diff options
Diffstat (limited to '32495.txt')
| -rw-r--r-- | 32495.txt | 3327 |
1 files changed, 3327 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/32495.txt b/32495.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d9d7690 --- /dev/null +++ b/32495.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3327 @@ +Project Gutenberg's Notes and Queries, Number 80, May 10, 1851, by Various + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Notes and Queries, Number 80, May 10, 1851 + A Medium of Inter-communication for Literary Men, Artists, + Antiquaries, Genealogists, etc. + +Author: Various + +Release Date: May 23, 2010 [EBook #32495] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NOTES AND QUERIES *** + + + + +Produced by Charlene Taylor, Jonathan Ingram, Keith Edkins +and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images +generously made available by The Internet Library of Early +Journals.) + + + + + +Transcriber's note: A few typographical errors have been corrected: they +are listed at the end of the text. + + * * * * * + + +{361} NOTES AND QUERIES: + +A MEDIUM OF INTER-COMMUNICATION FOR LITERARY MEN, ARTISTS, ANTIQUARIES, +GENEALOGISTS, ETC. + +"When found, make a note of."--CAPTAIN CUTTLE. + + * * * * * + + +No. 80.] +SATURDAY, MAY 10. 1851.. +[Price Threepence. Stamped Edition 4d. + + * * * * * + + +CONTENTS. + + Page + + The Great Exhibition, Notes and Queries, and Chaucer's + Prophetic View of the Crystal Palace 361 + + NOTES:-- + On "The Lay of the Last Minstrel" 364 + + Poems discovered among the Papers of Sir Kenelm + Digby 367 + + Folk-Lore:--The Christmas Thorn--Milk-maids--Disease + cured by Sheep--Sacramental Wine--"Nettle in Dock out" 367 + + Metropolitan Improvements, by R. J. King 368 + + Minor Notes:--Meaning of Luncheon--Charade upon + Nothing translated--Giving the Lie--Anachronisms + of Painters--Spenser's Faerie Queene--Prayer of + Mary Queen of Scots--A small Instance of Warren + Hastings' Magnanimity--Richard Baxter--Registry + of Dissenting Baptisms in Churches 369 + + QUERIES:-- + Notes and Queries relating to Scandinavia, by W. E. C. + Nourse 370 + + The Rotation of the Earth, by Robert Snow 371 + + Minor Queries:--William ap Jevan's Descendants-- + "Geographers on Afric's Downs"--Irish Brigade--Passage + in Oldham--Mont-de-Piete--Poem upon the Grave--When + self-striking Clocks first invented--Clarkson's + Richmond--Sir Francis Windebank's elder Son--Incised + Slab--Etymology of Balsall--St. Olave's Churches-- + Sabbatical and Jubilee Years of the Jews--Arms of the + Isle of Man--Doctrine of the Resurrection--National + Debts--Leicester's Commonwealth 372 + + REPLIES:-- + Histoire des Sevarambes 374 + + Was there an "Outer Temple" in the Possession of the + Knights Templars or Knights of St. John? by Peter + Cunningham 375 + + Obeism, by H. H. Breen 376 + + San Marino 376 + + The Bellman and his History, by C. H. Cooper 377 + + Replies to Minor Queries:--"God takes those soonest," + &c.--Disinterment for Heresy--The Vellum-bound + Junius--Pursuits of Literature--Dutch Books--Engilbert, + Archbishop of Treves--Charles Lamb's + Epitaph--Charles II. in Wales--"Ex Pede Herculem"--God's + Acre--Abbot Eustacius--Vox Populi + Vox Dei--Francis Moore and his Almanack 377 + + MISCELLANEOUS:-- + Notes on Books, Sales, Catalogues, &c. 381 + + Books and Odd Volumes wanted 382 + + Notices to Correspondents 382 + + Advertisements 382 + + * * * * * + + +THE GREAT EXHIBITION, NOTES AND QUERIES, AND CHAUCER'S PROPHETIC VIEW OF +THE CRYSTAL PALACE. + +The first of May, eighteen hundred and fifty-one, will be remembered in the +Calendar for centuries after those who witnessed its glories shall have +passed away. Its memory will endure with our language; and the Macaulays +and Hallams of the time to come will add brilliancy to their pages by +recounting the gorgeous yet touching ceremonial of this great Apotheosis of +Peace. Peace has occasionally received some foretaste of that day's glory; +but only at times, when the sense of its value had been purchased by the +horrors which accompany even the most glorious warfare. But never until the +reign of Victoria were its blessings thus recognised and thus celebrated, +after they had been uninterruptedly enjoyed for upwards of a quarter of a +century. Who then, among the thousands assembled around our Sovereign in +that eventful scene, but felt his joy heightened by gratitude, that his lot +had been cast in these happy days. + +It was a proud day for Queen Victoria, for her Illustrious Consort, for all +who had had "art or part" in the great work so happily conceived, so +admirably executed. And we would add (even at the risk of reminding our +readers of Dennis' energetic claim, "That's my Thunder!") that it was also +a proud day for all who, like ourselves, desire to promote +intercommunication between men of the same pursuits,--to bring them +together in a spirit, not of envious rivalry, but of generous +emulation,--to make their powers, faculties, and genius subservient to the +common welfare of mankind. In our humble way we have striven earnestly to +perform our share in this great mission; and although in the Crystal Palace +cottons may take the place of comments, steam-engines of Shakspeare, the +palpable creations of the sculptor of the super-sensual imaginings of the +poet, the real of the ideal,--still the GREAT EXHIBITION OF THE INDUSTRY OF +ALL NATIONS is, in more senses than one, merely a MONSTER NUMBER OF "NOTES +AND QUERIES." So palpable, indeed, is this similarity, that, if the +long-talked-of _Order of Civil Merit_ should be instituted, (and certainly +there was never a more fitting moment than the present for so honouring the +cultivators of the peaceful arts), we make no doubt that "NOTES AND +QUERIES" will not be forgotten. Should our prophecy be fulfilled, we need +scarcely remind our readers of Captain Cuttle's injunction and our Motto. +{362} + +And here, talking of prophecy, we would, first reminding our readers how, +in the olden time, the Poet and the Prophet were looked upon as identical, +call their attention to the following vision of our Queen in her Crystal +Palace, which met the eye when in "fine phrensy rolling" of the Father of +English Poetry, as he has recorded in his _House of Fame_. Had Chaucer +attended the opening of the Exhibition as "_Our own Reporter_," could his +description have been more exact? + + THE TEMPLE Y-MADE OF GLAS. + + _A Prevision by Dan Chaucer_, A.D. 1380. + + Now hearken every manir man + That English understande can, + And listeth to my dreme to here, + For nowe at erst shall ye lere: + O thought, that wrote al that I met + And in the tresorie it set + Of my braine, nowe shall men see + If any vertue in thee bee + To tellen al my dreme aright + Nowe kithe thy engine and thy might! + * * * * * * + But, as I slept, me mette I was + Within a temple ymade of glas, + In which there were mo images + Of gold, standing in sundry stages, + Sette in mo rich tabernacles, + And with perrie mo pinnacles, + And mo curious portraitures, + And queint manner of figures + Of gold worke, than I saw ever. + But all the men that been on live + Ne han the conning to descrive + The beaute of that ilke place, + Ne couden casten no compace + Soch another for to make, + That might of beauty be his make; + Ne so wonderly ywrought, + That it astonieth yet my thought, + And maketh all my witte to swinke + On this castel for to thinke, + So that the wondir great beautie + Caste, crafte, and curiositie, + Ne can I not to you devise, + My witte ne may not me suffise; + But nathelesse all the substaunce + I have yet in my remembraunce, + For why? Me thoughtin, by saint Gile, + All was of stone of berile, + Bothe the castel and the toure, + And eke the hall, and every boure; + Without peeces or joynings, + But many subtell compassings, + As barbicans and pinnacles, + Imageries and tabernacles; + I saw, and ful eke of windowes + As flakes fallen in great snowes; + And eke in each of the pinnacles + Weren sundry habitacles. + When I had seene all this sight + In this noble temple thus, + Hey, Lord, thought I, that madest us, + Yet never saw I such noblesse + Of images, nor such richesse + As I see graven in this church, + But nought wote I who did them worche, + Yet certaine as I further passe, + I wol you all the shape devise. + Yet I ententive was to see, + And for to poren wondre low, + If I could anywise yknow + What manner stone this castel was: + For it was like a limed glas, + But that it shone full more clere, + But of what congeled matere + It was, I n' iste redely, + But at the last espied I, + And found that it was every dele + A thing of yse and not of stele: + Thought I, "_By Saint Thomas of Kent,_ + _This were a feeble foundement_ + _To builden on a place so hie;_ + _He ought him little to glorifie_ + _That hereon bilte, God so me save._" + But, Lord, so faire it was to shewe, + For it was all with gold behewe: + Lo, how should I now tell all this, + Ne of the hall eke what need is? + But in I went, and that anone, + There met I crying many one + "A larges, a larges, hold up well! + God save the Lady of this pell! + Our owne gentill Lady Fame + And hem that willen to have a name." + For in this lustie and rich place + All on hie above a deis + Satte in a see imperiall + That made was of rubie royall + A feminine creature + That never formed by nature + Was soche another one I saie: + For alderfirst, soth to saie, + Me thought that she was so lite + That the length of a cubite + Was lenger than she seemed to be; + * * * * * * + Tho was I ware at the last + As mine eyen gan up cast + That this ilke noble queene + On her shoulders gan sustene + Both the armes and the name + Of tho that had large fame. + And thus found I sitting this goddesse + In noble honour and richesse + Of which I stinte a while now + Other thing to tellen you. + {363} + But Lord the perrie and the richesse, + I saw sitting on the goddesse, + And the heavenly melodie + Of songes full of armonie + I heard about her trone ysong + That all the palais wall rong. + Tho saw I standen hem behind + A farre from hem, all by hemselve + Many a thousand times twelve, + That made loud minstralcies, + In conemuse and shalmies, + And many another pipe, + That craftely began to pipe. + And Pursevauntes and Heraudes + That crien riche folkes laudes, + It weren, all and every man + Of hem, as I you tellen can, + Had on him throwe a vesture + Which men clepe a coate armure. + Then saw I in anothir place, + Standing in a large space, + Of hem that maken bloudy soun, + In trumpet, beme, and clarioun. + Then saw I stande on thother side + Streight downe to the doores wide, + From the deis many a pillere + Of metall, that shone not full clere, + But though ther were of no richesse + Yet were they made for great noblesse. + There saw I, and knew by name + That by such art done, men have fame. + There saw I Coll Tragetour + Upon a table of sicamour + Play an uncouth thing to tell, + I saw him carry a wind-mell + Under a walnote shale. + Then saw I sitting in other sees, + Playing upon sundrie other glees, + Of which I n' ill as now not rime, + For ease of you and losse of time, + For time ylost, this know ye, + By no way may recovered be. + What should I make longer tale? + Of all the people that I sey + I could not tell till domisdey. + Then gan I loke about and see + That there came entring into the hall + A right great company withall, + And that of sondry regions + Of all kind of condicions + That dwelle in yearth under the Moone, + Poore and riche; and all so soone + As they were come into the hall + They gan on knees doune to fall + Before this ilke noble queene. + "_Madame,_" sayd they, "_we bee_ + _Folke that here besechen thee_ + _That thou graunt us now good fame,_ + _And let our workes have good name;_ + _In full recompensacioun_ + _Of good worke, give us good renoun._" + And some of hem she graunted sone, + And some she warned well and faire, + And some she graunted the _contraire_. + Now certainly I ne wist how, + Ne where that Fame dwelled or now, + Ne eke of her descripcion, + Ne also her condicion, + Ne the order of her _dome_ + Knew I not till I hider come. + * * * * * * + At the last I saw a man, + Which that I nought ne can, + But he semed for to bee, + A man of great auctoritie + And therewithall I abraide, + Out of my slepe halfe afraide, + Remembring well what I had sene, + And how hie and farre I had bene + In my gost, and had great wonder + Of that the God of thonder + Had let me knowen, and began to write + Like as you have herd me endite, + Wherefore to study and rede alway, + I purpose to do day by day. + Thus in dreaming and in game, + Endeth this litell booke of Fame. + +We are indebted for this interesting communication to our correspondent +A. E. B., whose admirable ILLUSTRATIONS OF CHAUCER in our columns have +given so much pleasure to the admirers of the old poet. Our correspondent +has sent it to us in the hope that it may be made available in helping +forward the good work of restoring Chaucer's tomb. We trust it will. The +Committee who have undertaken that task could, doubtless, raise the hundred +pounds required, by asking those who have already come forward to help +them, to change their Crown subscriptions into Pounds. With a right feeling +for what is due to the poet, they prefer, however, accomplishing the end +they have in view by small contributions from the admiring many, rather +than by larger contributions from the few. As we doubt not we number among +the readers of "NOTES AND QUERIES" many admirers of + + "Old Dan Chaucer, in whose gentle spright, + The pure well-head of poetry did dwell," + +to them we appeal, that the monument which was erected by the affectionate +respect of Nicholas Brigham, nearly three centuries ago, may not in our +time be permitted to crumble into dust; reminding them, in Chaucer's own +beautiful language, + + "That they are gentle who do gentle dedes." + + * * * * * + + +{364} + +NOTES. + +ON "THE LAY OF THE LAST MINSTREL." + +I resume the subject commenced in the comments on "a Passage in _Marmion_," +printed in No. 72., March 15, 1851; and I here propose to consider the +groundwork and mechanism of the most original, though not quite the first +production of Scott's muse, _The Lay of the Last Minstrel_. In the +Introduction prefixed to this poem, nearly thirty years after its +publication, Sir Walter Scott informs the world that the young Countess of +Dalkeith, much interested and delighted with the wild Border tradition of +the goblin called "Gilpin Horner" (which is given at length in the notes +appended to the poem), enjoined on him the task of composing a ballad on +the subject: + + "And thus" (says Sir Walter) "the goblin story _objected to by several + critics as an excrescence upon the poem_, was, in fact, the occasion of + its being written." + +Yes, and more than this; for, strange as it may appear to those who have +not critically and minutely attempted to unravel the very artful and +complicated plot of this singular poem, the Goblin Page is, as it were, the +key-note to the whole composition, the agent through whose instrumentality +the fortunes of the house of Branksome are built up anew by the +pacification of ancient feud, and the union of the fair Margaret with Henry +of Cranstoun. Yet, so deeply veiled is the plot, and so intricately +contrived the machinery, that I question if this fact be apparent to one +reader out of a thousand; and assuredly it has never been presented to my +view by any one of the critics with whose comments I have become +acquainted. + +The Aristarchus of the _Edinburgh Review_, Mr. Jeffrey, who forsooth +thought fit to regard the new and original creations of a mighty and +inventive genius "as a misapplication, in some degree, of very +extraordinary talents," and "conceived it his duty to make one strong +effort to bring back _the great apostle of this (literary) heresy to the +wholesome creed of his instructor_," seems not to have penetrated one inch +below the surface. In his opinion "the Goblin Page is the capital deformity +of the poem," "_a perpetual burden_ to the poet and to the readers," "an +undignified and improbable fiction, which excites neither terror, +admiration, nor astonishment, but needlessly debases the strain of the +whole work, and excites at once our incredulity and contempt." + +Perhaps so, to the purblind vision of a pedantic formalist; but, +nevertheless, _The Lay of the Last Minstrel_, that poem, whose varied +imagery and vivid originality, combined with all its other beauties, have +been, and ever will be, the delight and admiration of its readers, could +not exist without this so-called "capital deformity." This I shall +undertake to demonstrate, and in so doing to prove the "capital absurdity" +of such criticism as I have cited. + +Let us therefore begin with the beginning. The widowed Lady of Branksome, +brooding over the outrage which had deprived her husband of life, meditates +only vengeance upon all the parties concerned in this affray. The lovely +Lady Margaret wept in wild despair, for her lover had stood in arms against +her father's clan: + + "And well she knew, her mother dread, + Before Lord Cranstoun she should wed, + Would see her on her dying bed." + +The first Canto of the poem contains that singular episode, when-- + + "(The Ladye) sits in secret bower + In old Lord David's western tower, + And listens to a heavy sound + That moans the mossy turrets round," &c. + + "From the sound of Teviot's tide + Chafing with the mountain side, + &c. &c. + The Ladye knew it well! + It was the Spirit of the Flood that spoke, + And he called on the Spirit of the Fell." + +And when the River Spirit asks concerning the fair Margaret, who had +mingled her tears with his stream: + + "What shall be the maiden's fate? + Who shall be the maiden's mate?" + +the Mountain Spirit replies, that, amid the clouds and mist which veil the +stars,-- + + "Ill may I read their high decree: + But no kind influence deign they shower + On Teviot's tide and Branksome's tower, + Till _pride be quelled_, and _love be free_." + +I must here