diff options
Diffstat (limited to '32507.txt')
| -rw-r--r-- | 32507.txt | 15180 |
1 files changed, 15180 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/32507.txt b/32507.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..07a2a09 --- /dev/null +++ b/32507.txt @@ -0,0 +1,15180 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Planters of Colonial Virginia, by +Thomas J. Wertenbaker + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: The Planters of Colonial Virginia + +Author: Thomas J. Wertenbaker + +Release Date: May 24, 2010 [EBook #32507] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE PLANTERS OF COLONIAL VIRGINIA *** + + + + +Produced by Mark C. Orton, Christine Aldridge and the +Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net + + + + + +Transcriber's Notes: + +1. Passages in italics are surrounded by _underscores_. + +2. Superscripted characters are marked by a ^carat. + +3. Corrections to minor spelling, punctuation, or other errors in the +original text appear in a detailed list at the end of this e-text. + +4. Notations of inconsistencies in the original text, specifically the +Appendix, Footnotes and Index, which have been retained, appear at the +end of this e-text. + +5. In the chapter "NOTES ON CHAPTERS", Footnotes without anchor points +have been marked with a question mark, (ex: ?[5-3]). + + + + + _The Planters of Colonial Virginia_ + + + + + _The_ PLANTERS OF COLONIAL VIRGINIA + + By THOMAS J. WERTENBAKER + + + [Illustration] + + + _New York_ + RUSSELL & RUSSELL + 1959 + + +COPYRIGHT 1922 BY PRINCETON UNIVERSITY PRESS + +COPYRIGHT 1958, 1959 BY THOMAS J. WERTENBAKER + +LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOG CARD NUMBER 59-11228 + +PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA + + + + +PREFACE + + +America since the days of Captain John Smith has been the land of hope +for multitudes in Europe. In many an humble home, perhaps in some +English village, or an Ulster farm, or in the Rhine valley, one might +find a family assembled for the reading of a letter from son, or +brother, or friend, who had made the great venture of going to the New +World. "Land is abundant here and cheap," the letter would state. "Wages +are high, food is plentiful, farmers live better than lords. If one will +work only five days a week one can live grandly." + +In pamphlets intended to encourage immigration the opportunities for +advancement were set forth in glowing colors. In Virginia alone, it was +stated, in 1649, there were "of kine, oxen, bulls, calves, twenty +thousand, large and good." When the traveller Welby came to America he +was surprised to "see no misery, no disgusting army of paupers, not even +beggars;" while Henry B. Fearson noted that laborers were "more erect in +their posture, less careworn in their countenances" than those of +Europe. + +In Virginia, as in other colonies, it was the cheapness of land and the +dearness of labor which gave the newcomer his chance to rise. The rich +man might possess many thousands of acres, but they would profit him +nothing unless he could find the labor to put them under cultivation. +Indentured workers met his needs in part, but they were expensive, hard +to acquire, and served for only four years. If he hired freemen he +would have to pay wages which in England would have seemed fantastic. + +Thus the so-called servants who had completed their terms and men who +had come over as freemen found it easy to earn enough to buy small +plantations of their own. That thousands did so is shown by the Rent +Roll which is published as an appendix to this book. One has only to +glance at it to see that the large plantations are vastly outnumbered by +the small farms of the yeomen. It proves that Virginia at the beginning +of the eighteenth century was not the land of huge estates, worked by +servants and slaves, but of a numerous, prosperous middle class. + +Owning plantations of from fifty to five hundred acres, cultivating +their fields of tobacco, their patches of Indian corn and wheat, their +vegetable gardens and orchards with their own labor or the labor of +their sons, the yeomen enjoyed a sense of independence and dignity. It +was their votes which determined the character of the Assembly, it was +they who resisted most strongly all assaults upon the liberties of the +people. + +As the small farmer, after the day's work was over, sat before his +cottage smoking his long clay pipe, he could reflect that for him the +country had fulfilled its promise. The land around him was his own; his +tobacco brought in enough for him to purchase clothes, farm implements, +and household goods. + +But he frowned as he thought of the slave ship which had come into the +nearby river, and landed a group of Negroes who were all bought by his +wealthy neighbors. If Virginia were flooded with slaves, would it not +cheapen production and lower the price of tobacco? Could he and his +sons, when they hoed their fields with their own hands, compete with +slave labor? + +The event fully justified these fears. The yeoman class in Virginia was +doomed. In the face of the oncoming tide they had three alternatives--to +save enough money to buy a slave or two, to leave the country, or to +sink into poverty. + +It was the acquiring of a few slaves by the small planter which saved +the middle class. Before the end of the colonial period a full fifty per +cent. of the slaveholders had from one to five only. Seventy-five per +cent. had less than ten. The small farmer, as he led his newly acquired +slaves from the auction block to his plantation may have regretted that +self-preservation had forced him to depend on their labor rather than +his own. But he could see all around him the fate of those who had no +slaves, as they became "poor white trash." And he must have looked on +with pity as a neighbor gathered up his meager belongings and, deserting +his little plantation, set out for the remote frontier. + +It was one of the great crimes of history, this undermining of the +yeoman class by the importation of slaves. The wrong done to the Negro +himself has been universally condemned; the wrong done the white man has +attracted less attention. It effectively deprived him of his American +birthright--the high return for his labor. It transformed Virginia and +the South from a land of hard working, self-respecting, independent +yeomen, to a land of slaves and slaveholders. + + _Princeton, New Jersey_ THOMAS J. WERTENBAKER + _August, 1957_ + + + + + CONTENTS + + + CHAPTER I: ENGLAND IN THE NEW WORLD 7 + + CHAPTER II: THE INDIAN WEED 21 + + CHAPTER III: THE VIRGINIA YEOMANRY 38 + + CHAPTER IV: FREEMEN AND FREEDMEN 60 + + CHAPTER V: THE RESTORATION PERIOD 84 + + CHAPTER VI: THE YEOMAN IN VIRGINIA HISTORY 101 + + CHAPTER VII: WORLD TRADE 115 + + CHAPTER VIII: BENEATH THE BLACK TIDE 134 + + NOTES TO CHAPTERS 162 + + APPENDIX 181 + + INDEX 249 + + + + +_CHAPTER I_ + +ENGLAND IN THE NEW WORLD + + +At the beginning of the Seventeenth century colonial expansion had +become for England an economic necessity. Because of the depletion of +her forests, which constituted perhaps the most important of her natural +resources, she could no longer look for prosperity from the old +industries that for centuries had been her mainstay. In the days when +the Norman conquerors first set foot upon English soil the virgin woods, +broken occasionally by fields and villages, had stretched in dense +formation from the Scottish border to Sussex and Devonshire. But with +the passage of five centuries a great change had been wrought. The +growing population, the expansion of agriculture, the increasing use of +wood for fuel, for shipbuilding, and for the construction of houses, had +by the end of the Tudor period so denuded the forests that they no +longer sufficed for the most pressing needs of the country. + +Even at the present day it is universally recognized that a certain +proportion of wooded land is essential to the prosperity and +productivity of any country. And whenever this is lacking, not only do +the building, furniture, paper and other industries suffer, but the +rainfall proves insufficient, spring floods are frequent and the +fertility of the soil is impaired by washing. These misfortunes are +slight, however, compared with the disastrous results of the gradual +thinning out of the forests of Elizabethan England. The woods were +necessary for three all-important industries, the industries upon +which the prosperity and wealth of the nation were largely +dependent--shipbuilding, for which were needed timber, masts, pitch, +tar, resin; the manufacture of woolens, calling for a large supply of +potash; smelting of all kinds, since three hundred years ago wood and +not coal was the fuel used in the furnaces. It was with the deepest +apprehension, then, that thoughtful Englishmen watched the gradual +reduction of the forest areas, for it seemed to betoken for their +country a period of declining prosperity and economic decay. "When +therefore our mils of Iron and excesse of building have already turned +our greatest woods into pasture and champion within these few years," +says a writer of this period, "neither the scattered forests of England, +nor the diminished groves of Ireland will supply the defect of our +navy."[1-1] + +From this intolerable situation England sought relief through foreign +commerce. If she could no longer smelt her own iron, if she could not +produce ship-stores or burn her own wood ashes, these things might be +procured from countries where the forests were still extensive, +countries such as those bordering the Baltic--Germany, Poland, Russia, +Sweden. And so the vessels of the Muscovy Company in the second half of +the Sixteenth century passed through the Cattegat in large numbers to +make their appearance at Reval and Libau and Danzig, seeking there the +raw materials so vitally necessary to England. "Muscovia and Polina doe +yeerly receive many thousands for Pitch, Tarre, Sope Ashes, Rosen, Flax, +Cordage, Sturgeon, Masts, Yards, Wainscot, Firres, Glasse, and such +like," wrote Captain John Smith, "also Swethland for Iron and +Copper."[1-2] + +But this solution of her problem was obviously unsatisfactory to +England. The northern voyage was long, dangerous and costly; the King of +Denmark, who controlled the entrance to the Baltic, had it within his +power at any moment to exclude the English traders; the Muscovy company +no longer enjoyed exemption from customs in Prussia, Denmark and Russia. +In case war should break out among the northern nations this trade might +for a time be cut off entirely, resulting in strangulation for England's +basic industries. "The merchant knoweth," said the author of _A True +Declaration_, "that through the troubles in Poland & Muscovy, (whose +eternall warres are like the Antipathy of the Dragon & Elephant) all +their traffique for Masts, Deales, Pitch, Tarre, Flax, Hempe, and +Cordage, are every day more and more indangered."[1-3] Moreover, the +trade was much impeded by the ice which for several months each year +choked some of the northern ports. + +The most alarming aspect of this unfortunate situation was the effect of +the shortage of shipbuilding material upon the merchant marine. Situated +as it was upon an island, England enjoyed communication with the nations +of the world only by means of the ocean pathways. Whatever goods came to +her doors, whatever goods of her own manufacture she sent to foreign +markets, could be transported only by sea. It was a matter of vital +import to her, then, to build up and maintain a fleet of merchant +vessels second to none. But this was obviously difficult if not +impossible when "the furniture of shipping" such as "Masts, Cordage, +Pitch, Tar, Rossen" were not produced in quantity by England itself, and +could be had "only by the favor of forraigne potency."[1-4] Already, it +was stated, the decay of shipping was manifest, while large numbers of +able mariners were forced to seek employment in other countries. "You +know how many men for want of imploiment, betake themselves to Tunis, +Spaine and Florence," declared one observer, "and to serve in courses +not warrantable, which would better beseeme our own walles and borders +to bee spread with such branches, that their native countrey and not +forreine Princes might reape their fruit, as being both exquisite +Navigators, and resolute men for service, as any the world affords."[1-5] + +It must be remembered that the merchant vessel three hundred years ago +constituted an important part of the nation's sea defence. The fleet +which met the mighty Spanish Armada in the Channel and inflicted upon it +so decisive a defeat, was made up in large part of volunteer ships from +every English port. And the Britisher knew full well that the merchant +marine constituted the "wooden walls" of his country, knew that its +decay would leave England almost defenseless. At the moment when one +able writer was pointing out that "the Realme of England is an Island +impossible to be otherwise fortified than by stronge shippes," another +was complaining that there were scarce two vessels of 100 tons belonging +to the whole city of Bristol, and few or none along the Severn from +Gloucester to Land's End on one side, and to Milford Haven on the +other.[1-6] + +For this intolerable situation there could be but one remedy--England +must secure colonial possessions to supply her with the products for +which her forests were no longer sufficient. Her bold navigators had +already crossed the Atlantic, returning with alluring stories of the +limitless resources of the New World, of mighty forests spreading in +unbroken array for hundreds of miles along the coast and back into the +interior as far as the eye could see.[1-7] Why, it was asked, should +Englishmen be forced to make the hazardous journey to the Baltic in +order to procure from other nations what they might easily have for +themselves by taking possession of some of the limitless unoccupied +areas of America? It was folly to remain in economic bondage while the +road to independence stretched so invitingly before them. + +Long before the Goodspeed, the Discovery and the Sarah Constant turned +their prows into the waters of the James, able English writers were +urging upon the nation the absolute necessity for colonial expansion. In +1584 the farseeing Hakluyt pointed out that the recent voyage of Sir +Humphrey Gilbert had proved that "pitche, tarr, rosen, sope ashes" could +be produced in America in great plenty, "yea, as it is thought, ynoughe +to serve the whole realme."[1-8] Captain Christopher Carleill had the +previous year made an effort to persuade the Muscovy Company to divert +its energies toward America. Why remain under the power of the King of +Denmark, he asked, or other princes who "command our shippes at their +pleasure," when all the products of the Baltic regions were to be had +from unoccupied territories which so easily could be placed under the +English flag? + +It has often been taken for granted that the statesmen and merchants of +three centuries ago pursued always a mistaken and shortsighted economic +policy. John Fiske assures us that even at the close of the Eighteenth +century the barbarous superstitions of the Middle Ages concerning trade +between nations still flourished with scarcely diminished vitality. Yet +it requires but a cursory study of the theories and arguments of the +Elizabethan economists to realize that they were men of ability and +vision, that they knew what was needed and how to procure it, that they +were nearer right than many have supposed. In fact, they acted upon +sound economic principles a century and a half before Adam Smith +formulated and expounded them. + +These men realized keenly that England's safety demanded a larger +measure of economic independence and they pointed out what seemed to be +the only available means of securing it. Since her forests upon which +her prosperity in the past had been so largely based, were nearing the +point of exhaustion, she must expand to embrace new lands where the +virgin growth of trees stood untouched. If this is barbarous, then the +recent efforts of Italy to gain an independent coal supply, of Great +Britain to get control of various oil fields, of the United States to +build up a dye industry, are all likewise barbarous. In fact the world +today in matters of economic policy has by no means gotten away from the +conceptions of the men whose able writings cleared the way for the +beginning of the British colonial empire. + +But it must not be supposed that England in this matter was concerned +only for her supply of naval stores, potash and pig iron. There were +other products, not so vital it is true, but still important, which she +was forced to seek abroad. From the south of Europe came salt, sugar, +wine, silk, fruits; from the Far East saltpetre and dyes, together with +spices for making palatable the winter's stock of food; from Holland +came fish, from France wine and silk. And as in the Baltic, so elsewhere +the merchants of London and Bristol and Plymouth found their activities +resented and their efforts blocked and thwarted. + +All commerce with the dominions of the King of Spain was carried on with +the greatest difficulty. "Our necessitie of oiles and colours for our +clothinge trade being so greate," pointed out Hakluyt, "he may arreste +almoste the one halfe of our navye, our traficque and recourse beinge so +greate in his dominions." The rich trade with the Far East was seriously +hampered by the Turks, through whose territories it had to pass, and +often a heavy tribute was laid upon it by the Sultan and his minions. +Even after the merchants had succeeded in lading their vessels in the +eastern Mediterranean with goods from the Orient, they still had to run +the gauntlet of the hostile Powers who infested that sea. If they +escaped the Knights of Malta, they might be captured by the corsairs of +Algeria or Tripoli. + +The trade with France had also declined greatly during the closing years +of the Sixteenth century. Not only had the religious wars proved a +tremendous obstacle, but the government at Paris discriminated against +the woolens from England by means of custom duties, while the French +workmen were themselves manufacturing cloth of excellent quality in +larger amounts than had hitherto been thought possible. In the Low +Countries the long and bitter struggle of the people against the bloody +bands of Alva had wrought such destruction and had so ruined industry +that all foreign commerce had greatly declined.[1-9] + +There can be no surprise, then, that many English economists felt that a +crisis had been reached, that nothing save the immediate establishment +of colonies would prevent disaster. With the woolen industry declining, +with the shipbuilding centres almost idle, with able mariners deserting +the service, with the foreign market gradually closing to English wares, +with the country overrun with idle and starving laborers, with some of +her chief natural resources nearly exhausted and the trade by which her +needs were replenished in constant danger, England turned to America as +her hope for salvation. Upon securing a foothold in the New World, +hitherto monopolized by Spain and Portugal, depended Albion's future +greatness and prosperity. + +It is this which gave to the London Company its national character, and +made its efforts to establish a colony across the Atlantic a crusade, a +movement in which every Englishman was vitally concerned. The great +lords and wealthy merchants who comprised the Company knew well enough +that there was little hope of immediate returns upon the money they +subscribed so liberally. They expected to receive their reward in +another way, in the revival of English industrial life and the +restoration of English economic independence. It is a singular +perversion of history, an inaccurate interpretation of men and events, +which for so many years beclouded our conception of the beginning of the +British colonial empire. The settlement at Jamestown was not the product +of a selfish, private venture, but the fruition of long years of thought +and endeavor, long years of pleading with the English public, of the +conscious and deliberate efforts of the nation to expand to the New +World, to break the bonds of economic dependence and to restore to +England the place in the world which rightfully was hers. + +In addition to, but closely associated with, the economic causes of +Anglo-Saxon expansion was the realization in England of the need for +prompt action in putting a limit to the growing domains of the King of +Spain. In the century which had elapsed since Columbus opened a new +world to the peoples of Europe, this monarch had seized the richest part +of the great prize, and was still reaching forward to the north and to +the south. Unless England took advantage of the present opportunity, the +vast American continents might be closed to her forever. Anglo-Saxon +civilization in that case might well remain permanently cooped up in the +little island that had seen its inception, while the Spanish language +and Spanish institutions expanded to embrace the garden spots of the +world.[1-10] + +There were still other motives for this great movement. The English felt +the prime necessity of discovering and controlling a new route to the +East, they wished to expand the influence of the Anglican church and +convert the Indians, they hoped to seize and fortify strategic points in +America which would aid them in their struggles with the Spaniards. But +these things, important as they were, paled beside the pressing +necessity of national expansion, of rehabilitating English industrial +life, restoring the merchant marine and securing economic independence. + +Thus, when Captain Newport returned in 1607 to report that the colony of +Virginia had been safely launched, many Englishmen were aroused to a +high pitch of hope and expectation. Now at last a province had been +secured which could supply the raw materials which England so greatly +needed. The active supporters of the undertaking were lavish in their +promises. Virginia would yield better and cheaper timber for shipping +than Prussia or Poland, she would furnish potash in abundance, and since +wood could there be had for the cutting, her copper and iron ore could +be smelted on the spot. Wine could be made there, as excellent as that +of the Canaries, they boasted, while it was hoped soon to manufacture +silk rivalling in fineness that of Persia or of Turkey. The waters of +the colony were full of "Sturgion, Caviare and new land fish of the +best," her fields could produce hemp for cordage and flax for linen. As +for pitch, tar, turpentine and boards, there was a certainty of a rich +return.[1-11] In February 1608, the Council of Virginia wrote to the +corporation of Plymouth: "The staple and certain Comodities we have are +Soap-ashes, pitch, tar, dyes of sundry sorts and rich values, timber for +all uses, fishing for sturgeon and divers other sorts ... making of +Glass and Iron, and no improbable hope of richer mines."[1-12] + +And no sooner had the infant colony been established than the Company +turned with enthusiasm to the production of these highly desired +commodities. A number of foreigners, Dutchmen and Poles skilled in the +manufacture of ship-stores, were sent over to make a start with pitch, +tar, turpentine and potash. They were to act as instructors, also, and +it was expected that within a few years the Virginia forests would be +filled with workers in these trades. Unfortunately their efforts met +with ill success, and save for a few small samples of pitch and tar +which were sent to England, nothing of value was produced. + +For this failure the reason is apparent. All the able economists and +statesmen who had predicted that the colony would become an industrial +center had overlooked one vitally important factor--the lack of cheap +labor. No matter how rich in natural resources, Virginia could not hope +to compete with the long-established industries of Europe and Asia, +because she lacked the abundant population requisite to success. It had +been imagined by Hakluyt and others that the colony could avail herself +of the surplus population of England, could drain off the upper stratum +of the idle and unemployed. What more feasible than to set these men to +work in the forests of the New World to produce the raw materials the +want of which was responsible for unemployment in England itself! + +But the voyage across the Atlantic was so long and costly, that it +proved impossible to transport in any reasonable length of time enough +workers to Virginia to supply her needs. And the few thousand that came +over in the early years of the Seventeenth century were in such great +demand that they could secure wages several times higher than those in +vogue throughout Europe. Thus the London Company, from the very outset, +found itself face to face with a difficulty which it could never +surmount. Virginia could not compete with the ship-stores of the Baltic +nations because her labor, when indeed it was found possible to secure +labor at all, was far more expensive than that of Poland or Sweden or +Russia. It mattered not that the Company sent over indentured servants, +bound by their contracts to work for a certain number of years; the +effect was the same. The cost of transportation swallowed up the profits +from the servant's labor, when that labor was expended upon industries +which had to face the competition of the cheap workers of the Old World. + +It speaks well for the acumen of Captain John Smith that he seems to +have been the first to grasp clearly this truth. He wrote that the +workingmen had made a beginning of "Pitch and Tarre, Glass, Sope-ashes +and Clapboard," but that little had been accomplished. "If you rightly +consider what an infinite toyle it is in Russia and Swetland, where the +woods are proper for naught else, and though there be the helpe both of +man and beast in those ancient Common-wealths, which many a hundred +years have used it, yet thousands of those poor people can scarce get +necessaries to live ... you must not expect from us any such +matter."[1-13] + +The attempt to produce iron in Virginia was pursued even more +vigorously, but with equally poor success. The early settlers, eager to +assure the Company that the venture they had entered upon would soon +yield a rich return, spoke enthusiastically of the numerous indications +of the presence of iron ore. In 1609 Captain Newport brought with him to +England a supply of ore from which sixteen or seventeen tons of metal +were extracted of a quality equal or superior to that obtained from any +European country. The iron was sold to the East India Company at the +rate of L4 a ton.[1-14] Immediately plans were launched for taking +advantage of what seemed to be a splendid opportunity. In the course of +the first three years machinery for smelting and manufacturing iron was +sent over and men were set to work to operate it. But the difficulties +proved too great and ere long the attempt had to be abandoned. + +The Company had no idea of relinquishing permanently its quest for +staple commodities, however, and soon a new and far more ambitious +project was set on foot for extracting the ore. The spot selected was at +Falling Creek, in the present county of Chesterfield, a few miles below +the rapids of the James river. George Sandys had noted with satisfaction +some years before that the place was in every respect suited for iron +smelting, for in close proximity to the ore was wood in abundance, +stones for the construction of the furnace and deep water for +transportation. To him it seemed that nature itself had selected the +site and endowed it with every facility which the enterprise could +require.[1-15] Here the London Company spent from L4,000 to L5,000 in a +supreme effort to make their colony answer in some degree the +expectations which had been placed in it. A Captain Blewit, with no less +than 80 men, was sent over to construct the works, upon which, they +declared, were fixed the eyes of "God, Angels and men." But Blewit soon +succumbed to one of the deadly epidemics which yearly swept over the +little colony, and a Mr. John Berkeley, accompanied by 20 experienced +workers, came over to take his place. + +At first things seem to have gone well with this ambitious venture. Soon +the Virginia forests were resounding to the whir of the axe and the +crash of falling trees, to the exclamations of scores of busy men as +they extracted the ore, built their furnace and began the work of +smelting. Operations had progressed so far that it was confidently +predicted that soon large quantities of pig iron would be leaving the +James for England, when an unexpected disaster put an abrupt end to the +enterprise. In the terrible massacre of 1622, when the implacable +Opechancanough attempted at one stroke to rid the country of its white +invaders, the little industrial settlement at Falling Creek was +completely destroyed. The furnace was ruined, the machinery thrown into +the river, the workmen butchered. This project, which had absorbed so +much of the attention and resources of the Company, is said to have +yielded only a shovel, a pair of tongs and one bar of iron.[1-16] + +The history of the attempts to establish glass works in Virginia is also +a story of wasted energy and money, of final failure. The Dutch and +Polish workers who came in 1608 set up a furnace at Jamestown,[1-17] but +nothing more is heard of them, and it is clear that they met with no +success. Nor did Captain William Norton, who arrived in 1621 with a +number of skilled Italian glass workers fare any better.[1-18] In 1623 +George Sandys wrote: "Capt. Norton dyed with all save one of his +servants, the Italians fell extremely sick yet recovered; but I conceave +they would gladly make the work to appear unfeasable, that they might by +that means be dismissed for England. The fier hath now been for six +weeks in ye furnace and yet nothing effected. They claim that the sand +will not run." Shortly after this the workmen brought matters to an end +by cracking the furnace with a crowbar.[1-19] + +Thus ended in complete failure the efforts of England to reap what she +considered the legitimate fruits of this great enterprise. The day of +which her farseeing publicists had dreamed had arrived; she had at last +challenged the right of Spain to all North America, her sons were +actually settled on the banks of the James, a beginning had been made in +the work of building a colonial empire. But the hope which had so fired +the mind of Hakluyt, the hope of attaining through Virginia British +economic independence, was destined never to be fulfilled. However +lavishly nature had endowed the colony with natural resources, however +dense her forests, however rich her mines, however wide and deep her +waterways, she could not become an industrial community. Fate had +decreed for her another destiny. But England was reluctant to accept the +inevitable in this matter. Long years after Sir Edwin Sandys and his +fellow workers of the London Company had passed to their rest, we find +the royal ministers urging upon the colony the necessity of producing +pig iron and silk and potash, and promising every possible encouragement +in the work. But the causes which operated to bring failure in 1610 or +1620 prevented success in 1660 and 1680. Virginia had not the abundant +supply of labor essential to the development of an industrial community +and for many decades, perhaps for centuries, could not hope to attain +it. Her future lay in the discovery and exploitation of one staple +commodity for which she was so preeminently adapted that she could, even +with her costly labor, meet the competition of other lands. The future +history of Virginia was to be built up around the Indian plant tobacco. + + + + +_CHAPTER II_ + +THE INDIAN WEED + + +History is baffling in its complexity. The human mind instinctively +strives for simplicity, endeavors to reproduce all things to set rules, +to discover the basic principles upon which all action is based. And in +various lines of research much success has attended these efforts. We +know the laws underlying the movements of the planets, of various +chemical reactions, of plant and animal life. It is inevitable, then, +that attempts should be made to accomplish similar results in history, +to master the vast multitude of facts which crowd its pages, many of +them seemingly unrelated, and show that after all they obey certain +fundamental laws. Despite the vaunted freedom of the human will, it is +maintained, mankind like the planets or the chemical agents, cannot +escape the operation of definite forces to which it is subjected. And if +these forces are studied and understood, to some extent at least, the +course of future events may be predicted. + +Thus it may be accepted as practically established that in any country +and with any people a condition of continued disorder and anarchy must +be succeeded by one of despotism. History records, we believe, no +exception to this rule, while there are many instances which tend to +confirm it. The absolute rule of the Caesars followed the anarchy of the +later Roman republic, the Oliverian Protectorate succeeded the British +civil wars, the first French Empire the Reign of Terror, the Bolshevik +despotism the collapse of the old regime in Russia. Such will always be +the case, we are told, because mankind turns instinctively to any form +of government in quest of protection from anarchy, and the easiest form +of government to establish and operate is despotism. + +Not content with generalizations of this kind, however, certain +historians have undertaken to reduce all human action to some one great +fundamental principle. The Freudian view emphasizes the influence of +sex; Buckle maintains that the effect of climate is all-powerful. In +recent years many students, while not agreeing that the solution of the +problem is quite so simple, yet believe that underlying all social +development will be found economic forces of one kind or another, that +in commerce and industry and agriculture lies the key to every event of +moment in the history of mankind. Often these forces have been obscured +and misunderstood, but close study will always reveal them. It is folly +to waste time, they say, as writers have so long done, in setting forth +the adventures of this great man or that, in dwelling upon the details +of political struggles or recounting the horrors of war. All these are +but surface indications of the deeper movements underneath, movements in +every case brought about by economic developments. + +But this interpretation of history is by no means universally accepted. +While admitting readily that the conditions surrounding the production +and exchange of useful commodities have affected profoundly the course +of events, many historians deny that they give the key to every +important movement. We must study also the progress of human thought, of +religion, of politics, or our conception of history will be warped and +imperfect. How is it possible to explain the French religious wars of +the Sixteenth century by the theory of economic causes? In what way does +it account for the rebellion of Virginia and North Carolina and Maryland +against the British government in 1775? How can one deny that the +assassination of Abraham Lincoln affected profoundly the course of +American history? + +These efforts to simplify the meaning of human events have often led to +error, have stressed certain events too strongly, have minimized others. +The complexity of history is self-evident; we must for the present at +least content ourselves with complex interpretations of it. If there be +any great underlying principles which explain all, they have yet to be +discovered. + +Thus it would be folly in the study of colonial Virginia to blind +ourselves to the importance of various non-economic factors, the love of +freedom which the settlers brought with them from England, their +affection for the mother country, the influence of the Anglican church. +Yet it is obvious that we cannot understand the colony, its social +structure, its history, its development unless we have a clear insight +into the economic forces which operated upon it. These Englishmen, +finding themselves in a new country, surrounded by conditions +fundamentally different from those to which they had been accustomed, +worked out a new and unique society, were themselves moulded into +something different. + +And in colonial Virginia history there is a key, which though it may not +explain all, opens the door to much that is fundamental. This key is +tobacco. The old saying that the story of Virginia is but the story of +tobacco is by no means a gross exaggeration. It was this Indian plant, +so despised by many of the best and ablest men of the time, which +determined the character of the life of the colony and shaped its +destinies for two and a half centuries. Tobacco was the chief factor in +bringing final and complete failure to the attempts to produce useful +raw materials, it was largely instrumental in moulding the social +classes and the political structure of the colony, it was almost +entirely responsible for the system of labor, it even exerted a powerful +influence upon religion and morals. In a word, one can understand almost +nothing of Virginia, its infancy, its development, its days of +misfortune, its era of prosperity, its peculiar civilization, the nature +of its relations to England, unless one knows the history of tobacco. + +As though they had a prophetic vision of its future importance, the +Virginia Indians revered the plant. To them it was an especial gift +direct from the Great Spirit, and as such was endowed with unusual +properties for doing good. When the fields of maize were dried and +parched for lack of rain they powdered the tobacco and cast it to the +winds that the evil genii might be propitiated; their priests on great +occasions fed it to the sacrificial fires; when the usual catch of fish +failed it was scattered over the water.[2-1] Smoking was considered a +token of friendship and peace. When the white men first visited the +native villages they soon found that to reject the proffered pipe was to +offend their savage hosts and incur their hostility. + +It was John Rolfe, celebrated as the husband of Pocahontas, who first +experimented with the native leaf. This gentleman was himself fond of +smoking, but he found the Virginia tobacco as it came from the hands of +the savages, decidedly inferior to that of the West Indies. The leaf +itself was small, and although the flavor was weak it was biting to the +tongue.[2-2] Rolfe's efforts proved entirely successful. In 1614, two +years after his first attempt, he had obtained a product which Ralph +Hamor declared to be as "strong, sweet and pleasant as any under the +sun."[2-3] + +Thus, early in its history, Virginia had found a commodity for which she +was preeminently suited, in the production of which she could compete +successfully with any country in the world. And for her tobacco she had +a ready market. During the reign of Queen Elizabeth the habit of smoking +had spread rapidly among the upper classes of English, until at the end +of the sixteenth century, it was almost universal. When James I +ascended the throne, although feeling a strong aversion to tobacco, he +was forced to take up its use in order not to appear conspicuous among +his courtiers, for the dictates of custom seem to have been as strong +three hundred years ago as at present.[2-4] At the time that Rolfe was +making his experiments England was spending yearly for the Spanish +product many thousands of pounds. + +It is not surprising, then, that the colonists turned eagerly to tobacco +culture. The news that Rolfe's little crop had been pronounced in +England to be of excellent quality spread rapidly from settlement to +settlement, bringing with it new hope and determination. Immediately +tobacco absorbed the thoughts of all, became the one topic of +conversation, and every available patch of land was seized upon for its +cultivation. The fortified areas within the palisades were crowded with +tobacco plants, while even the streets of Jamestown were utilized by the +eager planters.[2-5] In 1617 the George set sail for England laden with +20,000 pounds of Virginia leaf, the first of the vast fleet of tobacco +ships which for centuries were to pass through the capes of the +Chesapeake bound for Europe.[2-6] By 1627, the tobacco exports amounted +to no less than half a million pounds.[2-7] + +The London Company, together with the host of patriotic Englishmen who +had placed such great hopes in the colony, were much disappointed at +this unexpected turn of events. They had sought in the New World those +"solid commodities" which they realized were fundamental to the +prosperity of their country, commodities upon which English industrial +life was founded. And they had found only the Indian weed--tobacco. This +plant not only contributed nothing to the wealth of the kingdom, it was +felt, but was positively injurious to those who indulged in its use. +Surely, declared one writer, men "grow mad and crazed in the brain in +that they would adventure to suck the smoke of a weed." James I thought +there could be no baser and more harmful corruption, while Charles I +expressed himself with equal emphasis. So late as 1631 the latter +protested against the growing use of tobacco, which he termed "an evil +habit of late tymes."[2-8] + +Yet England soon learned to welcome the colonial tobacco as far better +than no product at all. Hitherto the leaf in use had been raised in the +Spanish colonies, and England's annual tobacco bill was becoming larger +and larger. It seemed calamitous that British industry should be drained +of good and useful commodities in exchange for a plant the consumption +of which was harmful rather than beneficial. It was at least some +satisfaction to know, then, that England could substitute for the +Spanish leaf the growth of their own colonies. Apparently it was only +later, however, that there came a full realization of the opportunity +afforded for enriching England and building up her merchant marine by +exporting tobacco to foreign countries. For the present they accepted +this one product of their experiment in colonial expansion, reluctantly +and with keen disappointment, as the best that could be obtained. + +Yet it was obvious to the London Company that tobacco held out the only +prospect, not only of securing a profit from their venture, but of +bringing to Virginia some measure of prosperity. The first consignment +of leaf which came from the colony sold for no less than 5s. 3d. a +pound, a price which promised a rich return to the planters on the James +and their backers in England.[2-9] And they much preferred to have a +prosperous colony, even when prosperity was founded on tobacco, than a +weak, impoverished settlement, which would be a drain upon their +personal resources and of no value to the nation. Thus they accepted the +inevitable, gave what encouragement they could to the new product, and +sought to use it as a means for building up the British empire in +America. When once England had established herself firmly in the New +World, it would be time enough to return to the attempt to secure from +the colony ship-stores, potash, iron and silk. + +With the overthrow of the Company, however, the Crown made repeated +efforts to direct the energies of Virginia away from the all-absorbing +cultivation of tobacco. In 1636 Charles I wrote to the Governor and +Council bidding them moderate the excessive quantities of the plant laid +out each year and to endeavor to produce some other staple +commodities.[2-10] "The King cannot but take notice," he reiterated the +next year, "how little that colony hath advanced in Staple commodities +fit for their own subsistence and clothing," and he warned the planters +to emulate the Barbados and Caribee Islands, where a beginning had been +made in cotton, wool and other useful things.[2-11] But the colonists +paid no heed to these repeated warnings. The King's commands were no +more effective in establishing new industries than had been the first +attempts of the Company. Virginia was not prepared to compete with the +workers of Europe in their own chosen fields, and persisted, had to +persist, in the production of the one commodity for which she possessed +unsurpassed natural advantages. + +It is remarkable how universally the plant was cultivated by all classes +of Virginians throughout the colonial period. It was difficult to find +skilled artisans in any line of work, since those who had pursued in +England the various trades usually deserted them, when they landed in +the colony, in order to turn to the raising of tobacco. And the few who +continued to pursue their old vocations usually rented or purchased a +small tract of land and devoted a part of their time to its cultivation. +Blacksmiths, carpenters, shipwrights, coopers all raised their little +tobacco crop and sold it to the British merchants,[2-12] while even the +poor minister sought to make ends meet by planting his glebe with +Orinoco or Sweetscented. The Governor himself was not free from the +all-prevailing custom, and frequently was the possessor of a farm where +his servants and slaves, like those of other gentlemen in the colony, +were kept busy tending the tobacco crop. + +It is doubtful whether the members of the London Company, even Sir Edwin +Sandys himself, ever attempted to visualize the social structure which +would develop in the Virginia they were planning. If so, they +unquestionably pictured a state of affairs very different from that +which the future held in store. They took it for granted that Virginia +would to a large extent be a duplicate of England. In the forests of the +New World would grow up towns and villages, centers of industry and +centers of trade. The population would be divided into various +classes--well-to-do proprietors boasting of the title of gentleman; +professional men, lawyers, physicians, ministers; skilled artisans of +all kinds; day laborers. + +We catch a glimpse of the Virginia of their minds from a Broadside +issued in 1610, appealing for volunteers for service in the +colony.[2-13] We can see the shipwrights at work in the busy yards of +thriving ports; the smelters caring for their iron and copper furnaces; +the "minerall-men" digging out the ore; saltmakers evaporating the +brackish waters for their useful product; vine-dressers tending their +abundant crops of grapes and coopers turning out the hogsheads in which +to store the wine which came from the presses; bricklayers and +carpenters fashioning substantial houses; fishermen bringing in the +plentiful yield of the day and dressers preparing the fish for foreign +shipment; joiners, smiths, gardeners, bakers, gun-founders, +ploughwrights, brewers, sawyers, fowlers, each plying his trade in the +New Brittania. + +But how different was the reality. Virginia became, not an industrial, +but a distinctly agricultural community. For more than a century it +could boast not a single town worthy of the name.[2-14] It was but a +series of plantations, not large in extent, but stretching out for miles +along the banks of the rivers and creeks, all devoted to the raising of +tobacco. The population of the colony was but the aggregate of the +population of the plantation--the owner, the wage earners, the +indentured servant, a few slaves. Virginia in the Seventeenth century, +despite the design of its founders, developed a life of its own, a life +not only unlike that of England, but unique and distinct. + +Immigration, like everything else in the colony, was shaped by the needs +of tobacco. For its successful production the plant does not require +skilled labor or intensive cultivation. The barbarous natives of Africa, +who later in the century were imported in such large numbers, eventually +proved quite adequate to the task. But it does require the service of +many hands. For decades after Rolfe's discovery had opened a new vista +of prosperity for Virginia, fertile land was so cheap that a person even +of moderate means might readily purchase an extensive plantation,[2-15] +but it would be of little service to him unless he could find hands for +clearing away the forests, breaking the soil, tending and curing the +plants. + +Of the three requirements of production--natural resources, capital and +labor--the fertile soil furnished the first in abundance, the second +could readily be secured, but the last remained for a full century the +one great problem of the planters. From the days of Sir George Yeardley +to those of Nicholson and Andros there was a persistent and eager demand +for workers. Of this there can be no better evidence than the remarkably +high wages which prevailed in the colony, especially in the years prior +to the Restoration. In fact, it is probable that the laborer received +for his services four or five times the amount he could earn in +England. Even during the time of the London Company we find George +Sandys writing to a friend in London to procure indentured servants for +the colony as the wages demanded were intolerable. A day's work brought, +in addition to food, a pound of tobacco valued at one shilling, while in +England the unskilled worker considered himself fortunate if he could +earn so much in a week.[2-16] + +In his efforts to solve this acute problem the planter found little hope +in the aborigines. The Spaniards, it is true, had made use of the +Indians to till their fields or work in the gold and silver mines, but +the Pamunkey and the Powhatan were cast in a different mold from the +Aztec and the Peruvian. To hunt them out of their native lairs and bind +them to arduous and ignominious servitude was hardly to be thought of. +Their spirit was too proud to be thus broken, the safe refuge of the +woods too near at hand. One might as well have attempted to hitch lions +and tigers to the plough shaft, as to place these wild children of the +forest at the handles. At times it proved practicable to make use of +Indian children for servants, and there are numerous instances on record +in which they are found in the homes of the planters.[2-17] But this, of +course, could be of little service in solving the pressing labor +problem, in clearing new ground or tilling the idle fields. The Virginia +landowner was forced to turn elsewhere for his helpers. + +In 1619 a Dutch privateer put into the James river and disembarked +twenty Africans who were sold to the settlers as slaves. This event, so +full of evil portent for the future of Virginia, might well have +afforded a natural and satisfactory solution of the labor problem. +Slaves had long been used in the Spanish colonies, proving quite +competent to do the work of tending the tobacco plants, and bringing +handsome returns to their masters. But it was impossible at this time +for England to supply her plantations with this type of labor. The +slave trade was in the hands of the Dutch, who had fortified themselves +on the African coast and jealously excluded other nations. Thus while +the demand for negro slaves remained active in the colony, they +increased in numbers very slowly. The muster of 1624-25 shows only +22.[2-18] During the following half century there was a small influx of +negroes, but their numbers were still too small to affect seriously the +economic life of the colony.[2-19] + +The settlers were thus forced to look to England itself to supply them +with hands for their tobacco fields. They knew that in the mother +country were many thousands of indigent persons who would welcome an +opportunity to better their lot by migrating to the New World. And the +English statesmen, feeling that there was need for blood letting, +welcomed an opportunity to divert the surplus population to the new +colony in America.[2-20] The decline in English foreign trade and the +stagnation of home industry had brought unemployment and suffering to +every class of workers. Wages were so low that the most industrious +could not maintain themselves in comfort, while to provide against want +in case of sickness or old age was hardly to be thought of. Every +parish, every town swarmed with persons stricken with abject poverty. In +some parts of the country no less than 30 per cent of the population +were dependent in part upon charity for their daily bread, while many +were driven into vagabondage and crime, becoming an element of danger +rather than of strength to the nation.[2-21] It seemed to the planters +that the mother country constituted an abundant reservoir of labor, a +reservoir already overflowing and capable of supplying indefinitely +their every need. + +The only drawback was the long and expensive voyage across the Atlantic. +The fare, even for the poorest and most crowded accommodations, was no +less than six pounds sterling, a sum far beyond the means of the +thriftiest laborer.[2-22] Obviously some scheme had to be evolved to +overcome this difficulty before Virginia could make use of English +labor. And so the planters turned to the simple expedient of advancing +the passage money to the immigrant and of placing him under strict legal +bonds to work it out after reaching the colony. + +This system, around which the economic life of Virginia centered for a +full century, proved satisfactory to all concerned. The credit advanced +to the immigrant made it possible for him to earn his ocean fare, not in +England where labor was cheap, but in America where it was dear. In +other words, he was enabled without delay to enjoy the full benefits of +selling his services in the best market. The necessity for placing him +under a stringent contract or indenture is evident. Had this not been +done the immigrant, upon finding himself in Virginia, might have refused +to carry out his part of the bargain. But the indenture was in no sense +a mark of servitude or slavery. It simply made it obligatory for the +newcomer, under pain of severe penalties, to work out his passage money, +and until that was accomplished to surrender a part of the personal +liberty so dear to every Englishman. + +It is erroneous to suppose that most of the servants were degenerates or +criminals. It is true that the English Government from time to time +sought to lessen the expense of providing for convicted felons by +sending some of them to the colonies, among them on rare occasions a few +decidedly objectionable characters. More than once the Virginians +protested vigorously against this policy as dangerous to the peace and +prosperity of the colony.[2-23] By far the larger part of these penal +immigrants, however, were but harmless paupers, driven perhaps to theft +or some other petty offense by cold and hunger. Often they were +sentenced to deportation by merciful judges in order that they might +not feel the full weight of the harsh laws of that day.[2-24] + +And of the small number of real criminals who came in, few indeed made +any lasting imprint upon the social fabric of the colony. Many served +for life and so had no opportunity of marrying and rearing families to +perpetuate their degenerate traits. Those who escaped fled from the +confines of settled Virginia to the mountains or to the backwoods of +North Carolina. Many others succumbed to the epidemics which proved so +deadly to the newcomers from England. In fact the criminal servant was +but a passing incident in the life and development of England's greatest +and most promising colony.[2-25] + +An appreciable proportion of the so-called criminal laborers were no +more than political prisoners taken in the rebellions of the Seventeenth +century. These men frequently represented the sturdiest and most +patriotic elements in the kingdom and were a source of strength rather +than of weakness to the colony. When Drogheda was captured by Cromwell's +stern Puritan troops in 1649, some of the unfortunate rebels escaped the +firing squad only to be sent to America to serve in the sugar or tobacco +fields. Just how many of these Irishmen fell to the share of Virginia it +is impossible to say, but the number rises well into the hundreds, and +the patent books of the period are full of headrights of undoubted Irish +origin.[2-26] + +When Charles II was restored to the throne in 1660 it became the turn of +the Puritans to suffer, and many non-conformists and former Oliverian +soldiers were sent to Virginia. In fact so many old Commonwealth men +were serving in the tobacco fields in 1663 that they felt strong enough +to plot, not only for their own freedom, but for the overthrow of the +colonial government.[2-27] In 1678, after the suppression of the +Scottish Covenanters by the Highland Host, a new batch of prisoners were +sent to the plantations.[2-28] Seven years later many of Monmouth's +followers taken at Sedgemour, who were fortunate enough to escape the +fury of Jeffreys and Kirk, were forced to work in the plantations. + +But the bulk of the servants were neither criminals nor political +prisoners, but poor persons seeking to better their condition in the +land of promise across the Atlantic. They constituted the vanguard of +that vast stream of immigrants which for three centuries Europe has +poured upon our shores. The indentured servant differed in no essential +from the poor Ulsterite or German who followed him in the Eighteenth +century, or the Irishman, the Italian or the Slav in the Nineteenth. +Like them he found too severe the struggle for existence at home, like +them he sought to reach a land where labor, the only commodity he had to +sell, would bring the highest return. The fact that his passage was paid +for him and that he was bound by contract to work it out after reaching +America, in no wise differentiates him from the newcomers of later days. +In 1671 Sir William Berkeley reported to the Board of Trade that the +colony contained "6,000 Christian servants for a short tyme," who had +come with the "hope of bettering their condition in a Growing +Country."[2-29] + +Virginia is fortunate in having preserved a record of this, the first +great migration to the English colonies, which in some respects is +remarkably complete. In fact, the names of fully three-fourths of all +the persons who came to the colony, whether as freemen or servants +during the first century of its existence, are on record at the Land +Office at Richmond, and at all times available to the student of +history. In the early days of the settlement a law was passed designed +to stimulate immigration, by which the Government pledged itself to +grant fifty acres of land to any person who would pay the passage from +Europe to Virginia of a new settler. Thus if one brought over ten +indentured servants he would be entitled to 500 acres of land, if he +brought 100, he could demand 5,000 acres. But the headright, as it was +called, was not restricted to servants; if one came over as a freeman, +paying his own passage, he was entitled to the fifty acres. Should he +bring also his family, he could demand an additional fifty acres for his +wife and fifty for each child or other member of the household.[2-30] + +When the Government issued a grant for land under this law, the planter +was required to record with the clerk of the county court the names of +all persons for whose transportation the claim was made. Some of these +lists have been lost, especially for the period from 1655 to 1666, but +most of them remain, constituting an inexhaustible storehouse of +information concerning the colony and the people who came to its +shores.[2-31] How the papers escaped destruction during the fire which +did so much damage in the Secretary's office at the time of Andros, it +is impossible to say. The explanation is to be found perhaps in the fact +that copies of the records were kept, not only at Williamsburg, but in +the several counties, so that in case of loss by fire new entries could +be made. + +Immigration to Virginia continued in unabated volume throughout the +Seventeenth century. The needs of the tobacco plantations were +unceasing, and year after year the surplus population of England poured +across the Atlantic in response. An examination of the list of +headrights shows that the annual influx was between 1500 and 2000. Even +during the Civil War and Commonwealth periods this average seems to have +been maintained with surprising consistency. Apparently the only limit +which could be set upon it was the available space on board the merchant +fleet which each year left England for the Chesapeake bay. Thus in the +year ending May 1635 we find that 2000 landed in the colony,[2-32] while +in 1674 and again in 1682 the same average was maintained.[2-33] At +times the numbers dropped to 1200 or 1300, but this was the exception +rather than the rule. All in all, considerably more than 100,000 persons +migrated to the colony in the years that elapsed between the first +settlement at Jamestown and the end of the century.