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diff --git a/32350-8.txt b/32350-8.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..8610dc5 --- /dev/null +++ b/32350-8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,2361 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Noteworthy Records of Bats From Nicaragua, +with a Checklist of the Chiropteran Fauna of the Country, by J. Knox Jones and James Dale Smith and Ronald W. Turner + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Noteworthy Records of Bats From Nicaragua, with a Checklist of the Chiropteran Fauna of the Country + +Author: J. Knox Jones + James Dale Smith + Ronald W. Turner + +Release Date: May 12, 2010 [EBook #32350] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK RECORDS OF BATS FROM NICARAGUA *** + + + + +Produced by Chris Curnow, Joseph Cooper and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + +OCCASIONAL PAPERS + + of the + MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY + --The University of Kansas + Lawrence, Kansas + +NUMBER 2 APRIL 29, 1971 + +NOTEWORTHY RECORDS OF BATS FROM +NICARAGUA, WITH A CHECKLIST OF +THE CHIROPTERAN FAUNA OF THE COUNTRY + + +By + +J. KNOX JONES, JR.,[1] JAMES DALE SMITH,[2] +RONALD W. TURNER[3] + + +Nicaragua occupies a strategic position in Central America with respect +to mammalian distributional patterns, but relatively little has been +published concerning the fauna of the country and its zoogeographic +relationships. The present paper records information on distribution, +variation, and natural history of 40 species of bats from Nicaragua, 14 +of which are here recorded for the first time from the country. +Appended is a checklist of the chiropteran fauna of Nicaragua in which +only primary literature with actual reference to specimens from the +republic is cited. + +The specimens upon which this report is based are, with few exceptions, +in the collections of the Museum of Natural History of The University +of Kansas. Some of our material was obtained in 1956 by J. R. and A. A. +Alcorn, field representatives of the Museum and sponsored by the Kansas +University Endowment Association; most of the specimens, however, were +obtained by field parties of which we were members that worked in +Nicaragua in 1964, 1966, 1967, and 1968 under the aegis of a contract +(DA-49-193-MD-2215) between the U.S. Army Medical Research and +Development Command and The University of Kansas. Place-names +associated with localities mentioned in the text from which specimens +at Kansas were collected are plotted on Fig. 1. + + [1] Curator, Division of Mammals, Museum of Natural History, + University of Kansas. + + [2] Assistant Professor, Department of Biology, California State + College, Fullerton, California. + + [3] Assistant Professor, Department of Biology, St. Benedicts + College, Atchison, Kansas. + + [Illustration: FIG. 1.--Map of Nicaragua showing location of + place-names associated with specimens reported in this paper. + Localities, identified by number, are as follows: I, Potosí; 2, + Cosigüina; 3, Hda. Bellavista, Volcán Casita; 4, Chinandega; 5, San + Antonio; 6, Jalapa; 7, Condega; 8, Yalí; 9, Santa María de Ostuma; + 10, San Ramón; 11, Matagalpa; 12, Darío; 13, Esquipulas; 14, Santa + Rosa; 15, Boaco; 16, Teustepe; 17, Tipitapa; 18, Sabana Grande; 19, + Managua; 20, Cuapa; 21, Villa Somoza; 22, Hato Grande; 23, Diriamba; + 24, Guanacaste; 25, Mecatepe; 26, Nandaime; 27, Alta Gracia, Isla de + Ometepe; 28, Mérida, Isla de Ometepe; 29, Rivas; 30, San Juan del + Sur; 31, Sapoá; 32, Bonanza; 33, El Recreo; 34, Cara de Mono.] + +In the accounts that follow, departments in Nicaragua are listed +alphabetically, but localities within each department are arranged from +north to south; elevations are given in meters or feet, depending on +which was used on specimen labels. All specimens are in the Museum of +Natural History of The University of Kansas unless noted otherwise. We +are indebted to Drs. Charles O. Handley, Jr., and Ronald Pine of the +U.S. National Museum (USNM) for lending us certain critical specimens. + + + + +ACCOUNTS OF SPECIES + + +Saccopteryx leptura (Schreber, 1774) + +Two specimens from El Paraíso, 1 km N Cosigüina, 20 m, Chinandega, on +the Cosigüina Peninsula, provide the fourth locality of record for this +white-lined bat in Nicaragua. Jones (1964a:506) and Davis _et al._ +(1964:375) earlier reported a total of eight specimens from the +departments of Managua and Zelaya. The species is known as far north in +Middle America as Chiapas (Carter _et al._, 1966:489). + +Our two bats, both females, were shot on the evening of 1 March 1968 as +they foraged around a yard light. One carried an embryo that measured 8 +mm (crown-rump), whereas the other was reproductively inactive. + + +Peropteryx macrotis macrotis (Wagner, 1843) + +Four females (one young and three adult) captured 5 km N and 9 km E +Condega, 800 m, in Madriz, on 23 June 1964, provide the first record of +this small sac-winged species from Nicaragua. The bats were shot from +daytime roosts in small, well-lighted, cave-like spaces formed among +immense blocks of granite in a small patch of tropical deciduous forest +surrounded by extensive pine-oak woodland. None of the adult females +was reproductively active. _Glossophaga soricina_, _Diphylla ecaudata_, +and a large nursery colony of _Desmodus rotundus_ were found in +association with the _Peropteryx_. Measurements of our specimens agree +closely with those reported for material from El Salvador (Felten, +1955:284) and Costa Rica (Starrett and Casebeer, 1968:3-4). + + +Noctilio labialis labialis (Kerr, 1792) + + _Specimens._--_Boaco_: 4 km W Teustepe, 140 m, 9. _Chontales_: Hato + Grande, 13 km S, 8 km W Juigalpa, 60 m, 49. _Rivas_: 4 km S, 1.5 km + E Alta Gracia, 40 m, Isla de Ometepe, 1; Finca Amayo, 13 km S, 14 + km E Rivas, 40 m, 4. _Zelaya_: S side Río Mico, El Recreo, 25 m, 1; + Cara de Mono, 50 m, 2. + +This species has been reported previously from Nicaragua by several +authors. All our specimens were netted over small streams or shot as +they foraged; parts of scarabids and lepidopterans were found in the +mouths of several individuals shot at Finca Amayo. Twenty-six of 31 +autopsied females taken in April were pregnant, each containing a +single embryo--average crown-rump length 16.7 (5-26) mm. Testes of 15 +males collected in April had an average length of 4.6 (2-7) mm, those +of four taken in June, 5.2 (4-6) mm. + +We follow Cabrera (1958:55), Husson (1962:63), and Handley (1966b:758) +in use of the subspecific name _labialis,_ the type locality of which +is the "Mosquito shore" of Nicaragua, rather than Perú as suggested by +Hershkovitz (1949:433-434). + + +Noctilio leporinus mexicanus Goldman, 1915 + + _Specimens._--_Chinandega_: Potosí, 5 m, 2. _Chontales_: Hato + Grande, 13 km S, 8 km W Juigalpa, 60 m, 4. _Rivas_: 4 km S, 1.5 km + E Alta Gracia, 40 m, Isla de Ometepe, 4; Mérida, 40 m, Isla de + Ometepe, 2; Finca Amayo, 13 km S, 14 km E Rivas, 40 m, 1. + +This fish-eating species, first reported from Nicaragua by Davis _et +al._ (1964:376), apparently occurs throughout Middle America, although +known from the region by comparatively few records. We have 13 +additional Nicaraguan specimens as listed above. + +The two individuals (both females, one pregnant with an embryo that +measured 20 mm) from Potosí were caught on 6 March in a mist net set +over a large pool in a shallow estuarine stream; the mouth of the +stream opened into the Gulf of Fonseca approximately 200 yards below +our netting site. Other individuals of this species were observed as +they foraged over large pools formed at high tide near the mouth of the +stream. Our other specimens were caught in mist nets set over fresh +water streams near Lake Nicaragua or along the shores of the lake. A +female from near Alta Gracia, caught