothe +men and wimen of excedinge goodly parsonage, of which the first +sune lyvyd not longe, and then had Thomas the name of Lorde +Harington, and aftar was the second Marquese of Dorset."</p></div> + +<p>The Marquis of Dorset with Lord Hastings commanded the rear-guard at +the battle of Tewkesbury, and after the engagement was over, and the +young Prince Edward taken prisoner, who being introduced to Edward's +presence, and interrogated, was brutally struck by him on the mouth +with his gauntlet, and was thereupon dragged out of the king's +presence and murdered by the attendant nobles, the Marquis of Dorset +is said to have been among the savage conclave. Mercy and pity appear +at the time to have fled from the earth.</p> + +<p>Naturally all went well with the Marquis during the reign of his +father-in-law, Edward IV., but at that king's death the machinations +of Gloucester, Buckingham, and Hastings, the entrapping Earl Rivers, +and getting possession of the persons of the young king and his +brother, placed him in considerable peril. The Duke of York was under +his custody in London, as Governor of the Tower, but on the approach +of Gloucester to London, with the young king, the Marquis, together +with the Duke of York, the Queen-Mother and her family at once took +sanctuary at Westminster.</p> + +<p>Events rapidly succeeded each other. Gloucester got first named +Protector, a stepping-stone merely to his assumption of the Crown; the +Earl Rivers and his companions, and Lord Hastings, were mercilessly +disposed of; the young king and his brother sent to the Tower. Nothing +now remained calculated to give Richard any cause for uneasiness, or +lie in the way of his ambition, but the fact that these two poor boys, +his nephews, were still alive. This difficulty did not exist long, and +they perished under the influence of the same hideous resolve.</p> + +<p>But the retribution was surely coming, if delayed for a time. +Buckingham had retired in dudgeon to his castle at Brecknock, and his +astute prisoner Morton, soon became the capturer of his gaoler, at +least in mind, and then bade him adieu. Then followed the series of +intrigues between Buckingham, the Countess of Richmond, and the +Queen-Widow, with Sir Reginald Braye as ambassador, and Dr. Lewis as +go-between, which ended in the unfortunate rising of Buckingham, so +disastrously extinguished by the Severn flood. The Marquis of Dorset +then appears to have quitted sanctuary, and gone into Yorkshire, +presumably to raise forces, with the intention of joining the other +contingents to be gathered in Kent under Sir Richard Guilford, and +from the west under the Courtenays, Cheney, Daubeney, and others, the +place of <i>rendez-vous</i> being at Salisbury. Before however this could +be accomplished, or rather while measures <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">71</a></span> were being taken in +preparation, Buckingham's misfortune took place, and these, the other +chief actors, fled for their lives, and were fortunate to escape and +get across the channel to Brittany, and to the Earl of Richmond.</p> + +<p>Richard promptly attainted the fugitives, and, says Rapin,—</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> +<p>"issued a Proclamation against Buckingham, and the Marquis of +Dorset, with others of his adherents, whom he supposed to be in +league with him. But as the Marquis had not appeared in arms, and +so could not be styled a rebel, he made use of another pretence +to involve him in the sentence. He said that having taken oath at +his coronation to punish vice and wickedness, he was obliged to +punish the Marquis of Dorset, notorious for his debaucheries, who +had seduced and ravished several virgins, being guilty of sundry +adulteries, &c. A reward of a thousand marks, or one hundred +marks a year (in land), was promised to anyone who would bring +the Marquis to justice, and sums in proportion for the rest that +were named in the Proclamation."</p></div> + +<p>They got safely across however, and so foiled the tender intentions of +this amiable potentate. Richmond appeared soon after, returning from +his fruitless voyage across the channel, and,</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> +<p>"when he arrived he heard of the Duke of Buckingham's death, and +found the Marquis of Dorset, and other English gentlemen who had +made their escape. They all swore allegiance to him, and he took +his corporal oath on the same day, the 25th of December, that he +would marry the Princess Elizabeth, when he had suppressed the +usurper Richard, and was in the possession of the Crown."</p></div> + +<p>Richard, however, who was kept well informed of all that went on +abroad, had determined if possible to check-mate this scheme of +Richmond, by marrying the lady himself,—</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> +<p>"and to that end did his utmost to ingratiate himself with her +mother the Queen Elizabeth. He sent flattering messages to her in +Sanctuary, promised to advance the Marquis of Dorset and all her +relations, and won upon her so much by his fair speeches, that +forgetting the many affronts he had cast upon the memory of her +husband, on her own honour and the legitimacy of her children, +and even the murder of her dear sons, she complyed with him, and +promised to bring over her son, and all the late king's friends +from the party of Richmond, and went so far as to deliver up her +five daughters into his hand. She also wrote to her son the +Marquis of Dorset, to leave Richmond and hasten to England where +she had procured him a pardon, and provided all sorts of honours +for him."</p></div> + +<p>Then, of course, followed the "illness" of Richard's poor Queen, now +completely in the way of these delicate arrangements, who hearing</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> +<p>"what was reported against her, believed it came from her +husband, and thence concluding that her hour was drawing nigh, +ran to him in a most sorrowful and deplorable condition, and +demanded of him, '<i>what she had done to deserve death</i>.' Richard +answered her with fair words and false smiles bidding her '<i>be of +good cheer for to his knowledge she had no other cause</i>.' But +whether her grief, as he designed it should, struck so to her +heart, that it broke with the mortal wound, or he hastened her +end, as was generally suspected, by poison, she died in a few +days afterward."</p></div> + +<p>Thus another victim was removed from this ghastly panorama of +treachery and guilt. She was the daughter of the Earl of Warwick, the +'king-maker,' and, when Richard married her, widow of Prince Edward +(heir to Henry VI.), so foully murdered after the battle of <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">72</a></span> +Tewkesbury. The Lady Katharine Bonville was her aunt, and Cicely +Bonville, her daughter, was the poor Queen's cousin.</p> + +<p>Richard's new matrimonial project did not go on so smoothly as he +expected, his former Queen "was scarcely cold in her grave, before he +made his addresses to the Princess Elizabeth, who held his pretended +love in abhorrence, and the whole kingdom averse to so unnatural a +marriage,"—she was his own niece. He therefore put off for a time +further prosecuting his suit, and "deferred his courtship until he was +better settled on the throne."</p> + +<p>Richmond, who in his turn had full knowledge of all Richard's +proceedings, was quite equal to the occasion, and determined to foil +his rival both of wife and kingdom, which he successfully +accomplished.</p> + +<p>In the meantime the Queen-Mother, to oblige Richard, continued</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> +<p>"to write her son the Marquis of Dorset, to leave Richmond. The +Marquis fearing the Earl would not succeed in his enterprise, +gave way to his mother's persuasions, and King Richard's +flattering promises, left the Earl, and stole away from Paris by +night, intending to escape into Flanders. But as soon as the Earl +had notice of his flight, he applied to the French Court to +apprehend him in any part of his dominions, for both himself and +his followers, were afraid of his discovering his designs if he +got to England.</p> + +<p>"Having obtained license to seize him, the Earl sent messengers +every way in search of him, and among the rest Humphrey Cheney, +Esq., who overtook him near Champaigne, and by arguments and fair +promises prevailed with him to return.</p> + +<p>"By the Marquis's disposition to leave him, the Earl began to +doubt, that if he delayed his expedition to England longer, many +more of his friends might grow cool in their zeal for him. So he +earnestly solicited the French Court for aid, 'desiring so small +a supply of men and money, that Charles could not in honour +refuse him; yet for what he lent him, he would have hostages, +that satisfaction should be made. The Earl made no scruple of +that, so leaving the Lord Marquis of Dorset (whom he still +mistrusted), and Sir John Bourchier, as his pledges at Paris, he +departed for Rouen, where the few men the French king had lent +him, and all the English that followed his future, +rendezvous'd.'"</p></div> + +<p>Rather an ignominious <i>dénouement</i>, but doubtless Richmond, quite +estimated the quality of his man, and would not allow the Marquis to +play any possible double game by taking him to England with the +expedition. So he remained at Paris, in this kind of +semi-imprisonment, until after the battle of Bosworth, Henry's +coronation, and the end of the Parliament in 1485, when the king was +possessed of some means to pay off his debt to the French king.</p> + +<p>This being obtained, he sent across to Paris and redeemed the Marquis +and Bourchier, and invited them over to England. On the 18 Jan. +following, Henry married the Princess Elizabeth, half-sister to the +Marquis. Soon after the king restored him to all his honours, called +him to the Privy Council, and created him a Knight of the Garter, +being the two hundred and fortieth in the succession of that noble +Order.</p> + +<p>Henry however still distrusted him, for on his pilgrimage to +Walsingham in 1487,—</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> +<p>"being come to St. Edmunds-bury, he understood that Thomas, +Marquis of Dorset, was hasting toward him, to purge himself of +some accusations that had been made against him. But the King, +though he kept an ear for him, yet was <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">73</a></span> at the time so +doubtful, that he sent the Earl of Oxford to meet him, and +forthwith carry him to the Tower; with a fair message +nevertheless, that he should bear that disgrace with patience, +for that the King meant not his hurt, but only to preserve him +from doing hurt, either to the King's service or to himself, and +that the King should always be able (when he had cleared +himself) to make him reparation."</p></div> + +<p>Very wise of Henry, doubtless, and done in kindness to prevent his not +too strong-minded brother-in-law getting into mischief. The Marquis +remained in the Tower until after the coronation of the Queen,—when +Henry, who had locked him up "rather upon suspicion of the time, than +of the man, set him at liberty without examination, or other +circumstance."</p> + +<p>He was with the large army taken across the channel to France in 1492, +in the flotilla under the command of Lord Willoughby de Broke, which +was apparently designed, but really never intended, to assist the +Emperor Maximilian. The Marquis also held a command in the royal +forces in 1497, at the defeat of the Cornish insurgents on +Black-Heath.</p> + +<p>It is probable also he accompanied Henry into the west, at the +suppression of Perkin Warbeck's attempt in October of the same year. +Respecting this Mr. Davidson writes,—</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> +<p>"The king left Exeter on 3 November, and passed the night at the +College of St. Mary, at Ottery, and on the next day proceeded to +Newenham Abbey. At this place the king remained nearly a week +until the 10th, when he resumed his progress to London. It is +difficult indeed to imagine for what reason the king remained so +long a time at Newenham at this period, unless he was engaged in +making enquiry for such of the men of consideration in the +Counties of Devon and Somerset as had taken part with the rebels, +and in appointing the commissioners for detecting them. Among +those commissioners the name of Sir Amias Paulet appears, whose +residence in Somersetshire was at no great distance from this +place. It may be conjectured also, that the king was entertained +by the lord Marquis of Dorset, at his manor and mansion of Shute, +which is nearly adjoining the Abbey demesnes, for this nobleman +appears to have been on terms of familiar intercourse with his +sovereign. The following items appear in the king's privy purse +expenses;—'<i>1492, 7 July. To my lord Marquis for a ring of gold, +£100.—1495, March 20.—Loste at the buttes to my lord Marques +£1.</i>'"</p></div> + +<p>Four years after Warbeck's rebellion, on the 10 April, 1501, the +Marquis died; by his will, without date, he "<i>bequeathed his body to +be buried in his College at Astley, before the image of the Blessed +Trinity, in the midst of his closet, within the same College; and that +his executors should cause to be said for his soul, in every of the +four orders of Friars in London, a hundred masses, and at the time of +his burial, one hundred marks to be distributed in alms to the poor +people</i>."</p> + +<p>On a boss over the organ-gallery in St. George's Chapel, Windsor, are +the arms of the Marquis, quarterly of eight:—1. <i>Barry of six argent +and azure, in chief three torteaux</i> (<span class="smcap">Grey</span>).—2. <i>Or, a maunche gules</i> +(<span class="smcap">Hastings</span>).—3. <i>Barry of ten argent and azure, an orle of martlets +gules</i> (<span class="smcap">Valence</span>). Over these three quarterings <i>a label of three +points ermine</i>—4. <i>Gules, seven mascles, three, three, and one, or</i> +(<span class="smcap">Quincy</span>).—5. <i>Azure, a cinquefoil ermine</i> (<span class="smcap">Astley</span>).—6. <i>Argent</i>, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">74</a></span> <i>a fess and a canton gules</i> (<span class="smcap">Widville</span>).—7. <i>Sable, six mullets +argent, pierced gules</i> (<span class="smcap">Bonville</span>).—8. <i>Sable, a fret argent</i> +(<span class="smcap">Harington</span>).</p> + +<p>On his banner he bore the same quarterings. The "tenan," <i>an unicorn +ermine</i>. His standard, <i>per fess white and murrey</i>. The badges are +"<i>bunches of daisies, tufted proper</i>" (this from Widville). The motto, +"<span class="smcap">A MA PUISSANCE</span>" (Willement).</p> + +<p>Cicely Bonville, Marchioness of Dorset, married secondly Henry +Stafford, second son of Henry Stafford, second Duke of Buckingham (by +his wife Catherine daughter of Richard Widville, Earl Rivers), who, +rising in revolt against Richard III., was beheaded at Salisbury, +1483.</p> + +<p>He was created Earl of Wiltshire by Henry VII., in 1509, and +constituted a Knight of the Garter by the same monarch, being the two +hundred and fifty-eighth on the roll of the Order.</p> + +<p>The Marchioness of Dorset was his second wife. His first was Muriel, +daughter of Sir Edward Grey,—created Viscount L'Isle, 1483,—brother +to Sir John Grey, father of the Marquis of Dorset, and therefore +cousin to the Marchioness's first husband. The Earl of Wiltshire left +no issue by either of his wives. He died 6 March, 1523, when his title +became extinct.</p> + +<p>On a boss in the vaulting of the choir of St. George's Chapel, +Windsor, is his badge, <i>a Stafford knot argent, differenced by a +crescent sable</i>, and on a stall-plate below are his arms, +quarterly:—1. <i>France and England within a bordure argent</i> +(<span class="smcap">Plantagenet</span>).—2. <span class="smcap">Bohun.</span>—3. <span class="smcap">Stafford.</span>—4. <span class="smcap">Bohun, Earl of +Northampton</span>; there are no supporters. The crest, <i>in a ducal coronet, +per pale sable and gules, a demi-swan argent, beaked gules, the wings +endorsed</i>. Motto, "<span class="smcap">"HUMBLE ET LOYAL</span>" (Willement).</p> + +<p>The carved escutcheon of this Earl, quartered as above, with +<i>crescent</i> for difference, and encircled by the Garter, was found +among the ruins of the Cluniac Priory of St. Mary Magdalene at +Barnstaple, and is now preserved in a modern residence built on the +site. The <i>knot and crescent</i> are found on the churches of Axminster, +Ottery St. Mary, and Seaton, and will be further referred to.</p> + +<p>We do not hear much more of the Marchioness, but she evidently stood +very high in the Court of Henry VIII., for in September, 1533, at the +christening of the Princess, afterward Queen Elizabeth, daughter of +Queen Anne Boleyn, at Greenwich, Hall relates that "the old +Marchioness of Dorset, widow," was one of the child's god-mothers, and +in the grand procession the Marquis her son, bore the Salt, and she +afterward made the infant-princess "a present of three gilt bowls +pounced with a cover."</p> + +<p>By her will, dated 6 March, 1528-9, 19 Henry VIII., she "<i>bequeathed +her body to be buried in the Chapel of Astley, in the tomb where her +husband the late Lord Marquis lay, and a thousand masses to be said +for her soul. That a goodly tomb should be made in the Chapel of +Astley over the Lord Marquis her husband, and another for herself, and +two priests daily to sing in the said Chapel of Astley by the space of +eighty years, to pray for the soul of the said Lord Marquis and her +own soul.</i>" <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">75</a></span></p> + +<p>The exact date of her death does not appear to have been ascertained, +but probably before, or by 1530, when she would have been about +seventy years old.</p> + +<p>With the death of Cicely Bonville—last of her name and race—the main +personal interest of our little narrative ceases, and it is not +intended, in bringing our story to its conclusion, to give a long +detailed account of the two next succeeding generations of the Greys, +which belongs rather to national history.</p> + +<p>Thomas Grey, eldest son of Thomas Grey, first Marquis of Dorset, and +Cicely Bonville, was summoned to Parliament in 1509, as Lord Ferrers +of Groby, and in 1511, as the second Marquis of Dorset. He married +first Eleanor, daughter of Oliver, Lord St. John, by whom he had no +issue, and secondly Margaret, daughter of Sir Robert Wotton of Bocton +in Kent, by whom he had Henry, his successor;—John, ancestor of the +Earls of Stamford;—Elizabeth, married to Thomas, Lord Audley of +Walden, K.G., Lord Chancellor to Henry VIII., who sat as High Steward +at the trial of Henry Courtenay, Marquis of Exeter, and who died in +1544;—Catherine, to Henry Fitzalan, eighteenth and last Earl of +Arundel of that family, Lord High Steward to Queen Elizabeth, and +K.G., who died 1579;—and Anne, to Henry Willoughby of Wollaton, +Nottinghamshire.</p> + +<p>He appears to have enjoyed the favour and confidence of that +dangerously uncertain despot Henry VIII., and in 1512 was constituted +Commander-in-Chief of the expedition sent into Spain, designed as an +augmentation of the forces of the Emperor Ferdinand in the invasion of +Guienne, and with him were associated the second Lord Willoughby de +Broke and other noblemen. In 1514, he was with Charles Brandon, Duke +of Suffolk, in France at the jousts of St. Denis, and acquired +considerable renown; as afterward at the meeting of Henry and Francis +in 1521 on the Field of the Cloth of Gold. He was one of the lords who +signed the celebrated letter to Pope Clement touching the king's +divorce, and subscribed to the articles of impeachment against +Cardinal Wolsey. Altogether a pliant and observant courtier probably, +who carefully noted, studied, and complied with the errant phases of +his grim master's will, the only safe way of getting on with him, and +keeping his head on his shoulders, but, of course, requiring the aid +of a not too-exacting conscience.</p> + +<p>He made his will 1530, "<i>ordered his body to be buried at Astley, near +his father, and his executors to make and build a Chapel at Astley, +according to the will of his father, with a goodly tomb over his +father and mother, and where he himself resolved to be buried</i>." +Together with further bequests "<i>to found an alms house for thirteen +poor men, who were to have twelve pence a week, and a livery of black +cotton yearly at a cost of four shillings, and three honest priests to +pray for his soul, &c.</i>"</p> + +<p>Relating to the burial of this nobleman, we append the following, +given as a quotation by Burke,—</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> +<p>"The Collegiate church of Astley, founded by Thomas third Lord +Astley, whose heiress-general married the ancestor of this +Marquis, a most rare and <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">76</a></span> beautiful piece of workmanship, +having fallen down, a new chancel was erected by the +parishioners. When on opening the vault where the body of the +Marquis was laid, a large and long coffin of wood was found, +which at the curious desire of some, being burst open, the body +which had lain there for seventy-eight years, appeared perfect +in every respect, neither perished nor hardened, but the flesh, +in colour, proportion, and softness, alike to any corpse newly +interred. The body was about five feet eight inches in length, +the face broad and the hair yellow. All which seemed to be well +preserved from the strong embalming thereof."</p></div> + +<p>Henry Grey, third and last Marquis of Dorset, was constituted Lord +High-Constable of England for three days at the coronation of Edward +VI., 1547. In 1551 made Justice in Eyre of all the King's Forests, and +in 1552 Warden of the East, West, and Middle Marches toward Scotland, +and 11 October of the same year was created Duke of Suffolk, and +installed Knight of the Garter.</p> + +<p>He married first Katharine, daughter of William, Earl of Arundel, but +by her had no issue.</p> + +<p>Secondly, he espoused Frances, daughter of Charles Brandon, created +Duke of Suffolk in 1514, and K.G.,—by his third wife the Princess +Mary, second daughter of king Henry VII., widow of king Lewis XII., +and so Queen-Dowager of France. The issue of this marriage was three +daughters, Jane, Katharine, and Mary.</p> + +<p>The Lady Jane Grey married the Lord Guilford Dudley, son of John +Dudley, created Duke of Northumberland in 1551 and K.G.; by his wife +Jane daughter of Sir Edward Guilford, knt. The Duke his father, was +beheaded on Tower Hill 22 Aug., 1553.</p> + +<p>The Lady Katharine Grey, married first Henry, Lord Herbert, eldest son +of William, Earl of Pembroke, from whom she was divorced. Secondly she +married Lord Edward Seymour, son of the Protector Somerset, who was +beheaded on Tower Hill, 22 Jan., 1552. Lord Edward Seymour was created +by Queen Elizabeth in 1559, Baron Beauchamp of Hache, and Earl of +Hertford. But for marrying the Lady Katharine without the permission +first obtained of the imperious and unfeeling Queen, they were both +committed to the Tower. He was fined five thousand pounds, and endured +nine years imprisonment. His wife bore him three sons during her +captivity, and she died while still a prisoner in that fortress 26 +Jan., 1567. He died at an advanced age in 1621.</p> + +<p>The Lady Mary Grey married Martin Keys, Groom-Porter to Queen +Elizabeth.</p> + +<p>It is not necessary here to enter into the mournful circumstances of +the deaths,—perhaps the most sad in English history—of the youthful +Lady Jane Grey and her husband Lord Guilford Dudley,—they are fully +known to all who have the slightest acquaintanceship with our national +annals. The event occurred on 12 Feb., 1554.</p> + +<p>The same remark will apply to the fate of the Duke of Suffolk, her +father,—his participation in Wyatt's rising, the story of his fleeing +from his pursuers, hiding in a hollow tree in his park at Astley, and +betrayal (under circumstances somewhat similar to Henry Stafford, Duke +of Buckingham), by Underwood, one of his own park-keepers to whom he +had confided the secret of his life,—need only the outline of +relation here, to give semblance of completion to our little history. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">77</a></span> He found his death also by the executioner's hand on Tower +Hill, 23 Feb., 1554.</p> + +<div class="p2 figcenter"><img src="images/108_s.jpg" width="130" height="344" +alt="FRANCES BRANDON" title="" /></div> +<p class="center"><span class="smcap">EFFIGY OF FRANCES BRANDON, DUCHESS OF SUFFOLK.<br /> +Westminster Abbey</span><br /> +<a href="images/108_b.jpg">View larger image</a></p> + +<p class="p2">The Duchess of Suffolk, his widow, married secondly Adrian Stokes, +Esq. She was buried in St. Edmund's Chapel in Westminster Abbey, +where, on a high-tomb of the same costly material, reclines her effigy +in alabaster, clad in the rich costume of the period, with a crowned +lion at her feet. On one side of the tomb is this inscription,—</p> + +<p class="center smcap">HERE LIETH THE LADIE FRANCES, DVCHES OF SOVTHFOLKE,<br /> +DOVGHTER TO CHARLES BRANDON, DUKE OF SOVTHFOLKE,<br /> +AND MARIE THE FRENCHE QVENE;<br /> +FIRST WIFE TO HENRIE, DUKE OF SOVTHFOLKE,<br /> +AND AFTER TO ADRIAN STOCK, ESQVIER.</p> + +<p>and on the other the following,—</p> + +<p class="center smcap">IN CLARISS: DOM: FRANCISCÆ SVFFOLCIÆ QVONDAM DVCISSÆ EPICEDION.</p> + +<p class="center smcap"><ins title="Corrected erratum: original reads 'MIL'">NIL</ins> DECVS AVT SPLENDOR, NIL REGIA NOMINA PROSVNT<br /> +SPLENDIDA DIVITIIS, NIL JVVAT AMPLA DOMVS;<br /> +OMNIA FLVXERVNT, VIRTVTIS SOLA REMANSIT<br /> +GLORIA, TARTAREIS NON ABOLENDA ROGIS.</p> + +<p class="center smcap">NVPTA DVCI PRIVS EST, VXOR POST ARMIGERI STOKES;<br /> +FVNERE NVNC VALEAS CONSOCIATO DEUS.</p> + +<p>Below in panels are sculptured the arms of France and England, Brandon +and Stokes with numerous quarterings.</p> + +<p>Of this lady says Dean Stanley,—</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> +<p>"She had thrown herself headlong into the Protestant cause. She +had dressed up a cat in a rochet to irritate the bishops; and had +insulted Gardiner, as she passed by the Tower, 'It is well for +the lambs when the wolves are shut up.' Naturally in her own turn +she had to fly after her husband's and her daughter's bloody +death, and lived just long enough to see the betrothal of her +daughter, Catherine Grey to the Earl of Hertford, and to enjoy +the turn of fortune which restored her to the favour of +Elizabeth, and allowed her sepulture beside her royal ancestors. +The service was probably the first celebrated in English in the +Abbey since Elizabeth's accession; and it was followed by the +Communion service, in which the Dean (Dr. Bill) officiated, and +Jewell preached the sermon. Could her Puritanical spirit have +known the site of her tomb, she would have rejoiced in the +thought, that it was the first to displace one of the venerated +altars of the old Catholic saints."</p></div> + +<p>The effigy, a very noble one, clasps a book, presumably intended for +the Bible, in her hands, doubtless another evidence of her +"Puritanical spirit," and which she probably deemed of more importance +than the choicest relics of "saints" preserved in the "venerated +altars" that teemed around.</p> + +<p>Adrian Stokes, or Stock, Esq., who married the Duchess of Suffolk, 1 +March, 1555, just twelve months after the Duke's death, is said to +have acted as her Master of the Horse. In spite of this disparity of +social position, and also of age (he being about seventeen, and the +Duchess thirty-two years old at the date of their marriage), the union +appears to have been a happy one (she only survived four years), for +at her death in December, 1559, she left him in possession <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">78</a></span> of +large estates in Warwickshire and Leicestershire. In 1571 Stokes was +returned to Parliament for Leicestershire, having under his charge the +Lady Mary Grey, his step-daughter, and about that period, married +secondly, Anne, widow of Sir Nicholas Throgmorton. He died without +issue 30 Nov., 1586. He erected this fine monument to her memory.</p> + +<p>His ward the Lady Mary Grey appears to have had no higher ambition in +the selection of a husband, than her mother's second venture, having +married, as previously related, Martin Keys, Groom-Porter to Queen +Elizabeth. It may be, her step-father's social position was against +anything better.</p> + +<p>The memorials of Cicely Bonville, Marchioness of Dorset, are fairly +numerous and interesting. "The walls of many churches," says Mr. +Davidson, "in the neighbourhood of this lady's extensive possessions +testify by the arms and devices of her family and connections, that +she employed a part of her immense wealth by assisting in their +erection."</p> + +<p>The most considerable of these, is the beautiful Chapel on the north +side of the nave of the Collegiate Church of St. Mary, at Ottery, and +known as the "Dorset aisle," which without doubt she built. It is of +considerable size, and its fan-traceried vaulting very rich; on the +pillars of the arcade are the arms of Bishop Oldham, and his rebus, +<i>an owl holding a label in its beak inscribed with the last syllable +of the prelate's name</i>, <span class="gothic">ham</span>,—1504-19; and also of Bishop Vesey his +successor, 1519-51. This shews that its erection occurred within those +dates, after her marriage with the Earl of Wiltshire, but before her +death, which took place about 1530. Studding the moulding under the +parapet outside are the family badges, the Harington <i>fret</i>, Stafford +<i>knot</i>, <i>bull's-head</i> of Hastings, and Bourchier <i>knot</i>, often +repeated, while over the porch-entrance are the denuded remains of +what was evidently the armorial achievement of this lady. There is a +shield surrounded by the Garter, but the bearings are quite +undecipherable, except the traces of a <i>fret</i>, the supporters appear +to have been a <i>lion</i> on the dexter side, and on the sinister an +<i>antelope</i>. Above the shield is a helmet, and remains of a crest. At +the top and in the base of the panel is the Stafford <i>knot</i>, of large +size, and on each side this device is repeated alternately with the +<i>mullet</i> of Bonville.</p> + +<p>These arms together with some other sculpture within the porch, appear +to have been designedly mutilated, perhaps after the attainder and +execution of the Duke of Suffolk, by order of Queen Mary, similarly to +the manner the heraldic achievements of the Countess of Salisbury in +her beautiful Chantry in the Priory Church of Christ Church, Hants, +were commanded to be obliterated ("<i>delete</i>") by Henry VIII., after +her savage beheading.</p> + +<p>The outer armorial panel is supported by columns with a crocketted +canopy, and figures of angels stand on the pillars; at their base are +small shields with the <i>merchant's mark</i> and <i>initial</i> of Goodwyn of +Plymtree, who held that manor of the Hastings family at the time. +There are several of the original bench-ends within the <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">79</a></span> Chapel; +on one is a large <i>double rose</i> and on another <i>pomegranates</i>, but +they are of comparatively plain character in carved detail.</p> + +<p>At the meeting of Henry VIII. and Maximilian at Terouenne in 1515, +Edward Stafford, Duke of Buckingham was "attired in purple satin, his +apparel full of <i>antelopes</i>, and <i>swans</i> (of Bohun) of fine gold +bullion, and full of spangles." Henry Stafford, Earl of Wiltshire, his +brother, and second husband of Cicely Bonville, bore on his banner the +<i>swan</i> (of Bohun) amid <i>semée of Stafford knots</i>, with the motto, +"<span class="smcap">HUMBLE ET LOYAL.</span>"</p> + +<p>Knightstone, in Ottery St. Mary, originally the inheritance of the +Bittlesgate family, became the property of the Marchioness of Dorset +in 1494, the remainder having previously been vested in William, Lord +Bonville. On the attainder of her grandson, the Duke of Suffolk, in +1554, it was purchased by Mr. William Sherman, a merchant of Ottery, +who died in 1583, and whose brass effigies are on the pavement of the +south aisle of the church.</p> + +<p>In the church of Limington near Ilchester, Somerset, two memorials are +found, but whether they are to be considered mementoes of Cicely +Bonville, or of her son the second Marquis, is not so clear. These +consist of two finely carved bench-ends, in the chancel. They are of +considerable height, having <i>fleur-de-lys</i> shaped finials on the top, +and below occurs, on one the <i>rose</i>, and on the other the +<i>pomegranate</i>, of Henry VIII. Then follows a large shield, +quarterly,—1 and 4, <i>six mullets pierced, three, two, one</i> +(<span class="smcap">Bonville</span>).—2 and 3, <i>a fret</i> (<span class="smcap">Harington</span>); and under this the +initials W. C. joined by a cordon. Beneath are four <i>roses</i>, single +and very thickly double, alternate.</p> + +<p>The Bonvilles acquired considerable property in Limington, Somerset, +of the representatives of the De Gyvernay family. The last of them +Henry de Gyvernay died seized of the manor 35 Henry III., leaving a +daughter Joan married to William de Shareshull. The very fine and +well-preserved effigy in the uniquely-groined north transeptal +Chantry, was probably placed to the memory of one of them (although +the armour and appointments are comparatively late), and the other +three earlier effigies on the floor doubtless represent preceding +generations.</p> + +<p>The initials W. C. on the bench-end evidently allude to Walter Cocks, +incumbent of the parish, who was inducted in 1535, patron the Marquis +of Dorset. This would be about five years after Cicely Bonville's +death, and in the lifetime of her son, but the marshalling of the arms +seems to allude more directly to his mother.</p> + +<p>On escutcheons in the panels of the carved parapet of Axminster church +are the Harington <i>fret</i>, and the Stafford <i>knot, surmounted by a +crescent</i>; this last badge having allusion to Henry Stafford, Earl of +Wiltshire, her second husband, he being the second son of Henry, Duke +of Buckingham. "As the manor of Uphay in the parish belonged to her," +remarks Mr. Davidson, "it is not surprising she should have +contributed to the enlargement of the church at Axminster."</p> + +<p>Among the shields shewing the descent of Walrond, that formerly had +place on a screen in their Chantry in Seaton church, is one <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">80</a></span> +charged with the Stafford <i>knot</i> and <i>crescent</i>, probably included out +of compliment by the squire of Bovey to his noble neighbour of +Wiscombe. It also occurs over the tower door at Hawkchurch, together +with the arms of Daubeney, and the Abbey of Cerne.</p> + +<p>But the most interesting of all, is the presumed effigy of Cicely +herself, in the portion remaining of the once beautiful church of +Astley, in Warwickshire. This, for a long time fixed upright in the +wall of the tower, at the west end of the choir, now reclines on a low +tomb. The figure is of alabaster, with pyramidal head-dress, gown +richly embroidered and gilt, and mantle, on which are traces of +crimson colour, the head rests on a cushion originally guarded by +angels. From her girdle are suspended an <i>aumônière</i> on the right side +and a rosary on the left.</p> + +<p>There are two other effigies, also in this church, sculptured in +alabaster. One, a knight with hair polled, in full plate armour, and +collar of S.S. His head rests on a helmet, and his feet on a lion. The +other, a lady, has long flowing hair to the shoulders, on her head a +coronet with traces of <i>fleurs-de-lys</i> and pearls, necklace, and +wearing also the rare Yorkist collar of Suns and Roses, from which is +suspended the Lion of March. The remains of angels support the +cushions on which her head rests.</p> + +<p>The ladies are much shorter in stature than the knight, and the +probability is they all occupied separate tombs, which stood in the +side chapels originally existing attached to the antient chancel, +before it fell down and was rebuilt at the time the body of the second +Marquis was discovered, at the end of the seventeenth century.</p> + +<p>The knight is apparently the earlier effigy of the three, probably +dating about 1480-90, the lady with the coronet next, or about +contemporary, and the lady in the pyramidal head-dress considerably +the latest, as shewn by her costume, which would accord very nearly +with that worn at the era of Cicely Bonville's death.</p> + +<p>Sir Edward Grey, uncle to Thomas Grey, first Marquis of Dorset, +married Elizabeth, sister and heir of Thomas Talbot, Viscount L'Isle. +15 Edward IV. he was created Baron, and 1 Richard III. Viscount +L'Isle, died in 1492, and bequeathed his body to be buried in the new +chapel of Our Lady, begun to be built by himself in the College of +Astley, where the body of his late wife Elizabeth lay interred. His +daughter Muriel was the first wife of Henry Stafford, Earl of +Wiltshire, second husband of Cicely Bonville. A guess may be hazarded +that these figures represent Sir Edward Grey and his wife Elizabeth.</p> + +<div class="p2 figcenter"><img src="images/113_s.jpg" width="100" height="214" +alt="LIMINGTON" title="" /></div> +<p class="center"><span class="smcap">BENCH-END. LIMINGTON CHURCH, SOMERSET. Circa 1535.</span><br /> +<a href="images/113_b.jpg">View larger image</a></p> + +<p class="p2">Before we close our account of the Bonville and Grey memorials, we +propose to include—from its uniqueness of example—another +remembrance to a presumed second-cousin of the Lady Cicely, that we +discovered among the fine series of bench-ends in a visit to the +little church of Barwick, near Yeovil, on our way back from Limington. +It is one of a pair in the chancel, almost alike, the only difference +being—and here note the evident purpose conveyed in all mediæval +symbolism—that one shield, the earliest in the succession is +suspended by a guige from <i>a hawthorn tree in blossom</i>, and the later +one from <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">81</a></span> <i>a hawthorn tree in fruit</i>. The arms on the first +are, dexter, quarterly of four:—1 and 4. <i>On a chief a fleur-de-lys, +in base a mullet pierced</i> (<span class="smcap">Rogers</span>).—2 and 3. <i>Fretty, and a chief</i> +(<span class="smcap">Echyngham</span>); impaling,—<i>In chief quarterly, 1 and 4, six roundels, 2 +and 3, three camels; in base, guttée</i> (——?). On the second bench-end +are <span class="smcap">Rogers</span> and <span class="smcap">Echyngham</span>, quarterly as before, impaling <span class="smcap">Courtenay</span> and +<span class="smcap">De Redvers</span> quarterly.</p> + +<div class="p2 figcenter"><img src="images/116_s.jpg" width="200" height="190" +alt="BARWICK" title="" /></div> +<p class="center"><span class="smcap">BENCH-ENDS. BARWICK CHURCH, SOMERSET.</span><br /> +<a href="images/116_b.jpg">View larger image</a></p> + +<p class="p2">"The family of Roger or Rogers," says Mr. Batten, "whose chief seat +was at Bryanstone, Dorset, held Barwick for six generations, extending +to the latter part of the reign of Queen Elizabeth." John Rogers +married Anne, daughter of Thomas de Echyngham, Lord of Echyngham in +Sussex. His grandson Sir John, married presumably—for singularly her +name does not as yet appear to be identified in the +pedigree—Elizabeth, daughter of Sir William Courtenay of Powderham, +who died in 1512, by his wife Cicely, daughter of Sir John Cheney of +Pinhoe.</p> + +<p>Sir William Courtenay's mother was Margaret Bonville, daughter of Lord +William Bonville, and so great-aunt to Cicely Bonville, and Elizabeth +Rogers of the Barwick panel, was her second cousin.</p> + +<p>They were buried at Bryanstone, and on the floor of the chancel of +that church, without the rails, says Hutchins, "on the gravestone are +the brass effigies of a man and a woman kneeling and their hands +elevated. Over are the arms of Rogers and Echyngham quarterly, and +under the woman, Rogers impaling Courtenay, and this inscription:—</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> +<p class="left5 gothic">Of your charitie pray for the soules of John Rogers esquyer and +Elizabeth his wyfe which John decessed the day of in the ye'r +md<sup>c</sup> and Elizabeth decessed the first day of October in the +ye'r of our Lord m d<sup>c</sup> xviii on whose soules J'hu have m'cy</p></div> + +<p>on other bench-ends at Barwick are the initials W. H. and date 1533, +probably for William Hooper, patron of the benefice at that time. The +date of the Limington bench-ends is almost contemporary."</p> + +<p>A round-about digression, you will say, gentle reader, but how +interesting is it, thus in our little pilgrimage, to connect the +relationship of these old sculptures, and make their personal history +live again; verily, if there be any charm belonging to these +researches into the past, herein it is found.</p> + +<p>Of the early inheritances of the Bonvilles, Wiscombe, and Shute, on +the attainder of the Duke of Suffolk both fell to the Crown, and Queen +Mary granted them to her Secretary, Sir William Petre.</p> + +<p>Wiscombe, toward the end of the sixteenth century, appears to have +been the residence of Robert Drake, Esq., probably under grant from +the descendants of Sir William Petre. He was the son of John Drake, +Esq., of Ashe, Musbury, who died 4 Oct., 1558, by his wife Amy +daughter of Roger Grenville, Esq., of Stow, who died 18 Feb., 1577-8. +He married Elizabeth—daughter of Humphrey Prideaux of Theuborough, +north Devon, who died 8 May, 1550, by his wife Joan <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">82</a></span> daughter of +Richard Fowell, of Fowells-combe, in south Devon,—by whom he left a +large family.</p> + +<p>William, the eldest son, was of Wiscombe. He married Philippa, sister +of Sir Thomas Denys, died in 1619, leaving six children, of whom +Thomas the eldest succeeded him at Wiscombe, and died in 1661.</p> + +<p>Henry was of Childhay, an old picturesque seat in the parish of +Broad-Winsor, Dorset. This he acquired by his marriage with Amy, +daughter of John Crukerne, of Childhay, and widow of Sir Arthur +Champernowne, of Modbury, Devon. He died in 1640.</p> + +<p>Nicholas, a pensioner of James I., died 1640. He married Jane, +daughter of William Tothill, "youngest of thirty-three children," she +died 1622.</p> + +<p>Robert, a colonel in the army, together with Humphrey his brother, a +captain, were both killed at Ostend early in 1604.</p> + +<p>Bernard, also described as of Wiscombe, married Elizabeth Densloe, and +John, died without issue. Three of the daughters were named Gertrude, +Ursula, and Amy.</p> + +<p>The old historian, Westcote, thus refers to the untimely death of +these soldier-brothers,—</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> +<p>"Wiscombe; where liveth a generous family of Drake; of which race +there were lately two brothers, (besides others) Robert and +Henry: (the sons of Robert:) the first, a colonel of much worth +and esteem with the Prince of Orange in the Netherlands; and the +other a captain: both taken away in the flower of their age: a +great grief to their friends and loss to their country."</p></div> + +<p>And Risdon, his contemporary, adds in almost similar words,—</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> +<p>"Here (Wiscombe) now inhabits a generous tribe of the Drakes, of +which, besides other brothers, were Robert and Henry, the sons of +Robert; the first a colonel in the Netherlands, of great esteem +with the Prince of Orange and the States, of his valour, who in +all his actions was said to make use of the spur of courage, and +the reins of judgment; the other a captain, of much hope, both +taken away in the flower of their age, in defence of Ostend, to +the great grief of their friends, and loss of their country."</p></div> + +<p>The monument of Robert Drake, the father of these unfortunate +men,—and who was mercifully prevented by death from experiencing the +great trial of their early decease,—occurs on the north side of the +chancel of Southleigh church. It is of Ionic character with arabesque +ornamentation, and bears the following inscription,—</p> + +<p class="center smcap">ARMIGER AURATUS ROBERTUS NOMINE DRACUS<br /> +HIC JACET ILLE PIUS PAUPERIBUSQUE BONUS<br /> +SEPTE GNATOS FRUGI ET GNATAS QUINQUE VENUSTAS<br /> +PARTURIIT CONJUX ELIZABETHA SIBI<br /> +OBIIT 1600. MARCH 30.</p> + +<p>Thus translated,—"<i>An ennobled Esquire; Robert Drake by name, lies +here, one who feared God and remembered the poor; his wife Elizabeth +bore him seven thrifty sons and five comely daughters. Died 30 March, +1600.</i>"</p> + +<p>Below are five shields:—1. <i>A wyvern with wings displayed</i> (<span class="smcap">Drake</span>), +impaling <i>A chevron enhanced by a fleur-de-lys and charged with two</i> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">83</a></span> <i>roundels, between three crescents.</i>—2. <span class="smcap">Grenville.</span>—3. <i>A +chevron charged with a mullet, a label of three</i> (<span class="smcap">Prideaux</span>).—4. +<i>Ermine, three battle-axes in pale</i> (<span class="smcap">Denys</span>).—5. <i>A fess between three +fleurs-de-lys.</i></p> + +<p>Robert Drake was the brother of Sir Bernard of Ashe, who died of jail +fever in 1586, and of Richard Drake of Esher, who died in 1603.<a name="FNanchor_16" id="FNanchor_16"></a><a href="#Footnote_16" class="fnanchor">[16]</a></p> + +<p>The Wiscombe estate appears to have remained in the possession of the +Petre family, until disposed of by Lord Petre in 1794, to Mr. J. M. +How.</p> + +<p>Speaking of Wiscombe, Risdon says,—</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> +<p>"It some time belonged to the priory of Otterton, which was in +the time of K. Hen. 3., by the prior granted unto sir Nicholas +Bonvile, kt., which he made his dwelling, and had here a large +park for deer, not long since disparked by the Lord Petre whose +inheritance it now is."</p></div> + +<p>And Westcote, albeit with no special genealogical accuracy, thus +soliloquises,—</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> +<p>"This place is memorable for being the habitation of Lord +Bonvile, an unfortunate man: (for unwise I dare not nor may not +term him:) yet this may I say by the way, good fortune and +wisdom, folly and ill-fortune or mischance, go masked, and that +very often under one hood; yea, unmasked do so near resemble one +the other, that they are hardly known or rightly distinguished +(by those that look them directly in the face) each from other, +and therefore one bears very often the other's faults, and on the +contrary one steals away the other's praise and commendation; +which is truly avered by Athenæus, when he saith,</p> + +<p class="center">'Longissime a sapientia sors dissidet<br /> +Sed multa perfecit tamen simillima.'</p> + +<p class="center">Seldom the traitor, though much haste he make,<br /> +Lame-footed vengeance fails to overtake.</p> + +<p>The extreme mischief succeeded; first his only son was taken from +him by untimely death, and his nephew (the third William, Lord +Harrington by his mother's right,) slain at the battle of +Wakefield; and immediately after (that his old age might want no +kind of misery,) while he waited still and long expected better +days, himself was taken (at the battle of St. Alban's,) prisoner, +and having now run out his full and long course of nature, could +not yet come to the grave in peace, but lost his head; leaving +behind him for heir, Cicely, his grandson's daughter; a damsel of +tender years, who brought a large and rich inheritance to Thomas +Grey, Marquis of Dorset, half-brother, by the mother, to king +Edward V."</p></div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">84</a></span> +Wiscombe, although disparked by the Petres, and all the old forest +trees swept away; their successors in its possession have in +comparatively late years planted the hill-sides of the estate with +large breadths of the <i>conifera</i>; these have flourished with great +luxuriance, and it would be difficult at present to find a more richly +wooded landscape than it exhibits. The different habits of the trees, +fringed and interspersed with those of the ordinary species, form a +delightful contrast, especially when clothed in all the varying tints +that give such charm to the</p> + +<p class="center">AUTUMNAL HOURS.</p> +<div class="left30 font90"> +<p>The quiet Autumn hours,—so cool and calm,<br /> +<span class="i2">When the bright sun hath stayed his blazing wheels,</span><br /> +And o'er the earth there seems to steal a balm,<br /> +<span class="i2">Of peace full-satisfied, as the heart feels</span><br /> +When after some strong fight, and conquest won,<br /> +<span class="i2">That brings no grief,—we rest and count the spoil,</span><br /> +Rich with the crowned content of something done,<br /> +<span class="i2">Forgetful of the conflict and the toil.</span></p> + +<p>How blessed comes each change;—with sobering tints,<br /> +<span class="i2">The fading flowers have to rich fruitage turned,</span><br /> +The golden leaves lit with faint sunny glints,<br /> +<span class="i2">Flame mid the dews like patient martyrs burned,—</span><br /> +The robin pipes his lay,—the bee speeds home,—<br /> +<span class="i2">And o'er the soul a sweet repose doth come.</span></p></div> + +<p>Shute also became the property of Secretary Petre, "from whom," says +the Antiquary, "my father had the howse and park, and dwelled theire +duringe his lief, and left it unto mee, and my eldest son John Pole +holdeth it from mee"; it is now held by his descendant, the ninth +baronet.</p> + +<p>Once more we are back in Southleigh churchyard in the Wiscombe valley, +from which our footsteps originally set out to thread the mazes of our +imperfectly told but eventful history. We look into the little church +for traces of Bonville, but nothing is visible, reflecting their +memory in this their earliest home. A few years since in clearing the +foundations of an old picturesque cottage, not far from the church, +some fragments of sculpture, of Perpendicular character, were found, +being part of a cornice of rich vine-tracery, together with scrolls, +and winged angels holding shields, canopies of niches, panelled +shafting, the emblem of St. Luke, &c.,—the colours and gilding still +fresh on them. These were apparently portions of the antient reredos, +and from their rich character, were probably relics of the taste and +munificence of the Bonvilles; or of their last descendant "that devout +woman Cecilia, Marchioness of Dorset, Lady de Bonville, and +Haryngton," the patron of numerous benefices in Devon, and other +counties; and generous benefactor toward the ornamentation, repair, or +additions to, the various parish churches in which her extensive +possessions were situate. Pleasing remembrances, left to attest her +memory, and which still stand out in grateful relief, long after the +turbulent scenes of treachery and bloodshed amid <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">85</a></span> which they +found their existence, have passed away; for is it not written,—</p> + +<p class="center font90">"The meek shall inherit the land;<br /> +And shall delight themselves in the abundance of peace."</p> + +<div class="p2 figcenter"><img src="images/121_s.jpg" width="200" height="135" +alt="DORSET CHAPEL" title="" /></div> +<p class="center"><span class="smcap">EXTERIOR OF THE DORSET CHAPEL, OTTERY ST. MARY</span><br /> +<a href="images/121_b.jpg">View larger image</a></p> + +<p class="p2">One further circumstance, referable only to the realms of conjecture, +but unique in its way, detains us a minute, as we turn to leave the +village graveyard. Just outside the chancel is a high-tomb, +commemorating the burial of <i>Henry Willoughby, 28 Sept., 1616</i>.<a name="FNanchor_17" id="FNanchor_17"></a><a href="#Footnote_17" class="fnanchor">[17]</a> At +its end is the grand escutcheon of Willoughby de Eresby, with +<i>crescent for difference</i>. It has not yet been explained who he was, +or how he found sepulchre here. We remember that Anne, younger +daughter of Thomas Grey, second Marquis of Dorset, and so +grand-daughter to Cicely Bonville, married Henry Willoughby, of +Wollaton, Nottinghamshire, which would not be far from the home of the +Willoughbies de Eresby in Lincolnshire. Is this the memorial of her +husband? The date would accord with the presumption.</p> + +<p>Here we conclude this desultory outline of the history of Bonville, +and as our feet make homeward, many thoughts haunt us over the +marvels—for they are nothing less—that fill its phases of human +relation. In the middle of its recital, which concluded with the +untimely death of Lord Bonville, we said it was a relief to turn aside +from the atrocities mingled with the strife of the Roses. In its +continuation, for a while, under the more settled rule of Tudor, there +were comparatively fewer horrors to chronicle, but the union of the +royal houses, emblemed by the rival flowers, was cemented with blood, +its ghastly trail followed into the spirit of the new dynasty, and +gathering strength as the three generations of Grey passed, culminated +at length in a tragedy for size and importance unsurpassed in the +annals of our national history. Its last representative, although a +subject only, had wedded the grand-daughter of one, and cousin of +another of the reigning Kings, and who had herself also been a Queen +in her own right. Here the topmost pinnacle of alliance with the +highest worldly station had been reached, but only to experience the +fate of that often-witnessed terrific downfall, which follows the +promptings engendered by the unsatisfied ambition of attaining to such +dangerous altitude. Within three short years, three headless dukes—of +foremost station in their native land, and allied to each other by +ties of relationship—passed from the scaffold on Tower Hill to +obscure and unmarked graves in the little Chapel of that fortress; and +with them went also, after experiencing the same terrible ordeal, +following her youthful husband, a young and guileless victim, almost +the sole representative of the new stock, into which the last tender +branch of the extinct house of Bonville had been engraffed.</p> + +<p>Enough, sayest thou, friend of mine, of this harrowing +relation;—quite so,—our story is ended. Life was indeed intended for +happier results than these, and how much better the simple delights, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">86</a></span> enjoyments and pleasures of unenvied station, that in their +possession are ever</p> + +<p class="center font90">"Forbade to wade through slaughter to a throne;"</p> + +<p>and unsmote by the glamour of the basilisk Ambition, whose fascination +lives on the ever unsatisfied desire for fame or station, until often, +when too late and past recall, the illusion vanishes as the victim +disappears over the verge of the unseen, treacherous precipice of +irretrievable ruin.</p> + +<p>The shadows grow deeper between the hedgerows as we saunter homeward, +a dewy mist is settling down the valley, and a cheery glint salutes us +here and there from the cottage windows as we pass along. Listen! What +melody do we hear, with greeting so soft and soothing? Aye, artless as +it is, that, which in this world, for sweetness knows no rival, even</p> + +<p class="left35">A MOTHER'S SONG.</p> + +<div class="left30 font90"> +<p>'Tis eve, and dusky twilight falls;<br /> +<span class="i2">Here is a home that men call poor,</span><br /> +A glimmer lights its humble walls,<br /> +<span class="i2">A strain comes through its half-closed door;</span><br /> +Sweet as from Sappho's soul might spring,<br /> +Song, none but mother's voice may sing.</p> + +<p>Look through the casement dim and old,<br /> +<span class="i2">A shadow fronts the ingle's glow,</span><br /> +Whose arms a tiny form enfold,<br /> +<span class="i2">Sits gently rocking to and fro;</span><br /> +With cadence measured to its swing,<br /> +Comes song that mothers only sing.</p> + +<p>Her tears fall on the baby's brow,<br /> +<span class="i2">Too full her heart with very joy,</span><br /> +Hark! with her voice is blending now,<br /> +<span class="i2">The sleepy murmurs of her boy;</span><br /> +Faint—fainter—hushed and slumbering,<br /> +By song but mother's lips may sing.</p> + +<p>Why bends, O friend, thy brow with thought,<br /> +<span class="i2">At glimpse of Paradise so fair?</span><br /> +Doth memory fill thy heart unsought<br /> +<span class="i2">With echo, whose 'divine despair'</span><br /> +Brings sadness past imagining?<br /> +Song that thy mother used to sing!</p> + +<p>O soft sweet voice, O simple strain,<br /> +<span class="i2">Where love ne'er bids the measure cease,</span><br /> +Until the charm of its refrain,<br /> +<span class="i2">Lulls the complaining soul to peace;</span><br /> +Come back again on angel wing,<br /> +O song my mother used to sing!</p> + +<p>It may not be, earth hath one heaven,<br /> +<span class="i2">Our childhood's days, a mother's care,</span><br /> +When life is o'er, will other given<br /> +<span class="i2">Restore to us these joys so rare?</span><br /> +Yes, and its pure delight shall bring,<br /> +The songs our mothers used to sing.</p></div> + +<div class="p2 figcenter"><img src="images/126_s.jpg" width="200" height="321" +alt="BUCKINGHAM" title="" /></div> +<p class="center"><span class="smcap">MONUMENT TO HENRY STAFFORD, DUKE OF BUCKINGHAM, K G.<br /> +Britford Church, near Salisbury.</span><br /> +<a href="images/126_b.jpg">View larger image</a></p> + +<p class="p4"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">87</a></span></p> + +<h3>UNDER THE HOOF OF THE WHITE BOAR.</h3> + +<p class="p2">The fair, busy, if not large city of New Sarum or Salisbury, has since +its foundation, occupied an important place in our national history, +resulting from the heritage of its natural position, which may be +described as forming the Gate or Key to the peninsula of the West. +Besides this, it is the inheritor of, and is associated with, some of +the oldest traditions of the land before the pen of history has left +record, the venerable fame of previous ages having descended and added +distinguished interest to its surroundings, while the marvellous +circle of Stonehenge finds its place close by, as also its own antient +progenitor, the equally remarkable hill-fortressed city of Old +Sarum,—circumstances that attest the importance in which the locality +was regarded, wherein its city of to-day is situate.</p> + +<p>Succeeding events have also added their witness to this distinction. +The foundation and building of its beautiful and unique Cathedral, +begun, completed, and finished in one harmonious design, without let +or hindrance, and the afterward crowning it with the magnificent +spire, the finest in the kingdom, and with very doubtful rivalry +elsewhere,—its notable succession of bishops,—and the number of +distinguished personages, who through the following centuries down to +these present days, have held high rule as statesmen and +administrators in our land, who have sought the privilege of having +its name as an affix to their titles of honour, Longspée, Montacute, +Nevill, and Cecil,—have interwoven and sustained the claim of its +reputation into almost every period of our national annals.</p> + +<p>Yet, notwithstanding the importance of its position, it is singular, +no very important or striking incident connected with the national +government, such as has made famous many other localities, has +occurred within, or immediately near it. The reasons for this may not +be far to seek. The sea coasts on either side of it offered facilities +for martial transit or commercial enterprise, which Salisbury could +not possess, and so the tide of action, as a rule, passed at a +distance, but its great advantages as a central position for the +purposes of <i>rendez-vous</i>, warlike or otherwise, have always been used +and made available. <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">88</a></span></p> + +<p>Lying on the high road between London and the Land's End, it has +naturally received many royal visits, from that of the young king +Henry III., at the consecration of the cathedral in 1225, downward, at +divers times and on various errands, civil, military, or with darker +and sanguinary intent to take vengeance on their enemies; and it is +the result of one of these vindictive errands that brought a king to +Salisbury, and the circumstances preceding and following it, that form +the basis of our homely narrative.</p> + +<p>Of the very antient and illustrious family of Stafford, whose origin +is contemporary with the Conqueror, for the purposes of our little +history the first we need mention is Thomas Stafford, fourth Baron and +third Earl of that name, who lived in the reign of Richard II. He +allied himself with a lady of direct royal descent, Anne Plantagenet, +eldest daughter of Thomas of Woodstock, Duke of Gloucester, sixth son +of king Edward III., by his wife Eleanor, eldest daughter and coheir +of Humphrey de Bohun, the last Earl of Hereford, Essex, and +Northampton, who died in 1372.</p> + +<p>Mary, the other daughter and coheir of Humphrey de Bohun, Earl of +Essex, &c., as aforesaid, was married to Henry Plantagenet, Earl of +Derby, eldest son of John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster, fourth son of +king Edward III., who was successively created Earl and Duke of +Hereford, and ultimately ascended the throne as Henry IV., surnamed +'of Bolingbroke.'</p> + +<p>In 1397 Richard II. caused his uncle Thomas of Woodstock, Duke of +Gloucester, to be kidnapped by a company of armed men near Stratford, +and conveyed to Calais, where he is said to have been privately +strangled. To cover this crime it was given out the Duke had died from +natural causes, and that before his death he had confessed himself +guilty of treason toward the king, upon which all his estates were +confiscated by the Parliament. Richard gave them to his cousin Henry, +Earl of Derby (afterward Henry IV.), who had married the younger +daughter Mary, and he thus became possessed of the whole of the +Hereford estate, and of course most unjustly to the prejudice of the +heirs of Thomas of Woodstock, whose daughter Anne was married to +Thomas, Earl of Stafford.</p> + +<p>These genealogical particulars, although somewhat dry, intricate, and +well known, are very necessary, nevertheless, to keep in mind, as they +are said to have exercised material influence on the ultimate issue of +our story.</p> + +<p>Thomas, Earl of Stafford, husband of Anne Plantagenet, died young, and +without issue. He was succeeded in the Earldom by his brother William, +who also died when a youth.</p> + +<p>Both these brothers were succeeded by their next brother, Edmund +Stafford, sixth Baron, and fifth Earl of Stafford. In the 22 Richard +II., 1399, he had the king's special license to marry his eldest +brother's widow, Anne Plantagenet, "which marriage of the said Thomas +and Anne had never been consummated owing to the tender years of the +Earl." He was also K.G., and was killed at the battle of Shrewsbury, +fighting on the side of king Henry IV., in 1403.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">89</a></span> He was succeeded by his son Humphrey, who was created Duke of +Buckingham 14 Sept., 1444, with precedence before all dukes +whatsoever, next to those of the blood royal. In 1450 Henry VI. made +him Constable of Dover Castle, and Warden of the Cinque Ports, he was +also a Knight of the Garter. He married the Lady Anne Nevill, daughter +of Ralph, first Earl of Westmoreland, K.G., who died in 1425. He was +faithfully attached to the Lancastrian interest, and was killed at the +battle of Northampton on the 27 July, 1460, fighting under the banner +of Henry VI. and the Red Rose.</p> + +<p>Humphrey Stafford, his eldest son, Earl of Stafford, married Margaret, +daughter of Edmund Beaufort, first Duke of Somerset, grandson of John +of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster, by Katharine Swynford, and who was killed +on the side of the Red Rose at the first battle of St. Albans on 23 +May, 1455. The Earl Humphrey was also slain in the same battle with +his father-in-law.</p> + +<p>He thus died before his father, leaving a son Henry, who succeeded his +grandfather, the first Duke, who died in 1460, and this Henry, who was +the second Duke of Buckingham, is the subject of our history.</p> + +<p>It would be difficult to find among the antient nobility of England a +man with a more illustrious ancestry, derived by two direct sources +from the blood royal, and allied with Bohun, Nevill, Beauchamp, and +Audley, all families of the first consequence and influence. It would +be equally difficult to find a family more unfortunate.</p> + +<p>The restless, troubled life of Henry Stafford, second Duke of +Buckingham, and its importance, as bearing on one of the most noted +epochs of English history, is a subject much too large to receive +anything beyond a very imperfect outline here; and it has been +necessarily more or less comprehensively treated, by all our national +historians. The province of this little narrative will be rather in a +local sense to gather together, and describe from such records and +observation as may be available, the circumstances of the defection, +betrayal, arrest, trial, death, probable burial-place, and presumed +monument set up to the memory of this unfortunate man, the major +portion of which appears to have occurred almost within reach of the +shadow of the glorious spire before us.</p> + +<p>His wardship was vested in the king Edward IV., and his tuition +entrusted to the king's sister Anne, wife of the unfortunate Henry +Holland, second Duke of Exeter, and five hundred marks per annum, out +of the revenue of the lordships of Brecknock, Newport, &c., in Wales, +set aside for his maintenance. Humphrey, his father, as we have seen, +was slain at St. Albans in 1455, and at the death of his grandfather +Humphrey, the first Duke, who fell at the battle of Northampton in +1460, he succeeded to the title. But very little is heard further of +him during the reign of Edward IV.</p> + +<p>At the death of Edward, however, he appears to have at once come to +the front, as one of the most important personages in the kingdom. The +widowed Queen-Mother Elizabeth Widville, during the king's lifetime, +naturally had done the best that lay in her power for the advancement +of her family; and it seems at the same time, <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">90</a></span> not very +discreetly, treated with contempt and indifference the older nobility +of the kingdom. This treatment was naturally resented on their part, +and Edward appears to have been fully cognizant of this antagonism, +and was anxious, for the weal of his son, to dispel it. So, shortly +before his death, he did his best to effect a reconciliation between +them; this to a considerable extent was done, and the king believed it +was sincere.</p> + +<p>Immediately after Edward's decease, however, the Queen-Mother seems to +have revived and accentuated this undesirable feeling, and also sought +to exercise a controlling influence over the government of the kingdom +in her son the young king's name. To this end she contrived, if not +exactly to expel, at least to keep from the Court and presence of her +son, among others, three of the most important of the antient +nobility, who had been highly in favour with her late husband, and who +were fully aware of her schemes and antipathy to them, while at the +same time they were also thoroughly loyal to the interests of her son, +or presumably so. These were Henry, Duke of Buckingham, William, Lord +Hastings, and Thomas, Lord Stanley. This antipathy was the more +strange also as regarded two of them, as they were almost members of +the Queen-Mother's family, for Buckingham was her brother-in-law, +being married to her sister Katharine; and Hastings was father-in-law +to her son's—Thomas Grey, the Marquis of Dorset's—wife, he having +married the widow of the last Bonville, the mother of Cicely. But +family relationships, however near, do not appear to have carried much +weight in those days, where restless, thirsty ambition intervened.