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+The Project Gutenberg eBook, The Strife of the Roses and Days of the
+Tudors in the West, by William Henry Hamilton Rogers, Illustrated by
+Roscoe Gibbs
+
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+
+
+
+Title: The Strife of the Roses and Days of the Tudors in the West
+
+
+Author: William Henry Hamilton Rogers
+
+
+
+Release Date: June 3, 2010  [eBook #32675]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+
+***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE STRIFE OF THE ROSES AND DAYS
+OF THE TUDORS IN THE WEST***
+
+
+E-text prepared by Irma Spehar, Hélène de Mink, and the Project Gutenberg
+Online Distributed Proofreading Team (http://www.pgdp.net) from page
+images generously made available by Internet Archive/Canadian Libraries
+(http://www.archive.org/details/toronto)
+
+
+
+Note: Project Gutenberg also has an HTML version of this
+      file which includes the original illustrations.
+      See 32675-h.htm or 32675-h.zip:
+      (http://www.gutenberg.org/files/32675/32675-h/32675-h.htm)
+      or
+      (http://www.gutenberg.org/files/32675/32675-h.zip)
+
+
+      Images of the original pages are available through
+      Internet Archive/Canadian Libraries. See
+      http://www.archive.org/details/strifeofroses00rogeuoft
+
+
+Transcriber's note:
+
+      Inconsistent hyphenation and spelling in the original document
+      have been preserved.
+
+      Obvious typographical errors have been corrected.
+
+      Text that was printed in Gothic script is enclosed by equal
+      signs (=like this=).
+
+      Letters preceded by a carat character (^) were superscripted
+      in the original text (example: 1^st).
+
+
+
+
+THE STRIFE OF THE ROSES AND DAYS OF THE TUDORS IN THE WEST.
+
+by
+
+W. H. HAMILTON ROGERS, F.S.A.,
+
+Author of "Memorials of the West," &c.
+
+Illustrated by Roscoe Gibbs.
+
+
+"WHAT FAME IS LEFT FOR HUMAN DEEDS
+IN ENDLESS AGE?"
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Exeter:
+James G. Commin, 230 High Street.
+London: W. W. Gibbings, 18 Bury Street.
+M.DCCC.XC.
+
+Torquay:
+Printed by Shinner & Dodd.
+M.DCCC.XC.
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE
+
+
+The subjects described in the following pages, have been chosen from
+among the almost unlimited number that present themselves to notice,
+during the stirring periods in which they are included, as they
+appeared to lend interest and variety of incident, illustrative of the
+days wherein they occurred. The concluding paper--not originally
+written for this series--extends into the era of the early Stuart, and
+has claimed admission from the comparatively unique features of its
+history.
+
+     W. H. H. R.
+
+
+
+
+"THE MIDDLE AGES HAD THEIR WARS AND AGONIES, BUT ALSO INTENSE
+DELIGHTS. THEIR GOLD WAS DASHED WITH BLOOD; BUT OURS IS SPRINKLED WITH
+DUST. THEIR LIFE WAS INWOVE WITH WHITE AND PURPLE, OURS IS ONE
+SEAMLESS STUFF OF BROWN."
+
+     _John Ruskin._
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS.
+
+                                                                   PAGE
+
+     1. "OUR STEWARD OF HOUSEHOLD."
+        ROBERT, LORD WILLOUGHBY DE BROKE, K.G.                        1
+
+     2. EXTINCT FOR THE WHITE ROSE.
+        WILLIAM, LORD BONVILLE, K.G.                                 37
+
+     3. UNDER THE HOOF OF THE WHITE BOAR.
+        HENRY STAFFORD, 2ND DUKE OF BUCKINGHAM, K.G.                 87
+
+     4. UNHORSED AT BOSWORTH.
+        JOHN, LORD CHENEY, K.G.                                     118
+
+     5. "WITH THE SILVER HAND."
+        STAFFORD OF SUTHWYKE, ARCHBISHOP, AND EARL                  137
+
+     6. "THEY DID CAST HIM."
+        SIR THOMAS ARUNDELL, K.B.                                   155
+
+     7. OF THE IMPERIAL LINE.
+        THEODORO PALEOLOGUS                                         183
+
+
+
+
+POEMS.
+
+                                                                   PAGE
+
+     THE MESSAGE OF THE CROSS                                        24
+
+     TAMAR'S FLOW                                                    36
+
+     THE MEADOW RANUNCULUS                                           38
+
+     AUTUMNAL HOURS                                                  84
+
+     A MOTHER'S SONG                                                 86
+
+     SALISBURY SPIRE                                                117
+
+     DISTANT CHIMES                                                 135
+
+     BOSWORTH FIELD                                                 136
+
+     "THE TRANSEPT OF THE MARTYRDOM"                                154
+
+     THE FIVE WOUNDS                                                167
+
+     "SICUT PULLUS HIRUNDINIS SIC CLAMABO"                          182
+
+     THE WELTERING SHORE                                            189
+
+     PALEOLOGUS                                                     196
+
+     "EX HOC MOMENTO PENDET ÆTERNITAS"                              206
+
+
+
+
+ILLUSTRATIONS.
+
+
+  A GLADE IN OLD SHUTE PARK               _William Newbery_  Frontispiece
+
+  EFFIGY OF LORD WILLOUGHBY DE BROKE,
+  CALLINGTON                              _Roscoe Gibbs_   To face   p. 1
+
+  THE CHENEY MONUMENT, EDINGTON                  --            --       8
+
+  EFFIGIES OF SIR FULKE AND LADY GREVILLE,
+  ALCESTER                                       --            --      29
+
+  TOMB OF THE SECOND LORD WILLOUGHBY
+  DE BROKE, BEER-FERRERS                         --            --      32
+
+  BENCH-ENDS, BEER-FERRERS                       --            --      33
+
+  PRESUMED EFFIGY OF CICELY BONVILLE,
+  Astley                                         --            --      37
+
+  EFFIGY OF THE EARL OF SHREWSBURY,
+  WHITCHURCH                                     --            --      47
+
+  EFFIGIES OF LORD AND LADY HARINGTON,
+  PORLOCK                                        --            --      48
+
+  OLD SHUTE GATEWAY                       _Photograph_         --      66
+
+  EFFIGY OF THE DUCHESS OF SUFFOLK,
+  WESTMINSTER ABBEY                       _Roscoe Gibbs_       --      77
+
+  BENCH-END, LIMINGTON                           --            --      80
+
+  BENCH-ENDS, BARWICK                            --            --      81
+
+  DORSET CHAPEL, OTTERY ST. MARY          _Photograph_         --      84
+
+  MONUMENT TO THE DUKE OF BUCKINGHAM,
+  BRITFORD                                _Roscoe Gibbs_       --      87
+
+  DISCOVERY AT THE SARACEN'S HEAD INN,
+  SALISBURY                               _Saturday Magazine_  --     109
+
+  EFFIGY OF CARDINAL MORTON, CANTERBURY
+  CATHEDRAL                               _Roscoe Gibbs_       --     116
+
+  EFFIGY OF LORD CHENEY, SALISBURY
+  CATHEDRAL                                      --            --     118
+
+  INDENT OF BRASS OF ARCHBISHOP STAFFORD,
+  CANTERBURY CATHEDRAL                           --            --     137
+
+  EFFIGY OF SIR JOHN DINHAM, KINGS-CARSWELL      --            --     140
+
+  GRAVESTONE OF EMMA, MOTHER OF ARCHBISHOP
+  STAFFORD, NORTH-BRADLEY                        --            --     143
+
+  EFFIGIES OF LORD AND LADY BOTTREAUX,
+  NORTH CADBURY                                  --            --     147
+
+  BRASS OF SIR JOHN ARUNDELL,
+  ST. COLUMB-MAJOR                               --            --     155
+
+  REGAL HERALDRY, TEMP. HENRY VIII.,
+  COWIC, EXETER                                  --            --     168
+
+  BENCH-ENDS, LANDULPH                           --            --     183
+
+  PART OF THE LOWER SEATS, LANDULPH              --            --     199
+
+  PANEL FROM THE GORGES MONUMENT,
+  ST. BUDEAUX                                    --            --     204
+
+  IMPERIAL ARMS OF GREECE
+  (PALEOLOGUS MONUMENT)                                               206
+
+  PORTRAIT                                                            206
+
+
+
+
+  [Illustration: EFFIGY OF ROBERT, LORD WILLOUGHBY DE BROKE, K.G.
+  CALLINGTON CHURCH, CORNWALL--A.D. 1502.]
+
+
+
+
+"OUR STEWARD OF HOUSEHOLD."
+
+
+At somewhat more than halfway distance between Weymouth on the skirt
+of the Atlantic, and the good old city of Bristow by the Severn sea,
+on the thin iron line that crosses the wide end of the western
+peninsula between those places,--and which in the early days of
+railway enterprise was cleverly, but of course futilely, stretched as
+a boom, designed to 'block' all further extension westward,--and just
+inside the county of Wilts, lies the quiet little town of Westbury.
+
+The station itself is somewhat "larger and more commodious" than
+common. A two-fold reason accounts for this, one, that of its being
+the junction of another line that departs hence for Salisbury, and
+secondly the nature of the industry that meets the eye from the
+platform, and is in its way unique in these parts. This is the
+appearance of three towering iron furnaces, with attendant rows of
+coke ovens, placed on an eminence just outside the station yard;
+busily smelting the iron-stone that is quarried from a large
+excavation on the opposite side of the line, and which passes under
+the railway proper in mimic trains, pulled by a tiny locomotive up to
+the great glowing bastions, there to be speedily devoured and purified
+into 'pigs' of the best quality.
+
+A very English sight indeed you will say. Yes, certainly if we were in
+some of the northern localities of this mineral-saturated island of
+ours, but strange in its isolated appearance among the bucolic
+characteristics of the southern portion of it, and moreover here, at
+least, a development in its way peculiarly modern. The antient
+'staple' of the district is the very primeval one of the manufacture
+of woolen cloth, which has existed for centuries, is still
+considerably followed, and enjoys all its olden reputation as being
+'West of England,' a pass-word for excellence and purity of fabric,
+untainted by the admixture of 'shoddy,' characteristic of
+north-country production. Westbury in company with her sister towns is
+largely interested in the industry.
+
+Our wandering to-day is not in quest of manufactured products iron or
+woolen, but of a nature that lends a clue to our thoughts which takes
+us back to the far past strife of the Red and White Roses, and era of
+Bosworth, and of the heart-burning that inspired the distich,
+
+     "The Rat, the Cat, and Lovell our Dog,
+     Rule all England under the Hog,"
+
+for the writing of which and presumed sympathy with the Red Rose, be
+it remembered, a Wiltshire knight, Sir William Collingbourn of Lydiard
+by name, was by the vindictive Richard "caused to be abbreviated
+shorter by the head, and to be divided into four quarters,"--and to
+search for traces of one of the principal actors, who played a
+conspicuous part in the turmoil, for he was probably born, or had his
+original habitation close by. Yonder is the town of Westbury with its
+factory chimneys and massive church tower in their midst,--below us
+the busy railway-station, and immense iron-stone quarry,--in front the
+great furnaces. Nothing very suggestive in all this as to our
+expedition to find the old home of Willoughby in these parts; he of
+the famed circle of the Garter, and first Baron by a name taken from
+the little rill of Brooke or Broke, that, outlasting his name and
+fame, still flows past the house that he occupied while in the flesh.
+Yet it cannot be very far off.
+
+These are our thoughts as we look from the parapet of the bridge that
+carries the highway over the railroad below, our steps lead us
+northward, and although our local geography ends here, our usual luck
+for further guidance is at hand. An old stone-breaker by the wayside
+stays his hammer as we pass, to give us the morning's salutation, and
+to our respond we add the interrogatory as to our path to an old house
+or place called Brooke or Broke, somewhere near. "Brooke-_Hall_ you
+mean" said he, with special emphasis on the affix, "I know it well,
+follow on for nearly a mile until the road leads into the brook; then
+turn into the gate on your right, go through two meadows and you will
+see Brooke Hall before you. It is an old antient place, and I have
+heard was a grand one once, but it is only a farm-house now."
+
+With due thanks to, and musing on the inextinguishable influence of
+tradition, thus continued and wove into the life of our humble but
+intelligent informant, we saunter along, until the rippling sound of
+water attracts us on our left. Mounting the low ledge that bounds our
+path on its other side, at our feet in the enclosure below (locally
+termed the Bisse) the Brooke or Broke sparkles along gaily as ever,
+and apparently as undiminished as when four centuries a-past, the
+knight, whose memories we are in search of, forded its flow. A little
+farther beyond, and the lane we have been traversing descends abruptly
+into its bed, which forms a continuance of the thoroughfare for a
+short distance. Our path diverges through the gate on the right, and
+into the green fields.
+
+Here, at once, although much ameliorated to the wants of the modern
+farmer, the undulating nature of the ground, the richness of the turf,
+and scattered stately trees still lingering about to attest its olden
+beauty and importance, we recognize unerringly the well known
+characteristics of an antient park, but apparently not of large size.
+Traces of a winding road lead on from the lane gate, and stretch
+away over a swarded knoll, on the right; with pleasurable steps we
+reach the summit of the acclivity, and descry at about another field's
+space ahead, the still existing remains of the Brooke Hall of our
+trusty informant.
+
+"A grand place once"--we ruminate, recalling the words of the old
+stone-breaker, as we halt under the shadow of a tall, massive gable,
+buttressed at the angles like a church, and with the original hip-knop
+a trefoil on a stalk, still very perfect, and bravely weathering the
+sunshine and breeze at its apex. From this gable stretches back a
+building ninety feet long with high-pitched roof, and forms one side
+of the farm-court. Its further end is joined to a cross-structure of
+smaller size, now used as the farm dwelling-house.
+
+Cautiously we push open the large doors of the cow-court and look
+inside. This, from no dread of meeting, and having our intruding
+footsteps ordered off by the antient knight who once possessed it, but
+rather from the undesirableness of making too sudden acquaintanceship
+with the vigilant curly-tailed custodian of its precincts eyeing us
+from within, and who may not, until properly assured to the contrary,
+be quite satisfied with the object of our investigation; but a kindly
+word of advice to him, and of welcome to us, from his master close by,
+speedily puts everything at ease, and with full permission for
+inspection.
+
+Before however we proceed to investigate the old place, we mentally
+join company with the famous old itinerant Leland, who came here on a
+similar errand, and recall the burthen of his description, when it was
+in pristine condition, and still in possession of the Willoughbys.
+
+   "There was of very aunciente tyme an olde maner place wher
+   _Brooke Hall_ is now, and parte of it yet appearithe, but the
+   buyldynge that is there is of the erectynge of the Lorde Stewarde
+   unto Kynge Henry the vii. The wyndowes be full of rudders.
+   Peradventure it was his badge or token of the Amiraltye. There is
+   a fayre Parke, but no great large thynge. In it be a great nombar
+   of very fair and fyne greyned okes apt to sele howses.
+
+   "The broke that renithe by _Brooke_ is properly caulyd _Bisse_,
+   and risethe at a place namyd _Bismouth_, a two myles above
+   _Brooke_ village, an hamlet longynge to _Westbyry_ paroche. Thens
+   it cummithe onto _Brooke_ village, and so a myle lower onto
+   _Brooke Haule_, levinge it hard on the right ripe, and about a
+   two miles lower it goith to _Trougbridge_, and then into _Avon_."
+
+We enter the court yard, and the main portion remaining, which was
+probably erected by the Lord Steward, occupies the whole of the left
+side. It is a strong substantial building. The front toward the yard
+has three doorways having good late-pointed arches, and five two-light
+windows of small dimensions. Between the doorways are buttresses. At
+first sight, the building seems as if intended for a large hall,
+especially from the fine high-pitched roof, and its completeness
+inside, having all the old timbers remaining. But it appears to have
+been divided off, and formed into apartments, a considerable portion
+of the old wood partition-work still remains. It is now used as a
+stable, barn, and for other farm purposes. The upper end of this long
+building is joined to a cross portion, apparently the better part of
+the fabric, but not of large dimensions. This has been modernized to
+the requirements of a farm-house, and almost all its antient features
+obliterated. The walls are of great thickness, nearly six feet, and at
+the end are some later transomed Elizabethan windows, bricked up, and
+in a small outhouse below is "T.--1684;" a still later time-mark.
+
+As far as could be observed, what at present remains, appears to be
+only a small portion of the original structure, but in which direction
+it extended is not certain. Aubrey, the Wiltshire antiquary, writing
+in 1650, and who visited Broke about that time, describes it as "a
+very great and stately old howse" with "a Hall which is great and
+open, with very olde windowes." There was a "canopie chamber," a
+dining room, parlour and chapel, and the windows were filled with
+coats shewing the armorial descent of Willoughby, which he minutely
+describes; and further, the windows "are most of them _semée_ with
+_Rudder of a Ship, or_;"--and again he observes "the _Rudder_
+everywhere." We had greatly hoped to have enriched our sketch book
+with a similitude of one of those rudders, but alas, the most diligent
+search and enquiry was vain. Not a fragment of the old glazing
+remained, and neither arms, badge, nor device, was to be found
+anywhere on the building, sculptured or limned. A small enclosed
+garden (now used as a rick-plot), skirted with poplars, on the
+opposite side of the court, was the only other noticeable feature
+connected with the old place.
+
+Thus much for Broke Hall, said we--retracing our steps over the grassy
+undulations--the antient residence successively of Paveley, Cheney,
+and Willoughby, all names of knightly renown; aforetime, as well as
+now, probably no more apt description could be given of the still
+sturdy old fabric, than the itinerant's terse note on this little park
+that surrounds it, it was and is "no great large thing," albeit the
+"grand one once" of the tradition-burthened mind of our friend the
+stone-breaker, and this true enough in its way perhaps also, when
+compared with the hovels of the peasantry that then had their stations
+near it.
+
+The family of Paveley, the antient owners of Broke, held it as early
+as the reign of Henry I. Reginald de Paveley was Lord of Westbury,
+succeeded by Walter, and again by Walter Lord of Westbury, in 1255. To
+him Reginald, who deceased 1279, and Walter, Sheriff of Wilts 1297,
+died 1323, and succeeding him Reginald de Paveley, who died 1347; he
+married Alice, widow of John, the second Lord St. John of Lageham,
+died 1322. To him John de Paveley, who married Agnes, with issue two
+daughters, Joan married to Sir Ralph Cheney, and Alice wedded to Sir
+John St. Loe, died 1366. The Paveleys also held considerable
+possessions in Dorsetshire, and bore for their arms, _Azure, a cross
+fleurie or_.
+
+Cheney, Cheyney, or Cheyne,--originally _De Caineto_--(or query, from
+the French _du chêne_, 'of the oak') was also an old and largely
+ramifying family, that first came over with the Conqueror, and were
+subsequently scattered throughout midland and southern England, from
+Kent to Cornwall, their name still surviving as an affix to their
+olden possessions in several localities.
+
+A branch appears to have been early settled, and afterward held
+considerable station in Devon. "In king Henry III. tyme" says Pole,
+"Sir Nicholas Cheyney was lord of Upotery," where he was succeeded by
+his son Sir William, of whom the Antiquary continues "at what tyme the
+Dean and Chapter of Roane, with consent of the Kinge, and Archbishop
+of Roane, granted the same unto ye said Sir William Cheyney, which
+they had formerly held of the grant of William the Conqueror."
+
+Sir William Cheney married Felicia, and had issue Sir Nicholas, who
+married Elinor, was Sheriff of Devon, 15 Edward II., 1322, and died 3
+Edward III., 1330.
+
+To Sir Nicholas succeeded William his son, who married Joan daughter
+of William Lamborn. He had two sons, Edmond, who died without issue,
+and Ralph.
+
+Sir Ralph Cheney married Joan, daughter and coheiress of Sir John
+Paveley of Broke, and died 2 Henry IV., 1401.
+
+Sir William Cheney, his son and successor, married Cicely, daughter of
+Sir John Stretch of Pinhoe, Devon, and widow of Thomas Bonville. She
+died 14 October, 1430. To him and his lady, Bishop Stafford of Exeter
+on 27 Jan., 1400-1, granted license for them to have divine service
+performed in their Chapel, "_infra manerium suum de Pinho_." He was
+Sheriff of Devon 1408. Secondly he married Joan daughter of John Frome
+of Woodlands, Dorset, and widow of Sir William Filliol who died 3
+Henry V., 1418. Sir William Cheney died 12 Henry VI., 1434, leaving
+two sons Edmond and John.
+
+Sir John Cheney was of Pinhoe. He married Elizabeth daughter of John
+Hill of Spaxton, was Sheriff of Devon 12 and 22 Henry VI., 1434-44,
+and was succeeded by his son John, four times Sheriff, who married
+Margaret daughter of Nicholas Kirkham of Blagdon, and died leaving
+four daughters his coheiresses.
+
+Sir Edmond Cheney, of Broke, knt., born 4 Dec., 1401, married Alice
+daughter of Sir Humphrey Stafford, knt. "_with the Silver Hand_," of
+Suthwyke, Wilts, and Hooke, Dorset, who died 27 May, 1442, and was
+buried in the Chapel of St. Anne in the Abbey Church of Abbotsbury,
+which he founded;--by his wife Elizabeth who died in 1420, daughter of
+Sir John Mautravers of Hooke, knt. Sir Edmond, who died 30 May, 1430,
+left two daughters,--Elizabeth, born Nov., 1424, married Sir John
+Coleshill, knt., of Duloe, Cornwall, and died about 1492,[1]--and
+Anne, born, 26 July, 1428, who married Sir John Willoughby, knt.,
+who was killed at Tewkesbury 3 May, 1471. Secondly his wife Alice
+married Walter Tailboys, of Newton-Kyme, Yorkshire, by whom she had a
+daughter Alianore married to Thomas Strangeways of Melbury, Dorset,
+ancestor to the Earls of Ilchester. She died in 1469.
+
+  [1] The manor of Tremoderet or Tremedart in Duloe, Cornwall, by
+  Emmeline or Emma, daughter and heiress of Hiwis, brought it to
+  her first husband Sir Robert Tresillian, Chief Justice of the
+  King's Bench, who was executed at Tyburn in 1388. In 1391 she
+  married as her second husband Sir John Coleshill, who procured a
+  grant of this and other manors forfeited by the Chief Justice's
+  attainder. Sir John Coleshill, their son, then about twenty-three
+  years of age, was slain at the battle of Agincourt, leaving an
+  infant son who died without issue in 1483, being then Sir John
+  Coleshill, Knt. His only sister Joanna, was thrice married, first
+  to Sir Renfrey Arundell, a younger son of the Lanberne family,
+  secondly to Sir John Nanfan, thirdly to Sir William Haughton. The
+  manor passed from Arundell to St. Aubin, and thence to Sir John
+  Anstis, Garter King at Arms, who died in 1743 and is buried in
+  the church, after him to his son who held it, and was also buried
+  there 1754. "Under an arch in Duloe Church," says Lysons, "richly
+  ornamented with vine tracery, is an altar tomb, enriched with
+  shields in quatrefoils, having at the west a bas-relief of the
+  Crucifixion; on this tomb lies the effigies of a knight, carved
+  in stone, in plate armour with collar of S.S. Round the verge of
+  a large slab of Purbeck marble, on which it rests is the
+  following inscription,
+
+     =Hic jacet Joh'es Colshull miles
+     quo'd'm d'n's de Tremethert et patron' huj's eccl'e
+     qui obiit xviii die m'es m'cii an'o D'ni Mill' cccclxxxiii
+     cuj' a'ie prop'ciet' Deu' a'="
+
+Thus at the death of these brothers, the name of Cheney in the
+Devonshire branch became extinct.
+
+A long genealogical digression this, but only the necessary putting
+together a portion of the skeleton of our little history, which we
+hope to clothe eventually with something of living interest. Our path
+has led us back again to the elevated platform of the railway bridge,
+and also at a mile's distance before us, the old town of Westbury, in
+which, says Leland, "there is a large churche, and the towne stondith
+moste by clothiers" appears dimly among the trees,--and its
+characteristics of to-day still accurately confirm the itinerant's
+description of three centuries ago. There, rises the lofty church
+tower much as he witnessed it, but the tall chimney shafts that bear
+it company have absorbed all the hand-looms that then made busy, by
+the weaving of kersey and serge, the cottage precincts when he paced
+its streets.
+
+Through the long, and comparatively quiet main thoroughfare of the
+little borough, and our thoughts are busy, though our steps are
+stayed, as we halt to admire the large and handsome west window of the
+church, perpendicular in style, but with considerable originality of
+treatment in design; and rising behind it, the massive proportions of
+the tower.
+
+Here we hope to find some memorials of Paveley, Cheney or Willoughby,
+for our historic memory recalls to us, that within the fabric there is
+a Chantry which was formerly attached to Broke Hall, and that its
+windows were said to be filled with _rudders_ as at their old seat.
+Our foot crosses the porch threshold, and with intuitive direction
+leads us at once to the east end of the south aisle, where some
+apparently well-preserved old oak screen-work, partition off what we
+rightly divine was the Broke Chantry. But as we draw near a vision of
+ominous newness, windows flaming with colour, and garish decoration of
+costly kind spread over every part, puts to the rout at once all hope
+of anything antient being found within it; and we learn that the
+Chantry has been recently elaborately 'restored' as a memorial chapel
+to the present owners of Broke, whose family have held its possession
+for about a century.
+
+We scan the enclosure minutely, but not a vestige of sculpture or
+inscription, nor stray _rudder_ in the windows, was visible to
+identify its olden founders, and whether any such had ever existed
+within it, could not be ascertained. Foiled in our examination of the
+Chantry, we proceed to look carefully over the whole of the spacious
+interior of the edifice, but the search is vain.
+
+There is yet one chance left, friend of mine, peradventure some stray
+shield or badge memorizing these antient families may be found
+outside. Slowly we perambulate the exterior of the structure, and were
+just preparing to leave the churchyard precincts altogether
+vanquished, when on the right dripstone termination of the label of
+the doorway-arch of the little porch at the base of the west window,
+there on a small shield very much denuded and weather-worn, we trace
+the _four fusils in fess_ of Cheney, with the ghosts of _the
+escallops_ faintly visible in their centres. On the shield to the left
+is the indistinct outline of _a bird_ of some kind.
+
+In his notice of Westbury church, Aubrey remarks:--
+
+   "In an aisle, north of the chancel where nothing remains of the
+   old glass, tradition is that two maydes of Brook built it
+   (probably Alice and Joan coheiresses of Sir John Paveley (1361)
+   of Brook,--the one married Sir John St. Loe, the other Sir John
+   Cheney). In a chappelle south of the chancell, are left in one
+   windowe some _Rudders of Ships_ or the cognizance of the Lord
+   Willoughby of Brook. In an aisle north of the tower, called
+   Leversidge aisle, were these two escutcheons now gone,
+   viz.--Cheney impaling Paveley, Cheney as before impaling _a lion
+   ramp_: quartering _a cross flory_, not coloured."
+
+How surely and regularly history, at least the history of human nature
+repeats itself. Our forefathers, as it is often discovered in the
+repair or rebuilding old churches, did not scruple when alteration or
+enlargement of the fabric was needed, to break up the gravestones, or
+coffin-lids, of their predecessors, this also at the period when a
+religious thrall exercised its full power over them, while at the same
+time it encouraged the laying down similar memorials to those they
+were destroying. In a succeeding age when this influence had lost its
+spell, and greedy, selfish ends, had absorbed, or stifled completely
+such traces as remained, a remorseless and almost revengeful
+desecration followed, buildings were razed, monuments ruthlessly
+defaced or destroyed, and sepulchres violated, as if those who had
+left them such interesting and sacred heritage, had been a succession
+of malefactors deserving the utmost reprobation and contempt. The
+great despoliation over, the same spirit of heedless, callous
+unconcern, although in lesser degree, has shewn itself as largely
+existent through the succeeding centuries, down to these later times
+of pseudo-ecclesiastical revival, which in too many instances
+continues to exhibit in a still more exaggerated form, all the latent
+traits of thoughtless destruction, that had its place in days of old.
+
+Thus much for our investigation of Westbury church and its garishly
+garnished Chantry, but before we leave this part of the world, we have
+another interesting structure to visit, where, if we mistake not, a
+most important memorial concerning the antient lords of Broke Hall is
+to be found.
+
+Our steps lead us out of Westbury by the north west, and passing along
+under the great White Horse, boldly figured on the high hill by our
+right, and through the village of Bratton, a turn in the road a short
+distance beyond, brings us at once in full view of the large and
+antient Conventual Church of Edington. It is no province of ours here,
+to describe the great architectural attractions of this fine and still
+well-preserved fabric, but a glance at the uniquely-shaped tower
+windows, gives us a clue to what we may expect to find within, for the
+tracery in their heads, have an unmistakable resemblance to a _cross
+fleurie_, or rather _recercelée_ would best describe its shape, the
+coat-armour of the family of Paveley.
+
+Entering the church by the south porch, a survey of the south aisle
+arcade, brings the eye at once to the memorial we are in search of.
+
+The monument is under the second arch of the nave, west of the
+transept, in the south aisle. It consists of a high tomb with canopy,
+flanked by an entrance-doorway forming part of one composition,
+extending the whole breadth of the arch. This was originally one of
+the enclosing screens of a Chantry, the other two, east and west,
+dividing it from the aisle having been removed. In the wall of the
+aisle opposite the tomb, is a two-storied piscina, which was formerly
+within the area of the Chantry, and against the east division
+doubtless stood the antient altar.
+
+The cover-stone of the tomb is Purbeck marble, and on it are the
+indents of a knight and lady, but not of large size. The knight's head
+appears to have rested on a helmet with lambrequin, and an animal was
+at his feet. The lady in long robe and head on a cushion. Two shields
+were above their heads, and two more below their feet. There was no
+ledger-line.
+
+Below the tomb are traceried panels with shields in their centres, on
+them is carved these arms:--1. _A rudder._--2. _Four fusils in fess,
+each charged with an escallop_ (CHENEY).--3. _Four escallops, two and
+two_ (ERLEIGH?). These charges are exactly repeated on both sides.
+
+The canopy is of square form, flanked by buttresses pinnacled on their
+faces, and the groining within shews five fan-traceried pendants. At
+the east end is a large niche, the west is open. The doorway is
+surmounted by a rich ogee crocketted canopy with finial, and is
+panelled above.
+
+A continuous cornice surmounts both tomb and doorway, of vine foliage
+and mouldings, crested originally by the Tudor flower, only a part of
+which now remains. It is broken on each side by four angels holding
+shields. On the north side are two single angels supporting the arms
+of Cheney, at the west corner are two angels holding a larger shield
+quarterly of four:--1 and 4 (CHENEY); 2 and 3, _a cross fleurie_
+(PAVELEY). On the south side the single angels display the arms of
+Paveley, and the pair at the end Cheney impaling Paveley. Over the
+inner doorway _the rudder_ is again carved--here at Edington its
+earliest appearance.
+
+In the churchyard, near the porch, is a large broken Purbeck marble
+stone, probably removed from the pavement of the Chantry within.
+On it are the indents of a knight, and lady in horned head-dress,
+under an ogee crocketted canopy, flanked by pinnacles, evidently of
+contemporary date with the tomb. Above the figures are two shields,
+below their feet the space is powdered with scrolls, and a ledger-line
+enclosed the whole.
+
+  [Illustration: CHENEY MONUMENT, EDINGTON CHURCH, WILTSHIRE.]
+
+As usual with influential families resident near large ecclesiastical
+foundations, and having considerable landed property in the district,
+the Paveleys, who were the Lords of Westbury Hundred, were doubtless
+largely connected with the welfare of the Monastery, and as liberal
+donors toward the building of the Abbey Church. The armorial story
+told on the tomb, points to its being the memorial of Sir Ralph
+Cheney, who married Joan, one of the daughters and coheiresses of Sir
+John Paveley, and succeeded in her right to Broke. He died 2 Henry
+IV., 1401. The great William of Edington, consecrated Bishop of
+Winchester, 1345, and afterward Chancellor and Treasurer to King
+Edward III., was born here, and became a considerable benefactor to
+the village and Monastery. His surname has not been recovered, but
+surmised to have been Cheney,--at any rate in a deed dated 1361, the
+Bishop is described as "guardian of the heiresses of Sir John
+Paveley,"--and one of these, Joan, as we have observed, married Sir
+Ralph Cheney, and as a consequence with great probability she found
+sepulchre here with her husband, in their Chantry in the Abbey Church.
+
+Back to the railway station again, and a place among the cohort of the
+iron horse, for a long journey is before us, even from the open,
+breezy chalk-plains of Wiltshire, to the marge of the majestic Tamar
+in westernmost Devon, and the granite-bouldered precincts of east
+Cornwall, where we hope to get further clue to the haunts of
+Willoughby when in the flesh. Here, we are leaving what was probably
+his first home and earliest associations before ambition dawned on his
+future path; there, we shall visit his later possessions when the sun
+of fortune had shone on him, and he basked in its rays of honours and
+wealth. There also our pilgrimage will eventually lead us to that last
+house, the which he in common with earth's humblest denizen must
+share.
+
+Before, however, we proceed further on our way to what we may term his
+second home, it behoves us to say something anent the antecedents and
+coming of the knight himself, and how the name of Willoughby
+originally became located in the west country. Like many a younger son
+rejoicing in a titled extraction, coupled with probably only a slender
+portion of the family patrimony, the wooing of a distaff--who, beside
+let us hope, being endowed with her full share of love's talisman,
+personal attractions, enjoyed also the further potent charm of being
+an heiress to boot--brought the father of our knight from the fens of
+Lincolnshire to the distant altitudes of Wilts, and in winning the
+hand of Anne Cheney for a wife, subsequently became in her right the
+Lord of Broke. A similar errand sent his son away to the boundary line
+that divides Devon from Cornwall, and with the well-dowered Blanche
+Champernowne of Beer-Ferrers for his helpmate, there to find his
+future home, and where we propose to look for him again, after we have
+gossiped over his lineage awhile.
+
+In common with many of our old titled names, Sir John de Willoughby
+its first possessor in this country was a Norman knight to whom the
+Conqueror gave the manor of Willoughby in Lincolnshire.[2] His
+descendant Sir William in the reign of Henry III. married Alice
+daughter and coheiress of John Bec or Beke of Eresby, summoned to
+Parliament as Baron Beke of Eresby 1295-6. He was succeeded by his son
+Robert, who inherited at the decease of his grand-uncle Anthony Beke,
+Bishop of Durham, the great possessions of that prelate, and 7 Edward
+II., was summoned to Parliament as Baron Willoughby de Eresby.
+
+  [2] Burke.
+
+His great-grandson was Robert, fourth Lord Willoughby; he married
+first Alice daughter of Sir William Skipwith, and secondly Margaret
+daughter of William, Lord Zouch, who died in 1391.[3] His third son
+Sir Thomas by Alice Skipwith, married Elizabeth daughter of John de
+Nevill, Lord Nevill of Raby, and Elizabeth Latimer his second wife,
+only daughter of William, fourth Lord Latimer of the first creation,
+who died in 1388. Sir Thomas was succeeded by his son Sir John
+Willoughby, who married Joan Welby, described as an heiress, and their
+son was the Sir John Willoughby, who married Anne daughter of Sir
+Edmond Cheney, of Broke, Wilts; whose son was Sir Robert Willoughby,
+the first Lord Willoughby de Broke, and subject of our little memoir.
+There were three other sons, William of Turners-Piddle, Dorset, who
+died in 1512, and was buried at Bere-Regis; Thomas, who married Isabel
+Bedyke of Silton, Dorset, died 1523, and ordered his body to be buried
+in the church there; and Edward, Dean of Exeter Cathedral, and Canon
+of St. George's, Windsor, who died in 1508. Also two daughters,
+Cicely, Abbess of Wilton, who died in 1528, and Elizabeth, married to
+William Carrant, of Toomer in Henstridge, Somerset.
+
+  [3] The fine and almost perfect memorial brass of this lady is in
+  the chancel of Spilsby church, Lincolnshire. She is habited in
+  cote-hardie with mantle over, crenulated head-dress with
+  coverchief, two dogs with collars and bells at her feet, her head
+  rests on richly embroidered cushions. On the ledger-line is this
+  inscription,
+
+     =Hic jacet Margeria que fuit uxor Roberti de Wylughby de Eresby
+     que obiit xviij die mensis Octobris an'o d'ni mill'imo ccc
+     nonagesimo p'mo cui' a'ie p'p'ciet' deus=
+
+  and these arms: 1. MORTIMER.--2. UFFORD and BEC quarterly, as
+  borne by Lord Willoughby de Eresby.--3. Ros.--4. Wells.--5.
+  Bohun.--6. Zouch.--7. Beaumont.--8. Willoughby impaling Zouch. At
+  the angles are the emblems of the four Evangelists. There are also
+  two other splendid figures, probably the succeeding baron and his
+  lady, in the same chancel.
+
+Thus far for the coming of the knight; our next care will be to trace,
+as far as means available enable us, his progress and actions during
+the eventful days in which he lived. The strife between the contending
+factions of the Red and White Roses, in his younger years was strongly
+predominant, and so thoroughly had the fierce rivalry for supreme
+power permeated society, that probably it was almost impossible to
+remain neutral, while men so blindly, yet withal so devotedly, risked
+their lives and fortunes in partizanship with the contending claimants
+of the divine right. To choose a side was an absolute necessity,--
+
+     "Under which king, Bezonian? speak or die!"
+
+was the question of the hour, and had to be answered with all its
+contingent risk. In the west country the adherents of the Red Rose
+seemed to have the preponderance, the detestable craft and cruelty of
+Richard III. doubtless had its effect of estranging from sympathy with
+him, all except just those who were allied to his rule by the hollow
+tie of self-interest, and the usual glamour of adhering to the powers
+that be, no matter how arrived at or constituted, or what its actions
+were.
+
+The first important social function we find Sir Robert Willoughby
+discharging, is that of Sheriff of Devon, 21 Edward IV., 1481, being
+the year preceding the one in which his friend Sir Giles Daubeney held
+the same office. And then, in harmony with the prevailing distracted
+state of public affairs we have described, we next observe him in
+active sympathy with the claims of the Red Rose, and consequent
+enlistment in the cause of Richmond of York, in the company of
+a large number of west country gentlemen, the Marquis of Dorset
+(representative of Bonville), Giles Daubeney, the Courtenays, John
+Cheney, Walter Hungerford, and others, in their rising and march to
+Salisbury, in order to effect a junction with, and aid the movement in
+Wales of the ill-fated Duke of Buckingham, in 1483. But the
+extraordinary swollen state of the Severn--"an inundation so
+remarkable that for a hundred years afterward it was called the _Great
+Water_, or _Buckingham's Water_, said to have lasted ten days, and
+that men, women, and children were carried away in their beds by the
+violence of it"--placed a barrier between their forces from effecting
+a junction, leaving the unfortunate Stafford in Richard's power, who
+forthwith consigned him to the scaffold at Salisbury, and sent Sir
+Robert and his companions in speedy flight to the south coast, and
+thence 'beyond seas' over to Richmond in Brittany, thereby escaping a
+similar sanguinary fate, which would have been remorselessly meted out
+to them. For this defection his lands were seized, and Broke and
+Suthwyke were bestowed by Richard on his favourite Sir Richard
+Radcliffe.
+
+Our clue as to his movements, for a short time, becomes one of surmise
+rather than of actual proof. At the dispersal of Buckingham's
+followers, Sir Robert and his attainted companions fled to Brittany,
+and he remained probably with them at Vannes or the neighbourhood,
+until the Earl of Richmond set out on his final expedition from
+Harfleur to Milford-Haven. This he doubtless accompanied, although no
+special mention is made of his name, nor as to his taking part in the
+engagement at Bosworth, where however he must have been present from
+circumstances that followed. Dugdale says "he was a successful sharer
+in the benefit of that great victory," another thing to that of
+sharing its danger.
+
+A much more important event however, identifying the presence of Sir
+Robert at Bosworth, or immediately near, and shewing the confidence
+the victor placed in him, was Richmond despatching the knight, the day
+after the battle, and before Henry left Leicester, with a detachment
+of horse to the castle of Sheriff-Hutton in Yorkshire, to convoy the
+unfortunate Earl of Warwick (son of the Duke of Clarence and nephew of
+Edward IV.), then a prisoner there, to the still safer and more
+dangerous custody of the Tower of London, only to emerge eventually
+from thence to his death on the scaffold.
+
+This mission is thus described by the old chronicler Hall. Henry in
+order
+
+   "to obsist the first likely mischiefe, sent before his departure
+   from Leycestre Sir Robert Willoghby knight to the maner of
+   Sheryhutton in the County of Yorke for Edward Plantagenet Erle of
+   Warwike sonne and heire to George Duke of Clarence then beyng of
+   the age of xv yeres, whom Kyng Richard had kept there as a
+   prisoner durynge the tyme of his vsurped reigne. Sir Robert
+   Willoghby accordynge to hys commission receaved of the conestable
+   of the castle the Erle Edward, and him conueighed to London,
+   where the youngelynge borne to perpetual calamitie was
+   incontynent in the towre of London putt under safe and sure
+   custody."
+
+The circumstances connected with the inveiglement of this poor
+boy,--who for fifteen out of the twenty-four years he had lived, had
+been a close prisoner, and so shut out from all knowledge of the outer
+world, that he was said "not to know a goose from a capon,"--into a
+confession of complicity with Perkin Warbeck's attempt, and then his
+barbarous murder,--for it was nothing less,--on Tower Hill, is one of
+the darkest of the many selfishly revengeful crimes that stain with
+indelible cruelty the reign of the first Tudor king, as the equally
+detestable slaying of the lad's aged sister the Countess of Salisbury,
+in 1541, appals by the horror of its incidents, the second. "The truth
+was," says Rapin, "the real crime that cost him his life, was his
+being the last male heir of the house of York." He was beheaded 14
+Nov., 1499, and Sir Robert lived to witness the wretched fate of the
+noble youth he had four years previously brought a captive to London,
+and in his death the extinction of the hope of the White Rose.
+
+At the conclusion of Henry's first Parliament in 1485, in company with
+his friend Sir Giles Daubeney, Sir Robert had the honour of the
+peerage conferred on him, by the title of BARON WILLOUGHBY DE BROKE,
+but the writ of summons does not appear to have been issued until 12
+August, 1492. About the same time he was constituted one of the king's
+Privy Council. In 1489, he was created a Knight of the Garter, being
+the two hundred and forty-fourth on the roll of that noble order.
+
+Lord Willoughby de Broke's first important public function appears to
+have been his despatch from Portsmouth by Henry, with an army "to the
+number of eight thousand choice men and well armed, who, having a fair
+wind, in a few hours landed in Brittany" in March, 1489, professedly
+to protect at her own proper costs and charges the girl-duchess Ann,
+then about twelve years old, from the aggression of the French king,
+Charles VIII., who was encamped with a hostile force within her
+territory, but which province he eventually added to his kingdom,
+together with the hand of its young mistress.
+
+Here he remained in inglorious ease until November, when the little
+army, with the exception of the five hundred left to occupy the
+"cautionary towns" until payment for the expedition was made,
+returned; during which time, and for a considerable portion of the
+year ensuing, a game of dissimulation and feints at fighting was
+carried on between the three monarchs, Henry, Charles, and Maximilian,
+practically over the destiny of the young Duchess.
+
+Then the scene of this playing at war shifts suddenly from Brittany to
+Flanders, where the subjects of Maximilian--the proxy husband of
+Ann--at Ypres and Sluys were in open revolt, respecting "an
+unpalatable edict concerning coin," and to aid whom Charles VIII. had
+sent Marshal d'Esquerdes with large succours of help, thus attacking
+the would-be bridegroom and his child _fiancée_, on each side, and at
+once; a game that proved successful in the end.
+
+Maximilian in his turn sent ambassadors over to the wary calculating
+Henry, then holding the scales between the monarchs, as he was at the
+same time also engaged in negociations with Charles, who was
+procrastinating and not intending to give any definite answer, nor but
+little frightened at Henry's preparations, as he was well assured
+within himself how matters would eventually terminate.
+
+Henry was however seriously annoyed at the French king's
+dissimulation, and despatched with all speed a little expedition of a
+thousand men over to Calais, the command being entrusted to the Lords
+Morley and Willoughby de Broke. Lord Daubeney was at that period
+Governor of Calais, and to this force he added another thousand men,
+drawn from the garrisons of Calais, Hammes, and Guisnes; and they had
+"secret instructions to aid Maximilian and raise the siege of Dixmude"
+where the citizens, soldiers, and their allies were encamped. The
+English soldiers appear to have stolen an effective surprise upon the
+Flemings and their French allies in the night, for they had apparently
+no idea of the attack, and routed them with great slaughter, said to
+have been eight thousand in number, while only a hundred or thereabout
+of the English were killed, a statement to be received with caution,
+as Lord Morley, Sir James Tyrrell, Captain of Guisnes, Sir Humphrey
+Talbot, Marshal of Calais, Sir Gilbert Talbot, and others, were among
+the slain. The pursuit over, the English army retired to Newport,
+where Marshal d'Esquerdes appears to have followed and attacked them
+without result. As this was the first touch of real hostilities, such
+as they were, between Henry and Charles, for the time it "bred a great
+coldness" between the belligerent monarchs.
+
+But the coldness did not last long, and meanwhile a complete tangle of
+matters enveloped these three royal players, over the destiny of their
+hostage the girl-princess of Brittany, secretly wedded by proxy to
+Maximilian, practically a prisoner in her little kingdom, unprotected,
+and in the eyes of the French king a very desirable alliance for him,
+and so incorporate that province under the crown of France, of which
+nation it formed an integral portion. Ambassadors came over from the
+Duchess to sound Henry's intentions of protection toward her, others
+were despatched across in February, 1491, to the French king by
+Henry, and these were followed again by further ambassadors from Ann,
+vainly waiting in London for an answer. So things progressed, and
+Charles who by his agents was busily plying the young Duchess with his
+suit, in his turn amused the English envoys, until he found he had won
+her and had the game in hand; then he cut the knot of the difficulty
+by marrying her 16 Dec., 1491, and Henry's ambassadors returned
+discomfited.
+
+This climax came as a bomb-shell among the great personages.
+Maximilian was furious at the loss of his bride, and threatened
+immediate invasion of France for so deadly an affront; this however
+did not much trouble Charles. What he was most concerned with was the
+attitude of Henry who was also greatly enraged, and who, beside openly
+boasting he should at once prepare for war against him, was also
+influencing Ferdinand of Spain--whose daughter Katharine was espoused
+to his son Arthur--to join him in the conflict. Thus France was
+threatened on three sides at once, Charles however had little fear of
+Maximilian or Ferdinand.
+
+In the meantime Henry had another trouble nearer his door, with the
+Scotch, and no settlement appeared to be in view, while the
+complication in France continued, the French king being probably
+moving behind to prevent. Ambassadors again came over from Charles to
+negociate, but Henry who had the ulterior object of getting well paid
+for what he was about to do, and the old debt due by Ann of Brittany
+discharged, aided by liberal subsidies from Parliament, assembled an
+army of twenty-five thousand foot, and sixteen hundred horse, and on
+the second of October crossed over to Calais, to make conditions on
+his adversary's soil, never meaning to fight, but by show and menaces,
+see what he could get.
+
+The conduct of this large flotilla, which arrived at Calais the same
+day, was under the command of Lord Willoughby de Broke, as Lord High
+Admiral; a notable piece of seamanship for the age, and shewing that
+at the time England had a considerable reserve of shipping.
+
+Henry with all the 'pomp and circumstance' of war marched out to
+Boulogne, then, instead of fighting, the inevitable ambassadors on
+both sides duly met, and a treaty of peace was signed at Etaples on
+the third of November. The French king perfectly well knew his
+antagonist's mercenary longings, and that himself and his army were
+only there to exact the last golden crown possible, for the conclusion
+of the matter by monetary consideration was an understanding between
+them before Henry left England. So Charles agreed to pay Henry an
+immense sum in discharge of his wife's debt, and also another large
+amount, arrears of the yearly pension agreed to be paid by Lewis XI.
+to Edward IV., his wife's father. Thereon the English king retired
+with his army and treasure, or the promise of it, back to London, the
+French monarch returned to his young bride at Paris, and the
+undisputed possession of her dowry the Duchy of Brittany, and
+Maximilian was left to shift for himself. After this manner therefore
+ended the war concerning Brittany which began five years before in
+1487.
+
+This appears to have been the last foreign service in which Lord
+Willoughby de Broke was engaged. We do not find his name among the
+generals[4] of the king's army employed in the suppression of the
+Cornish revolt at Black-Heath, nor otherwise engaged at home, until
+the landing of Perkin Warbeck at Whitsand Bay in September, 1498, when
+he held a command in the royal forces under Henry in his march to the
+west to meet the plebeian pretender to his crown. Lord Willoughby de
+Broke came to Taunton with Lord Daubeney and others commanding the
+troops, and after Perkin's return as a captive from Beaulieu, went on
+with Henry to Exeter. There the king dealt with the insurgents
+personally, many of whom came with halters round their necks sueing
+for pardon, and having punished some, to use his own words, "grant
+unto the residue generally our grace and pardon, and our
+Commissioners, the Earl of Devon, our Chamberlain, and our Steward of
+Household, have done, and do daily, in our County of Cornwall."
+
+  [4] Lysons says he _was_ one of the Commanders against them.
+
+The 'Steward of Household' was Lord Willoughby de Broke, and he was
+peculiarly fitted for the duty, not only on account of his
+relationship by property with the County, but also by virtue of his
+position as Steward of the Duchy of Cornwall. This was apparently his
+last public employment of any note, and probably age was stealing on
+him, as he died four years afterward.
+
+Of the offices and honours conferred on him by Henry, we find those of
+Lord Steward of the Household, Steward of the Duchy of Cornwall, and
+alternately that of Captain-General or Marshal of the land forces, and
+as an Admiral of the fleet, in the king's expeditions to France, also
+a chief Commander of the forces when engaged at home. He was called to
+the Privy Council, created a Baron by writ of summons, and
+subsequently elected a Knight of the Garter.
+
+He twice served the office of Sheriff of Devon, in 1481, and again in
+1488. Lysons says "in the reign of Henry VII. the mines of silver and
+gold (in Cornwall) were leased to Sir Robert Willoughby."
+
+Thus far have we proceeded with Lord Willoughby de Broke's public
+services abroad and at home; our next care must be to glance at his
+domestic surroundings, and what constrained him to leave his old
+ancestral place of Broke Hall amid the breezy altitudes of north
+Wilts, and find his way to the sheltered banks by Tamar's marge, in
+south Devon. Nothing in any way singular or unusual, simply that
+potent cause which has tempted many a young man to stray far away from
+his father's roof-tree, brought Robert Willoughby down to
+Beer-Ferrers,--the search for a wife,--and the lady he selected was
+endowed with one, at least, most attractive charm, eagerly sought
+after by mediæval knight--and not altogether lost sight of, by suitors
+in these, in some respects not much-improved mercenary, unchivalric
+modern days of ours,--she was an heiress, largely dowered with the
+home possessions of an antient race, of whom she was there the sole
+representative in right of her grandmother, one of three sisters,
+coheiresses, its last descendants; while on her father's side she was
+also the only survivor of a branch of another of the most
+time-honoured names in the county.
+
+Blanche Champernowne was the pleasant name of the distaff that Robert
+Willoughby won for his bride. She was the only daughter of John
+Champernowne of Beer-Ferrers by Elizabeth Bigbury his wife, which John
+succeeded his elder brother Roger who died without issue. He was the
+second son of Alexander Champernowne (who died 30 June, 1441), by his
+wife Joan, daughter and coheiress of Martyn Ferrers, who, says Pole
+"was the last of y^t name of Ferrers, Lord of Beere-Ferrers."
+Alexander was son of Sir Richard Champernowne of Modbury, by his first
+wife Alice daughter of Thomas Lord Astley, and whose second wife was
+Katharine daughter of Sir Giles Daubeney.
+
+The family of De Ferraris or Ferrers, whose 'name and blood' Blanche
+Champernowne represented, deserves a short genealogical notice here.
+They had from very early date been settled in the parish of Beer, one
+part of which, says Pole, "takes his name of ye family of Ferrers, th'
+ancient inhabitants, from whence all the Ferrers in Devon and Cornwall
+issued." Ralph de Ferrers was its lord in the reign of King Henry II.,
+to him succeeded Henry, Reginald, and Sir William who married Isolda
+daughter of Andrew Cardinham, leaving issue Sir Roger, Sir Reginald,
+and Sir Hugh the ancestor of the Churston descent. Sir Reginald, of
+Beer, married Margaret sister and coheiress of Sir Robert le Dennis of
+Pancrasweek, and had issue Sir William who married Matilda daughter of
+Roger Carminow. They were followed by their son Sir John, who was
+succeeded by his son Sir Martyn, who, says Pole, was "the last of that
+name of Ferrers, Lord of Beere-Ferrers; a person of great honour and
+integrity, one of the principal persons entrusted with the guard of
+this shire," corroborated by Risdon, who adds, "he was put in special
+trust, with others, for the defence of the sea-coast against the
+invasion of the French in King Edward the third's time."
+
+Sir Martyn left three daughters, Elizabeth married to Hugh Poynings,
+Lord St. John of Basing, Leva to Christopher Fleming, Baron of Slane
+in Ireland, and Jone "to whom the mannor of Beer-Ferrers fell in
+porcion" to Alexander Champernowne. Further notices of this family
+will occur on our visit to the little sanctuary in the village, which
+they appear to have originally built, and wherein several interesting
+memorials to them remain. Their allusive arms were, _Or, on a bend
+sable, three horse-shoes argent._
+
+Concerning this prettily named heiress Blanche Champernowne and her
+family, the prosaic and literal old itinerant Leland, gives us further
+notice, and, if his description of her be correct, takes much of the
+romance out of it,--
+
+   "There was another house of the Campernulphes more auncient,
+   caullid Campernulphe of Bere. The last of this house left a
+   doughter and heire caullid Blanche, maried first onto Copestan of
+   Devonshire, and after devorcid and maried onto the Lord Brooke,
+   Steward onto Henry the VII, and he had by her a 700 markes of
+   lande by yere.
+
+   "John Willoughby that cam out of Lincolnshire and maried the an
+   heire general of the Lord (of) Broke, and after was Lord Brooke
+   hymself, lyeth buried at Hedington, and was a benefactor to that
+   house. As I remembre, the sunne of this Lord Broke was Steward
+   of king Henry the VII House, and his son was the third Lord
+   Brooke of that--. N.B.--and he had a sunne by his firste wife,
+   and that sunne had ij doughters maried to Daltery and Graville.
+   He had by another wife sunnes and doughters. The sunnes toward
+   yong men died of the sweting syknes."
+
+The genealogy is here somewhat confused, but Leland appears to have
+been trusting to memory only.
+
+We have made pilgrimage to, and described what remains of the old
+ancestral home of the knight in Wiltshire, and our steps next lead us
+to the locality of the new one he possessed by right of his wife at
+Beer-Ferrers in Devon. Like all places situate on the estuaries of
+large rivers such as the Tamar, that are tidal, and fringed by creeks
+that run considerable distances inland, Beer-Ferrers on the land side
+is only to be reached by a circuitous route from Plymouth, and
+therefore we elect the easier and more direct approach to it, by aid
+of the iron horse to Saltash, and thence by boat.
+
+The tide is well up, and a pleasant breeze soon speeds us on our way.
+We pass the Budshead creek, that extends inland to Tamerton-Foliot,
+and are soon opposite a second and somewhat larger opening that runs
+up to Maristow, where, at its far end, the sparkling Tavy, fresh from
+the granite boulders of Dartmoor, delivereth her waters into the salt
+bosom of the lower Tamar. At about mid-distance up the creek on its
+northern shore, a small compact village, with a square battlemented
+church tower rising in the midst, has its place on the bank that
+slopes gently down to the water's edge. Thither we steer our way, and
+making fast our little craft to the pier, or 'quay' as these landing
+places are locally termed, find ourselves at Beer-Ferrers.
+
+And where shall we discover this new home, you say, that Lord
+Willoughby de Broke acquired by right of Blanche Champernowne, and
+when in the flesh possessed and resided in, with surrounding park, and
+for which mansion or manor-house, his wife's ancestor Sir William de
+Ferrers had a license to castellate from king Edward III. in 1337, a
+concession subsequently renewed to his widow the Lady Matilda, and
+continued to his son Sir John?
+
+Even in Leland's time, immediately after the decease of the last Lord
+Willoughby de Broke, it seems to have disappeared, for he notes:--"on
+the east side of this creek is Buckland. And on the west side is Bere,
+_where the Lord Broke's house and park was_." We believe nothing now
+remains to mark its former site but a few undulations in the turf. A
+graphic picture of the lawlessness of the era of Lord Willoughby de
+Broke's earlier residence at Beer-Ferrers, and the amenities of social
+life exhibited between the "bettermost folk" of that district, and
+comparatively neighbours also, is shewn in an account preserved among
+the muniments of the Earl of Mount Edgcumbe, describing attacks made
+on the person, servants and residence of his ancestor Richard Edgcumbe
+of Cotehele (M.P. for Tavistock in 1468) by Robert Willoughby of
+Beer-Ferrers, and thus described by the Earl to the members of the
+Royal Archæological Society in 1876:--
+
+   "The document is rather amusing, dated 1470, and is apparently
+   the rough copy of a complaint or information by this Richard
+   against Robert Willoughby, who lived across the water at Beer
+   Ferrers, of injuries done to him at sundry times. This paper
+   which is remarkable for its wonderful spelling and for the
+   careful way in which every hostile act is estimated at its money
+   value, contains no less than thirteen items or charges, each
+   specifying some distinct outrage on the part of the said
+   Willoughby and his followers, numbering on one occasion '_three
+   score persons, in form of war arraied, with jackes, salettes,
+   bowys, ar'ws, and byelys, who at various times and places
+   contrewayted the said Richard to have mordered him and with force
+   of armes made a great affray and assawte upon him and his
+   servants sometimes to the gret jeperdy and dispayre of his
+   liff_,' always to his hurt and damage of so many pounds. And on
+   another occasion attacked Cotehele House itself and carried off a
+   very miscellaneous collection of articles to the hurt and damage
+   of the said Richard of a great many pounds; and at other times
+   took divers of his servants and kept them for a week at a time in
+   prison at '_Bere Ferrers_,' and '_bete_' and grievously wounded
+   others, especially one William Frost, to the hurt and damage to
+   the said Richard of £20 and more. It is a curious fact that
+   fifteen years later this Willoughby (as Lord de Broke) and
+   Richard Edgcumbe held high places together in the court of Henry
+   VII."
+
+Richard Edgcumbe had a narrower escape however from the vengeance of
+Richard III., after the suppression of Buckingham's revolt, in which
+he was a partizan, being strongly attached to the fortunes of the Red
+Rose. A party of armed men in Richard's interest, headed according to
+tradition by Sir Henry Bodrugan, otherwise Trenoweth, of St. Gorran in
+Cornwall, an adherent of the White Rose, made search for him in his
+own beautiful home of Cotehele. Carew describing the event says,
+
+   "he was driven to hide himself in those his thick woods, which
+   overlook the river, what time being suspected of favouring the
+   Earle of Richmond's party, against King Richard the III., he was
+   hotely pursued, and narrowly searched for. Which extremity taught
+   him a sudden policy, to put a stone in his cap, and tumble the
+   same into the water, while these rangers were fast at his heeles,
+   who looking downe after the noyse, and seeing his cap swimming
+   thereon supposed that he had desperately drowned himselfe, gave
+   over their farther hunting and left him at liberty to shift away,
+   and ship over into Brittaine: for a grateful remembrance of which
+   delivery, hee afterwards builded in the place of his lurking, a
+   Chapell."
+
+After the victory of Bosworth, and Henry was seated on the throne, it
+came to Edgcumbe's chance to turn the tables on his adversary, and
+this he did most effectually. Tradition further relates, according to
+Lysons quoting from Tonkin, that,
+
+   "Sir Henry Bodrugan was in arms in Cornwall against the Earl of
+   Richmond, (Henry VII.) that he was defeated on a moor, not far
+   from his own castle by Sir Richard Edgcumbe and Trevanion, and
+   that he made his escape by a desperate leap from the cliff into
+   the sea, where a boat was ready to receive him, and fled to
+   Ireland, when all his large estates, including Bodrugan Castle,
+   described by Borlase "that there was nothing in Cornwall equal to
+   it for magnificence" were forfeited to the Crown. Most of
+   Bodrugan's estates, including the manor of St. Gorran (whereon
+   was the castle) were granted to Sir Richard Edgcumbe, and now
+   belong to his descendants."
+
+Two very remarkable and almost identically coincident escapes. The
+place where he jumped over the cliff at Dodman's Head, is still known
+as "Bodrugan's Leap."
+
+Edgcumbe was Comptroller of the Household, and of the Privy Council to
+Henry VII., and died returning from an embassy to France, at Morlaix
+on his way home, in 1489. Willoughby, Lord de Broke was his superior
+officer as Lord Steward of the Household to the same monarch; thus at
+Court they were closely associated with each other. Subsequently 22
+Henry VII. (1497), Lord de Broke obtained of the king a grant in fee
+of the manor of Trethewye in St. Cleer, and all the lands there, part
+of the forfeited possessions of Sir Henry Bodrugan, and which were
+situate near his other property at Callington. So these worthies
+divided the spoil of their unfortunate neighbour.
+
+As it hath happened to us aforetime, in many of our wanderings, in
+search of the former earthly habitations of those we were essaying to
+bring back to the stage of our thoughts, so also here,--successively
+of Ferrers, Champernowne and Willoughby,--all traces of their olden
+home have disappeared, and only a site with a name and a tradition
+remains to identify where stood their antient dwelling-place.
+Therefore our steps lead us back to that hallowed spot, where they, in
+common with us all, found their last and final home of eternal rest,
+there to seek for such memorials of them as may yet remain.
+
+The church of Beer-Ferrers is an antient structure, the chancel and
+transepts of interesting early-decorated character, and but little
+disturbed from their original condition. But although used for
+parochial worship in the ordinary sense of the word, the little
+sanctuary was of old something more than that, being dignified
+ecclesiastically as a foundation of collegiate character, and termed
+an Arch-Presbytery. Of these somewhat uncommon religious
+establishments there were two in Devon, the other being at Haccombe,
+founded (about the same time) 1341, by Sir Stephen de Haccombe. This,
+at Beer-Ferrers, was founded by Sir William de Ferrers, who having
+rebuilt the church was desirous of making it Collegiate. For this
+purpose he assigned a sufficient endowment for an arch-priest and four
+other priests, who were to live in common under the same roof; and
+provision was also made for an assistant deacon, or sub-deacon, or at
+least a clerk. The Community were to perform the daily and nightly
+office in the church, and to offer up perpetual prayers for the
+prosperity of the Founder and his Lady Matilda during their lives, and
+for their souls after death. Also for the souls of Reginald de Ferrers
+and his wife Margery (parents of the Founder) and the souls of Sir
+Roger and Lady Joan de Carminow (parents of his wife) and the bishops
+of Exeter living or dead. Bishop Grandison confirmed this foundation
+17 June, 1333. The Founder did not long survive his charitable work,
+for it is found in that prelate's register (vol. ii., fol. 219) that
+his relict and executrix Matilda obtained from the bishop 15 Dec.,
+1338, an acknowledgment of having well and faithfully administered to
+her husband's property, and that only the sum of twenty pounds
+remained in arrear, "_ad completionem cantarie de Biry_." (Oliver.)
+
+A glance into the chancel, although five centuries have flown, brings
+us face to face with the Founder and his wife. There--marvellously
+preserved--humbly postured on one knee, his glowing tinted
+proportions, amid the crimson interlacery, and quarrels of
+pale-pencilled leaflets, that fill the east window, arrayed in gilded
+chain-mail, silver genouillères and sword-hilt, with the armories of
+his race, the dark bend and gleaming horse-shoes traversing both
+ailette and surcoat. In his raised hands he bears the offering of a
+grand church, having three spires, and over his head runs a legend
+that apparently reads "(SYR) E WILL'S FERREYS ME FECIT." Fronting him
+in the adjoining light, with hands uplifted in prayer, kneels his wife
+Matilda Carminow, in snowy wimple and cover-chief, pink boddice and
+sleeves, with the broad bend of her husband's arms embroidered on her
+golden robe. The inscription above her head, seems to be confused and
+undecipherable. Studding the borders of the lights, interspersed among
+other ornaments, are the arms of Ferrers and Carminow, and a grand
+escutcheon similarly charged, and encircled with beautiful
+green-foliaged ornament occurs below.
+
+Thus much for the history of the foundation of the arch-presbytery as
+depicted in the window; immediately beneath on the north side of the
+altar, upon a raised tomb of plain character, rest the recumbent
+effigies of the Founder and his wife, carved in stone, and habited
+almost exactly in duplicate of the figures limned on the glass above.
+Over them rises a beautiful pyramidal canopy, cusped below, flanked by
+pinnacles rising from the ground, the whole richly foliaged and
+finialed. In the upper spandrels are angels swinging censers.[5] But
+the peculiarity of this memorial consists in the lower portion of the
+canopy being cut through the wall, and opening to the side-chapel or
+chamber that adjoins the chancel on that side, where its elevation is
+repeated, as in the church, but with much less ornament.
+
+  [5] There appears to be only two examples of this fine style of
+  monument found in the county, the other occurring in the Chapel
+  of St. James, in Exeter Cathedral.
+
+In the transept, which appears to be coeval with the chancel, in the
+east wall is a piscina, and the moulding immediately adjoining, marks
+the position of an altar that once had its position there. In a recess
+beneath a finely moulded arch at the north end under the window, is
+the effigy of a knight in chain-mail and surcoat, with shield, and
+hands grasping his sword, cross-legged,--the head raised and supported
+on a large bascinet-shaped helmet. The legs are destroyed to the
+knees, and of the lion on which his feet rested, only the paws remain.
+This figure is of contemporary date with the Founder in the chancel,
+with great probability is a Ferrers, and may represent his father, who
+was on the bede-roll of the foundation.
+
+Here concludes our notices of the memorials of Ferrers, the first of
+the influential families Blanche Willoughby represented. Our next
+care, will, if it may be, to note any traces of the equally antient
+race that succeeded them at Beer, and gave to her, her maiden name of
+Champernowne.
+
+One only, humble but characteristic, remains, now ousted from its
+original position in the pavement of the church, to the yard outside,
+where it must speedily pass to decay. It is a flat stone, on which is
+incised a Calvary cross on degrees, having at the intersection the
+Sacred Heart _rayonné_, inscribed with the Sacred Monogram. Below is
+this inscription,--
+
+     =Hic iacet Roger Champnow'e Armiger
+     cui' a'i'e p'p'cietur de' ame'=
+
+This was the eldest brother of John Champernowne, to whom he succeeded
+at Beer, and uncle to Blanche Willoughby. Roger died 14 November,
+1422.
+
+Following these, our investigations naturally carry us on to note such
+remembrances of Willoughby as occur in the sacred edifice. There are
+several, actual and inferred, but our jottings must be stayed for the
+present, as the first memorial to that noble race is found
+elsewhere,--and our steps will return here after a while to conclude
+them.
+
+Again we have recourse to our little craft, and crossing the bright
+Tamar, land on the Cornish side, and thence by a circuitous and
+winding lane of considerable length, find ourselves on the high road
+about halfway between the old half-maritime, half-inland borough of
+Saltash, and the equally antient half-mining, half-agricultural
+borough of Callington. As we steadily climb the gentle but continual
+ascent that leads to the old tinners' town, a grand and varied
+prospect surrounds us. Immediately in front looms the immense
+pyramidal mass of Hingston Down and Kit Hill rising over it, in all
+near eleven hundred feet above the tidal marge of the blue sea that
+gleams behind us, its crest garnished with many a tall chimney stack,
+the out-growth of that glamour of wealth so invincibly dear to the
+Cornishman's heart, that is always coming, but so seldom arrives, and
+whose witchery has been handed down from countless generations even
+long before old Leland's foot passed over it, and he made note of it
+as "being a hy hylle, and nere Tamar yn the easte part, baryn of his
+self, yt it is fertile by yielding of tynne both by water and dry
+warkes." Hence the distich,
+
+     "Hengston Down well yrought,
+     Is worth London Town dear ybought,"
+
+but whose smokeless chimneys now stand as the witness-ghosts of the
+hundreds of thousands of buried treasure sunk aforetime within its
+vast bosom, yet nevertheless rich to a degree in mineral wealth, and
+boundless resource of granite and clay of the finest quality, from
+which considerable returns have been made. To the right in the far
+distance rise the shadowy tors of Dartmoor in successive range,
+melting back and merging into the grey realms of cloud-land. On the
+left, clear cut into the bright evening sky, appears the magnificent
+boldly outlined mass of the Caradons, behind which the sun has just
+dipped, and a blue ærial haze of singular beauty and varying density,
+stretches down their side and unites them to the broad valley beneath.
+We pass the skirt of Viverdon Down, an immense common, susceptible of
+better cultivation, but now a fastness for game only, and rough food
+for young animals; albeit gay in its appointed season with wealth of
+heather and gorse, and, if neglected by man, glorified by the unseen
+touch of the Infinite,--
+
+           "How full of love must He
+               In all things be,
+     Who strews with beauty e'en the waste and wold,
+           Who gives the moorland lark
+           His purple heath-bower dark;
+     The mountain bee, his wilderness of gold."
+
+Quietly continuing our way, a short distance further brings us to the
+apex of the ascent, and as we begin to descend, before us is the
+'tynner's towne' of Callington, with its granite-built,
+expressively-pinnacled church tower rising well above the clustering
+houses that surround it.
+
+Here, at Callington, Lord Willoughby de Broke held another large
+property by right of his wife as a descendant of Ferrers, and also at
+South-Hill, as being himself the representative of the family of
+Stafford. Lysons says,--
+
+   "The manor of Callington was in the Ferrers family when the
+   market was granted in 1267 by Henry III.; Joan daughter of Martyn
+   Ferrers, brought it into the Champernowne family, Lord Willoughby
+   de Broke became possessed of it by marrying their heiress. It
+   appears that he occasionally resided, and that he died, at the
+   Manor-house of Callington, for he directed in his will he should
+   be buried in the church of that parish in which he should die.
+   From Willoughby it passed by successive marriages to Paulet,
+   Marquis of Winchester (who married his grand-daughter Elizabeth),
+   Dennis, Rolle, Walpole, and Trefusis. At Southill, two-thirds of
+   the great manor or franchise of Callilond or Kalliland, to which
+   the church of Southill is appendant, which belonged formerly to
+   the baronial family of Stafford, and passed by a coheiress to
+   Willoughby Lord Broke, and now vested in Trefusis."
+
+Where the Manor-house mentioned by Lysons was situate cannot now be
+determined, but it is surmised to have been a building, which has long
+wholly disappeared, and was called Chickett-Hall, that formed Lord
+Willoughby de Broke's residence at Callington, and where he presumably
+departed this life. He was patron of the important benefice of
+South-Hill, and in its daughter church of Callington he was buried.
+But according to Sir R. C. Hoare he died at Wardour Castle, Wilts,
+which he had purchased.
+
+Lord Broke made his will 19 August, 1502, and "_ordered his body to be
+buried in that parish wherein he should happen to die appointing that
+part of the issues and profits of Mitton and Kelmesham, &c., Co.
+Worcester, and the Manors of Helmingham, Thorpe-Latimer, Skredyngton,
+Heckington, Ledynghall and Swynehead in Com: Lincoln (then lately
+belonging to Lord Latimer) should be employed, by the space of twenty
+years next after his decease, to the finding of a priest to sing in
+the parish church of Hoke in Com: Dorset, for that term, taking for
+his salary every year ten marks, and to the relief of fourteen poor
+men and women, by the space of the said twenty years, to pray for his
+soul, as also for the soul of Blanche his wife, and the souls of his
+father and mother_." Probate, 25 December next ensuing. (Dugdale.)
+
+Lord Willoughby de Broke is buried on the north side of the chancel of
+Callington church, and his monument--perhaps the finest of its kind in
+Cornwall--consists of his effigy recumbent on a high-tomb, both
+composed of alabaster. He is habited in complete plate armour, collar
+and apron of mail, and broad-toed sollerets, and is armed with sword
+and miséricorde. The hands are in gauntlets, the head--which rests on
+a helmet--is uncovered, the hair cut short across the forehead, but
+flowing by the sides of the face, to the shoulders. The helmet is
+mantled, and surmounted by the crest _a Saracen's head affronté,
+couped at the shoulders, ducally crowned, and with ear-rings_. The
+feet are on a lion, and behind the soles, are two monks, or weepers,
+their heads bowed and inclining toward each other, resting on one
+hand, with the other they hold a rosary. The Garter appears below the
+left knee, and over the armour he wears the Robe and Collar of the
+Order, on the left shoulder is embroidered the Shield encircled by the
+Riband, the Collar is composed of roses within a garter, and
+garter-knots alternate, and from it is suspended the George.
+
+The tomb below is formed of panels filled with rich tracery, having in
+their centres shields with carved armorial bearings, and twisted
+pillars were at the corners; of these two remain. No inscription is
+visible, it was probably only painted on the verge of the
+ledger-moulding, but traces of colour and gilding are faintly
+discernible on the figure. The effigy is in a fair state of
+preservation, but wretchedly disfigured on the surface, by legions of
+names and initials, barbarously cut into, and scratched on it.
+
+The shields,--two of which are encircled by the Garter,--are charged
+with the arms borne by Lord Willoughby de Broke, as derived from
+Willoughby de Eresby with due difference. Quarterly: first grand
+quarter 1 and 4, _Sable, a cross engrailed or_ (UFFORD); 2 and 3,
+_Gules, a cross moline argent_ (BEC or BEKE), at the intersection _a
+crescent for difference_; second, _Gules, a cross patonce or_
+(LATIMER); third, _Gules, four fusils argent, on each an escallop
+sable_ (CHENEY); fourth, _Or, a chevron gules, within a bordure
+engrailed sable_ (STAFFORD). On the styles between the panels appears
+the _rudder_, surmounted by the _rose_ of his patron Henry VII.
+
+It is singular that no armorial alliance allusive to his wife appears
+on the tomb, but only his own family achievement with its proud
+distinguishment conspicuously displayed, finds place thereon. Yet
+Blanche Champernowne was an heiress of no mean descent, and richly
+dowered also, being the representative of the two very antient races
+of Ferrers and Champernowne, west country names of remote descent, and
+wide-spread renown, whose property she inherited. The more to be noted
+also, as he was presumably buried and his monument occurs in the
+church at Callington, whose manor formed a portion of her possessions.
+Where Lady Willoughby de Broke was buried does not appear. At
+Beer-Ferrers the _horse-shoes_ of Ferrers do find position of equal
+consequence with her husband's, but largely super-imposed with the
+_rudders_ of Willoughby. Champernowne does not appear in either
+church, but on her descendant's tomb at Alcester, both Ferrers and
+Champernowne are carefully marshalled among the elaborate heraldic
+display.
+
+Stay thy foot, friend of mine, a short while, ere thou passest out of
+the sacred enclosure, and scan yon venerable churchyard cross--how
+rich is Cornwall in these reminders--slightly leaning, yet hale in the
+strength of the almost imperishable granite, and with the age-worn
+imagery of the Great Sacrifice, still plainly discernible, insculped
+on one of the faces of its pediment. There it was before the
+honour-bedizened noble--whose tomb we have been just surveying--found
+his way to Callington to enjoy the portion of his great possessions,
+situate near it; and who shall say he may not many a time have bowed
+his head in silent prayer, and crossed himself reverently at the sight
+of its solemn appeal, when in life he passed in front of it, as he
+entered the adjoining sanctuary for worship, ere he finally found
+therein his grave. And here also it is to-day, speaking the same
+eternal lesson to us, who are seeking to gather back from the woof of
+the Past, ravelled threads of his memory; and there it will doubtless
+be found, when we also are merged into the things that were. Such is
+
+THE MESSAGE OF THE CROSS.
+
+     Hoary and worn and frayed,--
+           Old cross,--
+     By ruin's hand arrayed,
+           Time's dross:--
+     What message never stayed,
+     Speaks from thy lips decayed?
+
+     "Strife of the years is gone,
+           Not me,--
+     Drooping, bereft, and lone,
+           Here see
+     Pilgrim, by days undone,
+     Heaven's pleading-still, milestone.
+
+     "Ah! many eyes as thine
+           Have come,
+     Met this old gaze of mine,
+           Then home,
+     Would their glad steps incline,
+     Bearing my tale divine.
+
+     "Where are they now? O say--
+           No sound,--
+     Ask the memorials gray,
+           Around,--
+     They came again this way,
+     And down beside me lay."
+
+Lord Willoughby de Broke by his wife Blanche Champernowne, left one
+son Robert, his heir, and a daughter Elizabeth, married (as his second
+wife) to William Fitz-Alan, seventeenth Earl of Arundel, K.G. who died
+in 1543, and was buried at Arundel.
+
+Robert Willoughby, the second Lord Willoughby de Broke, married first
+Elizabeth, eldest of the three daughters and coheiresses of Sir
+Richard Beauchamp, second Lord Beauchamp of Powyke, who died 1503, by
+his wife Elizabeth daughter of Sir Humphrey Stafford, knt.
+
+This marriage of Lord Beauchamp and Elizabeth Stafford, took place in
+the private chapel of his manor-house of Beauchamp's-Court near
+Alcester, by special license of the Bishop of Worcester.
+
+The manor of Alcester belonged to the Beauchamps. Walter de Beauchamp,
+brother to William de Beauchamp, the first Earl of Warwick of that
+line, purchased a moiety of the manor, and had one of his seats at
+Beauchamp's-Court near that town, the other being at Powyke, in
+Worcestershire. His descendant Sir John de Beauchamp, K.G., who was
+created Baron Beauchamp of Powyke, 2 May, 1447, by Henry VI. and who
+was also Lord Treasurer of England, purchased the other portion of the
+manor of Thomas Bottreaux, a representative of the antient Cornish
+family of that name, who had held it for several descents. He died in
+1478, and at his death left the whole manor to his son and heir,
+Richard, the second baron; and he at the marriage of his daughter
+Elizabeth with Robert Willoughby, settled its reversion, subject to
+his own life, upon her.
+
+By this his first marriage, Robert, the second Lord Willoughby de
+Broke had one son Edward. More concerning him presently.
+
+Secondly he married Dorothy, daughter of Thomas Grey, Marquis of
+Dorset, K.G.--by his wife Cicely, the heiress of the Lords Bonville
+and Harington. By her he had two sons Henry and William (who died
+young of the sweating sickness)[6] and two daughters, Elizabeth
+married to John Paulet, second Marquis of Winchester who died in 1576,
+and Anne wedded to Charles Blount, fifth Lord Montjoy, who died in
+1545, son and heir of William, fourth Lord Montjoy, whom her mother
+Dorothy Grey subsequently married as her second husband. Of the public
+services of this nobleman we hear little beyond his being attached to
+the expedition under the command of his father-in-law the Marquis of
+Dorset, sent to Spain early in 1512 by Henry VIII. on behalf of
+Ferdinand of Arragon, and which returned to England somewhat
+ingloriously in the November of the same year. He survived his son
+Edward, and gave a considerable portion of his large property to the
+daughters of his second wife. He made his will 1 Oct., 1521, and
+"_bequeathed his body to be buried in the Hospital called the Savoy,
+in the suburbs of London, before the image of St. John the Baptist,
+appointing a priest of honest conversation should be provided to sing
+and pray for his soul, as also for his wife's soul, and all his
+ancestors souls for ever, in the place where he should be buried
+taking for his yearly salary seven pounds_." After making bequests to
+his illegitimate children, he gives "_to his son Henry, all his
+harness, bows, arrows, and all other his weapons defensive, to the
+intent he should be therewith ready to serve his prince, in time of
+need_." "And departing this life shortly after by a pestilential air
+10 Nov. 13 Henry VIII.--1521,--was buried in the church of
+Beer-Ferrers." (Dugdale.)