on 27 March, carried a single +embryo that measured 41 mm, whereas one from Finca Amayo was lactating +on 25 June. Four males taken on Isla de Ometepe in late March and early +April had a mean testicular length of 9.5 (8-10) mm. + + +Pteronotus davyi fulvus (Thomas, 1892) + + _Specimens._--_Chontales_: Cuapa, 4. _Matagalpa_: 3 mi E San Ramón, + 126. + +This small naked-backed bat has not been reported previously from +Nicaragua. Autopsy of seven females collected on 9 May near San Ramón +revealed that four were pregnant, each with a single embryo--average +crown-rump length 25.0 (21-29) mm. + +The distribution of _P. davyi_ is poorly known in much of Central +America. The species was reported only recently from Costa Rica +(Starrett and Casebeer, 1968:8) and is unknown from Panamá. We assign +our specimens tentatively to the subspecies _fulvus_ on geographic +grounds. + + +Pteronotus parnellii fuscus (J. A. Allen, 1911) + + _Specimens._--_Boaco_: Santa Rosa, 17 km N, 15 km E Boaco, 300 m, + 1; Los Cocos, 14 km S Boaco, 220 m, 1. _Chinandega_: 6.5 km N, 1 km + E Cosigüina, 10 m, 1. _Zelaya_: Bonanza, 850 ft, 1; 2 mi SW + Bonanza, 600 ft, 1; S side Río Mico, El Recreo, 25 m, 1; Cara de + Mono, 50 m, 4. + +Although this species is widespread in Middle America, it has been +known previously from Nicaragua only by a specimen from "Chontales" +(Miller, 1902:402). All of our specimens were captured in mist nets. +Two adult females (one taken on 28 February and the other on 8 March) +each carried a single embryo (13 and 18 mm in crown-rump length, +respectively); a female taken in April was lactating and had a flaccid +uterus suggesting relatively recent parturition. Adult females captured +in the months of June, July, and August evidenced no sign of +reproductive activity. Two of these were in dark, fresh pelage, but one +captured on 24 June and another on 28 July were molting. In both +individuals, active molt evidently had slowed or subsided and remnants +of the old pelage (rich ochraceous orange) were confined to a narrow +strip at the lateral edges of the body. + +We tentatively apply the subspecies name _fuscus_ to our Nicaraguan +bats on geographic grounds; one of us (Smith) currently is +investigating geographic variation in the genus _Pteronotus_. + + +Pteronotus suapurensis (J. A. Allen, 1904) + + _Specimens._--_Chontales_: Cuapa, 1. _Matagalpa_: 3 mi E San Ramón, + 24. _Zelaya_: Cara de Mono, 25 m, 4. + +This relatively poorly known monotypic species occurs from southern +Veracruz to the Amazon Basin. It has been reported from several +localities in Central America including one in Nicaragua (Goodwin, +1942a:88). Three pregnant females from near San Ramón (9 May) carried +embryos that had crown-rump lengths of 27, 27, and 28 mm, and two +netted on 24 April at Cara de Mono each had an embryo that measured 22 +mm. All of our specimens are in bright pelage that is fulvous red in +color. + + +Micronycteris megalotis mexicana Miller, 1898 + + _Specimens._--_Carazo_: 3 km N, 4 km W Diriamba, 600 m, 5. _Granada_: + Hda. Mecatepe [2 km N, 11.5 km E Nandaime], 5. _Managua:_ 5 mi NW + Managua, 1. _Matagalpa_: Río Viejo, 7 mi WNW Darío, 4; 11 mi SE + Darío, 1. _Zelaya_: S end Isla del Maíz Grande, 9. + +The individuals from Isla de Maíz Grande were shot on 30 June as they +flew from small caves and crevices in rocky outcrops on the south end +of the island. Of the three adult females obtained at that time, two +were lactating; each was accompanied by a young, the forearms of which +measured 19.7 (male) and 21.3 mm (female). Two adult males from Isla +del Maíz Grande had testes 2 mm in length. + +TABLE 1.--Selected measurements of adults of two subspecies of +_Micronycteris megalotis_ from Nicaragua. Superscript numbers indicate +fewer specimens averaged than indicated in left-hand column. + +Table Legend: + +Col. A: Number of specimens averaged or catalogue number, and sex +Col. B: Length of forearm +Col. C: Greatest length of skull +Col. D: Zygomatic breadth +Col. E: Breadth of braincase +Col. F: Length of maxillary toothrow + +=================================================================== + A B C D E F +------------------------------------------------------------------- +_Micronycteris megalotis mexicana_, west-central Nicaragua[a] + +Average 8 35.4 19.5[6] 9.5 8.0[7] 7.5 + (3[Male], 5 [Female]) +Minimum 33.0 18.8 9.1 7.7 7.3 +Maximum 38.1 20.3 9.8 8.2 7.7 + +Isla del Maíz Grande, Nicaragua + +Average 6 35.6 19.4 9.2 7.8 7.4 + (3 [Male], 3 [Female]) +Minimum 34.5 19.1 9.0 7.7 7.3 +Maximum 37.0 19.8 9.3 7.9 7.5 + +_Micronycteris megalotis microtis_, Greytown, Nicaragua (holotype) + +USNM 16366/23364, [Male] 31.5 18.2 8.8 7.6 6.9 + +Río Coco, Nicaragua (AMNH) + +Average 6 33.6 18.9[3] -- 7.5[3] 7.1[3] + (3 [Male], 3 [Female]) +Minimum 32.7 18.8 -- 7.4 7.0 +Maximum 34.2 19.0 -- 7.6 7.2 + +Bonanza, Nicaragua + +KU 96251, [Male] 32.3 18.4 8.8 7.6 7.0 +------------------------------------------------------------------- + + [a] Specimens labeled with reference to Darío, Diriamba, and + Managua. + +Four of the five specimens taken northwest of Diriamba were shot from +a daytime retreat in a culvert; the fifth was caught by hand as it +attempted to fly out of a hollow, fallen tree. Two adult females +captured on 31 March were pregnant, each carrying a single embryo (13 +and 14 mm in crown-rump length), whereas two obtained on 14 August +showed no sign of reproductive activity. An adult male, also taken +on 14 August, had testes 2 mm in length. Of three additional adult +females, one captured on 3 June was pregnant (embryo 21 mm in +crown-rump length), whereas two obtained on 14 April evinced no gross +reproductive activity. + +The subspecies _mexicana_ has not been reported previously from +Nicaragua, although Gardner _et al._ (1970:715) recently extended its +known distribution southward from Honduras (Goodwin, 1942c:124) and El +Salvador (Felten, 1956:180) to west-central Costa Rica. In Nicaragua, +as apparently in Costa Rica, _mexicana_ occupies the Pacific versant, +the Caribbean lowlands being inhabited by the smaller race, +_Micronycteris megalotis microtis_ Miller, 1898 (type locality, +Greytown, Nicaragua--reported also from "Río Coco," Nicaragua, by J. A. +Allen, 1910:110). Nicaraguan examples of _M. m. mexicana_ are, on the +average, considerably larger in cranial dimensions and length of +forearm than are specimens of _M. m. microtis_ (see Table 1). The +series of _microtis_ from "Río Coco," probably from the headwaters of +that stream in the vicinity of San Juan de Río Coco and thus near the +divide between Caribbean and Pacific drainages, is intermediate in size +between the two subspecies and suggests intergradation between them. As +noted also by Gardner _et al._ (1970:715), we find no differences in +length of ear between _microtis_ and _mexicana_ (contrary to Miller's +claim, in the original description, that _microtis_ had noticeably +smaller ears), nor do we note any consistent differences in color +between the two races on the basis of the specimens at hand. + +Our specimens from Isla del Maíz Grande inexplicably agree rather +closely in size (average but slightly smaller) with specimens of _M. m. +mexicana_ from western Nicaragua and elsewhere within the range of the +subspecies, and are tentatively, therefore, referred to _mexicana_. +Four specimens earlier reported (G. M. Allen, 1929:130) from the same +island also are relatively large (forearm 35 mm). Further commentary on +this insular population must await a time when additional material is +available from Central America. + + +Tonatia nicaraguae Goodwin, 1942 + + _Specimens._--_Boaco_: Santa Rosa, 17 km N, 15 km E Boaco, 300 m, + 1. _Chontales_: Hato Grande, 13 km S, 8 km W Juigalpa, 60 m, 1. + +Only four specimens of this seemingly rare species have been recorded +previously from