</p> + +<p>At the juncture of Edward's death, the Duke of Gloucester was at York +on the king's business, and young Edward V. was at Ludlow Castle under +the guardianship of his uncle, the Earl Rivers. The king's younger +brother, the Duke of York, was with the Queen-Mother in the Tower, +that fortress being under the command of the Marquis of Dorset, her +son. She had already got into hot water with the Council, and +affronted both Hastings and Buckingham, and she had sent a despatch to +her brother in Wales, to bring the young King to London with a large +armed escort of at least two thousand men. Gloucester, it is related, +being aware of this state of affairs, and the disaffection of Hastings +and Buckingham, sent privately for them to meet him and discuss the +situation; but Dugdale says, that Buckingham, on hearing of the death +of Edward,—</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> +<p>"speedily despatched one Pershall, his trusty servant in all +haste unto Richard Duke of Gloucester, then in the north, and +that Pershall being privately admitted to speak to him, in the +dead of night, told him that his master had sent him to offer him +his service, and that he would wait on him with a thousand good +fellows if need were,"</p></div> + +<p>at any rate the three met, and were all well in agreement as to their +hatred of the Queen-Mother, and desired to remove both herself and +family from the position of influence they had acquired. Gloucester +made due note of this, carefully veiling his own ultimate purpose. But +the advance of the young King and an armed host under the command of +Rivers, was to be baulked if possible, and for this <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">91</a></span> purpose +Hastings was despatched to London, to convey the assurance of his and +his companion's loyalty, and to represent that it would be most +impolitic to have a large military escort accompanying the young King. +The Queen-Mother believing this counsel to be all genuine and +well-meant, desired her brother to bring the King with only a +comparatively small guard, or such a retinue as befitted him.</p> + +<p>Gloucester and Buckingham, with a force of nine hundred armed men, +arrived at Northampton from York a few days before the King and his +uncle Rivers reached that town. They went out to meet the King, and +saluted him very respectfully, at the same time saying that as +Northampton was very full of strangers just then, it would be +advisable for the King's comfort, if himself and his retinue proceeded +to Stony-Stratford, twelve miles further on, and nearer London. This +being agreed on, it was proposed to the Earl, "in a free and easy +manner," that he should return with Gloucester and pass the night at +Northampton, which "kind invitation" Rivers unsuspectingly complied +with.</p> + +<p>The evening appears to have been spent in conviviality and mutual +protestations of good faith toward each other, and subsequently the +Earl retired to his lodgings at an Inn. Guards were at once placed +over him, and every precaution taken to prevent any communication +between Northampton and Stony-Stratford. The victim was securely +caged.</p> + +<p>At day-break the next morning Gloucester and Buckingham were on +horseback, ready to depart. Rivers was still in bed, and being wakened +by his servant was told of this circumstance, but that no one was +suffered to go out of the Inn. The Earl thereon hastily dressed +himself, and desired to know the reason of this proceeding; and +meeting with the Dukes, asked why they kept the keys of the Inn, and +thus sought to make him a prisoner there. He found them in a very +different frame of mind from the previous evening, they immediately +began to upbraid and quarrel with him, told him he sought to alienate +the King's affections from his uncle Gloucester, and others the King's +faithful subjects, and that they should take care to prevent the like +practices in future. The Earl returned a calm answer to this +accusation, but they refused to hear him, gave him into custody, and +mounting their horses, rode off to Stony-Stratford.</p> + +<p>Here they found the young King ready to pursue his journey, and after +paying him their respects, remounted to escort him. But before they +had left the town, they quarrelled with Lord Richard Grey, charging +him and the Marquis of Dorset (who was in London) with allegations +similar to those they had preferred against Earl Rivers. The poor +young King was greatly distressed at this position of affairs, and +said he could say nothing as to the Marquis of Dorset, but as for the +others he could answer for their conduct, as they had been continually +with him. To this Buckingham replied, that they had carefully +concealed their designs from him, which however were not the less +certain. Lord Grey, with Sir Thomas Vaughan and Sir Richard Hawke, who +were in attendance on the King, were at once arrested, and together +with Earl Rivers, either on the same day or <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">92</a></span> the next, were sent +northward in custody of several persons, and finally incarcerated in +Pontefract Castle, whose Governor was Sir Richard Ratcliffe, a +partisan of Gloucester. The young King himself was re-conducted back +to Northampton, practically as much a prisoner as his uncle and +half-brother, and reserved ultimately for a similarly cruel fate. Thus +the first act of this atrocious tragedy was completed.</p> + +<p>The news of this <i>coup-de-main</i> having reached the Queen-Mother, she +was greatly terrified, for she saw at a glance its full significance, +and she immediately with her son the Duke of York, her other children, +the Marquis of Dorset, and the rest of her family, took sanctuary at +Westminster, as their only available refuge.</p> + +<p>Lord Hastings, who was in London, had intelligence of these +proceedings the same night. Although he excessively disliked the +Queen-Mother, yet he was thoroughly loyal to the young King and the +other children of Edward IV., his former friend and patron, and +although he was privy to the plot for the seizing of Rivers and Grey, +yet he appears to have had no further wish than to prevent the +Queen-Mother directing the government. On receipt of the news, he at +once proceeded to acquaint Rotherham, the Archbishop, and quieted his +alarm by assuring him the King was in no danger, and all these steps +were devised for the welfare of the kingdom. Rotherham repaired +immediately to the Queen-Mother, whom he found at Westminster, "in a +disconsolate condition, sitting upon the ground, lamenting her own and +her children's fate, while her domestics were busy in carrying such +goods as were necessary into the Sanctuary." The Archbishop conveyed +Hastings' intelligence to her as to the safety of the King, and did +his best to comfort her, and gave her every possible assurance of his +own fidelity, telling her, among other things, that, even supposing it +possible they might put the King to death, he would at once crown the +Duke of York. But the Queen-Mother was slow to believe in anything but +of the worst import. The good prelate, in company with many others, +had failed to gauge the ultimate depths of Gloucester's design.</p> + +<p>In the meanwhile the citizens of London, like the Queen-Mother, +greatly alarmed at this sudden turn of affairs, were beginning to arm +themselves, in view of possible contingencies. Hastings, who had great +influence with the citizens, contrived to keep them quiet, while +plausible stories as to the hostile designs of the imprisoned Rivers +and his companions were circulated, and all suspicion and distrust +being allayed, immediately thereupon the King, attended by the Dukes +of Gloucester and Buckingham, arrived; and escorted by a large +concourse of nobility and others, Gloucester riding before him +bare-headed, made a triumphal entry into the city, and was lodged in +the Bishop's palace. These rejoicings over, Gloucester called a +Council together of his own friends and partisans, and thereat he was +constituted "Protector of the King, and kingdom." So the second act of +the tragedy reached its conclusion.</p> + +<p>Gloucester's first step was to take the Great Seal from Archbishop +Rotherham, and give it to John Russell, Bishop of Lincoln, the Duke of +Buckingham and Lord Hastings were confirmed in their places, <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">93</a></span> and +the other positions of influence filled up by his own partisans. The +next step was to get possession of the Duke of York, the young King's +brother, then in Sanctuary with his mother.</p> + +<p>Gloucester proposed this course at a Council, and suggested that a +proper representative should be sent to the Queen-Mother, requesting +her to deliver up the young prince to their custody, and suggesting +that Cardinal Bourchier, Archbishop of Canterbury (who was related +both to him and Buckingham), was the fittest person to be entrusted +with the errand, and added, that if the Queen-Mother refused to listen +to the message of the Cardinal, he saw no reason why they should not +obtain him by force, if necessary. The Cardinal readily undertook the +negociation, but he would not hear for an instant of daring to violate +the Sanctuary,—"such an attempt would certainly draw down the just +vengeance of God on the whole kingdom." To this objection Buckingham +vehemently replied, backing up the views of Gloucester, that if the +Queen-Mother refused to give up her son freely, they should take him +by force out of Sanctuary; and this course was agreed to at the +Council, notwithstanding the remonstrances of the ecclesiastics +present.</p> + +<p>The Cardinal-Archbishop waited on the Queen-Mother and did his best by +entreaties and assurances to induce her to part with her son, but she +could not be persuaded to place her child in the hands of the man she +so greatly feared, and believed to be her mortal enemy. At last +Bourchier told her the dread truth, that if she did not deliver him up +otherwise, they would take him from her by force, notwithstanding the +privilege of Sanctuary, but that he could not believe they would have +made him the instrument of deceiving her, and bringing harm to her +son. Alas, the good Cardinal was thoroughly deceived with the rest, +and so, finding he could not persuade her, prepared to depart. The +distracted mother thereon chose what appeared the least evil of the +two, "caught the boy in her arms, tenderly took leave of him, and in a +flood of tears delivered him to the Cardinal."</p> + +<p>Bourchier brought the young prince to Gloucester, who received his +nephew with much feigned affection,—a few days after both the young +King and his brother were lodged in the Tower, never to come out again +alive.</p> + +<p>Up to this time it is probable that no one, not excepting Buckingham, +really had cognizance of the ultimate designs of Gloucester, and he +himself had been veiling his purpose as carefully as possible, until +he saw his schemes so far matured, that success appeared in sight. And +although he was gradually getting the sole power and mastery of the +King and government in his own hands, still there were many obstacles +to be got out of the way, and many influential men to be won over, or +otherwise disposed of, before the sceptre was within his grasp.</p> + +<p>At this juncture Buckingham comes to the front, as the undoubted agent +and zealous coadjutor of Gloucester, in aiding his ultimate design, +and also by apparently acquiescing in any measures, however desperate, +that might lead to its fulfilment. Gloucester doubtless thoroughly +estimated the unenviable character of his ally. <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">94</a></span> He knew of +Buckingham's hatred of the Queen-Mother and her family, and that in +consequence, his allegiance to the young King was of very doubtful +character, if secretly he did not equally dislike him, though he dared +not shew it, and Gloucester was further aware of Buckingham's +grievance at never having been possessed of that which by heirship he +was entitled to, a moiety of the great Bohun estates, and which had +been hitherto vested in the Crown, unjustly as he considered, and +Gloucester, it is said, duly whetted his companion's hopes by the +promise of the restoration of this, when seated on the throne.</p> + +<p>Prompt action was now decided on. Widville and Grey, with their +associates, were to be dispatched, and orders were sent down to +Pontefract to Sir Richard Ratcliffe for that purpose, and it was +further determined that Lord Hastings was to be won over if possible, +if not the same fate was to be reserved for him.</p> + +<p>Then came Gloucester's tampering with Sir Edmund Shaw, the Lord Mayor, +and his brother, the truculent preacher Dr. John Shaw, and the +pretences of trying to assume the illegitimacy of Edward's children, +and failing that, of Edward IV. himself. Then the simulation of +feigning to prepare for the young King's coronation, and the two +Councils, one in Gloucester's interests, intriguing for its delay at +Baynard's Castle, and the other arranging it for the King in the +Tower. Stanley, in the King's Council, was assured there was mischief +in Gloucester's designs, but Hastings was slow to believe such +treachery, until the truth was apparent to him, when the wretched +emissary, Catesby, left him for the second and last time, a betrayed +and doomed man. Immediately on this followed the frightful incident in +the Tower, and the murder of Hastings,—for it was nothing less,—a +scene described at length elsewhere.<a name="FNanchor_18" id="FNanchor_18"></a><a href="#Footnote_18" class="fnanchor">[18]</a> On the same day the victims at +Pontefract were disposed of.</p> + +<p>Concerning the barbarous execution of Earl Rivers and his unfortunate +companions we get the following graphic picture from More,—</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> +<p>"They had not so much as the formality of a trial, but were +brought to the scaffold on the day appointed, and being branded +in general by the name of traitors, were beheaded. The Lord +Rivers would fain have declared his innocence to the people, but +Ratcliffe would not suffer him, lest his words should lay open +the Protector's cruelty too much, and so he died in silence. Sir +Thomas Vaughan would not endure his mouth to be stopped, but as +he was going to the block said aloud, 'a mischief take them that +expounded the prophecy, which foretold that G should destroy King +Edward's children, for George, Duke of Clarence, who for that +suspicion is now dead; for there still remained Richard G (i.e. +Duke of Gloucester) who now I see is he that shall, and will, +accomplish the prophecy, and destroy King Edward's children, and +all his allies and friends, as appeareth to us this day; against +whom I appeal to the high tribunal of God, for this wrongful +murder and our real innocency.' Sir Richard Ratcliffe heard this +with regret, and putting it off, said to him in scorn, 'You have +made a goodly appeal, lay down your head.' 'Yea,' saith Sir +Thomas, 'but I die in the right, take heed that you die not in +the wrong;'—and having said this he was beheaded. He, with the +other three, were buried naked in the Monastery of St. John the +Evangelist, at Pontefract."</p></div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">95</a></span> +The citizens of London had next to be reckoned with, on whom "fear and +consternation" would be sure to fall, on hearing of the sudden and +barbarous death of Hastings, who was a great favourite with them, and +had much influence in the city. But all things had been prepared,—the +Lord Mayor and Aldermen were immediately summoned to the Tower, and +Gloucester and Buckingham, who had arrayed themselves in two old rusty +suits of armour, received them, and in the name of the King told them +that the beheaded man had conspired to seize the King, and kill +Gloucester and Buckingham, in order that he may have governed the +kingdom as he pleased! That they only discovered it the same morning, +and the Council deemed it necessary to execute him immediately, and +fearing there were many others in the plot they had hastily harnessed +themselves at once for the King's defence. A proclamation, already +"cut and dried" before Hastings' death, containing similar statements, +was issued in the city within two hours of that event, but it had +little effect, for the people jested and said, "<i>it was writ by the +spirit of prophecy</i>." True enough, doubtless; the civic deputation +withdrew from the presence of Gloucester, quite assured of his +dissimulation and the untruth of what he had stated, but told him his +orders for the quietness of the city should be obeyed, being too much +afraid to give other answer.</p> + +<p>The Archbishop of York, Morton, Bishop of Ely, and Lord Stanley had +been sent to the Tower, poor Jane Shore publicly disgraced, and so all +was well cleared away for Gloucester's ultimate measures. The two +dukes were constantly in close conclave, and the next step was to win +the citizens of London over to their designs. This was not so easy a +matter, but two influences were to be tried, the first by imposing on +their credulity and getting a feigned assent, and the second, if +necessary, to oblige them into compliance by fear.</p> + +<p>The Lord Mayor, Sir Edward Shaw, was already won over, and his +brother, the Doctor, was to begin the final proceedings. These +commenced by Dr. Shaw preaching the famous—or rather +infamous—sermon, on a Sunday morning, at Paul's cross; taking for his +text a phrase from the fourth chapter of the <i>Wisdom of Solomon</i>, +"Bastard slips shall take no deep root," a tissue of malign slander on +the late king, his children, and their mother,—and gross adulation of +Gloucester. During a special laudatory parenthesis it was intended +Gloucester should, as by chance, shew himself among the people, but he +happened to overstay the time, the Doctor having concluded it, and +when he did appear immediately after, the preacher re-commenced the +passage, and it was hoped he would have heard a call for him as the +future king, but there was a complete silence, the audience were +disgusted both with the preacher and the subject. This was an ominous +and disquieting omen to Gloucester.</p> + +<p>The Duke of Buckingham now appears upon the scene as the prime factor +in the events that followed. Dr. Shaw's eloquence not prevailing upon +the citizens, he determined to see what effect his own reasoning would +have on them. For this purpose the Lord Mayor had orders to assemble +the Aldermen and all the principal citizens in the Guildhall on the +Tuesday following, being the 17 June, 1483. <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">96</a></span> Buckingham addressed +the assemblage, and the subject of his harangue was simply an echo of +the slander and adulation of what the people had heard at Paul's +cross, coupled with the suggestion that Gloucester should be requested +to assume the crown and government,—too weighty for a child.</p> + +<p>The Duke finished his oration, and a silence was observed by the +audience, as at the conclusion of Shaw's sermon; "everyone stood +speechless." Then the Duke, surprised at the want of response, asked +the Lord Mayor the reason; the answer was, the people did not well +understand him. The Duke then "repeated his speech, with a little +variation, and with such grace and eloquence, never was so ill a +subject handled with so much oratory." Still the people remained +silent.</p> + +<p>Perplexed, the Duke again turned to the Lord Mayor, who then told him +the citizens were not accustomed to hear anyone but the Recorder, and +that he had better put the matter before them. Thereon Buckingham +requested the Recorder, Sir Thomas Fitz-William, to address them, and +he "most reluctantly managed his speech so well, as to be understood +to speak the Duke's sense, and not his own." But the assembly stood +silent as before,—</p> + +<p class="center font90">"They spake not a word;<br /> +But, like dumb statuas, or breathing stones,<br /> +Stared on each other, and looked deadly pale."</p> + +<p>Then the Duke, seeing a crisis was at hand, determined to test the +citizens for a definite reply, and after once more "muttering" to the +Lord Mayor, turned to the assemblage and said,—</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> +<p>"Good friends, we came to acquaint you with a thing we needed not +have done, had it not been for the affection we bear you. The +Lords and Commons could have determined the matter without you, +but would gladly have you join with us, which is for your honour +and profit, though you do not see it, or consider it. We require +you therefore to give your answer one way or another; whether you +are willing as the Lords are, to have the most excellent prince +the Lord Protector to be your King, or not?"<a name="FNanchor_19" id="FNanchor_19"></a><a href="#Footnote_19" class="fnanchor">[19]</a></p></div> + +<p>Whatever may have been surmised as to the ultimate object to which +preceding events were tending, this manifesto and declaration of +Buckingham tore off the final shreds of the mask, that had been so +thinly veiling it. At the conclusion of the question, a murmur ran +through the assemblage, and just at this juncture, a number of the +Protector's and Duke's servants, some city apprentices, and a rabble +that had crowded into the Hall, cried out, "<i>King Richard! King +Richard!</i>" and threw up their hats in token of joy.</p> + +<p>Glad to seize hold of this mockery of a response, although perfectly +aware of its origin, Buckingham immediately treated it as a genuine +and spontaneous demonstration in favour of Gloucester, and said,—</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> +<p>"'Tis a goodly and joyful cry, to hear every man with one voice +agree to it, and nobody say, no; since therefore, we see you all +as one man inclined to have <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">97</a></span> this noble prince to be your +King, we shall report the matter effectually to him, that we +doubt not it will be much to your advantage. We require you to +attend us to-morrow with our joint petition to his Grace; as has +been already agreed on between us."</p> + +<p class="left30"><span class="i6">"Some followers of mine own,</span><br /> +At lower end of the hall, hurled up their caps<br /> +And some ten voices cried, <i>God save King Richard!</i><br /> +(And thus I took the vantage of those few.)"</p></div> + +<p>The Duke and his companions then left the Hall, and the citizens +dispersed "the most part with aching hearts, though they were forced +to hide their sorrows, as much as possible for fear of giving offence, +which had been dangerous."</p> + +<p>Baynard's Castle in Thames Street, "where the Lord Protector lay," was +destined to be the scene of the last act of this miserable drama. +Hither the following morning being Wednesday, the 17 April, +Buckingham, several lords and gentlemen, the Lord Mayor, and most of +the Aldermen and Common-Council, repaired to have audience of +Gloucester.</p> + +<p>The consummate hypocrisy of Gloucester's character, and his finished +acting, were never more fully displayed than at this interview. At +first he "made some difficulty of coming forth," and when he appeared, +Buckingham, whose guile on the occasion was only short of +Gloucester's, introduced the deputation, and after "very submissively +begging pardon for himself and company, and liberty to propose to him +what they had to offer," and receiving "his Grace's" reply that "he +believed none of them meant him any harm," at once "set forth very +elegantly and pathetically,"—</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> +<p>"the grievances of the people, and prayed him to redress them by +assuming the sovereign authority, which of right belonged to him, +and which the whole kingdom with unusual unanimity, desired he +would take to himself for the benefit of the Commonwealth, as +much as for his Grace's honour."</p></div> + +<p>Gloucester simulated to be "mightily surpriz'd," and said, "although +he knew the things, he (Buckingham) alleged, to be true, yet he loved +King Edward and his children above any crown whatsoever, and therefore +could not grant them their request." Thereon Buckingham "murmured" and +"obtained pardon" to speak a second time. He then said, "they were +gone too far to go back," and that if he refused "to take the Crown +upon him, which they humbly beseeched him to do,"—and gave them "a +resolute answer" to the contrary, then "they would look out for some +worthy person who would accept their proposal."</p> + +<p>The time was now come to throw off the mask, for the climax of +hypocrisy had been reached, and Gloucester, never slow to act when the +decisive moment arrived, immediately put his foot on the neck of the +coveted opportunity. There was no hesitation in the declaration he +then made; he "perceived" that the "whole realm was bent upon it not +to have King Edward's children to govern them, of which he was +sorry,"—and that "he knew the Crown could belong to no man so justly +as ourself," a claim now confirmed and joined also by "your election, +the Nobles and Commons of this Realm," the which of all <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">98</a></span> titles +"possible," he took to be the most effectual, he did therefore +"content and agree favourably to receive your petition and +request,"—and would forthwith from that day forward, "take upon us +the royal estate, to rule, govern, and defend."</p> + +<p class="left30 font90">"Stand all apart,—Cousin of Buckingham,<br /> +Give me thy hand;—thus high by thy advice<br /> +And thy assistance is King Richard seated."</p> + +<p>So the farce ended, and the deputation retired. Buckingham had placed +the crown on the grisly brow of the White Boar, who, in return was +destined not long afterward to rend him that offered it to the heart.</p> + +<hr class="c15" /> + +<p>The assumption of the royal dignity by Gloucester, brings to a +conclusion the first half of our little narrative, relating to the man +who thus offered it to him.</p> + +<p>Two equally remarkable, much-alike, and unenviable-in-conduct, +personages, are now presented to us, who had both risen to the highest +positions in their native land, the one to supreme authority as king; +the other his faithful, and almost unscrupulous lieutenant, henchman, +and catspaw, possessing a rivalling royal descent, but little removed +in directness from his own, to be from this service the most important +and influential of that king's subjects. A very dangerous and crazy +alliance between men of such kindred character and aspirations, and +destined assuredly not to last long.</p> + +<p>Life never stands still,—in the very nature of things it cannot,—nor +remain long on an even, which means literally a dead level: it must +progress or recede. This is true generally of all life, but specially +so of one animated by ambitious longings. A spirit so prompted must +continue to ascend if there be any altitude to win, but if this be +denied, and the unstable path it follows at last begins to sink rather +than to rise beneath the advancing step, and points to the dread +bourne of obscurity and neglect; or, if the powerful antagonism of +rival claims and influence jostle it on one side and precede it; or, +the cold shadow of preference, joined with indifference and crushed +hopes paralyze its future efforts, there is neither anchorage nor +haven for the beaten bark, then the bitter promptings of envy and +shattered pride but too often occupy the heart instead, give demon +wings to its future course, urging it fatally onward to end in the +blind and reckless shipwreck of all.</p> + +<p>Gloucester was proclaimed King on 22 June, and on 4 July went to the +Tower by water, accompanied by his Queen. On that day among the titles +of honour distributed, was that "Henry Stafford, Duke of Buckingham, +was made Constable of England for term of life, but he claimed the +office by inheritance."<a name="FNanchor_20" id="FNanchor_20"></a><a href="#Footnote_20" class="fnanchor">[20]</a> He had previously been elected a Knight of +the Garter.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">99</a></span> +The next day Richard rode in state from the Tower through the City to +Westminster, and a large cavalcade of the nobility and the great +officers of state. "But the Duke of Buckingham carried the splendour +of that day's bravery, his habit and caparisons of blue velvet, +embroidered with <i>Golden naves of carts, burning</i>, the trappings +supported by footmen habited costly and suitable."</p> + +<p>On the day following, 6 July, the coronation of Richard and his Queen +took place, when "all the prelates mitred in their <i>pontificalibus</i>" +received the King in Westminster Hall, and in the grand procession, +after the great Officers of State carrying the royal insignia, came +the "King in a surcoat and robe of purple, the canopy borne by the +Barons of the Five Ports, the King between the Bishops of Bath and +Durham, the Duke of Buckingham bearing up his train, and served with a +White Staff for Seneschal, or High Steward of England," an office he +appears to have held for that day only; while in the Queen's +procession "the Earl of Surrey was Constable (<i>pro illa vice +tantum</i>)."<a name="FNanchor_21" id="FNanchor_21"></a><a href="#Footnote_21" class="fnanchor">[21]</a></p> + +<p>Richard, instead of summoning a Parliament, held a conference with +some of the principal nobles, and after charging them to preserve the +peace and put down all crime and disorder, set off for a progress +through the midland counties, the end of the journey to be York, where +a second coronation was performed by Archbishop Rotherham, and Richard +created his son Prince of Wales.</p> + +<p>From Windsor the King passed through his manor of Woodstock to Oxford, +and it being fine summer weather, the people kept high holiday on the +route of the royal progress. At the University he appears to have been +particularly well received, and acceded to their petition to release +Morton, the Bishop of Ely, from his durance in the Tower, as that +prelate was a special favourite with them, and having done so, +consigned him to the gentler and freer espionage of his friend the +Duke of Buckingham, who sent the Bishop down to his Castle of +Brecknock in South Wales.</p> + +<p>This transfer of the Bishop from the Tower to Wales, was the first +step in the prelude whose <i>dénouement</i> was to be at Bosworth. There +was no man whose ability Richard more disliked and feared than +Morton's, and that prelate had an equally intense hostility toward the +King. But one thing was manifest by his thus committing the Bishop to +Buckingham's custody, he could not at the time have had any doubt of +the Duke's continued fealty toward him.</p> + +<p>The progress continued to Gloucester, the King "making small stay +anywhere." Here at this ominously-named city, from which he derived +his title, two circumstances occurred whose issues eventually wrested +the Crown from his brow, which he was hastening to York,—as if to +make assurance doubly sure,—thereon to have it set with all ceremony +for the second time. The first of these incidents was his parting from +Buckingham, as it turned out, for ever,—although he appeared to be +still "constantly disposed and affected toward him in <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">100</a></span> all outward +appearance." The other was that from here the first message is said to +have been sped—to be afterward repeated with more deadly effect from +Warwick—for the murder of the young Princes in the Tower, a crime +that for wanton cruelty and hideousness completely dwarfed the legion +of others he had previously committed. At last Richard's daring had +reckoned without its host, no such enormity had ever occurred in +England before, he had "miscalculated the national sentiment, there +was a fierce reaction, his popularity went in a day."</p> + +<p>Richard is said to have dismissed Buckingham at Gloucester, "with rich +gifts and extraordinary marks of favour and affection." Whatever these +may have been, he had previously given him an enormous number of +appointments and offices in Wales, which had constituted him almost a +little king in the Principality. While Protector, he</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> +<p>"procured for the Duke almost all the government and authority in +Wales, and other bordering counties, the offices of Constable of +all the King's Castles, and Steward of the said Castles, and +divers Manors, Royalties, Lands and Lordships, in Salop, +Hereford, Somerset, Dorset, and Wilts, without making account, or +rendering anything to the King Edward V. Together with the +oversight and government of his subjects in those counties and +power and authority for the security of the King's person and +kingdom, and conservation of the peace in those parts, to call +them together and array and arm them. Also the office of Chief +Justice and Chamberlain of North and South for his life."<a name="FNanchor_22" id="FNanchor_22"></a><a href="#Footnote_22" class="fnanchor">[22]</a></p></div> + +<p>When Richard became King, he added a further large number of similar +appointments, and the most, if not the whole, were dowered "with the +fees anciently due and accustomed thereto," so that besides giving him +great authority, they must have afforded him a large income.</p> + +<p>Buckingham adjournied on from Gloucester, to his castle of Brecknock, +in what state of mind, it is difficult to guess. Arrived there, he +found his ghostly prisoner, with all complaisance waiting to welcome +him. It must have been here also, or on his way hither, that the Duke +received the intelligence of the murder of the Princes in the Tower. +The ghastly news would presumably have greatly startled both +Buckingham and the prelate, unless Richard had confided the grim +secret to the Duke prior to his parting from him at Gloucester, a +supposition we would fain believe not to have been the case, for two +reasons, one that the youths were almost as nearly related to +Buckingham as they were to himself, being the Duke's wife's sister's +children, his nephews by marriage, and there was not like overwhelming +motive for him to acquiesce in such atrocity, as actuated Richard; and +secondly, a crime of such glaring enormity would scarcely brook +revelation to anyone, beyond the person designed to be the instrument +employed to perpetrate it, nor then, until the last moment brought the +dire necessity; and although Richard was hardened enough and bold +enough for anything, still the youths were nearly related to +Buckingham, and Gloucester could <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101">101</a></span> not be sure how his—as it +turned out—half-alienated friend might receive it.</p> + +<p>Morton, who is described as being "a very wise, politic person, a man +of learning, and of a winning behaviour," did not allow his host to +remain long inactive and unattacked with regard to the great scheme he +had in view. Within the influence of such a mind, Buckingham, weak, +vacillating, ambitious, and unscrupulous, would literally be nowhere, +and so it turned out.</p> + +<p>On his arrival at the Castle, Buckingham, it is said, was still full +of the praises of Richard. In a qualified sense this was probably so; +Morton comprehended the situation at once; he had probably anticipated +it, and was prepared with his plans. The argument the astute +ecclesiastic used was double-edged. He knew it would not be safe to +depreciate Richard's character alone without some compensating, +alluring set-off; and so he coupled with it the inevitably +unsettling—the prelude to convincing—one to minds constituted as +Buckingham's,—that of flattering his vanity with the vision of +rivalship, by setting forth the equal if not superior claim to the +highest dignity, he possessed, both in disposition, wisdom, and birth; +supplemented by a contrasted view of Richard's atrocious wickedness, +and unprincipled usurpation. Not that Morton really wished or desired +such a thing, as the sequel proved, because a shift of this nature +would be only exchanging the bad for as bad; but if he could alienate +Buckingham from Richard half the battle would be won, the ultimate +design would take care of itself, and may be unfolded in due time. So +the fly played with the spider; and, said the Bishop to his +gaoler-host,—</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> +<p>"As for the late Protector, since he is now King, I do not intend +to dispute his title; however for the good of the realm he +governs (of which I am a poor member) I was about to wish, that +to the good qualities he possesses, it had pleased God to have +added some of those excellent virtues, requisite for the +governing a kingdom, which are so conspicuous in the person of +your Grace."<a name="FNanchor_23" id="FNanchor_23"></a><a href="#Footnote_23" class="fnanchor">[23]</a></p></div> + +<p>So Morton is said to have whetted Buckingham's appetite and appealed +to his pride, and the Duke, as a matter of course, wished to hear +further of the mind of his adroit and agreeable prisoner, promising +the utmost secrecy in all things concerned, on a subject evidently +congenial to him. Morton soon discovered this, and growing bolder, +placed in striking and flattering contrast the superior qualities of +his host, compared with the evil and cruel characteristics of Richard, +under whom "if he at any time is suspicious of his fidelity to him, no +man is sure of his own life," and continued he,—</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> +<p>"to conclude this discourse, I conjure you by your love to God, +your illustrious line, and your native country, to take the +imperial crown of this realm upon you, to restore this kingdom to +its antient splendor, and deliver it from the violence of the +oppressor. I dare affirm if the Turk stood in competition with +this bloody tyrant, this killer of infants, the people of England +would prefer him to Richard who now sits upon the throne. How +much more then would they rejoice to live under the government of +so excellent a prince as your Grace? Despise not neither lose so +fair an occasion of saving yourself and your country."<a name="FNanchor_24" id="FNanchor_24"></a><a href="#Footnote_24" class="fnanchor">[24]</a></p></div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102">102</a></span> +Thus much for the preliminary portion of the prelate's speech, to +enlist the ear of his auditor, and then he added, what he intended the +foregoing adulation should lead up to,—</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> +<p>"But if you will not yourself accept the sovereignty of this +kingdom, if the toils and hazards of a crown, prevail over you +more than the charms of power, I entreat you by the faith you owe +to God, by your affection to the place that gave you birth, and +to the English nation; that you will in your high and princely +wisdom think of some means of advancing such a good governor, as +you shall appoint to rule and govern them. All the hopes of the +people of England are in you, and to you only can they fly for +succour. If you could set up the house of Lancaster once more, or +marry the eldest daughter of king Edward to some great and potent +prince, the new King would not long enjoy his usurped empire, all +civil war would cease, domestic discord would sleep, and +universal peace and profit be the blessings of this noble +land."<a name="FNanchor_25" id="FNanchor_25"></a><a href="#Footnote_25" class="fnanchor">[25]</a></p></div> + +<p>This candid statement appears to have been a <i>poser</i> for Buckingham, +who, it is added, "continued silent some time," at which the Bishop in +his turn "changed colour, and was very much confused," expecting the +Duke to have warmly coincided; who, "perceiving the Bishop's affright, +bade him fear nothing, and they would have further talk on the morrow, +but now 'let us go to supper.'"</p> + +<p>The Duke sent for Morton the next day, and not being quite easy and +sure within himself, bade the Bishop rehearse the whole matter over +again. This done, Buckingham "pulled off his hat, and made a sort of +prayer," which being ended, "he then put on his hat, and applied +himself to the Bishop."</p> + +<p>Buckingham's reply to Morton was a kind of declaration and confession +combined. He began with a similar strain of profession of regard +toward the Bishop, having always found him "a sure friend, a trusty +counsellor, and a vigilant statesman," and as the Bishop had so +unreservedly opened his mind to him, he would reciprocate the +confidence. And so he began by declaring,—</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> +<p>"that when King Edward died, to whom I thought I was very little +obliged (though he and I had married two sisters), because he +neither promoted or preferred me, as I thought I deserved by my +birth, and the relation I had to him; I did not much value his +children's interest, having their father's ill usage still in my +mind."</p></div> + +<p>and also that it would be of "ill consequence" to the nation, for the +young King to govern, with his mother for Regent, and all her family, +who were persons of "no high descent" occupying the most important +positions, and have more share in the government than the King's +relations and the other persons who were of the "very highest quality" +in the kingdom, and so,—</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> +<p>"for these reasons I thought it to be for the public welfare, and +my private advantage to side with the Duke of Gloucester, whom I +took to be as sincere and merciful, as I now find him to be false +and cruel. By my means, as you know well, he was made Protector +of the King, and Kingdom."</p></div> + +<p>That after this Gloucester produced to him and others "instruments +witnessed by doctors, proctors, and notaries," shewing that Edward's +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">103</a></span> children were bastards, and himself the rightful heir to the +throne, which they believed to be true, and so took him for their +"rightful prince and sovereign," and it was by his assistance he was +made King, at which time</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> +<p>"he promised me at Baynards-Castle, laying his hand on mine, that +the two young Princes should live and be provided for, to mine +and everyone's satisfaction. When he was in possession of the +throne he forgot his friends, and the assurances he had given +them, and denied to grant my petition for part of the Earl of +Hereford's lands, which his brother wrongfully detained from me. +And when I was certainly informed of the death of the two +innocent Princes, to which (God be my judge) I never consented, +my blood curdled at his treason and barbarity, I abhorred the +sight of him, and his company much more."</p></div> + +<p>This statement as to the refusal of Richard to give him the portion of +the Earl of Hereford's lands, does not accord with Dugdale's account +to which we shall refer, nor with Richard's bitter exclamation of +reproach when he heard of Buckingham's defection.</p> + +<p>The Duke then continues to narrate how on his way homeward to +Brecknock, he "meditated" how he might dethrone Richard, and that "had +I assumed the supreme power, I thought there was nobody so likely to +carry it as myself," that he sojourned two days at Tewkesbury brooding +over the matter, but considered altogether "that to pretend to seat +myself on the throne would not do," as in that case both the houses of +York and Lancaster would join themselves against him, although he +remembered,—</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> +<p>"that Edmund, Duke of Somerset, my grandfather, was with king +Henry VI. in two or three degrees from John, Duke of Lancaster, +lawfully begotten, my mother being Duke Edmund's eldest daughter, +I looked on myself as next heir to Henry VI. of the house of +Lancaster. But as I further journied between Worcester and +Bridgenorth, I met the Lady Margaret, Countess of Richmond, at +present wife to the Lord Stanley, who is the rightful and sole +heir of John, Duke of Somerset, my grandfather's elder brother, +whose title I had forgot until I saw her in my way, and then I +remembered that both her claim, and her son the Earl of +Richmond's, were bars to mine, and forbad my pretending to the +crown of England."</p></div> + +<p>At this interview it was proposed by the Countess that her son should +marry one of king Edward's daughters, and "conjured" Buckingham, "by +the memory of Duke Humphrey, his grandfather," to do his utmost to +forward the match, to be eventually a solution to the present +troubles, and he came to a resolution to "spend his life and fortune" +in forwarding such a "glorious design," by which, if effected, he +doubted not "the proud boar, whose tusks have gored so many innocent +persons, shall soon be brought to confusion, the rightful and +indubitate heir enjoy the crown, and peace be restored to this +distracted kingdom."</p> + +<p>This was exactly the kind of confession Morton required, and all being +agreed on, the next thing was to get some trusty envoy to send to the +Countess of Richmond to concert measures. He was soon found in the +person of Sir Reginald Braye, who was despatched to her with the +announcement of Buckingham and Morton's design, and to get her to +communicate with the Queen-Mother and acquire her assent and adherence +to the project. This the Countess effected through the <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">104</a></span> medium of +Dr. Lewis, her physician, and the Queen-Mother readily assented, on +the stipulated condition that the Earl of Richmond married her +daughter Elizabeth, and failing her, the next eldest, Cecilia.</p> + +<p>Morton having taken captive the mind, if not the person of his gaoler, +now wished the Duke to set him at liberty, and let him go to his +diocese in Ely, where his friends would preserve him from any violence +of Richard's,—"once I find myself at Ely," said he to Buckingham, +"with four days start of Richard, I am ready to defy all his malice." +The Duke however had no mind to lose so good an adviser, and did not +wish him to leave, but Morton was determined to be gone if he could, +and so stole away from Brecknock Castle in disguise, and doubtless +without the Duke's knowledge.</p> + +<p>It is rather difficult to estimate Morton's action on this occasion. +The secret was out, the measures were concerted, and would soon get +wind; was he afraid of Richard's vengeance? By his leaving Buckingham +thus, he greatly compromised the Duke if their plans failed, and left +him to certain destruction, while he would be in safety. With great +rapidity he crossed from Brecknock to Ely, a hundred and seventy +miles, and thence to Wisbech, and with money and men he had collected +from his great works in the Fens, took shipping and got safely over to +Flanders, and the first intelligence Richard had of his flight, was +that he was in Brittany with the Earl of Richmond. Richard doubtless +was fully alive to the threatened danger, and Shakspeare well imagines +his apprehension in the words,—</p> + +<p class="left30 font30">"Ely with Richmond troubles me more near<br /> +Than Buckingham with all his rash-levied strength."</p> + +<p>Matters now proceeded apace toward the development of the movement. +Sir Reginald Braye, as the trusty ambassador, had won over Sir Giles +Daubeney, Sir John Cheney, Sir Richard Guilford, and others, and with +these were the Courtenays, Sir Edward, afterward Earl of Devon, and +Bishop Peter Courtenay, Sir Robert Willoughby, afterward Lord Broke, +Sir Thomas Arundell, and Sir Thomas Brandon, these were to +<i>rendez-vous</i> at or near Salisbury: the Marquis of Dorset had left his +sanctuary, and with his uncle Sir Richard Widville had gone to the +north. Dr. Christopher Urswick, Chaplain to the Countess, and Thomas +Rame, had been despatched by her by different routes to Brittany to +apprise her son of the complexion of the movement, and he was to +appear off the western coast with a fleet and men to land in aid.</p> + +<p>Richard, of course, soon found out the character of the insurrection +and those implicated in it. To Buckingham he first sent a "very kind +obliging letter," inviting him to come to London, but the Duke +"pretended indisposition," and so excused himself. The King thereon +being enraged, sent him "a letter in a rougher stile, commanding him +on his allegiance to attend him." But the die was cast, matters had +gone too far to recede, and the message was returned by the Duke, +"that he would not expose himself to his mortal enemy, whom he neither +loved nor would serve." <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105">105</a></span></p> + +<p>Buckingham gathered together as soon as possible his "rash-levied" +strength. These consisted of a number of his tenants and a host of +ill-disciplined Welshmen, and he endeavoured by long marches, passing +through the Forest of Dean, to get to Gloucester, and thence onward to +join the western contingent. The Earl of Richmond set sail from +Brittany, the twelfth of October, with a fleet of forty ships and five +thousand Bretons on board. They appear to have at once encountered a +storm, which dispersed the fleet, but</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> +<p>"the ship in which was the Earl in person, was driven on the +coast of England, to the mouth of the haven of Poole, in +Dorsetshire; where, finding the shore was crowded with troops to +oppose his descent, he forbad any of his men to land until the +whole navy came up. However he sent out his boat with some +officers to demand of the men who stood on the shore, whether +they were friends or enemies? These traitors instructed by king +Richard, answered, 'They were friends posted there by the Duke of +Bucks to receive the Earl of Richmond.' The Earl suspecting the +deceit, and perceiving he was alone, the rest of his fleet not +appearing, weighed anchor, returned to France, and landed in +Normandy."</p></div> + +<p>But how fared Buckingham and his motley host? Not only circumstances, +but Nature fought against him. The river Severn, swollen by ten days +continuous rain, overflowed all the adjoining country, doing immense +damage, and the inundation was so large, and of such remarkable +character, that for a hundred years afterward it was named and +recollected as <i>The Great Water</i>, or <i>Buckingham's Water</i>, and +tradition delivers it was so severe "that men, women, and children +were carried away in their beds with the violence of it."</p> + +<p>This inundation totally prevented the Duke and his army crossing the +river, and his allies on the other side coming to his support. The +Welshmen "tried with being exposed to hunger, rain, and numberless +hardships, returned to their homes,"—they appear to have deserted by +degrees, "until at last the Duke had none left about him but his +domestic servants, nor could prayers nor threats keep them together, +so he was obliged to fly with the rest."</p> + +<p>Thus prematurely ended this unfortunate movement, and Buckingham fled +for refuge and secrecy to the house of his old servant, Ralph +Banister, to whom himself, and his father before him, had shewn many +acts of kindness.</p> + +<p>Richard had gone down north to organize an army to meet the +insurrection, and on the twelfth of October was at Lincoln, to see the +Bishop, who however was absent and sick. Here the King sent him a +letter to the following intent,—</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> +<p>By the <span class="smcap">King</span>.</p> + +<p>"Right Reverend Fadre in God, and Right trusty and wellbeloved; +We grete you wele, and in our hertiest wyse thank you for the +manyfold Presentes that your Servantes in your behalve have +presented unto Us at this oure being here: which we assure you we +toke and accepted with good hert; and so we have cawse. And +whereas We by Goddes Grace intend briefly to avaunce us towards +our Rebel and Traitor the Duc of Buckingham, to resiste and +withstand his malicious purpose, as lately by our other Letters +We certifyed you oure mynd more at large; For which Cause it +behoveth us to have our grete Sele here, We being enfourmed, that +for such Infirmities and Deseases as ye susteyne ne may in your +person to your ease conveniently come unto us with the same: +Wherefore we will, and natheless charge you that forthwith upon +the sight of thies, yee saufly do the same our <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106">106</a></span> grete Sele to +be sent unto us; and such of th'office of oure Chauncery as by +your Wisedome shall be thought necessary, receiving these oure +Letters for youre sufficient Discharge in that behalve. Yeven +under oure Signet at oure Cite of Lincolne the xii day of +Octobre."</p></div> + +<p>To which Richard with his own hand, added this remarkable and +significant postscript,—</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> +<p>"We wolde most gladly ye came your selff, yf that ye may, and yf +ye may not, we pray you not to fayle, but to accomplyshe in al +dyllygence oure sayd commaundement, to send oure Seale +incontinent apon the syght hereof, as we truste you with such as +ye truste, and the Officers parteyning, to attend with hyt; +praying you to ascerteyn us of your Newes ther. Here loved be +God, is al wel, and trewly determyned, and for to resiste the +Malyse of him, that had best Cawse to be trew, the Duc of +Bokyngham the most untrew Creature lyvynge. Whom with Gods Grace +we shall not be long til that we wyll be in that parties, and +subdew his Malys. Wee assure you there was never falsre Traitor +purvayde for, as this Berrer Gloucester shal shew you."</p></div> + +<p>What Richard was in such hurry to get his Great Seal for, was manifest +at Leicester. Here, on the twenty-third of the month, he issued a +proclamation against the rebels, and offering rewards for their +apprehension. For Buckingham it was a thousand pounds in money, or a +hundred pounds yearly in land, for the Marquis of Dorset and the +Bishops of Ely and Salisbury a thousand marks in money each, or one +hundred marks in land, and smaller sums for knights and gentlemen of +lesser degree. His reprobation appears to have been specially directed +against the Marquis of Dorset, "who, at the perill of his soule, hath +many and sundry maids, widows, and wives, damnably, and without shame, +deflowered and defiled." The next day at Coventry,—</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> +<p>"In order to make short work, and avoid the usual formalities of +the courts of justice, he commissioned Sir Ralph Ashton to +exercise the office of Vice-Constable, with so extensive a power, +that he could condemn and execute on the spot, all persons +whatever, guilty or suspected of the crime of high-treason, +without having regard to any appeal."</p></div> + +<p>Ashton, who was probably a man after his master's heart, took summary +vengeance on the dispersed insurrectionists, and coming into the +western counties signalized his zeal by numerous executions of those +adjudged by him guilty, or only of favouring the conspirators; +anticipating in spirit and action the bloody campaign of the +detestable Jeffreys, on a similar errand two centuries afterward.</p> + +<p>"It is better to trust in the Lord, than to put confidence in man, +than to put confidence in princes;"—had ever the royal Psalmist's +words truer interpretation than in the fate of Buckingham, whom we +left hiding with his servant near Shrewsbury? Alas for the fidelity of +servants when exposed to temptation; but is not falseness ever the +attribute of servitude? Instead of the noble self-denial of sheltering +and befriending his old master and friend, the glittering prize of a +thousand pounds was within his grasp, the position of being a petty +squire with a "manor of land" was before his eyes, and the temptation +proved to be too much for "Maister Rauf Banistre," who, casting the +eternal odium that would inseparably be attached to such <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107">107</a></span> conduct +to the winds, went and betrayed the whereabouts of his master to John +Milton, Esq., then Sheriff of Shropshire, who with a party of soldiery +surrounded and searched the locality, apprehended him in a little +grove near Banister's house, and conveyed him to Shrewsbury.</p> + +<p>After a short confinement there, the Duke by royal order was delivered +over to the custody of Sir James Tyler and another knight; and, +"appareled in a piled black cloak," was escorted to Salisbury.</p> + +<p>Richard who was pursuing his journey southward, had probably reached +Salisbury before his prisoner had arrived.</p> + +<p>No time was lost in dealing with the noble captive. His fate had +already been foreshadowed in Richard's postscript to the Bishop,—</p> + +<p class="left30 font90"><span class="i2">"When this arm of mine hath chastised</span><br /> +The petty rebel, dull-brained Buckingham."</p> + +<p>And there could be but one effectual way to "subdue his malys," and to +put permanently beyond the power of future mischief this "never falsre +traitor to be purvayde for,"—this "most untrew creature lyvynge."</p> + +<p>The Duke was closely examined by his captors, and is said to have +confessed the whole plan of the insurrection, and all particulars of +the conspiracy.</p> + +<p>He then made energetic efforts to obtain an interview with Richard, +hoping to excite his compassion, or, as it has been also surmised, +purposing if opportunity offered to despatch him with a concealed +dagger. But he was sueing a much more able and crafty person than +himself. Richard was about the last man to trust himself into the +compromising company of his victim, and so into colloquy with one with +whom he had aforetime been partner in so many crimes, and to whom he +also owed so much, in acquiring his present position. Richard refused +to see him, and his doom was immediate death, without further trial or +arraignment.</p> + +<div class="font90"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0" summary="play"> +<tr> +<td><span class="smcap">Buckingham.</span></td> +<td>Will not King Richard let me speak with him?</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><span class="smcap">Sheriff.</span></td> + <td>No, my good lord; therefore be patient.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td valign="top"><span class="smcap">Buckingham.</span></td> + <td>Hastings, and Edward's children, Rivers, Grey,<br /> + Holy King Henry, and thy fair son Edward,<br /> + Vaughan, and all that have miscarried<br /> + If that your moody discontented souls<br /> + Do through the clouds behold this present hour,<br /> + Even for revenge mock my destruction!—<br /> + This is All-Souls' day, fellows, is it not?</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><span class="smcap">Sheriff.</span></td> + <td>It is, my lord.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td><span class="smcap">Buckingham.</span></td> + <td>Why then All-Souls' day is my body's doomsday.</td> +</tr> +</table> +</div> + +<p>It was even so. On 2 November, 1483, being All-Souls day, the Duke of +Buckingham was beheaded in or near the Market Place, at Salisbury.</p> + +<p>It is singular that such little knowledge remains as to the exact spot +where this unfortunate but unscrupulous man perished, and no <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108">108</a></span> +official evidence at all exists as to his place of burial. Relative to +this Sir R. C. Hoare says,—</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> +<p>"It is remarkable that no allusion to this transaction is found +in the documents at Salisbury, even though it took place on the +second of November, the day of choosing the Mayor and other +public officers; whose appointment is recorded in the usual form. +Possibly the city authorities were too deeply implicated in the +intended insurrection to risk even a reference to the subject. +The Pipe Roll of the reign of Richard III. has been carefully +examined, but the search has been fruitless. It is proper to +observe, however, that a stone is still pointed out, as that on +which Buckingham suffered. This stone is in the yard adjoining +the house now occupied by Messrs. Styles and Large, which +formerly belonged to the Blue Boar Inn."</p></div> + +<p>Concerning this, Hall observes,—</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> +<p>"'Without arraignment or judgment, he was, in the open +Market-place on a new scaffold, beheaded and put to death. His +death he received at the hands of king Richard, whom he had +before, in his affairs, purposes, enterprises, holden, sustained, +and set forward, above all God's forbode."</p></div> + +<p>And this account is corroborated by documents in the <i>Stafford MSS.</i>, +quoted by the historian of Shrewsbury. The passage on the subject is +as follows:—</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> +<p>"And so all the gentlemen of Harrefordshire weare send for by +Privy Seale to King Richard to <i>Salisburie</i>, and by that time +Duke Henry of Buckingham, was brought by Sir James Tyler, the +third daye, wheare he was pittifullie murdered by the said Kinge, +for raisinge power to bring in King Henrie the Seventh."</p></div> + +<p>The Duke having been thus summarily disposed of, what became of the +wretch that betrayed him? One account narrates,—</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> +<p>"Banister and his whole family were destroyed by the surprizing +judgments of the Almighty. The Usurper refused to pay him the +thousand pounds promised in the Proclamation, saying, 'He that +would betray so good a Master, would be false to any other.'"</p></div> + +<p>But according to another, and truer version, the informer received his +reward, and,—</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> +<p>"with the king's commendation of his service in his letters +patent; for he gave him the Manour and Lordship of Ealding in +Kent, late belonging to the Duke of Buckingham. So the letters +ran,—'<span class="smcap">Richard</span> &c.,—<i>to al and singular the Officers, &c.,—Wit +ye, that in consideration of the true and faithful service which +our well beloved servant Rauf Banistre Esq, now late hath done +unto us, for and about the taking and bringing of our said great +Rebel into our hands, we have given unto the said Rauf, and to +his heirs male, the said Manour for ever.</i>'"</p></div> + +<p>Both giver and receiver a congenial pair, and the gift that passed a +characteristic one, being a portion of the spoil of their victim. Of +such men it may be said,—</p> + +<p class="left35"><span class="i2">"Shame and Desolation sit</span><br /> +By their graves ever."</p> + +<p>But where was Buckingham buried, after he had been thus "condemned and +executed in such summary way, on a new scaffold erected in the +Market-place of Salisbury." A tomb to his memory is erected in +Britford church, about a mile and a half distant from that <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109">109</a></span> +city, but it is a cenotaph only, his body was not interred there; +where then was its final resting-place, after his troublous life had +found such disastrous extinction? Still further ignominy appears to +have remained to be meted out to the inanimate form, after man had +wreaked his last vengeance on the life.</p> + +<div class="p2 figcenter"><img src="images/150_s.jpg" width="200" height="226" +alt="SARACEN'S HEAD" title="" /></div> +<p class="center"><span class="smcap">DISCOVERY MADE IN THE KITCHEN OF THE SARACEN'S HEAD INN,<br /> +SALISBURY.<br /> +From the Saturday Magazine, 6 April, 1839.</span><br /> +<a href="images/150_b.jpg">View larger image</a></p> + +<p class="p2">From an article in the <i>Saturday Magazine</i>, 6 April, 1839, we gather +the following,—</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> +<p>"Tradition assigns the court-yard of the Blue Boar Inn, as the +scene of this bloody tragedy; but great uncertainty seems always +to have prevailed as to the spot where the mutilated remains of +this unfortunate nobleman were finally deposited. The +frontispiece which is presented to our readers, gives a view of +the kitchen of an inn (the Saracen's Head) in Salisbury, in +which, while some repairs and alterations were being made, a +skeleton, in the condition shewn in the picture, was discovered +beneath the floor of the apartment, which is on a level with the +ground. A view of the appearance of the figure, together with the +apartment, was made and published by Mr. J. M. Cullam—of which +view, with his permission we have taken a copy. These human +remains, are with good reason, supposed to have belonged to that +Duke of Buckingham.</p> + +<p>"It is supposed that the head and right arm, after having been +submitted to the personal inspection of the King, then resident +in "the King's house," in the Close, were sent to London to be +affixed to Temple Bar, or exposed on Tower Hill, as was commonly +used to be done in those times. A tomb in the north chantry of +St. Thomas's church, Salisbury, was once supposed to contain the +remains of Buckingham, and another in Britford church, near +Salisbury, obtained a similar reputation; but sufficient evidence +has been found to shew these were only <i>monuments</i> to his memory, +and no indications, leading to probability, have ever appeared, +to point out the place of the sepulture of the Duke of +Buckingham, till the discovery took place represented in our +frontispiece.</p> + +<p>"The Saracen's Head Inn (owing to the peculiar contiguity of the +two places) is supposed to have once formed part of the premises +attached to those of the Blue Boar. The grave, therefore, of the +Duke, was probably made only a few yards, possibly feet, from the +spot where he suffered decapitation. The skeleton was found about +eight inches below the surface of the soil; the spinal column +appeared imbedded in the clay, and on taking up some of the +detached vertebræ, they crumbled to dust in the hands. All the +remains were in a like friable condition."</p></div> + +<p>Commenting on this discovery, Sir R. C. Hoare remarks,—</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> +<p>"The most remarkable circumstance connected with this locality is +the recent discovery of a skeleton, found just under the pavement +in making some alterations in a kind of kitchen or out-house, +belonging to the Saracen's Head, which is close to the site of +the Blue Boar. It was that of a person apparently above the +middle size and had been deprived of the head and right arm. The +workman by whom it was found, omitted to notice whether the bones +of the neck had been separated by a sharp instrument, but could +remember that the bone of the arm appeared to have been cut off, +just below the shoulder, as if by a saw. These remains were +destroyed without proper examination.</p> + +<p>"Of itself the discovery would prove nothing, but if the fact of +Buckingham's execution at Salisbury be indisputably established, +we shall not be guilty of too great a stretch of imagination, in +supposing these were his mutilated remains, interred +clandestinely, or, at least, without ceremony, near the spot +where he suffered."</p></div> + +<p>The name of Blue Boar Row is still perpetuated on the south side of +the Market Place at Salisbury.</p> + +<p>The tomb set up to his memory in Britford church, is in the place of +honour, on the north side of the chancel. It is a high-tomb with +Purbeck marble cover-stone, but exhibiting no brass indent, or <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110">110</a></span> +inscription. Below are six canopied niches containing figures:—1. +Figure gone.