+
+  [6] Bacon thus describes the pestilence:--"This disease (Sweating
+  Sickness) had a swift course both in the sick body, and in the
+  time and period of the lasting thereof, for they that were taken
+  with it, upon four and twenty hours escaping were thought almost
+  assured. It was a pestilent fever but as it seemed not seated in
+  the veins or humours, for that there followed no carbuncle, no
+  purple nor livid spots, or the like, the mass of the body being
+  not tainted, only a malign vapour flew to the heart and seized
+  the vital spirits, which stirred Nature to strive to send it
+  forth in an extreme sweat. And it appeared by experience that
+  this disease was rather a surprise of Nature, than obstinate to
+  remedies, if it were in time looked unto; for if the patient were
+  kept in an equal temper, both for clothes, fire, and drink
+  moderately warm, with temperate cordials, whereby Nature's work
+  were neither irritated by heat, nor turned back by cold, he
+  commonly recovered. But infinite persons died suddenly of it,
+  before the manner of the cure and the attendance were known."
+
+Edward Willoughby, son of the foregoing, married Margaret daughter of
+Richard Nevill, second Lord Latimer[7] of the second creation (by Anne
+Stafford his wife), who died in 1530. By her he had three daughters,
+Elizabeth, Anne, and Blanche. Anne died unmarried, Blanche married Sir
+Francis Dautry, knt., and dying leaving no issue, Elizabeth the eldest
+was left at length, says Collins,--
+
+   "sole heir to the last Lord Broke, her grandfather; also to her
+   grandmother Elizabeth, eldest of the daughters and coheirs of the
+   last Lord Beauchamp of Powyke; and thus in her own person, united
+   the illustrious successions of those two noble families. As the
+   sole heir to her grandmother, she came to be seized in fee of the
+   whole manor of Alcester, in consequence of which, letters-patent
+   of exemplification were granted 3 Elizabeth, to her then a widow,
+   confirming all the grants of fairs, markets, &c., made in the
+   time of her ancestors. And as the sole heir of her grandfather,
+   it appears by an inquisition taken after her death, that she died
+   seized in fee, not only of the manor of Alcester, but of sundry
+   other manors and lands, in the counties of Warwick, Worcester,
+   Lincoln, Leicester, Somerset, and divers others; the whole
+   amounting to so great a value, that she might well have been
+   esteemed one of the richest heiresses of her time, as well as one
+   of the best descended."
+
+  [7] Memorable also is this Richard, Lord Latimer, for the dispute
+  he had with Robert, Lord Broke, touching the Barony of Latimer;
+  to which as next heir in blood to John, Lord Latimer of Danby,
+  who died without issue 9 Henry VI., he claimed a right. But to
+  end the contention the Lord Broke was informed by an herald, that
+  Sir George Nevill, grandfather to Sir Richard, was created Lord
+  Latimer by a new title, which therefore lineally descended to
+  Richard, by Henry, son and heir of the said George; and that the
+  Lord Broke had made a wrong claim; who should have claimed his
+  style from William Latimer, first created Lord Latimer of Danby,
+  (the head manor of this Barony) temp. Edward II; on this, the
+  Lord Broke perceiving his error, and having a title of his own,
+  was contented to conclude a match between their children, and
+  Richard suffered a recovery on certain manors and lordships
+  demanded by the Lord Broke, with which adjustment both parties
+  were well satisfied.--BANKS.
+
+Here was a lady rivalling in illustrious birth and immenseness of
+possessions the famed west country heiress Cicely Bonville, one of
+whose daughters her grandfather had married as his second wife. What
+fortunate youth was destined to make prize of this high-born and
+wealthy orphan,--with whom was to reside the influence of the bestowal
+of her hand, fortune, and let us hope also, her heart?
+
+There resided not far away from the home of this fatherless,
+richly-dowered girl, an old and well descended race of gentlemen
+called Greville. Leland, who wrote his itinerary contemporary with the
+little lady's existence in the flesh, thus describes them,--
+
+   "Sum hold Opinion, that the gravilles cam originally in at the
+   conquest. The veri ancient house of the gravilles, is at draiton
+   by banburi, in oxfordshire. But ther is an nother manor place of
+   the chief stok of the Gravilles, caullid Milcot, yn Warwickshire,
+   where a late is a newer, fairer and more commodious house. And
+   court rolles remayne yet at Draiton, that the Gravilles had
+   landes ons by yere 3300 marks. And Gravilles had Knap Castel, and
+   Bewbush Parke, and other landes in Southfax, by descentes of
+   their name.
+
+   "Grevill an ancient Gent. dwelleth at Milcote, scant a mile lower
+   than Stratford towards _Avon ripa dextra_."
+
+This "ancient gent" residing at Milcote, only a comparatively short
+distance from Beauchamps-Court, Sir Edward Greville by name, although
+of considerable social standing, did not rank in influence with the
+Brokes and Beauchamps. He appears to have been an assiduous attendant
+at the Court of Henry VIII.,
+
+   "was in the commission of the peace for Warwickshire, and in 1514
+   at the seiges of Terouen and Tournay, also at the battle that
+   ensued, called by our historians the Battle of Spurs, from the
+   swiftness of the French running away. He received the honour of
+   Knighthood 13 October for his valiant behaviour. In 1523, he was
+   appointed one of the Knights to attend the King (Henry VIII.) and
+   Queen to Canterbury, and from thence to Calais, and Guisnes, to
+   the meeting of the French king; every one of that degree having a
+   chaplain, eleven servants, and eight horses."
+
+Sir Edward married Anne, daughter of John Denton of Amersden in the
+county of Bucks, died in 1529, and was buried in the Chapel of St.
+Anne in the church of Weston-upon-Avon. By his wife he had four sons,
+John, Fulke, Thomas, and Edward, and like a prudent far-seeing father,
+he naturally looked about for good matches for them, and one prize at
+least was in view, and near at home, if he could obtain her reversion.
+So making use of his Court influence, on his return from the Field of
+the Cloth of Gold, he
+
+   "in 13 Henry VIII., 1522, obtained the wardship of Elizabeth, one
+   of the daughters and coheirs, and eventually the sole heir of
+   Edward Willoughby the only son of Robert, the second Lord Broke;
+   a grant which in its consequences, greatly contributed to
+   aggrandize his family as will appear from what followed."
+
+Theoretically it would be presumed the "obtaining a wardship from the
+Crown," was simply that of a philanthropic trusteeship, but
+practically it meant something of a much more sordid nature, even the
+disposal of the person and possessions of the ward, for its own
+selfish uses and purposes, a monstrous privilege, or rather power,
+which was the chief object of their acquisition, and as a rule duly
+enforced. Therefore in accordance, we learn further that
+
+   "Sir Edward intended her for John his eldest son, but she
+   preferred in affection Fulke his younger son, and we get the
+   following account of this marriage from a manuscript entitled
+   '_The Genealogie, Life, and Death of Robert, Lord
+   Brooke_,'--wrote in 1644, and in possession of Francis Earl
+   Brooke,[8]--'In the days of king Henry the Eighth, I read of Sir
+   Edward Grevill of Milcote, who had the wardship of Elizabeth, one
+   of the daughters of the Lord Brook's son. This Knight made a
+   motion to his ward, to be married to John his eldest son; but she
+   refused, saying, that she did like better of Fulke his second
+   son. He told her, that he (Fulke) had no estate of land to
+   maintain her, and that he was in the King's service of warre,
+   beyond the seas, and therefore his returne was very doubtful. She
+   replyed and said, that shee had an estate sufficient for both,
+   for him, and for herselfe, and that shee would pray for his
+   safeties, and waite for his coming. Upon his returne home, for
+   the worthy service he had performed, he was by king Henry
+   honoured with knighthood; and then he married Elizabeth, the
+   daughter of the Lord Brooke's son.'"
+
+  [8] Collins, _Peerage_, edition 1756, and probably now among the
+  muniments of the Earl of Warwick.
+
+After all, Sir Edward did not have it exactly his own way, some little
+romance was mixed up with this "matter of mere attorneyship," and the
+evidently high-spirited girl had a will of her own, and preferred the
+sailor youth, to the more prosaic stay-at-home son. It is well perhaps
+her inclinations did not lead her for choice outside Sir Edward's
+family circle, and doubtless the knight was sufficiently reconciled to
+find one of his boys in possession of the heiress.
+
+By this marriage Sir Fulke settled himself at Beauchamp's-Court, and
+with his wife's large property, and others acquired afterward by
+purchase, became of high distinction and position in the county of
+Warwick, and it further appears that
+
+   "he was an affectionate husband and tender parent; that he had
+   encountered great difficulties, in securing the inheritance of
+   his wife (the daughters of the late Lord Broke, claiming as
+   coheirs), and that he was remarkably accurate in his accounts,
+   and adhered strictly to justice in all his transactions, appears
+   by the whole tenor of his will, dated 12 Elizabeth, in which
+   towards the end he thus expresses himself, '_and my especial
+   requests to my executors (his wife and eldest son) for the love I
+   have borne them, and for the travel I have taken in establishing
+   the hole inheritance, with my great costs also to be considered,
+   I most earnestly require them, and on God's behalf charge them,
+   that my debts be paied, if I die before the accomplishments
+   thereof_.'"
+
+So it fortunately turned out, that the Lady Elizabeth was happily
+wedded to a kind, honourable, and just man. She bore him seven
+children, three sons and four daughters,--Fulke, who succeeded his
+father,--Robert, of Thorpe-Latimer, Lincolnshire, ancestor of the
+Earls Brooke and of Warwick,--Edward, of Harrold Park, Waltham-Abbey,
+Essex, whose line terminated in two daughters coheiresses,--Mary,
+married to William Harris of Hayne, Devon,--Eleanor, to Sir John
+Conway, of Arrow, and Ragley, in Warwick, who died in 1603, father of
+Edward, first Baron Conway,--Catherine, to Charles Read, of the county
+of Gloucester, and Blanche who died unmarried.
+
+This evidently attached couple did not long survive each other, Sir
+Fulke died 10 Nov., 1559, and his wife followed him to the tomb the
+year following--1560.
+
+They were buried under a magnificent monument that originally stood at
+the end of the south aisle, near the chancel in Alcester church, but
+which is now removed to a position near the tower at the west end.
+
+Considering Alcester church was almost wholly rebuilt about a century
+and a half since, at an era when memorials of the dead were not too
+circumspectly cared for, this noble tomb with its recumbent figures,
+and wealth of ornament has been wonderfully preserved from injury.
+Except that the coloured decoration is somewhat softened by Time, it
+is otherwise but little mutilated, and displays all its antient
+splendour almost unimpaired.
+
+  [Illustration: EFFIGIES OF SIR FULKE AND LADY ELIZABETH GREVILLE]
+
+On a black marble table are their effigies in alabaster, richly
+painted and gilded. Sir Fulke, bare-headed, is in full armour, two
+chains around the breast, from the lower depends a Maltese cross (or
+star) of five arms, sword and miséricorde, feet in broad sabbatons
+puffed at the toes, and resting on a lion,--rings on his fingers, head
+reclining on a helmet, with crest _a greyhound's head couped at the
+shoulders sable, collared or_. Lady Elizabeth wears a close fitting
+cap, hair parted in the centre and brought across the brow, ruff,
+three small chains around the neck, gown with collar, sleeves having
+dependant lappets, and putted, knotted and slashed at the shoulders,
+with robe over fastened across the breast with cordon and tassels. Her
+head rests on double cushions, rings are on her fingers, and from her
+girdle, suspended by a chain, a gold pomander or pix, with double rose
+ornament on the lid. By her left foot is a little dog, sable and
+collared. The effigies are in a fine state of preservation, and around
+the edge of the table this inscription:--
+
+   =Here lyeth the bodyes of s ffoulke grevile knyght & lady
+   Elizabeth his wefe the doughter & heire of edward willoughbye
+   esquyre the sone & heyre of Robert willoughbye knyght lord of
+   broke & lady Elizabeth one of the doughters & coheyres of the
+   lord beauchamps of powycke whiche s ffoulke dyed the x day of
+   november a'no d'ni M^o d^o lix and the seid lady Elizabeth
+   hys wyff deperted the day of in the yere of o^r lord god M^o
+   d^o lx of whose soules god have mercy amen=
+
+On the sides of the tomb below are a series of small figures, and an
+elaborate heraldic display, which claims special notice. Under the
+knight are seven figures: 1, a knight in full armour, bareheaded,
+sword, and chain round neck; 2 and 3, two ladies, with black hair,
+chains round their necks, their gowns red, lined with black. On the
+other side of the large shield, four figures: 4 and 5, two ladies with
+black hair, gold chains, and black gowns lined with red; 6, apparently
+a chrism child, with hood and clothes wound round in red, laced across
+the chest, knees, and ankles with a black band; 7, another lady
+clothed as 1 and 2. Under the cornice eight small shields:--1. _Sable,
+a cross engrailed or_ (UFFORD).--2. _Gules, a cross moline or_
+(BEC).--3. _Gules, a cross fleurie or_ (LATIMER).--4. _Sable, a fess
+between three fleurs-de-lys or._--5. _Gules, four fusils in fess
+or,[9] each charged with an escallop sable_ (CHENEY).--6. _Gules,
+three mullets pierced, or._--7. _Azure, a cross fleurettée or_
+(Paveley?).--8. _Gules, a lion rampant or._ Below them inscribed in
+the centre,
+
+     =Arma Edwardi grevile de milcote militis.=
+
+under the inscription a large escutcheon quarterly of four,--1 and 4.
+_Gules, a fess between six martlets or._--2 and 3. _Or, on a fess
+azure, three fleurs-de-lys of the first._ Round the shield on a blue
+riband,
+
+     DONA PACIENCIA DIEN ME
+
+On the other side under the lady are eight figures: 1 and 2, are
+ladies in gilded caps and cuffs, black gowns lined with red, and
+sleeves similar to those worn by Lady Greville; 3, a chrism child
+habited exactly as that on the opposite side; 4, a lady clad similar
+to the first two. On the other side of the central shield, four ladies
+apparelled as the other three, their gowns red lined with black. All
+the figures stand on little pedestals and have their hands raised in
+prayer. Under the cornice eight small shields: 1. _Sable, a fret or_
+(MALTRAVERS).--2. _Azure, two bars gemells or_ (CIFREWAST).--3. _Per
+fess gules and azure, three crescents or_ (D'AUMARLE).--4. _Gules, a
+saltier vaire, between twelve billets or_ (CHAMPERNOWNE).--5. _Or, on
+a bend sable, three horse-shoes of the first_ (FERRERS).--6. _Azure,
+an eagle displayed or_ (BIGBURY).--7. _Gules, a fess between six
+martlets or._--8. _Or, on a fess azure, three fleurs-de-lys of the
+first._ Inscribed below them in the centre,
+
+     =Arma Robert Willoughbye domina de broke.=
+
+Under the inscription a large escutcheon quarterly of eighteen:--1.
+_Sable, a cross engrailed or_ (UFFORD).--2. _Gules, a cross moline or_
+(BEC).--3. _Gules, a cross fleurie or_ (LATIMER).--4. _Sable, a fess
+between three fleurs-de-lys or._--5. CHENEY.--6. _Gules, three mullets
+pierced or._--7. _Azure, a cross fleurettée or_ (PAVELEY?)--8. _Gules,
+a lion rampant or._-9. _Or, a cross fleurie gules._--10. _Or, three
+bars gules._--11. _Or, a chevron gules, within a bordure engrailed
+sable_ (STAFFORD).--12. _Or, six lioncels rampant gules, three and
+three._--13. MALTRAVERS.--14. CIFREWAST.--15. D'AUMARLE.--16.
+CHAMPERNOWNE.--17. FERRERS.--18. BIGBURY.--Around the shield the
+riband of the Garter with motto,
+
+     HONI SOIT QVI MAL Y PENSE
+
+At the head of the tomb, four small shields[10] on the cornice:--1.
+_Sable, on a cross within a bordure both engrailed or, nine pellets of
+the first_ (GREVILLE).--2. _Erminois, a fess checquy or and azure._ 3.
+_Quarterly per fess dancetté, 1 and 4 or, 2 and 3 azure, in the dexter
+chief a crescent gules._--4. GREVILLE. Below them inscribed in the
+centre,
+
+     =Arma Fulconis grevile militis & domini Elizabeth uxoris eius.=
+
+under, a large escutcheon supported by nude alabaster figures of
+boys,--_baron_, quarterly of four charged as the shields on the
+cornice above, impaling _femme_, quarterly of twenty, eighteen of the
+charges as on the large shield below the lady, and 19. _Gules, a fess
+between six martlets or._--20. _Or, on a fess azure, three
+fleurs-de-lys of the first._ Around the shield on a blue riband the
+motto as under the knight.
+
+  [9] Gold is used throughout the heraldry on the monument to
+  represent either metal. The shields are here blazoned as they
+  actually appear.
+
+  [10] Commencing with these, the series of small shields round the
+  tomb, numbering twenty-four in all, follow the same sequence as
+  the corresponding number of quarterings on the escutcheon below
+  them.
+
+At the foot of the tomb, four shields on the cornice:--1. _Or, a cross
+moline gules._--2. _Or, three bars gules._--3. STAFFORD.--4. _Or, six
+lioncels rampant gules, three and three._ Inscribed below them,
+
+     =Arma Richardi d'ni de bello Campo baronis de powick et
+                      d'ni de Alcester.=
+
+Underneath are two shields and a lozenge,--one above two. On the
+first, quarterly of four, as under the knight; on the second,
+quarterly of four as _baron_ at the head of the tomb, _in the fess
+point a mullet for difference_. On the lozenge twenty quarterings as
+_femme_,--as at the head of the tomb.
+
+Twisted pillars occur at the corners of the tomb, and on each side of
+the large escutcheons, and the whole composition is in a remarkably
+good state of preservation.
+
+Fulke, the eldest son of Lady Elizabeth, was a most accomplished man,
+and the great friend and biographer of that "mirror of knighthood,"
+Sir Philip Sidney. He married Ann, daughter of Ralph Nevill, fourth
+Earl of Westmoreland who died in 1549. By her he left one son Fulke,
+and one daughter Margaret, married to Sir Richard Verney of
+Compton-Mordak, Warwickshire. Sir Fulke died in 1606.
+
+Sir Fulke, the grandson of Lady Elizabeth, was really the heir through
+her to the barony of Broke, but at that time, it did not appear to be
+a point clear in law, that after an honour had been for some time in
+abeyance in the female line, it could be afterward claimed by the
+heir. He was greatly in favour at the Court of Elizabeth, who rewarded
+him liberally, and he obtained from king James I., in the second year
+of his reign, a grant of Warwick Castle and its dependencies, then in
+a ruinous state, which he gradually re-edified and restored at great
+cost, and, January 29, in the eighteenth year of the same reign was
+advanced to the title of Baron Brooke, of Beauchamp's-Court, a dignity
+further enhanced to an Earldom of the same name 7 July, 1746, followed
+by that of the Earldom of Warwick 13 Nov., 1759. Sir Fulke, the first
+Lord Brooke, was unfortunately murdered at his house in London, by one
+Haywood his servant, who hearing Lord Brooke had not included him for
+a legacy in his will, as he had his other servants, Lord Brooke not
+considering him entitled to it, resented the omission, and after angry
+expostulations, stabbed him in the back, in his bedchamber. The
+assassin then rushed into another chamber, locked the door, and
+destroyed himself. Lord Brooke lingered a few days, and expired 30
+Sep., 1638.
+
+It was to the descendants of Margaret Greville, sister to Sir Fulke
+the first Lord Brooke, and grand-daughter of the Lady Elizabeth, that
+the title of Willoughby de Broke, was destined to be restored. She
+married Sir Richard Verney, of Compton-Murdack in Warwickshire, the
+then representative of that very antient and distinguished family. Sir
+Richard died 7 Aug., 1630, and Lady Margaret 26 March, 1631. They had
+issue four sons and four daughters. Sir Greville ob: 1642, the eldest
+son of Sir Richard, had also four sons,--Greville, the eldest; John,
+who died young; Richard, of Belton; and George. This descent of
+Greville (the eldest son of Sir Greville) became extinct on the death
+of his son William in 1683, leaving no issue.
+
+The succession was now vested in Richard of Belton in the county of
+Rutland, third son of Sir Greville. He was a person of considerable
+culture and influence, and Sheriff and Knight of the shire for
+Warwick. As descendant through the heiress of Greville, from Robert
+Willoughby, Baron of Broke, he laid claim to that title, which was
+allowed him in Parliament 13 February, 1695,--8 William III., and on
+the twenty-fifth of that month, had summons by writ to the house of
+peers, and on the twenty-seventh took his seat accordingly as the
+third Baron Willoughby de Broke,--the original title being granted 12
+August, 1492,--7 Henry VII. He married two wives, lived to the great
+age of ninety, and was buried at Compton-Verney, Warwickshire. The
+title is still held by his descendants.
+
+Here ends our direct genealogical and biographical details, and we
+retrace our steps to the church of Beer-Ferrers, where the second Lord
+Willoughby de Broke was buried. We have described such remembrances as
+remain there to the families of Ferrers and Champernowne, and it now
+becomes our province to make note of the memorials that exist to their
+successors the Willoughbys.
+
+The first traces that meet the eye are on the bosses of the roof of
+the south porch--whereon are shields charged with the arms of Ferrers,
+Cheney, Latimer, &c.; and a glance within the church shews us a
+pleasing array of bench-ends, of well designed tracery and uniform
+design, except the two easternmost, which are ornamented with shields
+of arms, referable to their presumed donor. On one is the achievement
+of Willoughby de Broke, similar to the escutcheon on the tomb at
+Callington, on the other the _bend and horse-shoes_ of Ferrers, here
+made _four_ in number, and saltierwise across them, are _five
+rudders_,--that descended to and was adopted by Willoughby. Both porch
+and bench-ends are of late fifteenth century work. We pass into the
+north transept, and there on the north side of the position of the
+antient altar once therein, and standing at right angles from the
+wall, is a large high-tomb of Purbeck marble. The massive cover stone
+is plain, but around its edge is a deeply sunk indent in which was
+originally the inscription either on brass or painted within it. Below
+in panels are shields with classic wreaths around them, boldly
+sculptured,--there are no charges on the escutcheons, and they appear
+to have been originally covered with brasses, on which the charges
+were emblazoned.
+
+The era may be referred to the first half of the sixteenth century,
+and with great probability it may be considered to be the tomb of
+Robert, the second Lord Willoughby de Broke, who died in 1522.
+
+  [Illustration: TOMB OF THE SECOND LORD WILLOUGHBY DE BROKE,
+  BEER-FERRERS.]
+
+Before we leave the sacred edifice, a chastened thought creeps over
+us, as we take a last look at the fine old glass in the east
+window. Just seventy years a-past, a gifted student in the
+pursuit we also at humbler distance love, made pilgrimage here, and
+was engaged in making a drawing of its interesting painted story, when
+death suddenly stayed the work of the artist, snapping the very pencil
+in his fingers, and instantly translated him, from picturing the
+earthly image of the Founder of these courts below, into his immortal
+presence in the great temple above, and the company of all those who
+"have died in His faith and fear." Gratefully we note, appreciative
+minds have placed a small brass in the pavement, where, on the 28 May,
+1821, Charles Alfred Stothard met with his sad, and to mortal sight,
+untimely end. His cunning fingers are mouldering in the dust below,
+and moss and decay are stealthily obliterating his record outside, but
+the fidelity and truth of his works remain bright and undimmed,
+forming his best and most enduring monument,--for
+
+     "It is the gods that die, not God; It is the arts that perish, not
+     Art; And beauties may disappear, but Beauty herself Is immortal."
+
+  [Illustration: BENCH-ENDS, BEER-FERRERS CHURCH, DEVON.]
+
+The arms proper of Willoughby appear to be _Or, fretty azure_, and
+with regard to the badge of _the rudder_, although it has been
+questioned, still the evidence of investigation goes far to prove it
+to be by ancestral descent, the peculiarity of this family. Leland
+makes special note of their appearance at Broke-Hall, and also in
+Westbury church. It first occurs in connection with Cheney on the tomb
+at Edington, also with Willoughby at Callington, is well marked on the
+bench-end at Beer-Ferrers, and again--out of compliment--appears in
+similar situation in Landulph church, on the opposite side of the
+river. It is found in Lychet-Matraver's church in east Dorset, on the
+font and over the windows, accompanied by the golden _fret_ of
+Matravers; here it follows Elizabeth, sister of Lord Willoughby de
+Broke, who married William Fitz-Alan, Earl of Arundel, Baron Matravers
+of Lychet, and lord of the place, who died in 1543. The church was
+evidently rebuilt about that time, and displays the characteristics of
+late, almost debased Perpendicular.
+
+Another memory concerning Willoughby de Broke yet remains for us to
+chronicle, and we must spirit you away, gentle reader, from Tamar's
+oozy marge to the dry undulating chalk hills of central Dorset, and
+invite you to enter the well-cared-for little church of Hooke.
+Descending to him through his grandmother Anne Cheney, as
+representative of the families of Stafford and Matravers of Hooke,
+Lord Willoughby de Broke held large properties in this and the
+adjoining parishes, eleven manors (as enumerated by Hutchins), and
+where also he had a seat, of which, says Coker, "Humphrey Stafford who
+married Matraver's heir, was the great builder of it," then the
+residence of the Marquis of Winchester, descendant of the
+Willoughbies; "but his successors have not thought so well of it,
+wherefore it is like to run to decay." On its site now stands a modern
+mansion, with a few antient vestiges interwoven, and around it is a
+fair-sized park. It was in Hooke church that the first Lord
+Willoughby de Broke by will endowed the priest for twenty years to
+pray for his soul; and within the edifice, on the south side, is a
+small chantry, which opens to the church by an arch of late character,
+richly decorated with a course of quatrefoil panels having in their
+centres shields, and edged on each side with a string-course of
+foliage. There are no bearings on the shields. Here, doubtless, the
+masses _pro bono statu_ of the deceased nobleman's soul were regularly
+sung and said for the time specified. No memorial to Willoughby is
+visible in the chantry, excepting a small brass, that probably had its
+original station within it, but is now affixed to the opposite wall,
+which records the following,--
+
+   =Of yo^r charyte pray for the soule of Edmond Semar late se'v'nt
+   to Robt wylughby knyght late lord Broke whiche Edmond decessed
+   y^e xiii day of Ianuary the yer of o^r lord m v^e xxiii on whose
+   soule Ihu haue mercy amen=
+
+William Willoughby succeeded to the Arch-Presbytery of Beer-Ferrers 21
+April, 1533,--patron _Walter Seymour_, by virtue of grant from Lord de
+Broke. He died 1565, and the Arch-Presbytery expired with him. Both
+probably were members of the same family.
+
+A review of the life of the first Lord Willoughby de Broke exhibits no
+salient features, beyond those associated with the social distinctions
+and worldly prosperity, usually conferred on and accompanying the
+faithful subserviency, that follows in the wake of a conqueror. His
+public functions scarcely reached in importance those exercised by his
+companion at Court and in arms, and fellow west-countryman Giles, Lord
+Daubeney; but in the main they were much alike; each served Henry as a
+military commander, both on sea and land, abroad and at home, were the
+envoys entrusted to negociate his crafty, vacillating, compromising
+policy in missions to foreign potentates, and held respectively the
+highest positions at his court, the one as Lord Chamberlain, and the
+other as Lord Steward of his Household. Although the Edgcumbe episode
+seems to pourtray him in his younger years as a daring and lawless
+marauder on his neighbour's peace and possessions, large allowance
+must be made for the disorganized state of society in that distracted
+age, where every man essayed to be a law unto himself, and might
+became right, in a very large sense of the word. In after years--like
+Lord Daubeney--when Henry was firmly seated on the throne, and order
+largely restored, Lord Willoughby de Broke was probably a careful and
+cautious courtier, steering clear of the intrigues that stalked about
+Henry's court (and infested the Tudor dynasty to its close), one who
+studied the mercenary, selfish policy of his royal master, and made
+himself generally useful as opportunity and circumstance occurred, and
+in return was rewarded with honours, accompanied by grants of his
+neighbour's confiscated lands, which cost the generous monarch he
+served, nothing to bestow. His name, somewhat prominent from the
+functions he exercised, helps to fill up the middle distance of the
+picture, that environs the advent of the first Tudor king.
+
+Concerning the history of the subsequent possession of the antient
+home of the Willoughbies de Broke,--Charles Blount, the fifth Lord
+Montjoy, who married Anne the daughter of Robert, the second Lord
+Willoughby de Broke by his second marriage, had in her right, livery
+of the manor, 31 Henry VIII., 1539. He was of eccentric turn, served
+in the rear guard of the army sent to France in 1544, and by his will
+made at that time, he ordered a stone to be set over his grave in case
+he was there slain, with the following epitaph, as a memento to his
+children, to keep themselves worthy of so much honour as to be called
+forward to die in the cause of their king and country--
+
+     "Willingly have I sought
+       And willingly have I found,
+     The fatal end that wrought
+       Thither as dutie bound:
+
+     Discharged I am of that I ought
+       To my countrey by honest wound;
+     My soul departyd Christ hath bought;
+       The end of man is ground."
+
+and further devised some extensive charitable bequests. He died in
+1545, and was buried in the church of St. Mary Aldermary, London
+(Weever)--his grandson Charles Blount, eighth baron (raised to the
+dignity of Earl of Devonshire, and K.G. in 1603),--sold Broke Hall and
+Manor to William Jones, of Edington, Wilts, gent, in 1599.
+
+Yet one more remembrance of the Willoughbies and of the same house as
+the Lords Willoughby de Broke, waits notice, and our little chronicle
+concerning them is concluded. In Southleigh churchyard in east Devon,
+close to the chancel end of the church is a high-tomb, erected
+evidently to a person of some position; on the end panel is incised
+the grand achievement of Willoughby de Eresby, as on the tomb at
+Callington, and with the _crescent_ for difference, shewing that he
+was of the same descent. The form of the letters in the inscription is
+of an extraordinary uncouth kind, and tell us
+
+     HERE LIETH THE BODY OF HENRY WILLOUGHBY
+     WHO DYED THE 28 DAY OF SEPTR. 1616.
+
+but we have been hitherto unable satisfactorily to place him in the
+Willoughby pedigree; the following however may be added.
+
+Sir William Willoughby, second son of Sir John Willoughby of Broke,
+and brother to Robert, Lord Willoughby de Broke, was of Toners-Piddle
+near Bere-Regis, Dorset, and by his will dated 28 November, 1512,
+proved 13 February, 1512-13, ordered his body to be buried in the
+church of St. John the Baptist at Bere-Regis. He endowed a Chantry at
+Edington in Wilts, and gave to the Abbey of Milton in Dorset fifty
+marks. Nicholas Willoughby his son was also of Toners-Piddle, where,
+says Hutchins, "he held this manor and advowson, and four hundred
+acres of (plough) land, two hundred of mead, three hundred of wood,
+and two thousand of furze and heath, there and in Snelling and
+Chilborough, of Lewis Mordant as of his manor of Duntish, in free
+socage and by fealty." In 1546 Robina his widow instituted John
+Brikill to the rectory. By his will dated 15 May, 1542, he ordered
+his body to be buried in the church of Bere-Regis, as did also Leonard
+Willoughby his son. "At the upper end of the north aisle," Hutchins
+remarks, "are two altar tombs of grey marble, but the brass plates,
+effigies, escutcheons, and inscriptions gone; perhaps they belong to
+the family of the Willoughbies." In 1653 Sir Robert Willoughby and
+Elizabeth his wife sold the capital mansion-house, farm, and advowson
+of Toners-Piddle to Robert Lewen. Toners-Piddle church "was re-built
+in 1759, the little aisle of the Willoughbies was not re-erected.
+There were no inscriptions in it, that family generally burying at
+Bere." Christopher Willoughby, another son of Sir William, married
+Isabel daughter of Nicholas Weeks of Dodington, Gloucester, and he had
+a son named _Henry_, who married Jane daughter of Dauntsey of
+Lavington, Wilts.
+
+Richard Willoughby, third son of Sir John Willoughby of Broke, was of
+Silton, Dorset, having married Isabel daughter of John Bedyke of that
+place, who brought the manor to her husband. He died 1523, she 1524,
+and both by their wills ordered their bodies to be buried in the
+church of St. Nicholas there. They left several descendants.
+
+Henry Willoughby's tomb at Southleigh has been carefully and
+substantially repaired by a representative of the family.
+
+Back to Beer-Ferrers again our thoughts return, and recall the memory
+of our last visit to the antient home, successively of Ferrers,
+Champernowne, and Willoughby, names all now extinct, that had
+relationship there. Evening is creeping on, as we leave the little
+jetty and find ourselves afloat, slowly making way out into the Tamar
+proper. How many a story speaks to us of the past, from its dim cliffy
+banks, that history and tradition have preserved, how many more,
+silent and forgotten, are lost for ever. Such the doom and fate of
+human life, little episodes on the stream of time, successive and
+evanescent as the wavelets that rise and die against the bosom of our
+little craft. Of Willoughby de Broke, a larger remembrance remains,
+but it only points in a fuller sense to an often recurring issue of
+human life, graphically summed up concerning them by the quaint old
+historian Westcote,--"but this family fading in his very blossom, soon
+came to his period."
+
+TAMAR'S FLOW.
+
+     O Tamar's flow! lowly I bend mine ear,
+       And listen to thy lisp that greets the shore,
+     Bearing Tradition's burthen soft and clear,
+       From the dim portals of the never more;--
+     Two voices spell me from thy mingled tide,
+       One, mighty ocean's whisper, murmurous, deep,
+     Telling of ventures glorious, that hide
+       Within its billowy bosom rocked in sleep;--
+     The other, rippling from thy crystal fount,
+       A tinkle sweet of elves, and fays, and flowers,
+     Legends borne down from woodland, vale, and mount,
+       Departed homes, and haunted shrines and towers;--
+     Flow on,--until this trancèd ear shall be,
+     But one more memory that is merged in thee!
+
+
+  [Illustration: EFFIGY, PRESUMED TO REPRESENT
+  CICELY BONVILLE, MARCHIONESS OF DORSET.
+  ASTLEY CHURCH, WARWICKSHIRE--CIRCA 1530-5]
+
+
+
+
+EXTINCT, FOR THE WHITE ROSE.
+
+
+Leaving the antient town of Colyton by its south-western approach, the
+broad turnpike-road that leads over the hill to Sidmouth, at about
+half-a-mile's distance up its ascent, a turn to the right takes us
+into the trackway of a winding and somewhat narrow Devonshire lane. A
+pleasant prospect opens across the valley below, through which the
+Coly sparkles along with sinuous course, and immediately in the
+mid-distance appears the old ruinous cradle of the Courtenay family,
+Colcombe Castle, grey-walled, ivy-clad, and orchard environed. Beyond
+and just under the further fir-topped hill-line, another grey dot
+strugglingly emerges from among the dense garnishing of foliage that
+surrounds it, and shews us what remains of old Shute House, while to
+its left, across the far valley, rises the beautiful tree-crested
+acclivity of Shute Park; localities of special importance pertinent to
+the interests of our little narrative, to be referred to by and by. In
+front a delightful and typical Devonian landscape extends itself.
+Sprinkled over with the deserted homes of the olden lesser
+squirearchy, the antient lords of the vale, and picturesquely varied
+alternate with copse, plantations, and well-timbered hedgerow, the two
+valleys of the Coly and the Brinkly bifurcate just at this point,
+meeting under the shadow of the remarkable pyramid-shaped hill, Waddon
+Pen, and then stretch away, variously broken into lesser knoll and
+vale, until lost in the misty outline of the high, far-distant curtain
+of the Farway hills, with their tiny clumps of trees that just break
+the even contour, and stand like sentinels on the rampart-appearanced
+outline against the grey sky. They recall also for the moment to the
+historic memory, the burthen of a pleasant story, connected with its
+breezy, and comparatively unfrequented altitude, one of the numberless
+traditions that throng the hills and vales of the olden region of the
+Danmonii.
+
+A rest for awhile on the parapet of the bridge spanning the little
+Morganhayes brook, hastening to join the Coly a few fields' distance
+below; a rivulet whose banks at Spring time are almost fairy-land with
+abundance of some of our finest wild flowers, broad stretches of
+daffodils, myriads of white-starred anemones, gleams of pale primroses
+and bleached lady-smocks, and sheen of golden-cups in their
+succession, but specially, when uncertain April brings her tears and
+sunshine, the haunt of the most gorgeous of them all
+
+THE MEADOW RANUNCULUS.
+
+     Close by the rippling streams' translucent marge,
+         Ranunculus of gold,
+     Bright to the sun in constellation large,
+         Thy glowing stars unfold.
+
+     'Mid all the wealth Spring scatters without stint,
+         By meadow, bank or stream,
+     Gay daffodil, or king-cup's myriad glint,
+         Spread like a golden dream;--
+
+     She brings no rival whose attractions may
+         With thee in all compare,
+     Brave thy full beauty in its strong array,
+         And matchless clusters dare.
+
+     No, nor sweet Summer when adown the land
+         Her flower-sprent steps incline,
+     Bearing the sceptred iris in her hand,--
+         The glory still is thine.
+
+Continuing our pilgrimage, about a mile's distance further brings us
+to a bridge spanning another small stream, also flowing down to meet
+the Coly below at a place appropriately named Bournehayne, and
+immediately at the entrance of the little village of Southleigh.
+Passing under the shadow of some fine old yews, our steps lead up a
+little acclivity to the left, into the churchyard. There we halt for a
+minute to scan the Willoughby tomb, with its grand escutcheon and
+uncouth caligraphy, and then look inside the little sanctuary, where,
+owing to the necessity of almost entire rebuilding, only one monument
+of importance remains, preserved in the chancel, to be further
+referred to in the course of our little story. On the porch threshold
+the eye is arrested momentarily by an almost obliterated
+seventeenth-century flat stone, bearing the still-traceable
+yeoman-gentleman name of Starre of Beer, and the fragment of another
+leaning against a grave near, of contemporary date, inscribed with the
+patronymic of Clode--a name still existent in the parish,--and whose
+earthly calling is described as '_goldsmith_,' a strange vocation to
+find chronicled here in this rural vale, and the memorial probably of
+one who practised the craft in busier scenes elsewhere, and returned
+to his native parish, when he finally laid down burnisher and graver,
+to find his last resting-place.
+
+Down a small meadow below the church, to the rill we crossed on
+entering the hamlet, and our path inclines along its banks up the
+valley through which it flows, and a right pleasant vale it is,
+flanked on the left by extensive plantations of almost every species
+of useful conifer, which stretch down, exhibiting great luxuriance of
+growth, their different habits finely contrasting, and adding the
+great charm of variety; while the opposite ascent is also
+picturesquely wooded with ordinary foliage. So we leisurely continue
+a full mile or more, when the valley somewhat expands. Here some fine
+trees are scattered park-like in appearance around, with a small
+modern mansion in their midst, and this brings us to our present
+destination.
+
+Who would imagine, viewing the peace and retirement of this delightful
+rural solitude, so far removed from the ken and the movements of busy,
+anxious, restless, ambitious man, and where only the voice of the
+thrush, the flicker of the butterfly, the hum of the bee, the rustle
+of the coney, the song of the lark, the bleating of the flock, or the
+low of the kine, is seen or heard, that a story of wondrous historic
+interest and significance "take hys begynnyng" from this spot? Yet an
+apt symbol of how small and comparatively unknown beginnings, at times
+end in being engrafted into the largest results, lies close beside us.
+Who shall predict the ultimate destiny of the humble ripple of water
+that sparkles along at our feet? Down through this valley it hastens
+to the Coly, then on to join the larger Axe, thence to mingle with the
+salt tide and be merged in the blue expanse of the Channel, and
+finally be found adding its tiny tribute to the grandeur of the great
+Atlantic.
+
+As of the stream, so of the story that has origin here on its banks,
+and from him who was one of the earliest settlers thereon, back in the
+twilight of the days of the early Plantagenets, when a country
+gentleman with no recorded pretension to influence or fame, beyond the
+inalienable witness of Norman descent, betrayed by his name, to this
+place found his way and fixed his abode. After sundry generations the
+descendants of his race, although still holding their original home
+here, travelled far afield, away from the quietude and peace of these
+sylvan scenes, lured into the dangerous path of ambition, and became
+prominent actors in the great, stirring, troublous drama of mediæval
+English history, as active and devoted partizans in the contending
+factions, fighting to the death amid the strife of its kings, and
+shedding their blood unstintedly in the conflict. Then followed the
+great but dangerous honour of kinship with royalty and its fatal
+glamour, culminating at last in their aspiration to the possession of
+the crown itself, with the result, finally, of laying one of their
+last and most guileless representatives, headless on the steps of the
+throne to which they laid claim. A relation of real incidents that
+needs no garnishing of romance to enhance its extraordinary interest.
+
+Wiscombe,--Wescombe, probably originally West-combe, is the name given
+to these historic precincts. The very earliest mention of its
+ownership assigns it as among the possessions of the Abbey of St.
+Michael de Monte, _in periculo maris_, in Normandy, and was at the
+beginning of the thirteenth century held of its Abbot by Roger de
+Daldich, of the family of Daldich of East-Budleigh. After awhile came
+a change of ownership, and then we get the first mention of the name
+of the family, the outline of whose succeeding generations we propose
+to attempt, albeit imperfectly, to chronicle. A story, nevertheless,
+of surpassing interest, even among the crowd of great traditions that
+form the historic heritage of the famed county of Devon.
+
+This was, according to Pole, its grant, or sale, with the reservation
+of twenty shillings yearly rent, "about ye middest of the raigne of
+kinge Henry III.," by the aforesaid Abbot and Roger de Daldich to
+Nicholas de Bonville, evidently a gentleman of that era, and whose
+name--_de bonne ville_--'of the fair or good village'--unmistakably
+pointed to the original birthplace of his family, as being found in
+the land immediately beyond the southern sea, from which his ancestor
+doubtless also migrated in the train of the Conqueror.
+
+All we know of the life of this Nicholas de Bonville, presumably the
+first of his name as possessor of Wiscombe, is that he married a lady
+named Amicia, and it was probably he, who in accordance with the
+religious custom of the age, was the donor of a rent-charge at
+'Tuddesheye,' now Studhayes, in Kilmington, to the Abbey of Newenham,
+in the adjoining valley of the Axe, and in its Conventual church was
+buried, as described by Mr. Davidson, "lastly against the north wall
+of the choir, lay Sir Nicholas Bonville, a benefactor to the abbey who
+died in 1266."[11] He left a son named William.
+
+  [11] _History of Newenham Abbey._
+
+But according to another account of the early generations of Bonville,
+the first recorded was Nicholas Bonville who was living in 1199. To
+him his son William Bonville (not Nicholas), who married Amicia, did
+homage for lands in Somerset, 6 Feb., 1265, and was succeeded by his
+son William, who married Joan, a widow.[12]
+
+  [12] Vivian's _Visitations of Devon_.
+
+William Bonville wedded a lady named Joan,--in a list of the Guild
+Merchants of the antient borough of Totnes, dated 1260, and still
+preserved, the third name that occurs is _Will's de Boneuille_, but
+whether to be identified with an owner of Wiscombe of that name, may
+not be determined, but the era accords. Of him we learn nothing
+further beyond the date of his death 2 Edward I., 1273; and that he
+was succeeded by his son Nicholas.
+
+Nicholas de Bonville was styled also "of Shute," by right of his wife
+Elizabeth de Pyne, of whom and her dower a few words.
+
+The first recorded owners of Shute, and from whom it received its
+name, were Sir Lucas and Sir Robert de Schete, who held it early in
+the reign of Henry III. From them it passed to Sir Robert and Sir
+Thomas de Pyne, of the "antient progeny" of Pyne in east Devon. Sir
+Thomas who was Sheriff of Devon 56 Henry III., and successively 6, 9,
+and 10 Edward I., at his death left two daughters coheiresses. One of
+these distaffs, Matilda (otherwise Hawise), wedded Nicholas de
+Bonville of Wiscombe, to whom she brought Shute as her portion. "In
+this place (Shute) the famylye of Bonvill," says Pole, "made their
+principall dwellinge, which had (longe before this Nicholas had the
+mansion howse, and mannor of Shute) divers lands within Shute, namely
+Sir Nicholas Bonvill (his grandfather) had Leggeshayes, and other
+lands their, his dwellinge beinge at yt tyme at Wiscombe." The policy
+of this marriage is therefore apparent. Himself and wife appear to
+have both died the same year, 23 Edward I., 1295. They left a son and
+heir named Nicholas, and another son John, who married Joan, daughter
+of Waryn Hampton of Musbury, and she married secondly John Sachville,
+and thirdly John Faringdon of Faringdon.
+
+Sir Nicholas Bonville of Shute and Wiscombe, married Johanna, daughter
+of Sir Henry Champernon of Clyst-Champernon (who died in 1320), by his
+wife Johanna daughter of Henry Bodrugan. He was two years old only at
+his father's death, but the date of his own decease does not appear.
+There were four children, of whom Sir William was the eldest son and
+successor.
+
+Alexander, the second son, married Hawise, daughter of Henry de la
+Forde in Musbury, and had a son Nicholas, styled "of Forde," whose
+daughter Edith, married Richard Okebeare, through whose descendant,
+Pole, afterward of Shute, was the representative, before he purchased
+the Bonville's forfeited inheritance, and through whom they quarter
+the arms of de la Forde; _Sable, a poppy with roots and fruit or_, and
+Bonville.
+
+Isabel, who married Sir Roger de Nonant of Broad-Clyst, and last of
+that name; they left two daughters, Alice who married John Beauchamp
+of Ryme, and Eleanor. The beautiful monument with effigy in
+Broad-Clyst church is supposed to represent this knight, who reclines
+in a recess on the south side of the chancel, and is clad in plate
+armour with bascinet, mail-gorget, surcoat, and ornamented baudrick.
+The feet rest on a lion, the head on a tilting helmet, and angels are
+at the shoulders. A richly foliated canopy of screen-like character
+fronts the figure on the side toward the church.
+
+Anne, the second daughter became a nun at Wherwell.
+
+Sir William Bonville, of Shute, "a very sweet and noble seat, adorned
+in those days (as it still is) with a fair park and large demesnes,"
+the first prominent representative of this family, and who added
+greatly to its social status, was a wealthy and munificent man. He
+married first Margaret, daughter and coheiress of Sir William
+d'Aumarle of Woodbury, Devon, who died 15 Nov., 1361, by his wife
+Agnes de Meriet, daughter of George de Meriet, of Merriot, Somerset.
+By her he had four sons, and two daughters. She died 13 May, 1399.
+
+Early in the succeeding century Sir William married secondly Alice
+(whose surname has not been recovered), widow of Sir John Rodney, who
+died 19 Dec, 1400. Sir William Bonville was her _fifth_ spouse, for
+she had wedded three husbands previous to Sir John Rodney. Firstly,
+John Fitz-Roger, lord of the manor of Chewton-Mendip, Somerset; by
+whom she had a daughter, Elizabeth, who married John Bonville, her
+last husband's eldest son by his first wife; secondly, she married Sir
+Edmond de Clyvedon, of Clyvedon, Somerset, who died 13 Jany., 1375-6;
+and thirdly, as his second wife, Sir Ralph Carminow of Menheniot,
+Cornwall, who deceased 9 Oct., 1386. Sir Ralph who is said to have
+been "by a brase of Greyhounds pulled over a Cliff and died," was
+buried in Menheniot church, where there is a small brass,--probably
+the earliest remaining in Cornwall--to his memory, thus inscribed,--
+
+   =Orate pro anima domini Radulphi Carmynow militis, cuius anime
+   propicietur deus Amen.=
+
+Lady Alice Bonville survived all her husbands nearly twenty years, and
+died 27 March, 1426.
+
+A glance at the numerous ventures of this much-married lady will give
+the uninitiated in the study of genealogy some idea of the
+difficulties which beset it, in sifting, tracing, and separating the
+tangle of relationship that wove together the leading families of the
+west during the fourteenth, fifteenth, and sixteenth centuries. It was
+the custom to marry very early in life, often at fifteen or sixteen,
+and that short widowhoods and remarriage almost invariably followed
+decease on either side, and not uncommonly resulting further also, in
+the children of the previous marriages matching together, a "matter of
+mere attorneyship," probably in many cases entered into to consolidate
+the family estates.
+
+Beside his "mansion howse" at Shute, which was his principal
+residence, Sir William, as was usual, had a town house or hotel, in
+the parish of the Holy Trinity, Exeter. On 17 April, 1404, Bishop
+Stafford licensed John Govys rector of Holy Trinity, as the parish
+church was being rebuilt at the time, "_ut in aula infra mansum domini
+Willelmi Bonevyle, militis, infra parochiam dicte ecclesie Sancte
+Trinitatis situatum, divina possis celebrare, ac per presbiteros
+ydoneos facere celebrari, necnon parochianis tuis quibuscumque
+Sacramenta et Sacramentalia conferre et ministrare valeas_."
+
+Of Sir William's sons, Richard the eldest died without issue before
+1397. John the second son became his father's heir and successor.
+
+Thomas Bonville, third son, married Cicely, daughter of Sir John
+Stretche of Sampford-Arundell, Somerset, who died 6 Aug., 1390, by his
+wife Katharine daughter of Sir John Beaumont, of Sherwill, North
+Devon. They had two sons, William who died 28 Aug., 1412, and John in
+1426. Both were styled "of Merriot, Somerset," property that descended
+to them through their great-grandmother, and died without issue. He,
+Thomas, died about 1401, and his widow soon after married Sir William
+Cheney of Broke, Wilts, and died 18 Oct., 1430.[13]
+
+  [13] See page 5.
+
+William, the fourth son, died without issue; we hear nothing of him
+beyond his being a witness to his stepmother's will.
+
+Katharine, the eldest daughter, married first Sir John Cobham, of
+Blackborough, Devon, by whom she had a daughter Elizabeth, married to
+Walter Charleton. Secondly she married John Wyke of Nynehead-Florey,
+Somerset, and thirdly Humphry Stafford of Grafton, Worcestershire. She
+died 1 Aug., 1416.
+
+Elizabeth, second daughter, married about 1390, Sir Thomas Carew of
+Ottery-Mohun, who died 25 Jan., 1431. She died 8 Feb., 1450-1.
+
+Sir William who was Sheriff of Devon 13 Richard II., 1400, died on 14
+Feb., 1407-8, and was buried before the great Cross in the choir of
+Newenham Abbey Church. Beside him was afterward laid Alice his second
+wife. This was during the abbacy of Leonard Houndalre, who presided
+over the Community 1402-13.
+
+He bequeaths by his will,--a very long document written in
+French,--and made
+
+   "on the Saturday next before the feast of the Assumption of our
+   Lady, 1404, my body to be buried before the High Cross of the
+   church of Newenham; to Alice my consort my mansion at Exeter for
+   her life, all my books, vestments with other apparel belonging to
+   my chapel, all kinds of necessaries belonging to my hall,
+   chambers, pantry, buttery, kitchen and fish-pond, within my manor
+   of Shute, and all other chattels on my manors of Wescombe, &c.,
+   &c., elsewhere, 100 marks in money, and the half of my silver
+   vessels, &c.; 100 marks, to assist in making and repairing the
+   bridges and roads that are weak and fallen within my lordships of
+   Devon and Somerset; to alienate by mortmain 50 marks of land and
+   of rent per year for a _Maison Dieu_ in Combestreet at Exeter,
+   for 12 poor men and women to be lodged there always, also 300
+   marks to the said Maison Dieu in honour of God, and to sustain
+   the said house, and the aforesaid poor men and women, all my
+   rents in Exeter, except my mansion;--to Dame Anne Bonville, nun
+   of Wherwell, 10 marks, a _hanapp_ (drinking cup) with silver
+   cover, and my best _hoppelond_ (great coat) with the fur. To
+   William my son 200 marks to assist him in getting married; to
+   Thomas son of John Bonville £20 in money; to John son of Thomas
+   Bonville to assist him in getting married 100 marks. To my
+   daughter Dame Katharine Cobham £20; to my daughter Dame Elizabeth
+   Carew, £20. I devise that all my debts be duly and fully paid,
+   and if any offences or extortions by me have been committed
+   against any persons I will that they be restored to them,
+   according to the greatness of the offence; 24 torches of wax, and
+   24 poor men be clothed the day of the interment of my body, and
+   to other poor people coming on the day of my burial £10, that
+   each who comes may have one penny; and that my mansion and my
+   retinue be kept just as it is for one quarter of a year after my
+   death. Appoints Alice my consort, and six clerks executors;
+   Monsieur Thomas Brooke and John Strecch, surveyors; nothing to be
+   done without the counsel and assent of the said surveyors."
+
+There is also included a very large number of religious bequests to
+pray for the good estate of his soul, at various places, and legacies
+in money and kind, to the poor on his extensive estates.
+
+John Bonville, son and heir of Sir William and Margaret d'Aumarle,
+married Elizabeth, only child and heiress of John Fitz-Roger, daughter
+of the first husband of his father's second wife. She was
+heiress-general to the Fitz-Rogers and brought the manor of
+Chewton-Mendip, near Wells, Somerset, and much other property into the
+family. In the south aisle of the chancel of Chewton-Mendip church, on
+a high-tomb are the recumbent effigies of a knight and lady,--the
+knight in chain and plate armour, with bascinet, mail-gorget, baudrick
+and spurs. On his surcoat are embroidered _three lions rampant_, the
+arms of Fitz-Roger. The lady is in long robe, wimple and cover-chief.
+The armour and costume are assignable to this era. John Bonville had
+two sons, William eldest and heir, Thomas, and one daughter Isabel.
+
+Thomas the second son, who was Sheriff of Cornwall, married first
+Johanna eldest daughter of Hugh de St. John, eldest son of Thomas de
+Poynings, Lord St. John of Basing, by his wife Elizabeth daughter of
+Martyn Ferrers of Beer-Ferrers. By her he had one son John. Secondly,
+he married Leva, daughter and heir of John Gorges of Tamerton-Foliot,
+Devon, and widow of John Wibbery. She died 16 Dec, 1461. Thomas died
+11 Feb., 1467.
+
+John Bonville son of Thomas, married first Johanna Wibbery daughter of
+his father's second wife, by her first husband John Wibbery. By her
+he had two daughters, Anne married to Philip Coplestone, and Joanne
+married to John Elliot of Coteland. Secondly, he married Katharine, by
+whom he had two daughters, Florence who married first Sir Humphry
+Fulford, K.B., and secondly, Thomas Hext; and Elizabeth who married
+Thomas West, Lord Delawarr. John Bonville died 24 Aug., 1494.
+
+Isabel, only daughter of John Bonville, son and heir of William
+Bonville, married Sir Richard Champernowne of Modbury, son of Sir
+Richard Champernowne, who died 26 Feb., 1418-19, and Katharine
+daughter of Sir Giles Daubeney, and who were both buried at Dodbrooke,
+near Kingsbridge.
+
+John Bonville, her father, died in the lifetime of his father, 21
+Oct., 1396, and Elizabeth Fitz-Roger, his widow, married secondly Sir
+Richard Stuckley of Trent, Somerset.
+
+Leland thus speaks of the "maner places" of the Bonvilles, Wiscombe,
+and Shute:--
+
+   "on the west part, over an hille byyond Seton is Wiscombe, a fair
+   maner place, sumtyme the Lord Bonvilles; now longging to the
+   Marquise of Dorsete. The parkes and maner places of Wischum and
+   Shoute abowte Axminster in Devonshire were the Lord Bonevilles,
+   and after a knightes of that name or ever they came to the
+   Marquis of Dorsetes hand."
+
+In Sir William Bonville, the eldest son of John Bonville and Elizabeth
+Fitz-Roger, we reach the most celebrated individual of his race, and
+practically the last male in the direct line, as his son and grandson
+died in his lifetime. His father having died in 1396, when he was
+quite a child, and his mother being married again to Richard Stuckley,
+it is probable the boy was in the custody of his grandfather at Shute
+up to his death in 1407, and subsequently in the guardianship of his
+step-grandmother the Lady Alice until his coming of age, and taking
+possession of his large property in 1414, which year his mother died,
+but his step-grandmother lived twelve years afterward, dying in 1426.
+
+The particulars as to the birth and baptism of this wealthy and
+unfortunate man, as they were deposed to by the witnesses appearing
+before the escheator at the enquiry held to make proofs as to his
+coming of age, are very homely and interesting.[14] This was taken at
+Honiton on "Tuesday, All Hallow's Eve, in the first year of the reign
+of King Henry the Fifth after the Conquest, before Henry Foleford, the
+Lord the King's Escheator in the county of Devon." Numerous witnesses
+were examined, and John Cokesdene and two others deposed,--
+
+   "that William the son of John, is of the age of 21 years and
+   upwards, having been born at Shute, on the last day of August in
+   the 16th year of the reign of the Lord Richard, late King of
+   England, the Second after the Conquest (1393), and baptized in
+   the parish church of the same vill on the same day about the hour
+   of vespers. And this they well know to be true, as they the said
+   jurors were, on the said last day of August, together elected at
+   Honiton, on a certain 'Love Day' to make peace between two of
+   their neighbours, and on that very day there came there a certain
+   Lady Katharine, widow of Sir John Cobham, knight, and then wife
+   of John Wyke of Nynhyde, an aunt of the said William the son of
+   John, proposing to drive to Shute, thinking that she should be
+   Godmother to the said infant, and met there a certain Edward
+   Dygher, servant to the said Sir William Bonevile, who was reputed
+   to be half-witted in consequence of his being loquacious and
+   jocular, and who asked her whither she was going. Who answering
+   quickly said: 'Fool, to Shute to see my nephew made a Christian,'
+   to which the said Edward replied, with a grin, in his mother
+   tongue, 'Kate, Kate, ther to by myn pate comystow to late,'
+   meaning thereby that the baptism of the child was already over.
+   Whereupon she mounted upon her horse in a passion, and rode home
+   in deep anger, vowing that she would not see her sister, to wit
+   the said child's mother, for the next six months, albeit she
+   should be _in extremis_ and die."
+
+  [14] From _The Porlock Monuments_, by the late Mrs. Halliday, a
+  very able and comprehensive monograph of Harington, with much
+  collaterally of Bonville.
+
+Thus much for the Lady Katharine's appearance, her disappointment and
+displeasure at not being able to be present at the child's baptism,
+although she had adjournied so far for that purpose, and her immediate
+return. Then a certain John Prentys and two others testify that
+
+   "all the matters as to the said Lady Katharine are true, inasmuch
+   as the whole took place in the said John Prentys' house, where
+   they themselves were present at the time, and saw and heard all."
+
+Then comes an interesting testimony shewing the lord of Shute still
+kept full interest in the older home of the family at Wiscombe, and at
+the date of his grandson's birth was engaged near there in a business
+transaction with squire Walrond of Bovey, living thereby. Richard
+Lutrell and John Prustes relate,--
+
+   "on that day Sir William Bonevile was at his manor of Southleigh
+   busy in setting up certain boundary marks between a parcel of his
+   own land called Borcombe to the same manor belonging, and the
+   land of one William Walrond, on which occasion the aforesaid
+   Richard and John were present at the special request of the said
+   Sir William Bonevile. And then and there came Andrew Ryden, a
+   servant of the same Sir William, and told his master that his son
+   John had a son born to him, upon hearing which the said Sir
+   William rejoicing exceedingly lifted up his hands, and thanked
+   God, and immediately mounting upon his horse rode home."
+
+Following this is the evidence of those who witnessed the ceremony of
+the christening in the little church on that summer evening, William
+Hodesfelde, and Richard Damarle, probably a relative of the child's
+grandmother. They also speak of the grandfather's delight and the
+present he made his grandson thereon, and say,
+
+   "they were present in the said church on that day at the time of
+   the solemnization of the baptism of the said William the son of
+   John, to hear vespers, and as soon as the ceremony was over there
+   came one Walter Walsche, the said William Bonevile's bailiff of
+   his manor of Stapyldon in the county of Somerset, and told his
+   master that he had well and finally completed the autumn
+   gathering, both of his said manor of Stapyldon and his manor of
+   Sokke, and had brought with him 400 lambs of that year's produce
+   of the manor of Sokke aforesaid, of which said lambs the said
+   William Bonevile immediately gave 200 to the said infant then and
+   there baptized."
+
+Finally we get the information as to who were the child's sponsors and
+of the high ecclesiastic who was one of them, and doubtless came
+across specially from Newenham Abbey to perform the ceremony, making
+his distinguished godson a commensurate present. Thomas Bowyer and
+Ralph Northampton remember
+
+   "that they were personally present in the said church, and saw
+   there three long torches burning, and two silver basins, with two
+   silver ewers full of water, John Legge then Abbot of Newenham and
+   Sir William Bonevile being the godfathers and Agnes Bygode the
+   godmother of the same child, upon whom the said Abbot there
+   bestowed a silver gilt cup of the value, as it was said, of 100
+   shillings, with 40 shillings in money told, contained in the
+   same, which as it appeared to them was the most beautiful they
+   had ever beheld in a like case."
+
+Poor child! The lambs bleating outside, and the glittering gift
+cup,--"the most beautiful they had ever beheld,"--and filled with
+silver pieces! The costly christening vessels and flaming torches, the
+abbot in his robes, the knights and ladies in their splendid apparel,
+the clustering parishioners gathered round, curiously and respectfully
+to witness the baptism of the heir, and the solemn evening twilight
+softly stealing through the casements of the little sanctuary. What a
+suggestive picture of country wealth and peace thus surrounding the
+first hours of the child, and what a contrast to the scene that was
+destined to environ that child's last hours, of whose bitterness, what
+seer, had he been then present, would have been bold enough to
+predicate? When crushed by misfortune, his son and grandson having
+fallen by the sword before his eyes a few weeks previously, and
+although bowed by age, yet still attracted by the glamour of the
+deadly conflict,--far away from these happy precincts, with a captive
+king in his keeping as a ransom, but powerless to save him,--he stood
+an unfriended prisoner alone in the hands of a relentless enemy,
+surrounded by the ghastly wrecks of a battlefield, and then hastily
+perished amid the ghastlier paraphernalia of the scaffold, the axe and
+block, the executioner in his mask and the jeering soldiery. With what
+boundless mercy are the ultimate issues of these lives of ours hidden
+from us!
+
+Being in possession of his large property, it was not likely that a
+young man of his distinguished station, in those stirring times should
+long remain "with idle hands at home." Accordingly we find him three
+years afterward, in 1418, employed in the military service of his
+country, for "being then a knight" he proceeded to France in the
+retinue of Thomas, Duke of Clarence, brother to Henry V., in that
+king's expedition to Normandy. In the first year of Henry VI., 1422,
+he served the office of Sheriff of Devon.
+
+In 1428 we get an interesting incident recorded, of amenities passing
+between Sir William and his neighbour the Lady Joan Brooke, widow of
+Sir Thomas Brooke, of Weycroft, near Axminster, and Holditch Court,
+Thorncombe, "on the 14th April of that year Nicholas Wysbeche, Abbot
+of Newenham," says Mr. Davidson,
+
+   "was appointed with five of his neighbours a mediator in a
+   dispute between Sir William Bonville of Shute, and Joan widow of
+   Sir Thomas Brooke, arising from the obstruction of several public
+   roads and paths in the formation and enclosure of the park at
+   Weycroft by the lady and her son. The transcript of an instrument
+   has been preserved which recites the circumstances of the case at
+   great length, and concludes with an award, which as the abbot
+   was nominated by the lady Brooke, does credit to his justice as
+   an umpire, as well as to his hospitality; for after deciding on
+   every point in favour of Sir William Bonville, and directing all
+   the ways in question to be thrown open to the public, that the
+   knight and the lady should ride amicably together to Newenham
+   Abbey on a day appointed, where they should exchange a kiss in
+   token of peace and friendship and dine together at the abbot's
+   table. The deed is dated at Axminster 13 August, 1428."
+
+  [Illustration: EFFIGY OF JOHN TALBOT, EARL OF SHREWSBURY, K. G.
+  WHITCHURCH, SHROPSHIRE--A.D. 1453.]
+
+The brass effigies of Sir Thomas and his lady are in Thorncombe
+church, still very perfect.
+
+Amicably and pleasantly settled, and justly too withal by the good
+Abbot Wysbeche, and with proper regard to the rights of way exercised
+by the public at large, which seem to have been duly cared for and
+protected by the lord of Shute.
+
+Nearly fourteen years now elapse before we hear further of him, and
+then in 1442, he appears to have held a maritime command, and "sailed
+from Plymouth to Bordeaux with twenty-five ships and four thousand
+men," and the year following was employed on land service, being
+"retained by indenture to serve the king a whole year with twenty men
+at arms, and six hundred archers, and was made Seneschal of
+Acquitaine."
+
+In 1449, he was commissioned "to serve the king upon the sea, for the
+cleansing of robbers and pirates," and the same year he held Taunton
+Castle, but was compelled to surrender it to the Duke of York. In 1450
+a letter was sent to him amongst others, by the king requesting help
+for the preservation of Lower Normandy from the French.
+
+Doubtless in consideration of these military and other services,
+actively and faithfully rendered to Henry VI., he was by that king
+raised to the honour of the peerage, by writ of summons dated 23
+September, 1449,--26 Henry VI.,--to Parliament by the title of BARON
+BONVILLE OF CHEWTON (from Chewton-Mendip in Somerset), where he
+inherited a large property, derived from his mother as heiress of the
+Fitz-Rogers. He was also created a KNIGHT OF THE GARTER, being the one
+hundred and eighteenth in the succession of that noble Order.
+
+In 1453 he was ordered to France with a force sent for the relief of
+Guienne. While there it is probable he was a participator in the
+engagement wherein the gallant Talbot, Earl of Shrewsbury, lost his
+life. The same year "in consideration of his further services he was
+constituted Governor of the Castle of Exeter, and the year following,
+1454, made Lieutenant of Acquitaine."
+
+From this partial relation of his public services, our thoughts wander
+for a time, to the domestic surroundings of his home life.
+
+Lord Bonville married first a lady named Margaret, but who she was the
+labours of investigators have as yet failed to discover. By her he had
+one son, William, and two daughters,--Philippa, who married William
+Grenville, brother to Sir John, and second son of Sir Theobald
+Grenville, by Margaret daughter of Sir Hugh Courtenay of Haccombe, by
+his third wife Matilda daughter of Sir John Beaumont, and was thus
+grandson to Earl Hugh and Margaret Bohun of Colcombe,--and Margaret,
+second daughter, who married Sir William Courtenay of Powderham,
+Sheriff of Devon in 1483, and who died in 1485.
+
+Lord Bonville wedded secondly, Elizabeth, daughter of Edward
+Courtenay, third Earl of Devon, known as "the blind Earl," who died in
+1419, and was presumably buried at Ford Abbey; by his wife Matilda,
+daughter of Thomas Lord Camoys. She was then the widow of Sir John
+Harington, fourth Baron Harington of Aldingham in the County of
+Lancaster, and who died 11 Feb., 1417-18. She died 28 October, 1471,
+thus surviving her second husband ten years, and her first husband
+fifty-three years!--and was probably buried with her first husband in
+Porlock church, where they founded a perpetual Chantry, and where
+their splendid tomb still exists, with effigies recumbent; moved
+probably from its antient position, and now much shorn by time and ill
+usage of its original glory, but still displaying ample evidence of
+the taste and skill of the mediæval craftsman. By his second marriage
+Lord Bonville left no issue.
+
+The figures on the monument at Porlock are sculptured in alabaster,
+and Lady Harington-Bonville wears cote-hardie and gown, with mantle
+over, fastened across the breast by cordon and tassels. Around the
+hips is a rich cincture, and a double chain with dependant jewel
+encircles the neck. The head-dress is horned, the hair secured in a
+reticulated caul splendidly embroidered, and with jewelled ornaments
+filling the interstices. Just over the brow is a band-coronet, studded
+with pearls and crested by fleurs-de-lys, and her fingers are
+ornamented with rings. Angels support the cushions on which her head
+rests, and an animal, probably intended for a boar, as allusive to her
+family, is at her feet. Lord Harington is in plate armour, orle around
+his bascinet, plate gorget, large epaulières with deeply scolloped
+terminations, diagonally placed sword-belt with sword, rich baudrick
+across the hips with anelace, small tuilles, gauntlets, and about his
+neck a chain of ornamented link-work, with the usual trefoil clasp and
+small pendant. The head reclines on a helmet with crest of _a lion's
+head couped at the shoulders_, and angels were originally on each side
+supporting it. The feet rest on a lion. The armour is of an
+interesting character, and of later date than that worn at the death
+of the knight, being referable to what was in use about the middle of
+the fifteenth century, accounted for by the appearance of his wife by
+his side, who survived him more than half a century. There is a fine
+canopy over the effigies.
+
+  [Illustration: EFFIGIES OF ELIZABETH COURTENAY, LADY BONVILLE,
+  AND HER FIRST HUSBAND, JOHN, FOURTH BARON HARINGTON OF ALDINGHAM,
+  PORLOCK CHURCH, SOMERSET.--A.D. 1417-71.]
+
+We broke off our little personal history in the year 1454, when
+presumably Lord Bonville had returned from Aquitaine, of which
+province he had been made Lieutenant. The next glimpse we get of him
+is in the year following, and the incident, that brings him before us,
+is quite in keeping with the belligerent spirit of the times, and
+which seems to have invaded both public and private life at this
+turbulent and lawless era. The old historian, Westcote, gives a
+succinct outline of this remarkable quarrel,
+
+   "In this parish (Colyton) are yet remaining the two antient seats
+   of two illustrious families, Colcombe of Courtenay, Earl of
+   Devonshire, and Shute alias Sheet, of the Lord Bonvile; each of
+   them having their parks and large lati-funds (broad-acres),
+   but seldom any good neighbourhood, familiarity, or friendship
+   between them. This emulation increased at length to a quarrel,
+   and eagerly taken a both sides, about a couple of dogs, or
+   hounds, if you will, which could not by any mediation of friends,
+   or intercession of their equals, be qualified or appeased, until
+   it was valiantly tried in a single combat (which is now by a
+   fitter word termed a duel,) upon Clist-Heath, which manfully and
+   constantly performed by both parties, and after they had well
+   tried one the other's strength and valour, and with their sharp
+   swords, they at last lovingly agreed and embraced each other, and
+   ever after there continued great love and amity between them."
+
+Shute was antiently part of Colyton, its church being a dependant
+chapelry,--it now forms a distinct parish.
+
+A very singular spectacle, this valiant performance, between these
+noble neighbours, and ending according to the gossiping topographer in
+genuine three-volume style. Dugdale says, Lord Bonville had the best
+of the encounter, and Prince, after narrating the bellicose
+transaction and "the great love and amity" said to have existed
+between the combatants afterward, naïvely adds, "which I can hardly
+believe for a reason, which hereafter may be observed in reference to
+this Lord." Cleaveland however gives probably the truer version of its
+cause, observing
+
+   "But Hollingshed and others do say, that several men on both
+   sides were slain in the quarrel, and that the Lord Bonvile
+   prevailed and went to Exeter, and had the gates opened to him.
+   And this is most likely to be true, for there was a great
+   animosity between those two great men, before this quarrel
+   happened, they being engaged in different parties; the Earl of
+   Devonshire was zealous for the house of Lancaster, and the Lord
+   Bonvile for the house of York, and the civil war between these
+   houses did then begin to break out, and no wonder the city of
+   Exeter opened its gates, to the Lord Bonvile, for the Duke of
+   York had at that time all the power in his hands, and no doubt
+   the city favoured those of the prevailing side. But whoever had
+   the better of it in this quarrel, both the Earl of Devonshire and
+   Lord Bonvile were great sufferers by that bloody and unnatural
+   war, for the Earl's three sons, successively Earls of Devon, lost
+   their lives for that quarrel for the house of Lancaster, and it
+   is said by some the Earl himself came to an untimely end by it.
+   And the Lord Bonvile lost both his son and grandson in the battle
+   of Wakefield, and the Lord himself was put to death after the
+   second battle of St. Alban's. The Earl's family became _extinct_
+   as to the first branch of that illustrious house, and the Lord
+   Bonvile's became _wholly extinct_."
+
+A large and melancholy history in a few lines, and a pertinent
+illustration of the effects and horrors of civil war, but this new
+position of affairs requires careful scrutiny, as far as the slender
+means at disposal afford.
+
+Up to 1454, at least, Lord Bonville's allegiance must have been true
+to the interests of the king, Henry VI. He had been employed, as would
+be usual with men of his position and military aptitude, in the
+warlike expeditions of the time abroad, and in the command of the
+forces on land and sea, at home. In this respect he was evidently
+esteemed an able and trusted servant, and the king had rewarded these
+services by conferring on him a peerage, and investing him with the
+order of the Garter, two of the highest honours at the sovereign's
+disposal, and it would be presumable, in view of the foregoing, that
+Lord Bonville's sympathies would naturally be on the side of Henry
+VI., and the cause of the Red Rose, in the bitter conflict then just
+beginning to be developed.
+
+Although we have no direct testimony to the contrary in the earlier
+stages of the warfare, as to Lord Bonville's then actually throwing in
+his lot with the partizans of the White Rose, still the inferential
+evidence remaining seems to point to it. The quarrel between Courtenay
+and himself, although said to be over a couple of dogs,--if it really
+happened as described,--had its basis probably in the absorbing social
+questions that then stirred men's hearts to the deepest. A strange and
+fierce development of ill-feeling, such as is related, between
+neighbours and almost relatives of such distinguished station, could
+scarcely arise except over some very weighty cause. Lord Bonville was
+then married to the aunt of the Earl Thomas Courtenay he is said to
+have fought with, and it is also fairly presumable they were close
+neighbours, living within a mile of each other, the one at Shute and
+the other at Colcombe. The Earl of Devon had married Margaret Beaufort
+daughter of John, Earl of Somerset, and grand-daughter of John of
+Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster; three of their children were buried at
+Colyton, and the beautiful monument in the church is considered to be
+the memorial of his wife, the Countess Margaret herself, so the Earl
+and his family must have been in residence there about that time.
+
+Beyond this encounter, presumably begotten through the combatants
+holding opposite views in the contending factions, we have no direct
+evidence for four or five years as to Lord Bonville's active
+participation in the fortunes of the White Rose.
+
+Before proceeding further, we had better resume our notes as to the
+family relationships following in Lord Bonville's domestic circle, and
+their possible influence eventually on him.
+
+William Bonville, Lord Bonville's only son by his first wife, was
+probably born about 1416-17, soon after which date his father wedded
+his second wife, Elizabeth Courtenay, widow of John, fourth Lord
+Harington.
+
+He married about 1440, Elizabeth sole daughter and heir of William,
+fifth and last Lord Harington of Aldingham, who died 3 March, 1458,
+brother and heir to his stepmother's first husband. One son, William,
+was the issue of this marriage; the mother appears to have died in the
+lifetime of her father, Lord Harington, for at the _inq. post mortem_
+following his death, held April, 1458, this grandson William, son of
+his daughter Elizabeth, was found his next heir, and then aged 16
+years. The above William Bonville, the father, fell at the battle of
+Wakefield, 31 Dec., 1460, fighting on the side of the White Rose.
+Between the date of his wife's father's death in March, 1458, and his
+own decease in Dec., 1460, he would by courtesy bear the title of Lord
+Harington, _jure uxoris_.
+
+William Bonville, only son of the foregoing William Bonville, _jure
+uxoris_ Lord Harington, and grandson of Lord Bonville, was born about
+1441-2.
+
+He made a distinguished match indeed, having married Katharine, fifth
+daughter of Sir Richard Nevill, K.G., eldest son of Sir Ralph Nevill,
+K.G., the first Earl of Westmoreland, who died in 1425, by his second
+wife the Lady Joan Beaufort, daughter of John of Gaunt, Duke of
+Lancaster, and Katharine Swynford.
+
+Her mother was the Lady Alice Montacute, daughter and heir of Sir
+Thomas de Montacute, K.G., Earl of Salisbury, Baron Montacute and
+Monthermer, who died 1428,--by his wife the Lady Elizabeth
+Plantagenet, daughter of Thomas, and sister of Edmund, Earl of Kent;
+and in her father Sir Richard Nevill, was revived in 1442 the title of
+Earl of Salisbury, and the Baronies of Montacute and Monthermer.
+
+Thus the Lady Katharine Bonville was sister to Richard Nevill, the
+"great Earl of Warwick, the king-maker," and aunt to his daughters,
+the Lady Isabel who married George Plantagenet, Duke of Clarence,
+brother to Edward IV., drowned in a butt of malmsey in the Tower,
+whose son Edward was cruelly beheaded by Henry VII., and whose
+daughter Margaret, the aged Countess of Salisbury was remorselessly
+butchered by Henry VIII.; and also to the Lady Anne, married first to
+Edward, Prince of Wales, son of Henry VI.,--so foully slain by Edward
+IV. and Richard, Duke of Gloucester, or by their orders, immediately
+after the battle of Tewkesbury,--and to whom, as that poor prince's
+widow, Gloucester, afterward king Richard III., was subsequently
+married.
+
+The Lady Katharine Bonville was also sister to George Nevill, Bishop
+of Exeter, between 1455-65,--and afterward Archbishop of York and Lord
+Chancellor. Of this prelate the only remaining remembrance of his ten
+years' supervision of the diocese appears on the shield in the east
+window of Branscombe church.
+
+William Bonville, her husband, only son of William Bonville, Lord
+Harington _jure uxoris_,--and grandson of Lord William Bonville,
+K.G.,--also fell with his father at the battle of Wakefield, fighting
+on the side of York and the White Rose, and when he could have been
+scarcely twenty years of age.
+
+He left one infant daughter, Cecilia or Cicely Bonville, at her
+father's untimely death probably under a year old.
+
+Lady Katharine Bonville married secondly Sir William de Hastings, the
+first Lord Hastings of Ashby-de-la-Zouch. He was the eldest son and
+heir of Sir Leonard de Hastings, who died in 1456, by his wife Alice,
+daughter of Thomas, Lord Camoys. The career of this prominent man, and
+his tragic death, form one of the most remarkable episodes in English
+history, is strangely, but directly interwoven with our little
+narrative, and the relation of which, however well worn, could not be
+passed over here.
+
+He acted a conspicuous part in the political events of the time, was a
+devoted Yorkist, to whom Edward IV. was greatly attached, and who
+literally heaped appointments, honours, and possessions upon him. He
+was constituted at various times, Master of the Mint (coining, during
+his term of office, the first new gold piece, value eight shillings
+and four pence, called the "Noble"), Steward of numerous Royal manors,
+and Ranger of Royal Forests,--Constable of Leicester, Nottingham, and
+several other Castles,--Captain of Calais and its dependencies,
+Chamberlain of the Exchequer, Lord Chamberlain of the Household, and
+Chamberlain of Wales. On 26 July, 1461,--1 Edward IV.,--he was created
+by patent Baron Hastings of Ashby-de-la-Zouch, and afterward invested
+with the dignity of the Garter.
+
+Then comes a curious and special bit of family history, strongly
+reflecting the habits and policy of the age, that has a most
+interesting bearing on our annals. On 14 April, 1464, he entered "into
+an agreement with Dame Elizabeth Grey, late wife of Sir John Grey,
+knt., son and heir of Edward Grey, late Lord Ferrers, that he should
+have the wardship of her son Thomas (afterward Marquis of Dorset), on
+whose part it was stipulated, that he should, within five or six years
+afterward, _marry the eldest daughter of Lord Hastings that might then
+be living_."