Nicaragua--one (the holotype) from Kanawa Creek, near +Cukra, north of Bluefields, 100 ft, Zelaya (Goodwin, 1942b:205), +another from 12.5 mi. S and 13 mi. E Rivas, 125 ft, Rivas (Davis and +Carter, 1962:67-68), and two from 6 km N Tuma, 500 m, Matagalpa (Valdez +and LaVal, 1971:248). Our specimens were caught in mist nets placed +over small, quiet streams that were fringed with tall, gallery forest. +The surrounding areas were savanna-like with small stands of secondary +forest. An adult male taken on 21 April had testes that measured 5 mm +in length, whereas those of another (9 August) were 3 mm. + +Handley (1966b:761) synonymized _T. nicaraguae_ with _Tonatia minuta_ +Goodwin, 1942, a conclusion with which we agree. However, the name +_nicaraguae_ (Goodwin, 1942b:205) has page priority over _minuta_ +Goodwin (op. cit.:206) and is the valid name for the species rather +than _minuta_ as used by Handley (see also LaVal, 1969:820; Gardner +_et al._, 1970:716; Valdez and LaVal, 1971:248). + +Measurements of the two males (that from Hato Grande listed first) are +as follows: total length, 63, 60 mm; length of tail, 5, 6 mm; length of +hind foot, 10, 9 mm; length of ear, 23, 23 mm; length of forearm, 34.5, +35.6 mm; weight, 11.4, 8.8 gms; greatest length of skull, 20.2, 20.5 +mm; zygomatic breadth, 9.5, 9.5 mm; breadth of braincase, 8.5, 8.2 mm; +postorbital breadth, 3.1, 2.9 mm; length of maxillary toothrow, 7.0, +7.1 mm; breadth across upper molars, 6.3, 6.5 mm. We have not compared +our specimens directly with others from Middle America. On the basis of +available measurements, they resemble material reported from Honduras +(LaVal, 1969:820), averaging larger than other specimens for which +measurements have been published (see especially Goodwin, 1942b:206; +Davis and Carter, 1962:68; Davis _et al._, 1964:379; Gardner _et al._, +1970:716-717). + + +Phyllostomus hastatus panamensis J. A. Allen, 1904 + + _Specimens._--_Carazo_: 3 km N, 4 km W Diriamba, 600 m, 1. + _Madriz_: Darailí, 5 km N, 14 km E Condega, 940 m, 4. _Managua_: 3 + km SW Tipitapa, 40 m, 1; 3 km N Sabana Grande, 50 m, 2; 2 km N + Sabana Grande, 40 m, 1; 5 mi S Managua, 2. _Matagalpa_: La Danta, 1 + km N, 5 km E Esquipulas, 760 m, 1. _Nueva Segovia_: 4.5 km N, 2 km + E Jalapa, 630 m, 2; 1.5 km N, 1 km E Jalapa, 660 m, 1. _Zelaya_: + Bonanza, 850 ft, 2; El Recreo, 25 m, 8. + +This large spear-nosed species has been reported previously from +Nicaragua only from Matagalpa (Goodwin, 1942c:126). _Phyllostomus +hastatus_ evidently occurs throughout the country and is relatively +common in some places. + +Two females taken 5 mi S Managua on 13 March each carried a single +embryo (crown-rump length 27 and 32 mm). Lactating females were +captured in June, July, and August. + + +Trachops cirrhosus coffini Goldman, 1925 + +A male fringe-lipped bat netted over a small stream at Cara de Mono, 50 +m, Zelaya, in the Caribbean lowlands, on 24 April, 1968, constitutes +the second known occurrence of this species in Nicaragua. Carter _et +al._ (1966:491) earlier reported two males from Río Coco, 64 mi NNE +Jinotega, 1000 ft, Jinotega. The testes of our specimen were 4 mm long. + +Davis and Carter (1962:69), Carter _et al._ (_loc. cit._), and Starrett +and Casebeer (1968:11) did not apply a trinomen to bats of this species +and noted overlap of measurements between _T. c. cirrhosus_ (Spix) and +_T. c. coffini_ Goldman. However, until detailed comparisons can be +made, we follow Jones (1966:452) in retaining the subspecific name +_coffini_. + + +Chrotopterus auritus auritus (Peters, 1856) + +An adult male captured in a mist net set in a forest clearing at Santa +María de Ostuma, 1250 m, Matagalpa, represents the first record of this +bat from Nicaragua. The testes of our individual, taken on 1 July 1966, +were 6 mm in length. Externally and cranially our Nicaraguan example +closely resembles specimens of _C. auritus_ from Veracruz and the +Yucatán Peninsula. Handley (1966b:762) and Starrett and Casebeer +(1968:12) expressed doubt as to the validity of the currently used +subspecific names in this species. Comparisons of cranial and external +measurements of the material at hand with those given in various +published accounts--Burt and Stirton (1961), Starrett and Casebeer +(1968), and Thomas (1905), for example--reveal little variation. Until +additional information is available (especially as concerns the South +American races), however, we tentatively apply the subspecific name _C. +a. auritus_ to Middle American populations. + + +Anoura geoffroyi lasiopyga (Peters, 1868) + +Four specimens of this species, netted on 24 and 25 July 1967 in a +banana grove 1.5 km N and 1 km E Jalapa, 660 m, Nueva Segovia, provide +the first record of this glossophagine from Nicaragua. Two males each +had testes 6 mm in length; one female evidenced no reproduction +activity, whereas another carried an embryo 4 mm in crown-rump length. +In addition to our material, there is a specimen in the British Museum +(BM 8.6.22.4) from Cafetal "Concordia," 4000 ft, Jinotega. + +It may be noteworthy that the two localities at which this bat is known +both are in the highlands of the northern part of Nicaragua, and that +we failed to take additional specimens in many hundreds of hours of +netting in other places in the country. + + +Choeroniscus godmani (Thomas, 1903) + +Godman's bat was reported from Nicaragua by Handley (1966a:86), who +used the locality designation "El Realejo" for the three specimens +available to him. Actually, the three are from the nearby Hda. San +Isidro, 10 km S Chinandega. We have taken three additional specimens as +follows: Santa Rosa, 17 km N and 15 km E Boaco, 300 m, Boaco (an adult +female taken on 21 March, which was pregnant with an embryo measuring +16 mm in crown-rump length); 2 km E Yalí, 900 m, Jinotega (an adult +male netted on 3 August, testes 4 mm in length); and Santa María de +Ostuma, 1250 m, Matagalpa (a nonpregnant, adult female captured on 11 +April). Bats of this species have been taken as far north as the +western Mexican state of Sinaloa (Jones, 1964b:510). + + +Lichonycteris obscura Thomas, 1895 + +Managua is the type locality of this rare long-nosed species and a +specimen was reported from 6 mi W Rama, 50 ft, Zelaya, by Davis _et +al._ (1964:380). Our collection contains three males, one from +Jalapa, 660 m, Nueva Segovia, captured on the night of 27 July 1967 as +it flew around a lighted room in a house, and two from the south side +of the Río Mico, El Recreo, 25 m, Zelaya, taken on 26 and 27 July 1966 +(one was netted and the other caught by hand in the lighted room of a +building at night). + +Selected measurements of the three males are, respectively: total +length, 55, 58, 57 mm; length of tail, 7, 10, 9 mm; length of hind +foot, 7, 9, 9 mm; length of ear, 10, 11, 11 mm; length of forearm, +30.9, 31.0, 30.8 mm; weight, 6.8, 6.8, 6.2 gms; length of testes, 1, 2, +2 mm; greatest length of skull, 18.5, 18.0, 17.9 mm; breadth of +braincase, 8.1, 8.4, 8.3 mm; length of maxillary toothrow, 5.7, 5.5, +5.7 mm. + + +Carollia castanea H. Allen, 1890 + + _Specimens._--_Boaco_: Santa Rosa, 17 km N, 15 km E Boaco, 300 m, + 7. _Chontales_: 1 km N, 2.5 km W Villa Somoza, 330 m, 4. _Matagalpa_: + 1 km NE Esquipulas, 420 m, 1. _Nueva Segovia_: 7 km N, 4 km E + Jalapa, 660 m, 4. _Zelaya_: S side Río Mico, El Recreo, 25 m, 6; + Cara de Mono, 50 m, 15. + +Bats of this species apparently are common in the Caribbean lowlands +of Nicaragua; the highest altitude at which we have taken specimens is +660 meters. The only previous report of _C. castanea_ from Nicaragua +evidently is that of Davis _et al._ (1964:379), who mentioned it in +passing (from Cacao, Zelaya) in an account of _Macrophyllum +macrophyllum_. Two adult females each carried an embryo having +crown-rump lengths of 20 (21 March) and 10 mm (27 July). Adult