—2. Crowned female saint, with remains of cross (?), +probably St. Margaret.—3. A bishop with pastoral staff, and hand +raised in benediction.—4. A female saint crowned, St. Katharine with +wheel and sword.—5. St. George, with sword, shield, and dragon under +his feet.—6. A female saint bearing a pix or shrine, St. Mary +Magdalene (?). At the west end are two niches having within them +angels holding shields with the bearings sculptured thereon:—1. <i>A +chevron</i>, evidently for <span class="smcap">Stafford</span>, and 2. <i>A fess</i> (apparently <i>cotised +engrailed</i>, but perhaps only an ornament introduced by the sculptor), +for <span class="smcap">Widville, Earl Rivers</span>. Over the tomb is a detached ogee arched +crocketted canopy, with large finial, springing from embattled and +pinnacled side buttresses. The canopy is ornamented with vine foliage +and fruit; the workmanship of the whole composition is of coarse +character. On a modern brass plate affixed above the tomb is this +inscription,—</p> + +<p class="center">HENRICUS·STAFFORD·DUX·BUCKINGHAM DECAPITATUS <span class="smcap">APUD</span> +SALISBURI·I·RIC·III <span class="frac"><sup>A.D.</sup> <sub>1483.</sub></span></p> + +<p>It is probable this memento at Britford was erected by the Duke's +brother-in-law, Lionel Widville, who was Bishop of Salisbury at the +time of Buckingham's execution. Its position outside the city was +doubtless adopted to deprecate prominence and discussion at this +dangerous era.</p> + +<p>The Bishop was the third son of Sir Richard Widville, the first Earl +Rivers (so created by Edward IV., in 1466, and who was subsequently +beheaded at Northampton, 1467), by his wife Jacqueline of Luxemburg, +widow of John Plantagenet, Duke of Bedford. He was brother to +Elizabeth, Queen of Edward IV., and so uncle to the unfortunate +Princes so relentlessly destroyed by Gloucester, brother also to +Katharine, wife of Henry Stafford, Duke of Buckingham, and Anthony, +Earl Rivers, executed at Pontefract by Richard III. He held the See +two years only, 1482-4, and his death is said to have been accelerated +by the fate of his brother-in-law at Salisbury, and the other +misfortunes that befell his family during the reign of Richard III.</p> + +<p>The tomb assigned to Bishop Widville stands under the first arch of +the north aisle of the choir of the Cathedral, leading into the +transept.</p> + +<p>It is a high altar-tomb, the cover-stone perfectly plain, with indent +for inscription on its edge, but the brass has disappeared. Below are +traceried panels, with shields in their centres, on which were +originally brass escutcheons. Over the tomb is a large and heavy +canopy, extending the whole width of the arch of the aisle. The arch +of the canopy is depressed, and cusped, with roses on the bosses of +the points. The vaulting within is panelled, as are also the side +buttresses. The spandrels are traceried with shields in the centres, +on which, as on <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111">111</a></span> the tomb below, were brasses. The whole +composition is of Purbeck marble, and of plain character.</p> + +<p>Henry Stafford, Duke of Buckingham, married Katharine, daughter of +Richard Widville,—created Earl Rivers by Edward IV., 24 May, 1466, +and constituted by that monarch Constable of England,—by his wife +Jacqueline of Luxemburg, widow of John Plantagenet, Duke of Bedford, +third son of King Henry IV. She was thus sister to Elizabeth, Queen of +Edward IV., and so aunt to the unfortunate Princes murdered in the +Tower.</p> + +<p>By her the Duke had two sons and two daughters. Edward, eldest son, +who was restored to all the honours of his father, by Henry VII., and +made Constable of England and K.G. He appears to have offended, and, +according to Burke, "also excited the enmity of Wolsey," and that +ambitious prelate finally succeeded in accomplishing his ruin. Like +his father he was doomed to fall by domestic treason, for having +discharged one Knevet, a steward, for oppressing his tenantry; that +individual became a fit instrument in the hands of Wolsey to effect +the object he had at heart. Knevet declared "that the duke had +contemplated the assassination of the King, Henry VIII., in order that +he might ascend the throne himself as next heir, if his majesty died +without issue," and it was further alleged "hee had consulted a monke +or wizard, about succession of the crowne."</p> + +<p>The Duke made a passionate and indignant denial to this frivolous, yet +withal foul charge, but nevertheless he was found guilty and beheaded +on Tower Hill, 17 May, 1521. Old Weever says, "he was a noble +gentleman, exceedingly much lamented of good men. Of whose death, when +the Emperour Charles the fift heard, he said, '<i>that a Butchers +dogge</i>, (meaning the Cardinall, a butchers sonne) <i>had deuoured the +fairest Buck</i> (alluding to the name of Buckingham) <i>in all England</i>.' +He sometime lay sumptuously entombed in the church of the Augustine +Fryers, in London, and the bodies of a hundred more of exemplarie note +and degree, but now their bodies are not only despoiled of all outward +funerall ornaments, but digged up out of their requietories, and +dwelling houses raised in the place, which was appointed for their +eternal rest."</p> + +<p>Henry, the second son, was created Earl of Wiltshire, 1 Henry VIII., +1509, married first, Margaret, Countess of Wilts, and secondly, Cicely +Bonville, Marchioness of Dorset. More of him will be found under the +notice of Bonville. He died 6 March, 1523.</p> + +<p>Elizabeth, eldest daughter married Robert Ratcliffe, created Lord +Fitzwalter, and afterward 28 Dec., 1529, Earl of Suffolk, K.G., and +Lord High Chamberlain. He died in 1542.</p> + +<p>Anne, married first Sir Walter Herbert, second son of William Herbert, +first Earl of Pembroke and K.G. By a singular coincidence this Earl +met with his death through the desertion of a Stafford, Humphrey, Earl +of Devon, of the Suthwyck in Wiltshire and Hooke in Dorsetshire branch +of the family; who withdrew his support at Banbury, and Pembroke was +defeated at Danesmore in 1469, and afterward taken to Northampton and +beheaded. Secondly, she married George Hastings, first Earl of +Huntingdon, of the second <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112">112</a></span> creation, who died in 1544, and was +buried at Stoke-Pogis. She survived the Earl, and at her death was +interred beside him.</p> + +<p>The motives that influenced the conduct and actions of Buckingham have +been a subject of much speculation among historians, and it is +doubtful if any fixed determination or aim lay at the bottom of any of +them, beyond the chances or necessities of the passing hour. The +social aspect of the age in which he lived exhibited merely a +succession of plots for the mastery of ruling for the time being, and +almost everyone having station above the ordinary citizen, was by +turns embroiled or mixed up in them; while those holding distinguished +positions by birth or influence, were almost forced to take active +part, with all their consequent perils. Ambition, cruelty, and callous +hardness, trampled under foot all the finer feelings of the heart and +mind,—hypocrisy and treachery invaded the most sacred ties of home +and blood-relationship, the desire of worldly power, and holding their +neighbours in the yoke of bondage, was the prevalent feeling, to which +all others were sacrificed, and the opposing factions met each other +on the field of battle, and fought for the governing power at the +sword's point, with the sacrifice of myriads of human lives. At this +distance of time it may be asked, what result after all, was effected +by this bloodshed that surged through the country for half-a-century? +It may be answered, none, beyond letting loose the worst vices that +infest humanity, and the consequent retardation of all that tends to +civilize the individual.</p> + +<p>Amid such a storm of wickedness, strong minds alone had chance to +pilot themselves safely through it, and then with much uncertainty, +but what would be the fate of weak ones,—vacillating, uncertain, +capricious, such as Buckingham was said to possess? Only one in the +end, at that era, was reserved for such, and with unsparing revengeful +steps it overtook him.</p> + +<p>That he was the main instrument of placing the Crown on Gloucester's +head, seems to admit of little doubt,—</p> + +<p class="left30 font90">"The first was I that help'd thee to the crown;<br /> +The last was I that felt thy tyranny."</p> + +<p>It is equally uncertain what motive influenced his defection from +Richard. This has been said to have been Richard's withholding from +him the large estates which Buckingham claimed should have descended +to him as coheir of Bohun, as a reward for helping him to the Throne, +and so did not fulfil the implied promise of the compact. But was this +so? Richard may be readily believed to have been bad enough for +anything, but was he thus ungrateful to the man, to whom he was +indebted more than to any other for attaining his present position?</p> + +<p>Upon this point there appears to be considerable doubt. Dugdale, under +his notice of Stafford in the <i>Baronage</i>, includes the following:—</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> +<p>"Having thus been the principal agent in advancing Richard to the +throne, and thereupon pressing his performance of what had been +privately promised, this new King signed a Bill for Livery of all +those lands unto him whereunto he pretended a right by descent +from Humphrey de Bohun; sometime Earl of <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_113" id="Page_113">113</a></span> Hereford, and +Constable of England. An abstract whereof I have here inserted, +together with a schedule of the Castles and Manors affixed +thereto.</p> + +<p>"R.R.</p> + +<p>"Richard, by the grace of God, King of England, &c. &c. To all, +&c. Know ye, that We, not only considering, that our right +trusty, and right entyrely beloved Cosyn, Henry, Duke of +Buckingham, is Cosyn and Heir of blood to Humphrey Bohun, Earl of +Hereford; and rightful inheritor of such inheritances, as were of +the same late Earl, but also the true, feythful, and laudable +service, the which our seid Cosyn hath in many sundry wises done +unto us, to our right singular wele and plesure. Considering also +and understanding, that the Mannors, Lordships and Lands, +specified in the schedule, hereunto annexed, the which were +parcel of the inheritance of the said Earl, and were chosen and +accepted in purpartie by Harry the fifth, late King of England; +son of Mary one of the daughters and heirs of the said late +Earle; of a partition betwene the same late King, and Anne +daughter of Alianore, another of the daughters and heires of the +sayd late Earle; made by authority of Parliament in the second +year of his reigne; in allowance of other Mannours, Lordships, +Lands, &c., of the like value, allotted and assured in purpartie +to the same Anne, come unto the hands of Edward the fourth, late +King of England, our brother, by virtue of certain act or acts of +Parliament, made against Harry the sixth, deceased without issue; +so that our said Cosyn as true inheritor to the sayd inheritance +in forme abovesayd, should by his death have had and inherited +the said Mannours, Lordships, &c., specifyed in the said +schedule, if the sayd act or acts of Parliament, had never been +made. And also for certain other considerations Us especially +moving, wille and grant unto our sayd Cosyn, that in our next +Parliament to be holden, he shall be surely and lawfully, by act +of Parliament restored, fro' the Feste of Easter last past, to +all the foresaid Mannours, &c., specifyed in the sayd schedule; +and the same have, hold, and enjoy, to him and to his heires, +according to such states and titles, as he should or might have +done, if none act of Parliament had been made against the sayd +King Harry the sixth, touching the sayd Mannours, &c., at any +time since the death of the sayd late Earle. And, that our sayd +Cosyn now forthwith enter into all the same Mannours, and thereof +take the issues, &c., to his own use, fro' the sayd Feast of +Easter, unto the time he be thereto restored by authority of +Parliament, in fourme above remembered; without any account or +other thing yielding unto Us or our heires for the same. And, +that he have the making of all Officers, Gifts, and Benefices, +Wards, and other Profits, &c. In testimony whereof We have set +our Signet, and Sign-Manuell.</p> + +<p>"Yoven at our Mannour of Greenwich, 13th of July, of our Reign +the First."</p></div> + +<p>These Manors as enumerated in the schedule were fifty-three in number, +lying in nineteen counties, of which "<i>total sum valoris</i>, £1084 1<i>s.</i> +9<i>d.</i>" And he further adds,—</p> + +<p>"Nay, an author of that time reports (<i>Chron. MS. Joh. Rous in bibl. +Cotton. p. 269.</i>) that he (Richard) gave him all his riches, so that +he then made his boast that "he had as many liveries of <i>Stafford +Knots</i>, as Richard Nevill the late great Earle of Warwick had of +<i>Ragged Staves</i>."</p> + +<p>As we before observed, to attempt to explain or speculate upon the +motives that actuated Buckingham in his extraordinary career, would be +alike both useless and fruitless. His eagerness and zeal displayed to +place Richard on the throne, his consent to, and consequent complicity +in the cold-blooded executions of his wife's brothers and their +associate at Pontefract, and also of Hastings, together with other +heinous transactions, to the prejudice and discomfiture of the nearer +tie of his wife's defenceless nephews, appear to have had no very +definite purpose as regarded himself, but only exhibited the actions +of an unscrupulous partisan and tool for others, the attributes of a +weak, contemptible mind. Was he aware <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_114" id="Page_114">114</a></span> of, and did he also assent +to, the last and most atrocious of Richard's crimes, the murder of the +Princes in the Tower, toward both of whom, the poor boys stood nearly +in the same relationship? If so, he was even more vile than Richard, +for <i>he</i> had an excuse, ambition, albeit of the most loathsome kind, +to offer,—which Buckingham had not, nor indeed any that can be +imagined.</p> + +<p>This question has, we believe, never been definitely answered, and so +we prefer to give Buckingham the benefit of the doubt, and to hope +that he did not do so. Although he appears to have excessively +disliked the Queen-Mother and her family, and was the chief promoter +of the movement to rob her sons of their royal heritage, still there +does not appear to be any direct evidence to incriminate him as +consenting to their deaths, after circumstances point to the contrary, +and he is said to have made use of their inhuman fate, as one of the +principal reasons for his desire to dethrone Richard.</p> + +<p>The complete confirmation, however, of his weak, unsettled, +poorly-ambitious mind, which led to his final defection and action +against Richard, was doubtless due to the persuasive powers of his +prisoner-guest, the wary, far-seeing, intellectual Morton, in whose +hands, with plans carefully prepared, and subtle knowledge of the +world and human life, Buckingham would be little more than a child. +There is not however much to admire in this ecclesiastic's furtive +flight from the custody of his host,—for his enforced sojourn at +Brecknock Castle could be called in its conditions but little +otherwise than that of a visitor. Then speedily placing himself in a +position of safety, he left the seeds of disaffection he found sown in +the mind of Buckingham, and which he had carefully nurtured, to ripen +into foolish, hasty, miscalculated action, which revealed to Richard +truly enough the character of the movement, that was destined in the +end to deprive him of his kingdom and his life, but enabled him, as it +turned out, easily to send this its first pioneer to the scaffold.</p> + +<p>Sufficient stress does not appear to have been laid on this incident, +and the influence it probably exercised, connected with the fate of +Buckingham. His wretched downfall and unenviable character have +consigned him to unpitying oblivion—the fate of many a better, but +unsuccessful man,—while the brilliantly fortunate career of his +quondam prisoner, has caused this circumstance to be forgotten, or +passed over in silence. It is not inferred that Morton originally +unsettled Buckingham's mind,—<i>that</i> had taken place before,—but the +fact remains he confirmed that unsettledness, pointed out the way in +which he could be useful by hostile movement in the western counties, +and then took speedy flight beyond seas to Richmond, where he remained +in safety from the wrath of Richard, until after the battle of +Bosworth.</p> + +<p>Buckingham naturally did not want to part with his genial +strong-minded prisoner and adviser,—but some excuse must nevertheless +be allowed Morton for his hasty exit. He well knew the suspicion +Richard had of him, and that king's jealousy of the strength of his +ability and influence, which he believed was not loyal toward him, and +the Bishop consequently being remitted to the custody of Buckingham. +After Morton had tampered with Buckingham, <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115">115</a></span> completed his other +traitorous negociations against Richard, and when circumstances were +rapidly shaping themselves, if not with very defined and concentrated +purpose, yet sufficiently large and apparent, as to render a hostile +movement against Richard's authority an event of the shortest notice; +and having also made full estimate of Buckingham's unreliable +character and incapacity, and that no mercy would be meted out to him +in such company, should an unsuccessful storm break forth and he fall +into the hands of his victor,—which was just what did happen in +Buckingham's case,—the first law of nature persuaded him, and he made +for a place of safety under the shadow of his idol, there to wait +further opportunity to aid, when the course of events afforded it.</p> + +<p>John Morton was a west-country man, having been born about 1420, at +Bere-Regis, a small market town in central Dorset, where his family +had for some time been settled, and were of good standing. He was +educated in the Abbey of Cerne, and then entered Balliol College, +Oxford, where his proficiency attracted the notice of Cardinal +Bourchier. He was successively Rector of St. Dunstan's, London, +Prebendary of Wells, Bishop of Ely 1478, Archbishop of Canterbury +1486, Lord-Chancellor 1487, Cardinal of St. Anastasia 1493, and +Chancellor of Oxford. But he was much more than this, he was the +friend, counsellor, and financier—the last no easy position—to Henry +VII., the chief personage both in Church and State, at once Primate +and Premier, and the cementer of the union of the rival houses of the +Red and White Rose.</p> + +<p>The merest glance at Morton's life would involve reference to the +principal events of the age in which he lived, and he has been perhaps +correctly designated as the foremost Englishman of his time. In their +way both Morton and Buckingham were the setters up of kings. Probably +the real prompting motive that lay at the bottom of both their minds, +and gave force to their action, was much the same,—the consequent +advancement, if their efforts succeeded, of their own station and +interests. Buckingham accomplished his object, but was disappointed at +the result. Then his thoughts turned to substitute another ruler, and +by strange circumstance he was thrown into counsel with an individual +bent on the same errand, but an infinitely abler and far-seeing man. +In this his second design, Buckingham led the forlorn hope and +perished; Morton entered the breach with the reserve, after the +fortress had been stormed and had capitulated. The motives that +actuated these henchmen of kings, as we have said, were doubtless +alike, whether fortune led the one to the scaffold, and gave the other +the delegated authority of the throne. The White Rose was good enough +for Morton until the White Boar became its representative. Then his +mind and energies turned to the Red Rose,—the triumph came,—with +consummate wisdom he wedded their rival pretensions and extinguished +the internecine strife. All now bade for peace, the path of the +highest distinction lay before him, he traversed it with the greatest +ability and success, and when he died had reached its most exalted +eminence, and the dream of his life had been fulfilled. <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116">116</a></span></p> + +<p>His death occurred, says Hutchins,—</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> +<p>"at Knole in Kent, 16. cal. Oct. 1500, as the Canterbury +Obituary, or 15. Sep. as the Register, aged 90. By his will dated +16 June, and proved 22 Oct. 1500, he <i>ordered 1000 marks to be +given in alms at his funeral; his best gilt cross and mitre to +the Church of Ely; to King Henry his best portiforium; to Queen +Elizabeth his best psalter; to Lady Margaret the King's mother, a +round image of the Blessed Virgin of Gold; to Lady Margaret his +god-daughter, and the King's eldest daughter, a cup of gold, &c., +&c.</i></p> + +<p>"He was buried in the Cathedral of Canterbury, in the crypt, +before the image of the Virgin Mary, called our Lady Under-Croft, +agreeable to his will. Over his stone coffin, which was first +deposited in the ground, was laid a marble, even with the surface +of the pavement, which being broken, several parts of his body +wrapt in cere-cloth, were taken away. At length the head only +remained, which in 1670, Ralph Sheldon of Beoly, Co. Worcester, +begged of Archbishop Sheldon, and at his death in 1684 left it to +his niece. Near his grave, on the south side of the chapel was a +goodly tomb erected to his memory, without any inscription."</p></div> + +<p>The memorial to Cardinal Morton consists of a low altar-tomb on which +is his effigy robed in full <i>pontificalibus</i>. Six monks, or weepers, +three on each side, kneel beside the body. The arch of the canopy +above is ornamented on the inner soffit with the <i>rose crowned, +cardinal's hat, portcullis</i>, and his <i>rebus, a hawk or mort, on a +tun</i>, alternate; on the outer side with figures in niches. A lily in a +pot, between what remains of two figures probably representing the +Annunciation, is sculptured in the panel above the feet. The whole, +composed of a soft white stone, is in a state of considerable decay, +much mutilated, and begrimed with dust and dirt to a sooty hue.</p> + +<p>How strange the metamorphosis death often assigns to the claims of +fame or station, especially to the memorials set up to them; of this, +the tomb and effigy before us furnishes notable example. Here, +enveloped in the dark shadows of this crypt, and scarcely discernible, +where, unless guided, human foot would scarcely dream of taking its +way in search of reminiscence to one so memorable, is the monument of +the principal Englishman of his era, who held the highest position in +the kingdom ecclesiastically and civilly, a statesman also of the +first order, the value of whose influence in settling the great +quarrel that had so long distracted his native land, and bringing it +peace, can now hardly be estimated.</p> + +<p>Broken, tattered, despoiled,—gradually crumbling and +decaying,—covered also with the dust and neglect of ages, lies what +is left of the outward and visible semblance of John Morton, Prince of +the Church, Metropolitan of England, and Lord Chancellor to her King. +But a close scrutiny through the gloom shews us the stately lines of +his vestments, his broken mitre, his shattered staff, and on them the +traces of that sparing but rich ornament, that asserts at once the +erstwhile dignity of their wearer when in the flesh,—and typifies +with true presentment, the glimpses of his grand character, that now +comes back to us so vividly, through depth and dimness of the Past. +Even his very dust, carried away piecemeal by the thoughtless +wayfarer, adds significant tribute to the greatness of his memory; but +the six monks, headless and handless, still remain and kneel by his +side, patiently waiting amid the desolation and obscurity for the +eternal dawn. <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117">117</a></span></p> + +<div class="p2 figcenter"><img src="images/159_s.jpg" width="100" height="257" +alt="JOHN MORTON" title="" /></div> +<p class="center"><span class="smcap">EFFIGY OF JOHN MORTON, ARCHBISHOP OF CANTERBURY AND CARDINAL<br /> +Cathedral—A.D. 1500</span><br /> +<a href="images/159_b.jpg">View larger image</a></p> + +<p class="p2">Our steps finally take us back to Britford church, and a last look at +the cenotaph of the restless, unscrupulous, short-sighted, ill-fated +Buckingham. At the end of the tomb the decaying angels still support +the proud escutcheons of Stafford and Widville, names here, in the +funeral pomp of the grave, linked in the closest and most loving tie +of human relationship, but in the olden life precedent, opposed to +each other with a bitterness that death alone could appease. Time has +now gathered themselves and all their actions into his lap, the +fierceness of their strife is hushed into silence, and all the +suspense and agony that haunted their lives and tracked them to its +last resting-place, is over; and the wayfarer who contemplates their +sadly-incidented story, and seeks to identify the few wrecks left to +perpetuate their memory, as he turns away, mutters to himself the +prayerful entreaty doubtless once inscribed over their dust, "<i>cujus +anime propicietur Deus, Amen</i>."</p> + +<p>We linger a moment to catch a glance at the remarkable Saxon doorways +still preserved in the nave,—relics coeval with the age when <i>Old</i> +Sarum was in its best estate, and centuries before the glorious fane +that adorns its <i>new</i> namesake was born or thought of,—and then +emerge into the pleasant evening sunlight. How delightfully-reviving +the communion with the purity of Nature, after our thoughts have been +saddened by a contemplation of the self-sought miseries of her +children. We saunter quietly along under the fine trees that overhang +our path, loiter awhile to survey an old moated house, and then pass +on by a winding path through mead and lane to Salisbury. Before us is +the bright, busy little city, and above it is upreared the remarkable +feature that has made its reputation world-wide, the glorious spire of +its Cathedral. Higher and still more heavenward, its faultless +proportion rises at every step, until standing within its shadow, our +thoughts are lost in admiration of those men, who, when they had built +an earthly home "to the high and lofty One that inhabiteth eternity," +reared this shaft of beauty from its midst, in testimony that their +aspirations were not satisfied until they had placed its top-stone as +near His heavenly home as human hands could raise it.</p> + +<p class="left40">SALISBURY SPIRE.</p> +<div class="left30"> + +<p>Eyes of the soul,—turn from thought's busy realm,<br /> +<span class="i1">And dwell awhile on yon height-piercing spire,</span><br /> +The sight is none that all things overwhelm,<br /> +<span class="i1">But one that bids us rise to all things higher.</span><br /> +Delved from the earth a rude and shapeless thing,<br /> +<span class="i1">Rended by force from the deep quarry's breast,—</span><br /> +Behold from such, a pure form upward spring,<br /> +<span class="i1">In beauty's fairest vesture aptly drest.</span></p> + +<p>So may'st thou ravish thought's uncultured mine,<br /> +<span class="i1">From the rude mass harmonious outlines blend,</span><br /> +Clothe with true beauty all the fair design,<br /> +<span class="i1">That based on earth shall to the heaven ascend</span><br /> +Like Babel's tower,—but no confusion show,<br /> +<span class="i1">By one grand purpose raised from all that's low.</span></p></div> + +<p class="p4"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118">118</a></span></p> + +<h3>UNHORSED AT BOSWORTH.</h3> + +<p class="p2">The "silent finger that points to heaven" has, beyond all comparison, +its finest exemplar at Salisbury, and this record, although common as +a household word, is, notwithstanding, none the less true and +impressive, and ever returns with Tithonic vigour at each renewed +contemplation. Graceful in the happiest degree in proportion, its +great altitude gives a power to its slender beauty of form, altogether +beyond the rivalry of its sister spires that spring with humbler +charms from this land of ours. Thus it stands in grand isolated +dignity, amid the long-swelling undulations of the Wiltshire hills, +with base trending earth-ward, yet lost before touching the ground +amid the blue mist that creeps with shrouding haze along the +wolds,—but its fine-drawn point pierces with no uncertain intention +the quiet amber of the evening sky.</p> + +<p>It would be perhaps difficult to find any where, taken in sympathy +with its peculiar associations, a picture more impressive and +delightful. The purpose of its builders,—the object of its +dedication,—its majesty of size and height, lifting itself as it were +far from the busy haunts and homes of those, who living, nestle at its +feet, or in death are laid beneath its protective shadow,—its +dark-tinted, yet well-defined, heaven-ward rising, beautiful +outline,—so suggestive in its form of the design of this life, scarce +rooted in the earth, yet with apex cleaving the sky, and tinctured too +akin with the gloomy tints of human uncertainty, summon a host of +thoughts from the inner recesses of the soul, and bids the gazer on +its fair proportion and upward glance ask himself as he views it, how +far the resemblance reflects his own condition, what he was designed +for, what he has made himself.</p> + +<p>And now the attraction of its wonderful presence has drawn us nearer, +and we are sitting contemplatively under one of the large elms in the +Close where the grand proportions of the fine cathedral are before us. +Almost oppressive for a while, is the realization of its great size, +and the glance upward from the spirelets of the west front to the apex +of the glorious spire, vanishing in the blue ether. But the eye must +not dally with, nor dwell too lovingly on the delicate interlacery it +is <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119">119</a></span> arrayed in, for however beautiful in itself, or when viewed +alone, its decoration scarcely harmonizes with the bolder and more +largely-defined ornamental details of the structure below; and the +comparison at once assures us that this splendid addition was the +offspring of a somewhat later age, but redolent of the truest and +purest perception of architectural beauty, and was placed there with +feeling akin to the tasteful hand that completes the cluster of +gathered flowers with a tall spikelet of harmonious form, but of +otherwise almost imperceptible contrasting beauty.</p> + +<div class="p2 figcenter"><img src="images/163_s.jpg" width="150" height="424" +alt="LORD CHENEY" title="" /></div> +<p class="center"><span class="smcap">EFFIGY OF LORD CHENEY, SALISBURY CATHEDRAL</span><br /> +<a href="images/163_b.jpg">View larger image</a></p> + +<p class="p2">What words may appropriately describe this almost unrivalled picture? +Two lines from one of our greatest bards suggest themselves,—</p> + +<p class="center font90">"Simple, erect, severe, austere, sublime—<br /> +Relic of nobler days, and noblest arts!"</p> + +<p>to which may be added that rare impression of unbroken harmony, and +the pleasant satisfaction of this feeling clothes gratefully every +aspect presented.</p> + +<p>Singularly pleasant to the eye, also, and giving a sense of stability +to this fine building, is the noble base-line of strong moulding that +follows every length, angle, and recess, and adds the finish of +completeness from spire to basement.</p> + +<p>We enter, and within as without all is pure, severe, and uniform, the +offspring of an age before men's minds and hands were wooed of their +strength by the blandishments of ornament, and while yet they relied +on the rare and noble simplicity of perfected outline, ever the most +difficult of achievement, and, consequently when attained, ever the +more enduring of pleasure. Those dark, slender shafts, with their +deep-cut capitals, stand with airy but decided purpose from jutting +quoin, or flank the strong arches, perfectly harmonizing with the +contour of all about them; and while they relieve the monotony or +severity of their surroundings, do not intrude on the eye, nor +distract the attention further, but quietly and unobtrusively fill the +true subsidiary position that should ever be assigned to ornament, and +nothing beyond.</p> + +<p>Were it possible to take a stranger into the cathedral, and, ignorant +of its existence, place him under the spire, the wildest flight of +imagination could not conjure within his mind the possibility of the +existence of the noble finial that rises above his head. The piers of +the arches on which it rests afford no clue, and although somewhat +larger than those near them, are nevertheless so comparatively slender +that they would attract no notice unless carefully pointed out, and +then a glance outside, and another survey within would startle him +into an almost awe-struck realization of the consummate boldness that +planned, and ability that carried to completion, this wonderful +afterthought, and impress him that there were indeed giants in +architectural resource, even in those "dark days," as we are sometimes +pleased to call them.</p> + +<p>Another and most distinguished charm too, finds striking witness at +Salisbury. Its chaste and simple grandeur has fairly put to the rout +the modern decorator, with his paint-pots and gold leaf,—that <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120">120</a></span> +sturdy and well-patronized defacer of the real, with the garniture of +the cheat. No room for him here, or but scant and in soberest guise, +and his meretricious attractions are met everywhere with the +declaration mirrored in the gleaming Purbeck, or nestling in the +ghost-like shadows that haunt the deep-cut foliage that crowns +it,—there is no beauty like reality.</p> + +<p>Thus much for our short survey of the stately fabric. Our next inquiry +is, what is the special purpose of our visit to-day—where is the +object we are in search of? It is for the memorial of one of those +half-courtier, half-soldier chieftains, so many of whom threw their +fortune in with his, and afterward found distinguished place and +occupation at the Court and government of the first Tudor king. Where +shall we find it? With a sort of shudder we take a survey of the +assemblage of monuments lying so regularly and suspiciously disposed, +in lines under the arches of the nave. In the long array we note +effigies of templars, bishops, and knights—interposed here and there +with brassless stones—reclining for the most part on +nondescript-looking tombs, composed of heterogeneous and patchwork +materials, having little or no relationship apparently to the figures +they support. Instantly we apprehend in its fullest sense, the +sacrilegious barbarism of Wyatt, who removed almost the whole of them +from their original places in other parts of the edifice, to their +present incongruous positions, making up the tombs piecemeal from such +fragments out of the general destruction, as happened to fit, or be +available,—probably the most deplorable desecration of its kind to be +found in the annals of archæological record, and which we wish we +could not further think of.</p> + +<p>Singularly, almost uniquely rich was this cathedral in tombs of every +age, before this ruthless resurrectionist and invader of sepulchres +was let loose therein, toward the close of the last century to wreak +his fury. Dowsing was almost a hero in desecration, compared with the +callous and equally destructive energies of Wyatt, for while the +fanatic iconoclast had that fiercest of all flames, ignorant bigotry, +to urge him on, it was left to the 'cultivated' imagination of one, +who aspired to be thought an architect and man of taste, to set +himself up as a rival in the detestable business of spoliation, and +scarce any escaped him from the Founder downward, for Bishop Poore was +meted out the same fate, impartially as others.</p> + +<p>Emerging from under the modern brass screen that separates the choir +from the nave, slowly we pass down the south aisle. There, is the +beautiful effigy of William Longspée, the first Earl of Sarum, son of +Henry II. and fair Rosamond, reclining on his glorious tomb, once +covered with exquisite mosaic work, the embossed lions on his +enamelled shield, chafing at the indignity of their master having been +ousted from his olden station of honour in the Lady Chapel,—Bishop de +la Wyle the founder of St. Edmund's Collegiate Church in this city at +the close of the thirteenth century,—the tomb of the unfortunate Lord +Stourton of murderer's fame and silken halter,—the martial +proportions of the second Lord Hungerford, brought hither from the +demolished Chantry erected by his wife the last Bottreaux, on <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121">121</a></span> the +north side of the retro-choir,—next, the tomb of Bishop Beauchamp, +the "Wykeham of his age" (for he superintended the building of St. +George's Chapel at Windsor Castle), taken from his beautiful Chantry, +that once had place opposite to Lady Hungerford's; and following him, +the interesting effigies of two other early and distinguished Bishops, +Roger, and Joceline, A.D. 1184, and brought from old Sarum! The face +of Bishop Joceline, although so old and denuded, still exhibits the +marvellous placidity of sleep, all the more so from the partial +effacement of the features, but displaying an effect no modern +sculpture could imitate.</p> + +<p>But he whom we seek is not found among this long succession of +departed greatness, and we carefully proceed with our investigation up +the north aisle.</p> + +<p>Here the first we meet with, is the unique and mysterious "Boy +Bishop,"—lying at length and much denuded beneath his protective iron +grating. Then we pass two "unappropriated" tombs, and next a mail-clad +effigy said to be William Longspée, second Earl of Salisbury, son of +the William on the other side,—then a fine figure of a knight in +bascinet and surcoat, John de Montacute, with fortunately a +considerable portion of the original tomb below him. Whom does this +desolate-looking pair of brassless stones, side by side record, with +indent of man and wife still apparent on them? Ah! the emblem powdered +on the stone,—the <i>harvest sickle</i>,—unravels their story, and a +feeling of sadness pervades us, as we recognize in them the memorials +that once covered the dust of Walter, the first Lord +Hungerford—father of Robert on the opposite side—and Katharine +Peverel his wife, shifted here about a century since, as an +inscription on them informs us, "by Jacob C. Radnor," when he removed +the beautiful iron-work Chantry in which they originally had +appropriate place, and carried it away to the east end of the choir to +do duty as a 'family pew.'</p> + +<p>There is but one more effigy, you say,—as we turn from this last +memorial of the long sequence of departed and 'translated' +worthies—and that must be him whom we seek. A glance at the tall +armoured figure immediately assures us that he is found, Sir John +Cheney, Baron of that name; and a stout adherent of the first Tudor +sovereign, Henry VII.</p> + +<p>The family of Cheney, as we have previously noted,<a name="FNanchor_26" id="FNanchor_26"></a><a href="#Footnote_26" class="fnanchor">[26]</a> was a wide +spreading one in the south of England, and, according to Burke, +derived their descent from a common ancestor, Ralph de Caineto, who +came to England with the Conqueror.</p> + +<p>Sir John, of the monument before us, was of Kentish extraction. +William, the son of Sir Alexander Cheney, married Margaret, daughter +and heir of Sir Robert de Shurland, of Shurland in the parish of +Eastchurch, in the Isle of Sheppey. He died 8 Edward III., 1333, +leaving issue Robert, who left issue Sir Richard of Shurland, who +married Elizabeth, daughter of Robert Cralle, of Cralle, Sussex, <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_122" id="Page_122">122</a></span> +by whom he left two sons, William of Shurland, and Richard of Cralle.</p> + +<p>Sir William Cheney of Shurland, Sheriff of Kent, 13 Henry IV., +1412,—1 Henry V., 1414,—2 Henry VI., 1424, Knight of the Shire for +Kent, 3 Henry V., 1418, died 21 Henry VI., 1443, and was buried with +Margaret his wife in St. Benet's church, Paul's Wharf, London.</p> + +<p>He was succeeded by his son Sir John, Knight of the Shire for Kent, 27 +Henry VI., 1449, and Sheriff 33 Henry VI., 1455. He married Eleanor, +daughter and coheiress of Sir Robert de Shottisbroke, knt., and sister +to Margaret, Duchess of Somerset. There were two sons, John and +William.</p> + +<p>Sir William, second son, was Sheriff of Kent 7 Edward IV., 1467, and I +Henry VII., 1486, was appointed Constable of Queenborough Castle, the +same year. He was twice married; by his first wife had one son, Sir +Francis Cheney, who succeeded his father as Constable of Queenborough +Castle, and died without issue; and by his second wife one son, +Thomas, who became his uncle John's heir. (Hasted.)</p> + +<p>Sir John Cheney, the eldest son, of Shurland, is the subject of our +narrative. He appears to be the first of this numerous and influential +race that reached the honour of the peerage.<a name="FNanchor_27" id="FNanchor_27"></a><a href="#Footnote_27" class="fnanchor">[27]</a></p> + +<p>We first hear of him in 1465, when he was one of the Commissioners +sent to treat with the King of Denmark, accompanied by Dr. Goldwell, +Dean of Salisbury. He is here called "<i>strenuus miles</i>," probably from +his great stature and strength.</p> + +<p>In 1475, where he is termed Esquire of the King's body, with a retinue +of seven men at arms, including himself, he accompanied the English +army to Calais, in the expedition to France by Edward IV., when that +king was first deceived and then out-manœuvred by the Dukes of +Brittany and Burgundy, and afterward bought off from all his martial +intentions by the French king Louis XI., promising to pay him +seventy-two thousand crowns down, and a yearly pension of fifty +thousand crowns for life,—marry his son the Dauphin to Edward's +daughter Elizabeth (afterward wife to Henry VII.), and a further sum +of fifty thousand crowns as a ransom for the release of the widowed +Queen Margaret. Louis, remembering Crecy and Agincourt, was +exceedingly anxious to see the backs of the English turned on France, +and besides all this money, or the promise of it, sent to Edward +"three hundred waggon loads of wine," and further cartloads for the +use of his army; and "at length the French king's <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_123" id="Page_123">123</a></span> fears vanished +with the departure of the English, who went away extremely pleased +with the French gold and wine, while the pensions assigned to Edward's +principal courtiers amounted to sixteen thousand crowns a year."</p> + +<p>Among the "principal courtiers" who were recipients of this inglorious +spoil, Sir John Cheney's name is given as one, and associated with him +were <ins title="Corrected erratum: original reads 'Thomas'">John</ins> Grey, Marquis of Dorset, William, Lord Hastings, his +wife's father-in-law, the King's Chamberlain, and Dr. Thomas Morton, +born at Bere-Regis, in Dorset,—then Master of the Rolls, and +afterward Cardinal and Archbishop of Canterbury; all west-country +names of great interest connected with our little annals. It was +however stipulated by his French majesty, after seeing Edward, and +swearing the treaty, that John, Lord Howard, and Sir John Cheney, +Master of the Horse, should be left as hostages, until the King of +England (after receiving the seventy-two thousand crowns) had passed +the seas with his army. Edward, after receiving the money, embarked +his forces with all expedition, and Howard and Cheney remained until +his arrival in England, during which interval they were entertained +"very nobly" by the French king.</p> + +<p>We do not find him further mentioned during the reign of Edward IV., +or the short rule of his unfortunate son, but soon after the +usurpation of Richard III., he was among those who gave his adhesion +to the Countess of Richmond (mother of Henry VII.) being won over to +the interest of her son by her trusty envoy, Sir Reginald Braye, and +with him was Sir Giles Daubeney, and other influential men.</p> + +<p>This being so, in due time, which occurred almost immediately, in 1483 +he joined in the movement—so unfortunate as it turned out—of Henry +Stafford, Duke of Buckingham, and was associated with the Courtenays, +the Marquis of Dorset, and others forming the western contingent, +being in arms against the king, near Salisbury. On the dispersion of +Buckingham's followers through the Severn inundation, Sir John Cheney +and his companions made their escape safely across to France, where +they joined the Earl of Richmond. His name was included in the +Proclamation issued against the insurgent fugitives by Richard, with +rewards offered therein proportionate to their station, on +apprehension.</p> + +<p>It is probable Sir John remained with, or near Richmond, in France, +until his final expedition to England, in which he doubtless +accompanied him, and on landing, proceeded with the Earl's army on +their march through Wales to Bosworth.<a name="FNanchor_28" id="FNanchor_28"></a><a href="#Footnote_28" class="fnanchor">[28]</a></p> + +<p>This memorable engagement which took place on the 22nd of August 1484, +has been ably described by many pens, and its incidents, beyond those +having reference directly to our story, need not be</p> + +<p>In addition to the stream of deserters from his own army to that of +his rivals, which met Richard's eyes on that eventful day, the +defection of Lord Stanley, a misfortune of the first magnitude, +assured Richard that no time was to be lost, if he hoped to save his +crown. So, gathering a muster of as many as remained true to him, he +made a direct and magnificent charge into the centre of his foes' +line, striving gallantly to recover his fortune. Leading them in +person, he fought his way directly to his adversary's standard, and +"in his furie he manfully overthrew Sir William Brandon, the Earle's +Standard-bearer, and Sir John Cheney, both men of mightie force and +knowne valiancie," and he nearly reached Richmond himself. Hollingshed +thus describes it,—</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> +<p>"King Richard set on so sharplie at the first brunt, that he +ouerthrew the Erles standard, and slue Sir William Brandon, his +standard bearer, (which was father to Sir Charles Brandon by King +Henrie the eight created Duke of Suffolk,) and matched hand to +hand with Sir John Cheinie, a man of great force and strength, +which would haue resisted him, but the said John was by him +manfullie ouerthrowen. And so he making open passage by dint of +sword as he went forward, the Earle of Richmond withstood his +violence, and kept him at the sword's point without aduantage, +longer than either his companions thought or judged, which being +almost in despair of victorie, were suddenly recomforted by Sir +William Stanlie, which came to his soccour with three thousand +tall men. At which verie instant King Richard's men were driven +back and fled, and he himself manfullie fighting in the middle of +his enemies was slaine."</p></div> + +<p>The old chronicler, as a matter of course, pays Richmond the +compliment of his "keeping him at the sword's point without +advantage," but other accounts relate that the Earl was in no hurry to +cross weapons with his redoubtable and now desperate antagonist, and +was doubtless greatly "recomforted" at Stanley's opportune defection, +with his "soccour of three thousand tall men."</p> + +<p>That Richmond had a narrow escape is evident, Sir William Brandon his +Standard-Bearer, was killed, and Sir John Cheney, giant in stature as +he was, was unhorsed—"manfully overthrown"—by the comparatively +diminutive, deformed King himself. Then a swarm of assailants closed +round Richard, and he was hurled to the earth, and remorselessly +despatched with many wounds.</p> + +<p>Whatever may be said of Richard as to the degrading characteristics of +his previous career, one thing stands out in strong relief, his +undoubted courage, which on this decisive occasion was of the highest +order, and claims its full meed of admiration, especially considering +the disadvantages of his person, and he closed his life with the fate +of a hero.</p> + +<p>Simultaneously with Richard's death, if it was not its actual cause, +Sir William Stanley following the example of his brother, just at that +juncture crossed over with his forces to Richmond's side, which +virtually decided the combat, and the battle was ended. The grateful +Henry requited Stanley's inestimable service, thus so opportunely +given, by putting him to death a few years later, on a very +questionable and frivolous charge.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_125" id="Page_125">125</a></span> The naked, bloody, dirt-begrimed corpse of the last King of the White +Rose, having been picked out from amongst the slain, was thrown +contemptuously over the back of a horse,—"like a calf,"—head hanging +down on one side and legs on the other, behind a pursuivant of arms +called <i>Blanc Sanglier</i>, being the officer called after Richard's own +badge, the <i>White Boar</i>, or <i>Boar argent</i>, doubtless so done in +derision, and sent off to Leicester, and the battered, blood-stained +helmet-crown of the Plantagenet usurper was lifted from the mud and +placed upon the head of the Tudor invader.</p> + +<p>But had fortune favoured Richard a little further, so that he could +have got within weapon's length of his adversary, the untoward fate +that befell him, may have been Richmond's instead, and a different +chapter altogether substituted as to the future sovereignty of +England.</p> + +<p>In common with the associates of conquerors, the adherents of the +first Tudor king got their due proportion of rewards and honours at +his hands, and Sir John Cheney was not forgotten.</p> + +<p>The first distinction he received was conferred a short time before +Henry's coronation, which took place in October, 1485. Three of the +king's highest adherents received patents of nobility, and twelve +others were created Knights-Banneret; among these Sir John Cheney +stood second on the list. He was also soon after created a Knight of +the Garter, being the two hundred and thirty-seventh in the +succession, and Dodsworth says, "it was on St. George's Day preceding +the coronation, and that he sat at the first table in the right aisle +of St. George's Hall, Windsor." At the end of the first Parliament, +toward the end of the year, the king called him to his Privy Council.</p> + +<p>But the most considerable honour yet awaited him, which took place in +1487, when by writ of summons dated the first of September in that +year he was raised to the dignity of a Baron, and summoned to +Parliament as such from that period to the 14 October, 1495. He held +the office also of Royal Standard-Bearer to Henry VII.</p> + +<p>In 1487, John de la Pole, Earl of Lincoln, "a man of talents and +enterprise, nephew to Edward IV., Richard III., and Margaret, widow of +Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy," Henry's uncompromising and +implacable enemy, accompanied by Francis, Viscount Lovel (who had been +Lord Chamberlain to Richard III.) Fitz-Gerald, Earl of Kildare, the +redoubtable Martin Swartz, with a large contingent of veteran Germans, +and Irish, having crossed over from Ireland, landed on the fourth of +June at Fourdrey in Furness in Lancashire. There they were joined by +Sir Thomas Broughton, and the English adherents, and with this motley +army was Lambert Simnel, and his tutor Richard Simons the Oxford +priest; they marched into Yorkshire, and thence bent southward to +Newark. Henry had assembled as numerous an army as he could muster and +marched to Nottingham, but was not in sufficient force to give his +antagonists battle. There he was reinforced by the Earl of Derby and a +body of troops, and also by Talbot, Earl of Shrewsbury, Lord Strange, +Sir John Cheney, "and other knights and gentlemen at least three +score," bringing with them large additional forces. The king succeeded +in occupying Newark before the Earl of Lincoln could <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_126" id="Page_126">126</a></span> reach it, +and advanced to East-Stoke, about three miles south of Newark. Here +the determined battle of Stoke took place on the sixteenth of June; +the Germans fought with great determination, but the Earl's forces +were totally routed and all their leaders, except Lord Lovel, slain, +fighting to the last sword in hand.</p> + +<p>Lord Lovel is reported to have escaped, and his fate has been +enshrined in a halo of romance. By some he is said to have been killed +in the battle, by others "that he fled and swam over the Trent on +horseback, but could not recover on account of the steepness of the +bank, and so was drowned in the river." But there is also this +remarkable story of his disappearance,—</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> +<p>"On the 6th of May, 1728, the present Duke of Rutland, related in +my hearing, that about twenty years there before, in 1708, upon +occasion of new laying a chimney, at Minster Lovel, there was +discovered a large vault or room under ground, in which was the +entire skeleton of a man, as having been sitting at a table, +which was before him, with a book, paper, pen, &c., &c., in +another part of the room lay a cap all much mouldered and +decayed. Which the family judged to be this Lord Lovel, whose +exit, has hitherto been so uncertain." (Banks.) While another +account adds, "that the clothing of the body, seemed to have been +rich; that it was seated in a chair, with a table and mass-book +before it; and also that, upon the admission of the air, the body +soon fell to dust." (Gough.)</p></div> + +<p>Previous to the battle another honour was conferred on him,—for among +the "Banerettes made by the Kinge at the batell of Stoke besydes +Newarke-upon-Trent the IX. day of June Anno Sec'do, whereof the first +three wer made before the batell,"—the second name occurring is that +of Sir John Cheney. (Metcalfe.)</p> + +<p>In 1488 Sir John "received orders with other persons in Hampshire to +levy archers for the relief of Brittany then threatened by the +French," and in 1492 appears to have accompanied Henry's grand +expedition to France, the flotilla being under the command of Lord +Willoughby de Broke, as Admiral of the Fleet, and with Lord Daubeney +as one of the principal commanders and ambassadors.</p> + +<p>Here again money, and not the sword, decided the fortune of war, and +it is curious, that one of the articles of this treaty of Etaples +should be, that "the king of France (Charles VIII.) should pay the +king of England the arrears of the yearly pension of fifty thousand +crowns paid by Louis XI. to Edward IV., amounting in all to one +hundred and twenty-five thousand crowns, which is twenty-five thousand +pounds sterling."</p> + +<p>This was the payment of the old debt contracted by the French king in +1475, to Edward IV., who was also to have the English king's daughter +Elizabeth for his wife. Now, however, Henry was married to the lady +instead, but he did not forget, when opportunity offered, to press for +the arrears of the pension, due to her late father. Sir John Cheney +was credited with getting a little plunder out of the first +transaction in 1475, and it is probable that he did not come +empty-handed out of this, the second, although he does not seem to +have been one of the English ambassadors chosen to meet the astute +Marshal d'Esquerdes.</p> + +<p>No further record appears of Lord Cheney's services, and he died <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_127" id="Page_127">127</a></span> +without issue in 1496, when the title became extinct. He devised his +estates to his nephew Sir Thomas Cheney, of Toddington, Bedfordshire.</p> + +<p>Lord Cheney "was the friend, if not the relation of Bishop Beauchamp, +for he was appointed one of his executors, and was buried in the +Chapel erected by that prelate, in Salisbury Cathedral" (Dodsworth). +He now lies under the first arch from the choir, in the north aisle of +the nave. The Chapel of this prelate as it appeared before its +destruction by Wyatt is thus described in Sir R. C. Hoare's <i>Modern +Wiltshire</i>,—</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> +<p>"The Beauchamp Chapel as a specimen of art, was in every respect +worthy of the builder of the Collegiate Chapel of St. George at +Windsor. It was larger than that of Lord Hungerford, and +displayed the elaborate and richly ornamented style of the age. +It was lighted by three windows to the south, with buttresses +between, and a large window at the east end, and was finished +with an embattled parapet. The remains of the prelate reposed +under a plain marble tomb in the centre, and in the wall on the +north side, separating it from the Lady Chapel, beneath canopies +of exquisite tabernacle work, were those of his father and +mother. An altar tomb in the south-west corner, surmounted also +with a florid canopy covered those of Sir John Cheyney, his +friend, and one of his executors. The Chapel was divided into two +compartments, by an arch, on which were the armorial bearings of +the Founder. Round the wall ran a cornice of delicately wrought +fan-work and foliage, and the ceiling of carved oak, assimilated +perfectly with the rest of the edifice."</p></div> + +<p>Some portions of this "delicately wrought fan-work" is still to be +seen among the <i>debris</i> of sculpture remaining in the cloisters. +Bishop Beauchamp was younger son of Walter Beauchamp (younger son of +John, Lord Beauchamp of Powyke), by Elizabeth, daughter of Sir John +Roche, and brother to William Beauchamp, Lord St. Amand. He is +supposed to have been the first Chancellor of the Order of the Garter, +was consecrated Bishop of Salisbury in 1450, afterward translated to +Hereford; and died 1481.</p> + +<p>The effigy of John, Lord Cheney, sculptured in alabaster, is of large +size, and the costume is of most interesting military character. He +appears clad in complete plate armour, with skirt and collar of mail, +and armed with sword and miséricorde. The Garter is around the left +leg, and he wears a large dependant collar of S.S., from which hangs, +instead of the usual figure of St. George and the Dragon, an unique +Tudor jewel, or badge, formed of a Portcullis, on which is +super-imposed a Double Rose. Over the armour is the robe or mantle of +the Order, fastened across the chest with cordon and tassels. On the +left shoulder is embroidered the Garter. The head is bare, and the +hair parted in the centre of the forehead, descends in large waves to +the shoulders. The fingers and thumbs of both hands are adorned with +rings, the feet rest on a lion, and behind the sole of the left foot +is sculptured an oak leaf, on the right is apparently a scroll. Angels +support the head.</p> + +<p>The structure on which the effigy reclines is composed probably of no +portion of the original tomb. It partly consists of traceried panels +of Purbeck marble, having shields in their centres, on which were +formerly brasses.</p> + +<p>As has been observed, Lord Cheney was interred in the beautiful +Chantry of his friend, Bishop Richard Beauchamp, which was situate +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_128" id="Page_128">128</a></span> on the north side of the Lady Chapel, opposite Lady Hungerford's. +The Bishop, who died in 1481, was also buried within it, and according +to Leland, with his father and mother on either side of him "in marble +tumbes." Wyatt demolished the Chantry, and removed both Bishop and +Knight to the nave, and during the confusion of the desecration, the +Bishop's tomb appears to have been lost or mislaid, his bones now rest +in some one else's, taken from one of the transepts, wherein no +remains at all were found. The Knight's tomb, probably formed of +Purbeck marble, was too far gone with decay to bear 'translation.'</p> + +<p>"In the last repairs," says Dodsworth, "the effigy (Sir J. Cheney's) +was removed, and as the original tomb was totally decayed, the present +base was formed from part of the ornaments that belonged to the +Beauchamp Chapel. His skeleton was found entire, and justified the +fame of his extraordinary stature and strength. The thigh bone +measured above twenty-one inches, or near four inches longer than the +natural size. These bones were enclosed in a box, and entrusted to the +care of the writer, until the tomb was replaced, when they were +deposited within, and the name of the deceased, with the date of the +removal, inscribed on the cover." The act of a true and reverential +man.</p> + +<p>The substituted tomb of Sir John Cheney's friend the Bishop, is on the +other side of the nave.</p> + +<p>The arms of Cheney (of Shurland) are recorded as, <i>Argent, on a bend +sable, three martlets or</i>, quartering, <i>Azure, five lioncels argent, a +canton ermine</i>,—or according to another authority, <i>Azure, six +lioncels, three, two, one, argent</i> (<span class="smcap">Shurland</span>). No arms are visible at +Salisbury.</p> + +<p>At the death of Lord Cheney, his property devolved to his nephew and +heir, Sir Thomas Cheney, son of his brother Sir William Cheney.</p> + +<p>The scene of our little history now shifts from the broad chalk downs +of south Wilts, to the kindred chalk measures of south-west +Bedfordshire, and for a short time intermediately to northern Kent, +the original seat of the family of Cheney.</p> + +<p>Sir Thomas Cheney, nephew and heir of John, Lord Cheney, K.G., married +first Frideswide, daughter and coheiress of Sir Thomas Frowyke, knt., +Chief Justice of the Court of Common Pleas. By her he had three +daughters: Catherine married to Thomas Kemp, Esq., of Glendich, Kent; +Frances, to Nicholas Crips, Esq., son and heir of Sir Henry Crips, +knt.; Anne, to Sir John Perrot, knt.; and Margaret, to George Nevill, +Lord Abergavenny. (Burke.)</p> + +<p>Secondly, he married Anne, daughter and coheiress of Sir John +Broughton, knight, of Toddington, Bedfordshire, by his wife Mary +daughter and heiress of Thomas Peyvre, lord of the manor of +Toddington, by whom he acquired the estate. By her he had one son +Henry (afterward Lord Cheney), his successor.</p> + +<p>Sir Thomas is described as having been "a person of great gallantry +and note in the reign of Henry VIII., accompanied that monarch to the +field of the Cloth of Gold, where he was one of the <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_129" id="Page_129">129</a></span> challengers +against all gentlemen, who were to exercise feats of arms on horseback +or on foot for thirty days."</p> + +<p>He was created by Henry VIII. Knight of the Garter, Warden of the +Cinque Ports, and Treasurer of the Household. Upon the death of Edward +VI., he espoused the interests of Queen Mary, and was called to the +Privy Council by Queen Elizabeth in the first year of her reign, which +same year he died, 1558-9, and was buried at Minster in Kent.</p> + +<p>Hasted (<i>History of Kent</i>) has the following notice of this Knight,—</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> +<p>"Sir Thomas Cheney was a man of great account in his time; 7 +Henry VII., he was Sheriff of this county, and served in +Parliament for it 6 Edward VI., and 1, 2, and 5, Queen Mary. He +was elected a Knight of the Garter in the reign of Henry VIII., +by whom he was appointed Constable of Queenborough Castle, +Governor of Rochester, Warden of the Five Ports, and Treasurer of +the Household, in which office he continued in the next reign of +K. Edward VI., of whose Privy Council he was one, and at his +death, espousing the cause of Queen Mary, he was again made +Warden of the Five Ports. Queen Elizabeth continued him Treasurer +of her Household, and made him of her Privy Council. He resided +at Shurland, the mansion of which he had new built, with great +hospitality and sumptuous housekeeping, till the time of his +death, which happened in the Tower on Dec. 8, in the first year +of that reign, and was buried with great pomp and magnificence in +a small chapel adjoining the parish church of Minster in the Isle +of Sheppey. He had been twice married, first to Fridwith, +daughter and heir of Sir Thomas Frowike, Lord Chief Justice of +England, by whom he had issue one son John, married to Margaret, +daughter of George Nevill, Lord Abergavenny, and three daughters +at length his coheirs, Katherine married to Sir Thomas Kempe, +knt., Frances to Nicholas Crispe, Esq., and Anne to Sir John +Perrott, knt. His second wife was Anne daughter and coheir of Sir +John Broughton of Toddington, in the county of Bedford, knt., by +whom he had an only son Henry, who became his heir.</p> + +<p>"He was buried in great state in a chapel which had been the +Conventual church, adjoining to the north-east part of the parish +church of Minster, but his son Henry, Lord Cheney, having on 22 +October, 1581, anno 24 Elizabeth, obtained a license to remove +the coffins and bones of his father and ancestors from thence, he +having sold the materials of the said chapel to Sir Humphrey +Gilbert, and placed them in the parish church, the coffin of his +father was, among others removed, and deposited in the north +chancel of it where a handsome monument was erected over him."</p></div> + +<p>Sir Henry Cheney, knt., his only son and heir, was of Toddington. He +married Jane, daughter of Thomas Wentworth of Nettlested, Suffolk, +created Baron Wentworth in 1529, and Lord Chamberlain of the Household +to Edward VI.; by his wife Margaret, daughter of Sir Andrew Fortescue, +knt.</p> + +<p>Sir Henry was created by Queen Elizabeth <span class="smcap">BARON CHENEY OF TODDINGTON</span>, +by Writ of Summons dated 6 May, 1572, and had summons to Parliament +from 8 May, 1572, to 15 October, 1586.</p> + +<p>Hasted, speaking of this nobleman and his Kentish possessions, +narrates,—</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> +<p>"Henry Cheney, Esqr., succeeded his father at Shurland, among his +other Estates in this County, and in the third year of Queen +Elizabeth he had livery of it with the rest of his inheritance; +in the fifth year of it, he kept his Shrievalty for this County +at his seat, in which year he was knighted, in the fourteenth +year of that reign he was created Lord Cheney of Toddington in +the County of Bedford. By his expensive method of living he +acquired the name of "<i>the extravagant Lord Cheney</i>," and before +his death had dissipated the great possessions which his <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_130" id="Page_130">130</a></span> +father had left him and died without issue 30 Elizabeth, anno +1587. However, long before his death, having removed to +Toddington, where he had built a most magnificent seat, he +exchanged the manor and seat of Shurland, with other estates in +the neighbourhood of it, with the Queen, and the fee of it +remained in the hands of the Crown, till King James I., in his +second year granted it to Philip Herbert, younger brother of +William, Earl of Pembroke, who the next year was created Lord +Herbert of Shurland, and Earl of Montgomery. Sir Thomas +Cheney—his father—seems to have had some foreknowledge of his +son's future extravagance, for by his last will he devised his +lands and manors to his son Henry and the heirs of his body, +remainder to Thomas Cheney of Woodley, Esqr., and to the heirs +male of his body, upon condition, that he or they or any of them +should not alien or discontinue.