transcribe the following Section xviii.: + + "The unearthly voices ceased, + And the heavy sound was still; + It died on the river's breast, + It died on the side of the hill. + But round Lord David's tower, + The sound still floated near, + For it rung in the Ladye's bower, + And it rung in the Ladye's ear, + She raised her stately head, + And her heart throbbed high with pride: + 'Your mountains shall bend, + And your streams ascend, + Ere Margaret be our foeman's bride!'" + +In pursuance of this stern resolution, "the Ladye sought the lofty hall" +where her retainers were assembled: + + "And from amid the armed train + She called to her William of Deloraine." + +She then gives him the commission, well remembered by every reader, to +proceed on that night to Melrose Abbey to unclose the grave of Michael +{365} Scott, and to rifle it of the magical volume which was accessible +only on St. Michael's night, at the precise moment when the rays of the +moon should throw the reflexion of the red cross emblazoned in the eastern +oriel upon the wizard's monumental stone,--expecting that the possession of +this "Book of Might" would enable her to direct the destiny of her daughter +according to the dictates of her own imperious nature. "Dis aliter visum." +Fate and MICHAEL SCOTT had willed it otherwise. And here I must beg my +readers to take notice that this far-famed wizard, Michael Scott, although +dead and buried, is supposed still to exert his influence from the world of +spirits as the guardian genius of the house of Buccleuch; and he had been +beforehand with the Ladye of Branksome in providing Henry of Cranstoun with +one of his familiar spirits, in the shape of the Goblin Page, _by whose +agency alone_ (however unconscious the subordinate agent may be) a chain of +events is linked together which results in the union of the two lovers. +After this parenthesis I resume the thread of the narrative. + +Deloraine rides to Melrose in the night, presents himself to the Monk of +St. Mary's aisle, opens the sepulchre of the wizard, and presumes to take + + "From the cold hand the Mighty Book," + +in spite of the _ominous frown_ which darkened the countenance of the dead. +He remounts his steed and wends his way homeward + + "As the dawn of day + Began to brighten Cheviot gray;" + +while the aged monk, having performed the last duty allotted to him in his +earthly pilgrimage, retired to his cell and breathed his last in prayer and +penitence before the cross. + +Ere Deloraine could reach his journey's end, he encounters a feudal foeman +in the person of Lord Cranstoun, attended by his Goblin Page, who is here +first introduced to the reader. A conflict takes place, and Deloraine being +struck down wounded and senseless, is left by his adversary to the charge +of this elf, who in stripping off his corslet espied the "Mighty Book." +With the curiosity of an imp he opens the iron-clasped volume by smearing +the cover with the blood of the knight, and reads ONE SPELL, _and one +alone, by permission_; for + + "He had not read another spell, + When on his cheek a buffet fell, + So fierce, it stretched him on the plain + Beside the wounded Deloraine. + From the ground he rose dismayed, + And shook his huge and matted head; + One word he muttered, and no more, + 'Man of age, thou smitest sore!' + &c. &c. + Now, if you ask who gave the stroke, + I cannot tell, so mot I thrive-- + _It was not given by man alive._" + +But he had read sufficient for the purposes of his mission, and we shall +see how he applies the knowledge so marvellously acquired. + +By the glamour of this spell he was empowered to make one thing assume the +form of another. + + "It had much of glamour might, + Could make a ladye seem a knight; + The cobwebs on a dungeon wall, + Seem tapestry in a lordly hall," + &c. &c. + +The first use he makes of his power is to convey the wounded knight, laid +across his weary horse, into Branksome Hall + + "Before the beards of the warders all; + And each did after swear and say, + There only passed a wain of hay." + +Having deposited him at the door of the Ladye's bower, he repasses the +outer court, and finding the young chief at play, entices him into the +woods under the guise _to him_ of a "comrade gay." + + "Though on the drawbridge, the warders stout, + Saw a terrier and a lurcher passing out;" + +and, leading him far away "o'er bank and fell," well nigh frightens the +fair boy to death by resuming his own elvish shape. + + "Could he have had his pleasure wilde, + He had crippled the joints of the noble child; + &c. &c. + But his awful mother he had in dread, + _And also his power was limited_," + &c. &c. + +Here let me observe that all this contrivance is essential to the conduct +of the narrative, and if we simply grant the postulate which a legendary +minstrel has a right to demand, to wit, the potency of magic spells to +effect such delusions (pictoribus atque Poetis _Quidlibet audendi_ semper +fuit aequa potestas), all the remainder of the narrative is easy, natural, +and probable. This contrivance is necessary, because, in the first place, +if it had been known to the warders that William of Deloraine had been +brought into the castle wounded almost unto death, he could not be supposed +capable of engaging Richard Musgrave in single combat two days afterwards; +nor, in the second place, would the young chief have been permitted to +stroll out unattended from the guarded precincts. + +To proceed: the boy thus bewildered in the forest falls into the lands of +an English forayer, and is by him conveyed to Lord Dacre, at that time one +of the Wardens of the Marches, by whom he is detained as a hostage, and +carried along with the English troops, then advancing towards Branksome +under the command of the Lord Wardens in person. + + "(But) though the child was led away, + In Branksome still he seemed to stay, + For so the Dwarf his part did play." + +{366} And there, according to his own malicious nature, played likewise a +score of monkey tricks, all of which, grotesque and "_undignified_"! as +they may be, yet most ingeniously divert the mind of the reader from the +real errand and mission of this supernatural being. + +Shortly afterwards, on his exhibiting symptoms of cowardice at the expected +contest, he is conveyed from the castle by the Ladye's order, and speedily +rejoins his lord, after the infliction of a severe chastisement from the +arm of Wat Tinlinn. He then procures Cranstoun's admission within the walls +of Branksome (where the whole clan Scott was assembling at the tidings of +the English Raid) by the same spell-- + + "Which to his lord he did impart, + And made him seem, by glamour art, + A knight from hermitage." + +And on the following day, as Deloraine did not appear in the lists ready to +engage in the appointed duel with Richard Musgrave, we are told,-- + + "Meantime, full anxious was the Dame, + For now arose disputed claim, + Of who should fight for Deloraine, + 'Twixt Harden and 'twixt Thirtlestaine, + &c. &c. + But yet, not long the strife--for, lo! + Himself the Knight of Deloraine, + Strong, as it seemed, and free from pain, + In armour sheathed from top to toe, + Appeared, and craved the combat due; + The Dame her charm successful knew, + And the fierce chiefs their claims withdrew." + +The conflict takes place, and ends in favour of the Scottish knight; when +the following scene occurs: + + "As if exhausted in the fight, + Or musing o'er the piteous sight, + The silent victor stands: + His beaver did he not unclasp, + Marked not the shouts, felt not the grasp + Of gratulating hands. + When lo! strange cries of wild surprise, + Mingled with seeming terror rise + Among the Scottish bands, + And all, amid the thronged array, + In panic haste gave open way + To a half-naked ghastly man, + Who downward from the castle ran; + He crossed the barriers at a bound, + And wild and haggard looked around, + As dizzy, and in pain; + And all, upon the armed ground + Knew William of Deloraine! + Each ladye sprung from seat with speed, + Vaulted each marshal from his steed; + 'And who art thou,' they cried, + 'Who hast this battle fought and won?' + His plumed helm was soon undone-- + 'Cranstoun of Teviotside! + For this fair prize I've fought and won,' + And to the Ladye led her son." + +Then is described the struggle that takes place in the maternal breast: + + "And how the clan united prayed + The Ladye would the feud forego, + And deign to bless the nuptial hour + Of Cranstoun's Lord and Teviot's Flower. + + XXVI. + + "She looked to river, looked to hill, + Thought on the Spirit's prophecy, + Then broke her silence stern and still, + 'Not you, _but Fate_, has vanquished me; + _Their influence kindly stars may shower_ + On Teviot's tide and Branksome's tower, + For pride _is_ quelled, and love _is_ free.'" + +The mission of the elf is now accomplished, his last special service having +been to steal the armour of William of Deloraine "while slept the knight," +and thus to enable his master to personate that warrior. + +It may be remarked that hitherto there is no direct evidence that the Page +was sent by Michael Scott. That evidence is reserved for the moment of his +final disappearance. + +On the same evening, after the celebration of the nuptials, a mysterious +and intense blackness enveloped the assembled company in Branksome Hall. + + "A secret horror checked the feast, + And chilled the soul of every guest; + Even the high Dame stood half aghast, + She knew some evil in the blast; + The elvish Page fell to the ground, + And, shuddering, muttered, 'Found! found! found!' + + XXV. + + "Then sudden through the darkened air, + A flash of lightning came, + So broad, so bright, so red the glare, + The castle seemed on flame, + &c. &c. + Full through the guests' bedazzled band + Resistless flashed the levin-brand, + And filled the hall with smouldering smoke, + As on the elvish Page it broke, + &c. &c. + When ended was the dreadful roar, + The elvish Dwarf was seen no more. + + XXVI. + + "Some heard a voice in Branksome Hall, + Some saw a sight, not seen by all; + That dreadful voice was heard by some + Cry, with loud summons, 'Gylbin, come!' + And on the spot where burst the brand, + Just where the Page had flung him down, + Some saw an arm, and some a hand, + And some the waving of a gown: + The guests in silence prayed and shook, + And terror dimmed each lofty look, + But none of all the astonished train + _Was so dismayed as Deloraine,_ + &c. &c. + {367} + At length, by fits, he darkly told, + With broken hint, and shuddering cold, + That he had seen, right certainly, + _A shape with amice wrapped around,_ + _With a wrought Spanish baldric bound,_ + _Like a pilgrim from beyond the sea,_ + And knew--but how it mattered not-- + IT WAS THE WIZARD, MICHAEL SCOTT." + +After this final consummation, it is amusing to notice a slight "incuria" +on the part of the poet, which I wonder has never been corrected in the +later editions. Having described the nuptial ceremony of Cranstoun and +Margaret in the early part of the last Canto, he says in Section xxviii., + + "Nought of the bridal _will_ I tell, + Which _after_ in short space befell," + &c. &c. + +I think I have now succeeded in proving that the Goblin Page, so far from +being a mere "_intruder_" into this glorious poem--so far from being a mere +after-thought, or interpolation, to "suit the taste of the cottagers of the +Border," as Mr. Jeffrey "suspects,"--is the essential instrument for +constructing the machinery of the plot. We have, indeed, the author's word +that it formed the foundation of the poem. My readers will therefore form +their own estimate of the value of Mr. Jeffrey's criticisms, couched as +they are in no very considerate, much less complimentary phraseology. I +cannot but admire the "douce vengeance" of the gentle-spirited subject of +his rebukes, who has contented himself with printing these worthless +sentences of an undiscerning critic along with the text of his poems in the +last edition,--there to remain a standing memorial of the wisdom of that +resolution adhered to throughout the life of the accomplished author, who +tells us, + + "That he from the first determined, that without shutting his ears to + the voice of true criticism, he would pay no regard to that which + assumed the form of satire." + +In point of fact, Sir Walter had no very exalted opinion of the _genus_ +Critic; and I could give one or two anecdotes, which I heard from his own +lips, strongly reminding one of the old fable of the painter who pleased +nobody and everybody. + +In conclusion, I beg leave to observe, that in these "Notes" I do not +presume to underrate, in any degree, Mr. Jeffrey's acknowledged powers of +criticism. He and Scott have alike passed away from the stage of which they +were long the ornaments in their respective spheres; but I must consider +that in the passages here cited, _as well as in many others_, he has proved +himself either incompetent or unwilling to appreciate the originality, the +power, and, above all, the invention of Sir Walter Scott's genius. + +A BORDERER. + + * * * * * + +POEMS DISCOVERED AMONG THE PAPERS OF SIR KENELM DIGBY. + +Since I last wrote to you on the subject of these poems, I have discovered +the remaining portions of Ben Jonson's poem on the Lady Venetia: I have +therefore no doubt now that my MS. is a genuine autograph; and if so, not +only this, but the "Houreglasse," which was inserted in your 63rd No., is +Ben Jonson's. This last has, I think, never been published; nor have I ever +seen in print the followings lines, which are written in the same hand and +on the same paper as the "Houreglasse." They were probably written after +Lady Venetia's death. + + "You wormes (my rivals), whiles she was alive, + How many thousands were there that did strive + To have your freedome? for theyr sakes forbeare, + Unseemely holes in her soft skin to wear, + But if you must (as what worme can abstaine?) + Taste of her tender body, yet refraine + With your disordered eatings to deface her, + And feed yourselves so as you most may grace her. + First through her eartippes, see you work a paire + Of holes, which, as the moyst enclosed _ayre_ [_air_] + Turnes into water, may the cold droppes take, + And in her eares a payre of jewels make. + That done, upon her bosome make your feaste, + Where on a crosse carve Jesus in her brest. + Have you not yet enough of that soft skinne, + The touch of which, in times past, might have bin + Enough to ransome many a thousande soule + Captiv'd to love? then hence your bodies roule + A little higher; where I would you have + This epitaph upon her forehead grave; + Living, she was fayre, yong, and full of witt; + Dead, all her faults are in her forehead writt." + +If I am wrong in supposing this never to have been printed, I shall feel +much obliged by one of your correspondents informing me of the fact. + +H. A. B. + +Trin. Col. Cambridge. + + * * * * * + +FOLK LORE. + +_The Christmas Thorn._--In my neighbourhood (near Bridgewater) the +Christmas thorn blossoms on the 6th of January (Twelfth-day), and on this +day only. The villagers in whose gardens it grows, and indeed many others, +verily believe that this fact pronounces the truth of this being the day of +Christ's birth. + +S. S. B. + +_Milk-maids in 1753._--To Folk-lore may be added the following short +extract from Read's _Weekly Journal_, May 5, 1733: + + "On May-Day the Milk-Maids who serve the Court, danced Minuets and + Rigadoons before the Royal Family, at St. James's House, with great + applause." + +Y. S. + +_Diseases cured by Sheep_ (Vol. iii., p. 320.).--The attempted cure of +consumption, or some {368} complaints, by walking among a flock of sheep, +is not new. The present Archbishop of Dublin was recommended it, or +practised it at least, when young. For pulmonary complaints the principle +was perhaps the same as that of following a plough, sleeping in a room over +a cowhouse, breathing the diluted smoke of a limekiln, that is, the +inhaling of carbonic acid, all practised about the end of the last century, +when the knowledge of the gases was the favourite branch of chemistry. + +A friend of mine formerly met Dr. Beddoes riding up Park Street in Bristol +almost concealed by a vast bladder tied to his horse's mouth. He said he +was trying an experiment with oxygen on a broken-winded horse. Afterwards, +finding that oxygen did not answer, he very wisely tried the gas most +opposite to it in nature. + +C. B. + +_Sacramental Wine_ (Vol. iii., p. 320.).--This idea is a relic of Roman +Catholic times. In Ireland a weakly child is frequently brought to the +altar rails, and the priest officiating at mass requested to allow it to +drink from the chalice of what is termed _the ablution_, that is, the wine +and water with which the chalice is _rinsed_ after the priest has taken the +communion, and which ablution ordinarily is taken by the priest. _Here_ the +efficacy is ascribed to the cup having just before contained the blood of +Our Lord. I have heard it seriously recommended in a case of hooping-cough. +Your correspondent MR. BUCKMAN does not give sufficient credit for common +sense to the believers in some portion of folk lore. Red wine is considered +tonic, and justly, as it contains a greater proportion of _turmic_ than +white. The yellow bark of the barberry contains an essential tonic +ingredient, as the Jesuit's bark does _quinine_, or that of the willow +_salicine_. Nettle juice is well known as a purifier of the blood; and the +navelwort, like Euphrosia, which is properly called _Eyebright_, is as +likely to have had its name from its proved efficacy as a simple, as from +any fancied likeness to the region affected. The old monks were shrewd +herbalists. They were generally the physicians of their neighbourhood, and +the names and uses of the simples used by them survive the ruin of the +monasteries and the expulsion of their tenants. + +KERRIENSIS. + +"_Nettle in Dock out_" (Vol. iii., pp. 133. 201. 205.).