females +evincing no gross reproductive activity were taken in February (one), +March (one), April (four), June (three), July (two), and August (two). +Four adult males netted on 24 April had testes with an average length +of 7.0 (5-9) mm, whereas those of four other adult males taken in late +June had an average of 4.0 (2-6) mm. + +In our collections from Nicaragua, we find at least three kinds of +_Carollia_ and we follow Handley (1966b:764-765) in tentatively +assigning these to _C. castanea_, _C. subrufa_, and _C. perspicillata_. +The systematics of this genus is currently under study by Ronald H. +Pine. In Nicaragua, _castanea_ differs from _subrufa_ (with which it +has been confused in the past) in being smaller, both externally and +cranially, and much darker in color as well as in the additional +characters mentioned by Handley (_loc. cit._). + + +Sturnira ludovici ludovici Anthony, 1924 + +An adult male (testes 6 mm) yellow-shouldered bat from Darailí, 5 km N +and 14 km E Condega, 940 m, in Madriz, provides the only specimen thus +far reported from Nicaragua. _Sturnira ludovici_ evidently is relatively +rare in Nicaragua and may be confined to the highlands in the north, +whereas the smaller _S. lilium_ is abundant throughout the country and +is the only other species of _Sturnira_ represented in our collections. + +We provisionally refer our specimen to _S. l. ludovici_ pending Luis de +la Torre's forthcoming review of the genus. Selected measurements are: +total length, 77 mm; length of hind foot, 15 mm; length of ear, 19 mm; +length of forearm, 44.8 mm; weight, 26.8 gms; greatest length of skull, +24.2 mm; zygomatic breadth, 14.2 mm; postorbital breadth, 6.3 mm; +breadth of braincase, 10.5 mm; length of maxillary toothrow, 6.8 mm. + + +Uroderma magnirostrum Davis, 1968 + +In the original description of _U. magnirostrum_, Davis (1968:680) +reported one specimen from Nicaragua--a female in our collection from 3 +km N and 4 km W Sapoá, 40 m, Rivas. We have two additional specimens, +both from the relatively dry northwestern Departamento de Chinandega. +On 8 July 1966, a male (testes 2 mm) was netted under trees along a +small stream at San Antonio, 35 m, and a female (one embryo 28 mm in +crown-rump length) was netted on 4 March 1968 over a warm spring at a +place 4.5 km N Cosigüina, 15 m. Judging from published records, this +species is limited in Middle America to the Pacific versant. + +Selected measurements of the three Nicaraguan specimens are, +respectively: total length, 65, 64, 67 mm; length of hind foot, 12, 11, +14 mm; length of ear, 16.5, 16, 18 mm; length of forearm, 42.2, 41.7, +45.2 mm; weight, 16.2, 13.8, 21.4 (pregnant) gms; greatest length of +skull, 22.7, 23.4, 23.8 mm; zygomatic breadth, 12.4, 12.9, 13.1 mm; +postorbital breadth, 5.8, 5.5, 5.9 mm; mastoid breadth, 10.9, 11.1, +11.1 mm; length of maxillary toothrow, 7.9, 8.1, 8.6 mm. + + +Vampyrops helleri Peters, 1866 + + _Specimens._--_Boaco_: Santa Rosa, 17 km N, 15 km E Boaco, 300 m, + 3. _Carazo_: 3 km N, 4 km W Diriamba, 600 m, 2. _Chinandega_: + Potosí, 5 m, 1; 6.5 km N, 1 km E Cosigüina, 10 m, 1; 4.5 km N + Cosigüina, 15 m, 3; Hda. Bellavista, 720 m, Volcán Casita, 13. + _Chontales_: 1 km N, 2.5 km W Villa Somoza, 330 m, 4. _Granada_: + Finca Santa Cecilia, 6.5 km SE Guanacaste, 660 m, 4. _Matagalpa_: + Finca Tepeyac, 10.5 km N, 9 km E Matagalpa, 960 m, 1. _Nueva + Segovia_: 4.5 km N, 2 km E Jalapa, 680 m, 2; 1.5 km N, 1 km E + Jalapa, 660 m, 2. _Rivas_: 2 km N, 3 km E Mérida, 200 m, Isla de + Ometepe, 4; 4 km N, 4 km W Sapoá, 40 m, 1. _Zelaya_: S side Río + Mico, El Recreo, 25 m, 3. + +Only two specimens of this small white-lined species have been reported +previously from Nicaragua--one from 1 km NW La Gatiada, 1300 ft, +Chontales (Davis _et al._, 1964:383), and the other from 3 mi NNW +Diriamba, Carazo (Jones, 1964a:507). This bat was relatively rare in +collections until the last decade or so. Handley (1966b:766) reported +_V. helleri_ as abundant in the lowland areas of Panamá, and we found +the same to be true in Nicaragua. We suspect that future investigations +in Middle America will reveal this species to be a common member of +lowland tropical communities. It is known as far north as southern +Veracruz (Carter _et al._, 1966:494). + +Most of our specimens were captured in mist nets set over small streams +bordered by gallery forest, or in banana groves. The range of +ecological conditions in which this species was taken is represented by +the semiarid environment of the Cosigüina Peninsula in northwestern +Nicaragua and the humid tropical forest (secondary growth) in the +vicinity of El Recreo in the Caribbean lowlands. Pregnant females were +captured in March, April, June, July, and August, indicating that this +species probably breeds throughout much of the year. + + +Vampyrodes major G. M. Allen, 1908 + + _Specimens._--_Boaco_: Santa Rosa, 17 km N, 15 km E Boaco, 300 m, + 8. _Chontales_: 1 km N, 2.5 km W Villa Somoza, 330 m, 2. _Zelaya_: + S side Río Mico, 25 m, 6. + +This large white-lined stenodermine was known previously from Nicaragua +by a single specimen from an unknown locality (J. A. Allen, 1910:112). +All of our specimens were caught in mist nets, which were set over +streams at Santa Rosa and near Villa Somoza, and in a banana grove at +El Recreo. Two pregnant females, captured on 11 and 13 July at Santa +Rosa, each carried an embryo (4 and 27 mm in crown-rump length, +respectively); one of two other adult females captured there on 9 +August also had an embryo (35 mm in length) but the other evidently was +reproductively quiescent. Testes of adult males varied in length from 3 +to 10 mm on the following dates (testicular lengths in parentheses): 25 +February (10 mm); 21 March (8, 8 mm); 17 June (3, 4 mm); 13 July (6 +mm); 27-28 July (4, 4 mm); 3 August (4 mm); 5 August (3 mm); 9 August +(4 mm). + +We follow Starrett and Casebeer (1968:12) in the use of the specific +name _major_, rather than _caraccioli_ as suggested by Cabrera (1958), +Goodwin and Greenhall (1961), and Handley (1966b). + + +Vampyressa nymphaea Thomas, 1909 + +A pregnant female (crown-rump length of embryo 5 mm) was captured in a +mist net set in a small banana grove on the south side of the Río Mico, +El Recreo, 25 m, in the Caribbean lowlands, on 27 February 1968. This +specimen provides the first record of the big yellow-eared bat from +Nicaragua. The species was recently reported for the first time from +Costa Rica (Gardner _et al._, 1970:721); it was characterized as +uncommon in Panamá by Handley (1966b:767). The one Costa Rican locality +of record also is in the Caribbean versant. + +Selected external and cranial measurements of our female are: total +length, 58 mm; length of hind foot, 11 mm; length of ear, 16 mm; length +of forearm, 36.2 mm; weight, 12.3 gms; greatest length of skull, 21.1 +mm; condylobasal length, 18.4 mm; zygomatic breadth, 12.3 mm; mastoid +breadth, 10.5 mm; breadth across canines, 4.6 mm; breadth of braincase, +9.4 mm; length of maxillary toothrow, 7.2 mm; length of mandibular +c-m3, 7.8 mm. + + +Vampyressa pusilla thyone Thomas, 1909 + + _Specimens._--_Boaco_: Santa Rosa, 17 km N, 15 km E Boaco, 300 m, + 5. _Chontales_: 1 km N, 2.5 km W Villa Somoza, 330 m, 1. _Managua_: + Hda. San José, 2. _Matagalpa_: 2 km N, 6 km E Esquipulas, 960 m, 2. + +The only previous record of occurrence for the small yellow-eared bat +from Nicaragua is based on an adult female from Hda. La Cumplida, 670 +m, Matagalpa (Starrett and de la Torre, 1964:60). + +Two individuals taken near Esquipulas in mid-March, a pregnant female +(crown-rump length of embryo 16 mm) and a male (testes 4 mm), were +captured in nets set across trails cut through secondary forest. The +wind was quite strong in this area at the time of our visit and only a +few other species of bats--_Glossophaga