+
+A monstrous arrangement, thus to betroth young people, mere children
+often, _nolens volens_, but a very common one at the period. Now it so
+happened that the mother of Thomas Grey became Queen to Edward IV.,
+and Lord Hastings had married the Lady Katharine Bonville, whose only
+child by her first husband was Cicely. It is true that by Lord
+Hastings she subsequently had another daughter, Anne, who married
+George Talbot, Earl of Shrewsbury, but Cicely Bonville was one of the
+greatest heiresses in England, which the young man's mother, the
+Queen, and her husband, Edward IV., were quite aware of. Thomas Grey,
+however, Lord Hastings' ward, who must have been considerably older
+than Cicely, does not seem to have waited for her, but married first,
+Anne daughter of Henry Holland, Duke of Exeter,--she however appears
+to have died sufficiently in time for him to marry Cicely. Lord and
+Lady Hastings had been legally constituted the guardians of Cicely,
+together with the custody of her estates, and her coming of age was
+fixed at sixteen years. Immediately after this, which would be about
+1476-7, she appears to have been married to the Marquis, but at the
+time the "arrangement" for her marriage was entered into by her
+step-father, Lord Hastings, she could not have been more than four or
+five years old.
+
+Thus one nice little family compact was negociated, and contained the
+secret of Cicely's alliance, which altogether turned out to be happy
+enough. The agreement of marriage with the eldest daughter of Lord
+Hastings was thus construed to include his wife's also, if that was
+not really intended to be the essence of the contract in the first
+instance. The step-son of the king was to be married to the
+step-daughter of his friend and favourite, a rich heiress in her own
+right and also to the titles of Bonville and Harington.
+
+The ward, or guardianship, of fatherless or orphan children of noble
+parentage, was a trust practically vested in the king, or crown, and
+by him was usually given to some Court favourite, being eagerly sought
+after as a rule, because it generally conferred the almost absolute
+control both of the ward's property and future destiny, and of wedding
+him or her, if desirable, to a child of the guardian nominated. Lord
+Hastings, from his position and influence, appears to have acquired
+and exercised this questionable position to the utmost, as will be
+seen.
+
+For this was only one of the wardships obtained by Lord Hastings,
+because he had sons as well as daughters to be wedded. He further
+procured the wardship of Mary, only daughter of Sir Thomas Hungerford,
+who was tried and beheaded at Salisbury, 8 Edward IV., and entered
+into an agreement with her mother and step-father, that Edward his son
+and heir should in due time take her to wife, and in the event of
+Edward's death, then George or Richard, the younger brothers. Edward
+Hastings however lived to marry Mary Hungerford, sole heiress of the
+elder descent, and to the baronial titles of Hungerford, Bottreaux,
+Molyns, and Moels, which were afterward revived in his person by Henry
+VII.
+
+We have mentioned Lord Hastings had one daughter also, by his wife
+Katharine Neville-Bonville, named Anne, and she had to be provided
+for. The Marquis of Dorset had been allotted to his step-daughter
+Cicely Bonville, and therefore from a clause in his will we learn that
+he had yet another "ward and marriage to him granted," in the person
+of George Talbot, Earl of Shrewsbury, and if George should die, then
+the contract was to extend to his next brother Thomas. But George
+lived to marry the young lady. So these family compacts were arranged
+and went merrily forward. Property, honours, and influence, appear to
+have been the sole objects of these unnatural arrangements; love and
+natural predilection not considered at all, and nowhere, being
+evidently not deemed of the least importance,--marriage being treated
+in all respects as a "matter of mere attorneyship." And do not these
+transactions afford a clue to the amours and intrigues that infested
+the age? The vengeful results of outraged hearts, and the sure
+outcome.
+
+Shakspeare well describes this 'brokerage' of marriageable maidens, in
+the fourth act of the third part of _Henry VI_.--
+
+     HASTINGS. 'Tis better using France than trusting France:
+     Let us be back'd with God, and with the seas,
+     Which he hath given for fence impregnable,
+     And with their helps only defend ourselves;
+     In them, and in ourselves, our safety lies.
+
+     CLARENCE. For this one speech, Lord Hastings well deserves
+     To have the heir of the Lord Hungerford.
+
+     KING EDWARD Ay, what of that? it was my will, and grant;
+     And, for this once, my will shall stand for law.
+
+     GLOUCESTER. And yet, methinks, your grace hath not done well,
+     To give the heir and daughter of Lord Scales
+     Unto the brother of your loving bride;
+     She better would have fitted me, or Clarence:
+     But in your bride you bury brotherhood.
+
+     CLARENCE. Or else you would not have bestow'd the heir
+     Of the Lord Bonville on your new wife's son,
+     And leave your brothers to go speed elsewhere.
+
+     KING EDWARD. Alas, poor Clarence! is it for a wife
+     That thou art malcontent? I will provide thee.
+
+     CLARENCE. In choosing for yourself, you show'd your judgment;
+     Which being shallow, you shall give me leave
+     To play the broker in mine own behalf;
+     And, to that end, I shortly mind to leave you.
+
+In 1470 Hastings accompanied Edward IV. in his hasty flight from Lynn,
+in Norfolk, to Holland, when he also so narrowly escaped capture by
+the Easterlings, and the king had nothing beyond his "gown lined with
+martens" to pay the captain of the ship for his voyage. He also
+returned with that monarch, when he landed at Ravenspur, to reclaim
+the kingdom,--the place where Henry of Bolingbroke, a century and a
+half previously, had disembarked to dethrone Richard II. Although his
+wife's brother was the 'king-maker,' and engaged in the opposite
+interest, Hastings remained loyal to Edward IV., and at the battle of
+Barnet, on April 14, which ended so disastrously for Warwick, was one
+of the king's principal commanders. So also he took active part in the
+decisive action at Tewkesbury on 4th of May following. Then comes the
+darkest episode in this nobleman's career. The Queen Margaret and her
+son, the Prince Edward, were made prisoners, and the royal youth was
+ushered into Edward's presence, who, flushed with success,
+ungenerously asked him "How he dared to invade his dominions," to
+which question, the answer was proudly but perhaps imprudently given,
+"To claim my father's crown and mine own inheritance." Stung probably
+by the conscious truth and nobleness of the reply, Edward unmanfully
+struck the youth on the mouth with his gauntlet, whereon the Dukes of
+Clarence and Gloucester, the Lords Hastings and Dorset, taking this as
+a signal for further violence, hurried the prince away from Edward's
+presence, and despatched him with their swords. Pity evaporates over
+any misfortunes that may overtake men guilty of such deeds as this. In
+1474 he got leave from the king to 'unpark' some seven thousand acres
+at Ashby-de-la-Zouch, and elsewhere, and to 'fortify' his mansions on
+his different manors, specially the magnificent castle he erected at
+Ashby. He was in the retinue of Edward at the inglorious peace of
+Pecquigny, and got his share of the spoil, "his French Majesty at one
+time making him a present of plate valued at ten thousand marks." He
+is said to have refused at first to accept the pension awarded him on
+this occasion by the king of France, but "after some courteous and
+friendly correspondence" consented to receive it in a left-handed way,
+refusing to give any receipt for it, saying, "put it (the gold) here
+into my sleeve, for other acknowledgment you get none from me, for no
+man shall say, that king Edward's Lord Chamberlain hath been pensioner
+to the French king, nor that my acquittances be found in his Chamber
+of Accounts." So these 'great' men magnanimously salved their qualms
+of conscience, and satisfied the questions of their pride; and it is
+further added, his pension was ever after paid without further
+acquittance.
+
+Then came his amour, or rather passion, for the beautiful Jane
+Wainstead, afterward Jane Shore. It is related he was smitten by her
+charms while still under her father's roof, and his attentions aroused
+the suspicions of her father, who thereupon, to save his daughter, got
+her suitably married to Mr. Matthew Shore, the goldsmith of Lombard
+Street. Hastings not to be baffled, followed his prey after her
+marriage, until on an occasion, when he attempted to pass the
+boundary of honour, he got indignantly discharged and interdicted all
+future communication. Thereon he is said, out of revenge, to have sent
+the royal spoiler on the track, with a success but too well known.
+Hastings' old affection however appears to have survived, and at
+Edward's death he took her,--all sullied in reputation as she
+was,--under his protection, until the day of his own death, his
+acquaintanceship with her being made a chief accusation against him by
+the relentless Gloucester.
+
+Although so devoted to the king, Edward IV., he was by no means
+friendly disposed toward his Queen, Elizabeth Woodville, and at king
+Edward's death this dislike evidently greatly increased, which was in
+great measure the Queen's fault, as she manifested considerable
+antipathy toward the older nobility, being much wrapt up in the
+welfare of her own family, but recently ennobled. Doubtless Hastings
+and others saw this, and it had its due influence on them; but he was
+perfectly loyal to the king's children. Almost immediately after
+Edward's decease Hastings and Buckingham were sent for to confer with
+Gloucester at Northampton, the young king being then with his uncle
+and governor the Earl Rivers at Ludlow Castle, and his brother, the
+Duke of York, with the Queen-mother in London. At this meeting was
+urged the danger of the Queen-mother's influence, the necessity of
+removing the young princes from her control, the advisability of
+Gloucester's assuming the Protectorate, and the securing and, if
+necessary, destroying the persons of the Rivers and Grey families as
+dangerous to the common peace. All this the well-pleased and astute
+Gloucester cleverly managed, and Hastings was sent on to London to
+pacify the city, where he had great influence, and when the citizens
+in alarm at hearing of the apprehension of Rivers and others, the
+young king's attendants, and that they had been sent northwards toward
+Pontefract, he deceived them with the assurance that they were simply
+transported thither for conspiring against Gloucester and Buckingham,
+and would be duly put on their trial; and Gloucester completed the
+illusion by bringing the young king with much ceremony to London. Soon
+after, Hastings "readily gave his assent" to the execution of the Earl
+Rivers and others in custody at Pontefract, although still ignorant of
+Gloucester's final design, and still more so of the grim fate that was
+hanging over his own head, for it was also agreed on by those in the
+secret, that he himself,--whose interest for the young king was well
+known,--should be gained over in harmony with the project, or
+dispatched out of the way, if necessary.
+
+Although Hastings does not seem to have seen through Gloucester's
+designs, his companion and friend Lord Stanley, "a man of deep
+penetration," appears to have comprehended the whole situation, and
+spoke his mind fully thereon to his colleagues, then assembling day by
+day making preparations for the young king's coronation, of which
+council Hastings was a member with others, the young king's friends,
+but Hastings, it is related, still doubted Gloucester's plotting, and
+also that the other council, sitting under Gloucester's presidency at
+Crosby Place, were engaged in no design against the young king, and
+that he would "pawn his life" if anything detrimental to the youthful
+monarch were transacted there, he should be instantly informed of it
+by a trusty member thereof, devoted to the king's interests; moreover
+he was still prepossessed of Gloucester, and believed his council were
+only desirous of humbling the Queen's party, whom he, Hastings, so
+greatly disliked.
+
+This 'trusty member' was none other than Richard Catesby, "a lawyer,
+who had, through Lord Hastings' means, been placed in a position of
+considerable trust, in the counties of Northampton and Leicester,
+where Hastings' property lay," and this man, his friend and confidant
+as he supposed he was, eventually betrayed him. Stanley's fears, it
+seems, were greatly modified or allayed by Hastings' assertions, and
+they quietly proceeded with their arrangements for the coronation,
+while Gloucester was carefully doing all he could to prevent it, and
+secretly and busily laying his dark plans for a very different issue.
+Catesby, who had become the creature of Gloucester, unknown to
+Hastings, was despatched by Gloucester to sound Hastings, "with all
+the caution imaginable," most carefully guarding the grand secret. The
+part was well played, and Hastings, not distrusting Catesby, told him
+of Stanley's suspicions, and that for himself, rather than the late
+king's children should be deprived of their rights, he would see ruin
+and destruction overtake Gloucester and Buckingham, and that he would
+employ every means in his power, even to his very life, to prevent its
+succeeding.
+
+All this intelligence Catesby carefully transmitted to Gloucester. Its
+receipt appears to have greatly embarrassed him, as Gloucester greatly
+desired to secure Hastings' adherence, knowing the importance his
+assistance would afford. Wishing therefore to be perfectly assured of
+the attitude Hastings was likely to assume, and to a considerable
+extent fearing his influence if exerted for the king, Gloucester sent
+Catesby to him a second time, with instructions to get as complete an
+answer as possible. Catesby appears to have spoken plainly in this
+second interview of Gloucester's designs, and to have received similar
+answer to that given at their first parlance, and he left Hastings
+with the knowledge that he had discovered Gloucester's intentions, and
+also revealed to him his own treachery. Gloucester in due time was
+made acquainted with the fact that in Hastings he had, under the
+circumstances, now only an adversary to deal with. The Protector's
+mind was soon made up, and Hastings' death resolved on; no one was to
+stand between him and the throne, and live.
+
+On June 15, 1483, Gloucester called a council at the Tower, ostensibly
+to finish the preparations for the king's coronation. Rapin, from
+information condensed from the various old chroniclers, thus
+circumstantially describes the final scene,--
+
+   "The Protector came himself at nine o'clock in the morning with a
+   cheerful countenance, courteously saluting the lords, as if he
+   had nothing in his mind that gave him the least uneasiness. After
+   that he went out and desired the council to continue their
+   deliberations in his absence.
+
+   "About an hour after, he returned with an angry countenance,
+   knitting his brows, and biting his lips, and shewing all possible
+   signs of perturbation of mind. Remaining some time without
+   speaking, he broke silence with these words,--_My Lords, what
+   punishment do they deserve who have plotted against my life?_'
+   The Lords not immediately answering, Lord Hastings replied,
+   '_Whoever is guilty of that crime ought to be punished as a
+   traitor_.' The Duke answered, '_It is that sorceress my
+   sister-in-law, with her accomplices_.' These words astonished
+   many of the council who favoured the Queen, being afraid this
+   accusation concerned them. But the Lord Hastings was far from any
+   such fear. All knew he was a sworn enemy to the Queen, and
+   consequently there was no likelihood of his joining her in such a
+   design. Besides, he had lately approved of the order sent to
+   Pontefract to behead the lords prisoners, who were to be executed
+   that very day.
+
+   "After a short pause the Protector, unbuttoning his left sleeve,
+   shewed the Council his arm, dried and withered, saying with
+   extreme emotion, '_See what that sorceress, and Shore's wife have
+   done by their witchcrafts. They have reduced my arm as you see,
+   and my whole body would fain have been the same, if by God's
+   mercy their infamous plot had not been discovered._' These words
+   caused a greater surprise than the former, the whole Council
+   knowing the Duke's arm had long been in that condition; besides,
+   if the Queen had framed such a project, Jane Shore would have
+   been the last person she would have imparted it to, since of all
+   women she most hated her.
+
+   "The Lord Hastings who, since Edward's death, had kept Jane
+   Shore, perceiving she was involved in the accusation, could not
+   forbear to shew how much he doubted her being guilty by saying,
+   '_If they had committed such a crime they deserved to be
+   punished_.'
+
+   "Then the Protector raising his voice said, '_What, dost thou
+   answer me with 'Ifs' and 'Ands,' as if I forged this accusation?
+   I tell thee they have conspired my death, and thou thyself art
+   accessory to the crime._' As he ended these words he struck the
+   table twice with his fist, and immediately the room was filled
+   with armed men.
+
+   "As soon as they were in, the Protector turning to Lord Hastings
+   said to him, '_I arrest thee for High Treason.' 'Who, me, my
+   Lord_,' answered Hastings. '_Yes, thee traitor_,' replied the
+   Protector. At the same time he delivered him to the custody of
+   the soldiers.
+
+   "During the bustle one of the soldiers would have cleft the Lord
+   Stanley's skull, with a battle-axe. But he avoided part of the
+   blow by sinking under the table, however he was dangerously
+   wounded. Probably the soldier had orders to kill him as it were
+   by chance, under pretence that he would have defended the Lord
+   Hastings. It is not hard to guess why the Protector desired to be
+   rid of him. Having missed his aim, Stanley was arrested with the
+   Archbishop of York, and the Bishop of Ely, it being the
+   Protector's interest to put it out of their power to hurt him,
+   whom he knew to be zealously affected for the young king.
+
+   "As for the Lord Hastings, he would scarce give him time to make
+   confession to the next priest that came, swearing '_By St.
+   Paul,--he would not dine until his head was struck off_.'
+   Accordingly he was beheaded upon a log that was found on the
+   green before the Tower Chapel, the time fixed by the Protector
+   being too short to erect a scaffold."
+
+So miserably and brutally perished the Lady Katharine Bonville's
+_second_ husband, one of the chief friends and favourites of Edward
+IV., through the remorseless malice aforethought of that king's
+brother, the Duke of Gloucester. Lord Hastings was a prominent, it may
+be said, representative character of that age of intrigue and
+unscrupulous ambition. Although loyal to Edward and his sons, he was a
+"sworn enemy" to Queen Elizabeth Woodville, notwithstanding his wife's
+daughter, Cicely Bonville, was married to her eldest son, and he is
+said to have "greatly contributed" to the execution of the prisoners
+at Pontefract, Anthony, Earl Rivers, and Richard, Lord Grey, the
+Queen's brothers, and near relatives of his step-daughter Cicely
+Bonville's husband, the Marquis of Dorset; by a most remarkable
+retribution he was awarded a similar fate to theirs, said to have
+occurred on the same day, and at the same hour. His hands too are
+reputed to have been imbrued with the blood of Margaret of Anjou's
+unfortunate youthful son. His amour with Jane Shore was made the
+handle of Gloucester's accusation, and sudden and cruel as his fate
+was, it was perhaps merciful as compared with the suffering that was
+reserved for her. While Hastings, her protector, lived, her position
+was one of comparative safety, but at his death none dared befriend
+her, and true to the hideous completeness of the part Gloucester was
+acting, she was to be the next victim. Then the poor, frail, beautiful
+and withal amiable creature,--Edward used to call her the 'holiest' of
+his three mistresses, the other two being respectively the 'wittiest'
+and the 'merriest'--one to whom a king, and 'the handsomest man in
+Europe' to boot, had paid court, amid unstinted opulence and luxury,
+was dragged forth and exposed to the gibes, jeers, and insults of a
+vulgar mob, with studied opprobrium publicly disgraced, and finally
+with contumely driven away to eke out the remainder of her days in the
+most abject poverty, misery, and distress. The purist,--forgetful his
+mother was a woman,--may say the degradation was deserved; but there
+is no human shortcoming that gives justification for unmanliness, the
+most detestable of all crimes.
+
+By his wife Katharine, widow of William Bonville, and daughter of
+Richard Nevill, Earl of Salisbury, Lord Hastings had issue four
+sons:--1. Edward, eldest son and heir; he married Mary, grand-daughter
+and heiress of Robert, Baron Hungerford, Bottreaux, Molyns, and Moels,
+and in right of his wife was summoned to Parliament, though still a
+minor, in 1483, by the title of Baron Hastings of Hungerford; he died
+in 1507.--2. Sir Richard.--3. Sir William.--4. Sir George; and one
+daughter, Anne, married to George Talbot, fourth Earl of Shrewsbury.
+
+Lord Hastings made his will 27 June, 1481, bequeaths his body to be
+buried in the "_Chapel of Seynt George at Wyndesore_," and "_that
+there be ordeigned a tumbe convenient for me by myne executors, and
+for the costs of the same I bequeath c marks_." After many religious
+bequests,--"_also when George, Erle of Shrewsbury, whose warde and
+marriage to be, me is granted, &c.,--hath married Anne my daughter, I
+woll that if the same Erle should die, which God defend, &c., that
+then Thomas brother of the said Erle take to wife, her the same Anne,
+&c._,"--gives to "_Kateryn myn entirely beloved wyff_," sundry manors
+and constitutes her one of his executors, and "_ordaynes John, Lord
+Dynham_," a contemporary of west-country fame, as one of the
+surveyors.
+
+Katharine, Lady Hastings, made her will 22 Nov., 1503, and orders her
+body "_to be buried in our Lady Chapell, within the parish church of
+Ashby-de-la-Zouch_," gives numerous religious bequests, and "_where I
+owe unto Cecilie, Marquesse Dorset, certain summes of money which I
+borrowed of her at diverse times, I woll that the said Cecilie in full
+contentation of all summes of money as I owe unto her, have my bed of
+arres, tittor, tester, and counterpane, which she late borrowed of me;
+and over that I woll that she have my tabulet of_ _gold that she now
+hath in her hands for a pledge, and three curtains of blew sarcionet,
+and three quishons of counterfeit arres with imagery of women, a long
+quishon, and two short of blew velvet, also two carpets_;" and "_makes
+and ordaines Cercell, Marquis Dorset, widow_," one of her executors.
+She died in 1504.
+
+Lord Hastings was buried in the Chantry erected by his widow, and
+dedicated to St. Stephen, in the north arcade of the choir of St.
+George's Chapel at Windsor Castle. The screen that separates it from
+the aisle, is of three stories, the two upper of open work with
+tracery. Above is a cornice with Tudor flower cresting, and in the
+centre, an open-vizored helmet with mantling, supporting the Hastings'
+crest, _from out a ducal coronet, a bull's head affrontée, couped at
+the shoulders_. Below are the arms of Hastings, _a maunch sable_, and
+this device with the Garter appears in a series below. The screen was
+originally richly painted and gilded. There is no monument within it,
+and probably there never was such. In general design the Hastings'
+Chantry has much in common with Canon Oxenbridge's, on the opposite
+side of the choir.
+
+To return to Lord Bonville. We have thus traced as clearly and
+succinctly as may be, this somewhat tangled genealogy of their
+descents, and its bloodstained surroundings, to clear the ground, and
+get a more comprehensive view of the circumstances that may have had
+their influence on the last years of Lord Bonville's life, and also to
+afford some reason as to when, and why, he finally transferred his
+influence and allegiance from the Red to the White Rose.
+
+Our last glimpse of him was in 1455, when he was said to have
+"valiantly performed" the duel on Clyst-Heath, with Thomas Courtenay,
+Earl of Devon, the real basis of which quarrel it is inferred, but not
+authenticated, was his presumed sympathy then with the cause of the
+White Rose, and so raised the anger of his antagonist, who was warmly
+interested on the side of the Red.
+
+Apart from this rather apochryphal incident, there does not appear to
+be any direct evidence of his identification, at least actively, with
+the cause of York for the next five years. There were reasons why
+perhaps this might not be so. He was then married to his second wife,
+a Courtenay, the member of a family strongly identified with the
+fortunes of the Red Rose. She was the widow of a wealthy peer, and her
+present husband's son was married to the heiress of her first
+husband's house, in the person of her niece, the only daughter of his
+brother; and there does not appear to be any evidence as to which way
+the Haringtons leant toward the impending struggle, that may have
+influenced him. Lord Bonville may from conviction have passively
+inclined toward the interest of York, but no mention is made of his
+being at the first battle of St. Albans (which took place the same
+year as the duel on Clyst-Heath) 22 May, 1455, nor as to his being in
+any way concerned with the fluctuating aspects of the strife during
+the next four years, up to and including the battle of Bloreheath,
+which occurred 23 Sep., 1459.
+
+But about 1458-9 a new and very powerful factor found admission into
+Lord Bonville's family, in the marriage of his grandson with
+Katharine Nevill, the sister of the king-maker, Richard, Earl of
+Warwick, the central point around which the hopes of the White Rose
+concentrated, while her other brother George Nevill presided over the
+diocese of Exeter. It is difficult to estimate the important influence
+this relationship would naturally exercise on the Bonvilles,
+especially if already inclined that way, and doubtless it did add
+considerable weight to turn the scale promptly, and as it turned out
+irremediably, on the side of York, as immediate events shew.
+
+Taking the foregoing speculations and surmises, however, only for what
+they are worth, by the middle of the year 1460, there could be no
+doubt as to the side Lord Bonville had taken, whether by the "subtile
+insinuations" of his grandson's wife's family or otherwise. The battle
+of Northampton took place 10 July, 1460, and the unfortunate
+half-demented Henry VI. being taken prisoner, we are told by Prince,
+with probable correctness, the king was, "among others, committed to
+the care and custody of the Lord Bonvil."
+
+Doubtless afterward, Lord Bonville, accompanied by his son and
+grandson, found distinguished places in the retinue of the king-maker,
+in their triumphal march back to London, escorting the captive monarch
+in the train.
+
+Short spell of success and victory, soon to be followed by a terrible
+nemesis! The scared but determined Margaret of Anjou, and her son
+Edward had escaped into Scotland, and presently the dark war-clouds
+were again gathering north and south for another sanguinary conflict.
+Six months of preparation brought the combatants together, and on the
+31 Dec., in the same year, the frightful and merciless battle of
+Wakefield shattered, for the time, the hopes of York to the centre.
+
+Among the nobles fighting on the side of Queen Margaret, was Lord
+Bonville's neighbour and old antagonist, Thomas Courtenay, Earl of
+Devon; and on the other, arrayed in the cause of York, were the three
+generations of the Bonvilles, two of whom were destined never to come
+out of that fearful conflict alive. Whether in the thick of the
+battle, or in the pursuit that followed, may not be related, but both
+son and grandson perished, and Prince intensifies its horror by
+relating "that both were slain before his (the grandfather--Lord
+Bonville's) face."
+
+In the carnage fell also Richard, Duke of York, whose head Margaret,
+in womanish revenge, then caused to be struck off and displayed over
+one of the gates of York, decorated with a paper crown; while
+immediately after, his second son, the Earl of Rutland, a beautiful
+boy of thirteen was stabbed to the heart by the savage Clifford.
+Eleven years intervened of ceaseless anxiety, and then at Tewkesbury,
+Margaret's own son Edward shared a similar dreadful fate at the hands
+of his captors.
+
+In the pursuit that followed the battle of Wakefield, during the
+night, the Earl of Salisbury--the Lady Katharine Bonville's
+father--was captured, taken to Pontefract Castle, and the next day
+beheaded. The brother also, Sir Thomas Nevill, was killed in the
+engagement,--so that she lost husband, father, and brother in the
+fight; misfortunes almost greater than Lord Bonville's.
+
+Thus died in the prime of life William Bonville (Lord Harington), the
+father,--and also before he had scarcely emerged from his teens,
+William Bonville the son. Probably both found common sepulture on the
+battle-field, or unrecorded graves in some sanctuary near. The Earl of
+Salisbury's body, and that of his son Thomas, were subsequently
+conveyed to Bisham Abbey in Berkshire, and there interred, with others
+of their ancestors and kindred.
+
+It would be supposed that the aged Lord Bonville, satiated and stunned
+with these accumulated horrors, would have quietly withdrawn from the
+desperate dangers of further participation in these conflicts, and
+devoted the remainder of his declining days to a more peaceful life,
+and the preservation and guardianship of his baby great-grand-daughter,
+the last green branch of his antient stock, the infant Cecily. But no,
+his very name was now practically extinguished, his son and grandson
+were not, and the iron of misfortune had probably entered and seared his
+soul. Determined and perhaps reckless of the future on thus seeing all
+his hope and ambition blasted, he still followed on, for good or for
+evil, to the bitter end, regardless of consequence, the fortune of the
+cause he had espoused, and for which he had sacrificed so much. Who may
+enter into, or estimate fully the feelings that convulsed the stricken
+heart of this old man, under such an avalanche of misery?
+
+But this misery, sharp as it was, was mercifully of short duration.
+Six weeks only intervened, in which interval it is probable Lord
+Bonville retreated from Wakefield, with such of the discomfited army
+that remained unslain, back to join the Earl of Warwick, then waiting
+on the outskirts of London to effect a junction with the forces of
+Edward, Duke of York, who had just fought and won a decisive victory
+over Jasper and Owen Tudor, with a Lancastrian army at Mortimer's
+Cross, near Hereford.
+
+Before however this could be accomplished, the energetic Margaret,
+flushed with success, and hurrying southward in hope to secure the
+metropolis, was upon him; and the furious battle of St. Albans on the
+18 Feb., 1460-1, was the result. There she at first received a check,
+but by turning the position she fell on Warwick's army, and the combat
+was carried on over the undulating country, between St. Albans and
+Barnet, in which two thousand Yorkists are said to have perished. At
+nightfall, Warwick found himself beaten at all points, and made
+precipitate retreat, leaving the King, who was accompanying the army
+as a prisoner, behind.
+
+It would require no seer to divine the vindictive thoughts of
+Margaret, on regaining possession of her captive husband, and the
+consummate danger environing those in whose custody she found him,
+whether for preservation or otherwise. The Queen and her son
+discovered the helpless man in his tent with one personal attendant
+only, Lord Montague his Chamberlain. But there were at least two other
+distinguished men near, who were said to have remained to guard him
+from the lawless soldiery, one was the brave Sir Thomas Kyriel, and
+the other Lord Bonville. Both could doubtless have fled with the rest
+of the fugitives, had they been so minded, but it is recorded, that
+out of chivalrous feelings, when urged by the King to remain by him
+and protect him, they did so, under the assurance from him that their
+lives should be preserved.
+
+A fatally hazardous undertaking in those days of merciless reprisals,
+and so it turned out. Whatever the well-meaning King may have promised
+and perhaps really wished, his wife, the determined Margaret, was the
+"master of the situation," and the arbiter of their destiny; nor was
+she probably wanting in prompters calculated to urge her to wreak the
+worst vengeance upon her husband's guardians. However that may be, it
+is recorded, that as she turned from the battle-field in the evening,
+she left orders for their decapitation the next day, and the barbarous
+sentence was promptly carried out.
+
+Weever says,--
+
+   "Sir _Thomas Kiriell_ was beheaded with the Lord _Bouvile_ the
+   day after the second battell at _St. Albons_, in the raigne of
+   king Henry the sixth: or slain in the battell according to John
+   Harding.
+
+         'The Lords of the north southward came,
+     To Sainct _Albones_, vpon fasting gang eve
+     Wher then thei slewe the Lord Bouvile I leve
+     And Sir _Thomas Kyriell_ also of Kent,
+     With mekell folke, that pitee was to se.'"
+
+The old chronicler Hollingshed describing this unhappy transaction
+tells us with greater truth,--
+
+   "When the daie was closed, those that were about the king (in
+   number a twenty thousand) hearing how euill their fellowes had
+   sped, began utterlie to despair of the victorie, and so fell
+   without anie long tarriance to running awaie. By reason whereof,
+   the nobles that were about the king, perceiving how the game
+   went, and withall saw no comfort in the king, but rather a good
+   will and affection toward the contrarie part, they withdrew also,
+   leauing the king accompanied by the Lord Bonneuille and Sir
+   Thomas Kiriell of Kent, which vpon assurance of the king's
+   promise, tarried with him and fled not. But their trust deceived
+   them, for at the queenes departing from Saint Albons they were
+   both beheaded, though contrarie to the mind and promise of her
+   husband."
+
+No record exists of Lord Bonville's burial place. At the first battle
+of St. Alban's, in 1455, the Abbot craved the bodies of the slain
+nobles from the victors, and buried them in the choir of the Abbey
+Church. But after this second engagement, Margaret's ill-paid,
+freebooting soldiers pillaged the town and abbey, so that probably
+those that perished were hastily interred near where they fell. This
+plundering the abbey "entirely changed the worthy Abbot Whethamstede's
+politics, and from being a zealous Lancastrian, he became a Yorkist."
+
+Lord Bonville's ancestors in the direct line were mostly, if not all,
+buried in the choir of Newenham Abbey Church, near Axminster, of which
+hardly a trace now remains.
+
+At the death of Lord Bonville, his brother Thomas of Tamerton-Foliot,
+was still alive, and survived until 11 Feb., 1467. He left one son
+John, who deceased in 1494, leaving a daughter Anne, married to
+Philip Coplestone. Some years anterior to this, the little
+child-heiress of Shute, Cicely Bonville, grown to woman's estate, was
+wedded,--and so, before the fifteenth century had closed, the antient
+and influential name of Bonville was extinct.[15]
+
+  [15] There was a natural strain of the Bonvilles, settled at
+  Combe-Ralegh, and later at Ivybridge where, "by virtue of a
+  remainder, this land came unto William Lord Bonvill, which gave
+  it unto John Bonvill, his naturall sonne, begotten on his
+  concubine Elizabeth Kirkby, which John Bonvill, having only
+  daughters, gave it to his natural son, &c." (Pole). There were
+  several generations of them, and used for their arms those of
+  Bonville with the addition of _a bend sinister_; they also became
+  extinct.
+
+It is with feelings of relief that we turn away, at least for a time,
+from these scenes of horror. The Wars of the Roses appear to us, we
+regret to say, to have been imbued with very little, if any, chivalry.
+They were in the main, only fought for the selfish purpose, lust of
+power, and as a consequence, were attended by the congenial sinister
+characteristics of cruelty, treachery, and revenge. It is noteworthy
+however, that notwithstanding so many of the common people shed their
+blood and lost their lives thus freely, and it may be added
+ignorantly, partly lured and partly compelled probably to take part in
+these conflicts, at the bidding of their superiors in station and
+wealth striving for the mastery, it was not upon them as a class the
+great social misfortunes of the war fell. As a general result, the
+engagements being over, their little houses and surroundings were
+scarcely ever ravaged or destroyed, the humble partizans in these
+sanguinary encounters, if victors, do not seem to have laid waste or
+appropriated their beaten neighbours' possessions, but simply kept
+their legions together, until their antagonists had time to rally, and
+again gather themselves in array for another trial of strength; an
+extraordinary, in its way, but by no means uncommon hallucination,
+that has first and last, in the world's history, cost millions of
+lives, wasted to determine the unmanly and degrading sentiment as to
+who should be a nation's master and rule over them;--a totally
+opposite aspiration to a people engaged fighting against a tyranny for
+liberty. But not thus comparatively scatheless, did the great actors
+in and promoters of this sanguinary drama, come off from the effects
+of the internecine strife. These men were desperate gamblers for high
+stakes, and the loss of the game to them was a fatal mischance,
+resulting in the deprivation of their lives, the confiscation of their
+estates, and occasionally--as with Bonville and the elder strain of
+Courtenay, extermination of their race also. No such terrible social
+quarrel ever convulsed England, nor heart-rending dissension so
+bitter, sown between the nearest and dearest relatives and friends,
+that the very commonest ties of humanity were outraged, dyed in blood,
+and trampled under foot, until at last the majority of the most
+illustrious families in the land were wrecked in misery and
+destruction.
+
+Over such a relation as this, friend of mine, fraught with
+contingencies and evils so desperate, let us close the record for
+awhile.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Old Shute Park! A royally descending gift of demesne,--as such, sacred
+from the intrusion of despoiling hands, and therefore happily
+preserved to us undesecrated of Nature's abounding charms and native
+beauty.
+
+Here we are, seated on one of its pleasant knolls, throned in
+luxuriant ferns, surrounded by magnificent trees, and a calm, sunny,
+summer evening. Overhead a congregation of noisy rooks are flapping
+about, quarrelling with us apparently for thus intruding on the
+solitude of their domain. Below, across the openings of a densely
+foliaged avenue, a shadowy train of flying horn and bounding hoof has
+passed noiseless as an apparition into the adjoining covert, where
+they presently assemble in timorous conclave, at safer distance, alert
+and watchful.
+
+     "Gold of the reddening sunset, backward thrown
+     In largess on these old paternal trees,
+     Thou with false hope or fear did'st never tease
+     His heart that hoards thee; nor is childhood flown,
+     From him, whose life no fairer boon hath known
+     Than that which pleased him earliest, still should please:
+     And who hath incomes safe from chance as these,
+     Gone in a moment, yet for life his own?"
+
+Such is the commentary Nature suggests, as we linger on this
+delightful acclivity. But what to us is the inspiration of the hour,
+whose minds are now busy in contemplation of the olden doings of her
+sons?
+
+Look along that glade of venerable oaks, huge, gnarled, and twisted,
+the duration of whose lives may be reckoned by centuries, yet still
+hale, vigorous and leaf-arrayed, whose outward and visible aspect
+during the little cycle of mortal existence that at present looks upon
+them, has shewn no appreciable change, and will probably with
+unvarying regularity continue to display their perennial Spring
+garniture, to many succeeding generations, long after the eyes that
+now behold them have closed for ever.
+
+Among them yonder is a veteran with a regal appellative--called after
+him, surnamed of Lackland,--"King John's Oak," with which monarch,
+tradition delivers it was in existence contemporary. And who is to say
+the legend is not correct, especially as every lineament of this aged
+grandee of the forest's appearance, goes to confirm it. Could a tongue
+be given thee, old tree, what a history mightest thou relate. Then,
+probably in the vigour of early youth, thou mayest have witnessed the
+_first_ Bonville, that claimed the ownership of this acclivity, pass
+cross-bow in hand under thy branches. His influential descendant who
+lies at rest in the valley of the far distance, and his still more
+celebrated but unfortunate grandson--both, when in the flesh,--with
+little doubt thou hast seen. Aye, even the little Lady Cicely--the
+_last_ hope of their unfortunate race,--may have toddled and prattled
+beneath thy shade, and afterward escorted by her noble husband,
+accompanied by his august relative, the moody and astute Henry VII.,
+and followed by her fine family, rested beside or near thee, when
+that monarch and his host exercised their skill as bowmen in these
+delightful glades.
+
+Then a season of desertion and gloom fell for a time over these
+erstwhile pleasant precincts; but when the star of the last Tudor
+sovereign was in the ascendant, then it again became thy destiny to
+welcome the new owner of this historic and time-honoured appanage, and
+thenceforward from time to time to greet each succeeding inheritor
+down to its genial possessor of the present hour. Here, may we not
+appropriately say,
+
+     "Beneath thy shadowing leafage dense
+       What stories have been told;--
+     Perchance of booty won and shared
+       Beneath the starry cope,--
+     Or beauty kept an evil tryste,
+       Ensnared by love and hope,--
+         Of old intrigues,
+         And privy leagues,
+     Of traitor lips that muttered plots,
+       Of kin who fought and fell;
+     Performed long generations since,
+       If trees had tongues to tell."
+
+Notwithstanding all the devices of man, for perpetuity of
+remembrance,--Nature, changing yet changeless, silent, unobtrusive and
+unobserved, often continues and preserves the clue that binds all our
+generations together, long after our own mortal schemes and efforts,
+though projected with the utmost care, have passed away; and carefully
+and lovingly bridges the void of Time, if not by actual record, by the
+even more true and gracious message of association.
+
+And well it is so; in her tender keeping alone the memory of Bonville
+is now seemingly vested, for of their former existence, residence, or
+sepulture, otherwise not a vestige recalling their direct line, we
+believe, remains. On the capitals of the pillars of Powderham church,
+are shields displaying the _torteaux_ of Courtenay, impaling the
+_mullets_ of Bonville, allusive to the marriage of Sir William
+Courtenay, the Lord of Powderham, who died in 1485, with Margaret
+Bonville, daughter of the noble and unfortunate victim of St. Albans,
+and a further shield similarly charged, having relation to the same
+alliance, is found on the capital of a pillar in Stockland church.
+Beyond this, and until the girl-heiress of Shute had been many years
+married, if not in her widowhood,--mementos which in due time will
+engage our attention--no further trace has been discovered.
+
+We descend from our pleasant elevation, and our steps lead us a short
+distance over to what is now called Old Shute. The church stands on a
+little acclivity to the left, but in addition to the tower, whose
+supporting arches are of Early English type, coeval probably with the
+first Bonville,--and were in being when the interesting christening
+ceremony, previously recorded, took place,--there is apparently little
+of the fabric that was in existence when the name was extinguished.
+
+It is equally doubtful if any part of the present Old Shute House was
+erected by them. The portion of the main fabric remaining, as also
+the gate-house, are both of Elizabethan origin, and retain evidence of
+having been erected by William Pole, Esq. (whose initials W. P. occur
+in the spandrels of one of the doorways), who purchased the Bonville's
+confiscated inheritance here of Secretary Petre, to whom Queen Mary
+gave it, after the attainder and execution of the Duke of Suffolk,
+last male representative of the Bonville blood.
+
+And the mention of the name of the Duke of Suffolk brings us back
+again to our little annals, and to Cicely, the girl-possessor of this
+antient inheritance and a vast accumulation of other family property,
+a baroness with the two titles of Bonville and Harington,--altogether
+an heiress of the first magnitude.
+
+After her father, grandfather, and great-grandfather's untimely
+deaths, her mother the Lady Katharine, and her second husband Lord
+Hastings, were constituted, as we have mentioned, her legal guardians,
+and had custody of her estates until she was of age, which was fixed
+at the mature period of sixteen. But this was considered quite a
+marriageable age at that era; and which would have arrived at about
+1476-7. We have also described how her stepfather Lord Hastings had
+the wardship of her future husband, and so it fell out that in due
+time "a convenient marriage was purveyed for her."
+
+Thomas Grey was the eldest son of Sir John Grey of Groby, by his wife
+Elizabeth,--daughter of Richard Widville, afterward Earl Rivers,--who
+subsequently became Queen to Edward IV. Sir John Grey was killed
+fighting on the side of the Red Rose at the second battle of St.
+Albans, 18 Feb., 1460-1, the same engagement, after which Cicely's
+great-grandfather lost his head.
+
+He was first created Earl of Huntingdon 4 Aug., 1471, a title he
+afterward relinquished on his being advanced to the Marquisate of
+Dorset, an honour which was performed with great state ceremony 18
+April, 1475, "_per cincturam gladii, et capæ honoris et dignitatis
+impositionem_, the coronet being omitted. Upon which day he sate in
+his habit at the upper end of the table among the knights in St.
+Edward's chamber."
+
+The rich girl-bride was his second wife, and presumably he was
+considerably her senior in years. His first wife was both of royal
+descent and alliance, being his step-father's niece, Anne daughter of
+the unfortunate Henry Holland, the last Duke of Exeter, found drowned
+between Calais and Dover in 1473,--by his wife Anne, daughter of
+Richard, Duke of York, and sister to Edward IV. There does not appear
+to have been any issue of this marriage.
+
+By his second wife Cicely Bonville, the Marquis is said to have had
+the large family of fifteen (Leland makes it only fourteen) children,
+seven sons and eight daughters.
+
+Of the sons, Thomas the eldest succeeded his father to the title.
+
+Leonard, was in 1536 created Viscount Graney in the peerage of
+Ireland, and same year authorized to execute the office of Deputy of
+Ireland under Henry Fitzroy, Duke of Richmond, natural son of king
+Henry VIII., by Elizabeth daughter of Sir John Blount, and widow of
+Gilbert, Lord Talboys. In 1540 he was recalled, and the next year
+articles of high treason were exhibited against him, and although
+he had shewn the king good services formerly both in France and
+Ireland, was charged with a purpose to join Cardinal Pole and other
+the king's enemies, and to that end had left the king's ordnance in
+Galloway, and consented to the escape of his nephew Gerald (son of his
+sister Eleanor), and being brought to trial confessed all. He was
+thereupon beheaded on Tower Hill, and attainted by the Parliament then
+sitting.
+
+  [Illustration: OLD SHUTE GATEWAY.]
+
+This nephew, he had consented to the escape of, was Gerald, his
+sister's eldest son, who subsequently became the eleventh Earl of
+Kildare. He was born in 1525, and at the time of his half-brother's
+execution about ten years of age. Henry VIII., "being very averse to
+his whole family, and offering large sums of money for his
+apprehension," the poor youth's peril was imminent, and his escapes
+almost marvellous, from the treachery that environed him, and plots
+laid to get possession of his person; besides disease and accidents of
+extraordinary nature that otherwise threatened his existence. But he
+contrived to keep safe until after the death of Henry VIII., when
+Edward VI. reinstated him in much of his forfeited property, and Queen
+Mary, at the intercession of Cardinal Pole, restored him, 13 May,
+1554, to the titles of Baron Offaley and Earl of Kildare.
+
+George was in holy orders. Edward and Anthony died young, and John, of
+whom we have no further account.
+
+Of the daughters,--Dorothy married first, Robert, the second Lord
+Willoughby de Broke, and secondly, William Blount, seventh Lord
+Montjoy, who died in 1594.
+
+Cicely married John Sutton, seventh Lord Dudley,--"a man of weak
+understanding, who became entangled in usurer's bonds, and at last
+became exposed to the charity of his friends for subsistence, and
+spending the remainder of his life in visits among them, was commonly
+called _Lord Quondam_."
+
+Mary, as his first wife, to Walter Devereux, Lord Ferrers of Chartley,
+and Bourchier, created first Viscount Hereford, 1549, and K.G.
+
+Margaret, as his second wife, to Richard Wake, of Hartwell,
+Northamptonshire, second son and heir of Roger Wake of Blisworth in
+the same county, who died 19 Henry VII., 1504.
+
+Elizabeth, as his first wife, to Sir John Arundell of Lanherne,
+Cornwall. He was the eldest son of Sir Thomas Arundell, K.B., who died
+1 Oct., 1485, by Katharine, third daughter of Sir John Dinham, and
+coheir to her brother John, Lord Dinham; their daughter Elizabeth was
+wife of Giles, Lord Daubeney, K.G. "Sir John Arundell was made a
+Knight of the Bath on the eve of All Saints, 31 October, 1494, Knight
+of the Garter, 1501, and Knight Banneret in the expedition to
+Terouenne and Tournay at the battle of 'the Spurs,' in 1513, Receiver
+of the Duchy of Cornwall in 1506, and Receiver General for life, 1509"
+(Dunkin). He died 36 Henry VIII., 1545. Their second son Thomas was
+ancestor of the Lords Arundel of Wardour.
+
+Their splendid and originally richly enamelled brass still exists in
+the church of St. Columb-Major, Cornwall, in a fairly complete state,
+the knight bare-headed, but otherwise in complete armour, between his
+two wives (the second was Katharine, daughter of Sir Thomas
+Grenville), in gowns, mantles, and pedimental head-dresses. Below them
+were two smaller male figures, one partly perfect in armour, and
+underneath again, six female children, of whom two remain. The
+inscription, partly missing, is on a ledger-line,--
+
+     ? =John Arundell Knyght of ye Bath and Knyght Banneret
+     Recey ... ye Duchye of Cornewall ffirst Ma ...
+     Elizabeth Grey Daughter to the Lorde Marques Dorse
+     & after Kateryn ye Daughter of Syr Thomas Gre ...
+     ... ght of ffebruary the xxxvi yere of
+     the raigne of Kyng Henry the Eyght an^o domine 1545
+                 and ye           yere of his age=
+
+There were formerly eight shields of arms; of these six remain
+quartered as follows,--
+
+(1.) _Baron_, quarterly of six:--1. ARUNDELL.--2. DINHAM.--3.
+ARCHES.--4. CHIDEOCK.--5. CARMINOW.--6. ARUNDELL;--impaling _femme_,
+quarterly of eight,--1. GREY.--2. HASTINGS.--3. VALENCE. 4. FERRERS OF
+GROBY.--5. ASTLEY.--6. WIDVILLE.--7. BONVILLE.--8. HARINGTON. For Sir
+John Arundell, and the Lady Elizabeth Grey, his first wife.
+
+(2.) _Baron_, quarterly of six as before, impaling _femme_, quarterly
+of four:--1 and 4. GRENVILLE.--2 and 3. WHITLEY. For Sir John Arundell
+and Katharine Grenville his second wife.
+
+(3.) _Baron_, as before, impaling _femme_, quarterly of four:--1.
+HOWARD.--2. BROTHERTON.--3. WARREN.--4. MOWBRAY. For Sir Thomas
+Arundell (second son of Sir John), and his wife Margaret Howard,
+daughter of Lord Edmund Howard, and sister of Queen Katharine Howard.
+
+(4.) _Baron_, quarterly of four:--1 and 4. EDGCUMBE.--2 and 3.
+HOLLAND;--impaling _femme_, Arundell and other quartered coats as
+before. For Richard Edgcumbe and Elizabeth daughter of Sir John
+Arundell.
+
+(5.) _Baron_, quarterly of eight:--1. RATCLIFFE.--2. FITZ-WALTER.--3.
+BURNELL.--4. BOTETOURT.--5. LUCY.--6. MILTON.--7. MORTIMER OF
+NORFOLK.--8. CULCHETH?;--impaling _femme_, Arundell with quartered
+coats as before. For Mary (daughter of Sir John Arundell and his
+second wife Katharine Grenville;) and her _first_ husband, Robert
+Ratcliffe, Earl of Sussex.
+
+(6.) _Baron_, quarterly of four:--1. FITZ-ALAN.--2. Fitz-Alan of
+Bedale.--3. Widville.--4, quarterly, 1 and 4 Maltravers. 2 and 3
+Clun;--impaling _femme_, Arundell, &c., as before. For Mary Arundell,
+as above, and her _second_ husband, Henry Howard, Earl of Arundel.
+
+Although, from his memorial brass, Sir John Arundell is presumably
+buried here, Weever, in his notice of St. Mary Woolnoth, London,
+gives this inscription as being found in that church for him,--
+
+     "HERE LIETH SIR _JOHN ARUNDELL_ KNIGHT OF THE BATH, AND
+     KNIGHT BANERET, RECEIVOR OF THE DUCHY .................
+     GREY DAUGHTER TO THE LORD MARQUESE _DORSET_, WHO
+     DIED 8 FEBR: THE 36 OF THE REIGNE OF KING _HEN._ THE 8."
+
+Of the three remaining daughters of Cicely Bonville, Marchioness of
+Dorset, Eleanor married as his second wife Gerald Fitzgerald, ninth
+Earl of Kildare, for a considerable time Lord Deputy of Ireland during
+the reign of Henry VIII. In his prime, he is said to have been "one of
+the fairest men then living," and led a very eventful and troubled
+life, was greatly disliked by Wolsey, who twice got him cited to
+England and sent to the Tower on charges of maladministration, and on
+his third committal in 1534 to that fortress, he never emerged again
+alive. During his incarceration his son--"called 'Silken Thomas,' of
+tall stature, comely proportion, amiable countenance, flexible and
+kind nature, and endowed with many accomplishments and good
+qualities"--together with his five brothers, engaged in open
+insurrection in Ireland. The news of this so "oppressed him with
+grief," that it is said to have hastened his death, which took place
+in 1534. Six months afterward, the five brothers and their nephew, his
+son, "were all six condemned to suffer the punishment of traitors, and
+were accordingly executed at Tyburn, on 2 Feb., 1535-6,--being hanged
+up, cut down before they were dead and quartered." The Earl was buried
+in the Tower Chapel, and on digging a grave therein for Ralph, son of
+Sir Owen Hopton, Lieutenant of the Tower in 1580, his coffin was found
+with this inscription on it,--
+
+   HERE LYETH THE CORPES OF THE L. GERALD FITZ-GERALD, EARLE OF
+   KYLDARE, WHO DECEASED THE 12TH OF DECEMBER, IN THE YEAR OF OUR
+   LORD M.CCCCC.XXXIIII. ON WHOSE SOLE JESU HAVE MERCY
+
+Of this Earl, Hollingshed relates that he was
+
+   "A wise, deep, and far reaching man; in war valiant and without
+   rashness; and politic without treachery; such a suppressor of
+   rebels in his government, as they durst not bear armour to the
+   annoyance of any subject. He was so religiously addicted to the
+   serving of God, as what time soever he travelled to any part of
+   the Country, such as were of his chapel should be sure to follow
+   him. He was also well affected to his wife, as he would not at
+   any time buy a suit of apparel for himself, but he would suit her
+   with the same stuff; which gentleness she recompensed with equal
+   kindness; for after that he deceased in the Tower, she did not
+   only ever after live a chaste and honourable widow, but also
+   nightly before she went to bed, she would resort to his picture,
+   and there, with a solemn _congé_ she would bid her lord good
+   night."
+
+Not the least interesting, and almost romantic account, of one of the
+many of Cicely Bonville's daughters. The poet Earl of Surrey's 'Fair
+Geraldine' was one of this Earl's children.
+
+Of the Marchioness's two remaining daughters, Anne was married to
+Richard Clement; and Bridget died young.
+
+Leland, making note of this large family, remarks,--
+
+   "The sole doughtar of the Lorde Harington cawlid (Cecily) was
+   maried to Thomas the first Marquese of Dorset that favorid the
+   cummynge of Henry the vii, and he had by hir a 14 children, bothe
+   men and wimen of excedinge goodly parsonage, of which the first
+   sune lyvyd not longe, and then had Thomas the name of Lorde
+   Harington, and aftar was the second Marquese of Dorset."
+
+The Marquis of Dorset with Lord Hastings commanded the rear-guard at
+the battle of Tewkesbury, and after the engagement was over, and the
+young Prince Edward taken prisoner, who being introduced to Edward's
+presence, and interrogated, was brutally struck by him on the mouth
+with his gauntlet, and was thereupon dragged out of the king's
+presence and murdered by the attendant nobles, the Marquis of Dorset
+is said to have been among the savage conclave. Mercy and pity appear
+at the time to have fled from the earth.
+
+Naturally all went well with the Marquis during the reign of his
+father-in-law, Edward IV., but at that king's death the machinations
+of Gloucester, Buckingham, and Hastings, the entrapping Earl Rivers,
+and getting possession of the persons of the young king and his
+brother, placed him in considerable peril. The Duke of York was under
+his custody in London, as Governor of the Tower, but on the approach
+of Gloucester to London, with the young king, the Marquis, together
+with the Duke of York, the Queen-Mother and her family at once took
+sanctuary at Westminster.
+
+Events rapidly succeeded each other. Gloucester got first named
+Protector, a stepping-stone merely to his assumption of the Crown; the
+Earl Rivers and his companions, and Lord Hastings, were mercilessly
+disposed of; the young king and his brother sent to the Tower. Nothing
+now remained calculated to give Richard any cause for uneasiness, or
+lie in the way of his ambition, but the fact that these two poor boys,
+his nephews, were still alive. This difficulty did not exist long, and
+they perished under the influence of the same hideous resolve.
+
+But the retribution was surely coming, if delayed for a time.
+Buckingham had retired in dudgeon to his castle at Brecknock, and his
+astute prisoner Morton, soon became the capturer of his gaoler, at
+least in mind, and then bade him adieu. Then followed the series of
+intrigues between Buckingham, the Countess of Richmond, and the
+Queen-Widow, with Sir Reginald Braye as ambassador, and Dr. Lewis as
+go-between, which ended in the unfortunate rising of Buckingham, so
+disastrously extinguished by the Severn flood. The Marquis of Dorset
+then appears to have quitted sanctuary, and gone into Yorkshire,
+presumably to raise forces, with the intention of joining the other
+contingents to be gathered in Kent under Sir Richard Guilford, and
+from the west under the Courtenays, Cheney, Daubeney, and others, the
+place of _rendez-vous_ being at Salisbury. Before however this could
+be accomplished, or rather while measures were being taken in
+preparation, Buckingham's misfortune took place, and these, the other
+chief actors, fled for their lives, and were fortunate to escape and
+get across the channel to Brittany, and to the Earl of Richmond.
+
+Richard promptly attainted the fugitives, and, says Rapin,--
+
+   "issued a Proclamation against Buckingham, and the Marquis of
+   Dorset, with others of his adherents, whom he supposed to be in
+   league with him. But as the Marquis had not appeared in arms, and
+   so could not be styled a rebel, he made use of another pretence
+   to involve him in the sentence. He said that having taken oath at
+   his coronation to punish vice and wickedness, he was obliged to
+   punish the Marquis of Dorset, notorious for his debaucheries, who
+   had seduced and ravished several virgins, being guilty of sundry
+   adulteries, &c. A reward of a thousand marks, or one hundred
+   marks a year (in land), was promised to anyone who would bring
+   the Marquis to justice, and sums in proportion for the rest that
+   were named in the Proclamation."
+
+They got safely across however, and so foiled the tender intentions of
+this amiable potentate. Richmond appeared soon after, returning from
+his fruitless voyage across the channel, and,
+
+   "when he arrived he heard of the Duke of Buckingham's death, and
+   found the Marquis of Dorset, and other English gentlemen who had
+   made their escape. They all swore allegiance to him, and he took
+   his corporal oath on the same day, the 25th of December, that he
+   would marry the Princess Elizabeth, when he had suppressed the
+   usurper Richard, and was in the possession of the Crown."
+
+Richard, however, who was kept well informed of all that went on
+abroad, had determined if possible to check-mate this scheme of
+Richmond, by marrying the lady himself,--
+
+   "and to that end did his utmost to ingratiate himself with her
+   mother the Queen Elizabeth. He sent flattering messages to her in
+   Sanctuary, promised to advance the Marquis of Dorset and all her
+   relations, and won upon her so much by his fair speeches, that
+   forgetting the many affronts he had cast upon the memory of her
+   husband, on her own honour and the legitimacy of her children,
+   and even the murder of her dear sons, she complyed with him, and
+   promised to bring over her son, and all the late king's friends
+   from the party of Richmond, and went so far as to deliver up her
+   five daughters into his hand. She also wrote to her son the
+   Marquis of Dorset, to leave Richmond and hasten to England where
+   she had procured him a pardon, and provided all sorts of honours
+   for him."
+
+Then, of course, followed the "illness" of Richard's poor Queen, now
+completely in the way of these delicate arrangements, who hearing
+
+   "what was reported against her, believed it came from her
+   husband, and thence concluding that her hour was drawing nigh,
+   ran to him in a most sorrowful and deplorable condition, and
+   demanded of him, '_what she had done to deserve death_.' Richard
+   answered her with fair words and false smiles bidding her '_be of
+   good cheer for to his knowledge she had no other cause_.' But
+   whether her grief, as he designed it should, struck so to her
+   heart, that it broke with the mortal wound, or he hastened her
+   end, as was generally suspected, by poison, she died in a few
+   days afterward."
+
+Thus another victim was removed from this ghastly panorama of
+treachery and guilt. She was the daughter of the Earl of Warwick, the
+'king-maker,' and, when Richard married her, widow of Prince Edward
+(heir to Henry VI.), so foully murdered after the battle of
+Tewkesbury. The Lady Katharine Bonville was her aunt, and Cicely
+Bonville, her daughter, was the poor Queen's cousin.
+
+Richard's new matrimonial project did not go on so smoothly as he
+expected, his former Queen "was scarcely cold in her grave, before he
+made his addresses to the Princess Elizabeth, who held his pretended
+love in abhorrence, and the whole kingdom averse to so unnatural a
+marriage,"--she was his own niece. He therefore put off for a time
+further prosecuting his suit, and "deferred his courtship until he was
+better settled on the throne."
+
+Richmond, who in his turn had full knowledge of all Richard's
+proceedings, was quite equal to the occasion, and determined to foil
+his rival both of wife and kingdom, which he successfully
+accomplished.
+
+In the meantime the Queen-Mother, to oblige Richard, continued
+
+   "to write her son the Marquis of Dorset, to leave Richmond. The
+   Marquis fearing the Earl would not succeed in his enterprise,
+   gave way to his mother's persuasions, and King Richard's
+   flattering promises, left the Earl, and stole away from Paris by
+   night, intending to escape into Flanders. But as soon as the Earl
+   had notice of his flight, he applied to the French Court to
+   apprehend him in any part of his dominions, for both himself and
+   his followers, were afraid of his discovering his designs if he
+   got to England.
+
+   "Having obtained license to seize him, the Earl sent messengers
+   every way in search of him, and among the rest Humphrey Cheney,
+   Esq., who overtook him near Champaigne, and by arguments and fair
+   promises prevailed with him to return.
+
+   "By the Marquis's disposition to leave him, the Earl began to
+   doubt, that if he delayed his expedition to England longer, many
+   more of his friends might grow cool in their zeal for him. So he
+   earnestly solicited the French Court for aid, 'desiring so small
+   a supply of men and money, that Charles could not in honour
+   refuse him; yet for what he lent him, he would have hostages,
+   that satisfaction should be made. The Earl made no scruple of
+   that, so leaving the Lord Marquis of Dorset (whom he still
+   mistrusted), and Sir John Bourchier, as his pledges at Paris, he
+   departed for Rouen, where the few men the French king had lent
+   him, and all the English that followed his future, rendezvous'd.'"
+
+Rather an ignominious _dénouement_, but doubtless Richmond, quite
+estimated the quality of his man, and would not allow the Marquis to
+play any possible double game by taking him to England with the
+expedition. So he remained at Paris, in this kind of semi-imprisonment,
+until after the battle of Bosworth, Henry's coronation, and the end of
+the Parliament in 1485, when the king was possessed of some means to pay
+off his debt to the French king.
+
+This being obtained, he sent across to Paris and redeemed the Marquis
+and Bourchier, and invited them over to England. On the 18 Jan.
+following, Henry married the Princess Elizabeth, half-sister to the
+Marquis. Soon after the king restored him to all his honours, called
+him to the Privy Council, and created him a Knight of the Garter,
+being the two hundred and fortieth in the succession of that noble
+Order.
+
+Henry however still distrusted him, for on his pilgrimage to
+Walsingham in 1487,--
+
+   "being come to St. Edmunds-bury, he understood that Thomas,
+   Marquis of Dorset, was hasting toward him, to purge himself of
+   some accusations that had been made against him. But the King,
+   though he kept an ear for him, yet was at the time so doubtful,
+   that he sent the Earl of Oxford to meet him, and forthwith carry
+   him to the Tower; with a fair message nevertheless, that he
+   should bear that disgrace with patience, for that the King meant
+   not his hurt, but only to preserve him from doing hurt, either to
+   the King's service or to himself, and that the King should always
+   be able (when he had cleared himself) to make him reparation."
+
+Very wise of Henry, doubtless, and done in kindness to prevent his not
+too strong-minded brother-in-law getting into mischief. The Marquis
+remained in the Tower until after the coronation of the Queen,--when
+Henry, who had locked him up "rather upon suspicion of the time, than
+of the man, set him at liberty without examination, or other
+circumstance."
+
+He was with the large army taken across the channel to France in 1492,
+in the flotilla under the command of Lord Willoughby de Broke, which
+was apparently designed, but really never intended, to assist the
+Emperor Maximilian. The Marquis also held a command in the royal
+forces in 1497, at the defeat of the Cornish insurgents on
+Black-Heath.
+
+It is probable also he accompanied Henry into the west, at the
+suppression of Perkin Warbeck's attempt in October of the same year.
+Respecting this Mr. Davidson writes,--
+
+   "The king left Exeter on 3 November, and passed the night at the
+   College of St. Mary, at Ottery, and on the next day proceeded to
+   Newenham Abbey. At this place the king remained nearly a week
+   until the 10th, when he resumed his progress to London. It is
+   difficult indeed to imagine for what reason the king remained so
+   long a time at Newenham at this period, unless he was engaged in
+   making enquiry for such of the men of consideration in the
+   Counties of Devon and Somerset as had taken part with the rebels,
+   and in appointing the commissioners for detecting them. Among
+   those commissioners the name of Sir Amias Paulet appears, whose
+   residence in Somersetshire was at no great distance from this
+   place. It may be conjectured also, that the king was entertained
+   by the lord Marquis of Dorset, at his manor and mansion of Shute,
+   which is nearly adjoining the Abbey demesnes, for this nobleman
+   appears to have been on terms of familiar intercourse with his
+   sovereign. The following items appear in the king's privy purse
+   expenses;--'_1492, 7 July. To my lord Marquis for a ring of gold,
+   £100.--1495, March 20.--Loste at the buttes to my lord Marques
+   £1._'"
+
+Four years after Warbeck's rebellion, on the 10 April, 1501, the
+Marquis died; by his will, without date, he "_bequeathed his body to
+be buried in his College at Astley, before the image of the Blessed
+Trinity, in the midst of his closet, within the same College; and that
+his executors should cause to be said for his soul, in every of the
+four orders of Friars in London, a hundred masses, and at the time of
+his burial, one hundred marks to be distributed in alms to the poor
+people_."
+
+On a boss over the organ-gallery in St. George's Chapel, Windsor, are
+the arms of the Marquis, quarterly of eight:--1. _Barry of six argent
+and azure, in chief three torteaux_ (GREY).--2. _Or, a maunche gules_
+(HASTINGS).--3. _Barry of ten argent and azure, an orle of martlets
+gules_ (VALENCE). Over these three quarterings _a label of three
+points ermine_--4. _Gules, seven mascles, three, three, and one, or_
+(QUINCY).--5. _Azure, a cinquefoil ermine_ (ASTLEY).--6. _Argent_, _a
+fess and a canton gules_ (WIDVILLe).--7. _Sable, six mullets argent,
+pierced gules_ (BONVILLE).--8. _Sable, a fret argent_ (HARINGTON).
+
+On his banner he bore the same quarterings. The "tenan," _an unicorn
+ermine_. His standard, _per fess white and murrey_. The badges are
+"_bunches of daisies, tufted proper_" (this from Widville). The motto,
+"A MA PUISSANCE" (Willement).
+
+Cicely Bonville, Marchioness of Dorset, married secondly Henry
+Stafford, second son of Henry Stafford, second Duke of Buckingham (by
+his wife Catherine daughter of Richard Widville, Earl Rivers), who,
+rising in revolt against Richard III., was beheaded at Salisbury,
+1483.
+
+He was created Earl of Wiltshire by Henry VII., in 1509, and
+constituted a Knight of the Garter by the same monarch, being the two
+hundred and fifty-eighth on the roll of the Order.
+
+The Marchioness of Dorset was his second wife. His first was Muriel,
+daughter of Sir Edward Grey,--created Viscount L'Isle, 1483,--brother
+to Sir John Grey, father of the Marquis of Dorset, and therefore
+cousin to the Marchioness's first husband. The Earl of Wiltshire left
+no issue by either of his wives. He died 6 March, 1523, when his title
+became extinct.
+
+On a boss in the vaulting of the choir of St. George's Chapel,
+Windsor, is his badge, _a Stafford knot argent, differenced by a
+crescent sable_, and on a stall-plate below are his arms,
+quarterly:--1. _France and England within a bordure argent_
+(PLANTAGENET).--2. BOHUN.--3. STAFFORD.--4. BOHUN, EARL OF
+NORTHAMPTON; there are no supporters. The crest, _in a ducal coronet,
+per pale sable and gules, a demi-swan argent, beaked gules, the wings
+endorsed_. Motto, "HUMBLE ET LOYAL" (Willement).
+
+The carved escutcheon of this Earl, quartered as above, with
+_crescent_ for difference, and encircled by the Garter, was found
+among the ruins of the Cluniac Priory of St. Mary Magdalene at
+Barnstaple, and is now preserved in a modern residence built on the
+site. The _knot and crescent_ are found on the churches of Axminster,
+Ottery St. Mary, and Seaton, and will be further referred to.
+
+We do not hear much more of the Marchioness, but she evidently stood
+very high in the Court of Henry VIII., for in September, 1533, at the
+christening of the Princess, afterward Queen Elizabeth, daughter of
+Queen Anne Boleyn, at Greenwich, Hall relates that "the old
+Marchioness of Dorset, widow," was one of the child's god-mothers, and
+in the grand procession the Marquis her son, bore the Salt, and she
+afterward made the infant-princess "a present of three gilt bowls
+pounced with a cover."
+
+By her will, dated 6 March, 1528-9, 19 Henry VIII., she "_bequeathed
+her body to be buried in the Chapel of Astley, in the tomb where her
+husband the late Lord Marquis lay, and a thousand masses to be said
+for her soul. That a goodly tomb should be made in the Chapel of
+Astley over the Lord Marquis her husband, and another for herself, and
+two priests daily to sing in the said Chapel of Astley by the space of
+eighty years, to pray for the soul of the said Lord Marquis and her
+own soul._"
+
+The exact date of her death does not appear to have been ascertained,
+but probably before, or by 1530, when she would have been about
+seventy years old.
+
+With the death of Cicely Bonville--last of her name and race--the main
+personal interest of our little narrative ceases, and it is not
+intended, in bringing our story to its conclusion, to give a long
+detailed account of the two next succeeding generations of the Greys,
+which belongs rather to national history.
+
+Thomas Grey, eldest son of Thomas Grey, first Marquis of Dorset, and
+Cicely Bonville, was summoned to Parliament in 1509, as Lord Ferrers
+of Groby, and in 1511, as the second Marquis of Dorset. He married
+first Eleanor, daughter of Oliver, Lord St. John, by whom he had no
+issue, and secondly Margaret, daughter of Sir Robert Wotton of Bocton
+in Kent, by whom he had Henry, his successor;--John, ancestor of the
+Earls of Stamford;--Elizabeth, married to Thomas, Lord Audley of
+Walden, K.G., Lord Chancellor to Henry VIII., who sat as High Steward
+at the trial of Henry Courtenay, Marquis of Exeter, and who died in
+1544;--Catherine, to Henry Fitzalan, eighteenth and last Earl of
+Arundel of that family, Lord High Steward to Queen Elizabeth, and
+K.G., who died 1579;--and Anne, to Henry Willoughby of Wollaton,
+Nottinghamshire.
+
+He appears to have enjoyed the favour and confidence of that
+dangerously uncertain despot Henry VIII., and in 1512 was constituted
+Commander-in-Chief of the expedition sent into Spain, designed as an
+augmentation of the forces of the Emperor Ferdinand in the invasion of
+Guienne, and with him were associated the second Lord Willoughby de
+Broke and other noblemen. In 1514, he was with Charles Brandon, Duke
+of Suffolk, in France at the jousts of St. Denis, and acquired
+considerable renown; as afterward at the meeting of Henry and Francis
+in 1521 on the Field of the Cloth of Gold. He was one of the lords who
+signed the celebrated letter to Pope Clement touching the king's
+divorce, and subscribed to the articles of impeachment against
+Cardinal Wolsey. Altogether a pliant and observant courtier probably,
+who carefully noted, studied, and complied with the errant phases of
+his grim master's will, the only safe way of getting on with him, and
+keeping his head on his shoulders, but, of course, requiring the aid
+of a not too-exacting conscience.
+
+He made his will 1530, "_ordered his body to be buried at Astley, near
+his father, and his executors to make and build a Chapel at Astley,
+according to the will of his father, with a goodly tomb over his
+father and mother, and where he himself resolved to be buried_."
+Together with further bequests "_to found an alms house for thirteen
+poor men, who were to have twelve pence a week, and a livery of black
+cotton yearly at a cost of four shillings, and three honest priests to
+pray for his soul, &c._"
+
+Relating to the burial of this nobleman, we append the following,
+given as a quotation by Burke,--
+
+   "The Collegiate church of Astley, founded by Thomas third Lord
+   Astley, whose heiress-general married the ancestor of this
+   Marquis, a most rare and beautiful piece of workmanship, having
+   fallen down, a new chancel was erected by the parishioners. When
+   on opening the vault where the body of the Marquis was laid, a
+   large and long coffin of wood was found, which at the curious
+   desire of some, being burst open, the body which had lain there
+   for seventy-eight years, appeared perfect in every respect,
+   neither perished nor hardened, but the flesh, in colour,
+   proportion, and softness, alike to any corpse newly interred. The
+   body was about five feet eight inches in length, the face broad
+   and the hair yellow. All which seemed to be well preserved from
+   the strong embalming thereof."
+
+Henry Grey, third and last Marquis of Dorset, was constituted Lord
+High-Constable of England for three days at the coronation of Edward
+VI., 1547. In 1551 made Justice in Eyre of all the King's Forests, and
+in 1552 Warden of the East, West, and Middle Marches toward Scotland,
+and 11 October of the same year was created Duke of Suffolk, and
+installed Knight of the Garter.
+
+He married first Katharine, daughter of William, Earl of Arundel, but
+by her had no issue.
+
+Secondly, he espoused Frances, daughter of Charles Brandon, created
+Duke of Suffolk in 1514, and K.G.,--by his third wife the Princess
+Mary, second daughter of king Henry VII., widow of king Lewis XII.,
+and so Queen-Dowager of France. The issue of this marriage was three
+daughters, Jane, Katharine, and Mary.
+
+The Lady Jane Grey married the Lord Guilford Dudley, son of John
+Dudley, created Duke of Northumberland in 1551 and K.G.; by his wife
+Jane daughter of Sir Edward Guilford, knt. The Duke his father, was
+beheaded on Tower Hill 22 Aug., 1553.
+
+The Lady Katharine Grey, married first Henry, Lord Herbert, eldest son
+of William, Earl of Pembroke, from whom she was divorced. Secondly she
+married Lord Edward Seymour, son of the Protector Somerset, who was
+beheaded on Tower Hill, 22 Jan., 1552. Lord Edward Seymour was created
+by Queen Elizabeth in 1559, Baron Beauchamp of Hache, and Earl of
+Hertford. But for marrying the Lady Katharine without the permission
+first obtained of the imperious and unfeeling Queen, they were both
+committed to the Tower. He was fined five thousand pounds, and endured
+nine years imprisonment. His wife bore him three sons during her
+captivity, and she died while still a prisoner in that fortress 26
+Jan., 1567. He died at an advanced age in 1621.
+
+The Lady Mary Grey married Martin Keys, Groom-Porter to Queen
+Elizabeth.
+
+It is not necessary here to enter into the mournful circumstances of
+the deaths,--perhaps the most sad in English history--of the youthful
+Lady Jane Grey and her husband Lord Guilford Dudley,--they are fully
+known to all who have the slightest acquaintanceship with our national
+annals. The event occurred on 12 Feb., 1554.
+
+The same remark will apply to the fate of the Duke of Suffolk, her
+father,--his participation in Wyatt's rising, the story of his fleeing
+from his pursuers, hiding in a hollow tree in his park at Astley, and
+betrayal (under circumstances somewhat similar to Henry Stafford, Duke
+of Buckingham), by Underwood, one of his own park-keepers to whom he
+had confided the secret of his life,--need only the outline of
+relation here, to give semblance of completion to our little history.
+He found his death also by the executioner's hand on Tower Hill, 23
+Feb., 1554.
+
+  [Illustration: EFFIGY OF FRANCES BRANDON, DUCHESS OF SUFFOLK.
+  WESTMINSTER ABBEY]
+
+The Duchess of Suffolk, his widow, married secondly Adrian Stokes,
+Esq. She was buried in St. Edmund's Chapel in Westminster Abbey,
+where, on a high-tomb of the same costly material, reclines her effigy
+in alabaster, clad in the rich costume of the period, with a crowned
+lion at her feet. On one side of the tomb is this inscription,--
+
+     HERE LIETH THE LADIE FRANCES, DVCHES OF SOVTHFOLKE,
+       DOVGHTER TO CHARLES BRANDON, DUKE OF SOVTHFOLKE,
+                 AND MARIE THE FRENCHE QVENE;
+           FIRST WIFE TO HENRIE, DUKE OF SOVTHFOLKE,
+               AND AFTER TO ADRIAN STOCK, ESQVIER.
+
+and on the other the following,--
+
+     IN CLARISS: DOM: FRANCISCÆ SVFFOLCIÆ QVONDAM DVCISSÆ EPICEDION.
+
+             MIL DECVS AVT SPLENDOR, NIL REGIA NOMINA PROSVNT
+               SPLENDIDA DIVITIIS, NIL JVVAT AMPLA DOMVS;
+               OMNIA FLVXERVNT, VIRTVTIS SOLA REMANSIT
+                 GLORIA, TARTAREIS NON ABOLENDA ROGIS.
+
+             NVPTA DVCI PRIVS EST, VXOR POST ARMIGERI STOKES;
+                 FVNERE NVNC VALEAS CONSOCIATO DEUS.
+
+Below in panels are sculptured the arms of France and England, Brandon
+and Stokes with numerous quarterings.
+
+Of this lady says Dean Stanley,--
+
+   "She had thrown herself headlong into the Protestant cause. She
+   had dressed up a cat in a rochet to irritate the bishops; and had
+   insulted Gardiner, as she passed by the Tower, 'It is well for
+   the lambs when the wolves are shut up.' Naturally in her own turn
+   she had to fly after her husband's and her daughter's bloody
+   death, and lived just long enough to see the betrothal of her
+   daughter, Catherine Grey to the Earl of Hertford, and to enjoy
+   the turn of fortune which restored her to the favour of
+   Elizabeth, and allowed her sepulture beside her royal ancestors.
+   The service was probably the first celebrated in English in the
+   Abbey since Elizabeth's accession; and it was followed by the
+   Communion service, in which the Dean (Dr. Bill) officiated, and
+   Jewell preached the sermon. Could her Puritanical spirit have
+   known the site of her tomb, she would have rejoiced in the
+   thought, that it was the first to displace one of the venerated
+   altars of the old Catholic saints."
+
+The effigy, a very noble one, clasps a book, presumably intended for
+the Bible, in her hands, doubtless another evidence of her
+"Puritanical spirit," and which she probably deemed of more importance
+than the choicest relics of "saints" preserved in the "venerated
+altars" that teemed around.
+
+Adrian Stokes, or Stock, Esq., who married the Duchess of Suffolk, 1
+March, 1555, just twelve months after the Duke's death, is said to
+have acted as her Master of the Horse. In spite of this disparity of
+social position, and also of age (he being about seventeen, and the
+Duchess thirty-two years old at the date of their marriage), the union
+appears to have been a happy one (she only survived four years), for
+at her death in December, 1559, she left him in possession of large
+estates in Warwickshire and Leicestershire. In 1571 Stokes was
+returned to Parliament for Leicestershire, having under his charge the
+Lady Mary Grey, his step-daughter, and about that period, married
+secondly, Anne, widow of Sir Nicholas Throgmorton. He died without
+issue 30 Nov., 1586. He erected this fine monument to her memory.
+
+His ward the Lady Mary Grey appears to have had no higher ambition in
+the selection of a husband, than her mother's second venture, having
+married, as previously related, Martin Keys, Groom-Porter to Queen
+Elizabeth. It may be, her step-father's social position was against
+anything better.
+
+The memorials of Cicely Bonville, Marchioness of Dorset, are fairly
+numerous and interesting. "The walls of many churches," says Mr.
+Davidson, "in the neighbourhood of this lady's extensive possessions
+testify by the arms and devices of her family and connections, that
+she employed a part of her immense wealth by assisting in their
+erection."
+
+The most considerable of these, is the beautiful Chapel on the north
+side of the nave of the Collegiate Church of St. Mary, at Ottery, and
+known as the "Dorset aisle," which without doubt she built. It is of
+considerable size, and its fan-traceried vaulting very rich; on the
+pillars of the arcade are the arms of Bishop Oldham, and his rebus,
+_an owl holding a label in its beak inscribed with the last syllable
+of the prelate's name_, =ham=,--1504-19; and also of Bishop Vesey his
+successor, 1519-51. This shews that its erection occurred within those
+dates, after her marriage with the Earl of Wiltshire, but before her
+death, which took place about 1530. Studding the moulding under the
+parapet outside are the family badges, the Harington _fret_, Stafford
+_knot_, _bull's-head_ of Hastings, and Bourchier _knot_, often
+repeated, while over the porch-entrance are the denuded remains of
+what was evidently the armorial achievement of this lady. There is a
+shield surrounded by the Garter, but the bearings are quite
+undecipherable, except the traces of a _fret_, the supporters appear
+to have been a _lion_ on the dexter side, and on the sinister an
+_antelope_. Above the shield is a helmet, and remains of a crest. At
+the top and in the base of the panel is the Stafford _knot_, of large
+size, and on each side this device is repeated alternately with the
+_mullet_ of Bonville.
+
+These arms together with some other sculpture within the porch, appear
+to have been designedly mutilated, perhaps after the attainder and
+execution of the Duke of Suffolk, by order of Queen Mary, similarly to
+the manner the heraldic achievements of the Countess of Salisbury in
+her beautiful Chantry in the Priory Church of Christ Church, Hants,
+were commanded to be obliterated ("_delete_") by Henry VIII., after
+her savage beheading.
+
+The outer armorial panel is supported by columns with a crocketted
+canopy, and figures of angels stand on the pillars; at their base are
+small shields with the _merchant's mark_ and _initial_ of Goodwyn of
+Plymtree, who held that manor of the Hastings family at the time.
+There are several of the original bench-ends within the Chapel; on
+one is a large _double rose_ and on another _pomegranates_, but they
+are of comparatively plain character in carved detail.
+
+At the meeting of Henry VIII. and Maximilian at Terouenne in 1515,
+Edward Stafford, Duke of Buckingham was "attired in purple satin, his
+apparel full of _antelopes_, and _swans_ (of Bohun) of fine gold
+bullion, and full of spangles." Henry Stafford, Earl of Wiltshire, his
+brother, and second husband of Cicely Bonville, bore on his banner the
+_swan_ (of Bohun) amid _semée of Stafford knots_, with the motto,
+"HUMBLE ET LOYAL."