--I can assure +A. E. B. that in the days of my childhood, long before I had ever heard of +Chaucer, I used invariably, when I was stung with nettles, to rub the part +affected with a dock-leaf or stalk, and repeat, + + "Nettle out, dock in." + +This charm is so common in Huntingdonshire at this day that it seems to +come to children almost instinctively. None of them can tell where they +first heard it, any more than why they use it. + +ARUN. + + * * * * * + +METROPOLITAN IMPROVEMENTS. + +The following passage from a sermon preached at Paul's Cross, March 26, +1620, by John King, Bishop of London, refers in a curious manner to many +improvements and alterations which have either been already effected in our +own time, or are still in contemplation. The sermon was "on behalfe of +Paule's Church," then in a ruinous condition; and was delivered in the +presence of James himself, who suggested the preacher's text, Psal. cii. +13, 14. + + "So had my manner ever beene aforetime," says the Bishop, "to open the + volume of this Booke, and goe through the fields of the Old and New + Testament, plucking and rubbing such eares of corne therein as I best + liked, makings, choice (I meane) of my text, and buckling myself to my + task at myne owne discretion; but now I am girt and tied to a Scripture + by him, who as he hath most right to command, so best skill to direct + and appoint the best service I can." + +After an elaborate laudation of England, and of London as the "gem and +eye," which has + + "the body of the King, the morning and midday influence of that + glorious sun; other parts having but the evening.... _O fortunati + nimium_; you have the finest flowre of the wheat, and purest bloud of + the grape, that is, the choice of His blessed Word hath God given unto + you; and great is the companie of the preachers"-- + +the Bishop proceeds thus: + + "Not to weary mine eyes with wandering and roving after private, but to + fixe upon publicke alone,--when I behold that forrest of masts upon + your river for trafficke, and that more than miraculous bridge, which + is the _communis terminus_, to joyne the two bankes of that river; your + Royall Exchange for merchants, your Halls for Companies, your gates for + defence, your markets for victuall, your aqueducts for water, your + granaries for provision, your Hospitalls for the poore, your Bridewells + for the idle, your Chamber for orphans, and your Churches for holy + assemblies; I cannot denie them to be magnificent workes, and your + Citty to deserve the name of an Augustious and majesticall Citty; to + cast into the reckoning those of later edition, the beautifying of your + fields without, and pitching your Smithfield within, new gates, new + waterworkes, and the like, which have been consecrated by you to the + dayes of his Majestie's happy reigne: and I hope the cleansing of the + River, which is the _vena porta_ to your Citty, will follow in good + time. But after all these, as Christ to the young man in the Gospell, + which had done all and more, _Unum tibi deest, si vis perfectus esse, + vade, vende_; so may I say to you. There is yet one thing wanting unto + you, if you will be perfit,--perfit this church: not by parting from + _all_, but somewhat, not to the poore, but to God himselfe. This Church + is your Sion indeed, other are but _Synagogues_, this your _Jerusalem + the mother to them all_, other but daughters brought up at her knees; + this the Cathedrall, other but Parochiall Churches; this the _Bethel_ + for the daily and constant service of God, other have their + intermissions, this the common to you all, and to this _doe {369} your + tribes ascend_ in their greatest solemnities; others appropriated to + several Congregations, this the standart in the high rode of gaze; + others are more retired, this the mirrour and marke of strangers, other + have but their side lookes; finally, this unto you, as _S. Peters in + the Vatican_ at Rome, _S. Marks_ at Venice, and that of _Diana_ at + Ephesus, and this at Jerusalem of the Jewes; or if there be any other + of glory and fame in the Christian world, which they most joy in." + +RICHARD JOHN KING. + + * * * * * + + +Minor Notes. + +_Meaning of Luncheon._--Our familiar name of _luncheon_ is derived from the +daily meal of the Spaniards at eleven o'clock, termed _once_ or _l'once_ +(pronounced _l'onchey_).--From Ford's _Gatherings in Spain_. + +A. L. + +_Charade upon Nothing translated._--In your No. for July a correspondent +asks who was the author of the very quaint charade upon "Nothing:" + + "Me, the contented man desires, + The poor man has, the rich requires, + The miser gives, the spendthrift saves, + And all must carry to their graves." + +Possibly he may not object to read, without troubling himself as to the +authorship of, the subjoined translation: + + "Me, qui sorte sua contentus vixerit, optat, + Et quum pauper habet, dives habere velit; + Spargit avarus opum, servat sibi prodigus aeris, + Secum post fati funera quisque feret." + +EFFIGIES. + +_Giving the Lie._--The great affront of giving the lie arose from the +phrase "Thou liest," in the oath taken by the defendant in judicial combats +before engaging, when charged with any crime by the plaintiff, and Francis +I. of France, to make current his giving the lie to the Emperor Charles V., +first stamped it with infamy by saying, in a solemn Assembly, that "he was +no honest man that would bear the lie." + +BLOWEN. + +_Anachronisms of Painters._--An amusing list is given in D'Israeli's +_Curiosities of Literature_ (edit. 1839, p. 131.). The following are +additional: + +At Hagley Park, Worcestershire, the seat of Lord Lyttleton, is a painting +by Varotari, a pupil of Paul Veronese, of Christ and the Woman taken in +Adultery. One of the Jewish elders present wears spectacles. + +At Kedleston, Derbyshire, the seat of Lord Scarsdale, is a painting by +Rembrandt, Daniel interpreting Belsazzar's Dream. Daniel's head is covered +with a peruke of considerable magnitude. + +J. E. + +_Spenser's Faerie Queene._--The following brief notes may perhaps prove +interesting:-- + +1. Spenser gives us a hint of the annoyances to which Shakspeare and +Burbage may have been subject:-- + + "All suddenly they heard a troublous noise, + That seemed some perilous tumult to design, + Confused with women's cries and shorts of boys, + Such as the troubled theatres oft-times annoys."--B. IV. iii. 37. + +2. Spenser's solitary pun occurs in book iv. canto viii. verse 31.: + + "But when the world wox old, it wox _war-old_, + Whereof it hight." + +3. Cleanliness does not appear to have been a virtue much in vogue in the +"glorious days of good Queen Bess." Spenser (book iv. canto xi. verse 47.) +speaks of + + "Her silver feet, fair washed against this day," + +_i. e._ for a special day of rejoicing. + +4. An instance of the compound epithets so much used by Chapman in his +translation of Homer, is found in Spenser's description of the sea-nymphs, +book iv. canto xi. verse 50.: + + "Eione well-in-age, + And seeming-still-to-smile Glauconome." + +J. H. C. + +Adelaide, South Australia. + +_Prayer of Mary Queen of Scots._--The incorrect arrangement, in Seward's +_Anecdotes_, of the following beautiful lines, said to be composed by Mary +Queen of Scots, and repeated immediately before her execution, and a +diffuse paraphrase subjoined, in which all their tenderness is lost by +destroying their brevity and simplicity, may justify another arrangement, +and an attempt to preserve their simple and tender character in fewer words +and a different measure:-- + + "O Domine Deus, O Lord, my God, + Speravi in Te, I have trusted in Thee: + O mi care Jesu, My Jesu beloved, + Nunc libera me: Me presently free: + In dura catena, In cruel chains, + Desidero Te. In penal pains, + Languendo, gemendo, I long for Thee, + Et genu flectendo, I moan, I groan, + Adoro, imploro, I bend my knee; + Ut liberes me. I adore, I implore, + Me presently free." + +Can any of your correspondents inform me where these lines first appear? on +what authority they are ascribed to Mary Queen of Scots? and also who +mentions their having been repeated immediately before her execution? + +ALEXANDER PYTTS FALCONER. + +Beeton-Christchurch, Hants. + +_A small Instance of Warren Hastings' Magnanimity._--During the latter +years of his life, Warren Hastings was in the habit of visiting General +D'Oyley in the New Forest; and thus he became {370} acquainted with the +Rev. W. Gilpin, vicar of Boldre, and author of _Forest Scenery_, &c. Mr. +Gilpin's custom was to receive morning visitors, who sat and enjoyed his +agreeable conversation; and Warren Hastings, when staying in the +neighbourhood, often resorted to the Boldre Parsonage. It happened, one +Sunday, that Mr. Gilpin preached a sermon on the character of Felix, which +commenced in words like these: + + "Felix was a bad man, and a bad governor. He took away another man's + wife and lived with her; and he behaved with extortion and cruelty in + the province over which he ruled." + +Other particulars followed equally in accordance with the popular charges +against the late Governor-General of India, who, to the preacher's dismay, +was unexpectedly discovered sitting in the D'Oyley pew. Mr. Gilpin +concluded that he then saw the last of his "great" friend. But, not so: on +the following morning Warren Hastings came, with his usual pleasant manner, +for a chat with the vicar, and of course made no allusion to the sermon. + +This was told me by a late valued friend, who was a nephew and curate of +Mr. Gilpin; and I am not aware that the anecdote has been put on record. + +ALFRED GATTY. + +Ecclesfield. + +_Richard Baxter._--In the long list of Richard Baxter's works, one is +entitled, _An unsavoury Volume of Mr. Jo. Crawford's anatomized: or, a +Nosegay of the choicest Flowers in that Garden, presented to Mr. Joseph +Caryl, by Richard Baxter_. 8vo., Lond. 1654. + +At the end of a postscript to this tract, the following sentence is +subjoined: + + "Whatsoever hath escaped me in these writings that is against meekness, + peace, and brotherly love, let it be all unsaid, and hereby revoked; + and I desire the pardon of it from God and Man. + +RICHARD BAXTER." + +Baxter's literary career was not the least extraordinary part of his +history. Orme's life of him says, that the catalogue of his works contains +nearly a hundred and sixty-eight distinct publications. A list of no less +than one hundred and seven is given at the end of his _Compassionate +Counsel to all Young Men_, 8vo., Lond. 1682. + +Baxter's most popular treatises, as the world knows, were his _Call to the +Unconverted_, and his _Saint's Everlasting Rest_. + +H. E. + +_Registry of Dissenting Baptisms in Churches._--A fact came to my knowledge +some time since, which seems worthy of having _a note of it_ made, and +recorded in your journal. On looking over the registry of baptisms +administered in the meeting-house of an ancient city, I was struck by the +occurrence of four names, which I had seen entered in a genealogy as from +the baptismal registry of one of its parish churches. This appeared to me +so strange, that I examined the parish registry in order to verify it; and +I found that the baptisms were actually recorded as on the same days in +both registries. Of course, the father, having had his child baptized by +the dissenting minister, prevailed on the clergyman of his parish church to +register it. + +Whether this was a common custom at the time when it took place (1715-21) I +have no means of knowing. As a fee was probably charged for the +registration, it was not likely to be asked for in all instances; and, no +doubt, when it was asked for, many clergymen would consider it inconsistent +with their duty to grant it. + +D. X. + + * * * * * + + +Queries. + +NOTES AND QUERIES RELATING TO SCANDINAVIA. + +Can any of your readers furnish a list of the different editions of _Olaus +Magnus_? I have lately met with a curious one entitled _Historia delle +Gente et della Natura delle Cose Settentrionali, da Olao Magno Gotho +Arcivescovo di Vpsala nel Regno di Suezia e Gozia, descritta in XXII Libri. +Tradotta in Lingua Toscana. In Vinegia, 1565._ This edition, in folio, +contains a very interesting old map of Scandinavia, and a profusion of +little cuts or engravings, representing men, animals, gods, mountains, +weapons, religious rites, natural wonders, and everything relating to the +people and the country that could be conceived or gathered together. Is +there any English translation of Olaus Magnus? + +Is there any English translation of Jornandes' _Histoire Generale des +Goths_? It is full of curious matter. The French edition of 1603 gives the +following accounts of the midnight sun:-- + + "Diverses nations ne laissent pas d'habiter ces contrees" (Scanzia or + Scandinavia). "Ptolomee en nomme sept principales. Celle qui s'appelle + Adogit, et qui est la plus reculee vers le Nord, voit (dit on) durant + l'Este le Soleil rouler l'horizon quarante jours sans se coucher; mais + aussi pendant l'Hyver, elle est privee de sa lumiere un pareil espace + de temps, payant ainsi par le long ennui que lui cause l'absence de cet + Astre, la joye que sa longue presence lui avoit fait ressentir." + +There is a little old book called _Histoire des Intrigues Galantes de la +Reine Christine de Suede et de sa Cour, pendant son sejour a Rome. A +Amsterdam_, 1697. It opens thus: + + "Rome, qui est le centre de la religion, est aussi le Theatre des plus + belles Comedies du Monde:" + +and after giving various accounts, personal and incidental, of her +mercurial majesty, and of her pilgrimage to Rome, recites the following +epigram on her first intrigue there, which, to give due precedence to the +church, happened to be with a Cardinal, named Azolin:-- {371} + + "Mais Azolin dans Rome + Sceut charmer ses ennuis, + Elle eut sans ce grand homme + Passe de tristes nuits;" + +adding: + + "Dans ce peu de paroles Mr. de Coulanges [its author] dit beaucoup de + choses, et fait comprendre l'intrigue du Cardinal avec la Reine." + +I can find no account of this Reverend Cardinal. Who was he (if anybody), +and what is his history? And who was the author of these odd memoirs of the +Swedish Queen? + +At page 228. of "NOTES AND QUERIES" I see mention of an English translation +of _Danish_ ballads by Mr. Borrow. Is there any translation of _Norwegian_ +ballads? Many of them are very beautiful and characteristic, and well +worthy of an able rendering into our own language, if there were any one to +undertake it. There is also much beauty in the Norwegian national music, of +which a pretty but limited collection, the _Norske Field-Melodier_, +arranged by Lindeman, is published at Christiania. + +What is the best method of reaching Iceland? and what _really good_ books +have been published on that country within the last twenty years? + +WILLIAM E. C. NOURSE. + +London, April 22. 1851. + + * * * * * + +THE ROTATION OF THE EARTH. + +Query, Has Mons. Foucault's pendulum experiment been as yet clearly +enunciated? and do I understand it aright, when I conceive it is intended +to show the existence of a certain uniform _rotation in azimuth of the +horizon_, but different for different latitudes; which rotation, if made +out to exist, is acquired solely in virtue of the uniform diurnal rotation +(15deg hourly) in right ascension of the equator, identical in all +latitudes. + +A pendulum, manifestly, can only be suspended vertically, and can only +vibrate in a vertical plane; and surely can only be conceived, in the +course of the experiment, to be referred to the _horizon_, that great +circle of the heavenly sphere to which all vertical circles are referred. + +A spectator at the north pole has the pole of the heavens coincident with +his zenith; and there, all declination circles are also vertical circles; +and there, the equator coincides with the horizon; whereby the whole effect +of the rotation of the earth there (15deg hourly) may be conceived to be +given to the _horizon_: whilst, at the equator, the horizon is +perpendicular to the equator, which therefore gives no such rotation at all +to the horizon. Simple inspection of a celestial globe will illustrate +this. Considering the matter thus, at the pole the rotation of the +_horizon_ is 15deg hourly, and at the equator is 0, or nothing. But the +sine of the latitude (=90deg) at the pole is unity, or 1; and the sine of +the latitude (=0deg) at the equator is 0. Therefore, at these two extremes, +the expression 15deg x sin. lat. actually does give the amount of _hourly +apparent rotation of the horizon_; namely, 15deg at one place, and 0deg at +the other. Now, as I understand the experiment, as given in the public +prints, it is asserted that the same expression of 15deg x sin. lat. will +give the _rotation of the horizon_ in intermediate latitudes; of which +rotation I subjoin a table calculated for the purpose. + + +-----------+-------------+-----------------------+---------------------+ + | | | Value of | Apparent | + | | Natural | 15deg x Sin. Lat., | corresponding | + | Degrees | Values of | or apparent | Times of _Horizon_, | + | of | Sine of the | _hourly_ Amount of | performing | + | Latitude. | Latitude. | Rotation of | one Rotation | + | | | _Horizon_, in Degrees | of 360deg, in Hours | + | | | and Decimals. | and Decimals. | + +-----------+-------------+-----------------------+---------------------+ + | deg | | deg | h | + | 0 | 0.000 | 0.00 | Infinite time. | + | 1 | 0.017 | 0.26 | 1371.0 | + | 2 | 0.035 | 0.53 | 682.1 | + | 3 | 0.053 | 0.79 | 458.5 | + | 4 | 0.070 | 1.05 | 342.6 | + | 5 | 0.087 | 1.31 | 255.4 | + | 6 | 0.104 | 1.57 | 229.6 | + | 7 | 0.122 | 1.83 | 169.9 | + | 8 | 0.139 | 2.09 | 172.5 | + | 9 | 0.156 | 2.35 | 153.4 | + | 10 | 0.173 | 2.60 | 138.1 | + | 20 | 0.342 | 5.13 | 70.2 | + | 30 | 0.500 | 7.50 | 48.0 | + | 40 | 0.643 | 9.64 | 37.3 | + | 50 | 0.766 | 11.49 | 31.3 | + | 60 | 0.866 | 13.00 | 27.7 | + | 70 | 0.940 | 14.09 | 25.5 | + | 80 | 0.985 | 14.77 | 24.4 | + | 90 | 1.000 | 15.00 | 24.0 | + +-----------+-------------+-----------------------+---------------------+ + +Now this is the point which, it should seem, ought to be the business of +experimenters to establish; it being proposed, as we are informed, to +swing, in different latitudes, freely suspended pendulums, over horizontal +dials, or circular tables, properly graduated, similarly to the horizons of +common globes; and to note the _apparent_ variation of the plane of +oscillation of the pendulums with respect to the graduated dials; these +latter serving as representatives of the horizon. For the hypothesis is (as +I understand it), that the pendulums will continue to swing each of them +severally in one invariable vertical plane fixed in free space, whilst the +horizontal dials beneath, by their rotation, will slip away, as it were, +and turn round in _azimuth_, from under the planes of the pendulums. + +It should seem to be imperative on those who wish to put this experiment to +proof, to give all possible attention to the precautions suggested in the +excellent paper that appeared on the subject, on Saturday, April 19, in the +_Literary Gazette_, copied also into the _Morning Post_ of Monday the 21st. +To my mind, the experiment is beset with practical difficulties; but even +should the matter {372} be satisfactorily made out to those best capable of +judging, I cannot readily conceive of an experiment less likely than the +above to carry conviction to the minds of the wholly unlearned of the +rotation of the earth. + +I perceive that B.A.C., in the _Times_ of April 24, avows his determined +scepticism as to the virtue of the experiment. + +ROBERT SNOW. + + * * * * * + + +MINOR QUERIES. + +_William ap Jevan's Descendants._--In Burke's _Landed Gentry_, p. 1465., +mention is made of William ap Jevan, "an attendant upon Jasper Duke of +Bedford, and afterwards upon Hen. VII.;" and of a son, Morgan Williams, +ancestor of the Cromwells. Will some correspondent oblige by giving a +reference to where any account may be met with of any other son, or +children, to such William ap Jevan, and his or their descendants? + +W. P. A. + +"_Geographers on Afric Downs._"--Can any of your correspondents tell me +where these lines are to be found?