soricina_, _Artibeus +jamaicensis_, _A. toltecus_, _A. phaeotis_, _Uroderma bilobatum_, +_Sturnira lilium_, _Centurio senex_, and _Diphylla ecaudata_--were +taken in the same nets. The specimens from Boaco and Chontales were +captured over small streams bordered by gallery forest. Four females +collected at Santa Rosa on 21 March were pregnant; each carried a +single embryo that measured 5, 18, 21, and 30 mm in crown-rump length; +a male taken on the same date had testes that measured 3 mm. + +Selected external and cranial measurements of two males, followed by +the average (extremes in parentheses) of six females are: length of +forearm, 31.1, 30.8, 30.8 (30.0-31.4) mm; greatest length of skull, +18.9, 18.9, 18.5 (18.1-18.8) mm; zygomatic breadth, 11.0, 11.0, 10.6 +(10.4-10.9) mm; mastoid breadth, 9.5, 9.2, 9.2 (9.0-9.3) mm; length of +maxillary toothrow, 6.1, 5.9, 5.9 (5.7-6.1) mm. + + +Chiroderma villosum jesupi J. A. Allen, 1900 + + _Specimens._--_Chinandega_: 6.5 km N, 1 km E Cosigüina, 10 m, 2; + 4.5 km N Cosigüina, 15 m, 7; Hda. Bellavista, 720 m, Volcán Casita, + 5; San Antonio, 35 m, 2. _Rivas_: 2 km N, 3 km E Mérida, 200 m, + Isla de Ometepe, 1. + +This species has been reported in Middle America from as far north as +southern México. It evidently is uncommon in Costa Rica (see Gardner +_et al._, 1970:722) and Panamá (Handley, 1966b:767). Our material, +all collected from mist nets and consisting of 16 specimens from the +northwestern department of Chinandega and one from Isla de Ometepe in +Lago de Nicaragua, constitutes the first report of this bat from +Nicaragua. + +Four of five females taken in early March were pregnant; embryos +averaged 26.0 (25-29) mm in crown-rump length. Four females taken in +July carried embryos 14, 20, 23, and 25 mm in length. Testes of five +adult males captured in March and April had an average length of 4.4 +(3-7) mm, whereas those of two taken in July were 3 mm in length. + + +Artibeus toltecus hesperus Davis, 1969 + +When Davis (1969) named _A. t. hesperus_, he assigned specimens only +from as far south as El Salvador to the new subspecies, referring the +three Nicaraguan examples of the species at his disposal to the nominal +race. On the night of 6-7 April 1968, one of us (Smith) netted bats on +the south part of Isla de Ometepe at a place 2 km N and 3 km E Mérida, +200 meters in elevation. One net was set across, and another parallel +to, a small, boulder-strewn stream; the surrounding area was planted to +coffee and had a good canopy of tall deciduous trees. Among the bats +captured at this location were 10 _A. toltecus_ that are referable to +the subspecies _hesperus_, judging by their small size (Table 2). + +Six of our specimens are females and each carried an embryo (range in +crown-rump length 20-28 mm). Three adult males had testes 5, 6, and 7 +mm in length. External measurements (extremes in parentheses) of our +series are: total length, 55.9 (51-60) mm; length of hind foot, 10.7 +(10-12) mm; length of ear, 14.8 (14-16) mm; weight of four males, 9.9 +(8.8-11.5) gms; weight of six pregnant females, 14.9 (12.7-16.9) gms. + +TABLE 2.--Selected measurements of two subspecies of _Artibeus +toltecus_ from Nicaragua. + +Table Legend: + +Col. A: Number of specimens averaged and sex +Col. B: Length of forearm +Col. C: Greatest length of skull +Col. D: Zygomatic breath +Col. E: Mastoid breadth +Col. F: Length of maxillary toothrow + +============================================================ + A B C D E F +------------------------------------------------------------ +_Artibeus toltecus toltecus_, Departamento de Matagalpa + +Average 6 40.3 20.3 12.1 10.7 6.6 + (3[Male], 3[Female]) +Minimum 38.8 19.8 11.8 10.5 6.5 +Maximum 41.5 20.5 12.5 10.9 6.8 + +_Artibeus toltecus hesperus_, Isla de Ometepe, Rivas + +Average 10 38.0 19.4 11.5 10.2 6.3 + (4[Male], 6[Female]) +Minimum 37.0 18.8 11.2 9.8 6.1 +Maximum 39.7 19.8 11.8 10.5 6.5 +------------------------------------------------------------ + + +Artibeus toltecus toltecus (Saussure, 1860) + + _Specimens._--_Matagalpa_: Santa María de Ostuma, 1250 m, 5; 2 + km N, 6 km E Esquipulas, 960 m, 1. + +This bat has been reported from Nicaragua previously by Andersen +(1908:300) and Davis (1969:28), based on a total of four specimens. We +netted this species at Santa María de Ostuma in patches of cloud forest +at a cafetal. The specimen from near Esquipulas was taken in a net +placed across a trail in second growth forest. Two females collected on +11 April and one taken on 30 June were pregnant (embryos 21, 26, and 12 +mm, respectively, in crown-rump length). Testes of a male netted on 14 +March were 7 mm in length, whereas those of two obtained on 11 April +measured 4 and 7 mm. Selected measurements of our six specimens are +given in Table 2. + + +Artibeus watsoni Thomas, 1901 + + _Specimens._--_Chontales_: 1 km N, 1.5 km W Villa Somoza, 330 m, 3. + _Nueva Segovia_: 7 km N, 4 km E Jalapa, 600 m, 1. _Zelaya_: + Bonanza, 850 ft, 6; S side Río Mico, El Recreo, 25 m, 6; Cara de + Mono, 50 m, 1. + +Davis (1970a:393-394) recently reviewed the systematic status of this +small fruit-eating bat and recorded specimens from southeastern +Nicaragua; the species was first reported from the country by Andersen +(1908:290), based on a specimen from the Escondido River. Our +additional material reveals that _A. watsoni_ occurs throughout eastern +Nicaragua, the specimen from Nueva Segovia extending the known range as +mapped by Davis (_loc. cit._). + +A female from Bonanza (23 February) carried an embryo 14 mm in +crown-rump length, whereas one from El Recreo (26 February) was not +reproductively active; one of two females netted near Villa Somoza in +early August was pregnant (embryo 21 mm in crown-rump length). Seven +adult males collected in late February and early March had an average +testicular length of 5.9 (5-7) mm; testes of two adults taken in late +June and one captured in early August all measured 5 mm. The testes of +young males (grayish pelage, partially unfused phalangeal epiphyses) +were 2 or 3 mm in length. + + +Centurio senex senex Gray, 1842 + + _Specimens._--_Chinandega_: 4.5 km N Cosigüina, 15 m, 1; + San Antonio, 35 m, 5. _Matagalpa_: 2 km N, 6 km E Esquipulas, + 960 m, 3. _Nueva Segovia_: 7 km N, 4 km E Jalapa, 660 m, 1. + _Zelaya_: S side Río Mico, El Recreo, 25 m, 1. + +Paradiso (1967) reviewed geographic variation in this unique bat, +the type locality of which was restricted to Realejo, Chinandega, +Nicaragua, by Goodwin (1946:327). Because additional material had not +been reported from Nicaragua, Paradiso (_op. cit._:598) felt it was +"premature to restrict the type locality to a specific area in that +country" (the holotype was obtained on the voyage of the H.M.S. +Sulphur, which called at Realejo), and preferred the more general +designation "west coast of Mexico or Central America." In view of the +fact that we now have specimens from but a few miles distant from +Realejo (at San Antonio), we see no reason to contest Goodwin's +restriction of the type locality to that place. + +Specimens from San Antonio were collected along a small stream, +bordered by a bilevel gallery forest, in an area otherwise planted +mostly to cane. Many trees of the lower level were covered by an +extremely thick network of vines, which were interwoven with branches +and supported fallen leaves and debris from the upper level. This +situation led to formation of small "rooms" or "cubicles" under some +shorter trees; the bats were shot as they hung from small branches +under one such tree, which was in fruit. All of our other specimens +were captured in mist nets. + +Pregnant females were taken on the following dates (crown-rump length +of embryo in parentheses): 25 February (12 mm), 2 March (17 mm), 15 +March (14 mm); a nonpregnant female also was taken on 15 March. Five +males captured