[2-34] + +This great movement, which far surpassed in magnitude any other English +migration of the century, fixed for all time the character of the white +population of tidewater Virginia. The vast bulk of the settlers were +English. An examination of the headright lists shows here and there an +Irish or a Scotch name, and on very rare occasions one of French or +Italian origin, but in normal periods fully 95 per cent were +unmistakably Anglo-Saxon. In fact, such names as Dixon, Bennett, +Anderson, Adams, Greene, Brooke, Brown, Cooper, Gibson, Hall, Harris, +King, Jackson, Long, Martin, Miller, Newton, Philips, Richards, Turner, +White, appear with monotonous repetition. Except in the years 1655 and +1656, after the Drogheda tragedy when one sees such names as O'Lanny, +O'Leaby, O'Mally, and Machoone, or in 1679 when there was a sprinkling +of Scottish names, the entire list is distinctly English. + +It must not be supposed that immigration to Virginia in the Seventeenth +century was restricted to indentured servants. Some of the settlers were +freemen, paying their own passage and establishing themselves as +proprietors immediately after arriving in the colony. But the conditions +which attracted them were the same as those which brought over the +servants. In both cases it was tobacco, the rich returns which it +promised and the urgent need it had of labor, which impelled them to +leave their homes in England to seek their fortunes in the strange land +beyond the seas. + +Having seen the character of the immigration to Virginia, it remains to +determine what was the fate of the settler after he reached the colony, +what role lay before him in its social and economic life. Would he +remain permanently in the status of a servant, entering into a new +agreement with his master after the expiration of the old? Would he +eventually become a day laborer, working for wages upon the estates of +the wealthy? Would he become a tenant? Could he hope to become a +freeholder, making of Virginia, like Rome in the early days of the +republic, the land of the small proprietor? + + + + +_CHAPTER III_ + +THE VIRGINIA YEOMANRY + + +The system of indentured labor differed vitally from negro slavery. The +servant usually was bound to his master for a limited period only, and +at the expiration of four or five years was a free man, to go where he +would and pursue what employment seemed most lucrative. And of +tremendous importance to the future of Virginia was the fact that he was +of the same race and blood as the rest of the population. There was no +inherent reason why he might not take up land, marry and become a part +of the social structure of the colony. + +When races of marked physical differences are placed side by side in the +same territory, assimilation of one or the other becomes difficult, and +an age long repugnance and conflict is apt to result. Perhaps the +greatest crime against the southern colonies was not the introduction of +slavery, but the introduction of negroes. It was inevitable that +eventually slavery would be abolished. But the negro race in America +cannot be abolished, it cannot be shipped back to Africa, it cannot well +be absorbed into the white population. Today California is struggling to +avoid a like problem by excluding the Japanese, while Canada, Australia +and New Zealand are closing their doors to Orientals of all kinds. + +Thus Virginia, during its century of white immigration, was storing up +no perplexing difficulties for the future, was developing slowly but +surely into an industrious, democratic, Anglo-Saxon community. Not until +the black flood of slaves was turned loose upon her, strangling her +peasantry and revolutionizing her industrial and social life, was her +future put in pawn. The white servants, so far as they remained in the +colony, became bone of her bone, flesh of her flesh, promised her a +homogeneous race, a sound economic and political development. + +When the alien newcomer to the United States sees from the deck of his +steamer the Statue of Liberty and the ragged sky line of lower +Manhattan, he feels that the goal of his ambition has been reached, that +the land of opportunity lies before him. But to the indentured settler +of the Seventeenth century, his arrival in the James or the York was but +the beginning of his struggles. Before he could grasp the riches of the +New World, he must pay the price of his passage, must work out through +arduous years the indenture to which he had affixed his signature. + +And these years were filled not only with toil, perhaps with hardship, +but with the greatest peril. He might account himself fortunate indeed +if during the first twelve months he escaped the so-called Virginia +sickness. Tidewater Virginia for the English settlers was a pest-ridden +place. The low and marshy ground, the swarming mosquitoes, the hot sun, +the unwholesome drinking water combined to produce an unending epidemic +of dysentery and malaria. And at frequent intervals, especially in the +early years, yellow fever, scurvy and plague swept over the infant +colony, leaving behind a ghastly train of suffering and death.[3-1] At +one time the mortality among the settlers upon the James ran as high as +75 per cent and for a while it seemed that this attempt of the British +nation to secure a foothold upon the American continent must end in +failure.[3-2] + +But as the years wore on better conditions prevailed. Governor Berkeley +testified in 1671, "there is not oft seasoned hands (as we term them) +that die now, whereas heretofore not one of five escaped the first +year."[3-3] This improvement was brought about by the use of Peruvian +bark, a clearer understanding of sanitary matters and the selection of +more healthful sites for plantations. At the time when Sir William wrote +it is probable that 80 per cent or more of the indentured servants +survived the dangers of the tobacco fields, completed their terms of +service and, if they remained in the colony, became freedmen with the +full rights of Englishmen and Virginians. + +In the period from 1660 to 1725 there was, as we shall see, an exodus of +poor whites from Virginia. This, however, was chiefly the result of the +influx of slaves which marked the end of the century, and it is safe to +assume that prior to the Restoration there was no extensive movement +from Virginia to other colonies. The servant, upon attaining his +freedom, usually remained in the colony and sought to establish himself +there. + +Although it is impossible to determine accurately the average length of +service required by the indentures, there is reason to believe that it +did not exceed five years. In cases of controversy between masters and +servants who had come in without written contracts as to when their +terms should expire, it was at first required by law that the period be +fixed at five years if the age was in excess of twenty-one.[3-4] In +1654, however, a new act was passed by the Assembly, making it necessary +for those who had no indentures, if over sixteen to serve six years, if +less than sixteen until the twenty-fourth year had been reached.[3-5] +This was found to work to the disadvantage of the colony by discouraging +immigration, and in 1662 the law was changed so that in all doubtful +cases the legal term should be five years for persons over sixteen.[3-6] +Since the Assembly, which was so largely made up of persons who +themselves held servants, would certainly not fix the legal term for a +period shorter than that normally provided for in the indentures, we +may assume that usually the servant secured his freedom within four or +five years after his arrival in the colony. + +Thus it is evident that the bulk of the population could not have been, +as is so often supposed, made up of large landed proprietors with their +servants and slaves. Such a conception takes no account of the annual +translation of hundreds of men and women from bondsmen into freedmen. +The short duration of the average term of service, together with the +fact that the servants were usually still young when freed, made it +inevitable that in time the freedmen would outnumber those in service. +The size of the annual immigration could in no wise alter this +situation, for the greater the influx of servants, the greater would be +the resulting graduation into the class of freedmen. + +The average number of headrights, as we have seen, was probably not less +than 1750 a year. If it is assumed that 1500 of these were servants, +five per cent of whom served for life and 20 per cent died before the +expiration of their terms, no less than 1125 would remain to become +freedmen. While the number of those under indenture remained practically +stationary, the size of the freedman class grew larger with the passing +of the years. + +Placing the average term at five years, then, and the average mortality +at twenty per cent, there would be in service at any given time some +6,000 men and women. In fact, Sir William Berkeley, in his famous report +of 1671, estimated the number of servants in the colony at this +figure.[3-7] On the other hand an annual accession of 1125 to the class +of freedmen would in five years amount to 5,625, in ten years to 11,250, +in fifteen to 16,875, in twenty to 22,500. At the end of half a century +no less than 56,250 persons would have emerged from servitude to become +free citizens. Although there is every reason to believe that these +figures are substantially correct,[3-8] their accuracy or lack of +accuracy in no way affect the principle involved. From its very nature +it was impossible that the system of indentured servants should long +remain the chief factor in the industrial life of the colony or supply +most of the labor. + +It is true, of course, that the number of those completing their terms +of indenture is not an absolute gauge, at any given date, of the size of +the freedman class. To determine this it would be necessary to know the +average span of life of the freedman, a thing certainly not worked out +at the time and impossible of accomplishment now. We may assume, +however, that it was relatively long. The newcomer who had lived through +the first terrible year in the tobacco fields had been thoroughly +tested, "seasoned" as the planters called it, and was reasonably certain +of reaching a mature age. Moreover, the servants were almost universally +of very tender years. Seldom indeed would a dealer accept one over +twenty-eight, and the average seems to have been between seventeen and +twenty-three. The reasons for this are obvious. Not only were young men +and women more adaptable to changed conditions, more capable of +resisting the Virginia climate, stronger and more vigorous, but they +proved more tractable and entered upon the adventure more eagerly.[3-9] +These conclusions are fully borne out by an examination of the lists of +servants given in Hotten's _Emigrants to America_. Of the first 159 +servants here entered whose ages are attached, the average is +twenty-three years.[3-10] And as many of these persons were brought over +as skilled artisans to take part in the industrial life which the +Company had planned for the colony, it is probable that they were much +older than the average servant of later days who came as an agricultural +laborer. There is every reason to believe, then, that the average +servant was still in his prime when he completed his term, perhaps not +more than twenty-six or twenty-seven, with many years of usefulness and +vigor before him. + +It must also be remembered that the freedman, by a display of energy and +capability, might acquire property, marry and rear a family. While the +number of indentured servants was strictly limited to those who were +brought in from the outside, the class of poor freemen might and did +enjoy a natural increase within itself. Thus it was inevitable that with +the passing of the years the servants were more and more outnumbered by +the growing group of freemen. In 1649, when the population was but +15,000,[3-11] 6,000 servants might well have performed most of the +manual labor of the tobacco fields, but in 1670, when the inhabitants +numbered 40,000,[3-12] or in 1697 when they were 70,000,[3-13] they +would form a comparatively small proportion of the people, so small in +fact that most of the work of necessity had to be done by freemen. In +other words the picture so often presented, even by historians of +established reputation, of a Seventeenth century Virginia in which the +land was divided into large plantations owned by rich proprietors and +tilled chiefly by indentured servants is entirely erroneous. Such a +state of affairs was made impossible by the very nature of the system of +indentures itself. + +It becomes a matter of prime interest, then, to determine what became of +the mass of freedmen, what role they played in the social and economic +life of the colony. Because the servant who had completed his term was +free to follow his own bent, we have no right to assume that he sought +at once to establish himself as an independent proprietor. He might seek +service with the large planters as a hired laborer, he might become a +tenant. In either case the population would have been divided into two +classes--the wealthy landowner and those who served him. + +We know that at all periods of Virginia history there were a certain +number of persons employed as wage earners. The colonial laws and the +county records contain many references to them. Payment of wages was not +unusual even under the Company, and we are told by George Sandys that +hired laborers received one pound of tobacco a day in addition to their +food.[3-14] In later years we have from time to time references to wage +rates, and in some cases copies of contracts entered into between +employer and wage earner. But such cases are comparatively rare, and it +is evident that the use of hired labor throughout the colonial period +was the exception rather than the rule. In fact it would seem that few +save servants newly freed and lacking in the funds necessary for +purchasing and equipping little farms of their own ever sought +employment upon the large plantations. And even in such cases the +contracts were for comparatively short periods, since it often required +but a year or two of labor for the freedman to save enough from his +wages to make a beginning as an independent proprietor. + +When once established, there was no reason, in the days prior to the +introduction of slavery, why he should not hold his own in competition +with his wealthy neighbor. In the production of tobacco the large +plantation, so long as it was cultivated only by expensive white labor, +offered no marked advantage over the small. With the cost of land very +low, with the means of earning the purchase price so readily in hand, +with the conditions for an independent career all so favorable, it was +not to be expected that the freedman should content himself permanently +with the status of a hired laborer. + +Nor was there any reason why he should become a tenant. Had all the +fertile land been preempted, as was the case on the banks of the Hudson, +the poor man might have been compelled to lease the soil upon which he +expended his efforts or do without entirely. But such was not the case. +It is true that at the end of the Seventeenth century certain wealthy +men got possession of large tracts of unsettled land, but their monopoly +was so far from complete that they gladly sold off their holdings in +little parcels to the first purchasers who presented themselves. +Apparently they made no attempts to establish themselves in a position +similar to that of the great landlords of England. + +The records afford ample evidence that the leasing of property was by no +means unknown in colonial Virginia, but the custom was comparatively +rare. Hugh Jones, writing in 1721, declared that the tenant farmers +constituted but a small fraction of the population, a fact which he +explained by the unusual facilities for acquiring property in fee +simple.[3-15] It would have been folly for the tobacco planter to expend +his labor upon another man's property, perhaps erecting barns and fences +and otherwise improving it, when he could for so small an outlay secure +land of his own. + +Thus we are led to the conclusion that the average Virginia plantation +must have been comparatively small in extent. The development of large +estates was narrowly limited by the various factors which made it +impossible to secure an adequate labor supply--the restrictions upon the +slave trade, the insufficient number of indentured servants and the +shortness of their terms, the unwillingness of freedmen and others to +work for wages. On the other hand, it would be expected that the +servants upon securing their freedom would purchase land of their own, +and cover all tidewater Virginia with little farms. + +Turning to the various records of the time that deal with the +distribution of land--deeds, wills, transfers, tax lists, +inventories--we find that these conclusions are fully borne out. All +reveal the fact that the average plantation, especially in the +Seventeenth century, so far from vieing with the vast estates in +existence in certain parts of America, was but a few hundred acres in +extent. + +The land transfers of Surry county afford an interesting illustration. +In thirty-four instances mentioned during the years from 1684 to 1686, +for which the exact number of acres is given, the largest is 500 acres, +the smallest twenty. The aggregate of all land which changed hands is +6,355 acres, or an average of 187 for each sale. There are eleven +transfers of 100 acres or less, twenty-three transfers of 200 or less +and only four of more than 300 acres.[3-16] One can find in this no +evidence of the fabled barons of colonial Virginia, but only of a well +established class of small proprietors. + +The York county books for the years from 1696 to 1701 tell the same +story. Here we find recorded forty-one transfers and leases. Twenty-two +are for 100 acres or less, 33 for 200 acres or less, and four, one for +1,400, one for 1,210, one for 600 and one for 550, are more than 300 +acres in extent. The aggregate is 8,153 acres and the average 199.[3-17] + +In the Rappahannock county records from 1680 to 1688 of fifteen land +transfers taken at random from the books, the largest is 400 while the +average is 168 acres.[3-18] Of the forty-eight transfers mentioned in +the Essex county books for the years from 1692 to 1695, the largest is +600 acres and the smallest 50. Twenty are for 100 acres or less, 31 for +200 or less and only four for over 300.[3-19] + +That conditions not fundamentally different prevailed in the early days +of the colony is shown by the census taken of the landowners in 1626. Of +the holdings listed no less than 25 were for 50 acres or less, 73 for +100 and most of the others for less than 300 acres. The total number of +proprietors listed is 224 and the total acreage 34,472, giving an +average for each plantation of 154 acres.[3-20] + +It has been assumed by certain writers that the land grants preserved +in the Registrar's Office in Richmond tend to contradict this evidence. +Although the average patent is by no means large, it is much more +extensive than the typical land transfer. In 1638 this average was 423 +acres, in 1640 it was 405, in 1642 it was 559, in 1645 it was 333, in +1648 it was 412, in 1650 it was 675. During the entire period from 1634 +to 1650 inclusive the size of the average land grant was 446 acres. From +1650 to 1655 the average was 591 acres, from 1655 to 1666 six hundred +and seventy-one, from 1666 to 1679 eight hundred and ninety acres, from +1679 to 1689 six hundred and seven acres, from 1689 to 1695 six hundred +and one acres, from 1695 to 1700 six hundred and eighty-eight +acres.[3-21] In the course of the entire second half of the Seventeenth +century the average size of the patent was 674 acres. + +Yet these facts have little direct bearing upon the extent of the +plantations themselves. The system of granting land, as we have seen, +was not based upon the individual needs of the planters, but upon the +number of headrights presented to the Government. Obviously it was the +question of the most economical method of transporting immigrants which +would determine the average size of the grant. If it proved best to +bring in servants in small groups, distributed among vessels devoted +chiefly to merchandise, the patents would be small; if they came in on +immigrant vessels, in numbers ranging from 50 to 200, the patents would +be large. + +Apparently both methods were in vogue. There are grants recorded varying +in size from 50 acres to 10,000 acres.[3-22] Beyond doubt many +merchants, finding that their vessels on the western voyage were not +fully laden, from time to time took on a few indentured servants. If +they furnished accommodation for from ten to twenty immigrants, they +could demand, in addition to the sale of the indentures, 500 to 1,000 +acres of land. It was a frequent practice, also, for planters in +Virginia to send orders to their agents in England to procure and ship +one or more servants as need for them arose.[3-23] "Your brother George +hath moved you in his letters to send him over some servants the next +year," wrote Richard Kemp to Robert Read in 1639.[3-24] Undoubtedly in +cases of this kind the servants usually sailed in small parties upon the +regular merchant vessels. + +On the other hand it would appear that large numbers of persons arrived +on strictly immigrant vessels, in which they made the chief if not the +only cargo. Some of the best known men in the colony were dealers in +servants and reaped from the business very large profits. Of these +perhaps the best known in the earlier period was William Claiborne, +celebrated for his dispute with the Maryland proprietors over the +possession of Kent Island. Peter Ashton was another extensive dealer in +servants, at one time receiving 2,550 acres for his headrights, at +another 2,000. Isaac Allerton, Lewis Burwell, Giles Brent, Joseph +Bridger and many others of like prominence are upon the patent rolls for +large grants. The most inveterate dealer in servants, however, was +Robert Beverley. This well known planter, so famous for his part in +Bacon's Rebellion and in the political contests which grew out of it, is +credited with patents aggregating 25,000 or 30,000 acres.[3-25] + +Often partnerships were formed for the importation of servants, in which +cases the patents were made out jointly. Among the more interesting are +patents to Robert Beverley and Henry Hartwell, to Thomas Butt and Thomas +Milner, to William Bassett and James Austin, to Thomas Blunt and Richard +Washington. When associations of three or more persons were formed for +the importation of servants, a not infrequent occurrence, the number of +headrights is unusually large and the grants patented in consequence +extensive. Thus Edmund Bibbie and others are credited with 3,350 acres, +Robert Ambrose and others with 6,000, George Archer and others with +4,000.[3-26] + +It is clear, then, that the size of the average patent in the +Seventeenth century is not an indication of the extent of the average +plantation. If economic conditions were such as to encourage large +holdings, extensive farms would appear regardless of the original +patents, for the small proprietors would be driven to the wall by their +more wealthy rivals and forced to sell out to them. On the other hand, +if the large planters found it difficult to secure adequate labor they +would of necessity have to break up their estates and dispose of them to +the small freeholders. That the latter development and not the former +actually took place in Virginia during the Seventeenth century a careful +examination of the country records makes most apparent. + +Over and over again in the records of various land transfers it is +stated that the property in question had belonged originally to a more +extensive tract, the patent for which was granted under the headright +law. A typical case is that of John Dicks who purchased for 8,500 pounds +of tobacco, "all the remaining part of 900 acres gotten by the +transporting of 19 persons."[3-27] Similarly we find John Johnson in +1653 selling to Robert Roberts half of 900 acres which he had received +by patent.[3-28] In 1693 John Brushood sold to James Grey 200 acres, a +part of 5,100 acres originally granted to Mr. Henry Awbrey.[3-29] Such +cases could be multiplied indefinitely. + +Perhaps the most instructive instance left us of this development is the +break up of a tract of land known as Button's Ridge, in Essex country. +This property, comprising 3,650 acres, was granted to Thomas Button in +the year 1666.[3-30] The original patentee transferred the entire tract +to his brother Robert Button, who in turn sold it to John Baker. The +latter, finding no doubt that he could not put under cultivation so +much land, cut it up into small parcels and sold it off to various +planters. Of these transactions we have, most fortunately, a fairly +complete record. To Captain William Moseley he sold 200 acres, to John +Garnet 600, to Robert Foster 200, to William Smither 200, to William +Howlett 200, to Anthony Samuell 300, to William Williams 200. It is +probable that he sold also a small holding to Henry Creighton, for we +find the latter, in 1695, transferring to William Moseley 100 acres, +formerly a part of Button's Ridge.[3-31] + +Important as are these gleanings from the county records, we have at our +disposal even better and more conclusive evidence that colonial Virginia +was divided, not into baronial estates of vast proportions, but into a +large number of comparatively small farms. Governor Nicholson's rent +roll, which is published as an appendix to this volume, for the early +years of the Eighteenth century at least, places the matter beyond +doubt. Here we have before us an official inventory of all Virginia save +the Northern Neck, giving the name of every proprietor and the number of +acres in his possession. + +It will be remembered that in the Crown colonies there was a perpetual +obligation imposed upon all land when first granted known as the +quit-rent. In Virginia this duty amounted to one shilling for every +fifty acres, payable in tobacco at the rate of a penny per pound.[3-32] +Despite the fact that some 27 per cent of the returns was consumed by +the cost of collection, and that there were frequent frauds in disposing +of the tobacco, the revenue derived from this source was of considerable +importance.[3-33] The amount collected in 1705 was L1,841. 1. 6-3/4. +When James Blair, the Virginia Commissary of the Bishop of London, +petitioned William and Mary for a fund from the accumulated quit-rents +for his proposed college at Williamsburg, some of the British +governmental officials objected strenuously. "This sum is perhaps the +only ready cash in all the plantations," it was declared, "which happens +to be by good husbandry and is a stock for answering any emergency that +may happen in Virginia."[3-34] + +Throughout the entire Seventeenth century, however, the Governors had +experienced great difficulty in collecting this tax. Over and over again +they reported in their letters to the Board of Trade that there were +large arrears of quit-rents which it was impossible to make the +landowners pay.[3-35] The reason for this was obvious enough. In each +county the tax collector was the sheriff. Although this officer was +appointed by the Governor, he usually had a wholesome respect for the +larger proprietors and in consequence was wary of giving offense by +holding them to too strict an account of their estates.[3-36] At times +the sheriffs themselves were the sufferers by this state of affairs, for +they were held responsible for the rents upon all land patented in their +counties, for which returns had not been made. + +Although the Governors from time to time made rather feeble attempts to +remedy the prevailing laxness in this matter, nothing of importance was +accomplished before the first administration of Francis Nicholson. The +chief executive himself had much need of the good will of the richer +inhabitants, and he was not over forward in forcing them to bring in +accurate returns. Nicholson, however, who prided himself on his +executive ability and who was bent on breaking the power of the clique +which centered around the Council of State, exerted himself to the +utmost to secure full payment for every acre. + +So early as 1690 we find him issuing orders to the sheriffs for the +drawing up of an accurate rent roll, through an examination of the +patent lists and the records of land transfers.[3-37] May 15, 1691, he +took up the matter again, warning the sheriffs that he expected more +accurate returns than they had yet made.[3-38] With the appointment of +Sir Edmund Andros as Governor, however, interest in the quit-rents +lapsed, and not until his removal and the reappointment of Nicholson was +the attempt resumed. + +In July, 1699, Nicholson wrote the Commissioners of Trade and +Plantations that he was doing his best to improve the quit-rents and +that the auditor had been ordered to draw up a scheme for securing a +more exact list of land holdings.[3-39] But for a while the matter still +hung fire. The leading men in the Government were ready enough in making +suggestions, but they were extensive landholders themselves and +apparently rendered no real assistance. "I have considered those papers +given me by your Excellency relating to a perfect rent roll," the +auditor, William Byrd I wrote Nicholson, Oct. 21, 1703, "notwithstanding +I have, according to your repeated directions used my utmost diligence +in giving charge to sheriffs and taking their oaths to rolls, I am +sensible there is still very great abuse therein."[3-40] + +Despite these discouragements Nicholson persisted and in 1704 succeeded +in obtaining the first really accurate rent roll of the colony. These +lists have long been missing, and perhaps were destroyed in one of the +several fires which have wrought so much havoc with the records of +colonial Virginia, but a true copy was made by the clerk, William +Robertson, and sent to the Board of Trade. Fortunately the British +Government has been more careful of its priceless historical manuscripts +than has Virginia, and this copy today reposes in the Public Record +Office in London, a veritable treasure trove of information concerning +economic and social conditions in the colony.[3-41] + +Even a cursory examination of the rent roll is sufficient to dispel the +old belief that Virginia at this time was the land of the large +proprietor. As one glances down the list of plantations he is struck by +the number of little holdings, the complete absence of huge estates, the +comparative scarcity even of those that for a newly settled country +might be termed extensive. Here and there, especially in the frontier +counties is listed a tract of four or five or even ten thousand acres, +but such cases are very rare. In Middlesex county there is but one +plantation of more than 2,500 acres, in Charles City county the largest +holding is 3,130, in Nansemond 2,300, in Norfolk county 3,200, in +Princess Anne 3,100, in Elizabeth City county 2,140, in York 2,750, in +Essex 3,200. + +On the other hand the rolls reveal the existence of thousands of little +proprietors, whose holdings of from 50 to 500 acres embraced the larger +part of the cultivated soil of the colony. Thus we find that in +Nansemond, of 376 farms 26 were of 50 acres or less, 66 were between 50 +and 100 acres, 110 between 100 and 200 acres, 88 between 200 and 400 +acres, 78 between 400 and 1,000 acres, and only eight over 1,000 acres. +In Middlesex county out of 122 holdings eleven were of 50 acres or less, +33 between 50 and 100 acres, 32 between 100 and 200 acres, 25 between +200 and 500 acres, 19 between 500 and 2,500 acres, one of 4,000 acres +and one of 5,200 acres. Of the 94 plantations in Charles City county 26 +were of 100 acres or less, 21 between 100 and 200 acres, 25 between 200 +and 500 acres, 19 between 500 and 2,500 acres and three more than 2,500 +acres.[3-42] + +Although the average size of the plantations varied considerably in +different counties it was everywhere comparatively small, far smaller +than the average land grant of the time, far smaller than has been +imagined by some of the closest students of the period. For Nansemond +the rolls reveal the average holding as 212 acres, for James City county +400, for York 298, for Warwick 308, for Elizabeth City county 255, for +Princess Anne 459, for Gloucester 395, for Middlesex 406, for Charles +City county 553.[3-43] + +In the past few decades much has been written of the social life and +customs of the people of colonial Virginia. But except in the able works +of Dr. Philip Alexander Bruce little has been said concerning the small +planter class, the men who made up the vast bulk of the population, the +true Seventeenth century Virginians. We have long and detailed +descriptions of the residences of the small group of the well-to-do, +their libraries, their furniture, their table ware, their portraits, +their clothing, their amusements. The genealogy of the leading families +has been worked out with minute care, their histories recorded, some of +their leading members idealized by the writers of fiction. The mention +of colonial Virginia brings instantly to mind a picture of gay +cavaliers, of stately ladies, of baronial estates, of noble manors. And +the sturdy, independent class of small farmers who made up a full 90 per +cent of the freeholders at the time the rent roll was taken, have been +relegated into undeserved obscurity. + +It is to be noted that the roll does not include the names of +proprietors residing in the Northern Neck, as the peninsula between the +Potomac and the Rappahannock is called. This territory, although +acknowledging the jurisdiction of the Government at Williamsburg in most +matters and sending representatives to the House of Burgesses, paid its +quit-rents, not to the Crown but to a proprietor. Nicholson, therefore, +was not concerned in their collection and took no steps to list its +landholders in his new roll. There is no reason to believe, however, +that conditions in that part of the colony were fundamentally different. + +Nor can the accuracy of the rent roll be challenged. There existed +always the incentive to make false returns, of course, in order to +escape the payment of taxes, and not many sheriffs were so diligent as +the one in Henrico who unearthed 1,669 acres that had been +"concealed."[3-44] Yet it must be remembered that the Governor brought +to bear all the pressure at his disposal to make this particular roll +accurate, that the sheriffs were his appointees, that they could not +lightly defy him in so important a matter. And even though in isolated +cases they may have winked at false returns from men of wealth and rank, +from the mass of small proprietors they must have insisted upon reports +as accurate as the records or actual surveying could make them. No doubt +certain uncultivated tracts in the frontier counties were omitted, but +with these we are not immediately concerned. For conditions in the older +parts of the colony, where the slow evolution of economic factors had +been at work for a century, the roll presents unimpeachable evidence +that the bulk of the cultivated land was divided into small plantations. + +But it still remains to prove that their owners were men of meagre +fortunes, men who tilled the soil with their own hands. After all a farm +of two or three hundred acres might give scope for large activities, the +employment of many servants and slaves, the acquisition of some degree +of wealth. Might it not be possible that though the acres of the planter +were limited, his estate after all corresponded somewhat with the +popular conception? + +This leads us to a study of the distribution of servants and slaves +among the planters. At the outset we are faced with convincing evidence +that at the end of the Seventeenth century the average number for each +farm was very small. This is shown by a comparison of the number of +plantations listed in the rent roll of 1704 with the estimated number of +workers. In the counties for which the sheriffs made returns for +Governor Nicholson there were some 5,500 landholders. When to these is +added the proprietors of the Northern Neck the number must have +approximated 6,500. If at this time the servants numbered 4,000, as +seems probable,[3-45] and the slaves 6,000, together they would have +averaged but 1.5 workers for each plantation. A decade earlier, when the +use of slaves was still comparatively infrequent, the figure must have +been still lower. + +Fortunately we have even more direct and detailed evidence. Throughout +almost all of Virginia colonial history one of the chief methods of +raising revenue for the Government was the direct poll tax. This levy +was laid, however, not only on every freeman over sixteen years of age, +but upon male servants over 14, female servants who worked in the +fields, and slaves above 16 of either sex, all of whom were officially +termed tithables.[3-46] The tax rolls in which these persons were +listed, some of which have been preserved among the county records, +throw much light upon social and economic conditions in the colony. + +In one district of Surry county we find in the year 1675 that there were +75 taxpayers and only 126 tithables. In other words only 51 persons in +this district had this duty paid for them by others, whether parents, +guardians or masters. And of the taxpayers, forty-two were liable for +themselves alone, having no servants, slaves or dependent sons over 16; +fifteen were liable for one other person, eight for two others, and only +one, Lieutenant-Colonel Jordan, for so many as seven.[3-47] + +In other districts the story is the same. In one there were forty +taxpayers, 75 tithables and 25 persons who paid for themselves alone; in +another 28 taxpayers, 62 tithables, fifteen who had no servants or +slaves; in a third 48 taxpayers, 83 tithables, 28 who paid only for +themselves, eleven who paid for two, five who paid for three; in a +fourth district 29 taxpayers, 63 tithables, fourteen who had no servants +or slaves; in a fifth 25 taxpayers, 45 tithables, 12 who paid only for +themselves.[3-48] Thus in Surry county in the year 1675 there were in +all 245 taxpayers and 434 tithables. In other words the men who paid +their own tax outnumbered all those whose tax was paid for them, whether +servants, slaves or relatives, at the ratio of about 4 to 3. + +A study of the records of the same county ten years later leads to +almost identical results. At that time Surry seems to have been divided +into four districts. In the first there were 78 taxpayers, 132 +tithables, 30 persons who paid only for themselves; in the second, 63 +taxpayers, 133 tithables, 33 persons who paid for themselves alone; in +the third there were 38 taxpayers, 74 tithables and 22 persons paying +only for themselves; in the fourth 125 taxpayers, 201 tithables and 81 +persons having no dependents to pay for. Thus there were 540 tithables +in all and 304 taxpayers. In the entire county there were about 122 +persons who paid the poll tax for others. The largest holders of +servants or slaves were Mr. Robert Randall with seven, Lieutenant-Colonel +William Browne with nine, Mr. Robert Canfield with seven, Mr. Arthur +Allen with six, Mr. William Edwards with six, Mr. Francis Mason with +seven and Mr. Thomas Binns with eight.[3-49] + +Here again is proof that the popular conception of the Virginia +plantation life of the Seventeenth century is erroneous. Instead of the +wealthy planter who surrounded himself with scores of servants and +slaves, investigation reveals hundreds of little farmers, many of them +trusting entirely to their own exertions for the cultivation of the +soil, others having but one or two servants, and a bare handful of +well-to-do men each having from five to ten, or in rare cases twenty or +thirty, servants and slaves. + +A further confirmation of these conclusions is to be had by comparing +the number of plantations listed in the rent roll of 1704 with the +official returns of tithables for 1702.[3-50] Thus in Nansemond there +were 375 plantations and 1,030 tithables, Henrico with 162 plantations +had 863 tithables, Middlesex with 122 plantations had 814 tithables, +Gloucester with 381 plantations had 2,626, James City with 287 +plantations had 1,193, York with 205 plantations had 1,180, Warwick with +122 plantations had 505, Elizabeth City with 116 plantations had 478, +Princess Anne with 215 plantations had 727, Surry with 273 plantations +had 739, Isle of Wight with 262 plantations had 896, Norfolk with 303 +plantations had 693, New Kent with 497 plantations had 1,245, King +William with 217 plantations had 803, King and Queen with 403 +plantations had 1,848, Essex with 376 plantations had 1,034, Accomac +with 392 plantations had 1,041, Northampton with 258 plantations had +693, Charles City and Prince George together with 420 plantations had +1,327.[3-51] + +In Nansemond the average number of tithables as compared with the number +of plantations was 2.7, in Henrico 5.1, in Middlesex 6.7, in Gloucester +6.9, in James City 4.2, in York 5.7, in Warwick 4.1, in Elizabeth City +4, in Princess Anne 3.4, in Surry 2.7, in Isle of Wight 3.3, in Norfolk +2.3, in New Kent 2.5, in King William 3.7, in King and Queen 4.6, in +Essex 2.8, in Accomac 2.6, in Northampton 2.3, in Charles City and +Prince George combined 3.1. In all Virginia, with the exclusion of the +Northern Neck, there were 19,715 tithables and some 5,500 plantations, +an average of 3.6 tithables for each plantation. If we deduct from the +tithables all the male freeholders included in the rent roll, there +remains only some 14,700 persons south of the Rappahannock to make up +the list, not only of servants and slaves, but of professional men, wage +earners, artisans and dependent sons of landholders over 16 years of +age. + +Another invaluable source of information concerning the distribution of +servants and slaves is provided by the numerous inventories, deeds, and +wills which have been preserved in the records. Thus in Surry during the +years from 1671 to 1686 we find listed the estates of fifty-nine +persons. Of these no less than fifty-two were apparently without +servants or slaves; two, William Rooking and Captain Robert Spencer, had +five each; one, Mr. William Chambers, had three; and four, Captain +William Corker, John Hoge, Mr. John Goring and Samuel Cornell, had one +each.[3-52] + +In Elizabeth City of twenty-seven estates recorded during the years from +1684 to 1699 sixteen were without servants or slaves; of twenty-six +recorded in York during the period from 1694 to 1697 thirteen had no +servants or slaves; of twenty-three recorded in Henrico from 1677 to +1692 fourteen were without servants or slaves.[3-53] It is true that +these inventories and wills, since they would usually pertain to persons +of advanced age, perhaps do not furnish an absolutely accurate gauge of +the average number of servants held by each planter. On the other hand, +it is equally probable that a larger proportion of big estates than of +the small found their way into the records. At all events it is evident +that a goodly proportion of the landholders, perhaps sixty or sixty-five +per cent possessed no slaves or indentured servants, and trusted solely +to their own exertions for the cultivation of their plantations. + +Thus vanishes the fabled picture of Seventeenth century Virginia. In its +place we see a colony filled with little farms a few hundred acres in +extent, owned and worked by a sturdy class of English farmers. Prior to +the slave invasion which marked the close of the Seventeenth century and +the opening of the Eighteenth, the most important factor in the life of +the Old Dominion was the white yeomanry. + + + + +_CHAPTER IV_ + +FREEMEN AND FREEDMEN + + +It is obvious that the small planter class had its origin partly in the +immigration of persons who paid their own passage, partly in the +graduation into freedmen of large numbers of indentured servants. But to +determine accurately the proportion of each is a matter of great +difficulty. Had all the records of Seventeenth century Virginia been +preserved, it would have been possible, by means of long and laborious +investigation, to arrive at strictly accurate conclusions. But with the +material in hand one has to be satisfied with an approximation of the +truth. + +It must again be emphasized that the indentured servants were not +slaves, and that at the expiration of their terms there was no barrier, +legal, racial or social to their advancement. The Lords of Trade and +Plantations, in 1676, expressed their dissatisfaction at the word +"servitude" as applied to them, which they felt was a mark of bondage +and slavery, and thought it better "rather to use the word service, +since those servants are only apprentices for years."[4-1] "Malitious +tongues have impaired it (Virginia) much," Bullock declared in 1649, +"for it hath been a constant report among the ordinary sort of people +that all those servants who are sent to Virginia are sold into slavery, +whereas the truth is that the merchants who send servants and have no +plantations of their own doe not only transferre their time over to +others, but the servants serve no longer than the time they themselves +agreed for in England, and this is the ordinary course in England, and +no prejudice or hurt to the servant."[4-2] + +The terms of indenture not only took for granted that the servant, upon +completing his contract, would establish himself as a proprietor, but +usually made it obligatory for the master to furnish him with the +equipment necessary for his new life. With rare exceptions he received a +quantity of grain sufficient to maintain him for one year; two suits, +one of Kersey, the other of cotton; a pair of canvas drawers; two +shirts; and one felt hat.[4-3] The historian Beverley states that to +this outfit was added a gun worth twenty shillings.[4-4] Another writer +tells us that the freedman received "a year's provision of corne, double +apparel" and a supply of tools.[4-5] + +There existed in England a widespread impression that the servant, upon +securing his freedom, was entitled by law to fifty acres of land. This +appears to have been a mistake arising from a misapprehension of the +nature of the headright, which belonged not to the servant himself, but +to the person who paid for his transportation. In many cases the +indentures do not state the exact rewards to be received by the new +freedman, but only that they are to accord with "the custom of the +country," a very elastic term which could be construed by the master to +suit his own interest.[4-6] John Hammond, in his _Leah and Rachel_, +strongly advised the immigrant before affixing his signature to the +indenture to insist upon the inclusion of a clause specifically +providing for the payment of the fifty acres.[4-7] But the importance +which attaches to this matter lies as much in the servant's expectation +as in its fulfilment. Whether or not he received his little plantation, +he believed that he was to get a tract of land, a very extensive tract +it must have seemed to him, which would assure him a good living and +make it possible for him to rise out of the class to which he +belonged.[4-8] + +In 1627 the Virginia General Court issued an order which is significant +of the attitude of the colony itself to the freedmen. "The Court, taking +into consideration that the next ensueing year there will be many +tenants and servants freed unto whom after their freedom there will be +no land due, whereby they may without some order taken to the contrary +settle and seat themselves ... have ordered that the Governor and +Council may give unto the said servants and tenants leases for terms of +years such quantities of land as shall be needful."[4-9] Thus, at this +period at least, not only was it expected in the colony that servants +would become land holders, but it was felt that for them not to do so +was a matter of such grave concern as to require the special attention +of the Government. + +After all, however, the key to the situation must be sought in the +history of tobacco culture and the tobacco trade. Tobacco was the +universal crop of the colony and upon it every man depended for his +advancement and prosperity. If the market was good and the price high, +the planters flourished; if sales fell off and the price was low, they +suffered accordingly. It is evident, then, that the ability of the +freedman to secure a position of economic independence hinged upon the +profit to be derived from his little tobacco crop. It does not matter +whether he worked as a wage earner, tenant or freeholder, in the end the +result would be the same. If the returns from his labor greatly exceeded +his expenses, his savings would make it possible for him to establish +himself firmly in the class of the colonial yeomanry. On the other hand, +if he could wring from the soil no more than a bare subsistence, he +would remain always a poor laborer, or perhaps be forced to seek his +fortune in some other colony. Thus if we are to understand the status of +the freed servant and the hope which he could entertain of advancement, +it is necessary to turn our attention once more to economic conditions +in the colony. First, we must determine the amount of tobacco the +freedman could produce by his unassisted labor; second, the price he +received for it; third, how much he had to give the merchants in +exchange for their wares; and finally, the margin of profit left after +all expenses had been paid. + +Despite a marked divergence of testimony regarding the amount of tobacco +one man could cultivate, we are able to determine this matter with some +degree of exactness. In 1627 the King, in outlining a plan to take into +his own hands the entire tobacco trade, proposed to limit the imports to +200 pounds for each master of a family and 125 for each servant.[4-10] +To this, however, the planters entered a vigorous protest, claiming that +the quantity was "not sufficient for their maintenance." They in turn +suggested that the King take a total of 500,000 pounds a year, which for +a population of 3,000 meant 167 pounds for each inhabitant, or perhaps +about 500 pounds for each actual laborer.[4-11] Again in 1634 it was +proposed that the Crown purchase yearly 600,000 pounds of Virginia +tobacco.[4-12] As the population of the colony at that date was about +5,000, this would have allowed only 120 pounds for each person, and once +more the planters protested vigorously.[4-13] It would seem that both of +these offers were based not so much upon the amount that one man could +raise as upon the quantity which could be sold in England at a certain +price. In fact it is probable that even so early as 1628 the average +output of one freedman was not less than 1,000 pounds. It is interesting +to note that in 1640, soon after Governor Francis Wyatt's arrival from +England, it was found that the excessive crop of the previous year had +so clogged the market that upon the advice of the merchants the +Government was "forced to a strict way of destroying the bad and halfe +the goode."[4-14] + +The author of _A New Description of Virginia_, published in 1649, claims +that one man could plant from 1,600 to 2,000 pounds a year.[4-15] As the +pamphlet presents a somewhat optimistic picture of affairs in general in +the colony, this estimate must be taken with some reserve. More +trustworthy is the statement of Secretary Thomas Ludwell in 1667 that +1,200 pounds was "the medium of men's yearly crops."[4-16] + +At all events, it is evident that the planter, even when entirely +dependent upon his own exertions, could produce a goodly crop. It is now +necessary to ascertain what he got for it. In the second and third +decades of the Seventeenth century the price of tobacco was very high. +The first cargo, consisting of 20,000 pounds consigned in the George, +sold for no less than L5,250, or 5s. 3d. a pound.[4-17] No wonder the +leaders of the London Company were pleased, believing that in the Indian +weed they had discovered a veritable gold mine! No wonder the settlers +deserted their pallisades and their villages to seek out the richest +soil and the spots best suited for tobacco culture! The man who could +produce 200 pounds of the plant, after all freight charges had been met, +could clear some L30 or L35, a very tidy sum indeed for those days. It +was the discovery that Virginia could produce tobacco of excellent +quality that accounts for the heavy migration in the years from 1618 to +1623. In fact, so rich were the returns that certain persons came to the +colony, not with the intention of making it their permanent residence, +but of enriching themselves "by a cropp of Tobacco," and then returning +to England to enjoy the proceeds.[4-18] + +But this state of affairs was of necessity temporary. Very soon the +increasing size of the annual crop began to tell upon the price, and in +1623 Sir Nathaniel Rich declared that he had bought large quantities of +tobacco at two shillings a pound.[4-19] This gentleman felt that it +would be just to the planters were they to receive two shillings and +four pence for the best varieties, and sixteen pence for the "second +sort." In the same year Governor Wyatt and his Council, in a letter to +the Virginia Company, placed the valuation of tobacco at eighteen pence +a pound.[4-20] Three years later, however, the Governor wrote the Privy +Council advising the establishment in Virginia of a "magazine" or +entrepot, where the merchants should be compelled to take the tobacco at +three shillings a pound.[4-21] This proposal did not seem reasonable to +the King, and when Sir George Yeardley came over as Governor for the +second time he was instructed to see to it that "the merchant be not +constrained to take tobacco at 3. P. Pound in exchange for his wares," +and to permit him to "make his own bargain."[4-22] + +Apparently not discouraged by this rebuff, in 1628 the Governor, Council +and Burgesses petitioned the King, who once more was planning to take +the trade into his own hands, to grant them "for their tobacco delivered +in the colony three shillings and six pence per pound, and in England, +four shillings."[4-23] This valuation undoubtedly was far in advance of +the current prices, and King Charles, considering it unreasonable would +not come to terms with the planters. In fact, it appears that for some +years the price of tobacco had been declining rapidly. In May, 1630, Sir +John Harvey wrote the Privy Council that the merchants had bought the +last crop with their commodities at less than a penny per pound,[4-24] +and two years later, in a statement sent the Virginia Commissioners, he +claimed that the price still remained at that figure.[4-25] + +It may be taken for granted, however, that this estimate was far below +the actual price. The planters showed a decided tendency to blow hot or +cold according to the purpose in view, and in these two particular +statements Sir John was pleading for better treatment from the +merchants. Yet it is reasonably certain that tobacco was at a low ebb in +the years from 1629 to 1633, and sold at a small fraction of the figures +of the preceding decade.[4-26] The Governor repeatedly wrote asking for +relief, while in the Assembly attempts were made to restore the market +by restricting the size of the annual crop.[4-27] + +Yet things must have taken a favorable turn soon after, for in 1634 the +planters informed the King's Commissioners that they would not sell him +their tobacco at less than six pence in Virginia and fourteen pence +delivered in England.[4-28] Later the King wrote to the Governor and +Council that the rate had recently "doubly or trebly advanced."[4-29] +This is substantiated by the fact that the Commissioners, in 1638, +allowed the planters "4d. a pound clear of all charges," despite which +they complained that in an open market they could do better.[4-30] + +In 1638 several prominent Virginians estimated that on an average during +the preceding eleven years they had received not more than two pence for +their tobacco, but here again it is probable that there was some +exaggeration.[4-31] In 1649 the author of _A New Description of +Virginia_ stated that tobacco sold in Virginia for three pence a +pound.[4-32] All in all it seems that prices in the early years of the +settlement varied from five shillings to a few pence, that a disastrous +slump occurred at the end of the third decade, followed by a rapid +recovery which brought the rate to about three pence, at which figure it +remained fairly constant for twenty-five years or more throughout the +Civil War and most of the Commonwealth periods. + +The return which the Virginia farmer received from his one staple crop +was determined by a number of factors over which he himself had but +little control. Had he been permitted to seek his own market and drive +his own bargain free from the restraining hand of the British +Government, no doubt he would have secured a much better price. But from +the moment it became apparent that the Virginia tobacco rivalled in +flavor that of the Spanish colonies and could command as ready a sale +throughout Europe, the trade was subjected to various regulations and +restrictions which proved most vexatious to the colony and elicited +frequent and vigorous protests. Neither James nor Charles had any idea +of permitting free trade. In their prolonged struggle with the liberal +party both saw in tobacco a ready means of aiding the Exchequer, and so +of advancing toward the goal of financial independence. These monarchs +were by no means hostile to Virginia. In fact, both took great interest +in the tiny settlement upon the James, which they looked upon as the +beginning of the future British colonial empire. Yet they lent too +willing an ear to those who argued that tobacco might be made to yield a +goodly revenue to the Crown without injury to the planters. + +The policy adopted by the early Stuart kings and adhered to with but +minor changes throughout the colonial period consisted of four essential +features. First, the tobacco raised in the plantations should be sent +only to England; second, upon entering the mother country it must pay a +duty to the Crown; third, Spanish tobacco should be excluded or its +importation strictly limited; lastly, the cultivation of the plant in +England itself was forbidden. + +In the years when the colony was still weak and dependent upon the +mother country this program was not unfair. The prohibition of tobacco +growing in England, however unnecessary it would have been under +conditions of free trade, was felt by the planters to be a real +concession, while the restrictions upon foreign importations saved them +from dangerous competition at the very time when they were least able to +combat it. Nor were they seriously injured by the imposition of the +customs duties. The planters themselves imagined that the incidence of +this tax fell upon their own shoulders and that they were impoverished +to the full extent of the revenues derived from it. But in this they +were mistaken. The duty, in the last resort, was paid not by the +planters but by the British consumers. The colonists were affected +adversely only in so far as the enhanced price of tobacco in England +restricted the market. + +On the other hand, the prohibition of foreign trade was a very real +grievance and elicited frequent protests from the planters. Dutch +merchants paid high prices for the Virginia tobacco and offered their +manufactured goods in return at figures far below those of the British +traders. The Virginians could not understand why they should not take +advantage of this opportunity. "I humbly desire to be informed from your +honors," wrote Governor Harvey to the Virginia Commissioners in 1632, +"whether there be any obstacle why we may not have the same freedome of +his Majesties other subjects to seek our best market."[4-33] + +But Harvey was attacking what already had become a fixed policy of the +Crown, a policy which was to remain the cornerstone of the British +colonial system for centuries. The Government had, therefore, not the +slightest intention of yielding, and from time to time issued strict +orders that all colonial tobacco, whether of Virginia or the West +Indies, be brought only to England or to English colonies. When Sir +William Berkeley was appointed Governor in 1642 he was instructed to +"bee verry careful that no ships or other vessels whatsoever depart from +thence, freighted with tobacco or other commodities which that country +shall afford, before bond with sufficient securities be taken to his +Majesty's use, to bring the same directly into his Majesty's Dominions +and not elsewhere."[4-34] + +Despite the insistence of the British Government in this matter, there +is abundant evidence to show that the Virginians continued to indulge in +direct trade with the continent for many years after the overthrow of +the Company. In 1632 Governor Harvey wrote that "our intrudinge +neighbours, the Dutch, doe allow us eighteen peance p. pound" for +tobacco, while a few months later we find him reporting the attempt of +John Constable and others "to defraud his Majesty of his duties by +unloading in the Netherlands."[4-35] + +With the advent of the English Civil War and throughout the Commonwealth +period Virginia enjoyed a large degree of independence and found it +possible to trade with the Dutch almost with impunity. Even the strict +Berkeley seems to have felt it no disloyalty for the planters to seek +foreign markets for their staple while the mother country was torn by +the contending armies of King and Parliament. And so the merchantmen of +Flushing and Amsterdam pushed their prows into every river and creek in +Virginia and Maryland, taking off large quantities of tobacco and giving +in return the celebrated manufactured goods of their own country. At +Christmas 1648, if we may believe the testimony of the author of _A New +Description of Virginia_, there were trading in the colony ten ships +from London, two from Bristol, seven from New England and twelve from +Holland. In 1655 the statement was made that "there was usually found +intruding upon the plantation divers ships, surruptitiously carrying +away the growth thereof to foreign ports to the prejudice of this +Commonwealth."[4-36] + +Thus in the years prior to the Restoration Virginia was never fully +subjected to the operation of the British colonial system. When the +price of tobacco in the London market fell lower and lower, the planters +might and often did find relief by defying the King's commands and +trading directly with the Dutch.[4-37] And this benefitted them doubly, +for not only did they strike a better bargain with the foreign traders, +but every cargo of tobacco diverted from England tended to relieve the +market there and restore prices. In fact there can be little doubt that +the frequent violations of the trade restrictions of this period alone +saved the colony from the poverty and distress of later days and made +possible the prosperity enjoyed by the planters. + +It must be noted also that of the tobacco sent to England itself, a part +was reshipped to foreign countries. In 1610 a law was enacted for the +refunding of all import duties upon articles that were re-exported. This +drawback applied also to colonial products, but under Charles I an +exception was made in their case and the privilege withdrawn. In +consequence the importers made a vigorous protest in Parliament, and the +King, in 1631, modified his policy by ordering that of the nine pence +duty then in operation, six pence should be refunded when the tobacco +was shipped abroad. In 1632 the drawback was increased to seven pence +leaving the total duty paid by the merchants who traded through England +to foreign countries two pence a pound only.[4-38] Although this +constituted a most serious obstacle to trade and at times aroused the +merchants to bitter protest, it by no means completely blocked +re-exportation. So great were the natural qualifications of Virginia for +producing tobacco, that it was possible to purchase a cargo from the +planters on the James, proceed with it to London, pay there the two +pence a pound duty, reship it to the continent and sell it there at a +profit.[4-39] Although this trade was not extensive, it must have had an +important influence in maintaining prices and in bringing prosperity to +all classes in the colony. + +Thus Virginia, contrary to the wishes of the mother country and in +defiance of her regulations, enjoyed for its staple product in the years +prior to 1660, a world market. Whether by direct trade or by +re-exportation from England a goodly share of the annual crop was +consumed in foreign countries, a share which had it been left in England +to clog the market, would have reacted disastrously upon all concerned. + +It is apparent, then, that in the first half century of its existence +Virginia was the land of opportunity. The poor man who came to her +shores, whether under terms of indenture or as a freeman, found it quite +possible to establish himself as a person of some property and +consideration. We may imagine the case of the servant who had completed +his term and secured his freedom at any time during the third decade of +the Seventeenth century. As we have seen, it was an easy matter for him +to secure a small patch of land and the tools with which to cultivate +it. By his unassisted efforts, if he applied himself steadily to the +task, he could produce a good crop of tobacco, consisting perhaps of +some 400 pounds. This he could sell to the merchants for from two +shillings to six pence a pound, or a total of from L10 to L40.