-- + + "So geographers on Afric downs, + Plant elephants instead of towns." + +They sound Hudibrastic, but I cannot find them in _Hudibras_. + +A. S. + +_Irish Brigade._--Can any of your correspondents furnish any account of +what were called "The Capitulations of the Irish Brigades?" These +_Capitulations_ (to prevent mistakes) were simply the agreements under +which foreign regiments entered the French service. The Swiss regiments had +their special "capitulations" until 1830, when they ceased to be employed +in France. They appear to have differed in almost every regiment of the +Irish brigade; the privileges of some being greater than those of others. +One was common to all, namely, the right of _trial_ by their officers or +comrades solely, and according to the laws of their own country. + +Also, is there any history of the brigades published? I have heard that a +Colonel Dromgoole published one. Can any information be afforded on that +head? + +K. + +_Passage in Oldham._--The following lines, on the virtues of "impudence," +occur in that exquisite satirist, Oldham, described by Dryden as "too +little and too lately known:" + + "Get that great gift and talent, impudence, + Accomplish'd mankind's highest excellence: + 'Tis that alone prefers, alone makes great, + Confers alone wealth, titles, and estate; + Gains place at court, can make a fool a peer; + An ass a bishop; can vil'st blockhead rear + To wear red hats, and sit in porph'ry chair: + 'Tis learning, parts, and skill, and wit, and sense, + Worth, merit, honour, virtue, innocence." + +I quote this passage chiefly with reference to the "porphyry chair," and +with the view of ascertaining whether the allusion has been explained in +any edition of Oldham's Poems. Does the expression refer to any established +use of such chairs by the wearers of "red hats?" or is it intended merely +to convey a general idea of the sumptuousness and splendour of their style +of living? + +HENRY H. BREEN. + +St. Lucia, March, 1851. + +_Mont-de-Piete._-Can any of your readers furnish information as to the +connexion between these words and the thing which they are used to denote? +Mrs. Jameson says, in her _Legends of the Monastic Orders_, p. 307.: + + "Another attribute of St. Bernardin's of Siena, is the + _Monte-di-Pieta_, a little green hill composed of three mounds, and on + the top either a cross or a standard, on which is the figure of the + dead Saviour, usually called in Italy a _Pieta_. St. B. is said to have + been the founder of the charitable institutions still called in France + _Monts-de-Piete_, originally for the purpose of lending to the poor + small sums on trifling pledges--what we should now call a loan + society,--and which, in their commencement, were purely disinterested + and beneficial. In every city which he visited as a preacher, he + founded a Monte-di-Pieta; and before his death, these institutions had + spread all over Italy and through a great part of France." + +It is added in a note: + + "Although the figures holding the M. di P. are, in Italian prints and + pictures, styled 'San Bernardino da Siena,' there is reason to presume + that the honour is at least shared by another worthy of the same order, + 'Il Beato Bernardino da Feltri,' a celebrated preacher at the end of + the fifteenth century. Mention is made of his preaching against the + Jews and usurers, on the miseries of the poor, and on the necessity of + having a _Monte-di-Pieta_ at Florence, in a sermon delivered in the + church of Santa Croce in the year 1488." + +On p. 308. is a representation of the Monte-di-Pieta, borne in the saint's +hand. I need not specify the points on which the foregoing extract still +leaves information to be desired. + +W. B. H. + +Manchester. + +_Poem upon the Grave._--A. D. would be obliged by being informed where to +find a poem upon The Grave. Two voices speak in it, and, it commences-- + + "How peaceful the grave; its quiet how deep! + Its zephyrs breathe calmly, and soft is its sleep, + And flowerets perfume it with ether." + +The second voice replies-- + + "How lonesome the grave; how deserted and drear," &c. &c. + +_Clocks: when self-striking Clocks first invented._--In Bolingbroke's +_Letters on the Study of History_ {373} (Letter IV.), I read the following +passage in relation to a certain person: + + "His reason had not the merit of common mechanism. When you press a + watch or pull a clock, they answer your question with precision; for + they repeat exactly the hour of the day, and tell you neither more nor + less than you desire to know." + +I believe this work was written about 1711. Can you tell me when the +self-striking clock was invented, and by whom? + +JINGO. + +_Clarkson's "Richmond."_--Can any of your readers inform me who is in +possession of the papers of the late Mr. Clarkson, the historian of +Richmond, in Yorkshire? I wish to know what were the ancient documents, or +other sources, from which the learned author ascertained some facts stated +in his valuable work. To whom should I apply on the subject? + +D. Q. + +_"Felix quem faciunt," &c._--I wish you could tell me where I can find this +line: + + "Felix quem faciunt aliena pericula cautum." + +EFFIGIES. + +Whitehall. + +_Sir Francis Windebank's elder Son._--Sir Francis Windebank, "of +treacherous memory," it is well known, died at Paris in September, 1646. He +had two sons; what became of Thomas, the _elder_? Francis, the _second_, +was a colonel in the royal army: he was tried for cowardice in surrendering +Blechingdon House, in Oxfordshire, to Oliver Cromwell without a blow; and +being found guilty, was shot at Broken Hayes, near Oxford, in April, 1645. +I am anxious to make out the fate of his elder brother. + +EDWARD F. RIMBAULT. + +_Incised Slab._--I have a large incised slab in my church, with the figures +of a man (Richard Grenewey) and his wife upon it, with the date 1473. +Following the date, and filling up the remainder of the line of the +inscription, is the figure of a cock in a fighting attitude. Can any of +your readers enlighten me on the subject? + +H. C. K. + +_Etymology of Balsall._--Will you allow me to ask some of your readers to +give me the etymology of _Balsall_? It occurs frequently about here, as +Balsall Temple, B. Street, B. Grange, B. Common, and near Birmingham is +Balsall Heath. It is not to be confounded with Beausall Common, which also +is near this place. + +F. R. + +Kenilworth. + +_St. Olave's Churches._--In the _Calendar of the Anglican Church_, Parker, +Oxford, 1851, at pp. 267. and 313., it is stated that Saint Olave helped +King Ethelred to dislodge the Danes from London and Southwark, by +destroying London Bridge; and that, in gratitude for this service, the +churches at each end of the bridge are dedicated to him;--on the Southwark +side, St. Olave's, Tooley Street, is; but was there ever a church on the +London side, bearing the same name?--The nearest one to the bridge is St. +Olave's, Hart Street; but that is surely too distant to be called "at the +end of the bridge." + +E. N. W. + +Southwark, April 21. 1851. + +_Sabbatical and Jubilee Years of the Jews._--As the solution of many +interesting topics in connexion with Jewish history is yet dependent on the +_period_ of the institution of the Sabbatical and Jubilee years, the +following observations will not perhaps be deemed unworthy of a "nook" in +your columns. A spark may blaze! I therefore throw it out to be fanned into +a more brilliant light by those of your readers whose studies peculiarly +fit them to inquire more searchingly into the subject. The Jews, it has +been remarked by various writers, were ignorant of _astronomy_. Both, +however, the Sabbatical and Jubilee years have been, as I conceive and will +endeavour to show, founded on astronomical observation, commemorative of no +particular event in Jewish history, but simply that of the moon's +revolutions; for instance, with reference to the _Sabbatical_ year, +allowing for a difference of four days and a half, which occurs _annually_ +in the time of the moon's position on the equator, it would require, in +order to realise a number corresponding to the days (29) employed by the +moon in her synodical revolution round the earth, a period to elapse of +little less than six years and a half: thus exhibiting the Jews' _seventh_ +or _Sabbatical year_, or year of rest. This result, besides being +instructive and commemorative of the moon's menstrual course, is at the +same time indicative, as each Sabbatical year rolls past, of the approach +of the "_finisher of the Seven Sabbaths of years_," or year of Jubilee, so +designated from its being to the chosen people of God, under the Jewish +dispensation, a year of "freedom and redemption," in commemoration of the +moon's _complete_ revolution, viz., her return to a certain position at the +precise time at which she set out therefrom, an event which takes place but +once in _fifty years_: in other words, if the moon be on the equator, say, +on the first day of February, and calculating twenty-nine days to the +month, or twelve lunations to the year, a cycle of fifty years, or "seven +Sabbaths of years," must elapse ere she will again be in that position on +the same day. + +HIPPARCHUS. + +Limehouse, March 31. 1851. + +_Arms of Isle of Man._--The arms of the Isle of Man are gules, three legs +conjoined in the fess point, &c. &c. or. These arms were stamped on the old +halfpence of the island, and we may well call them the current coin. + +In an old edition of the _Mythology of Natalis_ {374} _Comus_, Patavii, +1637, small 4to., at page 278., I find an Icon of Triptolemus sent by Ceres +in a chariot drawn by serpents, hovering in the clouds over what I suppose +to be Sicily, or Trinacria; and on a representation of a city below the +chariot occurs the very same form of coin, the three legs conjoined, with +the addition of three ears of corn. + +This seems to me to be a curious coincidence. + +MERVINIENSIS. + +_Doctrine of the Resurrection._--Can any of your readers inform me of any +traces of the doctrine of the Resurrection to be found in authors anterior +to the Christian era? The following passage from Diogenes Laertius is +quoted in St. John's _Manners and Customs of Ancient Greece_, vol. i. p. +355.: + + "[Greek: Kai anabiosesthai, kata tous Magous, phesi (theopompos), tous + anthropous, kai esesthai athanatous.]" + +How far does the statement in this passage involve the idea of a _bodily_ +resurrection? I fancy the doctrine is not countenanced by any of the +apparitions in the poetical Hades of Virgil, or of other poets. + +ZETETICUS. + +_National Debts._--Is there any published work descriptive of the origin of +the foundation of a "National Debt" in Florence so early as the year 1344, +when the state, owing a sum of money, created a "Mount or Bank," the shares +in which were transferable, like our stocks? It is not mentioned in Niccolo +Machiavelli's _History of Florence_; but I have a note of the fact, without +a reference to the authority. Is there any precedent prior to the +foundation of our National Debt? + +F. E. M. + +_Leicester's Commonwealth._--Are the real authors of _Leicester's +Commonwealth_, and the poetical tract generally found with it, _Leicester's +Ghost_, known? According to Dodd's _Church History_, the first is +_erroneously_ attributed to Robert Parsons the Jesuit. + +EDWARD F. RIMBAULT. + + * * * * * + + +Replies. + +HISTOIRE DES SEVARAMBES. + +(Vol. iii., pp. 4. 72. 147.) + +The History of the Sevarites, in the original English edition, consists of +two parts: the first published in 1675, in 114 pages, small 12mo., without +a preface; the second published in 1679, in 140 pages, with a preface of +six pages. The French version of this work is much altered and enlarged. +The title is changed into _Histoire des Sevarambes_, the "Sevarites" being +dropped. There is a preface of fifteen pages, containing a supposed letter +from Thomas Skinner, dated Bruges, Oct. 28, 1672. The work is divided into +five parts, three of which are in the first, and two in the second volume +of the Amsterdam edition of 1716. These five parts are together more than +twice as bulky as the two parts of the English work. There is no copy of +the original French edition of 1677-9 described by Marchand, in any English +public library; but if there is a copy in the French national library, any +of your bibliographical correspondents at Paris could easily ascertain +whether (as is probably the case) the Amsterdam edition is a mere reprint +from the original Paris edition. + +The French version of this work is not only much enlarged, but it differs +in the names and incidents, and is fuller in the account of the +institutions and customs of the imaginary state. The English edition of +1738 (1 vol. 8vo.) is a literal translation from the French version, though +it does not purport to be a translation. It may be doubted whether the +translator was aware of the existence of the English publication of 1675-9. +The German translation was published in 1680; the Dutch translation in +1682: both these appear to have been taken from the French. + +Morhof (_Polyhistor._, vol. i. p. 74.), who inserts this work among the +_libri damnati_, and dwells upon its deistical character, refers to the +French version; and though he knew that the book had originally appeared in +English, he probably was not aware of the difference between the two +versions. A note added by his first editor, Moller, states that Morhof +often told his friends that he believed Isaac Vossius to have been the +author of the work. Isaac Vossius was in England from 1670 until his death, +which took place at Windsor, February 21, 1689. His residence in England, +combined with the known laxity of his religious opinions, doubtless +suggested to Morhof the conjecture that he wrote this freethinking Utopia. +There is, however, no external evidence to support this conjecture, or to +show that it had any better foundation than the conjecture that Bishop +Berkeley wrote _Gaudentio di Lucca_. The University of Leyden purchased the +library of Isaac Vossius for 36,000 florins. If it is still preserved at +Leyden, a search among his books might ascertain whether there is among +them any copy of the English or French editions of this work, and whether +they contain any written remark by their former possessor. Moreover, it is +to be observed that the system of natural religion is for the first time +developed in the French edition; and this was the part which chiefly gave +the book its celebrity: whereas, the supposition of Morhof implies that the +English and French versions are identical. + +Heumann, in his _Schediasma de Libris Anonymis et Pseudonymis_ (Jena, +1711), p. 161. (reprinted in Mylius, _Bibliotheca Anon. et Pseudon._, +Hamburg, 1740, vol. i. pp. 170-6.) has an article on the _Histoire des +Sevarambes_. It is there stated that "Messieurs de Portroyal" superintended +the French translation of the work; but no authority is given for the +statement. Christian Thomasius, {375} in his _Monthly Review_ of November +1689, attributed the work to D'Allais (or Vairasse). He alleged three +reasons for this belief: 1. The rumour current in France; 2. The fact that +Allais sold the book, as well as his French grammar; 3. That a comparison +of the two works, in respect of style and character of mind, renders it +most probable that both are by the same author. The testimony of Thomasius +is important, as the date of its publication is only ten years posterior to +the publication of the last part of the French version. + +Leclerc, in a review of the _Schediasma_ of Heumann, in the _Bibliotheque +Choisie_, published in 1712 (tom. xxv. p. 402., with an addendum, tom. +xxvi. p. 460.), attests positively that Vairasse was the author of the work +in question. He says that Vairasse (or, as he spells the name, Veiras) took +the name of D'Allais in order to sell his book. He had this fact from +persons well acquainted with Vairasse. He likewise mentions that Vairasse +was well known to Locke, who gave Leclerc an account of his birthplace. +Leclerc adds that he was acquainted with a person to whom Vairasse wished +to dedicate his book (viz. the _Histoire des Sevarambes_), _and who +possessed a copy of it, with a species of dedication, written in his hand_. + +This testimony is so distinct and circumstantial, as to leave no reasonable +doubt as to the connexion of Vairasse with the French version. The +difficulty as to the authorship of the English version still, however, +remains considerable. The extensive alterations introduced in the French +edition certainly render it probable that _two_ different writers were +concerned in the work. The words of Leclerc respecting the information +received from Locke are somewhat ambiguous; but they do not necessarily +imply that Locke knew anything as to the connexion of Vairasse with the +book, though they are not inconsistent with this meaning. Locke had +doubtless become acquainted with Vairasse during his residence in England. +Considering the length of time which Vairasse passed in England, and the +eminence of the persons with whom he is said to have had relations (viz. +the Duke of York, Lord Clarendon, and Locke), it is singular that no +mention of him should be discoverable in any English book. + +The error, that the work in question was written by Algernon Sidney, +appears to have arisen from a confusion with the name of Captain Siden, the +imaginary traveller. Fabricius (_Bibliograph. Antiq._, c. xiv. s.16. p. +491.) mentions Sidney and Vairasse as the two most probable claimants to +the authorship. + +Hume, in his _Essay on Polygamy and Divorces_, refers to the _History of +the Sevarambians_, and calls it an "agreeable romance." + +L. + + * * * * * + +WAS THERE AN "OUTER TEMPLE" IN THE POSSESSION OF THE KNIGHTS TEMPLARS OR +KNIGHTS OF ST. JOHN?