at San Antonio on 9 and 10 March had an average +testicular length of 5.6 (5-6) mm. A male taken in July had testes 4 mm +in length, whereas those of one obtained on 14 March were 5 mm long. + +Selected measurements (average, with extremes in parentheses) of 11 +adults (seven males and four females) are as follows: length of +forearm, 42.5 (41.5-43.7) mm; condylobasal length (10 specimens only), +14.8 (14.5-15.0) mm; zygomatic breadth, 14.8 (14.4-15.1) mm; +interorbital breadth, 5.0 (4.7-5.2) mm; breadth across upper molars, +10.6 (10.5-11.0) mm; length of maxillary toothrow, 5.0 (4.8-5.3) mm. +These measurements generally agree with those given by Paradiso +(1967:600) for 20 individuals from Panamá. Females in our series +average slightly larger than do males in external and cranial +measurements. Six males weighed an average of 22.9 (20.7-25.1) gms; one +nonpregnant female weighed 17.1 gms. + + +Diphylla ecaudata Spix, 1823 + + _Specimens._--_Boaco_: Los Cocos, 14 km S Boaco, 220 m, 5. + _Madriz_: 5 km N, 9 km E Condega, 800 m, 1. _Matagalpa_: 2 km + N, 6 km E Esquipulas, 960 m, 1. + +Our specimens constitute the first report of this species from +Nicaragua. We follow Burt and Stirton (1961:37) in regarding _D. +ecaudata_ as monotypic. + +Specimens from Los Cocos (three males and two females) were captured in +a mist net stretched across a large, quiet pool in a small stream. The +banks supported well-developed gallery forest, the understory of which +had been cleared for human habitation; grassland (grazed) and small +stands of secondary forest obtained beyond the riparian habitat. +Domestic ducks, a possible source of food, were observed sleeping along +the bank of this stream and on top of large boulders situated in the +stream. Males from this locality taken on 20 February, 4 April, and 18 +July had testicular lengths of 5, 6, and 6.5 mm, respectively. Two +adult females collected there on 4 April were reproductively inactive. +An adult male (testes 6 mm) from near Condega was captured on 23 June +in a daytime roost in a small, cave-like crevice (see account of +_Peropteryx marcotis_), and one from northeast of Esquipulas (testes 5 +mm) was netted on 14 March along a forest trail (see account of +_Vampyressa pusilla_). + + +Natalus stramineus saturatus Dalquest and Hall, 1949 + + _Specimens._--_Granada_: 6 km S Nandaime, 5. _Zelaya_: S side Río + Mico, El Recreo, 25 m, 2. + +This funnel-eared species occupies an extensive geographic range +(northern México to Brazil) but appears to be relatively rare in Middle +America to the south of Guatemala. Our specimens represent the first of +this species to be reported from Nicaragua. + +Both specimens from El Recreo, adult males, were caught by hand at +night after they flew through an open door into a small room, possibly +seeking insects that were swarming around a light bulb. Those from near +Nandaime (three males, two females) were caught in a mist net set over +the mouth of a well in which they were roosting; the well was +approximately 2 m in diameter, and the water level was about 5 m below +the rim. The females were not reproductively active (6 August). + +We have compared our Nicaraguan material with a number of Mexican +specimens, including the holotype of _N. s. saturatus_ and topotypes of +_N. s. mexicanus_. We concur with Goodwin (1959) that in México there +are two rather distinct subspecies, between which a broad zone of +intergradation obtains. Our Nicaraguan specimens agree most closely +with _N. s. saturatus_, and, until additional comparative material is +available from Middle America, we tentatively refer them to that race. +Handley (1966b:770) and Starrett and Casebeer (1968:15), however, +regarded _mexicanus_ as the appropriate name for specimens from Panamá +and Costa Rica. + +Selected measurements of two males from El Recreo are: length of +forearm, 41.2, 39.0 mm; greatest length of skull, 17.1, 16.5 mm; +zygomatic breadth, 8.4, 8.5 mm; mastoid breadth, 7.7, 7.6 mm; breadth +of braincase, 8.2, 8.1 mm; interorbital constriction, 3.2, 3.2 mm; +length of maxillary toothrow, 7.3, 7.1 mm. + + +Myotis albescens (E. Geoffroy St.-Hilaire, 1806) + +This handsome _Myotis_ has been reported previously from Nicaragua only +from the Caribbean lowlands--from the Escondido and Prinzapolka rivers +(Miller and Allen, 1928:203). We netted two specimens, both males, at +Santa Rosa, 17 km N and 15 km E Boaco, 300 m, Boaco, in central +Nicaragua on 13 July and 9 August 1967, under the same conditions +described in the account of _Myotis elegans_. Testes of our specimens +were 7 and 6 mm, respectively, in length. External and cranial +measurements are as follows: total length, 84, 83 mm; length of tail, +31, 33 mm; length of hind foot, 9, 9 mm; length of ear, 15, 15 mm; +length of forearm, 32.9, 35.1 mm; weight, 6.4, 6.2 gms; greatest length +of skull, 13.9, 14.4 mm; zygomatic breadth, 8.9, 9.0 mm; postorbital +breadth, 3.8, 3.9 mm; breadth of braincase, 7.2, 7.3 mm; mastoid +breadth, 7.4, 7.6 mm; breadth across upper molars, 5.6, 5.5 mm; length +of maxillary toothrow, 5.3, 5.3 mm. + + +Myotis elegans Hall, 1962 + +The first specimen on record of this rare _Myotis_ from Central +America, a nonpregnant female, was taken on 11 July 1967 at Santa Rosa, +17 km N and 15 km E Boaco, 300 m, Boaco. It was captured in a mist +net as it foraged over a small stream that supported relatively +well-developed gallery forest along the bank. The surrounding area was +grassland (grazed), with small patches of tropical forest located on +the sides of hills. Twenty other species of bats were taken at this +same locality including _Myotis argentatus_ and _Myotis nigricans +nigricans_. + +External and cranial measurements of our specimen, followed in +parentheses by those of the female holotype from Veracruz, are: total +length, 71 (79) mm; length of tail, 32 (34) mm; length of hind foot, 7 +(7.5) mm; length of ear, 11 (12) mm; length of forearm, 32.9 (33.0) mm; +greatest length of skull, 12.5 (12.4) mm; condylobasal length, 11.6 +(11.9) mm; zygomatic breadth, 8.2 mm; breadth of braincase, 5.8 (6.1) +mm; postorbital breadth, 3.2 (3.2) mm; length of maxillary toothrow, +4.7 (4.6) mm. Our female weighed 3.2 gms. + + +Myotis nigricans nigricans (Schinz, 1821) + + _Specimens._--_Boaco_: Santa Rosa, 17 km N, 15 km E Boaco, 300 m, + 2. _Chinandega_: 6.5 km N, 1 km E Cosigüina, 10 m, 1; San Antonio, + 35 m, 1. _Chontales_: 1 km N, 2.5 km W Villa Somoza, 330 m, 1. + _Madriz_: Darailí, 5 km N, 14 km E Condega, 940 m, 1. _Nueva + Segovia_: 4.5 km N, 2 km E Jalapa, 680 m, 1. _Rivas_: 1 km NW + Sapoá, 40 m, 1. + +This small Neotropical _Myotis_ has been reported from Nicaragua only +from the Caribbean lowlands of Zelaya (Davis _et al._, 1964:379). Our +records indicate that it is widely distributed in the republic but +evidently nowhere common. Females taken on 5 March and 6 August each +carried a single embryo (7 and 13 mm in crown-rump length, +respectively), whereas one obtained on 21 July evidenced no +reproductive activity. Richard K. LaVal currently is studying the +_Myotis nigricans_ complex; pending his revision our specimens are +tentatively assigned to _M. n. nigricans_. + + +Myotis simus riparius Handley, 1960 + +A male (USNM 52800) from the Escondido River above Bluefields, +originally reported by Miller and Allen (1928:203) as one of two _M. +albescens_ from that locality, provides the first record of the species +from Nicaragua and the northernmost from Middle America. The cranial +dimensions of this specimen, which compare well with those listed by +Handley (1960:467) for the Panamanian holotype and paratype, are: +greatest length of skull, 13.8 mm; zygomatic breadth, 8.9 mm; +postorbital constriction, 3.5 mm; breadth of braincase, 6.7 mm; mastoid +breadth, 7.4 mm; breadth across upper molars, 5.5 mm; length of +maxillary