[4-40] + +In the years from 1630 to 1640, when the price of tobacco seems to have +stabilized itself at from two to three pence, cases of such +extraordinary returns must have been of less frequent occurrence, but to +some extent lower prices were offset by larger crops. If our freedman in +1635 could raise 800 pounds of leaf and dispose of it for four pence, +his income would be L13.6.8; in 1649, by producing 1,000 pounds, he +could sell it at three pence for L12.10.0. In fact, it is not too much +to say that the average annual income from the labor of one able worker +at any time prior to 1660 was not less than L12. When we take into +consideration the fact that the planter produced his own food, and that +out of the proceeds of his tobacco crop he paid only his taxes and his +bills to the English importers, it is evident that he had a goodly +margin of profit to lay aside as working capital. + +It must not be forgotten, however, that this margin was greatly reduced +by the high cost of clothing, farm implements and all other articles +brought from across the ocean. The long and dangerous voyage from London +to the Chesapeake made the freight rates excessive, while the merchants +did not scruple to drive a hard bargain whenever possible. The letters +of the Governors are filled with complaints against the exactions of +these men. "This year the Merchants have bought our tobacco with their +commodities at less than a penny the pounde," Harvey wrote in 1630, "and +have not shamed to make the planters pay twelve pounds Sterlinge the +tunn freight home."[4-41] Two years later he complained that a certain +Captain Tucker had just sailed leaving his stores well stocked with +goods, but with "instructions to his factors not to sell but at most +excessive rates."[4-42] In 1628, the Governor, Council and Burgesses, in +a petition to the King, declared that for years they had "groaned under +the oppression of unconscionable and cruel merchants by the excessive +rates of their commodities."[4-43] Six years later Governor Harvey +stated that all things which "come hither" are sold at "thrice the value +they cost in England."[4-44] + +It is obvious, however, that after all expenses had been paid, a goodly +margin of profit was left, a margin perhaps averaging some three or four +pounds sterling. The provident and industrious immigrant, a few years +after the conclusion of his term, might well lay aside enough to make it +possible for him in turn to secure a servant from England. This +accomplished, he at once rose into the class of employers and his future +advance was limited only by his capabilities and his ambition. + +We would naturally expect to find, then, that during these years a large +percentage of those who came to the colony under terms of indenture, +sooner or later acquired land, perhaps bought servants, and became +persons of some standing in the colony. Certainly the opportunity was +theirs. It will be interesting therefore to study the early records in +order to glean what evidence we may concerning this matter. If the +servants graduated in any appreciable numbers into the planter class, +the patents, wills, inventories, land transfers and muster rolls could +hardly fail to yield some evidence of the fact. + +Turning first to the earliest period, we find that of the laborers who +were imported by the London Company to cultivate the public lands, a +fair proportion became proprietors and were regarded by later comers +with especial esteem as "ancient planters." At the termination of their +service they were granted 100 acres and when this was fully cultivated +received another tract of the same extent. To the apprentices bound out +to tenants even more liberal treatment was accorded, for they were +provided with a year's store of corn, a house, a cow, clothing, armor, +household utensils, farm tools and as much land as they could +till.[4-45] + +The guiding hand of the Company was missed by the freedmen after the +revoking of the charter, for the Governors seem to have left them to +shift for themselves. Yet this fact did not prevent many from forging +ahead, acquiring land, and in some cases positions of trust in the +Government itself. In Hotten's _Immigrants_ is published a muster roll +for the year 1624 of all the settlers in Virginia, in which servants are +carefully distinguished from freemen.[4-46] By following, as well as the +imperfect records of the period permit, the after careers of the former, +it is possible to determine with a fair degree of accuracy to what +extent the small farmer class at this period was recruited from persons +coming to the colony under terms of indenture. + +Of the forty-four Burgesses who sat in the Assembly of 1629, no less +than seven--John Harris, William Allen, William Popleton, Anthony +Pagett, Richard Townsend, Adam Thoroughgood and Lionell Rowlston--were +listed as servants in the muster of 1624.[4-47] Thus some sixteen per +cent of this important body, the Virginia House of Commons, at this time +was made up of men who five years previously had been working out their +passage money. Among the thirty-nine members of the House of 1632, six +appear as servants in the muster--Thomas Barnett, Adam Thoroughgood, +Lionell Rowlston, Thomas Crump, Roger Webster and Robert Scotchmon. +Whether there were other members who came over under terms of indenture +but secured their freedom before 1624, we have no means of determining. + +The author of _Virginia's Cure_, published in 1662, asserted that the +Burgesses "were usual such as went over as servants thither; and though +by time, and industry, they may have obtained competent estates, yet by +reason of their poor and mean condition, were unskilful in judging of a +good estate, either of church or Commonwealth."[4-48] This statement is +a gross exaggeration both as to the composition of the Burgesses and +their abilities. Instances of the election of freedmen to the House, +fairly frequent in the early years of the colony, became rarer as the +century advanced and the field of selection widened. Yet in the Assembly +of 1652, of the thirty-five members, eight or nine appear on the patent +rolls as headrights brought over by others.[4-49] It is evident that +even so late as the middle of the century the door of opportunity was +still open to the freedmen. + +In the absence of a complete census for the decades after 1624, it is +very difficult to determine what proportion of the servants listed in +the muster roll of that year subsequently became landowners. Some light +is thrown on the matter by a search through the patent books. Here are +found a surprisingly large number of persons who in 1624 were servants. +Among these are Anthony Jones, John Sparkes, John Cooke, Roger Delk, +John Trussell, William Woolritch, Pettyplace Cloyse, Edward Sparshott, +William Dawson, Richard Bell, Robert Browne, Nicholas Browne, John +Chandler, Lionell Rowlston, Thomas Savadge, Samuel Bennett, Daniel +Shurley, James Hatfield, Adam Thoroughgood, John Robinson, John Hill, +John Seaward, William Ramshaw, Samuel Weaver, John Upton, John Watson, +Thomas Crompe and John Russell.[4-50] + +Of these persons several acquired a fair degree of wealth and became of +importance in the early life of the colony. It is interesting to note +also, that some were men of good condition in England, the case of Adam +Thoroughgood, whose brother Sir John Thoroughgood was at one time +secretary to the Earl of Pembroke, is notable in this respect. John +Hill, before coming to Virginia, had been a book binder in Oxford +university, and his father had been a fletcher.[4-51] The patents of +Thomas Crompe and John Russell state that fifty acres was due in each +case for the "personal adventure" of the patentee, but since they are +distinctly listed as servants in 1624 it seems probable that +subsequently each made a visit to England and put in claims for the +headright for the return voyage.[4-52] + +Thus it is evident that a large proportion of the landholders during and +prior to 1635 had come to the colony under terms of indenture, either +under the Company or with private individuals. Perhaps it would not be +unfair to estimate this proportion at from thirty to forty per cent, but +it must be distinctly understood that the matter cannot be determined +with any degree of accuracy or finality. Some years later Governor +Berkeley in an address before the Assembly, stated that hundreds of +examples testified to the fact that no man in Virginia was denied the +opportunity to rise and to acquire both property and honor.[4-53] +Careful research tends to corroborate this assertion but it does not and +cannot show whether the bulk of the early planters came to the colony as +freemen or as indentured servants. + +During the years from 1635 to 1660 the process of building up a class of +small farmers in large part from freedmen continued unabated. But the +difficulties of the investigator in studying this period are also very +great. Yet it is possible, by examining the names that appear in the +land patents and wills, and comparing them with the list of headrights, +to arrive at fairly satisfactory results. We find that of the 131 +persons listed in the York county wills from 1646 to 1659 no less than +twenty-five appear as headrights for others. Of these the major part +became landowners, some of them men of influence in Virginia.[4-54] The +Rappahannock wills for the years from 1656 to 1664 show a like result. +Thirty-nine persons appear in the records, of whom seven came in as +headrights.[4-55] + +There is always the possibility of error in identifying these persons +for the recurrence of such names as Smith, Jones, Turner, Davis, Hall, +the monotonous repetition of a few common given names, and the universal +omission of middle names add greatly to our difficulties. Moreover, +mistakes are apt to occur because of the transfer of headrights by sale. +The free immigrant to whom was due fifty acres for his "personal +adventure" might not care to settle on the frontier where alone +unpatented land could usually be found. At times he sold his right and +purchased a plantation in some one of the older and more advanced +counties. It is not conclusively proved, then, that a certain person +came as a servant merely because he is listed as a headright. On the +other hand, the fact that it was the custom to set forth such transfers +clearly in the patent itself, justifies the conclusion that in the cases +where no statement of the kind is made, the headright for which the land +was granted usually came in under terms of indenture. + +In Volume III of the land patents are listed in the years from 1635 to +1653 patents to fifty-seven persons in James City county.[4-56] Of these +no less than thirty-one are found also as headrights belonging to +others, although a duplication of names in several cases makes +identification uncertain. One person only claimed the fifty acres for +having paid his own passage to Virginia. When all possible allowance is +made for transfers of rights it is obvious that at this time freedmen +were still entering freely into the class of landowners. + +An examination of the James City county patents in Volume IV, covering +the years from 1653 to 1663, leads to similar results, for of the +eighty-five names which appear there, forty-five are listed as +headrights belonging to others. And although the tracts granted these +men were usually small in size, in certain cases they were far in excess +of the average plantation. Thus Edward Cole, who appears as a headright +in 1642, patented 900 acres in 1655;[4-57] Thomas Warburton patented +1,664 acres;[4-58] George Gilbert 1,000 acres; Francis Burwell 1,000 and +John Underwood 2,000 acres.[4-59] The number of years which elapsed +between the listing of the headrights and the granting of the patents +varied from two to twenty-eight. The average for the thirty-five cases +in which the dates are given is twelve years. As the claims for +headrights were often made long after the actual arrival of the servant, +it may be assumed that the average was even greater than this. Once +more, however, it must be remembered that these lists do not record +personal transfers of land, while it is quite certain that many +freedmen, instead of patenting unoccupied tracts, secured their little +farms by purchase. Some probably became proprietors in the very first +year of their freedom and set to work with hoe and plow to wrest their +living from the soil. + +In the patent rolls the bulk of the headrights are alluded to simply as +"persons," leaving it undecided whether those included in the various +lists are freemen or servants. But occasionally the newcomers are +specifically described as "servants," in which case, of course, there +can be no doubt whatever as to their status. By selecting at random a +number of names from those so termed, avoiding for convenience sake all +Smiths, Joneses and others the frequent recurrence of whose names would +make identification difficult, it is possible to arrive at definite +conclusions by following, as best we can, their careers in after life. +With this in view we have made up the following list of servants: Henry +Arnetrading, George Archer, Silvester Atkins, Nicholas Atwell, Edward +Ames, John Aram, Robert Arnall, Peter Asheley, William Baldwin, Edward +Burt, Francis Baile, John Bauchees, John Bishop, John Blackstone, +Anthony Box, Michael Brichley, Peter Buck, William Burcher, John Causey, +Robert Chesheire, Thomas Chilcott, Thomas Clayton, Annanias Coplestone, +James Courtney, Thomas Cropp, Thomas Connagrave, John Day, John Dodman, +Jonathan Ellison, Edward Eastwood, James Fletcher, Thomas Foanes, John +Fouke, Francis Francklin, Armstrong Foster, Robert Fossett, John Farr, +Robert Garsell, George Gilbert, Henry Giles, Hector Godbear, Francis +Gray, Reginald Griffin, Thomas Halcock, Thomas Hand, Henry Hartwell, +Hugh Hayes, John Hedler, Richard Huett, John Hodgbins, John Holdin, +William Hankinson, John Hether, Lazarus Manning, Thomas Pattison, John +Pullapin, Sampson Robins, George Walton, Francis Withers, Robert Webstie +and Thomas Warden. A search through the patent rolls, wills, tithable +lists and other data found in the records of the period, has led to the +more or less positive identification of fifteen of these persons. + +John Bishop, who was transported by Thomas Gray, became a man of +influence and means. He represented Charles City county in the House of +Burgesses in the sessions of 1644, 1652 and 1653, and was variously +known as Captain Bishop or Mr. Bishop.[4-60] Although he became a +landowner so early as 1638,[4-61] his family arrived from England only +in 1651. Francis Gray, brought to Virginia at the age of fifteen by +Joseph Johnson, also became prominent, securing a seat in the Assembly +and acquiring a fair estate. In 1653 he took up 750 acres in Charles +City county, while ten years later he is credited with 374 acres more in +Westmoreland.[4-62] His will was recorded in 1667.[4-63] + +George Archer became an extensive landowner, patenting 250 acres in +1663, 550 acres in 1665, 784 acres in 1671 and 1,395 acres in +1673.[4-64] In 1691 he received, in conjunction with others, title to a +tract of 2,827 acres in Henrico.[4-65] John Holding patented in York +county 850 acres in 1649 and 389 acres in 1653.[4-66] William Baldwin, +who came in the Plaine Joan when he was twenty-four years of age, +received three grants of land, one for 600 acres in York county, one for +67 acres in Isle of Wight, and one, in conjunction with Richard +Lawrence, for 300 in Rappahannock.[4-67] + +Thomas Pattison, transported by Francis Epes in 1635, took up in +Lancaster two tracts, one for 200 acres and one for 400.[4-68] He also +became part owner of two more tracts, one for 220 acres and the other +for 504.[4-69] John Dodman secured a patent for 350 acres in +Westmoreland in the year 1662.[4-70] Thomas Warden is mentioned as a +landowner in James City county in 1643.[4-71] George Gilbert, +transported in 1635 by Joseph Johnson, took up fifty acres in James City +county in 1643.[4-72] In 1663, in partnership with Richard Scruely, he +patented 1,000 acres in the same county north of the Chickahominy +river.[4-73] John Blackstone acquired two tracts, one for 100 acres and +the other for 151 acres,[4-74] while William Burcher received a grant +for 300 acres.[4-75] + +Several of these men who came as servants to the Eastern Shore are found +in succeeding years among the yeomanry of Accomac and Northampton. Henry +Arnetrading, Armstrong Foster, William Burcher and Sampson Robins were +signers of the Northampton submission to the Commonwealth in 1652.[4-76] +Henry Arnetrading was the owner of 300 acres of land.[4-77] Armstrong +Foster was the official tobacco viewer for Hungers, a position entailing +no little responsibility.[4-78] Sampson Robins received a patent for a +tract of land in Northampton in 1655.[4-79] Thomas Clayton is listed +among the Northampton tithables of 1666.[4-80] + +In the case of John Day some uncertainty arises. Apparently there were +two men of this name in the colony, one transported by John Slaughter, +and the other not only paying for his own passage, but for that of a +servant as well.[4-81] A John Day later secured 400 acres in Gloucester +county,[4-82] but whether it was the one who had come as a servant or +the one who had entered the colony as a freeman, apparently there is no +way of ascertaining. + +All in all the story of these men tends to confirm the conclusions +hitherto arrived at. It must be remembered that the mortality among the +servants in the tobacco fields in the early days of the colony was +extremely heavy. It is not improbable that of our sixty-one servants, +twenty or more succumbed before the completion of their first year. That +of the remaining forty-one, fourteen or fifteen established themselves +as solid farmers, while several became men of influence in the colony, +is a striking proof that at this period many freedmen had the +opportunity to advance. Taking it for granted that the records of some +of the sixty-one have been lost, or that our research has failed to +reveal them, we once more come to the conclusion that a full thirty or +forty per cent of the landowners of the period from 1635 to 1666 came to +the colony under terms of indenture. + +On the other hand, it is equally positive that the class of poor +planters was recruited in part from free immigrants, men who paid their +own passage across the ocean and at once established themselves as +freeholders. Of this too, the records furnish ample testimony. Thus in +1636 we find that Richard Young was granted 100 acres in Warwick "due +him for his personal adventure and for the transportation of his wife +Dorothy Young."[4-83] A year later Roger Symonds received 100 acres in +Charles City "due him for the transportation of his wife, Alice, and one +servant, Richard Key."[4-84] Similarly in May 1636, Thomas Wray was +allowed 50 acres for his "personal adventure." Such cases could be +multiplied indefinitely.[4-85] + +A careful analysis of the patent rolls from 1623 to July 14, 1637, +published in the _Virginia Magazine of History and Biography_ for April, +1901, shows conclusively that the lists contain the names of many +persons who at no time were under terms of indenture. Of the 2,675 names +appearing in the records, the editor states that 336 are positively +known to have come over as freemen, many of them being heads of +families. "There are 245 persons whose names do not occur as headrights +and yet of whom it is not positively shown that they were freemen, +though the probability seems to be that by far the greater number were. +And there were 2,094 persons whose transportation charges were paid by +others. This last number includes some negroes, all those specifically +termed 'servants' and all others.... It would probably be a fair +estimate to say that of the names represented in the patents cited, +there were about 675 free men, women and children who came to Virginia +and about 2000 servants and slaves."[4-86] Similarly in the issue of the +magazine for January, 1902, the editor says that "for some years, about +this period, it is probable (from the best calculations which can be +made) that seventy-five per cent of the emigrants to Virginia were +indentured servants."[4-87] + +There seems to be no reason to doubt the accuracy of these conclusions. +Certainly any study of immigration to Virginia in the Seventeenth +century is woefully incomplete if it fails to take into consideration +the very considerable proportion of free settlers. On the other hand, +it is probable that a similar study of the lists for a later date would +show a smaller percentage of freemen. However this may be, it is evident +that by far the larger part of the newcomers at all periods must have +been indentured servants intended for service in the tobacco fields. In +1638 Richard Kemp wrote Secretary Windebanke that "of hundreds which are +yearly transported, scarce any but are brought in as merchandise to make +sale of."[4-88] + +Yet it must not be forgotten that any immigration of poor freemen, +however small, would have a very marked influence upon the formation of +the small farmer class. Of the host of servants a certain proportion +only, a proportion probably less than fifty per cent, could hope even in +the most favorable times to become freeholders. If they survived the +hardships and dangers of the service with their masters, it still +remained for them to acquire property and win for themselves a place in +the life of the colony. And to accomplish this they must display +determination, intelligence, industry and thrift, qualities by no means +universal among the classes in England from which the servants were +chiefly drawn. But for the free immigrant there need be no period of +probation. He might at once purchase his farm, erect his home, secure +all necessary tools and put out his crop of tobacco. And whereas the +servant usually found it possible to maintain a family only after many +years of hard work, perhaps not at all, the free settler often married +before leaving England and brought his wife and children with him. + +In conclusion it may be said that in the first fifty years of the +colony's existence conditions were very favorable for the graduation of +the servant into the class of small freeholders, that the records amply +prove that many succeeded in doing so, but that at this period a fair +proportion of free immigrants also came to the colony. Before the +expiration of the Commonwealth period was formed from these two +sources, perhaps in not unequal proportions, a vigorous, intelligent, +independent yeomanry, comprising fully 90 percent of all the +landowners. + + + + +_CHAPTER V_ + +THE RESTORATION PERIOD + + +The people of Virginia hailed the Restoration with unaffected joy. Not +only did they anticipate that the termination of the long period of +civil war and unrest in England would react favorably upon their own +prosperity, but they felt that Sir William Berkeley's well known loyalty +and his action in proclaiming Charles II immediately after the execution +of his father, might assure them the King's especial favor now that he +at last had come into undisputed possession of his throne. They were +doomed to bitter disappointment, however, for the Restoration brought +them only hardship and suffering, discontent and rebellion. + +No sooner had the royal Government been safely installed than it set to +work to perfect and to enforce the colonial policy which in principle +had been accepted from the first. The ties which united the colonies +with the mother country were strengthened, those which gave them a +common interest with foreign nations in so far as possible were snapped. +The British empire was to become a unit, closely knit by economic bonds +and presenting to all other nations a hostile front. With this in view +Parliament passed a series of Navigation Acts, under which the trade of +the colonies was regulated for many years to come. + +It is necessary for us to enquire, therefore, into the effects of these +laws upon the tobacco trade, for tobacco, as we have seen, was the key +to the prosperity of the colony, and favorable economic conditions alone +could make it possible for the newcomer to establish himself as a member +of the Virginia yeomanry. If the strict enforcement of the Navigation +Acts should bring low prices for tobacco and wipe out the margin of +profit for the man who tilled the soil with his own hands, not only +would the small planter class not expand, but might actually decline in +numbers. + +There were three main features of the colonial legislation of Parliament +during this period, all of them interrelated and all tending toward the +one great object of keeping the English plantations for the English. It +was provided that the chief colonial products such as tobacco and sugar +should be sent only to England or to English colonies, that the colonies +should with few exceptions import goods only from British territory, +that all products taken to or from any colony should be conveyed only in +English vessels manned by crews composed mainly of Englishmen. + +In committing itself to this policy the royal Government felt that the +plantations would play a useful and necessary part in the great system +which was planned, and in so doing would find prosperity. It had been +the hope of the English people that their colonies would produce the +articles which were so badly needed by the mother country to revive her +waning industry and permit a greater measure of economic independence. +Although more than half a century had passed since the first foothold +had been gained upon the American continent, this expectation was as far +from realization as ever. The colonies, from Massachusetts to Barbados +were producing, not the articles which England especially needed, but +those for which they had the greatest natural aptitude, especially +tobacco and sugar. And these staples they sent, not to England alone, +but to various foreign countries as well. + +In short the vision of a closely knit, self-sustaining empire, the +vision which had been in men's minds for many decades before the +founding of Jamestown, seemed to have proved delusive. The colonies +were developing interests and commercial connections hostile to those of +the mother country, were nourishing the manufactures and shipping of +foreign nations almost as much as those of England. And this the +Government at London would not tolerate. The colonial trade with +strangers must come to an end. If Virginia and Maryland produced more +tobacco than the English market could absorb, they could find ready +relief by turning their energies into other channels. Let them furnish +the old country with pig iron or potash or silk or ship-stores and they +would find ready and eager purchasers. So reasoned the English, and as +their views were backed by the mandates of Crown and Parliament, the +colonists were forced to submit. If they could fit themselves into the +system prescribed for them, all would be well and good; if they found +this impossible, they would have to suffer without hope of redress. + +And suffer Virginia did for a full quarter of a century. The tobacco of +the Chesapeake bay colonies had long since reached the point where it +required a world market. If confined to England alone, only a fraction +of the output could be consumed and disaster was certain. It was well +enough for the Government to restrict the importation of Spanish leaf +and to prohibit the planting of tobacco in England, these regulations +could do no more than give the colonists undisputed possession of the +home market, and the home market was not enough. This point seems to +have been ignored by those writers who have contended that the strict +enforcement of the British colonial system in itself entailed no +hardship upon the tobacco colonies. + +"It is obvious that any criticism of England's regulation of the +colonial tobacco trade, which is based on a laissez-faire social +philosophy," says George Lewis Beer, in _The Old Colonial System_, "is +equally applicable to the arrangement by means of which the tobacco +planter secured exclusive privileges in the home market."[5-1] Yet it is +certain that the tobacco growers of England could never have competed +with Maryland and Virginia had there been free trade. The prohibition of +planting in the old country was necessary only because of the tariff, +varying from 200 per cent in 1660 to 600 per cent in 1705, upon the +colonial product. And though the exclusion of Spanish tobacco was a more +real benefit, for the Spaniard produced varieties unknown in Virginia, +there is exaggeration here also. This is clearly shown by the fact that +at the end of the Seventeenth century England was sending millions of +pounds of her colonial tobacco to Spain itself.[5-2] The leaf was +brought from Virginia and Maryland, forced to pay a duty of about fifty +per cent, and re-exported to the Spanish ports, where it found a ready +sale. Had there been free exchange of commodities, the English colonies +would have sold to Spain more tobacco than the Spanish colonies to +England. + +In truth the loss of the foreign market was a terrible disaster. In +framing the Navigation Acts it was not the intention of the Government +to stop entirely the flow of tobacco to the continent of Europe, but to +divert it from the old channels and make it pass through England. It was +therefore provided that in case the leaf was shipped out again to +foreign ports, all the duties, except one half of the Old Subsidy, +should be withdrawn.[5-7] The remaining half penny, however, amounted to +forty or fifty per cent of the original cost of the goods, and proved at +first an almost insuperable barrier to the European trade. Moreover, the +shortage of ships which resulted from the exclusion of the Dutch +merchants, the expense of putting in at the English ports, the long and +troublesome procedure of reshipping, all tended to discourage the +merchants and hamper re-exportation. + +We may take for granted also that the resentment of Holland at the +Navigation Acts, which struck a telling blow at her maritime prestige, +played an important part in blocking foreign trade. The Dutch had been +the chief European distributors of the Virginia and Maryland tobacco, +and if they refused to take it, now that it could be secured only in +England, it would pile up uselessly in the London warehouses. They +understood well enough that the half penny a pound duty was a tribute +levied upon them by their most dangerous rival. It is not surprising +that instead of bowing to the new restrictions, they sought to free +their trade entirely from dependence on British tobacco, by fostering +the cultivation of the plant in their own country. + +The colonists found an able defender in the merchant John Bland. In a +Remonstrance addressed to the King this man set forth with remarkable +clearness the evils which would result from the Navigation Acts, and +pleaded for their repeal. The Hollander was already beginning to plant +tobacco, he said, and would soon be able to supply all his needs at +home. "Will he, after accustomed to the tobacco of his own growth," he +asked, "ever regard that which is in Virginia? Will he ever afterwards +be induced to fetch it thence, when he finds his profit higher at home? +Will he ever buy that of us, when by passing so many hands, and so much +charge contracted thereon, is made so dear, that he can have it cheaper +in his own territories? (Surely no.) Therefore it clearly appears, that +being so, of necessity we must lose that Trade and Commerce." + +"If the Hollanders must not trade to Virginia, how shall the Planters +dispose of their Tobacco? The English will not buy it, for what the +Hollander carried thence was a sort of tobacco not desired by any other +people, nor used by us in England but merely to transport for Holland. +Will it not then perish on the Planters hands?... Can it be believed +that from England more ships will be sent than are able to bring thence +what tobacco England will spent? If they do bring more, must they not +lose thereby both stock and Block, principle and charges? The tobacco +will not vend in England, the Hollanders will not fetch it from England; +what must become thereof?... Is not this a destruction to the commerce? +For if men lose their Estates, certainly trade cannot be +encreased."[5-8] + +The enforcement of the trade laws was indirectly the cause of still +another misfortune to the colonies, for the two wars with Holland which +grew out of it reacted disastrously upon their trade. In fact, on each +occasion the small stream of tobacco which had trickled over the dam of +restrictions into foreign countries was for a time almost entirely cut +off. Not only did the tobacco exports to Holland itself come to an end, +but the Dutch war vessels played havoc with the trade between England +and other countries and even between England and her colonies. + +The loss of their foreign exports was calamitous to the planters. Had +the demand for tobacco been more elastic, the consequences might not +have been so fatal, for declining prices would have stimulated +consumption and made it possible for England to absorb most of the +output. But the duty kept up the price and the result was a ruinous glut +in the English market. Tobacco sufficient for a continent poured into +the kingdom, where since the normal outlet was blocked by the half penny +a pound on re-exported leaf, it piled up uselessly. + +The effect upon prices was immediate. The planters were forced to take +for their crops half of what they had formerly received and had reason +for rejoicing if they could dispose of it at all. In 1662 Governor +Berkeley and other leading citizens stated that the price of tobacco had +fallen so low that it would not "bear the charge of freight and customs, +answer the adventure, give encouragement to the traders and subsistence +to the inhabitants."[5-9] In 1666 Secretary Thomas Ludwell told Lord +Arlington that tobacco was "worth nothing."[5-10] Later in the same year +the planters complained that the price was so low that they were not +able to live by it.[5-11] "For the merchants, knowing both our +necessities and the unconsumable quantities of tobacco we had by us," +they said, "gave us not the twentieth part of what they sold it for in +England."[5-12] Tobacco had so glutted the markets, it was declared, and +brought the planter so small a return, that he could "live but poorly +upon it." In fact, the merchants in 1666 had left the greater part of +the two preceding crops upon their hands.[5-13] + +"Twelve hundred pounds of tobacco is the medium of men's crops," wrote +Secretary Ludwell to Lord John Berkeley in 1667, "and half a penny per +pound is certainly the full medium of the price given for it, which is +fifty shillings out of which when the taxes ... shall be deducted, is +very little to a poor man who hath perhaps a wife and children to cloath +and other necessities to buy. Truly so much too little that I can +attribute it to nothing but the great mercy of God ... that keeps them +from mutiny and confusion."[5-14] The following year he wrote in similar +vein. The market was glutted; a third of the planters' tobacco was left +on their hands; the rest sold for nothing.[5-15] + +The Governor and Council declared that the merchant "allows not much +above a farthing a pound for that which the planter brings to his door. +And if there shall be any amongst us who shall be able to ship his +tobacco on his own account, it will be at such a rate as the tobacco +will never repay him, since they are inforced to pay from L12 to L17 per +ton freight, which usually was but at seven pounds."[5-16] "A large part +of the people are so desperately poor," wrote Berkeley in 1673, "that +they may reasonably be expected upon any small advantage of the enemy +to revolt to them in hopes of bettering their condition by sharing the +plunder of the colony with them."[5-17] That matters had not changed in +1681 is attested by the statement of the Council that the impossibility +of disposing of their tobacco without a heavy loss overwhelmed both +Virginia and Maryland, and brought upon them a "vast poverty and +infinite necessity."[5-18] "The low price of tobacco staggers the +imagination," Lord Culpeper wrote to Secretary Coventry, "and the +continuance of it will be the speedy and fatal ruin of this noble +Colony."[5-19] + +These distressing conditions bore with telling weight upon the small +planters. The margin of profit which formerly had made it possible for +the freedman to advance rapidly was now wiped out entirely and the poor +man found it impossible to keep out of debt. In 1668 Secretary Ludwell +declared that no one could longer hope to better himself by planting +tobacco.[5-20] Eight years later Nathaniel Bacon, in justifying his +rebellion declared that the small farmers were deeply in debt and that +it was "not in the power of labor or industry" to extricate them.[5-21] +"The poverty of Virginia is such," said a certain John Good in 1676, +"that the major part of the inhabitants can scarce supply their wants +from hand to mouth, and many there are besides can hardly shift without +supply one year."[5-22] In 1673 the Governor and Council reported that +of the planters, "at least one third are single persons (whose labor +will hardly maintain them) or men much in debt," who might reasonably be +expected to revolt to the Dutch upon any small advantage gained by +them.[5-23] In 1680 they again reported that "the indigency of the +Inhabitants is such that they are in noe manner capacitated to support +themselves."[5-24] Three years later they wrote that "the people of +Virginia are generally, some few excepted, extremely poor, not being +able to provide against the pressing necessities of their +families."[5-25] + +Despite this repeated and explicit testimony of the misery and poverty +of the colony during this period, which resulted from the stagnation of +the tobacco market after the passage of the Navigation Acts, the +surprising statement is made by Mr. George Lewis Beer, in _The Old +Colonial System_, that England's trade restrictions had nothing to do +with Bacon's Rebellion. "It has been at various times contended," he +says, "that the uprising was, in part at least, one against the laws of +trade and navigation. If there had existed in Virginia any widespread +and well defined feeling of antagonism to these laws, it would +unquestionably have found expression in the county grievances. Most of +these reports were drawn up in a number of articles, and in all there +were nearly two hundred of such separate subdivisions, yet only three of +this number refer in any way to these statutes. There is no valid reason +for assuming that the commercial system played any part whatsoever, or +was in any degree, an issue, in the upheaval of 1676."[5-26] + +If by this statement it is meant that Bacon and his men did not rebel in +order to force the repeal of the Navigation Acts, or even that they did +not have the acts in mind at the time, there are many students of +Virginia history who will agree with it. But if Mr. Beer means that +these laws, with their baleful effect upon the prosperity of Virginia, +did not produce the conditions fundamental to the rising, he is +certainly wrong. The evidence is overwhelming. + +Surely no one will deny that misery, poverty and nakedness are breeders +of sedition. Had it not been for the Navigation Acts there would not +have been so many desperate persons in Virginia ready at any excuse to +fly in the face of the Government. Bacon's men were just the type of +miserably poor freemen that Berkeley several years before had feared +would rebel. He himself, in his proclamation of Feb. 10, 1677, spoke of +them as "men of mean and desperate fortunes."[5-27] William Sherwood +called the rebels rude and indigent persons, alluding to them as "tag, +rag and bobtayle."[5-28] Over and over again they are described as the +multitude, the rabble, the skum. + +Exception must be taken also to the statement that had there existed in +Virginia any well-defined feeling of antagonism to the Navigation Acts +it would have found expression in the county grievances. It should be +remembered that these reports had been called for by the commissioners +sent over by Charles II to investigate the troubles. The men who drew +them up occupied the position of defeated rebels, and the grievances +were primarily a list of excuses for their treason. They all stood +trembling for their property, if they had any, and for their miserable +lives. The memory of the fate of Drummond and Bland and Arnold and many +others of their fellow rebels was fresh in their minds. It is not +reasonable to suppose that they would tell the King that they had risen +in arms against his authority in order to secure the overthrow of laws +which his Majesty considered of such vital importance, laws which +concerned intimately the royal revenue. Such a declaration would not +have seconded successfully their plea for mercy. This is made amply +clear by the reception accorded one of the few complaints which did +actually touch the Navigation Acts. The commissioners report it to the +King as "an extravagant request for liberty to transport their tobacco +to any of his Majesty's plantations without paying the imposts, payable +by act of Parliament, etc. This head is wholly mutinous--to desire a +thing contrary to his Majesty's royal pleasure and benefit and also +against an act of Parliament."[5-29] + +Despite the obviously ruinous effects of the Navigation Acts upon +Virginia, Mr. Beer makes the assertion that there was no very serious +and general opposition to them in Virginia. "Apart from the criticisms +of Bland and Berkeley," he says, "there was virtually no complaint +against the system of trade enjoined by the Navigation Acts. While the +Barbados Assembly and that colony's governors were vociferous in their +protests, the Virginia legislature remained strangely mute."[5-30] + +This silence on the part of the Virginia Assembly can by no means be +interpreted as an indication that the people of the colony felt the +Navigation Acts to be equitable and not injurious to their interests. It +meant only that no Assembly under Sir William Berkeley would dare +protest against an act which had received the royal sanction. That would +have seemed the veriest treason to the fiery old loyalist. And the +Assembly was entirely under Sir William's control. The members of both +Houses were his creatures and his henchmen. Over and over again it is +testified that the Assembly did nothing more than register his +will.[5-31] If then it did not protest, it was because Sir William did +not wish it to protest. + +But this does not prove that the planters were not angered and alarmed +at the stringent acts. That they considered them baleful is amply proved +by their continuous complaints of the economic ruin which had overtaken +the colony. The method they chose of combatting the trade laws, a method +apt to be far more effective than the angry protests of the Barbados +Assembly, was to send the Governor to England to use his influence at +Court to have the acts modified or repealed. And Berkeley did what he +could. While in England he wrote a paper called _A Discourse and View of +Virginia_, which he hoped would induce the Government to change its +policy in regard to the colonies. "Wee cannot but resent," he said, +"that 40,000 people should be impoverished to enrich little more than 40 +merchants, who being the whole buyers of our tobacco, give us what they +please for it. And after it is here sell as they please, and indeed have +40,000 servants in us at cheaper rates, than other men have slaves, for +they find them meat and drink and clothes. We furnish ourselves and +their seamen with meat and drink, and all our sweat and labor as they +order us, will hardly procure us coarse clothes to keep us from the +extremities of heat and cold."[5-32] That Sir William was but the +mouthpiece of the colony in this protest there can be no doubt. + +But his pleadings were in vain. England would not change the laws which +were the expression of her settled colonial policy. The planters must +adjust themselves to changed conditions no matter how bitter was the +experience. Sir William was told to go home to report to the Virginians +that they need not kick against the pricks, but that England would be +most pleased could they turn from the all-absorbing culture of tobacco +to the production of the raw materials she so greatly desired. And +Berkeley did return determined to exert every effort to lead the +colonists into new prosperity by inducing them to devote a part of their +energies to basic commodities. In fact he promised that in seven years +he would flood the British market with new Virginia goods.[5-33] + +Although he set to work with his accustomed vigor to make good this +boast, he met with but scant success. Lack of efficient and skilled +labor, high wages, and not very favorable natural conditions, made it +impossible for him to compete with the long-established industries of +Europe. After a few years all attempts to make silk and potash and naval +stores were abandoned, and the planters continued to put their trust in +tobacco. + +That Berkeley was never persuaded that the Navigation Acts were just or +beneficial is shown by his answer to the query of the Lords of Trade in +1671, when they asked him what impediments there were to the colony's +trade. "Mighty and destructive," he replied, "by that severe act of +Parliament which excludes us from having any commerce with any nation +in Europe but our own, so that we cannot add to our plantation any +commodity that grows out of it ... for it is not lawful for us to carry +a pipe-staff or a bushel of corn to any place in Europe out of the +King's dominions. If this were for his Majesty's service or the good of +his subjects we should not repine, whatever our sufferings are for it. +But on my soul it is the contrary of both."[5-35] + +Nor is this the only direct testimony that the colonists were filled +with bitterness against the Navigation Acts. In 1673, during the war +with Holland, Sir John Knight declared that "the planters there do +generally desire a trade with the Dutch and all other nations, and speak +openly there that they are in the nature of slaves, so that the hearts +of the greatest part of them are taken away from his Majesty and +consequently his Majesty's best, greatest and richest plantation is in +danger, with the planters' consent, to fall into the enemy's hands, if +not timely prevented."[5-36] This is corroborated by the Council itself, +in an official letter to the King. "For in this very conjuncture had the +people had a distasteful Governor," they wrote, "they would have +hazarded the loss of this Country, and the rather because they doe +believe their Condicon would not be soe bad under the Dutch in Point of +Traffique as it is under the Merchants who now use them hardly, even to +extremity."[5-37] + +It is evident, then, that throughout the entire reign of Charles II the +unhappy effects of the trade restrictions made of Virginia, which +formerly had been the land of opportunity for the poor man, a place of +suffering, poverty and discontent. The indentured servant who came over +after 1660 found conditions in the colony hardly more favorable for his +advancement than in England. The price of tobacco was now so low that it +was not possible for a man, by his unassisted efforts, to make a profit +by its cultivation. If Thomas Ludewell is correct in estimating the +return from the average crop at fifty shillings, the lot of the poor +man must have been hard indeed. Hungry he need not be, for food +continued to be abundant and easy to obtain, but of all that the +merchants gave him in return for his tobacco--clothing, farm implements, +household furnishings--he had to content himself with the scantiest +supply. And only too often his pressing needs brought him into hopeless +debt. As for imitating his predecessors of the earlier period in saving +money, purchasing land and servants and becoming a substantial citizen, +the task was well nigh impossible of accomplishment. + +It would be expected, then, that even the most exhaustive investigation +could reveal but a few indentured servants, coming over after 1660, who +succeeded in establishing themselves in the Virginia yeomanry. And such, +indeed, is the case. Fortunately we have at hand for the period in +question the means of determining this matter with an exactness +impossible for the first half of the century. Nicholson's rent roll of +1704 supplies a complete list, with the exception of those in the +Northern Neck, of every landowner in Virginia. At the same time we have +in the Land Office at Richmond, the names of many thousands of persons +listed as headrights, constituting almost all the immigrants who came in +during the years from 1666 to the end of the century. Thus by comparing +the two lists and trying to identify on the rent roll the names found in +the patents, it is possible to fix the proportion of servants who won +for themselves at this time places among the landowning class. + +Selecting the year 1672 as typical of the Restoration period, we find +that an examination of 672 of the names which are listed as headrights, +eleven only can be identified with any degree of certainty upon the rent +roll. Of 1116 names examined in the years from 1671 to 1674 inclusive, +only 26 are positively those of persons listed as landowners in 1704. +After making due allowance for the fact that uncertainty exists in a +number of other cases, and that some who prospered must have died in the +intervening years, it is safe to say that not more than five or six per +cent of the indentured servants of this period succeeded in establishing +themselves as independent planters. + +These conclusions are borne out by the slowness with which the +population increased during the years following the passage of the +Navigation Acts. In the Commonwealth period the colony had advanced by +leaps and bounds, and the inhabitants, estimated at 15,000 in +1649,[5-38] were placed by Berkeley thirteen years later at +40,000.[5-39] Under the system which existed during these years, when +the colonists enjoyed a comparatively free trade, the population had +tripled. But after 1660, while the Virginia tobacco was dumped upon the +restricted English market and prices fell lower and lower, no such rapid +growth is noted. In 1671, nine years after his first estimate, Governor +Berkeley still placed the population at 40,000.[5-40] And even if we +accept the statement of the Virginia agents sent to England to secure a +charter for the colony that in 1675 the number of inhabitants was +50,000, it is evident that some pernicious influence was at work to +retard the development of England's most important American +province.[5-41] A drop in the rate of increase from 200 per cent during +the thirteen years prior to 1662, to 25 per cent in the thirteen years +following, is a clear index to the startling change brought about in the +colony by the British trade regulations. + +These figures are the more significant in that there was no appreciable +slackening of the stream of servants. It is probable that in the period +from 1662 to 1675, which marked this estimated increase of 10,000 +persons, fully 20,000 immigrants had come to the colony.[5-42] The +patent rolls for 1674 alone give the names of 1931 headrights, and this +year is by no means exceptional. No wonder Edward Randolph was +surprised at the smallness of the population and wrote to the Board of +Trade that it should be investigated why Virginia had not grown more, +"considering what vast numbers of servants and others had been +transported thither."[5-43] + +But Randolph failed to realize that it is not the volume of immigration +but the number of people a country will support which in the end +determines the size of the population. It was not enough to pour into +the colony tens of thousands of poor settlers; opportunity had also to +be afforded them for earning an adequate living. And this opportunity, +because of the enforcement of the Navigation Acts and the consequent +ruin of trade, they did not have in Virginia. Throughout the Restoration +period not more than forty or fifty thousand people could exist upon the +returns from the tobacco crop, and beyond that the population could +hardly rise. If more poured in, they must of necessity live in misery +and rags, or migrate to other colonies where more favorable conditions +existed. + +We are not at present concerned with what become of this surplus +population, but only with the fact that the Navigation Acts brought to a +dead halt the process of moulding freedmen and other poor settlers into +a prosperous yeomanry. By the year 1660 this class seems to have reached +its highest development, and had a rent roll of land owners been drawn +up at that date it would doubtless have shown almost as many names as +that of 1704. In fact it is fortunate that in the bitter years from 1660 +to 1685 it did not succumb entirely. With the price of tobacco so low +that no profit was to be derived from it, with his family in rags, the +small planter might well have sold his land to his more wealthy neighbor +and joined the newly freed servants in moving on to western Carolina or +to the northern colonies. + +In fact it is an indication of the solid character of the Virginia +yeomanry that it survived to enter the Eighteenth century, that under +Andros and Nicholson as well as under Sir William Berkeley it was the +soundest element in the life of the colony. Had it not been for the +crowning misfortune of the introduction of great swarms of negro slaves, +sooner or later it would have come once more into its own, would have +carved out for itself a new prosperity, would have filled Virginia from +the Atlantic to the Alleghanies. + + + + +_CHAPTER VI_ + +THE YEOMAN IN VIRGINIA HISTORY + + +Perhaps it would have been impossible for the Virginia yeoman to survive +the dark days of the Restoration period had it not been for the fact +that in the matter of his food supply he was independent of England and +her vexatious trade restrictions. He might be in rags, but there was no +reason why he should ever feel the pangs of hunger. Seldom in any +climate, in any age has food existed in such extraordinary variety and +in such lavish abundance. + +Almost every planter, even the poorest, was possessed of cattle. The +_Perfect Discription_ states that in 1649 there were in the colony "of +Kine, Oxen, Bulls, Calves, twenty thousand, large and good."[6-1] +Fifteen years later the number had increased to 100,000.[6-2] Many a +little farmer, too poor to afford the help of a servant or a slave, had +cattle more than sufficient for his every need. John Splitimber, a +planter of meagre means, died in 1677 owning eight cows and one +bull.[6-3] John Gray, whose entire personal estate was valued only at +9,340 pounds of tobacco, possessed at his death six cows, six calves, +two steers and one heifer.[6-4] The inventory of the goods of Richard +Avery, another poor planter, shows three steers, one heifer, three small +cattle and one calf.[6-5] The yeoman not only secured from these animals +a goodly supply of beef, but milk in abundance from which he made butter +and cheese. The steers he used as beasts of burden. + +The meat which most frequently appeared upon the table of the poor man +was that of swine. The planter marked his hogs and turned them loose in +the woods to feed upon roots and acorns. On the other hand, sheep did +not multiply in the colony, for the woods were not suited for their +maintenance, and those areas which had been cleared of trees could more +profitably be utilized for agriculture than for pasture lands. Mutton +was a rare delicacy even with the well-to-do.[6-6] + +Poultry were exceedingly numerous. At the time of the Company it was +stated that the planter who failed to breed one hundred a year was +considered a poor manager. The _Perfect Discription_ says that the +poultry--"Hens, Turkies, Ducks, Geece"--were without number.[6-7] +Moreover, the wild fowls of the inland waterways were so numerous that +even the least skilful of huntsmen could readily bring down enough for +the needs of his family, and the mallard, the goose, the canvasback +appeared regularly in season upon every table.[6-8] + +The planter always devoted a part of his land to the production of the +grain which was needed for his personal requirements. "They yearly plow +and sow many hundred acres of Wheat," it was said, "as good and faire as +any in the world."[6-9] At the same time maize grew so readily and its +cultivation proved so cheap, that cornbread formed a part of the diet +not only of the planters themselves, but of their servants and slaves. + +From his garden, an inevitable accompaniment of every plantation, the +farmer secured a large variety of vegetables--potatoes, asparagus, +carrots, turnips, onions, parsnips, besides such fruits as strawberries, +gooseberries, raspberries; from his orchard he had apples, pears, +quinces, apricots, peaches.[6-10] Honey was abundant, and there were few +householders who did not have hives under the eaves of their +outbuildings. One planter, a Mr. George Pelton, is said to have made a +profit of L30 from his bees.[6-11] There were also many wild swarms in +the woods, which yielded a delicious return to the colonial +bee-hunters.[6-12] + +It is easy to understand, then, why there were no complaints of hunger +even in the days when poverty was almost universal. The Virginia yeoman +spread always an abundant table. "He that is lazy and will not work," +said the author of _New Albion_, "needs not fear starving, but may live +as an Indian, sometimes Oysters, Cockles, Wilkes, Clams, Scollons two +moneths together; sometimes wilde Pease and Vetches, and Long Oates, +sometimes Tuckaho, Cuttenoman ground, Nuts, Marhonions, sometimes small +nuts, Filbirds, Wallnuts, Pokeberries, ten sorts of Berries, Egs of +Foul, small Fish in Coves at low water will teach him to live idly." "It +must needs follow then that diet cannot be scarce, since both rivers and +woods afford it, and that such plenty of Cattle and Hogs are every +where, which yield beef, veal, milk, butter, cheese and other made +dishes, porke, bacon and pigs, and that as sweet and savoury meat as the +world affords, these with the help of Orchards and Gardens, Oysters, +Fish, Fowle and Venison, certainly cannot but be sufficient for a good +diet and wholsom accommodation, considering how plentifully they are, +and how easie with industry to be had."[6-13] + +But the little planter, with the advent of the Navigation Acts, often +suffered keenly from a lack of adequate clothing. Again and again the +letters of the period state that the poor man was reduced to rags, that +he could not protect his family from the winter's cold. There was some +manufacture of cloth in the home, but the planter usually trusted to the +foreign trader to bring him every article of clothing. He had neither +the implements nor the skill to supply his own needs. During the +Restoration period, and again at the time of the war of the Spanish +Succession, when the price of tobacco fell so very low, many families +succeeded in producing enough homespun to supply their most pressing +needs.[6-14] But with the return of better conditions they laid aside +the loom and the wheel, and resumed their purchase of English cloth. + +In normal times the poor planter was comfortably clad. Edward Williams, +in _Virginia Richly Valued_, advised every new immigrant to bring a +monmouth cap, a waistcoat, a suit of canvas, with bands, shirts, +stockings and shoes.[6-15] The author of _New Albion_ thought that each +adventurer should provide himself with canvas or linen clothes, with +shoes and a hat.[6-16] + +The houses of the small planters were small but comfortable. "Pleasant +in their building," says John Hammond, "which although for most part +they are but one story besides the loft, and built of wood, yet +contrived so delightfully that your ordinary houses in England are not +so handsome, for usually the rooms are large, daubed and whitelimed, +glazed and flowered, and if not glazed windows, shutters which are made +very pritty and convenient."[6-17] _The New Description of Virginia_, +published in 1649, says: "They have Lime in abundance for their houses, +store of bricks made, and House and Chimnies built of Brick, and some of +Wood high and fair, covered with Shingell for Tyle."[6-18] + +In the days of the Company most of the houses seem to have been made of +logs, and Butler, in his _Virginia Unmasked_, declared that they were +the "worst in the world," and that the most wretched cottages in England +were superior to them.[6-19] But the period of which Butler wrote was +exceptional, and before long the growing prosperity of the colony made +possible a great improvement in the dwellings of the people. The rough +log cabin gave way to the little framed cottage with chimneys at each +end. + +A residence erected in one of the parishes of the Eastern Shore in 1635 +to serve as a parsonage may be accepted as typical of the better class +of houses in Virginia at this time. It was made of wood, was forty feet +wide, eighteen deep and had a chimney at each end. On either side was an +additional apartment, one used as a study, the other as a +buttery.[6-20] For the poor man this was far too pretentious, and he had +to content himself with a home perhaps thirty by twenty feet, containing +at times two or three apartments, at times only one. + +But such as it was it gave him ample protection against the heat of +summer and the cold of winter. Fuel he never lacked. When the frosts of +December and January came upon him, he had only to repair to the nearest +forest, axe in hand, to supply himself with wood in abundance. In this +way, not only would he keep a roaring blaze in his open fireplace, but +would widen the space available for the next summer's tobacco crop. + +The surroundings of the planter's residence were severely plain. In the +yard, which usually was uninclosed, towered a cluster of trees, a +survival of the primeval forest. Nearby was the garden, with its flowers +and vegetables, the dove-cote, the barn, the hen house, perhaps a milk +house or even a detached kitchen. In some cases wells were sunk, but the +use of natural springs was more common.[6-21] + +Of the plantation itself, only a fraction was under cultivation at one +time. Tobacco was exceedingly exhausting to the soil, but the cheapness +of land led the planters to neglect the most ordinary precautions to +preserve its fertility. They sowed year after year upon the same spot, +until the diminishing yield warned them of approaching sterility, and +then would desert it to clear a new field. This system made it necessary +for them to provide for the future by securing farms far larger in +extent than was dictated by their immediate requirements. They had to +look forward to the day when their land would become useless, and if +they were provident, would purchase ten times more than they could +cultivate at any one time. Thomas Whitlock, in his will dated 1659, +says: "I give to my son Thomas Whitlock the land I live on, 600 acres, +when he is of the age 21, and during his minority to my wife. The land +not to be further made use of or by planting or seating than the first +deep branch that is commonly rid over, that my son may have some fresh +land when he attains to age."