--(Vol. iii., p. 325.) + +I have great pleasure in complying with the very proper request of MR. +FOSS, and give my authority at once for stating in the _Hand-book for +London_ that the so-called "Outer Temple" was a part of the Fleet Street +possession of the Knights Templars or Knights of St. John, or was in any +manner comprehended within the New Temple property of Fleet Street and +Temple Bar. My authority is Sir George Buc, whose minute and valuable +account of the universities of England is dedicated to Sir Edward Coke. +Buc's words are these:-- + + "After this suppression and condemnation of the Templers, their house + here in Fleete Street came to the handes and occupation of diuers + Lordes. For our Antiquaries and Chronologers say, that after this + suppression Sir Thomas Plantagenet Earl of Lancaster (and Cousin to the + King then raigning) had it, but beeing after attainted of treason, hee + enjoyed it but a short time. + + "Then next Hugh Spencer Earle of Glocester got into it, but he also was + soone after attainted, and executed for Treason. After him Andomare de + Valence, a nobleman of the great house of Lusignan, and Earle of + Pembrooke, was lodged in it for a while. But this house was '_Equus + Seianus_' to them all: and (as here it appeareth) was ordayned by God + for other better uses, and whereunto now it serueth. After all these + noble tenants and occupants were thus exturbed, dead, and gone, then + certaine of the reuerend, ancient professours of the Lawes, in the + raign of King Edward the Third, obtained a very large or (as I might + say) a perpetuall Lease of this Temple, or (as it must bee understood) + of two parts thereof distinguished by the names of the Middle Temple + and the Inner Temple, from the foresayd Ioannites.... But the other + third part, called the Outward Temple, Doctor Stapleton, Bishop of + Exceter, had gotten in the raign of the former King, Edward the Second, + and conuerted it to a house for him and his successors, Bishops of + Exceter ... of whom the late Earle of Essex purchased it, and it is now + called Essex house: hauing first beene (as I haue sayd) a part of the + Templers' house, and in regard of the scituation thereof, without the + Barre, was called the Outward or Utter Temple, as the others, for the + like causes, were called the Middle Temple and the Inner Temple."--Sir + George Buc, in _Stow_ by Howes, ed. 1631, p. 1068. + +This seems decisive, if Buc is to be relied on, as I think he is. But new +facts, such as MR. FOSS'S researches and MR. BURTT'S diligence are likely +to bring to light, may upset Buc's statement altogether. + +I must join MR. FOSS in his wish to ascertain _when_ the names Inner Temple +and Middle Temple were first made use of, with a further Query, which I +should be glad to have settled, _when_ the See of Exeter first obtained the +site of the so-called {376} "Outer Temple?" Stapleton, by whom it was +_perhaps_ obtained, was Bishop of Exeter from 1307 to 1326. + +PETER CUNNINGHAM. + + * * * * * + +OBEISM. + +(Vol. iii., p. 59.) + +In reply to F. H., I beg leave to state that Obeism is not in itself a +religion, except in the sense in which Burke says that "superstition is the +religion of feeble minds." It is a belief, real or pretended, in the +efficacy of certain spells and incantations, and is to the uneducated negro +what sorcery was to our unenlightened forefathers. This superstition is +known in St. Lucia by the name of _Kembois_. It is still extensively +practised in the West Indies, but there is no reason to suppose that it is +rapidly gaining ground. F. H. will find ample information on the subject in +Pere Labat's _Nouveau Voyage aux Isles francaises de l'Amerique_, tome ii. +p. 59., and tome iv. pp. 447. 499. and 506., edition of 1742; in Bryan +Edwards' _History of the West Indies_, vol. ii. ch. iii., 5th edition +(London, 1819); and in Dr. R. R. Madden's _Residence in the West Indies_, +vol. ii. letter 27. Perhaps the following particulars from Bryan Edwards +(who says he is indebted for them to a Mr. Long) on the etymology of +_obeah_, may be acceptable to some of your readers:-- + + "The term _obeah_, _obiah_, or _obia_, (for it is variously written,) + we conceive to be the adjective, and _obe_ or _obi_, the noun + substantive; and that by the word _obia_--men or women--is meant those + who practise _obi_. The origin of the term we should consider as of no + importance, in our answer to the question proposed, if, in search of + it, we were not led to disquisitions that are highly gratifying to + curiosity. From the learned Mr. Bryant's commentary upon the word + _oph_, we obtain a very probable etymology of the term. 'A serpent, in + the Egyptian language, was called _ob_ or _aub_.' '_Obion_ is still the + Egyptian name for a serpent.' 'Moses, in the name of God, forbids the + Israelites ever to inquire of the demon _Ob_, which is translated in + our Bible, charmer or wizard, divinator aut sorcilegus.' 'The woman at + Endor is called _oub_ or _ob_, translated Pythonissa; and _oubaois_ (he + cites from _Horus Apollo_) was the name of the Basilisk or Royal + Serpent, emblem of the sun, and an ancient oracular deity of Africa.'" + +One of your correspondents has formed a substantive from _obe_ by the +addition of _ism_, and another from _obeah_ by the same process; but it +will be seen by the above quotation that there is no necessity for that +obtrusive termination, the superstitious practice in question being already +sufficiently described by the word _obe_ or _obi_. + +HENRY H. BREEN. + +St. Lucia, March, 1851. + + * * * * * + +SAN MARINO. + +(Vol. iii., p. 321.) + +On the death of Sigismondo Pandolfo Malatesta, without legitimate male +issue, in October, 1468, Pope Paul II. declared Rimini and his other fiefs +to have reverted to the Holy See. In the spring of the following year the +Pontiff proceeded, with the assistance of the Venetians, to enforce his +claim, and threatened the Republicans of San Marino with his vengeance if +they did not aid him and his allies in gaining possession of Rimini, which +Roberto Malatesta, one of the illegitimate sons of Sigismondo Pandolfo, had +seized by stratagem. + +By advice of their faithful friend Federigo, Count of Urbino, who was at +the head of the opposite league, comprising the King of Naples, the Duke of +Milan, and the Florentines, the San-Marinese forwarded the Papal mandate to +Florence, and requested through their ambassador, one Ser Bartolomeo, the +support of that Republic. Several letters appear to have been sent in +answer to their applications, and the one communicated by MR. SYDNEY SMIRKE +is characterised by Melchiarre Delfico (_Memorie storiche della Repubblica +di San Marino._ Capolago, 1842, 8vo. p. 229.) as + + "Del tutto didattica e parenetica intorno alla liberta, di cui i + Fiorentini facevano gran vanto, mentre erano quasi alla vigilia di + perderla intieramente." + +San Marino was not attacked during the campaign, which terminated on the +30th of August of the same year (1469) with the battle of Vergiano, in +which Alessandro Sforza, the commander of the Papal forces, was signally +defeated by Federigo. + +San Marino has never, so far as I have been able to ascertain, undergone +the calamity of a siege, and its inhabitants have uninterruptedly enjoyed +the blessing of self-government from the foundation of the Republic in the +third or fourth century to the present time, with the exception of the few +months of 1503, during which the infamous Cesare Borgia forced them to +accept a Podesta of his own nomination. Various causes have contributed to +this lengthened independence; but it may be stated that, in the fifteenth +and sixteenth centuries, the San Marinese owed it no less to their own +patriotism, courage, prudence, and good faith, than to the disinterested +protection of the Counts and Dukes of Urbino, whose history has been so +ably written by Mr. Dennistoun, in his recently published memoirs of that +chivalrous race. + +The privileges of the Republic were confirmed on the 12th of February, +1797, by Napoleon Buonaparte, who offered to enlarge its territory,--a boon +which its citizens were wise enough to decline; thinking, perhaps, with +Montesquieu, that-- + + "Il est de la nature d'une republique qu'elle n'ait qu'un petit + territoire: sans cela, elle ne peut guere subsister."--_Esprit des + Lois_, liv. viii. chap. 16. + +Your readers will find some notices of San {377} Marino in Addison's +_Remarks on several Parts of Italy_; Aristotle's _Politics_, translated by +Gillies, lib. ii. Appendix. + +Its lofty and isolated situation has supplied Jean Paul with a simile in +his _Unsichtbare Loge_: + + "Alle andre Wissenschaften theilen sich jetzt in eine Universal + Monarchie ueber alle Leser: aber die Alten sitzen mit ihren wenigen + philologischen Lehnsleuten einsam auf einem S. Marino-Felsen."--_Jean + Paul's_ Werke (Berlin, 1840, 8vo.), vol. i. p. 125. + +In the first line of the letter, "ved_a_to" should be ved_u_to; and in the +seventh line, "difender_ai_" difender_vi_. + +F. C. B. + + * * * * * + +THE BELLMAN AND HIS HISTORY. + +(Vol. iii., p. 324.) + +The Bellman's songs may be found in the _Bellman's Treasury, containing +above a Hundred several Verses, fitted for all Humours and Fancies, and +suited to all Times and Seasons_. London: 8vo. 1707. Extracts from this +book are given in Hone's _Every Day Book_, vol. ii. p. 1594. + +I have now before me a broadside thus entitled: "A copy of verses, humbly +presented to the Right Worshipful the Mayor, Aldermen, and Common +Councilmen, and the rest of my worthy Masters and Mistresses, dwelling in +Cambridge. By Thomas Adams, Bellman, 1810." There is a large engraving, +from a wood-block, apparently a century old, representing a bellman, in a +flowing wig and a three-cornered hat, holding, in his right hand a bell, +and in his left a javelin and lantern; his dog is behind him. + +The verses are: + + 1. Prologue. + 2. To the Right Worshipful the Mayor. + 3. To the Aldermen. + 4. To the Common Councilmen. + 5. To the Town Clerk. + 6. To the Members for the Town. + 7. On the King. + 8. On the Queen. + 9. On Christmas Day. + 10. On New Year's Day. + 11. To the Young Men. + 12. To the Young Maids. + 13. On Charity. + 14. On Religion. + 15. Epilogue. + +This is marked as the 24th sheet; that is, as I suppose, the 24th set of +verses presented by Mr. Adams. + +I have also a similar broadside, "by Isaac Moule, jun., bellman, 1824," +being "No. III." of Mr. Moule's performances. The woodcut is of a more +modern character than Mr. Adams's, and delineates a bellman in a +three-cornered hat, modern coat, breeches, and stockings, a bell in his +right hand, and a small dog by his side. The bellman is represented as +standing in front of the old Shire Hall in Cambridge, having Hobson's +Conduit on his right. + +The subjects of Mr. Moule's verses are similar to those of Mr. Adams, with +the following variations. He omits verses to the Town Clerk, the Members +for the Town, the Queen, on Charity, and on Religion, and inserts verses +"On St. Crispin," and "To my Masters and Mistresses." + +The office of bellman in this town was abolished in 1836, and to the +bellman's verses have succeeded similar effusions from the lamplighters, +who distribute copies when soliciting Christmas boxes from the inhabitants. + +C. H. COOPER. + +Cambridge, April 28. 1851. + + * * * * * + + +Replies to Minor Queries. + +"_God takes those soonest_," &c. (Vol. iii., p. 302.).--In Morwenstow +churchyard, Cornwall, there is this epitaph on a child:-- + + "Those whom God loves die young! + They see no evil days,-- + No falsehood taints their tongue, + No wickedness their ways. + + "Baptized, and so made sure, + To win their blest abode,-- + What shall we pray for more? + They die, and are with God!" + +C. E. H. + +The belief expressed in these words is of great antiquity. See the story of +Cleobis and Biton, in Herod. l. 31., and the verse frown the [Greek: Dis +exapaton] of Menander: + + "[Greek: Hon hoi theoi philousin apothneskei neos]." + Meineke, _Fragm. Com. Gr._, vol. iv. p. 105. + +L. + +I would suggest to T. H. K. that the origin of this line is Menander's + + "[Greek: Hon hoi theoi philousin apothneskei neos]." + Fragm. 128. in Meineke, _Fr. Com. Gr._ + +imitated by Plautus: + + "Quem di diligunt adulescens moritur." + _Bacch._ iv. 7. 18. + +whence the English adage, + + "Whom the gods love die young." + +Wordsworth's _Excur._, b. i., has this sentiment: + + "O, Sir, the good die first, + And those whose hearts are dry as summer dust, + Burn to the socket." + +C. P. PH****. + + [Several other correspondents have kindly replied to this Query.] + +{378} + +_Disinterment for Heresy_ (Vol. iii, p. 240.).--Mr. Tracy's will, dated +10th October, 22d Henry VIII. [1530], is given at length in Hall's +_Chronicle_ (ed. 1809, p. 796.), where will be found the particulars of the +case to which ARUN alludes. See also Burnet's _History of the Reformation_ +(ed. 1841, vol. i. pp. 125. 657, 658. 673.), and Strype's _Annals of the +Reformation_, vol. i. p. 507. Strype states that Mr. Tracy's body was dug +up and burnt "anno 1532." William Tyndale wrote _Exposition on Mr. Will. +Tracies Will_, published in 8vo. at Nuremburgh, 1546. (Wood's _Athen. +Oxon._, vol. i. p. 37.) + +C. H. COOPER. + +Cambridge, April 2. 1851. + +"William Tracy, a worshipful esquire in Gloucestershire, and then dwelling +at Todington," made a will, which was thought to contain heretical +sentiments. His executor having brought in this will to be proved two years +after Tracy's death (in 1532), "the Convocation most cruelly judged that he +should be taken out of the ground, and burnt as an heretick," which was +accordingly done; but the chancellor of the diocese of Worcester, to whom +the commission was sent for the burning, was fined 300_l_. for it by King +Henry VIII. Such is the story in Fox's _Martyrs_, anno 1532 (vol. ii. p. +262. ed. 1684, which I have before me). + +EXON. + +The date and some particulars of the exhumation of the body of W. Tracy, +Esq., of Toddington Park, ancestor of the present Lord Sudeley, ARUN will +find in Foxe's _Acts and Monuments_, vol. v. p. 31. ed. 1843, and the note +in appendix will point out other sources. + +NOVUS. + +_The Vellum-bound Junius_ (Vol. iii., pp. 262. 307.).--In the Number dated +April 19, 1851, p. 307., is a request for information relative to the +"Vellum-bound copy of Junius;" also a reference to the subject in a prior +number of the "NOTES AND QUERIES." Not being in England, and not having the +prior numbers, it is not possible to make myself acquainted with the +subject contained in that reference, but I will endeavour to throw some +light on the Query in the Number which has been forwarded to me. The writer +of the _Letters of Junius_ was the secretary of the first Marquis of +Lansdowne, better known as Lord Shelburne. From his Lordship he obtained +all the political information necessary for his compositions. The late +Marquis of Lansdowne possessed the copy bound in vellum (two volumes), with +many notes on the margin in Lord Shelburne's handwriting; they were kept +locked up in a beautiful ebony casket bound and ornamented with brass. That +casket has disappeared, at least so I have been told, and not many years +ago inquiry was made for it by the present head of that house. Maclean was +a dark, strong-featured man, who wore his hat slouched over his eyes, and +generally a large cloak. He often corrected the slips or proofs of his +letters at Cox's, a well-known printer near Lincoln's Inn, who deemed +himself bound in honour never to divulge what he knew of that publication, +and was agitated when once suddenly spoken to on the subject near the door +of the small room in which the proofs were corrected, and with a high and +honourable feeling requested never to be again spoken to on the subject. +The late President of the Royal Academy, Benjamin West, knew Maclean; and +his son, the late Raphael West, told the writer of these remarks, that when +a young man he had seen him in the evening at his father's in Newman +Street, and once heard him repeat a passage in one of the letters which was +not then published. A more correct and veracious man than Mr. R. West could +not be. Maclean stammered, and was consequently of no use to Lord Shelburne +as a debater and supporter in parliament. A place in the East Indies was +obtained for him, and he sailed in the Aurora frigate for that dependency, +and was lost in her at the same time with Falconer, the author of the poem +entitled _The Shipwreck_. The able tract published by Mr. Pickering, +Piccadilly, would constitute a fair foundation on which to build the +inquiry. + +AEGROTUS. + +_Pursuits of Literature_ (Vol. iii., p. 240.).