+
+Knightstone, in Ottery St. Mary, originally the inheritance of the
+Bittlesgate family, became the property of the Marchioness of Dorset
+in 1494, the remainder having previously been vested in William, Lord
+Bonville. On the attainder of her grandson, the Duke of Suffolk, in
+1554, it was purchased by Mr. William Sherman, a merchant of Ottery,
+who died in 1583, and whose brass effigies are on the pavement of the
+south aisle of the church.
+
+In the church of Limington near Ilchester, Somerset, two memorials are
+found, but whether they are to be considered mementoes of Cicely
+Bonville, or of her son the second Marquis, is not so clear. These
+consist of two finely carved bench-ends, in the chancel. They are of
+considerable height, having _fleur-de-lys_ shaped finials on the top,
+and below occurs, on one the _rose_, and on the other the
+_pomegranate_, of Henry VIII. Then follows a large shield,
+quarterly,--1 and 4, _six mullets pierced, three, two, one_
+(BONVILLE).--2 and 3, _a fret_ (HARINGTON); and under this the
+initials W. C. joined by a cordon. Beneath are four _roses_, single
+and very thickly double, alternate.
+
+The Bonvilles acquired considerable property in Limington, Somerset,
+of the representatives of the De Gyvernay family. The last of them
+Henry de Gyvernay died seized of the manor 35 Henry III., leaving a
+daughter Joan married to William de Shareshull. The very fine and
+well-preserved effigy in the uniquely-groined north transeptal
+Chantry, was probably placed to the memory of one of them (although
+the armour and appointments are comparatively late), and the other
+three earlier effigies on the floor doubtless represent preceding
+generations.
+
+The initials W. C. on the bench-end evidently allude to Walter Cocks,
+incumbent of the parish, who was inducted in 1535, patron the Marquis
+of Dorset. This would be about five years after Cicely Bonville's
+death, and in the lifetime of her son, but the marshalling of the arms
+seems to allude more directly to his mother.
+
+On escutcheons in the panels of the carved parapet of Axminster church
+are the Harington _fret_, and the Stafford _knot, surmounted by a
+crescent_; this last badge having allusion to Henry Stafford, Earl of
+Wiltshire, her second husband, he being the second son of Henry, Duke
+of Buckingham. "As the manor of Uphay in the parish belonged to her,"
+remarks Mr. Davidson, "it is not surprising she should have
+contributed to the enlargement of the church at Axminster."
+
+Among the shields shewing the descent of Walrond, that formerly had
+place on a screen in their Chantry in Seaton church, is one charged
+with the Stafford _knot_ and _crescent_, probably included out of
+compliment by the squire of Bovey to his noble neighbour of Wiscombe.
+It also occurs over the tower door at Hawkchurch, together with the
+arms of Daubeney, and the Abbey of Cerne.
+
+But the most interesting of all, is the presumed effigy of Cicely
+herself, in the portion remaining of the once beautiful church of
+Astley, in Warwickshire. This, for a long time fixed upright in the
+wall of the tower, at the west end of the choir, now reclines on a low
+tomb. The figure is of alabaster, with pyramidal head-dress, gown
+richly embroidered and gilt, and mantle, on which are traces of
+crimson colour, the head rests on a cushion originally guarded by
+angels. From her girdle are suspended an _aumônière_ on the right side
+and a rosary on the left.
+
+There are two other effigies, also in this church, sculptured in
+alabaster. One, a knight with hair polled, in full plate armour, and
+collar of S.S. His head rests on a helmet, and his feet on a lion. The
+other, a lady, has long flowing hair to the shoulders, on her head a
+coronet with traces of _fleurs-de-lys_ and pearls, necklace, and
+wearing also the rare Yorkist collar of Suns and Roses, from which is
+suspended the Lion of March. The remains of angels support the
+cushions on which her head rests.
+
+The ladies are much shorter in stature than the knight, and the
+probability is they all occupied separate tombs, which stood in the
+side chapels originally existing attached to the antient chancel,
+before it fell down and was rebuilt at the time the body of the second
+Marquis was discovered, at the end of the seventeenth century.
+
+The knight is apparently the earlier effigy of the three, probably
+dating about 1480-90, the lady with the coronet next, or about
+contemporary, and the lady in the pyramidal head-dress considerably
+the latest, as shewn by her costume, which would accord very nearly
+with that worn at the era of Cicely Bonville's death.
+
+Sir Edward Grey, uncle to Thomas Grey, first Marquis of Dorset,
+married Elizabeth, sister and heir of Thomas Talbot, Viscount L'Isle.
+15 Edward IV. he was created Baron, and 1 Richard III. Viscount
+L'Isle, died in 1492, and bequeathed his body to be buried in the new
+chapel of Our Lady, begun to be built by himself in the College of
+Astley, where the body of his late wife Elizabeth lay interred. His
+daughter Muriel was the first wife of Henry Stafford, Earl of
+Wiltshire, second husband of Cicely Bonville. A guess may be hazarded
+that these figures represent Sir Edward Grey and his wife Elizabeth.
+
+  [Illustration: BENCH-END. LIMINGTON CHURCH, SOMERSET. Circa 1535.]
+
+Before we close our account of the Bonville and Grey memorials, we
+propose to include--from its uniqueness of example--another
+remembrance to a presumed second-cousin of the Lady Cicely, that we
+discovered among the fine series of bench-ends in a visit to the
+little church of Barwick, near Yeovil, on our way back from Limington.
+It is one of a pair in the chancel, almost alike, the only difference
+being--and here note the evident purpose conveyed in all mediæval
+symbolism--that one shield, the earliest in the succession is
+suspended by a guige from _a hawthorn tree in blossom_, and the later
+one from _a hawthorn tree in fruit_. The arms on the first are,
+dexter, quarterly of four:--1 and 4. _On a chief a fleur-de-lys, in
+base a mullet pierced_ (ROGERS).--2 and 3. _Fretty, and a chief_
+(ECHYNGHAM); impaling,--_In chief quarterly, 1 and 4, six roundels, 2
+and 3, three camels; in base, guttée_ (----?). On the second bench-end
+are ROGERS and ECHYNGHAM, quarterly as before, impaling COURTENAY and
+DE REDVERS quarterly.
+
+  [Illustration: BENCH-ENDS. BARWICK CHURCH, SOMERSET.]
+
+"The family of Roger or Rogers," says Mr. Batten, "whose chief seat
+was at Bryanstone, Dorset, held Barwick for six generations, extending
+to the latter part of the reign of Queen Elizabeth." John Rogers
+married Anne, daughter of Thomas de Echyngham, Lord of Echyngham in
+Sussex. His grandson Sir John, married presumably--for singularly her
+name does not as yet appear to be identified in the pedigree--Elizabeth,
+daughter of Sir William Courtenay of Powderham, who died in 1512, by his
+wife Cicely, daughter of Sir John Cheney of Pinhoe.
+
+Sir William Courtenay's mother was Margaret Bonville, daughter of Lord
+William Bonville, and so great-aunt to Cicely Bonville, and Elizabeth
+Rogers of the Barwick panel, was her second cousin.
+
+They were buried at Bryanstone, and on the floor of the chancel of
+that church, without the rails, says Hutchins, "on the gravestone are
+the brass effigies of a man and a woman kneeling and their hands
+elevated. Over are the arms of Rogers and Echyngham quarterly, and
+under the woman, Rogers impaling Courtenay, and this inscription:--
+
+   =Of your charitie pray for the soules of John Rogers esquyer and
+   Elizabeth his wyfe which John decessed the     day of     in the
+   ye'r md^c       and Elizabeth decessed the first day of October
+   in the ye'r of our Lord m d^c xviii on whose soules J'hu have m'cy=
+
+on other bench-ends at Barwick are the initials W. H. and date 1533,
+probably for William Hooper, patron of the benefice at that time. The
+date of the Limington bench-ends is almost contemporary."
+
+A round-about digression, you will say, gentle reader, but how
+interesting is it, thus in our little pilgrimage, to connect the
+relationship of these old sculptures, and make their personal history
+live again; verily, if there be any charm belonging to these
+researches into the past, herein it is found.
+
+Of the early inheritances of the Bonvilles, Wiscombe, and Shute, on
+the attainder of the Duke of Suffolk both fell to the Crown, and Queen
+Mary granted them to her Secretary, Sir William Petre.
+
+Wiscombe, toward the end of the sixteenth century, appears to have
+been the residence of Robert Drake, Esq., probably under grant from
+the descendants of Sir William Petre. He was the son of John Drake,
+Esq., of Ashe, Musbury, who died 4 Oct., 1558, by his wife Amy
+daughter of Roger Grenville, Esq., of Stow, who died 18 Feb., 1577-8.
+He married Elizabeth--daughter of Humphrey Prideaux of Theuborough,
+north Devon, who died 8 May, 1550, by his wife Joan daughter of
+Richard Fowell, of Fowells-combe, in south Devon,--by whom he left a
+large family.
+
+William, the eldest son, was of Wiscombe. He married Philippa, sister
+of Sir Thomas Denys, died in 1619, leaving six children, of whom
+Thomas the eldest succeeded him at Wiscombe, and died in 1661.
+
+Henry was of Childhay, an old picturesque seat in the parish of
+Broad-Winsor, Dorset. This he acquired by his marriage with Amy,
+daughter of John Crukerne, of Childhay, and widow of Sir Arthur
+Champernowne, of Modbury, Devon. He died in 1640.
+
+Nicholas, a pensioner of James I., died 1640. He married Jane,
+daughter of William Tothill, "youngest of thirty-three children," she
+died 1622.
+
+Robert, a colonel in the army, together with Humphrey his brother, a
+captain, were both killed at Ostend early in 1604.
+
+Bernard, also described as of Wiscombe, married Elizabeth Densloe, and
+John, died without issue. Three of the daughters were named Gertrude,
+Ursula, and Amy.
+
+The old historian, Westcote, thus refers to the untimely death of
+these soldier-brothers,--
+
+   "Wiscombe; where liveth a generous family of Drake; of which race
+   there were lately two brothers, (besides others) Robert and
+   Henry: (the sons of Robert:) the first, a colonel of much worth
+   and esteem with the Prince of Orange in the Netherlands; and the
+   other a captain: both taken away in the flower of their age: a
+   great grief to their friends and loss to their country."
+
+And Risdon, his contemporary, adds in almost similar words,--
+
+   "Here (Wiscombe) now inhabits a generous tribe of the Drakes, of
+   which, besides other brothers, were Robert and Henry, the sons of
+   Robert; the first a colonel in the Netherlands, of great esteem
+   with the Prince of Orange and the States, of his valour, who in
+   all his actions was said to make use of the spur of courage, and
+   the reins of judgment; the other a captain, of much hope, both
+   taken away in the flower of their age, in defence of Ostend, to
+   the great grief of their friends, and loss of their country."
+
+The monument of Robert Drake, the father of these unfortunate
+men,--and who was mercifully prevented by death from experiencing the
+great trial of their early decease,--occurs on the north side of the
+chancel of Southleigh church. It is of Ionic character with arabesque
+ornamentation, and bears the following inscription,--
+
+         ARMIGER AURATUS ROBERTUS NOMINE DRACUS
+           HIC JACET ILLE PIUS PAUPERIBUSQUE BONUS
+     SEPTE GNATOS FRUGI ET GNATAS QUINQUE VENUSTAS
+             PARTURIIT CONJUX ELIZABETHA SIBI
+                   OBIIT 1600. MARCH 30.
+
+Thus translated,--"_An ennobled Esquire; Robert Drake by name, lies
+here, one who feared God and remembered the poor; his wife Elizabeth
+bore him seven thrifty sons and five comely daughters. Died 30 March,
+1600._"
+
+Below are five shields:--1. _A wyvern with wings displayed_ (DRAKE),
+impaling _A chevron enhanced by a fleur-de-lys and charged with two_
+_roundels, between three crescents._--2. GRENVILLE.--3. _A chevron
+charged with a mullet, a label of three_ (PRIDEAUX).--4. _Ermine,
+three battle-axes in pale_ (Denys).--5. _A fess between three
+fleurs-de-lys._
+
+Robert Drake was the brother of Sir Bernard of Ashe, who died of jail
+fever in 1586, and of Richard Drake of Esher, who died in 1603.[16]
+
+  [16] A portrait of this Richard Drake, painted by Zucchero, was
+  shewn in London at the Tudor Exhibition of 1890. Described as
+  "Three-quarter length, life-size, to left, in black armour,
+  ornamented with gold, white ruffs on neck and wrists, black
+  jewelled cap with plumes, gold chain of several strings passing
+  over right shoulder; right hand on hip, left rests on sword hilt,
+  helmet with plumes on table. Below a shield of arms in the back
+  ground, the motto "_Tousiours prest a seruir_"; and this
+  inscription "AN^O DNI 1577. ÆTATIS SUÆ 42." He was one of the
+  Esquires of Queen Elizabeth, from whom he received the grant of
+  the Stewardship of the Courts and Leets within the Manor of
+  Woking, with the Mastership of the Game there. He was also Lord
+  of the Manor of Esher, and in September 1600, had the honour of
+  entertaining the Queen at dinner at the Manor House of Esher,
+  where he resided, and where he had from 1588 to 1593 accommodated
+  certain notable Spanish prisoners of war, including Don Pedro de
+  Valdez, and other officers of high rank in the Spanish Armada,
+  with their suites of attendants. They had been captured by Sir
+  Francis Drake, and at his instance remitted to the keeping of
+  Richard Drake at Esher. He died in 1603."
+
+The Wiscombe estate appears to have remained in the possession of the
+Petre family, until disposed of by Lord Petre in 1794, to Mr. J. M.
+How.
+
+Speaking of Wiscombe, Risdon says,--
+
+   "It some time belonged to the priory of Otterton, which was in
+   the time of K. Hen. 3., by the prior granted unto sir Nicholas
+   Bonvile, kt., which he made his dwelling, and had here a large
+   park for deer, not long since disparked by the Lord Petre whose
+   inheritance it now is."
+
+And Westcote, albeit with no special genealogical accuracy, thus
+soliloquises,--
+
+   "This place is memorable for being the habitation of Lord
+   Bonvile, an unfortunate man: (for unwise I dare not nor may not
+   term him:) yet this may I say by the way, good fortune and
+   wisdom, folly and ill-fortune or mischance, go masked, and that
+   very often under one hood; yea, unmasked do so near resemble one
+   the other, that they are hardly known or rightly distinguished
+   (by those that look them directly in the face) each from other,
+   and therefore one bears very often the other's faults, and on the
+   contrary one steals away the other's praise and commendation;
+   which is truly avered by Athenæus, when he saith,
+
+     'Longissime a sapientia sors dissidet
+     Sed multa perfecit tamen simillima.'
+
+     Seldom the traitor, though much haste he make,
+     Lame-footed vengeance fails to overtake.
+
+   The extreme mischief succeeded; first his only son was taken from
+   him by untimely death, and his nephew (the third William, Lord
+   Harrington by his mother's right,) slain at the battle of
+   Wakefield; and immediately after (that his old age might want no
+   kind of misery,) while he waited still and long expected better
+   days, himself was taken (at the battle of St. Alban's,) prisoner,
+   and having now run out his full and long course of nature, could
+   not yet come to the grave in peace, but lost his head; leaving
+   behind him for heir, Cicely, his grandson's daughter; a damsel of
+   tender years, who brought a large and rich inheritance to Thomas
+   Grey, Marquis of Dorset, half-brother, by the mother, to king
+   Edward V."
+
+Wiscombe, although disparked by the Petres, and all the old forest
+trees swept away; their successors in its possession have in
+comparatively late years planted the hill-sides of the estate with
+large breadths of the _conifera_; these have flourished with great
+luxuriance, and it would be difficult at present to find a more richly
+wooded landscape than it exhibits. The different habits of the trees,
+fringed and interspersed with those of the ordinary species, form a
+delightful contrast, especially when clothed in all the varying tints
+that give such charm to the
+
+AUTUMNAL HOURS.
+
+     The quiet Autumn hours,--so cool and calm,
+       When the bright sun hath stayed his blazing wheels,
+     And o'er the earth there seems to steal a balm
+       Of peace full-satisfied, as the heart feels
+     When after some strong fight, and conquest won
+       That brings no grief,--we rest and count the spoil,
+     Rich with the crowned content of something done,
+       Forgetful of the conflict and the toil.
+
+     How blessed comes each change;--with sobering tints
+       The fading flowers have to rich fruitage turned,
+     The golden leaves lit with faint sunny glints,
+       Flame mid the dews like patient martyrs burned,--
+     The robin pipes his lay,--the bee speeds home,--
+     And o'er the soul a sweet repose doth come.
+
+Shute also became the property of Secretary Petre, "from whom," says
+the Antiquary, "my father had the howse and park, and dwelled theire
+duringe his lief, and left it unto mee, and my eldest son John Pole
+holdeth it from mee"; it is now held by his descendant, the ninth
+baronet.
+
+Once more we are back in Southleigh churchyard in the Wiscombe valley,
+from which our footsteps originally set out to thread the mazes of our
+imperfectly told but eventful history. We look into the little church
+for traces of Bonville, but nothing is visible, reflecting their
+memory in this their earliest home. A few years since in clearing the
+foundations of an old picturesque cottage, not far from the church,
+some fragments of sculpture, of Perpendicular character, were found,
+being part of a cornice of rich vine-tracery, together with scrolls,
+and winged angels holding shields, canopies of niches, panelled
+shafting, the emblem of St. Luke, &c.,--the colours and gilding still
+fresh on them. These were apparently portions of the antient reredos,
+and from their rich character, were probably relics of the taste and
+munificence of the Bonvilles; or of their last descendant "that devout
+woman Cecilia, Marchioness of Dorset, Lady de Bonville, and
+Haryngton," the patron of numerous benefices in Devon, and other
+counties; and generous benefactor toward the ornamentation, repair, or
+additions to, the various parish churches in which her extensive
+possessions were situate. Pleasing remembrances, left to attest her
+memory, and which still stand out in grateful relief, long after the
+turbulent scenes of treachery and bloodshed amid which they found
+their existence, have passed away; for is it not written,--
+
+                 "The meek shall inherit the land;
+     And shall delight themselves in the abundance of peace."
+
+  [Illustration: EXTERIOR OF THE DORSET CHAPEL, OTTERY ST. MARY]
+
+One further circumstance, referable only to the realms of conjecture,
+but unique in its way, detains us a minute, as we turn to leave the
+village graveyard. Just outside the chancel is a high-tomb,
+commemorating the burial of _Henry Willoughby, 28 Sept., 1616_.[17] At
+its end is the grand escutcheon of Willoughby de Eresby, with
+_crescent for difference_. It has not yet been explained who he was,
+or how he found sepulchre here. We remember that Anne, younger
+daughter of Thomas Grey, second Marquis of Dorset, and so
+grand-daughter to Cicely Bonville, married Henry Willoughby, of
+Wollaton, Nottinghamshire, which would not be far from the home of the
+Willoughbies de Eresby in Lincolnshire. Is this the memorial of her
+husband? The date would accord with the presumption.
+
+  [17] See page 35.
+
+Here we conclude this desultory outline of the history of Bonville,
+and as our feet make homeward, many thoughts haunt us over the
+marvels--for they are nothing less--that fill its phases of human
+relation. In the middle of its recital, which concluded with the
+untimely death of Lord Bonville, we said it was a relief to turn aside
+from the atrocities mingled with the strife of the Roses. In its
+continuation, for a while, under the more settled rule of Tudor, there
+were comparatively fewer horrors to chronicle, but the union of the
+royal houses, emblemed by the rival flowers, was cemented with blood,
+its ghastly trail followed into the spirit of the new dynasty, and
+gathering strength as the three generations of Grey passed, culminated
+at length in a tragedy for size and importance unsurpassed in the
+annals of our national history. Its last representative, although a
+subject only, had wedded the grand-daughter of one, and cousin of
+another of the reigning Kings, and who had herself also been a Queen
+in her own right. Here the topmost pinnacle of alliance with the
+highest worldly station had been reached, but only to experience the
+fate of that often-witnessed terrific downfall, which follows the
+promptings engendered by the unsatisfied ambition of attaining to such
+dangerous altitude. Within three short years, three headless dukes--of
+foremost station in their native land, and allied to each other by
+ties of relationship--passed from the scaffold on Tower Hill to
+obscure and unmarked graves in the little Chapel of that fortress; and
+with them went also, after experiencing the same terrible ordeal,
+following her youthful husband, a young and guileless victim, almost
+the sole representative of the new stock, into which the last tender
+branch of the extinct house of Bonville had been engraffed.
+
+Enough, sayest thou, friend of mine, of this harrowing
+relation;--quite so,--our story is ended. Life was indeed intended for
+happier results than these, and how much better the simple delights,
+enjoyments and pleasures of unenvied station, that in their
+possession are ever
+
+     "Forbade to wade through slaughter to a throne;"
+
+and unsmote by the glamour of the basilisk Ambition, whose fascination
+lives on the ever unsatisfied desire for fame or station, until often,
+when too late and past recall, the illusion vanishes as the victim
+disappears over the verge of the unseen, treacherous precipice of
+irretrievable ruin.
+
+The shadows grow deeper between the hedgerows as we saunter homeward,
+a dewy mist is settling down the valley, and a cheery glint salutes us
+here and there from the cottage windows as we pass along. Listen! What
+melody do we hear, with greeting so soft and soothing? Aye, artless as
+it is, that, which in this world, for sweetness knows no rival, even
+
+A MOTHER'S SONG.
+
+     'Tis eve, and dusky twilight falls;
+       Here is a home that men call poor,
+     A glimmer lights its humble walls,
+       A strain comes through its half-closed door;
+     Sweet as from Sappho's soul might spring,
+     Song, none but mother's voice may sing.
+
+     Look through the casement dim and old,
+       A shadow fronts the ingle's glow,
+     Whose arms a tiny form enfold,
+       Sits gently rocking to and fro;
+     With cadence measured to its swing,
+     Comes song that mothers only sing.
+
+     Her tears fall on the baby's brow,
+       Too full her heart with very joy,
+     Hark! with her voice is blending now,
+       The sleepy murmurs of her boy;
+     Faint--fainter--hushed and slumbering,
+     By song but mother's lips may sing.
+
+     Why bends, O friend, thy brow with thought,
+       At glimpse of Paradise so fair?
+     Doth memory fill thy heart unsought
+       With echo, whose 'divine despair'
+     Brings sadness past imagining?
+     Song that thy mother used to sing!
+
+     O soft sweet voice, O simple strain,
+       Where love ne'er bids the measure cease,
+     Until the charm of its refrain,
+       Lulls the complaining soul to peace;
+     Come back again on angel wing,
+     O song my mother used to sing!
+
+     It may not be, earth hath one heaven,
+       Our childhood's days, a mother's care,
+     When life is o'er, will other given
+       Restore to us these joys so rare?
+     Yes, and its pure delight shall bring,
+     The songs our mothers used to sing.
+
+  [Illustration: MONUMENT TO HENRY STAFFORD, DUKE OF BUCKINGHAM, K
+  G. BRITFORD CHURCH, NEAR SALISBURY.]
+
+
+
+
+UNDER THE HOOF OF THE WHITE BOAR.
+
+
+The fair, busy, if not large city of New Sarum or Salisbury, has since
+its foundation, occupied an important place in our national history,
+resulting from the heritage of its natural position, which may be
+described as forming the Gate or Key to the peninsula of the West.
+Besides this, it is the inheritor of, and is associated with, some of
+the oldest traditions of the land before the pen of history has left
+record, the venerable fame of previous ages having descended and added
+distinguished interest to its surroundings, while the marvellous
+circle of Stonehenge finds its place close by, as also its own antient
+progenitor, the equally remarkable hill-fortressed city of Old
+Sarum,--circumstances that attest the importance in which the locality
+was regarded, wherein its city of to-day is situate.
+
+Succeeding events have also added their witness to this distinction.
+The foundation and building of its beautiful and unique Cathedral,
+begun, completed, and finished in one harmonious design, without let
+or hindrance, and the afterward crowning it with the magnificent
+spire, the finest in the kingdom, and with very doubtful rivalry
+elsewhere,--its notable succession of bishops,--and the number of
+distinguished personages, who through the following centuries down to
+these present days, have held high rule as statesmen and
+administrators in our land, who have sought the privilege of having
+its name as an affix to their titles of honour, Longspée, Montacute,
+Nevill, and Cecil,--have interwoven and sustained the claim of its
+reputation into almost every period of our national annals.
+
+Yet, notwithstanding the importance of its position, it is singular,
+no very important or striking incident connected with the national
+government, such as has made famous many other localities, has
+occurred within, or immediately near it. The reasons for this may not
+be far to seek. The sea coasts on either side of it offered facilities
+for martial transit or commercial enterprise, which Salisbury could
+not possess, and so the tide of action, as a rule, passed at a
+distance, but its great advantages as a central position for the
+purposes of _rendez-vous_, warlike or otherwise, have always been used
+and made available.
+
+Lying on the high road between London and the Land's End, it has
+naturally received many royal visits, from that of the young king
+Henry III., at the consecration of the cathedral in 1225, downward, at
+divers times and on various errands, civil, military, or with darker
+and sanguinary intent to take vengeance on their enemies; and it is
+the result of one of these vindictive errands that brought a king to
+Salisbury, and the circumstances preceding and following it, that form
+the basis of our homely narrative.
+
+Of the very antient and illustrious family of Stafford, whose origin
+is contemporary with the Conqueror, for the purposes of our little
+history the first we need mention is Thomas Stafford, fourth Baron and
+third Earl of that name, who lived in the reign of Richard II. He
+allied himself with a lady of direct royal descent, Anne Plantagenet,
+eldest daughter of Thomas of Woodstock, Duke of Gloucester, sixth son
+of king Edward III., by his wife Eleanor, eldest daughter and coheir
+of Humphrey de Bohun, the last Earl of Hereford, Essex, and
+Northampton, who died in 1372.
+
+Mary, the other daughter and coheir of Humphrey de Bohun, Earl of
+Essex, &c., as aforesaid, was married to Henry Plantagenet, Earl of
+Derby, eldest son of John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster, fourth son of
+king Edward III., who was successively created Earl and Duke of
+Hereford, and ultimately ascended the throne as Henry IV., surnamed
+'of Bolingbroke.'
+
+In 1397 Richard II. caused his uncle Thomas of Woodstock, Duke of
+Gloucester, to be kidnapped by a company of armed men near Stratford,
+and conveyed to Calais, where he is said to have been privately
+strangled. To cover this crime it was given out the Duke had died from
+natural causes, and that before his death he had confessed himself
+guilty of treason toward the king, upon which all his estates were
+confiscated by the Parliament. Richard gave them to his cousin Henry,
+Earl of Derby (afterward Henry IV.), who had married the younger
+daughter Mary, and he thus became possessed of the whole of the
+Hereford estate, and of course most unjustly to the prejudice of the
+heirs of Thomas of Woodstock, whose daughter Anne was married to
+Thomas, Earl of Stafford.
+
+These genealogical particulars, although somewhat dry, intricate, and
+well known, are very necessary, nevertheless, to keep in mind, as they
+are said to have exercised material influence on the ultimate issue of
+our story.
+
+Thomas, Earl of Stafford, husband of Anne Plantagenet, died young, and
+without issue. He was succeeded in the Earldom by his brother William,
+who also died when a youth.
+
+Both these brothers were succeeded by their next brother, Edmund
+Stafford, sixth Baron, and fifth Earl of Stafford. In the 22 Richard
+II., 1399, he had the king's special license to marry his eldest
+brother's widow, Anne Plantagenet, "which marriage of the said Thomas
+and Anne had never been consummated owing to the tender years of the
+Earl." He was also K.G., and was killed at the battle of Shrewsbury,
+fighting on the side of king Henry IV., in 1403.
+
+He was succeeded by his son Humphrey, who was created Duke of
+Buckingham 14 Sept., 1444, with precedence before all dukes
+whatsoever, next to those of the blood royal. In 1450 Henry VI. made
+him Constable of Dover Castle, and Warden of the Cinque Ports, he was
+also a Knight of the Garter. He married the Lady Anne Nevill, daughter
+of Ralph, first Earl of Westmoreland, K.G., who died in 1425. He was
+faithfully attached to the Lancastrian interest, and was killed at the
+battle of Northampton on the 27 July, 1460, fighting under the banner
+of Henry VI. and the Red Rose.
+
+Humphrey Stafford, his eldest son, Earl of Stafford, married Margaret,
+daughter of Edmund Beaufort, first Duke of Somerset, grandson of John
+of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster, by Katharine Swynford, and who was killed
+on the side of the Red Rose at the first battle of St. Albans on 23
+May, 1455. The Earl Humphrey was also slain in the same battle with
+his father-in-law.
+
+He thus died before his father, leaving a son Henry, who succeeded his
+grandfather, the first Duke, who died in 1460, and this Henry, who was
+the second Duke of Buckingham, is the subject of our history.
+
+It would be difficult to find among the antient nobility of England a
+man with a more illustrious ancestry, derived by two direct sources
+from the blood royal, and allied with Bohun, Nevill, Beauchamp, and
+Audley, all families of the first consequence and influence. It would
+be equally difficult to find a family more unfortunate.
+
+The restless, troubled life of Henry Stafford, second Duke of
+Buckingham, and its importance, as bearing on one of the most noted
+epochs of English history, is a subject much too large to receive
+anything beyond a very imperfect outline here; and it has been
+necessarily more or less comprehensively treated, by all our national
+historians. The province of this little narrative will be rather in a
+local sense to gather together, and describe from such records and
+observation as may be available, the circumstances of the defection,
+betrayal, arrest, trial, death, probable burial-place, and presumed
+monument set up to the memory of this unfortunate man, the major
+portion of which appears to have occurred almost within reach of the
+shadow of the glorious spire before us.
+
+His wardship was vested in the king Edward IV., and his tuition
+entrusted to the king's sister Anne, wife of the unfortunate Henry
+Holland, second Duke of Exeter, and five hundred marks per annum, out
+of the revenue of the lordships of Brecknock, Newport, &c., in Wales,
+set aside for his maintenance. Humphrey, his father, as we have seen,
+was slain at St. Albans in 1455, and at the death of his grandfather
+Humphrey, the first Duke, who fell at the battle of Northampton in
+1460, he succeeded to the title. But very little is heard further of
+him during the reign of Edward IV.
+
+At the death of Edward, however, he appears to have at once come to
+the front, as one of the most important personages in the kingdom. The
+widowed Queen-Mother Elizabeth Widville, during the king's lifetime,
+naturally had done the best that lay in her power for the advancement
+of her family; and it seems at the same time, not very discreetly,
+treated with contempt and indifference the older nobility of the
+kingdom. This treatment was naturally resented on their part, and
+Edward appears to have been fully cognizant of this antagonism, and
+was anxious, for the weal of his son, to dispel it. So, shortly before
+his death, he did his best to effect a reconciliation between them;
+this to a considerable extent was done, and the king believed it was
+sincere.
+
+Immediately after Edward's decease, however, the Queen-Mother seems to
+have revived and accentuated this undesirable feeling, and also sought
+to exercise a controlling influence over the government of the kingdom
+in her son the young king's name. To this end she contrived, if not
+exactly to expel, at least to keep from the Court and presence of her
+son, among others, three of the most important of the antient
+nobility, who had been highly in favour with her late husband, and who
+were fully aware of her schemes and antipathy to them, while at the
+same time they were also thoroughly loyal to the interests of her son,
+or presumably so. These were Henry, Duke of Buckingham, William, Lord
+Hastings, and Thomas, Lord Stanley. This antipathy was the more
+strange also as regarded two of them, as they were almost members of
+the Queen-Mother's family, for Buckingham was her brother-in-law,
+being married to her sister Katharine; and Hastings was father-in-law
+to her son's--Thomas Grey, the Marquis of Dorset's--wife, he having
+married the widow of the last Bonville, the mother of Cicely. But
+family relationships, however near, do not appear to have carried much
+weight in those days, where restless, thirsty ambition intervened.
+
+At the juncture of Edward's death, the Duke of Gloucester was at York
+on the king's business, and young Edward V. was at Ludlow Castle under
+the guardianship of his uncle, the Earl Rivers. The king's younger
+brother, the Duke of York, was with the Queen-Mother in the Tower,
+that fortress being under the command of the Marquis of Dorset, her
+son. She had already got into hot water with the Council, and
+affronted both Hastings and Buckingham, and she had sent a despatch to
+her brother in Wales, to bring the young King to London with a large
+armed escort of at least two thousand men. Gloucester, it is related,
+being aware of this state of affairs, and the disaffection of Hastings
+and Buckingham, sent privately for them to meet him and discuss the
+situation; but Dugdale says, that Buckingham, on hearing of the death
+of Edward,--
+
+   "speedily despatched one Pershall, his trusty servant in all
+   haste unto Richard Duke of Gloucester, then in the north, and
+   that Pershall being privately admitted to speak to him, in the
+   dead of night, told him that his master had sent him to offer him
+   his service, and that he would wait on him with a thousand good
+   fellows if need were,"
+
+at any rate the three met, and were all well in agreement as to their
+hatred of the Queen-Mother, and desired to remove both herself and
+family from the position of influence they had acquired. Gloucester
+made due note of this, carefully veiling his own ultimate purpose. But
+the advance of the young King and an armed host under the command of
+Rivers, was to be baulked if possible, and for this purpose Hastings
+was despatched to London, to convey the assurance of his and his
+companion's loyalty, and to represent that it would be most impolitic
+to have a large military escort accompanying the young King. The
+Queen-Mother believing this counsel to be all genuine and well-meant,
+desired her brother to bring the King with only a comparatively small
+guard, or such a retinue as befitted him.
+
+Gloucester and Buckingham, with a force of nine hundred armed men,
+arrived at Northampton from York a few days before the King and his
+uncle Rivers reached that town. They went out to meet the King, and
+saluted him very respectfully, at the same time saying that as
+Northampton was very full of strangers just then, it would be
+advisable for the King's comfort, if himself and his retinue proceeded
+to Stony-Stratford, twelve miles further on, and nearer London. This
+being agreed on, it was proposed to the Earl, "in a free and easy
+manner," that he should return with Gloucester and pass the night at
+Northampton, which "kind invitation" Rivers unsuspectingly complied
+with.
+
+The evening appears to have been spent in conviviality and mutual
+protestations of good faith toward each other, and subsequently the
+Earl retired to his lodgings at an Inn. Guards were at once placed
+over him, and every precaution taken to prevent any communication
+between Northampton and Stony-Stratford. The victim was securely
+caged.
+
+At day-break the next morning Gloucester and Buckingham were on
+horseback, ready to depart. Rivers was still in bed, and being wakened
+by his servant was told of this circumstance, but that no one was
+suffered to go out of the Inn. The Earl thereon hastily dressed
+himself, and desired to know the reason of this proceeding; and
+meeting with the Dukes, asked why they kept the keys of the Inn, and
+thus sought to make him a prisoner there. He found them in a very
+different frame of mind from the previous evening, they immediately
+began to upbraid and quarrel with him, told him he sought to alienate
+the King's affections from his uncle Gloucester, and others the King's
+faithful subjects, and that they should take care to prevent the like
+practices in future. The Earl returned a calm answer to this
+accusation, but they refused to hear him, gave him into custody, and
+mounting their horses, rode off to Stony-Stratford.
+
+Here they found the young King ready to pursue his journey, and after
+paying him their respects, remounted to escort him. But before they
+had left the town, they quarrelled with Lord Richard Grey, charging
+him and the Marquis of Dorset (who was in London) with allegations
+similar to those they had preferred against Earl Rivers. The poor
+young King was greatly distressed at this position of affairs, and
+said he could say nothing as to the Marquis of Dorset, but as for the
+others he could answer for their conduct, as they had been continually
+with him. To this Buckingham replied, that they had carefully
+concealed their designs from him, which however were not the less
+certain. Lord Grey, with Sir Thomas Vaughan and Sir Richard Hawke, who
+were in attendance on the King, were at once arrested, and together
+with Earl Rivers, either on the same day or the next, were sent
+northward in custody of several persons, and finally incarcerated in
+Pontefract Castle, whose Governor was Sir Richard Ratcliffe, a
+partisan of Gloucester. The young King himself was re-conducted back
+to Northampton, practically as much a prisoner as his uncle and
+half-brother, and reserved ultimately for a similarly cruel fate. Thus
+the first act of this atrocious tragedy was completed.
+
+The news of this _coup-de-main_ having reached the Queen-Mother, she
+was greatly terrified, for she saw at a glance its full significance,
+and she immediately with her son the Duke of York, her other children,
+the Marquis of Dorset, and the rest of her family, took sanctuary at
+Westminster, as their only available refuge.
+
+Lord Hastings, who was in London, had intelligence of these
+proceedings the same night. Although he excessively disliked the
+Queen-Mother, yet he was thoroughly loyal to the young King and the
+other children of Edward IV., his former friend and patron, and
+although he was privy to the plot for the seizing of Rivers and Grey,
+yet he appears to have had no further wish than to prevent the
+Queen-Mother directing the government. On receipt of the news, he at
+once proceeded to acquaint Rotherham, the Archbishop, and quieted his
+alarm by assuring him the King was in no danger, and all these steps
+were devised for the welfare of the kingdom. Rotherham repaired
+immediately to the Queen-Mother, whom he found at Westminster, "in a
+disconsolate condition, sitting upon the ground, lamenting her own and
+her children's fate, while her domestics were busy in carrying such
+goods as were necessary into the Sanctuary." The Archbishop conveyed
+Hastings' intelligence to her as to the safety of the King, and did
+his best to comfort her, and gave her every possible assurance of his
+own fidelity, telling her, among other things, that, even supposing it
+possible they might put the King to death, he would at once crown the
+Duke of York. But the Queen-Mother was slow to believe in anything but
+of the worst import. The good prelate, in company with many others,
+had failed to gauge the ultimate depths of Gloucester's design.
+
+In the meanwhile the citizens of London, like the Queen-Mother,
+greatly alarmed at this sudden turn of affairs, were beginning to arm
+themselves, in view of possible contingencies. Hastings, who had great
+influence with the citizens, contrived to keep them quiet, while
+plausible stories as to the hostile designs of the imprisoned Rivers
+and his companions were circulated, and all suspicion and distrust
+being allayed, immediately thereupon the King, attended by the Dukes
+of Gloucester and Buckingham, arrived; and escorted by a large
+concourse of nobility and others, Gloucester riding before him
+bare-headed, made a triumphal entry into the city, and was lodged in
+the Bishop's palace. These rejoicings over, Gloucester called a
+Council together of his own friends and partisans, and thereat he was
+constituted "Protector of the King, and kingdom." So the second act of
+the tragedy reached its conclusion.
+
+Gloucester's first step was to take the Great Seal from Archbishop
+Rotherham, and give it to John Russell, Bishop of Lincoln, the Duke of
+Buckingham and Lord Hastings were confirmed in their places, and the
+other positions of influence filled up by his own partisans. The next
+step was to get possession of the Duke of York, the young King's
+brother, then in Sanctuary with his mother.
+
+Gloucester proposed this course at a Council, and suggested that a
+proper representative should be sent to the Queen-Mother, requesting
+her to deliver up the young prince to their custody, and suggesting
+that Cardinal Bourchier, Archbishop of Canterbury (who was related
+both to him and Buckingham), was the fittest person to be entrusted
+with the errand, and added, that if the Queen-Mother refused to listen
+to the message of the Cardinal, he saw no reason why they should not
+obtain him by force, if necessary. The Cardinal readily undertook the
+negociation, but he would not hear for an instant of daring to violate
+the Sanctuary,--"such an attempt would certainly draw down the just
+vengeance of God on the whole kingdom." To this objection Buckingham
+vehemently replied, backing up the views of Gloucester, that if the
+Queen-Mother refused to give up her son freely, they should take him
+by force out of Sanctuary; and this course was agreed to at the
+Council, notwithstanding the remonstrances of the ecclesiastics
+present.
+
+The Cardinal-Archbishop waited on the Queen-Mother and did his best by
+entreaties and assurances to induce her to part with her son, but she
+could not be persuaded to place her child in the hands of the man she
+so greatly feared, and believed to be her mortal enemy. At last
+Bourchier told her the dread truth, that if she did not deliver him up
+otherwise, they would take him from her by force, notwithstanding the
+privilege of Sanctuary, but that he could not believe they would have
+made him the instrument of deceiving her, and bringing harm to her
+son. Alas, the good Cardinal was thoroughly deceived with the rest,
+and so, finding he could not persuade her, prepared to depart. The
+distracted mother thereon chose what appeared the least evil of the
+two, "caught the boy in her arms, tenderly took leave of him, and in a
+flood of tears delivered him to the Cardinal."
+
+Bourchier brought the young prince to Gloucester, who received his
+nephew with much feigned affection,--a few days after both the young
+King and his brother were lodged in the Tower, never to come out again
+alive.
+
+Up to this time it is probable that no one, not excepting Buckingham,
+really had cognizance of the ultimate designs of Gloucester, and he
+himself had been veiling his purpose as carefully as possible, until
+he saw his schemes so far matured, that success appeared in sight. And
+although he was gradually getting the sole power and mastery of the
+King and government in his own hands, still there were many obstacles
+to be got out of the way, and many influential men to be won over, or
+otherwise disposed of, before the sceptre was within his grasp.
+
+At this juncture Buckingham comes to the front, as the undoubted agent
+and zealous coadjutor of Gloucester, in aiding his ultimate design,
+and also by apparently acquiescing in any measures, however desperate,
+that might lead to its fulfilment. Gloucester doubtless thoroughly
+estimated the unenviable character of his ally. He knew of
+Buckingham's hatred of the Queen-Mother and her family, and that in
+consequence, his allegiance to the young King was of very doubtful
+character, if secretly he did not equally dislike him, though he dared
+not shew it, and Gloucester was further aware of Buckingham's
+grievance at never having been possessed of that which by heirship he
+was entitled to, a moiety of the great Bohun estates, and which had
+been hitherto vested in the Crown, unjustly as he considered, and
+Gloucester, it is said, duly whetted his companion's hopes by the
+promise of the restoration of this, when seated on the throne.
+
+Prompt action was now decided on. Widville and Grey, with their
+associates, were to be dispatched, and orders were sent down to
+Pontefract to Sir Richard Ratcliffe for that purpose, and it was
+further determined that Lord Hastings was to be won over if possible,
+if not the same fate was to be reserved for him.
+
+Then came Gloucester's tampering with Sir Edmund Shaw, the Lord Mayor,
+and his brother, the truculent preacher Dr. John Shaw, and the
+pretences of trying to assume the illegitimacy of Edward's children,
+and failing that, of Edward IV. himself. Then the simulation of
+feigning to prepare for the young King's coronation, and the two
+Councils, one in Gloucester's interests, intriguing for its delay at
+Baynard's Castle, and the other arranging it for the King in the
+Tower. Stanley, in the King's Council, was assured there was mischief
+in Gloucester's designs, but Hastings was slow to believe such
+treachery, until the truth was apparent to him, when the wretched
+emissary, Catesby, left him for the second and last time, a betrayed
+and doomed man. Immediately on this followed the frightful incident in
+the Tower, and the murder of Hastings,--for it was nothing less,--a
+scene described at length elsewhere.[18] On the same day the victims at
+Pontefract were disposed of.
+
+Concerning the barbarous execution of Earl Rivers and his unfortunate
+companions we get the following graphic picture from More,--
+
+   "They had not so much as the formality of a trial, but were
+   brought to the scaffold on the day appointed, and being branded
+   in general by the name of traitors, were beheaded. The Lord
+   Rivers would fain have declared his innocence to the people, but
+   Ratcliffe would not suffer him, lest his words should lay open
+   the Protector's cruelty too much, and so he died in silence. Sir
+   Thomas Vaughan would not endure his mouth to be stopped, but as
+   he was going to the block said aloud, 'a mischief take them that
+   expounded the prophecy, which foretold that G should destroy King
+   Edward's children, for George, Duke of Clarence, who for that
+   suspicion is now dead; for there still remained Richard G (i.e.
+   Duke of Gloucester) who now I see is he that shall, and will,
+   accomplish the prophecy, and destroy King Edward's children, and
+   all his allies and friends, as appeareth to us this day; against
+   whom I appeal to the high tribunal of God, for this wrongful
+   murder and our real innocency.' Sir Richard Ratcliffe heard this
+   with regret, and putting it off, said to him in scorn, 'You have
+   made a goodly appeal, lay down your head.' 'Yea,' saith Sir
+   Thomas, 'but I die in the right, take heed that you die not in
+   the wrong;'--and having said this he was beheaded. He, with the
+   other three, were buried naked in the Monastery of St. John the
+   Evangelist, at Pontefract."
+
+  [18] See page 57.
+
+The citizens of London had next to be reckoned with, on whom "fear and
+consternation" would be sure to fall, on hearing of the sudden and
+barbarous death of Hastings, who was a great favourite with them, and
+had much influence in the city. But all things had been prepared,--the
+Lord Mayor and Aldermen were immediately summoned to the Tower, and
+Gloucester and Buckingham, who had arrayed themselves in two old rusty
+suits of armour, received them, and in the name of the King told them
+that the beheaded man had conspired to seize the King, and kill
+Gloucester and Buckingham, in order that he may have governed the
+kingdom as he pleased! That they only discovered it the same morning,
+and the Council deemed it necessary to execute him immediately, and
+fearing there were many others in the plot they had hastily harnessed
+themselves at once for the King's defence. A proclamation, already
+"cut and dried" before Hastings' death, containing similar statements,
+was issued in the city within two hours of that event, but it had
+little effect, for the people jested and said, "_it was writ by the
+spirit of prophecy_." True enough, doubtless; the civic deputation
+withdrew from the presence of Gloucester, quite assured of his
+dissimulation and the untruth of what he had stated, but told him his
+orders for the quietness of the city should be obeyed, being too much
+afraid to give other answer.
+
+The Archbishop of York, Morton, Bishop of Ely, and Lord Stanley had
+been sent to the Tower, poor Jane Shore publicly disgraced, and so all
+was well cleared away for Gloucester's ultimate measures. The two
+dukes were constantly in close conclave, and the next step was to win
+the citizens of London over to their designs. This was not so easy a
+matter, but two influences were to be tried, the first by imposing on
+their credulity and getting a feigned assent, and the second, if
+necessary, to oblige them into compliance by fear.
+
+The Lord Mayor, Sir Edward Shaw, was already won over, and his
+brother, the Doctor, was to begin the final proceedings. These
+commenced by Dr. Shaw preaching the famous--or rather infamous--sermon,
+on a Sunday morning, at Paul's cross; taking for his text a phrase from
+the fourth chapter of the _Wisdom of Solomon_, "Bastard slips shall take
+no deep root," a tissue of malign slander on the late king, his
+children, and their mother,--and gross adulation of Gloucester. During a
+special laudatory parenthesis it was intended Gloucester should, as by
+chance, shew himself among the people, but he happened to overstay the
+time, the Doctor having concluded it, and when he did appear immediately
+after, the preacher re-commenced the passage, and it was hoped he would
+have heard a call for him as the future king, but there was a complete
+silence, the audience were disgusted both with the preacher and the
+subject. This was an ominous and disquieting omen to Gloucester.
+
+The Duke of Buckingham now appears upon the scene as the prime factor
+in the events that followed. Dr. Shaw's eloquence not prevailing upon
+the citizens, he determined to see what effect his own reasoning would
+have on them. For this purpose the Lord Mayor had orders to assemble
+the Aldermen and all the principal citizens in the Guildhall on the
+Tuesday following, being the 17 June, 1483. Buckingham addressed the
+assemblage, and the subject of his harangue was simply an echo of the
+slander and adulation of what the people had heard at Paul's cross,
+coupled with the suggestion that Gloucester should be requested to
+assume the crown and government,--too weighty for a child.
+
+The Duke finished his oration, and a silence was observed by the
+audience, as at the conclusion of Shaw's sermon; "everyone stood
+speechless." Then the Duke, surprised at the want of response, asked
+the Lord Mayor the reason; the answer was, the people did not well
+understand him. The Duke then "repeated his speech, with a little
+variation, and with such grace and eloquence, never was so ill a
+subject handled with so much oratory." Still the people remained
+silent.
+
+Perplexed, the Duke again turned to the Lord Mayor, who then told him
+the citizens were not accustomed to hear anyone but the Recorder, and
+that he had better put the matter before them. Thereon Buckingham
+requested the Recorder, Sir Thomas Fitz-William, to address them, and
+he "most reluctantly managed his speech so well, as to be understood
+to speak the Duke's sense, and not his own." But the assembly stood
+silent as before,--
+
+                 "They spake not a word;
+     But, like dumb statuas, or breathing stones,
+     Stared on each other, and looked deadly pale."
+
+Then the Duke, seeing a crisis was at hand, determined to test the
+citizens for a definite reply, and after once more "muttering" to the
+Lord Mayor, turned to the assemblage and said,--
+
+   "Good friends, we came to acquaint you with a thing we needed not
+   have done, had it not been for the affection we bear you. The
+   Lords and Commons could have determined the matter without you,
+   but would gladly have you join with us, which is for your honour
+   and profit, though you do not see it, or consider it. We require
+   you therefore to give your answer one way or another; whether you
+   are willing as the Lords are, to have the most excellent prince
+   the Lord Protector to be your King, or not?"[19]
+
+  [19] Sir Thomas More.
+
+Whatever may have been surmised as to the ultimate object to which
+preceding events were tending, this manifesto and declaration of
+Buckingham tore off the final shreds of the mask, that had been so
+thinly veiling it. At the conclusion of the question, a murmur ran
+through the assemblage, and just at this juncture, a number of the
+Protector's and Duke's servants, some city apprentices, and a rabble
+that had crowded into the Hall, cried out, "_King Richard! King
+Richard!_" and threw up their hats in token of joy.
+
+Glad to seize hold of this mockery of a response, although perfectly
+aware of its origin, Buckingham immediately treated it as a genuine
+and spontaneous demonstration in favour of Gloucester, and said,--
+
+   "'Tis a goodly and joyful cry, to hear every man with one voice
+   agree to it, and nobody say, no; since therefore, we see you all
+   as one man inclined to have this noble prince to be your King,
+   we shall report the matter effectually to him, that we doubt not
+   it will be much to your advantage. We require you to attend us
+   to-morrow with our joint petition to his Grace; as has been
+   already agreed on between us."
+
+             "Some followers of mine own,
+     At lower end of the hall, hurled up their caps
+     And some ten voices cried, _God save King Richard!_
+     (And thus I took the vantage of those few.)"
+
+The Duke and his companions then left the Hall, and the citizens
+dispersed "the most part with aching hearts, though they were forced
+to hide their sorrows, as much as possible for fear of giving offence,
+which had been dangerous."
+
+Baynard's Castle in Thames Street, "where the Lord Protector lay," was
+destined to be the scene of the last act of this miserable drama.
+Hither the following morning being Wednesday, the 17 April,
+Buckingham, several lords and gentlemen, the Lord Mayor, and most of
+the Aldermen and Common-Council, repaired to have audience of
+Gloucester.
+
+The consummate hypocrisy of Gloucester's character, and his finished
+acting, were never more fully displayed than at this interview. At
+first he "made some difficulty of coming forth," and when he appeared,
+Buckingham, whose guile on the occasion was only short of
+Gloucester's, introduced the deputation, and after "very submissively
+begging pardon for himself and company, and liberty to propose to him
+what they had to offer," and receiving "his Grace's" reply that "he
+believed none of them meant him any harm," at once "set forth very
+elegantly and pathetically,"--
+
+   "the grievances of the people, and prayed him to redress them by
+   assuming the sovereign authority, which of right belonged to him,
+   and which the whole kingdom with unusual unanimity, desired he
+   would take to himself for the benefit of the Commonwealth, as
+   much as for his Grace's honour."
+
+Gloucester simulated to be "mightily surpriz'd," and said, "although
+he knew the things, he (Buckingham) alleged, to be true, yet he loved
+King Edward and his children above any crown whatsoever, and therefore
+could not grant them their request." Thereon Buckingham "murmured" and
+"obtained pardon" to speak a second time. He then said, "they were
+gone too far to go back," and that if he refused "to take the Crown
+upon him, which they humbly beseeched him to do,"--and gave them "a
+resolute answer" to the contrary, then "they would look out for some
+worthy person who would accept their proposal."
+
+The time was now come to throw off the mask, for the climax of
+hypocrisy had been reached, and Gloucester, never slow to act when the
+decisive moment arrived, immediately put his foot on the neck of the
+coveted opportunity. There was no hesitation in the declaration he
+then made; he "perceived" that the "whole realm was bent upon it not
+to have King Edward's children to govern them, of which he was
+sorry,"--and that "he knew the Crown could belong to no man so justly
+as ourself," a claim now confirmed and joined also by "your election,
+the Nobles and Commons of this Realm," the which of all titles
+"possible," he took to be the most effectual, he did therefore
+"content and agree favourably to receive your petition and
+request,"--and would forthwith from that day forward, "take upon us
+the royal estate, to rule, govern, and defend."
+
+     "Stand all apart,--Cousin of Buckingham,
+     Give me thy hand;--thus high by thy advice
+     And thy assistance is King Richard seated."
+
+So the farce ended, and the deputation retired. Buckingham had placed
+the crown on the grisly brow of the White Boar, who, in return was
+destined not long afterward to rend him that offered it to the heart.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The assumption of the royal dignity by Gloucester, brings to a
+conclusion the first half of our little narrative, relating to the man
+who thus offered it to him.
+
+Two equally remarkable, much-alike, and unenviable-in-conduct,
+personages, are now presented to us, who had both risen to the highest
+positions in their native land, the one to supreme authority as king;
+the other his faithful, and almost unscrupulous lieutenant, henchman,
+and catspaw, possessing a rivalling royal descent, but little removed
+in directness from his own, to be from this service the most important
+and influential of that king's subjects. A very dangerous and crazy
+alliance between men of such kindred character and aspirations, and
+destined assuredly not to last long.
+
+Life never stands still,--in the very nature of things it cannot,--nor
+remain long on an even, which means literally a dead level: it must
+progress or recede. This is true generally of all life, but specially
+so of one animated by ambitious longings. A spirit so prompted must
+continue to ascend if there be any altitude to win, but if this be
+denied, and the unstable path it follows at last begins to sink rather
+than to rise beneath the advancing step, and points to the dread
+bourne of obscurity and neglect; or, if the powerful antagonism of
+rival claims and influence jostle it on one side and precede it; or,
+the cold shadow of preference, joined with indifference and crushed
+hopes paralyze its future efforts, there is neither anchorage nor
+haven for the beaten bark, then the bitter promptings of envy and
+shattered pride but too often occupy the heart instead, give demon
+wings to its future course, urging it fatally onward to end in the
+blind and reckless shipwreck of all.
+
+Gloucester was proclaimed King on 22 June, and on 4 July went to the
+Tower by water, accompanied by his Queen. On that day among the titles
+of honour distributed, was that "Henry Stafford, Duke of Buckingham,
+was made Constable of England for term of life, but he claimed the
+office by inheritance."[20] He had previously been elected a Knight of
+the Garter.
+
+  [20] Buck's _Life of Richard III._
+
+The next day Richard rode in state from the Tower through the City to
+Westminster, and a large cavalcade of the nobility and the great
+officers of state. "But the Duke of Buckingham carried the splendour
+of that day's bravery, his habit and caparisons of blue velvet,
+embroidered with _Golden naves of carts, burning_, the trappings
+supported by footmen habited costly and suitable."
+
+On the day following, 6 July, the coronation of Richard and his Queen
+took place, when "all the prelates mitred in their _pontificalibus_"
+received the King in Westminster Hall, and in the grand procession,
+after the great Officers of State carrying the royal insignia, came
+the "King in a surcoat and robe of purple, the canopy borne by the
+Barons of the Five Ports, the King between the Bishops of Bath and
+Durham, the Duke of Buckingham bearing up his train, and served with a
+White Staff for Seneschal, or High Steward of England," an office he
+appears to have held for that day only; while in the Queen's
+procession "the Earl of Surrey was Constable (_pro illa vice
+tantum_)."[21]
+
+  [21] Buck's _Life of Richard III._
+
+Richard, instead of summoning a Parliament, held a conference with
+some of the principal nobles, and after charging them to preserve the
+peace and put down all crime and disorder, set off for a progress
+through the midland counties, the end of the journey to be York, where
+a second coronation was performed by Archbishop Rotherham, and Richard
+created his son Prince of Wales.
+
+From Windsor the King passed through his manor of Woodstock to Oxford,
+and it being fine summer weather, the people kept high holiday on the
+route of the royal progress. At the University he appears to have been
+particularly well received, and acceded to their petition to release
+Morton, the Bishop of Ely, from his durance in the Tower, as that
+prelate was a special favourite with them, and having done so,
+consigned him to the gentler and freer espionage of his friend the
+Duke of Buckingham, who sent the Bishop down to his Castle of
+Brecknock in South Wales.
+
+This transfer of the Bishop from the Tower to Wales, was the first
+step in the prelude whose _dénouement_ was to be at Bosworth. There
+was no man whose ability Richard more disliked and feared than
+Morton's, and that prelate had an equally intense hostility toward the
+King. But one thing was manifest by his thus committing the Bishop to
+Buckingham's custody, he could not at the time have had any doubt of
+the Duke's continued fealty toward him.
+
+The progress continued to Gloucester, the King "making small stay
+anywhere." Here at this ominously-named city, from which he derived
+his title, two circumstances occurred whose issues eventually wrested
+the Crown from his brow, which he was hastening to York,--as if to
+make assurance doubly sure,--thereon to have it set with all ceremony
+for the second time. The first of these incidents was his parting from
+Buckingham, as it turned out, for ever,--although he appeared to be
+still "constantly disposed and affected toward him in all outward
+appearance." The other was that from here the first message is said to
+have been sped--to be afterward repeated with more deadly effect from
+Warwick--for the murder of the young Princes in the Tower, a crime
+that for wanton cruelty and hideousness completely dwarfed the legion
+of others he had previously committed. At last Richard's daring had
+reckoned without its host, no such enormity had ever occurred in
+England before, he had "miscalculated the national sentiment, there
+was a fierce reaction, his popularity went in a day."
+
+Richard is said to have dismissed Buckingham at Gloucester, "with rich
+gifts and extraordinary marks of favour and affection." Whatever these
+may have been, he had previously given him an enormous number of
+appointments and offices in Wales, which had constituted him almost a
+little king in the Principality. While Protector, he
+
+   "procured for the Duke almost all the government and authority in
+   Wales, and other bordering counties, the offices of Constable of
+   all the King's Castles, and Steward of the said Castles, and
+   divers Manors, Royalties, Lands and Lordships, in Salop,
+   Hereford, Somerset, Dorset, and Wilts, without making account, or
+   rendering anything to the King Edward V. Together with the
+   oversight and government of his subjects in those counties and
+   power and authority for the security of the King's person and
+   kingdom, and conservation of the peace in those parts, to call
+   them together and array and arm them. Also the office of Chief
+   Justice and Chamberlain of North and South for his life."[22]
+
+  [22] Buck's _Life of Richard III._
+
+When Richard became King, he added a further large number of similar
+appointments, and the most, if not the whole, were dowered "with the
+fees anciently due and accustomed thereto," so that besides giving him
+great authority, they must have afforded him a large income.
+
+Buckingham adjournied on from Gloucester, to his castle of Brecknock,
+in what state of mind, it is difficult to guess. Arrived there, he
+found his ghostly prisoner, with all complaisance waiting to welcome
+him. It must have been here also, or on his way hither, that the Duke
+received the intelligence of the murder of the Princes in the Tower.
+The ghastly news would presumably have greatly startled both
+Buckingham and the prelate, unless Richard had confided the grim
+secret to the Duke prior to his parting from him at Gloucester, a
+supposition we would fain believe not to have been the case, for two
+reasons, one that the youths were almost as nearly related to
+Buckingham as they were to himself, being the Duke's wife's sister's
+children, his nephews by marriage, and there was not like overwhelming
+motive for him to acquiesce in such atrocity, as actuated Richard; and
+secondly, a crime of such glaring enormity would scarcely brook
+revelation to anyone, beyond the person designed to be the instrument
+employed to perpetrate it, nor then, until the last moment brought the
+dire necessity; and although Richard was hardened enough and bold
+enough for anything, still the youths were nearly related to
+Buckingham, and Gloucester could not be sure how his--as it turned
+out--half-alienated friend might receive it.
+
+Morton, who is described as being "a very wise, politic person, a man
+of learning, and of a winning behaviour," did not allow his host to
+remain long inactive and unattacked with regard to the great scheme he
+had in view. Within the influence of such a mind, Buckingham, weak,
+vacillating, ambitious, and unscrupulous, would literally be nowhere,
+and so it turned out.
+
+On his arrival at the Castle, Buckingham, it is said, was still full
+of the praises of Richard. In a qualified sense this was probably so;
+Morton comprehended the situation at once; he had probably anticipated
+it, and was prepared with his plans. The argument the astute
+ecclesiastic used was double-edged. He knew it would not be safe to
+depreciate Richard's character alone without some compensating,
+alluring set-off; and so he coupled with it the inevitably
+unsettling--the prelude to convincing--one to minds constituted as
+Buckingham's,--that of flattering his vanity with the vision of
+rivalship, by setting forth the equal if not superior claim to the
+highest dignity, he possessed, both in disposition, wisdom, and birth;
+supplemented by a contrasted view of Richard's atrocious wickedness,
+and unprincipled usurpation. Not that Morton really wished or desired
+such a thing, as the sequel proved, because a shift of this nature
+would be only exchanging the bad for as bad; but if he could alienate
+Buckingham from Richard half the battle would be won, the ultimate
+design would take care of itself, and may be unfolded in due time. So
+the fly played with the spider; and, said the Bishop to his
+gaoler-host,--
+
+   "As for the late Protector, since he is now King, I do not intend
+   to dispute his title; however for the good of the realm he
+   governs (of which I am a poor member) I was about to wish, that
+   to the good qualities he possesses, it had pleased God to have
+   added some of those excellent virtues, requisite for the
+   governing a kingdom, which are so conspicuous in the person of
+   your Grace."[23]
+
+  [23] _More._
+
+So Morton is said to have whetted Buckingham's appetite and appealed
+to his pride, and the Duke, as a matter of course, wished to hear
+further of the mind of his adroit and agreeable prisoner, promising
+the utmost secrecy in all things concerned, on a subject evidently
+congenial to him. Morton soon discovered this, and growing bolder,
+placed in striking and flattering contrast the superior qualities of
+his host, compared with the evil and cruel characteristics of Richard,
+under whom "if he at any time is suspicious of his fidelity to him, no
+man is sure of his own life," and continued he,--
+
+   "to conclude this discourse, I conjure you by your love to God,
+   your illustrious line, and your native country, to take the
+   imperial crown of this realm upon you, to restore this kingdom to
+   its antient splendor, and deliver it from the violence of the
+   oppressor. I dare affirm if the Turk stood in competition with
+   this bloody tyrant, this killer of infants, the people of England
+   would prefer him to Richard who now sits upon the throne. How
+   much more then would they rejoice to live under the government of
+   so excellent a prince as your Grace? Despise not neither lose so
+   fair an occasion of saving yourself and your country."[24]
+
+  [24] "_Continuation_," from Hall and Hollinshead's Chronicles.
+
+Thus much for the preliminary portion of the prelate's speech, to
+enlist the ear of his auditor, and then he added, what he intended the
+foregoing adulation should lead up to,--
+
+   "But if you will not yourself accept the sovereignty of this
+   kingdom, if the toils and hazards of a crown, prevail over you
+   more than the charms of power, I entreat you by the faith you owe
+   to God, by your affection to the place that gave you birth, and
+   to the English nation; that you will in your high and princely
+   wisdom think of some means of advancing such a good governor, as
+   you shall appoint to rule and govern them. All the hopes of the
+   people of England are in you, and to you only can they fly for
+   succour. If you could set up the house of Lancaster once more, or
+   marry the eldest daughter of king Edward to some great and potent
+   prince, the new King would not long enjoy his usurped empire, all
+   civil war would cease, domestic discord would sleep, and
+   universal peace and profit be the blessings of this noble
+   land."[25]
+
+  [25] "_Continuation_," from Hall and Hollinshead's Chronicles.
+
+This candid statement appears to have been a _poser_ for Buckingham,
+who, it is added, "continued silent some time," at which the Bishop in
+his turn "changed colour, and was very much confused," expecting the
+Duke to have warmly coincided; who, "perceiving the Bishop's affright,
+bade him fear nothing, and they would have further talk on the morrow,
+but now 'let us go to supper.'"
+
+The Duke sent for Morton the next day, and not being quite easy and
+sure within himself, bade the Bishop rehearse the whole matter over
+again. This done, Buckingham "pulled off his hat, and made a sort of
+prayer," which being ended, "he then put on his hat, and applied
+himself to the Bishop."
+
+Buckingham's reply to Morton was a kind of declaration and confession
+combined. He began with a similar strain of profession of regard
+toward the Bishop, having always found him "a sure friend, a trusty
+counsellor, and a vigilant statesman," and as the Bishop had so
+unreservedly opened his mind to him, he would reciprocate the
+confidence. And so he began by declaring,--
+
+   "that when King Edward died, to whom I thought I was very little
+   obliged (though he and I had married two sisters), because he
+   neither promoted or preferred me, as I thought I deserved by my
+   birth, and the relation I had to him; I did not much value his
+   children's interest, having their father's ill usage still in my
+   mind."
+
+and also that it would be of "ill consequence" to the nation, for the
+young King to govern, with his mother for Regent, and all her family,
+who were persons of "no high descent" occupying the most important
+positions, and have more share in the government than the King's
+relations and the other persons who were of the "very highest quality"
+in the kingdom, and so,--
+
+   "for these reasons I thought it to be for the public welfare, and
+   my private advantage to side with the Duke of Gloucester, whom I
+   took to be as sincere and merciful, as I now find him to be false
+   and cruel. By my means, as you know well, he was made Protector
+   of the King, and Kingdom."
+
+That after this Gloucester produced to him and others "instruments
+witnessed by doctors, proctors, and notaries," shewing that Edward's
+children were bastards, and himself the rightful heir to the throne,
+which they believed to be true, and so took him for their "rightful
+prince and sovereign," and it was by his assistance he was made King,
+at which time
+
+   "he promised me at Baynards-Castle, laying his hand on mine, that
+   the two young Princes should live and be provided for, to mine
+   and everyone's satisfaction. When he was in possession of the
+   throne he forgot his friends, and the assurances he had given
+   them, and denied to grant my petition for part of the Earl of
+   Hereford's lands, which his brother wrongfully detained from me.
+   And when I was certainly informed of the death of the two
+   innocent Princes, to which (God be my judge) I never consented,
+   my blood curdled at his treason and barbarity, I abhorred the
+   sight of him, and his company much more."
+
+This statement as to the refusal of Richard to give him the portion of
+the Earl of Hereford's lands, does not accord with Dugdale's account
+to which we shall refer, nor with Richard's bitter exclamation of
+reproach when he heard of Buckingham's defection.
+
+The Duke then continues to narrate how on his way homeward to
+Brecknock, he "meditated" how he might dethrone Richard, and that "had
+I assumed the supreme power, I thought there was nobody so likely to
+carry it as myself," that he sojourned two days at Tewkesbury brooding
+over the matter, but considered altogether "that to pretend to seat
+myself on the throne would not do," as in that case both the houses of
+York and Lancaster would join themselves against him, although he
+remembered,--
+
+   "that Edmund, Duke of Somerset, my grandfather, was with king
+   Henry VI. in two or three degrees from John, Duke of Lancaster,
+   lawfully begotten, my mother being Duke Edmund's eldest daughter,
+   I looked on myself as next heir to Henry VI. of the house of
+   Lancaster. But as I further journied between Worcester and
+   Bridgenorth, I met the Lady Margaret, Countess of Richmond, at
+   present wife to the Lord Stanley, who is the rightful and sole
+   heir of John, Duke of Somerset, my grandfather's elder brother,
+   whose title I had forgot until I saw her in my way, and then I
+   remembered that both her claim, and her son the Earl of
+   Richmond's, were bars to mine, and forbad my pretending to the
+   crown of England."
+
+At this interview it was proposed by the Countess that her son should
+marry one of king Edward's daughters, and "conjured" Buckingham, "by
+the memory of Duke Humphrey, his grandfather," to do his utmost to
+forward the match, to be eventually a solution to the present
+troubles, and he came to a resolution to "spend his life and fortune"
+in forwarding such a "glorious design," by which, if effected, he
+doubted not "the proud boar, whose tusks have gored so many innocent
+persons, shall soon be brought to confusion, the rightful and
+indubitate heir enjoy the crown, and peace be restored to this
+distracted kingdom."
+
+This was exactly the kind of confession Morton required, and all being
+agreed on, the next thing was to get some trusty envoy to send to the
+Countess of Richmond to concert measures. He was soon found in the
+person of Sir Reginald Braye, who was despatched to her with the
+announcement of Buckingham and Morton's design, and to get her to
+communicate with the Queen-Mother and acquire her assent and adherence
+to the project. This the Countess effected through the medium of Dr.
+Lewis, her physician, and the Queen-Mother readily assented, on the
+stipulated condition that the Earl of Richmond married her daughter
+Elizabeth, and failing her, the next eldest, Cecilia.
+
+Morton having taken captive the mind, if not the person of his gaoler,
+now wished the Duke to set him at liberty, and let him go to his
+diocese in Ely, where his friends would preserve him from any violence
+of Richard's,--"once I find myself at Ely," said he to Buckingham,
+"with four days start of Richard, I am ready to defy all his malice."
+The Duke however had no mind to lose so good an adviser, and did not
+wish him to leave, but Morton was determined to be gone if he could,
+and so stole away from Brecknock Castle in disguise, and doubtless
+without the Duke's knowledge.
+
+It is rather difficult to estimate Morton's action on this occasion.
+The secret was out, the measures were concerted, and would soon get
+wind; was he afraid of Richard's vengeance? By his leaving Buckingham
+thus, he greatly compromised the Duke if their plans failed, and left
+him to certain destruction, while he would be in safety. With great
+rapidity he crossed from Brecknock to Ely, a hundred and seventy
+miles, and thence to Wisbech, and with money and men he had collected
+from his great works in the Fens, took shipping and got safely over to
+Flanders, and the first intelligence Richard had of his flight, was
+that he was in Brittany with the Earl of Richmond. Richard doubtless
+was fully alive to the threatened danger, and Shakspeare well imagines
+his apprehension in the words,--
+
+     "Ely with Richmond troubles me more near
+     Than Buckingham with all his rash-levied strength."
+
+Matters now proceeded apace toward the development of the movement.
+Sir Reginald Braye, as the trusty ambassador, had won over Sir Giles
+Daubeney, Sir John Cheney, Sir Richard Guilford, and others, and with
+these were the Courtenays, Sir Edward, afterward Earl of Devon, and
+Bishop Peter Courtenay, Sir Robert Willoughby, afterward Lord Broke,
+Sir Thomas Arundell, and Sir Thomas Brandon, these were to
+_rendez-vous_ at or near Salisbury: the Marquis of Dorset had left his
+sanctuary, and with his uncle Sir Richard Widville had gone to the
+north. Dr. Christopher Urswick, Chaplain to the Countess, and Thomas
+Rame, had been despatched by her by different routes to Brittany to
+apprise her son of the complexion of the movement, and he was to
+appear off the western coast with a fleet and men to land in aid.
+
+Richard, of course, soon found out the character of the insurrection
+and those implicated in it. To Buckingham he first sent a "very kind
+obliging letter," inviting him to come to London, but the Duke
+"pretended indisposition," and so excused himself. The King thereon
+being enraged, sent him "a letter in a rougher stile, commanding him
+on his allegiance to attend him." But the die was cast, matters had
+gone too far to recede, and the message was returned by the Duke,
+"that he would not expose himself to his mortal enemy, whom he neither
+loved nor would serve."
+
+Buckingham gathered together as soon as possible his "rash-levied"
+strength. These consisted of a number of his tenants and a host of
+ill-disciplined Welshmen, and he endeavoured by long marches, passing
+through the Forest of Dean, to get to Gloucester, and thence onward to
+join the western contingent. The Earl of Richmond set sail from
+Brittany, the twelfth of October, with a fleet of forty ships and five
+thousand Bretons on board. They appear to have at once encountered a
+storm, which dispersed the fleet, but
+
+   "the ship in which was the Earl in person, was driven on the
+   coast of England, to the mouth of the haven of Poole, in
+   Dorsetshire; where, finding the shore was crowded with troops to
+   oppose his descent, he forbad any of his men to land until the
+   whole navy came up. However he sent out his boat with some
+   officers to demand of the men who stood on the shore, whether
+   they were friends or enemies? These traitors instructed by king
+   Richard, answered, 'They were friends posted there by the Duke of
+   Bucks to receive the Earl of Richmond.' The Earl suspecting the
+   deceit, and perceiving he was alone, the rest of his fleet not
+   appearing, weighed anchor, returned to France, and landed in
+   Normandy."
+
+But how fared Buckingham and his motley host? Not only circumstances,
+but Nature fought against him. The river Severn, swollen by ten days
+continuous rain, overflowed all the adjoining country, doing immense
+damage, and the inundation was so large, and of such remarkable
+character, that for a hundred years afterward it was named and
+recollected as _The Great Water_, or _Buckingham's Water_, and
+tradition delivers it was so severe "that men, women, and children
+were carried away in their beds with the violence of it."
+
+This inundation totally prevented the Duke and his army crossing the
+river, and his allies on the other side coming to his support. The
+Welshmen "tried with being exposed to hunger, rain, and numberless
+hardships, returned to their homes,"--they appear to have deserted by
+degrees, "until at last the Duke had none left about him but his
+domestic servants, nor could prayers nor threats keep them together,
+so he was obliged to fly with the rest."
+
+Thus prematurely ended this unfortunate movement, and Buckingham fled
+for refuge and secrecy to the house of his old servant, Ralph
+Banister, to whom himself, and his father before him, had shewn many
+acts of kindness.
+
+Richard had gone down north to organize an army to meet the
+insurrection, and on the twelfth of October was at Lincoln, to see the
+Bishop, who however was absent and sick. Here the King sent him a
+letter to the following intent,--
+
+   By the KING.
+
+   "Right Reverend Fadre in God, and Right trusty and wellbeloved;
+   We grete you wele, and in our hertiest wyse thank you for the
+   manyfold Presentes that your Servantes in your behalve have
+   presented unto Us at this oure being here: which we assure you we
+   toke and accepted with good hert; and so we have cawse. And
+   whereas We by Goddes Grace intend briefly to avaunce us towards
+   our Rebel and Traitor the Duc of Buckingham, to resiste and
+   withstand his malicious purpose, as lately by our other Letters
+   We certifyed you oure mynd more at large; For which Cause it
+   behoveth us to have our grete Sele here, We being enfourmed, that
+   for such Infirmities and Deseases as ye susteyne ne may in your
+   person to your ease conveniently come unto us with the same:
+   Wherefore we will, and natheless charge you that forthwith upon
+   the sight of thies, yee saufly do the same our grete Sele to be
+   sent unto us; and such of th'office of oure Chauncery as by your
+   Wisedome shall be thought necessary, receiving these oure Letters
+   for youre sufficient Discharge in that behalve. Yeven under oure
+   Signet at oure Cite of Lincolne the xii day of Octobre."
+
+To which Richard with his own hand, added this remarkable and
+significant postscript,--
+
+   "We wolde most gladly ye came your selff, yf that ye may, and yf
+   ye may not, we pray you not to fayle, but to accomplyshe in al
+   dyllygence oure sayd commaundement, to send oure Seale
+   incontinent apon the syght hereof, as we truste you with such as
+   ye truste, and the Officers parteyning, to attend with hyt;
+   praying you to ascerteyn us of your Newes ther. Here loved be
+   God, is al wel, and trewly determyned, and for to resiste the
+   Malyse of him, that had best Cawse to be trew, the Duc of
+   Bokyngham the most untrew Creature lyvynge. Whom with Gods Grace
+   we shall not be long til that we wyll be in that parties, and
+   subdew his Malys. Wee assure you there was never falsre Traitor
+   purvayde for, as this Berrer Gloucester shal shew you."
+
+What Richard was in such hurry to get his Great Seal for, was manifest
+at Leicester. Here, on the twenty-third of the month, he issued a
+proclamation against the rebels, and offering rewards for their
+apprehension. For Buckingham it was a thousand pounds in money, or a
+hundred pounds yearly in land, for the Marquis of Dorset and the
+Bishops of Ely and Salisbury a thousand marks in money each, or one
+hundred marks in land, and smaller sums for knights and gentlemen of
+lesser degree. His reprobation appears to have been specially directed
+against the Marquis of Dorset, "who, at the perill of his soule, hath
+many and sundry maids, widows, and wives, damnably, and without shame,
+deflowered and defiled." The next day at Coventry,--
+
+   "In order to make short work, and avoid the usual formalities of
+   the courts of justice, he commissioned Sir Ralph Ashton to
+   exercise the office of Vice-Constable, with so extensive a power,
+   that he could condemn and execute on the spot, all persons
+   whatever, guilty or suspected of the crime of high-treason,
+   without having regard to any appeal."
+
+Ashton, who was probably a man after his master's heart, took summary
+vengeance on the dispersed insurrectionists, and coming into the
+western counties signalized his zeal by numerous executions of those
+adjudged by him guilty, or only of favouring the conspirators;
+anticipating in spirit and action the bloody campaign of the
+detestable Jeffreys, on a similar errand two centuries afterward.
+
+"It is better to trust in the Lord, than to put confidence in man,
+than to put confidence in princes;"--had ever the royal Psalmist's
+words truer interpretation than in the fate of Buckingham, whom we
+left hiding with his servant near Shrewsbury? Alas for the fidelity of
+servants when exposed to temptation; but is not falseness ever the
+attribute of servitude? Instead of the noble self-denial of sheltering
+and befriending his old master and friend, the glittering prize of a
+thousand pounds was within his grasp, the position of being a petty
+squire with a "manor of land" was before his eyes, and the temptation
+proved to be too much for "Maister Rauf Banistre," who, casting the
+eternal odium that would inseparably be attached to such conduct to
+the winds, went and betrayed the whereabouts of his master to John
+Milton, Esq., then Sheriff of Shropshire, who with a party of soldiery
+surrounded and searched the locality, apprehended him in a little
+grove near Banister's house, and conveyed him to Shrewsbury.
+
+After a short confinement there, the Duke by royal order was delivered
+over to the custody of Sir James Tyler and another knight; and,
+"appareled in a piled black cloak," was escorted to Salisbury.
+
+Richard who was pursuing his journey southward, had probably reached
+Salisbury before his prisoner had arrived.
+
+No time was lost in dealing with the noble captive. His fate had
+already been foreshadowed in Richard's postscript to the Bishop,--
+
+         "When this arm of mine hath chastised
+     The petty rebel, dull-brained Buckingham."
+
+And there could be but one effectual way to "subdue his malys," and to
+put permanently beyond the power of future mischief this "never falsre
+traitor to be purvayde for,"--this "most untrew creature lyvynge."
+
+The Duke was closely examined by his captors, and is said to have
+confessed the whole plan of the insurrection, and all particulars of
+the conspiracy.
+
+He then made energetic efforts to obtain an interview with Richard,
+hoping to excite his compassion, or, as it has been also surmised,
+purposing if opportunity offered to despatch him with a concealed
+dagger. But he was sueing a much more able and crafty person than
+himself. Richard was about the last man to trust himself into the
+compromising company of his victim, and so into colloquy with one with
+whom he had aforetime been partner in so many crimes, and to whom he
+also owed so much, in acquiring his present position. Richard refused
+to see him, and his doom was immediate death, without further trial or
+arraignment.
+
+     BUCKINGHAM. Will not King Richard let me speak with him?