[6-22] + +One may gain an idea of the condition of the very poorest class of +freemen by an examination of the inventory of the estate of Walter +Dorch, drawn up in 1684. This man possessed two pairs of woollen cards, +and one spinning wheel, valued at 100 pounds of tobacco, one chest at +eighty pounds, four old trays at twenty pounds, two runletts at forty +pounds, one pail and one skillet at sixty pounds, one bowl at two +pounds, one feather bed, two pillows and three old blankets at 120 +pounds of tobacco, three glass bottles at twenty pounds, one couch frame +at forty pounds, one pair of pot-hooks at forty, 800 tenpenny nails at +forty-five, and one old table and one sifter at twenty pounds. In all +the estate was valued at 587 pounds of tobacco.[6-23] + +John Gray, who died in 1685, left personal property worth 9,340 pounds +of tobacco, consisting in part of six cows and six calves, four +yearlings, two steers, one heifer, one barrel of corn, one bull, ten +hogs and one horse. He had no servants and no slaves.[6-24] In better +circumstances was Richard Avery, who seems to have been a tanner by +profession. The inventory of his estate, recorded in 1686, includes one +horse with bridle and saddle, a cart and a yoke of steers, eight head of +cattle, 25 hogs, 118 hides, various kinds of tools, lumber to the value +of 400 pounds of tobacco, four pieces of earthenware, four beds with +mattresses and covers, poultry to the value of 180 pounds of tobacco, +some wheat in the ground and a batch of wearing linen. The entire +personal estate was valued at 14,050 pounds of tobacco. It included no +servants or slaves.[6-25] + +John Splitimber, who is entered as a headright to Thomas Harwood in +1635, is typical of the planter who rose from small beginnings to a +state of comparative prosperity. This man, at his death in 1677, +possessed eight cows, one bull, four yearlings, four mares, 35 hogs, two +horses, two bolsters, a pillow, two blankets, a mattress, two bedsteads, +two guns, fifty-six pounds of pewter, two rugs, a table, three chests, +one old couch, two iron pots, two kettles, two stilyards, shovel and +tongs, two smothering irons, two axes, a few carpenter's tools, a saddle +and bridle, four casks, clothing to the value of 1,100 pounds of +tobacco, a frying pan, a butter pat, a jar, a looking glass, two milk +pans, one table cloth, nine spoons, a churn, a bible. The appraisers +placed the total value at 18,277 pounds of tobacco.[6-26] The inventory +records no servants or slaves, but it is probable that Splitimber at +times made use of indentured labor, as in November 1648 and again in +1652, we find him taking up land due for the transportation of certain +persons to the colony.[6-27] + +Of similar estate was Christopher Pearson, of York county. His personal +property included bedding valued at L7, linen at 18 shillings, pewter at +L1.18.0, brass at six shillings, wooden ware at L4.13.6 comprising three +chairs and one table, a couch, four old chests, a cask, two ten gallon +rundletts, a cheese press, a box of drawers, an old table, three pails, +a spinning wheel with cards, two sifting trays, a corn barrel, three +bedsteads, four sives, a funnel; iron ware valued at L2.12.0, including +three pots, two pot-rocks, a pestal, a frying pan, a looking glass; +three cows appraised at L6.5.0, a yearling at ten shillings, a colt at +two pounds sterling. The entire estate was valued at L25.19.6.[6-28] + +It must not be imagined, however, that Virginia, even in the early years +of its settlement, contained no men of wealth or rank. Industry and +intelligence bore their inevitable fruit in the little colony, with the +result that here and there certain planters acquired an enviable +pre-eminence among their fellows. The _New Description_ mentions several +such cases. Captain Matthews "hath a fine house," it says, "and all +things answerable to it; he sowes yeerly store of Hempe and Flax, and +causes it to be spun; he keeps Weavers, and hath a Tanhouse, causes +Leather to be dressed, hath eight Shoemakers employed in their trade, +hath forty Negro servants, brings them up to Trades in his house. He +yeerly sowes abundance of Wheat, Barley, &c. The Wheat he selleth at +four shillings the bushell; kills store of Beeves, and sells them to +victuall the Ships when they come thither; hath abundance of Kine, a +brave Dairy, Swine great store, and Poltery; he married a Daughter of +Sir Thomas Hinton, and in a word, keeps a good house, lives bravely, and +a true lover of Virginia; he is worthy of much honor."[6-29] + +This description is interesting because it shows not only the extent of +the holdings of certain planters at this early date, but that their +prosperity had the same foundation as that of the more numerous class of +wealthy men of the Eighteenth century. In both cases slavery and +plantation manufacture would seem to have been the open sesame to +success. It is notable that of the very limited number of men in +Virginia prior to 1700 who stand out above their fellows in the +readiness with which they acquired property, almost all gathered around +them a goodly number of negroes. + +Among the prominent planters of the first half of the Seventeenth +century was George Menefie, famous for his orchard which abounded in +apple, pear and cherry trees, and for his garden which yielded all kinds +of fruits, vegetables, and flowers; Richard Bennett, a man of large +property who had in one year "out of his Orchard as many Apples as he +made 20 Butts of Excellent Cider"; Richard Kinsman, who for three or +four years in succession secured "forty or fifty Butts of Perry made out +of his Orchard, pure and good."[6-30] + +In the second half of the century the class of the well-to-do, although +somewhat more numerous, was still restricted to a small group of +prominent families, many of them connected by marriage. Among the best +known men are Nathaniel Bacon, Sr., Thomas Ballard, Robert Severely, +Giles Brent, Joseph Bridger, William Byrd I, John Carter, John Custis I, +Dudley Digges, William Fitzhugh, Lewis Burwell, Philip Ludwell I, +William Moseley, Daniel Parke, Ralph Wormeley, Benjamin Harrison, Edward +Hill, Edmund Jennings and Matthew Page. But so few were their numbers +that the Governors more than once complained that they could not find +men for the Council of State qualified for that post by their wealth and +influence. + +The depository of power for the Virginia yeomanry was the House of +Burgesses. This important body was elected by the votes of the +freeholders, and faithfully represented their interests. Here they would +bring their grievances, here express their wishes, here defend +themselves against injustice, here demand the enactment of legislation +favorable to their class. The hope of the people lay always in the +Burgesses, Bacon the rebel tells us, "as their Trusts, and Sanctuary to +fly to."[6-31] And though the commons usually elected to this body the +leading men of each county, men of education and wealth if such were to +be found, they held them to a strict accountability for their every +action.[6-32] Many of the best known members of the Council of State +served their apprenticeship in the Burgesses. But whatever the social +status of the Burgess, he felt always that he was the representative of +the poor planter, the defender of his interests, and seldom indeed did +he betray his trust.[6-33] This no doubt was with him in part a matter +of honor, but it also was the result of a consciousness that unless he +obeyed the behests of his constituency he would be defeated if he came +up for re-election. + +The House of Burgesses, even in the days when the colony was but an +infant settlement stretching along the banks of the James, did not +hesitate to oppose the wishes of the King himself. In 1627 Charles I +sent instructions for an election of Burgesses that he might gain the +assent of the planters through their representatives to an offer which +he made to buy their tobacco.[6-34] Although the Assembly must have +realized that its very existence might depend upon its compliance with +the King's wishes, it refused to accept his proposal.[6-35] In 1634 +Charles again made an offer for the tobacco, but again he encountered +stubborn opposition. The Secretary of the colony forwarded a report in +which he frankly told the British Government that in his opinion the +matter would never go through if it depended upon the yielding of the +Assembly.[6-36] + +In 1635 the people again showed their independent spirit by ejecting Sir +John Harvey from the Government and sending him back to England. It is +true that the Council members took the lead in this bold step, but they +would hardly have gone to such lengths had they not been supported by +the mass of small planters.[6-37] In fact, one of the chief grievances +against the Governor was his refusal to send to the King a petition of +the Burgesses, which he considered offensive because they had made it "a +popular business, by subscribing a multitude of hands thereto." And some +days before the actual expulsion Dr. John Pott, Harvey's chief enemy, +was going from plantation to plantation, inciting the people to +resistance and securing their signatures to a paper demanding a redress +of grievances.[6-38] + +The attitude of the small planters during the English civil war and +Commonwealth period is equally instructive. Certain writers have +maintained that the people of Virginia were a unit for the King, that +upon the execution of Charles I his son was proclaimed with the +unanimous consent of the planters, that the colony became a refuge for +English cavaliers, that it surrendered to Parliament only when +conquered by an armed expedition and that it restored Charles II as King +of Virginia even before he had regained his power in England. + +All of this is either misleading or entirely false. It is true that the +Assembly proclaimed Charles II King in 1649 and passed laws making it +high treason for any person to uphold the legality of the dethronement +and execution of his father.[6-39] But this was largely the work of Sir +William Berkeley and the small group of well-to-do men who were +dependent upon him for their welfare. The very fact that it was felt +necessary to threaten with dire punishment all who spread abroad reports +"tending to a change of government," shows that there existed a fear +that such a change might be effected.[6-40] How many of the small +planters were at heart friendly to Parliament it is impossible to say, +but the number was large enough to cause Sir William Berkeley such +serious misgivings as to his own personal safety that he obtained from +the Assembly a guard of ten men to protect him from assassination.[6-41] + +Nor can it be said that Virginia was forced into an unwilling submission +to Parliament. It is true that an expedition was sent to conquer the +colony, which entered the capes, sailed up to the forts at Jamestown and +there received the formal surrender of the colony.[6-42] But this +surrender was forced upon the Governor as much by the wishes of the +people as by the guns of the British fleet. In fact, the expedition had +been sent at the request of certain representatives of the Parliamentary +faction in Virginia, who made it clear to the Commonwealth leaders that +the colony was by no means unanimous for the King, and that it was held +to its allegiance only by the authority and firm will of the +Governor.[6-43] That the British Council of State expected to receive +active assistance from their friends in Virginia is evident, for they +gave directions for raising troops there and for appointing +officers.[6-44] And there can be no doubt that the imposing military +force which had been gathered to defend Jamestown was not called into +action chiefly because Berkeley became convinced that it could not be +relied upon to fight against the Commonwealth soldiers. + +The new regime which was introduced with the articles of surrender made +of Virginia virtually a little republic. In England the long cherished +hope of the patriots for self-government was disappointed by the +usurpation of Oliver Cromwell. But the commons of Virginia reaped the +reward which was denied their brothers of the old country. For a period +of eight years all power resided in the House of Burgesses. This body, +so truly representative of the small planter class, elected the Governor +and specified his duties. If his administration proved unsatisfactory +they could remove him from office. The Burgesses also chose the members +of the Council. Even the appointing of officials was largely theirs, +although this function they usually felt it wise to delegate to the +Governor.[6-45] In fact, Virginia was governed during this period, the +happiest and most prosperous of its early history, by the small +proprietor class which constituted the bulk of the population. + +Nor is it true that the people voluntarily surrendered this power by +acknowledging the authority of Charles II before the actual restoration +in England. After the death of Cromwell, when the affairs of the mother +country were in chaos and no man knew which faction would secure +possession of the government, the Virginia Assembly asked Sir William +Berkeley to act again as their chief executive. But it was specifically +stipulated that he was to hold his authority, not from Charles, but from +themselves alone.[6-46] In this step the people were doubtless actuated +by an apprehension that the monarchy might be restored, in which case it +would be much to their advantage to have as the chief executive of the +colony the former royal Governor; but they expressly stated that they +held themselves in readiness to acknowledge the authority of any +Government, whatever it might be, which succeeded in establishing itself +in England. So far was Sir William from considering himself a royal +Governor, that when the King actually regained his throne, he wrote with +no little apprehension, begging forgiveness for having accepted a +commission from any other source than himself.[6-47] + +It was the small farmer class which suffered most from the despotic +methods of Berkeley during the Restoration period--the corrupting of the +House of Burgesses, the heavy taxes, the usurpation of power in local +government, the distribution of lucrative offices--and it was this class +which rose in insurrection in 1676. It is notable that in the course of +Bacon's Rebellion the great mass of the people turned against the +Governor, either approving passively of his expulsion, or actually +aiding his enemies. When Sir William appealed for volunteers in +Gloucester county while Bacon was upon the Pamunkey expedition, he could +hardly muster a man.[6-48] And the forces which eventually he gathered +around him seem to have included only a handful of leading citizens, +such men as Philip Ludwell, Nathaniel Bacon, Sr., Giles Brent and Robert +Beverley, together with a mass of indentured servants and others who had +been forced into service. It is this which explains the apparent +cowardice of the loyal forces, who almost invariably took to their heels +at the first approach of the rebels, for men will not risk their lives +for a cause in which their hearts are not enlisted. + +And though the small farmers lost their desperate fight, though their +leaders died upon the scaffold, though the oppressive Navigation Acts +remained in force, though taxes were heavier than ever, though the +governors continued to encroach upon their liberties, they were by no +means crushed and they continued in their legislative halls the conflict +that had gone against them upon the field of battle. But the political +struggle too was severe. It was in the decade from 1678 to 1688 that the +Stuart monarchs made their second attempt to crush Anglo-Saxon liberty, +an attempt fully as dangerous for the colonies as for England. The +dissolving of the three Whig Parliaments, and the acceptance of a +pension from Louis XIV were followed not only by the execution of +liberal leaders and the withdrawal of town charters in the mother +country, but by a deliberate attempt to suppress popular government in +America. It was not a mere coincidence that the attack upon the +Massachusetts charter, the misrule of Nicholson in New York, the +oppressions of the proprietor in Maryland and the tyranny of Culpeper +and Effingham in Virginia occurred simultaneously. They were all part +and parcel of the policy of Charles II and James II. + +These attempts met with failure in Virginia because of the stubborn +resistance they encountered from the small farmer class and their +representatives in the House of Burgesses. The annulling of statutes by +proclamation they denounced as illegal; they protested bitterly against +the appointment of their clerk by the Governor; they fought long to +retain their ancient judicial privileges; they defeated all attempts of +the King and his representatives in Virginia to deprive them of the +right to initiate legislation and to control taxation. And with the +Glorious Revolution of 1688-89, which put an end forever to Stuart +aggressions, they could feel that their efforts alone had preserved +liberty in Virginia, that they might now look forward to long years of +happiness and prosperity. The Virginia yeoman reckoned not with slavery, +however, and slavery was to prove, in part at least, his undoing. + + + + +_CHAPTER VII_ + +WORLD TRADE + + +In 1682 the depression which for nearly a quarter of a century had +gripped the tobacco trade, somewhat abruptly came to an end. "Our only +commodity, tobacco, having the last winter a pretty quick market, hath +encouraged ye planters," wrote Secretary Spencer to the Board of Trade +in May, 1683.[7-1] Apparently the tide had turned. From this time until +the beginning of the War of the Spanish Succession more than two decades +later we hear little complaint from Virginia, while there are excellent +reasons to suppose that the colony was experiencing a period of growth +and prosperity. + +In truth the tobacco trade, upon which the planters staked their all, +now expanded with startling rapidity, and each year the merchants were +forced to add more bottoms to the fleet which sailed for England from +the Chesapeake. During the early years of the Restoration period tobacco +exports from Virginia and Maryland had made but little advance. In 1663 +they amounted to 7,367,140 pounds, six years later they were 9,026,046 +pounds.[7-2] In 1698, however, the output of Virginia and Maryland was +estimated by the merchant John Linton to be from 70,000 to 80,000 +hogsheads.[7-4] Since the hogshead usually contained from 500 to 600 +pounds, these figures mean that the planters were then raising from +35,000,000 to 48,000,000 pounds of tobacco. And this conclusion is +supported by the fact that the crop of 1699 is valued at L198,115, which +at a penny a pound would indicate about 47,000,000 pounds.[7-5] In fact, +the production of tobacco in the ten years from 1689 to 1699 seems to +have tripled, in the years from 1669 to 1699 to have quadrupled. In 1669 +the planters considered themselves fortunate if their industry yielded +them a return of L30,000; at the end of the century they could count +with a fair degree of certainty upon six times that amount. + +For Virginia this startling development was all-important. During the +darkest days of the Restoration period her share of the total returns +from the tobacco crop could hardly have exceeded L10,000; in 1699 it was +estimated at L100,000. Even if we accept the conservative statement that +the average number of hogsheads exported from Virginia in the last +decade of the century varied from 35,000 to 40,000,[7-6] the planters +still would have received L75,000 or L80,000. From dire poverty and +distress the colony, almost in the twinkling of an eye, found itself in +comparative ease and plenty. + +Nor is the reason difficult to discover. It had never been the intention +of the British Government to destroy the foreign trade of the colonies, +the Navigation Acts having been designed only to force that trade +through English channels. The planters were still at liberty to send +their tobacco where they would, provided it went by way of England and +paid the duty of a half penny a pound. That these restrictions so nearly +put an end to shipments to the continent of Europe was an unfortunate +consequence which to some extent had been foreseen, but which for the +time being it was impossible to avoid. + +It was undoubtedly the hope of the Government that the foreign market +would eventually be regained and that the colonial tobacco would flow +from the colonies into England and from England to all the countries of +Europe. Prior to 1660 Holland had been the distributing centre for the +tobacco of Virginia and Maryland; now England insisted upon taking this +role upon herself. But the authorities at London were hardly less +concerned than the planters themselves at the difficulties encountered +in effecting this change and the unfortunate glut in the home markets +which followed. + +None the less they persisted in the policy they had adopted, even +clinging stubbornly to the half penny a pound re-export duty, and +trusting that in time they could succeed in conquering for their tobacco +the lost continental markets. In this they were bitterly opposed by the +Dutch with whom it became necessary to fight two wars within the short +space of seven years. Yet steadily, although at first slowly, they made +headway. In 1681 the commissioners of the customs refused the request +for a cessation of tobacco planting in the colonies, on the ground that +to lessen the crop would but stimulate production in foreign countries +and so restrict the sale abroad of the Virginia and Maryland leaf.[7-7] +This argument has been denounced by some as both specious and selfish, +yet it was fully justified by the situation then existing. After all, +the only hope for the planters lay in conquering the European market and +the way to do this was to flood England with tobacco until it overflowed +all artificial barriers and poured across the Channel. And eventually +this is just what happened. Since tobacco was piling up uselessly in the +warehouses and much of it could not be disposed of at any price, it was +inevitable that it should be dumped upon the other nations of Europe. +There is in this development a close parallel with the commercial policy +of Germany in the years prior to the world war, when no effort was +spared to produce a margin of all kinds of wares over the home needs, +which was to be exported at excessively low prices. This margin was a +weapon of conquest, a means of ousting the merchants of other nations +from this market or that. And when once this conquest had been effected, +the price could be raised again in order to assure a profit to the +German manufacturers. + +It is improbable that the English economists of the Seventeenth century, +like those of modern Germany, had foreseen exactly what would happen, +but the results were none the less similar. When once the English leaf +had secured a strong hold upon the Baltic and upon France and Spain, it +was a matter of the greatest difficulty to oust it, especially as the +ever increasing influx of slaves made it possible for the planters to +meet the lower prices of foreign competitors and still clear a profit. +Thus it was that during the years from 1680 to 1708 the Chesapeake +tobacco succeeded in surmounting all the difficulties placed in its way +by the Navigation Acts, the necessity of the double voyage, the +re-export duty of a half penny a pound, and so gradually flooded the +continental market. + +It is unfortunate that figures for re-exported tobacco during the +earlier years of the Restoration period are lacking. In 1688, however, +it is stated that the duty of a half penny a pound was yielding the +Crown an annual revenue of L15,000, which would indicate that about +7,200,000 pounds were leaving for foreign ports.[7-8] Ten years later, +if we may believe the testimony of John Linton, exports of tobacco +totalled 50,000 or 60,000 hogsheads, or from 25,000,000 to 30,000,000 +pounds. Not more than a fourth of the colonial leaf, he tells us, was +consumed in England itself.[7-9] Once more Virginia and Maryland were +producing tobacco for all Europe, once more they enjoyed a world market. + +This trade was extended from one end of the continent to the other. +Vessels laden with American tobacco found their way not only to the +ports of France and Holland and Spain, but even to the distant cities of +Sweden and Russia.[7-10] The Baltic trade alone amounted to from 5,000 +to 10,000 hogsheads, and added from L10,000 to L24,000 to the income of +the planters. The chief Russian port of entry was Narva, which took +annually some 500 hogsheads, but large quantities were shipped also to +Riga and Raval.[7-11] The northern nations bought the cheaper varieties, +for no tobacco could be too strong for the hardy men of Sweden and +Russia. + +The trade was of great importance to England, as the leaf, after it had +gone through the process of manufacture, sold for about six pence a +pound, yielding to the nation in all from L60,000 to L130,000.[7-12] As +the English were still largely dependent upon the Baltic for potash and +ship stores, this constituted a most welcome addition to the balance of +trade. To the colonies also it was vital, carrying off a large part of +the annual crop, and so tending to sustain prices. + +France, too, proved a good customer for English tobacco, and in the +years prior to the War of the Spanish Succession took annually from +8,000 to 10,000 hogsheads, or from 4,000,000 to 6,000,000 pounds.[7-13] +Micajah Perry reported to the Lords of Trade that from 6,000 to 10,000 +hogsheads went to France from London alone, while a very considerable +amount was sent also from other ports.[7-14] + +Far more surprising is the fact that even Spain consumed millions of +pounds of English leaf. With her own colonies producing the best tobacco +in the world and in the face of its practical exclusion from the English +market, it is strange that the Government at Madrid should have +permitted this commerce to continue. The obvious course for the +Spaniards under the economic theories of the day would have been to +exclude English tobacco, both in order to protect their own planters and +to retaliate for the restrictions upon their product. Yet it is +estimated that from 6,000 to 10,000 hogsheads entered Spain each +year.[7-15] A pamphlet published in 1708 entitled _The Present State of +Tobacco Plantations in America_ stated that before the outbreak of the +war then raging, France and Spain together had taken annually about +20,000 hogsheads.[7-16] + +The Dutch, too, despite their bitter rivalry with the British, found it +impossible to do without Virginia tobacco. Purchasing the finest bright +Orinoco, they mixed it with leaf of their own growth in the proportion +of one to four, and sold it to other European nations. In this way they +sought to retain their position as a distributing center for the trade +and to give employment to hundreds of poor workers. In all the Dutch +seem to have purchased from England about 5,000 hogsheads a year.[7-17] + +The enhanced importance of the tobacco trade is reflected in a steady +increase of British exports to Virginia and Maryland. The planters, now +that they found it possible to market their leaf, laid out the proceeds +in the manufactured products of England. At the end of the Seventeenth +century the two colonies were importing goods to the value of L200,000 +annually. In 1698, which was an exceptionally good year, their purchases +were no less than L310,133.[7-18] + +In short the tobacco colonies had at last found their proper place in +the British colonial system. Both they and the mother country, after +long years of experimentation, years of misfortune and recrimination, +had reached a common ground upon which to stand. Although Maryland and +Virginia still fell short of the ideal set for the British colonies, +although they failed to furnish the raw stuffs so urgently needed by the +home industries, at least they yielded a product which added materially +to shipping, weighed heavily in the balance of trade and brought a +welcome revenue to the royal Exchequer. + +The Crown reaped a rich return from tobacco, a return which grew not +only with the expansion of the trade, but by the imposition from time to +time of heavier duties. In the period from 1660 to 1685, when the tariff +remained at two pence a pound, the yield must have varied from L75,000 +to L100,000. If we assume that the average consumption in England was +9,000,000 pounds and the average exports 3,000,000 the total revenue +would have been L81,250. In 1685, however, an additional duty of three +pence a pound was placed upon tobacco upon its arrival in England, all +of which was refunded when the product was re-exported. In 1688, when +the tobacco consumed in England was 8,328,800 pounds, the old and new +duties, amounting in all to five pence, must have yielded L173,515. When +to this is added L15,000 from the half penny a pound on the 7,200,000 +pounds of leaf sent abroad, the total reaches L188,515. + +In 1698 still another penny a pound was added to the tax, making a grand +total of six pence on colonial tobacco disposed of in England. This new +duty, together with the rapid increase in the foreign trade, enriched +the Exchequer by another L100,000. In 1699, if we assume that 12,000,000 +pounds were consumed in England, the return would have been L300,000; +while half a penny a pound on 36,000,000 pounds of re-exported leaf, +would have brought the total to L375,000. That this figure was +approximately correct we have evidence in the statement of the author of +_The Present State of the Tobacco Plantations_, written in 1705, that +the revenue yielded by the tobacco of Virginia and Maryland amounted +annually to L400,000.[7-19] This sum constituted a very appreciable +proportion of the royal income, so appreciable in fact as to make the +tobacco trade a matter of vital importance in the eyes of the King's +ministers. They were charged at all times to avoid any contingency which +might lessen the imports and reduce the customs. + +The increase in the tobacco trade stimulated industry, not only by +increasing exports to Virginia and Maryland, but also by creating a new +English industry. For most of the tobacco, before it was sent abroad, +was subjected to a process of manufacture, by which the leaf was cut and +rolled and otherwise prepared for the consumer. This industry gave +employment to hundreds of poor persons in England and required a +considerable outlay of capital.[7-20] + +To British navigation the trade was vital. Each year scores of +merchantmen crossed to the Chesapeake and swarmed in every river and +creek, delivering their English goods to the planters and taking in +return the hogsheads of tobacco. In 1690 the tobacco fleet numbered +about 100 ships, aggregating 13,715 tons; in 1706 it counted no less +than 300 sails.[7-21] Nor must it be forgotten that re-exported tobacco +also added many a goodly merchantman to the navy and gave employment to +many a seaman. Altogether Virginia and Maryland constituted an +invaluable asset, an asset which ranked in importance secondly only to +the sugar plantations. + +It would naturally be supposed that the fortunate turn of events which +restored to the tobacco colonies their European market would have +reacted favorably upon the small planters of Virginia, not only insuring +plenty to those already established, but adding new recruits from the +ranks of the indentured servants; that the process of making prosperous +freemen from the poor immigrants who flocked to the colony, the process +interrupted by the passage of the Navigation Acts, would have been +resumed now that these laws no longer prevented the flow of tobacco into +the continental countries. + +Such was not the case, however. A comparison of the lists of immigrants +with the rent roll of 1704 shows that but an insignificant proportion of +the newcomers succeeded in establishing themselves as landowners. In +four lists examined for the year 1689, comprising 332 names, but seven +persons can be positively identified upon the rent roll. In 1690, eight +lists of 933 names, reveal but twenty-eight persons who were landowners +in 1704. Of 274 immigrants listed in 1691, six only appear on the Roll. +In 1695, seven lists comprising 711 names, show but ten who possessed +farms nine years later. Of 74 headrights appearing in 1696, but two are +listed on the roll; of 119 in 1697 only nine; of 169 in 1698 one only; +of 454 in 1699, only seven; of 223 in 1700 but six.[7-22] All in all not +more than five per cent. of the newcomers during this period prospered +and became independent planters. Apparently, then, the restored +prosperity of the colony was not shared by the poorer classes, the +increased market for tobacco did not better materially the chances of +the incoming flood of indentured servants. + +The explanation of this state of affairs is found in the fact that +tobacco, despite its widened market, experienced no very pronounced rise +in price. The average return to the planters during the good years seems +to have been one penny a pound.[7-23] This, it is true, constituted an +advance over the worst days of the Restoration period, but it was far +from approaching the prices of the Civil war and Commonwealth periods. +For the poor freedman, it was not sufficient to provide for his support +and at the same time make it possible to accumulate a working capital. +He could not, as he had done a half century earlier, lay aside enough to +purchase a farm, stock it with cattle, hogs and poultry, perhaps even +secure a servant or two. Now, although no longer reduced to misery and +rags as in the years from 1660 to 1682, he could consider himself +fortunate if his labor sufficed to provide wholesome food and warm +clothing. How, it may be asked, could Virginia and Maryland produce the +vast crops now required by the foreign trade, if the price was still so +low? Prior to and just after Bacon's Rebellion the planters repeatedly +asserted that their labors only served to bring them into debt, that to +produce an extensive crop was the surest way for one to ruin himself. +Why was it that twenty years later, although prices were still far below +the old level, they could flood the markets of the world? + +The answer can be summed up in one word--slavery. The first cargo of +negroes arrived in the colony in 1619 upon a Dutch privateer. Presumably +they were landed at Jamestown, and sold there to the planters.[7-24] The +vessel which won fame for itself by this ill-starred action, was sailing +under letters of marque from the Prince of Orange and had been scouring +the seas in search of Spanish prizes. Although the Dutch master could +have had no information that slaves were wanted in the colony, he seems +to have taken it for granted that he would not be forbidden to dispose +of his human freight. + +The introduction of this handful of negroes--there were but twenty in +all--was not the real beginning of the slave system in the colonies. For +many years the institution which was to play so sinister a part in +American history did not flourish, and the slaves grew in numbers but +slowly. In the Muster Roll of Settlers in Virginia, taken in 1624, there +were listed only 22 negroes.[7-25] Sixteen years later the black +population probably did not exceed 150.[7-26] In 1649, when Virginia was +growing rapidly and the whites numbered 15,000, there were but 300 +negroes in the colony.[7-27] A sporadic importation of slaves continued +during the Commonwealth period, but still the number was insignificant, +still the bulk of the labor in the tobacco fields was done by indentured +servants and poor freeholders. + +In 1670 Governor Berkeley reported to the Board of Trade that out of a +total population of 40,000, but five per cent were slaves.[7-28] Eleven +years later the number of blacks was estimated at 3,000.[7-29] In 1635 +twenty-six negroes were brought in, the largest purchaser being Charles +Harmar.[7-30] In 1636 the importations were but seven, in 1637 they +were 28, in 1638 thirty, in 1639 forty-six, in 1642 seven only, in 1643 +eighteen, in 1649 seventeen.[7-31] But with the passage of the years +somewhat larger cargoes began to arrive. In 1662 Richard Lee claimed +among his headrights no less than 80 negroes, in 1665 the Scarboroughs +imported thirty-nine. In 1670, however, Berkeley declared that "not +above two or three ships of Negroes" had arrived in the province in the +previous seven years.[7-32] + +It is evident, then, that during the larger part of the Seventeenth +century slavery played but an unimportant role in the economic and +social life of the colony. The planters were exceedingly anxious to make +use of slave labor, which they considered the foundation of the +prosperity of their rivals of the Spanish tobacco colonies, but slave +labor was most difficult to obtain. The trade had for many years been +chiefly in the hands of the Dutch, and these enterprising navigators +sold most of their negroes to the Spanish plantations. Ever since the +days of Henry VIII the English had made efforts to secure a share of +this profitable traffic, but with very meagre success.[7-33] + +The Dutch had established trading stations along the African coast, +guarded by forts and war vessels. Any attempts of outsiders to intrude +upon the commerce was regarded by them as an act of open aggression to +be resisted by force of arms. To enter the trade with any hope of +success it became necessary for the English to organize a company rich +enough to furnish armed protection to their merchantmen. But no such +organization could be established during the Civil War and Commonwealth +periods, and it was not until 1660 that the African Company, under the +leadership of the Duke of York entered the field.[7-34] + +This was but the beginning of the struggle, however. The Dutch resisted +strenuously, stirring up the native chieftains against the English, +seizing their vessels and breaking up their stations. Not until two wars +had been fought was England able to wring from the stubborn +Netherlanders an acknowledgment of her right to a share in the trade. +Even then the Virginians were not adequately supplied, for the sugar +islands were clamoring for slaves, and as they occupied so important a +place in the colonial system they were the first to be served. +Throughout the last quarter of the Seventeenth century negroes in fairly +large numbers began to arrive in the Chesapeake, but it was only in the +years from 1700 to 1720 that they actually accomplished the overthrow of +the old system of labor and laid the foundations of a new social +structure. Throughout the Seventeenth century the economic system of the +tobacco colonies depended upon the labor of the poor white man, whether +free or under terms of indenture; in the Eighteenth century it rested +chiefly upon the black shoulders of the African slave. + +There could be no manner of doubt as to the desirability of the slaves +from an economic standpoint, apparently the only standpoint that +received serious consideration. The indentured servant could be held +usually for but a few years. Hardly had he reached his greatest +usefulness for his master than he demanded his freedom. Thus for the man +of large means to keep his fields always in cultivation it was necessary +constantly to renew his supply of laborers. If he required twenty hands, +he must import each year some five or six servants, or run the risk of +finding himself running behind. But the slave served for life. The +planter who had purchased a full supply of negroes could feel that his +labor problems were settled once and for all. Not only could he hold the +slaves themselves for life, but their children also became his property +and took their places in the tobacco fields as soon as they approached +maturity. + +Thus in the end the slave was far cheaper. The price of a servant +depended largely upon the cost of his passage across the ocean. We find +that William Matthews, having three years and nine months to serve, was +rated in the inventory of his master, John Thomas, at L12.[7-35] A +servant of Robert Leightenhouse, having two years to serve, was put at +L9;[7-36] while on the other hand we find another listed in the estate +of Colonel Francis Epes, also having two years to serve, at only +L5.[7-37] A white lad under indenture for seven years to Mr. Ralph +Graves was valued at L10.[7-38] On the whole it would seem that the +price of a sturdy man servant varied from L2 to L4 for each year of his +service. On the other hand a vigorous slave could be had at from L18 to +L30. Assuming that he gave his master twenty-five years of service, the +cost for each year would be but one pound sterling. There could be no +doubt, then, that in the mere matter of cost he was much cheaper than +the indentured white man. + +It is true that the negro was none too efficient as a laborer. Born in +savagery, unacquainted with the English tongue, knowing little of +agriculture, it was a matter of some difficulty for him to accustom +himself to his task in the tobacco fields. Yet when his lesson had been +learned, when a few years of experience had taught him what his master +expected him to do, the slave showed himself quite adequate to the +requirements of the one staple crop. The culture of tobacco is not +essentially difficult, especially when pursued in the unscientific +manner of the colonial period. It required many, but not skilled hands. +The slave, untutored and unintelligent, proved inadequate to the +industrial needs of the northern colonies. The niceties of shipbuilding +were beyond his capacities, he was not needed as a fisherman, he was not +a good sailor, he was useless in the system of intensive agriculture in +vogue north of Maryland. But in the tobacco field he would do. He could +not at first tend so many plants as his white rival, he could not +produce tobacco of such fine quality, but what he lacked in efficiency +he more than made up for in cheapness. + +The African seems to have withstood remarkably well the diseases +indigenous to eastern Virginia. There are occasional reports of +epidemics among the slaves, but usually they were fairly immune both to +malaria and dysentery. A census taken in 1714, when there were perhaps +15,000 negroes in the colony, records burials for sixty-two slaves +only.[7-39] The births of slaves for the same year totalled 253.[7-40] +These figures indicate not only the excellent physical condition in +which these black workers were kept by their masters, but the rapidity +with which they were multiplying. The low death rate is in part +explained by the fact that only strong men and women were transported to +the colonies, but it is none the less clearly indicative of the ease +with which the African accustomed himself to the climate of tidewater +Virginia. + +As a rule the negro was more docile than the white servant, especially +if the latter happened to be from the ruder elements of English society. +He was not so apt to resist his master or to run away to the mountains. +Yet plots among the blacks were not unknown. In 1710 a conspiracy was +discovered among the slaves of Surry and James City counties which was +to have been put into execution on Easter day. The negroes planned to +rise simultaneously, destroy any who stood in their way, and make good +their escape out of the colony. Among the chief conspirators were Jamy, +belonging to Mr. John Broadnax, Mr. Samuel Thompson's Peter, Tom and +Cato of Mr. William Edwards, Great Jack and Little Jack of Mr. John +Edwards, and Will belonging to Mr. Henry Hart. "Two or three of these +were tried this general court," wrote Colonel Jennings, "found guilty +and will be executed. And I hope their fate will strike such a terror +in the other Negroes as will keep them from forming such designs for the +future."[7-41] The lesson did not prove lasting, however, for in 1730 a +number of slaves from Norfolk and Princess Anne counties assembled while +the whites were at church, and chose officers to command them in a bold +stroke for freedom. As in the previous attempt they were discovered, +many arrested and several of the ringleaders executed.[7-42] + +Neither the merchants nor the planters seem to have been conscious of +any wrong in the seizure and sale of negroes. They regarded the native +Africans as hardly human, mere savages that were no more deserving of +consideration than oxen or horses. And as it was right and proper to +hitch the ox or the horse to the plow, so it was equally legitimate to +put the negro to work in the fields of sugar cane or tobacco. Whatever +hardships he had to endure upon the voyage to America or by reason of +his enforced labor, they considered amply compensated by his conversion +to Christianity. + +It is true that the colony of Virginia early in the Eighteenth century +imposed a heavy duty upon the importation of slaves, but it did so +neither from any consciousness of wrong in slavery itself or a +perception of the social problems which were to grow out of it. At the +time the price of tobacco was declining rapidly and many planters were +losing money. Feeling that their misfortunes arose from overproduction, +which in turn was the result of the recent purchases of negroes, the +colonial legislators decided to check the trade. "The great number of +negroes imported here and solely employed in making tobacco," wrote +Governor Spotswood in 1711, "hath produced for some years past an +increase in tobacco far disproportionate to the consumption of it ... +and consequently lowered the price of it."[7-43] "The people of Virginia +will not now be so fond of purchasing negroes as of late," declared +President Jennings of the Virginia Council in 1708, "being sensibly +convinced of their error, which has in a manner ruined the credit of the +country."[7-44] + +During the years from 1680 to 1700 slaves arrived in the colony in +increasing numbers. In 1681 William Fitzhugh, in a letter to Ralph +Wormeley, refers to the fact that several slave ships were expected that +year in the York river.[7-45] At this period, for the first time in +Virginia history, we find negroes in large numbers entered as headrights +upon the patent rolls. In 1693 Captain John Storey received a grant of +land for the importation of 79 negroes, in 1694 Robert Beverley brought +in seventy, in 1695 William Randolph twenty-five.[7-46] Before the end +of the century it is probable that the slaves in Virginia numbered +nearly 6,000, and had already become more important to the economic life +of the colony than the indentured servants.[7-47] + +The chief purchasers at this time were men of large estates. The +advantages of slave labor were manifest to planters of the type of +William Byrd or William Fitzhugh, men who had built up fortunes by their +business ability. It is but natural that they should have turned early +from the indentured servant to stock their plantations with the cheaper +and more remunerative African workers. + +As the English secured a stronger hold upon the African trade slaves +arrived in ever increasing numbers. During the years from 1699 to 1708 +no less than 6,843 came in, a number perhaps exceeding the entire +importations of the Seventeenth century.[7-48] In the summer of 1705 +alone 1,800 negroes arrived.[7-49] With what rapidity the black man was +taking the place of the indentured servant and the poor freeman as the +chief laborer of the colony is shown by the fact that in 1708, in a +total tithable list of 30,000, no less than 12,000 were slaves. +President Jennings at the same time reported that the number of +servants was inconsiderable.[7-50] "Before the year 1680 what negroes +came to Virginia were usually from Barbadoes," Jennings told the Board +of Trade in 1708. "Between 1680 and 1698 the negro trade become more +frequent, tho not in any proportion to what it hath been of late, during +which the African Company have sent several ships and others by their +licence having bought their slaves of the Company brought them here for +sale, among which lately Alderman Jeffreys and Sir Jeffry Jeffreys were +principally concerned."[7-51] + +The wars of Charles XII, however, which proved disastrous to the Baltic +trade, and the War of the Spanish Succession which cut off exports of +tobacco to France and Spain, caused a serious decline in prices and made +it impossible for the planters to continue the large purchases of +slaves. This fact, together with the duty which had been imposed with +the express purpose of keeping them out, reduced the importations to a +minimum during the years from 1710 to 1718.[7-52] But with the reopening +of the tobacco market and the return of prosperity to Virginia, the +black stream set in again with redoubled force. In 1730, out of a total +population of 114,000, no less than 30,000 were negroes.[7-53] In other +words the slaves, who in 1670 had constituted but five per cent of the +people, now comprised twenty-six per cent. Slavery, from being an +insignificant factor in the economic life of the colony, had become the +very foundation upon which it was established. + +As we have seen it was not slavery but the protracted accumulation of +surplus stocks of tobacco in England which had broken the long continued +deadlock of the tobacco trade during the Restoration period and caused +the overflow into continental markets. That the labor of blacks at first +played no essential part in the movement is evident from the fact that +in 1682 when it first became pronounced, the slave population of +Virginia and Maryland was still insignificant. But that the trade not +only continued after the glut in England had been cleared up, but +increased with startling rapidity, was unquestionably the result of more +universal use of negroes in the years immediately preceding the War of +the Spanish Succession. Slavery so cheapened the cost of production that +it was now quite possible for those who used them to pay the half penny +a pound duty on reexported tobacco in England, and still undersell all +rivals in the European market. Before many years had passed the tobacco +trade, with all that it meant both to England and to the colonies, +rested almost entirely upon the labor of the savage black man so +recently brought from the African wilds. + +That this fact was fully understood at the time is attested by various +persons interested in the colony and the trade. In 1728 Francis Fane, in +protesting against the imposition of a new tax in Virginia on the +importation of slaves declared "that Laying a Duty on Negroes can only +tend to make them scarcer and dearer, the two things that for the good +of our Trade and for the Benefit of Virginia ought chiefly to be guarded +against, since it is well known that the cheepness of Virginia tobacco +in European Marketts is the true Cause of the great Consumption thereof +in Europe, and one would have therefore Expected rather to have seen an +Act allowing a premium on the Importation of Negroes to have Encouraged +the bringing them in, than an Act laying so large a Duty to discourage +their Importation."[7-54] Similarly Colonel Spencer wrote to the Board +of Trade. "The low price of tobacco requires it should be made as cheap +as possible. The Blacks can make it cheaper than Whites, so I conceive +it is for his Majesty's interest full as much as the Country's or rather +much more, to have Blacks as cheap as possible in Virginia."[7-55] + +It is evident, then, that the opening of the European market and the +vast expansion of the tobacco trade, while bringing prosperity to the +larger planters, was no great boon to the man who tilled his fields with +his own hands. It assured him a ready sale for his crop, it is true, but +at prices so low as to leave him a very narrow margin of profit. The new +era which was opening, the so-called golden era of Virginia history, was +not for him. Virginia in the Eighteenth century was to be the land of +the slave holder, not of the little planter. + + + + +_CHAPTER VIII_ + +BENEATH THE BLACK TIDE + + +The importation of slaves in large numbers reacted almost immediately +upon the migration of whites to Virginia. As we have seen, the stream of +indentured servants that poured across the Atlantic remained remarkably +constant throughout almost all of the Seventeenth century. The larger +planters were always in need of laborers, and they looked to the surplus +population of England to supply them. But with the coming of the blacks +all was changed. The Virginians saw in the slave ships which now so +frequently entered their rivers the solution of all their problems. And +so the influx of white men and women from the mother country dwindled +and almost died out, while in its place came a still greater stream from +the coast of Africa. + +At the time of Bacon's Rebellion the annual importation of servants was +between 1,500 and 2,000. The headrights for 1674 show 1931 names.[8-1] +Seven years later the whites were still arriving in large numbers, the +rolls for 1682 having 1,565 names. As the century drew to a close, +however, the effect of the slave trade upon white immigration is +reflected in the dwindling number of headrights. The change that was +taking place is illustrated by a patent of 13,500 acres to Ralph +Wormleley for the transportation of 249 persons, 149 of whom were white +and 100 black.[8-2] Yet so late as 1704 the servants were still coming +in appreciable numbers. In 1708 however, the number of servants at work +in the colony had dwindled away almost entirely.[8-3] In 1715 the names +of white persons listed as headrights was but ninety-one; in 1718 but +101.[8-4] In other words, the first great migration of Englishmen to +continental America, a migration extending over a century and comprising +from 100,000 to 150,000 men, women and children, had practically come to +an end. + +English statesmen at the time looked upon this event as an unalloyed +blessing. The day had passed when they felt that there existed a surplus +of labor at home and that the country was in need of blood letting. The +proper policy was to keep Englishmen in England, to devote their +energies to local industries and so strengthen the economic and military +sinews of the nation. And if unemployment existed, it was the correct +policy to bring work to the idle rather than send the idle out of the +country in quest of work.[8-5] And the colonies were to be utilized, no +longer as outlets for the population, but as a means to the upbuilding +of local industry. They were to supply a market for English goods, keep +employed English mariners and furnish the tobacco and sugar which when +re-exported weighed so heavily in the balance of trade. And since these +great staple crops could be produced by the work of slaves, it was +thought highly advantageous for all concerned that the negro should +replace the white servant in both the tobacco and the sugar fields. The +planters would profit by the lowered cost of production, English +industry would gain by the increased volume of traffic, the Crown +revenues would be enhanced and English laborers would be kept at +home.[8-6] + +Apparently the deeper significance of this great movement was entirely +lost upon the British economists and ministers. They had no conception +of the advantage of having their colonies inhabited by one race alone +and that race their own. From the first their vision was too restricted +to embrace the idea of a new and greater Britain in its fullest sense. +They could not bring themselves to look upon the soil of Virginia and +Maryland as a part of the soil of an extended England, upon the +Virginians and Marylanders as Englishmen, enjoying privileges equal to +their own. They could not realize the strength that would come from such +an empire as this, the mighty future it would insure to the Anglo-Saxon +race. + +Their conception was different. The British empire must consist of two +distinct parts--mother country and colonies. And in any clash of +interest between the two, the former must prevail. It was not their +intent that the colonies should be purposely sacrificed, that they +should be made to pay tribute to a tyrannical parent. In fact, they +earnestly desired that the plantations should prosper, for when they +languished English industry suffered. But in their eyes the colonies +existed primarily for the benefit of England. England had given them +birth, had defended them, had nurtured them; she was amply justified, +therefore, in subordinating them to her own industrial needs. + +Thus they viewed the substitution of the importation of slaves to the +tobacco colonies for the importation of white men purely from an +English, not an Anglo-Saxon, point of view. Had it been a question of +bringing thousands of negroes to England itself to drive the white +laborers from the fields, they would have interposed an emphatic veto. +But with the structure of colonial life they were not greatly concerned. +In 1693, when James Blair secured from the King and Queen a gift for his +new college at Williamsburg, Attorney-General Seymour objected +vigorously, stating that there was not the least occasion for such an +institution in Virginia. Blair reminded him that the chief purpose of +the college was to educate young men for the ministry and begged him to +consider that the people of the colony had souls to be saved as well as +the people of England. "Souls! Damn your souls," snapped the +Attorney-General, "make tobacco."[8-7] It would be unfair to say that +the British Government took just the same view of the colonists as did +Seymour, but there can be no doubt that their chief concern in the +plantations was centered upon the size of their exports to England and +of their purchases of English goods. And as the slaves could make more +tobacco than the indentured servants, it became the settled policy of +the Crown to encourage the African trade in every possible way. + +The influx of slaves not only put almost a complete end to the +importation of white servants, but it reacted disastrously upon the +Virginia yeomanry. In this respect we find a close parallel with the +experience of ancient Rome with slave labor. In the third and second +centuries before Christ the glory of the republic lay in its peasantry. +The self-reliant, sturdy, liberty-loving yeoman formed the backbone of +the conquering legion and added to the life of the republic that rugged +strength that made it so irresistible. "To say that a citizen is a good +farmer is to reach the extreme limit of praise," said Cato. Some of the +ablest of the early Roman generals were recruited from the small farmer +class. Fabius Maximus, the Dictator, in need of money, sent his son to +Rome to sell his sole possession, a little farm of seven jugera. +Regulus, while in Africa, asked that he be recalled from his command +because the hired man he had left to cultivate his fields had fled with +all his farm implements, and he feared his wife and children would +starve.[8-8] + +This vigorous peasantry was destroyed by the importation of hordes of +slaves and the purchase of cheap foreign grain. So long as the wars of +Rome were limited to Italy the number of slaves was comparatively small, +but as her armies swept over the Mediterranean countries one after +another and even subdued the wild Gauls and Britains, an unending stream +of captives poured into the city and filled to overflowing the slave +markets. Cicero, during his short campaign against the Parthians wrote +to Atticus that the sale of his prisoners had netted no less than +12,000,000 sestercias. In Epirus 100,000 men were captured; 60,000 +Cimbries and 100,000 Germans graced the triumph of Marius; Caesar is +said to have taken in Gaul another 100,000 prisoners. Soon the slave +became the cheapest of commodities, and he who possessed even the most +extensive lands could readily supply himself with the labor requisite +for their cultivation. + +Thus thrown into competition with slave labor the peasant proprietor +found it impossible to sustain himself. The grain which he produced with +his own hands had to compete in the same market with that made by +slaves. It must, therefore, sell for the same price, a price so low that +it did not suffice to feed and clothe him and his family. So he was +forced to give up his little estate, an estate perhaps handed down to +him by generations of farmers, and migrate to the city of Rome, to swell +the idle and plebeian population. And once there he demanded bread, a +demand which the authorities dared not refuse. So the public treasury +laid out the funds for the purchase of wheat from all parts of the +world, from Spain, from Africa, from Sicily, wheat which was given away +or sold for a song. This in turn reacted unfavorably upon the peasants +who still clung to the soil in a desperate effort to wring from it a +bare subsistence, and accelerated the movement to the city. + +Thus Italy was transformed from the land of the little farmer into the +land of big estates cultivated by slaves. A sad development surely, a +development which had much to do with the decay and final overthrow of +the mighty structure of the Roman Empire. In former times, Titus Livius +tells us, "there was a multitude of free men in this country where today +we can hardly find a handful of soldiers, and which would be a +wilderness were it not for our slaves." "The plough is everywhere +bereft of honor," wrote Virgil, while Lucian bewailed the departed +peasants whose places were taken by fettered slaves.[8-9] + +The importation of slaves to Virginia had somewhat similar results. +While not destroying entirely the little farmer class, it exerted a +baleful influence upon it, driving many families out of the colony, +making the rich man richer, reducing the poor man to dire poverty. +Against this unfortunate development the Virginia yeoman was helpless. +Instinctively he must have felt that the slave was his enemy, and the +hatred and rivalry which even today exists between the negro and the +lowest class of whites, the so-called "poor white trash," dates back to +the Seventeenth century. + +The emigration of poor persons, usually servants just freed, from +Virginia to neighboring colonies was well under way even at the time of +Bacon's Rebellion. In 1677 complaint was made of "the inconvenience +which arose from the neighborhood of Maryland and North Carolina," in +that Virginia was daily deprived of its inhabitants by the removal of +poor men hither. Runaway servants were welcomed in both places, it was +asserted, while the debtor was accorded protection against +prosecution.