--I trust that the following +notes may be useful in assisting your correspondent S. T. D. to ascertain +"how the author of the _Pursuits of Literature_ became known." The first +edition of the first part of the _Pursuits of Literature_ appears to have +been published in quarto, by J. Owen, 168. Piccadilly, in 1794. In a volume +of pamphlets I have the above bound up with the following:-- + + "The Sphinx's Head Broken: or a Poetical Epistle, with notes to THOMAS + JAMES M*TH**S, Cl*rk to the Q***n's Tr**s*r*r. Proving him to be the + author of the Pursuits of Literature: a Satirical Poem. With occasional + Digressions and Remarks. By Andrew Oedipus, an injured Author. London: + Printed for J. Bell, No. 148. Oxford Street, opposite New Bond Street, + MDCCXCVIII." + +This epistle is a very severe castigation for Mathias, whom Oedipus styles +the "little black jogging man," whose + + "Politics and religion are very well, but he is a detestable pedant, + and his head is a lumber-garret of Greek quotations, which he raps out + as a juggler does ribbands at a country fair." + +And speaking of "Chuckle Bennet," he calls him in a note, + + "A good calf-headed bookseller in Pall Mall, the intimate confidant and + crony of little M*th**s, and who, upon Owen's bankruptcy, published + Part IV. of _Pursuits of Literature_ himself." + +Of Owen, who published Part I., our author says: {379} + + "Hither the sly little fellow got crony Becket to send his satirical + trumpery;" + +which is further explained in the following note: + + "Becket's back door is in an alley close to his house; here have I + often seen little M*th**s jog in and sit upon thorns for fear of being + seen, in the back-parlour, chattering matters over with old Numscull. + After passing through many hands, the proof sheets at last _very slily_ + reached little M*th**s that he might revise the learned lumber." + +After alluding to several pieces published by Mathias, our unmerciful +critic adds in another note: + + "It is very remarkable how strongly the characteristic features of + identity of authorship are marked in these several pieces; the little + man had not even the wit to print them in a different manner, yet + strange to tell, few, very few, could smell the he-goat! + + "Who reads thy _hazy weather_ but must swear, + 'Tis Thomas James M*th**s to a hair!" + +MERCURII. + +_Dutch Books_ (Vol. iii., p. 326.).--MARTINUS is probably aware that the +library of the Fagel family is now a part of the University Library of +Dublin, and that it contains a very fine collection of Dutch literature, in +which it is very possible some of the books of which he is in search may be +found. + +The auction catalogue prepared in 1800, when the library was to have been +sold by auction, had it not been purchased by the University of Dublin, is +printed, and a copy of it is at his service, if he will inform me through +you how to send it to him. + +This library contains many rare tracts and documents well worthy of Mr. +Macaulay's attention, if he is about to continue his history of the +Revolution; but I have not heard whether he has made any inquiry after +them, or whether he is aware of their existence. There is a curious MS. +catalogue of them in the possession of the University, which was too +voluminous to be printed, when the library was about to be sold. + +HIBERNICUS. + +_Engilbert, Archbishop of Treves_ (Vol. i., p 214.).--There can be no doubt +that the bishop's reference is incorrect, and the suggestion of T. J. (Vol. +iii., p. 291.) to consult the reprint of 1840 affords no aid in setting it +right; for there we find (p. 178.) a note as follows: + + "There was no Engilbert, Archbishop of Treves, nor is there any work in + this name in Goldasti." + +I have, however, consulted Mr. Bowden's _Life and Pontificate of Gregory +VII._, in order, if possible, to find a clue; and in a note in vol. ii. p. +246. of that work is a statement of the hesitation of the Pope on the +doctrine of the eucharist, with a reference as follows: + + "Vid. _Egilberti_ archiep. Trevir. epist. adv. Greg. VII., in Eccardi + Corp. historic. Medii Aevi. t. ii. p. 170." + +This reference I have verified, and found in the epistle of Egilbertus the +passage which, no doubt, Bishop Cosin refers to, and which Mr. Bowden +cites: + + "En verus pontifex et sacerdos, qui dubitat si illud quod sumatur in + dominica mensa sit verum corpus et sanguis Christi!" + +So much for that part of the difficulty, but another still remains. Was +there ever an Egilbertus, or Engilbertus, Archbishop of Treves? To solve +this question I consulted a list of the Archbishops of Treves in the +_Bibliotheque Sacree_ of Richard et Giraud, and I there find the following +statement: + + "_Engelbert_, grand-prevot de Passau, fut intrus par la faveur de + l'empereur Henri IV., et sacre par des eveques schismatiques. Il mourut + en 1101." + +TYRO. + +Dublin. + +_Charles Lamb's Epitaph_ (Vol. iii., p. 322.).--According to Mr. Thorne +(_Rambles by Rivers_, 1st series, p. 190.) the inscription in the +churchyard at Edmonton, to the memory of Charles Lamb, was written "by his +friend, Dr. Carey, the translator of 'Dante.'" Mr. Thorne gives an anecdote +concerning this inscription which I venture to transcribe, in the +expectation that it may interest your correspondent MARIA S., and others of +your numerous readers. + + "We heard a piece of criticism on this inscription that Lamb would have + enjoyed. As we were copying it, a couple of canal excavators came + across the churchyard, and read it over with great deliberation; when + they had finished, one of them said, 'A very fair bit of poetry that;' + 'Yes,' replied his companion, 'I'm blest if it isn't as good a bit as + any in the churchyard; rather too long, though.'" + +By "Dr. Carey," of course, is meant the Rev. Henry Francis Cary, M.A., +Vicar of Bromley Abbots, Staffordshire, and Assistant Librarian in the +British Museum, as he was the translator of "Dante," and an intimate friend +of Charles Lamb. + +C. H. COOPER. + +Cambridge, April 28. 1851. + +_Charles II. in Wales_ (Vol. iii., p. 263.).--In answer to DAVYDD GAM'S +Query, it may be observed that I have never heard of the tradition in +question, nor have I met with any evidence to show that Charles II. was in +any part of Wales at this period. In "The true Narrative and Relation of +his most sacred Majesty's Escape from Worcester," _Selection from the +Harleian Miscellany_, 4to., p. 380., it is stated that the king meditated +the scheme of crossing into Wales from White Ladies, the house of the +Penderells, but that "the design was crossed." One of the "Boscobel +Tracts," at p. 137., treating of the same period, and compiled by the king +himself in 1680, mentions his {380} intention of making his escape another +way, which was to get over the Severn into Wales, and so get either to +Swansea, or some other of the sea towns that he knew had commerce with +France; beside that he "remembered several honest gentlemen" that were of +his acquaintance. However, the scheme was abandoned, and the king fled to +the southward by Madeley, Boscobel, &c., to Cirencester, Bristol, and into +Dorsetshire, and thence to Brighton, where he embarked for France on the +15th Oct., 1651. + +Lancaiach is still in possession of the Prichard family, descendants of +Col. Prichard. + +There is a tradition that Charles I. slept there on his way from Cardiff +Castle to Brecon, in 1645, and the tester of the bed in which his Majesty +slept is stated to have been in the possession of a Cardiff antiquary now +deceased. The facts of the case appear in the _Iter Carolinum_, printed by +Peck (_Desiderata Curiosa_). The king stayed at Cardiff from the 29th July +to the 5th August, 1645, on which day he dined at Llancaiach, and supped at +Brecon. + +J. M. T. + +"_Ex Pede Herculem_" (Vol. iii., p. 302.).--The following allusion to the +foot of Hercules occurs in _Herodotus_, book iv. section 82.: + + "[Greek: Ichnos Herakleos phainousi en petrei eneon, to oike men bemati + andros, esti de to megathos dipechu, para ton Turen potamon.]" + + ALFRED GATTY. + +The origin of this phrase is connected with the following story:--A certain +Greek (whose name has for the present escaped me, but who must have been +ready to contribute to the "NOTES AND QUERIES" of his time) was one day +observed carefully "stepping" over the [Greek: aulos] or footrace-course at +Olympia; and he gave as a reason for so doing, that when that race-course +was originally marked out, it was exactly six hundred times as long as +Hercules' foot (that being the distance Hercules could run without taking +breath): so that by ascertaining how many times the length of his own foot +is contained, he would know how much Hercules' foot exceeded his foot in +length, and might therefrom calculate how much Hercules' stature exceeded +that of ordinary men of those degenerate days. + +J. EASTWOOD. + +Ecclesfield. + +This proverb does not appear to be of classical origin. Several proverbs of +a similar meaning are collected in Diogenian, v. 15. The most common is, +[Greek: ek ton onuchon ton leonta], _ex ungue leonem_. The allusion to +Hercules is probably borrowed from some fable. + +L. + +_Bucaneers_ (Vol. i., p. 400.).--Your correspondent C. will find an +interesting account of the Bucaneers in a poem by M. Poirie St. Aurele, +entitled _Le Flibustier_, and published by Ambroise Dupont & Co., Paris, +1827. The Introduction and Notes furnish some curious particulars relative +to the origin, progress, and dissolution of those once celebrated pirates, +and to the daring exploits of their principal leaders, Montauban, Grammont, +Monbars, Vand-Horn, Laurent de Graff, and Sir H. Morgan. The book contains +many facts which go far to support Bryan Edwards's favourable opinion. I +may add that the author derives the French word _flibustier_ from the +English _freebooter_, and the English word _bucaneer_ from the French +_boucanier_; which latter word is derived from _boucan_, an expression used +by the Caribs to describe the place where they assembled to make a repast +of their enemies taken in war. + +HENRY H. BREEN. + +St. Lucia, March, 1851. + +_God's Acre_ (Vol. iii., p. 284.).--By a _Saxon_ phrase, MR. LONGFELLOW +undoubtedly meant _German_. In Germany _Gottes-acker_ is a name for +churchyard; and it is to be found in Wachter's _Glossarium Germanicum_, as +well as in modern dictionaries. It is true there is the other word +_Kirchhof_, perhaps of more modern date. + + "GOTS-AKER. Caemeterium. Quasi ager Dei, quia corpora defunctorum + fidelium comparantur semini. 1 Cor. xv. 36., observante Keyslero in + _Antiq. Septentr._ p. 109."--Wachter's _Gloss. Germanicum_. + +Very interesting are also the other allegorical names which have been given +to the burial-places of the dead. They are enlarged upon in Minshew's +_Guide to Tongues_, under the head "Churchyard." + + "Caemeterium (from the Greek), signifying a dormitory or place of + sleep. And a Hebrew term (so Minshew says), Beth-chajim, _i. e._ domus + viventium, 'The house of the living,' in allusion to the resurrection." + +Our matter-of-fact "Church-_yard_ or inclosure" falls dull on the ear and +mind after any of the above titles. + +HERMES. + +_God's Acre._--The term _God's Acre_, as applied to a church-garth, would +seem to designate the consecrated ground set apart as the resting-place of +His faithful departed, sown with immortal seed (1 Cor. xv. 38.), which +shall be raised in glory at the great harvest (Matt. xiii. 39.; Rev. xiv. +15.). The church-yard is "dedicated wholly and only for Christian burial," +and "the bishop and ordinary of the diocese, as _God's minister, in God's +stead accepts it_ as a freewill offering, to be severed from all former +profane and common uses, to be held as holy ground," and "to be _God's +storehouse_ for the bodies of His saints there to be interred." See "Bishop +Andrewes' Form of Consecration of a Churchyard," _Minor Works_, pp. +328-333., Oxf., 1846. + +MACKENZIE WALCOTT, M.A. + +{381} + +P.S. When was the name of _Poet's Corner_ first attached to the south +transept of Westminster Abbey? + +Jermyn Street. + +_Abbot Eustacius_, of whom J. L. (Vol. iii., p. 141.) asks, was the Abbot +of Flay, and came over from Normandy to England, and preached all through +this kingdom with much effect in the beginning of John's reign, A. D. 1200, +as Roger Hovedene tells us, _Annal._, ed. Savile, London, 1596, _fos._ 457. +_b_, 466. _b._ Wendover (iii. 151.) and Matt. Paris _in anno_, mention him. + +D. ROCK. + +_Vox Populi Vox Dei_ (Vol. iii., p. 288.) is, I find, a much older proverb +in England than Edward III.'s reign, for whose coronation sermon it was +chosen the text, not by Simon Mepham, but Walter Reynolds, as your +correspondent ST. JOHNS rightly says. Speaking of the way in which St. Odo +yielded his consent to the Abp. of Canterbury, circ. A. D. 920, William of +Malmesbury writes: "Recogitans illud proverbium, _Vox populi vox +Dei_."--_De Gestis Pont._, L. i. fo. 114., ed. Savile. + +D. ROCK. + +_Francis Moore and his Almanack_ (Vol. iii., p. 263.).--Mr. Knight, in his +_London_, vol. iii. p. 246., throws a little light on this subject: + + "The renowned Francis Moore seems to have made his first appearance + about the end of the seventeenth century. He published a _Kalendarium + Ecclesiasticum_ in 1699, and his earliest _Vox Stellarum_ or _Almanac_, + as far as we can discover, came out in 1701," &c. + +But Mr. Knight is not sure that "Francis Moore" was not a _nom de guerre_, +although at p. 241. he gives the portrait of the "Physician" from an +anonymous print, published in 1657. + +A. A. + +Abridge. + +There is an Irish edition published in Drogheda, sold for threepence, and +_embellished_ with a portrait of Francis Moore. Can Ireland claim this +worthy? Many farmers and others rely much on the weather prophecies of this +almanack. A tenant of mine always announces to me triumphantly that "Moore +is right:" but his triumphs come at very long intervals. + +K. + +I can answer part of H. P. W.'s Query. Francis Moore's celebrated +_Almanack_ first appeared in 1698. We have this date upon his own +confession. Before his _Almanack_ for 1771 is a letter which begins thus: + + "Kind Reader, + + "This being the 73rd year since my Almanack first appeared to the + world, and having for several years presented you with observations + that have come to pass to the admiration of many, I have likewise + presented you with several hieroglyphics," &c. + +EDWARD F. RIMBAULT. + +That such a personage really did exist there can be little doubt, Bromley +(in _Engraved Portraits, &c._) gives 1657 as the date of his birth, and +says that there was a portrait of him by Drapentier _ad vivum_. Lysons +mentions him as one of the remarkable men who, at different periods, +resided at Lambeth, and says that his house was in Calcott's Alley, High +Street, then called Back Lane, where he seems to have enlightened his +generation in the threefold capacity of astrologer, physician, and +schoolmaster. + +J. C. B. + + * * * * * + + +Miscellaneous. + +NOTES ON BOOKS, SALES, CATALOGUES, ETC. + +Professor De Morgan has just furnished a new contribution to _L' Art de +verifier les Dates_, in the shape of a small but most useful and practical +book, entitled _The Book of Almanacks, with an Index of Reference, by which +the Almanack may be found for every year, whether in the Old Style or New, +from any Epoch Ancient or Modern up to_ A. D. 2000. _With means of finding +the Day of any New or Full Moon from_ B. C. 2000 _to_ A. D. 2000. An +example will show, better even than this ample title-page, the great +utility of this work to the historical enquirer. Walter Scott, speaking of +the battle of Bannockburn, which was fought on the day of St. John the +Baptist, June 24, 1314, says, + + "It was a night of lovely June, + High rose in cloudless blue the moon." + +Now, should the reader be desirous of testing the accuracy of this +statement, (and how many statements have ere this been tested by the fact +of the moon's age!), he turns to Professor De Morgan's Index, which at 1314 +gives Epact 3., Dominical Letter F., Number of Almanack 17. Turning to this +almanack, he finds that the 24th June was on a Monday; from the +Introduction (p. xiii.) and a very easy calculation, he learns that the +full moon of June, 1314, would be on the 27th, or within a day, and from a +more exact method (at p. xiv.), that the full moon was within two hours of +nine A.M., on the 28th. So that Sir Walter was correct, there being more +than half moon on the night of which he was speaking. Such an instance as +the one cited will show how valuable the _Book of Almanacks_ must prove to +all historical students, and what a ready test it furnishes as to accuracy +of dates, &c. It must take its place on every shelf beside Sir H. Nicolas' +_Chronology of History_. + +We doubt not that many of our readers share our feeling as to the +importance of children's books, from the influence they may be destined to +exercise upon generations yet unborn. To all such we shall be doing +acceptable service by pointing out Mrs. Alfred Gatty's little volume, _The +Fairy Godmothers and other Tales_, as one which combines the two essentials +of good books for children; namely, imagination to attract, and sound +morals to instruct. Both these requisites will be found in Mrs. Gatty's +most pleasing collection of tales, which do not require the very clever +frontispiece by Miss Barker to render the volume an acceptable gift to all +"good little Masters and Mistresses." {382} + +Messrs. Sotheby and Wilkinson (3. Wellington Street, Strand) will commence +on Monday a six-days' Sale of most interesting Autograph Letters, +Historical Documents, and original MSS. of distinguished writers, as that +of _Kenilworth_ in the Autograph of Sir W. Scott, of _Madoc_ in that of +Southey, unpublished poems by Burns, and _Le Second Manuscrit venu de St. +Helene_. One of the most curious Lots is No. 1035, Shakspeare's play of +_Henry IV._, two parts condensed into one,--a contemporary and unique +Manuscript, being the only one known to exist of any of the productions by +the Sweet Bard of Avon. It is presumed to be a playhouse copy with +corrections in the Autograph of Sir Edward Deering of Surrenden, in Kent, +(who died in 1644); and, as no printed copy is known to contain the various +corrections and alterations therein, is supposed to have been so corrected +for the purposes of private representation, it being well known that +theatricals formed a portion of the amusements in vogue at that baronet's +country seat during the early portion of the reign of James I. Our readers +will remember that the Shakspeare Society showed their sense of its value +by printing it under the editorship of Mr. Halliwell. + +CATALOGUES RECEIVED.