+
+     SHERIFF.    No, my good lord; therefore be patient.
+
+     BUCKINGHAM. Hastings, and Edward's children, Rivers, Grey,
+                 Holy King Henry, and thy fair son Edward,
+                 Vaughan, and all that have miscarried
+                 By underhand corrupted foul injustice;
+                 If that your moody discontented souls
+                 Do through the clouds behold this present hour,
+                 Even for revenge mock my destruction!--
+                 This is All-Souls' day, fellows, is it not?
+
+     SHERIFF.    It is, my lord.
+
+     BUCKINGHAM. Why then All-Souls' day is my body's doomsday.
+
+It was even so. On 2 November, 1483, being All-Souls day, the Duke of
+Buckingham was beheaded in or near the Market Place, at Salisbury.
+
+It is singular that such little knowledge remains as to the exact spot
+where this unfortunate but unscrupulous man perished, and no official
+evidence at all exists as to his place of burial. Relative to this Sir
+R. C. Hoare says,--
+
+   "It is remarkable that no allusion to this transaction is found
+   in the documents at Salisbury, even though it took place on the
+   second of November, the day of choosing the Mayor and other
+   public officers; whose appointment is recorded in the usual form.
+   Possibly the city authorities were too deeply implicated in the
+   intended insurrection to risk even a reference to the subject.
+   The Pipe Roll of the reign of Richard III. has been carefully
+   examined, but the search has been fruitless. It is proper to
+   observe, however, that a stone is still pointed out, as that on
+   which Buckingham suffered. This stone is in the yard adjoining
+   the house now occupied by Messrs. Styles and Large, which
+   formerly belonged to the Blue Boar Inn."
+
+Concerning this, Hall observes,--
+
+   "'Without arraignment or judgment, he was, in the open
+   Market-place on a new scaffold, beheaded and put to death. His
+   death he received at the hands of king Richard, whom he had
+   before, in his affairs, purposes, enterprises, holden, sustained,
+   and set forward, above all God's forbode."
+
+And this account is corroborated by documents in the _Stafford MSS._,
+quoted by the historian of Shrewsbury. The passage on the subject is
+as follows:--
+
+   "And so all the gentlemen of Harrefordshire weare send for by
+   Privy Seale to King Richard to _Salisburie_, and by that time
+   Duke Henry of Buckingham, was brought by Sir James Tyler, the
+   third daye, wheare he was pittifullie murdered by the said Kinge,
+   for raisinge power to bring in King Henrie the Seventh."
+
+The Duke having been thus summarily disposed of, what became of the
+wretch that betrayed him? One account narrates,--
+
+   "Banister and his whole family were destroyed by the surprizing
+   judgments of the Almighty. The Usurper refused to pay him the
+   thousand pounds promised in the Proclamation, saying, 'He that
+   would betray so good a Master, would be false to any other.'"
+
+But according to another, and truer version, the informer received his
+reward, and,--
+
+   "with the king's commendation of his service in his letters
+   patent; for he gave him the Manour and Lordship of Ealding in
+   Kent, late belonging to the Duke of Buckingham. So the letters
+   ran,--'RICHARD &c.,--_to al and singular the Officers, &c.,--Wit
+   ye, that in consideration of the true and faithful service which
+   our well beloved servant Rauf Banistre Esq, now late hath done
+   unto us, for and about the taking and bringing of our said great
+   Rebel into our hands, we have given unto the said Rauf, and to
+   his heirs male, the said Manour for ever._'"
+
+Both giver and receiver a congenial pair, and the gift that passed a
+characteristic one, being a portion of the spoil of their victim. Of
+such men it may be said,--
+
+         "Shame and Desolation sit
+     By their graves ever."
+
+But where was Buckingham buried, after he had been thus "condemned and
+executed in such summary way, on a new scaffold erected in the
+Market-place of Salisbury." A tomb to his memory is erected in
+Britford church, about a mile and a half distant from that city,
+but it is a cenotaph only, his body was not interred there; where then
+was its final resting-place, after his troublous life had found such
+disastrous extinction? Still further ignominy appears to have remained
+to be meted out to the inanimate form, after man had wreaked his last
+vengeance on the life.
+
+  [Illustration: DISCOVERY MADE IN THE KITCHEN OF THE SARACEN'S
+  HEAD INN, SALISBURY.
+
+  _From the Saturday Magazine, 6 April, 1839._]
+
+From an article in the _Saturday Magazine_, 6 April, 1839, we gather
+the following,--
+
+   "Tradition assigns the court-yard of the Blue Boar Inn, as the
+   scene of this bloody tragedy; but great uncertainty seems always
+   to have prevailed as to the spot where the mutilated remains of
+   this unfortunate nobleman were finally deposited. The
+   frontispiece which is presented to our readers, gives a view of
+   the kitchen of an inn (the Saracen's Head) in Salisbury, in
+   which, while some repairs and alterations were being made, a
+   skeleton, in the condition shewn in the picture, was discovered
+   beneath the floor of the apartment, which is on a level with the
+   ground. A view of the appearance of the figure, together with the
+   apartment, was made and published by Mr. J. M. Cullam--of which
+   view, with his permission we have taken a copy. These human
+   remains, are with good reason, supposed to have belonged to that
+   Duke of Buckingham.
+
+   "It is supposed that the head and right arm, after having been
+   submitted to the personal inspection of the King, then resident
+   in "the King's house," in the Close, were sent to London to be
+   affixed to Temple Bar, or exposed on Tower Hill, as was commonly
+   used to be done in those times. A tomb in the north chantry of
+   St. Thomas's church, Salisbury, was once supposed to contain the
+   remains of Buckingham, and another in Britford church, near
+   Salisbury, obtained a similar reputation; but sufficient evidence
+   has been found to shew these were only _monuments_ to his memory,
+   and no indications, leading to probability, have ever appeared,
+   to point out the place of the sepulture of the Duke of
+   Buckingham, till the discovery took place represented in our
+   frontispiece.
+
+   "The Saracen's Head Inn (owing to the peculiar contiguity of the
+   two places) is supposed to have once formed part of the premises
+   attached to those of the Blue Boar. The grave, therefore, of the
+   Duke, was probably made only a few yards, possibly feet, from the
+   spot where he suffered decapitation. The skeleton was found about
+   eight inches below the surface of the soil; the spinal column
+   appeared imbedded in the clay, and on taking up some of the
+   detached vertebræ, they crumbled to dust in the hands. All the
+   remains were in a like friable condition."
+
+Commenting on this discovery, Sir R. C. Hoare remarks,--
+
+   "The most remarkable circumstance connected with this locality is
+   the recent discovery of a skeleton, found just under the pavement
+   in making some alterations in a kind of kitchen or out-house,
+   belonging to the Saracen's Head, which is close to the site of
+   the Blue Boar. It was that of a person apparently above the
+   middle size and had been deprived of the head and right arm. The
+   workman by whom it was found, omitted to notice whether the bones
+   of the neck had been separated by a sharp instrument, but could
+   remember that the bone of the arm appeared to have been cut off,
+   just below the shoulder, as if by a saw. These remains were
+   destroyed without proper examination.
+
+   "Of itself the discovery would prove nothing, but if the fact of
+   Buckingham's execution at Salisbury be indisputably established,
+   we shall not be guilty of too great a stretch of imagination, in
+   supposing these were his mutilated remains, interred
+   clandestinely, or, at least, without ceremony, near the spot
+   where he suffered."
+
+The name of Blue Boar Row is still perpetuated on the south side of
+the Market Place at Salisbury.
+
+The tomb set up to his memory in Britford church, is in the place of
+honour, on the north side of the chancel. It is a high-tomb with
+Purbeck marble cover-stone, but exhibiting no brass indent, or
+inscription. Below are six canopied niches containing figures:--1.
+Figure gone.--2. Crowned female saint, with remains of cross (?),
+probably St. Margaret.--3. A bishop with pastoral staff, and hand
+raised in benediction.--4. A female saint crowned, St. Katharine with
+wheel and sword.--5. St. George, with sword, shield, and dragon under
+his feet.--6. A female saint bearing a pix or shrine, St. Mary
+Magdalene (?). At the west end are two niches having within them
+angels holding shields with the bearings sculptured thereon:--1. _A
+chevron_, evidently for STAFFORD, and 2. _A fess_ (apparently _cotised
+engrailed_, but perhaps only an ornament introduced by the sculptor),
+for WIDVILLE, EARL RIVERS. Over the tomb is a detached ogee arched
+crocketted canopy, with large finial, springing from embattled and
+pinnacled side buttresses. The canopy is ornamented with vine foliage
+and fruit; the workmanship of the whole composition is of coarse
+character. On a modern brass plate affixed above the tomb is this
+inscription,--
+
+   HENRICUS·STAFFORD·DUX·BUCKINGHAM
+   DECAPITATUS APUD SALISBURI·I·RIC·III·A.D./1483.
+
+It is probable this memento at Britford was erected by the Duke's
+brother-in-law, Lionel Widville, who was Bishop of Salisbury at the
+time of Buckingham's execution. Its position outside the city was
+doubtless adopted to deprecate prominence and discussion at this
+dangerous era.
+
+The Bishop was the third son of Sir Richard Widville, the first Earl
+Rivers (so created by Edward IV., in 1466, and who was subsequently
+beheaded at Northampton, 1467), by his wife Jacqueline of Luxemburg,
+widow of John Plantagenet, Duke of Bedford. He was brother to
+Elizabeth, Queen of Edward IV., and so uncle to the unfortunate
+Princes so relentlessly destroyed by Gloucester, brother also to
+Katharine, wife of Henry Stafford, Duke of Buckingham, and Anthony,
+Earl Rivers, executed at Pontefract by Richard III. He held the See
+two years only, 1482-4, and his death is said to have been accelerated
+by the fate of his brother-in-law at Salisbury, and the other
+misfortunes that befell his family during the reign of Richard III.
+
+The tomb assigned to Bishop Widville stands under the first arch of
+the north aisle of the choir of the Cathedral, leading into the
+transept.
+
+It is a high altar-tomb, the cover-stone perfectly plain, with indent
+for inscription on its edge, but the brass has disappeared. Below are
+traceried panels, with shields in their centres, on which were
+originally brass escutcheons. Over the tomb is a large and heavy
+canopy, extending the whole width of the arch of the aisle. The arch
+of the canopy is depressed, and cusped, with roses on the bosses of
+the points. The vaulting within is panelled, as are also the side
+buttresses. The spandrels are traceried with shields in the centres,
+on which, as on the tomb below, were brasses. The whole composition
+is of Purbeck marble, and of plain character.
+
+Henry Stafford, Duke of Buckingham, married Katharine, daughter of
+Richard Widville,--created Earl Rivers by Edward IV., 24 May, 1466,
+and constituted by that monarch Constable of England,--by his wife
+Jacqueline of Luxemburg, widow of John Plantagenet, Duke of Bedford,
+third son of King Henry IV. She was thus sister to Elizabeth, Queen of
+Edward IV., and so aunt to the unfortunate Princes murdered in the
+Tower.
+
+By her the Duke had two sons and two daughters. Edward, eldest son,
+who was restored to all the honours of his father, by Henry VII., and
+made Constable of England and K.G. He appears to have offended, and,
+according to Burke, "also excited the enmity of Wolsey," and that
+ambitious prelate finally succeeded in accomplishing his ruin. Like
+his father he was doomed to fall by domestic treason, for having
+discharged one Knevet, a steward, for oppressing his tenantry; that
+individual became a fit instrument in the hands of Wolsey to effect
+the object he had at heart. Knevet declared "that the duke had
+contemplated the assassination of the King, Henry VIII., in order that
+he might ascend the throne himself as next heir, if his majesty died
+without issue," and it was further alleged "hee had consulted a monke
+or wizard, about succession of the crowne."
+
+The Duke made a passionate and indignant denial to this frivolous, yet
+withal foul charge, but nevertheless he was found guilty and beheaded
+on Tower Hill, 17 May, 1521. Old Weever says, "he was a noble
+gentleman, exceedingly much lamented of good men. Of whose death, when
+the Emperour Charles the fift heard, he said, '_that a Butchers
+dogge_, (meaning the Cardinall, a butchers sonne) _had deuoured the
+fairest Buck_ (alluding to the name of Buckingham) _in all England_.'
+He sometime lay sumptuously entombed in the church of the Augustine
+Fryers, in London, and the bodies of a hundred more of exemplarie note
+and degree, but now their bodies are not only despoiled of all outward
+funerall ornaments, but digged up out of their requietories, and
+dwelling houses raised in the place, which was appointed for their
+eternal rest."
+
+Henry, the second son, was created Earl of Wiltshire, 1 Henry VIII.,
+1509, married first, Margaret, Countess of Wilts, and secondly, Cicely
+Bonville, Marchioness of Dorset. More of him will be found under the
+notice of Bonville. He died 6 March, 1523.
+
+Elizabeth, eldest daughter married Robert Ratcliffe, created Lord
+Fitzwalter, and afterward 28 Dec., 1529, Earl of Suffolk, K.G., and
+Lord High Chamberlain. He died in 1542.
+
+Anne, married first Sir Walter Herbert, second son of William Herbert,
+first Earl of Pembroke and K.G. By a singular coincidence this Earl
+met with his death through the desertion of a Stafford, Humphrey, Earl
+of Devon, of the Suthwyck in Wiltshire and Hooke in Dorsetshire branch
+of the family; who withdrew his support at Banbury, and Pembroke was
+defeated at Danesmore in 1469, and afterward taken to Northampton and
+beheaded. Secondly, she married George Hastings, first Earl of
+Huntingdon, of the second creation, who died in 1544, and was buried
+at Stoke-Pogis. She survived the Earl, and at her death was interred
+beside him.
+
+The motives that influenced the conduct and actions of Buckingham have
+been a subject of much speculation among historians, and it is
+doubtful if any fixed determination or aim lay at the bottom of any of
+them, beyond the chances or necessities of the passing hour. The
+social aspect of the age in which he lived exhibited merely a
+succession of plots for the mastery of ruling for the time being, and
+almost everyone having station above the ordinary citizen, was by
+turns embroiled or mixed up in them; while those holding distinguished
+positions by birth or influence, were almost forced to take active
+part, with all their consequent perils. Ambition, cruelty, and callous
+hardness, trampled under foot all the finer feelings of the heart and
+mind,--hypocrisy and treachery invaded the most sacred ties of home
+and blood-relationship, the desire of worldly power, and holding their
+neighbours in the yoke of bondage, was the prevalent feeling, to which
+all others were sacrificed, and the opposing factions met each other
+on the field of battle, and fought for the governing power at the
+sword's point, with the sacrifice of myriads of human lives. At this
+distance of time it may be asked, what result after all, was effected
+by this bloodshed that surged through the country for half-a-century?
+It may be answered, none, beyond letting loose the worst vices that
+infest humanity, and the consequent retardation of all that tends to
+civilize the individual.
+
+Amid such a storm of wickedness, strong minds alone had chance to
+pilot themselves safely through it, and then with much uncertainty,
+but what would be the fate of weak ones,--vacillating, uncertain,
+capricious, such as Buckingham was said to possess? Only one in the
+end, at that era, was reserved for such, and with unsparing revengeful
+steps it overtook him.
+
+That he was the main instrument of placing the Crown on Gloucester's
+head, seems to admit of little doubt,--
+
+     "The first was I that help'd thee to the crown;
+     The last was I that felt thy tyranny."
+
+It is equally uncertain what motive influenced his defection from
+Richard. This has been said to have been Richard's withholding from
+him the large estates which Buckingham claimed should have descended
+to him as coheir of Bohun, as a reward for helping him to the Throne,
+and so did not fulfil the implied promise of the compact. But was this
+so? Richard may be readily believed to have been bad enough for
+anything, but was he thus ungrateful to the man, to whom he was
+indebted more than to any other for attaining his present position?
+
+Upon this point there appears to be considerable doubt. Dugdale, under
+his notice of Stafford in the _Baronage_, includes the following:--
+
+   "Having thus been the principal agent in advancing Richard to the
+   throne, and thereupon pressing his performance of what had been
+   privately promised, this new King signed a Bill for Livery of all
+   those lands unto him whereunto he pretended a right by descent
+   from Humphrey de Bohun; sometime Earl of Hereford, and Constable
+   of England. An abstract whereof I have here inserted, together
+   with a schedule of the Castles and Manors affixed thereto.
+
+   "R.R.
+
+   "Richard, by the grace of God, King of England, &c. &c. To all,
+   &c. Know ye, that We, not only considering, that our right
+   trusty, and right entyrely beloved Cosyn, Henry, Duke of
+   Buckingham, is Cosyn and Heir of blood to Humphrey Bohun, Earl of
+   Hereford; and rightful inheritor of such inheritances, as were of
+   the same late Earl, but also the true, feythful, and laudable
+   service, the which our seid Cosyn hath in many sundry wises done
+   unto us, to our right singular wele and plesure. Considering also
+   and understanding, that the Mannors, Lordships and Lands,
+   specified in the schedule, hereunto annexed, the which were
+   parcel of the inheritance of the said Earl, and were chosen and
+   accepted in purpartie by Harry the fifth, late King of England;
+   son of Mary one of the daughters and heirs of the said late
+   Earle; of a partition betwene the same late King, and Anne
+   daughter of Alianore, another of the daughters and heires of the
+   sayd late Earle; made by authority of Parliament in the second
+   year of his reigne; in allowance of other Mannours, Lordships,
+   Lands, &c., of the like value, allotted and assured in purpartie
+   to the same Anne, come unto the hands of Edward the fourth, late
+   King of England, our brother, by virtue of certain act or acts of
+   Parliament, made against Harry the sixth, deceased without issue;
+   so that our said Cosyn as true inheritor to the sayd inheritance
+   in forme abovesayd, should by his death have had and inherited
+   the said Mannours, Lordships, &c., specifyed in the said
+   schedule, if the sayd act or acts of Parliament, had never been
+   made. And also for certain other considerations Us especially
+   moving, wille and grant unto our sayd Cosyn, that in our next
+   Parliament to be holden, he shall be surely and lawfully, by act
+   of Parliament restored, fro' the Feste of Easter last past, to
+   all the foresaid Mannours, &c., specifyed in the sayd schedule;
+   and the same have, hold, and enjoy, to him and to his heires,
+   according to such states and titles, as he should or might have
+   done, if none act of Parliament had been made against the sayd
+   King Harry the sixth, touching the sayd Mannours, &c., at any
+   time since the death of the sayd late Earle. And, that our sayd
+   Cosyn now forthwith enter into all the same Mannours, and thereof
+   take the issues, &c., to his own use, fro' the sayd Feast of
+   Easter, unto the time he be thereto restored by authority of
+   Parliament, in fourme above remembered; without any account or
+   other thing yielding unto Us or our heires for the same. And,
+   that he have the making of all Officers, Gifts, and Benefices,
+   Wards, and other Profits, &c. In testimony whereof We have set
+   our Signet, and Sign-Manuell.
+
+   "Yoven at our Mannour of Greenwich, 13th of July, of our Reign
+   the First."
+
+These Manors as enumerated in the schedule were fifty-three in number,
+lying in nineteen counties, of which "_total sum valoris_, £1084 1_s._
+9_d._" And he further adds,--
+
+"Nay, an author of that time reports (_Chron. MS. Joh. Rous in bibl.
+Cotton. p. 269._) that he (Richard) gave him all his riches, so that
+he then made his boast that "he had as many liveries of _Stafford
+Knots_, as Richard Nevill the late great Earle of Warwick had of
+_Ragged Staves_."
+
+As we before observed, to attempt to explain or speculate upon the
+motives that actuated Buckingham in his extraordinary career, would be
+alike both useless and fruitless. His eagerness and zeal displayed to
+place Richard on the throne, his consent to, and consequent complicity
+in the cold-blooded executions of his wife's brothers and their
+associate at Pontefract, and also of Hastings, together with other
+heinous transactions, to the prejudice and discomfiture of the nearer
+tie of his wife's defenceless nephews, appear to have had no very
+definite purpose as regarded himself, but only exhibited the actions
+of an unscrupulous partisan and tool for others, the attributes of a
+weak, contemptible mind. Was he aware of, and did he also assent to,
+the last and most atrocious of Richard's crimes, the murder of the
+Princes in the Tower, toward both of whom, the poor boys stood nearly
+in the same relationship? If so, he was even more vile than Richard,
+for _he_ had an excuse, ambition, albeit of the most loathsome kind,
+to offer,--which Buckingham had not, nor indeed any that can be
+imagined.
+
+This question has, we believe, never been definitely answered, and so
+we prefer to give Buckingham the benefit of the doubt, and to hope
+that he did not do so. Although he appears to have excessively
+disliked the Queen-Mother and her family, and was the chief promoter
+of the movement to rob her sons of their royal heritage, still there
+does not appear to be any direct evidence to incriminate him as
+consenting to their deaths, after circumstances point to the contrary,
+and he is said to have made use of their inhuman fate, as one of the
+principal reasons for his desire to dethrone Richard.
+
+The complete confirmation, however, of his weak, unsettled,
+poorly-ambitious mind, which led to his final defection and action
+against Richard, was doubtless due to the persuasive powers of his
+prisoner-guest, the wary, far-seeing, intellectual Morton, in whose
+hands, with plans carefully prepared, and subtle knowledge of the
+world and human life, Buckingham would be little more than a child.
+There is not however much to admire in this ecclesiastic's furtive
+flight from the custody of his host,--for his enforced sojourn at
+Brecknock Castle could be called in its conditions but little
+otherwise than that of a visitor. Then speedily placing himself in a
+position of safety, he left the seeds of disaffection he found sown in
+the mind of Buckingham, and which he had carefully nurtured, to ripen
+into foolish, hasty, miscalculated action, which revealed to Richard
+truly enough the character of the movement, that was destined in the
+end to deprive him of his kingdom and his life, but enabled him, as it
+turned out, easily to send this its first pioneer to the scaffold.
+
+Sufficient stress does not appear to have been laid on this incident,
+and the influence it probably exercised, connected with the fate of
+Buckingham. His wretched downfall and unenviable character have
+consigned him to unpitying oblivion--the fate of many a better, but
+unsuccessful man,--while the brilliantly fortunate career of his
+quondam prisoner, has caused this circumstance to be forgotten, or
+passed over in silence. It is not inferred that Morton originally
+unsettled Buckingham's mind,--_that_ had taken place before,--but the
+fact remains he confirmed that unsettledness, pointed out the way in
+which he could be useful by hostile movement in the western counties,
+and then took speedy flight beyond seas to Richmond, where he remained
+in safety from the wrath of Richard, until after the battle of
+Bosworth.
+
+Buckingham naturally did not want to part with his genial
+strong-minded prisoner and adviser,--but some excuse must nevertheless
+be allowed Morton for his hasty exit. He well knew the suspicion
+Richard had of him, and that king's jealousy of the strength of his
+ability and influence, which he believed was not loyal toward him, and
+the Bishop consequently being remitted to the custody of Buckingham.
+After Morton had tampered with Buckingham, completed his other
+traitorous negociations against Richard, and when circumstances were
+rapidly shaping themselves, if not with very defined and concentrated
+purpose, yet sufficiently large and apparent, as to render a hostile
+movement against Richard's authority an event of the shortest notice;
+and having also made full estimate of Buckingham's unreliable
+character and incapacity, and that no mercy would be meted out to him
+in such company, should an unsuccessful storm break forth and he fall
+into the hands of his victor,--which was just what did happen in
+Buckingham's case,--the first law of nature persuaded him, and he made
+for a place of safety under the shadow of his idol, there to wait
+further opportunity to aid, when the course of events afforded it.
+
+John Morton was a west-country man, having been born about 1420, at
+Bere-Regis, a small market town in central Dorset, where his family
+had for some time been settled, and were of good standing. He was
+educated in the Abbey of Cerne, and then entered Balliol College,
+Oxford, where his proficiency attracted the notice of Cardinal
+Bourchier. He was successively Rector of St. Dunstan's, London,
+Prebendary of Wells, Bishop of Ely 1478, Archbishop of Canterbury
+1486, Lord-Chancellor 1487, Cardinal of St. Anastasia 1493, and
+Chancellor of Oxford. But he was much more than this, he was the
+friend, counsellor, and financier--the last no easy position--to Henry
+VII., the chief personage both in Church and State, at once Primate
+and Premier, and the cementer of the union of the rival houses of the
+Red and White Rose.
+
+The merest glance at Morton's life would involve reference to the
+principal events of the age in which he lived, and he has been perhaps
+correctly designated as the foremost Englishman of his time. In their
+way both Morton and Buckingham were the setters up of kings. Probably
+the real prompting motive that lay at the bottom of both their minds,
+and gave force to their action, was much the same,--the consequent
+advancement, if their efforts succeeded, of their own station and
+interests. Buckingham accomplished his object, but was disappointed at
+the result. Then his thoughts turned to substitute another ruler, and
+by strange circumstance he was thrown into counsel with an individual
+bent on the same errand, but an infinitely abler and far-seeing man.
+In this his second design, Buckingham led the forlorn hope and
+perished; Morton entered the breach with the reserve, after the
+fortress had been stormed and had capitulated. The motives that
+actuated these henchmen of kings, as we have said, were doubtless
+alike, whether fortune led the one to the scaffold, and gave the other
+the delegated authority of the throne. The White Rose was good enough
+for Morton until the White Boar became its representative. Then his
+mind and energies turned to the Red Rose,--the triumph came,--with
+consummate wisdom he wedded their rival pretensions and extinguished
+the internecine strife. All now bade for peace, the path of the
+highest distinction lay before him, he traversed it with the greatest
+ability and success, and when he died had reached its most exalted
+eminence, and the dream of his life had been fulfilled.
+
+His death occurred, says Hutchins,--
+
+   "at Knole in Kent, 16. cal. Oct. 1500, as the Canterbury
+   Obituary, or 15. Sep. as the Register, aged 90. By his will dated
+   16 June, and proved 22 Oct. 1500, he _ordered 1000 marks to be
+   given in alms at his funeral; his best gilt cross and mitre to
+   the Church of Ely; to King Henry his best portiforium; to Queen
+   Elizabeth his best psalter; to Lady Margaret the King's mother, a
+   round image of the Blessed Virgin of Gold; to Lady Margaret his
+   god-daughter, and the King's eldest daughter, a cup of gold, &c.,
+   &c._
+
+   "He was buried in the Cathedral of Canterbury, in the crypt,
+   before the image of the Virgin Mary, called our Lady Under-Croft,
+   agreeable to his will. Over his stone coffin, which was first
+   deposited in the ground, was laid a marble, even with the surface
+   of the pavement, which being broken, several parts of his body
+   wrapt in cere-cloth, were taken away. At length the head only
+   remained, which in 1670, Ralph Sheldon of Beoly, Co. Worcester,
+   begged of Archbishop Sheldon, and at his death in 1684 left it to
+   his niece. Near his grave, on the south side of the chapel was a
+   goodly tomb erected to his memory, without any inscription."
+
+The memorial to Cardinal Morton consists of a low altar-tomb on which
+is his effigy robed in full _pontificalibus_. Six monks, or weepers,
+three on each side, kneel beside the body. The arch of the canopy
+above is ornamented on the inner soffit with the _rose crowned,
+cardinal's hat, portcullis_, and his _rebus, a hawk or mort, on a
+tun_, alternate; on the outer side with figures in niches. A lily in a
+pot, between what remains of two figures probably representing the
+Annunciation, is sculptured in the panel above the feet. The whole,
+composed of a soft white stone, is in a state of considerable decay,
+much mutilated, and begrimed with dust and dirt to a sooty hue.
+
+How strange the metamorphosis death often assigns to the claims of
+fame or station, especially to the memorials set up to them; of this,
+the tomb and effigy before us furnishes notable example. Here,
+enveloped in the dark shadows of this crypt, and scarcely discernible,
+where, unless guided, human foot would scarcely dream of taking its
+way in search of reminiscence to one so memorable, is the monument of
+the principal Englishman of his era, who held the highest position in
+the kingdom ecclesiastically and civilly, a statesman also of the
+first order, the value of whose influence in settling the great
+quarrel that had so long distracted his native land, and bringing it
+peace, can now hardly be estimated.
+
+Broken, tattered, despoiled,--gradually crumbling and
+decaying,--covered also with the dust and neglect of ages, lies what
+is left of the outward and visible semblance of John Morton, Prince of
+the Church, Metropolitan of England, and Lord Chancellor to her King.
+But a close scrutiny through the gloom shews us the stately lines of
+his vestments, his broken mitre, his shattered staff, and on them the
+traces of that sparing but rich ornament, that asserts at once the
+erstwhile dignity of their wearer when in the flesh,--and typifies
+with true presentment, the glimpses of his grand character, that now
+comes back to us so vividly, through depth and dimness of the Past.
+Even his very dust, carried away piecemeal by the thoughtless
+wayfarer, adds significant tribute to the greatness of his memory; but
+the six monks, headless and handless, still remain and kneel by his
+side, patiently waiting amid the desolation and obscurity for the
+eternal dawn.
+
+  [Illustration: EFFIGY OF JOHN MORTON, ARCHBISHOP OF CANTERBURY
+  AND CARDINAL
+  CATHEDRAL--A.D. 1500]
+
+Our steps finally take us back to Britford church, and a last look at
+the cenotaph of the restless, unscrupulous, short-sighted, ill-fated
+Buckingham. At the end of the tomb the decaying angels still support
+the proud escutcheons of Stafford and Widville, names here, in the
+funeral pomp of the grave, linked in the closest and most loving tie
+of human relationship, but in the olden life precedent, opposed to
+each other with a bitterness that death alone could appease. Time has
+now gathered themselves and all their actions into his lap, the
+fierceness of their strife is hushed into silence, and all the
+suspense and agony that haunted their lives and tracked them to its
+last resting-place, is over; and the wayfarer who contemplates their
+sadly-incidented story, and seeks to identify the few wrecks left to
+perpetuate their memory, as he turns away, mutters to himself the
+prayerful entreaty doubtless once inscribed over their dust, "_cujus
+anime propicietur Deus, Amen_."
+
+We linger a moment to catch a glance at the remarkable Saxon doorways
+still preserved in the nave,--relics coeval with the age when _Old_
+Sarum was in its best estate, and centuries before the glorious fane
+that adorns its _new_ namesake was born or thought of,--and then
+emerge into the pleasant evening sunlight. How delightfully-reviving
+the communion with the purity of Nature, after our thoughts have been
+saddened by a contemplation of the self-sought miseries of her
+children. We saunter quietly along under the fine trees that overhang
+our path, loiter awhile to survey an old moated house, and then pass
+on by a winding path through mead and lane to Salisbury. Before us is
+the bright, busy little city, and above it is upreared the remarkable
+feature that has made its reputation world-wide, the glorious spire of
+its Cathedral. Higher and still more heavenward, its faultless
+proportion rises at every step, until standing within its shadow, our
+thoughts are lost in admiration of those men, who, when they had built
+an earthly home "to the high and lofty One that inhabiteth eternity,"
+reared this shaft of beauty from its midst, in testimony that their
+aspirations were not satisfied until they had placed its top-stone as
+near His heavenly home as human hands could raise it.
+
+SALISBURY SPIRE.
+
+     Eyes of the soul,--turn from thought's busy realm,
+       And dwell awhile on yon height-piercing spire,
+     The sight is none that all things overwhelm,
+       But one that bids us rise to all things higher.
+     Delved from the earth a rude and shapeless thing,
+       Rended by force from the deep quarry's breast,--
+     Behold from such, a pure form upward spring,
+       In beauty's fairest vesture aptly drest.
+
+     So may'st thou ravish thought's uncultured mine,
+       From the rude mass harmonious outlines blend,
+     Clothe with true beauty all the fair design,
+       That based on earth shall to the heaven ascend
+     Like Babel's tower,--but no confusion show,
+       By one grand purpose raised from all that's low.
+
+
+
+
+UNHORSED AT BOSWORTH.
+
+
+The "silent finger that points to heaven" has, beyond all comparison,
+its finest exemplar at Salisbury, and this record, although common as
+a household word, is, notwithstanding, none the less true and
+impressive, and ever returns with Tithonic vigour at each renewed
+contemplation. Graceful in the happiest degree in proportion, its
+great altitude gives a power to its slender beauty of form, altogether
+beyond the rivalry of its sister spires that spring with humbler
+charms from this land of ours. Thus it stands in grand isolated
+dignity, amid the long-swelling undulations of the Wiltshire hills,
+with base trending earth-ward, yet lost before touching the ground
+amid the blue mist that creeps with shrouding haze along the
+wolds,--but its fine-drawn point pierces with no uncertain intention
+the quiet amber of the evening sky.
+
+It would be perhaps difficult to find any where, taken in sympathy
+with its peculiar associations, a picture more impressive and
+delightful. The purpose of its builders,--the object of its
+dedication,--its majesty of size and height, lifting itself as it were
+far from the busy haunts and homes of those, who living, nestle at its
+feet, or in death are laid beneath its protective shadow,--its
+dark-tinted, yet well-defined, heaven-ward rising, beautiful
+outline,--so suggestive in its form of the design of this life, scarce
+rooted in the earth, yet with apex cleaving the sky, and tinctured too
+akin with the gloomy tints of human uncertainty, summon a host of
+thoughts from the inner recesses of the soul, and bids the gazer on
+its fair proportion and upward glance ask himself as he views it, how
+far the resemblance reflects his own condition, what he was designed
+for, what he has made himself.
+
+And now the attraction of its wonderful presence has drawn us nearer,
+and we are sitting contemplatively under one of the large elms in the
+Close where the grand proportions of the fine cathedral are before us.
+Almost oppressive for a while, is the realization of its great size,
+and the glance upward from the spirelets of the west front to the apex
+of the glorious spire, vanishing in the blue ether. But the eye must
+not dally with, nor dwell too lovingly on the delicate interlacery it
+is arrayed in, for however beautiful in itself, or when viewed
+alone, its decoration scarcely harmonizes with the bolder and more
+largely-defined ornamental details of the structure below; and the
+comparison at once assures us that this splendid addition was the
+offspring of a somewhat later age, but redolent of the truest and
+purest perception of architectural beauty, and was placed there with
+feeling akin to the tasteful hand that completes the cluster of
+gathered flowers with a tall spikelet of harmonious form, but of
+otherwise almost imperceptible contrasting beauty.
+
+  [Illustration: EFFIGY OF LORD CHENEY, SALISBURY CATHEDRAL]
+
+What words may appropriately describe this almost unrivalled picture?
+Two lines from one of our greatest bards suggest themselves,--
+
+     "Simple, erect, severe, austere, sublime--
+     Relic of nobler days, and noblest arts!"
+
+to which may be added that rare impression of unbroken harmony, and
+the pleasant satisfaction of this feeling clothes gratefully every
+aspect presented.
+
+Singularly pleasant to the eye, also, and giving a sense of stability
+to this fine building, is the noble base-line of strong moulding that
+follows every length, angle, and recess, and adds the finish of
+completeness from spire to basement.
+
+We enter, and within as without all is pure, severe, and uniform, the
+offspring of an age before men's minds and hands were wooed of their
+strength by the blandishments of ornament, and while yet they relied
+on the rare and noble simplicity of perfected outline, ever the most
+difficult of achievement, and, consequently when attained, ever the
+more enduring of pleasure. Those dark, slender shafts, with their
+deep-cut capitals, stand with airy but decided purpose from jutting
+quoin, or flank the strong arches, perfectly harmonizing with the
+contour of all about them; and while they relieve the monotony or
+severity of their surroundings, do not intrude on the eye, nor
+distract the attention further, but quietly and unobtrusively fill the
+true subsidiary position that should ever be assigned to ornament, and
+nothing beyond.
+
+Were it possible to take a stranger into the cathedral, and, ignorant
+of its existence, place him under the spire, the wildest flight of
+imagination could not conjure within his mind the possibility of the
+existence of the noble finial that rises above his head. The piers of
+the arches on which it rests afford no clue, and although somewhat
+larger than those near them, are nevertheless so comparatively slender
+that they would attract no notice unless carefully pointed out, and
+then a glance outside, and another survey within would startle him
+into an almost awe-struck realization of the consummate boldness that
+planned, and ability that carried to completion, this wonderful
+afterthought, and impress him that there were indeed giants in
+architectural resource, even in those "dark days," as we are sometimes
+pleased to call them.
+
+Another and most distinguished charm too, finds striking witness at
+Salisbury. Its chaste and simple grandeur has fairly put to the rout
+the modern decorator, with his paint-pots and gold leaf,--that sturdy
+and well-patronized defacer of the real, with the garniture of the
+cheat. No room for him here, or but scant and in soberest guise, and
+his meretricious attractions are met everywhere with the declaration
+mirrored in the gleaming Purbeck, or nestling in the ghost-like
+shadows that haunt the deep-cut foliage that crowns it,--there is no
+beauty like reality.
+
+Thus much for our short survey of the stately fabric. Our next inquiry
+is, what is the special purpose of our visit to-day--where is the
+object we are in search of? It is for the memorial of one of those
+half-courtier, half-soldier chieftains, so many of whom threw their
+fortune in with his, and afterward found distinguished place and
+occupation at the Court and government of the first Tudor king. Where
+shall we find it? With a sort of shudder we take a survey of the
+assemblage of monuments lying so regularly and suspiciously disposed,
+in lines under the arches of the nave. In the long array we note
+effigies of templars, bishops, and knights--interposed here and
+there with brassless stones--reclining for the most part on
+nondescript-looking tombs, composed of heterogeneous and patchwork
+materials, having little or no relationship apparently to the figures
+they support. Instantly we apprehend in its fullest sense, the
+sacrilegious barbarism of Wyatt, who removed almost the whole of them
+from their original places in other parts of the edifice, to their
+present incongruous positions, making up the tombs piecemeal from such
+fragments out of the general destruction, as happened to fit, or be
+available,--probably the most deplorable desecration of its kind to be
+found in the annals of archæological record, and which we wish we
+could not further think of.
+
+Singularly, almost uniquely rich was this cathedral in tombs of every
+age, before this ruthless resurrectionist and invader of sepulchres
+was let loose therein, toward the close of the last century to wreak
+his fury. Dowsing was almost a hero in desecration, compared with the
+callous and equally destructive energies of Wyatt, for while the
+fanatic iconoclast had that fiercest of all flames, ignorant bigotry,
+to urge him on, it was left to the 'cultivated' imagination of one,
+who aspired to be thought an architect and man of taste, to set
+himself up as a rival in the detestable business of spoliation, and
+scarce any escaped him from the Founder downward, for Bishop Poore was
+meted out the same fate, impartially as others.
+
+Emerging from under the modern brass screen that separates the choir
+from the nave, slowly we pass down the south aisle. There, is the
+beautiful effigy of William Longspée, the first Earl of Sarum, son of
+Henry II. and fair Rosamond, reclining on his glorious tomb, once
+covered with exquisite mosaic work, the embossed lions on his
+enamelled shield, chafing at the indignity of their master having been
+ousted from his olden station of honour in the Lady Chapel,--Bishop de
+la Wyle the founder of St. Edmund's Collegiate Church in this city at
+the close of the thirteenth century,--the tomb of the unfortunate Lord
+Stourton of murderer's fame and silken halter,--the martial
+proportions of the second Lord Hungerford, brought hither from the
+demolished Chantry erected by his wife the last Bottreaux, on the
+north side of the retro-choir,--next, the tomb of Bishop Beauchamp,
+the "Wykeham of his age" (for he superintended the building of St.
+George's Chapel at Windsor Castle), taken from his beautiful Chantry,
+that once had place opposite to Lady Hungerford's; and following him,
+the interesting effigies of two other early and distinguished Bishops,
+Roger, and Joceline, A.D. 1184, and brought from old Sarum! The face
+of Bishop Joceline, although so old and denuded, still exhibits the
+marvellous placidity of sleep, all the more so from the partial
+effacement of the features, but displaying an effect no modern
+sculpture could imitate.
+
+But he whom we seek is not found among this long succession of
+departed greatness, and we carefully proceed with our investigation up
+the north aisle.
+
+Here the first we meet with, is the unique and mysterious "Boy
+Bishop,"--lying at length and much denuded beneath his protective iron
+grating. Then we pass two "unappropriated" tombs, and next a mail-clad
+effigy said to be William Longspée, second Earl of Salisbury, son of
+the William on the other side,--then a fine figure of a knight in
+bascinet and surcoat, John de Montacute, with fortunately a
+considerable portion of the original tomb below him. Whom does this
+desolate-looking pair of brassless stones, side by side record, with
+indent of man and wife still apparent on them? Ah! the emblem powdered
+on the stone,--the _harvest sickle_,--unravels their story, and a
+feeling of sadness pervades us, as we recognize in them the memorials
+that once covered the dust of Walter, the first Lord Hungerford--father
+of Robert on the opposite side--and Katharine Peverel his wife, shifted
+here about a century since, as an inscription on them informs us, "by
+Jacob C. Radnor," when he removed the beautiful iron-work Chantry in
+which they originally had appropriate place, and carried it away to the
+east end of the choir to do duty as a 'family pew.'
+
+There is but one more effigy, you say,--as we turn from this last
+memorial of the long sequence of departed and 'translated'
+worthies--and that must be him whom we seek. A glance at the tall
+armoured figure immediately assures us that he is found, Sir John
+Cheney, Baron of that name; and a stout adherent of the first Tudor
+sovereign, Henry VII.
+
+The family of Cheney, as we have previously noted,[26] was a wide
+spreading one in the south of England, and, according to Burke,
+derived their descent from a common ancestor, Ralph de Caineto, who
+came to England with the Conqueror.
+
+  [26] See page 4.
+
+Sir John, of the monument before us, was of Kentish extraction.
+William, the son of Sir Alexander Cheney, married Margaret, daughter
+and heir of Sir Robert de Shurland, of Shurland in the parish of
+Eastchurch, in the Isle of Sheppey. He died 8 Edward III., 1333,
+leaving issue Robert, who left issue Sir Richard of Shurland, who
+married Elizabeth, daughter of Robert Cralle, of Cralle, Sussex, by
+whom he left two sons, William of Shurland, and Richard of Cralle.
+
+Sir William Cheney of Shurland, Sheriff of Kent, 13 Henry IV.,
+1412,--1 Henry V., 1414,--2 Henry VI., 1424, Knight of the Shire for
+Kent, 3 Henry V., 1418, died 21 Henry VI., 1443, and was buried with
+Margaret his wife in St. Benet's church, Paul's Wharf, London.
+
+He was succeeded by his son Sir John, Knight of the Shire for Kent, 27
+Henry VI., 1449, and Sheriff 33 Henry VI., 1455. He married Eleanor,
+daughter and coheiress of Sir Robert de Shottisbroke, knt., and sister
+to Margaret, Duchess of Somerset. There were two sons, John and
+William.
+
+Sir William, second son, was Sheriff of Kent 7 Edward IV., 1467, and I
+Henry VII., 1486, was appointed Constable of Queenborough Castle, the
+same year. He was twice married; by his first wife had one son, Sir
+Francis Cheney, who succeeded his father as Constable of Queenborough
+Castle, and died without issue; and by his second wife one son,
+Thomas, who became his uncle John's heir. (Hasted.)
+
+Sir John Cheney, the eldest son, of Shurland, is the subject of our
+narrative. He appears to be the first of this numerous and influential
+race that reached the honour of the peerage.[27]
+
+  [27] Sir William Cheney, Chief Justice of England, had summons to
+  Parliament among the barons of the realm,--4, 5 and 6 Henry VI.,
+  1426-8. (Hasted.) Query if the Sir William who died 1443. His
+  name does not appear among the extinct peerages. In the church of
+  "Saint Michaels Pater-noster in the old Royall," Weever notes the
+  following inscription:--"_Prey of yowr cherete for the souls of
+  Agnes Cheyney, wydow, late wyff vnto William Cheney, somtym
+  Esquyr for the Body vnto King Harry the seuenth. Whyche Agnes
+  dyed the fyfteenth day of July in the yere of our Lord God on
+  thowsand four hundred eyghty and seven. And for the souls of
+  William Cheyney, Robert Molyneux, and Robert Sheryngton her
+  husbands, and all Cristen souls._"
+
+We first hear of him in 1465, when he was one of the Commissioners
+sent to treat with the King of Denmark, accompanied by Dr. Goldwell,
+Dean of Salisbury. He is here called "_strenuus miles_," probably from
+his great stature and strength.
+
+In 1475, where he is termed Esquire of the King's body, with a retinue
+of seven men at arms, including himself, he accompanied the English
+army to Calais, in the expedition to France by Edward IV., when that
+king was first deceived and then out-manoeuvred by the Dukes of
+Brittany and Burgundy, and afterward bought off from all his martial
+intentions by the French king Louis XI., promising to pay him
+seventy-two thousand crowns down, and a yearly pension of fifty
+thousand crowns for life,--marry his son the Dauphin to Edward's
+daughter Elizabeth (afterward wife to Henry VII.), and a further sum
+of fifty thousand crowns as a ransom for the release of the widowed
+Queen Margaret. Louis, remembering Crecy and Agincourt, was
+exceedingly anxious to see the backs of the English turned on France,
+and besides all this money, or the promise of it, sent to Edward
+"three hundred waggon loads of wine," and further cartloads for the
+use of his army; and "at length the French king's fears vanished with
+the departure of the English, who went away extremely pleased with the
+French gold and wine, while the pensions assigned to Edward's
+principal courtiers amounted to sixteen thousand crowns a year."
+
+Among the "principal courtiers" who were recipients of this inglorious
+spoil, Sir John Cheney's name is given as one, and associated with him
+were Thomas Grey, Marquis of Dorset, William, Lord Hastings, his
+wife's father-in-law, the King's Chamberlain, and Dr. Thomas Morton,
+born at Bere-Regis, in Dorset,--then Master of the Rolls, and
+afterward Cardinal and Archbishop of Canterbury; all west-country
+names of great interest connected with our little annals. It was
+however stipulated by his French majesty, after seeing Edward, and
+swearing the treaty, that John, Lord Howard, and Sir John Cheney,
+Master of the Horse, should be left as hostages, until the King of
+England (after receiving the seventy-two thousand crowns) had passed
+the seas with his army. Edward, after receiving the money, embarked
+his forces with all expedition, and Howard and Cheney remained until
+his arrival in England, during which interval they were entertained
+"very nobly" by the French king.
+
+We do not find him further mentioned during the reign of Edward IV.,
+or the short rule of his unfortunate son, but soon after the
+usurpation of Richard III., he was among those who gave his adhesion
+to the Countess of Richmond (mother of Henry VII.) being won over to
+the interest of her son by her trusty envoy, Sir Reginald Braye, and
+with him was Sir Giles Daubeney, and other influential men.
+
+This being so, in due time, which occurred almost immediately, in 1483
+he joined in the movement--so unfortunate as it turned out--of Henry
+Stafford, Duke of Buckingham, and was associated with the Courtenays,
+the Marquis of Dorset, and others forming the western contingent,
+being in arms against the king, near Salisbury. On the dispersion of
+Buckingham's followers through the Severn inundation, Sir John Cheney
+and his companions made their escape safely across to France, where
+they joined the Earl of Richmond. His name was included in the
+Proclamation issued against the insurgent fugitives by Richard, with
+rewards offered therein proportionate to their station, on
+apprehension.
+
+It is probable Sir John remained with, or near Richmond, in France,
+until his final expedition to England, in which he doubtless
+accompanied him, and on landing, proceeded with the Earl's army on
+their march through Wales to Bosworth.[28]
+
+This memorable engagement which took place on the 22nd of August 1484,
+has been ably described by many pens, and its incidents, beyond those
+having reference directly to our story, need not be
+
+  [28] Among the "Knightes made at the landinge of Kinge Henry the
+  Seventh at Mylforde Haven," fourth on the list occurs Sir John
+  Cheney. His arms are thus given,--Quarterly 1 and 4, _Azure, six
+  lioncels rampant argent, a canton ermine; 2 and 3, Ermine, a chief
+  per pale indented or and gules, in the dexter side a rose of the
+  last_ (SHOTISBROOKE). Crest, _Two bull's horns argent, separated
+  from the scalp, roots or, "fixed to the mantels without torce_."
+  (Metcalfe's _Book of Knights_.) recapitulated here. Our hero has
+  special traditional fame connected with the fray, if not of the
+  most fortunate kind, as will be seen.
+
+In addition to the stream of deserters from his own army to that of
+his rivals, which met Richard's eyes on that eventful day, the
+defection of Lord Stanley, a misfortune of the first magnitude,
+assured Richard that no time was to be lost, if he hoped to save his
+crown. So, gathering a muster of as many as remained true to him, he
+made a direct and magnificent charge into the centre of his foes'
+line, striving gallantly to recover his fortune. Leading them in
+person, he fought his way directly to his adversary's standard, and
+"in his furie he manfully overthrew Sir William Brandon, the Earle's
+Standard-bearer, and Sir John Cheney, both men of mightie force and
+knowne valiancie," and he nearly reached Richmond himself. Hollingshed
+thus describes it,--
+
+   "King Richard set on so sharplie at the first brunt, that he
+   ouerthrew the Erles standard, and slue Sir William Brandon, his
+   standard bearer, (which was father to Sir Charles Brandon by King
+   Henrie the eight created Duke of Suffolk,) and matched hand to
+   hand with Sir John Cheinie, a man of great force and strength,
+   which would haue resisted him, but the said John was by him
+   manfullie ouerthrowen. And so he making open passage by dint of
+   sword as he went forward, the Earle of Richmond withstood his
+   violence, and kept him at the sword's point without aduantage,
+   longer than either his companions thought or judged, which being
+   almost in despair of victorie, were suddenly recomforted by Sir
+   William Stanlie, which came to his soccour with three thousand
+   tall men. At which verie instant King Richard's men were driven
+   back and fled, and he himself manfullie fighting in the middle of
+   his enemies was slaine."
+
+The old chronicler, as a matter of course, pays Richmond the
+compliment of his "keeping him at the sword's point without
+advantage," but other accounts relate that the Earl was in no hurry to
+cross weapons with his redoubtable and now desperate antagonist, and
+was doubtless greatly "recomforted" at Stanley's opportune defection,
+with his "soccour of three thousand tall men."
+
+That Richmond had a narrow escape is evident, Sir William Brandon his
+Standard-Bearer, was killed, and Sir John Cheney, giant in stature as
+he was, was unhorsed--"manfully overthrown"--by the comparatively
+diminutive, deformed King himself. Then a swarm of assailants closed
+round Richard, and he was hurled to the earth, and remorselessly
+despatched with many wounds.
+
+Whatever may be said of Richard as to the degrading characteristics of
+his previous career, one thing stands out in strong relief, his
+undoubted courage, which on this decisive occasion was of the highest
+order, and claims its full meed of admiration, especially considering
+the disadvantages of his person, and he closed his life with the fate
+of a hero.
+
+Simultaneously with Richard's death, if it was not its actual cause,
+Sir William Stanley following the example of his brother, just at that
+juncture crossed over with his forces to Richmond's side, which
+virtually decided the combat, and the battle was ended. The grateful
+Henry requited Stanley's inestimable service, thus so opportunely
+given, by putting him to death a few years later, on a very
+questionable and frivolous charge.
+
+The naked, bloody, dirt-begrimed corpse of the last King of the White
+Rose, having been picked out from amongst the slain, was thrown
+contemptuously over the back of a horse,--"like a calf,"--head hanging
+down on one side and legs on the other, behind a pursuivant of arms
+called _Blanc Sanglier_, being the officer called after Richard's own
+badge, the _White Boar_, or _Boar argent_, doubtless so done in
+derision, and sent off to Leicester, and the battered, blood-stained
+helmet-crown of the Plantagenet usurper was lifted from the mud and
+placed upon the head of the Tudor invader.
+
+But had fortune favoured Richard a little further, so that he could
+have got within weapon's length of his adversary, the untoward fate
+that befell him, may have been Richmond's instead, and a different
+chapter altogether substituted as to the future sovereignty of
+England.
+
+In common with the associates of conquerors, the adherents of the
+first Tudor king got their due proportion of rewards and honours at
+his hands, and Sir John Cheney was not forgotten.
+
+The first distinction he received was conferred a short time before
+Henry's coronation, which took place in October, 1485. Three of the
+king's highest adherents received patents of nobility, and twelve
+others were created Knights-Banneret; among these Sir John Cheney
+stood second on the list. He was also soon after created a Knight of
+the Garter, being the two hundred and thirty-seventh in the
+succession, and Dodsworth says, "it was on St. George's Day preceding
+the coronation, and that he sat at the first table in the right aisle
+of St. George's Hall, Windsor." At the end of the first Parliament,
+toward the end of the year, the king called him to his Privy Council.
+
+But the most considerable honour yet awaited him, which took place in
+1487, when by writ of summons dated the first of September in that
+year he was raised to the dignity of a Baron, and summoned to
+Parliament as such from that period to the 14 October, 1495. He held
+the office also of Royal Standard-Bearer to Henry VII.
+
+In 1487, John de la Pole, Earl of Lincoln, "a man of talents and
+enterprise, nephew to Edward IV., Richard III., and Margaret, widow of
+Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy," Henry's uncompromising and
+implacable enemy, accompanied by Francis, Viscount Lovel (who had been
+Lord Chamberlain to Richard III.) Fitz-Gerald, Earl of Kildare, the
+redoubtable Martin Swartz, with a large contingent of veteran Germans,
+and Irish, having crossed over from Ireland, landed on the fourth of
+June at Fourdrey in Furness in Lancashire. There they were joined by
+Sir Thomas Broughton, and the English adherents, and with this motley
+army was Lambert Simnel, and his tutor Richard Simons the Oxford
+priest; they marched into Yorkshire, and thence bent southward to
+Newark. Henry had assembled as numerous an army as he could muster and
+marched to Nottingham, but was not in sufficient force to give his
+antagonists battle. There he was reinforced by the Earl of Derby and a
+body of troops, and also by Talbot, Earl of Shrewsbury, Lord Strange,
+Sir John Cheney, "and other knights and gentlemen at least three
+score," bringing with them large additional forces. The king succeeded
+in occupying Newark before the Earl of Lincoln could reach it, and
+advanced to East-Stoke, about three miles south of Newark. Here the
+determined battle of Stoke took place on the sixteenth of June; the
+Germans fought with great determination, but the Earl's forces were
+totally routed and all their leaders, except Lord Lovel, slain,
+fighting to the last sword in hand.
+
+Lord Lovel is reported to have escaped, and his fate has been
+enshrined in a halo of romance. By some he is said to have been killed
+in the battle, by others "that he fled and swam over the Trent on
+horseback, but could not recover on account of the steepness of the
+bank, and so was drowned in the river." But there is also this
+remarkable story of his disappearance,--
+
+   "On the 6th of May, 1728, the present Duke of Rutland, related in
+   my hearing, that about twenty years there before, in 1708, upon
+   occasion of new laying a chimney, at Minster Lovel, there was
+   discovered a large vault or room under ground, in which was the
+   entire skeleton of a man, as having been sitting at a table,
+   which was before him, with a book, paper, pen, &c., &c., in
+   another part of the room lay a cap all much mouldered and
+   decayed. Which the family judged to be this Lord Lovel, whose
+   exit, has hitherto been so uncertain." (Banks.) While another
+   account adds, "that the clothing of the body, seemed to have been
+   rich; that it was seated in a chair, with a table and mass-book
+   before it; and also that, upon the admission of the air, the body
+   soon fell to dust." (Gough.)
+
+Previous to the battle another honour was conferred on him,--for among
+the "Banerettes made by the Kinge at the batell of Stoke besydes
+Newarke-upon-Trent the IX. day of June Anno Sec'do, whereof the first
+three wer made before the batell,"--the second name occurring is that
+of Sir John Cheney. (Metcalfe.)
+
+In 1488 Sir John "received orders with other persons in Hampshire to
+levy archers for the relief of Brittany then threatened by the
+French," and in 1492 appears to have accompanied Henry's grand
+expedition to France, the flotilla being under the command of Lord
+Willoughby de Broke, as Admiral of the Fleet, and with Lord Daubeney
+as one of the principal commanders and ambassadors.
+
+Here again money, and not the sword, decided the fortune of war, and
+it is curious, that one of the articles of this treaty of Etaples
+should be, that "the king of France (Charles VIII.) should pay the
+king of England the arrears of the yearly pension of fifty thousand
+crowns paid by Louis XI. to Edward IV., amounting in all to one
+hundred and twenty-five thousand crowns, which is twenty-five thousand
+pounds sterling."
+
+This was the payment of the old debt contracted by the French king in
+1475, to Edward IV., who was also to have the English king's daughter
+Elizabeth for his wife. Now, however, Henry was married to the lady
+instead, but he did not forget, when opportunity offered, to press for
+the arrears of the pension, due to her late father. Sir John Cheney
+was credited with getting a little plunder out of the first
+transaction in 1475, and it is probable that he did not come
+empty-handed out of this, the second, although he does not seem to
+have been one of the English ambassadors chosen to meet the astute
+Marshal d'Esquerdes.
+
+No further record appears of Lord Cheney's services, and he died
+without issue in 1496, when the title became extinct. He devised his
+estates to his nephew Sir Thomas Cheney, of Toddington, Bedfordshire.
+
+Lord Cheney "was the friend, if not the relation of Bishop Beauchamp,
+for he was appointed one of his executors, and was buried in the
+Chapel erected by that prelate, in Salisbury Cathedral" (Dodsworth).
+He now lies under the first arch from the choir, in the north aisle of
+the nave. The Chapel of this prelate as it appeared before its
+destruction by Wyatt is thus described in Sir R. C. Hoare's _Modern
+Wiltshire_,--
+
+   "The Beauchamp Chapel as a specimen of art, was in every respect
+   worthy of the builder of the Collegiate Chapel of St. George at
+   Windsor. It was larger than that of Lord Hungerford, and
+   displayed the elaborate and richly ornamented style of the age.
+   It was lighted by three windows to the south, with buttresses
+   between, and a large window at the east end, and was finished
+   with an embattled parapet. The remains of the prelate reposed
+   under a plain marble tomb in the centre, and in the wall on the
+   north side, separating it from the Lady Chapel, beneath canopies
+   of exquisite tabernacle work, were those of his father and
+   mother. An altar tomb in the south-west corner, surmounted also
+   with a florid canopy covered those of Sir John Cheyney, his
+   friend, and one of his executors. The Chapel was divided into two
+   compartments, by an arch, on which were the armorial bearings of
+   the Founder. Round the wall ran a cornice of delicately wrought
+   fan-work and foliage, and the ceiling of carved oak, assimilated
+   perfectly with the rest of the edifice."
+
+Some portions of this "delicately wrought fan-work" is still to be
+seen among the _debris_ of sculpture remaining in the cloisters.
+Bishop Beauchamp was younger son of Walter Beauchamp (younger son of
+John, Lord Beauchamp of Powyke), by Elizabeth, daughter of Sir John
+Roche, and brother to William Beauchamp, Lord St. Amand. He is
+supposed to have been the first Chancellor of the Order of the Garter,
+was consecrated Bishop of Salisbury in 1450, afterward translated to
+Hereford; and died 1481.
+
+The effigy of John, Lord Cheney, sculptured in alabaster, is of large
+size, and the costume is of most interesting military character. He
+appears clad in complete plate armour, with skirt and collar of mail,
+and armed with sword and miséricorde. The Garter is around the left
+leg, and he wears a large dependant collar of S.S., from which hangs,
+instead of the usual figure of St. George and the Dragon, an unique
+Tudor jewel, or badge, formed of a Portcullis, on which is
+super-imposed a Double Rose. Over the armour is the robe or mantle of
+the Order, fastened across the chest with cordon and tassels. On the
+left shoulder is embroidered the Garter. The head is bare, and the
+hair parted in the centre of the forehead, descends in large waves to
+the shoulders. The fingers and thumbs of both hands are adorned with
+rings, the feet rest on a lion, and behind the sole of the left foot
+is sculptured an oak leaf, on the right is apparently a scroll. Angels
+support the head.
+
+The structure on which the effigy reclines is composed probably of no
+portion of the original tomb. It partly consists of traceried panels
+of Purbeck marble, having shields in their centres, on which were
+formerly brasses.
+
+As has been observed, Lord Cheney was interred in the beautiful
+Chantry of his friend, Bishop Richard Beauchamp, which was situate on
+the north side of the Lady Chapel, opposite Lady Hungerford's. The
+Bishop, who died in 1481, was also buried within it, and according to
+Leland, with his father and mother on either side of him "in marble
+tumbes." Wyatt demolished the Chantry, and removed both Bishop and
+Knight to the nave, and during the confusion of the desecration, the
+Bishop's tomb appears to have been lost or mislaid, his bones now rest
+in some one else's, taken from one of the transepts, wherein no
+remains at all were found. The Knight's tomb, probably formed of
+Purbeck marble, was too far gone with decay to bear 'translation.'
+
+"In the last repairs," says Dodsworth, "the effigy (Sir J. Cheney's)
+was removed, and as the original tomb was totally decayed, the present
+base was formed from part of the ornaments that belonged to the
+Beauchamp Chapel. His skeleton was found entire, and justified the
+fame of his extraordinary stature and strength. The thigh bone
+measured above twenty-one inches, or near four inches longer than the
+natural size. These bones were enclosed in a box, and entrusted to the
+care of the writer, until the tomb was replaced, when they were
+deposited within, and the name of the deceased, with the date of the
+removal, inscribed on the cover." The act of a true and reverential
+man.
+
+The substituted tomb of Sir John Cheney's friend the Bishop, is on the
+other side of the nave.
+
+The arms of Cheney (of Shurland) are recorded as, _Argent, on a bend
+sable, three martlets or_, quartering, _Azure, five lioncels argent, a
+canton ermine_,--or according to another authority, _Azure, six
+lioncels, three, two, one, argent_ (SHURLAND). No arms are visible at
+Salisbury.
+
+At the death of Lord Cheney, his property devolved to his nephew and
+heir, Sir Thomas Cheney, son of his brother Sir William Cheney.
+
+The scene of our little history now shifts from the broad chalk downs
+of south Wilts, to the kindred chalk measures of south-west
+Bedfordshire, and for a short time intermediately to northern Kent,
+the original seat of the family of Cheney.
+
+Sir Thomas Cheney, nephew and heir of John, Lord Cheney, K.G., married
+first Frideswide, daughter and coheiress of Sir Thomas Frowyke, knt.,
+Chief Justice of the Court of Common Pleas. By her he had three
+daughters: Catherine married to Thomas Kemp, Esq., of Glendich, Kent;
+Frances, to Nicholas Crips, Esq., son and heir of Sir Henry Crips,
+knt.; Anne, to Sir John Perrot, knt.; and Margaret, to George Nevill,
+Lord Abergavenny. (Burke.)
+
+Secondly, he married Anne, daughter and coheiress of Sir John
+Broughton, knight, of Toddington, Bedfordshire, by his wife Mary
+daughter and heiress of Thomas Peyvre, lord of the manor of
+Toddington, by whom he acquired the estate. By her he had one son
+Henry (afterward Lord Cheney), his successor.
+
+Sir Thomas is described as having been "a person of great gallantry
+and note in the reign of Henry VIII., accompanied that monarch to the
+field of the Cloth of Gold, where he was one of the challengers
+against all gentlemen, who were to exercise feats of arms on horseback
+or on foot for thirty days."
+
+He was created by Henry VIII. Knight of the Garter, Warden of the
+Cinque Ports, and Treasurer of the Household. Upon the death of Edward
+VI., he espoused the interests of Queen Mary, and was called to the
+Privy Council by Queen Elizabeth in the first year of her reign, which
+same year he died, 1558-9, and was buried at Minster in Kent.
+
+Hasted (_History of Kent_) has the following notice of this Knight,--
+
+   "Sir Thomas Cheney was a man of great account in his time; 7
+   Henry VII., he was Sheriff of this county, and served in
+   Parliament for it 6 Edward VI., and 1, 2, and 5, Queen Mary. He
+   was elected a Knight of the Garter in the reign of Henry VIII.,
+   by whom he was appointed Constable of Queenborough Castle,
+   Governor of Rochester, Warden of the Five Ports, and Treasurer of
+   the Household, in which office he continued in the next reign of
+   K. Edward VI., of whose Privy Council he was one, and at his
+   death, espousing the cause of Queen Mary, he was again made
+   Warden of the Five Ports. Queen Elizabeth continued him Treasurer
+   of her Household, and made him of her Privy Council. He resided
+   at Shurland, the mansion of which he had new built, with great
+   hospitality and sumptuous housekeeping, till the time of his
+   death, which happened in the Tower on Dec. 8, in the first year
+   of that reign, and was buried with great pomp and magnificence in
+   a small chapel adjoining the parish church of Minster in the Isle
+   of Sheppey. He had been twice married, first to Fridwith,
+   daughter and heir of Sir Thomas Frowike, Lord Chief Justice of
+   England, by whom he had issue one son John, married to Margaret,
+   daughter of George Nevill, Lord Abergavenny, and three daughters
+   at length his coheirs, Katherine married to Sir Thomas Kempe,
+   knt., Frances to Nicholas Crispe, Esq., and Anne to Sir John
+   Perrott, knt. His second wife was Anne daughter and coheir of Sir
+   John Broughton of Toddington, in the county of Bedford, knt., by
+   whom he had an only son Henry, who became his heir.
+
+   "He was buried in great state in a chapel which had been the
+   Conventual church, adjoining to the north-east part of the parish
+   church of Minster, but his son Henry, Lord Cheney, having on 22
+   October, 1581, anno 24 Elizabeth, obtained a license to remove
+   the coffins and bones of his father and ancestors from thence, he
+   having sold the materials of the said chapel to Sir Humphrey
+   Gilbert, and placed them in the parish church, the coffin of his
+   father was, among others removed, and deposited in the north
+   chancel of it where a handsome monument was erected over him."
+
+Sir Henry Cheney, knt., his only son and heir, was of Toddington. He
+married Jane, daughter of Thomas Wentworth of Nettlested, Suffolk,
+created Baron Wentworth in 1529, and Lord Chamberlain of the Household
+to Edward VI.; by his wife Margaret, daughter of Sir Andrew Fortescue,
+knt.
+
+Sir Henry was created by Queen Elizabeth BARON CHENEY OF TODDINGTON,
+by Writ of Summons dated 6 May, 1572, and had summons to Parliament
+from 8 May, 1572, to 15 October, 1586.
+
+Hasted, speaking of this nobleman and his Kentish possessions,
+narrates,--
+
+   "Henry Cheney, Esqr., succeeded his father at Shurland, among his
+   other Estates in this County, and in the third year of Queen
+   Elizabeth he had livery of it with the rest of his inheritance;
+   in the fifth year of it, he kept his Shrievalty for this County
+   at his seat, in which year he was knighted, in the fourteenth
+   year of that reign he was created Lord Cheney of Toddington in
+   the County of Bedford. By his expensive method of living he
+   acquired the name of "_the extravagant Lord Cheney_," and before
+   his death had dissipated the great possessions which his father
+   had left him and died without issue 30 Elizabeth, anno 1587.
+   However, long before his death, having removed to Toddington,
+   where he had built a most magnificent seat, he exchanged the
+   manor and seat of Shurland, with other estates in the
+   neighbourhood of it, with the Queen, and the fee of it remained
+   in the hands of the Crown, till King James I., in his second year
+   granted it to Philip Herbert, younger brother of William, Earl of
+   Pembroke, who the next year was created Lord Herbert of Shurland,
+   and Earl of Montgomery. Sir Thomas Cheney--his father--seems to
+   have had some foreknowledge of his son's future extravagance, for
+   by his last will he devised his lands and manors to his son Henry
+   and the heirs of his body, remainder to Thomas Cheney of Woodley,
+   Esqr., and to the heirs male of his body, upon condition, that he
+   or they or any of them should not alien or discontinue.
+
+   "Henry, Lord Cheney was possessed of much land in this parish,
+   which with all the rest of his estates, through his profuse
+   manner of living he was obliged to alienate from time to time.
+
+   "The Cheneys bore for their arms, _Argent, on a bend sable, three
+   mullets or_, which coat on their marrying the heiress of
+   Shurland, they bore in the second place. But the Lord Cheney bore
+   his own coat in the first place, and that of Shurland second, and
+   afterwards those of Shottesbroke, Broughton, Beard, Foster,
+   Pevre, Loring, Beaple, Blaine, Manseck, Perrott, Hemgrave,
+   Stonham, Burgat, Barneck, Neame, Engaine, Dawbney, Denston, and
+   Wanston. For his supporters, _Two Thoyes vert, spotted gules and
+   or, collared and chained or_. Sir Thomas Cheney bore for his
+   crest, _on a wreath argent and vert, two horns of a bull argent
+   on the curled scalp or_;--but the Lord Cheney changed it to '_a
+   Thoye passant, collared with a ducal collar or_. Arms of
+   Shurland, _Azure, five lions rampant argent, a canton ermine_,
+   which arms are on the roof of the cloisters of Canterbury
+   Cathedral.'"
+
+Lord Cheney was one of the peers who sat on the trial of Mary, Queen
+of Scots. He died without issue in 1587, leaving the whole of his
+remaining property to his widow. He erected a magnificent seat at
+Toddington, concerning which Lysons adds,--
+
+   "Lord Cheney built a noble mansion at Toddington, about half a
+   mile from the church, of which nothing now remains but the
+   kitchen, which is remarkably spacious, having two fireplaces,
+   each twelve feet in width, and a few rooms fitted up as a farm
+   house. The greater part of the building was pulled down by the
+   Earl of Strafford about the year 1745. It appears by an antient
+   plan of the house (in 1802 on a fire-screen at the farm) that it
+   occupied four sides of a quadrangle, at each corner of which was
+   a turret; the north and south fronts were two hundred and ten
+   feet in length, the chapel was thirty feet by twenty-four, the
+   tennis court was sixty-five feet in length, and a marble gallery,
+   fifty-eight."
+
+Thus this fine edifice shared the fate of its predecessor erected by
+the Peyvres, from whom, through Broughton who married their heiress,
+Lord Cheney inherited the manor of Toddington, by marrying the heiress
+of Broughton.
+
+From the dismantled earthly home of the extinct Cheneys to the final
+one appointed for all, is but the natural sequence of this world's
+history of human life. The olden possessors of Toddington,
+successively Peyvre, Broughton, and Cheney, are all gathered together
+in death, in the south transept of the church. Of them, and the fate
+of their memorials, a few words.
+
+The Peyvres were an antient family, holding the manor of Toddington,
+as early as the reign of Henry III. Paulinus Peyvre, Steward of the
+Household to Henry III., was, says Lysons,--
+
+   "a man of mean origin, and when he went to Court, was not
+   possessed of two carucates of land; but by means lawful and
+   unlawful, (as Matthew Paris observes) acquired such wealth, that
+   he soon became possessed of five hundred carucates; a most
+   insatiable purchaser of lands (says the historian) and a most
+   incomparable builder. Not to speak of those in other places, his
+   house at Toddington was like a palace, with a chapel, chambers,
+   and other buildings, covered with lead, which raised the
+   admiration of all beholders. His workmen are said to have
+   received a hundred shillings, and more than ten marks for their
+   wages."
+
+So much for the grandeur of Paulinus Peyvre's mansion, and then the
+same authority significantly adds,--
+
+   "The site of this noble mansion is not known. Near the church at
+   Toddington is a mount called Conger Hill, which seems to have
+   been the keep of a castellated mansion, and there are
+   considerable earthworks near it. This might have been the site of
+   Sir Paulinus Peyvre's mansion. This favourite of fortune died in
+   1251."
+
+Thus perished the mansion of the Peyvres, and it is curious to
+reflect, a like fate awaited the noble building erected by their
+successors the Cheneys. It was Mary, daughter of Thomas Peyvre, sixth
+in descent from Sir Paulinus, that brought the property to her husband
+Sir John Broughton, and his daughter and coheir Anne to Sir Thomas
+Cheney.
+
+The Peyvres are buried in the south transept of Toddington church,
+which was antiently a Chantry, as there is a piscina in the south-east
+corner.
+
+Continuing his description, Lysons (writing in 1806) thus speaks of
+the then shameful condition of the transepts and monuments of this
+fine old church,--
+
+   "In the south transept are some antient monuments of the Peyvres
+   as appears by their arms: one of them was a crusader. In the same
+   transept are monuments of Anne, wife of Sir Thomas Cheney,
+   K.G.--1561,--Henry Lord Cheney, 1587,--and his widow, Jane Lady
+   Cheney, 1614. On each of these were the effigies of the deceased,
+   now much mutilated lying on the ground, mingled with the broken
+   ornaments of the tombs, and the dung of birds and bats. The north
+   transept which was the burial place of the Wentworths is not in a
+   much better condition. The costly monument of Henrietta, Lady
+   Wentworth, the Duke of Monmouth's mistress, who died in 1686, on
+   which her mother who survived her ten years, directed the large
+   sum of two thousand pounds to be expended, and another monument
+   which appears to have been no less costly in memory of Lady Maria
+   Wentworth, who died at the premature age of eighteen, in 1632,
+   are in a state little better than those of the Cheneys. The
+   windows of the aisle being without glass, and the roof much
+   decayed, they are daily receiving much injury, by being exposed,
+   to the ravages of the weather, and the depredations of children."
+
+Notwithstanding the damage the Cheney monuments have sustained through
+this miserable neglect (they were buried in the same transept) the
+interesting memorials of the Peyvres have not suffered quite so badly.
+There are three effigies to them, and the indents on some brassless
+stones in the floor. One figure is a crusader, he is considerably
+mutilated, was originally a very fine example, on his shield are
+sculptured the arms of Peyvre,--_On a chevron, three fleurs-de-lys_.
+Under monumental arches in the south wall are, singly, two
+well-preserved and most interesting effigies. The knight in chain and
+plate armour, with bascinet. He wears a rich baudrick, and his surcoat
+is embroidered with the arms of Peyvre. A lion is at his feet, and
+angels support the head, holding with one hand an inscribed label
+which passes across the neck of the effigy under the chin, an unusual
+arrangement. The lady is in long robes, with rich reticulated
+head-dress. These figures being sheltered by the arches over them,
+have not suffered so much by exposure to the weather as did the
+unprotected effigies of the Cheneys.
+
+It should be mentioned that the transepts have of late for a long
+period been roofed and restored, and the remains of the monuments
+carefully got together and looked after.
+
+Sir Thomas Cheney, K.G., who married Anne Broughton of Toddington,
+appears to have been buried as before mentioned in Minster church, in
+the Isle of Sheppey, Kent, where he held the manor of Shurland, as
+descendant of that family.
+
+In Minster church, says Weever,--
+
+   "I saw some antique monuments of the _Shurlands_, sometime lords
+   of the mannor of Shurland, hereunto adioyning: of whom the
+   inhabitants have many strange relations. Sir _Robert Shurland_
+   flourished in the raigne of King _Edward_ the first."
+
+He then gives the following inscription,--
+
+   HIC IACET DOMINUS THOMAS CHEYNE INCLITISSIMI ORDINIS GARTERIJ
+   MILES: GUARDIANUS QUINQUE PORTUUM, AC THESAURARIUS HOSPITIJ,
+   HENRICI OCTAVI, AC EDWARDI SEXTI, REGUM: REGINÆQUE MARIÆ, AC
+   ELIZABETHÆ, AC EORUM IN SECRETIS CONSILIARIUS, QUI OBIJT ...
+   MENSIS DECEMBRIS: ANN. DOM. M.D.LIX. AC REG. REGINÆ ELISAB.
+   PRIMO.
+
+and continues,--
+
+   "This Sir _Thomas Cheyne_ was also Constable of Queene-Borough
+   Castle, a strong fortresse in this Isle, pleasant for sight,
+   built by King _Edward_ the third; to the terrour of his enemies,
+   and solace of his people; unto which he adioyned a Burgh, and in
+   honour of _Philip_ the Queene his wife, called it Queene-Borough,
+   or as one would say the Queenes Burgh. This hath been an office
+   ever thought worthy of many great personages."
+
+Among these "great personages" three of the Cheneys followed each
+other as Constables,--Sir William, as thirteenth; Sir Francis, as
+fourteenth; and Sir Thomas aforesaid, as fifteenth, in their
+succession.
+
+The three effigies of the Cheneys in the south transept, formerly a
+Chantry of Toddington church, are ranged facing the east wall, on the
+site of the antient altar. The remaining portions of the tombs have
+been built together to the shape of the originals, as near as may be,
+and the mutilated figures laid on them.
+
+The first of the series from the south wall is Dame Anne Cheney, wife
+of Sir Thomas Cheney, K.G., buried at Minster, and daughter of Sir
+John Broughton. She survived her husband two years, and was buried at
+Toddington.
+
+The effigy, of white stone, is greatly denuded,--she wears a
+close-fitting cap, small ruff, long gown buttoned down in front,
+collar edged with fur, full sleeves puffed and slashed at the
+shoulders. The head rests on two embroidered cushions, the hands are
+raised in prayer.
+
+Underneath, on each side are three panels, in one is a crest,
+apparently _a squirrel sejant cracking a nut_ (BROUGHTON?)--the others
+have blank matrices of shields, surrounded by scroll-work. The brass
+shields which originally covered them are gone.
+
+Around the cornice of the tomb is this inscription,--
+
+   HERE LYETH DAME ANNE CHEYNE DAVGHTER AND HEYRE OF S^R. JOHN
+   BROVGHTON KNIGHT MARRYED TO S^R. THOMAS CHEYNE KNIGHT L^O. WARDEN
+   OF THE CINQ PORTES TREASOROR OF HER MAIESTIES HOVSHOLD OF THE
+   ORDER OF THE GARTER AND ONE OF HER MAIESTIES PRIVIE COVNSELL WHO
+   HAD BVT ONE ONLY CHYLDE THE SAME BEING THE LORD HENRY CHEYNE AND
+   SHE DYED THE 16 DAIE OF MAIE THE THYRD YEARE OF Q ELIZABETH HER
+   RAIGNE ANNO D'NI 1561.
+
+On the panel at the end of the tomb is an escutcheon with these
+arms,--Quarterly of fifteen:--1. _A chevron between three mullets_
+(BROUGHTON).--2. _Three moor's heads._--3. _A chevron between three
+bird-bolts._--4. _On a chevron, three fleurs-de-lys_ (PEYVRE).--5.
+_Quarterly, over all a bend._--6. _Quarterly per fess indented._--7.
+_A bend vaire between six escallops._--8. _A saltire engrailed._--9.
+_On a cross, five escallops._--10. _Paly of six._--11. _A
+barnacle._--12. _A fess dancetté between six cross-crosslets._--13. _A
+cross engrailed._--14. _Two lions passant guardant._--15. _On a
+chevron, a fleur-de-lys._
+
+The next tomb in the succession is that of Sir Henry Cheney, son of
+the foregoing, created Baron Cheney of Toddington, 6 May, 1572.[29]
+
+  [29] "SR HENRY CHEYNY, now LORDE CHEYNY, called by wrytte to the
+  Parlement holden at Westmr. anno ... (knighted by the Queen's own
+  hand 1563.) Arms, quarterly of seventeen:--1. _Azure, six
+  lioncels rampant, three and three, argent, a canton ermine_
+  (CHENEY).--2. _Ermine, on the dexter side of a chief, per pale
+  indented or and gules, a rose of the last._--3. _Argent, a
+  chevron between three mullets gules._--4. _Argent, three
+  blackamoors' faces sable._--5. _Sable, a chevron ermine, between
+  three bird-bolts argent._--6. _Argent, on a chevron gules, three
+  fleurs-de-lys or_ (PEYVRE).--7. _Quarterly argent and gules, a
+  bend of the second._--8. _Quarterly per fess indented or and
+  azure._--9. _Gules, a bend vaire, between six escallops or._--10.
+  _Sable, a saltire engrailed argent._--11. _Argent, on a cross
+  azure, five escallops or._--12. _Barry of six argent and
+  sable._--13. _Argent, a horse-barnacle sable._--14. _Gules, a
+  fess dancetté between six cross-crosslets or._--15. _Or, a cross
+  engrailed vert._-16. _Azure, two lions passant guardant in pale
+  or._--17. _Argent, on a chevron sable, a fleur-de-lys of the
+  field._ CREST:--_An heraldic tiger statant vert bezanté, ducally
+  gorged and lined or._" (METCALFE'S _Book of Knights_.)