[8-10] This early emigration was caused, of course, not by +the importation of slaves, for that movement had not yet assumed +important proportions, but by the evil consequences of the Navigation +Acts. The Virginia yeoman moved on to other colonies because he found it +impossible to maintain himself at the current price of tobacco. + +The continuance of the movement, for it persisted for a full half +century, must be ascribed to the competition of negro labor. Like the +Roman peasant, the Virginia yeoman, to an extent at least, found it +impossible to maintain himself in the face of slave competition. The +servant, upon the expiration of his term, no longer staked off his +little farm and settled down to a life of usefulness and industry. The +poor planter who had not yet fully established himself, sold or deserted +his fields and moved away in search of better opportunities and higher +returns. + +This migration was not the first of its kind in the English colonies, +for the movement of Massachusetts congregations into the valley of the +Connecticut antedated it by several decades. Yet it furnishes an +interesting illustration of the lack of permanency in American life, of +the facility with which populations urged on by economic pressure of one +kind or another change localities. The great movement westward over the +Appalachian range which followed the War of 1812, the pilgrimages of +homesteaders to the northwest and the Pacific coast, find their +precedent in the exodus of these poor families from the tobacco fields +of Virginia. + +In the last decade of the Seventeenth century the migration assumed such +large proportions that the Board of Trade became alarmed and directed +Francis Nicholson to enquire into its cause in order that steps might be +taken to stop it. The emigrant stream that directed itself northward did +not halt in eastern Maryland, for conditions there differed little from +those in Virginia itself. The settlers went on to the unoccupied lands +in the western part of the colony, or made their way into Delaware or +Pennsylvania. "The reason why inhabitants leave this province," wrote +Nicholson, while Governor of Maryland, "is, I think, the encouragement +which they receive from the Carolinas, the Jerseys, and above all from +Pennsylvania, which is so nigh that it is easy to remove thither. There +handicraft tradesmen have encouragement when they endeavor to set up +woolen manufactures."[8-11] + +Although this explanation does not go to the root of the matter, it was +in part correct. The northern colonies held out far greater +opportunities for the poor man than the slave choked fields of +tidewater Maryland and Virginia. The industries of Pennsylvania and +Delaware and the Jerseys demanded a certain degree of skill and yielded +in return a very fair living. In other words, the poor settlers in +Virginia, finding that tobacco culture was now based upon the cheap +labor of African slaves, moved away to other localities where +intelligence still brought an adequate reward. + +The Maryland House of Delegates, when asked to give their opinion in +this matter, thought that it was a desire to escape the payment of debts +which made some of the "meaner inhabitants" seek shelter in Delaware Bay +and the Carolinas. They came nearer the real cause when they added that +the low price paid by the merchants for tobacco obliged many to +leave.[8-12] Nicholson was not satisfied with this answer. "They will +not directly own," he wrote, "that setting up manufactures and +handicraft-trades in Pennsylvania, the large tracts of land held by some +persons here and the encouragement given to illegal traders are the +causes that make people leave this province. They would have it that +they wish to avoid the persecution of their creditors, which causes them +to shelter themselves among the inhabitants of the Lower Counties of +Delaware Bay and of Carolina. The low price of tobacco has obliged many +of the planters to try their fortune elsewhere, and the currency of +money in Pennsylvania, which here is not, draws them to that province +from this."[8-13] + +In Virginia the difficulty of securing desirable land because of the +large tracts patented by rich planters was usually assigned as the +reason for the migration of poor families. This view of the matter was +taken by Edward Randolph, the man who had won the undying hatred of the +people of Massachusetts by his attempts to enforce the Navigation Acts +there and by his attacks upon their charter. In 1696 Randolph did +Virginia the honor of a visit, and although encountering there none of +the opposition which had so angered him in New England, he sent to the +Board of Trade a memorial concerning the colony, criticising the +government severely. "It should be inquired into," he said, "how it +comes to pass that the colony (the first English settlement on the +continent of America, begun above 80 years ago) is not better inhabited, +considering what vast numbers of servants and others have yearly been +transported thither.... The chief and only reason is the Inhabitants and +Planters have been and at this time are discouraged and hindered from +planting tobacco in that colony, and servants are not so willing to go +there as formerly, because the members of the Council and others, who +make an interest in the Government, have from time to time procured +grants of very large Tracts of land, so that there has not for many +years been any waste land to be taken up by those who bring with them +servants, or by such Servants, who have served their time faithfully +with their Masters, but it is taken up and ingrossed beforehand, whereby +they are forced to hyer and pay a yearly rent for some of those Lands, +or go to the utmost bounds of the Colony for Land, exposed to danger and +often times proves the Occasion of Warr with the Indians."[8-14] + +For their large holdings the wealthy men paid not one penny of quit +rents, Randolph said, and failed to comply with the regulations for +seating new lands. The law demanded that upon receipt of a patent one +must build a house upon the ground, improve and plant the soil and keep +a good stock of cattle or hogs. But in their frontier holdings the +wealthy men merely erected a little bark hut and turned two or three +hogs into the woods by it. Or else they would clear one acre of land and +plant a little Indian corn for one year, trusting that this evasion +would square them with the letter of the law. By such means, Randolph +adds, vast tracts were held, all of which had been procured on easy +terms and much by means of false certificates of rights. "Which drives +away the inhabitants and servants, brought up only to planting, to seek +their fortunes in Carolina or other places."[8-15] + +Randolph suggested that the evil might be remedied by requiring a strict +survey of lands in every county, by demanding all arrears of quit rents, +by giving strict orders that in the future no grant should exceed 500 +acres. These measures, he believed, would cause 100,000 acres to revert +to the Crown, and "invite home those who for want of Land left +Virginia." It would encourage other persons to come from neighboring +colonies to take up holdings and "mightily increase the number of +Planters." This would augment the production of tobacco by many +thousands of hogsheads, stimulate trade and industry in England, and aid +his Majesty's revenue. + +The Board of Trade was deeply impressed. They wrote to Governor Andros +explaining to him the substance of Randolph's report and asking what +steps should be taken to remedy the evils he had pointed out. "But this +seeming to us a matter of very great consequence," they added, "we have +not been willing to meddle in it without your advice, which we now +desire you to give fully and plainly." But Andros knew full well that it +was no easy matter to make the large landowners disgorge. The thing had +been attempted by Nicholson several years earlier, when suit was +instituted against Colonel Lawrence Smith for arrears of quit rents upon +tracts of land which had never been under cultivation.[8-16] But before +the case came to trial Nicholson had been recalled and it was afterward +compounded for a nominal sum. The proceedings had caused great +resentment among the powerful clique which centered around the Council +of State, and Andros was reluctant to reopen the matter. He knew of no +frauds in granting patents of land, he wrote the Board, and could +suggest no remedy for what was past, "being a matter of Property." He +agreed, however, that to limit the size of future patents would tend to +"the more regular planting and thicker seating of the frontier +lands."[8-17] + +Consequently when Francis Nicholson was commissioned as Governor in +1698, he received strict instructions to advise with the Council and the +Assembly upon this matter and to report back to the Board.[8-18] That +nothing was accomplished, however, may clearly be inferred from a letter +of a certain George Larkin written December 22, 1701. "There is no +encouragement for anyone to come to the Plantation," he declared, "most +of the land lying at all convenient being taken up. Some have 20,000, +30,000 or 40,000 acres, the greater part of which is unimployed."[8-19] +Two years later Nicholson himself wrote that certain recent grants were +for ten or twenty thousand acres each, so that privileged persons had +engrossed all the good land in those parts, by which means they kept +others from settling it or else made them pay for it.[8-20] + +Despite all the concern which this matter created, it is doubtful +whether it was to any appreciable extent responsible for the continued +emigration of poor families. The mere granting of patents for large +tracts of land could not of itself fix the economic structure of the +colony, could not, if all other conditions were favorable, prevent the +establishment of small freeholds. Rather than have their fields lie idle +while the poor men who should have been cultivating them trooped out of +the colony, the rich would gladly have sold them in small parcels at +nominal prices. In the first half century after the settlement at +Jamestown, as we have seen, such a breakup of extensive holdings into +little farms actually occurred. Had similar conditions prevailed in the +later period a like development would have followed. But in 1630 or +1650, when slaves were seldom employed and when tobacco was high, the +poor man's toil yielded a return so large that he could well afford to +purchase a little farm and make himself independent. In 1680 or 1700, in +the face of the competition of slave labor, he was almost helpless. Even +had he found a bit of unoccupied ground to which he could secure a +title, he could not make it yield enough to sustain him and his +family.[8-21] + +In 1728 Governor Gooch wrote the Board of Trade that the former belief +that large holdings of frontier land had been an impediment to +settlement was entirely erroneous. It was his opinion, in fact, that +extensive grants made it to the interest of the owners to bring in +settlers and so populate the country. In confirmation of this he pointed +to the fact that Spotsylvania country, where many large patents had been +issued, had filled up more rapidly than Brunswick, where they had been +restricted in size.[8-22] + +In the first decade of the new century the emigration out of the tobacco +colonies continued without abatement. With another disastrous decline in +the price of tobacco following the outbreak of the wars of Charles XII +and Louis XIV, so many families moved over the border that the Board of +Trade, once more becoming seriously alarmed, questioned the Council as +to the causes of the evil and what steps should be taken to remedy it. +In their reply the Councillors repeated the old arguments, declaring +that the lack of land in Virginia and the immunity of debtors from +prosecution in the proprietory colonies were responsible for the +movement. But they touched the heart of the matter in their further +statement that the great stream of negroes that was pouring into the +colony had so increased the size of the tobacco crop that prices had +declined and the poor found it difficult to subsist. Not only "servants +just free go to North Carolina," they wrote, "but old planters whose +farms are worn out."[8-23] + +A year later President Jennings stated that the migration was +continuing and that during the summer of 1709 "many entire families" had +moved out of the colony.[8-24] In fact, although but few indentured +servants arrived from England after the first decade of the century, +poor whites were still departing for the north or for western Carolina +so late as 1730. William Byrd II tells us that in 1728, when he was +running the dividing line between Virginia and North Carolina, he was +entertained by a man who "was lately removed, Bag and Baggage from +Maryland, thro a strong Antipathy he had to work and paying his Debts." +Indeed he thought it a "thorough Aversion to Labor" which made "People +file off to North Carolina."[8-25] + +It is impossible to estimate the numbers involved in this movement, but +they must have run into the thousands. For a full half century a large +proportion of the white immigrants to Virginia seem to have remained +there for a comparatively short time only, then to pass on to other +settlements. And the migration to Virginia during these years we know to +have comprised not less than thirty or thirty-five thousand persons. In +fact, it would seem that this movement out of the older colony must have +been a very important factor in the peopling of its neighbors, not only +western Carolina and western Maryland, but Delaware and Pennsylvania. + +Though many thus fled before the stream of negroes which poured in from +Africa, others remained behind to fight for their little plantations. +Yet they waged a losing battle. Those who found it possible to purchase +slaves, even one or two, could ride upon the black tide, but the others +slowly sank beneath it. + +During the first half of the Eighteenth century the poor whites sought +to offset the cheapness of slave made tobacco by producing themselves +only the highest grades. The traders who dealt in the finest Orinoco, +which brought the best prices, found it not upon the plantations of the +wealthy, but of those who tended their plants with their own hands. "I +must beg you to remember that the common people make the best," wrote +Governor Gooch to the Lords of Trade in 1731.[8-26] + +In fact, the wealthy planter, with his newly acquired gangs of slaves, +found it difficult at this time to produce any save the lower grades of +tobacco. The African was yet too savage, too untutored in the ways of +civilization to be utilized for anything like intensive cultivation. +"Though they may plant more in quantity," wrote Gooch, "yet it +frequently proves very mean stuff, different from the Tobacco produced +from well improved and well tended Grounds." "Yet the rich Man's trash +will always damp the Market," he adds, "and spoil the poor Man's good +Tobacco which has been carefully managed."[8-27] Thus the small farmer +made one last desperate effort to save himself by pitting his superior +intelligence against the cheapness of slave labor. + +But his case was hopeless. As slavery became more and more fixed upon +the colony, the negro gradually increased in efficiency. He learned to +speak his master's language, brokenly of course, but well enough for all +practical purposes. He was placed under the tutelage of overseers, who +taught him the details of his work and saw that he did it. He became a +civilized being, thoroughly drilled in the one task required of him, the +task of producing tobacco. Thus the rich planter soon found it possible +to cultivate successfully the higher grades, and so to drive from his +last rampart the white freeholder whose crop was tended by himself +alone. + +Placed at so great a disadvantage, the poor man, at all times in very +difficult circumstances, found it almost impossible to exist whenever +conditions in Europe sent the price of tobacco down. In the years from +1706 to 1714, when the tobacco trade was interrupted by the wars of +Charles XII in the Baltic region and the protracted struggle known as +the War of the Spanish Succession, he was reduced to the utmost +extremities. + +Virginia and Maryland were learning that a prosperity founded upon one +crop which commanded a world market was in unsettled times subject to +serious setbacks. It was a long cry from the James and the Potomac to +the Baltic ports, yet the welfare of the Virginia and Maryland planters +was in no small degree dependent upon the maintenance of peaceful +conditions in Poland and Sweden and Russia. A war which seriously +curtailed the exportation of English leaf to the northern countries +would inevitably react on the price and so bring misfortune to the +colonial planters. When called before the Board of Trade to testify as +to the decay of the tobacco trade, the manufacturer John Linton declared +that the Baltic countries, which formerly had purchased thousands of +hogsheads a year, now took comparatively few. "The Russian trade is +ruined," he said.[8-28] + +The war against France and Spain, coming at this unfortunate juncture, +still further restricted the market, sent prices down to new depths and +filled to overflowing the planters' cup of misfortune. "The war has +stopped the trade with Spain, France, Flanders and part of the Baltic," +Colonel Quary reported in a memorial to the Board of Trade, "which took +off yearly 20,000 hogsheads of tobacco. Now our best foreign market is +Holland."[8-29] The pamphlet entitled _The Present State of the Tobacco +Plantations in America_ stated, in 1708, that France and Spain alone had +imported 20,000 hogsheads, but that both were now otherwise supplied. +"The troubles in Sweden, Poland, Russia, etc., have prevented the usual +exportation of great quantities to those ports. Virginia and Maryland +have severely felt the loss of such exportation, having so far reduced +the planters that for several years past the whole product of their +tobacco would hardly clothe the servants that made it."[8-30] + +Their misfortunes were accentuated by the fact that the Dutch took +advantage of the European upheavals to gain control of a part of the +tobacco trade. Upon the outbreak of the war with Louis XIV, England +prohibited the exportation of tobacco either to France or to Spain, but +Holland, despite her participation in the struggle, apparently took no +such action. On the contrary she strained every nerve to entrench +herself in the markets of her ally before peace should once more open +the flood gates to Virginia and Maryland tobacco. With this in view the +acreage in Holland devoted to the cultivation of the leaf was rapidly +extended. "The Dutch are improving and increasing their tobacco +plantations," wrote John Linton in 1706. "In 1701 they produced only +18,000 hogsheads. Last year it was 33,500 hogsheads." Plantations at +Nimwegen, Rhenen, Amersfoort and Nijkerk turned out 13,400,000 pounds, +while great quantities were raised on the Main, in Higher Germany and in +Prussia.[8-31] + +The Dutch mixed their own leaf with that of Virginia and Maryland in the +proportion of four to one, subjected it to a process of manufacture and +sent it out to all the European markets.[8-32] In 1707 a letter to John +Linton stated that they had from thirty to forty houses for "making up +tobacco in rolls," employing 4,000 men, besides great numbers of women +and girls. Their Baltic exports were estimated at 12,350,000 pounds; +2,500,000 pounds to Norway, 1,500,000 to Jutland and Denmark, 4,000,000 +to Sweden, 2,350,000 to Lapland, 2,000,000 to Danzig and +Koenigsberg.[8-33] + +With the continuation of the war on the continent Dutch competition +became stronger and stronger. In 1714, when peace was at last in +prospect, they seemed thoroughly entrenched in many of the markets +formerly supplied by the English. "The planting of tobacco in Holland, +Germany, Etc.," it was reported to the Board of Trade, "is increased to +above four times what it was 20 years ago, and amounts now to as much as +is made in both Virginia and Maryland." The tobacco trade, which had +formerly produced some L250,000 in the balance of trade, had declined to +about half that figure, exports of manufactured goods to the Chesapeake +were rapidly dwindling, the number of ships engaged in carrying tobacco +was greatly reduced, the merchants were impoverished, the planters were +ruined.[8-34] + +"It is hardly possible to imagine a more miserable spectacle than the +poorer sort of inhabitants in this colony," the Council wrote in 1713, +"whose labour in tobacco has not for several years afforded them +clothing to shelter them from the violent colds as well as heats to both +which this climate is subject in the several seasons. The importation of +British and other European commodities by the merchants, whereby the +planters were formerly well supplied with clothing, is now in a manner +wholly left off and the small supplies still ventured sold at such +prodigeous rates as they please. Many families formerly well clothed and +their houses well furnished are now reduced to rags and all the visible +marks of poverty."[8-35] + +This unfortunate period was but temporary. With the conclusion of peace +English tobacco was dumped upon the European market at a figure so low +as to defy competition. And when once the hogsheads began to move, the +reaction on Virginia and Maryland was rapid and pronounced. Soon prices +rose again to the old levels, and the colony entered upon a period, for +the larger planters at least, of unprecedented prosperity.[8-36] But the +eight years of hardship and poverty made a lasting imprint upon the +poorest class of whites. Coming as they did upon the heels of the first +great wave of negro immigration, they accelerated the movement of the +disrupting forces already at work. It was not by accident that the +largest migration of whites to other settlements occurred just at this +time and that the inquiries as to its cause are most frequent. The +little planter class never fully recovered from the blow dealt it by the +temporary loss of the larger part of the European tobacco trade. + +The small freeholders who possessed neither servants nor slaves did not +disappear entirely, but they gradually declined in numbers and sank into +abject poverty. During the period of Spotswood's administration they +still constituted a large part of the population. The tax list for 1716 +in Lancaster, one of the older counties, shows that of 314 persons +listed as tithables, 202 paid for themselves only.[8-37] Making ample +deductions for persons not owning land it would appear that more than +half the planters at this date still tilled their fields only with their +own labor. At the time of the American Revolution, however, the +situation had changed materially, and a decided dwindling of the poor +farmer class is noticeable. In Gloucester county the tax lists for +1782-83 show 490 white families, of which 320 were in possession of +slaves. Of the 170 heads of families who possessed no negroes, since no +doubt some were overseers, some artisans, some professional men, it is +probable that not more than eighty or ninety were proprietors.[8-38] In +Spotsylvania county similar conditions are noted. Of 704 tithable whites +listed in 1783 all save 199 possessed slaves.[8-39] In Dinwiddie county, +in the year 1782, of 843 tithable whites, 210 only were not slave +holders.[8-40] Apparently the Virginia yeoman, the sturdy, independent +farmer of the Seventeenth century, who tilled his little holding with +his own hands, had become an insignificant factor in the life of the +colony. The glorious promises which the country had held out to him in +the first fifty years of its existence had been belied. The Virginia +which had formerly been so largely the land of the little farmer, had +become the land of masters and slaves. For aught else there was no +room. + +Before the end of the Eighteenth century the condition of the poorest +class had become pitiable. The French philosopher Chastellux who spent +much time in Virginia during the American Revolution testifies to their +extreme misery. "It is there that I saw poor persons for the first time +since crossing the ocean," he says. "In truth, near these rich +plantations, in which the negro alone is unhappy, are often found +miserable huts inhabited by whites whose wan faces and ragged garments +give testimony to their poverty."[8-41] + +Philip Fithian, in his _Journal_, describes the habits of this class and +is vigorous in his condemnation of the brutal fights which were so +common among them. "In my opinion animals which seek after and relish +such odius and filthy amusements are not of the human species," he says, +"they are destitute of the remotest pretension of humanity."[8-42] Even +the negroes of the wealthy regarded these persons with contempt, a +contempt which they were at no pains to conceal. + +The traveller Smyth thought them "kind, hospitable and generous," but +"illiberal, noisy and rude," and much "addicted to inebriety and averse +to labor." This class, he says, "who ever compose the bulk of mankind, +are in Virginia more few in numbers, in proportion to the rest of the +inhabitants, than perhaps in any other country in the universe."[8-43] + +But it must not be imagined that slavery drove out or ruined the entire +class of small farmers, leaving Virginia alone to the wealthy. In fact, +most of those who were firmly established remained, finding their +salvation in themselves purchasing slaves. Few indeed had been able to +avail themselves of the labor of indentured servants; the cost of +transportation was too heavy, the term too short, the chances of +sickness or desertion too great. But with the influx of thousands of +negroes, the more enterprising and industrious of the poor planters +quite frequently made purchases. Although the initial outlay was +greater, they could secure credit by pledging their farms and their +crops, and in the end the investment usually paid handsome dividends and +many who could not raise the money to buy a full grown negro, often +found it possible to secure a child, which in time would become a +valuable asset. + +This movement may readily be traced by an examination of the tax lists +and county records of the Eighteenth century. In Lancaster even so early +as 1716 we find that the bulk of the slaves were in the hands, not of +wealthy proprietors, but of comparatively poor persons. Of the 314 +taxpayers listed, 113 paid for themselves alone, 94 for two only, 37 for +three, 22 for four, thirteen for five, while thirty-five paid for more +than five. As there were but few servants in the colony at this time it +may be taken for granted that the larger part of the tithables paid for +by others were negro slaves. It would seem, then, that of some 200 slave +owners in this country, about 165 possessed from one to four negroes +only. There were but four persons listed as having more than twenty +slaves, William Ball with 22, Madam Fox with 23, William Fox with 25 and +Robert Carter with 126.[8-44] + +Nor did the class of little slave holders melt away as time passed. In +fact they continued to constitute the bulk of the white population of +Virginia for a century and a half, from the beginning of the Eighteenth +century until the conquest of the State by Federal troops in 1865. Thus +we find that of 633 slave owners in Dinwiddie county in 1782, 95 had one +only, 66 had two, 71 three, 45 four, 50 five, making an aggregate of +327, or more than half of all the slave holders, who possessed from one +to five negroes.[8-45] In Spotsylvania there were, in 1783, 505 slave +owners, of whom 78 possessed one each, 54 two, 44 three, 41 four, and 30 +five each. Thus 247, or nearly 49 per cent of the slave holders, had +from one to five slaves only. One hundred and sixteen, or 23 per cent, +had from six to ten inclusive.[8-46] The Gloucester lists for 1783 show +similar conditions. There were in this country 320 slave holders, having +3,314 negroes, an average of about 10-1/3 for each owner. Fifty had one +each, 41 had two each, 9 had three, 30 had four and twenty-six had five. +Thus 156, or about half of all the owners, had from one to five +slaves.[8-47] In Princess Anne county, of a total of 388 slave owners, +100 had one each, 56 had two each and forty-five had three each.[8-48] + +Records of transfers of land tend to substantiate this testimony, by +showing that the average holdings at all times in the Eighteenth century +were comparatively small. In the years from 1722 to 1729 Spotsylvania +was a new county, just opened to settlers, and a large part of its area +had been granted in large tracts to wealthy patentees. Yet the deed book +for these years shows that it was actually settled, not by these men +themselves, but by a large number of poor planters. Of the 197 transfers +of land recorded, 44 were for 100 acres or less and 110 for 300 acres or +less. The average deed was for 487 acres. As some of the transfers were +obviously made for speculative purposes and not with the intent of +putting the land under cultivation, even this figure is misleading. The +average farm during the period was probably not in excess of 400 acres. +One of the most extensive dealers in land in Spotsylvania was Larkin +Chew who secured a patent for a large tract and later broke it up into +many small holdings which were sold to new settlers.[8-49] + +This substitution of the small slave holder for the man who used only +his own labor in the cultivation of his land unquestionably saved the +class of small proprietors from destruction. Without it all would have +been compelled to give up their holdings in order to seek their fortunes +elsewhere, or sink to the condition of "poor white trash." Yet the +movement was in many ways unfortunate. It made the poor man less +industrious and thrifty. Formerly he had known that he could win +nothing except by the sweat of his brow, but now he was inclined to let +the negro do the work. Slavery cast a stigma upon labor which proved +almost as harmful to the poor white man as did negro competition. Work +in the tobacco fields was recognized as distinctly the task of an +inferior race, a task not in keeping with the dignity of freemen. + +Jefferson states that few indeed of the slave owners were ever seen to +work. "For in a warm climate," he adds, "no man will labour for himself +who can make another labour for him."[8-50] Chastellux noted the same +tendency, declaring "that the indolence and dissipation of the middling +and lower classes of white inhabitants of Virginia is such as to give +pain to every reflecting mind."[8-51] + +Slavery developed in the small farmers a spirit of pride and haughtiness +that was unknown to them in the Seventeenth century. Every man, no +matter how poor, was surrounded by those to whom he felt himself +superior, and this gave him a certain self-esteem. Smyth spoke of the +middle class as generous, friendly and hospitable in the extreme, but +possessing a rudeness and haughtiness which was the result of their +"general intercourse with slaves."[8-52] Beverley described them as +haughty and jealous of their liberties, and so impatient of restraint +that they could hardly bear the thought of being controlled by any +superior power. Hugh Jones, Anbury, Fithian and other Eighteenth century +writers all confirm this testimony. + +Despite the persistence of the small slave holder it is obvious that +there were certain forces at work tending to increase the number of +well-to-do and wealthy planters. Now that the labor problem, which in +the Seventeenth century had proved so perplexing, had finally been +solved, there was no limit to the riches that might be acquired by +business acumen, industry and good management. And as in the modern +industrial world the large corporation has many advantages over the +smaller firms, so in colonial Virginia the most economical way of +producing tobacco was upon the large plantations. + +The wealthy man had the advantage of buying and selling in bulk, he +enjoyed excellent credit and could thus often afford to withhold his +crop from the market when prices were momentarily unfavorable, he could +secure the best agricultural instruments. Most important of all, +however, was the fact that he could utilize the resources of his +plantation for the production of crude manufactured supplies, thus to a +certain extent freeing himself from dependence upon British imports and +keeping his slaves at work during all seasons of the year. Before the +Eighteenth century had reached its fifth decade every large plantation +had become to a remarkable degree self-sustaining. Each numbered among +its working force various kinds of mechanics--coopers, blacksmiths, +tanners, carpenters, shoemakers, distillers. These men could be set to +work whenever the claims of the tobacco crop upon their time were not +imperative producing many of the coarser articles required upon the +plantation, articles which the poor farmer had to import from England. +For this work white men were at first almost universally made use of, +but in time their places were taken by slaves. "Several of them are +taught to be sawyers, carpenters, smiths, coopers, &c.," says the +historian Hugh Jones, "though for the most part they be none of the +aptest or nicest."[8-53] + +The carpenter was kept busy constructing barns and servants' quarters, +or repairing stables, fences, gates and wagons. The blacksmith was +called upon to shoe horses, to keep in order ploughs, hinges, sickles, +saws, perhaps even to forge outright such rough iron ware as nails, +chains and hoes. The cooper made casks in which to ship the tobacco +crop, barrels for flour and vats for brandy and cider. The tanner +prepared leather for the plantation and the cobbler fashioned it into +shoes for the slaves. Sometimes there were spinners, weavers and +knitters who made coarse cloth both for clothing and for bedding. The +distiller every season made an abundant supply of cider, as well as +apple, peach and persimmon brandy. + +And the plantation itself provided the materials for this varied +manufacture. The woods of pine, chestnut and oak yielded timber for +houses and fuel for the smithy. The herd of cattle supplied hides for +the tanner. The cloth makers got cotton, flax and hemp from the +planter's own fields, and wool from his sheep. His orchard furnished +apples, grapes, peaches in quantities ample for all the needs of the +distiller. In other words, the large planter could utilize +advantageously the resources at hand in a manner impossible for his +neighbor who could boast of but a small farm and half a score of +slaves.[8-54] + +It was inevitable, then, that the widespread use of slave labor would +result in the gradual multiplication of well-to-do and wealthy men. In +the Seventeenth century not one planter in fifty could be classed as a +man of wealth, and even so late as 1704 the number of the well-to-do was +very narrowly limited. In a report to the Lords of Trade written in that +year Colonel Quary stated that upon each of the four great rivers of +Virginia there resided from "ten to thirty men who by trade and industry +had gotten very competent estates."[8-55] Fifty years later the number +had multiplied several times over. + +Thus in Gloucester county in 1783, of 320 slave holders no less than 57 +had sixteen or more. Of these one possessed 162, one 138, one 93, one +86, one 63, one 58, two 57, one 56, one 43 and one 40.[8-56] In +Spotsylvania, of 505 owners, 76 had sixteen or more. Of these Mann Page, +Esq., had 157, Mrs. Mary Daingerfield had 71, William Daingerfield 61, +Alexander Spotswood 60, William Jackson 49, George Stubblefield 42, +Frances Marewither 40, William Jones 39.[8-57] + +The Dinwiddie tax lists for 1783 show that of 633 slave holders, no less +than 60 had twenty-one or more negroes. Among the more important of +these were Robert Turnbull with 81, Colonel John Banister with 88, +Colonel William Diggs with 72, John Jones with 69, Mrs. Mary Bolling +with 51, Robert Walker with 52, Winfield Mason with 40, John Burwell +with 42, Gray Briggs with 43, William Yates with 55, Richard Taliaferro +with 43, Major Thomas Scott with 57, Francis Muir with 47.[8-58] The +wealth of the larger planters is also shown by the large number of +coaches recorded in these lists, which including phaetons, chariots and +chairs, aggregated 180 wheels. + +Thus it was that the doors of opportunity opened wide to the +enterprising and industrious of the middle class, and many availed +themselves of it to acquire both wealth and influence. Smyth tells us +that at the close of the colonial period there were many planters whose +fortunes were "superior to some of the first rank," but whose families +were "not so ancient nor respectable."[8-59] It was the observation of +Anbury that gentlemen of good estates were more numerous in Virginia +than in any other province of America.[8-60] + +In fact the Eighteenth century was the golden age of the Virginia slave +holders. It was then that they built the handsome homes once so numerous +in the older counties, many of which still remain as interesting +monuments of former days; it was then that they surrounded themselves +with graceful furniture and costly silverware, in large part imported +from Great Britain; it was then that they collected paintings and filled +their libraries with the works of standard writers; it was then that +they purchased coaches and berlins; it was then that men and women +alike wore rich and expensive clothing. + +This movement tended to widen the influence of the aristocracy and at +the same time to eliminate any sharp line of demarkation between it and +the small slave holders. There was now only a gradual descent from the +wealthiest to the poor man who had but one slave. The Spotsylvania tax +lists for 1783 show 247 slaveholders owning from one to five negroes, +116 owning from six to ten inclusive, 66 owning from eleven to fifteen +inclusive, and seventy-six owning more than fifteen.[8-61] In Gloucester +156 had from one to five slaves, 66 from five to ten inclusive, 41 from +eleven to fifteen inclusive, and fifty-seven over fifteen. Thus in a +very true sense the old servant holding aristocracy had given way to a +vastly larger slave holding aristocracy. + +It is this fact which explains the decline in power and influence of the +Council in Virginia, which was so notable in the Eighteenth century. +This body had formerly been representative of a small clique of families +so distinct from the other planters and possessed of such power in the +government as to rival the nobility of England itself. Now, however, as +this distinction disappeared, the Council sank in prestige because it +represented nothing, while the House of Burgesses became the mouthpiece +of the entire slave holding class, and thus the real power in the +colonial Government. + +Historians have often expressed surprise at the small number of Tories +in Virginia during the American Revolution. The aristocratic type of +society would naturally lead one to suppose that a large proportion of +the leading families would have remained loyal to the Crown. Yet with +very few exceptions all supported the cause of freedom and independence, +even though conscious of the fact that by so doing they were +jeopardizing not only the tobacco trade which was the basis of their +wealth, but the remnants of their social and political privileges in the +colony. When the British Ministry tried to wring from the hands of the +Assembly the all-important control over taxation which all knew to be +the very foundation of colonial self-government, every planter, the +largest as well as the smallest, felt himself aggrieved, for this body +was the depository of his power and the guardian of his interests. A +hundred years before, when the commons rose against the oppression and +tyranny of the Government, the wealthy men rallied to the support of Sir +William Berkeley and remained loyal to him throughout all his troubles. +In 1775 there was no such division of the people; the planters were +almost a unit in the defense of rights which all held in common. + +It is obvious, then, that slavery worked a profound revolution in the +social, economic and political life of the colony. It practically +destroyed the Virginia yeomanry, the class of small planters who used +neither negroes nor servants in the cultivation of their fields, the +class which produced the bulk of the tobacco during the Seventeenth +century and constituted the chief strength of the colony. Some it drove +into exile, either to the remote frontiers or to other colonies; some it +reduced to extreme poverty; some it caused to purchase slaves and so at +one step to enter the exclusive class of those who had others to labor +for them. Thus it transformed Virginia from a land of hardworking, +independent peasants, to a land of slaves and slave holders. The small +freeholder was not destroyed, as was his prototype of ancient Rome, but +he was subjected to a change which was by no means fortunate or +wholesome. The wealthy class, which had formerly consisted of a narrow +clique closely knit together by family ties, was transformed into a +numerous body, while all sharp line of demarkation between it and the +poorer slave holders was wiped out. In short, the Virginia of the +Eighteenth century, the Virginia of Gooch and Dinwiddie and Washington +and Jefferson, was fundamentally different from the Virginia of the +Seventeenth century, the Virginia of Sir William Berkeley and Nathaniel +Bacon. Slavery had wrought within the borders of the Old Dominion a +profound and far reaching revolution. + + + + +NOTES TO CHAPTERS + + +NOTES TO CHAPTER I + +[1-1] Peter Force, Tracts and Other Papers, Vol. III, A True +Declaration, p. 25. + +[1-2] Purchas, Vol. XVIII, pp. 437-438. + +[1-3] Peter Force, Tracts and Other Papers, Vol. III, A True +Declaration, p. 23. + +[1-4] Alexander Brown, The Genesis of the United States, Vol. I, p. 37. + +[1-5] Peter Force, Tracts and Other Papers, Vol. I, Nova Brittania, pp. +21-22. + +[1-6] Hakluyt, Discourse, pp. 89-90. + +[1-7] Hakluyt, Discourse, p. 105. + +[1-8] Hakluyt, Discourse, p. 31. + +[1-9] Hakluyt, Discourse, pp. 14-15. + +[1-10] Alexander Brown, The First Republic in America, p. 49. + +[1-11] Alexander Brown, The Genesis of the United States, Vol. I, p. +349; Peter Force, Tracts and Other Papers, Vol. I, Nova Brittania, pp. +16-17. + +[1-12] Alexander Brown, The Genesis of the United States, Vol. I, p. +239. + +[1-13] Alexander Brown, The Genesis of the United States, Vol. I, p. +202. + +[1-14] P. A. Bruce, Economic History of Virginia, Vol. II, p. 445. + +[1-15] Neill, The Virginia Company of London, p. 338. + +[1-16] Randolph Manuscript, p. 212. + +[1-17] P. A. Bruce, Economic History of Virginia, Vol. II, p. 440; +Alexander Brown, The Genesis of the United States, Vol. I, p. 239. + +[1-18] P. A. Bruce, Economic History of Virginia, Vol. II, p. 441. + +[1-19] P. A. Bruce, Economic History of Virginia, Vol. II, p. 443. + + +NOTES TO CHAPTER II + +[2-1] P. A. Bruce, Economic History of Virginia, Vol. I, p. 161; +Alexander Brown, The First Republic in America, p. 232. + +[2-2] William Strachey, Historie of Travaile into Virginia Britannia, p. +121; P. A. Bruce, Economic History of Virginia, Vol. I, p. 162. + +[2-3] Ralph Hamor, True Discourse, pp. 24, 34. + +[2-4] G. L. Beer, The Origins of the British Colonial System, p. 79. + +[2-5] Edward Arber, The Works of Captain John Smith, p. 535. + +[2-6] Alexander Brown, The First Republic in America, p. 268. + +[2-7] G. L. Beer, The Origins of the British Colonial System, p. 87. + +[2-8] G. L. Beer, The Origins of the British Colonial System, p. 81. + +[2-9] Alexander Brown, The First Republic in America, p. 268. + +[2-10] Virginia Magazine of History and Biography, Vol. IX, pp. 40-41. + +[2-11] Virginia Magazine of History and Biography, Vol. IX, pp. 176-177. + +[2-12] P. A. Bruce, Economic History of Virginia, Vol. II, p. 416. + +[2-13] Alexander Brown, The Genesis of the United States, Vol. I, pp. +355-356. + +[2-14] The lack of towns in Virginia was a source of great regret to the +English Government, and more than once attempts were made to create them +by artificial means. + +[2-15] Even at the end of the Seventeenth century the average price for +land in the older counties was about thirty pounds of tobacco an acre. + +[2-16] P. A. Bruce, Economic History of Virginia, Vol. I, p. 578; Vol. +II, p. 48. + +[2-17] It was Chanco, an Indian boy living with a Mr. Pace, who revealed +the plot to massacre the whites in 1622, and so saved the colony from +destruction. Edward Arber, The Works of Captain John Smith, p. 578. + +[2-18] P. A. Bruce, The Economic History of Virginia, Vol. II, p. 70. + +[2-19] For a full discussion of this matter see p.--. + +[2-20] Hakluyt, Vol. VII, p. 286. + +[2-21] P. A. Bruce, Economic History of Virginia, Vol. I, p. 582. + +[2-22] Abstracts of Proceedings of Virginia Company of London, Vol. I, +pp. 28, 172; Edward Arber, The Works of Captain John Smith, p. 609. + +[2-23] Hening, Statutes at Large, Vol. II, p. 510. + +[2-24] P. A. Bruce, Economic History of Virginia, Vol. I, p. 603. + +[2-25] P. A. Bruce, Economic History of Virginia, Vol. I, p. 605. + +[2-26] Virginia Land Patents, Vol. V, Register of Land Office, Virginia +State Capitol. + +[2-27] Hening, Statutes at Large, Vol. II, p. 510. + +[2-28] P. A. Bruce, Economic History of Virginia, Vol. I, p. 611. + +[2-29] British Public Record Office, CO1-26-77, Berkeley to the Board of +Trade. + +[2-30] Peter Force, Tracts and Other Papers, Vol. III, Orders and +Constitutions, 1619, 1620, p. 22. + +[2-31] Virginia Land Patents, Register of Land Office, Virginia State +Capitol. + +[2-32] Calendar of State Papers, Colonial Series, 1574-1660, p. 208. + +[2-33] Princeton Transcripts, Virginia Land Patents, Princeton +University Library. + +[2-34] Virginia Land Patents, Register of Land Office, Virginia State +Capitol. + + +NOTES TO CHAPTER III + +[3-1] L. G. Tyler, Narratives of Early Virginia, pp. 21-22. + +[3-2] Abstracts of Proceedings of Virginia Company of London, Vol. II, +p. 171. + +[3-3] British Public Record Office, CO1-26-77, Berkeley to Board of +Trade. + +[3-4] Hening, Statutes at Large, Vol. I, p. 257. + +[3-5] Hening, Statutes at Large, Vol. I, p. 411. + +[3-6] Hening, Statutes at Large, Vol. I, p. 539. + +[3-7] British Public Record Office, CO1-26-77, Berkeley to Board of +Trade. + +[3-8] Virginia Land Patents, Register of Land Office, Virginia State +Capitol. + +[3-9] P. A. Bruce, Economic History of Virginia, Vol. I, p. 595. + +[3-10] J. C. Hotten, Original Lists of Emigrants to America (1600-1700). + +[3-11] Peter Force, Tracts and Other Papers, Vol. II, New Description of +Virginia, p. 3. + +[3-12] British Public Record Office, CO1-26-77, Berkeley to Board of +Trade. + +[3-13] British Public Record Office, CO5-1359, p. 119, Colonial Entry +Book, Governor Andros to the Lords of Trade. + +[3-14] E. D. Neill, Virginia Vetusta, p. 123. + +[3-15] Hugh Jones, Present State of Virginia, p. 61. + +[3-16] Surry County Records, 1684-1686, Virginia State Library. + +[3-17] York County Records, 1696-1701, Virginia State Library. + +[3-18] Rappahannock County Deeds, 1680-1688, Virginia State Library. + +[3-19] Essex County, Orders, Deeds, Etc., 1692-1695, Virginia State +Library. + +[3-20] J. C. Hotten, Original Lists of Emigrants to America, pp. +266-275. + +[3-21] P. A. Bruce, Economic History of Virginia, Vol. I, pp. 529-532. + +[3-22] Virginia Land Patents, Register of Land Office, Virginia State +Capitol. + +[3-23] Virginia Magazine of History and Biography, Vol. I, p. 30. + +[3-24] Virginia Magazine of History and Biography, Vol. XII, p. 387. + +[3-25] Virginia Land Patents, Register of Land Office, Virginia State +Capitol. + +[3-26] Virginia Land Patents, Register of Land Office, Virginia State +Capitol. + +[3-27] Essex County, Orders, Deeds, Etc., 1692-1695, Virginia State +Library. + +[3-28] Surry County Records, 1645-1672, p. 17. + +[3-29] Essex County, Orders, Deeds, Etc., 1692-1695, p. 348, Virginia +State Library. + +[3-30] Virginia Land Patents, Register of Land Office, Virginia State +Capitol, Vol. V. + +[3-31] Essex County, Orders, Deeds, Etc., 1692-1695, pp. 199, 202, 205, +209, 216, 348, 394, 407, 413, Virginia State Library. + +[3-32] H. R. McIlwaine, Journals of the House of Burgesses, 1686, p. 37. + +[3-33] British Public Record Office, CO5-1359, pp. 91-92, Colonial Entry +Book. + +[3-34] British Public Record Office, CO5-1306, Document 116, +Correspondence of the Board of Trade. + +[3-35] British Public Record Office, CO5-1355, p. 361, Colonial Entry +Book. + +[3-36] British Public Record Office, CO5-1359, pp. 91-92, Colonial Entry +Book. + +[3-37] British Public Record Office, CO5-1405, p. 460, Council Minutes, +1680-1695. + +[3-38] British Public Record Office, CO5-1405, pp. 544-545, Council +Minutes, 1680-1695. + +[3-39] British Public Record Office, CO5-1359, p. 345, Colonial Entry +Book, 1696-1700. + +[3-40] British Public Record Office, CO5-1339, Document 33V. +Correspondence of the Board of Trade. + +[3-41] British Public Record Office, CO5-1314, Document 63VIII, +Correspondence of the Board of Trade. A copy of this interesting +document is published as an appendix to this volume. + +[3-42] See appendix. + +[3-43] See appendix. + +[3-44] Of this land 15 acres belonged to Thomas Jefferson, probably the +grandfather of President Jefferson. + +[3-45] In the opening years of the Eighteenth century the increased +importation of slaves brought about an immediate decline in the +migration of whites to Virginia from England. + +[3-46] Hening, Statutes at Large, Vol. II, p. 480. The laws governing +the tithables were altered slightly from time to time. + +[3-47] Surry County, Wills, Deeds, Etc., 1671-1684, pp. 134-138, +Virginia State Library. + +[3-48] Surry County, Wills, Deeds, Etc., 1671-1684, pp. 134-138, +Virginia State Library. + +[3-49] Surry County, Deeds, Wills, Etc., 1684-1686, pp. 59-63, Virginia +State Library. + +[3-50] Virginia Magazine of History and Biography, Vol. I, pp. 364-373. + +[3-51] Prince George county was formed out of Charles City in 1703. + +[3-52] Surry County, Wills, Deeds, Etc., 1671-1684; Surry County, Deeds, +Wills, Etc., 1684-1686, Virginia State Library. + +[3-53] Elizabeth City County Records, 1684-1699, Virginia State Library. + + +NOTES TO CHAPTER IV + +[4-1] William and Mary Quarterly, Vol. VIII, p. 273. + +[4-2] William and Mary Quarterly, Vol. VIII, p. 273. + +[4-3] P. A. Bruce, Economic History of Virginia, Vol. II, p. 42. + +[4-4] Robert Beverley, History of Virginia, p. 221. + +[4-5] Peter Force, Tracts and Other Papers, Vol. III, Leah and Rachel, +p. 11. + +[4-6] William and Mary Quarterly, Vol. XXVI, p. 31. + +[4-7] Peter Force, Tracts and Other Papers, Vol. III, Leah and Rachel, +p. 11. + +[4-8] In fact, it was stated by John Hammond in 1656 that many servants +acquired considerable property even before the expiration of their +indentures. "Those servants that will be industrious may in their time +of service gain a competent estate before their Freedomes," he says, +"which is usually done by many, and they gaine esteeme and assistance +that appear so industrious: There is no master almost but will allow +his Servant a parcell of clear ground to plant some tobacco in for +himselfe, which he may husband at those many idle times he hath allowed +him and not prejudice, but rejoyce his Master to see it, which in time +of Shipping he may lay out for commodities, and in Summer sell them +again with advantage, and get a Sow-Pig or two, which any body almost +will give him, and his Master suffer him to keep them with his own, +which will be no charge to his Master, and with one year's increase of +them may purchase a Cow calf or two, and by that time he is for himself; +he may have Cattle, Hogs and Tobacco of his own, and come to live +gallantly; but this must be gained (as I said) by Industry and +affability, not by sloth nor churlish behaviour." Peter Force, Tracts +and Other Papers, Vol. III, Leah and Rachel, p. 14. + +[4-9] Virginia Magazine of History and Biography, Vol. IV, p. 157. + +[4-10] Virginia Magazine of History and Biography, Vol. VII, p. 262. + +[4-11] Virginia Magazine of History and Biography, Vol. VII, p. 261. + +[4-12] R. L. Beer, Origins of the British Colonial System, p. 154. + +[4-13] Virginia Magazine of History and Biography, Vol. VIII, p. 160. + +[4-14] Virginia Magazine of History and Biography, Vol. XIII, p. 381. + +[4-15] Peter Force, Tracts and Other Papers, Vol. II, New Description of +Virginia, pp. 4-6. + +[4-16] British Public Record Office, CO1-21, Secretary Ludwell to Lord +John Berkeley. + +[4-17] Alexander Brown, The First Republic in America, p. 268. + +[4-18] Virginia Magazine of History and Biography, Vol. VII, p. 267, +King Charles I to the Governor and Council of Virginia. + +[4-19] Virginia Magazine of History and Biography, Vol. I, p. 293. + +[4-20] Virginia Magazine of History and Biography, Vol. VI, p. 376. + +[4-21] Virginia Magazine of History and Biography, Vol. II, p. 53. + +[4-22] Virginia Magazine of History and Biography, Vol. II, p. 394. + +[4-23] Virginia Magazine of History and Biography, Vol. VI, p. 260. + +[4-24] Virginia Magazine of History and Biography, Vol. VII, p. 382. + +[4-25] Virginia Magazine of History and Biography, Vol. VIII, p. 149. + +[4-26] Governor Yeardley's Instructions of 1626 contain the statement +that "tobacco falleth every day more and more to a baser price." + +[4-27] Virginia Magazine of History and Biography, Vol. VII, p. 376. + +[4-28] Virginia Magazine of History and Biography, Vol. VIII, p. 159. + +[4-29] Virginia Magazine of History and Biography, Vol. IX, p. 177. + +[4-30] Virginia Magazine of History and Biography, Vol. X, p. 425. + +[4-31] G. L. Beer, Origins of the British Colonial System, p. 159. + +[4-32] Peter Force, Tracts and Other Papers, Vol. II, New Description of +Virginia, p. 4. + +[4-33] Virginia Magazine of History and Biography, Vol. VIII, p. 150. + +[4-34] Virginia Magazine of History and Biography, Vol. II, p. 288. In +Feb. 1627, orders were issued once more that all colonial tobacco, +whether of Virginia or of the West Indies, should be shipped only to +London. Calendar of State Papers, 1574-1660, p. 84. + +[4-35] Virginia Magazine of History and Biography, Vol. VIII, pp. 149, +155. + +[4-36] British Public Record Office, CO1-12, Petition of Jan. 2, 1655. + +[4-37] P. A. Bruce, Economic History of Virginia, Vol. I, pp. 349-356. + +[4-38] G. L. Beer, Origins of the British Colonial System, pp. 203-204. + +[4-39] G. L. Beer, Origins of the British Colonial System, p. 216. + +[4-40] The author of A New Description of Virginia, published in 1649, +states that "in Tobacco they can make L20 sterling a man, at 3d a pound +per annum." Peter Force, Tracts and Other Papers, Vol. II, New +Description of Virginia, p. 6. + +[4-41] Virginia Magazine of History and Biography, Vol. VII, p. 382. + +[4-42] Virginia Magazine of History and Biography, Vol. VIII, p. 149, +Vol. II, p. 53, Vol. VII, p. 259. + +[4-43] Virginia Magazine of History and Biography, Vol. VII, p. 260. + +[4-44] Virginia Magazine of History and Biography, Vol. VIII, p. 158. + +[4-45] Abstracts of Proceedings of Virginia Company of London, Vol. I, +pp. 41-42. + +[4-46] J. C. Hotten, Original Lists of Emigrants to America, pp. +201-265. + +[4-47] Colonial Virginia Register, pp. 54-55. + +[4-48] Peter Force, Tracts and Other Papers, Vol. III, p. 16. + +[4-49] Colonial Virginia Register, pp. 68-69. + +[4-50] Virginia Land Patents, Register of Land Office, Virginia State +Capitol. + +[4-51] Virginia Magazine of History and Biography, Vol. II, p. 420. + +[4-52] Virginia Magazine of History and Biography, Vol. II, p. 421; Vol. +IV, p. 75. + +[4-53] Virginia Magazine of History and Biography, Vol. I, p. 77. + +[4-54] W. A. Crozier, Virginia County Records, Vol. VI, pp. 15-18. + +[4-55] W. A. Crozier, Virginia County Records, Vol. VI, p. 56. + +[4-56] Virginia Land Patents, Register of Land Office, Virginia State +Capitol. + +[4-57] William and Mary Quarterly, Vol. XI, p. 271. + +[4-58] William and Mary Quarterly, Vol. XI, p. 276. + +[4-59] William and Mary Quarterly, Vol. XI, pp. 271-276. + +[4-60] Virginia Colonial Register, pp. 64, 68, 70. + +[4-61] William and Mary Quarterly, Vol. IX, p. 72. + +[4-62] Virginia Land Patents, Vol. V, p. 224, Register of Land Office, +Virginia State Capitol. + +[4-63] W. A. Crozier, Virginia County Records, New Series Vol. I, p. 4. + +[4-64] W. A. Crozier, Virginia County Records, Vol. VI, pp. 83, 84, 125, +126. + +[4-65] W. A. Crozier, Virginia County Records, Vol. VII, p. 5. + +[4-66] W. A. Crozier, Virginia County Records, Vol. VI, p. 78. + +[4-67] W. A. Crozier, Virginia County Records, Vol. VI, pp. 77, 191, +281. + +[4-68] W. A. Crozier, Virginia County Records, Vol. VI, p. 122. + +[4-69] W. A. Crozier, Virginia County Records, Vol. VI, p. 192. + +[4-70] W. A. Crozier, Virginia County Records, Vol. VI, p. 76. + +[4-71] William and Mary Quarterly, Vol. IX, p. 144. + +[4-72] William and Mary Quarterly, Vol. IX, p. 144. + +[4-73] William and Mary Quarterly, Vol. XI, p. 276. + +[4-74] Virginia Land Patents, Vol. III, Register of Land Office, +Virginia State Capitol. The name is here spelled John Blackborne. + +[4-75] Virginia Land Patents, Vol. III, Register of Land Office, +Virginia State Capitol. On the lists the name is spelled William +Butcher. + +[4-76] J. C. Wise, The Early History of the Eastern Shore of Virginia, +pp. 135-137. + +[4-77] Virginia Land Patents, Vol. IV, Register of Land Office, Virginia +State Capitol. + +[4-78] J. C. Wise, The Early History of the Eastern Shore of Virginia, +p. 95. + +[4-79] G. C. Greer, Early Virginia Immigrants, p. 68. + +[4-80] J. C. Wise, The Early History of the Eastern Shore of Virginia, +p. 376. + +[4-81] Virginia Magazine of History and Biography, Vol. V, p. 101. + +[4-82] W. A. Crozier, Virginia County Records, Vol. VII, p. 177. + +[4-83] Virginia Magazine of History and Biography, Vol. VI, p. 92. + +[4-84] Virginia Magazine of History and Biography, Vol. VI, p. 298. + +[4-85] In 1656 John Hammond declared that though it cost six pounds +sterling to go to Virginia, those who decided to make the venture could +be sure that their money was well spent. He advised "any that goes over +free, but in a mean condition, to hire himself for reasonable wages of +Tobacco and Provision, the first year," for by that means he could live +free of disbursement, and "have something to help him the next year." +Peter Force, Tracts and Other Papers, Vol. III, Leah and Rachel, p. 14. + +[4-86] Virginia Magazine of History and Biography, Vol. VIII, p. 441. + +[4-87] Virginia Magazine of History and Biography, Vol. IX, p. 27. + +[4-88] Virginia Magazine of History and Biography, Vol. X, p. 271. + + +NOTES TO CHAPTER V + +[5-1] G. L. Beer, The Old Colonial System, Vol. II, p. 109. + +[5-2] British Public Record Office, CO5-1315, Document 26, +Correspondence of the Board of Trade. + +?[5-3] P. A. Bruce, Economic History of Virginia, Vol. I, p. +401. + +?[5-4] R. L. Beer, The Old Colonial System, Vol. I, p. 160. + +?[5-5] British Public Record Office, CO5-1316, Perry and Hyde to +the Lords of Trade, Correspondence of the Board of Trade. + +?[5-6] British Public Record Office, CO5-1316, The Present State +of the Tobacco Plantations in America, Correspondence of the Board of +Trade. + +[5-7] British Public Record Office, CO5-1316, Correspondence of the +Board of Trade; Statutes of the Realm, Vol. IX, p. 917. + +[5-8] Virginia Magazine of History and Biography, Vol. I, pp. 141-155. + +[5-9] British Public Record Office, CO1-16, Petition of Berkeley and +Others, Aug. 26, 1662. + +[5-10] British Public Record Office, CO1-20, Thomas Ludwell to Secretary +Arlington, May 1, 1666. + +[5-11] British Public Record Office, CO1-20, Sir William Berkeley and +others to Secretary Arlington, July 13, 1666. + +[5-12] British Public Record Office, CO1-20, Sir William Berkeley and +others to Secretary Arlington, July 13, 1666. + +[5-13] British Public Record Office, CO1-21, Thomas Ludwell to Lord +Arlington, Feb. 12, 1667. + +[5-14] British Public Record Office, CO1-21, Thomas Ludwell to Lord John +Berkeley. + +[5-15] British Public Record Office, CO1-23, p. 19, Ludwell to Lord +Arlington. + +[5-16] British Public Record Office, CO1-21, Governor and Council to the +King. + +[5-17] British Public Record Office, CO1-30, p. 51, Petition of the +Governor and Council. + +[5-18] British Public Record Office, CO5-1356, p. 408, Report of the +Council to the King. + +[5-19] British Public Record Office, CO5-1355, p. 385, Colonial Entry +Book. + +[5-20] British Public Record Office, CO1-23, p. 19, Ludwell to Lord +Arlington, July 20, 1665. + +[5-21] British Public Record Office, CO5-1371, p. 246, Colonial Entry +Book. + +[5-22] British Public Record Office, CO5-1371, pp. 232-240, Dialogue +Between John Good and Nathaniel Bacon, Colonial Entry Book, 1677. + +[5-23] British Public Record Office, CO1-30, p. 51, Petition of the +Governor and Council to the King, July 1673. + +[5-24] British Public Record Office, CO5-1355, p. 410, Colonial Entry +Book. + +[5-25] British Public Record Office, CO5-1356, p. 179, Colonial Entry +Book. + +[5-26] G. L. Beer, The Old Colonial System, Vol. II, p. 147. + +[5-27] British Public Record Office, CO5-1371, p. 276, Colonial Entry +Book. + +[5-28] British Public Record Office, CO5-1371, p. 276, Colonial Entry +Book. + +[5-29] This view of the matter has the support of the dean of Virginia +historians, Dr. Philip Alexander Bruce. Dr. Bruce writes: "No less an +authority than Robert Beverley, the historian, states that the +Navigation Acts had a sensible influence in precipitating Bacon's +Rebellion. In the early life of this writer he must have been closely +associated with hundreds of people who had been through the uprising, +and knew much, by direct observation, of the currents that governed it. +The elder Beverley was thoroughly informed and thus, in his own home, +the son had the best of opportunities of learning the truth. Beverley +himself declared that the Acts were causing discontent among the people, +long before the Rebellion actually occurred, and so did John Bland in +his memorable petition. There is no doubt that the Acts, by keeping +alive a sense of friction, left the people in just the state of mind to +seize with eagerness on the more palpable wrongs which were specifically +brought forward as the justification for resistance. It was really the +groundwork of the movement, though if it had been the only cause, might +not have precipitated open resistance to the Government." + +[5-30] G. L. Beer, The Old Colonial System, Vol. II, p. 115. + +[5-31] Secretary Thomas Ludwell in a long report to the British +Government spoke of the Virginia Government as Berkeley's own, "Which I +so term," he explains, "because he is the sole author of the most +substantial parts of it, either for Lawes or other inferior +institutions." British Public Record Office, CO1-20. + +[5-32] British Museum, Egerton Manuscript, 2395, f. 356b. + +[5-33] British Public Record Office, CO1-19, Berkeley to Lord Arlington, +Aug. 1, 1665. + +?