--Emerson Charnley's (45. Bigg Market, +Newcastle-upon-Tyne) Catalogue Part IV. of Books Old and New; W. Brown's +(46. High Holborn) Catalogue Part LIII. of Valuable Second-hand Books. + + * * * * * + + +BOOKS AND ODD VOLUMES WANTED TO PURCHASE. + + DIANA (ANTONINUS) COMPENDIUM RESOLUTIONEM MORALIUM. Antwerp.-Colon. + 1634-57. + + PASSIONAEL EFTE DAT LEVENT DER HEILIGEN. Folio. Basil, 1522. + + CARTARI--LA ROSA D'ORO PONTIFICIA. 4to. Rome, 1681. + + BROEMEL, M. C. H., FEST-TANZEN DER ERSTEN CHRISTEN. Jena, 1705. + + THE COMPLAYNT OF SCOTLAND, edited by Leyden. 8vo. Edin. 1801. + + THOM'S LAYS AND LEGENDS OF VARIOUS NATIONS. Parts I. to VII. 12mo. + 1834. + + L'ABBE DE SAINT PIERRE, PROJET DE PAIX PERPETUELLE. 3 Vols. 12mo. + Utrecht, 1713. + + CHEVALIER RAMSAY, ESSAI DE POLITIQUE, ou l'on traite de la Necessite, + de l'Origine, des Droits, des Bornes en des differentes Formes de la + Souverainete, selon les Principes de l'Auteur de Telemaque. 2 Vols. + 12mo. La Haye, without date, but printed in 1719. + + The same. Second Edition, under the title "Essai Philosophique sur le + Gouvernement Civil, selon les Principes de Fenelon," 12mo. Londres, + 1721. + + PULLEN'S ETYMOLOGICAL COMPENDIUM, 8vo. + + COOPER'S (C. P.) ACCOUNT OF PUBLIC RECORDS, 8vo. 1822. Vol. I. + + LINGARD'S HISTORY OF ENGLAND. Sm. 8vo. 1837. Vols. X. XI. XII. XIII. + + MILLER'S (JOHN, OF WORCESTER COLL.) SERMONS. Oxford, 1831 (or about + that year). + +*** Letters, stating particulars and lowest price, carriage free, to be +sent to MR. BELL, Publisher of "NOTES AND QUERIES," 186. Fleet Street. + + * * * * * + + +Notices to Correspondents. + +_Although we have this week again enlarged our paper to twenty-four pages, +we have been compelled to postpone many interesting articles. Among these +we may particularise "Illustrations of Chaucer, No. VI.," a valuable paper +by_ MR. SINGER _on "John Tradescant," and another on the "Tradescent +Family" by_ MR. PINKERTON; _and many Replies_. + +A. X. _The Brussels edition of the_ Biographie Universelle _is in 21 vols. +Bickers of Leicester Square marks a copy half-bound in 7 vols. at Five +Guineas._ + +TRIVIA _and_ A. A. D. _The oft-quoted line_ "TEMPORA MUTANTUR," &c., _is +from Borbonius_. _See_ "NOTES AND QUERIES," Vol. i., pp. 234. 419. + +A. A. D. _is referred to_ p. 357. _of our last Number for an explanation of +"Mind your Ps and Qs."_ + +NEMO'S _Query respecting Pope Joan was inserted in_ No. 75. p. 265.; _a +Reply to it appears in_ No. 77. p. 306.; _and we have several more +communications to which we hope to give insertion next week_. + +REPLIES RECEIVED.--_Ramasse--Prayer at the Healing--M. or N.--Deans Very +Reverend--Family of the Tradescants--Epitaph on the Countess of +Pembroke--West Chester--Demosthenes and New Testament--Pope Joan--Handbills +at Funerals--Ventriloquist Hoax--Solid-hoofed Pigs--Aerial +Apparitions--Apple-pie Order--Wife of James Torre--Snail-eating--Epigram by +T. Dunbar._ + +VOLS. I. _and_ II., _each with very copious Index, may still be had, price_ +9s. 6d. _each_. + +NOTES AND QUERIES _may be procured, by order, of all Booksellers and +Newsvenders. It is published at noon on Friday, so that our country +Subscribers ought not to experience any difficulty in procuring it +regularly. Many of the country Booksellers, &c., are, probably, not yet +aware of this arrangement, which will enable them to receive_ NOTES AND +QUERIES _in their Saturday parcels_. + +_All communications for the Editor of_ NOTES AND QUERIES _should be +addressed to the care of_ MR. BELL, No. 186. Fleet Street. + +ERRATA.--Page 336. l. 4. for "Burkdo_n_" read "Burkdo_u_." (i. e. +Bourdeaux); p. 341. l. 11. for "la_u_rando" read "la_ce_rando;" and in p. +352. instead of between the years "1825 and 1850," read "1825 and 1830;" +and we are requested to add that the churchwardens' account of S. Mary de +Castro, Leicester, had disappeared from the parish chest long prior to the +time mentioned. + + * * * * * + + +PRINTING. + +A LECTURE, SPEECH, SERMON, OR ORATION, occupying about three quarters of an +hour in delivery, printed on good paper, in bold clear type: 500 copies, +3l. 17s. 6d.; 1000 copies, 5l. 10s. 1000 Circulars, Note Size, printed on +Cream-laid Note Paper, fly leaf, 17s. 6d., 1000 Ditto, on Superfine +Cream-laid Letter Paper, fly leaf, 1l. 5s. + +BATEMAN and HARDWICKE, 38. Carey Street, Lincoln's Inn. + + * * * * * + + +This day is published, fcap. 8vo., price 5s., + +PLEASURES, OBJECTS, and ADVANTAGES of LITERATURE. By the Rev. R. A. +WILLMOTT, St. Catherine's, Bear Wood, Author of "Jeremy Taylor, a +Biography." + +London: T. BOSWORTH, 215. Regent Street. + + * * * * * + + +NEW WORK BY PROFESSOR DE MORGAN. + +This day, in One Volume, oblong 8vo., price 5s., cloth, + +THE BOOK OF ALMANACS; with INDEX, by which the Almanac belonging to any +Year preceding A. D. 2000 can be found; with means of finding New and Full +Moons from B. C. 2000 to A. D. 2000. By AUGUSTUS DE MORGAN, Professor of +Mathematics in University College, London. + +The "Book of Almanacs" will enable any one to lay open before him the whole +Almanac of any past year, of the present year, or of any future year, up to +A. D. 2000, whether in old style or new, by one consultation of a simple +Index. This book will be useful to all who ever want an Almanac, past, +present, or future;--to Clergymen, as a perpetual index to the Sundays and +Festivals;--to Lawyers in arranging evidence which runs over a long period, +and to Courts of Law in hearing it;--to Historical and Antiquarian +Inquirers, in testing statements as to time and date;--to all, in fact, who +are ever required to interest themselves about time past or future. + +TAYLOR, WALTON, and MABERLY, Upper Gower Street, and Ivy Lane, Paternoster +Row. + + * * * * * + + +Now ready, royal 8vo., pp. 1653. 21s. + +A COPIOUS AND CRITICAL LATIN-ENGLISH LEXICON, founded on the larger +Latin-German Lexicon of DR. WILLIAM FREUND; with Additions and Corrections +from the Lexicons of Gesner, Facciolati, Scheller, Georges, &c. &c. By +E. A. ANDREWS, LL.D. + +London: SAMPSON LOW, 169. Fleet Street. +New York: HARPER and BROTHERS. + + * * * * * + + +{383} + +[Illustration] + +GREAT EXHIBITION. + + * * * * * + +CENTRAL AVENUE. + + * * * * * + +An Illustrated Priced Catalogue of Church Furniture Contributed by + + GILBERT J. FRENCH, + BOLTON, LANCASHIRE, + +forwarded Free by Post on application. + + * * * * * + +Parcels delivered Carriage Free in London, daily. + + * * * * * + + +CATALOGUES OF JOHN RUSSELL SMITH'S LITERARY COLLECTIONS. + +1. Parts I. and II. of a Classified Catalogue of 25,000 Ancient and Modern +Pamphlets. + +2. Books on the History and Topography of Great Britain, arranged in +Counties. + +3. Twelve Hundred Books and Pamphlets relating to America. + +4. Five Hundred Books relating to the Counties of Kent, Sussex, and Surrey. + +5. Ancient Manuscripts, Deeds, Charters, and other Documents relating to +English Families and Counties. + +6. Parts II. and III. for 1851, of Choice, Useful, and Curious Books, in +most Classes of Literature, containing 1600 articles. + +*** Any of the above Catalogues may be had, gratis, on application, or any +one will be sent by post on receipt of four postage labels to frank it. + +4. Old Compton Street, Soho, London. + + * * * * * + + +Just published, 12mo. cloth, 5s. + +THE DIALECT AND FOLK-LORE OF NORTHAMPTONSHIRE. A Glossary of +Northamptonshire Provincialisms, Collection of Fairy-Legends, Popular +Superstitions, &c. By THOMAS STERNBERG. + + "A skilful attempt to record a local dialect."--_Notes and Queries_, + No. 72. + + "Mr Sternberg has evinced a striking and peculiar aptitude for this + branch of enquiry."--_Northampton Mercury._ + + "The notes on Folk-lore are curious, and worthy + consultation."--_Gentleman's Magazine._ + +J. RUSSELL SMITH, 4. Old Compton Street, Soho, London. + + * * * * * + + +WESTERN LIFE ASSURANCE AND ANNUITY SOCIETY, 3. Parliament Street, London. + +VALUABLE NEW PRINCIPLE. + +Payment of premiums may be occasionally suspended without forfeiting the +policy, on a new and valuable plan, adopted by this society only, as fully +detailed in the prospectus. + +A. SCRATCHLEY, M.A., + +Actuary and Secretary; Author of "Industrial Investment and Emigration; +being a Second Edition of a Treatise on Benefit Building Societies, &c." +Price 10s. 6d. + +London: J. W. PARKER, West Strand. + + * * * * * + + +[Illustration] + +COMMITTEE FOR THE REPAIR OF THE TOMB OF GEOFFREY CHAUCER. + +JOHN BRUCE, Esq., Treas. S.A., 5, Upper Gloucester Street, Dorset Square. + +J. PAYNE COLLIER, Esq., V.P.S.A., Geys House, Maidenhead. + +PETER CUNNINGHAM, Esq., F.S.A., Madeley Villas, Kensington. + +WILLIAM RICHARD DRAKE, Esq., F.S.A., _Honorary Treasurer_, 46. Parliament +Street. + +THOMAS W. KING, Esq., F.S.A., York Herald, College of Arms, St. Paul's. + +SIR FREDERICK MADDEN, K.H., British Museum. + +JOHN GOUGH NICHOLS, Esq., F.S.A., 25. Parliament St. + +HENRY SHAW, Esq., F.S.A., 37. Southampton Row, Russell Square. + +SAMUEL SHEPHERD, Esq., F.S.A., Marlborough Square, Chelsea. + +WILLIAM J. THOMS, Esq., F.S.A., _Honorary Secretary_, 25. Holy-Well Street, +Millbank, Westminster. + +THE TOMB OF GEOFFREY CHAUCER IN WESTMINSTER ABBEY stands in need of repair. +The portrait and the inscriptions have disappeared; the overhanging canopy +has suffered damage; the table is chipped and broken; the base is fast +mouldering into irretrievable decay. + +Such an announcement is calculated to stir every heart that can respond to +the claims of poetry, or feel grateful for the delight which it affords to +every cultivated mind. It summons us, like the sound of a trumpet, "To the +rescue!" It cannot be that the first and almost the greatest of English +bards should ever be allowed to want a fitting memorial in our "Poet's +Corner," or that the monument which was erected by the affectionate respect +of Nicholas Brigham, nearly three centuries ago, should, in our time, be +permitted to crumble into dust. + +A sum under One Hundred Pounds will effect a perfect repair. + +It is thought that there can be no difficulty in raising such a sum, and +that multitudes of people in various conditions of life, and even in +distant quarters of the globe, who venerate the name of Chaucer, and have +derived instruction and delight from his works, will be anxious to +contribute their mite to the good deed. + +The Committee have therefore not thought it right to fix any limit to the +subscription; they themselves, with the aid of several distinguished +noblemen and gentlemen, have opened the list with a contribution from each +of them of Five Shillings, but they will be ready to receive any amount, +more or less, which those who value poetry and honour Chaucer may be kind +enough to remit to them. + +The design of the Committee is sanctioned by the approval of the Earl of +Carlisle, the Earl of Ellesmere, the Earl of Shaftesbury, Lord Braybrooke. +Lord Londesborough, Lord Mahon, the Right Hon. C. W. W. Wynn, and by the +concurrence of the Dean and Chapter of Westminster. + +An account of the sums received and expended will be published when the +work is completed. + +Subscriptions are received by all the members of the Committee, and at the +Union Bank, Pall Mall East. Post-office orders may be made payable to +William Richard Drake, Esq., the Treasurer, 46. Parliament Street, at the +Charing Cross Office. + + * * * * * + + +{384} + +In a few days will be published, in One handsome Volume 8vo., profusely +Illustrated with Engravings by Jewitt, + +Some Account of Domestic Architecture in England; + +FROM + +THE CONQUEST TO THE END OF THE THIRTEENTH CENTURY. + +WITH + +NUMEROUS ILLUSTRATIONS OF EXISTING REMAINS FROM ORIGINAL DRAWINGS. + +BY T. HUDSON TURNER. + +THE TABLE OF CONTENTS OF THIS VOLUME WILL BEST EXPLAIN ITS OBJECT. + +INTRODUCTION. + + The Romans in England--Their Villas and Houses--Ordinary Plan of a + Roman House--Method of Building--The Saxons--Their Style of Building; + they probably occupied Roman Houses--A Saxon Hall--Houses of Winchester + and London in the Saxon Period--Decoration of Buildings--Romanesque + Style of Architecture introduced during the Saxon Period--Drawings in + Saxon MSS., their Character and Value as Architectural Evidence--The + Greek, or Byzantine School; its Influence on Saxon Art--Antiquity of + Chimneys; None at Rome in the Fourteenth Century--Character of the + Military Buildings of the Saxons--The Castles of Coningsburgh and + Bamborough later than the Saxon Period--Arundel, the only Castle said + to have been standing in the time of the Confessor--Norman + Castles--Domestic Architecture of the Normans--Stone Quarries--Use of + Plaster--Bricks and Tiles--Brickmaking, its Antiquity in + England--Masons and other Workmen--Glazing--Iron Works in + England--Architectural Designs of the Middle Ages, how made--Working + Moulds of Masons, &c. + +CHAPTER I.--TWELFTH CENTURY. + + General Remarks--Imperfect Character of existing Remains of the Twelfth + Century--Materials for the History of Domestic Architecture; their + Nature--General Plan of Houses at this Date--Halls--Other Apartments of + Ordinary Houses--Bedchamber, Kitchen, Larder, &c.--King's Houses at + Clarendon and other Places--Hall, always the Chief Feature of a Norman + House--Alexander Necham, his Description of a House--Plan of Norman + Halls--Their Roofs--Situation of other Apartments relatively to the + Hall--Kitchens--Cooking in the Open Air--Bayeux Tapestry--Remains of a + Norman House at Appleton, Berks--Fences, Walls, &c.--Some Norman Houses + built in the form of a Parallelogram, and of Two Stories--Boothby + Pagnell, Lincolnshire--Christ Church, Hants--Jews' House at + Lincoln--Moyses' Hall, Bury St. Edmund's--Staircases, Internal and + External--External Norman Stair at Canterbury--Houses at + Southampton--Building Materials--Use of Lead for Roofs--English Lead + exported to France--Style of Norman Roofs--Metal Work; Hinges, Locks, + Nail-heads, &c.--Gloucester celebrated for its Iron + Manufactures--External Decoration of + Buildings--Windows--Glazing--Fire-places--Kitchens open in the + Roof--Hostelry of the Prior of Lewes--Internal Walls + Plastered--Furniture of Houses, Tapestry, &c--Floors generally of + Wood--Character London Houses in the Twelfth Century--Assize of 1189 + regulating Buildings in London--Assize of the Year 1212 relating to the + same Subject--- Majority of London Houses chiefly of Wood and + Thatched--Wages of Workmen--Cookshops on Thames Side--Chimneys not + mentioned in the London Assizes, &c. + +CHAPTER II.--EXISTING REMAINS. + + Oakham Castle, Rutlandshire--The King's House, Southampton--Minster, + Isle of Thanet--Christ Church, Hants--Manor-house at Appleton--Sutton + Courtney, Berks--St. Mary's Guild, and Jews' Houses, + Lincoln--Staircase, Canterbury--Warnford, Hants--Fountain's + Abbey--Priory, Dover--Moyses' Hall, Bury St. Edmund's--Hostelry of the + Prior of Lewes, Southwark--Boothby Pagnell, Lincolnshire--Barnack, + Northamptonshire--School of Pythagoras, Cambridge--Notes on Remains of + Early Domestic Architecture in France. + +CHAPTER III.--THIRTEENTH CENTURY. + + General Remarks--Hall at Winchester--Reign of Henry III. remarkable for + the Progress of Architecture--Condition of Norman Castles in the + Thirteenth Century--Plan of Manor-houses at this Date--House built for + Edward I. at Woolmer, Hants--Description of House at Toddington, by M. + Paris--Meaning of term _Palatium_--Longthorpe, Stoke-Say Castle--West + Deane, Sussex--Aydon Castle--Little Wenham Hall--Two Halls at + Westminster, temp Henry III.--Temporary Buildings erected at + Westminster for the Coronation of Edward I.--Private Hospitality in + this Century--Kitchens--Wardrobes--Influence of Feudal Manners on + Domestic Architecture--Building Materials--Wood extensively + used--Manor-house of Timber engraved on a Personal Seal--Extensive Use + of Plaster--Roofs of the Thirteenth Century--Windows--Glass and + Glazing--Digression on the History of Glass-making in England--No Glass + made in England until the Fifteenth Century--Wooden Lattices, + Fenestrals, &c.--Fire-places and Chimneys--Mantels--Staircases, + External and Internal--Internal Decoration of + Houses--Wainscote--Polychrome--Artists of the Time of Henry III.; their + Style--Their Names--Spurs, Screens, &c.--Tapestry not used in Private + Dwellings in the Thirteenth Century. Flooring--Tiles--Baths Camerae + Privatae--Conduits and Drains--Houses in Towns--Parisian Houses--Other + Foreign Examples--Furniture--Carpets--General State of England in the + Thirteenth Century--State of Towns--London and Winchester + compared--Travelling--Hackneymen--Inns--State of Trade in + England--Agriculture--Remarks on Horticulture. + +CHAPTER IV.--THIRTEENTH CENTURY.