</p> + +<p>"Henry, Lord Cheney was possessed of much land in this parish, +which with all the rest of his estates, through his profuse +manner of living he was obliged to alienate from time to time.</p> + +<p>"The Cheneys bore for their arms, <i>Argent, on a bend sable, three +mullets or</i>, which coat on their marrying the heiress of +Shurland, they bore in the second place. But the Lord Cheney bore +his own coat in the first place, and that of Shurland second, and +afterwards those of Shottesbroke, Broughton, Beard, Foster, +Pevre, Loring, Beaple, Blaine, Manseck, Perrott, Hemgrave, +Stonham, Burgat, Barneck, Neame, Engaine, Dawbney, Denston, and +Wanston. For his supporters, <i>Two Thoyes vert, spotted gules and +or, collared and chained or</i>. Sir Thomas Cheney bore for his +crest, <i>on a wreath argent and vert, two horns of a bull argent +on the curled scalp or</i>;—but the Lord Cheney changed it to '<i>a +Thoye passant, collared with a ducal collar or</i>. Arms of +Shurland, <i>Azure, five lions rampant argent, a canton ermine</i>, +which arms are on the roof of the cloisters of Canterbury +Cathedral.'"</p></div> + +<p>Lord Cheney was one of the peers who sat on the trial of Mary, Queen +of Scots. He died without issue in 1587, leaving the whole of his +remaining property to his widow. He erected a magnificent seat at +Toddington, concerning which Lysons adds,—</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> +<p>"Lord Cheney built a noble mansion at Toddington, about half a +mile from the church, of which nothing now remains but the +kitchen, which is remarkably spacious, having two fireplaces, +each twelve feet in width, and a few rooms fitted up as a farm +house. The greater part of the building was pulled down by the +Earl of Strafford about the year 1745. It appears by an antient +plan of the house (in 1802 on a fire-screen at the farm) that it +occupied four sides of a quadrangle, at each corner of which was +a turret; the north and south fronts were two hundred and ten +feet in length, the chapel was thirty feet by twenty-four, the +tennis court was sixty-five feet in length, and a marble gallery, +fifty-eight."</p></div> + +<p>Thus this fine edifice shared the fate of its predecessor erected by +the Peyvres, from whom, through Broughton who married their heiress, +Lord Cheney inherited the manor of Toddington, by marrying the heiress +of Broughton.</p> + +<p>From the dismantled earthly home of the extinct Cheneys to the final +one appointed for all, is but the natural sequence of this world's +history of human life. The olden possessors of Toddington, +successively Peyvre, Broughton, and Cheney, are all gathered together +in death, in the south transept of the church. Of them, and the fate +of their memorials, a few words.</p> + +<p>The Peyvres were an antient family, holding the manor of Toddington, +as early as the reign of Henry III. Paulinus Peyvre, Steward of the +Household to Henry III., was, says Lysons,—</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> +<p>"a man of mean origin, and when he went to Court, was not +possessed of two carucates of land; but by means lawful and +unlawful, (as Matthew Paris <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_131" id="Page_131">131</a></span> observes) acquired such wealth, +that he soon became possessed of five hundred carucates; a most +insatiable purchaser of lands (says the historian) and a most +incomparable builder. Not to speak of those in other places, his +house at Toddington was like a palace, with a chapel, chambers, +and other buildings, covered with lead, which raised the +admiration of all beholders. His workmen are said to have +received a hundred shillings, and more than ten marks for their +wages."</p></div> + +<p>So much for the grandeur of Paulinus Peyvre's mansion, and then the +same authority significantly adds,—</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> +<p>"The site of this noble mansion is not known. Near the church at +Toddington is a mount called Conger Hill, which seems to have +been the keep of a castellated mansion, and there are +considerable earthworks near it. This might have been the site of +Sir Paulinus Peyvre's mansion. This favourite of fortune died in +1251."</p></div> + +<p>Thus perished the mansion of the Peyvres, and it is curious to +reflect, a like fate awaited the noble building erected by their +successors the Cheneys. It was Mary, daughter of Thomas Peyvre, sixth +in descent from Sir Paulinus, that brought the property to her husband +Sir John Broughton, and his daughter and coheir Anne to Sir Thomas +Cheney.</p> + +<p>The Peyvres are buried in the south transept of Toddington church, +which was antiently a Chantry, as there is a piscina in the south-east +corner.</p> + +<p>Continuing his description, Lysons (writing in 1806) thus speaks of +the then shameful condition of the transepts and monuments of this +fine old church,—</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> +<p>"In the south transept are some antient monuments of the Peyvres +as appears by their arms: one of them was a crusader. In the same +transept are monuments of Anne, wife of Sir Thomas Cheney, +K.G.—1561,—Henry Lord Cheney, 1587,—and his widow, Jane Lady +Cheney, 1614. On each of these were the effigies of the deceased, +now much mutilated lying on the ground, mingled with the broken +ornaments of the tombs, and the dung of birds and bats. The north +transept which was the burial place of the Wentworths is not in a +much better condition. The costly monument of Henrietta, Lady +Wentworth, the Duke of Monmouth's mistress, who died in 1686, on +which her mother who survived her ten years, directed the large +sum of two thousand pounds to be expended, and another monument +which appears to have been no less costly in memory of Lady Maria +Wentworth, who died at the premature age of eighteen, in 1632, +are in a state little better than those of the Cheneys. The +windows of the aisle being without glass, and the roof much +decayed, they are daily receiving much injury, by being exposed, +to the ravages of the weather, and the depredations of children."</p></div> + +<p>Notwithstanding the damage the Cheney monuments have sustained through +this miserable neglect (they were buried in the same transept) the +interesting memorials of the Peyvres have not suffered quite so badly. +There are three effigies to them, and the indents on some brassless +stones in the floor. One figure is a crusader, he is considerably +mutilated, was originally a very fine example, on his shield are +sculptured the arms of Peyvre,—<i>On a chevron, three fleurs-de-lys</i>. +Under monumental arches in the south wall are, singly, two +well-preserved and most interesting effigies. The knight in chain and +plate armour, with bascinet. He wears a rich baudrick, and his surcoat +is embroidered with the arms of Peyvre. A lion is at his feet, and +angels support the head, holding with one hand an inscribed label <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_132" id="Page_132">132</a></span> +which passes across the neck of the effigy under the chin, an unusual +arrangement. The lady is in long robes, with rich reticulated +head-dress. These figures being sheltered by the arches over them, +have not suffered so much by exposure to the weather as did the +unprotected effigies of the Cheneys.</p> + +<p>It should be mentioned that the transepts have of late for a long +period been roofed and restored, and the remains of the monuments +carefully got together and looked after.</p> + +<p>Sir Thomas Cheney, K.G., who married Anne Broughton of Toddington, +appears to have been buried as before mentioned in Minster church, in +the Isle of Sheppey, Kent, where he held the manor of Shurland, as +descendant of that family.</p> + +<p>In Minster church, says Weever,—</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> +<p>"I saw some antique monuments of the <i>Shurlands</i>, sometime lords +of the mannor of Shurland, hereunto adioyning: of whom the +inhabitants have many strange relations. Sir <i>Robert Shurland</i> +flourished in the raigne of King <i>Edward</i> the first."</p></div> + +<p>He then gives the following inscription,—</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> +<p>HIC IACET DOMINUS THOMAS CHEYNE INCLITISSIMI ORDINIS GARTERIJ +MILES: GUARDIANUS QUINQUE PORTUUM, AC THESAURARIUS HOSPITIJ, +HENRICI OCTAVI, AC EDWARDI SEXTI, REGUM: REGINÆQUE MARIÆ, AC +ELIZABETHÆ, AC EORUM IN SECRETIS CONSILIARIUS, QUI OBIJT ... +MENSIS DECEMBRIS: ANN. DOM. M.D.LIX. AC REG. REGINÆ ELISAB. +PRIMO.</p></div> + +<p>and continues,—</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> +<p>"This Sir <i>Thomas Cheyne</i> was also Constable of Queene-Borough +Castle, a strong fortresse in this Isle, pleasant for sight, +built by King <i>Edward</i> the third; to the terrour of his enemies, +and solace of his people; unto which he adioyned a Burgh, and in +honour of <i>Philip</i> the Queene his wife, called it Queene-Borough, +or as one would say the Queenes Burgh. This hath been an office +ever thought worthy of many great personages."</p></div> + +<p>Among these "great personages" three of the Cheneys followed each +other as Constables,—Sir William, as thirteenth; Sir Francis, as +fourteenth; and Sir Thomas aforesaid, as fifteenth, in their +succession.</p> + +<p>The three effigies of the Cheneys in the south transept, formerly a +Chantry of Toddington church, are ranged facing the east wall, on the +site of the antient altar. The remaining portions of the tombs have +been built together to the shape of the originals, as near as may be, +and the mutilated figures laid on them.</p> + +<p>The first of the series from the south wall is Dame Anne Cheney, wife +of Sir Thomas Cheney, K.G., buried at Minster, and daughter of Sir +John Broughton. She survived her husband two years, and was buried at +Toddington.</p> + +<p>The effigy, of white stone, is greatly denuded,—she wears a +close-fitting cap, small ruff, long gown buttoned down in front, +collar edged with fur, full sleeves puffed and slashed at the +shoulders. The head rests on two embroidered cushions, the hands are +raised in prayer.</p> + +<p>Underneath, on each side are three panels, in one is a crest, <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_133" id="Page_133">133</a></span> +apparently <i>a squirrel sejant cracking a nut</i> (<span class="smcap">Broughton</span>?)—the others +have blank matrices of shields, surrounded by scroll-work. The brass +shields which originally covered them are gone.</p> + +<p>Around the cornice of the tomb is this inscription,—</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> +<p>HERE LYETH DAME ANNE CHEYNE DAVGHTER AND HEYRE OF S<sup>R</sup>. JOHN +BROVGHTON KNIGHT MARRYED TO S<sup>R</sup>. THOMAS CHEYNE KNIGHT L<sup>O</sup>. WARDEN +OF THE CINQ PORTES TREASOROR OF HER MAIESTIES HOVSHOLD OF THE +ORDER OF THE GARTER AND ONE OF HER MAIESTIES PRIVIE COVNSELL WHO +HAD BVT ONE ONLY CHYLDE THE SAME BEING THE LORD HENRY CHEYNE AND +SHE DYED THE 16 DAIE OF MAIE THE THYRD YEARE OF Q ELIZABETH HER +RAIGNE ANNO D'NI 1561.</p></div> + +<p>On the panel at the end of the tomb is an escutcheon with these +arms,—Quarterly of fifteen:—1. <i>A chevron between three mullets</i> +(<span class="smcap">Broughton</span>).—2. <i>Three moor's heads.</i>—3. <i>A chevron between three +bird-bolts.</i>—4. <i>On a chevron, three fleurs-de-lys</i> (<span class="smcap">Peyvre</span>).—5. +<i>Quarterly, over all a bend.</i>—6. <i>Quarterly per fess indented.</i>—7. +<i>A bend vaire between six escallops.</i>—8. <i>A saltire engrailed.</i>—9. +<i>On a cross, five escallops.</i>—10. <i>Paly of six.</i>—11. <i>A +barnacle.</i>—12. <i>A fess dancetté between six cross-crosslets.</i>—13. <i>A +cross engrailed.</i>—14. <i>Two lions passant guardant.</i>—15. <i>On a +chevron, a fleur-de-lys.</i></p> + +<p>The next tomb in the succession is that of Sir Henry Cheney, son of +the foregoing, created Baron Cheney of Toddington, 6 May, 1572.<a name="FNanchor_29" id="FNanchor_29"></a><a href="#Footnote_29" class="fnanchor">[29]</a></p> + +<p>This tomb and effigy is by far the most mutilated of the three. The +portion of the tomb immediately under the figure appears to have had +originally the form of a sarcophagus, with ornamented panels probably +below.</p> + +<p>Of the effigy only the upper part remains, and this is very much +denuded and weather-worn. The material used is alabaster, and from the +few traces left of the more sheltered portions, was originally of very +beautiful workmanship, heightened with gold. He was clad in armour, +embroidered trunk-hose, and with collar turned out over the +<i>mentonnière</i>; the head bare, with curled hair and beard, and the <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_134" id="Page_134">134</a></span> +hands raised in prayer. He lies on a mattress, rolled up under the +head, which rests on an embroidered cushion laid upon it.</p> + +<p>It is grievous to witness the maltreatment and neglect this fine +memorial has received, and no trace of inscription or heraldry +remains.</p> + +<p>The third is the tomb of his wife, Dame Jane Cheney; this is in much +the same condition as the first in the series.</p> + +<p>The effigy, of alabaster, is headless and much weather-worn. She wears +a robe with tippet edged with fur, long gown and waistband. The head +rested on two embroidered cushions. The figure was of fine +workmanship, similar in character to her husband's.</p> + +<p>The tomb below has panels with arabesques, and in their centres +shields, originally covered with brasses. On the end panel, under the +head, is this inscription,—</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> +<p>HERE LYETH D<sup>A</sup>. JANE LATE WIFE OF S<sup>R</sup>. HENRIE CHEYNE KNIGHT L<sup>O</sup>. +CHEYNE OF TODINGTON AND ELDEST DAVGHTER OF S<sup>R</sup>. THOMAS WENTWORT +KNIGHT L<sup>O</sup>. WENTWORTH AND LORD CHAMBERLAINE TO KING EDWARD THE +SIXT WHO DECEASED THE 16 DAIE OF APRIL A<sup>O</sup>. D<sup>O</sup>. 1614.</p> + +<p class="left30">HERE LIES MY BODIE IN CORRVPTIONS BED,<br /> +MY SOVLE BY FAITH AND HOPE TO HEAVEN IS LED,<br /> +IMPRISONED BY LIFE, DEATH SET ME FREE,<br /> +THEN WELCOME DEATH, STEP TO ÆTERNITY.</p></div> + +<p>Before we quit the sacred precincts of the old edifice, our steps take +us to the chancel, and in scanning the memorials around, are arrested +awhile by the record of an interesting but sad episode of home life, +occurring during the last days of the residence of the Cheneys in +their grand home at Toddington. A small tablet on the south side of +the altar,—despoiled apparently, like the tombs in the transept, of +its ornamental accessories,—still speaks to us this tribute of +sisterly affection,—</p> + +<p class="center font90">IN MEMORIAM FRATRIS POSUIT-SOROR ALISIA BRVS<br /> +AMORIS ERGO.</p> + +<p class="blockquote">GYLIS BRVSE ESQR YONGEST SON'E TO S<sup>R</sup>. JOHN BRVSE OF WENHAM IN +SUFF' KNYGHT WHO COM'INGE TO TODDYNGTO' TO VISYTE HIS SYSTER +ALICE BRVSE THEN ATTENDING ON YE RIGHT HO' YE LADYE CHEYNE THERE +DYED YE 13 OF MARCH 1595 AND WAS BY HIS SAYDE SYSTER HERE +INTOMBED YE 14 OF MARCH REGNO REGINÆ ELIZAB: 38 ÆTATIS SUÆ 33.</p> + +<p>As our stranger-foot turns to depart, the suggestive reflection +crosses the thoughts concerning the untoward fate of the vanished +Cheneys,—their name extinct, their sumptuous habitation razed to the +ground, and their costly memorials also subjected to almost <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_135" id="Page_135">135</a></span> +unparalleled indignity, neglect, and injury, short of actual +destruction,—can the well-worn but true adage, <i>sic transit gloria +mundi</i>, ever have received ampler verification?</p> + +<p>But why should such striking collapse of this world's artificial +grandeur sadden the mind that rejoices in the unobtrusive station, and +simple unenvied delights—ever the best—of every-day life? In truth +it does not; as we pass out into the pleasant daylight, the olden +opulence and state of the departed Cheneys fades into the past as a +dream, for a much more healthful sight is before us. To-day is the +little rural town's holiday, and its inhabitants are enjoying +themselves with unrestrained pleasure, while the fine peal of bells in +the tower is also adding melodious tribute to the passing hour. Their +delightful cadence follows our retreating steps for a long distance, +and as their sweet sound dies to the outward ear, our walk continues +to be beguiled with this vagrant inward echo to their</p> + +<p class="left35">DISTANT CHIMES.</p> + +<div class="left30 font90"> +<p>Of poets song, inspirer oft,—yet still<br /> +<span class="i1">Many of thy sweet changes wait unsung,—</span><br /> +Differing as are the hearts thine echoes fill,<br /> +<span class="i1">As various the thoughts then through them rung:—</span><br /> +Who may define these pleasures that arise<br /> +<span class="i1">Within the soul by quickening spell set free?</span><br /> +As lief may hand essay to paint the skies,<br /> +<span class="i1">Whose passing glories change eternally.</span></p> + +<p>Is it because we know not whence they come,<br /> +<span class="i1">And only feel the magic of their power?</span><br /> +Outside our ken, from some Elysian home,<br /> +<span class="i1">Spring the delights that charm the passing hour;</span><br /> +And heaven itself, beyond thought's bounding line,<br /> +Lies pictured still as wishful hearts incline.</p></div> + +<p>Thus ends our visit to what was once the grand earthly home and +possessions of '<i>the extravagant Lord Cheney</i>'—one more strange, but +not altogether uncommon phase of human life. How many of these +historic apparitions have crossed the path of our desultory wanderings +over the west-country, flashing like meteors through the gloom of the +past, when summoned by the wizard hand of research, and as quickly +fading and disappearing when its sympathetic power is withdrawn. In +the glance of their happier, or more fortunate, transitory radiance, +may shine the pre-eminent glory of the crown, the mild lustre of the +mitre, the bold glow of the rod of office, or brilliant flash of the +sword; yet thickly interspersed albeit with the lurid gleam of the +axe, and perchance, as to-day, with the pitiful, hasty flicker of the +spendthrift.</p> + +<p>So do the glimpses of these noted actors on the passing stage of human +existence, and the memories of their short but eventful careers, come +back to us, with intensely interesting, because real power, alongside +which the strongest flight of Romance is as a phantom. He who affects +to contemn such investigations, and lives only in and for the +present,—ignorant, careless, or indifferent as to the past, and bent +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_136" id="Page_136">136</a></span> on enjoying, as it is termed, the passing hour,—little wots of +the care, the pain, and the strife, through which those who have gone +before, have fought and toiled and suffered;—lives but half a life, +in itself barren and ephemeral, as it is disassociated from all that +has preceded it and built the foundations of that life up. Whether for +good or for evil, matters not, the continuity of influence cannot be +dissevered, for</p> + +<p class="center font90">"In to-day already walks to-morrow."</p> + +<p>From Toddington and our musing over his collateral descendants, our +story finally leads us back to the giant Knight himself, and the +solemn grandeur of Salisbury Cathedral. We take a final look at the +armoured form of this son of Anak, and as we glance at the lines of +recumbent forms,—ecclesiastics,—statesmen,—soldiers, and others, +that held high place during their lives in the government of their +native land, for the five or six eventful centuries, in which, through +much contention, that government was slowly determining and +settling,—the thought arises, how comprehensively this grand +building, as a sheep-fold, whose door is the Gate of Death, hath +silently and surely gathered together here these erstwhile great ones +of the earth at last,—even all sorts and conditions of men,—the +consecrated, the peaceful, the devoted, rest side by side with the +ambitious, the restless, the proud,—</p> + +<p class="center font90">"They live with God, their homes are dust;<br /> +But here their children pray."</p> + +<p>To the assing wayfarer the glowing desires and anxious longings, that +animated their lives, are now well-nigh forgotten or unknown, and have +vanished in the past as a tale that is told,—"in the sight of the +unwise they seemed to die, but they are in peace," even the peace that +passeth all understanding.</p> + +<p class="left35">BOSWORTH FIELD.</p> + +<div class="left25 font90"> +<p>But one chance left—'mid these misfortunes vast,<br /> +<span class="i1">Looming like avalanche upon their prey,—</span><br /> +"Treason!" he cried, "the White Rose die is cast,"<br /> +<span class="i1">And like an unchained eagle spurred away,—</span><br /> +"The fiery Dragon to the heart I'll wound,<br /> +<span class="i1">And him that with it seeks to snatch my crown,—</span><br /> +Swift! follow me! see Brandon bites the ground,<br /> +<span class="i1">The giant Cheney from his horse is down,—</span><br /> +Fortune attend! my steed, a few strides more,<br /> +<span class="i1">And the Red Rose shall doubly-dyed appear—</span><br /> +Can I but reach him—steeped in its own gore,<br /> +<span class="i1">Or Death, come thou as foe I never fear,—</span><br /> +Traitors make way!"—but they in vengeful ring<br /> +Closed, and 'neath blows relentless fell the King!</p></div> + +<div class="p2 figcenter"><img src="images/184_s.jpg" width="150" height="363" +alt="STAFFORD" title="" /></div> +<p class="center"><span class="smcap">INDENT OF THE BRASS OF ARCHBISHOP STAFFORD.<br /> +Canterbury Cathedral</span><br /> +<a href="images/184_b.jpg">View larger image</a></p> + +<p class="p4"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_137" id="Page_137">137</a></span></p> + +<h3>"WITH THE SILVER HAND."</h3> + +<p class="p2">A warm sunny morning in early May, and turning our steps from the +thriving and somewhat busy town of Trowbridge,—a place which, like +its quieter sister of Westbury, "stondith mostly by clothiers,"—its +forest of smoking chimneys, garish town-hall, and tall spire,—our +path inclines by the broad south-westerly road that leads to Frome and +the parts adjacent. The walk is pleasant enough in its way, but +without special incident to interest the wayfarer, beyond the ordinary +pedestrian and vehicular motion of the hour.</p> + +<p>In this direction we continue for about a mile and a half, and having +passed through the village of Studley, halt at a stile or gateway on +our left, and looking across a meadow of some extent, discern, +environed by orchards, the grey outline of a building, having the +unmistakable time-worn appearance of survival from a former age, +albeit not of large size, and flanked with clustering outbuildings, +that betoken its present inmate to be engaged in the great primeval +occupation.</p> + +<p>Instinctively—from a memory sympathetically stored—a reverie for the +moment takes possession of the thoughts, as at the sight of the +unpretending structure, a large picture passes rapidly before the +mental eye, and with measured emphasis we observe,—a mother +unknown,—a son the most famous,—their last descendant the most +unfortunate!</p> + +<p>Why—friend of mine—say you, do we propound this enigmatic commentary +as we view the old place? Gives it short clue to characters, +presumably, once connected with it, whose lives have embodied striking +phases of human existence, which whet the imagination to contemplate, +and to divine with all its subtle ingenuity, incidents conformable to +animate them?</p> + +<p>Listen. Yonder is Suthwyke;—there, back in the middle of the +fourteenth century, a scion of the great family of Stafford of +mediæval fame, found his way from the county that gave them their +patronymic, and he, marrying the daughter of its then possessor, +settled himself within it, and became its lord and master. <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_138" id="Page_138">138</a></span></p> + +<p>Around its grey walls, so retiring and unpretentious, cluster +traditions of the first importance, that lead us out into the great +field of national history. From the first of this knightly race that +then dwelled therein, by a mother unknown,—who may have been the +comely daughter of some villain residing near,—issued a son, who, +despite all the contumely of his birth, won the mitre of the adjoining +See, rose to the supreme station of being the custodian of the +nation's purse, the keeper of the conscience of its reigning King, and +finally sat on the archiepiscopal throne of the realm, when the Church +was in her best estate. Of his grandson, styled of this place, who, +deputed to maintain the royal prerogative against plebeian agression, +fell fighting under the fierce onslaught of Wat Tyler in distant Kent. +Again, of his son, who rising high in the favour of his Sovereign, was +by him dignified with a patent of nobility named after his heritage in +this rural spot, with honours further increased; but who, meanly +swerving by ingratitude and petty dudgeon, in the first service +imposed on him by the monarch who had so recently honoured him,—to +the confusion of his royal patron,—was by the same kingly hand, as +suddenly and ignominiously extinguished, and with him perished also +the name and race of the family, of which he was its last +representative.</p> + +<p>So we deliver the solution to our parable, as we leisurely cross the +broad meadow, but as we draw near the house, or Court as it is +termed,—our foot is abruptly stayed by a comparatively +invisible—until we are close on its edge—but decisive hindrance to +nearer approach, and indicative at once of the olden character of the +habitation, a deep and wide moat, still well supplied with water, that +surrounds the area on which the house stands. But no mail-clad +warrior, with glance of lance and pennon, salutes us, no wimpled lady +passes like a shadow around the old gable corners,—all the signs of +life visible are a bevy of ducks busily disporting themselves in the +water below, and a group of calves on the opposite brink, thrusting +their dappled faces through the bars of the fence, and calling lustily +to their foster-mother, the dairy-maid, to bring them their accustomed +meal.</p> + +<p>A short distance below, a friendly stone bridge reveals itself, which +spans the chasm, and leads to a building,—that probably still +perpetuates in form and size the antient gate-house,—with a large +semi-circular-arched, and somewhat ornamented doorway, ghost of the +original portal, with its attendant portcullis and drawbridge.</p> + +<p>We cross the bridge, but observe at a glance that it is doubtful if +any traces of the dwelling of the Stafford dynasty, or their immediate +successors, will be found in or upon it, and such proved to be the +case. The building is of moderate size, bears the characteristics of +having been erected early in the seventeenth century, and these +distinguishing features, with the exception of the mullioned windows, +a rather fine balustraded and newelled staircase, and the appearance +of an old nail-studded door here and there,—have been nearly +obliterated by adaptation to modern requirements. No dates were +visible, two panels over the entrances may contain such, but they are +carefully plastered over. <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_139" id="Page_139">139</a></span></p> + +<p>Suthwyck—Suthwyk—Southwyke, now modernized to Southwick Court, is +apparently built on the antient site, and probably very nearly +represents the original size of the building. A domestic chapel was +attached to the little mansion. This was situate a short distance from +it, on the other side of the moat; it now forms the corner of the farm +court, and was converted, about the year 1839, into a stable. No trace +of ecclesiastical use is found within it, but a few of the old +roof-timbers are discernible; the piscina, windows, &c., being +doubtless removed when it underwent the process of conversion.</p> + +<p>"In Southwick, a tything of North-Bradley," says Canon Jackson,—</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> +<p>"two carucates of land belonged in 1274 to William de Greyville +or Greynville, who held under the Abbess of Romsey. About 1294, +his son Adam de Greynville, (there was a Justice in Eyre of his +name in 1267) attached to his house at Southwick Court a Chapel +dedicated to St. John the Baptist. By surrendering to the Rector +of Bradley, (at that time the Prebendary of Edington) a ground +called Alerleye, he obtained the right of presenting to his +Chapel a chantry priest, who in acknowledgment of fealty, was to +offer two pounds of wax in Bradley church, every year on the +anniversary of the Nativity of St. John the Baptist. In 1369 the +Bishop of Sarum (Robert de Wyvil) granted a license for Mass to +be said in the private mansion house of Southwick. This chaplain +in after times was always instituted to his office by the rectors +of Edington Monastery, to whom the church of Bradley then +belonged."</p></div> + +<p>At the dissolution of Chantries in the reign of Henry VIII., +Southwyke, Grenefreds (Grenvylles) Chantry, as it was called, was +reported by the Commissioners "Baltazar Segytte, incumbent, with six +pounds seven shillings a year. The plate weighed eight ounces one +pennyweight, and the goods were valued at nine shillings, whilst eight +and fourpence was allowed for a bell."</p> + +<p>Suthwyke Court, and manor passed by successive heiresses through the +families of Greynville, Stafford, Cheney, and Willoughby. About 1483, +during a temporary forfeiture, it was given by Richard III. to his +favourite Ratcliffe; it was however restored, and about 1520 sold by +Robert, second Lord Willoughby de Broke to Sir David Owen, a supposed +son of Owen Tudor, who in his will, dated 1529, mentions this Manor +and Chantry. It was afterward disposed of in parcels, but the Court, +by descent, is now held by the old Wiltshire family of Long of +Rood-Ashton.</p> + +<p>Of its former possessors, a few words.</p> + +<p>Sir John Stafford, knt., of Amelcote and Bromshull, Staffordshire, who +was living in 1361, married as his second wife the Lady Margaret, +daughter of Sir Ralph Stafford, K.G., and one of the original founders +of that Order, second Baron Stafford, and who was subsequently raised +to the Earldom 5 March, 1351, and died in 1372; by his wife Margaret, +only daughter and heiress of Hugh de Audley, Baron Audley.<a name="FNanchor_30" id="FNanchor_30"></a><a href="#Footnote_30" class="fnanchor">[30]</a> He had +issue by this marriage a son and heir named Humphrey.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_140" id="Page_140">140</a></span> This son, Sir Humphrey, migrated into Wilts, and married first Alice, +daughter and heir of John de Greynville, the then possessor of +Suthwyke. By her he "acquired a large estate, viz., the manor, mansion +house, and patronage of the Church of St. John Baptist thereto annexed +of Suthwyke juxta Frome-Selwood, in the parish of North-Bradley, +Wilts,—the manors and advowsons of Clutton and Farnburgh, Somerset, +and the manor of Burmington, Warwick," and she was married to Sir +Humphrey before 1365. Her father bore for his arms, <i>Argent, six +lioncels rampant gules</i>. By her husband Sir Humphrey, she had a son +Humphrey, who became her heir. Sir Humphrey married secondly, +Elizabeth, second daughter of Sir William d'Aumarle of Woodbury, +Devon, who died 15 November, 1362, and widow of Sir John Maltravers of +Hooke, in Dorset, who died 15 June, 1386, and whose arms were, <i>Sable, +a fret or</i>. She had no children by Sir Humphrey, but two daughters by +her first husband; Maud, married first to Peter de la Mare, of +Offelegh, Herts, who died about 1395, and secondly to Sir John Dinham, +of Buckland-Dinham, Somerset, who died about 1428;<a name="FNanchor_31" id="FNanchor_31"></a><a href="#Footnote_31" class="fnanchor">[31]</a> and Elizabeth, +married to her second husband's only son. He was sheriff of Dorset and +Somerset 12 Henry IV., 1411.</p> + +<p>Elizabeth, the second wife of Sir Humphrey died the 15 Oct., 1413, and +the knight himself survived her sixteen days only, dying on the 31 +Oct., 1413, and both were buried beside her first husband, Sir John +Maltravers, in the Abbey Church of Abbotsbury. He was the first of his +line that bore for his arms, <i>Or, a chevron gules within a bordure +engrailed sable</i>.</p> + +<p>All the foregoing coats of arms including also D'Aumarle, <i>Per fess +gules and azure, three crescents argent</i>, are found among the heraldic +display on the tomb of their descendant the Lady Elizabeth +Willoughby-Greville at Alcester.</p> + +<p>Sir Humphrey Stafford—only child of the foregoing—was of Suthwyke in +right of his mother, and of Hooke, <i>jure uxoris</i>. He was surnamed +"<i>with the Silver Hand</i>,"—a 'periphrasis' whose meaning has not been +explained,—and married Elizabeth, the second daughter of his father's +second wife, by her first husband Sir John Maltravers. By her he had +three sons, Richard, John, and William, and one daughter Alice.</p> + +<div class="p2 figcenter"><img src="images/189_s.jpg" width="200" height="123" +alt="JOHN DINHAM" title="" /></div> +<p class="center"><span class="smcap">EFFIGY OF SIR JOHN DINHAM, KINGS-CARSWELL CHURCH, DEVON. Circa 1428.</span><br /> +<a href="images/189_b.jpg">View larger image</a></p> + +<p class="p2"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_141" id="Page_141">141</a></span> Sir Humphrey, having thus married the heiress of Maltravers, probably +removed to Hooke, their antient seat, and made it his residence. Coker +says of Hooke House, that "in foregoing ages the Cifrewasts, men of +great antiquity and note dwelled there." Maltravers married +Cifrewast's heir, and the old historian continues, "Humphry Stafford +who married Maltravers' heir, was the great builder of it. This place +hath since been much beholden to William Pawlitt, Marquis of +Winchester, who augmented it with new buildings and often lived there, +but his successors have not thought so well of it, wherefore it is +like to run to decay." Paulet held it through his wife Elizabeth +Willoughby, by inheritance from Cheney and Stafford.<a name="FNanchor_32" id="FNanchor_32"></a><a href="#Footnote_32" class="fnanchor">[32]</a> Arms of +Cifrewast of Hooke,—<i>Azure, three bars gemelles or</i>,—also found at +Alcester.</p> + +<p>Sir Humphrey died 27 May, 1442, his wife had pre-deceased him, dying +about 1420, and both were buried in the Abbey Church of Abbotsbury, in +the Chapel of St. Anne therein, which he had founded</p> + +<p>Before proceeding further with this descent of Stafford, our little +annals confront us with its most distinguished representative—albeit +by a side issue—John Stafford, consecrated Bishop of Bath and Wells +1425, Archbishop of Canterbury 1443, Lord Chancellor to Henry VI., and +who died in 1452. Who were his parents, and where is his position in +the family pedigree? The recognized 'authorities' on the subject +describe him as being <i>another</i> son of the first Sir Humphrey, and +brother to him "<i>with the Silver Hand</i>." Yet no definite proof thereof +has been forthcoming. His presumed father Sir Humphrey made his will +at Hooke 5 April, 1413, with codicil dated 30 Oct., same year, but in +it he does not even mention him. Yet Sir Humphrey's second wife +Elizabeth Maltravers in a codicil to her's, dated 14 October, 1413, +does refer to him by bequest, <i>Item, Magistro Johanni Stafford, &c.</i></p> + +<p>Sir Humphrey Stafford also, the only son of Sir Humphrey (the +Archbishop's presumed father), in his will dated 14 Dec., 1441, +includes bequests to the future Archbishop, thus recorded,—</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> +<p><i>"Item, do et lego Johanni fratri meo divinâ pietate Bathoniensis +et Wellensis episcopo, unum par de fflacons argenteis et +deauratis.</i></p> + +<p>"<i>Item, eidem Episcopo unam ymaginem argenteam et deauratum +decollationis sancti Johannis Baptiste, ac unam magnam peciam de +Aras vocatam doser.</i>"</p></div> + +<p>He also appoints the said bishop <i>his brother</i>, and William his son, +with others to be his executors.</p> + +<p>An extraordinary confusion appears to have enveloped the statements of +historians and antiquaries as to the pedigree of Stafford, and the +Archbishop's origin; this however has of late been satisfactorily +cleared up by the researches of an accomplished and accurate +genealogist. He <i>was</i> the son of the first Sir Humphrey, but not born +within the legal pale of wedlock, and his mother's name was Emma, <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_142" id="Page_142">142</a></span> +that she was subsequently admitted to the Sisterhood of the Priory of +the Holy Trinity, Canterbury, of which her son the Archbishop was a +Brother, but <i>who</i> she was has not as yet been recovered. She died 5 +Sept., 1446, and was buried in a mortuary chapel in the north aisle of +the parish church of North-Bradley, Wilts, in which Suthwyke is +situated.</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> +<p>"As her son was elevated to the primacy in 1443 he is here (on +the gravestone) correctly described as Archbishop at the time of +his mother's death, which could not have been done had she died +in 1440. Considering that the archbishop raised this mortuary +chapel as a resting place for his mother's remains,—if not for +his own—in the church of the parish in which Suthwyke manor +house is situate, and that his father resided at Suthwyke until +the period of his marriage with his second wife, when he removed +to her dower house of Hoke in Dorsetshire, it is not unreasonable +to infer that the archbishop was born in the parish of +North-Bradley.</p> + +<p>"As his mother survived Sir Humphry's last wife, who died in +1413,—only sixteen days before Sir Humphry—it is impossible the +archbishop's mother could have been Sir Humphry's wife, at the +time her son was born. His birth must be set as far back as 1387, +if not earlier, as in 1413 he was made LL.D. at Oxford, and in +the same year he was collated to the Prebendal stall of Barton in +the Cathedral church of Wells."<a name="FNanchor_33" id="FNanchor_33"></a><a href="#Footnote_33" class="fnanchor">[33]</a></p></div> + +<p>The mortuary Chapel that the Archbishop erected to the memory of his +mother, and to which doubtless he had her remains conveyed, and +therein interred, occurs at the east end of the north aisle of +North-Bradley church, and is of the width of the last bay of the +arcade. It is of square form and projects with definite character from +the church, to which it forms a kind of transept.</p> + +<p>The architecture is Perpendicular, and of rich character. The east +window square-headed, of some height from the floor, shewing that +there was an altar once below it, and a piscina occurs in the pier of +the arch on the south side. The south window is of large size, +bay-shaped, and extends to the roof, the side jambs are panelled with +window-shaped tracery, and along the top is a string-course of +quatrefoil panels with bosses, and these are repeated at the base over +the tomb; here they have shields in the centre, but with no charges on +them. The roof, in a good state of preservation, is a richly trussed +one of oak, with deeply moulded transoms, again subdivided by smaller +ones, the squares between ornamented with quatrefoils, having +well-carved bosses in their centres, and others at the intersection of +the trusses. On one nearest the chancel is the cross and crown of +thorns,—on others the arms of Hungerford, the double rose, and some +display, apparently representations of stags, a fox, man on horse, &c.</p> + +<p>The tomb of the Archbishop's mother is in the recess of the bay of the +north window. It occupies its whole width and depth, and assumes the +form of a plain solid bench rising some height from the ground, with +no ornament of any kind. It is composed of white stone, as is also the +gravestone, let in on the top, which appears to be of somewhat +different kind, and of more friable character.</p> + +<div class="p2 figcenter"><img src="images/194_s.jpg" width="100" height="258" +alt="EMMA" title="" /></div> +<p class="center"><span class="smcap">EMMA, MOTHER OF ARCHBISHOP STAFFORD.<br /> +North-Bradley Church, Wiltshire.—A.D. 1446.</span><br /> +<a href="images/194_b.jpg">View larger image</a></p> + +<p class="p2"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_143" id="Page_143">143</a></span> On this gravestone the effigy of the mother of the Archbishop is +incised, below her feet is a pedestal, and over her head a rich canopy +supported on side buttresses. Although the lines of the figure are +somewhat denuded, yet sufficient remains to shew she was clad in the +ordinary costume of a lady of the period. On her head she wears a +coverchief that depends to the shoulders, a wimple around her neck, +and she is otherwise attired in long gown and robe over. The hands are +raised in prayer, and at her feet is a dog, apparently a spaniel, from +his dependant ears and clouded coat. The incised lines are filled with +a black composition, as is also the inscription that forms a +ledger-line around the stone,—</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> +<p class="left5 gothic">Hic jacet d'na Emma mater <ins title="Corrected erratum: original reads 'Venerandissimi'">venerabilissimi</ins> patris et domini D'ni +Joh'is Stafford dei gra' Cantuariensis Archiepi' que obiit quinto +die mensis Septembris anno d'ni Millesimo cccc<sup>mo</sup> quadra's'mo +vi<sup>o</sup> cuj' anime p'piciet' de' am'</p></div> + +<p>On the outside, the Chapel is very noticeable, on account of its +height and rich character as compared with the main fabric of the +church. The corner buttresses have pinnacles at their stages, and the +space below the north window is filled with quatrefoiled panels, and +lozenges, traceried, with plain shields in their centres. A remarkable +peculiarity is observable,—the carved ornamentation of the Chapel was +never finished, the pinnacles on one buttress are completed, the +crockets on the other only roughed out, and the cusps of the panel +work above the tomb inside, still display the pencil marks of the +intention of the carver, which his chisel never gave form to. The +shields also are all perfectly plain and uncharged, and no trace of +the armories of Stafford are at present visible anywhere on the +Chapel, either within or without.</p> + +<p>When Aubrey visited the Chapel in 1669, he notes,—</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> +<p>"By the north aisle is a peculiar chappell of excellent worke, +the roof of wood curiously carved. I guesse the worke to be about +temp: Henry VI. about which time this kind of Gothique +architecture was at the height. This was as noble a Chapelle as +any in the county, now, in the windowe, like a great bay windowe +is only one scutcheon left entire; viz: Stafford,—<i>Or, a chevron +gules.</i> Another was quarterley, <i>now broken</i>: another thus +Stafford, imp: Beville. At the bottom thereof is a flatt +gravestone of freestone well worked, lineally with the figure of +a lady in a Gothique niche. In the limbe thereof this inscription +"<span class="gothic">Hic jacet d'na Emma, &c</span>."</p></div> + +<p>The old antiquary gives the inscription fairly correct as it now is +found, but at the end he adds these further words,—"<span class="gothic">O Deus trina me +John conserva ruina</span>,"—(<i>O triune God, save me, John, from +perdition</i>). But such never could have existed on the face of the +gravestone, as the inscription, without this addition completely fills +the ledger-line around its edge. Probably he saw it in one of the +windows. He then goes on to say,—</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> +<p>"In the limbe of the windowe are these fragments "<span class="gothic">Emme matris +d... d'ni Joh'is Archiep...r...dicti</span>." In the top of this +windowe, and also of the other, in scrolls,—"<span class="gothic">Gnothi seauton: +Nosce te ipsum.</span>" The other windowe is all broken, but the scrolls +aforesaid: only the picture of the archbishop, except his <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_144" id="Page_144">144</a></span> +head, remains, of curious painted glass, he in his formalities, +with pall, crozier, &c., in a cope of sky colour. In a limbe of +this windowe "<span class="gothic">hujus capelle ... Archiepi Cantuar</span>." In the carved +wood work of the roofe are several little hunting figures, as of +men carrying a deer, shooting a deer in the wood. One scutcheon +of Hungerford in wood. This chapell is built outside the church, +as Hungerfords at Sarum, but the scutcheons of stone are not +charged."</p></div> + +<p>A review of the circumstances attending the origin and career of John +Stafford, Archbishop of Canterbury, furnishes a subject of peculiar +interest. Born, as we have observed, outside the legal pale, and as a +consequence, subject to all its worldly disadvantages, this drawback +appears to have found no hindrance to his advancement on the path of +life, which ultimately led—short of sovereignty—to the highest +station it had to offer. This result exhibits another striking +instance of those marvellous careers, that have so often waited upon +these natural children of mankind, who bearing down all obstacles in +their way, and contemptuous of the goody-goody frowns and askant +glances of their more piously-bred neighbours, by the force of their +character, and the self-reliance engendered by what is termed +misfortune of birth, have achieved the position of standing among the +leaders and rulers of their race.</p> + +<p>Examined by the light of common sense, the cause of this innate +distinction is perhaps not far to seek. In its highest and truest +sense, such have received their being under the strongest impulses +that animate the human heart, knit by the influence of attachment +often so powerful, that no present consequence, or after consideration +received at the time a moment's parley, and Nature in the result +asserts the aristocracy of her lineage; whereof the life of the +Archbishop is a notable example. Proscribed doubtless, then as now, by +the social world from assuming equality with them, and unable +therefore to pursue any of the usual worldly professions with equal +chances of success, it is refreshing to find the highest human +vocation, the office of the Christian minister, was at his +acceptance,—the Church opened her door to the human waif,—who was +destined afterward to become her chief pastor. From his presumed +father—as usual—he received scant help, but five years before his +death, Sir Humphrey bestowed on him a costless gift, by presenting the +future Archbishop to the family living of Farnboro', in the diocese of +Bath and Wells,—a See he afterward presided over.</p> + +<p>The close affection also that evidently existed between the Archbishop +and his mother, cemented doubtless by the circumstances of his birth, +and her consequent comparative isolation from society, is a delightful +trait in his character; and it may be fully surmised caused him to +take her to Canterbury, there to become a Sister of the religious +house, of which fraternity he was a Brother, in order that she might +be well cared for, and be near him, and where she probably passed the +last twenty years of her life. She lived long enough to see her +distinguished son ascend the Archiepiscopal throne, and as Lord +Chancellor also to the reigning sovereign, King Henry VI., become at +once the first citizen of his native land, both in Church and State; a +remarkable privilege, that few mothers indeed,—no matter what +distinction of birth or station they inherited,—have been destined to +witness. <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_145" id="Page_145">145</a></span></p> + +<p>At her death in 1446, the Archbishop had her body conveyed back to +North-Bradley, of which place she presumably was a native, and where +probably her son was born. There he deposited her remains in the +mortuary chapel attached to the parish church he had specially built +to receive them, under a tomb whereon he caused her form to be +depicted, and surrounded it with the simple inscription that still +remains to bear witness of his filial affection.</p> + +<p>It is noticeable that some intimacy must have sprung up between his +father's family and himself, for although Sir Humphrey does not +mention him in his will, yet his second wife Elizabeth D'Aumarle does +so in hers. This intercourse probably ripened toward the end of his +life, for his legally-born half-brother, Sir Humphrey "<i>with the +Silver Hand</i>," who died ten years before the Archbishop, bequeaths him +some silver plate, and constitutes him one of his executors. This +acknowledgment would be quite in accordance with the ordinary ways of +the world, Sir Humphrey doubtless properly felt that the honour of the +friendship had now passed to the side of his presumed +half-brother,—the stray off-shoot of the Stafford blood, had outgrown +and overshadowed in position and fame, all the other branches of the +family tree, and consequent on this, as a matter of course, his +kinship was not disowned, and the Archbishop became the "<i>frater meo</i>" +of the Knight "<i>with the Silver Hand</i>."</p> + +<p>But, strange irony of this world's remembrance,—in death, if not in +life their memory was to be avenged,—not a fragment of a memorial, +nor the trace of an inscription remains to any direct member of the +influential family of Stafford of Suthwyke and Hooke. Eschewing the +humble precincts of the churches of the parishes in which their homes +in Wilts and Dorset were situate as a place of burial, they caused +their dust to be carried many miles away to the grand Abbey Church of +Abbotsbury, and deposited in a Chantry they had founded therein, with +its attendant priest to supplicate unceasingly for the welfare of +their souls. Not very long after the last member of their race was +laid within it, ruthless hands razed the great fabric to the ground, +when all the memorials to the dead it contained were destroyed, and +with such completeness, that even the position of their sepulchres may +not at present be discerned, so that now, the tomb of the mother of +the Archbishop alone remains in these western parts, to bear indirect +witness of their former existence.</p> + +<p>The Archbishop appears to have died at Maidstone on the sixth of July, +1452, and was buried in the "Transept of the Martyrdom" in Canterbury +Cathedral.</p> + +<p>He lies under an immense (Purbeck?) marble stone, perhaps the very +largest in the cathedral, eleven feet five inches in length, by four +feet six inches in breadth. On this was originally a magnificent +brass, almost entirely filling the stone, but only the indent, now +also much frayed, remains.</p> + +<p>The outline shews us the effigy of the Archbishop <i>in pontificalibus</i>, +with mitre and pastoral staff. He stands under a rich canopy with +pinnacles and finials, supported on long buttresses that extend down +to the base of the composition. Below his feet there was evidently +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_146" id="Page_146">146</a></span> a square panel which probably contained the "confabulatorie +epitaph" seen and copied by Weever. Around the edge of the stone is a +ledger-line, that probably had the emblems of the Evangelists at the +angles.</p> + +<p>The Archbishop's gravestone has shared the common fate accorded to all +the brass-inlaid stones, that doubtless formerly thickly adorned the +pavement of the cathedral, but of which not a single undespoiled +example now remains.</p> + +<p>On a boss in the vaulting immediately above, are the prelate's arms, +being those of the See of Canterbury, impaling, <i>Or, on a chevron +gules, a mitre argent, within a bordure engrailed sable</i> (<span class="smcap">Stafford of +Suthwyke</span>, <i>with difference</i>).</p> + +<p>Weever,<a name="FNanchor_34" id="FNanchor_34"></a><a href="#Footnote_34" class="fnanchor">[34]</a> thus speaks of the Archbishop.—</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> +<p>"Here (Canterbury Cathedral) lies interred in the Martyrdome an +Archbishop, very noble, and no lesse learned, one of the +honourable familie of the <i>Staffords</i>; sonne (saith the Catalogue +of Bishops) vnto the Earle of Stafford, but I finde no such thing +in all the Catalogues of Honour; a man much favoured by King +<i>Henry</i> the fifth, who preferred him first to the Deanrie of +Wells, gave him a Prebend in the Church of Salisbury, and made +him one of his privie Councell, and in the end Treasurer of +England. And then although this renowned King was taken away by +vntimely death, ye hee still went forward in the way of +promotion, and obtained the Bishopricke of Bath and Welles, which +with great wisedome hee governed eighteene yeares, from whence he +was removed to this of Canterbury, in which he sate almost nine +yeares; and in the meanetime was made Lord Chancellour of +England, which office hee held eighteene years (which you shall +hardly finde any other man to have done) vntill wearie of so +painfull a place, he voluntarily resigned it over into the King's +hands. And about three yeares after that died at Maidstone July +6. <i>Ann</i>: 1452. Vpon a flat marble stone over him I find this +confabulatorie Epitaph:—</p></div> + +<p class="left30 gothic">Quis fuit enuclees quem celas saxea moles?<br /> +Stafford Antistes fuerat dictusque Johannes.<br /> +Qua sedit sede marmor queso simul ede?<br /> +Pridem Bathonie. Regni totius et inde<br /> +Primas egregius. Pro presule funde precatus<br /> +Aureolam gratus huic det de Virgine natus."</p> + +<p>Of the Archbishop's public career as Metropolitan and Lord Chancellor, +this belongs rather to the province of national history, and is +altogether too extensive for even short notice here, it has been amply +treated by Dean Hook in his <i>Lives of the Archbishops of Canterbury</i>. +Lord Campbell in his <i>Lives of the Chancellors</i> thus speaks of +Stafford in that capacity,—</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> +<p>"Having with great reputation taken the degree of Doctor of Civil +Law at Oxford, he practised for some time as an advocate in +Doctors Commons, when Chicheley, Archbishop of Canterbury +elevated him to be Dean of the Arches and obtained for him the +deanery of St. Martin, and a prebend in Lincoln Cathedral. He +then became a favourite of Henry V., who made him successively +Dean of Wells, Prebendary of Sarum, Keeper of the Privy Seal, and +Treasurer of England. He attached himself to the party of +Cardinal Beaufort, by whose interest in 1425, he was appointed +Bishop of Bath and Wells.</p></div> + +<div class="p2 figcenter"><img src="images/200_s.jpg" width="200" height="363" +alt="BOTTREAUX BEAUMONT" title="" /></div> +<p class="center"><span class="smcap">EFFIGIES OF WILLIAM, LORD BOTTREAUX, AND ELIZABETH BEAUMONT, HIS WIFE.<br /> +North Cadbury Ch—</span><br /> +<a href="images/200_b.jpg">View larger image</a></p> + +<p class="p2"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_147" id="Page_147">147</a></span></p> + +<div class="blockquote"> +<p>"From the Close Roll we learn 'that the Lord Cardinal, Archbishop +Kempe, on 25 Feb. 1432, delivered up to the King, the gold and +silver seals, and the Duke of Gloucester immediately took them +and kept them till the fourth of March, on which day, he gave +them back to the King and they were delivered by his Majesty to +John Stafford, Bishop of Bath and Wells for the despatch of +business.'</p> + +<p>"He filled the office of Chancellor till 1450 a longer period +than any one had before continuously held the Great Seal. This +took place on 31 Jany. 1450, the day the Parliament pursuant to +the last adjournment, when 'the Archbishop of Canterbury was +discharged from the office of Chancellor, and John Kempe, +Cardinal and Archbishop of York was put in his place.'</p> + +<p>"He retired from politics and died at Maidstone, in Kent, on 6 +July 1452. He was <i>pars negotiis neque supra</i>, one of those +sensible, moderate, plodding safe men, who are often much +relished by the leaders of political parties, as they can fill an +office not discreditably, without any danger of gaining too much +<i>éclat</i>, and with a certainty of continued subserviency."</p></div> + +<p>"Sensible—moderate—plodding—safe,"—words which may be condensed +into, and construed to embody that most useful, homely, yet withal +rarest, of all endowments,—common-sense—whose practice in the long +run is of far greater value from its reliability, than the +too-often-found instability and hazard of careers termed +brilliant,—and ever forms a most desirable, if not a great character.</p> + +<p>To return to the descent of Stafford and the four children of Sir +Humphrey "<i>with the Silver Hand</i>."</p> + +<p>Sir Richard Stafford the eldest son, married Maud daughter and heir of +Richard Lovell, Esq., by Elizabeth daughter and coheir of Sir Guy de +Briene, knt. By her he had one child only, a daughter, named Avice, +ob. 3 June, 1457, "a great heiress," married as his second wife, to +James Butler, fifth Earl of Ormonde, created Earl of Wiltshire and +K.G. in 1449. He was also Lord Treasurer of England and a staunch +adherent of the Red Rose, was taken prisoner after the battle of +Towton, by Richard Salkeld, Esq., and beheaded at Newcastle 1 May, +1461. Sir Richard died about 1427, his wife afterward married John +Fitzalan, thirteenth Earl of Arundel, K.G., ob. 12 June, 1435, by whom +she had a son Humphrey, fourteenth Earl. She died 19 May, 1436, and +was buried with her first husband in the Chapel of St. Anne in the +Abbey Church of Abbotsbury.</p> + +<p>Sir John Stafford, second son, married Anne daughter of William the +third and last Lord Bottreaux, ob. 14 May, 1462, by his wife Elizabeth +daughter of John, Lord Beaumont. By her he had one child only, +Humphrey, who died in Scotland 6 Aug., 1461. Sir John died 5 Nov., +1427, and was buried with his kindred at Abbotsbury Abbey.</p> + +<p>The presumed tomb with effigies of Lord and Lady Bottreaux, the +parents of Anne, is in the church of North-Cadbury, Somerset. Its +original position was in the Founder's place, on the north side of the +chancel, but it is now relegated to a corner of the tower at the west +end. The knight is in complete plate armour, the lady in richly +ornamented horned head-dress, and long robes. A canopy is over their +heads. Lord Bottreaux married first Elizabeth, daughter of John, Lord +Beaumont, she died about 37 Henry VI. (1459). By her he had two sons +and two daughters. William, who died before 1434; Reginald, ob. 1420; +Anne, married to Sir John Stafford; and <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_148" id="Page_148">148</a></span> Margaret, who died 7 +Feb., 1478-9, eventually sole heiress to the large property and titles +of Bottreaux and Mules, married to Robert, Lord Hungerford, ob. 14 +May, 1459. Lord Bottreaux married secondly Margaret daughter of +Thomas, Lord Roos. He died seized of fifty manors, in the western +counties, among them North-Cadbury, which they possessed through the +heiress of Mules, and in that church (which they probably rebuilt), by +his will he ordered himself to be buried. Reginald, the second son, +and brother of Anne, was buried at Aller church, near Langport, which +parish was part of the family property. On a flat stone formerly in +the pavement of the chancel, but now set upright, on a ledger-line is +incised the following inscription,—</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> +<p class="left5 gothic">Hic jacet Roginaldus filius William dom' de Botreaux qui obiit +xxx die mensis Julii anno dom' m<sup>o</sup> cccc xx</p></div> + +<p>In the centre is a shield,—<i>A griffin rampant</i> (<span class="smcap">Bottreaux</span>), impaling +<i>semée of fleurs-de-lys, a lion rampant</i> (<span class="smcap">Beaumont</span>).</p> + +<p>William Stafford, Esq., third son, was of Suthwyke; he married +Katharine daughter of Sir John Chidiock, knt., by whom he had one son +Humphrey, subsequently created Lord Stafford of Suthwyke and Earl of +Devon. More with regard to him presently. William Stafford, together +with his relative Sir Humphrey Stafford of Grafton, knt., Commander of +the King's forces, were both killed in the encounter with Jack Cade +and the Kentish insurgents (who came off victorious), at Sevenoaks, 18 +June, 1450. His wife married secondly Sir John Arundell of Lanherne, +Cornwall, knt., ob. 12 Nov., 1473, and thirdly Sir Roger Lewkenor, +knt., ob. 4 Aug., 1478. She died 10 April, 1479.</p> + +<p>Alice, their only daughter, married first her neighbour Sir Edmond +Cheney, of Broke, Wilts, and by him had two daughters, Elizabeth and +Anne.<a name="FNanchor_35" id="FNanchor_35"></a><a href="#Footnote_35" class="fnanchor">[35]</a> Secondly she married Walter Tailboys of Newton-Kyme, +Yorkshire, ob. 13 Apl., 1444; by him she had one daughter Alianore, +married to Thomas Strangeways, Esq., by whom she had two sons Henry +and Thomas, and one daughter Joan. Thomas Strangeways died in 1484, +his wife Alianore 2 April, 1502, and both were buried in the Lady +Chapel of the Abbey church of Abbotsbury.</p> + +<p>Our thoughts now concentrate on the last—most greatly honoured, yet +withal most unfortunate—representative of Stafford of Suthwyke, who +rose to the highest dignity conferred on the family, but whose +possession of the distinction was indeed short, and his life still +more suddenly and disastrously extinguished.</p> + +<p>This was Humphrey, the only son of William Stafford of Suthwyke, +killed at Sevenoaks in 1450. His cousin Humphrey, son of his uncle Sir +John Stafford, dying in Scotland in 1461, he became the sole male heir +left remaining. He was born about 1440, and appears to have identified +himself with the cause of the White Rose, and to have been in much +favour with Edward IV. <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_149" id="Page_149">149</a></span></p> + +<p>Stafford is accused of having been ill-disposed toward the Courtenays, +Earls of Devon, who were zealous adherents of the Red Rose; naturally +so, for they were descendants of that branch of the royal blood, and +with such devotion, that the three brothers, Thomas, Henry, and John, +who were the last representatives of the elder descent of that +illustrious house, lost their lives, either in the battlefield or on +the scaffold, and their property by confiscation, in support of its +claims. They were the sons of Thomas Courtenay, first of that name, +Earl of Devon, who died 3 Feb., 1458, by his wife Margaret Beaufort, +second daughter of John, Earl of Somerset, eldest son of John of +Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster, by his third wife Katharine Swynford.</p> + +<p>A necessary digression respecting the Courtenays takes place here, as +Stafford bears the sinister reputation of acquiring, by means not the +most honourable, a large portion of their property and their title.</p> + +<p>Thomas Courtenay, Earl of Devon, the eldest of these brothers, +fighting for the Red Rose, was made prisoner after the battle of +Towton, 29 March, 1461, taken to York, attainted and beheaded by order +of Edward IV., and all his property confiscated to the crown.</p> + +<p>He appears to have been one of the most lawless and unscrupulous men +of that lawless era,—his father it was, who is said to have fought +with Lord Bonville on Clyst-Heath, and himself, the son, the leader of +the outrage and murder of poor old Radford the lawyer, at Poughill, +near Crediton, so graphically described in one of the Paston letters, +and which as a picture of the ferocity of the time will bear extract +here,—</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> +<p>"Also y'r is gret varyance bytwene ye Erll of Devenshire and the +Lord Bonvyle as hath be many day and meche debat is like to growe +y'rby for on thursday at nyght last passed ye Erll of Denshyres +sone and heir come w't lx men of Armes to Radfords place in +Devenshire which was of counceil w't my Lord Bonvyle and they +sette an hous on fyer at Radfords gate and cryed and mad an noyse +as though they had be sorry for ye fyer, and by that cause +Radfords men set opyn ye gats and yede owt to se ye fyer and for +w't th'erll sone foreseid entred into ye place and intreted +Radford to come down of his chambre to spike w't' them p'myttyng +him that he shuld no bodyly harm have upon whiche p'mysse he come +down and spak w't ye said Erll sone.</p> + +<p>"In ye mene tyme his menye robbe his chambre and ryfled his +hutches and trussed suyche as they coude gete to gydder and +caryed it away on his own hors.</p> + +<p>"Thanne y'erll sone seid, Radford thou must come to my Lord my +Fadir, he seid he wold and bad oon of his men make redy his hors +to ride w't 'hene whiche answerd hym yt alle his hors wern take +awey, thanne he seid to y'erll sone s<sup>r</sup> yo'r men have robbed my +chambre and thei have myn hors yt I may not ride w't you to my +Lord yo'r fadir, wherfor I p'y you lete me ride for I am old and +may not go.</p> + +<p>"It was answerid hym ageyn yat he shuld walke forth w't them on +his feete and so he dede till he was a flyte shote or more from +his place and yanne he was ... softly for cawse he myght not go +fast and whanne yei were thus dep'ted he t'ned ... oon forw't +come ix men ageyn upon hym and smot hym in the hed and fellid ... +of then kyt his throte." (28 October 1455.)</p></div> + +<p>We fear the feud between Bonville and Courtenay, that began with the +'valiant performance' on Clyst-Heath, was still raging, and it may be, +the cause of poor old lawyer Radford's death, as it is mentioned he +"<i>was of counceil w't my Lord Bonvyle</i>," which circumstance the +Courtenays appear to have resented in this terrible <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_150" id="Page_150">150</a></span> manner. Six +years afterward the edge of the axe fatally crossed the throat of "<i>ye +said Erll's sone</i>," and leader of this outrage, at York.</p> + +<p>The place from which this free-booting party set out was Tiverton +Castle, the family residence, where his father the Earl was then +living. The castle and manor of Tiverton formed part of the Courtenay +possessions afterward given by Edward IV. to Stafford.</p> + +<p>Henry Courtenay, the next brother, and Earl of Devon, for alleged +complicity with Richard Nevill, Earl of Warwick, and his brothers, +then exerting their influence for the restoration of Henry VI., was +with Sir Thomas Hungerford of Farleigh Castle, seized, attainted of +treason, and after a short trial before the King's Justices, both +beheaded at Salisbury, 4 March, 1466.</p> + +<p>John Courtenay, the third and last of these brothers, fell fighting +for the Red Rose at the battle of Tewkesbury, 4 May, 1471. In his +death, that branch of the family became <i>extinct</i> for the cause of the +Red Rose, as their neighbours and relatives the Bonvilles suffered +extermination, about the same time, and in a similar manner, +contending for the White Rose.</p> + +<p>But the charge against Humphrey, Lord Stafford, chiefly related to his +alleged antagonism to Henry Courtenay, the second of these brothers, +who was executed at Salisbury, and whose death he is said to have +'procured.' In those days of feud and intrigue, it is impossible to +say what men may not have covertly done, to carry out their aims and +designs, but it is to be hoped such was not really Stafford's conduct +in this case, for if so, the signally sudden and similar retribution, +that so soon afterward overtook him, was well deserved.</p> + +<p>But be that as it may, it is certain that a large portion of the +confiscated possessions of the Courtenays, "the bulk of the estate," +about the time of the death of Henry Courtenay, was bestowed by Edward +IV. on Stafford, and three years afterward, 7 May, 1469, he was raised +by that monarch to the old and coveted title of Earl of Devon, and +this while John Courtenay, the last of the three brothers, was still +alive, as he perished at the battle of Tewkesbury two years afterward.