[5-34] P. A. Bruce, Economic History of Virginia, Vol. I, pp. +399-400. + +[5-35] British Public Record Office, CO1-26-77, Berkeley to the Board of +Trade. + +[5-36] British Public Record Office, CO1-30-78, Memorial of John Knight, +Oct. 29, 1673. + +[5-37] British Public Record Office, CO1-30-71, Council of Virginia to +the King, 1673. + +[5-38] Peter Force, Tracts and Other Papers, Vol. II, New Description of +Virginia, pp. 1-16. + +[5-39] British Museum, Egerton Manuscript, 2395, f. 356b, A Discourse +and View of Virginia. + +[5-40] British Public Record Office, CO1-26-77, Berkeley to the Board of +Trade. + +[5-41] British Public Record Office, CO1-34-95, Petition of Francis +Moryson, Thomas Ludwell and Robert Smith. + +[5-42] Virginia Land Patents, Register of Land Office, Virginia State +Capitol. + +[5-43] British Public Record Office, CO5-1359, pp. 20, 21, 22, Colonial +Entry Book. + + +NOTES TO CHAPTER VI + +[6-1] Peter Force, Tracts and Other Papers, Vol. II, New Description of +Virginia, p. 3. + +[6-2] British Public Record Office, CO1-30, pp. 17, 51. + +[6-3] Surry County Wills, Deeds, Etc. 1671-1624, Virginia State Library. + +[6-4] Surry County Wills, Deeds, Etc. 1684-1686, pp. 34-35, Virginia +State Library. + +[6-5] Surry County Wills, Deeds, Etc. 1684-1686, pp. 86-87, Virginia +State Library. + +[6-6] P. A. Bruce, Economic History of Virginia, Vol. II, p. 199. + +[6-7] Peter Force, Tracts and Other Papers, Vol. II, New Description of +Virginia, p. 3. + +[6-8] P. A. Bruce, Economic History of Virginia, Vol. II, p. 200. + +[6-9] Peter Force, Tracts and Other Papers, Vol. II, New Description of +Virginia, p. 3. + +[6-10] Peter Force, Tracts and Other Papers, Vol. II, New Description of +Virginia, p. 18. + +[6-11] Peter Force, Tracts and Other Papers, Vol. II, New Description of +Virginia, p. 15. + +[6-12] P. A. Bruce, Economic History of Virginia, Vol. II, p. 201. + +[6-13] Peter Force, Tracts and Other Papers, Vol. III, Leah and Rachel, +p. 13. + +[6-14] British Public Record Office, CO5-1316, Statement of Mr. Perry +and Captain Hyde, Correspondence of the Board of Trade. + +[6-15] Peter Force, Tracts and Other Papers, Vol. III, Virginia Richly +Valued, p. 10. + +[6-16] Peter Force, Tracts and Other Papers, Vol. II, New Albion, p. 32. + +[6-17] Peter Force, Tracts and Other Papers, Vol. III, Leah and Rachel, +p. 18. + +[6-18] Peter Force, Tracts and Other Papers, Vol. II, New Description of +Virginia, p. 7. + +[6-19] Abstracts of Proceedings of the Virginia Company of London, Vol. +II, p. 171. + +[6-20] P. A. Bruce, Economic History of Virginia, Vol. II, p. 153. + +[6-21] P. A. Bruce, Economic History of Virginia, Vol. II, pp. 160-161. + +[6-22] Virginia Magazine of History and Biography, Vol. V, p. 285. + +[6-23] Surry County Wills, Deeds, Etc. 1684-1686, p. 7, Virginia State +Library. + +[6-24] Surry County Wills, Deeds, Etc. 1684-1686, pp. 34-35, Virginia +State Library. + +[6-25] Surry County Wills, Deeds, Etc. 1684-1686, pp. 86-87, Virginia +State Library. + +[6-26] Surry County Wills, Deeds, Etc. 1671-1684, Virginia State +Library. + +[6-27] John Splitimber paid for himself alone in the tithable lists of +1675. + +[6-28] York County Records, 1694-1702, Virginia State Library. + +[6-29] Peter Force, Tracts and Other Papers, Vol. II, New Description of +Virginia, p. 15. + +[6-30] Peter Force, Tracts and Other Papers, Vol. II, New Description of +Virginia, p. 14. + +[6-31] British Public Record Office, CO5-1371, p. 241. + +[6-32] "I would have all men consider how meanly we are provided of men +of learning, ability and courage, nay indeed of honesty, to stand up in +the people's behalf and oppose the oppressing party," said Nathaniel +Bacon in 1676. British Public Record Office, CO5-1371, p. 246. + +[6-33] The most notable case of betrayal is that of Isaac Allerton, who +sold himself to the Governor for the promise of a seat in the Council of +State. British Public Record Office, CO5-1356, pp. 125-126, Colonial +Entry Book. + +[6-34] British Public Record Office, CO1-4. + +[6-35] P. A. Bruce, Economic History of Virginia, Vol. I, pp. 287-288. + +[6-36] Virginia Magazine of History and Biography, Vol. X, p. 271. + +[6-37] British Public Record Office, CO1-8, p. 48. + +[6-38] British Public Record Office, CO1-8. + +[6-39] Hening, Statutes at Large, Vol. I, pp. 360-361. + +[6-40] Hening, Statutes at Large, Vol. I, p. 361. + +[6-41] Hening, Statutes at Large, Vol. I, p. 355. + +[6-42] Hening, Statutes at Large, Vol. I, p. 363. + +[6-43] Sixth Report of Royal Commission on Historical Manuscripts, Part +I, Instructions to Sir George Ayscue, Sept. 26, 1651. + +[6-44] The commissioners were Capt. Robert Dennis, Richard Bennett, +Thomas Stegge and Captain William Claiborne, all of whom with the +exception of Dennis were Virginians. + +[6-45] Hening, Statutes at Large, Vol. I, pp. 371, 373. + +[6-46] Southern Literary Messanger, Jan. 1845; Charles Campbell, History +of Virginia, p. 74. + +[6-47] Southern Literary Messanger, Jan. 1845. + +[6-48] British Public Record Office, CO5-1371, p. 387, Colonial Entry +Book. + + +NOTES TO CHAPTER VII + +[7-1] British Public Record Office, CO5-1356, p. 104, Colonial Entry +Book. + +[7-2] G. L. Beer, The Old Colonial System, Vol. I, p. 40. + +?[7-3] British Public Record Office, CO5-1305, Document 23, +Correspondence of the Board of Trade. + +[7-4] British Public Record Office, CO5-1345, Document 16, +Correspondence of the Secretary of State. + +[7-5] G. L. Beer, The Old Colonial System, Vol. I, p. 42. + +[7-6] Calendar of State Papers, Colonial Series, 1702. + +[7-7] British Public Record Office, CO5-1355, pp. 381-385, Colonial +Entry Book. + +[7-8] G. L. Beer, The Old Colonial System, Vol. I, p. 168. + +[7-9] British Public Record Office, CO5-1315, Document 16, +Correspondence of the Board of Trade. + +[7-10] British Public Record Office, CO5-1315, Document 91. + +[7-11] British Public Record Office, CO5-1345, Document 16, John Linton +to the Board of Trade, Correspondence of the Secretary of State. + +[7-12] British Public Record Office, CO5-1315, Report of John Linton on +the Tobacco Trade, Correspondence of the Board of Trade. + +[7-13] British Public Record Office, CO5-1345, Document 16, +Correspondence of the Secretary of State. + +[7-14] British Public Record Office, CO5-1315, Document 26, +Correspondence of the Board of Trade. + +[7-15] British Public Record Office, CO5-1315, Document 26, +Correspondence of the Board of Trade. + +[7-16] British Public Record Office, CO5-1316, Correspondence of the +Board of Trade. + +[7-17] British Public Record Office, CO5-1340, Document 91, Col. Quary's +Memorial. + +[7-18] R. L. Beer, The Old Colonial System, Vol. I, p. 42. + +[7-19] British Public Record Office, CO5-1316, Correspondence of the +Board of Trade; CO5-1360, p. 233, Governor Nicholson to the Lords of +Trade. + +[7-20] British Public Record Office, CO5-1315, Document 91, Col. Quary's +Memorial. + +[7-21] British Public Record Office, CO5-1315, Correspondence of the +Board of Trade, Letter of Col. Quary Sept. 1, 1706. + +[7-22] Princeton Transcripts, Virginia Land Patents, Princeton +University Library. + +[7-23] British Public Record Office, CO5-1359, pp. 107-108, Colonial +Entry Book. In 1699 Gov. Nicholson stated that Orinoco was bringing 20 +shillings the hundredweight and Sweetscented 25 shillings and up, which +he considered an unusually good return. British Public Record Office, +CO5-1359, p. 322. + +[7-24] P. A. Bruce, Economic History of Virginia, Vol. II, p. 66. + +[7-25] J. C. Hotten, Original Lists of Emigrants to America, pp. +202-265. + +[7-26] P. A. Bruce, Economic History of Virginia, Vol. II, p. 89. + +[7-27] Peter Force, Tracts and Other Papers, Vol. II, New Description of +Virginia, p. 3. + +[7-28] British Public Record Office, CO1-26-77, Berkeley to the Board of +Trade. + +[7-29] British Public Record Office, CO5-1355, p. 345, Lord Culpeper's +account of his compliance with the King's instructions, Dec. 1681. + +[7-30] P. A. Bruce, Economic History of Virginia, Vol. II, p. 75. + +[7-31] P. A. Bruce, Economic History of Virginia, Vol. II, p. 75. + +[7-32] British Public Record Office, CO1-26-77, Berkeley to the Board of +Trade. + +[7-33] G. L. Beer, The Old Colonial System, Vol. I, p. 323. + +[7-34] G. L. Beer, The Old Colonial System, Vol. I, pp. 324-325. + +[7-35] York County Records, 1664-1672, Virginia State Library. + +[7-36] York County Records, 1694-1702, Virginia State Library. + +[7-37] Henrico Records, 1677-1692, Virginia State Library. + +[7-38] York County Records, 1694-1697, Virginia State Library. + +[7-39] British Public Record Office, CO5-1317, Correspondence of the +Board of Trade. + +[7-40] British Public Record Office, CO5-1317, Correspondence of the +Board of Trade. + +[7-41] British Public Record Office, CO5-1406, Minutes of the Council +March 21, 1710, CO5-1363, pp. 189-191, Colonial Entry Book. + +[7-42] British Public Record Office, CO5-1322, Governor Gooch to the +Lords of Trade, Sept. 14, 1730; Feb. 12, 1731. + +[7-43] British Public Record Office, CO5-1363, pp. 317-324, Colonial +Entry Book. + +[7-44] British Public Record Office, CO5-1362, pp. 369-373, Colonial +Entry Book. + +[7-45] P. A. Bruce, Economic History of Virginia, Vol. II, p. 83. + +[7-46] Princeton Transcripts, Virginia Land Patents, Princeton +University Library. + +[7-47] P. A. Bruce, Economic History of Virginia, Vol. II, p. 108. + +[7-48] British Public Record Office, CO5-1316, Correspondence of the +Board of Trade. + +[7-49] British Public Record Office, CO5-1314, Document 66, Governor +Nott to the Board of Trade. + +[7-50] British Public Record Office, CO5-1362, pp. 365-367, Colonial +Entry Book. + +[7-51] British Public Record Office, CO5-1362, pp. 365-367, Colonial +Entry Book. + +[7-52] During these years the planters were too impoverished to purchase +slaves. The decline in the tobacco trade produced a feeling among the +people that the colony had been overstocked with blacks. + +[7-53] British Public Record Office, CO5-1322, Correspondence of the +Board of Trade, Report of Governor Gooch. + +[7-54] British Public Record Office, CO5-1322, Francis Fane to the Lords +of Trade, Dec. 10, 1728. + +[7-55] British Public Record Office, CO5-1356, p. 139, Colonial Entry +Book. + + +NOTES TO CHAPTER VIII + +[8-1] Princeton Transcripts, Virginia Land Patents, Princeton University +Library. + +[8-2] Princeton Transcripts, Virginia Land Patents, Princeton University +Library. + +[8-3] British Public Record Office, CO5-1362, pp. 365-367, Colonial +Entry Book. + +[8-4] Virginia Land Patents, Register of Land Office, Virginia State +Capitol. + +[8-5] G. L. Beer, The Old Colonial System, Vol. I, p. 28. + +[8-6] G. L. Beer, The Old Colonial System, Vol. I, pp. 320-321. + +[8-7] Jared Sparks, The Works of Benjamin Franklin, Vol. X, iii. + +[8-8] Maurice Vanlaer, La Fin d'un Peuple, pp. 38-39. + +[8-9] Maurice Vanlaer, La Fin d'un Peuple, pp. 112-117. + +[8-10] British Public Record Office, CO1-39-38. + +[8-11] Calendar of State Papers, Colonial Series, 1696-1697, p. 420. + +[8-12] Calendar of State Papers, Colonial Series, 1696-1697, p. 500. + +[8-13] Calendar of State Papers, Colonial Series, 1696-1697, p. 546. + +[8-14] British Public Record Office, CO5-1359, pp. 20, 21, 22. + +[8-15] British Public Record Office, CO5-1359, pp. 20, 21, 22. + +[8-16] British Public Record Office, CO5-1359, p. 23, Colonial Entry +Book. + +[8-17] British Public Record Office, CO5-1359, p. 113, Andros to the +Lords of Trade, July 1, 1697. + +[8-18] British Public Record Office, CO5-1359, pp. 266-303, Colonial +Entry Book. + +[8-19] British Public Record Office, CO5-1312, p. 4O9A, Correspondence +of the Board of Trade. + +[8-20] British Public Record Office, CO5-1360, p. 441, Colonial Entry +Book. + +[8-21] Rent Roll of 1704, p. 46. + +[8-22] British Public Record Office, CO5-1321, Correspondence of the +Board of Trade, Gooch to the Lords of Trade, Nov. 6, 1728. + +[8-23] British Public Record Office, CO5-1362, pp. 374-382, Colonial +Entry Book. + +[8-24] British Public Record Office, CO5-1364, p. 27, Colonial Entry +Book. + +[8-25] J. S. Bassett, Writings of William Byrd, p. 31. + +[8-26] British Public Record Office, CO5-1322, Gooch to the Lords of +Trade, Feb. 27, 1731. + +[8-27] British Public Record Office, CO5-1321, Gooch to the Lords of +Trade, Aug. 9, 1728. + +[8-28] British Public Record Office, CO5-1315, Document 16, +Correspondence of the Board of Trade. + +[8-29] British Public Record Office, CO5-1315, Document 91, +Correspondence of the Board of Trade. + +[8-30] British Public Record Office, CO5-1316, Correspondence of the +Board of Trade. + +[8-31] British Public Record Office, CO5-1315, Document 16. + +[8-32] British Public Record Office, CO5-1315, Document 91, +Correspondence of the Board of Trade. + +[8-33] British Public Record Office, CO5-1315, Correspondence of the +Board of Trade. + +[8-34] British Public Record Office, CO5-1316, Account of the tobacco +trade by Perry and Hyde, June 2, 1714. + +[8-35] British Public Record Office, CO5-1316, Petition of the Council, +Correspondence of the Board of Trade. + +[8-36] British Public Record Office, CO5-1318, Address of King and Queen +county inhabitants to Spotswood; address of Westmoreland inhabitants; +letter of Spotswood to Lords of Trade, Dec. 22, 1718. + +[8-37] William and Mary Quarterly, Vol. XXI, pp. 106-122. + +[8-38] Virginia Magazine of History and Biography, Vol. XII, pp. +414-416. + +[8-39] Virginia Magazine of History and Biography, Vol. IV, pp. 297-299. + +[8-40] William and Mary Quarterly, Vol. XXVI, pp. 97-106, 196-201, +250-258. + +[8-41] Chastellux, Travels in North America, p. 291. + +[8-42] Philip Fithian, Journal and Letters, p. 243. + +[8-43] Smyth, A Tour of the United States, Vol. I, p. 58. + +[8-44] William and Mary Quarterly, Vol. XXI, pp. 106-122. + +[8-45] William and Mary Quarterly, Vol. XXVI, pp. 97-106, 196-201, +250-258. + +[8-46] Virginia Magazine of History and Biography, Vol. IV, pp. 297-299. + +[8-47] Virginia Magazine of History and Biography, Vol. XII, p. 415. + +[8-48] Lower Norfolk County Antiquary, Vol. IV, p. 144. + +[8-49] W. A. Crozier, Virginia County Records, Vol. I, pp. 88-110. + +[8-50] Thomas Jefferson, Notes on Virginia, Edition of 1801, p. 321. + +[8-51] Chastellux, Travels in North America, p. 292 note. + +[8-52] Smyth, A Tour of the United States, Vol. I, p. 66. + +[8-53] Hugh Jones, History of Virginia, p. 36. + +[8-54] Rowland, Life of George Mason, Vol. I, pp. 101, 102; Philip +Fithian, Journal and Letters, pp. 67, 104, 130, 130, 138, 217, 259; P. +A. Bruce, Economic History of Virginia, Vol. II, pp. 411, 418. + +[8-55] British Public Record Office, CO5-1314, Document 63IV. + +[8-56] Virginia Magazine of History and Biography, Vol. XII, p. 415. + +[8-57] Virginia Magazine of History and Biography, Vol. IV, pp. +292-299. + +[8-58] William and Mary Quarterly, Vol. XXVI, pp. 97-106, 196-201, +250-258. + +[8-59] Smyth, A Tour of the United States, p. 67. + +[8-60] Anbury, Travels Through America, Vol. II, p. 330. + +[8-61] Virginia Magazine of History and Biography, Vol. XII, p. 415. + + + + +_APPENDIX_ + + + + +RENT ROLL OF VIRGINIA + +1704-1705 + + +A True and Perfect Rent Roll of all the Lands held of her Maj^tie in +Henrico County, Aprill 1705 + + + A + + Andrews Thomas 396 + Ascoutch Mary 633 + Archer Jno 335 + Adkins Jno 125 + Archer Geo 1738 + Aldy John 162 + Akins James Sen^r 200 + Asbrook Peter Sen^r 200 + Akins James Jun^r 218 + Allin Widd^o 99 + ----- + 4106 + + + B + + Byrd Esq^r 19500 + Bolling Rob^t 500 + Bolling John 831 + Bevill John 495 + Branch X^to 646 + Blackman Wm 175 + Bridgwater Sam 280 + Bowman John Jun^r 300 + Bowman Edw^d 300 + Branch Benj 550 + Brown Martha 893 + Bullington Benj 100 + Bowman Lew 65 + Bullington 144 + Bevell Essex 200 + Baugh John 448 + Baugh James 458 + Burton Isaac 100 + Bottom John 100 + Bayley Abr 542 + Brooks Jane belonging to + Wm Walker New Kent 550 + Braseal Henry 200 + Brazeal Henry Jun^r 300 + Burton Rob^t 1350 + Burgony John 100 + Branch James 555 + Burrows Wm. Wm. Blackwell + New Kent 63 + Branch Thomas 540 + Bailey Thomas 251 + Branch Matthew 947 + Burton Wm 294 + Bullington Rob^t 100 + Broadnax Jno Jr 725 + Beverley Rob^t 988 + ----- + 33590 + + + C + + Cheatham Tho 300 + Cox Batt 100 + Cox John 150 + Cox George 200 + Chamberlaine Maj. Tho 1000 + Childers Abr. Sen^r 368 + Cannon John 108 + Cox Wm 300 + Childers Ab^r Jun^r 100 + Clark Wm 333 + Clark John 300 + Cox Rich^d 300 + Cardwell Tho 350 + Crozdall Roger 200 + Cock Wm 1535 + Cock Rich^d Sen^r 2180 + Childers Philip Sen^r 50 + Childers Philip 300 + Childers Tho 300 + Carter Theod 75 + Cock Capt Thomas 2976-1/2 + Couzins Charles 362 + Clerk Alonson 604 + Cock James 1506 + Curd Edw^d 600 + Cock Rich^d 476 + Cock Jno 98 + ----- + 15171-1/2 + + + D + + Dixon Nicholas 150 + Dodson Wm 100 + Douglas Charles 63 + ----- + 313 + + + E + + Edw^d Tho 676 + Entroughty Derby 200 + Ealam Rob^t 400 + Ellis John 217 + East Tho Sen 475 + East Tho 554 + East Edw^d 150 + Epes Capt Fra^s 2145 + Evans Charles 225 + Ealam Martin 130 + Epes Isham, Epes Fra. Jun^t + each 444-1/2 acres 889 + ----- + 6061 + + + F + + Field Peter Major 2185 + Farrar Capt Wm 700 + Farrar Tho 1444 + Farrar Jno 600 + Fowler Godfrey 250 + Ferguson Robert 230 + Ferris Wm 50 + Franklin James Sen 250 + Franklin James Jun 786 + Ferris Rich^d Sen 550 + Farmer Henry 100 + Forrest James 138 + Forrest John 150 + Fetherstone Henry 700 + Farloe John Sen 100 + Farloe John Jun 551 + Faile John 240 + ----- + 9024 + + + G + + Gilley Grewin Arrian 2528 + Gee Henry 435 + Good John Sen 600 + Garthwaite Sam^l 50 + Garthwaite Ephriam 163 + Granger John 472 + Gill John 235 + Good Sam^l 588 + Gower James Grigs Land 500 + ----- + 5571 + + + H + + Hill James 795 + Holmes Rich 100 + Harris Thomas 357 + Harris Tim^o 250 + Hill Rosam^d 1633 + Hobby Lawrence 500 + Hatcher John 215 + Haskins Edward 225 + Hatcher Edward Sen 150 + Hunt Geo 200 + Hughs Edward 100 + Hancock Samuel 100 + Holmes Thomas 50 + Hambleton James 100 + Hutchins Nich^o 240 + Hatcher Benj Sen 250 + Hatcher Wm Jun 50 + Hobson Wm 150 + Hatcher Wm Sen 298 + Hatcher Henry 650 + Hancock Robert 860 + Harris Mary 94 + Hall Edward 184 + Herbert Mrs 1360 + Hudson Robert 281 + ----- + 9242 + + + J + + Jones Hugh 934 + Jefferson Thomas 492 + Jones Philip 1153 + Jorden Henry 100 + Jamson John 225 + Jackson Ralph 250 + ----- + 3154 + + + K + + Kennon Elizabeth 1900 + Knibb Samuel 209 + Knibb Solomon 833 + Kendall Richard 400 + ----- + 3342 + + + L + + Liptroll Edward 150 + Lewis Wm 350 + Lester Darens 100 + Ladd Wm 70 + Ligon Elizabeth Widdow} + Ligon Mary Widdow } 1341 + Laforce Reu 100 + Lochett James 50 + Lownd Henry 516 + Lockitt Benj 104 + Ligon Richard 1028 + Ligon Hugh 150 + ----- + 3959 + + + M + + Mann Robert 100 + Matthews Edward 330 + Moseby Edward 150 + Moseby Arthur 450 + ----- + 1030 + + + N + + Nunnally Richard 70 + + + O + + Osbourn Thomas 288 + Owen Thomas 68 + ----- + 356 + + + P + + Perkinson John 622 + Perrin Ann 500 + Pleasants John 9669 + Parker Wm 100 + Parker Nich Sen 500 + Pledge Jno. 100 + Powell Robert 150 + Peice John 130 + Pleasants Jos 1709 + Porter Wm 305 + Peirce Wm 175 + Peirce Francis 312 + Paine Thomas 300 + Portlock Elizabeth 1000 + Pero Henry 350 + Pattram Ira 778 + Pride Wm Sen. 1280 + Pollard Thomas Sen 130 + Perkinson Seth 50 + Pinkitt Wm 192 + Pinkitt Thomas 300 + Pattison Joseph 500 + Porter John 100 + Pollard Thomas Jun 235 + Pollard Henry 235 + Pinkitt John 215 + ----- + 19937 + + + R + + Robertson Geo 1445 + Ragsdaile Godfrey 450 + Rawlett Peter 164 + Russell Charles 200 + Rowlett Wm 200 + Rowen Francis 148 + Robertson John 415 + Rouch Rachell 300 + Robertson Thomas 200 + Russell John 93 + Royall Joseph 783 + Redford John 775 + Randolph Col Wm including + 1185 acres swamp 9465 + ----- + 14648 + + + S + + Steward Jno Jun 902 + Scott Walter 550 + Soane Capt Wm 3841 + Stanley Edward 300 + Snuggs Charles 400 + Sewell Wm 59 + Smith Humphrey 40 + Sharp Robert 500 + Stovoll Barth^o 100 + Skerin Widdow 75 + Steward Daniell 270 + Smith Obadiah 200 + Stowers Widdow 200 + Sarrazin Stephen 120 + ----- + 7557 + + + T + + Tancocks Orphans 1230 + Trent Henry 224 + Turpin Thomas 491 + Turpin Philip 444 + Turpin Thomas 100 + Turner Henry 200 + Taylor Thomas 475 + Tanner Edward 217 + Traylor Edward 100 + Totty Thomas 260 + Traylor Wm 730 + ----- + 4471 + + + V + + Veden Henry 100 + + + W + + Woodson John 4060 + Williams Robert 300 + Woodson Robert Jun 1157 + Ward Richard 300 + Watson John Sen 1603 + Walthall Wm 500 + Walthall Henry 832 + Whitby Wm 215 + Watkins Henry Sen 100 + Webb John 100 + Watkins Thomas 200 + Woodson Rich 180 + Woodson Widdow 650 + Williamson Thomas 1077 + Webb Giles 7260 + Wood Thomas 50 + Watkins Wm 120 + Watkins Jos 120 + Watkins Edward 120 + Ward Seth 700 + Wood Moses 100 + Wilkinson Jos 75-1/2 + Wilkinson John 130 + Worsham John 1104 + Womack Abr 560 + Willson Jno Sen 1686 + Willson Jno Jun 100 + Walthall Richard 500 + Wortham Geo 400 + Wortham Charles 90 + Womack Wm 100 + ----- + 24489-1/2 + + + W 24489-1/2 + V 100 + T 4471 + S 7557 + R 14648 + P 19937 + O 396 + N 70 + M 1030 + L 3959 + K 3342 + J 3154 + H 9242 + G 5571 + F 9024 + E 6061 + D 313 + C 15171-1/2 + B 33590 + A 4106 + ------ + 165814 + + Out of which must be deducted these several quantities of land + following Viz: + + Tancocks Orphans Land 1230 + Allens Orphans Land 99 + ----- + 1329 + + An account of Land that hath been concealed + + John Steward Jun 2 + Thomas Jefferson 15 + Thomas Turpin 10 + Henry Gee 10 + Stephen Sarrzen 10 + Mr. Lownd 1 + James Atkin Sen 32 + Matthew Branch 10 + James Franklin 360 + James Hill 50 + Rosemond Hill 33 + John Bullington 44 + Benjamin Lockett 4 + John Russell 23 + Charles Douglas 13 + Col Randolph Carless Land 1049 + ----- + 1669 + + The Quit Rent being 162719 acres. + + +A Rent Roll of all the Lands held in the County of Prince George for the +Year 1704 + + + A + + Thomas Anderson 450 + Wm Aldridge 160 + Mr. Charles Anderson 505 + Richard Adkinson 200 + Thomas Adams 250 + Matthem Anderson 349 + Henry Ally 390 + Wm Anderson 235 + Jno Anderson 228 + Henry Anderson 250 + Robert Abernathy 100 + Jno Avery 100 + ----- + 3217 + + + B + + Richard Bland 1000 + Robert Birchett 375 + Arthur Biggins 200 + James Benford 461 + Jno Barloe 50 + Charles Bartholomew 600 + Philip Burlowe 350 + Nicholas Brewer 100 + Jno Bishop Sen 100 + Jno Bishop Jun 100 + Isaac Baites 360 + Thomas Busby Capt 300 + Thomas Busby 200 + Wm Batt 750 + Coll Byrd Esq 100 + Edward Birchett 886 + Coll Bolling 3402 + Edmund Browder 100 + Matus Brittler 510 + Jno Butler 1385 + Andrew Beck 300 + Henry Batt 790 + Wm Butler 283 + Thomas Blitchodin 284 + ----- + 12986 + + + C + + Thomas Curiton 150 + Henry Chammins 300 + Capt Clements 1920 + Wm. Claunton 100 + Robert Catte 100 + Bartho Crowder 75 + Thomas Clay 70 + Jno Coleman 200 + George Crook 489 + Francis Coleman 150 + Jno Clay 350 + Wm Coleman Jun 100 + George Croohet 30 + James Cocke 750 + Robert Carlill 100 + Jno Clerk 83 + Richarl Claunton 100 + Stephen Cock for Jones Orphans 2405 + ----- + 7622 + + + D + + Thomas Daniell 150 + Roger Drayton 270 + Joseph Daniell 50 + Jno Doby 500 + George Dowing 100 + Wm Davis 100 + Jno Duglas 300 + Richard Darding 500 + Christopher Davis 50 + Thomas Dunkin 136 + ----- + 2156 + + + E + + Robert Ellis 50 + Jno Epes Sen 530 + Wm Epes Sen 750 + Jno Epes 300 + Wm Epes 633-1/2 + Edward Epes 500 + Littlebury Epes 833-1/2 + Benj Evans 700 + Thomas Edwards 250 + Dan Epes 200 + Jno Evans 800 + Jno. Ellis Jun 400 + John Ellis Sen 400 + Mary Evans 400 + Peter Evans 270 + Capt Francis Epes 226 + ----- + 7243 + + + F + + Jno Freeman 300 + Wm Frost 50 + Jno Fountaine 350 + Robert Fellows 418 + Elizabeth Flood 100 + Benj Foster 923 + Jno Field 100 + ----- + 2241 + + + G + + Jno Green 125 + Richard Gord 100 + David Goodgamd 479 + James Greithian 363 + Major Goodrich 900 + Thomas Goodwin 150 + Hubert Gibson 250 + Richard Griffith 335 + James Griffin 100 + Charles Gee 484 + Charles Gillam 200 + Hugh Goelightly 500 + Lewis Green 149 + Wm Grigg 200 + John Gillam 1000 + John Goelightly 100 + ----- + 5435 + + + H + + Coll Hill 1000 + Daniell Hickdon 280 + Robert Harthorn 243 + Jno Hamlin 1484-1/2 + Coll Harrison Esq 150 + Ralph Hill 175 + Wm Harrison 1930 + Wm Heath 320 + Edward Holloway 100 + Robert Hobbs 100 + Jno Hobbs Sen 250 + Edward Holloway Sen 620 + Jno Hobbs 100 + James Harrison 200 + Gilbert Haye 200 + Richard Hudson 75 + Gabriell Harrison 150 + Robert Hix 1000 + Joseph Holycross 84 + Charles Howell 125 + Sam Harwell 125 + Isaac Hall 450 + Jno Howell 183 + Thomas Howell 25 + Mrs. Herbert 3925 + Jno Hixs 216 + Richard Hamlin 240 + Thomas Harnison 1077 + Elizabeth Hamlin 250 + Wm Hulme 100 + Jeffrey Hawkes 125 + Adam Heath 300 + Jno Hill 160 + Jno Hardiman 872 + Justance Hall 614 + ----- + 17366 + + + J + + Wm Jones Jun 230 + Wm Jones Sen 600 + Henry Jones 200 + Robert Jones 241 + Edmund Irby 800 + Nich. Jarrett 700 + James Jackson 80 + Adam Ivie 200 + Thomas Jackson 60 + James Jones Sen 1100 + Henry Ivye 450 + Peter Jones 621 + Ricard Jones 600 + Ralph Jacskon 110 + Joshua Irby 200 + John Jones 350 + ----- + 6542 + + + K + + Richard Kirkland 300 + John King 50 + Henry King 650 + Arthur Kavanah 60 + Ensobius King 100 + ----- + 1160 + + + L + + John Livesley 300 + Samuel Lewey 100 + Jno Lumbady 400 + Jno Leeneir 100 + Mrs Low 70 + Sam Lewey for Netherland Orphans 498 + Thomas Lewis Sen 200 + Hugh Liegh 762 + Francis Leadbeatter 100 + Jno Leadbeatter 400 + Wm Low 1584 + ----- + 3114 + + + M + + Wm Madox 190 + Robert Munford 339 + James Mingo Sen 500 + Matt Marks 1500 + Samuell Moody 328 + Francis Mallory 100 + Daniell Mallone 100 + Jno Mayes 365 + Richard More 472 + Henry Mitchell Sen 100 + Jno Mitchell 170 + Wm Mayes 763 + Edward Murrell 100 + Thomas Mitchell Jun 100 + Peter Mitchell 305 + Henry Mitchell Jun 200 + Francis Maberry 347 + James Matthews 100 + Jno Martin 200 + ----- + 6839 + + + N + + Richard Newman 120 + Walter Nannaley 299 + ----- + 419 + + + O + + Nicholas Overburry 809 + Jno Owen 25 + ----- + 834 + + + P + + George Pasmore 330 + Francis Poythwes Sen 1283 + Joseph Pattison 200 + George Pail 246 + Nathaniel Phillips 150 + Jno Price 50 + Wm Peoples 150 + Elizabeth Peoples 235 + Joseph Perry 275 + Richard Pigeon 524 + Thomas Potts 200 + Joseph Pritchett 50 + Jno Petterson 373 + George Pace 1000 + Ephram Parkam 300 + Thomas Poythres 616 + Dand Peoples 60 + Grace Perry 100 + Jno Poythres Jun 916 + Jno Petterson 420 + Mr Micajah Perry 600 + ----- + 9203 + + + R + + Jno Roberts 316 + Nath. Robinson 100 + Roger Reace Jun 100 + Henry Read 75 + Roger Reace Sen 100 + Wm Reanes 250 + Frances Raye 300 + Jno Reeks 50 + Wm Rachell 100 + Timothy Reading Sen 460 + Jno Riners 200 + Edward Richardson 300 + Coll Randolph 226 + ----- + 2677 + + + S + + Matthew Smart 100 + Wm Standback 150 + Thomas Symmons 566 + James Salmen 477 + Wm Savage 150 + Wm Sandborne 40 + Jno Scott 300 + Martin Shieffield 150 + James Smith 67 + John Stroud 60 + Richard Seeking 100 + Wm Sexton 50 + James Leveaker 710 + Chichester Sturdivant 214 + Daniell Sturdivant 850 + Richard Smith 550 + Jno Spaine 118 + Matthew Sturdivant 150 + Capt Stith 470-1/2 + ----- + 8272-1/2 + + + T + + Major Henry Tooker for the + Merchants in London 4600 + Ricard Jones 600 + George Tilliman 446 + Jno Tilliman 530 + Wm Tomlinson 400 + Adam Tapley 977 + Capt Jno Taylor 1700 + Mich. Taburd 150 + Maj^r Tooker 181 + Robert Tooker 400 + Robert Tester 170 + Joseph Tooker 200 + Wm Tempel 100 + Jno Thornhill 350 + Jno Taylor 100 + Nath. Tatham Jun 200 + Samuel Tatham Sen 100 + Samuel Tatham Jun 195 + Henry Talley 639 + Richard Turberfield 140 + Francis Tucker 100 + Nath. Tatham Sen 501 + Jno Thrower 250 + Thomas Thrower 150 + James Taylor 306 + Sanders Tapley 300 + Thomas Tapley 300 + James Thweat Sen 715 + James Thweat Jun 100 + Elizabeth Tucker 212 + Thomas Taylor 400 + Edward Thrower 150 + ----- + 14462 + + + V + + Jno Vaughan 169 + Samuel Vaugham 169 + Nath. Vrooin 150 + Daniell Vaughan 169 + James Vaughan 169 + Richard Vaughan 309 + Wm Vaughan 309 + Thomas Vinson 550 + Nicholas Vaughan 169 + ----- + 2163 + + + W + + John Woodlife Sen 644 + Wm Wallis 200 + Jno Wickett 250 + Capt. James Wynn 860 + Jno Woodlife Jun 750 + Jno Winningham Jun 200 + Richard Wallpoole 625 + Jno Womack 550 + Capt Thomas Wynn 400 + Jno Wall 233 + Thomas Winningham 100 + Elizabeth Woodlife 844 + Richard Worthern 1600 + Richard Winkles 450 + Capt Nicholas Wyatt 700 + Antho Wyatt 250 + Valentine Wiliamson 250 + Hurldy Wick 600 + Wm Wilkins 900 + Francis Wilkins 150 + Robert Winkfield 107 + Jarvis Winkfield 100 + Henry Wall 275 + Jno Wilkins 150 + James Williams 1436 + George Williams 216 + Jno White 150 + Edward Winningham 100 + Samuel Woodward 600 + ----- + 13684 + + + Y + + Dannell Young 283 + John Young 200 + ----- + 583 + + + A 3217 + B 12986 + C 7622 + D 2156 + E 7243 + F 2241 + G 5435 + H 17366-1/2 + J 6542 + K 1160 + L 5114 + M 6839 + N 419 + O 834 + P 9203 + R 2677 + S 8272 + T 14462 + V 2163 + W 13684 + Y 583 + ------ + 127218-1/2 + + Deduct the new discovered Land 10000 + + Accounted for 117218-1/2 + + Orphans Land which is refulld paying Quit Rents for viz: + + Mr. John Bannister Orphans + per Stephen Cock 1970 + Capt Henry Batesorph and + their Mother Mrs Mary Bates 1200 + Capt Henry Randolph Orphans + per Capt Giles Webb 129 + Morris Halliham Orphans + per Robert Rivers 200 + Crockson Land formerly + & who it belongs to now I + cannot find 750 + ----- + 4245 + + 117218-1/2 acres at 24 lb tob^o per + 100 is 28132 lb tobacco + at 5s per lb is 70 6 6 + Sallary 10 per cent 7 0 10-1/2 + --------- + 63 5 7-1/2 + + per William Epes Sheriff + + +Rent Roll of all the Lands held of her Maj^tie In Surry County Anno +Domini 1704 + + + A + + Allin Arthur Major 6780 + Andrews Bartho 375 + Avery Jno 150 + Atkins Thomas 80 + Averett Jno 120 + Atkinson Richard 100 + Andrews Thomas 190 + Andrews Robert 130 + Andrews David 225 + ----- + 8150 + + + B + + Baker Henry Coll 850 + Bruton James 500 + Bennett James 200 + Bland Sarah 1455 + Browne Jno 600 + Benbridge George 200 + Bighton Richard 590 + John Bell 180 + Berham Robert 650 + Blake Wm 200 + Browne Edward 200 + Bincham Jno 100 + Bennett Richard 200 + Baker Sarah 50 + Briggs Sarah 300 + Baxter Joell 100 + Briggs Samuel 300 + Blico Christopher 50 + Brigs Charles 331 + Brigs Henry 100 + Bentley 180 + Blackbun Wm 150 + Blunt Thomas 1355 + Bookey, Edward 180 + Browne Wm Coll 2510 + Browne Wm Capt 398 + Bineham James 157 + Bullock Mary 100 + Barker Jno 1160 + Bagley Peter 100 + Barker Jery 420 + Bunell Hezichiah 150 + Bougher Phill 100 + Baile Jno 250 + Bagley Edward 350 + ----- + 14716 + + + C + + Chapman Benjamin 500 + Cockin Wm 100 + Cocker Jno 900 + Crafort Robert 1000 + Crafort Carter 100 + Chambers Wm 50 + Clark Jno 100 + Cook Elizabeth 200 + Carriell Thomas 100 + Clements Jno 387 + Clarke Jno 100 + Cook Elizabeth 200 + Carriell Thomas 100 + Clements Jno 387 + Clark Robert 400 + Checett James 50 + Cotten Walter 257 + Cotten Thomas 257 + Collier Jno 350 + Collier Joseph 40 + Cock Wm 630 + Cock Walter 875 + Cooper James 100 + Cleaments Francis 600 + Collier Thomas 550 + Candenscaine Obedience 200 + ----- + 7746 + + + D + + Dicks James 400 + Davis Arthur 460 + Drew Thomas 800 + Drew Edward 600 + Delk Roger 790 + David Arthur 50 + Dean Richard 100 + Davis Nath. 157 + ----- + 3357 + + + E + + Edward Wm Mr. 2755 + Evans Antho 100 + Edward John 470 + Ellitt Wm 250 + Edmund Howell 300 + Ellis James 180 + Edmund Wm 100 + Ellis Edward 30 + Ellis James 170 + Ezell Geirge 150 + Ellis Jere 50 + Evans Abrah. 150 + ----- + 4705 + + + F + + Flake Robert 200 + Foster Anne 200 + Ford George 100 + Flood Walter 820 + Flood Thomas 150 + Ford Elias 200 + Flemin Lawrence 360 + Foster Christo 500 + Foster Wm 100 + Ferieby Benj 170 + ----- + 2800 + + + G + + Gray Wm Capt 1750 + Gray Wm Jun 1050 + Grines Austis 100 + Gwalney Wm 400 + Gray Jno 200 + Gwalney Wm 225 + Goodman Wm 200 + Gillham Hinche 658 + Griffin John 200 + Gully Richard 50 + Gray Wm 100 + Green Edward 200 + Green Richard 260 + ----- + 5393 + + + H + + Harrison Benj Coll 2750 + Harrison Nath. Capt 2177 + Hunt Wm 4042 + Holt Elizabeth 1450 + Holt John 150 + Holt Thomas Capt 538 + Holt Wm 630 + Harris Wm 150 + Hart Henry 725 + Humfort Hugh 150 + Hancock John 60 + Hart Robert 600 + Humphrey Evan 70 + Hollyman Mary 290 + Harde Thomas 900 + Hill Robert 200 + Holloman Richard 480 + Hargrove Bryan 100 + Humfort Wm 50 + Hill Lyon 300 + Holloman Thomas 450 + Heath Adam 200 + Harrison Daniell 70 + Ham Richard 75 + Heart Thomas 750 + Hyerd Thomas 50 + Hunt Wm 696 + Horne Richard 100 + Hollingsworth Henry 60 + Howell Wm 50 + ----- + 18413 + + + J + + Jackman Jos John Mr. 2980 + Jones James 1000 + Jarrell Thomas 115 + Jarrett Charles 615 + Judkins Samuell 100 + Judkins Wm 100 + Jurdan George 620 + Jarrett Fardo 630 + Johnson Wm 360 + Johnson John 350 + Jurdan Richard 350 + ----- + 7220 + + + K + + Kigan Mary 200 + Killingworth Wm 60 + Knott Wm 300 + ----- + 560 + + + L + + Ludwell Philip Coll 1100 + Lancaster Robert 100 + Lacey Mary 100 + Lang Mary 77 + Lane Thomas 200 + Lane Thomas Jun 200 + Laughter Jno 300 + Laneere George 300 + Lasley Patrick 520 + Lucas Wm 315 + ----- + 3212 + + + M + + Matthew Edmund 50 + Merriell George 250 + Moorland Edward 225 + Mason Elizabeth 300 + Mallory Francis 147 + Merrett Matt. 60 + Middleton Thomas 100 + Moss Wm 100 + Moreing John 695 + Mierick Owen 250 + ----- + 2177 + + + N + + Newton Wm 225 + Newton Robert 250 + Newitt Wm 330 + Norwood Richard 80 + Nicholl George 150 + Nichols Robert 230 + Noeway Barefoot 150 + Norwood George 330 + ----- + 1745 + + + P + + Park Mary 100 + Pittman Thomas Jun 100 + Phillips, John 270 + Price John 340 + Pettoway Elizabeth 650 + Pulystone Jno 1400 + Parker Richard 269 + Phelps Humphrey 100 + Pully Wm 300 + Procter Joshua 660 + Persons John 830 + Phillips Wm 300 + Pettfort Jno 200 + Pettfort Wm 50 + ----- + 5569 + + + R + + Randolph Wm Coll 1655 + Ruffice Elizabeth 3001 + Reynolds Robert 150 + Richardson Joseph 300 + Reynolds Elizabeth 150 + Reagon Frances 200 + Roads Wm 150 + Rolling George 106 + Road Wm 450 + Rose Richard 100 + Raehell George 70 + Rowling Jno 476 + Rohings Wm 596 + Roger Wm 450 + ----- + 7854 + + + S + + Scat Joseph 295 + Sims George 200 + Secoms Nicholas 800 + Savage Charles 358 + Stringfellow Richard 75 + Suger Jno 250 + Sewurds Anne 300 + Sharp Thomas 70 + Sewins Thomas 400 + Steward John 200 + Smith Richard 200 + Savage Mary 263 + Smith Thomas 750 + Swann Wm 1800 + Shrowsbury Joseph 260 + Shrowsbury Francis 820 + Savage Henry 200 + Short Wm 400 + Scarbro Edw 150 + Scagin Jno 100 + Simmons Jno 1300 + Shrowsbury Thomas 566 + Stockly Richard 100 + Smith Thomas 380 + ----- + 10237 + + + T + + Thompson Samuell 3104 + Tooker Henry Major 700 + Taylor Ethelred 538 + Thorp Joseph 250 + Tyous Thomas 400 + Taylor Richard 77 + ----- + 5069 + + + V + + Vincent Mary 187 + + + W + + Wright Thomas 100 + Williams Charles 100 + Wall Joseph 150 + Williams Wm 300 + Ward Thomas 100 + Wall Joseph Jun 150 + Warren Allen 300 + Warren Thomas 1040 + Watkins Richard 1345 + Williams Roger 150 + Webb Robert 340 + Wattkins John 1160 + Warren Robert 150 + Welch Henry 100 + Warrick John 80 + Wilkinson Matthew 200 + Wiggins Thomas 300 + Waple Jno 300 + Witherington Nicholas 100 + Will Roger 78 + White Charles 136 + ----- + 6679 + + + Y + + Young John 300 + + + A 8150 + B 14716 + C 7746 + D 3357 + E 4705 + F 2800 + G 5393 + H 18413 + J 7220 + K 560 + L 3212 + M 2177 + N 1745 + P 5569 + R 7854 + S 10237 + T 5069 + V 187 + W 6679 + Y 300 + ------ + 116089 + + New Land allowed per order 3841 + ------ + 112248 + + Aprill 19th 1705 + Errors excepted per Jos Jno. Jackman Sheriff. + + Persons denying payment for Lands + held in this County (viz) Capt + Tho Holt as belonging to Mr. Tho + Benules Orphans 950 + Mrs. Mary White 200 + ----- + 1150 + + Lands held by persons living out of the Country + + Capt Jno Taylor 850 + Mrs. Sarah Low 500 + Mr. Jno Hamlin 100 + Capt Thomas Harrison 530 + 1150 + ----- + 3130 + + Bartho Clement one tract of Land he living in England the quantity + unknowne + Jno Davis one Tract Living in Isle of Wight + Geo & River Jorden one Tract & denys to pay Qt Rents for it & no + persons living thereon, there is one Bray Living in Warwick has + a small tract Land + + +A List of her Maj^tys Q^t Rents For the Isle Wighte County in the Year +1704 + + Jno Atkins 200 + James Atkinson 400 + Wm Exam 1440 + Wm Brown 150 + Francis Exam 200 + Richard Bennett 70 + James Briggs 100 + Ph. Bratley 200 + Abr. Drawler 200 + Jno Branch 45 + Francis Branch 50 + Edward Brantley 175 + John Brantley 364 + Edward Boykin 1100 + George Barloe 80 + Jno Geoge 200 + Thomas Carter 700 + Reubin Cooke 250 + Jno Clarke 850 + Thomas Cook 300 + Wm Clark 600 + Edward Champion 600 + Jno Dowles 150 + Peter Deberry 100 + Thomas Davis 100 + Jno Davis 250 + Peter Hayes 600 + Christo. Hollyman 400 + Richard Hardy 700 + Thomas Holyman 150 + Jno Harris 365 + Silvester Hill 925 + Roger Hodge 300 + Arthur Jones 900 + Edward Jones 250 + Richard Jones 250 + Jno Johnson 890 + Roger Ingram 300 + Matt. Jorden 1950 + Thomas Newman 360 + George Readich 790 + Francis Lee 100 + Ph. Pardoe 100 + Jno Parsons 155 + George Moore 400 + Jno Mangann 100 + Robert Mongo 400 + Henry Martin 200 + Jno Murray 650 + Francis Rayner 80 + Jno Richardson 150 + James Sampson 1200 + Jno Stevenson 150 + Thomas Sherrer 200 + Jno Sherrer 200 + Wm Thomas 250 + Thomas Tooke 1228 + Thomas Throp 350 + Baleaby Terrell 100 + Peter Vasser 230 + Jno Williams 600 + George Williamson 2735 + Fra. Williamson 2035 + Thomas Wood 50 + James Lupe 45 + Elizabeth Reynolds 100 + Jno Sojourner 240 + Robert Hoge 60 + Andrew Woodley 770 + Arthur Allen 1800 + Henry Baker 750 + Rubin Prochter 250 + Thomas Howell 100 + Nath Whitby 170 + Jane Atkins 600 + Jno Mongo 100 + Natt Ridley 200 + Jno Bell 200 + Wm West 250 + Charles Goodrich 80 + Jno Britt 350 + Jno Barnes 200 + Henry Goldham 1000 + Jno Waltham 450 + Charles Edwards 400 + Wm Exam 150 + Major Lewis Burwell 7000 + Henry Applewaite 1500 + Thomas Pitt 300 + Jno Pitt 3400 + Mary Benn 675 + Robert Clark 450 + Antho Holliday 860 + Wm Westrah 450 + Elizabeth Gardner 100 + Jno Gardner 246 + Jno Turner 950 + Antho Foulgham 100 + Anne Williams 150 + Edward Harris 240 + Jno Cotton 200 + Thomas Joyner 1400 + Jno Lawrence 400 + Thomas Mandue 200 + Wm Mayo 300 + Jno Garcand 100 + James Bryan 1200 + Wm Keate 200 + Jno Browne 100 + Francis Sanders 100 + John Rogers 200 + Hodges Councie 420 + Hardy Councie 900 + Jno Councie 760 + Thomas Reeves 600 + Wm Crumpler 580 + Bridgeman Joyner 1100 + Elizabeth Swan 600 + Thomas Jones 700 + Arthur Whitehead 250 + Thomas Allen 150 + Jerimiah Exam 300 + Nicholas Casey 550 + Jno Giles 1150 + Alexander Camoll 200 + Jno Rutter 300 + Godfrey Hunt 600 + Wm Trygell 100 + Benj Jorden 150 + Thomas Jorden 207 + Jno King 300 + Wm Wilkinson 200 + Thomas Grace 160 + Wm West 50 + Jno Penny 300 + Robert Richards 100 + Thomas Northworthy 600 + Fra Parker 210 + Widdo Long 104 + Trustram Northworthy 1000 + George Green 250 + Jno Druer 100 + Philip Peerce 500 + Wm Best 100 + Humphrey Marshall 600 + Thomas Brewer 200 + Wm Smith 2100 + Samuel & Wm Bridger 12900 + Wm Williams 100 + Richard Ratcliffe 380 + Joshua Jordan 150 + Daniall Sandbourne 180 + Nicholas Houghan 780 + Mary Marshall 200 + Joseph Godwin 250 + Joseph Bridger 580 + Henry Pitt 700 + James Baron 300 + Arthur Smith 3607 + Robert Broch 400 + Wm Godwin 400 + Hugh Bracey 1000 + Henry Turner 350 + Thomas Wootten 963 + Richard Reynolds Esq 853 + Richard Reynolds 746 + Jno Parnell 400 + Benj Deall 467 + Thdo. Joyner 595 + Jno Jordan 100 + Henry Wiggs 506 + Wm Body 1375 + Arthur Purcell 750 + Jno Porteus 100 + Wm West 690 + Simon Everett 1100 + Walter Waters 150 + John Jordan 150 + John Nevill 433 + Robert Colman 1500 + Wm Green 150 + Mary Cobb 150 + Robert Edwards 150 + Anne Jones 100 + Abraham Jones 600 + John Jones 200 + Richard Lewis 100 + Henry Dullard 100 + Thomas Williams 100 + James Mercer 100 + Poole Hall 350 + Jno Howell 100 + Thomas Lovett 100 + George Anderson 150 + Daniell Nottiboy 100 + Henry Wilkinson 350 + Jno Watkins 200 + Thomas English 100 + Thomas Page 203 + Francis Davis 100 + Richard Braswell 100 + Robert Johnson 2450 + Jno Minshea 300 + Wm Pryan 200 + Wm Dawes 400 + Nicholas Tyner 300 + Isaac Ricks 700 + Robert Scott 300 + Jno Roberts 950 + Wm Duck 180 + Robert Lawrence 400 + Jno Denson 200 + Robert Smelly 600 + Francis Bridle 250 + Roger Fearlton 237 + Thomas Bullock 100 + Wm. Marfry 600 + Thomas Powell 100 + Widdo Glyn 390 + Jno Pope 250 + Thomas Gayle 200 + Wm Powell 200 + Richard Hutchins 300 + Henry Boseman 100 + Henry Pope 557 + John Williams 971 + Henry Sanders 700 + Jno Selloway 900 + Jno Bardin 100 + Phill Rayford 650 + Phill Pearse 500 + Jno Terseley 150 + Geo Northworthy 1176 + Robert Richards 450 + Thomas Bevan 100 + Wm Hunter 150 + Madison Street 150 + Thomas Wheatley 400 + Richard Wilkinson 150 + James Bragg 500 + Jno Portous 300 + Thomas Harris 350 + Edward Harris 100 + Nicholas Askew 80 + Ambrose Hadley 100 + Widdo Powell 480 + Thomas Jones 100 + Thomas Underwood 100 + Robert King 300 + Thomas Giles 880 + Lewis Smelly 550 + Wm Smelly 280 + Godfrey Hunt 600 + Edmund Godwin 400 + Wm Williams 1000 + John Wilson 1200 + John Bryan 200 + John Askew 100 + Samuell Bridger 200 + Roger Nevill 200 + Coll Godwin 600 + Jacob Durden 500 + ------ + 138533 + + Wm Bridger. + + +A Compleat List of the Rent Roll of the Land in Nansemond County In Anno +1704 + + John Murdaugh 300 + Jno Duke 113 + Thomas Duke Jun 930 + Edward Roberts 250 + Paul Pender 240 + Thomas Duke 400 + James Fowler 440 + Robert Baker 50 + Isaac Sketto 100 + Edward Sketto 200 + Antho Gumms 50 + Francis Sketto. 100 + Wm Parker 100 + Francis Parker 170 + Thomas Parker 300 + Jno Small 100 + Moses Hall 95 + Edward Beamond 550 + Richard Parker 514 + Capt James Jessey 550 + Wm Sanders 200 + Jno Sanders 165 + Thomas Mansfield 60 + Wm Woodley 350 + Andrew Bourne 200 + Gilbert Owen 120 + Wm Sanders Jun 165 + Capt John Speir 500 + Capt James Reddick 943 + James Griffin 500 + Nicholas Stallings 965 + John Stallings 250 + Richard Stallings 165 + Elias Stallings Jun 250 + Joseph Baker 740 + Wm Jones 500 + Robert Roundtree 245 + John Roundtree 475 + George Spivey 200 + James Spivey 600 + James Knight 300 + Jno Gorden 330 + Edward Arnold 80 + James Mulleny 500 + Thomas Docton 200 + Wm Britt 400 + Nath Newby 850 + Elias Stalling 470 + Robert Lassiter 850 + Patrick Wood 200 + Wm Thompson 133 + Jonathan Kitterell 300 + Adam Rabey 586 + Jno Powell 758 + John Reddick 300 + Henry Copeland 150 + Thomas Davis 250 + Jno Smith 100 + Thomas Harrald 652 + Richard Baker 40 + Samuell Smith 230 + Wm Hood 200 + Thomas Roundtree 350 + Henry Hill 175 + Jno Larkhum 500 + Wm Vann 100 + Joseph Cooper 267 + John Harris 600 + Francis Copeland 513 + Elizabeth Price 150 + Wm Hill 150 + Thomas Spivey 200 + Jno Campbell 400 + Jno Morley 100 + Jos Rogers 15 + Jno Cole 814 + Thomas Harrald 100 + Christopher Gawin Jun 20 + Daniell Horton 200 + Wm Bruin 300 + Peter Eason 400 + Anne Pugh 2300 + Benj Blanchard 130 + Thomas Norfleet 500 + John Odum 50 + Thomas Gough 150 + Hugh Gough 150 + Epapap Boyne 100 + Henry Baker 375 + Christopher Gwin 1010 + James Speirs 200 + Epaphra Benton 250 + Wm Eason 180 + Andrew Brown 25 + Wm Horne 100 + Robert Reddick 200 + Henry Hackley 210 + Thomas Roberts 30 + Abr Reddick 400 + Jno Parker 240 + Richard Barefield 900 + John Benton 660 + Jno Pipkin 100 + Jos Brady 250 + Christopher Dudley 200 + Thomas Norris 100 + Thomas Wiggins 100 + Patrick Lawley 50 + Robert Warren 100 + Richard Odium 50 + Thomas Davis 340 + Thomas Barefield 100 + John Eason 150 + Jerimiah Arlin 250 + Jno Perry 870 + Jno Drury 87 + Joseph Booth 987 + Cresham Cofield 350 + Richard Sumner 600 + Edward Norfleet 200 + Jno Norfleet 600 + Edward Moore 250 + Thomas Moore 200 + James Lawry 40 + James Daughtie 400 + John Wallis 150 + Richard Sanders Jun 100 + Wm Byrd 300 + James Howard 700 + John Brinkley 430 + Robert Horning 80 + Wm Speirs 200 + Sarah Exum 150 + Jno Larrence 175 + Nicholas Perry 200 + Sampson Merridith 400 + Coll Thomas Milner 1484 + Joseph Merridith 250 + Thomas Kinder 160 + Henry King 300 + Joseph Hine 150 + Wm King 140 + Julian King 700 + Mich King 80 + Capt Tho Godwin Jun 697 + Henry Lawrence 200 + Jno King 1000 + Richard Hyne 200 + Capt Francis Milner 479 + Benj Nevill 475 + Elizabeth Marler 80 + Wm Keene 200 + Jno Symmons 678 + Hen: Johnson 150 + Jno Darden 500 + Wm Everett 150 + Wm Pope 890 + Joseph Worrell 270 + Thomas Jemegan Jun 135 + Richard Lawerence 200 + Jonathan Robinson 400 + Robert Yates 150 + Thomas Odium 20 + John Barefield 300 + John Raules 600 + Thomas Boyt 400 + Thomas Vaughan 200 + Jno Parker 300 + Richard Green 200 + Elizabeth Ballard 300 + Samuell Watson 200 + Francis Spight 400 + Joseph Ballard 200 + John Oxley 100 + Benj Rogers 600 + Robert Rogers 300 + Henry Jerregan 200 + Jno Hansell 500 + Henry Jenkins 400 + Capt William Hunter 800 + Jno Moore 200 + Richard Moore 250 + Edward Homes 300 + Fra Cambridge 100 + Wm Ward 200 + Jno Rice 140 + Wm Battaile 800 + Wm Spite 500 + Abr Oadham 20 + Jacob Oadam 20 + Jno Lee 100 + Wm Macklenny 200 + Robert Coleman 1400 + Jno Bryan 200 + Wm Daughtree 100 + Jno Copeland 600 + Jno Butler 200 + James Butler 75 + Thomas Roads 75 + Wm Collins 1220 + Jno Hedgpath 700 + Jno Holland 700 + Robert Carr 200 + Wm Waters 600 + Robert Lawrence 400 + Wm Bryon 350 + Lewis Bryon 400 + James Lawrence 100 + Wm Gatlin 100 + Joseph Gutchins 250 + George Lawrence 400 + Lewis Daughtree 100 + Thomas Rogers 50 + Jno Rogers 200 + Henry Core 50 + Edward Cobb 100 + Richard Taylor 300 + Robert Brewer 200 + Wm Osburne 200 + Thomas Biswell 400 + Jno Gatlin 200 + Richard Folk 100 + Thomas Parker 100 + Peter Parker 140 + Wm Parker 140 + Richard Hine Jun 200 + Stephen Archer 200 + Charles Roades 800 + Henry Roades 100 + James Collings 300 + Henry Holland 400 + Wm Kerle 325 + Joseph Holland 100 + Jno Thomas Jun 100 + Jno Thomas 275 + Thomas Mason 350 + Edward Mason 150 + Jno Sanders 150 + Mich Brinkley 200 + James Moore 400 + Henry Blumpton 1500 + Jno Symmons 100 + Jeremiah Edmunds 70 + John Gay 200 + Philip Aylsberry 100 + James Copeland 390 + Jno Brothers 460 + Richard Creech 200 + Richard Bond 90 + Thomas Handcock 30 + James Knott 1050 + Wm Edwards 150 + Robert Elkes 175 + Edward Price 140 + Jane Belson 100 + Wm Staples 210 + Robert Mountgomery 150 + John Moore 100 + Capt Edmund Godwin 800 + Thomas Wakefield 150 + Godfrey Hunt 360 + Henery Wilkinson 250 + Nicholas Dixon 200 + George Keeley 650 + Richard Taylor 300 + Anne Coefield 300 + Joseph Hollyday 1000 + Mr Jno Braisseur 400 + Thomas Best 160 + Alexander Campbell 500 + Capt Charles Drury 570 + Thomas Drury 75 + Luke Shea 650 + John Babb 500 + Abraham Edwards 400 + Richard Sanders 500 + Antho Wallis 80 + Daniell Sullivan 100 + Joseph Ellis 290 + Nicholas Hunter 190 + Richard Webb 200 + John Hare 190 + Christopher Norfleet 400 + Jno Heslop 148 + Francis Benton 200 + Capt Wm Sumner 275 + Elizabeth Syrte 100 + Anne Hare 600 + Jno Porter 450 + Edward Welsh 100 + Jno Winbourne 400 + Paul Pender 200 + Mich Cowling 100 + John Cowling 100 + Rowland Gwyn 75 + Andrew Ross 150 + Jno Ballard 400 + Benjamin Montgomery 910 + Thomas Corbell 200 + Jno Yates 400 + Jno White 150 + George White 50 + Jno Bond 150 + Wm Hay 100 + Henry Bowes 600 + Wm Sevill 85 + Jno Hambleton 200 + Robert Jordan 850 + James Howard 25 + Ruth Coefield 110 + Jno Chilcott 100 + Jno Rutter 80 + Thomas Rutter 75 + Wm Rutter 75 + Capt Barnaby Kerney 460 + Thomas Cutchins 150 + Robert Lawrence 130 + Samuell Cahoone 240 + Jno Iles 220 + Thomas Sawyer 180 + Wm Outland 400 + Coll George Northworthy 650 + Coll Thomas Godwin 810 + Caleb Taylor 200 + Thomas Carnell 320 + Richard Bradley 250 + Jno Corbin 300 + Wm Sykes 150 + Major Thomas Jorden 700 + Richard Lovegrove 150 + Thomas Davis 144 + Samuell Farmer 160 + Henry Bradley 500 + Jno Clarke 25 + Margarett Jorden 200 + Wm Elkes 100 + Humphrey Mires 150 + James Ward 100 + Widdow Hudnell 45 + Wm Grandberry 300 + Israell Shepherd 200 + Benj. Small 100 + Anne Crandberry 75 + Charles Roberts 50 + Richard Sclator 300 + Robert Murrow 320 + Elizabeth Peters 334 + Thomas Jones 200 + Elizabeth Butler 200 + Coll Samuell Bridger 500 + Jno Lawrence 100 + Thomas Jarregan 165 + Thomas Jarregan Jun 600 + Wm Drury 80 + Wm Butler 120 + Henry Jenkins 860 + Edward Bathurst 250 + Thomas Houffler 200 + Edward Streater 200 + Wm Duffield 50 + Charles Thomas Jun 50 + Jno Blessington 150 + Ursula Goodwin 100 + Thomas Acwell 440 + Wm Peale 180 + John Lambkin 50 + James Murphice 160 + Robert Peale 275 + John Peters 368 + James Peters 340 + John Wakefield 50 + Richard Wynn 890 + James Lockhart 800 + John Keeton 2000 + ------ + 117024 + Jno Murrow 200 + ------ + 117224 + Added to make up equll 13850 + the last year list ------ + which may be supposed 131074 + to be held by persons + that have not made both + + Persons living out of the County and other that will not pay or give + account. Viz: + + Capt Thomas Lovett + Capt Jno Wright + Fra Parker Jun + Tho Martin + Jno Wright + Wm Lapiter + Jno Lapiter + Capt Luke Haffield + Mrs Elizabeth Swann + + Errors excepted per me Henry Jenkins + + +An Alphabetical List of the Quit Rents of Norfolk County 1704 + + Ashley Dennis 150 + Avis Widdow 50 + Adam Wm 100 + Alexander John 300 + Barington Wm 100 + Bartee Robert 150 + Bull Robert Sen 1050 + Blanch Wm 100 + Bond Wm 200 + Brown Widdow 270 + Bruce Abraham 1010 + Brown Wm 100 + Bowers Jno 166 + Bolton Wm 212 + Byron Roger 200 + Bayley Walter 290 + Bruce Jno 300 + Bishop Wm 100 + Bull Henry 1500 + Bucken Wm 410 + Babington Thomas 150 + Babington Jno 150 + Babington Rich 50 + Burges George 200 + Burges Robert 535 + Butt Richard 1840 + Brown Edward 300 + Bigg Thomas 100 + Balingtine Alexander 300 + Balengtine George 510 + Bull Thomas 2200 + Bramble Henry 100 + Blake Arthur 200 + Bolton Richard 700 + Branton John 330 + Bacheldon Joseph 300 + Bush Samuell Major 1628 + Balingtine Wm 60 + Bowles Henry 330 + Cartwright Peter 1050 + Cooper Wm 150 + Cooper Jno 150 + Cramore George 100 + Carling Walton 50 + Carling Joseph 200 + Curch Richard 1050 + Churey Widdow 600 + Cuthrell Going 470 + Crekmore Edward 800 + Cartwright Widdow 800 + Corprew Jno 650 + Corprew Thomas 650 + Crekmore Jno 750 + Caswell Widdow 350 + Colley Jno 100 + Cottell Thomas 200 + Conden Thomas 390 + Conner Lewis 2200 + Carney Jno 100 + Carney Richard 100 + Collins Wm 100 + Crekmore Edmund 690 + Charleton Jno 50 + Cutrell Thomas 150 + Chapman Richard 50 + Churey Thomas 100 + Churey Jno 150 + Dixon Jno 300 + Davis Wm Sen 250 + Davis Wm 158 + Dresdall Robert 318 + Davis Thomas 332 + Desnall Wm 100 + Davis Edward 300 + Dalley Henry 1524 + Dalley Wm 156 + Davis Thomas 340 + Denby Edward 100 + Daniell Hugh 100 + Etherdge Thomas Cooper 75 + Etherdge Thomas B R 50 + Etherdge Thomas Sen 34 + Etherdge Thomas Jun 33 + Etherdge Edward 66 + Etherdge Wm 250 + Etherdge Wm Jun 80 + Etherdge Marmaduke 525 + Edmonds John 50 + Ellis Wm 200 + Etherdge Edward Cooper 200 + Estwood Thomas 170 + Estwood John 75 + Etherdge Edward Sen 33 + Edwards John 250 + Etherdge Charles 75 + Evans Abrigall 100 + Furgison Thomas 100 + Freeman Jno 190 + Foreman Alexander 750 + Foster Henry 1000 + Ferbey Jno 500 + Fulsher Jno 1396 + Godfry Waren 350 + Godfry John 1470 + Godfry Matthew 450 + Grefen Jno 200 + Garen Daniell 50 + Guy John 110 + Gwin Wm 350 + Gilhgun Ferdinando 182 + Gilhgan John 200 + Gresnes James 150 + Gaines John 50 + Guy James 100 + Herbert Thomas 150 + Hayes Wm 200 + Harris John 110 + Holyday Jno 440 + Hodges Joseph 50 + Hoges Thomas 407 + Hoges John 520 + Hollowell Jno Sen 524 + Hollygood Thomas 100 + Hollowell Jno 200 + Holsted Henry 633 + Hollowell Joseph 1280 + Holsted John 350 + Hues Edward 1304 + Hullett Jno 300 + Hodges Roger 109 + Hodges Thomas 50 + Hodges Richard 375 + Harvey Richard 265 + Handberry 300 + Hollowell Elener 1550 + Herbert Jno 400 + Hargrave Benjamin 250 + Hartwell Richard 150 + Henland Jno 800 + Ivey George 496 + Jackson Symon 720 + Ives Timothy 400 + Ives Timothy Jun 100 + Ives John 434 + Johnston John 275 + Johnston Mercey 275 + Joles Thomas 200 + Joyce Jno 200 + Jolef Jno Jun 300 + Jenings Henry 100 + Jolef Jno Sen 840 + Kaine Richard 50 + Langley Wm 1487 + Langley Thomas 878 + Loveney James 100 + Luelling Edward 315 + Luelling Richard 200 + Lovell Widdow 740 + Low Henry 191 + Lane Robert 460 + Ludgall Matthew 250 + Levima John 510 + Lenton Wm 150 + Mercer Thomas 600 + Maning Thomas 97 + Maning Nicholas 260 + Mones Joseph 73 + Matthias Matthew 100 + Miller Wm 1090 + Miller Jno 200 + Miller Widdow 100 + Murden Widdow 2000 + Miller Thomas 1050 + Maund Wm 200 + Maning Jno Sen 300 + Miller Joseph 882 + Mocey Dennis Sen & Jun 160 + Mohan James 100 + Murfrey Alexander 800 + Maning Jno Jun 100 + Moseley Widdow 300 + Miller Widdow Sen 200 + Mason Thomas 125 + Masom Lemuell 400 + Mason Thomas 653 + Mason George 300 + Mockey Adam 400 + Newton George 1119 + Nicholson Jno 160 + Nash Thomas 50 + Nicholson Henry 320 + Nash Richard 100 + Nicholson Wm 300 + Norcote Thomas 273 + Outlaw Edward 208 + Owens Wm 650 + Odyam Wm 200 + Pearce Wm 100 + Peters Widdow 698 + Portlock 360 + Porter Samuell 100 + Prescot Moses 1200 + Philpot Richard 200 + Powell Richard 100 + Powell Lemuell 246 + Powell Wm 624 + Perkins Wm 50 + Patison Robert 350 + Roberts Jos 100 + Robert Samuell 800 + Rose Robert 385 + Rose Jno 60 + Randall Giles 150 + Richardson Thomas 379 + Spring Robert 98 + Spivey Matt 600 + Smith John 127 + Scoll Thomas 400 + Smith Richard 600 + Smith John 200 + Silvester Richard 1280 + John Smith Sen 1200 + Sickes Walter Sen 550 + Sickes John 200 + Sugg George 408 + Sugg Wm 200 + Sayer Francis 600 + Smith Humphrey 100 + Standbro Jno 40 + Standley Richard 200 + Sharples Henry 100 + Sugg Joseph 300 + Symons Thomas 166 + Symon James 200 + Sparrow Wm 350 + Tuker Wm 100 + Thornton Francis 200 + Thurston Matthew 100 + Theobald James 140 + Thellaball Widdow 600 + Tuker Richard 100 + Tuker Thomas 280 + Taylor Jno 100 + Taylor Richard 75 + Tully Jno 165 + Tarte Elezar Sen 300 + Taylor Andrew 222 + Tuker Jno 400 + Tart Alice 300 + Tarte Elezar Jun 595 + Taylor Wm 265 + Trigoney Henry 200 + Velle Moriss 335 + Walice Thomas 150 + Weston Edward 100 + Willoughby Thomas Coll 3200 + Weshart John 150 + Woodly Robert 350 + Williams John 125 + Wilder Mich 200 + Watkins Thomas 190 + Williamson Jno 750 + Whedon Jno Jun 100 + Willoughby Thomas Capt 660 + Whedon Wm 200 + West John 500 + Watson Robert 80 + Wallis Richard 250 + Wallis Jno 135 + Wallis Wm 450 + Whithurst Richard 150 + Whithurst Wm 150 + Wilkins Wm 200 + Williams John 200 + Whedbey George 200 + Worden James 400 + Wilson James Jun 200 + Wilson Lemuell 300 + Wilson James Coll 2800 + Woodward Henry 280 + Whedon Jno Jun 320 + White Patrick 500 + Willis John 470 + Weldey Dorothy 25 + Ward Jno 320 + Wakfield Thomas 40 + Wilden Nath 100 + Wooding Thomas 170 + Wood Edward 100 + Watford Joseph 97 + Wate John 400 + Wright Wm 574 + Wright James 216 + Wadborn Mich 500 + Williams Jane 400 + Webb Mary 100 + Worminton John 200 + Wilden Francis 100 + Widdick Henry 343 + ------ + 113684 + New discovered Land 1615 + ------ + 112069 + + An Account of the Land belonging to such persons out of the County and + also others out of the County. + + Coll Cary + Tully Robinson + James Daves + Robert Berrey 95 + Jno Bennett 33 + Coll Nasareth 400 + Cornelius Tullery 150 + + James Wilson Sherriff + + +Princess Anne County Rent Roll 1704 + + John Carraway 180 + Thomas More 100 + Henry Chapman 250 + George Poole 1085 + James Whithurst 600 + Thomas Morris 63 + Thomas Joy 600 + Thomas Scott 100 + George Smith 250 + Thomas Hife 200 + Richard Smith 200 + Thomas Hattersley 90 + Thomas Jolley 150 + Mich Ventres 450 + Capt Blomer Bray 270 + James Mecoy 200 + Francis Bond 264 + Edward Wood 50 + Jno Morrah 200 + Alexander Morrah 200 + Ruth Woodhouse 450 + Horatia Woodhouse 525 + Joseph White 330 + Jon Basnett 250 + Owen Wilbe 100 + Mr. Wm. Corneck 1974 + Jno Oakham 390 + David Scott 600 + Jno Keeling 2000 + Adam Keeling 500 + Humphrey Smith 50 + Jno Halise 130 + Capt Wm Crawford 2650 + Richard Williamson 450 + Edward Tranter 180 + Jno. Sherland 800 + Robert Rany 70 + Edward Old 450 + Coll Lemuell Mason 650 + Mr. Francis Emperor 400 + James Kemp 681 + Bartho: Williamson 400 + Symon Hancock Jun 200 + George Batten 150 + Matth: Brinson 250 + Mr. Edward Mosseley Sen 1000 + Wm Martin 200 + James Joslin 100 + Alexander Lilburn 500 + James William 100 + Mr. Henry Spratt 1736 + Symon Hancock Sen 300 + Thomas Walk 298 + Jno Kemp 340 + Randolph Lovett 100 + Edward Davis 200 + Jno Sammons 150 + Elizabeth Edwards 50 + Mr. Benj. Burroughs 800 + Jno Muncreef 140 + Matt: Pallett 600 + Mrs. Thurston 290 + Lancaster Lovett 1850 + Robert Cartwright 260 + Jno. Cartwright 100 + Nath: Macklakan 100 + Adam Thorowgood 700 + Henry Walstone 800 + Edward Land 400 + Thomas Hall 400 + Wm. Catherill 150 + Doctor Browne 600 + John Richardson 1000 + Robert Richmond 1000 + Thomas Benson 225 + Lewis Pervine 800 + Edward Attwood 400 + Wm. Moore 414 + Mr. Henry Woodhouse 3000 + Tully Emperor 300 + Jno. Godfrey 170 + Wm Dyer 700 + Edward Cooper 200 + Wm Ship 300 + Jno Buck 250 + Peter Mallbourn 280 + Benjamin Roberts 100 + Capt Jno Gibbs 3100 + Sarah Sanford 1200 + Henry Harrison 300 + James Lemon 1500 + Wm Wallsworth 100 + Wm Capps 1050 + Jacob Taylor 80 + Stephen Pace 50 + Adam Hayes 1360 + Wm Chichester 400 + Robert Dearemore 514 + Capt. Francis Morse 1300 + Patrick Anguish 150 + Thomas Brock 400 + Wm Brock 100 + Jno Sullivant 200 + Francis Sheene 300 + Jno Acksted 400 + Charles Hendley 100 + Duke Hill 70 + Job Brooks 150 + Jno Brooks 100 + Thomas Turton 110 + Peter Crosby 250 + Jno Pisburn 314 + James Sherwood 200 + Edward Cannon 550 + Richard Capps 100 + John Doley 640 + Matthew Mathias 80 + Mr. James Peters 889 + Jno Owens 190 + Josvas Morris 900 + Thomas Mason 140 + Wm. Wishart 200 + Jno Russell 300 + Stephen Sall 250 + Timothy Dennis 100 + George Walker 425 + Wm. Ashby 100 + Charles Griffin 216 + Symon Franklin 100 + Alice Thrower 125 + James Wishart 225 + Richard Draught 500 + Doctor Wm. Hunter 80 + Mr. Jon Sanders 203 + Wm Grinto 650 + Henry Fithgerreld 200 + Coll. H. Lawson 3100 + Capt. John Thorowgood 1000 + Robert Thorowgood 940 + Henry Southern 640 + John Wharton 850 + Joseph Doller 150 + Jno Briggs 600 + Francis Jones 100 + Thomas Lurrey 100 + Thomas Walker 820 + Steph Swaine 450 + Edward Mulsin 100 + George Bullock 300 + Jno Leggett 400 + Mark Tully 300 + Wm. Walstone 400 + Mark Powell 550 + Elizabeth Nicholls 500 + Hugh Hoskins 50 + Wm. Burrough 50 + Wm. Warren 100 + Capt. Hugh Campble 800 + George Worrinton 400 + James Tully 400 + Wm. Lovett 1300 + Wm. Grant 150 + Thomas More 100 + Richard Whithurst 350 + Capt. Thomas Cocke 800 + John Comins 175 + Thomas Griffin 200 + Thomas Spratt 600 + Jno Russell 150 + James Heath 550 + David Duncon 100 + Daniell Lane 350 + George Fowler 600 + Jno Booth 350 + Giles Collier 500 + Jacob Johnson 1700 + Alexander Willis 150 + Richard Bonny 2000 + Mr. James Doage 784 + Antho: Barnes 200 + Jno. Macklalin 120 + Thomas Etherington 108 + Jno James 328 + Wm. Woodhouse 300 + John Mayho 160 + Joseph Perry 35 + Thomas Perry 650 + Mr. Argoll Thorowgood 1000 + Capt. Wm. Moseley 600 + Jno Moseley 325 + Wm. Smith 180 + Wm. Symmons 400 + Adam Forguson 120 + Banj. Commins 200 + Jno Elkes 500 + Patrick White 1250 + Richard Jones 200 + Evan Jones 600 + Mich. Jones 200 + Richard Wicker 300 + Henry Snaile 250 + Mr. Samiel Bush 550 + Mr. Tully Robinson 500 + Jno Briberry 50 + Wm. Moseley 50 + Capt. Christ. Merchant 400 + Richard Cox 50 + Matt. Godfrey 150 + Thomas Tully 600 + Hector Denby 600 + Thomas Keeling 700 + Wm. More 100 + Thomas Cason 550 + Sarah Jackson 600 + Jacob More 200 + ----- + 98728 + + Henry Spratt + + +A True and Perfect Rent Roll of the Lands In Elizabeth City County for +the Year 1704 + + Coll. Wm. Wilson 1024 + Mr. Wm. Smelt 150 + Mr. Pasquo Curle 300 + Mr. Nicho. Curle 950 + Coll. Dudley Diggs 216 + Samuell Pearce 100 + Mary Jenings 250 + Mark Powell 184 + Wm. Davis 42 + Jno Skinner 50 + Thomas Baines 50 + Wm Latham 90 + Thomas Tucker 60 + Matthew Smell 100 + Charles Cooley 200 + Jno Chandler 150 + Wm. Umpleet 25 + Charles Tucker 240 + Thomas Allin 227 + Wm. Williams per the School 600 + Wm Williams per himself 260 + Mrs. Bridgett Jenkins 100 + Christopher Davis 25 + Wm. Spicer 60 + Thomas Hawkins 270 + Jno Bowles 260 + Jno Theodam 100 + Bartho. Wetherby 300 + Jos: White 200 + Capt. Henry Royall 750 + Robert Bright Sen. 100 + Thomas Naylor 100 + George Cooper Sen 100 + Thomas Needham 100 + Cha: Cooper 100 + Wm. Dunn 100 + Charles Jenings 225 + Samuell Davill 100 + Paltey Davill 100 + Francis Rogers 200 + Thomas Babb per Selden 300 + Richard Horsley 90 + Sarah Nagleer 230 + Henry Dunn 50 + Peter Pearce 50 + Moses Davis 150 + Mich: Breltuen 100 + Henry Robinson 200 + Christo. Copeland 340 + Thomas Faulkner 50 + Mr. James Wallace 1300 + Mr. Berthram Servant 418 + Robert Taylor 50 + Joseph Harris 50 + Wm. Robinson 50 + Wm. Boswell 220 + Wm. Winter 70 + John Lowry per Selden 110 + Edward Roe 100 + Henry James 100 + Richard Roatton 50 + Thomas Poole 1200 + John Wheat Land 66 + George Bell 80 + Widdow Ballis 350 + George Walker 325 + Mr. Robert Beverley 777 + Jno House 157 + Jno Bushell Jun 150 + Roger Masinbred 50 + John Shepherd 210 + Wm. Minsor 150 + Edward Lattimore 190 + James Baker 225 + Thomas Tucker 60 + Jno. Cotton 50 + Mark Johnson 400 + Major Wm. Armistead 460 + Coll. Antho. Armistead 2140 + Daniell Preeday 50 + Matthew Watts 454 + Bryan Penny 50 + Giles Dupra 150 + Jno Bayley 415 + Mary Simmons 200 + Jno Parish 50 + Antho. Griggs 50 + Abr: Parish 100 + Mark Parish 200 + Benj. Smith 650 + Thomas Nobling per Archer 212 + Wm. Mallory 200 + Widdow Croashell 100 + Charles Powers 400 + Robert Charwill per Jno Young 440 + Samuell Fingall 333 + Francis Savoy 50 + Mr. Edward Mihills 600 + Jane Nichols 50 + John Francis 25 + James Priest 50 + Simon Hollier 200 + Mr. Thomas Gebb 630 + Mr. Richard Booker 526 + Mr. Wm. Lowry 526 + Mr. Merry or Mrs Dunn 500 + Wm. Haslyitt 100 + Capt. Augustine More 285 + John More 250 + John Passones 780 + Rebeckha Morgan 50 + Thomas Roberts 250 + Mr. John Turner 50 + Henry Lais 50 + Capt. Henry Jenkins 300 + Mr. Francis Ballard per Selden 460 + ----- + 29560 + + Henry Royall Sheriff + + +A True & Perfect Rent Roll of all the Lands that is held in Warwick +County 1704 + + Major Wm. Cary 300 + Mr. Nedler Plantacon 80 + Rober Hubbert 101 + Wm. Harwood 625 + Richard Glanvills Orphans 165 + Wm. Hubbert 200 + Henry Gibbs 315 + Wm. Hewitt 150 + James Hill 135 + John Golden 50 + Thomas Harwood 575 + Jno. Harwood 704 + Capt. Thomas Charles 100 + Hump: Harwood 400 + Matthew Wood 300 + Edward Joyner 60 + Coll. Dudley Diggs 4626 + Elizabeth Lucas 800 + John Hillard 74 + Edward Loftes 60 + Wm. Rowles Orphans 150 + Samuell Hatton 225 + Isaac Goodwin 225 + George Robinson 70 + Seymon Powell 250 + John Dawson 300 + Wades Orphans 100 + Henry Dawson 200 + John Bowger 100 + Joseph Cooper 200 + Robert Roberts 60 + George Burton 330 + Capt. Mills Wells 425 + Roger Daniell Orphans 196 + Jno Hansell 100 + Emanuell Wells 325 + Elizabeth Wells Widdow 155 + Widdow Lewelling 100 + Wm. Wells 615 + Elias Wells 50 + Widdow Pierce 155 + Thomas Haynes 850 + John Scarsbrook 850 + Francis Jones 150 + Matthew Jones 750 + Jno. Read 875 + Mr. Brewer Land 1350 + Mr. Henry Cary 670 + Langhorne Orphans 602 + Coll. Coles Orphans 1350 + Peter Jones 150 + Samuell Crew Orphans 150 + Samuell Symons 173 + Mrs. Elizabeth Whitaker 600 + Capt. Miles Cary 600 + John Cannon 75 + John Linton 75 + Richard Gough 60 + Coll. Miles Cary 1960 + Mr. Jno. Mallnote 61 + Rowlands Williams 170 + Robert Chapell 150 + James Chapell 100 + Edward Powers 200 + James White 40 + Peter Sawers Orphans 95 + Wm. Cotton 143 + James Cotton 70 + John Croley 100 + Stephen Burgess 128 + Widdow Yorgen 60 + George Jackson 193 + Sarah Ranshaw 125 + Richard Wootton 243 + Samuell Hoggard 120 + James Floyd 100 + Fr: Rice Orphans 200 + Mr. Math Hoggard 270 + Widdow Chapell 321 + Thomas Ascow 50 + Garrett Ridley 300 + Samuell Ranshaw 238 + Charle Stuckey 86 + Jos Naylor 100 + Jos Russell 150 + Charles Allen 295 + Wm. Newberrey 100 + John Turmer 100 + Wm. Smith 150 + Elizabeth Holt 150 + James Browne 150 + Henry Royall 246 + Edward Rice 375 + Thomas Blackistone 75 + Mark Noble 215 + James Reynolds 75 + John Holmes 200 + Samuell Duberry 200 + Edward Powers 200 + Jno Hatton Orphans 93 + Wm. Lowland 25 + Thomas Morey 363 + Wm. Bracey 150 + Cope Doyley 500 + Nath Edwards 100 + Samuel Groves 490 + Croncher Orphans 50 + Henry Whitaker 60 + Woodman Land 200 + Wm Cook 29 + Jno Tignall 392 + Thomas Mountfort 890 + Joseph Mountfort 558 + James Priest 50 + Abr: Cawley 80 + Wm. Jones 70 + Edward Davis 200 + The County Land 150 + Denbigh per Gleab 130 + Mulberry Island Gleab 50 + Thomas Hansford 75 + Mr. Rascows Orphans 1195 + ----- + 37685 + Thomas Hansford never before paid 75 + ----- + 37610 + + Persons out of the County + + Jno Trevillian 248 + Holman Orphans 200 448 + + Robert Hubberd Sherriff + + +A Rent Roll of all the Land In York County 1704 + + Wm. Jackson 200 + Matt: Pierce 100 + Jno. Latin 150 + Robert Cobbs 100 + Francis Sharp 100 + Geo: Baskewyle 350 + Richard Gilford 100 + Jos: Frith 50 + Wm. Jones 70 + Nath: Crawley 384 + Thomas Crips 750 + Wm. Davis 200 + Lewis Barnoe 80 + Arthur Lun 50 + Jno. Bates 669 + Jno Serginton 150 + Wm. Taylor 100 + Richard Page 150 + Wm. Jorden 580 + Jno. Lynes 150 + Alex: Banyman 50 + Wm. Cobbs 50 + Mary Whaley 550 + Henry Tyler 180 + Richard Kendall 150 + Wm. Hansford 300 + Nicholas Sebrell 150 + David Stoner 50 + Ralph Hubberd 50 + Wm. Harrison 50 + Jno. Wyth 100 + Thomas Hill 930 + Thomas Vines 200 + Morgan Baptist 100 + Phil. Deadman 75 + Bazill Wagstaff 127 + Wm. Allen 117 + Robert Read 750 + Jos: Mountford 307 + Roger Boult 100 + Edward Fuller 70 + Thomas Jefferson 100 + Henry Duke 25 + Jno. Hansford 100 + Robert Peters 160 + Jno. Morland 100 + Wm. Lee 350 + Richard Burt 200 + John Eaton 170 + Rob: Starke 250 + Robt. Harrison 200 + Jno. Morris 125 + James Bates 117 + Elizabeth Jones 94 + Edward Young 100 + Robert Green 200 + Tho: Fear 100 + Edward Thomas 223 + John Loyall 100 + Stephen Pond 200 + Wm. Wise 850 + Cornelius Shoohorn 100 + Joseph White 750 + Daniell Park Esq. 2750 + Thomas Fear Jun 130 + Orlando Jones 450 + Ambrose Cobbs 163 + Henry Dyer 50 + Wm. Davis 100 + Wm. Buckner 302-1/2 + Tho. Barber 600 + Elizb. Tindall 60 + Dudley Diggs 1350 + Wm. Hewitt 150 + Mary Collier 433 + Charles Collier 684 + Tho. Hansford 75 + Geo. Browne 150 + Wm. Gibbs 50 + Wm. Pekithman 650 + Jno. Smith 150 + Baldwin Matthews 1300 + Jno Daniell 200 + Seamor Powell 130 + Jno. Lewis Esq. 300 + Wm. Timson 1000 + Jno. Page 490 + Jos. Benjafield 80 + Tho. Stear 60 + Stephen Fouace 565 + Edmund Jenings Esq. 850 + Elizb. Archer 370 + Wm. Coman 50 + Elizb. Hansford 100 + Samll: Hill 25 + Jno. Anderson 50 + Tho Buck 250 + Lewis Burwell 2100 + Robt. Crawley 400 + Robt. Hyde 200 + Robt. Harrison 250 + Jeffry Overstreet 50 + Tho. Overstreet 50 + John Myhill 52 + Mary Roberts 25 + Benja. Stogsdall 50 + Tho Wade 375 + Jos: Walker 615 + Jno. Sanders 100 + Mongo Inglis 400 + Tho Holyday 100 + Jno. Williams 100 + Antho: Sebrell 50 + Robt. Jones 100 + James Cansebee 200 + Richd. Booker 200 + James Morris 100 + Henry Adkinson 82 + Robt. Jackson 150 + Anthoney Robinson 183 + Hannah Lamb 50 + James Calthorp 900 + Tho Boulmer 265 + Peter Pasque 12 + Jno. Chapman 70 + Jno. Pond 112 + Sarah Tomkins 250 + Robt. Kirby 200 + Tho. Kirby 270 + Edward Curtis 200 + Jno. Forgison 200 + Wm. Row 902 + Jno. Hunt 550 + Wm. Taverner 100 + Armiger Wade 424 + Richard Dixon 450 + Edmund Jennings Esq. 1650 + Jno. Persons 300 + Tho. Nutting 375 + Peter Manson 150 + Richard Slaughter 275 + James Persons 350 + Tho. Roberts 450 + Jno. Toomer 335 + Daniell Taylor 225 + Robert Hayes 220 + Henry Andros 274 + Jno. Wells 750 + Robert Curtis 250 + Tho. Cheesman Sen. 1800 + Jos Potter 25 + Hen: Heywood 1300 + David Holyday 600 + John Northern 130 + Jno. Doswell 367 + Isaac Powell 100 + Symon Staice 200 + Jno. Drewet 200 + Robert Topladie 100 + Jno. Potter 93 + Lewis Vernum 150 + James Slaughter 250 + Tho: Burnham 50 + Jno: Doswell Jun 100 + Robert Shields 400 + Wm. Wilson 50 + Owen Davis 247 + Tho. Walker 100 + Richard Nixon 150 + Henry Clerk 100 + Elias Love 25 + Wm. Howard 100 + Jno. Sanderver 100 + Jno. Cox 50 + Tho. Gibbins 100 + Tho. Hind 100 + Tho Cheesman Jun 600 + Wm. Browne 200 + Jno. Rogers 650 + Jno. Moss 150 + Jno. Lawson 100 + Nicho. Philips 150 + Wm. Sheldon 750 + Jno. Wayman 100 + Tho Edmonds 150 + Lawrence Smith 1700 + James Paulmer 150 + Wm. Gurrow 150 + Peter Goodwin 400 + Robt. Snead 50 + Edward Cawley 150 + Wm. Gorden 150 + Jno. Hilsman 75 + Jno. Wright 100 + Jno. Gibons 50 + Elizb. Goodwin 1200 + Samuell Cooper 150 + Jno. Fips 150 + Tho Wooton 150 + Edward Moss 759 + Rebecka Watkins 100 + Wm. Whitaker 1800 + Hampton Parish 200 + Bruton parish Gleabe 300 + Robt. Ivy he living in + James City County & + no Tennt. on ye Land 100 + ----- + 61132-1/2 + Added to make up the old Roll 168 + ----- + 61300-1/2 + + Wm. Barbar S Y C + + +The Rent Roll of the Land in James City County 1704 + + + A + + Adkinson Tho 50 + Adkinson Henry 250 + Armestone Joshua 50 + Adams Anne 150 + Argo James 200 + Abbitt Francis 100 + Apercon Wm. 80 + Allen Richard 540 + ----- + 1420 + + + B + + Baker Jno. 100 + Bentley Jno 125 + Bess Edmund 75 + Burwell Lewis 1350 + Beckitt Tho 60 + Bray James 3500 + Bryon Jno. 100 + Bingley James 100 + Benham Jno. 50 + Brown James 250 + Bowers Wm. 50 + Broadnax Wm. 1683 + Bayley Wm 100 + Black Geo 200 + Bush Jno 800 + Ballard Tho 100 + Bray David 5758 + Burton Ralph 200 + Blankitt Henry 100 + Brand Richard 125 + Breeding Jno. 100 + Bruer Thackfield 350 + Blackley Wm 142 + Barratt Wm. 305 + Barron Tho 100 + Blankes Henry 650 + Bagby Tho 180 + Barnes Francis 200 + Brackitt Tho 150 + Browne Wm. 1070 + Buxton Samuell 300 + Bimms Christo. 