+
+This tomb and effigy is by far the most mutilated of the three. The
+portion of the tomb immediately under the figure appears to have had
+originally the form of a sarcophagus, with ornamented panels probably
+below.
+
+Of the effigy only the upper part remains, and this is very much
+denuded and weather-worn. The material used is alabaster, and from the
+few traces left of the more sheltered portions, was originally of very
+beautiful workmanship, heightened with gold. He was clad in armour,
+embroidered trunk-hose, and with collar turned out over the
+_mentonnière_; the head bare, with curled hair and beard, and the
+hands raised in prayer. He lies on a mattress, rolled up under the
+head, which rests on an embroidered cushion laid upon it.
+
+It is grievous to witness the maltreatment and neglect this fine
+memorial has received, and no trace of inscription or heraldry
+remains.
+
+The third is the tomb of his wife, Dame Jane Cheney; this is in much
+the same condition as the first in the series.
+
+The effigy, of alabaster, is headless and much weather-worn. She wears
+a robe with tippet edged with fur, long gown and waistband. The head
+rested on two embroidered cushions. The figure was of fine
+workmanship, similar in character to her husband's.
+
+The tomb below has panels with arabesques, and in their centres
+shields, originally covered with brasses. On the end panel, under the
+head, is this inscription,--
+
+   HERE LYETH D^A. JANE LATE WIFE OF S^R. HENRIE CHEYNE KNIGHT L^O.
+   CHEYNE OF TODINGTON AND ELDEST DAVGHTER OF S^R. THOMAS WENTWORTH
+   KNIGHT L^O. WENTWORTH AND LORD CHAMBERLAINE TO KING EDWARD THE
+   SIXT WHO DECEASED THE 16 DAIE OF APRIL A^O. D^O. 1614.
+
+     HERE LIES MY BODIE IN CORRVPTIONS BED,
+     MY SOVLE BY FAITH AND HOPE TO HEAVEN IS LED,
+     IMPRISONED BY LIFE, DEATH SET ME FREE,
+     THEN WELCOME DEATH, STEP TO ÆTERNITY.
+
+Before we quit the sacred precincts of the old edifice, our steps take
+us to the chancel, and in scanning the memorials around, are arrested
+awhile by the record of an interesting but sad episode of home life,
+occurring during the last days of the residence of the Cheneys in
+their grand home at Toddington. A small tablet on the south side of
+the altar,--despoiled apparently, like the tombs in the transept, of
+its ornamental accessories,--still speaks to us this tribute of
+sisterly affection,--
+
+   IN MEMORIAM FRATRIS POSUIT-SOROR ALISIA BRVS
+                   AMORIS ERGO.
+
+   GYLIS BRVSE ESQR YONGEST SON'E TO S^R. JOHN BRVSE OF WENHAM IN
+   SUFF' KNYGHT WHO COM'INGE TO TODDYNGTO' TO VISYTE HIS SYSTER
+   ALICE BRVSE THEN ATTENDING ON YE RIGHT HO' YE LADYE CHEYNE THERE
+   DYED YE 13 OF MARCH 1595 AND WAS BY HIS SAYDE SYSTER HERE
+   INTOMBED YE 14 OF MARCH REGNO REGINÆ ELIZAB: 38 ÆTATIS SUÆ 33.
+
+As our stranger-foot turns to depart, the suggestive reflection
+crosses the thoughts concerning the untoward fate of the vanished
+Cheneys,--their name extinct, their sumptuous habitation razed to the
+ground, and their costly memorials also subjected to almost
+unparalleled indignity, neglect, and injury, short of actual
+destruction,--can the well-worn but true adage, _sic transit gloria
+mundi_, ever have received ampler verification?
+
+But why should such striking collapse of this world's artificial
+grandeur sadden the mind that rejoices in the unobtrusive station, and
+simple unenvied delights--ever the best--of every-day life? In truth
+it does not; as we pass out into the pleasant daylight, the olden
+opulence and state of the departed Cheneys fades into the past as a
+dream, for a much more healthful sight is before us. To-day is the
+little rural town's holiday, and its inhabitants are enjoying
+themselves with unrestrained pleasure, while the fine peal of bells in
+the tower is also adding melodious tribute to the passing hour. Their
+delightful cadence follows our retreating steps for a long distance,
+and as their sweet sound dies to the outward ear, our walk continues
+to be beguiled with this vagrant inward echo to their
+
+DISTANT CHIMES.
+
+     Of poets song, inspirer oft,--yet still
+       Many of thy sweet changes wait unsung,--
+     Differing as are the hearts thine echoes fill,
+       As various the thoughts then through them rung:--
+     Who may define these pleasures that arise
+       Within the soul by quickening spell set free?
+     As lief may hand essay to paint the skies,
+       Whose passing glories change eternally.
+
+     Is it because we know not whence they come,
+       And only feel the magic of their power?
+     Outside our ken, from some Elysian home,
+       Spring the delights that charm the passing hour;
+     And heaven itself, beyond thought's bounding line,
+     Lies pictured still as wishful hearts incline.
+
+Thus ends our visit to what was once the grand earthly home and
+possessions of '_the extravagant Lord Cheney_'--one more strange, but
+not altogether uncommon phase of human life. How many of these
+historic apparitions have crossed the path of our desultory wanderings
+over the west-country, flashing like meteors through the gloom of the
+past, when summoned by the wizard hand of research, and as quickly
+fading and disappearing when its sympathetic power is withdrawn. In
+the glance of their happier, or more fortunate, transitory radiance,
+may shine the pre-eminent glory of the crown, the mild lustre of the
+mitre, the bold glow of the rod of office, or brilliant flash of the
+sword; yet thickly interspersed albeit with the lurid gleam of the
+axe, and perchance, as to-day, with the pitiful, hasty flicker of the
+spendthrift.
+
+So do the glimpses of these noted actors on the passing stage of human
+existence, and the memories of their short but eventful careers, come
+back to us, with intensely interesting, because real power, alongside
+which the strongest flight of Romance is as a phantom. He who affects
+to contemn such investigations, and lives only in and for the
+present,--ignorant, careless, or indifferent as to the past, and bent
+on enjoying, as it is termed, the passing hour,--little wots of the
+care, the pain, and the strife, through which those who have gone
+before, have fought and toiled and suffered;--lives but half a life,
+in itself barren and ephemeral, as it is disassociated from all that
+has preceded it and built the foundations of that life up. Whether for
+good or for evil, matters not, the continuity of influence cannot be
+dissevered, for
+
+     "In to-day already walks to-morrow."
+
+From Toddington and our musing over his collateral descendants, our
+story finally leads us back to the giant Knight himself, and the
+solemn grandeur of Salisbury Cathedral. We take a final look at the
+armoured form of this son of Anak, and as we glance at the lines of
+recumbent forms,--ecclesiastics,--statesmen,--soldiers, and others,
+that held high place during their lives in the government of their
+native land, for the five or six eventful centuries, in which, through
+much contention, that government was slowly determining and
+settling,--the thought arises, how comprehensively this grand
+building, as a sheep-fold, whose door is the Gate of Death, hath
+silently and surely gathered together here these erstwhile great ones
+of the earth at last,--even all sorts and conditions of men,--the
+consecrated, the peaceful, the devoted, rest side by side with the
+ambitious, the restless, the proud,--
+
+     "They live with God, their homes are dust;
+         But here their children pray."
+
+To the passing wayfarer the glowing desires and anxious longings, that
+animated their lives, are now well-nigh forgotten or unknown, and have
+vanished in the past as a tale that is told,--"in the sight of the
+unwise they seemed to die, but they are in peace," even the peace that
+passeth all understanding.
+
+BOSWORTH FIELD.
+
+     But one chance left--'mid these misfortunes vast,
+       Looming like avalanche upon their prey,--
+     "Treason!" he cried, "the White Rose die is cast,"
+       And like an unchained eagle spurred away,--
+     "The fiery Dragon to the heart I'll wound,
+       And him that with it seeks to snatch my crown,--
+     Swift! follow me! see Brandon bites the ground,
+       The giant Cheney from his horse is down,--
+     Fortune attend! my steed, a few strides more,
+       And the Red Rose shall doubly-dyed appear--
+     Can I but reach him--steeped in its own gore,
+       Or Death, come thou as foe I never fear,--
+     Traitors make way!"--but they in vengeful ring
+     Closed, and 'neath blows relentless fell the King!
+
+  [Illustration: INDENT OF THE BRASS OF ARCHBISHOP STAFFORD.
+  CANTERBURY CATHEDRAL]
+
+
+
+
+"WITH THE SILVER HAND."
+
+
+A warm sunny morning in early May, and turning our steps from the
+thriving and somewhat busy town of Trowbridge,--a place which, like
+its quieter sister of Westbury, "stondith mostly by clothiers,"--its
+forest of smoking chimneys, garish town-hall, and tall spire,--our
+path inclines by the broad south-westerly road that leads to Frome and
+the parts adjacent. The walk is pleasant enough in its way, but
+without special incident to interest the wayfarer, beyond the ordinary
+pedestrian and vehicular motion of the hour.
+
+In this direction we continue for about a mile and a half, and having
+passed through the village of Studley, halt at a stile or gateway on
+our left, and looking across a meadow of some extent, discern,
+environed by orchards, the grey outline of a building, having the
+unmistakable time-worn appearance of survival from a former age,
+albeit not of large size, and flanked with clustering outbuildings,
+that betoken its present inmate to be engaged in the great primeval
+occupation.
+
+Instinctively--from a memory sympathetically stored--a reverie for the
+moment takes possession of the thoughts, as at the sight of the
+unpretending structure, a large picture passes rapidly before the
+mental eye, and with measured emphasis we observe,--a mother
+unknown,--a son the most famous,--their last descendant the most
+unfortunate!
+
+Why--friend of mine--say you, do we propound this enigmatic commentary
+as we view the old place? Gives it short clue to characters,
+presumably, once connected with it, whose lives have embodied striking
+phases of human existence, which whet the imagination to contemplate,
+and to divine with all its subtle ingenuity, incidents conformable to
+animate them?
+
+Listen. Yonder is Suthwyke;--there, back in the middle of the
+fourteenth century, a scion of the great family of Stafford of
+mediæval fame, found his way from the county that gave them their
+patronymic, and he, marrying the daughter of its then possessor,
+settled himself within it, and became its lord and master.
+
+Around its grey walls, so retiring and unpretentious, cluster
+traditions of the first importance, that lead us out into the great
+field of national history. From the first of this knightly race that
+then dwelled therein, by a mother unknown,--who may have been the
+comely daughter of some villain residing near,--issued a son, who,
+despite all the contumely of his birth, won the mitre of the adjoining
+See, rose to the supreme station of being the custodian of the
+nation's purse, the keeper of the conscience of its reigning King, and
+finally sat on the archiepiscopal throne of the realm, when the Church
+was in her best estate. Of his grandson, styled of this place, who,
+deputed to maintain the royal prerogative against plebeian agression,
+fell fighting under the fierce onslaught of Wat Tyler in distant Kent.
+Again, of his son, who rising high in the favour of his Sovereign, was
+by him dignified with a patent of nobility named after his heritage in
+this rural spot, with honours further increased; but who, meanly
+swerving by ingratitude and petty dudgeon, in the first service
+imposed on him by the monarch who had so recently honoured him,--to
+the confusion of his royal patron,--was by the same kingly hand, as
+suddenly and ignominiously extinguished, and with him perished also
+the name and race of the family, of which he was its last
+representative.
+
+So we deliver the solution to our parable, as we leisurely cross the
+broad meadow, but as we draw near the house, or Court as it is
+termed,--our foot is abruptly stayed by a comparatively
+invisible--until we are close on its edge--but decisive hindrance to
+nearer approach, and indicative at once of the olden character of the
+habitation, a deep and wide moat, still well supplied with water, that
+surrounds the area on which the house stands. But no mail-clad
+warrior, with glance of lance and pennon, salutes us, no wimpled lady
+passes like a shadow around the old gable corners,--all the signs of
+life visible are a bevy of ducks busily disporting themselves in the
+water below, and a group of calves on the opposite brink, thrusting
+their dappled faces through the bars of the fence, and calling lustily
+to their foster-mother, the dairy-maid, to bring them their accustomed
+meal.
+
+A short distance below, a friendly stone bridge reveals itself, which
+spans the chasm, and leads to a building,--that probably still
+perpetuates in form and size the antient gate-house,--with a large
+semi-circular-arched, and somewhat ornamented doorway, ghost of the
+original portal, with its attendant portcullis and drawbridge.
+
+We cross the bridge, but observe at a glance that it is doubtful if
+any traces of the dwelling of the Stafford dynasty, or their immediate
+successors, will be found in or upon it, and such proved to be the
+case. The building is of moderate size, bears the characteristics of
+having been erected early in the seventeenth century, and these
+distinguishing features, with the exception of the mullioned windows,
+a rather fine balustraded and newelled staircase, and the appearance
+of an old nail-studded door here and there,--have been nearly
+obliterated by adaptation to modern requirements. No dates were
+visible, two panels over the entrances may contain such, but they are
+carefully plastered over.
+
+Suthwyck--Suthwyk--Southwyke, now modernized to Southwick Court, is
+apparently built on the antient site, and probably very nearly
+represents the original size of the building. A domestic chapel was
+attached to the little mansion. This was situate a short distance from
+it, on the other side of the moat; it now forms the corner of the farm
+court, and was converted, about the year 1839, into a stable. No trace
+of ecclesiastical use is found within it, but a few of the old
+roof-timbers are discernible; the piscina, windows, &c., being
+doubtless removed when it underwent the process of conversion.
+
+"In Southwick, a tything of North-Bradley," says Canon Jackson,--
+
+   "two carucates of land belonged in 1274 to William de Greyville
+   or Greynville, who held under the Abbess of Romsey. About 1294,
+   his son Adam de Greynville, (there was a Justice in Eyre of his
+   name in 1267) attached to his house at Southwick Court a Chapel
+   dedicated to St. John the Baptist. By surrendering to the Rector
+   of Bradley, (at that time the Prebendary of Edington) a ground
+   called Alerleye, he obtained the right of presenting to his
+   Chapel a chantry priest, who in acknowledgment of fealty, was to
+   offer two pounds of wax in Bradley church, every year on the
+   anniversary of the Nativity of St. John the Baptist. In 1369 the
+   Bishop of Sarum (Robert de Wyvil) granted a license for Mass to
+   be said in the private mansion house of Southwick. This chaplain
+   in after times was always instituted to his office by the rectors
+   of Edington Monastery, to whom the church of Bradley then
+   belonged."
+
+At the dissolution of Chantries in the reign of Henry VIII.,
+Southwyke, Grenefreds (Grenvylles) Chantry, as it was called, was
+reported by the Commissioners "Baltazar Segytte, incumbent, with six
+pounds seven shillings a year. The plate weighed eight ounces one
+pennyweight, and the goods were valued at nine shillings, whilst eight
+and fourpence was allowed for a bell."
+
+Suthwyke Court, and manor passed by successive heiresses through the
+families of Greynville, Stafford, Cheney, and Willoughby. About 1483,
+during a temporary forfeiture, it was given by Richard III. to his
+favourite Ratcliffe; it was however restored, and about 1520 sold by
+Robert, second Lord Willoughby de Broke to Sir David Owen, a supposed
+son of Owen Tudor, who in his will, dated 1529, mentions this Manor
+and Chantry. It was afterward disposed of in parcels, but the Court,
+by descent, is now held by the old Wiltshire family of Long of
+Rood-Ashton.
+
+Of its former possessors, a few words.
+
+Sir John Stafford, knt., of Amelcote and Bromshull, Staffordshire, who
+was living in 1361, married as his second wife the Lady Margaret,
+daughter of Sir Ralph Stafford, K.G., and one of the original founders
+of that Order, second Baron Stafford, and who was subsequently raised
+to the Earldom 5 March, 1351, and died in 1372; by his wife Margaret,
+only daughter and heiress of Hugh de Audley, Baron Audley.[30] He had
+issue by this marriage a son and heir named Humphrey.
+
+  [30] "Here (Tunbridge, Kent,) sometime lay entombed the bodies of
+  _Hugh de Audley_, second son of _Nicholas_, Lord _Audley_ of
+  Heleigh Castle, in the county of Stafford, who was created Earle
+  of Gloucester by King _Edward_ the third. This _Hugh_ died 10
+  November 1347. His wife _Margaret_ (first married to _Pierce
+  Gaveston_ Earle of Cornwall) dyed before him in the yeare of our
+  Lord 1342, the 13 day of Aprill. They were both together
+  sumptuously entombed by _Margaret_ their daughter, the onely
+  heire of her parents, wife to _Ralph de Stafford_, Earle of
+  Stafford. The said _Ralph de Stafford_ and _Margaret_ his wife,
+  were here likewise entombed at the feet of their father and
+  mother, this Ralph by the marriage of his wife _Margaret_, writ
+  himself in his charters and deeds, Baron of Tunbridge. Hee died
+  31 August, 1372, _Margaret_ his wife dyed 7 September, 1349."
+  (WEEVER.)
+
+This son, Sir Humphrey, migrated into Wilts, and married first Alice,
+daughter and heir of John de Greynville, the then possessor of
+Suthwyke. By her he "acquired a large estate, viz., the manor, mansion
+house, and patronage of the Church of St. John Baptist thereto annexed
+of Suthwyke juxta Frome-Selwood, in the parish of North-Bradley,
+Wilts,--the manors and advowsons of Clutton and Farnburgh, Somerset,
+and the manor of Burmington, Warwick," and she was married to Sir
+Humphrey before 1365. Her father bore for his arms, _Argent, six
+lioncels rampant gules_. By her husband Sir Humphrey, she had a son
+Humphrey, who became her heir. Sir Humphrey married secondly,
+Elizabeth, second daughter of Sir William d'Aumarle of Woodbury,
+Devon, who died 15 November, 1362, and widow of Sir John Maltravers of
+Hooke, in Dorset, who died 15 June, 1386, and whose arms were, _Sable,
+a fret or_. She had no children by Sir Humphrey, but two daughters by
+her first husband; Maud, married first to Peter de la Mare, of
+Offelegh, Herts, who died about 1395, and secondly to Sir John Dinham,
+of Buckland-Dinham, Somerset, who died about 1428;[31] and Elizabeth,
+married to her second husband's only son. He was sheriff of Dorset and
+Somerset 12 Henry IV., 1411.
+
+  [31] Query, if the fine effigies of a knight and lady in
+  Kings-Carswell church in south Devon do not represent this Sir
+  John Dinham and his _first_ wife, Maud Maltravers. The Knight has
+  the arms of Dinham on his surcoat, and the shields on the tomb
+  below display Dinham impaling a _fret_ or _fretté_. There is
+  another interesting effigy of a lady in the same church, that may
+  possibly be intended for the _second_ wife of Sir John Dinham who
+  was a daughter of John, Lord Lovel.
+
+Elizabeth, the second wife of Sir Humphrey died the 15 Oct., 1413, and
+the knight himself survived her sixteen days only, dying on the 31
+Oct., 1413, and both were buried beside her first husband, Sir John
+Maltravers, in the Abbey Church of Abbotsbury. He was the first of his
+line that bore for his arms, _Or, a chevron gules within a bordure
+engrailed sable_.
+
+All the foregoing coats of arms including also D'Aumarle, _Per fess
+gules and azure, three crescents argent_, are found among the heraldic
+display on the tomb of their descendant the Lady Elizabeth
+Willoughby-Greville at Alcester.
+
+Sir Humphrey Stafford--only child of the foregoing--was of Suthwyke in
+right of his mother, and of Hooke, _jure uxoris_. He was surnamed
+"_with the Silver Hand_,"--a 'periphrasis' whose meaning has not been
+explained,--and married Elizabeth, the second daughter of his father's
+second wife, by her first husband Sir John Maltravers. By her he had
+three sons, Richard, John, and William, and one daughter Alice.
+
+  [Illustration: EFFIGY OF SIR JOHN DINHAM, KINGS-CARSWELL CHURCH,
+  DEVON. CIRCA 1428.]
+
+Sir Humphrey, having thus married the heiress of Maltravers, probably
+removed to Hooke, their antient seat, and made it his residence. Coker
+says of Hooke House, that "in foregoing ages the Cifrewasts, men of
+great antiquity and note dwelled there." Maltravers married
+Cifrewast's heir, and the old historian continues, "Humphry Stafford
+who married Maltravers' heir, was the great builder of it. This place
+hath since been much beholden to William Pawlitt, Marquis of
+Winchester, who augmented it with new buildings and often lived there,
+but his successors have not thought so well of it, wherefore it is
+like to run to decay." Paulet held it through his wife Elizabeth
+Willoughby, by inheritance from Cheney and Stafford.[32] Arms of
+Cifrewast of Hooke,--_Azure, three bars gemelles or_,--also found at
+Alcester.
+
+  [32] See page 33.
+
+Sir Humphrey died 27 May, 1442, his wife had pre-deceased him, dying
+about 1420, and both were buried in the Abbey Church of Abbotsbury, in
+the Chapel of St. Anne therein, which he had founded.
+
+Before proceeding further with this descent of Stafford, our little
+annals confront us with its most distinguished representative--albeit
+by a side issue--John Stafford, consecrated Bishop of Bath and Wells
+1425, Archbishop of Canterbury 1443, Lord Chancellor to Henry VI., and
+who died in 1452. Who were his parents, and where is his position in
+the family pedigree? The recognized 'authorities' on the subject
+describe him as being _another_ son of the first Sir Humphrey, and
+brother to him "_with the Silver Hand_." Yet no definite proof thereof
+has been forthcoming. His presumed father Sir Humphrey made his will
+at Hooke 5 April, 1413, with codicil dated 30 Oct., same year, but in
+it he does not even mention him. Yet Sir Humphrey's second wife
+Elizabeth Maltravers in a codicil to her's, dated 14 October, 1413,
+does refer to him by bequest, _Item, Magistro Johanni Stafford, &c._
+
+Sir Humphrey Stafford also, the only son of Sir Humphrey (the
+Archbishop's presumed father), in his will dated 14 Dec., 1441,
+includes bequests to the future Archbishop, thus recorded,--
+
+   _"Item, do et lego Johanni fratri meo divinâ pietate Bathoniensis
+   et Wellensis episcopo, unum par de fflacons argenteis et
+   deauratis._
+
+   "_Item, eidem Episcopo unam ymaginem argenteam et deauratum
+   decollationis sancti Johannis Baptiste, ac unam magnam peciam de
+   Aras vocatam doser._"
+
+He also appoints the said bishop _his brother_, and William his son,
+with others to be his executors.
+
+An extraordinary confusion appears to have enveloped the statements of
+historians and antiquaries as to the pedigree of Stafford, and the
+Archbishop's origin; this however has of late been satisfactorily
+cleared up by the researches of an accomplished and accurate
+genealogist. He _was_ the son of the first Sir Humphrey, but not born
+within the legal pale of wedlock, and his mother's name was Emma,
+that she was subsequently admitted to the Sisterhood of the Priory of
+the Holy Trinity, Canterbury, of which her son the Archbishop was a
+Brother, but _who_ she was has not as yet been recovered. She died 5
+Sept., 1446, and was buried in a mortuary chapel in the north aisle of
+the parish church of North-Bradley, Wilts, in which Suthwyke is
+situated.
+
+   "As her son was elevated to the primacy in 1443 he is here (on
+   the gravestone) correctly described as Archbishop at the time of
+   his mother's death, which could not have been done had she died
+   in 1440. Considering that the archbishop raised this mortuary
+   chapel as a resting place for his mother's remains,--if not for
+   his own--in the church of the parish in which Suthwyke manor
+   house is situate, and that his father resided at Suthwyke until
+   the period of his marriage with his second wife, when he removed
+   to her dower house of Hoke in Dorsetshire, it is not unreasonable
+   to infer that the archbishop was born in the parish of
+   North-Bradley.
+
+   "As his mother survived Sir Humphry's last wife, who died in
+   1413,--only sixteen days before Sir Humphry--it is impossible the
+   archbishop's mother could have been Sir Humphry's wife, at the
+   time her son was born. His birth must be set as far back as 1387,
+   if not earlier, as in 1413 he was made LL.D. at Oxford, and in
+   the same year he was collated to the Prebendal stall of Barton in
+   the Cathedral church of Wells."[33]
+
+  [33] See a most able and comprehensive account of "_Stafford of
+  Suthwyke_," in _Notes and Queries for 1871_, by B. W. GREENFIELD,
+  ESQ., F.S.A., &c., from which we quote; and for other help kindly
+  afforded, we here gratefully acknowledge.
+
+The mortuary Chapel that the Archbishop erected to the memory of his
+mother, and to which doubtless he had her remains conveyed, and
+therein interred, occurs at the east end of the north aisle of
+North-Bradley church, and is of the width of the last bay of the
+arcade. It is of square form and projects with definite character from
+the church, to which it forms a kind of transept.
+
+The architecture is Perpendicular, and of rich character. The east
+window square-headed, of some height from the floor, shewing that
+there was an altar once below it, and a piscina occurs in the pier of
+the arch on the south side. The south window is of large size,
+bay-shaped, and extends to the roof, the side jambs are panelled with
+window-shaped tracery, and along the top is a string-course of
+quatrefoil panels with bosses, and these are repeated at the base over
+the tomb; here they have shields in the centre, but with no charges on
+them. The roof, in a good state of preservation, is a richly trussed
+one of oak, with deeply moulded transoms, again subdivided by smaller
+ones, the squares between ornamented with quatrefoils, having
+well-carved bosses in their centres, and others at the intersection of
+the trusses. On one nearest the chancel is the cross and crown of
+thorns,--on others the arms of Hungerford, the double rose, and some
+display, apparently representations of stags, a fox, man on horse, &c.
+
+The tomb of the Archbishop's mother is in the recess of the bay of the
+north window. It occupies its whole width and depth, and assumes the
+form of a plain solid bench rising some height from the ground, with
+no ornament of any kind. It is composed of white stone, as is also the
+gravestone, let in on the top, which appears to be of somewhat
+different kind, and of more friable character.
+
+  [Illustration: EMMA, MOTHER OF ARCHBISHOP STAFFORD.
+  NORTH-BRADLEY CHURCH, WILTSHIRE.--A.D. 1446.]
+
+On this gravestone the effigy of the mother of the Archbishop is
+incised, below her feet is a pedestal, and over her head a rich canopy
+supported on side buttresses. Although the lines of the figure are
+somewhat denuded, yet sufficient remains to shew she was clad in the
+ordinary costume of a lady of the period. On her head she wears a
+coverchief that depends to the shoulders, a wimple around her neck,
+and she is otherwise attired in long gown and robe over. The hands are
+raised in prayer, and at her feet is a dog, apparently a spaniel, from
+his dependant ears and clouded coat. The incised lines are filled with
+a black composition, as is also the inscription that forms a
+ledger-line around the stone,--
+
+   =Hic jacet d'na Emma mater Venerandissimi patris et domini D'ni
+   Joh'is Stafford dei gra' Cantuariensis Archiepi' que obiit quinto
+   die mensis Septembris anno d'ni Millesimo cccc^mo quadra's'mo
+   vi^o cuj' anime p'piciet' de' am'=
+
+On the outside, the Chapel is very noticeable, on account of its
+height and rich character as compared with the main fabric of the
+church. The corner buttresses have pinnacles at their stages, and the
+space below the north window is filled with quatrefoiled panels, and
+lozenges, traceried, with plain shields in their centres. A remarkable
+peculiarity is observable,--the carved ornamentation of the Chapel was
+never finished, the pinnacles on one buttress are completed, the
+crockets on the other only roughed out, and the cusps of the panel
+work above the tomb inside, still display the pencil marks of the
+intention of the carver, which his chisel never gave form to. The
+shields also are all perfectly plain and uncharged, and no trace of
+the armories of Stafford are at present visible anywhere on the
+Chapel, either within or without.
+
+When Aubrey visited the Chapel in 1669, he notes,--
+
+   "By the north aisle is a peculiar chappell of excellent worke,
+   the roof of wood curiously carved. I guesse the worke to be about
+   temp: Henry VI. about which time this kind of Gothique
+   architecture was at the height. This was as noble a Chapelle as
+   any in the county, now, in the windowe, like a great bay windowe
+   is only one scutcheon left entire; viz: Stafford,--_Or, a chevron
+   gules._ Another was quarterley, _now broken_: another thus
+   Stafford, imp: Beville. At the bottom thereof is a flatt
+   gravestone of freestone well worked, lineally with the figure of
+   a lady in a Gothique niche. In the limbe thereof this inscription
+   "=Hic jacet d'na Emma, &c=."
+
+The old antiquary gives the inscription fairly correct as it now is
+found, but at the end he adds these further words,--"=O Deus trina me
+John conserva ruina=,"--(_O triune God, save me, John, from
+perdition_). But such never could have existed on the face of the
+gravestone, as the inscription, without this addition completely fills
+the ledger-line around its edge. Probably he saw it in one of the
+windows. He then goes on to say,--
+
+   "In the limbe of the windowe are these fragments "=Emme matris
+   d... d'ni Joh'is Archiep...r...dicti=." In the top of this
+   windowe, and also of the other, in scrolls,--"=Gnothi seauton:
+   Nosce te ipsum.=" The other windowe is all broken, but the scrolls
+   aforesaid: only the picture of the archbishop, except his head,
+   remains, of curious painted glass, he in his formalities, with
+   pall, crozier, &c., in a cope of sky colour. In a limbe of this
+   windowe "=hujus capelle ... Archiepi Cantuar=." In the carved wood
+   work of the roofe are several little hunting figures, as of men
+   carrying a deer, shooting a deer in the wood. One scutcheon of
+   Hungerford in wood. This chapell is built outside the church, as
+   Hungerfords at Sarum, but the scutcheons of stone are not
+   charged."
+
+A review of the circumstances attending the origin and career of John
+Stafford, Archbishop of Canterbury, furnishes a subject of peculiar
+interest. Born, as we have observed, outside the legal pale, and as a
+consequence, subject to all its worldly disadvantages, this drawback
+appears to have found no hindrance to his advancement on the path of
+life, which ultimately led--short of sovereignty--to the highest
+station it had to offer. This result exhibits another striking
+instance of those marvellous careers, that have so often waited upon
+these natural children of mankind, who bearing down all obstacles in
+their way, and contemptuous of the goody-goody frowns and askant
+glances of their more piously-bred neighbours, by the force of their
+character, and the self-reliance engendered by what is termed
+misfortune of birth, have achieved the position of standing among the
+leaders and rulers of their race.
+
+Examined by the light of common sense, the cause of this innate
+distinction is perhaps not far to seek. In its highest and truest
+sense, such have received their being under the strongest impulses
+that animate the human heart, knit by the influence of attachment
+often so powerful, that no present consequence, or after consideration
+received at the time a moment's parley, and Nature in the result
+asserts the aristocracy of her lineage; whereof the life of the
+Archbishop is a notable example. Proscribed doubtless, then as now, by
+the social world from assuming equality with them, and unable
+therefore to pursue any of the usual worldly professions with equal
+chances of success, it is refreshing to find the highest human
+vocation, the office of the Christian minister, was at his
+acceptance,--the Church opened her door to the human waif,--who was
+destined afterward to become her chief pastor. From his presumed
+father--as usual--he received scant help, but five years before his
+death, Sir Humphrey bestowed on him a costless gift, by presenting the
+future Archbishop to the family living of Farnboro', in the diocese of
+Bath and Wells,--a See he afterward presided over.
+
+The close affection also that evidently existed between the Archbishop
+and his mother, cemented doubtless by the circumstances of his birth,
+and her consequent comparative isolation from society, is a delightful
+trait in his character; and it may be fully surmised caused him to
+take her to Canterbury, there to become a Sister of the religious
+house, of which fraternity he was a Brother, in order that she might
+be well cared for, and be near him, and where she probably passed the
+last twenty years of her life. She lived long enough to see her
+distinguished son ascend the Archiepiscopal throne, and as Lord
+Chancellor also to the reigning sovereign, King Henry VI., become at
+once the first citizen of his native land, both in Church and State; a
+remarkable privilege, that few mothers indeed,--no matter what
+distinction of birth or station they inherited,--have been destined to
+witness.
+
+At her death in 1446, the Archbishop had her body conveyed back to
+North-Bradley, of which place she presumably was a native, and where
+probably her son was born. There he deposited her remains in the
+mortuary chapel attached to the parish church he had specially built
+to receive them, under a tomb whereon he caused her form to be
+depicted, and surrounded it with the simple inscription that still
+remains to bear witness of his filial affection.
+
+It is noticeable that some intimacy must have sprung up between his
+father's family and himself, for although Sir Humphrey does not
+mention him in his will, yet his second wife Elizabeth D'Aumarle does
+so in hers. This intercourse probably ripened toward the end of his
+life, for his legally-born half-brother, Sir Humphrey "_with the
+Silver Hand_," who died ten years before the Archbishop, bequeaths him
+some silver plate, and constitutes him one of his executors. This
+acknowledgment would be quite in accordance with the ordinary ways
+of the world, Sir Humphrey doubtless properly felt that the honour
+of the friendship had now passed to the side of his presumed
+half-brother,--the stray off-shoot of the Stafford blood, had outgrown
+and overshadowed in position and fame, all the other branches of the
+family tree, and consequent on this, as a matter of course, his
+kinship was not disowned, and the Archbishop became the "_frater meo_"
+of the Knight "_with the Silver Hand_."
+
+But, strange irony of this world's remembrance,--in death, if not in
+life their memory was to be avenged,--not a fragment of a memorial,
+nor the trace of an inscription remains to any direct member of the
+influential family of Stafford of Suthwyke and Hooke. Eschewing the
+humble precincts of the churches of the parishes in which their homes
+in Wilts and Dorset were situate as a place of burial, they caused
+their dust to be carried many miles away to the grand Abbey Church of
+Abbotsbury, and deposited in a Chantry they had founded therein, with
+its attendant priest to supplicate unceasingly for the welfare of
+their souls. Not very long after the last member of their race was
+laid within it, ruthless hands razed the great fabric to the ground,
+when all the memorials to the dead it contained were destroyed, and
+with such completeness, that even the position of their sepulchres may
+not at present be discerned, so that now, the tomb of the mother of
+the Archbishop alone remains in these western parts, to bear indirect
+witness of their former existence.
+
+The Archbishop appears to have died at Maidstone on the sixth of July,
+1452, and was buried in the "Transept of the Martyrdom" in Canterbury
+Cathedral.
+
+He lies under an immense (Purbeck?) marble stone, perhaps the very
+largest in the cathedral, eleven feet five inches in length, by four
+feet six inches in breadth. On this was originally a magnificent
+brass, almost entirely filling the stone, but only the indent, now
+also much frayed, remains.
+
+The outline shews us the effigy of the Archbishop _in pontificalibus_,
+with mitre and pastoral staff. He stands under a rich canopy with
+pinnacles and finials, supported on long buttresses that extend down
+to the base of the composition. Below his feet there was evidently a
+square panel which probably contained the "confabulatorie epitaph"
+seen and copied by Weever. Around the edge of the stone is a
+ledger-line, that probably had the emblems of the Evangelists at the
+angles.
+
+The Archbishop's gravestone has shared the common fate accorded to all
+the brass-inlaid stones, that doubtless formerly thickly adorned the
+pavement of the cathedral, but of which not a single undespoiled
+example now remains.
+
+On a boss in the vaulting immediately above, are the prelate's arms,
+being those of the See of Canterbury, impaling, _Or, on a chevron
+gules, a mitre argent, within a bordure engrailed sable_ (STAFFORD OF
+SUTHWYKE, _with difference_).
+
+Weever,[34] thus speaks of the Archbishop.--
+
+  [34] Edition, 1631.
+
+   "Here (Canterbury Cathedral) lies interred in the Martyrdome an
+   Archbishop, very noble, and no lesse learned, one of the
+   honourable familie of the _Staffords_; sonne (saith the Catalogue
+   of Bishops) vnto the Earle of Stafford, but I finde no such thing
+   in all the Catalogues of Honour; a man much favoured by King
+   _Henry_ the fifth, who preferred him first to the Deanrie of
+   Wells, gave him a Prebend in the Church of Salisbury, and made
+   him one of his privie Councell, and in the end Treasurer of
+   England. And then although this renowned King was taken away by
+   vntimely death, ye hee still went forward in the way of
+   promotion, and obtained the Bishopricke of Bath and Welles, which
+   with great wisedome hee governed eighteene yeares, from whence he
+   was removed to this of Canterbury, in which he sate almost nine
+   yeares; and in the meanetime was made Lord Chancellour of
+   England, which office hee held eighteene years (which you shall
+   hardly finde any other man to have done) vntill wearie of so
+   painfull a place, he voluntarily resigned it over into the King's
+   hands. And about three yeares after that died at Maidstone July
+   6. _Ann_: 1452. Vpon a flat marble stone over him I find this
+   confabulatorie  Epitaph:--
+
+     =Quis fuit enuclees quem celas saxea moles?
+     Stafford Antistes fuerat dictusque Johannes.
+     Qua sedit sede marmor queso simul ede?
+     Pridem Bathonie. Regni totius et inde
+     Primas egregius. Pro presule funde precatus
+     Aureolam gratus huic det de Virgine natus.="
+
+Of the Archbishop's public career as Metropolitan and Lord Chancellor,
+this belongs rather to the province of national history, and is
+altogether too extensive for even short notice here, it has been amply
+treated by Dean Hook in his _Lives of the Archbishops of Canterbury_.
+Lord Campbell in his _Lives of the Chancellors_ thus speaks of
+Stafford in that capacity,--
+
+   "Having with great reputation taken the degree of Doctor of Civil
+   Law at Oxford, he practised for some time as an advocate in
+   Doctors Commons, when Chicheley, Archbishop of Canterbury
+   elevated him to be Dean of the Arches and obtained for him the
+   deanery of St. Martin, and a prebend in Lincoln Cathedral. He
+   then became a favourite of Henry V., who made him successively
+   Dean of Wells, Prebendary of Sarum, Keeper of the Privy Seal, and
+   Treasurer of England. He attached himself to the party of
+   Cardinal Beaufort, by whose interest in 1425, he was appointed
+   Bishop of Bath and Wells.
+
+  [Illustration: EFFIGIES OF WILLIAM, LORD BOTTREAUX, AND ELIZABETH
+  BEAUMONT, HIS WIFE.
+  NORTH CADBURY CH----]
+
+   "From the Close Roll we learn 'that the Lord Cardinal, Archbishop
+   Kempe, on 25 Feb. 1432, delivered up to the King, the gold and
+   silver seals, and the Duke of Gloucester immediately took them
+   and kept them till the fourth of March, on which day, he gave
+   them back to the King and they were delivered by his Majesty to
+   John Stafford, Bishop of Bath and Wells for the despatch of
+   business.'
+
+   "He filled the office of Chancellor till 1450 a longer period
+   than any one had before continuously held the Great Seal. This
+   took place on 31 Jany. 1450, the day the Parliament pursuant to
+   the last adjournment, when 'the Archbishop of Canterbury was
+   discharged from the office of Chancellor, and John Kempe,
+   Cardinal and Archbishop of York was put in his place.'
+
+   "He retired from politics and died at Maidstone, in Kent, on 6
+   July 1452. He was _pars negotiis neque supra_, one of those
+   sensible, moderate, plodding safe men, who are often much
+   relished by the leaders of political parties, as they can fill an
+   office not discreditably, without any danger of gaining too much
+   _éclat_, and with a certainty of continued subserviency."
+
+"Sensible--moderate--plodding--safe,"--words which may be condensed
+into, and construed to embody that most useful, homely, yet withal
+rarest, of all endowments,--common-sense--whose practice in the long
+run is of far greater value from its reliability, than the
+too-often-found instability and hazard of careers termed
+brilliant,--and ever forms a most desirable, if not a great character.
+
+To return to the descent of Stafford and the four children of Sir
+Humphrey "_with the Silver Hand_."
+
+Sir Richard Stafford the eldest son, married Maud daughter and heir of
+Richard Lovell, Esq., by Elizabeth daughter and coheir of Sir Guy de
+Briene, knt. By her he had one child only, a daughter, named Avice,
+ob. 3 June, 1457, "a great heiress," married as his second wife, to
+James Butler, fifth Earl of Ormonde, created Earl of Wiltshire and
+K.G. in 1449. He was also Lord Treasurer of England and a staunch
+adherent of the Red Rose, was taken prisoner after the battle of
+Towton, by Richard Salkeld, Esq., and beheaded at Newcastle 1 May,
+1461. Sir Richard died about 1427, his wife afterward married John
+Fitzalan, thirteenth Earl of Arundel, K.G., ob. 12 June, 1435, by whom
+she had a son Humphrey, fourteenth Earl. She died 19 May, 1436, and
+was buried with her first husband in the Chapel of St. Anne in the
+Abbey Church of Abbotsbury.
+
+Sir John Stafford, second son, married Anne daughter of William the
+third and last Lord Bottreaux, ob. 14 May, 1462, by his wife Elizabeth
+daughter of John, Lord Beaumont. By her he had one child only,
+Humphrey, who died in Scotland 6 Aug., 1461. Sir John died 5 Nov.,
+1427, and was buried with his kindred at Abbotsbury Abbey.
+
+The presumed tomb with effigies of Lord and Lady Bottreaux, the
+parents of Anne, is in the church of North-Cadbury, Somerset. Its
+original position was in the Founder's place, on the north side of the
+chancel, but it is now relegated to a corner of the tower at the west
+end. The knight is in complete plate armour, the lady in richly
+ornamented horned head-dress, and long robes. A canopy is over their
+heads. Lord Bottreaux married first Elizabeth, daughter of John, Lord
+Beaumont, she died about 37 Henry VI. (1459). By her he had two sons
+and two daughters. William, who died before 1434; Reginald, ob. 1420;
+Anne, married to Sir John Stafford; and Margaret, who died 7 Feb.,
+1478-9, eventually sole heiress to the large property and titles of
+Bottreaux and Mules, married to Robert, Lord Hungerford, ob. 14 May,
+1459. Lord Bottreaux married secondly Margaret daughter of Thomas,
+Lord Roos. He died seized of fifty manors, in the western counties,
+among them North-Cadbury, which they possessed through the heiress of
+Mules, and in that church (which they probably rebuilt), by his will
+he ordered himself to be buried. Reginald, the second son, and brother
+of Anne, was buried at Aller church, near Langport, which parish was
+part of the family property. On a flat stone formerly in the pavement
+of the chancel, but now set upright, on a ledger-line is incised the
+following inscription,--
+
+   =Hic jacet Roginaldus filius William dom' de Botreaux qui obiit
+   xxx die mensis Julii anno dom' m^o cccc xx=
+
+In the centre is a shield,--_A griffin rampant_ (BOTTREAUX), impaling
+_semée of fleurs-de-lys, a lion rampant_ (BEAUMONT).
+
+William Stafford, Esq., third son, was of Suthwyke; he married
+Katharine daughter of Sir John Chidiock, knt., by whom he had one son
+Humphrey, subsequently created Lord Stafford of Suthwyke and Earl of
+Devon. More with regard to him presently. William Stafford, together
+with his relative Sir Humphrey Stafford of Grafton, knt., Commander of
+the King's forces, were both killed in the encounter with Jack Cade
+and the Kentish insurgents (who came off victorious), at Sevenoaks, 18
+June, 1450. His wife married secondly Sir John Arundell of Lanherne,
+Cornwall, knt., ob. 12 Nov., 1473, and thirdly Sir Roger Lewkenor,
+knt., ob. 4 Aug., 1478. She died 10 April, 1479.
+
+Alice, their only daughter, married first her neighbour Sir Edmond
+Cheney, of Broke, Wilts, and by him had two daughters, Elizabeth and
+Anne.[35] Secondly she married Walter Tailboys of Newton-Kyme,
+Yorkshire, ob. 13 Apl., 1444; by him she had one daughter Alianore,
+married to Thomas Strangeways, Esq., by whom she had two sons Henry
+and Thomas, and one daughter Joan. Thomas Strangeways died in 1484,
+his wife Alianore 2 April, 1502, and both were buried in the Lady
+Chapel of the Abbey church of Abbotsbury.
+
+  [35] See page 5.
+
+Our thoughts now concentrate on the last--most greatly honoured, yet
+withal most unfortunate--representative of Stafford of Suthwyke, who
+rose to the highest dignity conferred on the family, but whose
+possession of the distinction was indeed short, and his life still
+more suddenly and disastrously extinguished.
+
+This was Humphrey, the only son of William Stafford of Suthwyke,
+killed at Sevenoaks in 1450. His cousin Humphrey, son of his uncle Sir
+John Stafford, dying in Scotland in 1461, he became the sole male heir
+left remaining. He was born about 1440, and appears to have identified
+himself with the cause of the White Rose, and to have been in much
+favour with Edward IV.
+
+Stafford is accused of having been ill-disposed toward the Courtenays,
+Earls of Devon, who were zealous adherents of the Red Rose; naturally
+so, for they were descendants of that branch of the royal blood, and
+with such devotion, that the three brothers, Thomas, Henry, and John,
+who were the last representatives of the elder descent of that
+illustrious house, lost their lives, either in the battlefield or on
+the scaffold, and their property by confiscation, in support of its
+claims. They were the sons of Thomas Courtenay, first of that name,
+Earl of Devon, who died 3 Feb., 1458, by his wife Margaret Beaufort,
+second daughter of John, Earl of Somerset, eldest son of John of
+Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster, by his third wife Katharine Swynford.
+
+A necessary digression respecting the Courtenays takes place here, as
+Stafford bears the sinister reputation of acquiring, by means not the
+most honourable, a large portion of their property and their title.
+
+Thomas Courtenay, Earl of Devon, the eldest of these brothers,
+fighting for the Red Rose, was made prisoner after the battle of
+Towton, 29 March, 1461, taken to York, attainted and beheaded by order
+of Edward IV., and all his property confiscated to the crown.
+
+He appears to have been one of the most lawless and unscrupulous men
+of that lawless era,--his father it was, who is said to have fought
+with Lord Bonville on Clyst-Heath, and himself, the son, the leader of
+the outrage and murder of poor old Radford the lawyer, at Poughill,
+near Crediton, so graphically described in one of the Paston letters,
+and which as a picture of the ferocity of the time will bear extract
+here,--
+
+   "Also y'r is gret varyance bytwene ye Erll of Devenshire and the
+   Lord Bonvyle as hath be many day and meche debat is like to growe
+   y'rby for on thursday at nyght last passed ye Erll of Denshyres
+   sone and heir come w't lx men of Armes to Radfords place in
+   Devenshire which was of counceil w't my Lord Bonvyle and they
+   sette an hous on fyer at Radfords gate and cryed and mad an noyse
+   as though they had be sorry for ye fyer, and by that cause
+   Radfords men set opyn ye gats and yede owt to se ye fyer and for
+   w't th'erll sone foreseid entred into ye place and intreted
+   Radford to come down of his chambre to spike w't' them p'myttyng
+   him that he shuld no bodyly harm have upon whiche p'mysse he come
+   down and spak w't ye said Erll sone.
+
+   "In ye mene tyme his menye robbe his chambre and ryfled his
+   hutches and trussed suyche as they coude gete to gydder and
+   caryed it away on his own hors.
+
+   "Thanne y'erll sone seid, Radford thou must come to my Lord my
+   Fadir, he seid he wold and bad oon of his men make redy his hors
+   to ride w't 'hene whiche answerd hym yt alle his hors wern take
+   awey, thanne he seid to y'erll sone s^r yo'r men have robbed my
+   chambre and thei have myn hors yt I may not ride w't you to my
+   Lord yo'r fadir, wherfor I p'y you lete me ride for I am old and
+   may not go.
+
+   "It was answerid hym ageyn yat he shuld walke forth w't them on
+   his feete and so he dede till he was a flyte shote or more from
+   his place and yanne he was ... softly for cawse he myght not go
+   fast and whanne yei were thus dep'ted he t'ned ... oon forw't
+   come ix men ageyn upon hym and smot hym in the hed and fellid ...
+   of then kyt his throte." (28 October 1455.)
+
+We fear the feud between Bonville and Courtenay, that began with the
+'valiant performance' on Clyst-Heath, was still raging, and it may be,
+the cause of poor old lawyer Radford's death, as it is mentioned he
+"_was of counceil w't my Lord Bonvyle_," which circumstance the
+Courtenays appear to have resented in this terrible manner. Six years
+afterward the edge of the axe fatally crossed the throat of "_ye said
+Erll's sone_," and leader of this outrage, at York.
+
+The place from which this free-booting party set out was Tiverton
+Castle, the family residence, where his father the Earl was then
+living. The castle and manor of Tiverton formed part of the Courtenay
+possessions afterward given by Edward IV. to Stafford.
+
+Henry Courtenay, the next brother, and Earl of Devon, for alleged
+complicity with Richard Nevill, Earl of Warwick, and his brothers,
+then exerting their influence for the restoration of Henry VI., was
+with Sir Thomas Hungerford of Farleigh Castle, seized, attainted of
+treason, and after a short trial before the King's Justices, both
+beheaded at Salisbury, 4 March, 1466.
+
+John Courtenay, the third and last of these brothers, fell fighting
+for the Red Rose at the battle of Tewkesbury, 4 May, 1471. In his
+death, that branch of the family became _extinct_ for the cause of the
+Red Rose, as their neighbours and relatives the Bonvilles suffered
+extermination, about the same time, and in a similar manner,
+contending for the White Rose.
+
+But the charge against Humphrey, Lord Stafford, chiefly related to his
+alleged antagonism to Henry Courtenay, the second of these brothers,
+who was executed at Salisbury, and whose death he is said to have
+'procured.' In those days of feud and intrigue, it is impossible to
+say what men may not have covertly done, to carry out their aims and
+designs, but it is to be hoped such was not really Stafford's conduct
+in this case, for if so, the signally sudden and similar retribution,
+that so soon afterward overtook him, was well deserved.
+
+But be that as it may, it is certain that a large portion of the
+confiscated possessions of the Courtenays, "the bulk of the estate,"
+about the time of the death of Henry Courtenay, was bestowed by Edward
+IV. on Stafford, and three years afterward, 7 May, 1469, he was raised
+by that monarch to the old and coveted title of Earl of Devon, and
+this while John Courtenay, the last of the three brothers, was still
+alive, as he perished at the battle of Tewkesbury two years afterward.
+
+But John Courtenay, the true heir to the distinguished title, lived
+long enough to see this pretender to it as ignominiously extinguished,
+and it is remarkable that this illustrious heirloom, although twice
+conferred on others, each attempt has proved futile to wrest it from
+the rightful owners.
+
+Sir Humphrey Stafford had been created BARON OF SUTHWYKE, first by
+Writ of Summons dated 21 July, 1461, afterward confirmed by patent
+dated 24 April, 1464, and, as we have observed, he was further
+advanced to the dignity of EARL OF DEVON, 7 May, 1469.
+
+Very soon after this honour was conferred on him, Edward despatched
+the Earl with eight hundred archers, to aid the Earl of Pembroke and
+his brother Sir Richard Herbert then in command of about seven
+thousand Welchmen, marching to give Sir John Coniers and the
+Lancastrians battle. The sequel cannot be better related than in the
+words of Cleaveland:--
+
+   "With these forces the Earl of Pembroke resolved to hinder the
+   rebels in their journey, and having notice that they took their
+   way by _Northampton_, he led the whole body of his army against
+   them, having given orders to Sir _Richard Herbert_ with two
+   thousand soldiers, to wheel about and charge the enemy in the
+   rear. Sir _John Coniers_ had so carefully strengthened the
+   rearward, that the _Welch_ were repulsed with loss, whereupon Sir
+   _Richard Herbert_ retired to his brother, and Sir _John Coniers_
+   diverted from his direct course to _London_, marched towards
+   _Warwick_, where the Duke of _Clarence_, and the Earl of
+   _Warwick_, had levied a mighty host. The Earl of _Pembroke_
+   followed him closely, expecting an opportunity of cutting off
+   some part of the enemy, as they marched disorderly, or to give
+   battle to the whole army: but while he was in this pursuit of
+   glory, a small difference between him and the Lord _Stafford_,
+   ruined the whole attempt; for he encamping at _Banbury_, a
+   question arose concerning an Inn, to which _Stafford_ pretended,
+   as having long used the house; but the Earl of _Pembroke_, in
+   regard of his preheminence as General, was resolved to lodge in
+   it. This so trivial distaste, (if there was no farther treason in
+   it) grew so high, that _Stafford_ withdrew himself and his
+   _English_ archers. The rebels, who soon had notice of this
+   unhappy discord, gave the Earl's camp the next morning a sudden
+   assault: the _Welch_ received the charge so stoutly, that they
+   took Sir _Henry Neville_, the leader; but, guilty of too much
+   barbarity, most cruelly slew him in cold blood, by which act they
+   raised so fierce a desire of revenge in the enemy, that the next
+   day they gave the Earl battle, and the fight was longe and cruel,
+   but at last the _Welchmen_ fled; in the battle five thousand of
+   the _Welch_ were slain, and, among the few prisoners the Earl of
+   _Pembroke_, and Sir _Richard Herbert_ were taken, whose heads
+   were soon after sacrificed to the ghost of _Neville_."
+
+Another account says this quarrel about the Inn was the result of a
+matter of love rather than war, that "a fair damsel was resident in
+the house, of whom both Earls became enamoured, and contrary to the
+arrangement entered into between them, the first in possession should
+remain so, the Earl of Devon was dispossessed by the Earl of Pembroke,
+which excited so much discord between them that, unmindful of his duty
+to his Sovereign, and the cause in which he was engaged, he departed
+with his power,"--and so, as a consequence thereon, the Earl of
+Pembroke and his brother lost their lives, together with five thousand
+soldiers, who perished on the plain of Danesmore, near Edgcote, about
+three miles from Banbury, 6 July, 1469.
+
+Treachery of this kind was not likely to be lightly passed over by
+Edward, justly angry at the defeat of his army, and ingratitude of the
+man he had so recently honoured. Orders were sent to the Sheriffs of
+Somerset and Devon to seize Stafford wherever they could find him, and
+put him to immediate death. The Earl had returned to Somerset, he was
+taken at the village of Brentmarsh, promptly conveyed to Bridgwater,
+and there at once beheaded in the market-place on the 17 Aug., 1469.
+His body was conveyed to Glastonbury, and buried under the south arch
+of the great tower, at the cross of the Abbey Church.
+
+He had made his will some years before, bearing date 3 September,
+1463, wherein he "_bequeathed his body to be buried in the Church of
+our Lady at Glastonbury, and appointed Mr. Michael Goss, and Mr.
+Watts, then Wardens of the Grey Friars in Exeter, should for the
+salvation of his soul, go to every parish church, in the counties of_
+_Dorset, Somerset, Wilts, Devon, and Cornwall, and say a sermon in
+every church, and town, and other. And because he could not recompense
+such whom he had offended, he desired them to forgive his poor soul,
+that it might not be in danger_" (Dugdale).
+
+So perished Humphrey Stafford, Earl of Devon, still quite a young man,
+for he could not have been more than thirty years of age,--"he
+enjoyed," continues Cleaveland, "but a little time that honour and
+estate which he got by procuring the death of its right owner, and he
+was in derision called _The Earl of three months standing and no
+more_."
+
+The Earl married Isabel daughter of Sir John Barry, knt.,--and after
+his death she remarried with Sir Thomas Bourchier, knt., fifth son of
+Henry Bourchier, second Earl of Ewe, and 30 June, 1461, created Earl
+of Essex, who was also Lord Treasurer of England, and who died in
+1483,--by his wife Isabel, daughter of Richard, Duke of York, and
+sister to King Edward IV., another strange conjunction, her thus
+marrying a nephew of the man who had so vindictively beheaded her
+first husband. But sentiment had little place in those days; ambition,
+station, and love of rule were the things sought after, all else seems
+to have been forgotten.
+
+Weever gives the following inscription as occurring in the church of
+Ware, Herts, where both herself and second husband appear to have been
+buried,--
+
+   =Hic iacet Thomas Bourchier miles filius Henrici comitis Essex; ac
+   Isabella uxor eius nuper comitissa Devon, filia et heres Johannis
+   Barry militis: qui obiit ... 1491 et Isabella ob. 1 die Marcij
+   1488, quorum animabus &c.=
+
+Whereon the old 'epitaphist' is induced to further moralize,--
+
+   "This _Isabell_, the daughter and heire of Sir _John Barry_,
+   knight, was, when the said _Thomas_ married her, the widow of
+   _Humfrey_ Lord _Stafford_, of Southwike, sonne of _William
+   Stafford_ of _Hooke_, Esquire, created Earle of Devon, by King
+   _Edward_ the fourth; to whom the King gave all honours, manors,
+   Castles, &c., which were _Thomas Courtneys_, the fourteenth Earle
+   of Devon: who neverthelesse, grew ingratefull to King _Edward_
+   his advancer, in revolting from him at the battaile of Banbury,
+   for which cowardise (hee being apprehended) was without processe
+   executed at Bridgewater, the seventeenth of August, _anno. 1469_,
+   having been Earle but three moneths."
+
+At his death the ill-gotten estates of the Courtenays that he
+possessed, were again forfeited, and Edward IV. gave a considerable
+portion of them to another eminent west-countryman John, Lord Dinham,
+and to other grantees, but the succession failed in nearly all the
+recipients, and Henry VII., in the first year of his reign, made void
+all these grants by Edward IV., and restored both the title and the
+estates to their rightful owners.
+
+Here, before we finally dismiss our thoughts on the signal catastrophe
+that ended the dynasty of Stafford of Suthwyke, we dwell awhile on the
+singular parallelism of characters and incidents that are presented to
+us in each of our little narratives relative to the distinguished but
+unfortunate house of Stafford.
+
+Both the prominent factors of our unpretending histories fell victims
+to the vengeance of the White Rose, the result of defection doubtless,
+though of differing kind. Each experienced the same unhappy fate,
+Humphrey Stafford, Earl of Devon, was sent to the scaffold at
+Bridgwater, by the peremptory mandate of Edward IV., Henry Stafford,
+Duke of Buckingham, suffered in similar summary manner at Salisbury,
+by the relentless order of Richard III.
+
+Two eminent ecclesiastics of the highest dignity are also associated
+with their relations. John Stafford, Archbishop of Canterbury, and
+Lord Chancellor to Henry VI., finds place in the one, and John Morton,
+Cardinal-Archbishop of Canterbury, and Lord Chancellor to Henry VII.,
+appears in the other.
+
+Both were west-countrymen also, having been born in neighbouring
+counties, the one at a village in north Wilts, the other in a little
+country town in central Dorset.
+
+Stafford saw the beginning of the internecine strife of the Roses, but
+was called away as their rival pretensions began to assert themselves,
+and the deadly conflict to thicken.
+
+Morton appeared at the conclusion of the disastrous quarrel, and it
+was reserved for him to put a stop to the deluge of blood that had
+been ruthlessly shed for so many years,--computed to have cost a
+hundred thousand lives,--decimating his native land, and by uniting
+and neutralizing the contending claims, bring it peace. A
+statesman-like mission of the first importance, and carried out with
+such consummate wisdom, that it has been aptly said, "he joined the
+Roses, that is, he brought about the union of the Houses of York and
+Lancaster, for that was his doing, and, so far as can now be seen,
+would not have been done but for him. He made the Tudor dynasty, and
+his name is buried under his own creation."
+
+So ends our little story,--such are the momentous issues, that fill
+the mind's eye, amid this rural quietness, as our steps make homeward.
+Evening is approaching, and leaving the interesting precincts of
+North-Bradley church, our path back to Trowbridge,--discerned afar by
+its hood of smoke,--leads through some pleasant meadows by way of
+Suthwyke. Here we halt for a moment to take a final look at the old
+place, and first home of Stafford in these parts. If deserted, one
+after another, by its antient possessors, it now appears shorn of the
+original dignity that man's transitory occupation once conferred upon
+it, and of which nothing but a memory remains, Nature, unchanging,
+still continues to adorn it with her charms, and specially so just at
+present, for the trees in the orchard that skirts the Court are in
+full bloom, some of them "white as a sheet with blooth" (as the old
+Saxon idiom of the west-country peasantry expressively describes it),
+and others loaded with clusters of variously expanded chalices of all
+shades of that inimitable pink, the which--for want of other
+satisfactory description,--we are content to call "apple-blossom."
+
+There, across the moat, lived the first Sir Humphrey,--this we
+know,--but what voice shall come back from the Past, and point us to
+the site of the cottage, wherein the future Archbishop--his presumed
+son--first saw the light? All is silent.
+
+Of the last resting-places of the Staffords of Suthwyke, greater
+certainty exists, and widely divided are they all in death.
+
+The two successive Sir Humphreys, their wives, and a stray descendant,
+sleep where stood a venerable monastic church, on the shores of the
+Atlantic, in southern Dorset; the unfortunate, headless Earl, lies in
+Glastonbury's great Abbey in central Somerset; but the record of their
+graves has perished with them. Not so the memorials that perpetuate
+the memories of the Archbishop's mother and her famous boy. She
+received honoured burial, presumably amid her native scenes, and, it
+may be, among her own kindred, here in this little sanctuary in north
+Wilts; but her distinguished son found sepulture far away in Kent, in
+the glorious cathedral, whose throne he filled, and among those whose
+names are entwined with the greatest traditions of the land, and
+within the precincts of its most sacred place, near where his
+canonized predecessor meekly met his death at the hands of savage men,
+and thenceforward named for all time as
+
+"THE TRANSEPT OF THE MARTYRDOM."
+
+     Stranger, who through these dim sepulchral aisles,
+       Strayest in silence 'mid the mighty dead,
+     Lo, History's tongue here Time's fleet ear beguiles,
+       Great memories rise at every footstep's tread;--
+     Entombed in peace, repose, life's tumult o'er,
+       Two famous prelates from the distant west,
+     One, Suthwyke's son,--though graven found no more,
+       Hear thou his erstwhile record, and request;--
+
+     "_Whose dust concealeth thou, O ponderous stone?
+       Marble declare;--John Stafford was his name;--
+     In whose seat sat he?--on the Primate's throne,
+       Illustrious there, from Bath with mitred fame:--
+     For Chief so great, pray, now from life laid down,
+     The Virgin born may grant him golden crown._"
+
+  [Illustration: BRASS OF SIR JOHN ARUNDELL, ST. COLUMB-MAJOR.]
+
+
+
+
+"THEY DID CAST HIM."
+
+
+A pleasantly representative English look has the irregular,
+disjointed, yet withal eminently picturesque little town of Tisbury,
+viewed from the acclivity of the railway station.
+
+On the one side a group of cottages, and fine trees planted high on
+the shoulder of the hill, shews well against the distant sky-line, and
+patches of houses--broken in their midst by the principal hostelry of
+the place, staringly obtrusive in the most modern brick and white,
+perched at the top of the straggling street that leads up to
+it,--carry the eye across to the further fringe of the elevation on
+the other side, where an ecclesiastical looking edifice, gabled and
+pinnacled, cuts into the ether and balances the picture.
+
+Low in the valley on the extreme right, some very old, and, evidently
+from this distance, unmistakably important buildings are gathered
+together, attesting the presence of the chief domicile of the place in
+days of yore, and still retaining much of their antient consequence
+with old gateway, great kitchen, and turreted chimney, and vast barn
+two hundred feet long, with roof arched and high as a cathedral,--the
+antient Grange, or Place, and country seat of the Abbess of
+Shaftesbury.
+
+Thus much for the mid-distance of the scene; an equally
+representative, and in some peculiarities unique fore-ground is at our
+feet.
+
+Centrally almost, comes the Church--large, substantial, and
+well-windowed--with a curious, but now-a-day unfortunately very
+common, half-antient half-modern look, exhibiting a low massive tower
+rising from its centre, capped with a pseudo-classic lantern, pierced
+with four large, circular, winking clock-face apertures. It stands in
+a well-kept churchyard, ornamented by some noble yew trees, and around
+two sides of it runs a road, skirted with low antient buildings,
+picturesquely gabled and chimnied, and dating from Tudor times.
+
+Immediately on the right of the church, and jostling, almost vulgarly
+invading the sacred precincts of the churchyard, which it adjoins,
+rises the obtrusive bulk of a huge brewery, with accompanying chimney
+stalk, as big as the church itself, and almost as venerable
+looking,[36] a pertinent illustration of the contiguity, so often
+sarcastically associated in one of our modern political cries.
+
+  [36] Of late it has been considerably rebuilt, and "dappered up"
+  as the Dorsetshire folk express it, to newness and smartness of
+  appearance.
+
+On the left of the church, but at further distance, and pleasantly
+situated on an acclivity, is an immense well-built union workhouse,
+larger than either.
+
+Strange company these, materially and metaphorically, and eminently
+characteristic of our modern civilization, the brewery and the
+workhouse, with the church between them, and suggestive of many
+thoughts;--of clamorous interest too even in this little town, in this
+passing hour, as announcements in large letters attest that meet the
+eye of the wayfaring man, tarrying here about.
+
+But leaving these present-day regions of noisy morality, and all
+"burning questions" akin, to other disciples, be the purpose of our
+quiet enjoyment to-day of a fairer and more gracious kind, as we note
+peradventure the career, and seek it may be the association and
+historic companionship of one who trod the troubled path of life in
+the past, and endeavour--however imperfectly--to brighten his memory
+for a season.
+
+A short leisurely stroll from the station leads us by the great shrine
+dedicated to the Bacchus of our modern Briton, and we halt in front of
+the gate opening to the path leading to the north porch of the large
+church immediately before us. But ere we enter, we pause to take a
+momentary glance at the long line of semi-ecclesiastical,
+almshouse-looking buildings with Tudor gables and high chimnies that
+skirt the opposite side of the road, and from one of which the civil
+custodian of the church, in response to our enquiries, emerges.
+
+From him we learn that the house he dwells in was probably antiently
+the Priest's dwelling, who was perhaps a monk appointed by the Abbess
+of Shaftesbury to whom a large part of the manor of Tisbury belonged,
+if not also the patronage of the benefice. In making some excavations
+behind it a few years since, the skeletons of several persons were
+found, on one skull the hair remained very perfect, but subsided to
+dust the instant it was uncovered, as if shrinking from the sacrilege
+of the intrusive eye and curiosity of the present. The building may
+also have been a Cell attached to Shaftesbury Abbey, and this spot the
+last resting-place of the solitary religious, once resident within it.
+
+The pavement of the path through the churchyard leading to the church
+is also strongly representative of modern destructive notions, and
+exhibits,--although it traverses what we should regard from its
+associations as sacred precincts,--a true example of the now-a-day
+"way of the world." It is floored with the older memorial stones of
+the departed that rest, now un-named, around, and the tear-wrought
+memories they were charged to perpetuate, callously trod under the
+foot of man, and in sure process of ruthless obliteration. "They are
+only very old stones," said our cicerone in answer to our
+protest,--"families all gone and no one to look after them,"--exactly
+so, thought we with a half-sigh mingling with the echo of the
+Ploughman's line, ringing a presaging knell over the fate of our
+possible memory, when, as here, some day and perhaps
+
+                       "--no distant date,
+     Stern Ruin's ploughshare drives elate,"
+
+and this outrage on the memories of the departed, not the _best_
+preparation altogether for entrance into the temple of Him, whose love
+knoweth no change, and whose remembrance faileth not for the children
+of men, more enduring than Job's yearning for graven words with iron
+pen in the rock for ever, or even as vigorous Toplady puts it in
+glorious anticipation,--
+
+     "My name from the palms of His hands,
+           Eternity will not erase."
+
+Inside, the church has a somewhat desolate look,[37] and no antient
+memorial catches the eye, except two small brass effigies of a
+Franklin or Merchant of Henry the Seventh's days, in long tunic with
+scrip buckled to his waist, and his wife with pointed head-dress and
+embroidered girdle, riven from their sepulchral stone and nailed to
+the wall; an early denizen it may be of the grand old domicile of
+Place. A noticeable and somewhat unique feature however must not be
+forgotten,--the cover of the font, pyramidal in shape, of oak panelled
+and crocketted, and richly gilded. There were formerly two screens
+across the transepts, but they have disappeared. There are fine roofs
+to the side aisles, on the bosses are the Sacred Names, and the date
+1595. A curious circumstance here may be mentioned, the tower has
+three times been struck by lightning, once in 1762, again in 1795, and
+also of late years,--and this doubtless accounts for the incongruous
+style of its lantern-shape upper storey.
+
+  [37] It has recently been considerably restored.
+
+But the chief historic association of the church, and what has led our
+wandering feet here to furnish a text to hang our little story on, is
+found in the chancel, though very little comparatively is to be seen
+there even, by the uninitiated as things at present are, to give
+direction to his thoughts.
+
+Tisbury tells of Arundell! Such is the first suggestive thought to him
+of the west-country that cometh to that little rural town, and
+specially in this chancel, beneath whose pavement the dust of the
+earlier members of one of its most distinguished descents is at rest.
+But the home-land of that antient race, so happily and allusively
+named after our gentle summer visitant,--the graceful-flighted
+"chimney-haunting" swallow,--is not here.
+
+Not on the boundless arid chalk plains, on whose rocky skirt the
+swallow of the west has with kindred instinct migrated, seek we his
+parent nest. In the dusky twilight of our national history we trace
+probably his earliest haunts, chronicled in the great accompt of the
+Norman Conqueror, as then holding considerable possessions amid the
+rich plains of Somerset and breezy uplands of Dorset. Then we hear of
+him nestling in a green combe in leafy Devon, and anon occupying a
+"coigne of 'vantage" on the southern fringe of tor-crested Dartmoor,
+and where his name still clings though its possessor has long since
+fled. From thence in the days of the earlier Plantagenet kings, he
+winged his flight across the deep-banked Tamar into far Cornubia,
+where the soft mists of the Atlantic and warm southern sunshine
+alternate, bathe the granite bastions that defend her valleys, and
+there finally settled Arundell, there built he his parent nest and
+reared his "procreant cradle," and thenceforward he and his for
+centuries flourished and multiplied in great honour and ample estate,
+until his name for power and influence was styled _the Great_, and it
+became a household word in the county of his adoption.
+
+But wealth and honour, not even when allied with teeming descendants
+scattered around and settled in divers descents seemingly to defend
+it, can perpetuate a race,
+
+     "There is no armour against fate,"
+
+and to the mutation and decay, impartially entailed on human destiny,
+both peer and peasant alike are equally doomed.
+
+So, in Cornwall, for centuries, the generations of Arundell succeeded
+each other at Lanherne and Trerice, the great twin stems of this noble
+stirpe, and spread and rooted themselves, in divers offshoots located
+near. But gradually that name, although surnamed _the Great_, and
+their descendants, one after another, dwindled away under the breath
+of Time, until its sound became an echo and a tradition only, in the
+regions of its olden home, and finally became extinct.
+
+In 1701, the _Great_ Arundell of Lanherne (from them the dormant
+Arundells beneath our feet were descended), last of his name of the
+elder house, died, and a distaff only followed him to his grave. She
+was wedded and the mother of a son,--but his name was not
+Arundell,--but on him his grandfather settled all his estates, and the
+heritage of his antient name.
+
+Again the succession was denied, daughters only were born to him, and
+distaff succeeded distaff. One of them sleeps below, presumably in
+life a happy and unique fate befell her, as by her marriage with Lord
+Arundell was united the two descents of Lanherne and Wardour, and her
+name will probably recur to our thoughts again before our little story
+ends.
+
+Seventy years--just a spell of human life--later, in 1773, the final
+representative of the almost equally distinguished descent of Trerice
+(they had been ennobled by Charles II. in 1664), John, fourth and last
+Baron Arundell of Trerice, passed to that bourne, from which no
+traveller, however distinguished, returns. It is curious that both he,
+and his noble wife--who was a sister of the Earl of Strafford and
+pre-deceased him--both found their sepulchre far eastward of their
+native home, and repose in the chancel of the church of
+Sturminster-Marshall in Dorset, not very far from this.
+
+But to return to Arundell of Tisbury--yet we must still digress for a
+time--and to this chancel, where, beginning three centuries ago, and
+descending from him of whom we propose to have something to say, lie
+the ashes of the ancestors of the green branch of this antient stock
+located not far off, still nobly upholding its olden name and fame,
+although in its earlier days it had to struggle fiercely through some
+of the direst vicissitudes that environ human life, to perpetuate its
+existence.
+
+To translate our thoughts, once more, for a short time to Cornwall,
+and recall the then representative of the Lanherne descent, Sir John
+Arundell, knt., a man great at the Courts of king Henry VII. and his
+bluff son Henry VIII. From both those monarchs he received
+distinguished marks of favour, being successively nominated a Knight
+of the Bath, a Knight of the Garter, and also for his valour at
+Térouenne and Tournay at the celebrated "battle of the Spurs" created
+a Knight-Banneret.
+
+He was well descended. On his father's side of the family escutcheon,
+among other venerable Cornish bearings, was displayed the blue field
+and _golden bend_ of the antient Carminow,--insignia for dignity
+rivalling the blazon of the distinguished Scrope,--and quartered also
+with it, there appeared, in happy alliance with the swallows of
+Arundell, the garland of kindred _martlets_ that fringe the shield of
+the olden race of Chidiock in Dorset. His well-born mother was a
+daughter of Sir John Dinham of Hartland, a noble Devonian name of that
+era, her brother, to whom she was coheir, being John, Lord Dinham, so
+created by king Edward IV., 28 February, 1466, also like her husband
+included within the circle of the Garter, and holding high office
+under Henry VII.; she could also claim the blood of illustrious
+Courtenays among her ancestors.
+
+Sir John Arundell by marriage allied himself with families of great
+influence, his first wife being the Lady Elizabeth, daughter of Thomas
+Grey, Lord Marquis of Dorset, step-son to Edward IV., and half-brother
+to the Queen of Henry VII.,--her mother being the last descendant and
+sole heiress to a great but unfortunate Devonshire name, Cicely
+Bonville. Secondly, he wedded Katharine, daughter of Sir Thomas
+Grenville, a knightly and warlike race of the first renown in north
+Cornwall, and sister of Jane, who was married to his kinsman the other
+Sir John Arundell of Trerice. His aunt, his father's sister Elizabeth,
+was married to Sir Giles, who was afterward created Lord Daubeney, and
+K.G.,--a man like himself of high rank at the Court of Henry VII.
+
+In 1506 he was appointed Receiver of the Duchy of Cornwall, a position
+of great honour and influence in his native county, and in 1509 the
+office was confirmed to him for life.
+
+Thus by birth, alliance, honours, appointments, and possessions, he
+seems to have been amply qualified to sustain the appellation bestowed
+on his ancestor, that of being designated _the Great Arundell of the
+West_.
+
+He died in 1544-5, and a superb brass exhibiting the effigies of
+himself and two wives, his children, and elaborate armorial insignia,
+still exists in the church of St. Columb Major, in Cornwall, but
+whether he was buried there, or in St. Mary Woolnoth in London, there
+is some doubt,--but the balance of testimony inclines toward St.
+Columb.[38]
+
+  [38] Refer to pages 67-8-9 for a further account of this knight,
+  and detailed description of his memorial brass.
+
+Take breath, friend of mine, after the shadow of this great and much
+honoured Tudor magnate has passed across the screen of the past, dimly
+lit by the illumination of your thoughts,--for a broad and striking
+glimpse follows in his wake, of what we are sometimes apt to term the
+"good old times" opens upon us, as we rapidly picture the chief events
+that characterized the days of Thomas Arundell his second son, and the
+first of Wardour, and glance at his companions at the Courts of Henry
+VIII. and Edward VI., together with those of his immediate descendants
+in the succeeding reigns of the two last Tudor sovereigns.
+
+If those eventful times were not "good" in the large acceptance of the
+term, there was a large infusion of stern unflinching reality within
+them. The influence of strong mental power meets us everywhere, men
+aspired to be men,--sons of Anak in their resolutions,--and the views
+they took and combated for, were to them no myths,--nor did the almost
+absolute certainty of the fate of the martyr's stake, the headsman's
+block, or the confiscator's hand, if the enterprise should fail, deter
+or daunt an inflexible and often relentless purpose, dictated perhaps
+by the call of religious sentiment, or animated by the promptings of
+high personal ambition alone, or cast it may be, in the mould of real
+or imaginary patriotic duty.
+
+Contrasted with such, our puny doings of the present offer suggestive
+difference to the life-poised movements carried out by the deep-souled
+resolves that sustained the doings of the men, who passed through the
+grim ordeal of the blood-gripped days of Wolsey and Somerset,--some
+episodes of which, occurring during the reign of Henry VIII. and his
+son the boy-king, we propose lightly to glance at,--when the
+'shapings' of the history of our native land lay in rather grander
+purpose than the now-a-day trivialities and companionship ravings of
+our modern political 'stump.'
+
+Sir John Arundell, of Lanherne, who died in 1545, by his first wife
+the Lady Elizabeth Grey, left two sons,--Sir John the elder, a country
+gentleman located at the old family seat of Lanherne, and Sir Thomas,
+ancestor of the Wardour descent, and the subject of our little story.
+
+Sir Thomas, born probably about 1500, was as a younger son sent early
+a-field to seek his fortune, and for that purpose introduced, it may
+be by his father, to the precincts of the Court of Henry VIII., where
+afterward he appears to have spent much of his time amid its
+phantasmagoria of pleasures and horrors, ecclesiastical, military, and
+civil.
+
+Beginning, if not exactly with actual attendance at the Court itself,
+but doubtless intended as a stepping-stone to it, we first hear of him
+as attached to the service of the next potential person of the realm,
+the subtle and ambitious Wolsey, in whose retinue he was appointed as
+one of the Gentlemen of the Privy Chamber to my Lord Legate and
+Cardinal, with whom he was on friendly terms, and who probably brought
+him into notice.
+
+The pompous semi-royal state in which this notable ecclesiastic lived
+and moved, even in that extravagant age, is almost incredible. His
+setting off to France on one of his diplomatic journeys is thus
+described,--
+
+   "Then marched he from his own house at Westminster, through all
+   London, over London Bridge, having before him a great number of
+   gentlemen, three in a rank, with velvet coats, and the most part
+   of them with chains of gold about their necks; and all his yeomen
+   followed him with noblemen's and gentlemen's servants, all in
+   orange tawny coats, with the cardinal's hat and T and C, for
+   Thomas Cardinal, embroidered upon all the coats, as well of his
+   own servants, as all the rest of the gentlemen's servants; and
+   his sumpter mules, which were twenty or more in number. And when
+   all his carriages and carts, and other of his train were passed
+   before, he rode like a Cardinal very sumptuously with the rest of
+   his train, on his own mule, with a spare mule and a spare horse
+   trapped in crimson following him. And before him he had his two
+   great crosses of silver, his two great pillars of silver, the
+   King's broad seal of England, and his Cardinal's hat, and a
+   gentleman carrying his cloak-bag, which was made of scarlet,
+   embroidered with gold. Thus passed he forth through London, and
+   every day on his journey he was thus furnished, having his
+   harbingers in every place before, which prepared lodgings for him
+   and his train."
+
+All this was not much beyond the state this proud churchman ordinarily
+assumed, and it leaves little room to wonder why Henry VIII. and
+Wolsey could not exist together, nor of church and state being
+straightway at issue, nor why not long afterward the knock of a
+heart-broken monk at the gate of the Abbey of Leicester was the knell
+of his own order in England.
+
+Wolsey passed out of his troubled existence in November, 1530, and in
+the year following, 1531, an event took place that at once placed Sir
+Thomas among the foremost men of that era, this was his marriage with
+a scion of the noble house of Norfolk,--Margaret, eldest daughter of
+Lord Edmund Howard.