</p> + +<p>But John Courtenay, the true heir to the distinguished title, lived +long enough to see this pretender to it as ignominiously extinguished, +and it is remarkable that this illustrious heirloom, although twice +conferred on others, each attempt has proved futile to wrest it from +the rightful owners.</p> + +<p>Sir Humphrey Stafford had been created <span class="smcap">Baron of Suthwyke</span>, first by +Writ of Summons dated 21 July, 1461, afterward confirmed by patent +dated 24 April, 1464, and, as we have observed, he was further +advanced to the dignity of <span class="smcap">Earl of Devon</span>, 7 May, 1469.</p> + +<p>Very soon after this honour was conferred on him, Edward despatched +the Earl with eight hundred archers, to aid the Earl of Pembroke and +his brother Sir Richard Herbert then in command of about seven +thousand Welchmen, marching to give Sir John Coniers <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_151" id="Page_151">151</a></span> and the +Lancastrians battle. The sequel cannot be better related than in the +words of Cleaveland:—</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> +<p>"With these forces the Earl of Pembroke resolved to hinder the +rebels in their journey, and having notice that they took their +way by <i>Northampton</i>, he led the whole body of his army against +them, having given orders to Sir <i>Richard Herbert</i> with two +thousand soldiers, to wheel about and charge the enemy in the +rear. Sir <i>John Coniers</i> had so carefully strengthened the +rearward, that the <i>Welch</i> were repulsed with loss, whereupon Sir +<i>Richard Herbert</i> retired to his brother, and Sir <i>John Coniers</i> +diverted from his direct course to <i>London</i>, marched towards +<i>Warwick</i>, where the Duke of <i>Clarence</i>, and the Earl of +<i>Warwick</i>, had levied a mighty host. The Earl of <i>Pembroke</i> +followed him closely, expecting an opportunity of cutting off +some part of the enemy, as they marched disorderly, or to give +battle to the whole army: but while he was in this pursuit of +glory, a small difference between him and the Lord <i>Stafford</i>, +ruined the whole attempt; for he encamping at <i>Banbury</i>, a +question arose concerning an Inn, to which <i>Stafford</i> pretended, +as having long used the house; but the Earl of <i>Pembroke</i>, in +regard of his preheminence as General, was resolved to lodge in +it. This so trivial distaste, (if there was no farther treason in +it) grew so high, that <i>Stafford</i> withdrew himself and his +<i>English</i> archers. The rebels, who soon had notice of this +unhappy discord, gave the Earl's camp the next morning a sudden +assault: the <i>Welch</i> received the charge so stoutly, that they +took Sir <i>Henry Neville</i>, the leader; but, guilty of too much +barbarity, most cruelly slew him in cold blood, by which act they +raised so fierce a desire of revenge in the enemy, that the next +day they gave the Earl battle, and the fight was longe and cruel, +but at last the <i>Welchmen</i> fled; in the battle five thousand of +the <i>Welch</i> were slain, and, among the few prisoners the Earl of +<i>Pembroke</i>, and Sir <i>Richard Herbert</i> were taken, whose heads +were soon after sacrificed to the ghost of <i>Neville</i>."</p></div> + +<p>Another account says this quarrel about the Inn was the result of a +matter of love rather than war, that "a fair damsel was resident in +the house, of whom both Earls became enamoured, and contrary to the +arrangement entered into between them, the first in possession should +remain so, the Earl of Devon was dispossessed by the Earl of Pembroke, +which excited so much discord between them that, unmindful of his duty +to his Sovereign, and the cause in which he was engaged, he departed +with his power,"—and so, as a consequence thereon, the Earl of +Pembroke and his brother lost their lives, together with five thousand +soldiers, who perished on the plain of Danesmore, near Edgcote, about +three miles from Banbury, 6 July, 1469.</p> + +<p>Treachery of this kind was not likely to be lightly passed over by +Edward, justly angry at the defeat of his army, and ingratitude of the +man he had so recently honoured. Orders were sent to the Sheriffs of +Somerset and Devon to seize Stafford wherever they could find him, and +put him to immediate death. The Earl had returned to Somerset, he was +taken at the village of Brentmarsh, promptly conveyed to Bridgwater, +and there at once beheaded in the market-place on the 17 Aug., 1469. +His body was conveyed to Glastonbury, and buried under the south arch +of the great tower, at the cross of the Abbey Church.</p> + +<p>He had made his will some years before, bearing date 3 September, +1463, wherein he "<i>bequeathed his body to be buried in the Church of +our Lady at Glastonbury, and appointed Mr. Michael Goss, and Mr. +Watts, then Wardens of the Grey Friars in Exeter, should for the +salvation of his soul, go to every parish church, in the counties of</i> +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_152" id="Page_152">152</a></span> <i>Dorset, Somerset, Wilts, Devon, and Cornwall, and say a sermon +in every church, and town, and other. And because he could not +recompense such whom he had offended, he desired them to forgive his +poor soul, that it might not be in danger</i>" (Dugdale).</p> + +<p>So perished Humphrey Stafford, Earl of Devon, still quite a young man, +for he could not have been more than thirty years of age,—"he +enjoyed," continues Cleaveland, "but a little time that honour and +estate which he got by procuring the death of its right owner, and he +was in derision called <i>The Earl of three months standing and no +more</i>."</p> + +<p>The Earl married Isabel daughter of Sir John Barry, knt.,—and after +his death she remarried with Sir Thomas Bourchier, knt., fifth son of +Henry Bourchier, second Earl of Ewe, and 30 June, 1461, created Earl +of Essex, who was also Lord Treasurer of England, and who died in +1483,—by his wife Isabel, daughter of Richard, Duke of York, and +sister to King Edward IV., another strange conjunction, her thus +marrying a nephew of the man who had so vindictively beheaded her +first husband. But sentiment had little place in those days; ambition, +station, and love of rule were the things sought after, all else seems +to have been forgotten.</p> + +<p>Weever gives the following inscription as occurring in the church of +Ware, Herts, where both herself and second husband appear to have been +buried,—</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> +<p class="left5 gothic">Hic iacet Thomas Bourchier miles filius Henrici comitis Essex; ac +Isabella uxor eius nuper comitissa Devon, filia et heres Johannis +Barry militis: qui obiit ... 1491 et Isabella ob. 1 die Marcij +1488, quorum animabus &c.</p></div> + +<p>Whereon the old 'epitaphist' is induced to further moralize,—</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> +<p>"This <i>Isabell</i>, the daughter and heire of Sir <i>John Barry</i>, +knight, was, when the said <i>Thomas</i> married her, the widow of +<i>Humfrey</i> Lord <i>Stafford</i>, of Southwike, sonne of <i>William +Stafford</i> of <i>Hooke</i>, Esquire, created Earle of Devon, by King +<i>Edward</i> the fourth; to whom the King gave all honours, manors, +Castles, &c., which were <i>Thomas Courtneys</i>, the fourteenth Earle +of Devon: who neverthelesse, grew ingratefull to King <i>Edward</i> +his advancer, in revolting from him at the battaile of Banbury, +for which cowardise (hee being apprehended) was without processe +executed at Bridgewater, the seventeenth of August, <i>anno. 1469</i>, +having been Earle but three moneths."</p></div> + +<p>At his death the ill-gotten estates of the Courtenays that he +possessed, were again forfeited, and Edward IV. gave a considerable +portion of them to another eminent west-countryman John, Lord Dinham, +and to other grantees, but the succession failed in nearly all the +recipients, and Henry VII., in the first year of his reign, made void +all these grants by Edward IV., and restored both the title and the +estates to their rightful owners.</p> + +<p>Here, before we finally dismiss our thoughts on the signal catastrophe +that ended the dynasty of Stafford of Suthwyke, we dwell awhile on the +singular parallelism of characters and incidents that are presented to +us in each of our little narratives relative to the distinguished but +unfortunate house of Stafford. <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_153" id="Page_153">153</a></span></p> + +<p>Both the prominent factors of our unpretending histories fell victims +to the vengeance of the White Rose, the result of defection doubtless, +though of differing kind. Each experienced the same unhappy fate, +Humphrey Stafford, Earl of Devon, was sent to the scaffold at +Bridgwater, by the peremptory mandate of Edward IV., Henry Stafford, +Duke of Buckingham, suffered in similar summary manner at Salisbury, +by the relentless order of Richard III.</p> + +<p>Two eminent ecclesiastics of the highest dignity are also associated +with their relations. John Stafford, Archbishop of Canterbury, and +Lord Chancellor to Henry VI., finds place in the one, and John Morton, +Cardinal-Archbishop of Canterbury, and Lord Chancellor to Henry VII., +appears in the other.</p> + +<p>Both were west-countrymen also, having been born in neighbouring +counties, the one at a village in north Wilts, the other in a little +country town in central Dorset.</p> + +<p>Stafford saw the beginning of the internecine strife of the Roses, but +was called away as their rival pretensions began to assert themselves, +and the deadly conflict to thicken.</p> + +<p>Morton appeared at the conclusion of the disastrous quarrel, and it +was reserved for him to put a stop to the deluge of blood that had +been ruthlessly shed for so many years,—computed to have cost a +hundred thousand lives,—decimating his native land, and by uniting +and neutralizing the contending claims, bring it peace. A +statesman-like mission of the first importance, and carried out with +such consummate wisdom, that it has been aptly said, "he joined the +Roses, that is, he brought about the union of the Houses of York and +Lancaster, for that was his doing, and, so far as can now be seen, +would not have been done but for him. He made the Tudor dynasty, and +his name is buried under his own creation."</p> + +<p>So ends our little story,—such are the momentous issues, that fill +the mind's eye, amid this rural quietness, as our steps make homeward. +Evening is approaching, and leaving the interesting precincts of +North-Bradley church, our path back to Trowbridge,—discerned afar by +its hood of smoke,—leads through some pleasant meadows by way of +Suthwyke. Here we halt for a moment to take a final look at the old +place, and first home of Stafford in these parts. If deserted, one +after another, by its antient possessors, it now appears shorn of the +original dignity that man's transitory occupation once conferred upon +it, and of which nothing but a memory remains, Nature, unchanging, +still continues to adorn it with her charms, and specially so just at +present, for the trees in the orchard that skirts the Court are in +full bloom, some of them "white as a sheet with blooth" (as the old +Saxon idiom of the west-country peasantry expressively describes it), +and others loaded with clusters of variously expanded chalices of all +shades of that inimitable pink, the which—for want of other +satisfactory description,—we are content to call "apple-blossom."</p> + +<p>There, across the moat, lived the first Sir Humphrey,—this we +know,—but what voice shall come back from the Past, and point us to +the site of the cottage, wherein the future Archbishop—his presumed +son—first saw the light? All is silent. <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_154" id="Page_154">154</a></span></p> + +<p>Of the last resting-places of the Staffords of Suthwyke, greater +certainty exists, and widely divided are they all in death.</p> + +<p>The two successive Sir Humphreys, their wives, and a stray descendant, +sleep where stood a venerable monastic church, on the shores of the +Atlantic, in southern Dorset; the unfortunate, headless Earl, lies in +Glastonbury's great Abbey in central Somerset; but the record of their +graves has perished with them. Not so the memorials that perpetuate +the memories of the Archbishop's mother and her famous boy. She +received honoured burial, presumably amid her native scenes, and, it +may be, among her own kindred, here in this little sanctuary in north +Wilts; but her distinguished son found sepulture far away in Kent, in +the glorious cathedral, whose throne he filled, and among those whose +names are entwined with the greatest traditions of the land, and +within the precincts of its most sacred place, near where his +canonized predecessor meekly met his death at the hands of savage men, +and thenceforward named for all time as</p> + +<p class="left30">"THE TRANSEPT OF THE MARTYRDOM."</p> + +<div class="left30 font90"> +<p>Stranger, who through these dim sepulchral aisles,<br /> +<span class="i1">Strayest in silence 'mid the mighty dead,</span><br /> +Lo, History's tongue here Time's fleet ear beguiles,<br /> +<span class="i1">Great memories rise at every footstep's tread;—</span><br /> +Entombed in peace, repose, life's tumult o'er,<br /> +<span class="i1">Two famous prelates from the distant west,</span><br /> +One, Suthwyke's son,—though graven found no more,<br /> +<span class="i1">Hear thou his erstwhile record, and request;—</span></p> + +<p><i>Whose dust concealeth thou, O ponderous stone?<br /> +<span class="i1">Marble declare;—John Stafford was his name;—</span><br /> +In whose seat sat he?—on the Primate's throne,<br /> +<span class="i1">Illustrious there, from Bath with mitred fame:—</span><br /> +For Chief so great, pray, now from life laid down,<br /> +The Virgin born may grant him golden crown.</i>"</p></div> + +<div class="p2 figcenter"><img src="images/210_s.jpg" width="200" height="395" +alt="ARUNDELL" title="" /></div> +<p class="center"><span class="smcap">BRASS OF SIR JOHN ARUNDELL, ST. COLUMB-MAJOR.</span><br /> +<a href="images/210_b.jpg">View larger image</a></p> + +<p class="p4"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_155" id="Page_155">155</a></span></p> + +<h3>"THEY DID CAST HIM."</h3> + +<p class="p2">A pleasantly representative English look has the irregular, +disjointed, yet withal eminently picturesque little town of Tisbury, +viewed from the acclivity of the railway station.</p> + +<p>On the one side a group of cottages, and fine trees planted high on +the shoulder of the hill, shews well against the distant sky-line, and +patches of houses—broken in their midst by the principal hostelry of +the place, staringly obtrusive in the most modern brick and white, +perched at the top of the straggling street that leads up to +it,—carry the eye across to the further fringe of the elevation on +the other side, where an ecclesiastical looking edifice, gabled and +pinnacled, cuts into the ether and balances the picture.</p> + +<p>Low in the valley on the extreme right, some very old, and, evidently +from this distance, unmistakably important buildings are gathered +together, attesting the presence of the chief domicile of the place in +days of yore, and still retaining much of their antient consequence +with old gateway, great kitchen, and turreted chimney, and vast barn +two hundred feet long, with roof arched and high as a cathedral,—the +antient Grange, or Place, and country seat of the Abbess of +Shaftesbury.</p> + +<p>Thus much for the mid-distance of the scene; an equally +representative, and in some peculiarities unique fore-ground is at our +feet.</p> + +<p>Centrally almost, comes the Church—large, substantial, and +well-windowed—with a curious, but now-a-day unfortunately very +common, half-antient half-modern look, exhibiting a low massive tower +rising from its centre, capped with a pseudo-classic lantern, pierced +with four large, circular, winking clock-face apertures. It stands in +a well-kept churchyard, ornamented by some noble yew trees, and around +two sides of it runs a road, skirted with low antient buildings, +picturesquely gabled and chimnied, and dating from Tudor times.</p> + +<p>Immediately on the right of the church, and jostling, almost vulgarly +invading the sacred precincts of the churchyard, which it adjoins, +rises the obtrusive bulk of a huge brewery, with accompanying chimney +stalk, as big as the church itself, and almost as <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_156" id="Page_156">156</a></span> venerable +looking,<a name="FNanchor_36" id="FNanchor_36"></a><a href="#Footnote_36" class="fnanchor">[36]</a> a pertinent illustration of the contiguity, so often +sarcastically associated in one of our modern political cries.</p> + +<p>On the left of the church, but at further distance, and pleasantly +situated on an acclivity, is an immense well-built union workhouse, +larger than either.</p> + +<p>Strange company these, materially and metaphorically, and eminently +characteristic of our modern civilization, the brewery and the +workhouse, with the church between them, and suggestive of many +thoughts;—of clamorous interest too even in this little town, in this +passing hour, as announcements in large letters attest that meet the +eye of the wayfaring man, tarrying here about.</p> + +<p>But leaving these present-day regions of noisy morality, and all +"burning questions" akin, to other disciples, be the purpose of our +quiet enjoyment to-day of a fairer and more gracious kind, as we note +peradventure the career, and seek it may be the association and +historic companionship of one who trod the troubled path of life in +the past, and endeavour—however imperfectly—to brighten his memory +for a season.</p> + +<p>A short leisurely stroll from the station leads us by the great shrine +dedicated to the Bacchus of our modern Briton, and we halt in front of +the gate opening to the path leading to the north porch of the large +church immediately before us. But ere we enter, we pause to take a +momentary glance at the long line of semi-ecclesiastical, +almshouse-looking buildings with Tudor gables and high chimnies that +skirt the opposite side of the road, and from one of which the civil +custodian of the church, in response to our enquiries, emerges.</p> + +<p>From him we learn that the house he dwells in was probably antiently +the Priest's dwelling, who was perhaps a monk appointed by the Abbess +of Shaftesbury to whom a large part of the manor of Tisbury belonged, +if not also the patronage of the benefice. In making some excavations +behind it a few years since, the skeletons of several persons were +found, on one skull the hair remained very perfect, but subsided to +dust the instant it was uncovered, as if shrinking from the sacrilege +of the intrusive eye and curiosity of the present. The building may +also have been a Cell attached to Shaftesbury Abbey, and this spot the +last resting-place of the solitary religious, once resident within it.</p> + +<p>The pavement of the path through the churchyard leading to the church +is also strongly representative of modern destructive notions, and +exhibits,—although it traverses what we should regard from its +associations as sacred precincts,—a true example of the now-a-day +"way of the world." It is floored with the older memorial stones of +the departed that rest, now un-named, around, and the tear-wrought +memories they were charged to perpetuate, callously trod under the +foot of man, and in sure process of ruthless obliteration. "They are +only very old stones," said our cicerone in answer to our +protest,—"families all gone and no one to look after them,"—exactly +so, <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_157" id="Page_157">157</a></span> thought we with a half-sigh mingling with the echo of the +Ploughman's line, ringing a presaging knell over the fate of our +possible memory, when, as here, some day and perhaps</p> + +<p class="left35"><span class="i6">"—no distant date,</span><br /> +Stern Ruin's ploughshare drives elate,"</p> + +<p>and this outrage on the memories of the departed, not the <i>best</i> +preparation altogether for entrance into the temple of Him, whose love +knoweth no change, and whose remembrance faileth not for the children +of men, more enduring than Job's yearning for graven words with iron +pen in the rock for ever, or even as vigorous Toplady puts it in +glorious anticipation,—</p> + +<p class="left35">"My name from the palms of His hands,<br /> +Eternity will not erase."</p> + +<p>Inside, the church has a somewhat desolate look,<a name="FNanchor_37" id="FNanchor_37"></a><a href="#Footnote_37" class="fnanchor">[37]</a> and no antient +memorial catches the eye, except two small brass effigies of a +Franklin or Merchant of Henry the Seventh's days, in long tunic with +scrip buckled to his waist, and his wife with pointed head-dress and +embroidered girdle, riven from their sepulchral stone and nailed to +the wall; an early denizen it may be of the grand old domicile of +Place. A noticeable and somewhat unique feature however must not be +forgotten,—the cover of the font, pyramidal in shape, of oak panelled +and crocketted, and richly gilded. There were formerly two screens +across the transepts, but they have disappeared. There are fine roofs +to the side aisles, on the bosses are the Sacred Names, and the date +1595. A curious circumstance here may be mentioned, the tower has +three times been struck by lightning, once in 1762, again in 1795, and +also of late years,—and this doubtless accounts for the incongruous +style of its lantern-shape upper storey.</p> + +<p>But the chief historic association of the church, and what has led our +wandering feet here to furnish a text to hang our little story on, is +found in the chancel, though very little comparatively is to be seen +there even, by the uninitiated as things at present are, to give +direction to his thoughts.</p> + +<p>Tisbury tells of Arundell! Such is the first suggestive thought to him +of the west-country that cometh to that little rural town, and +specially in this chancel, beneath whose pavement the dust of the +earlier members of one of its most distinguished descents is at rest. +But the home-land of that antient race, so happily and allusively +named after our gentle summer visitant,—the graceful-flighted +"chimney-haunting" swallow,—is not here.</p> + +<p>Not on the boundless arid chalk plains, on whose rocky skirt the +swallow of the west has with kindred instinct migrated, seek we his +parent nest. In the dusky twilight of our national history we trace +probably his earliest haunts, chronicled in the great accompt of the +Norman Conqueror, as then holding considerable possessions amid the +rich plains of Somerset and breezy uplands of Dorset. Then we hear of +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_158" id="Page_158">158</a></span> him nestling in a green combe in leafy Devon, and anon occupying +a "coigne of 'vantage" on the southern fringe of tor-crested Dartmoor, +and where his name still clings though its possessor has long since +fled. From thence in the days of the earlier Plantagenet kings, he +winged his flight across the deep-banked Tamar into far Cornubia, +where the soft mists of the Atlantic and warm southern sunshine +alternate, bathe the granite bastions that defend her valleys, and +there finally settled Arundell, there built he his parent nest and +reared his "procreant cradle," and thenceforward he and his for +centuries flourished and multiplied in great honour and ample estate, +until his name for power and influence was styled <i>the Great</i>, and it +became a household word in the county of his adoption.</p> + +<p>But wealth and honour, not even when allied with teeming descendants +scattered around and settled in divers descents seemingly to defend +it, can perpetuate a race,</p> + +<p class="center font90">"There is no armour against fate,"</p> + +<p>and to the mutation and decay, impartially entailed on human destiny, +both peer and peasant alike are equally doomed.</p> + +<p>So, in Cornwall, for centuries, the generations of Arundell succeeded +each other at Lanherne and Trerice, the great twin stems of this noble +stirpe, and spread and rooted themselves, in divers offshoots located +near. But gradually that name, although surnamed <i>the Great</i>, and +their descendants, one after another, dwindled away under the breath +of Time, until its sound became an echo and a tradition only, in the +regions of its olden home, and finally became extinct.</p> + +<p>In 1701, the <i>Great</i> Arundell of Lanherne (from them the dormant +Arundells beneath our feet were descended), last of his name of the +elder house, died, and a distaff only followed him to his grave. She +was wedded and the mother of a son,—but his name was not +Arundell,—but on him his grandfather settled all his estates, and the +heritage of his antient name.</p> + +<p>Again the succession was denied, daughters only were born to him, and +distaff succeeded distaff. One of them sleeps below, presumably in +life a happy and unique fate befell her, as by her marriage with Lord +Arundell was united the two descents of Lanherne and Wardour, and her +name will probably recur to our thoughts again before our little story +ends.</p> + +<p>Seventy years—just a spell of human life—later, in 1773, the final +representative of the almost equally distinguished descent of Trerice +(they had been ennobled by Charles II. in 1664), John, fourth and last +Baron Arundell of Trerice, passed to that bourne, from which no +traveller, however distinguished, returns. It is curious that both he, +and his noble wife—who was a sister of the Earl of Strafford and +pre-deceased him—both found their sepulchre far eastward of their +native home, and repose in the chancel of the church of +Sturminster-Marshall in Dorset, not very far from this.</p> + +<p>But to return to Arundell of Tisbury—yet we must still digress for a +time—and to this chancel, where, beginning three centuries ago, <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_159" id="Page_159">159</a></span> +and descending from him of whom we propose to have something to say, +lie the ashes of the ancestors of the green branch of this antient +stock located not far off, still nobly upholding its olden name and +fame, although in its earlier days it had to struggle fiercely through +some of the direst vicissitudes that environ human life, to perpetuate +its existence.</p> + +<p>To translate our thoughts, once more, for a short time to Cornwall, +and recall the then representative of the Lanherne descent, Sir John +Arundell, knt., a man great at the Courts of king Henry VII. and his +bluff son Henry VIII. From both those monarchs he received +distinguished marks of favour, being successively nominated a Knight +of the Bath, a Knight of the Garter, and also for his valour at +Térouenne and Tournay at the celebrated "battle of the Spurs" created +a Knight-Banneret.</p> + +<p>He was well descended. On his father's side of the family escutcheon, +among other venerable Cornish bearings, was displayed the blue field +and <i>golden bend</i> of the antient Carminow,—insignia for dignity +rivalling the blazon of the distinguished Scrope,—and quartered also +with it, there appeared, in happy alliance with the swallows of +Arundell, the garland of kindred <i>martlets</i> that fringe the shield of +the olden race of Chidiock in Dorset. His well-born mother was a +daughter of Sir John Dinham of Hartland, a noble Devonian name of that +era, her brother, to whom she was coheir, being John, Lord Dinham, so +created by king Edward IV., 28 February, 1466, also like her husband +included within the circle of the Garter, and holding high office +under Henry VII.; she could also claim the blood of illustrious +Courtenays among her ancestors.</p> + +<p>Sir John Arundell by marriage allied himself with families of great +influence, his first wife being the Lady Elizabeth, daughter of Thomas +Grey, Lord Marquis of Dorset, step-son to Edward IV., and half-brother +to the Queen of Henry VII.,—her mother being the last descendant and +sole heiress to a great but unfortunate Devonshire name, Cicely +Bonville. Secondly, he wedded Katharine, daughter of Sir Thomas +Grenville, a knightly and warlike race of the first renown in north +Cornwall, and sister of Jane, who was married to his kinsman the other +Sir John Arundell of Trerice. His aunt, his father's sister Elizabeth, +was married to Sir Giles, who was afterward created Lord Daubeney, and +K.G.,—a man like himself of high rank at the Court of Henry VII.</p> + +<p>In 1506 he was appointed Receiver of the Duchy of Cornwall, a position +of great honour and influence in his native county, and in 1509 the +office was confirmed to him for life.</p> + +<p>Thus by birth, alliance, honours, appointments, and possessions, he +seems to have been amply qualified to sustain the appellation bestowed +on his ancestor, that of being designated <i>the Great Arundell of the +West</i>.</p> + +<p>He died in 1544-5, and a superb brass exhibiting the effigies of +himself and two wives, his children, and elaborate armorial insignia, +still exists in the church of St. Columb Major, in Cornwall, but +whether he was buried there, or in St. Mary Woolnoth in London, <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_160" id="Page_160">160</a></span> +there is some doubt,—but the balance of testimony inclines toward St. +Columb.<a name="FNanchor_38" id="FNanchor_38"></a><a href="#Footnote_38" class="fnanchor">[38]</a></p> + +<p>Take breath, friend of mine, after the shadow of this great and much +honoured Tudor magnate has passed across the screen of the past, dimly +lit by the illumination of your thoughts,—for a broad and striking +glimpse follows in his wake, of what we are sometimes apt to term the +"good old times" opens upon us, as we rapidly picture the chief events +that characterized the days of Thomas Arundell his second son, and the +first of Wardour, and glance at his companions at the Courts of Henry +VIII. and Edward VI., together with those of his immediate descendants +in the succeeding reigns of the two last Tudor sovereigns.</p> + +<p>If those eventful times were not "good" in the large acceptance of the +term, there was a large infusion of stern unflinching reality within +them. The influence of strong mental power meets us everywhere, men +aspired to be men,—sons of Anak in their resolutions,—and the views +they took and combated for, were to them no myths,—nor did the almost +absolute certainty of the fate of the martyr's stake, the headsman's +block, or the confiscator's hand, if the enterprise should fail, deter +or daunt an inflexible and often relentless purpose, dictated perhaps +by the call of religious sentiment, or animated by the promptings of +high personal ambition alone, or cast it may be, in the mould of real +or imaginary patriotic duty.</p> + +<p>Contrasted with such, our puny doings of the present offer suggestive +difference to the life-poised movements carried out by the deep-souled +resolves that sustained the doings of the men, who passed through the +grim ordeal of the blood-gripped days of Wolsey and Somerset,—some +episodes of which, occurring during the reign of Henry VIII. and his +son the boy-king, we propose lightly to glance at,—when the +'shapings' of the history of our native land lay in rather grander +purpose than the now-a-day trivialities and companionship ravings of +our modern political 'stump.'</p> + +<p>Sir John Arundell, of Lanherne, who died in 1545, by his first wife +the Lady Elizabeth Grey, left two sons,—Sir John the elder, a country +gentleman located at the old family seat of Lanherne, and Sir Thomas, +ancestor of the Wardour descent, and the subject of our little story.</p> + +<p>Sir Thomas, born probably about 1500, was as a younger son sent early +a-field to seek his fortune, and for that purpose introduced, it may +be by his father, to the precincts of the Court of Henry VIII., where +afterward he appears to have spent much of his time amid its +phantasmagoria of pleasures and horrors, ecclesiastical, military, and +civil.</p> + +<p>Beginning, if not exactly with actual attendance at the Court itself, +but doubtless intended as a stepping-stone to it, we first hear of him +as attached to the service of the next potential person of the realm, +the subtle and ambitious Wolsey, in whose retinue he was <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_161" id="Page_161">161</a></span> +appointed as one of the Gentlemen of the Privy Chamber to my Lord +Legate and Cardinal, with whom he was on friendly terms, and who +probably brought him into notice.</p> + +<p>The pompous semi-royal state in which this notable ecclesiastic lived +and moved, even in that extravagant age, is almost incredible. His +setting off to France on one of his diplomatic journeys is thus +described,—</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> +<p>"Then marched he from his own house at Westminster, through all +London, over London Bridge, having before him a great number of +gentlemen, three in a rank, with velvet coats, and the most part +of them with chains of gold about their necks; and all his yeomen +followed him with noblemen's and gentlemen's servants, all in +orange tawny coats, with the cardinal's hat and T and C, for +Thomas Cardinal, embroidered upon all the coats, as well of his +own servants, as all the rest of the gentlemen's servants; and +his sumpter mules, which were twenty or more in number. And when +all his carriages and carts, and other of his train were passed +before, he rode like a Cardinal very sumptuously with the rest of +his train, on his own mule, with a spare mule and a spare horse +trapped in crimson following him. And before him he had his two +great crosses of silver, his two great pillars of silver, the +King's broad seal of England, and his Cardinal's hat, and a +gentleman carrying his cloak-bag, which was made of scarlet, +embroidered with gold. Thus passed he forth through London, and +every day on his journey he was thus furnished, having his +harbingers in every place before, which prepared lodgings for him +and his train."</p></div> + +<p>All this was not much beyond the state this proud churchman ordinarily +assumed, and it leaves little room to wonder why Henry VIII. and +Wolsey could not exist together, nor of church and state being +straightway at issue, nor why not long afterward the knock of a +heart-broken monk at the gate of the Abbey of Leicester was the knell +of his own order in England.</p> + +<p>Wolsey passed out of his troubled existence in November, 1530, and in +the year following, 1531, an event took place that at once placed Sir +Thomas among the foremost men of that era, this was his marriage with +a scion of the noble house of Norfolk,—Margaret, eldest daughter of +Lord Edmund Howard.</p> + +<p>He was the third son of Thomas Howard, second Duke of Norfolk, K.G., +who died 21 May, 1524, by his first wife Elizabeth, daughter and +coheir of Sir Frederick Tilney.</p> + +<p>Concerning this Duke a few words. "On May 13, 13 Henry VIII., 1521," +says Collins,—</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> +<p>"he performed the office of Lord High Steward on the trial of +Edward, Duke of Buckingham, and gave sentence of death on him, +whereat he was so much concerned, as to shed tears."</p></div> + +<p>Then he further continues,—</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> +<p>"In 14 Henry VIII. (the next year) he—the Duke—obtained a grant +in special tail, and to his son, Thomas, Earl of Surrey, of the +manors of Welles, Shyringham-Stafford, Bannyngham, Warham, and +Weveton in the County of Suffolk, with the advowsons of their +churches; part of the possessions of the before specified Edward, +Duke of Buckingham, attainted."</p></div> + +<p>This Duke of Buckingham was the son of the ill-fated personage of our +little narrative, executed at Salisbury;<a name="FNanchor_39" id="FNanchor_39"></a><a href="#Footnote_39" class="fnanchor">[39]</a>—he fell, it is related, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_162" id="Page_162">162</a></span> like his father, by domestic treachery, and the enmity of Wolsey, +on a most frivolous charge, and at his trial thus made answer to the +"tears" of the Lord High Steward,—</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> +<p>"My Lord of Norfolk,—you have said as a traitor should be said +to; but I was never any. I nothing malign you, for what you have +done to me, but the eternal God forgive you my death. I shall +never sue to the king for life, though he be a gracious prince; +and more grace may come from him than I desire, and so I desire +you and all my fellows to pray for me."</p></div> + +<p>Such is the recorded reply of the doomed, high-souled captive, to the +"tears" of his fellow duke, and condemning judge; whose sincerity of +grief on the occasion may be estimated by the subsequent fact of his +soliciting for the gift of a large portion of the victim's possessions +the year following. But the Dukes of Norfolk of those days appear to +have been among the most unscrupulous men of that era. Then we learn +with almost incredulous surprise that Thomas, the third Duke of +Norfolk, and son of the Lord High Steward, who presided at +Buckingham's trial, married the victim's daughter Elizabeth;—their +son was the accomplished and ill-fated Earl of Surrey, beheaded +twenty-five years afterward in the same reign, and on equally flimsy +pretence.</p> + +<p>To resume. Lord Edmund Howard married Joyce, daughter of Sir Thomas +Culpeper of Hollingbourne, Kent. He is described as being</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> +<p>"Marshal of the Horse, in the battle of Flodden-field, 5 Henry +VIII. when he, and his elder brother the Lord Thomas Howard +leading the van-guard, this Lord Edmund was in some distress, +through the singular valour of the Earls of Lennox and Argyle; +but the Lord Dacres coming to his succour with one Heron, the +fight was renewed and the Scots vanquished. In 12 Henry VIII., on +that famous interview which that King had with Francis I. of +France, where all feats of arms were performed between Ardres and +Guisnes for thirty days, he was one of the challengers on the +part of England."</p></div> + +<p>On the occasion of his marriage, and to give his son position +befitting his rank as a country gentleman, his father, Sir John +Arundell, settled on Sir Thomas and his wife, partly in jointure, a +dozen or so manors in the Counties of Dorset and Somerset. In 1532, +and again in 1533, he filled the office of Sheriff of Dorset.</p> + +<p>But it was the alliance itself with the influential family of Howard, +destined immediately afterward to be so closely related to the crown +itself, and in perilous nearness to the grim and capricious Henry, +that must have given him considerable importance, advanced him to the +front rank among the courtiers, and afforded him ample opportunity to +promote his position and interests, both as to honours and wealth.</p> + +<p>These were not slow of arriving. In May, 1533, Henry VIII. was wedded +to 'sweet' ill-fated Anne Boleyn. This brought Sir Thomas into his +first direct relationship with that king, to whom, through his wife, +he now stood in the position of cousin, the new Queen being the +daughter of her aunt Elizabeth (sister of Lord Edmund Howard), wife of +Sir Thomas Boleyn, K.G.—afterward created Viscount Rochford, and Earl +of Wiltshire and Ormond.</p> + +<p>Our next glimpse of him is within the royal precincts, and being <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_163" id="Page_163">163</a></span> +the recipient of an honour, amid the company of some of the most +distinguished men at Court, on the occasion of the crowning of that +unfortunate Queen. Among the "Knights of the Bathe, made at the +coronation of the most excellent Princesse Queen Anne the 25 yere of +the reign of Kinge Henry the Eight on Whitsonday the last day of May, +1533; (when) shee was crown'd at Westminster,"—twelfth on the list +occurs the name of Sir Thomas Arundell.</p> + +<p>Just three years afterward and on the 19th of the same month of May, +1536, Queen Anne Boleyn was from the Tower, "a little before noon, led +down to the green, where the young grass and the first daisies of +summer were freshly bursting into sunshine. A single cannon stood +loaded on the battlements, the motionless cannoneer was ready, with +smoking linstock at his side; and when the crawling hand upon the dial +of the great Tower clock touched the mid-day hour, the cannon would +tell London that all was over. The Yeomen of the Guard were there, and +a crowd of citizens; the Lord Mayor too, and the deputies of the +guilds, and the sheriffs, and the aldermen; they were come to see a +spectacle which England had never seen before,—a head which had worn +the crown falling under the sword of the executioner."<a name="FNanchor_40" id="FNanchor_40"></a><a href="#Footnote_40" class="fnanchor">[40]</a></p> + +<p>But there was a much more interested listener for the fatal boom of +that cannon than any heart-struck citizen of London, as we learn +further, "An old tradition strongly depicts the impatience with which +Henry expected her death. On the fatal morning he went to hunt in +Epping Forest, and while he was at breakfast his attendants observed +he was anxious and thoughtful. But at last they heard the report of a +distant gun—a preconcerted signal. 'Ah! it is done,' cried he, +starting up—'the business is done! Uncouple the dogs, and let us +follow the sport.' In the evening he returned gaily from the chase, +and on the following morning he married Anne's maid of honour, Jane +Seymour, who on Whitsunday, the 29th, clad in royal habiliments +appeared in public as Queen."<a name="FNanchor_41" id="FNanchor_41"></a><a href="#Footnote_41" class="fnanchor">[41]</a></p> + +<p>So perished poor Queen Anne Boleyn, niece to Sir Thomas. A fortnight +or so before her death, on her arrival at the Tower, she agonizedly +asked of Cromwell, "I pray you tell me where my Lord Rochford ys? and +I told her I saw hym afore dyner in the Cort. O wher is my swete +brother? I said I left hym at York Place: and so I dyd." Never to see +him again—he was beheaded on Tower Hill two days previous to her own +execution.</p> + +<p>This fresh marriage of the king with Jane Seymour, the sister of the +man with whom Sir Thomas was eventually implicated and suffered, +continues incidentally, pertinent interest to our little story. Queen +Jane Seymour, although she escaped the wretched fate of her immediate +predecessor and successor in the royal preference, fell a victim to an +even more painful death, at the birth of her son, which took place 12 +October, 1537.</p> + +<p>At the ceremonial of the christening of the infant prince Sir Thomas +was present, and also, as a matter of course, the child's <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_164" id="Page_164">164</a></span> uncle, +Sir Edward Seymour (afterward Duke of Somerset and Lord Protector), on +that occasion one of the most honoured guests. Little wot these men as +they gazed on, and took part in the splendid ceremony, that those +helpless, motherless, baby hands were destined at some future and not +very distant day to sign their death warrants, which consigned them to +the scaffold, and both for alleged participation in the same offence.</p> + +<p>Henry VIII. having become tired of, and also got divorced from Anne of +Cleves, and Cromwell, the promoter of the distasteful marriage, having +been summarily disposed of by the usual method of the axe, another +event in the king's matrimonial projects was about to happen, which +brought Sir Thomas into still closer relationship with him. Henry had +this time set his eyes on Katharine Howard, a daughter of Lord Edmund +Howard, cousin to the unfortunate Anne Boleyn, and sister to +Elizabeth, wife of Sir Thomas Arundell. She was proclaimed Queen 8 +August, 1540, but the king had been privately married to her some time +before. Thus the knight now stood in the double capacity of being by +marriage both cousin and brother-in-law to his most august and cruelly +inclined sovereign, by whom Sir Thomas was made 'Chancellor' to the +new Queen.</p> + +<p>This relationship to Henry must have given him great influence, and as +the spoliation of the Abbeys and Monastic institutions was then busily +going forward, he would have good opportunity of advancing his suit, +or claims for a portion of the large landed possessions of these +institutions then being distributed with lavish hand. In this +distribution Sir Thomas appears at different times to have acquired by +grant and purchase a considerable share. Concerning this a short +notice presently.</p> + +<p>Queen Katharine Howard at the time of her marriage with Henry could +not have been more than twenty years of age. Two short years only +passed by, and then a fearful charge of similar nature to that which +had sent her hapless cousin to the block, was alleged against herself, +and on the 13 February, 1542, after almost unexampled mental +suffering, she perished in like manner on the Tower green. With her +died also, and by the same means, Jane, Lady Rochford, the wife of +Queen Anne Boleyn's brother George. All three of these headless women +were laid side by side in the Tower Chapel.</p> + +<p>Thus was severed by like circumstances, in each case equally +deplorable, the living tie that had connected Sir Thomas Arundell with +his dread sovereign. He appears, however, to have been endowed with +the rare faculty of keeping himself clear of the difficulties that +would naturally arise amid such mournful conditions, and to have +enjoyed apparently the friendship, if not the confidence of the grim +king, and which does not appear to have been afterward disturbed. This +was manifest by what followed.</p> + +<p>In 1541,—which must have been during the lifetime of Katharine +Howard, and while she was Henry's Queen,—Sir Thomas purchased of the +king for £761—14—10, the Manor and Grange of Tisbury, late the +property of the Abbey of Shaftesbury, and advowson of the <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_165" id="Page_165">165</a></span> living, +the manor and advowson of Dorrington in Wilts, and sundry other lands.</p> + +<p>In 1545,—this was also the year his father, Sir John Arundell, +died,—King Henry VIII., by letters patent, granted to him a large +number of manors, late the possessions of the Abbey of Shaftesbury, in +the counties of Wilts, Dorset, and Somerset (including also probably +the site of the Abbey), and other property in London.</p> + +<p>The Benedictine Abbey, or Nunnery of Shaftesbury, was one of the most +antient religious foundations in the west of England, and existed +probably before the time of King Alfred, who was a great benefactor, +and one of its principal Founders, about A.D. 888. "It was first +dedicated," says Hutchins,</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> +<p>"to the <i>Blessed Virgin Mary</i>, but it lost that name, at least +for several ages, upon the translation hither of the body of St. +Edward the Martyr, who was murdered at Corfe-Castle 18 March, +978, and first clandestinely buried at Wareham, whence, according +to Leland, he was next year, or as others on better grounds say, +three years afterwards removed to this abbey by Elpher, or +Alpher, duke of Mercia. This unfortunate king being esteemed a +martyr, and canonized a saint, his shrine was much resorted to by +superstitious pilgrims, and persons of all ranks and qualities, +and even by some of our kings, particularly Canute who died here. +On account of the burial of St. Edward, the abbey and the church +received their names from him; and the abbess was styled Abbess +of St. Edward, and the very town almost lost its old name, and +was called for some time <i>Burgus Sancti Edwardi</i>, and +<i>Edwardstowe</i>."</p></div> + +<p>Upwards of thirty abbesses from the foundation, presided over this +important community, to its surrender by Elizabeth Zouch, its last +Abbess, to the King Henry VIII., 23 March, 1539, when there were +fifty-five nuns within it.</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> +<p>"It was one of the largest and best endowed nunneries in England, +except Syon in Middlesex, its revenues at the suppression being +estimated at between eleven and fourteen hundred pounds per +annum. This occasioned a proverb, mentioned by Fuller in his +<i>Church History</i>,—'That if the Abbot of Glastonbury might marry +the Abbess of Shaftesbury, their heir would have more land than +the King of England.' The abbess was of such quality, that she +was one of the four who held of the king by an entire barony, and +had by tenure privilege of being summoned to parliament, &c., +though upon account of their sex it was omitted. They had writs +directed to them, to send their quota of soldiers into the field, +in proportion to their knight's fees. The three others were those +of Barking in Essex, St. Mary in Winchester, and Wilton."</p></div> + +<p>Thus much for the Abbess, her wealth, importance and high station; the +buildings of the Abbey, and Abbey church, appear to have been of +commensurate grandeur, but, continues Hutchins,—</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> +<p>"There now remain not the least vestiges of it. It seems to have +stood parallel with Holy Trinity churchyard, which anciently +belonged to it, at the east end of the abbey, on Park-Hill, as +appears by bones and coffins found there. It was the glory and +ornament of the town, the mother church, and almost the only +place of sepulture, there being but one ancient in any of the +present churches, which is in St. Peter's, and seems to have been +removed hence. It was a most magnificent building, if we may +judge from the traditions the townsmen retain of its largeness +and height, and from the spire, which Camden and others, derive +the name of the town. By its great height, and advantageous +situation on the top of the hill, it must have had a very fine +effect, and been seen over a great part of the counties of Dorset +and Somerset. It is greatly to be lamented it was not left +standing and made parochial, being so great an ornament to the +town and county.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_166" id="Page_166">166</a></span> "The arms of the Monastery were, <i>Azure, a cross between four +martlets or</i>,—Dr. Tanner in his <i>Notitia Monastica</i> says they +were, <i>Azure, on a pale sable, cotised argent, three roses or</i>. +The former are in Wolveton house, and are those commonly given to +King Alfred."</p></div> + +<p>The fine buildings of the Abbey having been demolished, St. Peter's +church in Shaftesbury appears to be the only building of any +size,—and this not very large,—of antient date now left remaining, +and is the "mother, principal and presentative" church of the place. +Hutchins enumerates nearly a dozen little churches and numerous +chantries that once had their station at Shaftesbury, clustering +around the Monastery, the major portion of which seem now to have +disappeared. St. Peter's is of late character, and very plain +architectural detail, erected probably toward the end of the reign of +Henry VII. The single ornamental portion is the cornice or frieze +toward the street, temp. Henry VIII., on which appears the <i>double +rose</i>, <i>portcullis</i>, <i>pomegranate</i>, arms of the See of Winchester, +some other local coats, a merchant's mark, &c.</p> + +<p>Within, on the altar step, is the only monumental remembrance left of +the Abbey, and apparently removed hither from it, a large blue stone, +having in the centre a small brass plate, now almost obliterated, with +this inscription as copied by Hutchins,—</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> +<p class="left5 gothic">Sub isto saxo tumulat' corpus Steph'i Payne, armiger', fil' et +hered' Nichi' Payne, arm', quond' seneschali hujus monasterii, +gui obiit xiiij die mens' Decembris: Anno D'ni m.ccccc.viij: +cujus a'ie p'piciet' altissimus De'. Amen.</p></div> + +<p>The indents of four shields, two at the top and two at the bottom of +the stone, are visible.</p> + +<p>Stephen Payne held the office of Seneschal to the Abbess, which +probably meant her Steward or Bailiff for the Abbey property. Of him, +says Hutchins,—</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> +<p>"Here (Shaftesbury) was another freehold held 2 Henry VIII., +1511, by Stephen Payne at his death; namely—seven messuages, +three gardens in Shaston, of the Abbess; forty acres of land in +Bellchalwel of the Earl of Northumberland; and seventy-eight +acres of land in the hundred of Alcester, of the Abbot of +Evesham, by rent of five shillings."</p></div> + +<p>In the chancel window are two escutcheons;—1. <i>Azure, a dolphin +embowed</i> or (<span class="smcap">Fitzjames of Lewston</span>), impaling, <i>Bendy of eight or and +azure, within a bordure of the first</i> (<span class="smcap">Newburgh of Winfrith</span>), the +shield encircled by a riband, but the inscription destroyed.</p> + +<p>"The ancient family of Fitzjames," continues Hutchins,</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> +<p>"was formerly seated at Redlynch. Sir John Fitzjames, knt., son +of James Fitzjames, married Alice, daughter of John Newburgh of +East Lullworth, Esq., and was father to Sir John; Richard, bishop +successively of Rochester, Chichester and London; and Aldred, +ancestor of the Lewston line. The elder branch has been long +extinct, but produced many eminent men. Sir John Fitzjames was +lord chief justice of the king's bench thirteen years; died 30 +Henry VIII., 1539."</p></div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_167" id="Page_167">167</a></span> On the other are,—quarterly, 1 and 4, <i>Argent, a barrulet gules, +between four bars gemelles wavy azure</i>; 2 and 3, <i>Argent, a chevron +gules, between three castles sable</i>.</p> + +<p>Two further escutcheons display, one the emblem of the Trinity with +customary legends, and the other—what is seldom seen in painted +glass, being usually found sculptured on the frieze, or on the +capitals of the pillars, at or over the entrance to chantry or +chancel,—the imagery of</p> + +<p class="left35">THE FIVE WOUNDS.</p> + +<div class="left30 font90"> +<p><span class="i2">Look at yon carven shield,</span><br /> +<span class="i2">Above the chantry door,</span><br /> +No blazoned pride bedecks its field,<br /> +<span class="i2">But emblems five sprent o'er.</span></p> + +<p><span class="i2">There are His pierced feet,—</span><br /> +<span class="i2">There are His mangled hands,—</span><br /> +And wounded heart,—whose latest beat<br /> +<span class="i2">Ceased at love's sweet commands.</span></p> + +<p><span class="i2 gothic">"Fyve wellys</span>"—there symbolled trace,<br /> +<span class="i2">Hushing this mortal strife,—</span><br /> +<span class="gothic">"Of pitty, merci, comfort, gracy,<br /> +<span class="i2">And everlastingh lyffe.</span>"</span></p> + +<p><span class="i2">The shepherd monk of old,</span><br /> +<span class="i2">Well his vocation knew,</span><br /> +Set it o'er gateway of the fold,<br /> +<span class="i2">That all his flock may view.</span></p> + +<p><span class="i2">Ere ranged in order close,</span><br /> +<span class="i2">They gathered round <ins title="Corrected erratum: original reads 'his'">his</ins> board,</span><br /> +Signs of His sorrows, sufferings, woes,<br /> +<span class="i2">With thankfulness adored.</span></p> + +<p><span class="i2">Seen with unseen allied,—</span><br /> +<span class="i2">Trusting their happy fate,</span><br /> +Should some day see them glorified,<br /> +<span class="i2">Keystone of heaven's gate.</span></p> + +<p><span class="i2">Wayfarer of to-day,</span><br /> +<span class="i2">The same tale runs for thee,</span><br /> +As in the ages far away,<br /> +<span class="i2">And for all time to be.</span></p></div> + +<p>As Sir Thomas Arundell did not get the royal grant until two years +after the dissolution of the Abbey, it is probable the work of +destruction on the fine building was considerably advanced, as but +little time as a rule was allowed to elapse before the demolition +commenced, anything that could be turned into money, such as the +bells, lead, &c., sold, and the walls pulled down and carried away for +building purposes.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_168" id="Page_168">168</a></span> Respecting this we further learn from Hutchins,—</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> +<p>"Tradition says, that one Arundell, steward to the Earl of +Pembroke, in the beginning of Queen Elizabeth's reign, built a +large house in the town for himself, out of the Abbey materials. +This seems to have been the same which Mr. Coker speaks of, when +he says, 'The greatest ornament of the town is a fair turretted +house of the Lord Arundell of Wardour.' But it is most probable +it was built by Sir Thomas Arundell, or his son Sir Matthew, out +of the ruins of the Abbey. It stands in Bymport Street, and has +been a public house, it is now almost pulled down. In 1747, on +the chimney piece were these arms,—1. <span class="smcap">Arundell</span>, <i>with crescent +for difference</i>.—2. Quarterly, 1 and 4, <i>Gules, four lozenges +ermine</i> (<span class="smcap">Dinham</span>), 2 and 3, <i>Gules, three arches conjoined, +argent</i> (<span class="smcap">De Arches</span>).—3. <span class="smcap">Chidiock.</span>—4. <i>Sable (azure), a bend, +with label of three points or, for difference</i> (<span class="smcap">Carminow</span>)."</p></div> + +<p>This was not all the property Sir Thomas appears to have had assigned +him at the dissolution of religious houses. In 1547, Henry VIII. +granted him the house and site of the Priory (or College) of Slapton +in South Devon, "except all the lead upon the said College other than +the gutters, and the lead in the windows; except all the bells and +ornaments"—the rectory, also that of Loddiswell, and three other +manors in Devon, Somerset, and Cornwall. Although his wife's sister +Queen Katharine had been executed four years previously, he is +described as 'Chancellor' to her.</p> + +<p>Associated with Sir Thomas Arundell at the Court of Henry VIII., and +also in his country possessions in the west, was his relative Henry +Daubeney, Earl of Bridgwater, a most unfortunate man. He was the son +of Giles, Lord Daubeney, K.G., a trusted servant and soldier to Henry +VII.; the old seat and possessions of the family being at +South-Petherton, and later at Barrington Court near that town. Lord +Daubeney married Elizabeth, sister of Sir Thomas Arundell, K.B., of +Lanherne,—the father of Sir John Arundell, who was the father of the +Sir Thomas of our narrative,—Henry Daubeney, Earl of Bridgwater, his +only son, would therefore be Sir John's cousin.</p> + +<p>But not only by kinship on his father's side, but also by a similar +relationship on his wife's, was the Earl closely connected with Sir +Thomas. Lord Bridgwater married secondly, Katharine Howard, daughter +of Thomas, second Duke of Norfolk, by his second wife Agnes Tilney. +She was therefore aunt to Sir Thomas' wife, being her mother's +half-sister.</p> + +<p>The Countess of Bridgwater was greatly persecuted during the trial of +her niece Queen Katharine Howard, and almost every means was resorted +to to implicate her with that unfortunate woman. The Earl, her +husband, plunged into the vortex of expensive frivolities that +surrounded the Court of Henry VIII., and it is related irretrievably +crippled, if not finally ruined himself by extravagant display at the +Field of the Cloth of Gold. He died without issue, in seclusion and +comparative penury at the little rural parish of South-Perrott, near +Crewkerne, and was there buried 12 April, 1548,—his wife survived +him, and was interred in the Norfolk Chantry in Lambeth church, 11 +May, 1554.<a name="FNanchor_42" id="FNanchor_42"></a><a href="#Footnote_42" class="fnanchor">[42]</a></p> + +<div class="p2 figcenter"><img src="images/225_s.jpg" width="200" height="127" +alt="HERALDRY" title="" /></div> +<p class="center"><span class="smcap">REGAL HERALDRY, TEMP. HENRY VIII., COWIC, EXETER.</span><br /> +<a href="images/225_b.jpg">View larger image</a></p> + +<p class="p2"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_169" id="Page_169">169</a></span> It was this double tie of relationship that doubtless led to the +important transactions with regard to the sale or transfer of a large +portion of the Earl's landed possessions to Sir Thomas Arundell, when +from time to time he had necessity; or it may be by family arrangement +to protect himself and wife from forfeiture, in those days of peril +and consequent attainder and confiscation.</p> + +<p>In 1536-8-9 Henry, Lord Daubeney, conveyed to his <i>nephew</i>, Sir Thomas +Arundell, his manors of Tollard-Royal, Farnham, Long-Crichell, +Kershall, Goorsley, and Hampreston, with advowsons, &c., and Shaston, +Wimborne-Minster, Gussage-All-Saints, Tarrant-Gunville, and +Stubhampton, in the counties of Wilts and Dorset, with a clause "that +if Henry, Lord Daubeney, should die without heirs to his body, the +same should remain to the use of the said Sir Thomas Arundell and his +heirs for ever." In 1542 the Earl conveyed the manor of +South-Petherton to him. This included the manor and park of +Barrington, and the forest of Roche (Neroche?) the advowson, Chantry, +and free Chapel of South-Petherton, and of the Hundred, and lands at +Yarcombe, &c.</p> + +<p>And this leads us to his last and most important purchase, that of the +Castle and Park of Wardour, on 4 July, 1 Edward VI., 1547.</p> + +<p>Wardour Castle and its olden inhabiters have a special interest +interwoven in our little narratives, three or four of the subjects of +them, having successively, either occupied or possessed it.</p> + +<p>About the year 1495 the Earl of Ormond granted a lease of it to the +giant Sir John, afterward Lord Cheney, K.G.,—the "unhorsed at +Bosworth,"—and it is not at all improbable that he may have died +there, as he was buried at the not very far-distant cathedral of +Salisbury.</p> + +<p>Then on the 4 July, 14 Henry VII., 1499, three years after Lord +Cheney's death, Thomas, Earl of Ormond, sold the Castle of Wardour to +Robert, the first Lord Willoughby de Broke, "our Steward of +Household," and according to one account, he is said to have died +there, although his monument is found and he is probably buried at +Callington, in far-distant Cornwall.</p> + +<p>Lord Willoughby de Broke and his descendants appear to have retained +possession of it until 1547, when his ultimate heiress Lady Elizabeth +Greville and her husband Sir Fulke disposed of it to Sir Thomas +Arundell.</p> + +<p>Thus much, as a short notice of the principal landed possessions +acquired by Sir Thomas Arundell. Some by gift of his father, others by +arrangement with his uncle Lord Bridgwater, or by purchase from +different possessors, and a further large portion partly by +purchase,—if it may be so-called,—and partly probably by free grant +from the King, Henry VIII., the whole of which in the aggregate would +constitute Sir Thomas a wealthy man, and a west-country magnate of +leading position.</p> + +<p>A curious circumstance becomes noticeable here. The sale and grants of +property acquired under Henry VIII. were the despoiled possessions of +the Church, the property of the suppressed and dismantled Abbey of +Shaftesbury, and dissolved Priory or College of <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_170" id="Page_170">170</a></span> Slapton. Yet the +Arundells (as also the Howards to whom they were so nearly allied) +were at the time, and still continue to be, specially distinguished by +their fealty to the Roman communion, the antient faith of their +fathers. This fact, however, does not seem to have hindered his +acceptance of what at the time, by common consent had been "set aside +for the Lord." To which it may be answered, if he had not acquired it, +many others were doubtless eagerly waiting for the chance; and it was +never likely to return to fulfil the original purpose of the donors.</p> + +<p>Notwithstanding the dangers that surrounded the Court of Henry VIII., +and the perilous proximity of relationship in which, by marriage, he +stood toward that monarch, specially amid the complications that arose +during the impeachments, trials, and sad deaths of the two Queens, his +wife's relatives; yet neither Sir Thomas, nor Lady Arundell, seems to +have been involved or suspected in any way, indeed, to the contrary, +as he appears subsequently to have experienced Henry's favour, it +being three years after Queen Katharine Howard's death, when he +received the grant of the Priory of Slapton from that king.</p> + +<p>All this points to his being a prudent man, keeping aloof from the +dangerous intrigues continually arising, and he has been described as +a wise administrator. He was grandson of Cicely Bonville, the great +west-country heiress, and his mother Elizabeth names him as one of the +executors to her will, and therein describes him as "her trusty and +well-beloved son."</p> + +<p>Before the reign of Henry VIII. closed, its last victim was led to the +scaffold, the accomplished Earl of Surrey, and nephew of Sir Thomas. +The Duke of Norfolk, his father, with cruel obduracy had presided over +the trial of his niece the unfortunate Queen Anne Boleyn, and now the +same fate had overtaken his son. The executioner was waiting for +himself also, but the unexpected death of Henry occurred just in time +to save him. The "Fair Geraldine" of the poet Earl was a cousin of Sir +Thomas on his mother's side, being the daughter of Gerald Fitzgerald, +Earl of Kildare, who married the Lady Eleanor, probably a younger +sister of the Lady Elizabeth Grey, mother of Sir Thomas.</p> + +<p>With the conclusion of the reign of Henry VIII., the larger and +presumably, on the whole, happier portion of the life of Sir Thomas +Arundell may be said to have ended. The child-king, Edward VI., in +January, 1547, commenced his reign, and four short years only were +destined to pass before Sir Thomas was laid in a traitor's grave.</p> + +<p>In 1549 a distinguished office was conferred on him, one that his +father had held before him, and of peculiar honour in his native +county, that of Receiver General of the Duchy of Cornwall.</p> + +<p>This year, however, the first cloud appeared over his hitherto +fortunate career. Himself, with his brother Sir John Arundell of +Lanherne, were both suspected of being implicated in the rebellion of +their uncle Humphrey Arundell, Governor of St. Michael's Mount, "a man +well-esteemed for military services." This was the religious +insurrection, demanding the old ritual, and antagonistic to the <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_171" id="Page_171">171</a></span> +reformed service of the Church, which began in Cornwall, and gathering +strength as it advanced, laid ineffectual siege to Exeter, where, +however, the citizens, during their captivity, were reduced to great +straits. The insurgents then marched to meet Lord Russell, who was +stationed with some force at Honiton, but he defeated them with +considerable loss at Feniton (or Fenny) Bridges. They then retreated +to Clyst-Heath, near Exeter, where—</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> +<p>"they had brought with them a crucifix upon a cart, covered with +a canopy, and beset with crosses, tapers, banners, holy bread and +water, as a representation of those things for which they +fought."</p></div> + +<p>At Clyst-Heath, Lord Gray with his troops, reinforced with those under +Lord Russell, dispersed the ignorant priest-led rustics with great +slaughter;—</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> +<p>"The dispersion of the insurgents was followed by the same +conduct on the part of the royal army, as if they had put to +route a foreign enemy in his own country, 'for the whole country +was then put to the spoil, and every soldier sought for his best +profit.'"