toothrow, 5.2 mm. + +From Nicaraguan specimens of _albescens_, the skull of the specimen of +_simus_ examined (skin not seen) differs most conspicuously in having a +less inflated braincase, narrower postorbital region, and a distinct +sagittal crest. + + +Eptesicus furinalis gaumeri (J. A. Allen, 1897) + + _Specimens._--_Carazo_: 3 km N, 4 km W Diriamba, 600 m, 7. + _Chinandega_: Potosí, 5 m, 1; 6.5 km N, 1 km E Cosigüina, 10 m, 1; + San Antonio, 35 m, 1. _Chontales_: 1 km N, 2.5 km W Villa Somoza, + 330 m, 1; Hato Grande, 13 km S, 8 km W Juigalpa, 60 m, 3. + +Davis (1965:234) reported two specimens of this species from Nicaragua, +one from Carazo (listed above) and the other from 1 mi SE Yalagüina, +2600 ft, Madriz. The only other specimen on record from Nicaragua is +from Greytown (Miller, 1897:100). Except for two individuals that were +shot as they foraged in early evening, our specimens were captured in +mist nets stretched over water or as described below. + +Some of the bats captured northwest of Diriamba were taken in a net +placed across the center of a water-filled, concrete cistern that was +located in a large, open space used for drying coffee beans. Open at +the top, the cistern was approximately 12 m in diameter, and the water +level was approximately 3 m below the rim. Several _Artibeus +jamaicensis_, _A. lituratus_, and _Molossus pretiosus_ were caught in +the same net. Aside from bats removed from the net, a few _Eptesicus_ +and _Molossus_ were retrieved from the water where they fell, +apparently stunned, after colliding with the wall of the cistern. The +fact that a number of decomposed bats of these two species were +observed floating in the water indicated that such entrapment was not +caused by the placement of our net. + +A female pregnant with two embryos (crown-rump length 15 mm) was +captured on 22 April, whereas one taken on 5 July was lactating. Adult +males taken in March (two) and April (two) had testes 5, 7, 9, and 10 +mm long, respectively. + + +Rhogeessa tumida tumida H. Allen, 1866 + + _Specimens._--_Boaco_: Santa Rosa, 17 km N, 15 km E Boaco, 300 m, + 2. _Carazo_: 3 km N, 4 km W Diriamba, 600 m, 2. _Chinandega_: 6 km + N, 1 km E Cosigüina, 10 m, 3; Hda. Bellavista, 720 m, Volcán + Casita, 1. _Matagalpa_: 1 km NE Esquipulas, 420 m, 1. + +This small vespertilionid occurs throughout much of Central America, +but the available material still is insufficient to permit an accurate +assessment of geographic variation in that region. All but one of our +specimens were trapped in mist nets. Those captured near Diriamba were +taken in a net stretched across a trail bordered by high cut-banks, +whereas those from other localities were netted over small streams. The +one bat from Bellavista was shot as it foraged in the evening along +trees bordering the hacienda yard. + +Two females taken on 5 March each had swollen uteri and may have been +in an early stage of pregnancy. Others taken on 13 July, 9 August, and +15 August were reproductively inactive. Males had testes that measured +2.5 (March), 3 (July), and 2 (August) mm. + +We have compared our material with representative specimens from México +of _R. parvula_ and _R. tumida_, as defined by Goodwin (1958); we are +not wholly convinced that these are valid species (rather than variable +geographic races of the same species). Certainly there is need for +additional investigation of the problem. Our Nicaraguan specimens most +closely resemble _R. t. tumida_ (see Goodwin, _op. cit._:3), to which +they are tentatively referred. + +Selected measurements of two females from Boaco and a male from +Matagalpa, followed by the average (and extremes) of three males and +three females from western Nicaragua (Carazo and Chinandega), are, +respectively: length of forearm, 30.4, 28.5, 28.3, 28.2 (27.5-29.0) mm; +greatest length of skull, 12.8, 12.7, 12.8, 12.1 (11.8-12.5) mm; +zygomatic breadth, 8.1, 8.4, 8.6, 8.1 (7.8-8.6) mm; mastoid breadth, +7.1, 7.2, 7.2, 6.8 (6.6-7.1) mm; breadth of braincase, 6.0, 5.7, 6.0, +5.6 (5.3-6.1) mm; postorbital constriction, 3.3, 3.0, 3.3, 3.0 +(2.9-3.2) mm; length of maxillary toothrow, 4.7, 4.7, 4.5, 4.3 +(4.2-4.6) mm; weight, 4.4, 4.3, 3.8, 3.5 (3.1-3.9) gms. + + +Tadarida laticaudata yucatanica (Miller, 1902) + +One adult male (testes 5 mm) of this free-tailed bat from Potosí, 5 m, +Chinandega, on the Cosigüina Peninsula, provides the only record of the +genus _Tadarida_ from Nicaragua. This specimen was netted after dark +over a small stream that flowed into the Bay of Fonseca approximately +200 yards below our nets (see account of _Noctilio leporinus_). Other +species taken in the same net included _Carollia subrufa_, _Sturnira +lilium_, _Eptesicus furinalis_, _Molossus ater_, and _Molossus +molossus_. + +Selected measurements of the male are: total length, 92 mm; length of +tail, 31 mm; length of hind foot, 10 mm; length of ear, 15 mm; length +of forearm, 39.2 mm; weight, 10.3 gms; greatest length of skull, 17.2 +mm; zygomatic breadth, 10.6 mm; postorbital constriction, 4.0 mm; +breadth of braincase, 8.6 mm; length of maxillary toothrow, 6.5 mm. + + +Eumops auripendulus (Shaw, 1800) + +A broken skull (USNM 339917) of a female of this species from Hda. +Mecatepe [2 km N, 11.5 km E Nandaime, _ca._ 40 m], Granada, represents +the only known specimen of the genus _Eumops_ from Nicaragua. This bat +was obtained by M. K. Clark on 25 August 1964, but the conditions under +which it was captured are not known. Available cranial measurements +are: zygomatic breadth, 12.6 mm; breadth of braincase, 10.7 mm; +postorbital breadth, 4.3 mm; rostral breadth, 7.4 mm; length of +maxillary toothrow, 9.1 mm; length of mandibular c-m3, 10.0 mm. + + +Molossus ater nigricans Miller, 1902 + + _Specimens._--_Chinandega_: Potosí, 5 m, 21; 4.5 km N Cosigüina, 15 + m, 2; El Paraíso, 1 km N Cosigüina, 20 m, 17; Hda. Bellavista, 720 + m, Volcán Casita, 4; Hda. San Isidro, 10 km S Chinandega, 20 m, 2; + San Antonio, 35 m, 2. _Nueva Segovia_: Corozo, 15 km NNE Jalapa, + 660 m, 1; 3.5 km S, 2 km W Jalapa, 660 m, 4. + +Only one specimen of this large molossid (from Volcán de Chinandega--J. +A. Allen, 1908:670) has been reported from Nicaragua. All of our +specimens are from the northern or northwestern part of the country. +Many were shot in early evening as they followed a straight, direct +flight pattern (presumably from day-roosts toward foraging or watering +areas); the series from Potosí was netted over a small stream as +described in the account of _Noctilio leporinus_. We confidently refer +our material to the species currently known as _ater_, although +assignment to the subspecies nigricans is tentative. + +Of 21 females autopsied in the first week of March on the Cosigüina +Peninsula, seven were pregnant, each with a single embryo (7-22 mm in +crown-rump length, average 16.7). Ten males taken at the same time had +an average testicular length of 5.7 (2-7) mm, whereas the testes of a +male obtained on 9 March at San Antonio measured 8 mm. None of five +females obtained in late July in Nueva Segovia evidenced reproductive +activity, nor did two of three females taken in July and one taken in +August from Chinandega; the fourth Chinandegan female, taken on 17 +July, carried an embryo that was 36 mm in length. Two males from +southern Chinandega (mid-July) had testes 7 and 4 mm long. + +Representative measurements of 10 specimens of each sex from Nicaragua +are given in Table 4. + + +Molossus molossus aztecus Saussure, 1860 + + _Specimens._--_Chinandega_: Potosí, 5 m, 1; Hda. San Isidro, 10 km + S Chinandega, 20 m, 1 (USNM). _Boaco_: Santa Rosa, 17 km N, 15 km E + Boaco, 300 m, 7. _Managua_: 3 mi SW Managua, 8. _Rivas_: Rivas, 60 + m, 4. + +This small free-tailed species has been reported from Nicaragua by +Felten (1957:14), who listed two females from Corinto. Our records +indicate that