300 + Ballard Wm. 300 + Boman 90 + Benge Robert 60 + ----- + 19123 + + + C + + Center Jno 100 + Clerk Wm. 1100 + Charles Phill 200 + Capell Tho. 200 + Cearley Wm. 450 + Clerk Robert 300 + Clerk Sarah 200 + Cole Richard 80 + Cooper Tho 60 + Cook Richard 75 + Cosby Charles 250 + Crawley Robert 460 + Cryer George 100 + Cobbs Ambrose 350 + Cock Jonathan 250 + Cowles Thomas 675 + ----- + 4850 + + + D + + Dormar Jno. 100 + Drummond Wm 150 + Deane Jno 150 + Duckitt Abraham 290 + Danzee Jno Jacob Coignan 4111 + Deane Tho 80 + Deane Wm 100 + Drummond Jno 700 + Deane Tho 150 + Duke Tho 750 + Davey Francis 778 + Doby Jno. 300 + Duke Henry Jun 50 + Duke Henry Esq. 2986 + ----- + 11695 + + + E + + Elerby Elizabeth 600 + Edmunds Elizabeth 175 + Eggleston Joseph 550 + Eglestone Benj. 1375 + ----- + 2700 + + + F + + Fearecloth Tho 277 + Farthing Wm. 50 + Frayser Jno 250 + Fox Wm. 50 + Fouace Stephen 150 + Fish Jno. 100 + Freeman George 197 + Furrbush Wm. 400 + Flanders Francis 350 + ----- + 1824 + + + G + + Goodrich Benj. 1650 + Gwin Jno. 100 + Garey Tho. 60 + Guilsby Tho. 300 + Graves Joseph 250 + Goss Charles 171 + Goodall Jno. 400 + Geddes 476 + Gill Jno. 100 + Green Tho. 50 + Gregory Nicho. 50 + Green Wm. 100 + Ginnings Phill. 400 + Gibson Gibey 150 + Goodman John 275 + Goodwin Robert 150 + Grice Aristotle 700 + Greene Tho 500 + ----- + 5882 + + + H + + Hudson Wm 50 + Herd Leph. 100 + Hadley Dyonitia 100 + Hall Jno. 50 + Harvey George 1425 + Howard Jno. 25 + Hughes Geo. 250 + Harfield Mich 50 + Hudson George 100 + Hudson Leonard 170 + Hood Jno. 250 + Harris Wm. 140 + Hamner Nicho. 500 + Henley Leonard 360 + Hooker Edward 1067 + Higgins Jno. 75 + Henley Jno. 100 + Holiday Tho. 250 + Hitchcock John 100 + Holeman James 150 + Hubert Matt 1834 + Handcock Robt. 300 + Haley James 310 + Hook Mick 260 + Hill Tho. 310 + Hatfield Richard 100 + Hilliard Jerimiah 225 + Hilliard John 200 + Hopkins John 120 + Hunt Wm. 1300 + Hix John 115 + Harrison Wm. 150 + Hawkins John 200 + Hix Joseph 100 + Harrison Benj. Jun 100 + ----- + 10936 + + + J + + Inch Jno. 30 + Jone Fred 300 + Inglis Mingo 1300 + Jenings Edmund Esq. 200 + Jaquelin Edward 400 + Jeffrys Tho 60 + Jackson Elizabeth 200 + Jackson Richard 150 + Jeffrys Matt. 100 + Johnson Antho 100 + Jones Wm. 50 + Johnson Jno 260 + Jones Wm. 150 + Jordan John 1000 + ----- + 4265 + + + K + + Knowstarp 150 + + + L + + Lawrence Richard 250 + Ludwell Phil Esq 6626 + Lattoon John 75 + Lund Thomas 100 + Lillingtone Benj. 100 + Lidie Robt. 500 + Loftin Comeles 200 + Lightfoot Phil 1650 + Lightfoot Jno. Esq 250 + Love Jno. 100 + Loftin Comeles Jun 200 + Liney Wm. 55 + ----- + 10106 + + + M + + Mookins Roger 160 + Macklin Wm 300 + Marston Wm 150 + Morris Edward Jun 100 + Manningaren 150 + Marston Tho 1000 + Martin Richard 150 + Maples Tho 300 + Muttlow Jno 170 + Morris James 800 + Moris David 170 + Myers Wm Jun 100 + Mountfort Tho 600 + Morris John 195 + Marble Geo 135 + Mallard Poynes 100 + Merryman James 300 + Morecock Tho 700 + Meekings Tho 175 + Marraw Dennis 30 + Major John 100 + ----- + 5885 + + + N + + Norrell Hugh 328 + Nicholson Jno 144 + Nicholls Henry 100 + Nailer Wm 300 + O'Mooney Mary 126 + ----- + 998 + + + P + + Prince George 50 + Page John 1700 + Page Mary 900 + Pigot Benj. 90 + Pall Wm 450 + Parker Tho 1650 + Peper Stephen 100 + Phillips Jno 300 + Pattison Alex 100 + Perkins Charles 320 + Philips Edward 100 + Philips Wm 300 + Pearman Wm 270 + Pearman Jno 200 + Pendexter Tho 550 + Parish Tho 100 + Pattisson Tho 200 + Parke Daniell Esq 1800 + Pattison Catherine 150 + ----- + 9330 + + + R + + Rhodes Randall 50 + Ryder Mary 350 + Rhodes Francis 100 + Rovell Jno 50 + Revis Wm. 150 + Russell Samuell 350 + ----- + 1050 + + + S + + Stafford Mary 210 + Sanders Jno. 50 + Sewell Jno. 75 + Sprattley Jno. 350 + Smith Christo. 450 + Short Jno. 90 + Smallpage Robt. 190 + Santo Robt. 100 + Smith Jno. 114 + Slade Wm. 80 + Soane Henry 750 + Sykes Barnard 1012 + Selvey Jacob 50 + Sharp Jno. 800 + Shaley Jno. 150 + Simes Wm. 650 + Sorrell Mary 500 + Sherman Elizb. 500 + ----- + 6121 + + + T + + Tinsley Edward 100 + Tinsley Richard 100 + Tomson James 100 + Thackson John 289 + Tyery Wm. 1590 + Thurston John 500 + Thomas Wm. 150 + Tyler Henry 730 + Tullett John 625 + Thomas Hanah 100 + Thomson Henry 150 + Twine Tho. 100 + Thomas Jno. 250 + ----- + 4784 + + + V + + Vaughn Henry 1900 + Udall Matthew 50 + Verney Wm. 50 + Vaiding Isaac 300 + ----- + 2300 + + + W + + Weathers Tho. 130 + Wood Richard 130 + Whitaker Wm. 320 + Ward Tho. 100 + Weldon Sarah 100 + Whaley Mary 200 + Winter Timo. 250 + Wilkins Samll. 170 + Wright Samll. 100 + Winter Wm. 100 + Williams Matt. 75 + Walker Alex. 500 + Williamson John 120 + Walker David 150 + Walker Alex. Jun. 2025 + Warberton Tho. 190 + Weldey Geo. 317 + Wragg Tho. 500 + Wooton Jno. 150 + Willson Jno. 140 + Wilkins Tho. 600 + Wood Edward 300 + Wood Tho. 200 + Walker David 100 + Ward Robt. 800 + Wright Mary 175 + Woodward Lanslett 650 + Woodward John 650 + Woodward Geo. 350 + Woodward Samll. 350 + Ward Henry 150 + Ward Edward 150 + ----- + 10662 + + + Y + + Young Robt. 350 + Young Thomas 350 + ----- + 700 + 114780 + + Benj. Shottwater of York County 300 + Tho. Sorrell 300 + Mary Nosham at the Blackwater 168 + ----- + 768 + + Henry Soane Junr. Sher. + + The Totall of the Acres + in James City County + 114780 + + Discovered of this for which + the Sheriff is to be allowed + the Qt. Rts. according to + his Ex.cy odrs in Council + 6000 + ------ + 108780 + + 108780 acres at 24 tob per + 100 is 26107 tob + ------ + + Whereof pd in Aronoco at + 6 per Ct. 4000 + 12.0.0 + In Sweet Scented at 3s " 4d + per Ct. 22107 + 92.2.3 + 104.2.3 + + +New Kent County Rent Roll + +A Rent Roll of the Lands held of her Maj^tie in the Parish of St. Peters +and St. Paulls. Anno 1704. + + + A + + Alford John 240 + Allen Richard 550 + Alex Abraham 100 + Allen Robt. 100 + Austin 245 + Austin James 700 + Amos Fran 100 + Ashcroft Tho 180 + Aldridge Jno 250 + Atkinson Jno 300 + Anthony Mark 190 + Anderson Jno 100 + Anderson Robt 900 + Arise Margt 200 + Austin Rich 50 + Anderson Robt. 700 + Anderson David 300 + Anderson Rich 200 + Allen Reynold 205 + Allvis George 325 + Aron Josiah 200 + Amos Nocho 50 + Allen Daniell 250 + Allen Samll 150 + Anderson John 100 + Ashley Charles 100 + ----- + 6785 + + + B + + Bourn Wm 140 + Bray Sarah 790 + Bradbury Geo 100 + Brothers Jno 200 + Bayley Jno 80 + Beck Wm Mr. 200 + Butts Alice 150 + Burnell Mary Mrs. 2750 + Bassett Wm. 550 + Ball David 200 + Baughan Jno Junr 300 + Bassett Tho 350 + Blackburn Rowland 700 + Baker Christo 100 + Beer Peter 100 + Brooks Richd 85 + Burnell Edwd 200 + Brown Jno 100 + Bullock Richd 450 + Blackwell James Junr 200 + Brooks Robt 45 + Bulkley Benj 200 + Blackwell 950 + Baughan Jno 100 + Baughan Joseph 100 + Bostock Jno 100 + Bostock Wm 80 + Bumpus Robt. 100 + Burwell Lewis 200 + Bryan Charles 100 + Bullock Edwd 450 + Blalock Jno 492 + Baker Jno 130 + Bearne Henry 50 + Buhly Jno 225 + Bow Henry 200 + Bradley Tho 255 + Barker Cha 100 + Bugg Samll 60 + Baskett Wm. Esq. 1250 + Beck Wm. 433 + Beare Joseph 150 + Barrett Christo 60 + Baughtwright Jno 250 + Bad Samll 150 + Banks Andrew 50 + Baker Richd 80 + Bowles John 500 + Bunch John 100 + Burnett Jno 150 + Barnhowes Richd 1600 + Barbar Tho 500 + Burkett Tho 41 + Bates Edwd 50 + Breeding John 300 + Brewer Mary 100 + Bassett Wm. Esq. 4100 + Bradingham Robt. 150 + Baxter James 90 + ----- + 21786 + + + C + + Cotrell Richd 200 + Clarkson David 200 + Crump Stephen 60 + Crump Wm. 330 + Clopton Wm. 454 + Chandler Robt. 160 + Crump Richd. 60 + Cambo Richd. 80 + Crawford David Junr 400 + Crawford David Mr. 300 + Chambers Edwd 235 + Clerk Edwd 282 + Collett Tho 100 + Clerk Christo 300 + Cocker Wm. 1000 + Case Hugh 100 + Carley Richd 80 + Chiles Henry 700 + Cook Abraham 200 + Crump Elizb 80 + Colum Richd 130 + Crump James 150 + Crump Robt 150 + Clough Capt. 80 + Chandler Wm. 300 + Chandler Francis 150 + Cordey Tho. 150 + Currell Andrew 30 + Croome Joell 600 + Crutchfield Peter 400 + Chesley Wm. 500 + Crutchfield Junr 400 + Carlton Wm. 140 + Chambers George 100 + Cox Wm. 350 + ----- + 9251 + + + D + + Dolerd Wm 50 + Dennett John 350 + Durham James 100 + Dumas Jerimiah 250 + Deprest Robt 350 + Dodd John 300 + Dabony James 320 + Davis Elizar 375 + Duke Henry Esq. 325 + Dibdall Jno 800 + Darnell Rachell 100 + Duke Henry Esq. 170 + Davis John 80 + Davenport Mest 125 + Daniell John 150 + ----- + 3845 + + + E + + Eperson John 120 + Elmore Tho 300 + Elmore Tho Junr 100 + Ellicon Garratt Robt 520 + England Wm. 490 + Elderkin John 300 + Elmore Peter 100 + English Mungo 500 + Ellis Wm. 100 + ----- + 2530 + + + F + + Finch Edwd 300 + Foster Joseph 800 + Forgeson Wm 507 + Fleming Charles 920 + Francis Tho 150 + Freeman Wm. 200 + Fenton Widdo 270 + Feare Edmd 200 + Fisher Wm. 100 + ----- + 3447 + + + G + + Goodger Jno 200 + Green Edwd 200 + Gibson Tho 370 + Garrat James 375 + Gonton Jno 250 + Glass Tho 150 + Graham Tho 250 + Gleam Jno 300 + Giles Jno 120 + Gentry Nicho 250 + Garland Edwd 2600 + Glass Anne 150 + Granchaw Tho 480 + Greenfield Fran. 80 + Gillmett Jno 160 + Gawsen Phillip 50 + Gillmett Richd 150 + Glassbrook Robt 400 + Gadberry Tho 200 + Gill Nicho 222 + Gosling Wm 460 + Goodring Alexander 100 + Gills John 100 + Grindge Richd 225 + ----- + 7442 + + + H + + Herlock John 320 + Hilton Jno 300 + Hughs Jno 180 + Huberd Jno 827 + Howie Jno 150 + Howie Jno Junr 100 + Hughs Robt 966 + Harris Edmd 100 + Harris Tho 100 + Hawes Haugton 850 + Harris John 146 + Hill Jno 250 + Hester Fra 300 + Horsley Rowland 250 + Herman Robt 300 + Hughes Rees 400 + Hill Samll 300 + Holled Samll 100 + Harrelston Paul 360 + Hatfield Wm 318 + Harris Wm 125 + Harris Benj 100 + Horkeey John 800 + Hairy John 280 + Haiselwood Jno 200 + Haiselwood Tho 150 + Hockiday Wm 300 + Holdcroft Henry 95 + Hogg Mary 140 + Harmon Wm 350 + Hogg Jno. Junr 260 + Harris Wm 100 + Hopkins Wm 200 + Howes Job 300 + Hight John 100 + Hankins Charles 340 + Harris Wm 150 + Harris Robt 75 + Handey Wm 150 + Hogg Wm 200 + Haselwood Richd 100 + Harlow Tho 230 + Hutton Geo 150 + ----- + 11312 + + + J + + Jackson Tho 500 + Izard Fran 1233 + Jarratt Robt 1600 + Johnson Mich 40 + Jones John 100 + Johnson Wm 265 + Jones Jane 200 + Johnson John 100 + Johnson Edwd 150 + Jennings Robt 100 + Jones Fredirick 500 + Johes John 100 + Jeeves Tho 100 + Jones Francis 200 + Jones John 100 + Jones Evan 500 + ----- + 5838 + + + K + + King Elizb 300 + Kembro Jno 540 + Kembro Jno Junr 150 + Keeling Geo 1500 + ----- + 2490 + + + L + + Lightfoot John Esq. 3600 + Littlepage Richd 2160 + Losplah Peter 100 + Lestrange Tho 200 + Liddall Geo 100 + Lawson Nicho 200 + Levermore Phill 1000 + Lewis John Esq 2600 + Lawson John 50 + Lewis John 375 + Lovell Geo 920 + Lovell Charles 250 + Leak Wm 280 + Logwod Tho 100 + Lacey Wm 500 + Lacey Tho 100 + Lacey Emanuell 180 + Luke Jno 150 + Lochester Robt 80 + Lewis Tho 115 + Lee Edwd 120 + Lochester Edwd 80 + Law James 100 + Laton Reubin 100 + Linsey Joseph 1150 + Linsey Wm 50 + Lane Tho 100 + ----- + 14760 + + + M + + Millington Wm Junr 450 + Mitchell Stephen Junr 75 + Millington Wm 200 + Moss Samll 200 + Mitchell Tho 300 + Meanley Wm 100 + Minis Tho 200 + Mitchell Stephen 200 + Moor Pelham 125 + Martin Tho 100 + Martin Martin 150 + Morris Robt 245 + Moss Tho 430 + Morgan Edwd 50 + Moon Stephen 70 + Major Wm 456 + Murroho Jno 100 + Moor Jno 250 + Masey Tho 300 + Martin John 400 + Masey Peter 100 + Madox John 300 + Martin Wm 230 + Martin James 100 + Moss James 720 + Moon Tho 65 + McKing Alexander 170 + McKoy Jno 300 + Merridith Geo 400 + Melton Richd 290 + Morreigh John 110 + Merfield John 210 + Mills Nicho 300 + Mask Jno 411 + Medlock John 350 + Moor Edwd 65 + McKgene Wm 13-1/2 + Merriweather Nicho 3327 + Mage Peter 450 + Mitchell Wm 512 + Marr Geo 100 + Moor Anne 75 + Mutray Tho 382 + Mirideth James 270 + Mohan Warwick 850 + Muttlow James 150 + Morgan Matthew 210 + Morris John 450 + Markham Tho 100 + Moxon Wm 100 + Mackony Elizb 250 + Meacon Gideon 270 + ----- + 16149-1/2 + + + N + + Nucholl James 300 + Neaves James 150 + Nonia Richd 100 + Norris Wm 100 + ----- + 650 + + + O + + Osling John 150 + Otey John 290 + Oudton Matt 190 + ----- + 630 + + + P + + Page John Junr 400 + Pendexter Geo 1490 + Pattison David 300 + Park Jno Junr 300 + Park John 200 + Pease John 100 + Philip Geo 100 + Penix Edwd 200 + Plantine Peter 240 + Pendexter Tho 1000 + Pyraul James 150 + Pullam Wm 575 + Purdy Nicho 200 + Page Mary Madm 3450 + Perkins John 120 + Paite Jerim 220 + Pasley Robt 300 + Perkins Wm 305 + Pait John 1500 + Petever Tho 100 + Pittlader Wm 147 + Pickley Tho 281 + Pittlader Tho 295 + Petty Stephen 200 + Porter John 100 + Petty John 2190 + Park Coll 7000 + Purly John 100 + ----- + 21573 + + + R + + Raglin Evan 300 + Raglin Evan Junr 100 + Raglin Tho 100 + Ross Wm 150 + Richardson Henry 300 + Raymond James 80 + Reynold Tho 255 + Reyley Jno 100 + Reynolds Jonah 50 + Rhoads Charles 175 + Reynolds Samll 820 + Rice Tho 300 + Redwood John 1078 + Rule Widdo 50 + Richardson Richard 890 + Russell John 550 + Richardson John 1450 + Richard Eman 1250 + Round Free Wm 100 + Randolph Widdo 100 + ----- + 8928 + + + S + + Styles John 200 + Smith Nathll 82 + Sanders Wm 40 + Spear Robt 450 + Sanders James 60 + Scott John 300 + Scrugg Richd 100 + Strange Alexander 450 + Smith Wm 110 + Scrugg Jno 50 + Snead Tho 200 + Sunter Stephen 478 + Symons Josiah 100 + Sanders John 130 + Stephens Wm 100 + Stanley Tho 150 + Sandidge Jno 100 + Sprattlin Andrew 654 + Snead John 75 + Smith James 80 + Sexton Wm 80 + Sims Jno 1000 + Smith Roger 300 + Sherritt Henry 100 + Salmon Thomas 50 + Sanders Tho 25 + Symons George 125 + Stamp Ralph 625 + Stanop Capt 1024 + Stanup Richd 325 + Shears Paul 200 + Stepping Tho 350 + Slater James 700 + ----- + 9813 + + + T + + Tony Alexandr 170 + Tovis Edmd 100 + Turner Henry 250 + Turner Wm 250 + Turner Geo 400 + Thorp Tho 200 + Thurmond Richd 131-1/2 + Tucker Tho 700 + Turner James 50 + Thompson James 100 + Tully Wm 200 + Turner Geo Junr 200 + Tate James 160 + Town Elizb 100 + Thomasses Orphans 500 + Tinsley Cournelius 220 + Tyler 100 + Tinsley Tho 150 + Tirrell Wm 400 + Taylor Tho 25 + Tinsley Jno 130 + Tapp Jno 110 + Tyrrey James 150 + Tyrrey Alexandr 210 + Thompson Capt. 2600 + Tyrey Thom 190 + Taylor Joseph 150 + Taylor Lemuell 212 + Taylor Thomas 350 + Twitty Thomas 200 + ----- + 8708-1/2 + + + V + + Upsherd Jon 60 + Vaughan Wm 300 + Via Amer 50 + Venables Abr. 100 + Venables John 200 + Vaughan John 250 + Vaughan Vincent 410 + ----- + 1370 + + + W + + Wintby Jacob 250 + Winfry Charles 100 + Waddill Jno 40 + Walker Wm 650 + Walton Edwd 150 + Wilson Jno 200 + Waddill Wm 375 + Warring Peter 88 + Wingfield Tho 150 + Weaver Sam 100 + Wyatt Alice 1300 + West Nath 6370 + Webb Mary 200 + Wilmore Jno 100 + Webster Joseph 80 + West Giles 200 + Wharton Tho 270 + Willis Fran 134 + Waddy Samll 150 + Willford Charles 100 + Waid James 150 + White Jno 320 + Wood Henry 100 + Woody Symon 50 + Woody Jno 100 + Winstone Antho 310 + Winstone Isaac 850 + Woody James 130 + Winstone Sarah 275 + Watson Theophilus 325 + Woodson Jno 600 + Walton Edwd 450 + Wood Walter 100 + Watkins Wm 50 + Wilkes Joseph 250 + Williams Clerk 300 + Willis Stephen 500 + Williams Tho 100 + Worrin Robt 300 + Woodull James 200 + Walker Capt 400 + Wilson James 60 + Wheeler John 75 + Williams Wm. 100 + White John 190 + ----- + 17292 + + + Y + + Yeoman John 50 + Yeoell Judith 150 + ----- + 200 + + Quit Rents that hath not been paid this 7 year viz. + + Richarson Matt 200 + Wm Wheeler 150 + Coll Parkes 300 + ----- + 650 + + Lands that the Persons lives out of the County viz. + + Coll Lemuell Batthurst 800 + Robt Valkes 500 + The Heirs of Bray 500 + ----- + 1800 + + + A 6785 + B 21786 + C 9251 + D 3845 + E 2530 + F 3447 + G 7442 + H 11312 + J 5838 + K 2490 + L 14760 + M 16149-1/2 + N 650 + O 630 + P 21573 + R 8298 + S 9813 + T 8708-1/2 + V 1370 + W 17292 + Y 200 + ------ + 173870 + + James Mosse Sherriff + + +A full & Perfect Rent Roll of all the Land held of her Majtie in Charles +City County this Present Year 1704 by Patents &c. + + + A + + Aliat John 100 + + + B + + Bradley Joseph 200 + Baxter John 250 + Bishop Robt 200 + Bedingfield Theo 110 + Botman Harman 100 + Burton Henry 100 + Burwell Lewis 8000 + Brooks Robt 150 + Blanks Richard Senr 250 + Blanks Richd Junr 125 + Blanks Tho 125 + Bradford Richd 1397 + Brown Marmaduke 100 + Bray David 230 + ----- + 11337 + + + C + + Cole Robt 80 + Codell Richd 100 + Clark Edwd 962-1/4 + Clark Daniell 250 + Clark Joseph 230 + Christian Tho 1273 + Cock Edwd 350 + Cock Richd 975 + ----- + 3258 + + + D + + Davis Thomas 200 + Davis Richd 118 + ----- + 318 + + + E + + Edwards John 287-1/2 + Epes Littlebury 400 + Epes John 500 + Ele Samll 682 + Evans John 800 + ----- + 2669-1/2 + + + F + + Floyd Geo 243 + Fowler Richd 150 + Flowers Samll 200 + ----- + 593 + + + G + + Gunn James 250 + Grosse Edwd 100 + ----- + 350 + + + H + + Hamlin Jno 143-1/2 + Hill Edwd 2100 + Haynes Nicho 125 + Harwood John 100 + Howood James 200 + Hattle Shard 112 + Harwood Joseph 659 + Harwood Samll 350 + Harwood Robt 312-1/2 + Hunt Wm 3130 + Hunt John 1500 + Harmon Elizb 479 + Hyde Wm 120 + Hamlin Stephen 80 + Hamlin Tho 264 + ----- + 16015 + + + J + + Irby Wm 103 + Javox James 100 + Jordin Edwd 100 + Justis Justinian 200 + ----- + 503 + + + L + + Lowlin Danll 600 + Lawrence James 100 + ----- + 700 + + + M + + Manders James 100 + Minge James 1086 + Mountford Jeffry 100 + Marvell Tho 1238 + Moodie Samll 82 + Muschamp John 80 + ----- + 2686 + + + N + + New Edwd 100 + New Robt 300 + ----- + 400 + + + O + + Owen Wm 100 + Owen David 100 + ----- + 200 + + + P + + Parker Tho 1667 + Parish Wm 100 + Parish Charles 100 + Parker James 160 + Parish Edwd 100 + Parish John 100 + ----- + 2227 + + + R + + Roach Jno Senr 630 + Renthall Joseph 270 + Russell Samll 253 + Roper John 220 + Royall Joseph 262 + ----- + 1635 + + + S + + Smith Obidiah 100 + Sampson Widdo 211 + Stith Drewry 1240 + Stith John 1395 + Stockes John 476 + Stockes Silvanus Senr 250 + Stokes Silvanus Junr 550 + Speares Geo 225 + ----- + 4447 + + + T + + Tanner Tho 2000 + Tarendine John 150 + Turner Edwd 195 + Trotman Anne 120 + ----- + 2465 + + + V + + Vernon Walter 240 + + + W + + Wyatt Widdo 800 + Woodam Tho 100 + Waren John 54 + ----- + 954 + + + A 100 + B 11337 + C 3258 + D 318 + E 2669-1/2 + F 593 + G 350 + H 16015 + J 503 + L 700 + M 2686 + N 400 + O 200 + P 2227 + R 1635 + S 4447 + T 2465 + V 240 + W 954 + ----- + 52059-1/2 + + An account of what Land that I cannot get the Quit Rents the Persons + living out of the County + + Josep Parish at Kiquotan 100 + Richd Smith James City Cty 350 + Danll Hayley 200 + Wm Lagg Henrico Cty 100 + ----- + 750 + + Tho Parker Sheriff + + +The Quit Rent Roll of King William County + + Armsby John 200 + Alvey Robt 400 + Andrew Wm 100 + Abbott Robt 100 + Arnold Anthony 100 + Arnold Benj 1000 + Alcock John 190 + Adam James 400 + Anderson Wm Capt 150 + Burwell Majr 4700 + Bunch Paul 150 + Baker John 250 + Burges Edwd 150 + Buttris Robt 400 + Bibb Benj 100 + Browne Joseph 270 + Bell Edwds 580 + Burch Henry 200 + Burrel Suprian 350 + Baker Tho 100 + Bobo Elizb 200 + Bird Wm Maj Qr 1200 + Burrus John 60 + Butler Thomas 150 + Burrus Thomas 60 + Bassett Coll Qr 1550 + Bray James Qr 1400 + Browne Abraham 250 + Brightwell Elizb 300 + Bickley Joseph 150 + Claibourne Wm Coll 3000 + Claibourne Tho Capt 1000 + Claibourne John 50 + Coakes Robert 100 + Cradock Samll 600 + Cockram Wm 200 + Cockram Joseph 600 + Celar John 100 + Chadwick Wm 150 + Cathern John 180 + Carr Thomas 500 + Chiles Henry Qr 700 + Craushaw Thomas 150 + Clark Margarett 100 + Coates Wm 50 + Douglas Wm 200 + Davis Lewis 200 + Davis Wm 200 + Downer John 300 + Downes Elias 300 + Davenport Davis 200 + Dorrell Sampson Qr 5000 + Davenport Martin 100 + Davis Robert 200 + Dickason Wm 100 + Dickason Thomas 100 + Dillon Henry 150 + Dabney James 200 + Dabney George 290 + Dabney Benj 200 + Davis John 200 + Elly Richd 100 + Egny Elizb 100 + Elliot Thomas 480 + Edward James 350 + Elliott James 1700 + Fox John Capt. 600 + Fox Henry 2000 + Finton Francis 100 + Fuller Anthony 150 + Foord John Junr 300 + Foord Wm 800 + Fullalove Thomas 100 + Fleming Charles Qr 1700 + Graves John Qr 100 + Garratt Thomas 200 + Geeres Thomas 100 + Green John 100 + Gravatt Henry 150 + Goodin Majr Qr 200 + Glover Wm 100 + Herriott George 200 + Hollins John 200 + Higgason John 350 + Holderbee Wm 100 + Holliday Wm 100 + Hayfield Wm 100 + Hampton John 50 + Huckstep Edwd 150 + Hurt Wm Junr 90 + Hurt Wm Senr 250 + Hurt John 500 + Hendrick Hans 700 + Handcock Thomas 200 + Hayden John 150 + Hobday Edwd 150 + Hill Thomas 150 + Hutchinson Wm 600 + Hill Francis 300 + Hill Gabriell 250 + Hill Edwd Coll Qr 3000 + Hayle Joseph 200 + Johns Jane 240 + Johnson Wm 300 + Johnson Coll Qr 600 + Johns Wm 100 + Isabell Wm 150 + James Jonathan 300 + Inge Vincent 100 + Jones Frederick Qr 2850 + Jenings Coll Qr 4000 + King Robert Qr 300 + Kettlerise Symon 200 + Lee John 20 + Lypscomb Ambrose 600 + Lasy Wm 100 + Lypscomb Wm 300 + Littlepage Richd Capt Qr 2600 + Lypscomb John 200 + Mallory Thomas 150 + Mallory Roger 100 + Miles Daniell 350 + Mr Gehee Thomas 250 + Marr John 200 + Morris Wm 440 + Maybank Wm 100 + Mr Donnell John 150 + Maddison Henry 650 + Merriweather Nicho Qr 600 + Mullene Matthew 150 + Madison John Qr 300 + Norment Joseph 800 + Norment Samll 100 + Noyce Wm 650 + Napier Robert 100 + Owens Hugh 300 + Oustin John 350 + Oakes John 350 + Oliver John 140 + Palmer Martin 1200 + Peek John 100 + Pynes Nathaniell 1400 + Pee Thomas 400 + Purlevant Arthur 100 + Powers David 200 + Pollard Wm Qr 500 + Pemberton Geo 180 + Page John Qr 1000 + Pickrell Gabriell 100 + Parks Coll Qr 4500 + Quarles John 100 + Reynolds Wm 100 + Robert Maurice 200 + Randall John 100 + Ray James 100 + Rhodes Nicholas 150 + Sandlan Nicholas 700 + Strutton Thomas 150 + Streett Wm 350 + Shilling George 300 + Satterwhite Charles 150 + Slaughter Geo 100 + Slaughter Martin 130 + Stark John 500 + Sanders Jushua 100 + See Mathew 200 + Sellers Jacob 350 + Spruse Jeremy 150 + Smith Edmd 150 + Spencer Thomas 600 + Slaughter John 90 + Smith Christo Qr 800 + Slaughter Henry 100 + Toms Wm 150 + Towler Matthew 150 + Terry Thomas 300 + Terry Stephen 330 + Tomason Thomas 150 + Terry James 400 + Traneer John 100 + Vickrey Henry 450 + West John Coll 1800 + Winfree Henry 300 + West Tho Capt 1000 + Whitworth John 200 + Whitlock John 200 + Willeroy Abraham 550 + Williams Phillip 100 + Williams Griffith 240 + Wood Thomas 300 + Whitehead John 100 + Woolsey Jacob 130 + Williams John 150 + Williams Samll 600 + Wright Thomas 150 + Whitbee Robert 800 + West Nathanll Capt 2000 + Waller John Majr 800 + Willis Wm 250 + Wheelis Joseph 130 + Wormley Madam Qr 3000 + Winston William 170 + Whitehead Phillip 3000 + Yancey Charles 100 + Yarborough John 150 + Yarborough Richard 300 + ------ + 100950 + + Wm Stanard M.S. 1000 + James Wood K.Q. 500 + Zachary Lewis K.Q. 450 + Peter Kemp G.C. 600 + Wm Beck N.K. 1600 + Tho. Hickman K.Q. 550 + Benj Clement G.C. 600 + David Bray J.C.C. 1000 + Job House N.K. 2000 + Harry Beverley M.S. 600 + Chillian White G.C. 300 + + +A True Account of the Lands in King & Queen County as it was taken by +Robt. Bird Sherriff in the year 1704. + + + A + + Alford John 200 + Austin Danll 80 + Asque John 320 + Adams Johns 200 + Arnold Edwd 150 + Allin Thomas 100 + Adkinson John 250 + Austin Thomas 100 + Adamson David 100 + Anderson Richd 650 + Allcock Dorothy 150 + ----- + 2300 + + + B + + Baker Wm 350 + Beverley Robt. Qr. 3000 + Bennett Alexander 200 + Breeding Geo 200 + Bennett Wm 150 + Bowles Robt 100 + Bennett Sawyer 150 + Baylor John 3000 + Bell Roger 150 + Burford Wm 150 + Bray John 230 + Blake Wm 290 + Boisseau James Quart 900 + Blake Wm Junr 210 + Brown Lancelet 385 + Burch Jno 100 + Burch Wm 100 + Brown Tho. Blakes Land 300 + Bridgeforth James 355 + Bagby Robt 550 + Banks Wm 1079 + Bullock John 200 + Bird Wm 572 + Broach Jno 1200 + Braxton Geo 2825 + Blanchet John 125 + Bowker Ralph 330 + Bine Edmd 111 + Barber James 750 + Burgess Wm 100 + Bond Jno 100 + Breemer John 1100 + Bland Henry 150 + Breemer John Junr 200 + Bowden Tho. 150 + Barton Andrew 150 + Barlow Henry 200 + Baskett John 150 + Batterton Tho. 100 + Baker James 322 + Bill Robt. 150 + Bocus Reynold 150 + Bourne George 200 + Bird Robt. 1324 + ----- + 22535 + + + C + + Cane Jno 300 + Chessum Alexandr 150 + Cook Benjamin 200 + Cook Thomas Junr 50 + Cook Thomas Senr 100 + Cook Jno 50 + Cleyton John 400 + Chapman Mary 200 + Cleyton Jeremy 325 + Crane Wm 120 + Camp Thomas 250 + Carleton Christo 200 + Carleton Jno. 300 + Carter Timo. 350 + Coleman Tho. 300 + Coleman Daniell 470 + Cleyton Susannah Widdo 700 + Collier Robt. 100 + Crane Wm. 300 + Crane Tho. 320 + Chapman John 200 + Caughlane James 100 + Cotton Catherine 50 + Collier Charles 450 + Collier John 400 + Collins Wm. 350 + Cammell Alexandr. 200 + Chin Hugh 100 + Conner Timo. 1410 + Collins James Yard Qr 300 + Corbin Gowin 2000 + Crisp Tobias 100 + Carters Qr 300 + Carlton Tho. 200 + Carlton Anne 300 + Clough George Qr 390 + ----- + 12235 + + Clerk and Cordell both in + Glocester 1000 + + + D + + Widdo Durrat 200 + Day Alexander Maj. Beverley Qr 300 + Doe Wm. 300 + Dilliard Nicho. 150 + Dilliard Edwd. 150 + Dimmock Tho. 150 + Dismukes Wm. 200 + Duett Charles 900 + Didlake James 200 + Durham John 100 + Dunkley John 380 + Duson Tho. 448 + Davis Nathll. 300 + Deshazo Peter 450 + Davis Jno 90 + Davis Edwd 100 + Dillard Thomas 170 + Davis Richd 250 + Dillard Geo 325 + Duglas James 275 + Dayley Owen 180 + ----- + 5618 + + + E + + Eachols John 220 + Ellis John 400 + Eastham George 300 + Ewbank Wm 350 + Eastham Edwd Junr 800 + Edwds John 100 + Eastham Edwd 100 + Eastes Abraham 200 + Eyes Cornelius 100 + Emory Ralph 100 + Ellis Timothy 350 + ----- + 3020 + + + F + + Forsigh Thomas 150 + Farquson James 300 + Flipp John 80 + Farish Robt 1400 + Fielding Henry 1000 + Farmer John 50 + Fothergill Richd 675 + Fortcon Charles 400 + Forgett Charles 150 + Robt Fothergill 150 + ----- + 4355 + + Farmer John not paid for 200 + Fox Margarett not pd for 100 + + + G + + Gadberry Edwd 100 + Griffin Edwd 100 + George Richd 100 + Griffin David 100 + Graves Robt 150 + Graves Jno 150 + Gardner Ringing 200 + Gray Joseph 200 + Gilby John 300 + Gray Samll 40 + Gresham Jno 200 + Gresham Edwd 175 + Good John 200 + Gresham George 150 + Garrett Danll 200 + Gamble Tho. Majors Land 450 + Gresham Tho 225 + Graves Jno 150 + Guttery Jno 230 + Greogory Frances Widdo 700 + Gough Alice Widdo 800 + Griggs Francis 250 + Garrett John 330 + Garrett Humphrey 200 + Gibson Widdo 200 + Garrett Robt 200 + ----- + 6100 + + + H + + Hand Thomas 150 + Hayle John Qr 685 + Honey James 200 + Holloway Wm 100 + Herndon James 100 + Hoomos George 725 + Hodges Thomas 250 + Hayle Joseph 250 + Hayes John 100 + Haynes Wm 494 + Holcomb Wm Bradfords Land 700 + Henderson John Thackers Land 200 + Hodgson Widdo 200 + Henderson Widdo 300 + Henderson Wm 162 + Housburrough Morris, Harts Land 200 + Hesterley John 200 + Hill John 200 + Hordon Wm 70 + Harris Wm 250 + Hart Tho 200 + Hockley Robt 100 + Howard Peter 300 + Hardgrove Wm 100 + Herring Arthur 50 + Hickman Thomas 700 + Hunt Wm 312 + Hobs Wm 250 + Hicks Richd 250 + Howden Wm 100 + Howerton Thomas 300 + ----- + 8098 + + Holt Joseph lives in Maryland 321 + Mayward Tho in Glocester 600 + + + J + + Jones Tho 150 + Jones Robt 200 + Jeffrys Richd 337 + Jones Robt Junr 130 + Johnson James 200 + Jones Wm 900 + ----- + 1917 + + + K + + King John 150 + Kallander Timo 100 + Kink Anne 275 + King Edwd 200 + Knowles Dorothy Qr 150 + King Robt 100 + Kenniff Danby 100 + King Daniell 200 + ----- + 1335 + + + L + + Loveing John 100 + Lyon Peter 250 + Leigh John 6200 + Lumpkin Robt 400 + Lee Wm 230 + Loob Wm 100 + Loft Richd 320 + Lewis Tachary 350 + Lumpkin Jacob 950 + Lewis David 120 + Lewis John Esq 10100 + Lewis Edwd 1400 + Lemon Elizb 100 + Lynes Rebecca 405 + Levingstone John 600 + Levingstone Samll 100 + Lawrence Matthew 210 + Letts Arthur 475 + Langford John 150 + Levingstone Jno Sowels Land 750 + ----- + 23310 + + Leftwich Thomas in Essex 75 + + + M + + May John 300 + Musick George 100 + Major Jno 250 + Martin John 300 + More Austines Qr 200 + May Tho 300 + Moore Samll 100 + Maddison Jno 500 + Morris Wm 130 + Martin Elizb 400 + Mackay Sarah 177 + May John Piggs Land 200 + Major Francis 700 + Mansfield Thomas 60 + Morris Henry 100 + Major John 400 + Melo Nicho 200 + Marcartee Daniell 200 + Morris Wm 300 + Mead Wm 100 + Matthews Edwd 160 + Martin Cordelia Wido 200 + ----- + 5377 + + + N + + Nelson Henry 440 + Neal John 50 + Nason Joshua 200 + Norman Wm 300 + Norris James 100 + ----- + 1090 + + + O + + Owen Ralph 120 + Ogilvie Wm 300 + Orrill Lawrence 290 + Orrill Wm 500 + Orsbourn Michaell 90 + Overstreet James Qr 180 + ditto at home 50 + ----- + 1530 + + + P + + Powell Robt 500 + Prewitt Wm 200 + Paine Bernard 130 + Pomea Francis 100 + Philip Charles 250 + Pettitt Thomas 548 + Pollard Robt 500 + Pollard Wm 100 + Phinkett Elizb 500 + Pemberton Tho. 115 + Pickles Tho 93 + Potters Francis Wido Neals Land 100 + Parks James 200 + Purchase Geo Qr 580 + Page Jno 100 + Pritchett David 225 + Pigg Henry 61 + Page John Junr 300 + Pigg Edwd 250 + Phelps Tho 400 + Pendleton Philip 300 + Pendleto Henry 700 + Pann John 200 + Paytons quarts 500 + Pigg John 100 + Pamplin Robt 150 + Pryor Christo 175 + Paulin Elizb 175 + ----- + 7552 + + Pate John in Glocester 1000 + + + Q + + Quarles James 300 + Quarles Dyley Zacha: Lewis Land 300 + ----- + 600 + + + R + + Richard Robt 300 + Rings Quarter 1000 + Robinson Daniel 100 + Roger Giles 475 + Rice Michaell 200 + Richeson Tho 460 + Richeson Elias 180 + Read Elizb 550 + Russell Alexandr Wyatts Land 400 + Robinson Robt 980 + Rowe John 100 + Richards John 914 + Richards Wm 400 + Richards Oliver 250 + Riddle Tho Reads Land 700 + Roy Richd 1000 + Ryley Elias 200 + Rollings Peter 150 + ----- + 8359 + + John the son of Robt Robinson hold, + which nobody pays for 750 + + + S + + Sebrill John 130 + Stone Mary 100 + Smiths in Bristoll Qr 2800 + Stone Jno 295 + Stubbelfield Geo Qr 400 + Scandland Denis 1470 + Swinson Richd 170 + Smith Christo 200 + Smith Jno Cooper 273 + Smith Alexander 275 + Seamour Wm 268 + Sones Tho 150 + Shepard Jane 100 + Southerland Danll 200 + Shoot Tho 100 + Shepheard Joseph 100 + Shea Patrick 200 + Southerland Danll 200 + Smith Nicho 700 + Sanders Nathll 200 + Smith John Sawyer 80 + Shuckelford Roger 250 + Skelton John 100 + Snell John 150 + Simpio Charles 100 + Sawrey John 113 + Stringer Margt 175 + Spencer Tho 300 + Sykes Stephen 50 + Smith Francis 100 + Smith Richd 150 + Sparks John 200 + Surly Tho 100 + Stapleton Tho 200 + Story John 3000 + Spencer Katherine 600 + ----- + 14599 + + Shippath Sr Wm Which is + not paid for 700 + Stark Tho of London which + is not paid for 920 + Stubblefield Geo in Glocester 400 + Smith Austin in Glocester 4000 + + + T + + Turner Richard 200 + Todd Thomas Quarts 2300 + Taylor James 4000 + Toy Thomas 175 + Taylor Danll 70 + Thomas Rowland 610 + Tunstall Tho 550 + Todd Richd 1050 + Towley John 200 + Trice James 350 + Tureman Ignatius 100 + Turner Thomas 267 + Thacker C. C. 1000 + ----- + 10872 + + + U + + Vaughan Cornelius 500 + Vize Nathll 100 + Uttley John 200 + ----- + 800 + + + W + + Wood James 800 + Wilkinson John 100 + Wright Tho 300 + Watkins Wm 137 + Wiltshier Joseph 60 + Watkins Edwd 98 + Watkins Philip 203 + White Thomas 200 + Walker John 6000 + Wilson Benj Wyats Land 420 + Wyat Richd 1843 + Walton Thomas 200 + Wyat John 530 + Withy Thomas 50 + Williams Thomas 200 + Watts Tho 235 + Ward Samll 160 + Watkins Benj 60 + Watkins Tho Junr 125 + Williams Elizb 900 + Waldin Samll 275 + Ware Edwd 735 + William John 125 + Ware Vallentine 487 + Willbourn Tho 250 + Wildbore Wm 100 + Ware Nicho 718 + White Jerimiah 200 + Whorein John 200 + Wise Richd quarts 209 + Walker John, Johnsons Land 1000 + ----- + 16920 + + Wadlington Paul not paid + for being 150 + + + Y + + York Matthew 100 + + + A 2300 + B 22535 + C 12235 + D 5618 + E 3020 + F 4355 + G 6100 + H 8098 + J 1917 + K 1335 + L 23310 + M 5377 + N 1090 + O 1530 + P 7552 + Q 600 + R 8359 + S 14599 + T 10872 + U 800 + W 16920 + Y 100 + ------ + 158522 + + Lands returned not paid for + + C 1000 + F 300 + H 920 + L 75 + P 1000 + R 750 + S 6020 + W 150 + ----- + 10215 + + +Glocester Rent Roll + +A Rent Roll in Petso Parish + + Capt David Alexander 1050 + James Amis 250 + John Acre 100 + Wm Armistead 430 + Ralph Baker 150 + Martha Brooken 600 + Thomas Buckner 850 + Samll Bernard 550 + Wm Barnard 810 + Richd Bailey 600 + Mary Booker 100 + Thomas Cook 350 + Wm Crymes 400 + Jno Cobson 100 + Robt. Carter 1102 + Wm Collone 400 + Hannah Camell 100 + Benj Clements 400 + Jno Cleake 100 + Wm Cook 135 + Jno Coleman 200 + Jno Day 400 + Jerim Darnell 150 + Jno Darnell 60 + James Dudley 780 + Richd Dudley 400 + Thomas Dudley 200 + Thomas Dixon 300 + Jno Drument 80 + Samll Fowler 150 + Wm Fleming 600 + Wido Forginson 150 + Wm Fockner 180 + Jno Grymes 1400 + Susannah Grinley 200 + Darcas Green 400 + Jno Grout 300 + Jno Harper 100 + Wm Howard 300 + Richd Hubard 100 + Wm Hasford 500 + Jno Hanes 150 + Alextnder How 120 + Richd Hill 70 + Robt Hall 100 + Richd Hull 250 + Sanll Hawes 200 + Stephen Johnson 150 + Wm Jones for Northington 530 + Glebe Land 127 + Jno Kingson 400 + Capt Edwd Lewis 1000 + Richd Lee Esq 1140 + Nicho Lewis orphen 350 + Wm Milner 900 + Richd Minor 250 + Edwd Musgrove 100 + Hayes an orphan 60 + Elizb Mastin 360 + Jno Mackwilliams 50 + Robt Nettles 300 + Wm Norman 150 + Isaac Oliver 100 + Dorothy Oliver 130 + Jno Pritchett 850 + Jno Pate 1100 + Richd Price 600 + Madm Porteus 500 + Madm Page 550 + Pobt Porteus 892 + Guy Parish 100 + Wm Roane 500 + James Reynolls 200 + George Robinson 300 + John Royston 570 + Thomas Read 2000 + Wm Richards in Pamunkey 150 + Jno Shackelford 280 + Edward Symons 500 + Nicho Smith 280 + John Stubs 300 + Thomas Sivepson 280 + John Smith 1300 + Augustin Smith 200 + Augustin Smith Junr 500 + Wm Starbridge 159 + Wm Thornton Senr 525 + Wm Thornton Junr 800 + Wm Thurston 200 + Wm Upshaw 490 + Francis Wisdom 150 + Thomas West 112 + Thomas Whiting 450 + George Williams 100 + Conquest Wyatt 2200 + Seth Wickins 50 + Walter Waters 200 + Jane Wothem 60 + Robt Yard 450 + Robt Hall 250 + Wm Whittmore Desarted 150 + Wm Parsons Orphen 100 + Edwd Stephens 70 + John Kelley Orphen 150 + ----- + 41132 + + Tho Neale + + +Glocester Rent Roll + +A Rent Roll of Kingston Parish + + Rose Curtis 400 + Robt Peyton 680 + Richd Perrott 35 + Henry Preston 1500 + Sarah Green 200 + Robt Cully 200 + Thomas Hayes 140 + Andrew Bell 128 + Humphry Toy 1100 + Anne Aldred 350 + Dunkin Bahannah 113-1/2 + Richd Hunley 50 + Capt Gayle 164 + Math. Gayle Junr 250 + James Hundley 100 + John Hundley 130 + Philip Hundley 660 + Tho Cray 200 + Hen. Knight 240 + John Williams 50 + Richd Beard 380 + Timothy Hundley 300 + Thomas Bedford 50 + Jno Floyd 250 + John Bohannah 113-1/2 + Capt Armistead 3675 + Christopher Dixon 300 + Robt Bristow Esqr 900 + Edwd Gowing 100 + Tho Ryland 272 + John Nevill 100 + Lawrence Parrott 340 + Wm Brooks 720 + Joseph Bohannah 148 + Wm Hampton 348 + Widdo Green 150 + Capt Dudley 650 + Capt. Knowles 575 + Capt. Tho. Todd 775 + Wm Beard 100 + Wm. Tomkins 100 + Henry Bolton 50 + Wm Eliott 1060 + Humphrey Tompkins 100 + Daniel Hunter 200 + Thomas Peyton 684 + Richd Dudley 350 + James Ransom Junr 310 + Tho. Peters 30 + Robt. Elliott 1247 + Mich. Parriett 100 + Jno. Meachen Junr 600 + Caleb Linsey 140 + Alexandr Ofield 23 + Mark Thomas 300 + Jno. Garnet 250 + Wm. Plumer 510 + Wm. Brumley 750 + Wm. Credle 50 + Charles Jones 225 + Robt. Sadler 50 + Edwd Sadler 20 + Geo Roberts 170 + Richd Longest 600 + Tho. Fliping 300 + Charles Watters 100 + Wm. Grundy 200 + Thomas Kemp 200 + Tho. Allaman 842 + Coll Kemp 200 + Ralph Shipley 430 + George Turner 50 + Coll. James Ransom 1400 + Thomas Putman 300 + Richd Marchant 180 + Widdo Sinoh 300 + Christopher Rispue 200 + Benj. Read 550 + Walter Keble 550 + Joseph Brooks 500 + Capt. Gwin 1100 + Lindseys Land 390 + Thomas Garwood 77 + John Callie 1000 + Tho. Miggs 100 + Richd Glascock 500 + Jno Lylley 584 + Geo. Billups 1200 + Robt. Singleton 650 + James Foster 225 + John Andrews 50 + Thomas Rice 34 + John Martin 200 + Capt. Smith 550 + Capt. Sterling 1100 + John Diggs 1200 + Wm. Howlett 300 + Jno. Miller 100 + Andrew Ripley 40 + Francis Jarvis 460 + Wm. Armistead 300 + John Banister 650 + Tho. Plumer 400 + Isaac Plumer 200 + James Taylor 50 + Edwd Borum 360 + Widdo Davis 300 + Sam. Singleton 300 + Wm. Morgan Senr 50 + Wm. Morgan Junr 200 + John Bacon 825 + Henry Singleton 600 + John Edwards 534 + Patrick Berry 250 + Anne Forest 500 + ----- + 46537 + + Ambrose Dudley + 1705 + + +Glocester Rent Roll + +A Rent Roll in Ware Parish + + Thomas Poole 600 + Anne Croxson 300 + Thomas Purnell 163 + Nocholas Pamplin 210 + Simon Stubelfield 200 + Jno. Price 600 + Saml. Vadrey 400 + Samll Dawson 350 + Nathan: Burwell 600 + John Dawson 780 + Tho. Bacop 200 + Robt. Francis 400 + Walter Greswell 50 + Tho. Read 400 + James Shackelfield 35 + Robt. Freeman 135 + Jno. Marinex 100 + Isaac Valine 100 + Tho. Haywood 70 + Hugh Marinex 50 + Leonard Ambrose 200 + Philip Grady 200 + Capt. Wm. Debnam 1250 + James Burton 100 + Jno. Spinks 300 + Wm. Hurst 200 + Sarah More 67 + John Ray 100 + Robt. Pryor 300 + Christo. Greenaway 270 + Capt. Throgmorton 500 + James Clark 250 + Philip Cooper 200 + Jno. Kindrick 100 + Samll. Simons 120 + Wm. Radford 200 + John Robins 900 + Alice Bates 200 + Jno. Easter 350 + James Davison 100 + Robt. Morrin 200 + Anne Bray 100 + Grace Easter 200 + Sampson Dorrell 300 + Capt. Francis Willis 3000 + Thomas Powell 460 + Wm. Holland 300 + Capt. Cook 1500 + Giles Cook 140 + Wm. Jones 120 + Tho. Collis 100 + Philip Smith 700 + Tho. Cheesman 650 + Geo. More 40 + James Morris 250 + Abraham Iveson Senr. 1000 + Robert Bristow Esqr. 2050 + Anthony Gregory 700 + Richd. Bailey 800 + Wm. Foulcher 100 + Widdo. Jeffes 216 + Richd. Dudley Junr. 300 + John Buckner 900 + Thomas Todd 884 + John and Peter Waterfield 143 + Henry Whiting 800 + Madm. Whiting 950 + Jno. Goodson 150 + Wm. Morris 350 + Mary Lassells 200 + Peter Ransone 220 + Charles Waters 200 + Dorothy Kertch 220 + Dorothy Boswell 1600 + Richd. Cretendon 280 + Elizb. Anniers 250 + Elizb. Snelling 250 + Joseph Boswell 230 + John Bullard 100 + Anthony Elliot 100 + Wm. Armistead 100 + Peter Kemp 650 + Majr. Peter Beverley 800 + Ditto per Tillids Lands 150 + Dudley Jolley 100 + Robt. Couch 100 + ----- + 31603 + + +Glocester Rent Roll + +A Rent Roll of Abbington Parish + + Mr. Guy Smith 30 + James Cary 50 + Wm. Sawyer 150 + Edwd. Cary 100 + Robt. Barlow 62 + Tho. Cleaver Sworne 200 + Edwd. Stevens 80 + Henry Stevens 60 + Chillion White 100 + Jerimah Holt 350 + of Ditto for the Widdo Babb 150 + Robt. Yarbborrow 100 + Robt. Starkey 100 + Henry Seaton 170 + Hugh Howard 200 + Capt. Booker 1000 + Jno. Stoakes 300 + Jno. Dobson 400 + Wm. Dobson 950 + Edmd. Dobson 350 + Hugh Allen 1250 + George Jackson 117 + Jno. Teagle 30 + Widdo Jones 45 + Mary Thomas 100 + Thomas Seawell 200 + Benj. Lane 50 + Valentine Lane 80 + Jeffry Garves 33 + Thomas Coleman 250 + Johanna Austin 40 + Majr. Burwell 3300 + Jno. Satterwight 50 + Jerimiah Holt Junr 150 + Charles Stevens 75 + Richd. Roberts for wife 300 + Jno. Sadler 125 + James Steavens 100 + Susannah Stubbs 300 + Richd. Foster 150 + Henry Mitchell 50 + Nathanll. Russell 550 + Elizb. Richardson 500 + Wm. Camp 175 + James Row 300 + John Butler 100 + John Smith Esqr. 2000 + Ditto for Robt. Byron 400 + Capt. Blackbourne 550 + Peter Richeson 250 + Benja Clements 500 + Thomas Graves 70 + Robt. Page 75 + Joseph More 150 + Richard Dixon 200 + Elizb. Turner 150 + Owen Grathmee 250 + Richd. Woodfolk 125 + Jno. Waters 50 + Wm. Hilliard 80 + Richd. Heywood 100 + Mary Hemingway 150 + Wm. Kemp 75 + Robt. Francis 104 + Joshua Broadbent 200 + Joseph Coleman 200 + Grustam Clent 100 + Philip Grady 150 + Jno. Hall 125 + Tho. Walker 300 + Jno. Mixon 400 + Tho. Sanders 450 + Wm. Smith for Kittson 50 + John Banister 2750 + Madm. Mary Page 3000 + Jno. Lewis Esq. 2000 + ----- + 28426 + + Richd. Cordell + Ware 31603 + Petso 41123 + Kingston 46537 + ------ + 147698 + + +A Perfect Role of the Land in Middlesex County Anno Dom. 1704 + + Richard Atwood 100 + Richard Allin 150 + Tho. Blewford 100 + Mrs. Blaiss 300 + John Bristow 140 + Robt. Blackley 100 + Coll Corbin 2260 + Coll Carter 1150 + John Cheedle 50 + Wm. Carter 170 + Widdo Chaney 800 + Nath. Cranke 50 + Tho. Dyatt 200 + John Davie 75 + Wm. Daniell 150 + Robt. Daniell 225 + Henry Freeman 200 + John Goodrich 50 + Geo. Goodloe 50 + Geo. Guest 50 + Richd. Gabriell 30 + Wm. Finley 50 + Wm. Gardner 100 + Robt. George 180 + David George 150 + Widdo. Hazellwodd 200 + John Hoare 100 + Richd. Reynolds 50 + Jno. Southerne 100 + Richd. Shurly 200 + Tho. Hapleton 200 + Wm. Southworth 50 + Wm. Jones 300 + Evan Jones 50 + Esqr. Wormley Estate 5200 + Wm Churchhill 1950 + Jacob Briston 100 + Jno. Pace 200 + John Logie 300 + John Price 519 + Henry Perrott 1100 + Richd Kemp 1100 + Tho Kidd 250 + Francis Weeks 225 + Widdo Weeks 225 + Henry Webb 100 + Tho Wood 70 + Robt. Williamson 200 + Tho Lee 100 + Edmd. Mickleburrough 200 + Valentine Mayo 100 + Wm. Mountague 500 + Garrett Minor 225 + Marvill Mosseley 225 + Joseph Mitcham 75 + Minie Minor 225 + Humphrey Jones 150 + Jno. North 200 + Henry Tugill 200 + Henry Thacker 1875 + Thomas Tozeley 500 + Charles Moderas 100 + Wm. Mullins 150 + John Smith 700 + James Smith 400 + Harry Beverley 1000 + George Wortham 400 + Capt. Grimes 900 + Sarah Mickleborough 1000 + Christo. Robinson 4000 + John Vibson 100 + James Daniell 150 + James Curtis 300 + Tho. Cranke 54 + Phil. Calvert 200 + John Hipkins 100 + Richd. Daniell 210 + Geo. Blake 100 + Edwd Williams 100 + Pat Mammon 100 + Alexander Murray 250 + Poplar Smith 550 + Olixer Seager 380 + Edwd Gobbee 90 + Henry Barnes 200 + John Davis 100 + Paul Thilman 300 + Hugh Watts 80 + Edwd Clark 300 + Charles Williams 100 + Edwin Thacker Estate 2500 + Thomas Dudly 200 + Thomas Mackhan 200 + Richd. Paffitt 200 + Tho. Hiff 100 + Peter Bromell 100 + Tho Blakey 100 + John Robinson 1350 + Roger Jones 100 + John Nicholls 200 + George Berwick 100 + Widdo Hurford 50 + Widdo Hackney 300 + Wm. Kilbee 600 + Ezikiah Rhodes 300 + John Handiford 100 + John Miller 200 + Wm. Scarborow 200 + Wm. Herne 75 + Robt. Dudley 300 + Widdo Mason 100 + Peter Chilton 100 + Francis Dobson 150 + James Dudley 200 + Capt. Berkley 750 + Wm. Sutton 150 + Sr. Wm. Skipwith 350 + Coll Kemp 900 + Wm. Barbee 150 + Wm. Wallis 300 + Adam Curtin 200 + Capt. Wm Armistead 2325 + ----- + 49008 + + +A True & Perfect Rent Roll of all the Lands held in Essex County this +present year 1704 + + + Abbott Wm. 150 + Andrews Geo 200 + Adcock Edwd 230 + Adcock Henry 250 + Acres James 100 + Arving Wm. 100 + Allin Erasmus 100 + Allin Wm. 100 + Ayres Wm. 200 + Acres Wm. 200 + ----- + 1630 + + + Baulwar James 800 + Bendall John 135 + Butler John 125 + Bowers Arthur 600 + Baulwar James 200 + Beesley Wm. 100 + Barron Andrew 50 + Bartlett Tho. 100 + Brown Buskinghan 400 + Beeswell Robt. 100 + Beeswell Robt. Junr. 150 + Brown Wm. 420 + Brown Charles 1000 + Buckner Richd. 1200 + Buckner Tho. 1000 + Brice Henry 400 + Bourn Jno. 100 + Beverly Harry 1000 + Battail John 1100 + Baulwar John 50 + Booth Widdo 800 + Butler Jno. 100 + Butcher Jno. 150 + Bendrey Widdo 700 + Bird Widdo 100 + Beckham Symon 100 + Brutnall Richd. 100 + Brook Robt. 400 + Ball Jno. 150 + Brooks James 100 + Billington Mary 200 + Brooks Peter 275 + Bowman Peter 400 + Brooks Robt. 150 + Brasur Jno. 300 + Brush Richd. 250 + Baker Henry 350 + Bradburn Richd. 100 + Brown Francis 150 + Brown Danll. Junr. 150 + Bryom Henry 100 + Burnett Tho. Junr. 1000 + Baughan James Senr. 600 + Baughan James 150 + Baughan Henry 100 + Brown Danll. Senr. 450 + Brown Tho. 50 + Blackiston Argail 200 + Burnett John 365 + Burnett Tho. Junr. 130 + Bailer Jno. 800 + Brakins Qrtr. 250 + Bell Thomas 100 + ----- + 19980 + + + Condute Nathll. 20 + Cary Hugh 50 + Connoly Edwd. 200 + Cogwell Fredirick 250 + Copland Nicho. 300 + Cattlett Jno. 1800 + Covengton Richd. 1000 + Cook John 112 + Chew Larkin 300 + Crow Tho. 300 + Covington Wm. 400 + Cheney John 200 + Cole Wm. 200 + Cheney Wm. 700 + Corbin Tho. Qr 440 + Cockin Tho. 120 + Coates Samll 300 + Cooper Richd. 100 + Cooper Tho. 100 + Copland Jno. 175 + Crow Jno. 440 + Chew Larkin 550 + Cooper Wm. 50 + Compton Wm. 50 + Cox Wm. 500 + Callaway Jos. 87 + Coleman Robt. 450 + Cobnall Symon 100 + Chamberlain Leond. 350 + ----- + 9764 + + + Daniell James 100 + Devillard Jacob 80 + David Tho. 150 + Dudding Andrew 230 + Davis Evans 150 + Dobbins Danll. 550 + Dressall Timo. 175 + Daughty John 200 + Dyer Wm. 100 + Daingerfield Jno. 270 + Daingerfield Wm. 270 + Dunn Wm. 220 + Dyer Jeffrey 100 + Day Richd. 100 + Dicks Thomas 500 + ----- + 12959 + + + Evans Rice 200 + Edmondson James 500 + Elliott Alice 75 + Evitt Tho. 100 + Emondson Tho. 700 + Flowers Isaac 250 + Faulkner Nicho. 100 + Farrell Charles 50 + Franklin Nicho. 130 + Foster Robt. 200 + Foster Jno. 200 + Fisher Jonathan 250 + Fisher Benja. 150 + Frank Tho. 175 + Fullerton James 400 + Fossett Wm. 100 + Ferguson Jno. 150 + Faulkner Edwd. 530 + ----- + 17219 + + + Green George 300 + Gray Abner 350 + Goulding Wm. 200 + Gannock Wm. 2100 + Gaines Barnerd 450 + Griffin Tho. 200 + Gibson Jonathan 700 + Grigson Tho. 300 + Gouldman Francis 300 + Goulding John 200 + Goulding Edwd. 380 + Good Richd. 200 + Garnett John 150 + Glover John 100 + Hawkins John 1066 + Hinshaw Samll. 200 + Hutson Tho. 100 + Harrison James 400 + Harrison Andrew 300 + Hilliard Thomas 100 + Harper Wm. 240 + Harmon Henry 75 + Hoult Richd. 100 + Humphrie Joe 100 + Hail Jno. 900 + Harper John 748 + Harper Tho. 350 + Hould David 100 + Hudson Wm. 100 + Hinds Thomas 100 + Howerton Thomas 175 + Hodges Arth 100 + Hows Qrtr 300 + Harwood Peter 125 + Harway Tho. 1000 + Hudson Tho. 50 + Hudson Wm. 300 + Hill Leond. 300 + Harwar Samll. 300 + Jamison David 250 + Jones Wm. 165 + Jenkins David 50 + Jewell Tho. 100 + Johnson Widdo. 300 + Jones Walter 100 + Johnson Richd. 50 + Johnson Wm. 650 + Jones John 300 + Jones Richd. 350 + Jenkins John 93 + Jones Wm. 300 + Journey Wm. 243 + Johnson Thomas 500 + Jones Rice 500 + Key Robt. 209 + Kerby Henry 60 + Landrum John 300 + Landrum James 100 + Long Richd. 300 + Lomax John 2000 + Loyd George 800 + Lawson Claudy 100 + Little Abraham 60 + Lacy John 100 + Law John 300 + Lattaine Lewis 250 + Leveritt Robt. 100 + Micou Paul 15 + Martin John 400 + Morgain John 100 + Miller John 150 + Medor Tho. 300 + Moseley Benja. 1100 + Mottley John 100 + Morris John 200 + Moss Robt. 180 + Merritt Tho. 124 + Merritt John 100 + Munday Tho. 500 + Magcon David 400 + Mice Hno. 200 + Mosseley Robt. 100 + Mayfield Robt. 100 + Matthews Richd. 250 + Moseley Edwd. 550 + Merriweather Francis 3200 + Mefflin Zach 400 + Michaell Jno. 200 + Merriweather Tho. 2100 + Mefflin Lath 400 + Medor John 100 + Morse John 400 + Matthews Benja. 200 + Mountegue Wm. 850 + Newbury Nathll. 200 + Nixson Henry 500 + North Wm 900 + Newton Nicho. 100 + Nightingall John 100 + Osman James 300 + Presser John 450 + Poe Samll. 800 + Pley Widdo. 800 + Parker Jno. 250 + Pitts Jon. 200 + Piskell Jno. 300 + Pain Jno. 135 + Price Wm. 100 + Peteras Tho. 200 + Powell Honor 72 + Powell Wm. 72 + Powell Place 72 + Powell Tho. 72 + Payne Widdow 1000 + Perkin Henry 300 + Prichett Roger 167 + Paggett Edmd. 700 + Price John 1100 + Pickett John 800 + Perry Samll. 225 + Price Wm. 100 + Quarter Xtpher Robinson 2200 + Quartr Tho. Corbin 4000 + Qrtr Robt. Thomas 200 + Quartr John Hay 1000 + Quartr Wm. Smith 3000 + Quartr Gawen Corbin 2000 + Quartr Peter Ransom 300 + Quartr David Gwin 950 + Quartr Wm. Upshaw 1000 + Quartr Leversons 600 + Quartr Tho Todd 550 + Ridgdall John 300 + Ramsey Tho. 550 + Rowze Ralph 610 + Rucker Peter 500 + Rowze Edwd. 300 + Royston John 1000 + Roberts Edmd. 300 + Rebs Henry 400 + Reeves Joseph 200 + Reeves James 200 + Roberts John 50 + Richardson Robt. 200 + Reynolds James Senr. 500 + Reynolds James 500 + Ransom Peter 1200 + Strange Jno. 100 + Stepp Abra. 390 + Samll. Antho. 300 + Sail Cornelius 73 + Salmon John 60 + Spiers Jno. 160 + Smith Wm. 150 + Stokes Richd. 500 + Smith Charles 3000 + Sullenger Peter 400 + Sales Widdo 1150 + Shipley Jno. 200 + Spearman Job 300 + Smith Francis 500 + Stallard Samll. 100 + Ship Jos 350 + Short Tho. 150 + Scott Wm. 1100 + Stogell Jno. 100 + Stephens Jno. 100 + Slaughter Phebe 352 + Smith Jno. 75 + Smith Jonas 100 + Sanders John 300 + Stanton Jno. 95 + Shepherd Jeremiah 300 + Smith Tho. 50 + Shackelford Francis 300 + Sthrashley Tho 200 + Staners Tho 500 + Snead Tho 950 + Shackelford Henry 50 + Thorp Widdo 400 + Tinsley Tho. 111 + Thacker Samll. 110 + Tomlin Widdo 400 + Taliaferro Francis 1300 + Thornton Fran. 700 + Tomlin Wm. 1600 + Thomas John 100 + Taliaferro Charles 300 + Thomas Wm. 200 + Taliaferro John 2000 + Turner George 200 + Tomlin Wm 950 + Trible Peter 100 + Taylor Richd. 650 + Tilley Matthew 200 + Vanters Bartho 400 + Virget Job 50 + Vincent Vaus 450 + Wakeland Wm. 100 + Wood Tho. 50 + Winslow Tho. 150 + Winslow Henry 100 + Williams John 450 + Williams Wm. 100 + Wilson David 50 + Wilton Richd. 150 + Wheeden Edwd. 50 + Ward Widdo. 200 + Whitehorn Widdo. 260 + Wms. Emanuell 100 + Watkins Thomas 400 + Waters John 150 + Webb James 200 + Webb John 200 + Wead Wm. 200 + Wood Tho 300 + Williamson Tho 100 + Williamson Wm. 100 + Williamson John 100 + Webb Robert 375 + Webb Isaac 200 + Woodnatt Henry 300 + Waginer John 400 + Ward Geo. 350 + Wheeler Tho 250 + Young Wm. 1000 + Young Giles 100 + Muscoe Salvator 100 + Moody John 150 + Maguffe John 100 + Brookins Quartr. 250 + Smith Jno. Quartr 1000 + Newton Henry 100 + Newton Henry 175 + Nowell Dall 400 + Nowell Widdo 300 + Garrett Tho 1000 + Gould Price 200 + Green Samll. 97 + Gouldman Fran. 300 + Gawdin Wm. 100 + Grimmall Wm. 100 + Gaitwood John 400 + Games John 475 + Samll. Thompson 1000 + ------ + 140580 + + Lands held in the above said County the Rents not paid and held by + the severall Gentlemen as followth vizt. + + John Smith Esqr. of Glocester + County 800 + Wm. Buckner of Glocester + by information 1500 + Jno. Lightfoot Esqr. New + Kent County 900 + Jno. Bridgate in Engld 700 + Richd. Wyatt & Jno. Pettus + of King & Queen Cty 800 + Wm. Berry of Richmond County 400 + + Richard Covington + + +Accomack Rent Roll + + + A + + Alexander Richards 150 + Arthur Upshot 2020 + Antho. West 700 + Ann Simkins 1000 + Arthur Donas 100 + Arnoll Harrison 630 + Alex. Harrison 400 + Alex. Bagwell 413 + Anne Chase 200 + Arthur Frame 500 + Alexdr West 550 + Abraham Lambedson 100 + Alex Benstone 270 + Anne Blake Widdo. 120 + Anne Bruxe 180 + Ar. Arcade Welburn 1854 + ----- + 9187 + + + B + + Burnell Niblett 100 + Majr. Bennit Scarbrough 521 + ----- + 621 + + + C + + Corneline Hermon 321 + Christo Stokly 200 + Charles Scarbrough 1000 + Charles Leatherbeny 1100 + Charles Bally 959-1/2 + Charles Pywell 150 + Churchhil Darby 125 + Charles Evill 550 + Charles Champison 270 + Christo Hodey 500 + Cornelius Lofton 166 + Charles Stockley 170 + Charles Taylor 580 + Catherine Gland 217 + ----- + 6312-1/2 + + + D + + Dorman Derby 225 + Daniell Derby Senr. 300 + Dorothy Littlehouse 250 + David Watson 200 + Delight Shield 300 + Daniel Derby Junr. 125 + Daniel Harwood 100 + Dennis Mores 200 + Daniel Gore 3976 + ----- + 5676 + + + E + + Coll Edmd Scarbrough 2000 + Edwd Hitchins 170 + Edwd Turner 750 + Edwd Killam 720 + Edmd Allin 200 + Edwd Bagwell for Coll Wm. Custis 200 + Edmd. Jones 800 + Elizb. Tinley 200 + Edwd Taylor 300 + Edmd Tatham 200 + Edmd Bally 800 + Edmd Ayres 1000 + Edwd. Miles 413 + Elizb. Mellchop 210 + Edwd. Bell 101 + Edwd. More 500 + Edwd. Gunter 600 + Edwd Brotherton 600 + Elias Blake 430 + Edwd Robins 782 + Edwd Bally 300 + Elias Taylor 1500 + Elizb. Wharton 200 + Mrs. Elizb Scarbrough 4205 + ----- + 17181 + + + F + + Mr. Francis Mackenny 5109 + Francis Robts. 200 + Francis Wainhouse 700 + Francis Crofton 200 + Francis Young 100 + Finley MackWm 100 + Francis Ayres 300 + Francis Jester 200 + Francis Benstone 400 + Francis Wharton 600 + ----- + 7909 + + + G + + Geo. Anthony 100 + Geo. Hastup 300 + Coll Geo Nicho Halk 2700 + Capt. Geo Parker 2609 + Gervis Baggally 700 + Garrat Hictlims 170 + Geo Parker Sco. Side 1200 + Griffin Savage 650 + Geo Middleton Senr. 588 + Geo Trevit 400 + Geo. Pounce 400 + Geo Middleton Junr. 150 + Geo Johnson 200 + Capt. Geo Hope 900 + ----- + 11067 + + + H + + Henry Armtrading 175 + Henry Chance 445 + Henry Selman 180 + Henry Ubankes 400 + Henry Lurton 363 + Henry Stokes 208 + Henry Custis 774 + Henry Bagwell 412 + Henry Read 350 + Henry Ayres 250 + Hill Drummond 483 + Henry Toules 300 + Henry Hickman 135 + Henry Gibbins 250 + Henry Truett 240 + ----- + 4965 + + + J + + John Tounson 200 + Joseph Stokley 664 + Jno. Read 200 + Jno. Blake 310 + Joseph Ames 375 + Joseph Clark 200 + Jno. Fisher 200 + James Gray 900 + Jno. Huffington 240 + Jno. Legatt 300 + James Lary 100 + James Longoe 200 + Jno. Merrey 350 + Jno Milloy 500 + Jno. Pratt 50 + Jno. Revell 1450 + Jno Road 110 + Jno. Rowles 650 + Jno. Savage Senr 350 + Jno Charles 480 + Jno Willis Senr 430 + Jno Willis Junr 350 + James Fairfax 900 + Joseph Milby 830 + John West Junr 500 + Jno Jenkins 400 + Jonathan James 150 + John Rodgers 100 + Jno Collins 100 + Jno Sincocke 125 + Jno Metcalfe, + Isaac Metcalfe + and Samll. Metcalfe 600 + Joseph Touser 200 + Jno Stanton 200 + Jno Bally 1000 + ----- + 13715 + + Jno Melson 180 + Jno Bernes Senr 657 + Jno Littletone 200 + John Nock 300 + Jno Killy 100 + Jacob Morris 200 + Jno Morris 640 + Jona. Aylworth 200 + James Davis 1000 + Jno Parkes 200 + Jno Evans 200 + Jno Hull 100 + Jno Blocksom 700 + Jno Abbott 1170 + Jno Arew 234 + Jno Grey 116 + Jno Baker 400 + Jno Wharton 150 + James Taylor 100 + Jno Glading 207 + Jno Loftland 167 + James Smith 756 + Majr Jno Robins 2700 + Jno Collins for Asban 1666 + James Walker 525 + Jno Whelton 90 + Jno Marshall 1666 + Jona Owen 230 + Jacob Wagaman 150 + Capt John Broadhurst 1100 + Jno Dyer 200 + Mr. John Watts 2450 + Jno Booth 300 + John Bradford 364 + Ingold Cobb 150 + Jno Griffin 150 + Jno Mitchell 400 + John Parker 970 + James Alexander 1250 + Jno Burocke 200 + James Sterferar 50 + Jno Perry 217 + Jno Drummond 1550 + Jno Carter on Foxs Island 203 + Jno Warington 100 + Jno Bagwell 465 + Jno Wise Senr 800 + Jno Wise Junr 400 + Jno Dix 500 + Isaac Dix 500 + Jno Hickman 454 + Jno Onians 200 + Coll Jno Custis Esqr 5950 + John Coslin 50 + ----- + 46692 + + + M + + Michaell Recetts 300 + Mrs. Mattilda West 3600 + Marke Evell 250 + Mary Wright 200 + ----- + 4350 + + + N + + Nicholas Mellchops 285 + Nathaniel, Williams 64 + Nathaniell Rattcliff 300 + ----- + 649 + + + O + + Owen Collonell 500 + Overton Mackwilliams 200 + Obedience Pettman 115 + ----- + 815 + + + P + + Peter Major 113 + Philip Parker 150 + Peter Rogers 167 + Perry Leatherbury 1750 + Peter Turlington 79 + Peter Ease 250 + Philip Fisher 433 + Peter Chawell 250 + ----- + 3192 + + + R + + Robt. Bell 650 + Richd Bally Senr. 2100 + Richd Bally Junr 180 + Richd Garrison 468 + Roules Major 157 + Rouland Savage Senr 950 + Robt. Taylor 95 + Richd. Rodgers 450 + Richd Killam 1900 + Robt. Wattson 425 + Richd Jones 500 + Robt. Hutchinson 934 + Reynold Badger 150 + Robt. West 400 + Richd Cuttler 450 + Robt. Cole 125 + Richd Drummond 600 + Robt. Stocomb 300 + Robt Norton 1050 + Richd Grindall 350 + Roger Hickman 135 + Robt Lewis 200 + Roger Abbott 450 + Richard Hill 350 + Ralph Justice 1050 + Richd Hinman 1800 + Robt Davis 384 + Ragnall Aryes 300 + Roger Miles 200 + Richd Bundike 773 + Richd Kittson 1300 + Robt. Bally 100 + Richd Starlin 150 + Richd Flowers 200 + Richd Price 100 + Robt. Pitts 2300 + Robt Adkins 200 + Rebeckha Benstone 270 + Richd Hillayres 300 + ----- + 22816 + + + S + + Samuell Benstone 300 + Sarah Beach 300 + Sillvanus Cole 250 + Symon Sosque 325 + South Littleton Widdo 2870 + Stephen Woltham 244 + Steph. Warrington 400 + Symon Mitchell 300 + Stephen Drummond 300 + Selby Harrison 50 + Sollomon Evell 125 + Samll Young 50 + Sarah Reyley 150 + Sebastian Dellistations Senr 500 + Sebastian Dellistations Junr 400 + Skinner Wollope 2485 + Samll. Sandford 3250 + Sebastian Silverthorn 150 + Symon Smith 200 + Sarah Coe 900 + Samll Taylor 1232 + Sarah Evins 150 + Sebastian Croper 600 + Samuell Jester 200 + ----- + 15731 + + + T + + Tho Burton 600 + Tho Bud 500 + Tho Boules 300 + Tho Clark 100 + Tho Middleton 350 + Tho Stringer 600 + Tho Haule 500 + Tho Taylor 100 + Tho Fockes 300 + Tho Bagwell 465 + Madm Tabitha Hill 3600 + Tho Rose 7 + Tho Webb 50 + Tho Savage 450 + Tho Jones 100 + Tho Scott 100 + Tho Reyley 225 + Tho Ternall 150 + Tho Simpson 520 + Tho Coper 711 + Tho Miles 202 + Thomas Bonwell 300 + Tho Bell Senr. 100 + The Bell Junr 100 + Tho Touson Kiquotan 800 + Tho Stockley 363 + Tho Jester 100 + Tho Smith 300 + Thomas Crippin 648 + Tho Wilkinson 50 + Tho Jenkinson 374 + Tho Moore 166 + Tho Allen 700 + Tho Smith Savannah 200 + Tho Perry 232 + Tho Tonnson 400 + Tho Smith Gingateague 693 + Lieut Coll Robinson 600 + ----- + 15956 + + + W + + Wm. Robins 200 + Wm Patterson 200 + Wm Bevens 400 + Wm Matthews 400 + Wm Shepherd 200 + Wm Whett 400 + Winfred Woodland 333 + Wm Andrews 300 + Wm Custis 1500 + Wm Darby 83 + Wm Fletcher 200 + Wm Killam 450 + Wm Lingoe 300 + Wm Major 130 + Wm Meeres 150 + Wm Mack Sear 800 + Wm Savage 150 + Wm Waite 110 + Wm Sill 200 + Wm Waite Junr 600 + Wm Bradford 3500 + Wm Rogers 200 + Wm Wise 400 + Wm Finey 800 + Wm Consalvins 100 + Wm Phillips 200 + Wm Parker 362 + Wm Cole 375 + Wm Merill 150 + Wm Johnson 150 + Wm Lewis 150 + Walter Hayes 130 + Wm Chance 450 + Wm Milby 250 + Wm Nicholson 600 + Wm Burton 500 + Wm Willett 842 + Wm Hudson 270 + Wm Lewis 300 + Wm Young 144 + Wm Liechfield 154 + Wm Bunting 150 + Wm Nock Junr 400 + Wm Lucas 300 + Mary Mellechop 498 + Wm Daniell 200 + Wm Silverthorn 160 + Wm Garman 475 + Wm White 600 + Wm Broadwater 500 + Wm Taylor 100 + Wm Williamson 600 + Wm Brittingham 538 + Wm. Benstone Jun. 270 + Wm Dickson for Mr. Littleton 1050 + Wm Waite Senr 225 + Wm Taylor 1400 + ----- + 24599 + + 196899-1/2 + + Added to this Rent Roll the following Lands of which the Quit Rents + may possibly be recovered tho the Owners live out of the Country + Viz. + + Jonas Jackson 500 + Robt. Andrews 500 + Joseph Morris 200 + Robt. Meros 200 + Hillory Stringer 950 + Tho Fisher 133 + Jno Fisher 133 + Timo Coe 4100 + David Hagard 130 + ----- + 6846 + + An Account of what Land in Accomack County the owners whereof are not + dwellers. + + Tho Preson of Northampton 200 + Geo Corbin Ditto 150 + Joshua Fichett Ditto 200 + Alexdr Merey Maryld 200 + Tho Dent 500 + Mr. Wm Kendalls orphans + of Northampton County 2850 + Mr Hancock Lee dividing Creeks 4050 + Richd Watters in Maryland 1057 + Francis Lailor Northamp 100 + Obedience Johnson Qtrs 300 + Henry Smith at the Southerd 1000 + Grattiance Michell North 200 + Matt. Tyson Southerd 300 + Teagle Woltham Maryld 200 + Peter Waltham New Engld 200 + Jno Waltham Maryld 200 + ----- + 11707 + + Jno Wise Sheriff + + +The Rent Roll of Northampton County for the Year of our Lord God 1704 + + + A + + Andrews Robt. 300 + Andrews Andrew 100 + Addison John 350 + Abdell Tho 125 + Abdell Jno 200 + Abdell Wm 125 + Alligood John 300 + Angell James 100 + Alligood Henry 100 + + + B + + Bullock Geo 100 + Boner Geo 150 + Brown Tho 1862 + Benthall Joseph Senr 793 + Benthall Joseph Junr 150 + Branson Francis 100 + Bateson 200 + Billot Jno 400 + Bell Geo 400 + Billott Wm 100 + Brewer Jno 50 + Blackson Jno 100 + Brooks Jeane 100 + Beadwine Jno 200 + Berthall Danll 258 + Baker John 400 + Brickhouse Geo 2100 + + + C + + Cob Samll 130 + Coape Wm 200 + Custis Jno Coll 3400 + Collier Bartho. 