</p></div> + +<p>Sir Anthony Kingston, as Provost-Marshal of the king's army, was +commissioned to try and punish the delinquents, and his cruel and +brutal conduct was quite on an equality with that of the wretched +Jeffreys on a similar errand a century afterward;—</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> +<p>"Gibbets were set up in various places, on which great numbers of +the leaders of the rebellion were hanged. Others, and especially +Arundell, the chief captain, were carried to London, and there +executed. It was reckoned that about four thousand in all +perished by the sword or by the hands of the executioner, of +those engaged in this Devonshire (and Cornwall) insurrection."</p></div> + +<p>Humphrey Arundell, their uncle, was conveyed to London and hanged at +Tyburn in January, 1549-50. And then it is recorded in the Council +book,—</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> +<p>"XXX. Jan., 1549-50. Sir Thomas Arundel, Knight, committed to the +Tower by order of the board."</p></div> + +<p>And further in King Edward's journal,—</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> +<p>"1549. Sir Thomas Arundel and Sir John (his elder brother) +committed to the Tower for conspiracies in the west partes."</p></div> + +<p>It is probable the Arundells, from religious motives only, sympathized +with the views of the insurgents, and were not actual promoters or +partakers in the movement, but on account of their kinship with the +leader of the revolt they were doubtless subjects of considerable +suspicion. There must, however, have apparently been other +circumstances besides this, which were deemed to affect Sir Thomas +unfavourably, for he does not appear to have been released from his +durance in the Tower after his committal until the 4th of October, +1551, which would be a year and nine months subsequent.</p> + +<p>Could it have been also for suspicion of aiding in the movement that +led to the first humiliation of the Duke of Somerset, which occurred +in the October preceding his committal to the Tower? It <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_172" id="Page_172">172</a></span> <i>may</i> +have been so,—or deemed so,—yet from what is left recorded, his +presumed action seems to point to the contrary.</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> +<p>"One of the '<i>Metrical Visions</i>' of George Cavendish, the +Gentleman Usher of Cardinal Wolsey, furnishes some biographical +particulars of Sir Thomas Arundell, namely, that he was educated +with Cardinal Wolsey, and was Chancellor to Queen Katharine +Howard. He is also made to confess that 'I was the cheaf +councellor in the first overthrowe of the Duke of Somerset, which +few men did knowe.'</p> + +<p>"With regard to his fate, there is a curious passage in a very +rare book, bishop Ponet's '<i>Short Treatise on Politic Power</i>.' +Writing of the Earl of Warwick, Ponet states, 'at the erles sute +Arundell hathe his head with the axe divided from his +shoulders.'"<a name="FNanchor_43" id="FNanchor_43"></a><a href="#Footnote_43" class="fnanchor">[43]</a></p></div> + +<p>and commenting on the same subject,—</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> +<p>"Bishop Ponet in his '<i>Treatise on Politic Power</i>,' says in +reference to his (Sir Thomas') arrest in 1549, 'he conspired with +that ambitious and subtil Alcibiades, the Earl of Warwick, after +Duke of Northumberland, to pull down the good Duke of Somerset, +King Edward's uncle and protector,'—if this be correct it is +singular he should have been afterwards re-arrested for +conspiring with Somerset against Northumberland."<a name="FNanchor_44" id="FNanchor_44"></a><a href="#Footnote_44" class="fnanchor">[44]</a></p></div> + +<p>On such slender and second-hand evidence and apparently so improbable, +as to his helping at first to pull down the Protector, not much may be +said;—men's views and movements at the time often veered amid these +intrigues for the possession or direction of the supreme power,—but +Sir Thomas' after-implication with the Duke seems to refute it. That +the Earl of Warwick (Northumberland) may have used his influence for +the destruction of Sir Thomas, in the company of his rival,—the +greater victim,—may be accepted without much scruple.</p> + +<p>Sir Thomas was released from the Tower on the 4th of October, and in +the meanwhile, events as to Somerset's overthrow, were now rapidly +developing themselves to a conclusion.</p> + +<p>Northumberland—the rival and enemy of the Protector—had given +intelligence of a conspiracy in which Somerset, Sir Thomas Arundell, +Sir Ralph Vane, and several others were concerned. Of course there was +the inevitable informer, and in this case a certain knight, called Sir +Thomas Palmer, has recorded against him this unenviable notoriety.</p> + +<p>In Sir John Hayward's <i>Life and Reign of K. Edward VI.</i>, we read,—</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> +<p>"Herewith Sir <i>Thomas Palmer</i>, a man neither loving the Duke of +<i>Somerset</i>, nor beloved of him, was brought by the Duke of +<i>Northumberland</i> to the King being in his garden. Here he +declared on St. George's day last before, the Duke of <i>Somerset</i> +being upon a journey towards the north, in case Sir <i>William +Herbert</i>, Master of the Horse, had not assured him he should +receive no harm, would have raised the people; and that he had +sent the Lord <i>Gray</i> before, to know who would be his friends: +also that the Duke of Northumberland, the Marquis of +Northampton, the Earl of Pembroke, and other lords should be +invited to a banquet, and if they came with a bare company, to +be set upon by the way; if strongly, their heads should have +been cut off at the place of their feasting. He <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_173" id="Page_173">173</a></span> declared +further that Sir <i>Ralph Vane</i>, had two thousand men in a +readiness; that Sir <i>Thomas Arundell</i> had assured the <i>Tower</i>, +that <i>Seymor</i> and <i>Hamond</i>, would wait upon him, and that all +the horse of the <i>Gendarmorie</i> should be slain."</p></div> + +<p>This must have been the day on which the boy-king records in his +journal,—</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> +<p>"11 Oct., 1551. Sir Thomas Arrondel had ashuerid my Lord that the +Towre was sauf."</p></div> + +<p>The "my Lord" here must have related to Somerset, which the King heard +of in his conversation with Northumberland.</p> + +<p>On the 16 October, 1551, says Grafton,—</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> +<p>"being Fryday, the Duke was again apprehended, and committed to +the Tower, on a charge of high treason."</p></div> + +<p>And the King records,—</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> +<p>"This morning none was at Westminster of the conspiratours. The +first was the Duke, who came later than he was wont, of himself. +After diner he was apprehendid."</p></div> + +<p>Sir John Hayward thus describes it,—</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> +<p>"and so after dinner, he (the Duke) was apprehended; Sir <i>Thomas +Palmer</i>, Sir <i>Thomas Arundel</i>, <i>Hamonde</i>, <i>Nudigates</i>, <i>John +Seymour</i>, and <i>David Seymour</i>, were also made prisoners, the Lord +<i>Gray</i> being newly come out of the country was attached. Sir +<i>Ralph Vane</i>, being sent for, fled. Upon the first message it was +reported that he said that his Lord was not stout, and that if he +could get home he cared not for any; but upon pursuit he was +found in his servant's stable at Lambeth covered with straw. He +was a man of fierce spirit, both sudden and bold, of no evil +disposition, saving he thought scantiness of estate too great an +evil. All these were the same night sent to the Tower, except +Palmer, Arundel, and Vane, who were kept apart in the Court, well +guarded in chambers apart. After these followed Sir <i>Thomas +Holdcroft</i>, Sir <i>Miles Partridge</i>, Sir <i>Michael Stanhope</i> and +others. The day following the Dutchess of <i>Somerset</i> was sent to +the Tower, also with her were committed one <i>Crane</i>, and his +wife, and her own chamber woman. <i>Crane</i> confessed for the most +part as <i>Palmer</i> had done, and further added that the Lord +<i>Paget's</i> house was the place, where the nobility being invited +to a banquet, should have lost their heads, and that the Earl of +<i>Arundel</i> was made acquainted with the practice by Sir <i>Michael +Stanhope</i>. This <i>Crane</i> was a man, who having consumed his own +estate, had armed himself to any mischief. All these were sworn +before the Council, and forthwith upon the information of +<i>Crane</i>, the Earl of <i>Arundel</i>, and Lord <i>Paget</i> were sent to the +Tower."</p></div> + +<p>On the <i>same</i> day, Machyn notes,—</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> +<p>"1551, xvj. day of October, was had to the Towre, Sir Thomas +Arundell and Lady (with many others)."</p></div> + +<p>and the King writes,—</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> +<p>"16 Oct. Arrondel was taken."</p></div> + +<p>Twenty-seven peers took part in the trial of Somerset, his rival the +Duke of Northumberland being one, and the Marquis of Winchester +presided as Lord High Steward.</p> + +<p>On the 2nd December following, narrates Grafton,—</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> +<p>"the sayd Duke was brought out of the Tower of London, with the +axe of the Tower borne before him, with a great number of billes, +gleves, holbardes, and <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_174" id="Page_174">174</a></span> polaxes attending upon him; and was +had from the Tower by water, and having shot London bridge, at +five of the clock in the morning, so came unto Westminster Hall, +where was made in the middle of the Hall a new scaffold, where +all the Lords of the King's Counsaill sate as his judges, and +there was he arraigned and charged with many articles both of +treason and felony. And when after much milde speeche, he had +aunsered not guiltie, he in all humble manner put himselfe to be +tryed by his peeres, who, after long consultation among +themselves, gave their verdict that he was not guiltie of the +treason, but of the felony."</p></div> + +<p>The King says in his diary,—</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> +<p>"The Duke of Northumberland wold not agree that any searching of +his death shuld bee treason. So the lordis acquited him of high +treason and condemned him of treason feloniouse, and so he was +adjudged to be hangid."</p></div> + +<p>As the punishment was hanging, he "departed without the ax of the +Toure"—which the people outside not understanding, "shouted harf a +dousen times so loud that from the halle dore it was harde at Charing +Crosse plainely, and rumours went that he was quitte of all."</p> + +<p>But his adversaries had got him too safely for release on this side of +the grave, once more he was to appear before his fellow-men when the +axe, and not the halter as was adjudged him, was to finish all.</p> + +<p>On Friday, the 22nd of January following, the Duke was, at eight in +the morning, beheaded on Tower Hill.</p> + +<p>It was not until five days after the execution of the Duke that Sir +Thomas Arundell, and his companion Sir Ralph Vane were put on their +trial.</p> + +<p>The first to be tried was Sir Thomas' presumed confederate, Sir Ralph +Vane. Machyn relates,—</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> +<p>"1551-2,—The xxvii. day of January was reynyd at Westmynster +Hall, ser Raff a Vane knyght of tresun and qwyt of hytt, and cast +of felony to be hangyd."</p></div> + +<p>Of this resolute and brave man, says Hayward,—</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> +<p>"He was charged with conspiring with <i>Somerset</i>, but his bold +answers termed rude and ruffian-like, falling into ears apt to +take offence, either only caused, or much furthered his +condemnation. 'The time hath been,' said he, 'when I was of some +esteem, but now we are in peace which reputeth the coward and +couragious alike.'"</p></div> + +<p>He strongly denied that he had practised treason against the King, or +any of the Lords of the Council, and added that "his blood would make +Northumberland's pillow uneasy to him." The 'qwest' were not long in +disposing of him, and the King comments,—</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> +<p>"27 Jan., 1551-2. Sir Rafe Vane was condemned of felony in +treason, aunsering like a ruffian."</p></div> + +<p>The next day was appointed for Sir Thomas Arundell to appear before +his judges. It was apparent they must have had very slender or +unsatisfactory evidence, and it is cruel to read with what pertinacity +they were required to decide on his case.</p> + +<p>It is probable that, like the Duke of Somerset, he was taken from the +Tower to Westminster Hall by water, and imagination can easily depict +the various phases of the scene. Aroused early on the morning of the +twenty-eighth of January, in mid-winter almost, it may be in <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_175" id="Page_175">175</a></span> cold +and pitiless weather, escorted by the Lieutenant of the fortress, Sir +John D'Arcy, and accompanied by his officers, down to the well-guarded +boat waiting for him, under the shadow of the great arch that spans +the Traitor's Gate, the way lit by the feeble light of a lantern, +which, as they seated themselves in the little craft, faintly revealed +the portcullis raised for the occasion, and the dark waters of the +Thames, just discernible through it, made visible by the flickering +gleam thrown upon its surface, rippling to the inconstant +night-breeze. Then their emerging from the gloomy portal, the prisoner +sitting silent and motionless in the stern, the officers and +halberdiers ranged on each side, and in front the heads-man's +official, with the dread axe resting on his shoulder. Then their +passage down the quiet river, with no sound to break the solitude, but +the measured splash of the oarsmen steadily rowing him to his doom. +Then their landing at Westminster in the just-breaking light of +morning, and the sad little procession wending its way up to the main +door of the vast Hall, its dim, cavernous roof, scarcely +distinguishable by the cluster of twinkling points of light gathered +in its centre, where, arrayed in all the picturesque costume of the +age, emphasized by the scarlet cloaks of the judges, were congregated +a large body of legal and civic functionaries, the solemn array of the +jurors of the 'qwest,' and a throng of anxious citizens, assembled to +decide whether he was guilty, or not guilty,—if he should live or +die.</p> + +<p>But the 'qwest' had not so easy a matter before them, in the disposing +of his case, as they had the day before with that of Sir Ralph Vane. +The evidence was presumably of slight or doubtful character, and so +the day passed by and evening arrived, but no decision was arrived at. +Sir Thomas had to endure this prolonged suspense, and was taken back +to the Tower again, to wait through the anxious night, and then the +following morning, go through the same dread ordeal, and appear once +more before his judges, to learn his fate.</p> + +<p>The 'qwest' of the jury appear to have thoroughly and sturdily debated +the guilt or innocence of the prisoner, and not being able to agree, +were thereon subjected to the usual inhuman treatment of being starved +in cold and darkness into agreement,—if such it may be called,—or +rather a decision, one way or the other. And so they "sate shut up" in +a house all that live-long night, and it was not until day-break the +next morning that "they did cast him,"—the dissentients probably +being wearied into compliance. "When Sir Thomas—who perhaps may +justly have had latent hope that their disagreement might end +favourably for him—stood before his accusers for the second time, his +doom was decided on, and he heard the fearful result that "they had +acquitted him of treason, and cast him of felony, to be hanged."</p> + +<p>Machyn thus describes the assiduous process of his condemnation,—</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> +<p>"1551-2. The xxviij. of Januarij was reynyd sir Thomas Arundell, +Knyght, and so the qwest cold nott fynd ym tyll the morow after, +and so he whent to the Towre agayn, and then the qwest wher shutt +up tyll the morow withowt mett or drynke, or candylle or fyre, +and on the morow he came a-gayne and the qwest qwytt ym of +treasun, and cast hym of felony to be hangyd."</p></div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_176" id="Page_176">176</a></span> And Hayward soliloquizes over the unhappy event,—</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> +<p>"Sir <i>Thomas Arundel</i> was with some difficulty condemned, for his +cause was brought to trial about seven of the clock in the +morning, and about noon the jurors went together, and because +they could not agree, they were shut in a house all the residue +of that day and all the night following. The next morning they +found him guilty. Unhappy man! who found the doing of anything or +nothing dangerous alike."</p></div> + +<p>and the little King mechanically notes in his diary,—</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> +<p>"29th Jan., 1551-2. Sir Thomas Arundel was likewise cast of +felony in treason, after long controversie, for the matter was +brought in trial bie seven of the cloke in the morning 28th day; +at none the qwest went together; they sate shut up together in a +house, without meat or drinke, bicause they could not agree, all +that day and all night; this 29th day in the morning they did +cast him."</p></div> + +<p>So the first act of the coming tragedy was completed, and then after +they had made sure of the destruction of their victim, they were +equally assiduous that he should have ample religious consolation, in +order that he "may dye well,"—and so give colour to the assumption +that he was rightly convicted; and seemingly seek to justify the cruel +sentence, awarded under such manifest difficulty, arising from the +slight grounds of the accusation preferred against him.</p> + +<p>Therefore the very same day of his condemnation, the 29th of October,</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> +<p>"the Council issued orders to the Lieutenant of the Tower, 'that +Doctour Bill may from tyme to tyme resort to Sir Rauff Fane for +his instruction to dye well; and that Doctour Parker may resort +from tyme to tyme to Sir Thomas Arundell for the lyke +purpose."<a name="FNanchor_45" id="FNanchor_45"></a><a href="#Footnote_45" class="fnanchor">[45]</a></p></div> + +<p>Both these spiritual advisers were evidently Protestants, holding +office in the Reformed Church. Dr. William Bill was successively +Master of St. John's and Trinity Colleges, Cambridge, and afterward +Provost of Eton, Dean of Westminster, and Almoner to Queen Elizabeth. +Dr. Matthew Parker was Chaplain to Edward VI., Dean of Lincoln, and +afterward Archbishop of Canterbury. What faith Sir Ralph Vane +professed may not be related here, but from his bold and resolute +character it may be surmised to have been of an easy-going kind, and +the clerical consolers sent to administer to him in his necessity +might have been as acceptable as any other.</p> + +<p>Not so to Sir Thomas Arundell; his religious adherence as a staunch +Catholic was doubtless well known, and to him, the intrusion of the +men named, in his hopeless distress, would have been adding still +further cruelty to his sentence, by depriving him of that last +preparation and final rites of the church he belonged to, which one of +her own confessors could alone afford him.</p> + +<p>Application was therefore made for this privilege, and so we find +that,—</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> +<p>"on the 11th of February, Mr. Perne was allowed to resort to Sir +Thomas Arundell, to instruct hym to dye well."<sup>[45]</sup></p></div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_177" id="Page_177">177</a></span> +To die well,—such was, apparently, the condition most sought for, to +appear penitent, and if possible to ensure this, the strong religious +point was waived, and one,—probably of the ejected religious of the +previous reign,—was "allowed" admittance to the death-sentenced +prisoner. The monk who came was presumably William Peryn, Prior of the +Black-friars, and a distinguished preacher; he probably attended Sir +Thomas in his last moments.</p> + +<p>The last scene of this mournful progression was now at hand. On the +22nd February the Lieutenant of the Tower received instructions to +give notice to—</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> +<p>"Sir Thomas Arundell, and Sir Rauf Vane that they should against +Friday next, prepare themselves to dye, according to their +condempnation."</p></div> + +<p>But another and melancholy privilege had now to be sought for, and +that was to change the ignominious method of hanging,—the punishment +accorded for treason-felony,—to the less degrading death by +beheading. Some influence had to be used, but it was granted. The same +method of death was also extended to Sir Michael Stanhope. No +alteration, however, was accorded—if sought for—with regard to the +execution of the "ruffian," Sir Ralph Vane, and Sir Miles Partridge; +they were to perish at the same hour at the gallows, which was +probably set up beside the scaffold on Tower Hill.</p> + +<p>Cavendish in his <i>Metrical Visions</i>, thus refers to this circumstance +in the last stanza of that one relating to Sir Thomas Arundell, —</p> + +<p class="left30 font90">"To be hanged though my judgment ware,<br /> +Yet to do me honour they changed my sentence,<br /> +And to leese my head to ease me of my care:—<br /> +But death was the thing of all their pretence<br /> +Which they desired;—such was their conscyence<br /> +There I make an end, and I without redresse<br /> +As here ye may see me, a symple body hedlesse."</p> + +<p>Then came the final order on the 23rd to the King's Solicitor—</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> +<p>"To make a warrant for the beheading Sir Thomas Arundell, and Sir +Michael Stanhope, and to perform the process of hanging of Sir +Rauf Vane and Sir Miles Partridge, who are appointed to be +executed on fryday next between ix. and xi. before noone."</p></div> + +<p>The warrant was duly made out and dated the 25th,—the next day +Friday, the 26th February, was fixed for their execution. Machyn thus +describes the event,—</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> +<p>"The xxvj. day of Feybruarii the wyche was the morrow after saynt +Mathuwe day, was hedded on the Tower hill, sir Myghell Stanhope +knyght and ser Thomas Arundell, and incontenent was hangyd the +seylff sam tyme sir Raff a Vane knyght, and ser Mylles Parterege +knyght of the galowse besyd the —— and after ther bodys wher +putt in to dyvers new coffens to be bered, and heds, in to the +Towre in cases, and ther bered."</p></div> + +<p>Both Sir Thomas Arundell and Sir Michael Stanhope were interred in the +Tower Chapel. Thus he followed in the same dire way, and was buried +beside his two headless kinswomen laid there a few years previously.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_178" id="Page_178">178</a></span> What is to be said as to all these proceedings, and their melancholy +termination, had guilt or innocence anything to do with it, or was it +expediency only, that controlled the result? Sir John Hayward +apparently supplies the true key as to the object of the nefarious +transaction,—</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> +<p>"Not long after the death of Somerset, <i>because it was not +thought fit that such a person should be executed alone, who +could hardly be thought to offend alone</i>, Sir Ralph Vane and Sir +Miles Partridge were hanged on Tower Hill, Sir Michael Stanhope +and Sir Thomas Arundell were there also beheaded.</p> + +<p>"All these took it upon their last charge, that they never +offended against the King, nor against any of his Council. God +knows whether obstinately secret or innocent, and in the opinion +of all men Somerset was much cleared by the death of those <i>who +were executed to make him appear faulty</i>."</p></div> + +<p>But their deaths were not destined to go long unavenged. He who had +poured the "leperous distilment" into the young king's ear, that sent +Sir Thomas to his doom, and others, in company with his rival +Somerset, lame-footed vengeance was on the trail of his unscrupulous, +ambitious footsteps, it speedily overtook him, and the next headless +body that was brought to find unconscious entrance to the Tower Chapel +was that of John Dudley, Duke of Northumberland.</p> + +<p>As the grave closes over the unfortunate Sir Thomas Arundell our +thoughts next follow to those he left behind him. The usual fate was +awarded his possessions as a traitor, he was attainted, and they were +confiscated to the Crown; but King Edward, two years after his death, +restored to his widow, the Lady Elizabeth Arundell, her full dower out +of her deceased husband's property.</p> + +<p>Of course there is no direct memorial existent to Sir Thomas Arundell, +but it is singular, that in the fine brass to the memory of his +father, mother, and his father's second wife in St. Columb church, +Cornwall, one of their children, a little <i>headless</i> armoured figure +still remains, and beside it is Sir Thomas' escutcheon,—Arundell with +six quarterings, impaling Howard with four. The diminutive effigy is +undoubtedly designed to represent Sir Thomas,—the label over his head +that contained his name is gone. The corresponding indents of figure, +shield, and label, were originally filled with a representation of his +brother Sir John, his name and arms.</p> + +<p>Sir Thomas Arundell, by his wife Elizabeth Howard, left two children, +Sir Matthew, who succeeded him, and Margaret, married to Sir Henry +Weston.</p> + +<p>Sir Matthew married Margaret, daughter of Henry Willoughby<a name="FNanchor_46" id="FNanchor_46"></a><a href="#Footnote_46" class="fnanchor">[46]</a> of +Wollaton, Notts, by his wife Anne, third daughter of Thomas Grey, +second Marquis of Dorset, and sister to Henry, afterward Duke of +Suffolk. They were second cousins, both being the grandchildren of +Cicely Bonville.</p> + +<p>With the accession of Queen Mary, matters wore a very different aspect +toward the Arundells. Doubtless the Queen fully recognized and +esteemed their allegiance to the antient faith, which she held in +common with them, and so we find in the first year of her reign, she +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_179" id="Page_179">179</a></span> restored by patent to Sir Matthew, all his deceased father's +lands. This does not seem to have included Wardour Castle, which +appears to have been granted by lease or otherwise to the Earl of +Pembroke, who greatly embellished it, but Sir Matthew subsequently, by +purchase, acquired its possession from that family; it was not, +however, free of the claims of the Crown as will be seen. He probably +resided before this at Shaftesbury, in the house he had built out of +the ruins of the Abbey.</p> + +<p>Sir Matthew was knighted, with twenty-two other west-country +gentlemen, who "were dubbed in the progress to Bristowe, anno d'ni, +1574," by Queen Elizabeth.</p> + +<p>Once more we find ourselves in Tisbury church, and in this chancel, +where the succeeding generations of the Arundells of Wardour, after +the vicissitudes of this life,—and in their earlier days they had +their ample share of them,—were over,—and one after another were +here gathered together in the fold of death.</p> + +<p>Sir Matthew was buried 24 Dec., 1598. This inscription commemorates +him,—</p> + +<p class="center font90"><span class="smcap">IESUS.<br /> +MAT' ARUNDEL, EQUES ORDINE, INTUS DORMIT IN PULVERE.<br /> +IGNOSCAT ILLI OMNIA QUI NOSTRA TULIT CRIMINA.<br /> +DELICTA JUVENTUTIS MEE ET IGNORANTIAS MEAS NE<br /> +MEMINERIS DOMINE.<br /> +I. H. S.</span></p> + +<p>Thomas, his son, succeeded him. "Prompted by the ardent and chivalrous +spirit of adventurous enterprise prevalent in the reign of Elizabeth, +he obtained the Queen's permission to enter the service of Rudolph +II., Emperor of Germany, to whom she addressed a personal letter of +recommendation of her 'kinsman.'" This was correct enough,—Queen +Elizabeth was the daughter of Queen Anne Boleyn, and so grand-daughter +of Lady Elizabeth Howard,—Thomas Arundell was the great-grandson of +Lord Edmund Howard, her brother. In 1595, at the siege of the city of +Gran, or Strigonium, in Hungary, then held by the Turks, he gave great +proofs of his valour, "and that in forcing the water tower, near +Strigonium, he took from the Turks their banner, slaying the bearer +with his own hand." For this and other services Rudolph created him a +Count of the Holy Roman Empire, which he had the temerity to accept, +without getting sufficient leave from his jealous and imperious +'kinswoman' at home, and for which he appears to have suffered some +confinement. It raised a dispute also at Court as to what precedence, +or otherwise, this foreign distinction was entitled to, and the matter +being brought before the Queen for her opinion, she characteristically +replied,—</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> +<p>"that there was a close tie of affection between the prince and +subject; and that as chaste wives should have no glances but for +their own spouses, so should faithful subjects keep their eyes at +home, and not gaze upon foreign crowns, and she, for her part, +did not care her sheep should wear stranger's marks, nor dance +after the whistle of every foreigner."</p></div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_180" id="Page_180">180</a></span> and she intimated to the Emperor, that she had forbad him any +place or precedence in England.</p> + +<p>It is probable Queen Elizabeth had no great liking for the Arundells, +being prejudiced against them, it may be on account of their religious +principles. Some years before, in 1575, when Sir Matthew Arundell had +re-acquired Wardour Castle and Park, she seized upon it to enforce the +payment of an old Crown debt, that seems to have been owing on +property Sir Thomas Arundell acquired of Henry VIII., and had not been +cleared off, and which it was probable from his relationship to that +monarch was never intended should be paid. The Queen, we believe, did +not insist on the payment, but it shewed her semi-hostile attitude +toward them then, and this incident of the acceptance of a foreign +title, did not tend to improve it. King James, however straitened and +antagonistic in his religious views, and natural distaste to the Roman +communion, nevertheless, recognized his merits, by creating him in the +second year of his reign, 4 May, 1605, Baron Arundell of Wardour, but +neither Queen Elizabeth, nor that King, we believe, ever recognized +his foreign title. He died at Wardour Castle, and was buried in this +chancel. The following inscription is to his memory,—</p> + +<p class="center font90"><span class="smcap">THOMAS DOMINUS ARUNDELIUS,<br /> +PRIMUS BARO DE WARDOUR, SACRI ROMANI IMPERII COMES,<br /> +OBIJT</span> 7<sup>MO</sup> <span class="smcap">DIE NOVEMBRIS,<br /> +ÆTATIS SUÆ</span> 79, <span class="smcap">ANNO DOMINI 1639</span>.</p> + +<p class="center font90"><span class="smcap">SICUT PULLUS HIRUNDINIS SIC CLAMABO.</span><br /> +<span class="i9">Isaiæ xxxviii. v. 14."</span></p> + +<p>With this we close any extended notice of the succeeding descendants +of this noble and distinguished family. Thomas his son was a devoted +Royalist, and "being at the battle of Lansdown was shot in the thigh +by a brace of pistol-bullets, whereof the same year he died in his +Majesty's garrison at Oxford,"—the devoted and heroic Blanche +Somerset his wife it was who so bravely defended Wardour Castle during +the war of the Commonwealth; she died at Winchester, but both are +rejoined in death here. These inscriptions occur to them,—</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> +<p class="center">D. O. M.</p> + +<p>Hic parte sua mortali quiescit, qui in cœlo potiori parte +vivit immortalis <span class="smcap">Thomas Arundel</span>, Baro Arundel de Warder, sacri +Romani imperii Comes, primogenitus nempe Thomæ Arundel, Baronis +etiam de Warder, qui, ob insignia et pietatis et fortitudinis +exempla in communem Christiani nominis hostem in Hungaria ad +Strigonium præstita hæreditarium hunc honoris titulum a Rodolpho +secundo meruit ipse, et ad posteros transmissit; cujus dignitatum +virtutumque hic hæres, dum vixit, sic Deo in constanti pietatis +exercito militavit in terris, ut debitum sibi in cœlis +triumphum expectare videretur, ita se totum in Regis Caroli primi +obsequium, imminente in Anglia bello civili, impendit, ut in +illud opes fortunamque profuderit, ac vitam denique ipsam +lubentissime contulisset, e qua excessit Oxonii die 19<sup>o</sup> Maij, +ann. ætatis 59, annoque reparatæ salutis 1643.</p></div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_181" id="Page_181">181</a></span> And on the adjoining stone:—</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> +<p class="center">D. O. M.</p> + +<p>Hic conjugi conjux amantissima adjacet Domina <span class="smcap">Blancha Somerset</span>, +filia Edwardi Somerset, Wigorniæ Comitis, privata sigilli +custodis, magistri equitum, &c., quæ marito par generis +splendore, exercitio virtutum non impar, in aula regia quasi in +cella privata vixit quanto dignitate terrena sublimior, tanto +pietatis fulgere splendidior, quantoque regiæ vicinior majestati, +tanto (quod parum est inter mortales) supremo dilectior numini +quo ut proprius frueretur cœlo natura mortalitatem exuit +Wintoniæ die 28<sup>o</sup> Octob: ann: ætat: LXVI. annoque Dom: +<span class="smcap">M.DC.XLIX.</span></p></div> + +<p>Henry, their son, spent five years in the Tower, <ins title="Corrected erratum: original reads '1673 to 1678'">1678 to 1683</ins>, on the +information of the infamous Titus Oates, but afterward became Lord +Privy Seal to James II.</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> +<p>"Which Henry Lord Arundell, at his own charge, raised a regiment +of horse for the service of King Charles the First in the time of +the usurpation, and stoutly defended his Castle of Wardour +against those rebellious forces, which, under the command of +Edward Hungerford, did then attempt it on behalf of the +Parliament. In the year 1678, he was with William Earl Powis, +William Viscount Stafford, William Lord Petre, and John Lord +Bellasis, committed prisoners to the Tower, and afterwards were +impeached by the House of Commons of high crimes and offences, +without being brought on their trial. He continued prisoner with +the other Lords, till the year 1683, when they were admitted to +bail.</p> + +<p>"On King James II. accession to the throne he was sworn of his +Privy Council, and on 11 March, 1686, was constituted Lord Keeper +of the Privy Seal, also, when that Monarch, in 1688, began his +journey towards Salisbury, he committed the administration of +affairs in his absence to the Lord Chancellor, the Lords +Arundell, Bellasis, Preston, and Godolphin. He departed this life +28 December, 1694, having married Cecilie, daughter of Sir Henry +Compton, <ins title="Corrected erratum: original reads 'C.B.'">K.B.</ins>, of Brambletye, in the county of Sussex." +(Collins.)</p></div> + +<p>Henry, the seventh baron, by his marriage in 1739 with Mary +Arundell-Bealing of Lanherne, who died in 1769, re-united the antient +branch of the family from which he was descended; he died in 1756, +aged 38, is interred below, and his epitaph (by translation) tells us, +"<i>who taking to himself to wife Mary Arundell, the most noble heiress +of the family of Lanherne in Cornwall, and having gotten a son of her, +a most renowned race which for more than two centuries had been rent +asunder, now happily united, flourishes, and may it for ever flourish +by the favour of God</i>."</p> + +<p>With the memory of this delightful incident, so gracious and +refreshing after the blood-stained relation of the earlier portion of +our little narrative, we take our leave of this garner of the departed +Arundells, and, seeking once more the rapid convenience of the iron +road, are passing swiftly homeward. As the train glides rapidly by the +little station of Sutton-Bingham, we remember that not far from this, +another and almost unique trace of Arundell of Cornwall is to be +found. At about a mile's distance is the village of East-Coker, and in +the south transept window of its church are two antient shields of +painted glass side by side, on one are the arms of the See of Exeter, +on the other quarterly, Arundell and Carminow. These are the arms of +John Arundell, Bishop of Exeter, who presided over the diocese two +years, died 19 Feb., 1506, and was buried in the <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_182" id="Page_182">182</a></span> church of St. +Clement Danes, London, and, as far as we have knowledge, is the only +trace of memorial existing to him.</p> + +<p>Once more the career of the subject of our little narrative returns to +us. All appears to have gone well with him, even among the perils with +which he was environed during the reign of Henry VIII. It may be, the +instant danger of giving offence to the wishes or inclinations of that +capricious tyrant kept him in the path of caution and safety.</p> + +<p>But when that king's baby son assumed the reins of sovereignty this +terror had disappeared, and men were busily vieing with each other as +to whom,—professedly under the little king,—should really rule the +destinies of the nation. Sir Thomas now appears to have taken action, +and identified himself with one side of the contending factions, not +prominently, but sufficiently marked to make him a subject of +suspicion—to say nothing beyond—with those he was presumed to differ +from, and this on an adverse emergency was a position of considerable +peril. So it turned out, for in the end his death appears to have been +resolved on, not because his offence was easily proved, or that he +deserved such punishment, but as a makeweight, to give the colour of +complicity, and so justify the death of Somerset, by the execution of +himself, and that of others, thereby inferring the plot was a real +one, and of dangerous extent. If so,—and circumstances seem strongly +to confirm this view,—his was altogether a hard fate; it is difficult +indeed, to imagine a harder one.</p> + +<p class="p2 left25">SICUT PULLUS HIRUNDINIS SIC CLAMABO."</p> + +<div class="left30 font90"> +<p>Even Thine altars!—there my soul shall flee—<br /> +<span class="i1">O Lord of Hosts! and as a swallow come</span><br /> +On quivering wing, and chatter mournfully,<br /> +<span class="i1">And make her nest, and seek eternal home.</span></p> + +<p>Even Thine altars! where in holy state<br /> +<span class="i1">Lies the Great Sacrifice of endless love,</span><br /> +Incense adoring streams to heaven's gate,<br /> +<span class="i1">Service unceasing seeks Thy throne above</span></p> + +<p>Even Thine altars! there unharmed to stay,<br /> +<span class="i1">And when my captive pinions death shall free,</span><br /> +Migrate to fairer regions far away,<br /> +<span class="i1">There fold my wings, and rest in peace, with Thee.</span></p></div> + +<hr class="c5" /> +<p class="center gothic">Deo data.</p> +<hr class="c5" /> + +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/242_s.jpg" width="200" height="103" +alt="LANDULPH" title="" /></div> +<p class="center"><span class="smcap">BENCH ENDS. LANDULPH CHURCH, CORNWALL.</span><br /> +<a href="images/242_b.jpg">View larger image</a></p> + +<p class="p4"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_183" id="Page_183">183</a></span></p> + +<h3>OF THE IMPERIAL LINE.</h3> + +<p class="p2">A leisurely sail from the beautiful, capacious, and almost land-locked +harbour of Plymouth, up its main inlet—so curiously named the +Hamoaze—to the picturesque precincts of the lower extremity of the +Tamar, on a bright summer day with a gentle breeze, is an excursion in +all respects most enjoyable.</p> + +<p>The harbour itself is studded over with craft of every variety and +size, and sails spread of almost all hues, with here and there a fussy +steam-boat ploughing its smoky way between them, while just inside, +and tethered as it were to the dim line of the breakwater, are two or +three dark grim-looking ironclads, lying as watch-dogs at its +entrance.</p> + +<p>Sea-ward, is the broad, blue, open main; on the left, the tree-fringed +heights of Mount-Edgcumbe; before us, the irregular, creek-broken +shore of the "Three-Towns" jutting angularly into the deep, clear +water, with houses crowding down to its rocky edge. There, too, in its +centre, is one of the most classic spots on English soil—the +Hoe—consecrated by endless historic national traditions, and made +sacred beyond imagination's most inspired effort, by the tears, +prayers, and hopes that have alternately taken their rise, and from +its heights watched the silent sails pass on below to the distant +ocean, bearing voyagers, the purpose of whose errands,—who may +declare?</p> + +<p>On its pleasant open plateau, how diverse also have been the objects +of those who from time to time have there assembled. Determined +spirits with hands upon their sword-hilts, waiting and watching for +the first glimpse of the van of the seven miles crescent-flotilla of +the dark and hostile Spaniard, sweeping onward toward the shore, +bearing the chains of slavery, spiritual and social, within their +holds. Bands of bare-headed, bent-browed men, kneeling in reverent, +prayerful conclave—the last home-office of their undaunted faith—ere +they stepped on board the peaceful convoy, expatriated by conscience +from their native soil, in search of a larger liberty, and destined to +found in another hemisphere, an even greater England than they were +leaving. Invader and emigrant, each shall we say, with purpose +animated by soul-constraining religious convictions, but with ultimate +aspirations, how different! <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_184" id="Page_184">184</a></span></p> + +<p>Spectators,—myriad numbered, greeting with enthusiastic plaudits, the +departure of stately fleets, that at intervals during successive +centuries, have passed out, destined to carry the grand conquests of +the seamanship and valour of the English race,—triumphs martial and +commercial,—to every sea; or anon, sorrowful groups with down-cast +hearts, wafting sad and final farewells to those, who have here in +continuous exodus set out to seek new homes on distant shores, and +from hence cast their last "longing, lingering look," at the receding, +vanishing outline of their native land; or again, eager eyes anxious +to descry the first rise of the sail of the home-bound ship on the +distant horizon, bearing a freight more precious to the love-strained +heart, than all the wealth of Ind.</p> + +<p>But while these suggestive thoughts are haunting us, we have slowly +crept up to the warlike precincts of the lower Hamoaze. We pass the +huge, cavernous, pent-house-looking, but now empty 'slips,' hanging +over the darkling tide, in which the 'wooden walls' of <i>old</i> England +were wont aforetime to be built, ere the steam-urged iron monsters of +our present <i>new</i> England were dreamt of. And we ruminate a moment +over this change of times and things, and mentally ask the question, +What is the gain to human development achieved by much of the +scientific—<i>ergo</i> mechanical—appliances of the present hour? the +which, while it flatters the lord of creation with the belief he has +become the autocrat of the forces and elements, in truth practically +reduces that proud being to be the servant and care-taker of the +machine he has constructed, for assuredly to a very large extent to +this menial occupation he is being rapidly reduced.</p> + +<p>Specially with regard to ships and navigation, a generation or two +ago, vessels in construction and appearance were not only beautiful +objects as such, but required also all the skill, foresight, courage, +and dexterity which taxes the resources of manhood to the utmost, and +forms the basis of true seamanship, for their guidance and control. +Then there was something both for the mind and bodily energy alike to +exercise and develope itself on; and undoubtedly much of the secret of +our victories, both in commerce and war, that we have achieved in the +past, may be traced to our proficiency therein, and as a consequence, +the cause of our winning the crown of success among all other +competing maritime nations.</p> + +<p>Now almost all is changed, science has invaded the citadel of living +endeavour, and deposed its activity and ambition; while furnished with +the results of her conquests, one man practically has become as good +as another, the spur of incentive has vanished from the heel of +individual aspiration to excellence, with this result, that if to man +the privilege of becoming a greater, nobler being, fostered by the +soul's glorious activities, as having something to conquer, or win, be +denied or removed from him; he can now console himself with the belief +he may afford to become a much idler one,—a prime factor in the creed +of the present hour.</p> + +<p>And therefore instead of the slips and the wooden-walls, with clatter +of adze, axe, and caulking hammer, and the wholesome odour of +Stockholm tar,—here we are abreast of the 'steam-yard,' with <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_185" id="Page_185">185</a></span> its +metallic clang and reek of coal-smoke, threading our way between a +swarm of iron-clads of every form and shape; ugly, dark, and +diabolical-looking, as the errand they are constructed for, their +sullen turrets, monstrous guns, and blood-curdling names, aptly and +unmistakably assuring the beholder that their eventual port of +destination lies on the shore of Hades. Steam-pinnaces and swift +torpedo-boats are rushing about, and large tenders surging along, +among whom we carefully steer, and look across with a glance of relief +on the smart, clean, handsome three-deckers moored stern to stern in +mid-stream; floating Othellos, that now with occupation gone, serve as +nautical colleges for the sailor-boys, where they are instructed in +such slender knowledge of seamanship as is at present deemed +necessary.</p> + +<p>How different was the measure of requirement in the early years of the +first George, when the unfortunate Falconer wrote his poem of the +<i>Shipwreck</i>, whose seamanship was apparently as dear to him as the +muse, and so, delighted to cunningly array her with all the terms of +the mariner's vocabulary, a feat never attempted by other poet, and of +course a hopeless task to any but a true sailor,—</p> + +<p class="left30 font90">"But now, the transient squall to leeward passed,<br /> +Again she rallies to the sudden blast.<br /> +The helm to starboard moves; each shivering sail<br /> +Is sharply trimmed, to clasp th' augmenting gale—<br /> +The mizzen draws; she springs aloof once more,<br /> +While the fore-staysail balances before.<br /> +The fore-sail braced obliquely to the wind,<br /> +They near the prow th' extended tack confined:<br /> +Then on the leeward sheet the seamen bend,<br /> +And haul the bow-line to the bowsprit end,<br /> +To topsails next they haste, the bunt-lines gone,<br /> +Through rattling blocks the cluelines swiftly run;<br /> +Th' extending sheets on either side are manned;<br /> +Abroad they come, the fluttering sails expand;<br /> +The yards again ascend each comrade mast,<br /> +The leeches taught, the halyards are made fast,<br /> +The bowlines hauled, and yards to starboard braced,<br /> +The straggling ropes in pendent order placed."</p> + +<p>We pass a magnificent white-clad troop-ship, with a beading of +red-coats leisurably looking over the forecastle, and glide under the +lee of one of those steam-winged brigands of the deep, a steel-built +cruiser, whose towering trim spars, and beautiful lines, excite +admiration, but chastened with the reflection of the capabilities for +destruction she carries in her enormous propelling power and +far-reaching guns. Woe, think we, to the peaceful merchantman who may +venture to disregard, or seek to flee from the summons of her eagle +eye!</p> + +<p>And now we are sailing easily amid an assemblage of objects, whose +presence makes the heart sink, and the cheek burn as we contemplate +the rotting millions they represent,—the fleet of huge discarded +hulks, whose now comparatively untrustworthy fighting and defensive +capabilities, represent the modern advance in the art of destruction +in maritime warfare. Here and there a solitary figure peers over the +rusty bulwarks, but with regard to the majority, not a <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_186" id="Page_186">186</a></span> living +creature paces their deserted decks. Gay, golden, and bright-coloured +figure heads,—nymph, triton, or naval hero,—still decorate their +prows, but these to our fancy's eye, resolve themselves into gilded +skeletons with eyes of flame, and grasping the lightning darts of +destruction in their grisly clutches,—the ghastly phantasmagoria of +Death! And then comes the mournful reflection, that the original cost +of each of these now comparatively valueless hulls,—being for all +other purposes mere useless accretions of old iron and wood,—and +designed for the destruction of the human race, would have more than +sufficed to have built and endowed a hospital or college, whose +beneficent errand should have been for all time (and while our present +institutions are also starving for want of funds), and that the +aggregation of hulks floating lazily around us, and of their +predecessors, would represent an amount of wealth sufficiently large +to have dotted the empire all over with such excellent institutions.</p> + +<p>Last thought of all, as we look back and watch the bright red cross +slowly unfold itself on the summer breeze over the taffrail of one of +the largest of them,—the hallowed symbol of peace and good will +hoisted over these engines of bloodshed,—we muse at the strange +antithesis suggested by its display, as if designed in bitterest +satire, to justify, or as it were, consecrate their direful mission. A +curious example of what we presume would be termed national religious +ethics, as at present professed in this Christian land of ours. But +then we recollect that favourite patriot, the courageous (at home) and +braggart, fire-eating Jingo, with his eight hundred millions of debt +on his back, has to be duly considered in the motley compact. "Peace +and good will" at present looks like a hopeless dream, to be further +off than ever, and its development in the boasted civilization of the +last quarter of the nineteenth century exhibits, instead, the strange +spectacle of more fighting men on land, and ships of war at sea, +furnished with the most tremendous appliances for the destruction of +human life than could be found, perhaps, at any previous era of the +world's history. Europe appears a vast armed camp, filled with +millions of soldiers, apparently only waiting in feverish suspense +some chance incident, to march on each other, and deluge the continent +with carnage.</p> + +<p>And yet amid all this there are not wanting hopeful signs, that below +these dread preparations, a wiser and healthier undercurrent is +slowly, but surely moving, that will eventually, we trust, sap the +foundations of this military incubus, and free the long-suffering +peoples from its deadly glamour. The consequences of the wickedness +and folly of that game "which kings delight to play at" will be +clearly seen, and a larger and more comprehensive system of government +take the control into its own hands, and put a veto on the players. +Industry, guided by intellectual resource, is busily organizing its +battalions, with a power, destined, we ween, at no distant date to be +mightier than armies or navies. Intelligence, combined with a +knowledge of social and commercial needs, will become the great +factors of national influence and wealth in the future, and, unless we +greatly mistake, the basis of a kingdom's prosperity in the coming +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_187" id="Page_187">187</a></span> time will be fought out on these battle-fields, and on them win +its silent and bloodless victories.</p> + +<p>But a much greater and consolatory thought possesses us as we take a +final glance at the grim citadels of destruction lazily floating on +the now smiling strength of the watery expanse,—but compared with +which in its tempestuous wrath, they are as the bubble that vanishes +on its surface,—even the controlling power of that Mighty Ruler of +both, of which the Royal Minstrel has with prophetic grandeur sung; +strikingly paraphrased by His humbler disciple and lyrist, the gifted +Apostle of Cornish revival, here aptly recalled,—</p> + +<div class="left30 font90"> +<p>"The Lord is King: ye saints rejoice<br /> +<span class="i1">And ceaseless alleluias sing;</span><br /> +The angry floods lift up their voice<br /> +<span class="i1">In vain,—for lo, the Lord is King!</span></p> + +<p>All ocean's waves may swell and roar,<br /> +<span class="i1">They cannot break their sandy chain;</span><br /> +Supreme in majesty and power,<br /> +<span class="i1">The Lord shall o'er them rule and reign.</span></p> + +<p>Though war's devouring surges rise,<br /> +<span class="i1">Beyond their bounds they cannot go;</span><br /> +The Lord is King above the skies,<br /> +<span class="i1">And rules the embattled host below.</span></p> + +<p>'Tis God the Lord, whose mighty will<br /> +<span class="i1">Makes angry war's contentions cease,</span><br /> +And bids the maddened world be still,<br /> +<span class="i1">And brings the joyous gift of peace."</span></p></div> + +<p>Withdraw thine eyes aft, friend of mine, banish all further +contemplation of the decaying sea-dragons, and look a-head where a +very different spectacle awaits thee. Immediately to the left is the +little, quiet, steep-streeted Cornish borough of Saltash, but now made +notable by the presence of Brunel's stupendous iron railway-bridge, +spanning the river before us, and thrusting itself into the bosom of +the old town; one of the largest mechanical works of this, or any age, +and exhibiting the strange engineering inversion of suspending the +load beneath the arch, as the road-way is slung or supported below, +instead of traversing above it. Its great height from the water, to a +considerable extent, contracts to the eye its huge proportions, which +may however in a measure be estimated, by observation of the +railway-train slowly threading its way across, being scarcely seen, +and but little heard from below, or recognized merely by a thin white +line streaming back above the parapet, and a subdued rumble; and by +noting also the Liliputian dimensions of some artizans, that look like +a bevy of insects perched on one of the great tubes. The extraordinary +construction it displays seems to suggest that here for once, Science +with syren persuasion must have charmed the ear of Wealth to accede to +her request—"provide me with the means required, and in return you +shall be shewn what can be accomplished"—so lavish is the strength, +and fantastic the form of the vast structure. On the river below this +immense creation, the <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_188" id="Page_188">188</a></span> floating steam-bridge crawls across at +short intervals, for passengers and vehicles. As we look at the two +extraordinary methods of transit, the reflection arises that at only a +few miles up the stream, an inexhaustible supply of granite may have +been obtained and easily floated. With this enduring material a +handsome bridge might have been erected, with arches sufficiently high +for all useful purposes of navigation, and the roadway on it made wide +enough for railway and ordinary purposes, and, what is so dear to the +calculating proclivities of our race, it would undoubtedly have paid +well also, in addition to its enormous convenience. But then the +wisdom of our senators would not have been exemplified, nor the +constructive ingenuity of the engineer glorified.</p> + +<p>We emerge from the shadow of the great bridge, and pass another smart +training-ship. Moored there we presume to justify the outrageous and +apparently prohibitive stipulation of Parliament,—which required that +a railway train should be carried through the air above the masthead +of a fully rigged old-fashioned man-of-war,—for we never heard of +another performing such a feat. Nor did our sagacious and far-seeing +legislators probably dream of the advent of the squat iron-clads, with +neither mast or sail, and hulls more under the water than above it, +that now form the fleet of the present.</p> + +<p>Leaving this the last trace of grisly war behind, we enter on a +glorious stretch of the uncontaminated Tamar, and admire two or three +barges with their grand, looming, picturesque sails,—like +great-winged sea-birds,—slowly traversing the bright expanse. Here a +prophetic echo from the lyre of the poet who dwelled at its source, +crosses the mental ear, and finds fulfilment,—</p> + +<div class="left30 font90"> +<p>"Fount of a rushing river! wild flowers wreathe<br /> +<span class="i1">The home where thy first waters sunlight claim;</span><br /> +The lark sits hushed beside thee, while I breathe,<br /> +<span class="i1">Sweet Tamar spring! the music of thy name.</span></p> + +<p>Fair is the future scenery of thy days,<br /> +<span class="i1">Thy course domestic and thy paths of pride;</span><br /> +Depths that give back the soft-eyed violet's gaze,<br /> +<span class="i1">Shores where tall navies march to meet the tide.</span>"</p></div> + +<p>Delightfully we career along, and our thoughts suggest what a +spirit-cheering, buoyant—heart as well as boat—feeling of freedom +fills the mind, when afloat in a trim craft with a full sail, and a +fair wind. Pre-eminently so on the boundless sea, and in lesser +degree, but most enjoyable also, on this broad reach of inland water. +The busy succession of waves rising up and greeting with flickering +salute the prow of our little vessel, as with easy rocking motion she +speeds over their undulating succession. And the contented +satisfaction, also, that we have the pleasant breeze, with its varying +force for our untiring steed; no haunting thought disturbs, that some +noble animal in slavery is running the sands of his life out the +faster for our gratification,—nor the dread possibility of instant +annihilation, that hovers continuously over the rushing transit of the +iron trackway. <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_189" id="Page_189">189</a></span> Verily of all modes of movement, none equals for +pleasantness the sailor's, nor does the phantom of a wild pitiless +sky, lee shore, and foam-mantled rocks greatly alloy it.</p> + +<div class="left30 font90"> +<p>Wild glory of the weltering shore,<br /> +The clouds dark portent hangeth o'er,<br /> +The rushing billows muffled roar.</p> + +<p>Like storm-drenched bird, from out the west<br /> +The labouring bark by strong winds pressed,<br /> +Beats to the haven of her rest.</p> + +<p>The seaman views the turmoil grim,<br /> +And be his vessel tight and trim,<br /> +The tempest wears no fears for him.</p></div> + +<p>Starboard the helm, friend, for we have now fetched nearly a mile +<i>plus</i> the bridge, and prepare to set thy foot for the first time on +old Cornubia's shore, and make acquaintance with its inhabiters, a +generous, independent liberty-loving race, who through the past +centuries have "one and all" vigorously asserted their right to social +and religious freedom. Yonder is Landulph church-tower peering up +among the undulations of the shore,—this will be our first port of +call, to visit the sanctuary nestling among the dwellings at its foot, +and make note of sundry interesting associations—one specially +unique—connected with it. We pull in our little craft, and having +made fast to a place of safety among the seaweed-clad slaty ledges of +rock, set off for our destination, and a few minutes' walk brings us +to the door of the little edifice.</p> + +<p>On entering, the first thing that arrests attention, is the large +number of carved bench-ends with which the nave and south aisle are +furnished. Although under any conditions these architectural features +are most attractive to the antiquary, as displaying in their +sculptured imagery, direct witness of the art of past existences, the +examples here found, for quality of workmanship, reflect not the purer +glory of the Plantagenet workman, nor the lavish wealth of the earlier +Tudor. Their shallower and comparatively unstudied work, points to the +era just before that crowned Dowsing,—who in relation to the church +was dubbed Defender of her Faith, but whose truer and more congenial +title should have been Destructor of her Works,—by his ravages among +the religious establishments, gave the final quietus to the fast-dying +spirit of ecclesiastical art. But even apart from his relentless +savagery, its chief incentive had almost disappeared, for men were +then fast learning the easier faith of word-service alone, unallied +with the older self-denying, and more tangible offering of deeds. The +real and the painstaking had given place to the less troublesome and +quicker wrought,—rich deep-cut cusp, vine-leaf, rose, and blazoned +shield were succeeded by coarse rustic allegory, ill-shaped animals +and birds, tasteless initials and dates, and confused heraldry, +interspersed with heathen masks and grotesques, elbowing the cross and +sacred monogram—the last dying speech and confession of the expiring +Gothic. Here the symbolism of the Passion seems to have been <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_190" id="Page_190">190</a></span> the +old carvers' favourite subject, occurring in the greatest profusion, +variety, and minuteness of detail,—a pertinent example of the lowest +form of religious teaching, the objective (even now a favourite with +some), designed by its pictured symbolism to impress, and in its way +instruct the unlettered mind, a poor apology for the nobler and more +comprehensive study of the sacred text. One or two of the panels are +however more noteworthy, as preserving a flickering of the antient +beauty of design, and these find record in our sketch-book.</p> + +<p>A sprinkling of curiously imperfect and jumbled heraldry, apparently +allusive to afore-time settlers in Landulph and important families +located near, occupies many; on these we recognize the <i>roses</i> of +Lower, the <i>rudders</i> of Willoughby de Broke, the <i>saltires</i> of +Glanville, and the <i>bells</i> of Porter of Trematon, while on others +occur the insignia of the See, and specially noticeable, those of the +princely Courtenay,—<i>the eagle on the bundle of sticks, feathers</i>, +and shields charged with the <i>three torteaux</i>, badges and arms of the +last descendants of the first house of that illustrious +descent,—armories almost ubiquitous, both within and without the +church door in these western parts.</p> + +<p>Here in Landulph this noble race owned considerable possessions, +inherited through the marriage of Emmeline, daughter of Sir John +Dauney (or De Alneto), with Sir Edward Courtenay, who died 1372, of +whom Cleaveland records,—"he had sixteen manors, and died before his +father the Earl, and had by his lady two sons, Edward who came to be +Earl after his grandfather, and Sir Hugh of Haccombe, whose grandson +Edward was restored to the Earldom of Devonshire upon the failure of +the elder brother's issue." The effigies of Sir John Dauney, his +daughter Emmeline and her husband Sir Edward Courtenay are found in +the neighbouring church of Sheviocke. The property continued in the +ownership of the Courtenays, until the cruel execution of Henry, +Marquis of Exeter, by Henry VIII., when it was annexed to the Duchy of +Cornwall.</p> + +<p>And here an interesting circumstance may be noted, concerning the +carved array of the symbolism of the Passion on the old seats before +us, as we remember that these emblems appear to have been general +favourites in Cornwall, and occur largely displayed in similar +situations within many other churches in the county.</p> + +<p>Cornwall has ever been distinguished for the earnest religious views +of its inhabitants, and from the earliest times, its material record +has survived. The large number of old Crosses strewn thickly over the +wild moorlands or by the solitary wayside, in churchyard or village +street, were set up as reminders to the passing foot, of the way to +eternal life, and contemporary with them Holy Wells covered the bright +springs in the valleys, and appealed with their simple imagery to +those who came thither to draw, not to forget to thirst also for the +living water that refreshes the soul; while Sainted Names numberless, +the stories of whose devoted lives are lost in the mist of antiquity; +all attest that olden deep spirit of religious influence and +observance, not to be found in other regions of the west, and which +continues almost undiminished down to the present hour. <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_191" id="Page_191">191</a></span></p> + +<p>It was this feeling which brought the hardy miners, and their +half-brethren the Dartmoor peasantry, with their clubs and bows up to +the gates of Exeter in sturdy remonstrance, and to leave their mangled +bodies afterward on Clyst Heath, when the Mass they were accustomed to +reverence was abolished from their sight in the rural sanctuaries +where they worshipped, during the days of the sixth Edward. It was +this that stirred their hearts, and sent their war-cry aloft, when +their countryman Trelawney stood in peril of liberty and life at the +hands of the sinister James. It was this unsatisfied yearning, stifled +while under the religious torpor which had settled over the +mid-Georgian era, that welcomed the evangelic cry of Wesley, when he +breathed over their valley of dry bones, and devoted disciples by +myriads sprang into new and spiritual existence, followed subsequently +by the kindred and scarcely less-fruitful mission of O'Brien, the +apostle of the north Devon hills; and later still with equal +earnestness, their recognition and steadfast adhesion to the +beneficent discipline of Father Matthew. The same earnest receptive +spirit has continued in them through all the centuries. In emotive +warmth of heart,—not altogether wanting in touch of +chivalry,—home-loving clanship of nationality, and kinship of antient +tongue, the Cornish hold much in common with the Welsh, Irish, and +Scotch; qualities on crossing the Cheviots, Wrekin, or Dartmoor, lost +altogether in the common-place, flavourless compromise called English +character.</p> + +<p>Slowly we wend our way through the nave, and observe in addition to +the numerous carved bench-ends, the lower compartments of the antient +rood-screen (its stair-turret still exists in the wall of the south +aisle), all the upper portion having disappeared. The design of its +tracery is similar, and from this we assume that the edifice was +entirely refitted within, if not wholly rebuilt at the same era. But +the majority of the benches have suffered curious treatment at the +ingenious hands of the parish joiner, a generation or so since, when +these old solid structures were transformed into pews, by grafting on +them above slender deal continuations, furnished with doors. Then +unfortunately the carved edging around their ends was nearly all +cleared away, so as to form a panel at the base, and finished +afterward by the whole being "neatly painted and grained" to acquire +uniformity. The north aisle has a fine open-timbered waggon roof, the +dividing arches between the nave and aisles are composed of +granite—moor-stone as Polwhele delighted to designate it—ponderous +and strong, and these, coupled with the old sturdy oak praying-benches +beneath, convey a sense of reality and abidingness in work that +contrasts strongly with our modern flimsy imitations.