+
+He was the third son of Thomas Howard, second Duke of Norfolk, K.G.,
+who died 21 May, 1524, by his first wife Elizabeth, daughter and
+coheir of Sir Frederick Tilney.
+
+Concerning this Duke a few words. "On May 13, 13 Henry VIII., 1521,"
+says Collins,--
+
+   "he performed the office of Lord High Steward on the trial of
+   Edward, Duke of Buckingham, and gave sentence of death on him,
+   whereat he was so much concerned, as to shed tears."
+
+Then he further continues,--
+
+   "In 14 Henry VIII. (the next year) he--the Duke--obtained a grant
+   in special tail, and to his son, Thomas, Earl of Surrey, of the
+   manors of Welles, Shyringham-Stafford, Bannyngham, Warham, and
+   Weveton in the County of Suffolk, with the advowsons of their
+   churches; part of the possessions of the before specified Edward,
+   Duke of Buckingham, attainted."
+
+This Duke of Buckingham was the son of the ill-fated personage of our
+little narrative, executed at Salisbury;[39]--he fell, it is related,
+like his father, by domestic treachery, and the enmity of Wolsey, on
+a most frivolous charge, and at his trial thus made answer to the
+"tears" of the Lord High Steward,--
+
+   "My Lord of Norfolk,--you have said as a traitor should be said
+   to; but I was never any. I nothing malign you, for what you have
+   done to me, but the eternal God forgive you my death. I shall
+   never sue to the king for life, though he be a gracious prince;
+   and more grace may come from him than I desire, and so I desire
+   you and all my fellows to pray for me."
+
+  [39] See page 111.
+
+Such is the recorded reply of the doomed, high-souled captive, to the
+"tears" of his fellow duke, and condemning judge; whose sincerity of
+grief on the occasion may be estimated by the subsequent fact of his
+soliciting for the gift of a large portion of the victim's possessions
+the year following. But the Dukes of Norfolk of those days appear to
+have been among the most unscrupulous men of that era. Then we learn
+with almost incredulous surprise that Thomas, the third Duke of
+Norfolk, and son of the Lord High Steward, who presided at
+Buckingham's trial, married the victim's daughter Elizabeth;--their
+son was the accomplished and ill-fated Earl of Surrey, beheaded
+twenty-five years afterward in the same reign, and on equally flimsy
+pretence.
+
+To resume. Lord Edmund Howard married Joyce, daughter of Sir Thomas
+Culpeper of Hollingbourne, Kent. He is described as being
+
+   "Marshal of the Horse, in the battle of Flodden-field, 5 Henry
+   VIII. when he, and his elder brother the Lord Thomas Howard
+   leading the van-guard, this Lord Edmund was in some distress,
+   through the singular valour of the Earls of Lennox and Argyle;
+   but the Lord Dacres coming to his succour with one Heron, the
+   fight was renewed and the Scots vanquished. In 12 Henry VIII., on
+   that famous interview which that King had with Francis I. of
+   France, where all feats of arms were performed between Ardres and
+   Guisnes for thirty days, he was one of the challengers on the
+   part of England."
+
+On the occasion of his marriage, and to give his son position
+befitting his rank as a country gentleman, his father, Sir John
+Arundell, settled on Sir Thomas and his wife, partly in jointure, a
+dozen or so manors in the Counties of Dorset and Somerset. In 1532,
+and again in 1533, he filled the office of Sheriff of Dorset.
+
+But it was the alliance itself with the influential family of Howard,
+destined immediately afterward to be so closely related to the crown
+itself, and in perilous nearness to the grim and capricious Henry,
+that must have given him considerable importance, advanced him to the
+front rank among the courtiers, and afforded him ample opportunity to
+promote his position and interests, both as to honours and wealth.
+
+These were not slow of arriving. In May, 1533, Henry VIII. was wedded
+to 'sweet' ill-fated Anne Boleyn. This brought Sir Thomas into his
+first direct relationship with that king, to whom, through his wife,
+he now stood in the position of cousin, the new Queen being the
+daughter of her aunt Elizabeth (sister of Lord Edmund Howard), wife of
+Sir Thomas Boleyn, K.G.--afterward created Viscount Rochford, and Earl
+of Wiltshire and Ormond.
+
+Our next glimpse of him is within the royal precincts, and being the
+recipient of an honour, amid the company of some of the most
+distinguished men at Court, on the occasion of the crowning of that
+unfortunate Queen. Among the "Knights of the Bathe, made at the
+coronation of the most excellent Princesse Queen Anne the 25 yere of
+the reign of Kinge Henry the Eight on Whitsonday the last day of May,
+1533; (when) shee was crown'd at Westminster,"--twelfth on the list
+occurs the name of Sir Thomas Arundell.
+
+Just three years afterward and on the 19th of the same month of May,
+1536, Queen Anne Boleyn was from the Tower, "a little before noon, led
+down to the green, where the young grass and the first daisies of
+summer were freshly bursting into sunshine. A single cannon stood
+loaded on the battlements, the motionless cannoneer was ready, with
+smoking linstock at his side; and when the crawling hand upon the dial
+of the great Tower clock touched the mid-day hour, the cannon would
+tell London that all was over. The Yeomen of the Guard were there, and
+a crowd of citizens; the Lord Mayor too, and the deputies of the
+guilds, and the sheriffs, and the aldermen; they were come to see a
+spectacle which England had never seen before,--a head which had worn
+the crown falling under the sword of the executioner."[40]
+
+  [40] Froude.
+
+But there was a much more interested listener for the fatal boom of
+that cannon than any heart-struck citizen of London, as we learn
+further, "An old tradition strongly depicts the impatience with which
+Henry expected her death. On the fatal morning he went to hunt in
+Epping Forest, and while he was at breakfast his attendants observed
+he was anxious and thoughtful. But at last they heard the report of a
+distant gun--a preconcerted signal. 'Ah! it is done,' cried he,
+starting up--'the business is done! Uncouple the dogs, and let us
+follow the sport.' In the evening he returned gaily from the chase,
+and on the following morning he married Anne's maid of honour, Jane
+Seymour, who on Whitsunday, the 29th, clad in royal habiliments
+appeared in public as Queen."[41]
+
+  [41] _Comprehensive History of England._ Macfarlane and Thompson.
+
+So perished poor Queen Anne Boleyn, niece to Sir Thomas. A fortnight
+or so before her death, on her arrival at the Tower, she agonizedly
+asked of Cromwell, "I pray you tell me where my Lord Rochford ys? and
+I told her I saw hym afore dyner in the Cort. O wher is my swete
+brother? I said I left hym at York Place: and so I dyd." Never to see
+him again--he was beheaded on Tower Hill two days previous to her own
+execution.
+
+This fresh marriage of the king with Jane Seymour, the sister of the
+man with whom Sir Thomas was eventually implicated and suffered,
+continues incidentally, pertinent interest to our little story. Queen
+Jane Seymour, although she escaped the wretched fate of her immediate
+predecessor and successor in the royal preference, fell a victim to an
+even more painful death, at the birth of her son, which took place 12
+October, 1537.
+
+At the ceremonial of the christening of the infant prince Sir Thomas
+was present, and also, as a matter of course, the child's uncle, Sir
+Edward Seymour (afterward Duke of Somerset and Lord Protector), on
+that occasion one of the most honoured guests. Little wot these men as
+they gazed on, and took part in the splendid ceremony, that those
+helpless, motherless, baby hands were destined at some future and not
+very distant day to sign their death warrants, which consigned them to
+the scaffold, and both for alleged participation in the same offence.
+
+Henry VIII. having become tired of, and also got divorced from Anne of
+Cleves, and Cromwell, the promoter of the distasteful marriage, having
+been summarily disposed of by the usual method of the axe, another
+event in the king's matrimonial projects was about to happen, which
+brought Sir Thomas into still closer relationship with him. Henry had
+this time set his eyes on Katharine Howard, a daughter of Lord Edmund
+Howard, cousin to the unfortunate Anne Boleyn, and sister to
+Elizabeth, wife of Sir Thomas Arundell. She was proclaimed Queen 8
+August, 1540, but the king had been privately married to her some time
+before. Thus the knight now stood in the double capacity of being by
+marriage both cousin and brother-in-law to his most august and cruelly
+inclined sovereign, by whom Sir Thomas was made 'Chancellor' to the
+new Queen.
+
+This relationship to Henry must have given him great influence, and as
+the spoliation of the Abbeys and Monastic institutions was then busily
+going forward, he would have good opportunity of advancing his suit,
+or claims for a portion of the large landed possessions of these
+institutions then being distributed with lavish hand. In this
+distribution Sir Thomas appears at different times to have acquired by
+grant and purchase a considerable share. Concerning this a short
+notice presently.
+
+Queen Katharine Howard at the time of her marriage with Henry could
+not have been more than twenty years of age. Two short years only
+passed by, and then a fearful charge of similar nature to that which
+had sent her hapless cousin to the block, was alleged against herself,
+and on the 13 February, 1542, after almost unexampled mental
+suffering, she perished in like manner on the Tower green. With her
+died also, and by the same means, Jane, Lady Rochford, the wife of
+Queen Anne Boleyn's brother George. All three of these headless women
+were laid side by side in the Tower Chapel.
+
+Thus was severed by like circumstances, in each case equally
+deplorable, the living tie that had connected Sir Thomas Arundell with
+his dread sovereign. He appears, however, to have been endowed with
+the rare faculty of keeping himself clear of the difficulties that
+would naturally arise amid such mournful conditions, and to have
+enjoyed apparently the friendship, if not the confidence of the grim
+king, and which does not appear to have been afterward disturbed. This
+was manifest by what followed.
+
+In 1541,--which must have been during the lifetime of Katharine
+Howard, and while she was Henry's Queen,--Sir Thomas purchased of the
+king for £761--14--10, the Manor and Grange of Tisbury, late the
+property of the Abbey of Shaftesbury, and advowson of the living, the
+manor and advowson of Dorrington in Wilts, and sundry other lands.
+
+In 1545,--this was also the year his father, Sir John Arundell,
+died,--King Henry VIII., by letters patent, granted to him a large
+number of manors, late the possessions of the Abbey of Shaftesbury, in
+the counties of Wilts, Dorset, and Somerset (including also probably
+the site of the Abbey), and other property in London.
+
+The Benedictine Abbey, or Nunnery of Shaftesbury, was one of the most
+antient religious foundations in the west of England, and existed
+probably before the time of King Alfred, who was a great benefactor,
+and one of its principal Founders, about A.D. 888. "It was first
+dedicated," says Hutchins,
+
+   "to the _Blessed Virgin Mary_, but it lost that name, at least
+   for several ages, upon the translation hither of the body of St.
+   Edward the Martyr, who was murdered at Corfe-Castle 18 March,
+   978, and first clandestinely buried at Wareham, whence, according
+   to Leland, he was next year, or as others on better grounds say,
+   three years afterwards removed to this abbey by Elpher, or
+   Alpher, duke of Mercia. This unfortunate king being esteemed a
+   martyr, and canonized a saint, his shrine was much resorted to by
+   superstitious pilgrims, and persons of all ranks and qualities,
+   and even by some of our kings, particularly Canute who died here.
+   On account of the burial of St. Edward, the abbey and the church
+   received their names from him; and the abbess was styled Abbess
+   of St. Edward, and the very town almost lost its old name, and
+   was called for some time _Burgus Sancti Edwardi_, and
+   _Edwardstowe_."
+
+Upwards of thirty abbesses from the foundation, presided over this
+important community, to its surrender by Elizabeth Zouch, its last
+Abbess, to the King Henry VIII., 23 March, 1539, when there were
+fifty-five nuns within it.
+
+   "It was one of the largest and best endowed nunneries in England,
+   except Syon in Middlesex, its revenues at the suppression being
+   estimated at between eleven and fourteen hundred pounds per
+   annum. This occasioned a proverb, mentioned by Fuller in his
+   _Church History_,--'That if the Abbot of Glastonbury might marry
+   the Abbess of Shaftesbury, their heir would have more land than
+   the King of England.' The abbess was of such quality, that she
+   was one of the four who held of the king by an entire barony, and
+   had by tenure privilege of being summoned to parliament, &c.,
+   though upon account of their sex it was omitted. They had writs
+   directed to them, to send their quota of soldiers into the field,
+   in proportion to their knight's fees. The three others were those
+   of Barking in Essex, St. Mary in Winchester, and Wilton."
+
+Thus much for the Abbess, her wealth, importance and high station; the
+buildings of the Abbey, and Abbey church, appear to have been of
+commensurate grandeur, but, continues Hutchins,--
+
+   "There now remain not the least vestiges of it. It seems to have
+   stood parallel with Holy Trinity churchyard, which anciently
+   belonged to it, at the east end of the abbey, on Park-Hill, as
+   appears by bones and coffins found there. It was the glory and
+   ornament of the town, the mother church, and almost the only
+   place of sepulture, there being but one ancient in any of the
+   present churches, which is in St. Peter's, and seems to have been
+   removed hence. It was a most magnificent building, if we may
+   judge from the traditions the townsmen retain of its largeness
+   and height, and from the spire, which Camden and others, derive
+   the name of the town. By its great height, and advantageous
+   situation on the top of the hill, it must have had a very fine
+   effect, and been seen over a great part of the counties of Dorset
+   and Somerset. It is greatly to be lamented it was not left
+   standing and made parochial, being so great an ornament to the
+   town and county.
+
+   "The arms of the Monastery were, _Azure, a cross between four
+   martlets or_,--Dr. Tanner in his _Notitia Monastica_ says they
+   were, _Azure, on a pale sable, cotised argent, three roses or_.
+   The former are in Wolveton house, and are those commonly given to
+   King Alfred."
+
+The fine buildings of the Abbey having been demolished, St. Peter's
+church in Shaftesbury appears to be the only building of any
+size,--and this not very large,--of antient date now left remaining,
+and is the "mother, principal and presentative" church of the place.
+Hutchins enumerates nearly a dozen little churches and numerous
+chantries that once had their station at Shaftesbury, clustering
+around the Monastery, the major portion of which seem now to have
+disappeared. St. Peter's is of late character, and very plain
+architectural detail, erected probably toward the end of the reign of
+Henry VII. The single ornamental portion is the cornice or frieze
+toward the street, temp. Henry VIII., on which appears the _double
+rose_, _portcullis_, _pomegranate_, arms of the See of Winchester,
+some other local coats, a merchant's mark, &c.
+
+Within, on the altar step, is the only monumental remembrance left of
+the Abbey, and apparently removed hither from it, a large blue stone,
+having in the centre a small brass plate, now almost obliterated, with
+this inscription as copied by Hutchins,--
+
+   =Sub isto saxo tumulat' corpus Steph'i Payne, armiger', fil' et
+   hered' Nichi' Payne, arm', quond' seneschali hujus monasterii,
+   gui obiit xiiij die mens' Decembris: Anno D'ni m.ccccc.viij:
+   cujus a'ie p'piciet' altissimus De'. Amen.=
+
+The indents of four shields, two at the top and two at the bottom of
+the stone, are visible.
+
+Stephen Payne held the office of Seneschal to the Abbess, which
+probably meant her Steward or Bailiff for the Abbey property. Of him,
+says Hutchins,--
+
+   "Here (Shaftesbury) was another freehold held 2 Henry VIII.,
+   1511, by Stephen Payne at his death; namely--seven messuages,
+   three gardens in Shaston, of the Abbess; forty acres of land in
+   Bellchalwel of the Earl of Northumberland; and seventy-eight
+   acres of land in the hundred of Alcester, of the Abbot of
+   Evesham, by rent of five shillings."
+
+In the chancel window are two escutcheons;--1. _Azure, a dolphin
+embowed_ or (FITZJAMES OF LEWSTON), impaling, _Bendy of eight or and
+azure, within a bordure of the first_ (NEWBURGH OF WINFRITH), the
+shield encircled by a riband, but the inscription destroyed.
+
+"The ancient family of Fitzjames," continues Hutchins,
+
+   "was formerly seated at Redlynch. Sir John Fitzjames, knt., son
+   of James Fitzjames, married Alice, daughter of John Newburgh of
+   East Lullworth, Esq., and was father to Sir John; Richard, bishop
+   successively of Rochester, Chichester and London; and Aldred,
+   ancestor of the Lewston line. The elder branch has been long
+   extinct, but produced many eminent men. Sir John Fitzjames was
+   lord chief justice of the king's bench thirteen years; died 30
+   Henry VIII., 1539."
+
+On the other are,--quarterly, 1 and 4, _Argent, a barrulet gules,
+between four bars gemelles wavy azure_; 2 and 3, _Argent, a chevron
+gules, between three castles sable_.
+
+Two further escutcheons display, one the emblem of the Trinity with
+customary legends, and the other--what is seldom seen in painted
+glass, being usually found sculptured on the frieze, or on the
+capitals of the pillars, at or over the entrance to chantry or
+chancel,--the imagery of
+
+THE FIVE WOUNDS.
+
+         Look at yon carven shield,
+         Above the chantry door,
+     No blazoned pride bedecks its field,
+         But emblems five sprent o'er.
+
+         There are His pierced feet,--
+         There are His mangled hands,--
+     And wounded heart,--whose latest beat
+         Ceased at love's sweet commands.
+
+         ="Fyve wellys"=--there symbolled trace,
+         Hushing this mortal strife,--
+     "=Of pitty, merci, comfort, gracy,
+         And everlastingh lyffe.="
+
+         The shepherd monk of old,
+         Well his vocation knew,
+     Set it o'er gateway of the fold,
+         That all his flock may view.
+
+         Ere ranged in order close,
+         They gathered round his board,
+     Signs of His sorrows, sufferings, woes,
+         With thankfulness adored.
+
+         Seen with unseen allied,--
+         Trusting their happy fate,
+     Should some day see them glorified,
+         Keystone of heaven's gate.
+
+         Wayfarer of to-day,
+         The same tale runs for thee,
+     As in the ages far away,
+         And for all time to be.
+
+As Sir Thomas Arundell did not get the royal grant until two years
+after the dissolution of the Abbey, it is probable the work of
+destruction on the fine building was considerably advanced, as but
+little time as a rule was allowed to elapse before the demolition
+commenced, anything that could be turned into money, such as the
+bells, lead, &c., sold, and the walls pulled down and carried away for
+building purposes.
+
+Respecting this we further learn from Hutchins,--
+
+   "Tradition says, that one Arundell, steward to the Earl of
+   Pembroke, in the beginning of Queen Elizabeth's reign, built a
+   large house in the town for himself, out of the Abbey materials.
+   This seems to have been the same which Mr. Coker speaks of, when
+   he says, 'The greatest ornament of the town is a fair turretted
+   house of the Lord Arundell of Wardour.' But it is most probable
+   it was built by Sir Thomas Arundell, or his son Sir Matthew, out
+   of the ruins of the Abbey. It stands in Bymport Street, and has
+   been a public house, it is now almost pulled down. In 1747, on
+   the chimney piece were these arms,--1. ARUNDELL, _with crescent
+   for difference_.--2. Quarterly, 1 and 4, _Gules, four lozenges
+   ermine_ (DINHAM), 2 and 3, _Gules, three arches conjoined,
+   argent_ (DE ARCHES).--3. CHIDIOCK.--4. _Sable (azure), a bend,
+   with label of three points or, for difference_ (CARMINOW)."
+
+This was not all the property Sir Thomas appears to have had assigned
+him at the dissolution of religious houses. In 1547, Henry VIII.
+granted him the house and site of the Priory (or College) of Slapton
+in South Devon, "except all the lead upon the said College other than
+the gutters, and the lead in the windows; except all the bells and
+ornaments"--the rectory, also that of Loddiswell, and three other
+manors in Devon, Somerset, and Cornwall. Although his wife's sister
+Queen Katharine had been executed four years previously, he is
+described as 'Chancellor' to her.
+
+Associated with Sir Thomas Arundell at the Court of Henry VIII., and
+also in his country possessions in the west, was his relative Henry
+Daubeney, Earl of Bridgwater, a most unfortunate man. He was the son
+of Giles, Lord Daubeney, K.G., a trusted servant and soldier to Henry
+VII.; the old seat and possessions of the family being at
+South-Petherton, and later at Barrington Court near that town. Lord
+Daubeney married Elizabeth, sister of Sir Thomas Arundell, K.B., of
+Lanherne,--the father of Sir John Arundell, who was the father of the
+Sir Thomas of our narrative,--Henry Daubeney, Earl of Bridgwater, his
+only son, would therefore be Sir John's cousin.
+
+But not only by kinship on his father's side, but also by a similar
+relationship on his wife's, was the Earl closely connected with Sir
+Thomas. Lord Bridgwater married secondly, Katharine Howard, daughter
+of Thomas, second Duke of Norfolk, by his second wife Agnes Tilney.
+She was therefore aunt to Sir Thomas' wife, being her mother's
+half-sister.
+
+The Countess of Bridgwater was greatly persecuted during the trial of
+her niece Queen Katharine Howard, and almost every means was resorted
+to to implicate her with that unfortunate woman. The Earl, her
+husband, plunged into the vortex of expensive frivolities that
+surrounded the Court of Henry VIII., and it is related irretrievably
+crippled, if not finally ruined himself by extravagant display at the
+Field of the Cloth of Gold. He died without issue, in seclusion and
+comparative penury at the little rural parish of South-Perrott, near
+Crewkerne, and was there buried 12 April, 1548,--his wife survived
+him, and was interred in the Norfolk Chantry in Lambeth church, 11
+May, 1554.[42]
+
+  [42] For further account of this Earl, and his father Lord
+  Daubeney, see "_Memorials of the West_," pages 173-220.
+
+  [Illustration: REGAL HERALDRY, TEMP. HENRY VIII., COWIC, EXETER.]
+
+It was this double tie of relationship that doubtless led to the
+important transactions with regard to the sale or transfer of a large
+portion of the Earl's landed possessions to Sir Thomas Arundell, when
+from time to time he had necessity; or it may be by family arrangement
+to protect himself and wife from forfeiture, in those days of peril
+and consequent attainder and confiscation.
+
+In 1536-8-9 Henry, Lord Daubeney, conveyed to his _nephew_, Sir Thomas
+Arundell, his manors of Tollard-Royal, Farnham, Long-Crichell,
+Kershall, Goorsley, and Hampreston, with advowsons, &c., and Shaston,
+Wimborne-Minster, Gussage-All-Saints, Tarrant-Gunville, and
+Stubhampton, in the counties of Wilts and Dorset, with a clause "that
+if Henry, Lord Daubeney, should die without heirs to his body, the
+same should remain to the use of the said Sir Thomas Arundell and his
+heirs for ever." In 1542 the Earl conveyed the manor of
+South-Petherton to him. This included the manor and park of
+Barrington, and the forest of Roche (Neroche?) the advowson, Chantry,
+and free Chapel of South-Petherton, and of the Hundred, and lands at
+Yarcombe, &c.
+
+And this leads us to his last and most important purchase, that of the
+Castle and Park of Wardour, on 4 July, 1 Edward VI., 1547.
+
+Wardour Castle and its olden inhabiters have a special interest
+interwoven in our little narratives, three or four of the subjects of
+them, having successively, either occupied or possessed it.
+
+About the year 1495 the Earl of Ormond granted a lease of it to the
+giant Sir John, afterward Lord Cheney, K.G.,--the "unhorsed at
+Bosworth,"--and it is not at all improbable that he may have died
+there, as he was buried at the not very far-distant cathedral of
+Salisbury.
+
+Then on the 4 July, 14 Henry VII., 1499, three years after Lord
+Cheney's death, Thomas, Earl of Ormond, sold the Castle of Wardour to
+Robert, the first Lord Willoughby de Broke, "our Steward of
+Household," and according to one account, he is said to have died
+there, although his monument is found and he is probably buried at
+Callington, in far-distant Cornwall.
+
+Lord Willoughby de Broke and his descendants appear to have retained
+possession of it until 1547, when his ultimate heiress Lady Elizabeth
+Greville and her husband Sir Fulke disposed of it to Sir Thomas
+Arundell.
+
+Thus much, as a short notice of the principal landed possessions
+acquired by Sir Thomas Arundell. Some by gift of his father, others by
+arrangement with his uncle Lord Bridgwater, or by purchase from
+different possessors, and a further large portion partly by
+purchase,--if it may be so-called,--and partly probably by free grant
+from the King, Henry VIII., the whole of which in the aggregate would
+constitute Sir Thomas a wealthy man, and a west-country magnate of
+leading position.
+
+A curious circumstance becomes noticeable here. The sale and grants of
+property acquired under Henry VIII. were the despoiled possessions of
+the Church, the property of the suppressed and dismantled Abbey of
+Shaftesbury, and dissolved Priory or College of Slapton. Yet the
+Arundells (as also the Howards to whom they were so nearly allied)
+were at the time, and still continue to be, specially distinguished by
+their fealty to the Roman communion, the antient faith of their
+fathers. This fact, however, does not seem to have hindered his
+acceptance of what at the time, by common consent had been "set aside
+for the Lord." To which it may be answered, if he had not acquired it,
+many others were doubtless eagerly waiting for the chance; and it was
+never likely to return to fulfil the original purpose of the donors.
+
+Notwithstanding the dangers that surrounded the Court of Henry VIII.,
+and the perilous proximity of relationship in which, by marriage, he
+stood toward that monarch, specially amid the complications that arose
+during the impeachments, trials, and sad deaths of the two Queens, his
+wife's relatives; yet neither Sir Thomas, nor Lady Arundell, seems to
+have been involved or suspected in any way, indeed, to the contrary,
+as he appears subsequently to have experienced Henry's favour, it
+being three years after Queen Katharine Howard's death, when he
+received the grant of the Priory of Slapton from that king.
+
+All this points to his being a prudent man, keeping aloof from the
+dangerous intrigues continually arising, and he has been described as
+a wise administrator. He was grandson of Cicely Bonville, the great
+west-country heiress, and his mother Elizabeth names him as one of the
+executors to her will, and therein describes him as "her trusty and
+well-beloved son."
+
+Before the reign of Henry VIII. closed, its last victim was led to the
+scaffold, the accomplished Earl of Surrey, and nephew of Sir Thomas.
+The Duke of Norfolk, his father, with cruel obduracy had presided over
+the trial of his niece the unfortunate Queen Anne Boleyn, and now the
+same fate had overtaken his son. The executioner was waiting for
+himself also, but the unexpected death of Henry occurred just in time
+to save him. The "Fair Geraldine" of the poet Earl was a cousin of Sir
+Thomas on his mother's side, being the daughter of Gerald Fitzgerald,
+Earl of Kildare, who married the Lady Eleanor, probably a younger
+sister of the Lady Elizabeth Grey, mother of Sir Thomas.
+
+With the conclusion of the reign of Henry VIII., the larger and
+presumably, on the whole, happier portion of the life of Sir Thomas
+Arundell may be said to have ended. The child-king, Edward VI., in
+January, 1547, commenced his reign, and four short years only were
+destined to pass before Sir Thomas was laid in a traitor's grave.
+
+In 1549 a distinguished office was conferred on him, one that his
+father had held before him, and of peculiar honour in his native
+county, that of Receiver General of the Duchy of Cornwall.
+
+This year, however, the first cloud appeared over his hitherto
+fortunate career. Himself, with his brother Sir John Arundell of
+Lanherne, were both suspected of being implicated in the rebellion of
+their uncle Humphrey Arundell, Governor of St. Michael's Mount, "a man
+well-esteemed for military services." This was the religious
+insurrection, demanding the old ritual, and antagonistic to the
+reformed service of the Church, which began in Cornwall, and gathering
+strength as it advanced, laid ineffectual siege to Exeter, where,
+however, the citizens, during their captivity, were reduced to great
+straits. The insurgents then marched to meet Lord Russell, who was
+stationed with some force at Honiton, but he defeated them with
+considerable loss at Feniton (or Fenny) Bridges. They then retreated
+to Clyst-Heath, near Exeter, where--
+
+   "they had brought with them a crucifix upon a cart, covered with
+   a canopy, and beset with crosses, tapers, banners, holy bread and
+   water, as a representation of those things for which they
+   fought."
+
+At Clyst-Heath, Lord Gray with his troops, reinforced with those under
+Lord Russell, dispersed the ignorant priest-led rustics with great
+slaughter;--
+
+   "The dispersion of the insurgents was followed by the same
+   conduct on the part of the royal army, as if they had put to
+   route a foreign enemy in his own country, 'for the whole country
+   was then put to the spoil, and every soldier sought for his best
+   profit.'"
+
+Sir Anthony Kingston, as Provost-Marshal of the king's army, was
+commissioned to try and punish the delinquents, and his cruel and
+brutal conduct was quite on an equality with that of the wretched
+Jeffreys on a similar errand a century afterward;--
+
+   "Gibbets were set up in various places, on which great numbers of
+   the leaders of the rebellion were hanged. Others, and especially
+   Arundell, the chief captain, were carried to London, and there
+   executed. It was reckoned that about four thousand in all
+   perished by the sword or by the hands of the executioner, of
+   those engaged in this Devonshire (and Cornwall) insurrection."
+
+Humphrey Arundell, their uncle, was conveyed to London and hanged at
+Tyburn in January, 1549-50. And then it is recorded in the Council
+book,--
+
+   "XXX. Jan., 1549-50. Sir Thomas Arundel, Knight, committed to the
+   Tower by order of the board."
+
+And further in King Edward's journal,--
+
+   "1549. Sir Thomas Arundel and Sir John (his elder brother)
+   committed to the Tower for conspiracies in the west partes."
+
+It is probable the Arundells, from religious motives only, sympathized
+with the views of the insurgents, and were not actual promoters or
+partakers in the movement, but on account of their kinship with the
+leader of the revolt they were doubtless subjects of considerable
+suspicion. There must, however, have apparently been other
+circumstances besides this, which were deemed to affect Sir Thomas
+unfavourably, for he does not appear to have been released from his
+durance in the Tower after his committal until the 4th of October,
+1551, which would be a year and nine months subsequent.
+
+Could it have been also for suspicion of aiding in the movement that
+led to the first humiliation of the Duke of Somerset, which occurred
+in the October preceding his committal to the Tower? It _may_ have
+been so,--or deemed so,--yet from what is left recorded, his presumed
+action seems to point to the contrary.
+
+   "One of the '_Metrical Visions_' of George Cavendish, the
+   Gentleman Usher of Cardinal Wolsey, furnishes some biographical
+   particulars of Sir Thomas Arundell, namely, that he was educated
+   with Cardinal Wolsey, and was Chancellor to Queen Katharine
+   Howard. He is also made to confess that 'I was the cheaf
+   councellor in the first overthrowe of the Duke of Somerset, which
+   few men did knowe.'
+
+   "With regard to his fate, there is a curious passage in a very
+   rare book, bishop Ponet's '_Short Treatise on Politic Power_.'
+   Writing of the Earl of Warwick, Ponet states, 'at the erles sute
+   Arundell hathe his head with the axe divided from his
+   shoulders.'"[43]
+
+and commenting on the same subject,--
+
+   "Bishop Ponet in his '_Treatise on Politic Power_,' says in
+   reference to his (Sir Thomas') arrest in 1549, 'he conspired with
+   that ambitious and subtil Alcibiades, the Earl of Warwick, after
+   Duke of Northumberland, to pull down the good Duke of Somerset,
+   King Edward's uncle and protector,'--if this be correct it is
+   singular he should have been afterwards re-arrested for
+   conspiring with Somerset against Northumberland."[44]
+
+  [43] Note in _Machyn's Diary_, by J. G. NICOLLS.
+
+  [44] _The Chapel in the Tower_, by DOYNE C. BELL.
+
+On such slender and second-hand evidence and apparently so improbable,
+as to his helping at first to pull down the Protector, not much may be
+said;--men's views and movements at the time often veered amid these
+intrigues for the possession or direction of the supreme power,--but
+Sir Thomas' after-implication with the Duke seems to refute it. That
+the Earl of Warwick (Northumberland) may have used his influence for
+the destruction of Sir Thomas, in the company of his rival,--the
+greater victim,--may be accepted without much scruple.
+
+Sir Thomas was released from the Tower on the 4th of October, and in
+the meanwhile, events as to Somerset's overthrow, were now rapidly
+developing themselves to a conclusion.
+
+Northumberland--the rival and enemy of the Protector--had given
+intelligence of a conspiracy in which Somerset, Sir Thomas Arundell,
+Sir Ralph Vane, and several others were concerned. Of course there was
+the inevitable informer, and in this case a certain knight, called Sir
+Thomas Palmer, has recorded against him this unenviable notoriety.
+
+In Sir John Hayward's _Life and Reign of K. Edward VI._, we read,--
+
+   "Herewith Sir _Thomas Palmer_, a man neither loving the Duke of
+   _Somerset_, nor beloved of him, was brought by the Duke of
+   _Northumberland_ to the King being in his garden. Here he
+   declared on St. George's day last before, the Duke of _Somerset_
+   being upon a journey towards the north, in case Sir _William
+   Herbert_, Master of the Horse, had not assured him he should
+   receive no harm, would have raised the people; and that he had
+   sent the Lord _Gray_ before, to know who would be his friends:
+   also that the Duke of Northumberland, the Marquis of Northampton,
+   the Earl of Pembroke, and other lords should be invited to a
+   banquet, and if they came with a bare company, to be set upon by
+   the way; if strongly, their heads should have been cut off at the
+   place of their feasting. He declared further that Sir _Ralph
+   Vane_, had two thousand men in a readiness; that Sir _Thomas
+   Arundell_ had assured the _Tower_, that _Seymor_ and _Hamond_,
+   would wait upon him, and that all the horse of the _Gendarmorie_
+   should be slain."
+
+This must have been the day on which the boy-king records in his
+journal,--
+
+   "11 Oct., 1551. Sir Thomas Arrondel had ashuerid my Lord that the
+   Towre was sauf."
+
+The "my Lord" here must have related to Somerset, which the King heard
+of in his conversation with Northumberland.
+
+On the 16 October, 1551, says Grafton,--
+
+   "being Fryday, the Duke was again apprehended, and committed to
+   the Tower, on a charge of high treason."
+
+And the King records,--
+
+   "This morning none was at Westminster of the conspiratours. The
+   first was the Duke, who came later than he was wont, of himself.
+   After diner he was apprehendid."
+
+Sir John Hayward thus describes it,--
+
+   "and so after dinner, he (the Duke) was apprehended; Sir _Thomas
+   Palmer_, Sir _Thomas Arundel_, _Hamonde_, _Nudigates_, _John
+   Seymour_, and _David Seymour_, were also made prisoners, the Lord
+   _Gray_ being newly come out of the country was attached. Sir
+   _Ralph Vane_, being sent for, fled. Upon the first message it was
+   reported that he said that his Lord was not stout, and that if he
+   could get home he cared not for any; but upon pursuit he was
+   found in his servant's stable at Lambeth covered with straw. He
+   was a man of fierce spirit, both sudden and bold, of no evil
+   disposition, saving he thought scantiness of estate too great an
+   evil. All these were the same night sent to the Tower, except
+   Palmer, Arundel, and Vane, who were kept apart in the Court, well
+   guarded in chambers apart. After these followed Sir _Thomas
+   Holdcroft_, Sir _Miles Partridge_, Sir _Michael Stanhope_ and
+   others. The day following the Dutchess of _Somerset_ was sent to
+   the Tower, also with her were committed one _Crane_, and his
+   wife, and her own chamber woman. _Crane_ confessed for the most
+   part as _Palmer_ had done, and further added that the Lord
+   _Paget's_ house was the place, where the nobility being invited
+   to a banquet, should have lost their heads, and that the Earl of
+   _Arundel_ was made acquainted with the practice by Sir _Michael
+   Stanhope_. This _Crane_ was a man, who having consumed his own
+   estate, had armed himself to any mischief. All these were sworn
+   before the Council, and forthwith upon the information of
+   _Crane_, the Earl of _Arundel_, and Lord _Paget_ were sent to the
+   Tower."
+
+On the _same_ day, Machyn notes,--
+
+   "1551, xvj. day of October, was had to the Towre, Sir Thomas
+   Arundell and Lady (with many others)."
+
+and the King writes,--
+
+   "16 Oct. Arrondel was taken."
+
+Twenty-seven peers took part in the trial of Somerset, his rival the
+Duke of Northumberland being one, and the Marquis of Winchester
+presided as Lord High Steward.
+
+On the 2nd December following, narrates Grafton,--
+
+   "the sayd Duke was brought out of the Tower of London, with the
+   axe of the Tower borne before him, with a great number of billes,
+   gleves, holbardes, and polaxes attending upon him; and was had
+   from the Tower by water, and having shot London bridge, at five
+   of the clock in the morning, so came unto Westminster Hall, where
+   was made in the middle of the Hall a new scaffold, where all the
+   Lords of the King's Counsaill sate as his judges, and there was
+   he arraigned and charged with many articles both of treason and
+   felony. And when after much milde speeche, he had aunsered not
+   guiltie, he in all humble manner put himselfe to be tryed by his
+   peeres, who, after long consultation among themselves, gave their
+   verdict that he was not guiltie of the treason, but of the
+   felony."
+
+The King says in his diary,--
+
+   "The Duke of Northumberland wold not agree that any searching of
+   his death shuld bee treason. So the lordis acquited him of high
+   treason and condemned him of treason feloniouse, and so he was
+   adjudged to be hangid."
+
+As the punishment was hanging, he "departed without the ax of the
+Toure"--which the people outside not understanding, "shouted harf a
+dousen times so loud that from the halle dore it was harde at Charing
+Crosse plainely, and rumours went that he was quitte of all."
+
+But his adversaries had got him too safely for release on this side of
+the grave, once more he was to appear before his fellow-men when the
+axe, and not the halter as was adjudged him, was to finish all.
+
+On Friday, the 22nd of January following, the Duke was, at eight in
+the morning, beheaded on Tower Hill.
+
+It was not until five days after the execution of the Duke that Sir
+Thomas Arundell, and his companion Sir Ralph Vane were put on their
+trial.
+
+The first to be tried was Sir Thomas' presumed confederate, Sir Ralph
+Vane. Machyn relates,--
+
+   "1551-2,--The xxvii. day of January was reynyd at Westmynster
+   Hall, ser Raff a Vane knyght of tresun and qwyt of hytt, and cast
+   of felony to be hangyd."
+
+Of this resolute and brave man, says Hayward,--
+
+   "He was charged with conspiring with _Somerset_, but his bold
+   answers termed rude and ruffian-like, falling into ears apt to
+   take offence, either only caused, or much furthered his
+   condemnation. 'The time hath been,' said he, 'when I was of some
+   esteem, but now we are in peace which reputeth the coward and
+   couragious alike.'"
+
+He strongly denied that he had practised treason against the King, or
+any of the Lords of the Council, and added that "his blood would make
+Northumberland's pillow uneasy to him." The 'qwest' were not long in
+disposing of him, and the King comments,--
+
+   "27 Jan., 1551-2. Sir Rafe Vane was condemned of felony in
+   treason, aunsering like a ruffian."
+
+The next day was appointed for Sir Thomas Arundell to appear before
+his judges. It was apparent they must have had very slender or
+unsatisfactory evidence, and it is cruel to read with what pertinacity
+they were required to decide on his case.
+
+It is probable that, like the Duke of Somerset, he was taken from the
+Tower to Westminster Hall by water, and imagination can easily depict
+the various phases of the scene. Aroused early on the morning of the
+twenty-eighth of January, in mid-winter almost, it may be in cold and
+pitiless weather, escorted by the Lieutenant of the fortress, Sir John
+D'Arcy, and accompanied by his officers, down to the well-guarded boat
+waiting for him, under the shadow of the great arch that spans the
+Traitor's Gate, the way lit by the feeble light of a lantern, which,
+as they seated themselves in the little craft, faintly revealed the
+portcullis raised for the occasion, and the dark waters of the Thames,
+just discernible through it, made visible by the flickering gleam
+thrown upon its surface, rippling to the inconstant night-breeze. Then
+their emerging from the gloomy portal, the prisoner sitting silent and
+motionless in the stern, the officers and halberdiers ranged on each
+side, and in front the heads-man's official, with the dread axe
+resting on his shoulder. Then their passage down the quiet river, with
+no sound to break the solitude, but the measured splash of the oarsmen
+steadily rowing him to his doom. Then their landing at Westminster in
+the just-breaking light of morning, and the sad little procession
+wending its way up to the main door of the vast Hall, its dim,
+cavernous roof, scarcely distinguishable by the cluster of twinkling
+points of light gathered in its centre, where, arrayed in all the
+picturesque costume of the age, emphasized by the scarlet cloaks of
+the judges, were congregated a large body of legal and civic
+functionaries, the solemn array of the jurors of the 'qwest,' and a
+throng of anxious citizens, assembled to decide whether he was guilty,
+or not guilty,--if he should live or die.
+
+But the 'qwest' had not so easy a matter before them, in the disposing
+of his case, as they had the day before with that of Sir Ralph Vane.
+The evidence was presumably of slight or doubtful character, and so
+the day passed by and evening arrived, but no decision was arrived at.
+Sir Thomas had to endure this prolonged suspense, and was taken back
+to the Tower again, to wait through the anxious night, and then the
+following morning, go through the same dread ordeal, and appear once
+more before his judges, to learn his fate.
+
+The 'qwest' of the jury appear to have thoroughly and sturdily debated
+the guilt or innocence of the prisoner, and not being able to agree,
+were thereon subjected to the usual inhuman treatment of being starved
+in cold and darkness into agreement,--if such it may be called,--or
+rather a decision, one way or the other. And so they "sate shut up" in
+a house all that live-long night, and it was not until day-break the
+next morning that "they did cast him,"--the dissentients probably
+being wearied into compliance. "When Sir Thomas--who perhaps may
+justly have had latent hope that their disagreement might end
+favourably for him--stood before his accusers for the second time, his
+doom was decided on, and he heard the fearful result that "they had
+acquitted him of treason, and cast him of felony, to be hanged."
+
+Machyn thus describes the assiduous process of his condemnation,--
+
+   "1551-2. The xxviij. of Januarij was reynyd sir Thomas Arundell,
+   Knyght, and so the qwest cold nott fynd ym tyll the morow after,
+   and so he whent to the Towre agayn, and then the qwest wher shutt
+   up tyll the morow withowt mett or drynke, or candylle or fyre,
+   and on the morow he came a-gayne and the qwest qwytt ym of
+   treasun, and cast hym of felony to be hangyd."
+
+And Hayward soliloquizes over the unhappy event,--
+
+   "Sir _Thomas Arundel_ was with some difficulty condemned, for his
+   cause was brought to trial about seven of the clock in the
+   morning, and about noon the jurors went together, and because
+   they could not agree, they were shut in a house all the residue
+   of that day and all the night following. The next morning they
+   found him guilty. Unhappy man! who found the doing of anything or
+   nothing dangerous alike."
+
+and the little King mechanically notes in his diary,--
+
+   "29th Jan., 1551-2. Sir Thomas Arundel was likewise cast of
+   felony in treason, after long controversie, for the matter was
+   brought in trial bie seven of the cloke in the morning 28th day;
+   at none the qwest went together; they sate shut up together in a
+   house, without meat or drinke, bicause they could not agree, all
+   that day and all night; this 29th day in the morning they did
+   cast him."
+
+So the first act of the coming tragedy was completed, and then after
+they had made sure of the destruction of their victim, they were
+equally assiduous that he should have ample religious consolation, in
+order that he "may dye well,"--and so give colour to the assumption
+that he was rightly convicted; and seemingly seek to justify the cruel
+sentence, awarded under such manifest difficulty, arising from the
+slight grounds of the accusation preferred against him.
+
+Therefore the very same day of his condemnation, the 29th of October,
+
+   "the Council issued orders to the Lieutenant of the Tower, 'that
+   Doctour Bill may from tyme to tyme resort to Sir Rauff Fane for
+   his instruction to dye well; and that Doctour Parker may resort
+   from tyme to tyme to Sir Thomas Arundell for the lyke
+   purpose."[45]
+
+Both these spiritual advisers were evidently Protestants, holding
+office in the Reformed Church. Dr. William Bill was successively
+Master of St. John's and Trinity Colleges, Cambridge, and afterward
+Provost of Eton, Dean of Westminster, and Almoner to Queen Elizabeth.
+Dr. Matthew Parker was Chaplain to Edward VI., Dean of Lincoln, and
+afterward Archbishop of Canterbury. What faith Sir Ralph Vane
+professed may not be related here, but from his bold and resolute
+character it may be surmised to have been of an easy-going kind, and
+the clerical consolers sent to administer to him in his necessity
+might have been as acceptable as any other.
+
+Not so to Sir Thomas Arundell; his religious adherence as a staunch
+Catholic was doubtless well known, and to him, the intrusion of the
+men named, in his hopeless distress, would have been adding still
+further cruelty to his sentence, by depriving him of that last
+preparation and final rites of the church he belonged to, which one of
+her own confessors could alone afford him.
+
+Application was therefore made for this privilege, and so we find
+that,--
+
+   "on the 11th of February, Mr. Perne was allowed to resort to Sir
+   Thomas Arundell, to instruct hym to dye well."[45]
+
+  [45] BELL'S _Chapel in the Tower_.
+
+To die well,--such was, apparently, the condition most sought for, to
+appear penitent, and if possible to ensure this, the strong religious
+point was waived, and one,--probably of the ejected religious of the
+previous reign,--was "allowed" admittance to the death-sentenced
+prisoner. The monk who came was presumably William Peryn, Prior of the
+Black-friars, and a distinguished preacher; he probably attended Sir
+Thomas in his last moments.
+
+The last scene of this mournful progression was now at hand. On the
+22nd February the Lieutenant of the Tower received instructions to
+give notice to--
+
+   "Sir Thomas Arundell, and Sir Rauf Vane that they should against
+   Friday next, prepare themselves to dye, according to their
+   condempnation."
+
+But another and melancholy privilege had now to be sought for, and
+that was to change the ignominious method of hanging,--the punishment
+accorded for treason-felony,--to the less degrading death by
+beheading. Some influence had to be used, but it was granted. The same
+method of death was also extended to Sir Michael Stanhope. No
+alteration, however, was accorded--if sought for--with regard to the
+execution of the "ruffian," Sir Ralph Vane, and Sir Miles Partridge;
+they were to perish at the same hour at the gallows, which was
+probably set up beside the scaffold on Tower Hill.
+
+Cavendish in his _Metrical Visions_, thus refers to this circumstance
+in the last stanza of that one relating to Sir Thomas Arundell,--
+
+     "To be hanged though my judgment ware,
+     Yet to do me honour they changed my sentence,
+     And to leese my head to ease me of my care:--
+     But death was the thing of all their pretence
+     Which they desired;--such was their conscyence
+     There I make an end, and I without redresse
+     As here ye may see me, a symple body hedlesse."
+
+Then came the final order on the 23rd to the King's Solicitor--
+
+   "To make a warrant for the beheading Sir Thomas Arundell, and Sir
+   Michael Stanhope, and to perform the process of hanging of Sir
+   Rauf Vane and Sir Miles Partridge, who are appointed to be
+   executed on fryday next between ix. and xi. before noone."
+
+The warrant was duly made out and dated the 25th,--the next day
+Friday, the 26th February, was fixed for their execution. Machyn thus
+describes the event,--
+
+   "The xxvj. day of Feybruarii the wyche was the morrow after saynt
+   Mathuwe day, was hedded on the Tower hill, sir Myghell Stanhope
+   knyght and ser Thomas Arundell, and incontenent was hangyd the
+   seylff sam tyme sir Raff a Vane knyght, and ser Mylles Parterege
+   knyght of the galowse besyd the ---- and after ther bodys wher
+   putt in to dyvers new coffens to be bered, and heds, in to the
+   Towre in cases, and ther bered."
+
+Both Sir Thomas Arundell and Sir Michael Stanhope were interred in the
+Tower Chapel. Thus he followed in the same dire way, and was buried
+beside his two headless kinswomen laid there a few years previously.
+
+What is to be said as to all these proceedings, and their melancholy
+termination, had guilt or innocence anything to do with it, or was it
+expediency only, that controlled the result? Sir John Hayward
+apparently supplies the true key as to the object of the nefarious
+transaction,--
+
+   "Not long after the death of Somerset, _because it was not
+   thought fit that such a person should be executed alone, who
+   could hardly be thought to offend alone_, Sir Ralph Vane and Sir
+   Miles Partridge were hanged on Tower Hill, Sir Michael Stanhope
+   and Sir Thomas Arundell were there also beheaded.
+
+   "All these took it upon their last charge, that they never
+   offended against the King, nor against any of his Council. God
+   knows whether obstinately secret or innocent, and in the opinion
+   of all men Somerset was much cleared by the death of those _who
+   were executed to make him appear faulty_."
+
+But their deaths were not destined to go long unavenged. He who had
+poured the "leperous distilment" into the young king's ear, that sent
+Sir Thomas to his doom, and others, in company with his rival
+Somerset, lame-footed vengeance was on the trail of his unscrupulous,
+ambitious footsteps, it speedily overtook him, and the next headless
+body that was brought to find unconscious entrance to the Tower Chapel
+was that of John Dudley, Duke of Northumberland.
+
+As the grave closes over the unfortunate Sir Thomas Arundell our
+thoughts next follow to those he left behind him. The usual fate was
+awarded his possessions as a traitor, he was attainted, and they were
+confiscated to the Crown; but King Edward, two years after his death,
+restored to his widow, the Lady Elizabeth Arundell, her full dower out
+of her deceased husband's property.
+
+Of course there is no direct memorial existent to Sir Thomas Arundell,
+but it is singular, that in the fine brass to the memory of his
+father, mother, and his father's second wife in St. Columb church,
+Cornwall, one of their children, a little _headless_ armoured figure
+still remains, and beside it is Sir Thomas' escutcheon,--Arundell with
+six quarterings, impaling Howard with four. The diminutive effigy is
+undoubtedly designed to represent Sir Thomas,--the label over his head
+that contained his name is gone. The corresponding indents of figure,
+shield, and label, were originally filled with a representation of his
+brother Sir John, his name and arms.
+
+Sir Thomas Arundell, by his wife Elizabeth Howard, left two children,
+Sir Matthew, who succeeded him, and Margaret, married to Sir Henry
+Weston.
+
+Sir Matthew married Margaret, daughter of Henry Willoughby[46] of
+Wollaton, Notts, by his wife Anne, third daughter of Thomas Grey,
+second Marquis of Dorset, and sister to Henry, afterward Duke of
+Suffolk. They were second cousins, both being the grandchildren of
+Cicely Bonville.
+
+  [46] The ghost of his name, and the tomb in Southleigh
+  churchyard, seem to haunt our little narratives, see pages 35 and 85.
+
+With the accession of Queen Mary, matters wore a very different aspect
+toward the Arundells. Doubtless the Queen fully recognized and
+esteemed their allegiance to the antient faith, which she held in
+common with them, and so we find in the first year of her reign, she
+restored by patent to Sir Matthew, all his deceased father's lands.
+This does not seem to have included Wardour Castle, which appears to
+have been granted by lease or otherwise to the Earl of Pembroke, who
+greatly embellished it, but Sir Matthew subsequently, by purchase,
+acquired its possession from that family; it was not, however, free of
+the claims of the Crown as will be seen. He probably resided before
+this at Shaftesbury, in the house he had built out of the ruins of the
+Abbey.
+
+Sir Matthew was knighted, with twenty-two other west-country
+gentlemen, who "were dubbed in the progress to Bristowe, anno d'ni,
+1574," by Queen Elizabeth.
+
+Once more we find ourselves in Tisbury church, and in this chancel,
+where the succeeding generations of the Arundells of Wardour, after
+the vicissitudes of this life,--and in their earlier days they had
+their ample share of them,--were over,--and one after another were
+here gathered together in the fold of death.
+
+Sir Matthew was buried 24 Dec., 1598. This inscription commemorates
+him,--
+
+                       IESUS.
+     MAT' ARUNDEL, EQUES ORDINE, INTUS DORMIT IN PULVERE.
+     IGNOSCAT ILLI OMNIA QUI NOSTRA TULIT CRIMINA.
+     DELICTA JUVENTUTIS MEE ET IGNORANTIAS MEAS NE
+                   MEMINERIS DOMINE.
+                       I. H. S.
+
+Thomas, his son, succeeded him. "Prompted by the ardent and chivalrous
+spirit of adventurous enterprise prevalent in the reign of Elizabeth,
+he obtained the Queen's permission to enter the service of Rudolph
+II., Emperor of Germany, to whom she addressed a personal letter of
+recommendation of her 'kinsman.'" This was correct enough,--Queen
+Elizabeth was the daughter of Queen Anne Boleyn, and so grand-daughter
+of Lady Elizabeth Howard,--Thomas Arundell was the great-grandson of
+Lord Edmund Howard, her brother. In 1595, at the siege of the city of
+Gran, or Strigonium, in Hungary, then held by the Turks, he gave great
+proofs of his valour, "and that in forcing the water tower, near
+Strigonium, he took from the Turks their banner, slaying the bearer
+with his own hand." For this and other services Rudolph created him a
+Count of the Holy Roman Empire, which he had the temerity to accept,
+without getting sufficient leave from his jealous and imperious
+'kinswoman' at home, and for which he appears to have suffered some
+confinement. It raised a dispute also at Court as to what precedence,
+or otherwise, this foreign distinction was entitled to, and the matter
+being brought before the Queen for her opinion, she characteristically
+replied,--
+
+   "that there was a close tie of affection between the prince and
+   subject; and that as chaste wives should have no glances but for
+   their own spouses, so should faithful subjects keep their eyes at
+   home, and not gaze upon foreign crowns, and she, for her part,
+   did not care her sheep should wear stranger's marks, nor dance
+   after the whistle of every foreigner."
+
+and she intimated to the Emperor, that she had forbad him any place or
+precedence in England.
+
+It is probable Queen Elizabeth had no great liking for the Arundells,
+being prejudiced against them, it may be on account of their religious
+principles. Some years before, in 1575, when Sir Matthew Arundell had
+re-acquired Wardour Castle and Park, she seized upon it to enforce the
+payment of an old Crown debt, that seems to have been owing on
+property Sir Thomas Arundell acquired of Henry VIII., and had not been
+cleared off, and which it was probable from his relationship to that
+monarch was never intended should be paid. The Queen, we believe, did
+not insist on the payment, but it shewed her semi-hostile attitude
+toward them then, and this incident of the acceptance of a foreign
+title, did not tend to improve it. King James, however straitened and
+antagonistic in his religious views, and natural distaste to the Roman
+communion, nevertheless, recognized his merits, by creating him in the
+second year of his reign, 4 May, 1605, Baron Arundell of Wardour, but
+neither Queen Elizabeth, nor that King, we believe, ever recognized
+his foreign title. He died at Wardour Castle, and was buried in this
+chancel. The following inscription is to his memory,--
+
+             THOMAS DOMINUS ARUNDELIUS,
+     PRIMUS BARO DE WARDOUR, SACRI ROMANI IMPERII COMES,
+                   OBIJT 7^MO DIE NOVEMBRIS,
+               ÆTATIS SUÆ 79, ANNO DOMINI 1639.
+
+         SICUT PULLUS HIRUNDINIS SIC CLAMABO.
+
+                                   Isaiæ xxxviii. v. 14.
+
+With this we close any extended notice of the succeeding descendants
+of this noble and distinguished family. Thomas his son was a devoted
+Royalist, and "being at the battle of Lansdown was shot in the thigh
+by a brace of pistol-bullets, whereof the same year he died in his
+Majesty's garrison at Oxford,"--the devoted and heroic Blanche
+Somerset his wife it was who so bravely defended Wardour Castle during
+the war of the Commonwealth; she died at Winchester, but both are
+rejoined in death here. These inscriptions occur to them,--
+
+   D. O. M.
+
+   Hic parte sua mortali quiescit, qui in coelo potiori parte vivit
+   immortalis THOMAS ARUNDEL, Baro Arundel de Warder, sacri Romani
+   imperii Comes, primogenitus nempe Thomæ Arundel, Baronis etiam de
+   Warder, qui, ob insignia et pietatis et fortitudinis exempla in
+   communem Christiani nominis hostem in Hungaria ad Strigonium
+   præstita hæreditarium hunc honoris titulum a Rodolpho secundo
+   meruit ipse, et ad posteros transmissit; cujus dignitatum
+   virtutumque hic hæres, dum vixit, sic Deo in constanti pietatis
+   exercito militavit in terris, ut debitum sibi in coelis triumphum
+   expectare videretur, ita se totum in Regis Caroli primi
+   obsequium, imminente in Anglia bello civili, impendit, ut in
+   illud opes fortunamque profuderit, ac vitam denique ipsam
+   lubentissime contulisset, e qua excessit Oxonii die 19^o Maij,
+   ann. ætatis 59, annoque reparatæ salutis 1643.
+
+And on the adjoining stone:--
+
+   D. O. M.
+
+   Hic conjugi conjux amantissima adjacet Domina BLANCHA SOMERSET,
+   filia Edwardi Somerset, Wigorniæ Comitis, privata sigilli
+   custodis, magistri equitum, &c., quæ marito par generis
+   splendore, exercitio virtutum non impar, in aula regia quasi in
+   cella privata vixit quanto dignitate terrena sublimior, tanto
+   pietatis fulgere splendidior, quantoque regiæ vicinior majestati,
+   tanto (quod parum est inter mortales) supremo dilectior numini
+   quo ut proprius frueretur coelo natura mortalitatem exuit
+   Wintoniæ die 28^o Octob: ann: ætat: LXVI. annoque Dom:
+   M.DC.XLIX.
+
+Henry, their son, spent five years in the Tower, 1673 to 1678, on the
+information of the infamous Titus Oates, but afterward became Lord
+Privy Seal to James II.
+
+   "Which Henry Lord Arundell, at his own charge, raised a regiment
+   of horse for the service of King Charles the First in the time of
+   the usurpation, and stoutly defended his Castle of Wardour
+   against those rebellious forces, which, under the command of
+   Edward Hungerford, did then attempt it on behalf of the
+   Parliament. In the year 1678, he was with William Earl Powis,
+   William Viscount Stafford, William Lord Petre, and John Lord
+   Bellasis, committed prisoners to the Tower, and afterwards were
+   impeached by the House of Commons of high crimes and offences,
+   without being brought on their trial. He continued prisoner with
+   the other Lords, till the year 1683, when they were admitted to
+   bail.
+
+   "On King James II. accession to the throne he was sworn of his
+   Privy Council, and on 11 March, 1686, was constituted Lord Keeper
+   of the Privy Seal, also, when that Monarch, in 1688, began his
+   journey towards Salisbury, he committed the administration of
+   affairs in his absence to the Lord Chancellor, the Lords
+   Arundell, Bellasis, Preston, and Godolphin. He departed this life
+   28 December, 1694, having married Cecilie, daughter of Sir Henry
+   Compton, C.B., of Brambletye, in the county of Sussex."
+   (Collins.)
+
+Henry, the seventh baron, by his marriage in 1739 with Mary
+Arundell-Bealing of Lanherne, who died in 1769, re-united the antient
+branch of the family from which he was descended; he died in 1756,
+aged 38, is interred below, and his epitaph (by translation) tells us,
+"_who taking to himself to wife Mary Arundell, the most noble heiress
+of the family of Lanherne in Cornwall, and having gotten a son of her,
+a most renowned race which for more than two centuries had been rent
+asunder, now happily united, flourishes, and may it for ever flourish
+by the favour of God_."
+
+With the memory of this delightful incident, so gracious and
+refreshing after the blood-stained relation of the earlier portion of
+our little narrative, we take our leave of this garner of the departed
+Arundells, and, seeking once more the rapid convenience of the iron
+road, are passing swiftly homeward. As the train glides rapidly by the
+little station of Sutton-Bingham, we remember that not far from this,
+another and almost unique trace of Arundell of Cornwall is to be
+found. At about a mile's distance is the village of East-Coker, and in
+the south transept window of its church are two antient shields of
+painted glass side by side, on one are the arms of the See of Exeter,
+on the other quarterly, Arundell and Carminow. These are the arms of
+John Arundell, Bishop of Exeter, who presided over the diocese two
+years, died 19 Feb., 1506, and was buried in the church of St.
+Clement Danes, London, and, as far as we have knowledge, is the only
+trace of memorial existing to him.
+
+Once more the career of the subject of our little narrative returns to
+us. All appears to have gone well with him, even among the perils with
+which he was environed during the reign of Henry VIII. It may be, the
+instant danger of giving offence to the wishes or inclinations of that
+capricious tyrant kept him in the path of caution and safety.
+
+But when that king's baby son assumed the reins of sovereignty this
+terror had disappeared, and men were busily vieing with each other as
+to whom,--professedly under the little king,--should really rule the
+destinies of the nation. Sir Thomas now appears to have taken action,
+and identified himself with one side of the contending factions, not
+prominently, but sufficiently marked to make him a subject of
+suspicion--to say nothing beyond--with those he was presumed to differ
+from, and this on an adverse emergency was a position of considerable
+peril. So it turned out, for in the end his death appears to have been
+resolved on, not because his offence was easily proved, or that he
+deserved such punishment, but as a makeweight, to give the colour of
+complicity, and so justify the death of Somerset, by the execution of
+himself, and that of others, thereby inferring the plot was a real
+one, and of dangerous extent. If so,--and circumstances seem strongly
+to confirm this view,--his was altogether a hard fate; it is difficult
+indeed, to imagine a harder one.
+
+
+"SICUT PULLUS HIRUNDINIS SIC CLAMABO."
+
+     Even Thine altars!--there my soul shall flee--
+       O Lord of Hosts! and as a swallow come
+     On quivering wing, and chatter mournfully,
+       And make her nest, and seek eternal home.
+
+     Even Thine altars! where in holy state
+       Lies the Great Sacrifice of endless love,
+     Incense adoring streams to heaven's gate,
+       Service unceasing seeks Thy throne above.
+
+     Even Thine altars! there unharmed to stay,
+       And when my captive pinions death shall free,
+     Migrate to fairer regions far away,
+       There fold my wings, and rest in peace, with Thee.
+
+=Deo data.=
+
+  [Illustration: BENCH ENDS. LANDULPH CHURCH, CORNWALL.]
+
+
+
+
+OF THE IMPERIAL LINE.
+
+
+A leisurely sail from the beautiful, capacious, and almost land-locked
+harbour of Plymouth, up its main inlet--so curiously named the
+Hamoaze--to the picturesque precincts of the lower extremity of the
+Tamar, on a bright summer day with a gentle breeze, is an excursion in
+all respects most enjoyable.
+
+The harbour itself is studded over with craft of every variety and
+size, and sails spread of almost all hues, with here and there a fussy
+steam-boat ploughing its smoky way between them, while just inside,
+and tethered as it were to the dim line of the breakwater, are two or
+three dark grim-looking ironclads, lying as watch-dogs at its
+entrance.
+
+Sea-ward, is the broad, blue, open main; on the left, the tree-fringed
+heights of Mount-Edgcumbe; before us, the irregular, creek-broken
+shore of the "Three-Towns" jutting angularly into the deep, clear
+water, with houses crowding down to its rocky edge. There, too, in its
+centre, is one of the most classic spots on English soil--the
+Hoe--consecrated by endless historic national traditions, and made
+sacred beyond imagination's most inspired effort, by the tears,
+prayers, and hopes that have alternately taken their rise, and from
+its heights watched the silent sails pass on below to the distant
+ocean, bearing voyagers, the purpose of whose errands,--who may
+declare?
+
+On its pleasant open plateau, how diverse also have been the objects
+of those who from time to time have there assembled. Determined
+spirits with hands upon their sword-hilts, waiting and watching for
+the first glimpse of the van of the seven miles crescent-flotilla of
+the dark and hostile Spaniard, sweeping onward toward the shore,
+bearing the chains of slavery, spiritual and social, within their
+holds. Bands of bare-headed, bent-browed men, kneeling in reverent,
+prayerful conclave--the last home-office of their undaunted faith--ere
+they stepped on board the peaceful convoy, expatriated by conscience
+from their native soil, in search of a larger liberty, and destined to
+found in another hemisphere, an even greater England than they were
+leaving. Invader and emigrant, each shall we say, with purpose
+animated by soul-constraining religious convictions, but with ultimate
+aspirations, how different!
+
+Spectators,--myriad numbered, greeting with enthusiastic plaudits, the
+departure of stately fleets, that at intervals during successive
+centuries, have passed out, destined to carry the grand conquests of
+the seamanship and valour of the English race,--triumphs martial and
+commercial,--to every sea; or anon, sorrowful groups with down-cast
+hearts, wafting sad and final farewells to those, who have here in
+continuous exodus set out to seek new homes on distant shores, and
+from hence cast their last "longing, lingering look," at the receding,
+vanishing outline of their native land; or again, eager eyes anxious
+to descry the first rise of the sail of the home-bound ship on the
+distant horizon, bearing a freight more precious to the love-strained
+heart, than all the wealth of Ind.
+
+But while these suggestive thoughts are haunting us, we have slowly
+crept up to the warlike precincts of the lower Hamoaze. We pass the
+huge, cavernous, pent-house-looking, but now empty 'slips,' hanging
+over the darkling tide, in which the 'wooden walls' of _old_ England
+were wont aforetime to be built, ere the steam-urged iron monsters of
+our present _new_ England were dreamt of. And we ruminate a moment
+over this change of times and things, and mentally ask the question,
+What is the gain to human development achieved by much of the
+scientific--_ergo_ mechanical--appliances of the present hour? the
+which, while it flatters the lord of creation with the belief he has
+become the autocrat of the forces and elements, in truth practically
+reduces that proud being to be the servant and care-taker of the
+machine he has constructed, for assuredly to a very large extent to
+this menial occupation he is being rapidly reduced.
+
+Specially with regard to ships and navigation, a generation or two
+ago, vessels in construction and appearance were not only beautiful
+objects as such, but required also all the skill, foresight, courage,
+and dexterity which taxes the resources of manhood to the utmost, and
+forms the basis of true seamanship, for their guidance and control.
+Then there was something both for the mind and bodily energy alike to
+exercise and develope itself on; and undoubtedly much of the secret of
+our victories, both in commerce and war, that we have achieved in the
+past, may be traced to our proficiency therein, and as a consequence,
+the cause of our winning the crown of success among all other
+competing maritime nations.
+
+Now almost all is changed, science has invaded the citadel of living
+endeavour, and deposed its activity and ambition; while furnished with
+the results of her conquests, one man practically has become as good
+as another, the spur of incentive has vanished from the heel of
+individual aspiration to excellence, with this result, that if to man
+the privilege of becoming a greater, nobler being, fostered by the
+soul's glorious activities, as having something to conquer, or win, be
+denied or removed from him; he can now console himself with the belief
+he may afford to become a much idler one,--a prime factor in the creed
+of the present hour.
+
+And therefore instead of the slips and the wooden-walls, with clatter
+of adze, axe, and caulking hammer, and the wholesome odour of
+Stockholm tar,--here we are abreast of the 'steam-yard,' with its
+metallic clang and reek of coal-smoke, threading our way between a
+swarm of iron-clads of every form and shape; ugly, dark, and
+diabolical-looking, as the errand they are constructed for, their
+sullen turrets, monstrous guns, and blood-curdling names, aptly and
+unmistakably assuring the beholder that their eventual port of
+destination lies on the shore of Hades. Steam-pinnaces and swift
+torpedo-boats are rushing about, and large tenders surging along,
+among whom we carefully steer, and look across with a glance of relief
+on the smart, clean, handsome three-deckers moored stern to stern in
+mid-stream; floating Othellos, that now with occupation gone, serve as
+nautical colleges for the sailor-boys, where they are instructed in
+such slender knowledge of seamanship as is at present deemed
+necessary.
+
+How different was the measure of requirement in the early years of the
+first George, when the unfortunate Falconer wrote his poem of the
+_Shipwreck_, whose seamanship was apparently as dear to him as the
+muse, and so, delighted to cunningly array her with all the terms of
+the mariner's vocabulary, a feat never attempted by other poet, and of
+course a hopeless task to any but a true sailor,--
+
+     "But now, the transient squall to leeward passed,
+     Again she rallies to the sudden blast.
+     The helm to starboard moves; each shivering sail
+     Is sharply trimmed, to clasp th' augmenting gale--
+     The mizzen draws; she springs aloof once more,
+     While the fore-staysail balances before.
+     The fore-sail braced obliquely to the wind,
+     They near the prow th' extended tack confined:
+     Then on the leeward sheet the seamen bend,
+     And haul the bow-line to the bowsprit end,
+     To topsails next they haste, the bunt-lines gone,
+     Through rattling blocks the cluelines swiftly run;
+     Th' extending sheets on either side are manned;
+     Abroad they come, the fluttering sails expand;
+     The yards again ascend each comrade mast,
+     The leeches taught, the halyards are made fast,
+     The bowlines hauled, and yards to starboard braced,
+     The straggling ropes in pendent order placed."
+
+We pass a magnificent white-clad troop-ship, with a beading of
+red-coats leisurably looking over the forecastle, and glide under the
+lee of one of those steam-winged brigands of the deep, a steel-built
+cruiser, whose towering trim spars, and beautiful lines, excite
+admiration, but chastened with the reflection of the capabilities for
+destruction she carries in her enormous propelling power and
+far-reaching guns. Woe, think we, to the peaceful merchantman who may
+venture to disregard, or seek to flee from the summons of her eagle
+eye!
+
+And now we are sailing easily amid an assemblage of objects, whose
+presence makes the heart sink, and the cheek burn as we contemplate
+the rotting millions they represent,--the fleet of huge discarded
+hulks, whose now comparatively untrustworthy fighting and defensive
+capabilities, represent the modern advance in the art of destruction
+in maritime warfare. Here and there a solitary figure peers over the
+rusty bulwarks, but with regard to the majority, not a living
+creature paces their deserted decks. Gay, golden, and bright-coloured
+figure heads,--nymph, triton, or naval hero,--still decorate their
+prows, but these to our fancy's eye, resolve themselves into gilded
+skeletons with eyes of flame, and grasping the lightning darts of
+destruction in their grisly clutches,--the ghastly phantasmagoria of
+Death! And then comes the mournful reflection, that the original cost
+of each of these now comparatively valueless hulls,--being for all
+other purposes mere useless accretions of old iron and wood,--and
+designed for the destruction of the human race, would have more than
+sufficed to have built and endowed a hospital or college, whose
+beneficent errand should have been for all time (and while our present
+institutions are also starving for want of funds), and that the
+aggregation of hulks floating lazily around us, and of their
+predecessors, would represent an amount of wealth sufficiently large
+to have dotted the empire all over with such excellent institutions.
+
+Last thought of all, as we look back and watch the bright red cross
+slowly unfold itself on the summer breeze over the taffrail of one of
+the largest of them,--the hallowed symbol of peace and good will
+hoisted over these engines of bloodshed,--we muse at the strange
+antithesis suggested by its display, as if designed in bitterest
+satire, to justify, or as it were, consecrate their direful mission. A
+curious example of what we presume would be termed national religious
+ethics, as at present professed in this Christian land of ours. But
+then we recollect that favourite patriot, the courageous (at home) and
+braggart, fire-eating Jingo, with his eight hundred millions of debt
+on his back, has to be duly considered in the motley compact. "Peace
+and good will" at present looks like a hopeless dream, to be further
+off than ever, and its development in the boasted civilization of the
+last quarter of the nineteenth century exhibits, instead, the strange
+spectacle of more fighting men on land, and ships of war at sea,
+furnished with the most tremendous appliances for the destruction of
+human life than could be found, perhaps, at any previous era of the
+world's history. Europe appears a vast armed camp, filled with
+millions of soldiers, apparently only waiting in feverish suspense
+some chance incident, to march on each other, and deluge the continent
+with carnage.
+
+And yet amid all this there are not wanting hopeful signs, that below
+these dread preparations, a wiser and healthier undercurrent is
+slowly, but surely moving, that will eventually, we trust, sap the
+foundations of this military incubus, and free the long-suffering
+peoples from its deadly glamour. The consequences of the wickedness
+and folly of that game "which kings delight to play at" will be
+clearly seen, and a larger and more comprehensive system of government
+take the control into its own hands, and put a veto on the players.
+Industry, guided by intellectual resource, is busily organizing its
+battalions, with a power, destined, we ween, at no distant date to be
+mightier than armies or navies. Intelligence, combined with a
+knowledge of social and commercial needs, will become the great
+factors of national influence and wealth in the future, and, unless we
+greatly mistake, the basis of a kingdom's prosperity in the coming
+time will be fought out on these battle-fields, and on them win its
+silent and bloodless victories.
+
+But a much greater and consolatory thought possesses us as we take a
+final glance at the grim citadels of destruction lazily floating on
+the now smiling strength of the watery expanse,--but compared with
+which in its tempestuous wrath, they are as the bubble that vanishes
+on its surface,--even the controlling power of that Mighty Ruler of
+both, of which the Royal Minstrel has with prophetic grandeur sung;
+strikingly paraphrased by His humbler disciple and lyrist, the gifted
+Apostle of Cornish revival, here aptly recalled,--
+
+     "The Lord is King: ye saints rejoice
+       And ceaseless alleluias sing;
+     The angry floods lift up their voice
+       In vain,--for lo, the Lord is King!
+
+     All ocean's waves may swell and roar,
+       They cannot break their sandy chain;
+     Supreme in majesty and power,
+       The Lord shall o'er them rule and reign.
+
+     Though war's devouring surges rise,
+       Beyond their bounds they cannot go;
+     The Lord is King above the skies,
+       And rules the embattled host below.
+
+     'Tis God the Lord, whose mighty will
+       Makes angry war's contentions cease,
+     And bids the maddened world be still,
+       And brings the joyous gift of peace."
+
+Withdraw thine eyes aft, friend of mine, banish all further
+contemplation of the decaying sea-dragons, and look a-head where a
+very different spectacle awaits thee. Immediately to the left is the
+little, quiet, steep-streeted Cornish borough of Saltash, but now made
+notable by the presence of Brunel's stupendous iron railway-bridge,
+spanning the river before us, and thrusting itself into the bosom of
+the old town; one of the largest mechanical works of this, or any age,
+and exhibiting the strange engineering inversion of suspending the
+load beneath the arch, as the road-way is slung or supported below,
+instead of traversing above it. Its great height from the water, to a
+considerable extent, contracts to the eye its huge proportions, which
+may however in a measure be estimated, by observation of the
+railway-train slowly threading its way across, being scarcely seen,
+and but little heard from below, or recognized merely by a thin white
+line streaming back above the parapet, and a subdued rumble; and by
+noting also the Liliputian dimensions of some artizans, that look like
+a bevy of insects perched on one of the great tubes. The extraordinary
+construction it displays seems to suggest that here for once, Science
+with syren persuasion must have charmed the ear of Wealth to accede to
+her request--"provide me with the means required, and in return you
+shall be shewn what can be accomplished"--so lavish is the strength,
+and fantastic the form of the vast structure. On the river below this
+immense creation, the floating steam-bridge crawls across at short
+intervals, for passengers and vehicles. As we look at the two
+extraordinary methods of transit, the reflection arises that at only a
+few miles up the stream, an inexhaustible supply of granite may have
+been obtained and easily floated. With this enduring material a
+handsome bridge might have been erected, with arches sufficiently high
+for all useful purposes of navigation, and the roadway on it made wide
+enough for railway and ordinary purposes, and, what is so dear to the
+calculating proclivities of our race, it would undoubtedly have paid
+well also, in addition to its enormous convenience. But then the
+wisdom of our senators would not have been exemplified, nor the
+constructive ingenuity of the engineer glorified.
+
+We emerge from the shadow of the great bridge, and pass another smart
+training-ship. Moored there we presume to justify the outrageous and
+apparently prohibitive stipulation of Parliament,--which required that
+a railway train should be carried through the air above the masthead
+of a fully rigged old-fashioned man-of-war,--for we never heard of
+another performing such a feat. Nor did our sagacious and far-seeing
+legislators probably dream of the advent of the squat iron-clads, with
+neither mast or sail, and hulls more under the water than above it,
+that now form the fleet of the present.
+
+Leaving this the last trace of grisly war behind, we enter on a
+glorious stretch of the uncontaminated Tamar, and admire two or three
+barges with their grand, looming, picturesque sails,--like
+great-winged sea-birds,--slowly traversing the bright expanse. Here a
+prophetic echo from the lyre of the poet who dwelled at its source,
+crosses the mental ear, and finds fulfilment,--
+
+     "Fount of a rushing river! wild flowers wreathe
+       The home where thy first waters sunlight claim;
+     The lark sits hushed beside thee, while I breathe,
+       Sweet Tamar spring! the music of thy name.
+
+     Fair is the future scenery of thy days,
+       Thy course domestic and thy paths of pride;
+     Depths that give back the soft-eyed violet's gaze,
+       Shores where tall navies march to meet the tide."
+
+Delightfully we career along, and our thoughts suggest what a
+spirit-cheering, buoyant--heart as well as boat--feeling of freedom
+fills the mind, when afloat in a trim craft with a full sail, and a
+fair wind. Pre-eminently so on the boundless sea, and in lesser
+degree, but most enjoyable also, on this broad reach of inland water.
+The busy succession of waves rising up and greeting with flickering
+salute the prow of our little vessel, as with easy rocking motion she
+speeds over their undulating succession. And the contented
+satisfaction, also, that we have the pleasant breeze, with its varying
+force for our untiring steed; no haunting thought disturbs, that some
+noble animal in slavery is running the sands of his life out the
+faster for our gratification,--nor the dread possibility of instant
+annihilation, that hovers continuously over the rushing transit of the
+iron trackway. Verily of all modes of movement, none equals for
+pleasantness the sailor's, nor does the phantom of a wild pitiless
+sky, lee shore, and foam-mantled rocks greatly alloy it.
+
+     Wild glory of the weltering shore,
+     The clouds dark portent hangeth o'er,
+     The rushing billows muffled roar.
+
+     Like storm-drenched bird, from out the west
+     The labouring bark by strong winds pressed,
+     Beats to the haven of her rest.
+
+     The seaman views the turmoil grim,
+     And be his vessel tight and trim,
+     The tempest wears no fears for him.
+
+Starboard the helm, friend, for we have now fetched nearly a mile
+_plus_ the bridge, and prepare to set thy foot for the first time on
+old Cornubia's shore, and make acquaintance with its inhabiters, a
+generous, independent liberty-loving race, who through the past
+centuries have "one and all" vigorously asserted their right to social
+and religious freedom. Yonder is Landulph church-tower peering up
+among the undulations of the shore,--this will be our first port of
+call, to visit the sanctuary nestling among the dwellings at its foot,
+and make note of sundry interesting associations--one specially
+unique--connected with it. We pull in our little craft, and having
+made fast to a place of safety among the seaweed-clad slaty ledges of
+rock, set off for our destination, and a few minutes' walk brings us
+to the door of the little edifice.
+
+On entering, the first thing that arrests attention, is the large
+number of carved bench-ends with which the nave and south aisle are
+furnished. Although under any conditions these architectural features
+are most attractive to the antiquary, as displaying in their
+sculptured imagery, direct witness of the art of past existences, the
+examples here found, for quality of workmanship, reflect not the purer
+glory of the Plantagenet workman, nor the lavish wealth of the earlier
+Tudor. Their shallower and comparatively unstudied work, points to the
+era just before that crowned Dowsing,--who in relation to the church
+was dubbed Defender of her Faith, but whose truer and more congenial
+title should have been Destructor of her Works,--by his ravages among
+the religious establishments, gave the final quietus to the fast-dying
+spirit of ecclesiastical art. But even apart from his relentless
+savagery, its chief incentive had almost disappeared, for men were
+then fast learning the easier faith of word-service alone, unallied
+with the older self-denying, and more tangible offering of deeds. The
+real and the painstaking had given place to the less troublesome and
+quicker wrought,--rich deep-cut cusp, vine-leaf, rose, and blazoned
+shield were succeeded by coarse rustic allegory, ill-shaped animals
+and birds, tasteless initials and dates, and confused heraldry,
+interspersed with heathen masks and grotesques, elbowing the cross and
+sacred monogram--the last dying speech and confession of the expiring
+Gothic. Here the symbolism of the Passion seems to have been the old
+carvers' favourite subject, occurring in the greatest profusion,
+variety, and minuteness of detail,--a pertinent example of the lowest
+form of religious teaching, the objective (even now a favourite with
+some), designed by its pictured symbolism to impress, and in its way
+instruct the unlettered mind, a poor apology for the nobler and more
+comprehensive study of the sacred text. One or two of the panels are
+however more noteworthy, as preserving a flickering of the antient
+beauty of design, and these find record in our sketch-book.