--EXISTING REMAINS. + + Aydon Castle, Northumberland--Godmersham, Kent--Little Wenham Hall, + Suffolk--Longthorpe, near Peterborough--Charney Basset, Berks--Master's + House, St. John's Hospital, Northampton--Stoke-Say Castle, + Shropshire--Coggs, Oxfordshire--Cottesford, Oxfordshire--Parsonage + House, West Tarring, Sussex--Archdeacon's House, + Peterborough--Crowhurst, Sussex--Bishop's Palace, Wells--Woodcroft + Castle, Northamptonshire--Old Rectory House, West Deane, Sussex--Acton + Burnell, Shropshire--Somerton Castle, Lincolnshire--Old Soar, Kent--The + King's Hall at Winchester--The Priory, Winchester--Stranger's Hall, + Winchester--House at Oakham, known as Flore's House--Thame, + Oxfordshire--Chipping-Norton, Oxfordshire--Middleton Cheney, + Oxfordshire--Sutton Courtney, Berkshire. + +CHAPTER V.--HISTORICAL ILLUSTRATIONS. + +Extracts from the Liberate Rolls of Henry III., 1229-1259, relating to the +following places:-- + + Bridgenorth -- Brigstock -- Brill -- Bristol -- Canterbury -- Clarendon + -- Cliff -- Clipstone -- Corfe Castle -- Dover -- Dublin -- Evereswell + -- Feckenham -- Freemantle -- Geddington -- Gillingham -- Gloucester -- + Guildford -- Havering -- Hereford -- Hertford -- Kennington -- + Litchfield -- London, (Tower) -- Ely House -- Ludgershall -- + Marlborough -- Newcastle -- Northampton -- Nottingham -- Oxford -- + Rochester -- Sherbourn -- Silverstone -- Westminster -- Winchester -- + Windsor -- Woodstock. + +SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES OF FOREIGN EXAMPLES. + + General Remarks -- Treves -- Laon -- Ratisbon -- Gondorf -- Metz -- + Toulouse -- Laon -- Bree -- Coucy -- Carden -- Tours -- Angers -- + Fontevrault, (Kitchen) -- Perigueux -- St. Emilion -- Mont St. Michel + -- Beauvais. + +APPENDIX OF DOCUMENTS. + +OXFORD: JOHN HENRY PARKER; AND 377. STRAND, LONDON. + + * * * * * + + +Printed by THOMAS CLARK SHAW, of No. 8. New Street Square, at No. 5. New +Street Square, in the Parish of St. Brid in the City of London; and +published by GEORGE BELL, of No. 186. Fleet Street, in the Parish of St. +Dunstan the West, in the City of London, Publisher, at No. 186. Fleet +Street aforesaid.--Saturday, May 10. 1851. + + * * * * * + + +Corrections made to printed original. + +page 366, "Knew William of Deloraine" - 'Delorane' in original. + +page 370, "At the end of a postscript" - 'postcript' in original. + + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Notes and Queries, Number 80, May 10, +1851, by Various + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NOTES AND QUERIES *** + +***** This file should be named 32495.txt or 32495.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/3/2/4/9/32495/ + +Produced by Charlene Taylor, Jonathan Ingram, Keith Edkins +and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images +generously made available by The Internet Library of Early +Journals.) + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, +set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to +copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to +protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark. Project +Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you +charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission. If you +do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the +rules is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose +such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and +research. They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do +practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks. Redistribution is +subject to the trademark license, especially commercial +redistribution. + + + +*** START: FULL LICENSE *** + +THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE +PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK + +To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free +distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work +(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project +Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project +Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at +http://gutenberg.org/license). + + +Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic works + +1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to +and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property +(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all +the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy +all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession. +If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the +terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or +entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8. + +1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be +used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who +agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few +things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works +even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See +paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement +and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. See paragraph 1.E below. + +1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation" +or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the +collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an +individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are +located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from +copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative +works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg +are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project +Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by +freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of +this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with +the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by +keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project +Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others. + +1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern +what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in +a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check +the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement +before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or +creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project +Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning +the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United +States. + +1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: + +1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate +access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently +whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the +phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project +Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, +copied or distributed: + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + +1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived +from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is +posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied +and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees +or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work +with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the +work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 +through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the +Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or +1.E.9. + +1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted +with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution +must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional +terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked +to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the +permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work. + +1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this +work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. + +1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this +electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without +prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with +active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project +Gutenberg-tm License. + +1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, +compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any +word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or +distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than +"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version +posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org), +you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a +copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon +request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other +form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. + +1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, +performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works +unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. + +1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing +access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided +that + +- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from + the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method + you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is + owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he + has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the + Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments + must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you + prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax + returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and + sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the + address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to + the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation." + +- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies + you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he + does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm + License. You must require such a user to return or + destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium + and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of + Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any + money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the + electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days + of receipt of the work. + +- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free + distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set +forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from +both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael +Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark. Contact the +Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. + +1.F. + +1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable +effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread +public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm +collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain +"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or +corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual +property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a +computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by +your equipment. + +1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right +of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project +Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all +liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal +fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT +LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE +PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH F3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE +TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE +LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR +INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH +DAMAGE. + +1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a +defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can +receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a +written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you +received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with +your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with +the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a +refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity +providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to +receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy +is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further +opportunities to fix the problem. + +1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth +in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS' WITH NO OTHER +WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO +WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. + +1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied +warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. +If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the +law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be +interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by +the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any +provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions. + +1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the +trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone +providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance +with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production, +promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works, +harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, +that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do +or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm +work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any +Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause. + + +Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm + +Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of +electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers +including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists +because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from +people in all walks of life. + +Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the +assistance they need, are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's +goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will +remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure +and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations. +To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation +and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 +and the Foundation web page at http://www.pglaf.org. + + +Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive +Foundation + +The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit +501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the +state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal +Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification +number is 64-6221541. Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at +http://pglaf.org/fundraising. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent +permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. + +The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S. +Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered +throughout numerous locations. Its business office is located at +809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email +business@pglaf.org. Email contact links and up to date contact +information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official +page at http://pglaf.org + +For additional contact information: + Dr. Gregory B. Newby + Chief Executive and Director + gbnewby@pglaf.org + + +Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation + +Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide +spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of +increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be +freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest +array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations +($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt +status with the IRS. + +The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating +charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United +States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a +considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up +with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations +where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To +SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any +particular state visit http://pglaf.org + +While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we +have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition +against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who +approach us with offers to donate. + +International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make +any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from +outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. + +Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation +methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other +ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. +To donate, please visit: http://pglaf.org/donate + + +Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. + +Professor Michael S. Hart is the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm +concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared +with anyone. For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project +Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support. + + +Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed +editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S. +unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily +keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition. + + +Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility: + + http://www.gutenberg.org + +This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, +including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary +Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to +subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. |