</p> + +<div class="left30 font90"> +<p>"See now, along that pillared aisle<br /> +<span class="i1">The graven arches firm and fair;</span><br /> +They bend their shoulders to the toil,<br /> +<span class="i1">And lift the hollow roof in air.</span></p> + +<p>Huge, mighty, massive, hard, and strong,<br /> +<span class="i1">Were the choice stones they lifted then;</span><br /> +The vision of their hope was long,<br /> +<span class="i1">They knew their God, those faithful men."</span></p></div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_192" id="Page_192">192</a></span> Having lingered a moment in the south aisle to note the badges of the +royally descended Courtenay, our steps tend eastward to the memento +that records an even more illustrious name than theirs, and that forms +the unique association connected with this country church. But ere we +reach it they are arrested a moment to observe the two large and +singularly representative squires' pews of the Jacobean knight Sir +Nicholas Lower, an olden resident of Clifton in Landulph, and of whom +we shall have something further to say by and by. One was evidently +intended for the use of the family, the other on the opposite side of +the aisle, larger, raised and arranged as a sort of gallery, evidently +intended to be occupied by his worship's servants and retainers. Both +are elaborately decorated in their upper portions with carved panels +displaying the armories of his descent and alliance, below they +exhibit the linen pattern, and on the corners appears his crest +sculptured in full relief. Immediately beyond is a large high-tomb, +whose massive black marble table records that the bodies of the old +knight and his dame repose below, while on the aisle wall immediately +above the gallery-pew are two further inscribed brasses to their +memories.</p> + +<p>Now stay thy foot, and hearken! for we are standing not on princely, +nay, nor royal, but even over imperial dust. Give thy thoughts wing, +from these leaden skies and mist-hung coasts,—nor stay them until +they have reached the sunny shores of the Bosphorus and the Golden +Horn, the classic precincts and immortal traditions of that +superlatively beautiful city that holds the keys of the two continents +in her hands, and to the illustrious dynasty that erstwhile ruled her, +and by whose name she is still designated. Then learn that a direct +descendant of this distinguished race, an exile from his native clime, +and almost an outcast on the face of the earth, found his last refuge +in this life, under a friendly roof close by, and lies at rest,—not +in marble sarcophagus under vaulted dome near the home of his royal +ancestors,—but, equally well, beneath the simple pavement of this +rustic sanctuary.</p> + +<p>Resolve thy parable, you say. Read the inscription recorded on yonder +unpretending brass plate:—</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> +<p><span class="smcap">HERE LYETH THE BODY OF THEODORO PALEOLOGVS OF PESARO IN ITALYE; +DESCENDED FROM YE IMPERYAIL LYNE OF YE LAST CHRISTIAN EMPERORS OF +GREECE; BEING THE SONNE OF CAMILIO, YE SON'E OF PROSPER, THE +SONNE OF THEODORO, THE SONNE OF IOHN, YE SONNE OF THOMAS, SECOND +BROTHER TO CONSTANTINE PALEOLOGVS, THE 8TH OF THAT NAME, AND LAST +OF YE LYNE YT RAYGNED IN CONSTANTINOPLE, VNTILL SVBDVED BY THE +TVRKES; WHO MARRIED W'TH MARY, YE DAVGHTER OF WILLIAM BALLS OF +HADLYE IN SOVFFOLKE, GENT: AND HAD ISSVE 5 CHILDREN THEODORO, +IOHN, FERDINANDO, MARIA AND DOROTHY, AND DEPARTED THIS LIFE AT +CLYFTON, YE 21TH OF IANVARY, 1636.</span></p></div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_193" id="Page_193">193</a></span> Over is the proud achievement of his race,—<i>Per fess, a +double-headed eagle displayed, collared, and with an imperial crown +between the heads, standing on the castles of Europe and Asia</i>, +being the imperial arms of Greece, <i>with crescent for difference</i>.</p> + +<p>Proceed we now to give such few particulars of the dynasty and life of +this imperially descended exile as space permits. Thomas Paleologus, +as the inscription informs us, was second brother to Constantine, last +of the Christian Emperors of Greece. He succeeded his brother the +Emperor John in 1448, and bravely defended his beautiful metropolis +from the unclean foot of the invader, when Mahomet II. laid siege to +it with an immense army; but being abandoned by the reigning princes +of Christendom,—then too busy quarrelling among themselves to help +him,—was unable to repel them, and died fighting like a hero in the +breach 29 May, 1453. His death was followed by the capture of the +royal city, which was forthwith handed over to all the horrors of +pillage and outrage by the Moslem host. Thenceforward the unspeakable +Turk, with his fanatic courage, his slavery, cruelty, and sensual +sloth, settled himself within its delightful precincts, as the future +capital of his dominions, and brought his unsavoury presence into the +community of Christian nationalities, remaining only to become an +unceasing source of sanguinary contention among them, his wretched and +effete government being from time to time saved from summary +extinction, only by the jealousy of his protectors. A notable and +salutary change of circumstances and opinion notwithstanding, and in +strong contrast to the apathy or fear with which the European +potentates viewed the original triumphant entry and settlement of the +disciples of Mahomet into the beautiful city of Constantine four +centuries previously.</p> + +<p>In the terrible conflict that resulted in the downfall of +Constantinople, the carnage on both sides was immense. The Greeks +fought with great determination, "the Turks lay dead by heaps upon the +ground, yet other fresh men pressed on still in their places," so that +at last the beleaguered defenders appear to have been borne down by +their force of numbers. Together with this,</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> +<p>"it chanced <i>Joannes Justinianus</i> the Generall to lie wounded in +the arme; who losing much blood, cowardly withdrew himselfe from +the place of his charge, not leaving any to supplie his roome, +and so got into the cittie by the gate called <span class="smcap">Romana</span>, which hee +had caused to be opened in the inner wall, pretending the cause +of his departure to be for the binding up of his wound, but being +indeed a man altogether discouraged. The souldiours there present +dismayed with the departure of their Generall, and sore charged +by the Janizaries, forsooke their stations, and in haste fled to +the same gate, whereby <i>Justinianus</i> was entered, with the sight +whereof, the other souldiours dismayed, ran thither by heapes +also. But whilest they valiantly strive, all together to get in +at once, they so wedged one another in the entrance of the gate, +that few of so great a multitude, got in; in which, so great a +presse and confusion of minds, eight hundred persons were there +by them that followed, troden underfoot, or thrust to death. The +emperor himselfe, for safegarde of his life flying with the rest, +in that presse, as a man not regarded, miserably ended his dayes, +together with the Greek empire. His dead bodie was shortly after +found by the Turkes amongst the slaine, and knowne by his rich +apparell; whose head being cut off, was forthwith presented to +the Turkish tyrant; by whose commaundment it was <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_194" id="Page_194">194</a></span> afterwards +thrust upon the point of a launce, and in great derision caried +about as a trophee of his victorie, first in the campe, and +afterwards up and downe the citie."<a name="FNanchor_47" id="FNanchor_47"></a><a href="#Footnote_47" class="fnanchor">[47]</a></p></div> + +<p>Thus fell Constantinople, and thus perished Constantinus, the eighth +of that name, its last Emperor,</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> +<p>"a prince of a mild and soft spirit fitter for the church than +for the field, who hearing of the great preparation made by the +Turkish king, first made such preparation as his owne small +abilitie would extend unto, and then sent his embassadours unto +other Christian princes earnestly craving their aid, and +assistance in that his dangerous estate. But that labour was +lost, and all his sute vaine; for they being at variance one with +another, and having more care of private revenge, than how to +repulse the common enemie of Christianitie, could not, or would +not afoord him any helpe at all."</p></div> + +<p>All the assistance the poor Emperor had, to resist the cloud of +assailants then fast closing around the doomed city, was from +"certaine ships and gallies" of the Levantine coast then by chance at +Constantinople, among whom was</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> +<p>"<i>Joannes Justinianus</i> an adventurer of Genua, who had been +scouring those seas, with two tall ships, and four hundred +souldiours, where he was entertained by the emperour. And +forasmuch as he was a man honourably descended and supposed to be +of great courage and direction, was by the emperour appointed +Generall of all his forces next unto himselfe. He also +entertained six thousand Greekes; which with three thousand +Venetians, Genowais, and others whom he made stay of, joined unto +the cittizens, was all the weake strength he had to relie upon +for the defence of his state and empire."</p></div> + +<p>The appointment of the Venetian as chief commander was an unfortunate +one, and he exhibited the usual cowardice and treachery when put to +the test, which adventurers usually display, although nothing the +besieged could have done would probably have eventually saved the city +from the host of invaders surrounding it, it being a hopeless conflict +with superior numbers. Those of the citizens whose patriotism inspired +them to confront the enemy, fought with great heroism, but numbers of +others appear to have held aloof, denying their emperor not only their +personal assistance, but also of their substance to pay the +mercenaries to fight for them, and "whoe in their turn refused any +longer to goe to the walls than they were sure of their dayly pay!" +The "wofull emperour," who appears to have done everything in his +power for the defence of the royal city, was thus fighting under +hopeless circumstances, and with the longest odds against him. Over +the frightful cruelty and wickedness that followed in the three days' +sack of Constantinople, after its capture, by the invaders, and their +"abhominable and unspeakable filthinesse," let the hand of Time draw a +veil.</p> + +<p>At the period of the fall of Constantinople, Thomas and Demetrius +Paleologi, brothers to the unfortunate Emperor Constantinus,</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> +<p>"governed a great part of Peloponesus, one of the most famous +provinces of Græcia, and these two princes dismaied at their +brothers disaster fortune, began so farre to despaire of their +own estate; and upon the first brute thereof they were about +presently to have fled by sea to Italy."</p></div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_195" id="Page_195">195</a></span> But they remained, and as misfortunes rarely come alone, their own +subjects just at this juncture rose in arms against them, and in their +extremity they sought for peace at Mahomet's hands, offering to become +his tributaries; and the conqueror sent over one of his generals and +an army and quieted the insurrection. As vassals to the Turk the two +princes lived for a few years (but not in the greatest harmony with +each other), and then hearing that "the Christian princes of the west +were making great preparation against the Turke," refused further +tribute to Mahomet, who thereupon re-entered Peloponnesus, with a +"puissant army," and the Greek princes had to fly for their lives, the +one to Mantinia, and the other to "the strong cittie of Epidaurus, now +called Ragusa." Again they had to sue for peace, which Mahomet, after +stripping them of almost all the little authority they had left, and +imposing further tribute, granted. Not long after this Mahomet was +himself disquieted by rumours of the Christian princes of the west +being about to intervene and drive him out of Greece, and thinking +probably there would be no settled peace for him in the Peloponnesus, +while the Greek princes remained there with any semblance of power, +and the brothers Paleologi being at variance between themselves, and +the promised tribute also not forthcoming, availed himself of the +opportunity to finally subdue it. He therefore marched into those +parts with a large force, reducing the cities, laying waste the +country, and cruelly putting to death thousands of its inhabitants. +Demetrius fled to Sparta, but when Mahomet arrived there, he came out +and "humbly submitted himself with all he had in his power," which so +"pleased the Turkish tyrant, that hee courteously received him, and +comforted him; neverthelesse, hee committed him to safe custodie, and +carried him about with him as his prisoner." Thence after much ravage +and slaughter the Moslem victor, "by the counsell of Demetrius,</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> +<p>'sent one of his captaines, with certaine companies of Greeke +souldiours, unto the strong cittie of Epidaurus, to command them +in the name of the prince, to deliver unto him the citie, with +the prince, his wife, and daughter, that lay there. But the +Governour trusting unto the strength of the citie, refused to +deliver the same; yet suffred the princess with her daughter, to +depart out of the citie, being willing to goe to her husband; +whom the captaine having received, returned and presented them to +<i>Mahomet</i>; by whose commandment they were sent into Beotia, there +to attend his returne toward Constantinople, and an eunuch +appointed to take charge of the young ladie who had so warmed +<i>Mahomet's</i> affection, that he tooke her afterwards to his +wife.'"</p></div> + +<p>Thus far for Demetrius. What was Thomas Paleologus, the ancestor of +our Theodorus, about this while? Something very different, and of much +more honourable complexion. He was within and busy fortifying the city +of Salmonica, to which came Zoganus-Bassa, one of Mahomet's +commanders,</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> +<p>"but the castle was by the space of a whole yeare after valiantly +defended against the Turkes left to besiege it, by <i>Thomas</i> the +prince; and which for lacke of water was at length yielded unto +him. Of whom (Prince Thomas) <i>Mahomet</i> afterwards gave this +commendation, 'That in the great countrey of Peloponesus, hee had +found many slaves, but never a man but him.'"</p></div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_196" id="Page_196">196</a></span> After its surrender, Prince Thomas, "seeing the miserable ruine +of his countrey, and the state thereof utterly forlorne," took ship +and sailed for Italy. He was well received by Pius II. at Rome, who +during his life allowed him a considerable pension for the +maintenance of his state. But what became of Demetrius? Mahomet—his +campaign over—returned with great triumph toward Constantinople,</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> +<p>"carrying with him <i>Demetrius</i> the prince, with his wife and +daughter; but after he was come to Hadrianople, and placed in his +royal seat, he removed the eunuch from the fair young ladie, and +took charge of her himselfe. As for <i>Demetrius</i> her father, hee +gave unto him the citie of Ænum, with custome arising of the salt +there made, as a pension to live upon."</p></div> + +<p>Thus far for these brethren. Lysons adds, "it is probable that +Theodore, the descendant of Prince Thomas, who lies buried at +Landulph, sought an asylum in England in consequence of the hostility +shewn towards the Greeks by Pope Paul V. and his successor Gregory +XV."</p> + +<p class="left35"> PALEOLOGUS.</p> + +<div class="p2 left30 font90"> +<p>Imperial eagle! still with glance intent,<br /> +<span class="i1">Thy necks outstretched, and poising wings as yet,</span><br /> +Claiming to rule o'er each vast continent,<br /> +<span class="i1">With feet upon their gateways firmly set;</span><br /> +An empire's diadem hangs o'er thy brows,<br /> +<span class="i1">Yet rests on neither;—as if glory's aim</span><br /> +Waited on fortune to inspire her vows,<br /> +<span class="i1">And ratify ambition's lofty claim;—</span><br /> +But she smiled not,—death put the chaplet on<br /> +<span class="i1">Life's brave endeavour, and a hero's fate</span><br /> +Awarded thee instead of victory won,<br /> +<span class="i1">The martyrs' halo, for the crown of state:</span><br /> +When sank the Cross blood-stained in western sky,<br /> +And in the east the Crescent flared on high.</p></div> + +<p class="p2">Theodoro Paleologus appears to have married before coming to England, +Eudoxia Comnena, and by her had a daughter called Theodora, born at +Scio 6 July, 1594, and who was married 10 Oct., 1614, to Prince +Demetrius Rhodocanakis, at the Greek church of SS. Peter and Paul, +Naples. But he must have settled in England before 1600, for in that +year, on May 1st, he wedded secondly at Cottingham, in the county of +York, Mary, the daughter of William Balls of Hadleigh in Suffolk, +gent. He appears to have sought public employment, military or civil, +for among the <i>State Papers, Domestic</i>, Charles I., there is a letter +from him to the Duke of Buckingham, dated Plymouth, 9 March, 1627-8, +in which he thanks the Duke for the courtesy shewn him at Plymouth, +and prays to be taken into his service. He further states that he is a +gentleman, born of a good house, and in possession of accomplishments +worthy of the name he bears, but unfortunate in the reverse of fortune +experienced by his ancestors and himself; and that he has lived and +shed his blood in war even from his youth, as the late Prince of +Orange, and other noblemen, both English and French, have testified. +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_197" id="Page_197">197</a></span> He concludes by proffering himself both faithful and competent to +serve the king, and ready to shew gratitude to the duke.<a name="FNanchor_48" id="FNanchor_48"></a><a href="#Footnote_48" class="fnanchor">[48]</a> This was +only eight years before his death, and when he was probably verging on +old age.</p> + +<p>Inheriting the military aptitude of their race, Theodoro, his eldest +son, entered the service of the Parliament, as lieutenant in the +regiment commanded by Lord St. John, in the army of the Earl of Essex. +He was buried 3 May, 1644, in Westminster Abbey, and according to the +Register of that edifice, "near the Lady St. John's tomb." But of the +Lady St. John's monument, Dean Stanley says, "once in St. Michael's, +now in St. Nicholas's Chapel,"—and further,—"in the Chapel of St. +Andrew, close to the spot where now is the Nightingale monument, lies +Theodore Paleologus."</p> + +<p>Ferdinando chose the side of the King, and fought under Major Lower +(probably a member of the Lower family of Clifton) at Naseby, 18 June, +1645, when Lower was killed, and it is supposed John Paleologus fell +by his side. Ferdinando afterward emigrated to Barbados, where his +maternal grandfather had an estate, and there he became proprietor of +a plantation in the parish of St. John, and was for twenty years, +1649-69, surveyor of highways. He made his will in 1670, gives "<i>to my +loving wife, Rebecca Paleologus, the one half of my plantation, and to +my son Theodorus the other moiety</i>," to his sisters, "<i>Mary Paleologus +and Dorothy Arundel each twenty shillings sterling</i>." He also names +legacies of horses to Edward and Henry Walrond,—a Devonshire name, a +Humphrey Walrond (query, of the Farringdon descent), being President +of the island in 1660. He died about 1680, and was buried in the +church of St. John's. Theodorus his son was a mariner on board the +ship <i>Charles II.</i>, and died at sea in 1693.<a name="FNanchor_49" id="FNanchor_49"></a><a href="#Footnote_49" class="fnanchor">[49]</a></p> + +<p>"The Greeks," says Dean Stanley, "in their War of Independence, sent +to enquire whether any of the family remained, and offered, if such +were the case, to equip a ship and proclaim him for their lawful +sovereign. It is said that a member of the family still remains." This +would relate to the descendants of Ferdinando. How strange would have +been the circumstance had such an undoubted descendant been +discovered, and the imperial eagle again arisen like a phœnix from +the ashes of time, and strove to consolidate the shifting fortunes of +this heroic and struggling people.</p> + +<p>Maria, the elder daughter mentioned on the monument, died unmarried in +1674. Dorothy her sister became the wife of William Arundell of St. +Mellion in 1657, and deceased in 1681.</p> + +<p>Theodoro Paleologus, as the inscription informs us, died at Clifton, +an old manor house in Landulph. This was originally the seat of a +younger branch of the Arundells of Trerice, and built by Thomas <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_198" id="Page_198">198</a></span> +Arundell (son of Sir Thomas Arundell by Anne Moyle) about the year +1500. From the Arundells it passed to the Killigrews, and successively +to Sir Nicholas Lower and Sir Reginald Mohun, who married the +daughters of Sir Henry Killigrew. Lysons describes it in his time as +still existing,—"with its halls, chapel, &c., but much dilapidated, +and then occupied as a farm house." It has since been wholly pulled +down and rebuilt as a modern farm residence.</p> + +<p>At the date of Paleologus' decease, Clifton was evidently in the +occupation of Sir Nicholas Lower, and it is probable the imperial +refugee, with such of his family as remained with him, found a home +under the roof-tree of the knight. Great friendship apparently existed +between the Lowers and the Paleologi, as in his will Sir Nicholas +orders "<i>Item, I doe give unto Mrs. Maria Paleologus tenne pounds to +be paied unto her within one quarter of a yeare after my +decease</i>,"—this was the eldest daughter; two of his sons fought under +Major Lower, and the father was buried in the Clifton aisle, and close +by him the testator was himself afterward laid.</p> + +<p>Sir Nicholas Lower was a descendant of an old Cornish family, being +the third son of Thomas Lower of St. Winnow by his wife Jane Reskymer; +was knighted by Charles I., 1 June, 1619, and became Sheriff of +Cornwall in 1632. He married Elizabeth, daughter of Sir Henry +Killigrew, being her third husband, she having previously wedded Sir +Jonathan Trelawney, of Pool in Menheniot in 1604, and Sir Thomas +Reynell of East Ogwell, 1607.</p> + +<p>Sir Nicholas, and his wife Elizabeth Killigrew, are both interred +under a large high-tomb at the east end of the Clifton aisle of +Landulph church. On the cover-stone, which is of black marble, and +very massive, are the following inscriptions:—</p> + +<p class="center font90">HEERE LYES BVRIED THE BODYES<br /> +OF SIR NICHOLAS LOWER OF CLIFTON IN LANDVLPH<br /> +IN CORNEWALL KNIGHT<br /> +WHO DEPARTED THIS LIFE<br /> +XVII DAYE OF MAY. 1655.</p> + +<p class="center">And of Dame Elizabeth his wife<br /> +who departed this Life<br /> +the vi day of June 1638 aged 68 yeares<br /> +and heere Expect a glorious Resurrection.</p> + +<p>Arms,—<i>A chevron between three roses, on the chevron a mullet for +difference</i> (<span class="smcap">Lower</span>), impaling,—<i>a double-headed eagle displayed +within a bordure bezantée</i> (<span class="smcap">Killigrew</span>). Crest,—<i>An unicorn's head +couped, thereon a mullet</i>.</p> + +<p>In the east window of the aisle, above the tomb, are the arms of Lower +alone, in painted glass,—<i>Sable, a chevron between three roses +argent</i>, with two crests, one <span class="smcap">Lower</span>, and the second, <i>a wolf passant +azure, langued and armed gules</i> (<span class="smcap">Reskymer</span>?).</p> + +<div class="p2 figcenter"><img src="images/260_s.jpg" width="250" height="164" +alt="SEATS" title="" /></div> +<p class="center"><span class="smcap">PART OF THE LOWER SEATS, LANDULPH CHURCH.</span><br /> +<a href="images/260_b.jpg">View larger image</a></p> + +<p class="p2"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_199" id="Page_199">199</a></span> On the wall over the south Lower seat, are these further inscriptions +on brasses,—</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> +<p>HERE LYETH BVRIED YE BODY OF SIR NICHOLAS LOWER OF CLIFTON +KNIGHT, (DESCENDED OF THE HOVSE OF ST. WINOWE) THE SONNE OF +THOMAS LOWER AND JANE HIS WIFE, ONE OF THE CO-HEYRES OF RESKYMER; +WHO HAD ISSVE SIX SONNES, VIZ: SIR WILLIAM LOWER KNIGHT DECEASED +IN CARMARTHENSHIRE, JOHN LOWER, THE SAID SR NICHOLAS LOWER, SIR +FRANCIS LOWER KNIGHT, THOMAS LOWER DECEASED IN LONDON, AND +ALEXANDER LOWER. HE MARRIED WITH ELIZABETH, ONE OF THE DAVGHTERS +OF SR HENRY KILLEGRVE OF LONDON KNIGHT, DIED WITHOVT ISSVE, +SVRRENDRINGE HIS SOVLE TO HIS REDEEMER AT CLIFTON, YE 17TH OF +MAYE, ANNO DOMINI 1655.</p></div> + +<p>and to his much-married spouse, who pre-deceased him nearly twenty +years, the following quaint tribute to her memory:—</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> +<p>HEERE LYETH BVRIED THE BODY OF DAME ELIZABETH LOWER LATE WIFE +VNTO SIR NICHOLAS LOWER OF CLIFTON, KT, DAVGHTER VNTO SR HENRY +KILLIGREWE OF LONDON, KT, ANTIENTLY DESCENDED FROM YE HOVSE OF +ARWENNICK IN CORNWALL, AND FROM YE YOVNGEST OF YE LEARNED +DAVGHTERS OF SR ANTHONY COOKE, KT, A MAIDE OF HONOVR TO QVEENE +ELIZABETH; WHO FOR TREW VERTVE, PIETY, AND LEARNING, CAME NOTHING +SHORT (THAT I MAY MODESTLY SPEAKE) OF ANY OF HER ANCESTORS, AND +FOR HER SINGVLAR COVRTESIE TO ALL, AND AMIABLE SVBIECTION TO HER +HVSBAND (A VERTVE RARE AND HIGH) I THINKE CAN HARDLY BE MATCH'D, +WHO DESERVES A FAR AMPLER CHARACTER THEN CAN BE CONTAINED IN SO +NARROW A ROOME: SHE DYED AT CLIFTON IN CORNWALL, THE SIXT DAY OF +JVNE IN THE YEARE OF OVR LORD, 1638, AND EXPECTS HEERE A GLORIOVS +RESVRRECTION.</p></div> + +<p>The two representative "squires' pews" we glanced at on our way down +the aisle, and in which presumably the old knight, his dame, and their +dependants performed their devotions, when they were in the flesh, and +resident at Clifton, accompanied it may be by his imperially descended +friend,—are situate a little above their last resting places. Some of +the middle panels exhibit the linen pattern, a late example of this +last remnant of pointed design. Alternating with these are several +filled with floriated ornament, having in their centres shields, +continued also on the cornice above, displaying the descent and +alliances of Lower.</p> + +<p>On the first seat,—1. <i>A chevron between three roses</i> (<span class="smcap">Lower</span>). —2. +<i>Per fess, three pears in base, in chief a demi-lion rampant</i> +(<span class="smcap">Perrott</span>).—3. <i>Three castles</i> (<span class="smcap">Kestell</span>).—4. <i>An annulet surmounted +by a mullet.</i>—5. <i>Three chevrons ermine</i> (<span class="smcap">Esse</span>?).—6. <i>A chevron +engrailed, between three talbots passant</i> (<span class="smcap">Carveth</span> or <span class="smcap">Tregassawe</span>).—7. +<i>A chevron between three trefoils, stems erazed.</i>—8. <i>Two bars, in +chief three roundels.</i>—9. <i>A fess fretty.</i>—10. <i>A cross moline</i> +(<span class="smcap">Upton</span>?).—11. <i>A chevron between three birds.</i>—12. <i>A chevron +between three boars' heads</i>.—13. <i>A chevron between three moors' +heads affrontée, couped at the shoulders</i> (<span class="smcap">Tregenna</span>?).—14, as 1. <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_200" id="Page_200">200</a></span> +On the second seat,—1. <i>A double-headed eagle displayed, within a +bordure bezantée</i> (<span class="smcap">Killigrew</span>).—2. <i>Three bars, in chief a wolf +passant</i> (<span class="smcap">Reskymer</span>).—3. <i>Three bends</i>(<span class="smcap">Bodrugan</span>).—4. <i>Three bends +within a bordure bezantée</i> (<span class="smcap">Valletort</span>).—5. <i>A bend, a label of three</i> +(<span class="smcap">Carminow</span>).—6. <i>A chevron, a label of three</i>(<span class="smcap">Prideaux</span>).—7. <i>A +crescent surmounted by a mullet</i> (<span class="smcap">Denzell</span>).—8. <i>A boar passant, +between three mullets</i> (<span class="smcap">Trevarthian</span>?).—9. <i>A cross between four +mullets</i> (<span class="smcap">Flamank</span>?).—10. <i>A fess indented, between three +mullets.</i>—11. <i>A stag's head</i> (<span class="smcap">Trethurffe</span>?).—12. <i>A calf passant</i> +(<span class="smcap">Cavell</span>).—13. <span class="smcap">Lower.</span> The crest, <i>an unicorn's head couped at the +shoulders</i>, in full relief at the corners, and the initials N.L. and +E.L., together with the date 1631, is carved on the panels. <span class="smcap">Lower</span> +impaling <span class="smcap">Killigrew</span> appears also on the brasses. The character of the +carving is superior for the era, and its subjects heraldically +interesting.</p> + +<p>A few words further here concerning two immediate descendants of +this,—at the time,—numerous Cornish race, who acquired some renown, +the one in amusing, and the other in preserving this transitory life +of ours. John Lower of Tremeer, brother to Sir Nicholas, had a son Sir +William, a cavalier strongly attached to the royal cause. He was a +dramatist, and retired to Holland during the Commonwealth that he +might enjoy peaceful companionship with the muses. He was a great +admirer of the French poets, particularly Corneille, and on their +works built the plans of four out of the eight plays which he wrote. +He also issued translations from the French, and edited a <i>Journal</i> of +the movements of Charles II. while in exile. He subsequently possessed +Clifton as heir-general of the family, on the decease without issue of +Thomas Lower (the son of Sir William Lower, Sir Nicholas' brother), to +whom Sir Nicholas left it. He died in 1662. Richard Lower, the other +descendant, was a celebrated London physician, and the author among +other works of a "<i>Treatise on the Heart</i>," which "attracted much +notice, in consequence of the chapter on the transfusion of blood +which the author had practised." He died in 1690, and was buried at +St. Tudy.</p> + +<p>Here we conclude such notices of the lives, deaths, and memorials of +the Paleologi, and their friend the old knight at Clifton and his +family as have been found available. Have you anything further to say +of them, you ask, ere we leave the little sanctuary? What <i>can</i> there +be said further—would be the obvious reply—concerning those whose +lives, deaths, burial-places and memorials, have all been duly noticed +and recorded? Well, for once, not even the fastness of the grave will +be proof against some additional remembrances of the Paleologi.</p> + +<p>Man's curiosity is unbounded and insatiable. No place or association +is altogether safe from the intrusion of his prying eyes and +ransacking fingers, if he thinks there is anything likely to be found +therein calculated to gratify its longings, and he gets the chance, or +has permission to make the search. In this particular he follows in +the trail of death as being no respecter of persons, but with this +ignoble difference to the great conqueror, that he waits until the +life is gone before he seeks to assuage his morbid longings by an +invasion <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_201" id="Page_201">201</a></span> of the bodies of his forefathers. It would be supposed +the sanctity of death and the rest of the grave would naturally be +privileged, but no, they have rather stimulated his curiosity, and so +have found little or no consideration in his sight. The +cunningly-embalmed Egyptian potentate in his burial fortress of the +great pyramid,—his humble spice-wound subject in his rock-hewn +sepulchre,—the Roman emperor in his grand mausoleum,—Greek hero in +costly sarcophagus,—British chieftain in flint-piled +barrow,—mediæval saint in shrine, and king, ecclesiastic or noble in +their ponderous stone coffins,—all have in turn been subjected to +this unfeeling scrutiny, and the poor dust and mouldering bones +rummaged over by irreverent hands, very few indeed escaping violation, +sometimes for hope of plunder, but usually for idle curiosity, and the +indulgence of relic-hunting propensities. And yet, perhaps, there is +scarcely anything the living heart would more shrink from +contemplating, than the possibility of such indignity being offered to +the frail decaying tenement it had beat in, after death; a sentiment +shared in common by the greatest intellects and humblest minds,—but +that does not avert the outrage.<a name="FNanchor_50" id="FNanchor_50"></a><a href="#Footnote_50" class="fnanchor">[50]</a></p> + +<p>The ashes of the Paleologi have not escaped this common danger of +being examined, the father's here on this bank of the Tamar, and by +curious coincidence, the son's in the distant island of Barbados, but +no indignity was offered the remains. At Landulph, toward the close of +the last century, "when the vault was accidentally opened, the coffin +of Paleologus was seen, a single oak coffin, and curiosity prompting +to lift the lid, the body of Paleologus was discovered, and in so +perfect a state, as to ascertain him to have been in stature much +above the common height, his countenance of an oval form, much +lengthened, and strongly marked by an aquiline nose, and a very white +beard reaching low on the breast." A physiognomy and stature eminently +representative of his imperial descent, and how remarkably preserved +after the lapse of nearly two centuries. In 1831 a hurricane destroyed +the church of St. John in Barbados. In a vault under the organ-loft +was discovered "the leaden coffin of Ferdinando Paleologus, in the +position adopted by the Greek church, which is the reverse of others. +It was opened on the 3rd of May, 1844, and in it was found a skeleton +of remarkable size, imbedded in quicklime, thus shewing, that although +Ferdinando may have accommodated himself to the circumstances of his +position, he died in the <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_202" id="Page_202">202</a></span> faith of his own church."<a name="FNanchor_51" id="FNanchor_51"></a><a href="#Footnote_51" class="fnanchor">[51]</a> He thus +appears to have been of commanding appearance as his father.</p> + +<p>Before we leave the little edifice, a look into the tower, and a +glance under the communion table. Two incidents attendant on the +perils of access to Landulph's maritime position meet the eye. In the +chancel a flat stone commemorates the fate of a former rector, +"<i>Edward Ameredith, who married Alice, the fourth daughter of William +Kekewitch of Catchfrench in Cornewall, Esquire; 8th of May, +1661,—being drowned in passing the Ryuer</i>." Within the tower a tablet +erected a hundred years later is thus inscribed,—</p> + +<p class="center font90"><span class="smcap">Near</span> this place Lies the Body of<br /> +Fitz-Anthony Pennington, Bell-Founder,<br /> +of the Parish of Lezant in Cornwall,<br /> +who departed this Life, April 30, 1768.<br /> +<i>Ætatis suæ</i> 38.</p> + +<p class="left35 font90">Tho' Boisterous Winds & Billows sore,<br /> +<span class="i1">Hath Tos'd me To and Fro,</span><br /> +By God's Decree in spite of both,<br /> +<span class="i1">I rest now, here below.</span></p> + +<p>At the top of the monument is incised a winged angel with a trumpet, +supporting a man bearing a church bell; at the bottom a laver-pot +flaming; both being emblems of his vocation. Fitz-Anthony Pennington, +member of a noted family of bell-founders, was also unfortunately +drowned. This occurred at Anthony passage,—a somewhat dangerous creek +further down the river,—while conveying across a church bell intended +to be set up at Landulph. The curious doggerel in praise and +regulation of ringing, that is inscribed on a large wooden tablet +opposite the monument, is said locally to be an effusion from his pen, +but it has a much earlier date. The Penningtons were successively of +Exeter, Lezant, and Stoke-Climsland, and itinerated as occasion +required. They cast nearly five hundred bells for the churches in +Devon and Cornwall, between the end of the seventeenth and the first +quarter of the nineteenth centuries.</p> + +<p>Imperialist or Republican? Such are the echoes that quest the mental +ear from the opposite sides of the Tamar, as our little craft gets +well out into mid-stream, and we make for the creek that runs inland +on the shore immediately facing Landulph. Here dwelled an antient +family, in Domesday survey called Alured Brito, afterward named from +the place of their residence De Budockshed (since provincialized to +Butshead or Budshead), and who continued there from the time of King +John downward for fourteen generations, until about the middle of the +sixteenth century, when the inheritance passed by a distaff to the +possession of another old race (also having antecedents near), named +Gorges. The venerable home of the Budocksheds has been destroyed, but +two fine old barns—one of grand <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_203" id="Page_203">203</a></span> proportions—and a picturesque +granite gateway, still remain to attest its aforetime importance. +Winifred, one of the daughters and coheirs of Roger Budockshed, Esq. +(who married Frances daughter of Sir Philip Champernowne of Modbury), +the last possessor of that name of the mansion and manor; brought it +to her husband Sir William Gorges, knt., a Vice-Admiral, Deputy of +Ireland, and a Gentleman Pensioner of Queen Elizabeth. He was a scion +of the wide-spreading Somersetshire family of that name, and had three +sons,—Tristram, Arthur, and Edward. Dying in 1583, he left it to his +son Tristram, who married Elizabeth daughter of Martin Cole of +Cole-Anger. He had one son William, and four daughters, two of whom +married Courtenays of the Landrake descent, and another Trelawney. +William died without issue, and disinheriting his sisters, "conveyed +Budoke-side," says Pole, "unto Sr Arthur his unkle, and hee hath +lately sold it." Sir Arthur Gorges was of Chelsea, he disposed of the +old possession to the Trevills, a family of prosperous Plymouth +merchants. In the Budockshed aisle of the church is a handsome +monument to them, which bears the following inscription:—</p> + +<p class="center font90">Here Lyeth Bvried the Body of Richard Trevill, Esqr.,<br /> +who died Avgvst the XXVI., 1648. Aged 73.</p> + +<p class="center font90">Here Lyeth Bvried the Bodyes of Richard Trevill, Esqr.,<br /> +Nephew and Heire of the Aforesaid Richard,<br /> +who died April the 4th, 1662. Aged 51.<br /> +And also of Mary his Wife,<br /> +who died the XXV. day of Febrvary, 1663. Aged 57.</p> + +<p class="center font90">Here Lyeth Bvried the Body of Richard Trevill, Esq.,<br /> +Sonn of the said Richard and Mary,<br /> +who died Janvary the XIX. 1665. Aged 19.</p> + +<p class="center font90">This Monvment was Erected by William Trevill, of Bvtshead, Esq.,<br /> +in the year of ovr Lord 1667, to Perpetuate ye memorie<br /> +of his Worshipfull Predecessors and Relations here buried.</p> + +<p>Arms,—<i>Or, a cross sable, debruised by a bendlet azure</i> (<span class="smcap">Trevill</span>), +impaling,—<i>Argent, a chevron gules, between three birds (coots or +moorcocks), sable.</i></p> + +<p>On ledger-lines upon flat stones below, the first and second of the +foregoing inscriptions are repeated, with the arms of Trevill +sculptured. In their centres are these further notices:—</p> + +<p class="center font90">Also Here Lyeth The Body of<br /> +William Trevill of Butshead, Esq., Father of Lethbridge Trevill,<br /> +who departed this Life the 18th Day of May, 1680.</p> + +<p class="center font90">Also Here Lyeth the Body of<br /> +Lethbridge Trevill, Son of William Trevill of Butshead, Esq.,<br /> +who departed this Life 27th of February, 1699.</p> + +<p>The name of Trevill is still perpetuated in a street in Plymouth.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_204" id="Page_204">204</a></span> From the Trevills, by a distaff, it became the property of +Brigadier-General Trelawney, whence it descended to his son Sir Harry +Trelawney, Bart., <i>aide-de-camp</i> to the celebrated Duke of +Marlborough. This gentleman "for many years led a retired life at +Budshead, where he amused himself with planting and gardening, having +been the first person who brought ornamental gardening to any +perfection in the west of England. His gardens, which abounded with +American and other exotic shrubs and plants, were much resorted to by +the curious." (Lysons.) Some remains of his taste still exist, and an +old yew garden, once having a fishpond in its centre, and one or two +noble trees of unmistakably foreign origin, still hale and vigorous.</p> + +<p>This genealogical recital brings us to "the middle of our song." +William Gorges, the last local possessor of Budockshed, was cousin to +the celebrated Sir Ferdinando Gorges, the Founder of the State of +Maine, U.S.A., and for some years Governor of Plymouth. He was also +identified with St. Budeaux, both by property and marriage; first, by +being owner of the manor of Kinterbury in that parish, and secondly, +one of his four wives having been Elizabeth, sister of William Gorges +of Budockshed, and widow of Edward Courtenay. Sir Ferdinando, whose +history and proceedings are largely interwoven with the stirring +movements of his time, both of warlike character at home, and +colonization and enterprise abroad, died 14 May, 1647, and was buried +at Long-Ashton, near Bristol.</p> + +<p>In the Budockshed aisle of the church of St. Budeaux, is a beautiful +monument to the memory of that family and their immediate successors, +the Gorges. It consists of a high-tomb, with pillars at the angles, +the cover-stone of slate finely carved, and a reredos of exquisite +Elizabethan design. On it are these arms,—1. <i>Sable, three fusils in +fess, between three stags' faces argent. Crest,—A moor's head +affrontée proper</i> (<span class="smcap">Budockshed</span>).—2. Quarterly,—1 and 4. <i>Lozengy or +and azure, a chevron gules, a crescent for difference</i> (<span class="smcap">Gorges</span>).—2. +and 3. <i>Argent, a bull passant sable, within a bordure of the second +bezantée</i> (<span class="smcap">Cole</span>).—3. <span class="smcap">Gorges</span>, with crest,—<i>a greyhound's head couped +at the shoulders, and collared, with crescent for difference</i>.—4. +<span class="smcap">Gorges</span> and <span class="smcap">Budockshed</span> quarterly.—5. <span class="smcap">Budockshed</span>, with crest. The +original inscription, which was probably gilded on it, had +disappeared, but the sculptured date, 1600, remains.</p> + +<p>The monument had become greatly dilapidated, but was restored in 1881, +and the following inscription then cut on it,—</p> + +<p class="center font90">Roger Budockshed, of Budockshed, Esquire, obiit 1576.<br /> +Sir William Gorges, Knight, obiit 1583.<br /> +Dame Winifred Gorges, ob: 1599.<br /> +Tristram Gorges, of Budockshed, Esquire, ob: 1607.<br /> +Mrs. Elizabeth Gorges, ob: 1607.</p> + +<p class="center font90">Restored 1881: chiefly at the expense of<br /> +the Historical Society and Citizens of the State of Maine, U.S.A.;<br /> +in memory of Sir Ferdinando Gorges,<br /> +the first Proprietor and Governor of that Province, A.D. 1635;<br /> +aided by some connections of the Gorges family in England.</p> + +<div class="p2 figcenter"><img src="images/267_s.jpg" width="250" height="151" +alt="PANEL" title="" /></div> +<p class="center"><span class="smcap">PANEL FROM THE GORGES TOMB. ST. BUDEAUX CHURCH.</span><br /> +<a href="images/267_b.jpg">View larger image</a></p> + +<p class="p2"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_205" id="Page_205">205</a></span> Singularly coincident,—as with the Paleologi at Landulph, so with the +second of the Gorges of Budockshed,—the recital of his life and +burial does not end all we have to say of him. In speaking of "St. +Buddocks," as Risdon calls it, he narrates the following:—</p> + +<div class="blockquote"> +<p>"The church of this parish once stood in a remote and unhealthy +place by the river side, but Robert Budshed rebuilt it in a place +more convenient, at his own cost; whereof (see the fate!) his own +daughter first possessed the place for her burial; and in this +church there is a tomb erected to the memory of Tristram Gorges +and Elizabeth his wife, daughter of Cole, which about thirty +years after his funeral was taken up by occasion of burying +another of that tribe in his sepulture; in whose coffin digged +up, the carcass was found with the flesh fallen on his ridge-bone +like a jelly, there lying all his bones in order, as they that +were eye-witnesses have delivered."<a name="FNanchor_52" id="FNanchor_52"></a><a href="#Footnote_52" class="fnanchor">[52]</a></p></div> + +<p>Enow of death and his doings. Now for the lesson of reflection that +the lives and aims of the principal characters in this little story of +to-day's wandering suggest to us. We take a farewell view from the +delightful acclivity on which the church of St. Budeaux is situate, +with panorama of the wide-spreading Tamar and its ramifications at our +feet, and the great Cornish hills retreating inimitably in the +distance beyond;—then slowly retrace our steps down to the river's +side at Budockshed, and are soon again afloat, half-drifting, +half-sailing, making for our haven at Saltash passage. Another and +strange dream of the vicissitudes of human life, finds its fulfilment +in the one case over the grave of the imperial exile at rest among the +peasantry of the hamlet in the little sanctuary yonder. Driven from +his native clime,—bereft of all his kingly traditions,—the splendid +empire he may have been born to rule the possession of the barbarian +invader,—himself dependant on the bounty of a stranger,—and his +royal name extinct,—such was the fate of Paleologus; conditions which +instruct us, that the same inexorable law of mutability affects +equally a dynasty, whether its residence be in a palace or a cottage. +There is no station privileged against the misfortunes that afflict +our common mortal conditions.</p> + +<p>But what of the emigrant commemorated at St. Budeaux, Sir Ferdinando? +He voluntarily left his English home to help found the magnificent +commonwealth, that in a single century has absorbed a whole continent, +in extent infinitely larger than the realms the Constantines in their +fullest glory presided over, and whose existence was altogether +unknown when their last representative lost his crown and his life. +How different the errands of these men in their migrations from their +native land. But no emperor rules the destinies of the nation he +helped to found; the charm of simple and equal citizenship is the +secret of its strength; and while the memorial of Paleologus is viewed +with curious sympathy by the wayfarer, as being only the interesting +reminder of an extinct rule,—the tomb of Gorges has <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_206" id="Page_206">206</a></span> been +renovated by the descendants of those pioneers he helped to conduct +across the broad Atlantic, and left with them the deathless heritage +of liberty and progress.</p> + +<p>Again we are enveloped in the gloom of the great bridge, another +pleasant day's voyaging is ended, and as our foot touches the shore, a +suggestive farewell thought follows us across the river, bearing on +its wing the motto inscribed on the sun-dial over the porch of the +church of St. Budeaux:—</p> + +<p class="left30">"EX HOC MOMENTO PENDET ÆTERNITAS."</p> + +<div class="left35 font90"> +<p>Upon this moment—here we part,<br /> +<span class="i1">Until the coming dawn arise</span><br /> +And we are spared,—nay, do not start,<br /> +<span class="i1">The present moment as it flies</span><br /> +Is all the dower Life gives the heart,<br /> +<span class="i1">All that the miser Time supplies.</span></p> + +<p>Upon this moment—yon bridge vast,<br /> +<span class="i1">That spans the deep and darkling tide,</span><br /> +To that frail link which joins at last<br /> +<span class="i1">Life to eternity so wide,</span><br /> +Is as the gossamer, that's cast<br /> +<span class="i1">Across the green dell's dewy side.</span></p> + +<p>Upon this moment—warm hands greet,<br /> +<span class="i1">Though glance be hid by shadows dim,</span><br /> +Hark to those fisher children! sweet<br /> +<span class="i1">Singing their votive evening hymn,—</span><br /> +Their dreams will be again to meet,<br /> +<span class="i1">All undisturbed by truth so grim.</span></p> + +<p>No sword of Damocles infest<br /> +<span class="i1">Life's subtle thread of moments spun,</span><br /> +This day is ours—with loving zest<br /> +<span class="i1">Cease not 'till all its work be done,</span><br /> +Then fold thy hands, and take thy rest,<br /> +<span class="i1">And calmly wait to-morrow's sun.</span></p></div> + +<div class="p2 figcenter"><img src="images/270_s.jpg" width="200" height="218" +alt="Resurgam" title="" /></div> +<hr class="c15" /> +<p class="center">RESURGAM<br /> +<a href="images/270_b.jpg">View larger image</a></p> +<hr class="c15" /> + +<div class="p2 figcenter"><img src="images/271_s.jpg" width="200" height="283" +alt="Portrait" title="" /></div> +<p class="center"><span class="caption">Portrait</span><br /> +<a href="images/271_b.jpg">View larger image</a></p> + +<p class="p4"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_207" id="Page_207">207</a></span></p> + +<h3>INDEX.</h3> + +<p class="center">A.</p> +<div class="left30"> +<ul class="p2 none"> +<li>Abbotsbury Abbey Church, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>.</li> +<li>Alcester Church, Greville monument in, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>.</li> +<li>Aller Church, Bottreaux monument in, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>.</li> +<li>Ameredith, Edward, his epitaph, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>.</li> +<li>Anstis, Sir John, <a href="#Page_5">5</a><i>n</i>.</li> +<li>Arms on Arundell monument in St. Columb Church, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>; +<ul class="none"> + <li>of Astley, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>;</li> + <li>Beauchamp, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>;</li> + <li>Beaumont, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>;</li> + <li>Bec or Beke, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a> ;</li> + <li>Bigbury, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>;</li> + <li>Bodrugan, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>;</li> + <li>Bonville, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>;</li> + <li>Bottreaux, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>;</li> + <li>Broughton, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>;</li> + <li>Budockshed, <a href="#Page_204">204</a>;</li> + <li>Carminow, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>;</li> + <li>Carveth, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>;</li> + <li>Cavell, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>;</li> + <li>Champernowne, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>;</li> + <li>Cheney, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_123">123</a><i>n</i>, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a><i>n</i>;</li> + <li>Cifrewast, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>;</li> + <li>Cole, <a href="#Page_204">204</a>;</li> + <li>D'Aumarle, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>;</li> + <li>De Arches, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>;</li> + <li>Denys, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>;</li> + <li>Denzell, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>;</li> + <li>Dinham, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>;</li> + <li>Drake, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>;</li> + <li>Echyngham, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>;</li> + <li>Erleigh, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>;</li> + <li>Esse, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>;</li> + <li>Ferrers, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>;</li> + <li>Fitz-James, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>;</li> + <li>Fitz-Roger, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>;</li> + <li>Flamank, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>;</li> + <li>Forde, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>;</li> + <li>Gorges, <a href="#Page_204">204</a>;</li> + <li>Grenville, Greynville, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>;</li> + <li>Greville, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>;</li> + <li>Grey, Marquis of Dorset, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>;</li> + <li>Harington, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>;</li> + <li>Hastings, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>;</li> + <li>Kestell, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>;</li> + <li>Killigrew, <a href="#Page_198">198</a>, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>;</li> + <li>Latimer, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>;</li> + <li>Lower, <a href="#Page_198">198</a>, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>;</li> + <li>Maltravers, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>;</li> + <li>Newburgh, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>;</li> + <li>Paleologus, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>;</li> + <li>Paveley, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>;</li> + <li>Perrott, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>;</li> + <li>Peyvre, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a><i>n</i>;</li> + <li>Plantagenet, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>;</li> + <li>Prideaux, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>;</li> + <li>Quincy, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>;</li> + <li>Reskymer, <a href="#Page_198">198</a>, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>;</li> + <li>Rogers, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>;</li> + <li>Shaftesbury Abbey, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>;</li> + <li>Shotisbrooke, <a href="#Page_123">123</a><i>n</i>;</li> + <li>Shurland, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>;</li> + <li>Stafford, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>;</li> + <li>Tregassawe, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>;</li> + <li>Tregenna, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>;</li> + <li>Trethurffe, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>;</li> + <li>Trevarthian, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>;</li> + <li>Trevill, <a href="#Page_203">203</a>;</li> + <li>Ufford, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>;</li> + <li>Upton, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>;</li> + <li>Valence, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>;</li> + <li>Valletort, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>;</li> + <li>Widville, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>;</li> + <li>Willoughby, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_133">33</a>;</li> + <li>Earl of Wilts, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>.</li> +</ul> +</li> +<li>Arundell family, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>.</li> +<li>Arundell, Elizabeth, 168; +<ul class="none"> + <li>Humphrey, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>, +<ul class="none"> + <li>executed, <a href="#Page_171">171</a>;</li> +</ul> +</li> + <li>Sir John, <a href="#Page_167">67</a>, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>, +<ul class="none"> + <li>his epitaph, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>,</li> + <li>his children, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>,</li> + <li>his death, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>;</li> +</ul> +</li> + <li>Sir Matthew, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>;</li> + <li>Sir Renfrey, <a href="#Page_5">5</a><i>n</i>;</li> + <li>Sir Thomas, <a href="#Page_198">198</a>;</li> + <li>Sir Thomas, Lord, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>, +<ul class="none"> + <li>his house at Shaftesbury, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>,</li> + <li>manors granted him by Lord Daubeney, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>,</li> + <li>suspected of rebellion, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>,</li> + <li>committed to the Tower, <a href="#Page_171">171</a>,</li> + <li>released, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>,</li> + <li>again imprisoned, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>,</li> + <li>condemned to death, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>,</li> + <li>executed, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>,</li> + <li>his children, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>,</li> + <li>his estates attainted and restored to his widow, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>,</li> + <li>created Baron A. of Wardour, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>,</li> + <li>his epitaph, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>,</li> + <li>his descendants, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>;</li> +</ul> +</li> + <li>William, 197.</li> +</ul> +</li> +<li>Arundell brass in St. Columb Church, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>.</li> +<li>Arundell inscription at Tisbury, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>.</li> +<li>Arundell tombs in Tisbury Church, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>.</li> +<li>Astley Church, presumed Bonville effigy in, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>.</li> +<li>Astley, Alice, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>.</li> +<li>Astley arms, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>.</li> +<li>Audley, Hugh de, <a href="#Page_139">139</a><i>n</i>; +<ul class="none"> + <li>Margaret, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>;</li> + <li>Thomas, Lord, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>.</li> +</ul> +</li> +<li>Axminster Church, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>.</li> +</ul> +</div> + +<p class="center">B.</p> +<div class="left30"> +<ul class="none p2"> +<li>Balls, Mary, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>, <a href="#Page_196">196</a>.</li> +<li>Barry, Isabel, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>.</li> +<li>Barwick Church,<a href="#Page_80"> 80</a>.</li> +<li>Beauchamp Chapel, Salisbury, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>.</li> +<li>Beauchamp family, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>.</li> +<li>Beauchamp, Bishop, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>; +<ul class="none"> + <li>Elizabeth, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>;</li> + <li>John, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>;</li> + <li>Richard, his arms, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>.</li> +</ul> +</li> +<li>Beaufort, Margaret, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>.</li> +<li>Beaumont, Elizabeth, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>; +<ul class="none"> + <li>Katharine, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>;</li> + <li>Matilda, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>.</li> +</ul> +</li> +<li>Beaumont arms, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>.</li> +<li>Bedyke, Isabel, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>.</li> +<li>Beer-Ferrers, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>; +<ul class="none"> + <li>church, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>,</li> + <li>arms in, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_208" id="Page_208">208</a></span></li> +</ul> +</li> +<li>Beke, Bec, Alice, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>; +<ul class="none"> + <li>Anthony, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>.</li> +</ul> +</li> +<li>Beke arms, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>.</li> +<li>Bigbury, Elizabeth, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>.</li> +<li>Bigbury arms, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>.</li> +<li>Blue Boar Inn, Salisbury, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>.</li> +<li>Blount, Charles, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>; +<ul class="none"> + <li>Elizabeth, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>;</li> + <li>William, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>.</li> +</ul> +</li> +<li>Bodrugan, Sir Henry, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>; +<ul class="none"> + <li>Johanna, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>.</li> +</ul> +</li> +<li>Bodrugan arms, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>.</li> +<li>Bodrugan Castle, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>.</li> +<li>Bohun, Mary de, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>.</li> +<li>Bonville, Anne, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>; +<ul class="none"> + <li>Cicely, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, +<ul class="none"> + <li>her second marriage, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>,</li> + <li>her will, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>,</li> + <li>her numerous memorials, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>;</li> +</ul> +</li> + <li>John, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>;</li> + <li>Margaret, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>;</li> + <li>Nicholas, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>;</li> + <li>Sir Nicholas, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>;</li> + <li>Thomas, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>;</li> + <li>Sir William, Lord, +<ul class="none"> + <li>his will, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>,</li> + <li>birth and baptism, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>,</li> + <li>dispute with Lady Brooke, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>,</li> + <li>his family, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>,</li> + <li>created a Baron, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>,</li> + <li>duel with Earl of Devon, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>,</li> + <li>custodian of Henry VI., <a href="#Page_160">60</a>,</li> + <li>beheaded, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>,</li> + <li>place of burial unknown, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>;</li> +</ul> +</li> + <li>William, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, slain, with his son, at Wakefield, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>.</li> +</ul> +</li> +<li>Bonville family, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>; +<ul class="none"> + <li> extinction of, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>;</li> + <li>illegitimate branch of, <a href="#Page_63">63</a><i>n</i>.</li> +</ul> +</li> +<li>Bonville arms, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>.</li> +<li>Bonville-Nonant monument in Broad-Clyst Church, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>.</li> +<li>Bosworth, Battle of, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>.</li> +<li>Bottreaux, Anne, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>; +<ul class="none"> + <li>Margaret, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>;</li> + <li>Reginald, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>, +<ul class="none"> + <li>his epitaph in Aller Church, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>;</li> +</ul> +</li> + <li>Thomas, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>;</li> + <li>William, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>.</li> +</ul> +</li> +<li>Bottreaux arms, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>.</li> +<li>Bottreaux tomb in North-Cadbury Church, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>.</li> +<li>Bourchier, Sir Thomas, +<ul class="none"> + <li>his epitaph, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>.</li> +</ul> +</li> +<li>Brandon, Frances, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>.</li> +<li>Brienne, Elizabeth, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>.</li> +<li>Britford Church, Buckingham's monument in, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>.</li> +<li>Broad-Clyst Church, monument in, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>.</li> +<li>Broke Chantry in Westbury Church, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>.</li> +<li>Broke and Suthwyke granted to Sir R. Radcliffe, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>.</li> +<li>Brooke Hall, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, +<ul class="none"> + <li>as described by Leland, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>,</li> + <li>and by Aubrey, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>.</li> +</ul> +</li> +<li>Broughton, Anne, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>; +<ul class="none"> + <li>Sir John, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>.</li> +</ul> +</li> +<li>Broughton arms, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>.</li> +<li>Bruse, Giles, his epitaph, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>.</li> +<li>Bryanstone Church, Rogers epitaph in, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>.</li> +<li>Buckingham, Duke of—<i>see</i> Stafford.</li> +<li>Budockshed, Roger, <a href="#Page_204">204</a>; +<ul class="none"> + <li>Winifred, <a href="#Page_203">203</a>.</li> +</ul> +</li> +<li>Budockshed family, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>.</li> +<li>Budockshed aisle in St. Budeaux Church, <a href="#Page_204">204</a>, +<ul class="none"> + <li>monument in, <a href="#Page_204">204</a>.</li> +</ul> +</li> +<li>Budockshed arms, <a href="#Page_204">204</a>.</li> +<li>Butler, James, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>.</li> +</ul> +</div> + +<p class="center">C.</p> +<div class="left30"> +<ul class="none"> +<li>Callington, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>.</li> +<li>Callington cross, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>.</li> +<li>Camoys, Matilda, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>.</li> +<li>Cardinham, Isolda, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>.</li> +<li>Carew, Sir Thomas, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>.</li> +<li>Carminow, Joan, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>; +<ul class="none"> + <li>Matilda, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>;</li> + <li>Sir Ralph, his brass in Menheniot Church, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>;</li> + <li>Sir Roger, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>.</li> +</ul> +</li> +<li>Carminow arms, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>.</li> +<li>Carrant, William, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>.</li> +<li>Carveth arms, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>.</li> +<li>Catesby, Richard, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>.</li> +<li>Cavell arms, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>.</li> +<li>Champernowne, Champernon, Alexander, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>; +<ul class="none"> + <li>Sir Arthur, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>;</li> + <li>Blanche, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>;</li> + <li>Frances, <a href="#Page_203">203</a>;</li> + <li>Johanna, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>;</li> + <li>John, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>;</li> + <li>Sir Richard, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>;</li> + <li>Roger, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>.