+
+A sprinkling of curiously imperfect and jumbled heraldry, apparently
+allusive to afore-time settlers in Landulph and important families
+located near, occupies many; on these we recognize the _roses_ of
+Lower, the _rudders_ of Willoughby de Broke, the _saltires_ of
+Glanville, and the _bells_ of Porter of Trematon, while on others
+occur the insignia of the See, and specially noticeable, those of the
+princely Courtenay,--_the eagle on the bundle of sticks, feathers_,
+and shields charged with the _three torteaux_, badges and arms of the
+last descendants of the first house of that illustrious
+descent,--armories almost ubiquitous, both within and without the
+church door in these western parts.
+
+Here in Landulph this noble race owned considerable possessions,
+inherited through the marriage of Emmeline, daughter of Sir John
+Dauney (or De Alneto), with Sir Edward Courtenay, who died 1372, of
+whom Cleaveland records,--"he had sixteen manors, and died before his
+father the Earl, and had by his lady two sons, Edward who came to be
+Earl after his grandfather, and Sir Hugh of Haccombe, whose grandson
+Edward was restored to the Earldom of Devonshire upon the failure of
+the elder brother's issue." The effigies of Sir John Dauney, his
+daughter Emmeline and her husband Sir Edward Courtenay are found in
+the neighbouring church of Sheviocke. The property continued in the
+ownership of the Courtenays, until the cruel execution of Henry,
+Marquis of Exeter, by Henry VIII., when it was annexed to the Duchy of
+Cornwall.
+
+And here an interesting circumstance may be noted, concerning the
+carved array of the symbolism of the Passion on the old seats before
+us, as we remember that these emblems appear to have been general
+favourites in Cornwall, and occur largely displayed in similar
+situations within many other churches in the county.
+
+Cornwall has ever been distinguished for the earnest religious views
+of its inhabitants, and from the earliest times, its material record
+has survived. The large number of old Crosses strewn thickly over the
+wild moorlands or by the solitary wayside, in churchyard or village
+street, were set up as reminders to the passing foot, of the way to
+eternal life, and contemporary with them Holy Wells covered the bright
+springs in the valleys, and appealed with their simple imagery to
+those who came thither to draw, not to forget to thirst also for the
+living water that refreshes the soul; while Sainted Names numberless,
+the stories of whose devoted lives are lost in the mist of antiquity;
+all attest that olden deep spirit of religious influence and
+observance, not to be found in other regions of the west, and which
+continues almost undiminished down to the present hour.
+
+It was this feeling which brought the hardy miners, and their
+half-brethren the Dartmoor peasantry, with their clubs and bows up to
+the gates of Exeter in sturdy remonstrance, and to leave their mangled
+bodies afterward on Clyst Heath, when the Mass they were accustomed to
+reverence was abolished from their sight in the rural sanctuaries
+where they worshipped, during the days of the sixth Edward. It was
+this that stirred their hearts, and sent their war-cry aloft, when
+their countryman Trelawney stood in peril of liberty and life at the
+hands of the sinister James. It was this unsatisfied yearning, stifled
+while under the religious torpor which had settled over the
+mid-Georgian era, that welcomed the evangelic cry of Wesley, when he
+breathed over their valley of dry bones, and devoted disciples by
+myriads sprang into new and spiritual existence, followed subsequently
+by the kindred and scarcely less-fruitful mission of O'Brien, the
+apostle of the north Devon hills; and later still with equal
+earnestness, their recognition and steadfast adhesion to the
+beneficent discipline of Father Matthew. The same earnest receptive
+spirit has continued in them through all the centuries. In
+emotive warmth of heart,--not altogether wanting in touch of
+chivalry,--home-loving clanship of nationality, and kinship of antient
+tongue, the Cornish hold much in common with the Welsh, Irish, and
+Scotch; qualities on crossing the Cheviots, Wrekin, or Dartmoor, lost
+altogether in the common-place, flavourless compromise called English
+character.
+
+Slowly we wend our way through the nave, and observe in addition to
+the numerous carved bench-ends, the lower compartments of the antient
+rood-screen (its stair-turret still exists in the wall of the south
+aisle), all the upper portion having disappeared. The design of its
+tracery is similar, and from this we assume that the edifice was
+entirely refitted within, if not wholly rebuilt at the same era. But
+the majority of the benches have suffered curious treatment at the
+ingenious hands of the parish joiner, a generation or so since, when
+these old solid structures were transformed into pews, by grafting on
+them above slender deal continuations, furnished with doors. Then
+unfortunately the carved edging around their ends was nearly all
+cleared away, so as to form a panel at the base, and finished
+afterward by the whole being "neatly painted and grained" to acquire
+uniformity. The north aisle has a fine open-timbered waggon roof, the
+dividing arches between the nave and aisles are composed of
+granite--moor-stone as Polwhele delighted to designate it--ponderous
+and strong, and these, coupled with the old sturdy oak praying-benches
+beneath, convey a sense of reality and abidingness in work that
+contrasts strongly with our modern flimsy imitations.
+
+     "See now, along that pillared aisle
+       The graven arches firm and fair;
+     They bend their shoulders to the toil,
+       And lift the hollow roof in air.
+
+     Huge, mighty, massive, hard, and strong,
+       Were the choice stones they lifted then;
+     The vision of their hope was long,
+       They knew their God, those faithful men."
+
+Having lingered a moment in the south aisle to note the badges of the
+royally descended Courtenay, our steps tend eastward to the memento
+that records an even more illustrious name than theirs, and that forms
+the unique association connected with this country church. But ere we
+reach it they are arrested a moment to observe the two large and
+singularly representative squires' pews of the Jacobean knight Sir
+Nicholas Lower, an olden resident of Clifton in Landulph, and of whom
+we shall have something further to say by and by. One was evidently
+intended for the use of the family, the other on the opposite side of
+the aisle, larger, raised and arranged as a sort of gallery, evidently
+intended to be occupied by his worship's servants and retainers. Both
+are elaborately decorated in their upper portions with carved panels
+displaying the armories of his descent and alliance, below they
+exhibit the linen pattern, and on the corners appears his crest
+sculptured in full relief. Immediately beyond is a large high-tomb,
+whose massive black marble table records that the bodies of the old
+knight and his dame repose below, while on the aisle wall immediately
+above the gallery-pew are two further inscribed brasses to their
+memories.
+
+Now stay thy foot, and hearken! for we are standing not on princely,
+nay, nor royal, but even over imperial dust. Give thy thoughts wing,
+from these leaden skies and mist-hung coasts,--nor stay them until
+they have reached the sunny shores of the Bosphorus and the Golden
+Horn, the classic precincts and immortal traditions of that
+superlatively beautiful city that holds the keys of the two continents
+in her hands, and to the illustrious dynasty that erstwhile ruled her,
+and by whose name she is still designated. Then learn that a direct
+descendant of this distinguished race, an exile from his native clime,
+and almost an outcast on the face of the earth, found his last refuge
+in this life, under a friendly roof close by, and lies at rest,--not
+in marble sarcophagus under vaulted dome near the home of his royal
+ancestors,--but, equally well, beneath the simple pavement of this
+rustic sanctuary.
+
+Resolve thy parable, you say. Read the inscription recorded on yonder
+unpretending brass plate:--
+
+   HERE LYETH THE BODY OF THEODORO PALEOLOGVS OF PESARO IN ITALYE;
+   DESCENDED FROM YE IMPERYAIL LYNE OF YE LAST CHRISTIAN EMPERORS OF
+   GREECE; BEING THE SONNE OF CAMILIO, YE SON'E OF PROSPER, THE
+   SONNE OF THEODORO, THE SONNE OF IOHN, YE SONNE OF THOMAS, SECOND
+   BROTHER TO CONSTANTINE PALEOLOGVS, THE 8TH OF THAT NAME, AND LAST
+   OF YE LYNE YT RAYGNED IN CONSTANTINOPLE, VNTILL SVBDVED BY THE
+   TVRKES; WHO MARRIED W'TH MARY, YE DAVGHTER OF WILLIAM BALLS OF
+   HADLYE IN SOVFFOLKE, GENT: AND HAD ISSVE 5 CHILDREN THEODORO,
+   IOHN, FERDINANDO, MARIA AND DOROTHY, AND DEPARTED THIS LIFE AT
+   CLYFTON, YE 21TH OF IANVARY, 1636.
+
+Over is the proud achievement of his race,--_Per fess, a
+double-headed eagle displayed, collared, and with an imperial crown
+between the heads, standing on the castles of Europe and Asia_, being
+the imperial arms of Greece, _with crescent for difference_.
+
+Proceed we now to give such few particulars of the dynasty and life of
+this imperially descended exile as space permits. Thomas Paleologus,
+as the inscription informs us, was second brother to Constantine, last
+of the Christian Emperors of Greece. He succeeded his brother the
+Emperor John in 1448, and bravely defended his beautiful metropolis
+from the unclean foot of the invader, when Mahomet II. laid siege to
+it with an immense army; but being abandoned by the reigning princes
+of Christendom,--then too busy quarrelling among themselves to help
+him,--was unable to repel them, and died fighting like a hero in the
+breach 29 May, 1453. His death was followed by the capture of the
+royal city, which was forthwith handed over to all the horrors of
+pillage and outrage by the Moslem host. Thenceforward the unspeakable
+Turk, with his fanatic courage, his slavery, cruelty, and sensual
+sloth, settled himself within its delightful precincts, as the future
+capital of his dominions, and brought his unsavoury presence into the
+community of Christian nationalities, remaining only to become an
+unceasing source of sanguinary contention among them, his wretched and
+effete government being from time to time saved from summary
+extinction, only by the jealousy of his protectors. A notable and
+salutary change of circumstances and opinion notwithstanding, and in
+strong contrast to the apathy or fear with which the European
+potentates viewed the original triumphant entry and settlement of the
+disciples of Mahomet into the beautiful city of Constantine four
+centuries previously.
+
+In the terrible conflict that resulted in the downfall of
+Constantinople, the carnage on both sides was immense. The Greeks
+fought with great determination, "the Turks lay dead by heaps upon the
+ground, yet other fresh men pressed on still in their places," so that
+at last the beleaguered defenders appear to have been borne down by
+their force of numbers. Together with this,
+
+   "it chanced _Joannes Justinianus_ the Generall to lie wounded in
+   the arme; who losing much blood, cowardly withdrew himselfe from
+   the place of his charge, not leaving any to supplie his roome,
+   and so got into the cittie by the gate called ROMANA, which hee
+   had caused to be opened in the inner wall, pretending the cause
+   of his departure to be for the binding up of his wound, but being
+   indeed a man altogether discouraged. The souldiours there present
+   dismayed with the departure of their Generall, and sore charged
+   by the Janizaries, forsooke their stations, and in haste fled to
+   the same gate, whereby _Justinianus_ was entered, with the sight
+   whereof, the other souldiours dismayed, ran thither by heapes
+   also. But whilest they valiantly strive, all together to get in
+   at once, they so wedged one another in the entrance of the gate,
+   that few of so great a multitude, got in; in which, so great a
+   presse and confusion of minds, eight hundred persons were there
+   by them that followed, troden underfoot, or thrust to death. The
+   emperor himselfe, for safegarde of his life flying with the rest,
+   in that presse, as a man not regarded, miserably ended his dayes,
+   together with the Greek empire. His dead bodie was shortly after
+   found by the Turkes amongst the slaine, and knowne by his rich
+   apparell; whose head being cut off, was forthwith presented to
+   the Turkish tyrant; by whose commaundment it was afterwards
+   thrust upon the point of a launce, and in great derision caried
+   about as a trophee of his victorie, first in the campe, and
+   afterwards up and downe the citie."[47]
+
+  [47] "_Generall Historie of the Turkes_," by RICHARD KNOLLES, ed.
+  1603.
+
+Thus fell Constantinople, and thus perished Constantinus, the eighth
+of that name, its last Emperor,
+
+   "a prince of a mild and soft spirit fitter for the church than
+   for the field, who hearing of the great preparation made by the
+   Turkish king, first made such preparation as his owne small
+   abilitie would extend unto, and then sent his embassadours unto
+   other Christian princes earnestly craving their aid, and
+   assistance in that his dangerous estate. But that labour was
+   lost, and all his sute vaine; for they being at variance one with
+   another, and having more care of private revenge, than how to
+   repulse the common enemie of Christianitie, could not, or would
+   not afoord him any helpe at all."
+
+All the assistance the poor Emperor had, to resist the cloud of
+assailants then fast closing around the doomed city, was from
+"certaine ships and gallies" of the Levantine coast then by chance at
+Constantinople, among whom was
+
+   "_Joannes Justinianus_ an adventurer of Genua, who had been
+   scouring those seas, with two tall ships, and four hundred
+   souldiours, where he was entertained by the emperour. And
+   forasmuch as he was a man honourably descended and supposed to be
+   of great courage and direction, was by the emperour appointed
+   Generall of all his forces next unto himselfe. He also
+   entertained six thousand Greekes; which with three thousand
+   Venetians, Genowais, and others whom he made stay of, joined unto
+   the cittizens, was all the weake strength he had to relie upon
+   for the defence of his state and empire."
+
+The appointment of the Venetian as chief commander was an unfortunate
+one, and he exhibited the usual cowardice and treachery when put to
+the test, which adventurers usually display, although nothing the
+besieged could have done would probably have eventually saved the city
+from the host of invaders surrounding it, it being a hopeless conflict
+with superior numbers. Those of the citizens whose patriotism inspired
+them to confront the enemy, fought with great heroism, but numbers of
+others appear to have held aloof, denying their emperor not only their
+personal assistance, but also of their substance to pay the
+mercenaries to fight for them, and "whoe in their turn refused any
+longer to goe to the walls than they were sure of their dayly pay!"
+The "wofull emperour," who appears to have done everything in his
+power for the defence of the royal city, was thus fighting under
+hopeless circumstances, and with the longest odds against him. Over
+the frightful cruelty and wickedness that followed in the three days'
+sack of Constantinople, after its capture, by the invaders, and their
+"abhominable and unspeakable filthinesse," let the hand of Time draw a
+veil.
+
+At the period of the fall of Constantinople, Thomas and Demetrius
+Paleologi, brothers to the unfortunate Emperor Constantinus,
+
+   "governed a great part of Peloponesus, one of the most famous
+   provinces of Græcia, and these two princes dismaied at their
+   brothers disaster fortune, began so farre to despaire of their
+   own estate; and upon the first brute thereof they were about
+   presently to have fled by sea to Italy."
+
+But they remained, and as misfortunes rarely come alone, their own
+subjects just at this juncture rose in arms against them, and in their
+extremity they sought for peace at Mahomet's hands, offering to become
+his tributaries; and the conqueror sent over one of his generals and
+an army and quieted the insurrection. As vassals to the Turk the two
+princes lived for a few years (but not in the greatest harmony with
+each other), and then hearing that "the Christian princes of the west
+were making great preparation against the Turke," refused further
+tribute to Mahomet, who thereupon re-entered Peloponnesus, with a
+"puissant army," and the Greek princes had to fly for their lives, the
+one to Mantinia, and the other to "the strong cittie of Epidaurus, now
+called Ragusa." Again they had to sue for peace, which Mahomet, after
+stripping them of almost all the little authority they had left, and
+imposing further tribute, granted. Not long after this Mahomet was
+himself disquieted by rumours of the Christian princes of the west
+being about to intervene and drive him out of Greece, and thinking
+probably there would be no settled peace for him in the Peloponnesus,
+while the Greek princes remained there with any semblance of power,
+and the brothers Paleologi being at variance between themselves, and
+the promised tribute also not forthcoming, availed himself of the
+opportunity to finally subdue it. He therefore marched into those
+parts with a large force, reducing the cities, laying waste the
+country, and cruelly putting to death thousands of its inhabitants.
+Demetrius fled to Sparta, but when Mahomet arrived there, he came out
+and "humbly submitted himself with all he had in his power," which so
+"pleased the Turkish tyrant, that hee courteously received him, and
+comforted him; neverthelesse, hee committed him to safe custodie, and
+carried him about with him as his prisoner." Thence after much ravage
+and slaughter the Moslem victor, "by the counsell of Demetrius,
+
+   'sent one of his captaines, with certaine companies of Greeke
+   souldiours, unto the strong cittie of Epidaurus, to command them
+   in the name of the prince, to deliver unto him the citie, with
+   the prince, his wife, and daughter, that lay there. But the
+   Governour trusting unto the strength of the citie, refused to
+   deliver the same; yet suffred the princess with her daughter, to
+   depart out of the citie, being willing to goe to her husband;
+   whom the captaine having received, returned and presented them to
+   _Mahomet_; by whose commandment they were sent into Beotia, there
+   to attend his returne toward Constantinople, and an eunuch
+   appointed to take charge of the young ladie who had so warmed
+   _Mahomet's_ affection, that he tooke her afterwards to his
+   wife.'"
+
+Thus far for Demetrius. What was Thomas Paleologus, the ancestor of
+our Theodorus, about this while? Something very different, and of much
+more honourable complexion. He was within and busy fortifying the city
+of Salmonica, to which came Zoganus-Bassa, one of Mahomet's
+commanders,
+
+   "but the castle was by the space of a whole yeare after valiantly
+   defended against the Turkes left to besiege it, by _Thomas_ the
+   prince; and which for lacke of water was at length yielded unto
+   him. Of whom (Prince Thomas) _Mahomet_ afterwards gave this
+   commendation, 'That in the great countrey of Peloponesus, hee had
+   found many slaves, but never a man but him.'"
+
+After its surrender, Prince Thomas, "seeing the miserable ruine of his
+countrey, and the state thereof utterly forlorne," took ship and
+sailed for Italy. He was well received by Pius II. at Rome, who during
+his life allowed him a considerable pension for the maintenance of his
+state. But what became of Demetrius? Mahomet--his campaign
+over--returned with great triumph toward Constantinople,
+
+   "carrying with him _Demetrius_ the prince, with his wife and
+   daughter; but after he was come to Hadrianople, and placed in his
+   royal seat, he removed the eunuch from the fair young ladie, and
+   took charge of her himselfe. As for _Demetrius_ her father, hee
+   gave unto him the citie of Ænum, with custome arising of the salt
+   there made, as a pension to live upon."
+
+Thus far for these brethren. Lysons adds, "it is probable that
+Theodore, the descendant of Prince Thomas, who lies buried at
+Landulph, sought an asylum in England in consequence of the hostility
+shewn towards the Greeks by Pope Paul V. and his successor Gregory
+XV."
+
+PALEOLOGUS.
+
+     Imperial eagle! still with glance intent,
+       Thy necks outstretched, and poising wings as yet,
+     Claiming to rule o'er each vast continent,
+       With feet upon their gateways firmly set;
+     An empire's diadem hangs o'er thy brows,
+       Yet rests on neither;--as if glory's aim
+     Waited on fortune to inspire her vows,
+       And ratify ambition's lofty claim;--
+     But she smiled not,--death put the chaplet on
+       Life's brave endeavour, and a hero's fate
+     Awarded thee instead of victory won,
+       The martyrs' halo, for the crown of state:
+     When sank the Cross blood-stained in western sky,
+       And in the east the Crescent flared on high.
+
+Theodoro Paleologus appears to have married before coming to England,
+Eudoxia Comnena, and by her had a daughter called Theodora, born at
+Scio 6 July, 1594, and who was married 10 Oct., 1614, to Prince
+Demetrius Rhodocanakis, at the Greek church of SS. Peter and Paul,
+Naples. But he must have settled in England before 1600, for in that
+year, on May 1st, he wedded secondly at Cottingham, in the county of
+York, Mary, the daughter of William Balls of Hadleigh in Suffolk,
+gent. He appears to have sought public employment, military or civil,
+for among the _State Papers, Domestic_, Charles I., there is a letter
+from him to the Duke of Buckingham, dated Plymouth, 9 March, 1627-8,
+in which he thanks the Duke for the courtesy shewn him at Plymouth,
+and prays to be taken into his service. He further states that he is a
+gentleman, born of a good house, and in possession of accomplishments
+worthy of the name he bears, but unfortunate in the reverse of fortune
+experienced by his ancestors and himself; and that he has lived and
+shed his blood in war even from his youth, as the late Prince of
+Orange, and other noblemen, both English and French, have testified.
+He concludes by proffering himself both faithful and competent to
+serve the king, and ready to shew gratitude to the duke.[48] This was
+only eight years before his death, and when he was probably verging on
+old age.
+
+  [48] _Monumental Brasses of Cornwall_, by E. H. W. Dunkin.
+
+Inheriting the military aptitude of their race, Theodoro, his eldest
+son, entered the service of the Parliament, as lieutenant in the
+regiment commanded by Lord St. John, in the army of the Earl of Essex.
+He was buried 3 May, 1644, in Westminster Abbey, and according to the
+Register of that edifice, "near the Lady St. John's tomb." But of the
+Lady St. John's monument, Dean Stanley says, "once in St. Michael's,
+now in St. Nicholas's Chapel,"--and further,--"in the Chapel of St.
+Andrew, close to the spot where now is the Nightingale monument, lies
+Theodore Paleologus."
+
+Ferdinando chose the side of the King, and fought under Major Lower
+(probably a member of the Lower family of Clifton) at Naseby, 18 June,
+1645, when Lower was killed, and it is supposed John Paleologus fell
+by his side. Ferdinando afterward emigrated to Barbados, where his
+maternal grandfather had an estate, and there he became proprietor of
+a plantation in the parish of St. John, and was for twenty years,
+1649-69, surveyor of highways. He made his will in 1670, gives "_to my
+loving wife, Rebecca Paleologus, the one half of my plantation, and to
+my son Theodorus the other moiety_," to his sisters, "_Mary Paleologus
+and Dorothy Arundel each twenty shillings sterling_." He also names
+legacies of horses to Edward and Henry Walrond,--a Devonshire name, a
+Humphrey Walrond (query, of the Farringdon descent), being President
+of the island in 1660. He died about 1680, and was buried in the
+church of St. John's. Theodorus his son was a mariner on board the
+ship _Charles II._, and died at sea in 1693.[49]
+
+  [49] Archer's _Monumental Inscriptions of the British West Indies_.
+
+"The Greeks," says Dean Stanley, "in their War of Independence, sent
+to enquire whether any of the family remained, and offered, if such
+were the case, to equip a ship and proclaim him for their lawful
+sovereign. It is said that a member of the family still remains." This
+would relate to the descendants of Ferdinando. How strange would have
+been the circumstance had such an undoubted descendant been
+discovered, and the imperial eagle again arisen like a phoenix from
+the ashes of time, and strove to consolidate the shifting fortunes of
+this heroic and struggling people.
+
+Maria, the elder daughter mentioned on the monument, died unmarried in
+1674. Dorothy her sister became the wife of William Arundell of St.
+Mellion in 1657, and deceased in 1681.
+
+Theodoro Paleologus, as the inscription informs us, died at Clifton,
+an old manor house in Landulph. This was originally the seat of a
+younger branch of the Arundells of Trerice, and built by Thomas
+Arundell (son of Sir Thomas Arundell by Anne Moyle) about the year
+1500. From the Arundells it passed to the Killigrews, and successively
+to Sir Nicholas Lower and Sir Reginald Mohun, who married the
+daughters of Sir Henry Killigrew. Lysons describes it in his time as
+still existing,--"with its halls, chapel, &c., but much dilapidated,
+and then occupied as a farm house." It has since been wholly pulled
+down and rebuilt as a modern farm residence.
+
+At the date of Paleologus' decease, Clifton was evidently in the
+occupation of Sir Nicholas Lower, and it is probable the imperial
+refugee, with such of his family as remained with him, found a home
+under the roof-tree of the knight. Great friendship apparently existed
+between the Lowers and the Paleologi, as in his will Sir Nicholas
+orders "_Item, I doe give unto Mrs. Maria Paleologus tenne pounds to
+be paied unto her within one quarter of a yeare after my
+decease_,"--this was the eldest daughter; two of his sons fought under
+Major Lower, and the father was buried in the Clifton aisle, and close
+by him the testator was himself afterward laid.
+
+Sir Nicholas Lower was a descendant of an old Cornish family, being
+the third son of Thomas Lower of St. Winnow by his wife Jane Reskymer;
+was knighted by Charles I., 1 June, 1619, and became Sheriff of
+Cornwall in 1632. He married Elizabeth, daughter of Sir Henry
+Killigrew, being her third husband, she having previously wedded Sir
+Jonathan Trelawney, of Pool in Menheniot in 1604, and Sir Thomas
+Reynell of East Ogwell, 1607.
+
+Sir Nicholas, and his wife Elizabeth Killigrew, are both interred
+under a large high-tomb at the east end of the Clifton aisle of
+Landulph church. On the cover-stone, which is of black marble, and
+very massive, are the following inscriptions:--
+
+             HEERE LYES BVRIED THE BODYES
+     OF SIR NICHOLAS LOWER OF CLIFTON IN LANDVLPH
+                 IN CORNEWALL KNIGHT
+               WHO DEPARTED THIS LIFE
+               XVII DAYE OF MAY. 1655.
+
+             And of Dame Elizabeth his wife
+                 who departed this Life
+           the vi day of June 1638 aged 68 yeares
+         and heere Expect a glorious Resurrection.
+
+Arms,--_A chevron between three roses, on the chevron a mullet for
+difference_ (LOWER), impaling,--_a double-headed eagle displayed
+within a bordure bezantée_ (KILLIGREW). Crest,--_An unicorn's head
+couped, thereon a mullet_.
+
+In the east window of the aisle, above the tomb, are the arms of Lower
+alone, in painted glass,--_Sable, a chevron between three roses
+argent_, with two crests, one LOWER, and the second, _a wolf passant
+azure, langued and armed gules_ (RESKYMER?).
+
+  [Illustration: PART OF THE LOWER SEATS, LANDULPH CHURCH.]
+
+On the wall over the south Lower seat, are these further inscriptions
+on brasses,--
+
+   HERE LYETH BVRIED YE BODY OF SIR NICHOLAS LOWER OF CLIFTON
+   KNIGHT, (DESCENDED OF THE HOVSE OF ST. WINOWE) THE SONNE OF
+   THOMAS LOWER AND JANE HIS WIFE, ONE OF THE CO-HEYRES OF RESKYMER;
+   WHO HAD ISSVE SIX SONNES, VIZ: SIR WILLIAM LOWER KNIGHT DECEASED
+   IN CARMARTHENSHIRE, JOHN LOWER, THE SAID SR NICHOLAS LOWER, SIR
+   FRANCIS LOWER KNIGHT, THOMAS LOWER DECEASED IN LONDON, AND
+   ALEXANDER LOWER. HE MARRIED WITH ELIZABETH, ONE OF THE DAVGHTERS
+   OF SR HENRY KILLEGRVE OF LONDON KNIGHT, DIED WITHOVT ISSVE,
+   SVRRENDRINGE HIS SOVLE TO HIS REDEEMER AT CLIFTON, YE 17TH OF
+   MAYE, ANNO DOMINI 1655.
+
+and to his much-married spouse, who pre-deceased him nearly twenty
+years, the following quaint tribute to her memory:--
+
+   HEERE LYETH BVRIED THE BODY OF DAME ELIZABETH LOWER LATE WIFE
+   VNTO SIR NICHOLAS LOWER OF CLIFTON, KT, DAVGHTER VNTO SR HENRY
+   KILLIGREWE OF LONDON, KT, ANTIENTLY DESCENDED FROM YE HOVSE OF
+   ARWENNICK IN CORNWALL, AND FROM YE YOVNGEST OF YE LEARNED
+   DAVGHTERS OF SR ANTHONY COOKE, KT, A MAIDE OF HONOVR TO QVEENE
+   ELIZABETH; WHO FOR TREW VERTVE, PIETY, AND LEARNING, CAME NOTHING
+   SHORT (THAT I MAY MODESTLY SPEAKE) OF ANY OF HER ANCESTORS, AND
+   FOR HER SINGVLAR COVRTESIE TO ALL, AND AMIABLE SVBIECTION TO HER
+   HVSBAND (A VERTVE RARE AND HIGH) I THINKE CAN HARDLY BE MATCH'D,
+   WHO DESERVES A FAR AMPLER CHARACTER THEN CAN BE CONTAINED IN SO
+   NARROW A ROOME: SHE DYED AT CLIFTON IN CORNWALL, THE SIXT DAY OF
+   JVNE IN THE YEARE OF OVR LORD, 1638, AND EXPECTS HEERE A GLORIOVS
+   RESVRRECTION.
+
+The two representative "squires' pews" we glanced at on our way down
+the aisle, and in which presumably the old knight, his dame, and their
+dependants performed their devotions, when they were in the flesh, and
+resident at Clifton, accompanied it may be by his imperially descended
+friend,--are situate a little above their last resting places. Some of
+the middle panels exhibit the linen pattern, a late example of this
+last remnant of pointed design. Alternating with these are several
+filled with floriated ornament, having in their centres shields,
+continued also on the cornice above, displaying the descent and
+alliances of Lower.
+
+On the first seat,--1. _A chevron between three roses_ (LOWER). --2.
+_Per fess, three pears in base, in chief a demi-lion rampant_
+(PERROTT).--3. _Three castles_ (KESTELL).--4. _An annulet surmounted
+by a mullet._--5. _Three chevrons ermine_ (ESSE?).--6. _A chevron
+engrailed, between three talbots passant_ (CARVETH or TREGASSAWE).--7.
+_A chevron between three trefoils, stems erazed._--8. _Two bars, in
+chief three roundels._--9. _A fess fretty._--10. _A cross moline_
+(UPTON?).--11. _A chevron between three birds._--12. _A chevron
+between three boars' heads_.--13. _A chevron between three moors'
+heads affrontée, couped at the shoulders_ (TREGENNA?).--14, as 1. On
+the second seat,--1. _A double-headed eagle displayed, within a
+bordure bezantée_ (KILLIGREW).--2. _Three bars, in chief a wolf
+passant_ (RESKYMER).--3. _Three bends_(BODRUGAN).--4. _Three bends
+within a bordure bezantée_ (VALLETORT).--5. _A bend, a label of three_
+(CARMINOW).--6. _A chevron, a label of three_(PRIDEAUX).--7. _A
+crescent surmounted by a mullet_ (DENZELL).--8. _A boar passant,
+between three mullets_ (TREVARTHIAN?).--9. _A cross between four
+mullets_ (FLAMANK?).--10. _A fess indented, between three
+mullets._--11. _A stag's head_ (TRETHURFFE?).--12. _A calf passant_
+(CAVELL).--13. LOWER. The crest, _an unicorn's head couped at the
+shoulders_, in full relief at the corners, and the initials N.L. and
+E.L., together with the date 1631, is carved on the panels. LOWER
+impaling KILLIGREW appears also on the brasses. The character of the
+carving is superior for the era, and its subjects heraldically
+interesting.
+
+A few words further here concerning two immediate descendants of
+this,--at the time,--numerous Cornish race, who acquired some renown,
+the one in amusing, and the other in preserving this transitory life
+of ours. John Lower of Tremeer, brother to Sir Nicholas, had a son Sir
+William, a cavalier strongly attached to the royal cause. He was a
+dramatist, and retired to Holland during the Commonwealth that he
+might enjoy peaceful companionship with the muses. He was a great
+admirer of the French poets, particularly Corneille, and on their
+works built the plans of four out of the eight plays which he wrote.
+He also issued translations from the French, and edited a _Journal_ of
+the movements of Charles II. while in exile. He subsequently possessed
+Clifton as heir-general of the family, on the decease without issue of
+Thomas Lower (the son of Sir William Lower, Sir Nicholas' brother), to
+whom Sir Nicholas left it. He died in 1662. Richard Lower, the other
+descendant, was a celebrated London physician, and the author among
+other works of a "_Treatise on the Heart_," which "attracted much
+notice, in consequence of the chapter on the transfusion of blood
+which the author had practised." He died in 1690, and was buried at
+St. Tudy.
+
+Here we conclude such notices of the lives, deaths, and memorials of
+the Paleologi, and their friend the old knight at Clifton and his
+family as have been found available. Have you anything further to say
+of them, you ask, ere we leave the little sanctuary? What _can_ there
+be said further--would be the obvious reply--concerning those whose
+lives, deaths, burial-places and memorials, have all been duly noticed
+and recorded? Well, for once, not even the fastness of the grave will
+be proof against some additional remembrances of the Paleologi.
+
+Man's curiosity is unbounded and insatiable. No place or association
+is altogether safe from the intrusion of his prying eyes and
+ransacking fingers, if he thinks there is anything likely to be found
+therein calculated to gratify its longings, and he gets the chance, or
+has permission to make the search. In this particular he follows in
+the trail of death as being no respecter of persons, but with this
+ignoble difference to the great conqueror, that he waits until the
+life is gone before he seeks to assuage his morbid longings by an
+invasion of the bodies of his forefathers. It would be supposed the
+sanctity of death and the rest of the grave would naturally be
+privileged, but no, they have rather stimulated his curiosity, and so
+have found little or no consideration in his sight. The
+cunningly-embalmed Egyptian potentate in his burial fortress of the
+great pyramid,--his humble spice-wound subject in his rock-hewn
+sepulchre,--the Roman emperor in his grand mausoleum,--Greek hero in
+costly sarcophagus,--British chieftain in flint-piled barrow,--mediæval
+saint in shrine, and king, ecclesiastic or noble in their ponderous
+stone coffins,--all have in turn been subjected to this unfeeling
+scrutiny, and the poor dust and mouldering bones rummaged over by
+irreverent hands, very few indeed escaping violation, sometimes for hope
+of plunder, but usually for idle curiosity, and the indulgence of
+relic-hunting propensities. And yet, perhaps, there is scarcely anything
+the living heart would more shrink from contemplating, than the
+possibility of such indignity being offered to the frail decaying
+tenement it had beat in, after death; a sentiment shared in common by
+the greatest intellects and humblest minds,--but that does not avert the
+outrage.[50]
+
+  [50] "About a year ago, there was a wonderful discovery of an
+  antient tomb at Sidon, containing over a dozen sarcophagi. Many
+  of them are described as being in the finest style of art, and
+  formed after the Greek manner. Among them was a royal one, and on
+  it was an inscription of which the following is the
+  translation:--'_I, Talnite, Priest of Astarte, and King of Sidon,
+  lying in this tomb, say: 'Come not to open my tomb; there is
+  neither gold, nor silver, nor treasure. He who will open this
+  tomb shall have no prosperity under the sun, and shall not find
+  rest in the grave._' This expresses the old yearning to be at
+  rest; but the belief in wealth deposited in royal tombs has
+  always frustrated the realization of these desires. Now-a-days
+  the archæologist is the greatest desecrator." (_Daily News_, 4
+  March, 1888.) The anathema on Shakspeare's gravestone is another
+  well-known example of this dread.
+
+The ashes of the Paleologi have not escaped this common danger of
+being examined, the father's here on this bank of the Tamar, and by
+curious coincidence, the son's in the distant island of Barbados, but
+no indignity was offered the remains. At Landulph, toward the close of
+the last century, "when the vault was accidentally opened, the coffin
+of Paleologus was seen, a single oak coffin, and curiosity prompting
+to lift the lid, the body of Paleologus was discovered, and in so
+perfect a state, as to ascertain him to have been in stature much
+above the common height, his countenance of an oval form, much
+lengthened, and strongly marked by an aquiline nose, and a very white
+beard reaching low on the breast." A physiognomy and stature eminently
+representative of his imperial descent, and how remarkably preserved
+after the lapse of nearly two centuries. In 1831 a hurricane destroyed
+the church of St. John in Barbados. In a vault under the organ-loft
+was discovered "the leaden coffin of Ferdinando Paleologus, in the
+position adopted by the Greek church, which is the reverse of others.
+It was opened on the 3rd of May, 1844, and in it was found a skeleton
+of remarkable size, imbedded in quicklime, thus shewing, that although
+Ferdinando may have accommodated himself to the circumstances of his
+position, he died in the faith of his own church."[51] He thus appears
+to have been of commanding appearance as his father.
+
+  [51] Archer.
+
+Before we leave the little edifice, a look into the tower, and a
+glance under the communion table. Two incidents attendant on the
+perils of access to Landulph's maritime position meet the eye. In the
+chancel a flat stone commemorates the fate of a former rector,
+"_Edward Ameredith, who married Alice, the fourth daughter of William
+Kekewitch of Catchfrench in Cornewall, Esquire; 8th of May,
+1661,--being drowned in passing the Ryuer_." Within the tower a tablet
+erected a hundred years later is thus inscribed,--
+
+       Near this place Lies the Body of
+     Fitz-Anthony Pennington, Bell-Founder,
+       of the Parish of Lezant in Cornwall,
+     who departed this Life, April 30, 1768.
+             _Ætatis suæ_ 38.
+
+     Tho' Boisterous Winds & Billows sore,
+       Hath Tos'd me To and Fro,
+     By God's Decree in spite of both,
+       I rest now, here below.
+
+At the top of the monument is incised a winged angel with a trumpet,
+supporting a man bearing a church bell; at the bottom a laver-pot
+flaming; both being emblems of his vocation. Fitz-Anthony Pennington,
+member of a noted family of bell-founders, was also unfortunately
+drowned. This occurred at Anthony passage,--a somewhat dangerous creek
+further down the river,--while conveying across a church bell intended
+to be set up at Landulph. The curious doggerel in praise and
+regulation of ringing, that is inscribed on a large wooden tablet
+opposite the monument, is said locally to be an effusion from his pen,
+but it has a much earlier date. The Penningtons were successively of
+Exeter, Lezant, and Stoke-Climsland, and itinerated as occasion
+required. They cast nearly five hundred bells for the churches in
+Devon and Cornwall, between the end of the seventeenth and the first
+quarter of the nineteenth centuries.
+
+Imperialist or Republican? Such are the echoes that quest the mental
+ear from the opposite sides of the Tamar, as our little craft gets
+well out into mid-stream, and we make for the creek that runs inland
+on the shore immediately facing Landulph. Here dwelled an antient
+family, in Domesday survey called Alured Brito, afterward named from
+the place of their residence De Budockshed (since provincialized to
+Butshead or Budshead), and who continued there from the time of King
+John downward for fourteen generations, until about the middle of the
+sixteenth century, when the inheritance passed by a distaff to the
+possession of another old race (also having antecedents near), named
+Gorges. The venerable home of the Budocksheds has been destroyed, but
+two fine old barns--one of grand proportions--and a picturesque
+granite gateway, still remain to attest its aforetime importance.
+Winifred, one of the daughters and coheirs of Roger Budockshed, Esq.
+(who married Frances daughter of Sir Philip Champernowne of Modbury),
+the last possessor of that name of the mansion and manor; brought it
+to her husband Sir William Gorges, knt., a Vice-Admiral, Deputy of
+Ireland, and a Gentleman Pensioner of Queen Elizabeth. He was a scion
+of the wide-spreading Somersetshire family of that name, and had three
+sons,--Tristram, Arthur, and Edward. Dying in 1583, he left it to his
+son Tristram, who married Elizabeth daughter of Martin Cole of
+Cole-Anger. He had one son William, and four daughters, two of whom
+married Courtenays of the Landrake descent, and another Trelawney.
+William died without issue, and disinheriting his sisters, "conveyed
+Budoke-side," says Pole, "unto Sr Arthur his unkle, and hee hath
+lately sold it." Sir Arthur Gorges was of Chelsea, he disposed of the
+old possession to the Trevills, a family of prosperous Plymouth
+merchants. In the Budockshed aisle of the church is a handsome
+monument to them, which bears the following inscription:--
+
+     Here Lyeth Bvried the Body of Richard Trevill, Esqr.,
+         who died Avgvst the XXVI., 1648. Aged 73.
+
+     Here Lyeth Bvried the Bodyes of Richard Trevill, Esqr.,
+         Nephew and Heire of the Aforesaid Richard,
+           who died April the 4th, 1662. Aged 51.
+                 And also of Mary his Wife,
+      who died the XXV. day of Febrvary, 1663. Aged 57.
+
+     Here Lyeth Bvried the Body of Richard Trevill, Esq.,
+             Sonn of the said Richard and Mary,
+         who died Janvary the XIX. 1665. Aged 19.
+
+     This Monvment was Erected by William Trevill, of Bvtshead, Esq.,
+         in the year of ovr Lord 1667, to Perpetuate ye memorie
+       of his Worshipfull Predecessors and Relations here buried.
+
+Arms,--_Or, a cross sable, debruised by a bendlet azure_ (TREVILL),
+impaling,--_Argent, a chevron gules, between three birds (coots or
+moorcocks), sable._
+
+On ledger-lines upon flat stones below, the first and second of the
+foregoing inscriptions are repeated, with the arms of Trevill
+sculptured. In their centres are these further notices:--
+
+                       Also Here Lyeth The Body of
+     William Trevill of Butshead, Esq., Father of Lethbridge Trevill,
+           who departed this Life the 18th Day of May, 1680.
+
+                       Also Here Lyeth the Body of
+     Lethbridge Trevill, Son of William Trevill of Butshead, Esq.,
+           who departed this Life 27th of February, 1699.
+
+The name of Trevill is still perpetuated in a street in Plymouth.
+
+From the Trevills, by a distaff, it became the property of
+Brigadier-General Trelawney, whence it descended to his son Sir Harry
+Trelawney, Bart., _aide-de-camp_ to the celebrated Duke of
+Marlborough. This gentleman "for many years led a retired life at
+Budshead, where he amused himself with planting and gardening, having
+been the first person who brought ornamental gardening to any
+perfection in the west of England. His gardens, which abounded with
+American and other exotic shrubs and plants, were much resorted to by
+the curious." (Lysons.) Some remains of his taste still exist, and an
+old yew garden, once having a fishpond in its centre, and one or two
+noble trees of unmistakably foreign origin, still hale and vigorous.
+
+This genealogical recital brings us to "the middle of our song."
+William Gorges, the last local possessor of Budockshed, was cousin to
+the celebrated Sir Ferdinando Gorges, the Founder of the State of
+Maine, U.S.A., and for some years Governor of Plymouth. He was also
+identified with St. Budeaux, both by property and marriage; first, by
+being owner of the manor of Kinterbury in that parish, and secondly,
+one of his four wives having been Elizabeth, sister of William Gorges
+of Budockshed, and widow of Edward Courtenay. Sir Ferdinando, whose
+history and proceedings are largely interwoven with the stirring
+movements of his time, both of warlike character at home, and
+colonization and enterprise abroad, died 14 May, 1647, and was buried
+at Long-Ashton, near Bristol.
+
+In the Budockshed aisle of the church of St. Budeaux, is a beautiful
+monument to the memory of that family and their immediate successors,
+the Gorges. It consists of a high-tomb, with pillars at the angles,
+the cover-stone of slate finely carved, and a reredos of exquisite
+Elizabethan design. On it are these arms,--1. _Sable, three fusils in
+fess, between three stags' faces argent. Crest,--A moor's head
+affrontée proper_ (BUDOCKSHED).--2. Quarterly,--1 and 4. _Lozengy or
+and azure, a chevron gules, a crescent for difference_ (GORGES).--2.
+and 3. _Argent, a bull passant sable, within a bordure of the second
+bezantée_ (COLE).--3. GORGES, with crest,--_a greyhound's head couped
+at the shoulders, and collared, with crescent for difference_.--4.
+GORGES and BUDOCKSHED quarterly.--5. BUDOCKSHED, with crest. The
+original inscription, which was probably gilded on it, had
+disappeared, but the sculptured date, 1600, remains.
+
+The monument had become greatly dilapidated, but was restored in 1881,
+and the following inscription then cut on it,--
+
+     Roger Budockshed, of Budockshed, Esquire, obiit 1576.
+             Sir William Gorges, Knight, obiit 1583.
+               Dame Winifred Gorges, ob: 1599.
+       Tristram Gorges, of Budockshed, Esquire, ob: 1607.
+               Mrs. Elizabeth Gorges, ob: 1607.
+
+             Restored 1881: chiefly at the expense of
+     the Historical Society and Citizens of the State of Maine, U.S.A.;
+             in memory of Sir Ferdinando Gorges,
+     the first Proprietor and Governor of that Province, A.D. 1635;
+     aided by some connections of the Gorges family in England.
+
+  [Illustration: PANEL FROM THE GORGES TOMB. ST. BUDEAUX CHURCH.]
+
+Singularly coincident,--as with the Paleologi at Landulph, so with
+the second of the Gorges of Budockshed,--the recital of his life and
+burial does not end all we have to say of him. In speaking of "St.
+Buddocks," as Risdon calls it, he narrates the following:--
+
+   "The church of this parish once stood in a remote and unhealthy
+   place by the river side, but Robert Budshed rebuilt it in a place
+   more convenient, at his own cost; whereof (see the fate!) his own
+   daughter first possessed the place for her burial; and in this
+   church there is a tomb erected to the memory of Tristram Gorges
+   and Elizabeth his wife, daughter of Cole, which about thirty
+   years after his funeral was taken up by occasion of burying
+   another of that tribe in his sepulture; in whose coffin digged
+   up, the carcass was found with the flesh fallen on his ridge-bone
+   like a jelly, there lying all his bones in order, as they that
+   were eye-witnesses have delivered."[52]
+
+  [52] Robert Budockshed thus spoken of as builder of the present
+  church of St. Budeaux, married Anne daughter of Sir Thomas
+  Pomeroy, knt., and lived three generations before Roger of the
+  monument. Lysons says it was rebuilt in 1563, the era of _Roger_
+  Budockshed. Tradition records that the former church was at
+  Budockshed.
+
+Enow of death and his doings. Now for the lesson of reflection that
+the lives and aims of the principal characters in this little story of
+to-day's wandering suggest to us. We take a farewell view from the
+delightful acclivity on which the church of St. Budeaux is situate,
+with panorama of the wide-spreading Tamar and its ramifications at our
+feet, and the great Cornish hills retreating inimitably in the
+distance beyond;--then slowly retrace our steps down to the river's
+side at Budockshed, and are soon again afloat, half-drifting,
+half-sailing, making for our haven at Saltash passage. Another and
+strange dream of the vicissitudes of human life, finds its fulfilment
+in the one case over the grave of the imperial exile at rest among the
+peasantry of the hamlet in the little sanctuary yonder. Driven from
+his native clime,--bereft of all his kingly traditions,--the splendid
+empire he may have been born to rule the possession of the barbarian
+invader,--himself dependant on the bounty of a stranger,--and his
+royal name extinct,--such was the fate of Paleologus; conditions which
+instruct us, that the same inexorable law of mutability affects
+equally a dynasty, whether its residence be in a palace or a cottage.
+There is no station privileged against the misfortunes that afflict
+our common mortal conditions.
+
+But what of the emigrant commemorated at St. Budeaux, Sir Ferdinando?
+He voluntarily left his English home to help found the magnificent
+commonwealth, that in a single century has absorbed a whole continent,
+in extent infinitely larger than the realms the Constantines in their
+fullest glory presided over, and whose existence was altogether
+unknown when their last representative lost his crown and his life.
+How different the errands of these men in their migrations from their
+native land. But no emperor rules the destinies of the nation he
+helped to found; the charm of simple and equal citizenship is the
+secret of its strength; and while the memorial of Paleologus is viewed
+with curious sympathy by the wayfarer, as being only the interesting
+reminder of an extinct rule,--the tomb of Gorges has been renovated
+by the descendants of those pioneers he helped to conduct across the
+broad Atlantic, and left with them the deathless heritage of liberty
+and progress.
+
+Again we are enveloped in the gloom of the great bridge, another
+pleasant day's voyaging is ended, and as our foot touches the shore, a
+suggestive farewell thought follows us across the river, bearing on
+its wing the motto inscribed on the sun-dial over the porch of the
+church of St. Budeaux:--
+
+"EX HOC MOMENTO PENDET ÆTERNITAS."
+
+     Upon this moment--here we part,
+       Until the coming dawn arise
+     And we are spared,--nay, do not start,
+       The present moment as it flies
+     Is all the dower Life gives the heart,
+       All that the miser Time supplies.
+
+     Upon this moment--yon bridge vast,
+       That spans the deep and darkling tide,
+     To that frail link which joins at last
+       Life to eternity so wide,
+     Is as the gossamer, that's cast
+       Across the green dell's dewy side.
+
+     Upon this moment--warm hands greet,
+       Though glance be hid by shadows dim,
+     Hark to those fisher children! sweet
+       Singing their votive evening hymn,--
+     Their dreams will be again to meet,
+       All undisturbed by truth so grim.
+
+     No sword of Damocles infest
+       Life's subtle thread of moments spun,
+     This day is ours--with loving zest
+       Cease not 'till all its work be done,
+     Then fold thy hands, and take thy rest,
+       And calmly wait to-morrow's sun.
+
+  [Illustration]
+
+RESURGAM
+
+  [Illustration: Portrait]
+
+
+
+
+INDEX.
+
+     A.
+
+     Abbotsbury Abbey Church, 145.
+
+     Alcester Church, Greville monument in, 29.
+
+     Aller Church, Bottreaux monument in, 148.
+
+     Ameredith, Edward, his epitaph, 202.
+
+     Anstis, Sir John, 5_n_.
+
+     Arms on Arundell monument in St. Columb Church, 68;
+       of Astley, 73;
+       Beauchamp, 31;
+       Beaumont, 148;
+       Bec or Beke, 23, 29, 30;
+       Bigbury, 30;
+       Bodrugan, 200;
+       Bonville, 79;
+       Bottreaux, 148;
+       Broughton, 133;
+       Budockshed, 204;
+       Carminow, 168, 200;
+       Carveth, 199;
+       Cavell, 200;
+       Champernowne, 16, 30;
+       Cheney, 7, 8, 23, 29, 30, 123_n_, 128, 130, 133_n_;
+       Cifrewast, 30, 141;
+       Cole, 204;
+       D'Aumarle, 30, 140;
+       De Arches, 168;
+       Denys, 83;
+       Denzell, 200;
+       Dinham, 168;
+       Drake, 82;
+       Echyngham, 81;
+       Erleigh, 8;
+       Esse, 199;
+       Ferrers, 30;
+       Fitz-James, 166;
+       Fitz-Roger, 43;
+       Flamank, 200;
+       Forde, 41;
+       Gorges, 204;
+       Grenville, Greynville, 83, 140;
+       Greville, 30;
+       Grey, Marquis of Dorset, 73;
+       Harington, 74, 79;
+       Hastings, 59, 73;
+       Kestell, 199;
+       Killigrew, 198, 200;
+       Latimer, 23, 29, 30;
+       Lower, 198, 199;
+       Maltravers, 30, 140;
+       Newburgh, 166;
+       Paleologus, 193;
+       Paveley, 4, 8, 29, 30;
+       Perrott, 199;
+       Peyvre, 131, 133, 133_n_;
+       Plantagenet, 74;
+       Prideaux, 83, 200;
+       Quincy, 73;
+       Reskymer, 198, 200;
+       Rogers, 81;
+       Shaftesbury Abbey, 166;
+       Shotisbrooke, 123_n_;
+       Shurland, 128, 130;
+       Stafford, 23, 30, 31, 74, 143, 146;
+       Tregassawe, 199;
+       Tregenna, 199;
+       Trethurffe, 200;
+       Trevarthian, 200;
+       Trevill, 203;
+       Ufford, 23, 29, 30;
+       Upton, 199;
+       Valence, 73;
+       Valletort, 200;
+       Widville, 74;
+       Willoughby, 23, 30, 33;
+       Earl of Wilts, 74.
+
+     Arundell family, 158.
+
+     Arundell, Elizabeth, 168;
+       Humphrey, 170, executed, 171;
+       Sir John, 67, 148, 159, 170,
+         his epitaph, 69,
+         his children, 160,
+         his death, 165;
+       Sir Matthew, 179;
+       Sir Renfrey, 5_n_;
+       Sir Thomas, 198;
+       Sir Thomas, Lord, 163, 179,
+         his house at Shaftesbury, 168,
+         manors granted him by Lord Daubeney, 169,
+         suspected of rebellion, 170,
+         committed to the Tower, 171,
+         released, 172,
+         again imprisoned, 173,
+         condemned to death, 175,
+         executed, 177,
+         his children, 178,
+         his estates attainted and restored to his widow, 178,
+         created Baron A. of Wardour, 180,
+         his epitaph, 180,
+         his descendants, 180;
+       William, 197.
+
+     Arundell brass in St. Columb Church, 178.
+
+     Arundell inscription at Tisbury, 180.
+
+     Arundell tombs in Tisbury Church, 179.
+
+     Astley Church, presumed Bonville effigy in, 80.
+
+     Astley, Alice, 16.
+
+     Astley arms, 73.
+
+     Audley, Hugh de, 139_n_;
+       Margaret, 139;
+       Thomas, Lord, 75.
+
+     Axminster Church, 79.
+
+
+     B.
+
+     Balls, Mary, 192, 196.
+
+     Barry, Isabel, 152.
+
+     Barwick Church, 80.
+
+     Beauchamp Chapel, Salisbury, 127.
+
+     Beauchamp family, 25.
+
+     Beauchamp, Bishop, 127;
+       Elizabeth, 24;
+       John, 41;
+       Richard, his arms, 31.
+
+     Beaufort, Margaret, 89.
+
+     Beaumont, Elizabeth, 147;
+       Katharine, 42;
+       Matilda, 47.
+
+     Beaumont arms, 148.
+
+     Bedyke, Isabel, 10.
+
+     Beer-Ferrers, 17;
+       church, 19, arms in, 32.
+
+     Beke, Bec, Alice, 10;
+       Anthony, 10.
+
+     Beke arms, 23, 29, 30.
+
+     Bigbury, Elizabeth, 16.
+
+     Bigbury arms, 30.
+
+     Blue Boar Inn, Salisbury, 109.
+
+     Blount, Charles, 25, 35;
+       Elizabeth, 66;
+       William, 67.
+
+     Bodrugan, Sir Henry, 18;
+       Johanna, 41.
+
+     Bodrugan arms, 200.
+
+     Bodrugan Castle, 18.
+
+     Bohun, Mary de, 88.
+
+     Bonville, Anne, 62;
+       Cicely, 25, 26, 51, 63, 159,
+         her second marriage, 74,
+         her will, 74,
+         her numerous memorials, 78;
+       John, 62;
+       Margaret, 81;
+       Nicholas, 40;
+       Sir Nicholas, 83;
+       Thomas, 5, 62;
+       Sir William, Lord, his will, 43,
+         birth and baptism, 44,
+         dispute with Lady Brooke, 46,
+         his family, 47,
+         created a Baron, 47,
+         duel with Earl of Devon, 49,
+         custodian of Henry VI., 60,
+         beheaded, 62,
+         place of burial unknown, 62;
+       William, 50, slain, with his son, at Wakefield, 61.
+
+     Bonville family, 40;
+       extinction of, 63;
+       illegitimate branch of, 63_n_.
+
+     Bonville arms, 79.
+
+     Bonville-Nonant monument in Broad-Clyst Church, 41.
+
+     Bosworth, Battle of, 123.
+
+     Bottreaux, Anne, 147;
+       Margaret, 148;
+       Reginald, 147, his epitaph in Aller Church, 148;
+       Thomas, 25;
+       William, 147.
+
+     Bottreaux arms, 148.
+
+     Bottreaux tomb in North-Cadbury Church, 147.
+
+     Bourchier, Sir Thomas, his epitaph, 152.
+
+     Brandon, Frances, 76.
+
+     Brienne, Elizabeth, 147.
+
+     Britford Church, Buckingham's monument in, 109, 117.
+
+     Broad-Clyst Church, monument in, 41.
+
+     Broke Chantry in Westbury Church, 6.
+
+     Broke and Suthwyke granted to Sir R. Radcliffe, 11.
+
+     Brooke Hall, 3,
+       as described by Leland, 3,
+       and by Aubrey, 4.
+
+     Broughton, Anne, 128, 132;
+       Sir John, 131.
+
+     Broughton arms, 133.
+
+     Bruse, Giles, his epitaph, 134.
+
+     Bryanstone Church, Rogers epitaph in, 81.
+
+     Buckingham, Duke of--_see_ Stafford.
+
+     Budockshed, Roger, 204;
+       Winifred, 203.
+
+     Budockshed family, 202.
+
+     Budockshed aisle in St. Budeaux Church, 204,
+       monument in, 204.
+
+     Budockshed arms, 204.
+
+     Butler, James, 147.
+
+
+     C.
+
+     Callington, 21.
+
+     Callington cross, 24.
+
+     Camoys, Matilda, 48.
+
+     Cardinham, Isolda, 16.
+
+     Carew, Sir Thomas, 42.
+
+     Carminow, Joan, 19;
+       Matilda, 16, 20;
+       Sir Ralph, his brass in Menheniot Church, 41;
+       Sir Roger, 19.
+
+     Carminow arms, 168, 200.
+
+     Carrant, William, 10.
+
+     Carveth arms, 199.
+
+     Catesby, Richard, 56.
+
+     Cavell arms, 200.
+
+     Champernowne, Champernon, Alexander, 16;
+       Sir Arthur, 82;
+       Blanche, 9, 16;
+       Frances, 203;
+       Johanna, 41;
+       John, 21;
+       Sir Richard, 44;
+       Roger, 21.
+
+     Champernowne family, 16.
+
+     Champernowne arms, 16, 30.
+
+     Charleton, Walter, 42.
+
+     Cheney, Agnes, her epitaph, 122_n_;
+       Anne, 9, 10,
+         her epitaph, 133;
+       Cicely, 81;
+       Sir Edmund, 148;
+       Sir Henry, Lord, 129, 133_n_;
+       Jane, her epitaph, 134;
+       Sir John, Lord, 11, 121, 169,
+         joins Buckingham's conspiracy, 123,
+         his arms, 123_n_,
+         overthrown at Bosworth, 124,
+         created a Knight Banneret, K.G.,
+         and Baron, 125,
+         his death, 127,
+         succeeded by Sir Thomas, 127,
+         his effigy, 127;
+       Sir Ralph, 4, his tomb in Edington Church, 8;
+       Sir Thomas, 127, 128,
+         his children, 128,
+         his epitaph, 132;
+       Sir William, 42.
+
+     Cheney family, 4, 5, 121, 148.
+
+     Cheney arms, 7, 8, 23, 29, 30, 123_n_, 128, 130, 133_n_.
+
+     Cheney monument in Toddington Church, 132.
+
+     Chickett-Hall in Callington, 22.
+
+     Chidiock, Katharine, 148.
+
+     Cifrewast arms, 30, 141.
+
+     Clement, Richard, 70.
+
+     Clifton in Landulph, 197.
+
+     Cobham, Sir John, 42.
+
+     Cocks, Walter, 79.
+
+     Cole, Elizabeth, 203; William, 203.
+
+     Cole arms, 204.
+
+     Coleshill, Joanna, 5;
+       Sir John, 5, 5_n_, his epitaph, 6_n_.
+
+     Collingbourn, Sir William, 2.
+
+     Constantinople, fall of, 194.
+
+     Constantinus VIII. slain, 193.
+
+     Conway, Sir John, 28.
+
+     Copestan, ----, 16.
+
+     Coplestone, Philip, 44, 63.
+
+     Courtenay, Edward, Sir Edward, 190, 204;
+       Elizabeth, 48, 50, 81;
+       Henry, 150;
+       Hugh, Sir Hugh, 47, 190;
+       John, 150;
+       Thomas, 60, his sons, 149;
+       Sir William, 48.
+
+     Courtenays, the, 11.
+
+     Courtenay estates forfeited and restored, 152.
+
+     Cralle, Elizabeth, 121.
+
+     Crips, Nicholas, 128.
+
+     Crukerne, Amy, 82.
+
+     Culpeper, Joyce, 162;
+       Sir Thomas, 162.
+
+
+     D.
+
+     D'Aumarle, Elizabeth, 140;
+       Margaret, 41.
+
+     D'Aumarle arms, 30, 140.
+
+     Daldich, Roger de, 40.
+
+     Daltery, Dautry, ----, 17;
+       Sir Francis, 26.
+
+     Daubeney, Giles, Sir Giles, Lord, 11, 12, 15, 67, 123, 159,
+       governor of Calais, 13;
+       Henry, 168;
+       Katharine, 16, 44.
+
+     Dauney, Emmeline, 190.
+
+     De Arches arms, 168.
+
+     De la Mare, Peter, 140.
+
+     Denis, Dennis, Margaret le, 16;
+       Philippa, 82.
+
+     Denys arms, 83.
+
+     Densloe, Elizabeth, 82.
+
+     Denton, Anne, 27.
+
+     Denzell arms, 200.
+
+     Devereux, Walter, 67.
+
+     Dinham, Sir John, 140,
+      his probable effigy, 140_n_;
+       John, Lord, 152, 159;
+       Katharine, 67.
+
+     Dinham arms, 168.
+
+     Dorrington manor, 165.
+
+     Dorset, Marquis of--_see_ Grey.
+
+     Dorset aisle in Ottery Church, 78.
+
+     Drake, John, 81;
+       Richard, portrait of, 83_n_;
+       Robert, 81, his descendants, 82, his monument at Southleigh, 82.
+
+     Drake arms, 82.
+
+
+     E.
+
+     East-Coker Window, Arundell arms in, 181.
+
+     Echyngham, Anne de, 81.
+
+     Echyngham arms, 81.
+
+     Edgcumbe, Richard, 17, 18.
+
+     Edington Church, 8.
+
+     Edington, William de, 9.
+
+     Edward V., conspiracy against, 91.
+
+     Elliot, John, 44.
+
+     Erleigh arms, 8.
+
+     Esse arms, 199.
+
+
+     F.
+
+     Faringdon, John, 41.
+
+     Ferrers, Elizabeth, 43;
+       Joan, 16, 22;
+       Sir John, 17;
+       Margery de, 19;
+       Matilda de, 19;
+       Reginald de, 19;
+       Sir William de, 17, 19, his window and tomb, 20.
+
+     Ferrers family, 16.
+
+     Ferrers arms, 30.
+
+     Filliol, Sir William, 5.
+
+     Fitzalan, Henry, 75;
+       John, 145;
+       Catherine, 76;
+       William, 24.
+
+     Fitzgerald, Gerald, 69.
+
+     Fitzjames family, 166;
+       arms, 166.
+
+     Fitz-Roger, Elizabeth, 43, 44.
+
+     Fitz-Roger arms, 43.
+
+     Flamank arms, 200.
+
+     Fleming, Christopher, 16.
+
+     Forde, Hawise de la, 41.
+
+     Forde arms, 41.
+
+     Fortescue, Margaret, 129.
+
+     Fowell, Joan, 82.
+
+     Frome, Joan, 5.
+
+     Frost, William, 18.
+
+     Frowyke, Frideswide, 128.
+
+     Fulford, Sir Humphrey, 44.
+
+
+     G.
+
+     Gloucester, Richard, Duke of, his conspiracy, 90;
+       proclaimed king, 98;
+       Buckingham's conspiracy against, 99.
+
+     Gorges, Arthur, 203;
+       Edward, 203;
+       Elizabeth, 204;
+       Sir Ferdinando, 204;
+       Leva, 43;
+       Tristram, 203, 204;
+       William, Sir William, 203, 204;
+       Winifred, 204.
+
+     Gorges arms, 204.
+
+     Govys, John, 42.
+
+     Graville, ----, 17.
+
+     Grenville, Greynville, Alice, 140;
+       Amy, 81;
+       Katharine, 68, 159;
+       William, 47, 139.
+
+     Grenville arms, 83, 140.
+
+     Greville, Blanche, 28;
+       Catherine, 28;
+       Edward, 27, 28, his arms, 30;
+       Eleanor, 28;
+       Lady Elizabeth, 169;
+       Fulk, Sir Fulk, 27, 28, 31,
+         his monument in Alcester Church, 29,
+         his arms, 30,
+         created Baron Brooke and Earl of Warwick, 31,
+         murdered, 31;
+       Margaret, 31;
+       Mary, 28;
+       Robert, 28.
+
+     Greville arms, 30.
+
+     Grey, Anne, 85, 178;
+       Dorothy, 25;
+       Sir Edward, 80;
+       Elizabeth, 52, 159;
+       Muriel, 74;
+       Thomas and his children, 66;
+       Thomas, Marquis of Dorset, 11, 123,
+         his death, 73,
+         his will, 73,
+         his arms, 73,
+         his descendants, 75;
+       Thomas, second Marquis, his will, 75.
+
+     Gyvernay, Henry de, 79.
+
+
+     H.
+
+     Haccombe Church, 19.
+
+     Haccombe, Sir Stephen de, 19.
+
+     Hampton, Joan, 40.
+
+     Harington, Elizabeth, 50.
+
+     Harington arms, 74, 79.
+
+     Harris, William, 28.
+
+     Hastings, Anne, 52, 53;
+       George, 111;
+       Katharine, Lady, her will, 58;
+       Sir William de, 51;
+       William, Lord, 123,
+         amours with Jane Shore, 54,
+         loyal to Edward IV., 54,
+         his children, 54, 58,
+         beheaded, 57,
+         his will, 58.
+
+     Hastings arms, 59, 73.
+
+     Haughton, Sir William, 5_n_.
+
+     Herbert, Henry, Lord, 76;
+       Sir Walter, 111.
+
+     Hext, Thomas, 44.
+
+     Hill, Elizabeth, 5.
+
+     Hiwis, Emma, 5_n_.
+
+     Holland, Anne, 52, 66, 89.
+
+     Hooke Church, 33.
+
+     Hooke House, 141.
+
+     Hooper, William, 81.
+
+     Houndalre, Leonard, 42.
+
+     Howard, Lord Edward, 162;
+       Katharine, 164, 168;
+       Margaret, 161.
+
+     Hungerford, Mary, 53;
+       Robert, Lord, 148;
+       Walter, 11.
+
+
+     K.
+
+     Kekewich, Alice, 202.
+
+     Kemp, Thomas, 128.
+
+     Kestell arms, 199.
+
+     Keys, Martin, 76.
+
+     Killigrew, Elizabeth, 198;
+       Sir Henry, 198.
+
+     Killigrew arms, 198, 200.
+
+     Kings-Carswell Church, effigies in, 140_n_.
+
+     Kirkham, Margaret, 5.
+
+     Knightstone in Ottery, 79.
+
+
+     L.
+
+     Lamborn, William, 5.
+
+     Landulph Church, 189,
+       heraldry in, 190,
+       inscriptions in, 202.
+
+     Latimer, Elizabeth, 10;
+       John, Lord, 26_n_;
+       Richard, Lord, 26_n_;
+       William, Lord, 26_n_.
+
+     Latimer arms, 23, 29, 30.
+
+     Lewkenor, Sir Roger, 148.
+
+     Limington Church, 79.
+
+     Loddiswell Rectory, 168.
+
+     Lovel, Lord, his mysterious death, 126.
+
+     Lovell, Maud, 147.
+
+     Lower, John, 200;
+       Major, 197;
+       Sir Nicholas, 192,
+         his descent, 198,
+         his will, 198,
+         his epitaph, 198, 199;
+       Richard, 200;
+       Thomas, 198, 200;
+       Sir William, 200.
+
+     Lower arms, 198, 199.
+
+
+     M.
+
+     Maltravers, Elizabeth, 5, 140.
+
+     Maltravers arms, 30, 140.
+
+     Menheniot Church, Carminow brass in, 41.
+
+     Meriet, Agnes de, 41.
+
+     Minster Church, Sheppey, 132.
+
+     Mohun, Sir Reginald, 198.
+
+     Morley, Lord, 13.
+
+     Morton, Cardinal, 99,
+       his birthplace, 115,
+       his place of burial, 116,
+       his tomb, 116, 123.
+
+     Moyle, Anne, 198.
+
+
+     N.
+
+     Nanfan, Sir John, 5_n_.
+
+     Neville, Anne, 31, 89;
+       Elizabeth, 10;
+       George, Sir George, 26_n_, 51, 60, 128;
+       Katharine, 50, 60;
+       Margaret, 26;
+       Sir Thomas, 60.
+
+     Newburgh arms, 166.
+
+     Nonant, Sir Roger de, 41.
+
+     North-Bradley Church, Stafford Chapel in, 142.
+
+     North-Cadbury Church, Bottreaux tomb in, 147.
+
+
+     O.
+
+     Okebeare, Richard, 41.
+
+     Ottery Church, Dorset aisle in, 78.
+
+
+     P.
+
+     Paleologus, Dorothy, 197;
+       Ferdinando, his will, 197,
+         his children, 197,
+         his coffin opened, 201;
+       Maria, 197;
+       Theodore, his epitaph, 192,
+         his family, 193, seeks service
+         in England, 196,
+         his wives, 196,
+         his sons, Theodoro, Ferdinand, and John, 197,
+         his coffin opened, 201;
+       Thomas and Demetrius, their subjection to the Turks, 195.
+
+     Paleologus arms, 193.
+
+     Paulet, John, 25.
+
+     Paveley, Alice, 7;
+       Joan, 5, 7, 9.
+
+     Paveley family, 4, 9.
+
+     Paveley arms, 4, 8, 29, 30.
+
+     Payne, Stephen, his brass in Shaftesbury Church, 166.
+
+     Pennington, Fitz-Anthony, his epitaph, 202.
+
+     Perrott, Sir John, 128.
+
+     Perrott arms, 199.
+
+     Petre, Sir William, 81.
+
+     Peyvre, Mary, 128, 131.
+
+     Peyvre family, 130.
+
+     Peyvre arms, 131, 133, 133_n_.
+
+     Peyvre monument in Toddington Church, 131.
+
+     Pinhoe, Stretch's Chapel at, 5.
+
+     Plantagenet, Anne, 88.
+
+     Plantagenet arms, 74.
+
+     Plymouth, 183.
+
+     Pole, John, 84.
+
+     Pomeroy, Anne, 205_n_.
+
+     Powderham Church, arms of Courtenay and Bonville in, 65.
+
+     Poynings, Sir Hugh, 16.
+
+     Prideaux, Elizabeth, 81.
+
+     Prideaux arms, 83, 200.
+
+     Pyne, Elizabeth de, 40.
+
+
+     Q.
+
+     Quincy arms, 73.
+
+
+     R.
+
+     Radcliffe, Sir Richard, 11.
+
+     Radford murdered at Poughill, 149.
+
+     Ratcliffe, Robert, 111.
+
+     Read, Charles, 28.
+
+     Reskymer, Jane, 198.
+
+     Reskymer arms, 198, 200.
+
+     Reynell, Sir Thomas, 198.
+
+     Richard III., his death at Bosworth, 124.
+
+     Rivers, Earl, made prisoner at Northampton, 91;
+       his execution, 94.
+
+     Roche, Elizabeth, 127.
+
+     Rodney, Alice, 41.
+
+     Rogers, John and Elizabeth, their epitaph, 81.
+
+     Rogers arms, 81.
+
+     Roos, Margaret, 148.
+
+
+     S.
+
+     Sachville, John, 41.
+
+     St. Budeaux Church, 204,
+       rebuilt, 205.
+
+     St. Columb-Major Church, Arundell brass in, 67, 159, 178.
+
+     St. John, Eleanor, 75;
+       Johanna, 43.
+
+     St. Loe, Sir John, 4.
+
+     Salisbury, 87.
+
+     Saltash, 187.
+
+     Saracen's Head Inn, Salisbury, 109.
+
+     Seaton Church, 79.
+
+     Seymour, Semar, Edward, 34;
+       Lord Edward, 76;
+       Walter, 34.
+
+     Shaftesbury Abbey, 165,
+       arms of, 166;
+       Church, 166.
+
+     Shareshull, William, 79.
+
+     Sherman, William, 79.
+
+     Shore, Jane, 54.
+
+     Shottisbroke, Eleanor de, 122.
+
+     Shottisbroke arms, 123_n_.
+
+     Shurland, Margaret de, 121.
+
+     Shurland arms, 128, 130.
+
+     Shute, 40, 84.
+
+     Shute House, Old, 65.
+
+     Shute Park, 64.
+
+     Skipwith, Alice, 10.
+
+     Slapton Priory, 168.
+
+     Southleigh Church, Willoughby tomb in, 35, 85;
+       Drake monument in, 82.
+
+     Southleigh, architectural remains found at, 84.
+
+     Spilsby Church, Willoughby brass in, 10_n_.
+
+     Stafford, Alice, 5;
+       Anne, 26;
+       Edward, Duke of Buckingham beheaded, 111;
+       Elizabeth, 25;
+       Henry, Earl of Wilts, 74, 79, his arms, 74;
+       Henry, Duke of Buckingham, 89,
+         made Constable of England, 98,
+         pressed by Morton to assume the crown, 101,
+         failure of his conspiracy, 105,
+         betrayed, arrested, and executed, 107,
+         burial place unknown, 108,
+         his monument in Britford Church, 109,
+         his children, 111;
+       Humphrey, 42, 111, 148;
+       Sir Humphrey, Lord Stafford, his children, 147,
+         created a Baron and Earl of Devon, 150,
+         beheaded, 151,
+         his will, 151;
+       Archbp. John, his parentage, 141,
+         his mother's monument and epitaph, 143,
+         death and burial, 145,
+         his tomb, 145,
+         probably born at North-Bradley, 145,
+         his arms, 146,
+         his epitaph, 146.
+
+     Stafford family, 88, 139, 148.
+
+     Stafford arms, 23, 30, 31, 74, 143, 146.
+
+     Stafford chantry in Abbotsbury Church, 145.
+
+     Stanley, Sir William, 124.
+
+     Stokes, Adrian, 77.
+
+     Stothard, Charles Alfred, 33.
+
+     Strangeways, Thomas, 6, his children, 148.
+
+     Stretch, Cicely, 5, 42.
+
+     Stuckley, Sir Richard, 44.
+
+     Suffolk, Frances, Duchess of, her epitaph, 77.
+
+     Suthwyke, 137, 139.
+
+     Sutton, John, 67.
+
+     Sweating Sickness, the, 25_n_.
+
+
+     T.
+
+     Tailboys, Walter, 6, 148.
+
+     Tailboys family, 148.
+
+     Talbot, Elizabeth, 80;
+       Sir Gilbert, 13;
+       Sir Humphrey, 13.
+
+     Throgmorton, Anne, 78.
+
+     Tisbury, 155.
+
+     Tisbury Church, 157;
+       Arundell tomb in, 179.
+
+     Tisbury Manor, 164.
+
+     Tiverton Castle, 150.
+
+     Toddington, Cheney mansion at, 130.
+
+     Toddington Church, monuments in, 131, 132.
+
+     Tothill, Jane, 82.
+
+     Tregassawe arms, 199.
+
+     Tregenna arms, 199.
+
+     Trelawney, Sir Harry, 204;
+       Sir Jonathan, 198.
+
+     Tremoderet, or Tremedart, in Duloe, 5_n_.
+
+     Tresillian, Robert, 5.
+
+     Trethurffe arms, 200.
+
+     Trevarthian arms, 200.
+
+     Trevill, Lethbridge, his epitaph, 203;
+       Richard, his epitaph, 203;
+       William, his epitaph, 203.
+
+     Trevill arms, 203.
+
+     Tyrrell, Sir James, 13.
+
+
+     U.
+
+     Ufford arms, 23, 29, 30.
+
+     Upton arms, 199.
+
+
+     V.
+
+     Valence arms, 73.
+
+     Valletort arms, 200.
+
+     Verney, Sir Richard, 31.
+
+     Verney family, 32.
+
+
+     W.
+
+     Wake, Richard, 67.
+
+     Walrond, Edward, 197;
+       Henry, 197;
+       Humphrey, 197.
+
+     Walrond family, 79.
+
+     Wardour Castle, 169.
+
+     Ware Church, Bourchier epitaph in, 152.
+
+     Welby, Joan, 10.
+
+     Wentworth, Jane, 129.
+
+     West, Thomas, 44.
+
+     Westbury, 1, 6.
+
+     Westbury Church, Broke Chantry in, 6;
+       as described by Aubrey, 7.
+
+     Weston, Sir Henry, 178.
+
+     Wibbery, Johanna, 43.
+
+     Widville, Elizabeth, 66,
+      conspiracy against, 90;
+       Catherine, 74, 111;
+       Bp. Lionel, his tomb, 110.
+
+     Widville arms, 74.
+
+     Willoughby, Anne, 25, 26, 35;
+       Blanche, 26, place of burial unknown, 23;
+       Edward, 25, 26;
+       Elizabeth, 25, 26, 141;
+       Henry, 75, 85, tomb in Southleigh Church, 35;
+       John, Sir John, 6, 16;
+       Margaret, 178, her brass in Spilsby Church, 10_n_;
+       Nicholas, 35;
+       Robert, 17;
+       Sir Robert, first Lord Willoughby, 11, 169,
+         custodian of Earl of Warwick, 12,
+         created a Baron, 12,
+         Lord High Admiral, 14,
+         Commander of forces against Warbeck, 15,
+         Steward of the Household, 15,
+         his marriage, 16,
+         obtains the manor of Trethewye, 19,
+         his monument in Callington Church, 23,
+         his arms, 23, 30;
+       Robert, second Lord, 24, 67;
+       William, Sir William, 34, 35.
+
+     Willoughby family, 10, connection with the west, 9.
+
+     Willoughby arms, 23, 30, 33.
+
+     Wiscombe, 39, 44, 81.
+
+     Wotton, Margaret, 75.
+
+     Wyke, John, 42.
+
+     Wyvil, Robert de, 139.
+
+
+     Z.
+
+     Zouch, Elizabeth, 165;
+       Margaret, 10.
+
+
+
+
+NOTE TO ILLUSTRATIONS.
+
+
+The indent of the brass of Archbishop Stafford being greatly frayed
+and denuded, the original outlines have been restored in the
+illustration, after a close and careful examination of the stone
+itself.
+
+In the incised figure of the Archbishop's Mother, the lines are fairly
+perfect, except those forming the hands and face. These have been
+completed from the faint indications that remain.
+
+R. G.
+
+
+CORRIGENDA.
+
+
+  Pg  5. Footnote,    line  1,  for _Tremedart_,       read _Tremodart_.
+  --    --   --        --   9,  --  _Lanberne_,         --  _Lanherne_.
+  --  11. Text,        --  19,  --  _Richmond of York_, --  _the Earl of
+                                                             Richmond_.
+  --  37.   --         --  14,  --  _interests_,        --  _interest_.
+  --  39.   --         --  37,  --  _incidents_,        --  _incident_.
+  --  77. Inscription, --  16,  --  _Mil_,              --  _Nil_.
+  -- 123. Text,        --   9,  --  _Thomas_,           --  _John_.
+  -- 143. Inscription, --  12,  --  _venerandissimi_,   --  _venerabilissimi_.
+  -- 167. Poetry,      --  27,  --  _his board_,        --  _His board_.
+  -- 181. Text,        --  12,  --  _1673 to 1678_,     --  _1678 to 1683_.
+  --  --  Quotation,   --  29,  --  _C.B._,             --  _K.B._
+
+
+
+
+     _By the same Author,
+     uniform with this volume, and fully illustrated:--_
+
+     MEMORIALS OF THE WEST,
+
+     HISTORICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE,
+
+     COLLECTED ON THE BORDERLAND OF
+
+     SOMERSET, DORSET, AND DEVON.
+
+
+     EXETER:
+
+     JAMES G. COMMIN, 230 HIGH STREET.
+
+     LONDON: W. W. GIBBINGS, 18 BURY STREET.
+
+     M.DCCC.LXXXVIII.
+
+
+
+***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE STRIFE OF THE ROSES AND DAYS OF
+THE TUDORS IN THE WEST***
+
+
+******* This file should be named 32675-8.txt or 32675-8.zip *******
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