150 + Carpenter Charles 240 + Cox Jno 500 + Church Samll 143 + Cleg Jno. Senr 204 + Clog Henry 204 + Carvy Richd 100 + Cowdry Josiah 167 + Cormeck Mich 100 + Clerk Jno 100 + Corban Geo 250 + Clerk Geo 833 + Caple Nath 100 + Callinett Jno 100 + Crew John 300 + Costin Francis 275 + Custis Majr John 3250 + Custis Hancock 50 + Chick Tho. 100 + + + D + + Downing Jno. 70 + Dewy Geo 300 + Dewy Jacob 100 + Delby Margery 450 + Dowty Rowland 150 + Dunton John 170 + Dunton Tho 400 + Dowman John 100 + Dullock John 100 + Denton Tho 400 + Dunton Tho Junr 120 + Dunton Wm 420 + Dunton Benj 220 + Duparks Tho 90 + Davis Jno 850 + Dunton Joseph 120 + Dixon Michaell 460 + + + E + + Eshon Jno 600 + Evans John 200 + Edmunds David 500 + Evans Tho 300 + Esdoll Geo 100 + Eyres Tho 1133 + Eyres Nich 325 + Eyres Capt Jno 774 + Eyres Anne Wido. 733 + Esdoll Edwd. 100 + + + F + + Fisher John 637-1/2 + Francisco Dan 150 + Fisher Tho 637-1/2 + Foster Robt. 150 + Fabin Paul 60 + Frost Tho 100 + Frank Jno 500 + Floyd Charles 378 + Freshwater Geo 200 + Frizell Geo 140 + Freshwater Wm 200 + Fitchett Joshua 100 + Floyd Berry & Matthew 555 + + + G + + Gogni David 150 + Gill Robt. 200 + Gascoyne Robt. 125 + Gascoyne Wm 525 + Greene Jno Senr 2200 + Giddens Tho 227 + Grice Peter 200 + Godwin Devorix 600 + Goffogan Tho 100 + Guelding Charles 200 + Griffith Jerimiah 345 + Griffith Benja 200 + + + H + + Hill Francis 100 + Henderson John 250 + Haggaman Isaac 750 + Harmonson Jno 1600 + Harmonson Henry 1250 + Hanby Charles 25 + Hanby Richd 75 + Hanby Danll 50 + Hanby John 150 + Harmonson Capt Wm 308 + Harmonson Geo 1586 + Harmonson Tho 400 + Hawkins Jno Senr 66 + Hawkins Jno Junr 66 + Hawkins Gideon 66 + Hunto Groton 485 + Hunt John 440 + Hunt Tho 290 + Hall Francis Widdo 340 + + + J + + Johnson John Senr 250 + Johnson John Junr 100 + Johnson Jacob 350 + Isaacs John Jnr 100 + Joynes Major 150 + James Joan Widdo 250 + Johnson Obedience Capt 400 + Johnson Tho Junr 75 + Johnson Thomas Senr 400 + Jackson Jonah & John 625 + Joynes Edmd 200 + Joynes Edwd 200 + Johnson Jeptha Senr 50 + Jacob Phillip Senr 350 + Johnson Jepha Junr 200 + Johnson Obedience & Jepha Sen 250 + Johnson Edmd 400 + Jacob Richd 200 + Jacob Abraham 50 + + + K + + Kendall Wm 2410 + Knight John 100 + + + L + + Lawrence John 120 + Lailler Luke 100 + Lucas Tho 100 + Lewis Robt 100 + Littleton Susannah Wido 4050 + Luke John 400 + + + M + + Marshall Geo 250 + Farshall Jno 250 + Maddox Tho 1500 + Michaell Yeardly 400 + Matthews John 275 + Major John 390 + Map John 50 + Moore Matthew 175 + Mackmellion Tho 300 + More Gilbert 225 + Morraine John 119-1/2 + More Jno 545 + More Eliner 175 + + + N + + Nicholson Wm 600 + Nottingham Wm 150 + Nottingham Joseph 150 + Nottingham Richd 350 + Nottingham Benja 300 + Nelson John 100 + + + O + + Only Clement 200 + Odear John 100 + + + P + + Parramore Tho 400 + Preson Tho 610 + Powell Frances Widdo 1225 + Palmer Samll 1562 + Pyke Henry 150 + Powell John 636-1/3 + Pittett Tho 300 + Pittet Justian 200 + Pittett John 275 + Powell Samll 200 + Paine Daniell 150 + Piggott Ralph 1368 + + + R + + Read Thomas 150 + Rascow Arthur 100 + Ronan Wm 150 + Roberts Jno 200 + Richards Lettis 150 + Robins Jno Majr 1180 + Robins Littleton 1000 + Rabishaw Wm 55 + Roberts Obedience 260 + Robinson Benjamin 250 + + + S + + Shepherd Jno 200 + Smith Joseph 250 + Smith Samll 150 + Smith Jno 200 + Savage Tho 450 + Smith Tho 400 + Smith Abrah 300 + Seady Antho 120 + Sott Widdo 750 + Smith Richd minor 300 + Scot Geo 100 + Smith Richd 99 + Scot Jno 100 + Scott Henry 800 + Scot David 300 + Smith Peter 450 + Sanders Richd 100 + Smaro John 800 + Shepherd Tho 140 + Sanders Eustick 100 + Sanderson John 636 + Savidge John 410 + Stringer Hillary 1250 + Savidge Capt Tho 1600 + Savidge Elkington 750 + Scot Wm Senr 153 + Straton Benja 745 + Smith Geo 133 + Stockley Jno Senr 370 + Shepheard Widdo 830 + Seamore John 200 + + + T + + Tilney John 350 + Tryfort Barth 147 + Teague Simeon 100 + Turner Richd 50 + Teague Tho 200 + Tankard Wm 450 + Tanner Paul 148 + + + W + + Webb Henry 100 + Wills Thorn 300 + White John 400 + Wilson Tho 250 + Westerhouse Adryan Senr 200 + Walker John 300 + Ward Tho 120 + Walter John 400 + Waterfield Wm 200 + Warren John 525 + Warren Argoll 350 + Widgeon Robt 100 + Wilkins Jno 150 + Webb Edwd 200 + Wilcock Jno 200 + Warren James 50 + Waterson Wm 855 + Warren Robt. 190 + Water Lieut-Coll Wm 700 + Webb Charles 133-1/4 + Willett Wms 2650 + Waterson Richd 150 + Wilkins Argoll 150 + Walter Elizb Widdo 100 + Warren Joseph 50 + ----- + 99671 + + Lands not paid for vizt + + Gleab formerly Capt Foxcrofts 1500 + John Majr at Occahannock 200 + Hogbin not being in Virginia 100 + Tho Smith 300 + Tho Marshall orphan 75 + Jno Rews not in Virginia 100 + ----- + 2275 + + The total on the other side is 99671 acres + Added to it ye Glebe land 1500 + ------ + 101171 acres + + +The preceding Sheets are true copys of the Rentrolls for the year 1704 +given in and accounted for by the several Sherifs in April 1705 and +sworne to before his Excellcy according to which they made up their +accounts of the Quitrents with + + Will Robertson Clerk. + + + + +_INDEX_ + + + + +INDEX + + + Accomac, + farms and tithables of, 58; 79. + + Allen, Arthur, + six tithables, 57. + + Allen, William, + _Burgess_ in 1629, 73. + + Allerton, Isaac, + deals in servants, 48. + + Ambrose, Robert, + deals in servants, 49. + + Anbury, Major, + describes Virginia upper class, 158. + + Andros, Sir Edmund, 29; 35; 52; + hesitates to deprive wealthy of land holdings, 143-144. + + Archer, George, + deals in servants, 49; + extensive landowner, 79. + + Armetrading, Henry, 79. + + Artisans, + became planters in Virginia, 27; + called for in broadside of 1610, 28; + on the plantations, 156-157. + + Ashton, Peter, + deals in servants, 48. + + Austin, James, + deals in servants, 48. + + Avery, Richard, + his cattle, 101; + inventory of, 106. + + + Bacon Nathaniel, Sr., 109; 110. + + Bacon, Nathaniel, Jr., + describes poverty in Virginia, 91; + rebellion of and _Navigation Acts_, 92-93; + says peoples hoped in _Burgesses_, 109; 113. + + Baker, John, + buys _Button's Ridge_, 49. + + Baldwin, William, + landowner, 79. + + Ballard, Thomas, 109. + + Ball, William, + has 22 slaves. + + Baltic, + English trade of, 8; + Denmark controls entrance to, 9; + wars endanger trade to, 9; + cheap labor of, 16; 17; + tobacco trade to, 118-119; + trade to injured by wars, 131, 148. + + Banister, John, + has 88 slaves, 158. + + Barbadoes, + complain of _Navigation Acts_, 94. + + Barnett, Thomas, + servant, _Burgess_ in 1629, 74. + + Bassett, William, + deals in servants, 48. + + Beer, George Lewis, + defends _Navigation Acts_, 86-87; + says trade restrictions did not cause _Bacon's Rebellion_, 92; + statement of concerning county grievances, 93; + denies that serious opposition existed to _Navigation Acts_, 93-94. + + Bell, Richard, + landowning freedman, 74. + + Bennett, Richard, + estate of described, 108. + + Bennett, Samuel, + landowning freedman, 74. + + Berkeley, John, + conducts iron works in Virginia, 18. + + Berkeley, Lord John, 90. + + Berkeley, Sir William, + describes servants, 34; + describes early mortality among servants, 39; + estimates servants at 6,000 in 1671, 41; + instructed to prohibit foreign trade, 69; + permits foreign trade during _Civil War_, 69; + calls Virginia land of opportunity, 75; + proclaims Charles II, 84, 111; 89; + describes poverty of Virginia, 90, 91, 92, 93; + controls Assembly, 94; + goes to England to combat _Navigation Acts_, 94-95; + plans to establish manufactures, 95; + denounces _Navigation Acts_, 95-96; 98; + secures body guard, 111; + elected Governor prior to Restoration, 112; + fears King's resentment, 113; + small planters turn against in _Bacon's Rebellion_, 113; + estimates slaves at 2,000 in 1670, 124; 125; 160. + + Beverley, Robert, Sr., + extensive dealer in servants, 48, 109; 113. + + Beverley, Robert, Jr., 61; + imports slaves, 130; + describes pride of poor whites, 155. + + Bibbie, Edmund, + deals in servants, 49. + + Binns, Thomas, + eight tithables, 57. + + Bishop, John, + _Burgess_ and landowner, 78. + + Blackstone, John, + patents land, 74. + + Bland, John, + remonstrates against _Navigation Acts_, 88-89; 93. + + Blair, Rev. John, + asks funds for college, 50, 136. + + Blewit, Capt., + sets up iron works in Virginia, dies, 181. + + Board of Trade, + arrears of quit rents reported to, 51; + _Nicholson_ writes to concerning rent roll, 52; + says servants not slaves, 60; + _Berkeley_ protests to, 95, 119; + asks reasons for emigration of _Virginia_ whites, 140; + seeks to limit size of land grants, 143; + again alarmed at emigration from Virginia, 145, 147, 157. + + Bolling, Mrs. Mary, + has 51 slaves, 158. + + Brent, Giles, + deals in servants, 48; 109; 113. + + Bridger, Joseph, + deals in servants, 48; 109. + + Briggs, Gray, + has 43 slaves, 158. + + British Empire, + beginnings of misunderstood, 14; + begun, 19; + important role of tobacco in, 27. + + Broadnat, John, 128. + + Broadside, + in 1610 calls for settlers for Virginia, 28. + + Browne, Robert, + landowning freedman, 74. + + Browne, William, + nine tithables, 57. + + Bruce, Philip Alexander, + describes small planters, 54. + + Brunswick, + land patents in small, 145. + + Bullock, William, + denies that servants are slaves, 60. + + Burgesses, 54, + petition King, 65; + complain of high freight rates, 72; + freedmen among, 73-75; + _Navigation Acts_ and, 94-95; + represent interest of small planters, 109; + defy the king, 110; + petition of, 110; + rule Virginia, 1652-1660, 112; + growing influence of, 109. + + Burwell, Francis, + patents land in _James City_, 77. + + Burwell, John, + has 42 slaves, 158. + + Burwell, Lewis, + deals in servants, 48; 109. + + Burcher, William, + patents land, 79. + + Bushood, John, + sells land, 49. + + Butt, Thomas, + deals in servants, 48. + + Button, Robert, + receives estate, 49. + + Button, Thomas, + owner of _Button's Ridge_, 49. + + Byrd, William I, + says rent rolls inaccurate, 52; 109; + uses slaves, 130. + + Byrd, William II, + gives reasons for emigration to _Carolina_, 146. + + + Carter, John, 109. + + Carter, Robert, + has 126 slaves, 153. + + Carleill, Capt. Christopher, + urges trade with America, 11. + + Carolina, + emigration to from Virginia, 99-100; 139-146. + + Cattle, + plentiful in Virginia, 101. + + Chambers, William, + servants and slaves of, 59. + + Chandler, John, + landowning freedman, 74. + + Charles I, + considers smoking harmful, 26; + tries to limit tobacco planting in Virginia, 27; + tries to limit English tobacco crop, 63; + limits price of tobacco, 65; + regulates tobacco trade, 67-69; 70; + defied by _Assembly_, 110; 111. + + Charles II, 33; + proclaimed in Virginia, 84; 111; 93; 96; + not restored in Virginia before Restoration in England, 112; + tyranny of, 114. + + Charles City, + plantations small, 53; 54; + farms and tithables of, 58; 79; 81. + + Chastellux, + describes poor whites of Virginia, 152; + notes indolence of poor whites, 155. + + Chew, Larkin, + dealer in _Spotsylvania_ land, 154. + + Claiborne, William, + deals in servants, 48. + + Clayton, Thomas, 80. + + Clergy, + many plant tobacco, 28. + + Clothing, + want of felt in Virginia, 103. + + Cloyse, Pettyplace, + landowning freedman, 74. + + Cole, Edward, + patents land in _James City_, 77. + + Colonial expansion, + sought as remedy for British economic dependence, 10; + urged by economists, 11; 12; 13. + + Colonial system, 68; + imperfectly enforced prior to 1660, 67-69; 85-86; + embodied in _Navigation Acts_, 85; + colonies to supplement England, 86; + workings of at end of 17th century, 120; + British conception of, 136. + + Commerce, + of England with Baltic, 8; + principles of long known, 11; + of England with Europe and East, 12; + of England with France declines, 13; + affords key to history, 22; + in reexported tobacco, 70; + in tobacco revives after 1683, 114-115; + in reexported tobacco, 116-120; + importance of in tobacco for England, 119, 122. + + Commonwealth, + tobacco high under, 66; + Virginians trade abroad under, 69; 98; + attitude of Virginia under, 110-11. + + Constable, John, + trades illegally, 69. + + Cooke, John, + landowning freedman, 74. + + Cornell, Samuel, + servants and slaves of, 59. + + Council, 65; + complains of high freight rates, 72; 90; + describes poverty in Virginia, 91; + says Virginia ready to revolt to Dutch, 96; 109; 110; + members of hold land illegally, 143; + gives reasons for immigration out of Virginia, 145; + describes misery in Virginia, 150; + declining influence of, 159. + + Creighton, Henry, + sells 100 acres, 50. + + Criminals, + few sent to Virginia, 32, 33; + make no imprint on social fabric, 33. + + Crocker, Wm., + servants and slaves of, 59. + + Cromwell, Oliver, + sends Irish servants to Virginia, 33. + + Crump, Thomas, + servant, _Burgess_ in 1632, 74; + landowner, 75. + + Culpeper, Lord, + fears ruin of Virginia, 91, 114. + + Custis, John, 109. + + + Daingerfield, William, + has 61 slaves, 157. + + Dawson, William, + landowning freedman, 74. + + Day, John, 80. + + Delaware, + manufactures of lure poor Virginia whites, 141; + migration to, 139-146. + + Delk, Roger, + landowning freedman, 74. + + Dicks, John, + purchases land, 49. + + Digges, Dudley, 109. + + Diggs, William, + has 72 slaves, 158. + + Dinwiddie county, + poor whites in, 151; + small slave holders of, 153; + large slave holders of, 158. + + Dodman, John, + landowner, 79. + + Dorch, Walter, + inventory of, 106. + + Duties, + French put on English woolens, 13; + on reexported tobacco partly refunded, 70; + on reexported tobacco, 117; + on tobacco yield grown large revenue, 120. + + + Edwards, John, + slaves of in plot, 128. + + Edwards, William, + has six tithables, 57; + slaves of in plot, 128. + + Effingham, Lord, + tyranny of in Virginia, 114. + + Elizabeth City, + plantations of small, 53; + farms and tithables of, 58; + servants and slaves in, 59. + + Emigration, + from Virginia in years from 1660 to 1725, 40, 62, 139-146; + not caused by large land grants, 144-145; + extent of, 146. + + England, + colonial expansion necessary for, 7; + forests depleted, 7; + industry declining, 8; + Baltic trade of, 8; + future depends on colonies, 13; 14; + joy of at founding of Virginia, 15; + disappointed in Virginia, 19; + tobacco bill of, 26; + supplies Virginia with labor, 31; + poverty in, 31; + cannot consume entire colonial tobacco crop, 86; + tobacco planting in prohibited, 87; + glut of tobacco in, 68-89; + adheres to colonial policy, 95. + + Epes, Francis, 79, 127. + + Essex, + land transfers in, 46; + plantations of small, 53; + farms and tithables of, 58. + + + Falling Creek, + iron works at, 17; + destroyed in 1622, 18. + + Fane, Francis, + says slave labor cheapens tobacco, 132. + + Fish, + plentiful in Virginia, 15. + + Fithian, Philip, + describes poor whites of Virginia, 152, 155. + + Fitzhugh, William, 109; + refers to slave imports, 130. + + Flax, + in Virginia, 15. + + Fleet, tobacco, + brings servants, 35; + size of in 1690 and 1706, 122. + + Foster, Armstrong, 79, 80. + + Foster, Robert, + buys 200 acres, 50. + + Fowl, wild, + abundant in colonial Virginia, 102. + + Fox, William, + has 25 slaves, 153. + + France, + exports wine and silk, 12; + British trade with declines, 13; + tobacco trade to, 119; + trade to injured by war, 131. + + Freedmen, + 80 per cent of servants become, 40; + prior to 1660 remained in Virginia, 40; + form large part of population, 41; + annual recruits of, 41; + usually young, 42; + might acquire property, 43; + perform bulk of work, 43; + what became of, 43; + become small planters, 60; + outfit of, 61; + not entitled to land, 61; + prosperity of hinges on tobacco, 62; + Virginia land of opportunity for, 71; + profits of from tobacco, 71-72; + in _Burgesses_, 73-74; + prosperous, 74-80; + little hope of advancement for after 1660, 97-100; + few in rent roll of 1704, 122-123. + + Freemen, + entitled to headrights, 35; + many come to Virginia, 36; + become small planters, 60-75; + many pay own passage, 81-82. + + Freight rates, + high from England, 71-72; + excessive, 90. + + Fruit, 12, + abundant in Virginia, 102. + + Fuel, + abundant in Virginia, 105. + + + Gardens, + common in Virginia, 102, 105. + + Garnet, John, + buys 600 acres, 50. + + George, The, + takes cargo of tobacco to England, 25; 64. + + Gilbert, George, + patents land in _James City_, 77, 79. + + Gilbert, Sir Humphrey, + voyage to America, 11. + + Glass, + possibilities for in Virginia, 15; + beginning made of in Virginia, 17; + early history of in Virginia, 18-19. + + Gloucester, + average plantation in, 54; + farms and tithables of, 58; 80; 113; + poor whites of, 151; + small slave holders in, 154; + large slave holders in, 157; 159. + + Good, John, + describes poverty in Virginia, 91. + + Gooch, Governor, + says large holdings no impediment to settlement, 145; + says poor whites make best tobacco, 147. + + Governor, + plants tobacco, 28; + appoints sheriffs, 51; + makes efforts to collect quit rents, 51; 65; + neglects servants, 73; 90; 109; + elected by burgesses, 1652-1660, 112. + + Goring, John, + servants and slaves of, 59. + + Grain, + abundance of in Virginia, 102. + + Graves, Ralph, + his servant valued at L10, 127. + + Grey, James, + buys 200 acres, 49. + + Grey, John, + his cattle, 101; + inventory of, 106. + + Grey, Francis, + Burgess and landowner, 78-79. + + Grey, Thomas, 78. + + + Hakluyt, Richard, + advises colonial expansion, 11; + shows British dependence on Spain, 12; + expects surplus of population in England to emigrate to America, + 16; 19. + + Hammond, John, + advice to servants, 61; + describes Virginia residences, 104. + + Harmar, Charles, + imports slaves, 124. + + Harris, John, + _Burgess_ in 1629, 73. + + Harrison, Benjamin, 109. + + Hart, Henry, + his slave in plot, 128. + + Hartwell, Henry, + deals in servants, 48. + + Harvey, Sir John, + complains of low prices for tobacco, 65; + asks freedom of trade for Virginia, 68; + testifies to illegal foreign trade, 68-69; + complains of high freight rates, 72; + ejected by people, 110. + + Hatfield, James, + landowning freedman, 75. + + Headrights, + described, 34; 35; + averaged about 1750 a year, 41; + determine size of land grants, 47; + brought in by well known planters, 48; + do not belong to servant, 61; + appear in wills, 76; + transfer of by sale, 76; + become landowners, 77; + not all servants, 77; + compared with rent roll, 97-99. + + Hemp, + in Virginia, 15. + + Henrico, + false returns in, 55; + farms and tithables of, 58; + servants and slaves in, 59; 79. + + Hill, Edward, 109. + + Hill, John, + landowning freedman, 75; + book binder at _Oxford_, 75. + + Hodge, John, + servants and slaves of, 59. + + Holding, John, + landowner, 79. + + Holland, + exports fish, 12; + trade of declines, 13; + controls slave trade, 31; 125; + tobacco exports to, 86-89; + _Navigation Acts_ cut exports to, 87; + distributor of English colonial tobacco, 88; + plants own tobacco, 88; + wars with, 89; + Virginians threaten to revolt to, 91, 96; 116; + tobacco exports to, 120; + fights to preserve her monopoly of slave trade, 126; + seeks to control tobacco trade on continent, 149-150. + + Honey, + produced in Virginia, 102. + + Hotten's Emigrants to America, + gives lists of servants, 42; 73. + + Houses, + comfortable in Virginia, 103-104. + + Howlett, William, + buy 200 acres, 50. + + + Immigration, + volume of in 17th century, 35-36; + fixes character of eastern Virginia, 36; + not restricted to servants, 36. + + Indentures, + system of, 32; + terms of, 61. + + Indians, + desire to convert, 14; + revere tobacco, 24; + unsuited for laborers, 30. + + Industry, 22; + pictured in Virginia, 28; + Virginia not suited for, 29. + + Inventories, + throw light on distribution of servants and slaves, 59; 73; + typical examples of, 106-107. + + Iron, + smelting of exhausts forests, 8; + could be smelted in Virginia, 15; + early manufacture of in Virginia, 17-18. + + Isle of Wight county, + farms and tithables of, 58; 79. + + + Jackson, William, + has 49 slaves, 158. + + James I, + forced to use tobacco, 25; + considers smoking harmful, 26; + regulates tobacco trade, 67. + + James II, + tyranny of, 114. + + James City county, + plantations and tithables of, 58; + landowners listed as headrights in, 76-77; 79; + slave plot in, 128. + + James River, + iron works on, 17; 39; 70; 148. + + Jamestown, 14; + glass furnace at, 18; + streets of planted with tobacco, 25; 86; 111; 112. + + Jefferson, Thomas, + says slavery made whites lazy, 155. + + Jeffreys, Jeffrey, + imports slaves, 131. + + Jennings, Edmund, 109; + describes slave plot, 128-129; + says slaves injure credit of Virginia, 130; + says few servants in 1708, 130-131; + describes slave trade, 130-131; + describes migration of poor whites, 145-146. + + Johnson, John, + sells land, 49. + + Johnson, Joseph, + transports servants, 78-79. + + Jones, Anthony, + servant, becomes landowner, 74. + + Jones, Hugh, + says tenants small part of population, 45; 155; + says negroes make poor artisans, 156. + + Jordan, Lt. Col., + pays taxes on seven tithables, 56. + + + Kemp, Richard, + says immigrants mostly servants, 82. + + King William county, + farms and tithables of, 58. + + King and Queen county, + farms and tithables of, 58. + + Kinsman, Richard, + makes _perry_, 108. + + Knight, Sir John, + says Virginia ready to revolt to Holland, 96. + + + Labor, + lack of in Virginia, 16; + foreign at Jamestown, 18; + lack of handicaps industry, 19; 20; + in Virginia determined by tobacco, 23; + cheap needed in Virginia, 29; + serious problem, 29; + Indians unsuited for, 30; + slave, 30; + England supplies, 31; + indenture system to supply, 32; + influx of, 35. + + Lancaster, 79; + poor planters in, 151; + small slave holders of, 153. + + Land, + cheap in Virginia, 29; 45; + transfers of in Surry county, 46; + in York, 46; + in _Rappahannock_, 46; + listed in rent roll of 1704-5, 53; + monopoly of said to cause migration from Virginia, 141-143; + large tracts granted, 142-144. + + Land grants, + average extent of, 47; + determined by method of transporting immigrants, 47; + vary greatly in size, 47; + not index to size of plantations, 49. + + Landowners, + few large in 17th century, 43; + glad to sell in small parcels, 45; + chiefly small proprietors, 46; + in census of 1626, 46; + in York county, 46; + in Essex, 46; + often avoid quit rents, 51; + listed in rent roll of 1704-5, 53; + small proprietors neglected in history, 54; + often poor men, 55; + many work farms with own hands, 57; + _Government_ expects servants to become, 62; + profits of from tobacco, 71-72. + + Larkin, George, + describes large land holdings, 144. + + Lawrence, Richard, + landowner, 79. + + _Leah and Rachel_, 61. + + Lee, Richard, + imports 80 slaves, 125. + + Leightenhouse, Thomas, 127. + + Linton, John, + estimates colonial tobacco, 115; + estimates amount of reexported tobacco, 118; + declares Baltic tobacco trade ruined, 148; + describes tobacco raising in Holland, 149. + + London Company, + national character of, 13; + plans manufactures for Virginia, 15; + cannot secure laborers for Virginia, 16; + sets up iron works at Falling Creek, 17-18; + displeased at tobacco culture in Virginia, 25; + tobacco only hope of, 26; + expects Virginia to duplicate England, 28; + high price of tobacco pleases, 64; 73; 75. + + Ludwell, Philip, 109; 113. + + Ludwell, Thomas, + places average tobacco crop at 1200 pounds, 64; 90; + says tobacco worth nothing, 90; 91; 96. + + + Manufactures, + attempts to establish in Virginia, 15-19; + cause of failure, 19; + purchased from Dutch, 68-69; + colonial system based on expectation of, 86; + Berkeley tries to establish, 95; + local in Virginia, 103; + of tobacco in England, 119, 122; + exports of to tobacco colonies, 120; + in northern colonies lure Virginia whites, 140; 141; + on plantations, 108; 156-157. + + Market, + not free for tobacco, 66; + tobacco sent to foreign, 67-70; + Navigation Acts cut of foreign, 87; + tobacco reexported to continental, 116-120; + Virginia and Maryland furnish for England, 120. + + Maryland, + emigration of whites from, 140; + House of Delegates of explains migration, 191. + + Mason, Francis, + seven tithables, 57. + + Mason, Winfield, + has 40 slaves, 158. + + Massacre, + iron works destroyed during, 18. + + Matthews, Samuel, + his estate described, 108. + + Merchant marine, + threatened in England by lack of shipbuilding materials, 9; + part of sea defense, 10; + depleted at end of 16th century, 10; + tobacco exports aid British, 26, 119, 122. + + Menefie, George, + his estate described, 108. + + Middlesex, + plantations small, 53; + farms and tithables of, 58. + + Milner, Thomas, + deals in servants, 48. + + Moseley, Capt. William, + buys part of _Button's Ridge_, 50, 109. + + Muir, Francis, + has 47 slaves, 158. + + Muscovy Company, + Baltic trade of, 8; + not exempt from customs, 9; + urged to trade with America, 11. + + + Nansemond, + plantations of small, 53; + plantations and tithables in, 58. + + Navigation Acts, 69; + described, 84-86; + resented in Holland, 88-89; + _Bland's_ remonstrance against, 88; + cause of war with Holland, 89; + cause extreme poverty in Virginia, 90-92; + connected with _Bacon's Rebellion_, 92-93; + why Virginia _Assembly_ did not protest against, 94-95; + _Berkeley_ protests against, 94-95; 98; + retard growth of population, 98-99; + design of, 116. + + _New Albion_, + describes abundance of food in Virginia, 103; + advises settlers in Virginia as to clothing, 104. + + _New Description of Virginia_, + presents optimistic picture of Virginia, 63; + puts price of tobacco at 3d a pound, 66; + describes foreign tobacco trade, 69; + describes Virginia houses, 104; + cites cases of wealth in Virginia, 107. + + New Kent, + farms and tithables of, 58. + + Newport, Capt. Christopher, + returns to England in 1607, 15; + brings iron ore to England in 1607, 17. + + New Jersey, + manufactures of lure Virginia whites, 141. + + Nicholson, Sir Francis, 29; 50; + orders accurate rent roll in 1690, 51; + again attempts rent roll in 1699, 52; + completes rent roll, 52; 54; + makes rent roll accurate, 55, 97; 114; + gives reason for migration from Virginia and Maryland, 140, 141; + sues Col. Lawrence Smith for arrears of quit rents, 143; + testifies to large land grants, 144. + + Norfolk, + plantations of small, 53; + farms and tithables of, 58; + slave plot in, 129. + + Northampton, + farms and tithables of, 58; 79. + + North Carolina, + servants flee to, 83. + + Northern Neck, + omitted in rent roll, 50; 54; 55. + + Norton, Capt. Wm., + brings glass workers to Virginia, 19; + dies, 19. + + + Page, Matthew, 109. + + Page, Mann, + has 157 slaves, 157. + + Pagett, Anthony, + _Burgess_ in 1629, 73. + + Parke, Daniel, 109. + + Patent Rolls, + in Virginia Land Office, 34; + average grants in, 47; + show large dealers in servants, 48; 73; + reveal names of freedmen, 74-75. + + Pattison, Thomas, + landowner, 79. + + Pearson, Christopher, + inventory of, 107. + + Pelton, George, 102. + + Pennsylvania, + manufactures of lure Virginia whites, 191; + migration to, 139-146. + + _Perfect Description_, + numbers cattle in Virginia, 101. + + Perry Micajah, + reports on tobacco trade, 119. + + Plantations, + Virginia made up of, 29; + cheap in Virginia, 29; + labor for, 29-37; + unhealthful sites for, 39; + few large, 43; + small hold own with large, 44; + small outnumber large, 45; 46; + transfers of in Surry county, 46; + patents not index to size of, 49; + tendency to break up large into small, 49; + listed in rent roll of 1704-5, 53; + largest in various counties, 53; + average size of, 53; + accurately listed in rent roll, 55; + comparison of number of with workers, 55; + number in each county, 58; + settlers buy on frontier, 76; + part only of each cultivated, 105. + + Popleton, William, + _Burgess_ in 1629, 73. + + Population, 28; 29; + growth of from 1649 to 1675, 98; + growth of slow, 99, 142. + + Potash, + England's need for, 8; + found in Virginia, 15; + first efforts to produce in Virginia, 17. + + Pott, Dr. John, + incites people against _Sir John Harvey_, 110. + + Poultry, + plentiful in Virginia, 102. + + Poverty, + in England, 31; + Navigation Acts cause in Virginia, 91; + one cause of _Bacon's Rebellion_, 92-93. + + _Present State of Tobacco Plantations_, + describes tobacco trade to France and Spain, 119; + puts tobacco duties at L400,000, 121; + describes ill effects of wars on tobacco trade, 148. + + Prince George county, + plantations and tithables of, 58. + + Princess Anne county, + plantations of small, 53; 54; + farms and tithables of, 58; + slave plot in, 129; + small slave holders in, 154. + + Public Record Office, + has copy of rent roll of 1704, 52. + + + Quary, Colonel, + says wars ruin tobacco trade, 148; 157. + + Quit rents, + collected by Crown on land, 50; + revenue from considerable, 50; 51; + often in arrears, 51; + roll of in 1704, 51-55. + + + Ramshaw, William, + landowning freedman, 75. + + Randall, Robert, + seven tithables, 57. + + Randolph, Edward, + remarks on slow growth of Virginia population, 99; + says holdings of large tracts of land causes migration from + Virginia, 141-143; + says quit rents avoided, 142; + suggests limiting size of grants, 143. + + Randolph, William, + imports slaves, 130. + + Rappahannock county, + land transfers in, 46; + landowners of listed as headrights, 76; 79. + + Rent Roll, + Nickolson orders, 51; + attempted in 1699, 52; + completed in 1704-5, 52; + shows small plantations, 53; + accuracy of, 54-55; + 5,500 farms listed in, 55; + compared with tithables of 1702, 57-58; + compared with headrights, 97-99; + contains names of few freedmen, 122-123. + + Restoration Period, + brings suffering to Virginia, 84; 97; 104; 115; 116. + + Rich, Nathaniel, + buys tobacco at 2s a pound, 64. + + Roberts, Robert, + buys land, 49. + + Robertson, William, + makes copy of rent roll of 1704, 52. + + Robins, Sampson, 79; + patents land, 80. + + Robinson, John, + landowning freedman, 75. + + Rolfe, Capt. John, + first to cure Virginia tobacco, 24; 25. + + Rooking, William, + servants and slaves of, 59. + + Rowlston, Lionell, + servant, _Burgess_ in 1629, 73; + _Burgess_ in 1632, 74; + landowner, 74. + + Russell, John, + landowning freedman, 75. + + Russia, + tobacco trade to, 118-119; 148. + + + Samuel, Anthony, + buys 300 acres, 50. + + Sandys, George, + selects site for iron works, 17; + describes failure of glass works in Virginia, 19; + writes for servants, 30; + gives wages of laborers, 44. + + Sandys, Sir Edwin, + expects Virginia to duplicate England, 28. + + Savadge, Thomas, + landowning freedman, 74. + + Scotchmon, Robert, + servant, _Burgess_ in 1632, 74. + + Scott, Thomas, + has 57 slaves, 158. + + Scruely, Richard, + patents land, 79. + + Servants, + _London Company_ sends to Virginia, 16; + Indian children as, 30; + system of indentures for, 32; + not criminals, 32; + political prisoners among, 33; + Irish among, 33; + _Oliverian_ soldiers among, 33; + they plot against _Government_, 33; + Scotchmen among, 33; + _Sedgemour_ prisoners among, 33; + chiefly Englishmen, 34, 36; + list of preserved, 34; + headrights from, 35; + influx of, 35; + four or five years of service for, 38; + become part of Virginia social fabric, 39; + hardship and perils encountered by, 39; + 80 per cent. become freedmen, 40; + prior to 1660 remained in Virginia, 40; + length of service for, 40; + usually young when freed, 41, 42; + estimated at 6,000 in 1671, 41; + "seasoned," 42; + become small part of population, 43; + merchants bring to complete cargoes, 47; + individual orders for, 48; + in immigrant ships, 48; + dealers in, 48; + numbers in 1704, 56; + listed as tithables, 56; + distribution of, 58-59; + not slaves, 60; + like English apprentices, 60; + outfit of on expiration of term, 61; + not entitled to land, 61; + hope to become landowners, 61-62; + Virginia land of opportunity for, 71; + freedmen often purchase, 72; + of early period become prosperous, 73-80; + list of, 78; + proportion of among immigrants, 81-82; + little hope for advancement of after 1660, 96-100; + importation of in Restoration period, 98-99; + inventories which show none, 106-107; + many freed to fight in _Bacon's Rebellion_, 113; + few become landowners at end of 17th century, 112-113; + usefulness of as compared with slaves, 126; + price of, 127; + not always docile, 128; + slave labor curtails importation of, 134; + England opposes migration of, 135; + vast numbers imported, 142. + + Seymour, Attorney-General, + tells Virginians to make tobacco, 136. + + Sheep, + scarce in Virginia, 102. + + Sheriff, + collects quit rents, 51; + draws up rent roll, 52; + unearths false returns, 54-55. + + Sherwood, William, + calls _Bacon's_ men rabble, 93. + + Shipbuilding, + materials for needed in England, 8; + lack of injures merchant marine, 9; + materials for found in Virginia, 15; + _Capt. Smith_ explains why Virginia cannot produce materials for, 17. + + Shurley, Daniel, + landowning freedman, 74. + + Sickness, The Virginia, + _Capt. Blewit_ dies of, 18; + glass workers die of, 19; + servants die of, 33; + described, 39; + terrible mortality from, 39, 80; + abates before end of 17th century, 40; + not fatal to slaves, 128. + + Silk, + from South Europe, 12; + in Virginia, 15. + + Slaughter, John, 80. + + Slave trade, + in hands of Dutch, 31; + restrictions on, 45. + + Slaves, + adequate for tobacco raising, 29; + first cargo of in Virginia, 30; + few in Virginia prior to 1680, 31; + influx of, 40; + numbers in 1704, 56; + listed as tithables, 56; + distribution of, 58-59; + inventories show that many planters had none, 106-107; + used by wealthy men in 17th century, 108; + first cargo of, 124; + few prior to 1680, 124; + importations of, 124-125; + Dutch control trade in, 125-126; + fitness of for tobacco culture, 126; + price of, 127; + labor of crude, 127-128; + health of good, 128; + docile, 128; + plots among, 128-129; + no wrong seen in, 129; + duty on importation of, 129; + large importations of, 1680-1708, 130-131; + 6,000 by 1700, 130; + 12,000 in 1708, 130; + 30,000 in 1730, 131; + use of cheapens tobacco, 132; + use of curtails importation of servants, 134; + England favors use of in Virginia, 135-136; + pernicious effect of in ancient Rome, 137-139; + effect of on Virginia yeomanry, 139-155; + causes migration of whites, 139-146; + at first produce only lower grades of tobacco, 147; + become more efficient, 147; + contempt of for poor whites, 152; + small holders of, 152-159; + cast stigma on labor, 155; + large holders of increase in numbers, 155-159. + + Smelting, + wood needed for, 8; + in Virginia, 15; + machinery for sent to Virginia, 17; + begun at _Falling Creek_. + + Smith, Capt. John, + describes Baltic trade, 8; + explains difficulty of building up manufacturers in Virginia, 17. + + Smither, William, + buys 200 acres, 50. + + Smyth, + describes poor whites of Virginia, 152, 155. + + Spain, + commerce with, 12; + growing domains of, 14; + tobacco of used in England, 25, 26; + tobacco of excluded from England, 67, 68, 86, 87; + tobacco trade to, 119; + trade to injured by war, 131. + + Spanish Succession, War of, 103; 115; 119; + cuts off tobacco trade to France and Spain, 131; 148. + + Sparshott, Edward, + landowning freedman, 74. + + Smith, Lawrence, + sued for arrears of quit rents, 143. + + Sparkes, John, + landowning freedman, 74. + + Spencer, Capt. Robt., + servants and slaves of, 59. + + Spencer, Secretary, + writes of reviving tobacco trade, 115; + says slaves cheaper labor than whites, 132. + + Splitimber, John, + his cattle, 101; + inventory of, 106-107. + + Spotsylvania, + large grants in, 145; + poor whites in, 151; + small slave holders of, 153-154; + land transfers in, 154; + large slave holders in, 157; 159. + + Spotswood, Alexander, + says slaves cause over production of tobacco, 129; 151; + has 60 slaves, 158. + + Storey, John, + imports negroes, 130. + + Stuarts, second despotism of, + affects Virginia, 114. + + Stublefield, George, + has 42 slaves, 158. + + Surry, + land transfers in, 46; + tithables in, 56, 58; + inventories and wills in, 59; + negroes plot in, 128. + + Sweden, + tobacco trade to, 118-119. + + Symonds, Roger, + granted 100 acres, 81. + + + Taliaferro, Richard, + has 43 slaves, 158. + + Tenants, + few in Virginia, 44, 45, 62. + + Thoroughgood, Adam, + servant, _Burgess_ in 1629, 73; + _Burgess_ in 1632, 74; + landowner, 75; + brother of _Sir John Thoroughgood_, 75. + + Tithables, + those listed as, 56; + in Surry, 56-57; + number of in various counties, 58. + + Tobacco, + history of Virginia built on, 20, 23; + Indians revere, 24; + first cured in Virginia by Rolfe, 24; + Virginia suited for, 24; + ready market for, 24; + extensively used in England, 24; + used by James I, 25; + Virginians turn eagerly to culture of, 25; + send first cargo of to England, 25; + London Company displeased at culture of, 25; + England reconciled to, 26; + Virginia's only hope, 26; + Crown tries to divert Virginia from, 27; + cultivation in Virginia universal, 27; + shapes immigration, 29; + requires unskilled labor, 29; + prosperity of freedmen hinges on, 62; + amount of one man could produce, 63-64; + over production of in 1640, 63; + price of prior to 1660, 64-67; + account for migration of 1618-1623, 64; + rich returns from, 64; + restrictions on trade of, 67-69; + growing of in England prohibited, 67; + tax on, 67; + illegal foreign trade in, 68-69; + reexported from England, 70; + Virginia underbids world in, 70; + returns from, 71-72; + freight on high, 72; + effect of Navigation Acts on, 85-96; + foreign trade in prohibited, 85; + requires world market, 86; + planting in England prohibited, 87; + exports of to Spain, 87; + reexported, 87; + planted in Holland, 88; + glut in England causes price of to drop, 89-91; + exhausts soil, 105; + Charles I makes offer for, 110; + trade of revives, 115-116; + production of increases, 115-116; + returns from, 116; + reexports of, 116-120; + production of abroad, 117; + duty on yields crown large revenue, 121; + price of still low at end of 17th century, 123; + slaves adequate to its cultivation, 127-128; + wars interfere with trade in, 131; + slaves cheapen production of, 132; + poor whites produce the best, 146-147; + foreign trade in ruined by war, 148-150; + advantages of large plantations for, 156-157. + + Towns, + few in Virginia, 29. + + Townsend, Richard, + Burgess in 1629, 73. + + Trussell, John, + landowning freedman, 74. + + Turnbull, Robert, + has 81 slaves, 158. + + + Underwood, John, + patents land in _James City_, 77. + + Upton, John, + landowning freedman, 75. + + + Vegetables, + abundant in Virginia, 102. + + _Virginia's Cure_, + says Burgesses mostly freedmen, 74. + + _Virginia Unmasked_, + describes Virginia houses, 104. + + _Virginia Magazine of History and Biography_, + shows that many freedmen migrated to Virginia, 81. + + _Virginia Richly Valued_, + advises emigrants as to outfit, 104. + + + Wages, + high in Virginia, 16; 29; 30; + low in England, 31. + + Wage earners, + few in Virginia, 44; + mostly recently freed servants, 44. + + Walker, Robert, + has 52 slaves, 158. + + Warburton, Thomas, + patents land in James City, 77. + + Warden, Thomas, + landowner, 79. + + Warwick, + average plantation of, 53; + farms and tithables of, 58; 81. + + Washington, Richard, + deals in servants, 48. + + Watson, John, + landowning freedman, 75. + + Weaver, Samuel, + landowning freedman, 75. + + Webster, Roger, + servant, _Burgess_ in 1632, 74. + + Whitlock, Thomas, + will of, 105-106. + + Williamsburg, 35; 54. + + Williams, William, + buys 200 acres, 50. + + Wills, + throw light on distribution of servants and slaves, 59; 73; + headrights mentioned in, 76. + + Wine, + prospect for in Virginia, 15. + + Woolens, + need of potash for, 8; + French duty on, 13. + + Woolritch, William, + landowning freedman, 74. + + Wormsley, Ralph, 109; + letter to from _Fitzhugh_, 130. + + Wray, Thomas, + granted 50 acres, 81. + + + Yates, William, + has 55 slaves, 158. + + Yeomanry, + largest class in Virginia, 59, 62; + freedmen in, 72-82; 85; + desperately poor, 90-91; + driven to revolt by poverty, 92-93; + no advancement for after 1660, 97-100; + enjoy plentiful food, 101-103; + often suffer for proper clothing, 103-105; + _Burgesses_ represented interests of, 109; + aid in ejecting Harvey, 110; + many favor _Parliament in Civil War_, 110-111; + in control from 1652 to 1660, 112; + chief sufferers from _Navigation Acts_, 113; + support Bacon in rebellion, 113; + struggle for political rights, 114; + few recruits to at end of 17th century, 122; + condition of at end of 17th century, 123; + effect of slavery on in ancient Rome, 137-139; + migration of from Virginia 139-146; + produce higher grades of tobacco, 146-147; + misery of in 1713, 150; + many sink into poverty, 151-154; + many become slave holders, 152-159; + slaves make less industrious, 155; 160. + + Yeardley, Sir George, 29; + instructed to enforce free exchange of goods, 65. + + York, + land transfers in, 46; + plantations of small, 53; + farms and tithables of, 58; + servants and slaves in, 59; + landowners of who had been headrights, 76; 79; 107; 130. + + Young, Richard, + granted 100 acres, 81. + + + * * * * * + +Transcriber's Notes: + +1. Passages in italics are surrounded by _underscores_. + +2. Punctuation corrections: + + Pg. 3 - added closing quotes (" ... not even beggars;") + + Pg. 142 - added quotes ("It should be inquired into," he said, "how + it comes to pass ...") + + Pg. 151 - added period (for themselves only. Making) + + Pg. 152 - added opening quote ("illiberal, noisy and rude,") + + Pg. 172 - Footnote [5-29], added closing quote (" ... to the + Government.") + + Pg. 251 - added comma after "George" (Archer, George,) + + Pg. 252 - changed "." to ";" (Carolina ... 99-100; 139-146.) + + Pg. 254 - added comma after "Benjamin" (Harrison, Benjamin,) + + Pg. 254 - added comma in Freedmen (what became of, 43;) + + Pg. 257 - changed comma to semi-colon (Plantations ... listed in rent + roll of 1704-5, 53;) + +3. Spelling Corrections: + + Pg. 87 - "exlusive" to "exclusive" (1) (secured exclusive + privileges) + + Pg. 88 - "nigher" to "higher" (profit higher at home?) + + Pg. 124 - "butt wenty" to "but twenty" (there were but twenty) + + Pg. 125 - "chieftians" to "chieftains" (the native chieftains) + + Pg. 156 - "Birtish" to "British" (upon British imports) + + Pg. 162 - added Chapter Title "Notes to Chapters" as shown in the + Contents. + + Pg. 176 - "Britain" to "British" (in Footnote [7-23] ... British + Public Record Office) + + Pg. 191 - "ped" to "per" (per Robert Rivers) + + Pg. 208 - "Sgeriff" to "Sheriff" (Henry Royall Sheriff) + + Pg. 215 - "Shreiff" to "Sheriff" (the Sheriff is to be allowed) + + Pg. 215 - added "A" at head of alphabetical list of names. + + Pg. 223 - "Sherif" to "Sheriff" (Tho Parker Sheriff) + + Pg. 245 - added "D" at head of alphabetical listing of names. + + Pg. 252 - "Spotsvylvania" to "Spotsylvania" (Chew, Larkin ... dealer + in _Spotsylvania_) + + Pg. 255 - "gratned" to "granted" (Land, ... large tracts granted,) + + Pg. 257 - "Eir" to "Sir" (Sandys, Sir Edwin,) + + Pg. 258 - "centry" to "century" (Sickness ... abates before end of + 17th century,) + + Pg. 259 - "Thorouhggood" to "Thoroughgood" (Thoroughgood, Adam, ... + brother of _Sir John Thoroughgood_,) + +4. Footnote and Anchor Corrections/Notations: + + Footnotes and their anchors have been renumbered to include the + chapter number, thus the Chapter 3 Footnote #5 becomes [3-5] in this + e-text. + + Pg. 19 - A second anchor to Footnote [1-18] has been corrected to + anchor Footnote [1-19]. + + Pg. 87 - Chapter 5, Footnote anchors skip from [5-2] to [5-7], and + again from [5-33] to [5-35]. No anchor points for Footnotes 3 through + 6 or 34 appear in the original text though the footnotes are included + in the "Notes to Chapters" beginning on pg. 162. These footnotes have + been marked with a ? "question mark". (ex; ?[5-3]) Also; + + Pg. 115 - Chapter 7, Footnotes skip from [7-2] to [7-4]. No reference + point for Footnote 3. + + Pg. 163 - Footnote [2-19], no page number was given, (p.--.) + + Pg. 179 - Footnote [8-54], in reference to Philip Fithian, Journal + and letters, p. 130 appears twice in original text and has been + retained. + +5. Appendix - Information contained in the Rent Rolls appears to have been +set out verbatim for each VA county or Parish. Inconsistencies appearing +in the original text, which have been retained include: + + a. Inconsistent punctuation of abbreviations; + b. Inconsistent representation of abbreviations; + c. Missing end of line punctuation; + d. Inconsistent alphabetization of proper names; + e. Inconsistent spelling of proper names; + f. Inconsistent mathmatical calculations; + +6. Other notes and corrections: + + Printer or Author regularly used "country" in place of what are VA. + counties. + + Pg. 251 - Index listing for Ball, William, no page reference given. + + Pg. 253 - "558" to "58" (Index listing for Essex, ... farms and + tithables of, 58.) + + Pg. 258 - Index listing for Smelting ... begun at _Falling Creek_. + No page reference given. + +7. Word variations: + + "_Perfect Discription_" and "_Perfect Description_" + + "pre-eminence" and "preeminently" + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Planters of Colonial Virginia, by +Thomas J. Wertenbaker + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE PLANTERS OF COLONIAL VIRGINIA *** + +***** This file should be named 32507.txt or 32507.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/3/2/5/0/32507/ + +Produced by Mark C. Orton, Christine Aldridge and the +Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, +set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to +copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to +protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark. Project +Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you +charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission. If you +do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the +rules is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose +such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and +research. They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do +practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks. Redistribution is +subject to the trademark license, especially commercial +redistribution. + + + +*** START: FULL LICENSE *** + +THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE +PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK + +To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free +distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work +(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project +Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project +Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at +http://gutenberg.org/license). + + +Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic works + +1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to +and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property +(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all +the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy +all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession. +If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the +terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or +entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8. + +1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be +used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who +agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few +things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works +even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See +paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement +and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. See paragraph 1.E below. + +1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation" +or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the +collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an +individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are +located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from +copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative +works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg +are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project +Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by +freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of +this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with +the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by +keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project +Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others. + +1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern +what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in +a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check +the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement +before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or +creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project +Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning +the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United +States. + +1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: + +1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate +access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently +whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the +phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project +Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, +copied or distributed: + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + +1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived +from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is +posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied +and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees +or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work +with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the +work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 +through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the +Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or +1.E.9. + +1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted +with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution +must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional +terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked +to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the +permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work. + +1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this +work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. + +1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this +electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without +prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with +active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project +Gutenberg-tm License. + +1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, +compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any +word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or +distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than +"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version +posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org), +you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a +copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon +request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other +form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. + +1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, +performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works +unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. + +1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing +access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided +that + +- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from + the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method + you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is + owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he + has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the + Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments + must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you + prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax + returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and + sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the + address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to + the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation." + +- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies + you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he + does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm + License. You must require such a user to return or + destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium + and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of + Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any + money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the + electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days + of receipt of the work. + +- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free + distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set +forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from +both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael +Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark. Contact the +Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. + +1.F. + +1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable +effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread +public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm +collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain +"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or +corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual +property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a +computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by +your equipment. + +1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right +of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project +Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all +liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal +fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT +LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE +PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH F3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE +TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE +LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR +INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH +DAMAGE. + +1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a +defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can +receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a +written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you +received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with +your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with +the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a +refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity +providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to +receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy +is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further +opportunities to fix the problem. + +1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth +in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS' WITH NO OTHER +WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO +WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. + +1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied +warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. +If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the +law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be +interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by +the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any +provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions. + +1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the +trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone +providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance +with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production, +promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works, +harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, +that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do +or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm +work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any +Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause. + + +Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm + +Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of +electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers +including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists +because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from +people in all walks of life. + +Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the +assistance they need, are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's +goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will +remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure +and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations. +To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation +and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 +and the Foundation web page at http://www.pglaf.org. + + +Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive +Foundation + +The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit +501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the +state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal +Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification +number is 64-6221541. Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at +http://pglaf.org/fundraising. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent +permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. + +The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S. +Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered +throughout numerous locations. Its business office is located at +809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email +business@pglaf.org. Email contact links and up to date contact +information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official +page at http://pglaf.org + +For additional contact information: + Dr. Gregory B. Newby + Chief Executive and Director + gbnewby@pglaf.org + + +Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation + +Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide +spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of +increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be +freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest +array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations +($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt +status with the IRS. + +The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating +charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United +States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a +considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up +with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations +where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To +SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any +particular state visit http://pglaf.org + +While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we +have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition +against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who +approach us with offers to donate. + +International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make +any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from +outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. + +Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation +methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other +ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. +To donate, please visit: http://pglaf.org/donate + + +Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. + +Professor Michael S. Hart is the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm +concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared +with anyone. For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project +Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support. + + +Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed +editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S. +unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily +keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition. + + +Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility: + + http://www.gutenberg.org + +This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, +including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary +Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to +subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. |