</li> +</ul> +</li> +<li>Champernowne family, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>.</li> +<li>Champernowne arms, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>.</li> +<li>Charleton, Walter, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>.</li> +<li>Cheney, Agnes, her epitaph, <a href="#Page_122">122</a><i>n</i>; +<ul class="none"> + <li>Anne, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>, +<ul class="none"> + <li>her epitaph, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>;</li> +</ul> +</li> + <li>Cicely, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>;</li> + <li>Sir Edmund, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>;</li> + <li>Sir Henry, Lord, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a><i>n</i>;</li> + <li>Jane, her epitaph, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>;</li> + <li>Sir John, Lord, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>, +<ul class="none"> + <li>joins Buckingham's conspiracy, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>,</li> + <li>his arms, <a href="#Page_123">123</a><i>n</i>,</li> + <li>overthrown at Bosworth, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>,</li> + <li>created a Knight Banneret, K.G., and Baron, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>,</li> + <li>his death, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>,</li> + <li>succeeded by Sir Thomas, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>,</li> + <li>his effigy, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>;</li> +</ul> +</li> + <li>Sir Ralph, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, his tomb in Edington Church, 8; </li> + <li>Sir Thomas, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>, +<ul class="none"> + <li>his children, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>,</li> + <li>his epitaph, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>;</li> +</ul> +</li> + <li>Sir William, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>.</li> +</ul> +</li> +<li>Cheney family, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>.</li> +<li>Cheney arms, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_123">123</a><i>n</i>, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a><i>n</i>.</li> +<li>Cheney monument in Toddington Church, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>.</li> +<li>Chickett-Hall in Callington, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>.</li> +<li>Chidiock, Katharine, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>.</li> +<li>Cifrewast arms, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>.</li> +<li>Clement, Richard, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>.</li> +<li>Clifton in Landulph, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>.</li> +<li>Cobham, Sir John, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>.</li> +<li>Cocks, Walter, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>.</li> +<li>Cole, Elizabeth, <a href="#Page_203">203</a>; +<ul class="none"> + <li>William, <a href="#Page_203">203</a>.</li> +</ul> +</li> +<li>Cole arms, <a href="#Page_204">204</a>.</li> +<li>Coleshill, Joanna, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>; +<ul class="none"> + <li>Sir John, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_5">5</a><i>n</i>, +<ul class="none"> + <li>his epitaph, <a href="#Page_6">6</a><i>n</i>.</li> +</ul> +</li> +</ul> +</li> +<li>Collingbourn, Sir William, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>.</li> +<li>Constantinople, fall of, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_209" id="Page_209">209</a></span></li> +<li>Constantinus VIII. slain, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>.</li> +<li>Conway, Sir John, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>.</li> +<li>Copestan, ——, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>.</li> +<li>Coplestone, Philip, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>.</li> +<li>Courtenay, Edward, Sir Edward, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>, <a href="#Page_204">204</a>; +<ul class="none"> + <li>Elizabeth, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>;</li> + <li>Henry, <a href="#Page_150">150</a>;</li> + <li>Hugh, Sir Hugh, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>;</li> + <li>John, <a href="#Page_150">15</a>0;</li> + <li>Thomas, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, +<ul class="none"> + <li>his sons, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>;</li> +</ul> +</li> + <li>Sir William, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>.</li> +</ul> +</li> +<li>Courtenays, the, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>.</li> +<li>Courtenay estates forfeited and restored, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>.</li> +<li>Cralle, Elizabeth, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>.</li> +<li>Crips, Nicholas, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>.</li> +<li>Crukerne, Amy, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>.</li> +<li>Culpeper, Joyce, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>; +<ul class="none"> + <li>Sir Thomas, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>.</li> +</ul> +</li> +</ul> +</div> + +<p class="center">D.</p> +<div class="left30"> +<ul class="none"> +<li>D'Aumarle, Elizabeth, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>; +<ul class="none"> + <li>Margaret, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>.</li> +</ul> +</li> +<li>D'Aumarle arms, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>.</li> +<li>Daldich, Roger de, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>.</li> +<li>Daltery, Dautry, ——, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>; +<ul class="none"> + <li>Sir Francis, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>.</li> +</ul> +</li> +<li>Daubeney, Giles, Sir Giles, Lord, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>,</li> +<li> governor of Calais, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>; +<ul class="none"> + <li>Henry, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>;</li> + <li>Katharine, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>.</li> +</ul> +</li> +<li>Dauney, Emmeline, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>.</li> +<li>De Arches arms, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>.</li> +<li>De la Mare, Peter, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>.</li> +<li>Denis, Dennis, Margaret le, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>; +<ul class="none"> + <li>Philippa, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>.</li> +</ul> +</li> +<li>Denys arms, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>.</li> +<li>Densloe, Elizabeth, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>.</li> +<li>Denton, Anne, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>.</li> +<li>Denzell arms, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>.</li> +<li>Devereux, Walter, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>.</li> +<li>Dinham, Sir John, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>,</li> +<li> his probable effigy, <a href="#Page_140">140</a><i>n</i>; +<ul class="none"> + <li>John, Lord, <a href="#Page_152">152,</a> <a href="#Page_159">159</a>;</li> + <li>Katharine, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>.</li> +</ul> +</li> +<li>Dinham arms, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>.</li> +<li>Dorrington manor, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>.</li> +<li>Dorset, Marquis of—<i>see</i> Grey.</li> +<li>Dorset aisle in Ottery Church, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>.</li> +<li>Drake, John, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>; +<ul class="none"> + <li>Richard, portrait of, <a href="#Page_83">83</a><i>n</i>;</li> + <li>Robert, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, his descendants, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>, his monument at Southleigh, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>.</li> +</ul> +</li> +<li>Drake arms, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>.</li> +</ul> +</div> + +<p class="center">E.</p> +<div class="left30"> +<ul class="none"> +<li>East-Coker Window, Arundell arms in, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>.</li> +<li>Echyngham, Anne de, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>.</li> +<li>Echyngham arms, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>.</li> +<li>Edgcumbe, Richard, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>.</li> +<li>Edington Church, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>.</li> +<li>Edington, William de, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>.</li> +<li>Edward V., conspiracy against, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>.</li> +<li>Elliot, John, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>.</li> +<li>Erleigh arms, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>.</li> +<li>Esse arms, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>.</li> +</ul> +</div> + +<p class="center">F.</p> +<div class="left30"> +<ul class="none"> +<li>Faringdon, John, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>.</li> +<li>Ferrers, Elizabeth, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>; +<ul class="none"> + <li>Joan, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>;</li> + <li>Sir John, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>;</li> + <li>Margery de, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>;</li> + <li>Matilda de, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>;</li> + <li>Reginald de, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>;</li> + <li>Sir William de, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, +<ul class="none"> + <li>his window and tomb, <a href="#Page_2">20</a>.</li> +</ul> +</li> +</ul> +</li> +<li>Ferrers family, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>.</li> +<li>Ferrers arms, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>.</li> +<li>Filliol, Sir William, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>.</li> +<li>Fitzalan, Henry, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>; +<ul class="none"> + <li>John, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>;</li> + <li>Catherine, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>;</li> + <li>William, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>.</li> +</ul> +</li> +<li>Fitzgerald, Gerald, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>.</li> +<li>Fitzjames family, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>; +<ul class="none"> + <li>arms, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>.</li> +</ul> +</li> +<li>Fitz-Roger, Elizabeth, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>.</li> +<li>Fitz-Roger arms, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>.</li> +<li>Flamank arms, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>.</li> +<li>Fleming, Christopher, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>.</li> +<li>Forde, Hawise de la, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>.</li> +<li>Forde arms, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>.</li> +<li>Fortescue, Margaret, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>.</li> +<li>Fowell, Joan, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>.</li> +<li>Frome, Joan, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>.</li> +<li>Frost, William, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>.</li> +<li>Frowyke, Frideswide, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>.</li> +<li>Fulford, Sir Humphrey, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>.</li> +</ul> +</div> + +<p class="center">G.</p> +<div class="left30"> +<ul class="none"> +<li>Gloucester, Richard, Duke of, his conspiracy, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>; +<ul class="none"> + <li>proclaimed king, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>;</li> + <li>Buckingham's conspiracy against, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>.</li> +</ul> +</li> +<li>Gorges, Arthur, <a href="#Page_203">203</a>; +<ul class="none"> + <li>Edward,<a href="#Page_203">203</a>;</li> + <li>Elizabeth, <a href="#Page_204">204</a>;</li> + <li>Sir Ferdinando, <a href="#Page_204">204</a>;</li> + <li>Leva, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>;</li> + <li>Tristram, <a href="#Page_203">203</a>, <a href="#Page_204">204</a>;</li> + <li>William, Sir William, <a href="#Page_203">203</a>, <a href="#Page_204">204</a>;</li> + <li>Winifred, <a href="#Page_204">204</a>.</li> +</ul> +</li> +<li>Gorges arms, <a href="#Page_204">204.</a></li> +<li>Govys, John, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>.</li> +<li>Graville, ——, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>.</li> +<li>Grenville, Greynville, Alice, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>; +<ul class="none"> + <li>Amy, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>;</li> + <li>Katharine, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>;</li> + <li>William, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>.</li> +</ul> +</li> +<li>Grenville arms, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>.</li> +<li>Greville, Blanche, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>; +<ul class="none"> + <li>Catherine, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>;</li> + <li>Edward, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, +<ul class="none"> + <li>his arms, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>;</li> +</ul> +</li> + <li>Eleanor, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>;</li> + <li>Lady Elizabeth, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>;</li> + <li>Fulk, Sir Fulk, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, +<ul class="none"> + <li>his monument in Alcester Church, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>,</li> + <li>his arms, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>,</li> + <li>created Baron Brooke and Earl of Warwick, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>,</li> + <li>murdered, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>;</li> +</ul> +</li> + <li>Margaret, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>;</li> + <li>Mary, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>;</li> + <li>Robert, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>.</li> +</ul> +</li> +<li>Greville arms, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>.</li> +<li>Grey, Anne, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>; +<ul class="none"> + <li>Dorothy, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>;</li> + <li>Sir Edward, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>;</li> + <li>Elizabeth, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_210" id="Page_210">210</a></span></li> + <li>Muriel, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>;</li> + <li>Thomas and his children, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>;</li> + <li>Thomas, Marquis of Dorset, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>, +<ul class="none"> + <li>his death, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>,</li> + <li>his will, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>,</li> + <li>his arms, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>,</li> + <li>his descendants, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>;</li> +</ul> +</li> + <li>Thomas, second Marquis, his will, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>.</li> +</ul> +</li> +<li>Gyvernay, Henry de, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>.</li> +</ul> +</div> + +<p class="center">H.</p> +<div class="left30"> +<ul class="none"> +<li>Haccombe Church, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>.</li> +<li>Haccombe, Sir Stephen de, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>.</li> +<li>Hampton, Joan, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>.</li> +<li>Harington, Elizabeth, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>.</li> +<li>Harington arms, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>.</li> +<li>Harris, William, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>.</li> +<li>Hastings, Anne, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>; +<ul class="none"> + <li>George, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>;</li> + <li>Katharine, Lady, her will, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>;</li> + <li>Sir William de, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>;</li> + <li>William, Lord, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>, +<ul class="none"> + <li>amours with Jane Shore, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>,</li> + <li>loyal to Edward IV., <a href="#Page_54">54</a>,</li> + <li>his children, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>,</li> + <li>beheaded, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>,</li> + <li>his will, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>.</li> +</ul> +</li> +</ul> +</li> +<li>Hastings arms, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>.</li> +<li>Haughton, Sir William, <a href="#Page_5">5</a><i>n</i>.</li> +<li>Herbert, Henry, Lord, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>; +<ul class="none"> + <li>Sir Walter, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>.</li> +</ul> +</li> +<li>Hext, Thomas, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>.</li> +<li>Hill, Elizabeth, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>.</li> +<li>Hiwis, Emma, <a href="#Page_5">5</a><i>n</i>.</li> +<li>Holland, Anne, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>.</li> +<li>Hooke Church, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>.</li> +<li>Hooke House, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>.</li> +<li>Hooper, William, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>.</li> +<li>Houndalre, Leonard, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>.</li> +<li>Howard, Lord Edward, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>; +<ul class="none"> + <li>Katharine, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>;</li> + <li>Margaret, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>.</li> +</ul> +</li> +<li>Hungerford, Mary, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>; +<ul class="none"> + <li>Robert, Lord, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>;</li> + <li>Walter, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>.</li> +</ul> +</li> +</ul> +</div> + +<p class="center">K.</p> +<div class="left30"> +<ul class="none"> +<li>Kekewich, Alice, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>.</li> +<li>Kemp, Thomas, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>.</li> +<li>Kestell arms, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>.</li> +<li>Keys, Martin, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>.</li> +<li>Killigrew, Elizabeth, <a href="#Page_198">198</a>; +<ul class="none"> + <li>Sir Henry, <a href="#Page_198">198</a>.</li> +</ul> +</li> +<li>Killigrew arms, <a href="#Page_198">198</a>, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>.</li> +<li>Kings-Carswell Church, effigies in, <a href="#Page_140">140</a><i>n</i>.</li> +<li>Kirkham, Margaret, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>.</li> +<li>Knightstone in Ottery, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>.</li> +</ul> +</div> + +<p class="center">L.</p> +<div class="left30"> +<ul class="none"> +<li>Lamborn, William, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>.</li> +<li>Landulph Church, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>, +<ul class="none"> + <li>heraldry in, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>,</li> + <li>inscriptions in, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>.</li> +</ul> +</li> +<li>Latimer, Elizabeth, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>; +<ul class="none"> + <li>John, Lord, <a href="#Page_26">26</a><i>n</i>;</li> + <li>Richard, Lord, <a href="#Page_26">26</a><i>n</i>;</li> + <li>William, Lord, <a href="#Page_26">26</a><i>n</i>.</li> +</ul> +</li> +<li>Latimer arms, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>.</li> +<li>Lewkenor, Sir Roger, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>.</li> +<li>Limington Church, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>.</li> +<li>Loddiswell Rectory, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>.</li> +<li>Lovel, Lord, his mysterious death, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>.</li> +<li>Lovell, Maud, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>.</li> +<li>Lower, John, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>; +<ul class="none"> + <li>Major, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>;</li> + <li>Sir Nicholas, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>, +<ul class="none"> + <li>his descent, <a href="#Page_198">198</a>,</li> + <li>his will, <a href="#Page_198">198</a>,</li> + <li>his epitaph, <a href="#Page_198">198</a>, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>;</li> +</ul> +</li> + <li>Richard, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>;</li> + <li>Thomas, <a href="#Page_198">198</a>, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>;</li> + <li>Sir William, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>.</li> +</ul> +</li> +<li>Lower arms, <a href="#Page_198">198</a>, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>.</li> +</ul> +</div> + +<p class="center">M.</p> +<div class="left30"> +<ul class="none"> +<li>Maltravers, Elizabeth, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>.</li> +<li>Maltravers arms, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>.</li> +<li>Menheniot Church, Carminow brass in, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>.</li> +<li>Meriet, Agnes de, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>.</li> +<li>Minster Church, Sheppey, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>.</li> +<li>Mohun, Sir Reginald, <a href="#Page_198">198</a>.</li> +<li>Morley, Lord, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>.</li> +<li>Morton, Cardinal, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, +<ul class="none"> + <li>his birthplace, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>,</li> + <li>his place of burial, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>,</li> + <li>his tomb, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>.</li> +</ul> +</li> +<li>Moyle, Anne, <a href="#Page_198">198</a>.</li> +</ul> +</div> + +<p class="center">N.</p> +<div class="left30"> +<ul class="none"> +<li>Nanfan, Sir John, <a href="#Page_5">5</a><i>n</i>.</li> +<li>Neville, Anne, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>; +<ul class="none"> + <li>Elizabeth, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>;</li> + <li>George, Sir George, <a href="#Page_26">26</a><i>n</i>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>;</li> + <li>Katharine, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>;</li> + <li>Margaret, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>;</li> + <li>Sir Thomas, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>.</li> +</ul> +</li> +<li>Newburgh arms, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>.</li> +<li>Nonant, Sir Roger de, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>.</li> +<li>North-Bradley Church, Stafford Chapel in, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>.</li> +<li>North-Cadbury Church, Bottreaux tomb in, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>.</li> +</ul> +</div> + +<p class="center">O.</p> +<div class="left30"> +<ul class="none"> +<li>Okebeare, Richard, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>.</li> +<li>Ottery Church, Dorset aisle in, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>.</li> +</ul> +</div> + +<p class="center">P.</p> +<div class="left30"> +<ul class="none"> +<li>Paleologus, Dorothy, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>; +<ul class="none"> + <li>Ferdinando, his will, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>, +<ul class="none"> + <li>his children, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>,</li> + <li>his coffin opened, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>;</li> +</ul> +</li> + <li>Maria, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>;</li> + <li>Theodore, his epitaph, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>, +<ul class="none"> + <li>his family, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>,</li> + <li>seeks service in England, <a href="#Page_196">196</a>,</li> + <li>his wives, <a href="#Page_196">196</a>,</li> + <li>his sons, Theodoro, Ferdinand, and John, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>,</li> + <li>his coffin opened, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>;</li> +</ul> +</li> + <li>Thomas and Demetrius, their subjection to the Turks, <a href="#Page_195">195</a>.</li> +</ul> +</li> +<li>Paleologus arms, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>.</li> +<li>Paulet, John, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>.</li> +<li>Paveley, Alice, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>; +<ul class="none"> + <li>Joan, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>.</li> +</ul> +</li> +<li>Paveley family, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_211" id="Page_211">211</a></span></li> +<li>Paveley arms, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>.</li> +<li>Payne, Stephen, his brass in Shaftesbury Church, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>.</li> +<li>Pennington, Fitz-Anthony, his epitaph, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>.</li> +<li>Perrott, Sir John, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>.</li> +<li>Perrott arms, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>.</li> +<li>Petre, Sir William, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>.</li> +<li>Peyvre, Mary, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>.</li> +<li>Peyvre family, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>.</li> +<li>Peyvre arms, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a><i>n</i>.</li> +<li>Peyvre monument in Toddington Church, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>.</li> +<li>Pinhoe, Stretch's Chapel at, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>.</li> +<li>Plantagenet, Anne, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>.</li> +<li>Plantagenet arms, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>.</li> +<li>Plymouth, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>.</li> +<li>Pole, John, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>.</li> +<li>Pomeroy, Anne, <a href="#Page_205">205</a><i>n</i>.</li> +<li>Powderham Church, arms of Courtenay and Bonville in, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>.</li> +<li>Poynings, Sir Hugh, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>.</li> +<li>Prideaux, Elizabeth, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>.</li> +<li>Prideaux arms, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>.</li> +<li>Pyne, Elizabeth de, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>.</li> +</ul> +</div> + +<p class="center">Q.</p> +<div class="left30"> +<ul class="none"> +<li>Quincy arms, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>.</li> +</ul> +</div> + +<p class="center">R.</p> +<div class="left30"> +<ul class="none"> +<li>Radcliffe, Sir Richard, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>.</li> +<li>Radford murdered at Poughill, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>.</li> +<li>Ratcliffe, Robert, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>.</li> +<li>Read, Charles, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>.</li> +<li>Reskymer, Jane, <a href="#Page_198">198</a>.</li> +<li>Reskymer arms, <a href="#Page_198">198</a>, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>.</li> +<li>Reynell, Sir Thomas, <a href="#Page_198">198</a>.</li> +<li>Richard III., his death at Bosworth, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>.</li> +<li>Rivers, Earl, made prisoner at Northampton, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>; +<ul class="none"> + <li>his execution, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>.</li> +</ul> +</li> +<li>Roche, Elizabeth, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>.</li> +<li>Rodney, Alice, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>.</li> +<li>Rogers, John and Elizabeth, their epitaph, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>.</li> +<li>Rogers arms, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>.</li> +<li>Roos, Margaret, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>.</li> +</ul> +</div> + +<p class="center">S.</p> +<div class="left30"> +<ul class="none"> +<li>Sachville, John, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>.</li> +<li>St. Budeaux Church, <a href="#Page_204">204</a>, +<ul class="none"> + <li>rebuilt, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>.</li> +</ul> +</li> +<li>St. Columb-Major Church, Arundell brass in, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>.</li> +<li>St. John, Eleanor, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>; +<ul class="none"> + <li>Johanna, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>.</li> +</ul> +</li> +<li>St. Loe, Sir John, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>.</li> +<li>Salisbury, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>.</li> +<li>Saltash, <a href="#Page_187">187</a>.</li> +<li>Saracen's Head Inn, Salisbury, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>.</li> +<li>Seaton Church, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>.</li> +<li>Seymour, Semar, Edward, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>; +<ul class="none"> + <li>Lord Edward, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>;</li> + <li>Walter, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>.</li> +</ul> +</li> +<li>Shaftesbury Abbey, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>, +<ul class="none"> + <li>arms of, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>;</li> + <li>Church, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>.</li> +</ul> +</li> +<li>Shareshull, William, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>.</li> +<li>Sherman, William, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>.</li> +<li>Shore, Jane, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>.</li> +<li>Shottisbroke, Eleanor de, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>.</li> +<li>Shottisbroke arms, <a href="#Page_123">123</a><i>n</i>.</li> +<li>Shurland, Margaret de, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>.</li> +<li>Shurland arms, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>.</li> +<li>Shute, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>.</li> +<li>Shute House, Old, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>.</li> +<li>Shute Park, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>.</li> +<li>Skipwith, Alice, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>.</li> +<li>Slapton Priory, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>.</li> +<li>Southleigh Church, Willoughby tomb in, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>; +<ul class="none"> + <li>Drake monument in, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>.</li> +</ul> +</li> +<li>Southleigh, architectural remains found at, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>.</li> +<li>Spilsby Church, Willoughby brass in, <a href="#Page_10">10</a><i>n</i>.</li> +<li>Stafford, Alice, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>; +<ul class="none"> + <li>Anne, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>;</li> + <li>Edward, Duke of Buckingham beheaded, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>;</li> + <li>Elizabeth, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>;</li> + <li>Henry, Earl of Wilts, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>, +<ul class="none"> + <li>his arms, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>;</li> +</ul> +</li> + <li>Henry, Duke of Buckingham, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>, +<ul class="none"> + <li>made Constable of England, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>,</li> + <li>pressed by Morton to assume the crown, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>,</li> + <li>failure of his conspiracy, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>,</li> + <li>betrayed, arrested, and executed, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>,</li> + <li>burial place unknown, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>,</li> + <li>his monument in Britford Church, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>,</li> + <li>his children, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>;</li> +</ul> +</li> + <li>Humphrey, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>;</li> + <li>Sir Humphrey, Lord Stafford, his children, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>, +<ul class="none"> + <li>created a Baron and Earl of Devon, <a href="#Page_150">150</a>,</li> + <li>beheaded, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>,</li> + <li>his will, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>;</li> +</ul> +</li> + <li>Archbp. John, his parentage, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>, +<ul class="none"> + <li> his mother's monument and epitaph, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>,</li> + <li>death and burial, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>,</li> + <li>his tomb, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>,</li> + <li>probably born at North-Bradley, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>,</li> + <li>his arms, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>,</li> + <li>his epitaph, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>.</li> +</ul> +</li> +</ul> +</li> +<li>Stafford family, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>.</li> +<li>Stafford arms, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>.</li> +<li>Stafford chantry in Abbotsbury Church, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>.</li> +<li>Stanley, Sir William, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>.</li> +<li>Stokes, Adrian, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>.</li> +<li>Stothard, Charles Alfred, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>.</li> +<li>Strangeways, Thomas, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, his children, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>.</li> +<li>Stretch, Cicely, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>.</li> +<li>Stuckley, Sir Richard, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>.</li> +<li>Suffolk, Frances, Duchess of, her epitaph, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>.</li> +<li>Suthwyke, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>.</li> +<li>Sutton, John, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>.</li> +<li>Sweating Sickness, the, <a href="#Page_25">25</a><i>n</i>.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_212" id="Page_212">212</a></span></li> +</ul> +</div> + +<p class="center">T.</p> +<div class="left30"> +<ul class="none"> +<li>Tailboys, Walter, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>.</li> +<li>Tailboys family, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>.</li> +<li>Talbot, Elizabeth, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>; +<ul class="none"> + <li>Sir Gilbert, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>;</li> + <li> Sir Humphrey, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>.</li> +</ul> +</li> +<li>Throgmorton, Anne, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>.</li> +<li>Tisbury, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>.</li> +<li>Tisbury Church, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>; +<ul class="none"> + <li>Arundell tomb in, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>.</li> +</ul> +</li> +<li>Tisbury Manor, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>.</li> +<li>Tiverton Castle, <a href="#Page_150">150</a>.</li> +<li>Toddington, Cheney mansion at, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>.</li> +<li>Toddington Church, monuments in, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>.</li> +<li>Tothill, Jane, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>.</li> +<li>Tregassawe arms, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>.</li> +<li>Tregenna arms, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>.</li> +<li>Trelawney, Sir Harry, <a href="#Page_204">204</a>; +<ul class="none"> + <li>Sir Jonathan, <a href="#Page_198">198</a>.</li> +</ul> +</li> +<li>Tremoderet, or Tremedart, in Duloe, <a href="#Page_5">5</a><i>n</i>.</li> +<li>Tresillian, Robert, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>.</li> +<li>Trethurffe arms, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>.</li> +<li>Trevarthian arms, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>.</li> +<li>Trevill, Lethbridge, his epitaph, <a href="#Page_203">203</a>; +<ul class="none"> + <li>Richard, his epitaph, <a href="#Page_203">203</a>;</li> + <li>William, his epitaph, <a href="#Page_203">203</a>.</li> +</ul> +</li> +<li>Trevill arms, <a href="#Page_203">203</a>.</li> +<li>Tyrrell, Sir James, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>.</li> +</ul> +</div> + +<p class="center">U.</p> +<div class="left30"> +<ul class="none"> +<li>Ufford arms, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>.</li> +<li>Upton arms, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>.</li> +</ul> +</div> + +<p class="center">V.</p> +<div class="left30"> +<ul class="none"> +<li>Valence arms, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>.</li> +<li>Valletort arms, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>.</li> +<li>Verney, Sir Richard, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>.</li> +<li>Verney family, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>.</li> +</ul> +</div> + +<p class="center">W.</p> +<div class="left30"> +<ul class="none"> +<li>Wake, Richard, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>.</li> +<li>Walrond, Edward, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>; +<ul class="none"> + <li>Henry, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>;</li> + <li>Humphrey, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>.</li> +</ul> +</li> +<li>Walrond family, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>.</li> +<li>Wardour Castle, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>.</li> +<li>Ware Church, Bourchier epitaph in, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>.</li> +<li>Welby, Joan, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>.</li> +<li>Wentworth, Jane, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>.</li> +<li>West, Thomas, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>.</li> +<li>Westbury, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>.</li> +<li>Westbury Church, Broke Chantry in, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>; +<ul class="none"> + <li>as described by Aubrey, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>.</li> +</ul> +</li> +<li>Weston, Sir Henry, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>.</li> +<li>Wibbery, Johanna, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>.</li> +<li>Widville, Elizabeth, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>,</li> +<li> conspiracy against, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>; +<ul class="none"> + <li>Catherine, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>;</li> + <li>Bp. Lionel, his tomb, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>.</li> +</ul> +</li> +<li>Widville arms, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>.</li> +<li>Willoughby, Anne, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>; +<ul class="none"> + <li>Blanche, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, +<ul class="none"> + <li>place of burial unknown, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>;</li> +</ul> +</li> + <li>Edward, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>;</li> + <li>Elizabeth, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>;</li> + <li>Henry, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>, +<ul class="none"> + <li>tomb in Southleigh Church, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>;</li> +</ul> +</li> + <li>John, Sir John, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>;</li> + <li>Margaret, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>, +<ul class="none"> + <li>her brass in Spilsby Church, <a href="#Page_10">10</a><i>n</i>;</li> +</ul> +</li> + <li>Nicholas, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>;</li> + <li>Robert, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>;</li> + <li>Sir Robert, first Lord Willoughby, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>, +<ul class="none"> + <li>custodian of Earl of Warwick, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>,</li> + <li>created a Baron, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>,</li> +</ul> +</li> + <li>Lord High Admiral, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>,</li> + <li>Commander of forces against Warbeck, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>,</li> + <li>Steward of the Household, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, +<ul class="none"> + <li>his marriage, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>,</li> + <li>obtains the manor of Trethewye, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>,</li> + <li>his monument in Callington Church, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>,</li> + <li>his arms, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>;</li> +</ul> +</li> + <li>Robert, second Lord, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>;</li> + <li>William, Sir William, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>.</li> +</ul> +</li> +<li>Willoughby family, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>, +<ul class="none"> + <li>connection with the west, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>.</li> +</ul> +</li> +<li>Willoughby arms, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>.</li> +<li>Wiscombe, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>.</li> +<li>Wotton, Margaret, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>.</li> +<li>Wyke, John, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>.</li> +<li>Wyvil, Robert de, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>.</li> +</ul> +</div> + +<p class="center">Z.</p> +<div class="left30"> +<ul class="none"> +<li>Zouch, Elizabeth, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>; +<ul class="none"> + <li>Margaret, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>.</li> +</ul> +</li> +</ul> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_213" id="Page_213">213</a></span></p> + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> +<div class="footnote"> + +<p><a name="Footnote_1" id="Footnote_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1"><span class="label">1</span></a> The manor of Tremoderet or <ins title="Corrected erratum: original reads 'Tremedart'">Tremodart</ins> in Duloe, Cornwall, +by Emmeline or Emma, daughter and heiress of Hiwis, brought it to her +first husband Sir Robert Tresillian, Chief Justice of the King's +Bench, who was executed at Tyburn in 1388. In 1391 she married as her +second husband Sir John Coleshill, who procured a grant of this and +other manors forfeited by the Chief Justice's attainder. Sir John +Coleshill, their son, then about twenty-three years of age, was slain +at the battle of Agincourt, leaving an infant son who died without +issue in 1483, being then Sir John Coleshill, Knt. His only sister +Joanna, was thrice married, first to Sir Renfrey Arundell, a younger +son of the <ins title="Corrected erratum: original reads 'Lanberne'">Lanherne</ins> family, secondly to Sir John Nanfan, thirdly to +Sir William Haughton. The manor passed from Arundell to St. Aubin, and +thence to Sir John Anstis, Garter King at Arms, who died in 1743 and +is buried in the church, after him to his son who held it, and was +also buried there 1754. "Under an arch in Duloe Church," says Lysons, +"richly ornamented with vine tracery, is an altar tomb, enriched with +shields in quatrefoils, having at the west a bas-relief of the +Crucifixion; on this tomb lies the effigies of a knight, carved in +stone, in plate armour with collar of S.S. Round the verge of a large +slab of Purbeck marble, on which it rests is the following +inscription,</p> + +<p class="left5 gothic">Hic jacet Joh'es Colshull miles<br /> +quo'd'm d'n's de Tremethert et patron' huj's eccl'e<br /> +qui obiit xviii die m'es m'cii an'o D'ni Mill' cccclxxxiii<br /> +cuj' a'ie prop'ciet' Deu' a'"</p> + +<p><a name="Footnote_2" id="Footnote_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2"><span class="label">2</span></a> Burke.</p> + +<p><a name="Footnote_3" id="Footnote_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_3"><span class="label">3</span></a> The fine and almost perfect memorial brass of this lady +is in the chancel of Spilsby church, Lincolnshire. She is habited in +cote-hardie with mantle over, crenulated head-dress with coverchief, +two dogs with collars and bells at her feet, her head rests on richly +embroidered cushions. On the ledger-line is this inscription,</p> + +<p class="left5 gothic">Hic jacet Margeria que fuit uxor Roberti de Wylughby de Eresby +que obiit xviij die mensis Octobris an'o d'ni mill'imo ccc nonagesimo p'mo +cui' a'ie p'p'ciet' deus</p> + +<p>and these arms: 1. <span class="smcap">Mortimer.</span>—2. <span class="smcap">Ufford</span> and <span class="smcap">Bec</span> quarterly, as borne by +Lord Willoughby de Eresby.—3. <span class="smcap">Ros.</span>—4. <span class="smcap">Wells.</span>—5. <span class="smcap">Bohun.</span>—6. +<span class="smcap">Zouch.</span>—7. <span class="smcap">Beaumont.</span>—8. <span class="smcap">Willoughby</span> impaling <span class="smcap">Zouch</span>. At the angles are +the emblems of the four Evangelists. There are also two other splendid +figures, probably the succeeding baron and his lady, in the same +chancel.</p> + +<p><a name="Footnote_4" id="Footnote_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_4"><span class="label">4</span></a> Lysons says he <i>was</i> one of the Commanders against them.</p> + +<p><a name="Footnote_5" id="Footnote_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor_5"><span class="label">5</span></a> There appears to be only two examples of this fine style +of monument found in the county, the other occurring in the Chapel of +St. James, in Exeter Cathedral.</p> + +<p><a name="Footnote_6" id="Footnote_6"></a><a href="#FNanchor_6"><span class="label">6</span></a> Bacon thus describes the pestilence:—"This disease +(Sweating Sickness) had a swift course both in the sick body, and in +the time and period of the lasting thereof, for they that were taken +with it, upon four and twenty hours escaping were thought almost +assured. It was a pestilent fever but as it seemed not seated in the +veins or humours, for that there followed no carbuncle, no purple nor +livid spots, or the like, the mass of the body being not tainted, only +a malign vapour flew to the heart and seized the vital spirits, which +stirred Nature to strive to send it forth in an extreme sweat. And it +appeared by experience that this disease was rather a surprise of +Nature, than obstinate to remedies, if it were in time looked unto; +for if the patient were kept in an equal temper, both for clothes, +fire, and drink moderately warm, with temperate cordials, whereby +Nature's work were neither irritated by heat, nor turned back by cold, +he commonly recovered. But infinite persons died suddenly of it, +before the manner of the cure and the attendance were known."</p> + +<p><a name="Footnote_7" id="Footnote_7"></a><a href="#FNanchor_7"><span class="label">7</span></a> Memorable also is this Richard, Lord Latimer, for the +dispute he had with Robert, Lord Broke, touching the Barony of +Latimer; to which as next heir in blood to John, Lord Latimer of +Danby, who died without issue 9 Henry VI., he claimed a right. But to +end the contention the Lord Broke was informed by an herald, that Sir +George Nevill, grandfather to Sir Richard, was created Lord Latimer by +a new title, which therefore lineally descended to Richard, by Henry, +son and heir of the said George; and that the Lord Broke had made a +wrong claim; who should have claimed his style from William Latimer, +first created Lord Latimer of Danby, (the head manor of this Barony) +temp. Edward II; on this, the Lord Broke perceiving his error, and +having a title of his own, was contented to conclude a match between +their children, and Richard suffered a recovery on certain manors and +lordships demanded by the Lord Broke, with which adjustment both +parties were well satisfied.—<span class="smcap">Banks.</span></p> + +<p><a name="Footnote_8" id="Footnote_8"></a><a href="#FNanchor_8"><span class="label">8</span></a> Collins, <i>Peerage</i>, edition 1756, and probably now among +the muniments of the Earl of Warwick.</p> + +<p><a name="Footnote_9" id="Footnote_9"></a><a href="#FNanchor_9"><span class="label">9</span></a> Gold is used throughout the heraldry on the monument to +represent either metal. The shields are here blazoned as they actually +appear.</p> + +<p><a name="Footnote_10" id="Footnote_10"></a><a href="#FNanchor_10"><span class="label">10</span></a> Commencing with these, the series of small shields round +the tomb, numbering twenty-four in all, follow the same sequence as +the corresponding number of quarterings on the escutcheon below them.</p> + +<p><a name="Footnote_11" id="Footnote_11"></a><a href="#FNanchor_11"><span class="label">11</span></a> <i>History of Newenham Abbey.</i></p> + +<p><a name="Footnote_12" id="Footnote_12"></a><a href="#FNanchor_12"><span class="label">12</span></a> Vivian's <i>Visitations of Devon</i>.</p> + +<p><a name="Footnote_13" id="Footnote_13"></a><a href="#FNanchor_13"><span class="label">13</span></a> See page <a href="#Page_5">5</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="Footnote_14" id="Footnote_14"></a><a href="#FNanchor_14"><span class="label">14</span></a> From <i>The Porlock Monuments</i>, by the late Mrs. Halliday, +a very able and comprehensive monograph of Harington, with much +collaterally of Bonville.</p> + +<p><a name="Footnote_15" id="Footnote_15"></a><a href="#FNanchor_15"><span class="label">15</span></a> There was a natural strain of the Bonvilles, settled at +Combe-Ralegh, and later at Ivybridge where, "by virtue of a remainder, +this land came unto William Lord Bonvill, which gave it unto John +Bonvill, his naturall sonne, begotten on his concubine Elizabeth +Kirkby, which John Bonvill, having only daughters, gave it to his +natural son, &c." (Pole). There were several generations of them, and +used for their arms those of Bonville with the addition of <i>a bend +sinister</i>; they also became extinct.</p> + +<p><a name="Footnote_16" id="Footnote_16"></a><a href="#FNanchor_16"><span class="label">16</span></a> A portrait of this Richard Drake, painted by Zucchero, +was shewn in London at the Tudor Exhibition of 1890. Described as +"Three-quarter length, life-size, to left, in black armour, ornamented +with gold, white ruffs on neck and wrists, black jewelled cap with +plumes, gold chain of several strings passing over right shoulder; +right hand on hip, left rests on sword hilt, helmet with plumes on +table. Below a shield of arms in the back ground, the motto +"<i>Tousiours prest a seruir</i>"; and this inscription "AN<sup>O</sup> DNI 1577. +ÆTATIS SUÆ 42." He was one of the Esquires of Queen Elizabeth, from +whom he received the grant of the Stewardship of the Courts and Leets +within the Manor of Woking, with the Mastership of the Game there. He +was also Lord of the Manor of Esher, and in September 1600, had the +honour of entertaining the Queen at dinner at the Manor House of +Esher, where he resided, and where he had from 1588 to 1593 +accommodated certain notable Spanish prisoners of war, including Don +Pedro de Valdez, and other officers of high rank in the Spanish +Armada, with their suites of attendants. They had been captured by Sir +Francis Drake, and at his instance remitted to the keeping of Richard +Drake at Esher. He died in 1603."</p> + +<p><a name="Footnote_17" id="Footnote_17"></a><a href="#FNanchor_17"><span class="label">17</span></a> See page <a href="#Page_35">35</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="Footnote_18" id="Footnote_18"></a><a href="#FNanchor_18"><span class="label">18</span></a> See page <a href="#Page_57">57</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="Footnote_19" id="Footnote_19"></a><a href="#FNanchor_19"><span class="label">19</span></a> Sir Thomas More.</p> + +<p><a name="Footnote_20" id="Footnote_20"></a><a href="#FNanchor_20"><span class="label">20</span></a> Buck's <i>Life of Richard III.</i></p> + +<p><a name="Footnote_21" id="Footnote_21"></a><a href="#FNanchor_21"><span class="label">21</span></a> Buck's <i>Life of Richard III.</i></p> + +<p><a name="Footnote_22" id="Footnote_22"></a><a href="#FNanchor_22"><span class="label">22</span></a> Buck's <i>Life of Richard III.</i></p> + +<p><a name="Footnote_23" id="Footnote_23"></a><a href="#FNanchor_23"><span class="label">23</span></a> <i>More.</i></p> + +<p><a name="Footnote_24" id="Footnote_24"></a><a href="#FNanchor_24"><span class="label">24</span></a> "<i>Continuation</i>," from Hall and Hollinshead's +Chronicles.</p> + +<p><a name="Footnote_25" id="Footnote_25"></a><a href="#FNanchor_25"><span class="label">25</span></a> "<i>Continuation</i>," from Hall and Hollinshead's +Chronicles.</p> + +<p><a name="Footnote_26" id="Footnote_26"></a><a href="#FNanchor_26"><span class="label">26</span></a> See page <a href="#Page_4">4</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="Footnote_27" id="Footnote_27"></a><a href="#FNanchor_27"><span class="label">27</span></a> Sir William Cheney, Chief Justice of England, had summons +to Parliament among the barons of the realm,—4, 5 and 6 Henry VI., +1426-8. (Hasted.) Query if the Sir William who died 1443. His name +does not appear among the extinct peerages. In the church of "Saint +Michaels Pater-noster in the old Royall," Weever notes the following +inscription:—"<i>Prey of yowr cherete for the souls of Agnes Cheyney, +wydow, late wyff vnto William Cheney, somtym Esquyr for the Body vnto +King Harry the seuenth. Whyche Agnes dyed the fyfteenth day of July in +the yere of our Lord God on thowsand four hundred eyghty and seven. +And for the souls of William Cheyney, Robert Molyneux, and Robert +Sheryngton her husbands, and all Cristen souls.</i>"</p> + +<p><a name="Footnote_28" id="Footnote_28"></a><a href="#FNanchor_28"><span class="label">28</span></a> Among the "Knightes made at the landinge of Kinge Henry the Seventh +at Mylforde Haven," fourth on the list occurs Sir John Cheney. His +arms are thus given,—Quarterly 1 and 4, <i>Azure, six lioncels rampant +argent, a canton ermine; 2 and 3, Ermine, a chief per pale indented or +and gules, in the dexter side a rose of the last</i> (<span class="smcap">Shotisbrooke</span>). +Crest, <i>Two bull's horns argent, separated from the scalp, roots or, +"fixed to the mantels without torce</i>." (Metcalfe's <i>Book of Knights</i>.) +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_124" id="Page_124">124</a></span> recapitulated here. Our hero has special traditional fame +connected with the fray, if not of the most fortunate kind, as will be +seen.</p> + +<p><a name="Footnote_29" id="Footnote_29"></a><a href="#FNanchor_29"><span class="label">29</span></a> "<span class="smcap">Sr Henry Cheyny</span>, now <span class="smcap">Lorde Cheyny</span>, called by wrytte to +the Parlement holden at Westmr. anno ... (knighted by the Queen's own +hand 1563.) Arms, quarterly of seventeen:—1. <i>Azure, six lioncels +rampant, three and three, argent, a canton ermine</i> (<span class="smcap">Cheney</span>).—2. +<i>Ermine, on the dexter side of a chief, per pale indented or and +gules, a rose of the last.</i>—3. <i>Argent, a chevron between three +mullets gules.</i>—4. <i>Argent, three blackamoors' faces sable.</i>—5. +<i>Sable, a chevron ermine, between three bird-bolts argent.</i>—6. +<i>Argent, on a chevron gules, three fleurs-de-lys or</i> (<span class="smcap">Peyvre</span>).—7. +<i>Quarterly argent and gules, a bend of the second.</i>—8. <i>Quarterly per +fess indented or and azure.</i>—9. <i>Gules, a bend vaire, between six +escallops or.</i>—10. <i>Sable, a saltire engrailed argent.</i>—11. <i>Argent, +on a cross azure, five escallops or.</i>—12. <i>Barry of six argent and +sable.</i>—13. <i>Argent, a horse-barnacle sable.</i>—14. <i>Gules, a fess +dancetté between six cross-crosslets or.</i>—15. <i>Or, a cross engrailed +vert.</i>-16. <i>Azure, two lions passant guardant in pale or.</i>—17. +<i>Argent, on a chevron sable, a fleur-de-lys of the field.</i> <span class="smcap">Crest</span>:—<i>An +heraldic tiger statant vert bezanté, ducally gorged and lined or.</i>" +(<span class="smcap">Metcalfe's</span> <i>Book of Knights</i>.)</p> + +<p><a name="Footnote_30" id="Footnote_30"></a><a href="#FNanchor_30"><span class="label">30</span></a> "Here (Tunbridge, Kent,) sometime lay entombed the bodies +of <i>Hugh de Audley</i>, second son of <i>Nicholas</i>, Lord <i>Audley</i> of +Heleigh Castle, in the county of Stafford, who was created Earle of +Gloucester by King <i>Edward</i> the third. This <i>Hugh</i> died 10 November +1347. His wife <i>Margaret</i> (first married to <i>Pierce Gaveston</i> Earle of +Cornwall) dyed before him in the yeare of our Lord 1342, the 13 day of +Aprill. They were both together sumptuously entombed by <i>Margaret</i> +their daughter, the onely heire of her parents, wife to <i>Ralph de +Stafford</i>, Earle of Stafford. The said <i>Ralph de Stafford</i> and +<i>Margaret</i> his wife, were here likewise entombed at the feet of their +father and mother, this Ralph by the marriage of his wife <i>Margaret</i>, +writ himself in his charters and deeds, Baron of Tunbridge. Hee died +31 August, 1372, <i>Margaret</i> his wife dyed 7 September, 1349." +(<span class="smcap">Weever.</span>)</p> + +<p><a name="Footnote_31" id="Footnote_31"></a><a href="#FNanchor_31"><span class="label">31</span></a> Query, if the fine effigies of a knight and lady in +Kings-Carswell church in south Devon do not represent this Sir John +Dinham and his <i>first</i> wife, Maud Maltravers. The Knight has the arms +of Dinham on his surcoat, and the shields on the tomb below display +Dinham impaling a <i>fret</i> or <i>fretté</i>. There is another interesting +effigy of a lady in the same church, that may possibly be intended for +the <i>second</i> wife of Sir John Dinham who was a daughter of John, Lord +Lovel.</p> + +<p><a name="Footnote_32" id="Footnote_32"></a><a href="#FNanchor_32"><span class="label">32</span></a> See page <a href="#Page_33">33</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="Footnote_33" id="Footnote_33"></a><a href="#FNanchor_33"><span class="label">33</span></a> See a most able and comprehensive account of "<i>Stafford +of Suthwyke</i>," in <i>Notes and Queries for 1871</i>, by <span class="smcap">B. W. Greenfield, +Esq., F.S.A.</span>, &c., from which we quote; and for other help kindly +afforded, we here gratefully acknowledge.</p> + +<p><a name="Footnote_34" id="Footnote_34"></a><a href="#FNanchor_34"><span class="label">34</span></a> Edition, 1631.</p> + +<p><a name="Footnote_35" id="Footnote_35"></a><a href="#FNanchor_35"><span class="label">35</span></a> See page<a href="#Page_5"> +5</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="Footnote_36" id="Footnote_36"></a><a href="#FNanchor_36"><span class="label">36</span></a> Of late it has been considerably rebuilt, and "dappered +up" as the Dorsetshire folk express it, to newness and smartness of +appearance.</p> + +<p><a name="Footnote_37" id="Footnote_37"></a><a href="#FNanchor_37"><span class="label">37</span></a> It has recently been considerably restored.</p> + +<p><a name="Footnote_38" id="Footnote_38"></a><a href="#FNanchor_38"><span class="label">38</span></a> Refer to pages 67-8-9 for a further account of this +knight, and detailed description of his memorial brass.</p> + +<p><a name="Footnote_39" id="Footnote_39"></a><a href="#FNanchor_39"><span class="label">39</span></a> See page <a href="#Page_111">111</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="Footnote_40" id="Footnote_40"></a><a href="#FNanchor_40"><span class="label">40</span></a> Froude.</p> + +<p><a name="Footnote_41" id="Footnote_41"></a><a href="#FNanchor_41"><span class="label">41</span></a> <i>Comprehensive History of England.</i> Macfarlane and +Thompson.</p> + +<p><a name="Footnote_42" id="Footnote_42"></a><a href="#FNanchor_42"><span class="label">42</span></a> For further account of this Earl, and his father Lord +Daubeney, see "<i>Memorials of the West</i>," pages 173-220.</p> + +<p><a name="Footnote_43" id="Footnote_43"></a><a href="#FNanchor_43"><span class="label">43</span></a> Note in <i>Machyn's Diary</i>, by <span class="smcap">J. G. Nicolls</span>.</p> + +<p><a name="Footnote_44" id="Footnote_44"></a><a href="#FNanchor_44"><span class="label">44</span></a> <i>The Chapel in the Tower</i>, by <span class="smcap">Doyne C. Bell</span>.</p> + +<p><a name="Footnote_45" id="Footnote_45"></a><a href="#FNanchor_45"><span class="label">45</span></a> <span class="smcap">Bell's</span> <i>Chapel in the Tower</i>.</p> + +<p><a name="Footnote_46" id="Footnote_46"></a><a href="#FNanchor_46"><span class="label">46</span></a> The ghost of his name, and the tomb in Southleigh +churchyard, seem to haunt our little narratives, see pages <a href="#Page_35">35</a> and <a href="#Page_85">85</a>.</p> + +<p><a name="Footnote_47" id="Footnote_47"></a><a href="#FNanchor_47"><span class="label">47</span></a> "<i>Generall Historie of the Turkes</i>," by <span class="smcap">Richard Knolles</span>, +ed. 1603.</p> + +<p><a name="Footnote_48" id="Footnote_48"></a><a href="#FNanchor_48"><span class="label">48</span></a> <i>Monumental Brasses of Cornwall</i>, by E. H. W. Dunkin.</p> + +<p><a name="Footnote_49" id="Footnote_49"></a><a href="#FNanchor_49"><span class="label">49</span></a> Archer's <i>Monumental Inscriptions of the British West +Indies</i>.</p> + +<p><a name="Footnote_50" id="Footnote_50"></a><a href="#FNanchor_50"><span class="label">50</span></a> "About a year ago, there was a wonderful discovery of an +antient tomb at Sidon, containing over a dozen sarcophagi. Many of +them are described as being in the finest style of art, and formed +after the Greek manner. Among them was a royal one, and on it was an +inscription of which the following is the translation:—'<i>I, Talnite, +Priest of Astarte, and King of Sidon, lying in this tomb, say: 'Come +not to open my tomb; there is neither gold, nor silver, nor treasure. +He who will open this tomb shall have no prosperity under the sun, and +shall not find rest in the grave.</i>' This expresses the old yearning to +be at rest; but the belief in wealth deposited in royal tombs has +always frustrated the realization of these desires. Now-a-days the +archæologist is the greatest desecrator." (<i>Daily News</i>, 4 March, +1888.) The anathema on Shakspeare's gravestone is another well-known +example of this dread.</p> + +<p><a name="Footnote_51" id="Footnote_51"></a><a href="#FNanchor_51"><span class="label">51</span></a> Archer.</p> + +<p><a name="Footnote_52" id="Footnote_52"></a><a href="#FNanchor_52"><span class="label">52</span></a> Robert Budockshed thus spoken of as builder of the +present church of St. Budeaux, married Anne daughter of Sir Thomas +Pomeroy, knt., and lived three generations before Roger of the +monument. Lysons says it was rebuilt in 1563, the era of <i>Roger</i> +Budockshed. Tradition records that the former church was at +Budockshed.</p></div> +</div> + +<h4 class="p4">NOTE TO ILLUSTRATIONS.</h4> + +<p class="p2">The indent of the brass of Archbishop Stafford being greatly frayed +and denuded, the original outlines have been restored in the +illustration, after a close and careful examination of the stone +itself.</p> + +<p>In the incised figure of the Archbishop's Mother, the lines are fairly +perfect, except those forming the hands and face. These have been +completed from the faint indications that remain.</p> + +<p class="right">R. G.</p> + +<h4 class="p4">CORRIGENDA.</h4> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="corrigenda"> +<tr> + <td class="p2">Page</td> + <td> 5.</td> + <td>Footnote,</td> + <td>line</td> + <td> 1,</td> + <td>for <i>Tremedart</i>,</td> + <td>read <i>Tremodart</i>.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> —</td> + <td> 5.</td> + <td> —</td> + <td> —</td> + <td> 9,</td> + <td>for <i>Lanberne</i>,</td> + <td>read <i>Lanherne</i>.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> —</td> + <td> 11.</td> + <td>Text,</td> + <td> —</td> + <td>19,</td> + <td>for <i>Richmond of York</i>,</td> + <td>read <i>the Earl of Richmond</i>.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> —</td> + <td> 37.</td> + <td> —</td> + <td> —</td> + <td>14,</td> + <td>for <i>interests</i>,</td> + <td>read <i>interest</i>.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> —</td> + <td> 39.</td> + <td> —</td> + <td> —</td> + <td>37,</td> + <td>for <i>incidents</i>,</td> + <td>read <i>incident</i>.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> —</td> + <td> 77.</td> + <td>Inscription,</td> + <td> —</td> + <td>16,</td> + <td>for <i>Mil</i>,</td> + <td>read <i>Nil</i>.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> —</td> + <td>123.</td> + <td>Text,</td> + <td> —</td> + <td> 9,</td> + <td>for <i>Thomas</i>,</td> + <td>read <i>John</i>.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> —</td> + <td>143.</td> + <td>Inscription,</td> + <td> —</td> + <td>12,</td> + <td>for <i>venerandissimi</i>,</td> + <td>read <i>venerabilissimi</i>.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> —</td> + <td>167.</td> + <td>Poetry,</td> + <td> —</td> + <td>27,</td> + <td>for <i>his board</i>,</td> + <td>read <i>His board</i>.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> —</td> + <td>181.</td> + <td>Text,</td> + <td> —</td> + <td>12,</td> + <td>for <i>1673 to 1678</i>,</td> + <td>read <i>1678 to 1683</i>.</td> +</tr> +<tr> + <td> —</td> + <td>181.</td> + <td>Quotation,</td> + <td> —</td> + <td>29,</td> + <td>for <i>C.B.</i>,</td> + <td>read <i>K.B.</i></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class="p4"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_214" id="Page_214">214</a></span></p> + +<p class="center"><i>By the same Author,<br /> +uniform with this volume, and fully illustrated:—</i></p> + +<h3 class="p2">MEMORIALS OF THE WEST,</h3> + +<h4>HISTORICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE,</h4> + +<h6>COLLECTED ON THE BORDERLAND OF</h6> + +<h4>SOMERSET, DORSET, AND DEVON.</h4> + +<h5 class="p4">EXETER:<br /> + +JAMES G. COMMIN, 230 HIGH STREET.</h5> + +<h6>LONDON: W. W. GIBBINGS, 18 BURY STREET.<br /> + +M.DCCC.LXXXVIII.</h6> + +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<hr class="full" /> +<p>***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE STRIFE OF THE ROSES AND DAYS OF THE TUDORS IN THE WEST***</p> +<p>******* This file should be named 32675-h.txt or 32675-h.zip *******</p> +<p>This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:<br /> +<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/3/2/6/7/32675">http://www.gutenberg.org/3/2/6/7/32675</a></p> +<p>Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed.</p> + +<p>Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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