it is widely distributed, but of localized occurrence. +Specimens from Potosí and Santa Rosa were captured in mist nets over +streams (as described in the accounts of _Noctilio leporinus_ and +_Myotis elegans_, respectively). The specimen from Hda. San Isidro was +shot in flight, whereas those from Rivas were captured in a daytime +retreat in a deep crevice in a concrete school building. We have no +precise knowledge of the conditions under which bats from 3 mi SW +Managua were obtained but suspect they were taken from a building. + +Females in our series were reproductively active at all times for which +we have information--early March through mid-July--as follows: a female +from Potosí (6 March) carried an embryo that measured 5 mm (crown-rump +length) as did one from Santa Rosa (21 March, 17 mm in length); two of +three females taken 3 mi SW Managua on 28 March were pregnant (embryos +13 and 15 mm), whereas each of two collected there on 3 May were gravid +(embryos 27 and 30 mm); one female from Rivas (25 June) carried an +embryo (30 mm) and another was lactating and accompanied by a small +(forearm, 19.7 mm) hairless juvenile; and, finally, one of six females +netted at Santa Rosa on 13 July was pregnant (embryo 23 mm), but the +others evinced no reproductive activity. An adult male, taken at Rivas +with the females mentioned above, had testes that were 6 mm in length. + +Bats of the genus _Molossus_ are in need of thorough systematic study. +We think most, if not all, mainland populations of small _Molossus_ +with pale-based hairs pertain to the species _Molossus molossus_, +originally described from the Lesser Antilles. Although there is some +variation in size and overall color among our Nicaraguan samples, all +seem to represent that species. Because specimens from Nicaragua +closely resemble examples of _M. m. aztecus_ from Jalisco, México +(Table 3), in external and cranial proportions, we tentatively refer +them to _aztecus_. + +In our field experience in both Middle and South America, colonies +of _M. molossus_ tend to be extremely localized, with individual +populations or demes frequently separated by many miles of territory +in which the species seemingly does not regularly occur. + +TABLE 3.--Selected measurements of adult _Molossus molossus_. + +Table Legend: + +Col. A: Number of specimens averaged or catalogue number, and sex +Col. B: Length of forearm +Col. C: Greatest length of skull +Col. D: Condylobasal length +Col. E: Zygomatic breadth +Col. F: Mastoid breadth +Col. G: Breadth of braincase +Col. H: Postorbital constriction +Col. I: Length of maxillary toothrow +Col. J: Breadth across upper molars + +====================================================================== + A B C D E F G H I J +---------------------------------------------------------------------- +Western Jalisco, México + +KU 109075, [Male] 38.2 18.0 15.3 11.0 10.5 9.1 3.8 6.2 7.9 +KU 109076, [Male] 37.3 17.8 15.3 11.0 10.5 9.2 3.6 6.3 8.1 +KU 120540, [Male] 37.7 17.8 15.3 11.0 10.8 8.9 3.9 6.3 8.1 +Average 15 ([Female]) 37.1 17.2 14.8 10.7 10.3 8.9 3.8 6.1 7.9 +Minimum 36.0 16.5 14.2 10.4 10.1 8.5 3.7 6.0 7.7 +Maximum 38.1 17.7 15.2 11.0 10.5 9.2 3.9 6.2 8.2 + +Departamento de Chinandega, Nicaragua + +USNM 337552, [Male] 39.0± 18.2 15.5 11.0 10.7 9.0 3.7 6.0 8.0 +KU 114140, [Female] 37.3 16.8 14.7 10.7 9.9 8.7 3.4 5.9 7.4 + +3 mi SW Managua, Nicaragua + +KU 71009, [Male] 39.8 18.7 16.1 11.1 10.9 8.9 3.8 6.3 8.0 +KU 71011, [Male] 39.4 18.5 16.5 -- 11.0 9.2 3.7 6.7 8.0 +Average 5 ([Female]) 38.9 17.5 15.4 10.7 10.3 9.0 3.6 6.1 7.8 +Minimum 38.1 17.2 15.1 10.5 10.1 8.9 3.5 5.9 7.6 +Maximum 39.7 18.0 15.9 10.9 10.6 9.1 3.7 6.3 8.0 + +Santa Rosa, Boaco, Nicaragua + +Average 6 ([Female]) 36.0 17.5 14.7 10.8 10.6 9.1 3.7 6.0 8.0 +Minimum 35.5 17.3 14.4 10.6 10.4 9.0 3.6 5.7 7.8 +Maximum 36.7 17.8 15.1 11.0 10.8 9.2 3.8 6.2 8.2 + +Rivas, Nicaragua + +KU 106291, [Male] 38.2 18.8 16.1 11.5 10.9 9.4 3.8 6.6 8.3 +KU 106290, [Female] 39.6 17.4 15.0 11.0 10.5 9.1 3.6 6.0 7.7 +KU 106293, [Female] 37.2 17.3 14.8 10.7 10.2 9.0 3.5 5.7 7.8 +---------------------------------------------------------------------- + +The localized and presumably highly inbred populations may have +diverged morphologically, in some cases at least, to a degree that +mensural differences can be demonstrated even between samples from the +same general geographic area. Localized variation and relatively marked +secondary sexual variation (unrecognized by some earlier workers), +superimposed on geographic variation, have resulted in application of a +relatively large number of names to these small _Molossus_. Felten +(1957:13-14), for example, apparently used different specific names for +males and females from El Salvador, and Gardner (1966) employed three +different specific names for North American specimens. Only when +material is available for a detailed study of variation throughout the +Neotropics can the perplexing mosaic of characters in these small +_Molossus_ be assessed adequately. + +We have seen no specimens from Nicaragua that are identifiable as +_Molossus bondae_, another relatively small species that has been +reported from Greytown (Miller, 1913a:89) and from elsewhere in Central +America by other authors (Goodwin, 1942c:145; Handley, 1966b:772; +Gardner _et al._, 1970:727). Our examination of the female holotype of +_M. bondae_ reveals that it is larger than _M. molossus_, corresponding +in size to females recently reported from Costa Rica by Gardner _et +al._ (_loc. cit._), and that _bondae_ has dark-based hairs. The two +males reported by Goodwin (_loc. cit._) from Honduras as _bondae_, +would seem to be too small for that species, based on the measurements +listed; also, these specimens allegedly have white-based hairs and +probably represent _M. molossus_ as here defined. + + +Molossus pretiosus pretiosus Miller, 1902 + + _Specimens._--_Boaco_: Los Cocos, 14 km S Boaco, 220 m, 28; San + Francisco, 19 km S, 2 km E Boaco, 200 m, 3. _Carazo_: 3 km N, 4 km + W Diriamba, 600 m, 25. _Managua_: 6 mi WSW Managua, 3. + +This relatively large mastiff bat has not been reported previously from +Nicaragua. Specimens from several localities in Boaco were captured in +mist nets over streams; most of those from northwest of Diriamba were +shot in the early evening as they foraged high around large trees in a +coffee finca, but several were netted over a water-filled concrete tank +or found in the water in the tank as detailed in the account of +_Eptesicus furinalis_. At Los Cocos, bats that we netted seemed to be +emerging from a hollow located high in a tree over the stream. + +Selected measurements of _M. p. pretiosus_ from Nicaragua, which +compare favorably with those of topotypes from Venezuela, are listed in +Table 4 along with measurements of _M. ater_ and _M. sinaloae_. The +taxonomic relationships of _M. pretiosus_ and _M. ater_ are less than +clear, and some authors (Handley, 1966b:773, for instance) have +suggested that the two may be conspecific. Whatever their ultimate +relationships may prove to be, two distinctive taxa seem to be present +in Nicaragua; the larger is assignable to _ater_ and the smaller to +_pretiosus_, as currently understood. Furthermore, the presumed +presence of two large _Molossus_ with dark-based hairs elsewhere in +Central America (Dilford C. Carter, personal communication) and in +southeastern México (Goodwin, 1956:4; Goodwin and Greenhall, 1964:20) +argues for specific recognition of _pretiosus_. + +The species _ater_ and _pretiosus_ differ mainly in size (Table 4), +some measurements clearly separating the two when sexual dimorphism is +considered. Also, the average weights of 18 nonpregnant females and +four males of _pretiosus_ (all adults) collected on 20 February 1968 at +Los Cocos, were 20.9 (14.6-23.8) and 27.0 (24.6-31.7) gms, respectively, +significantly smaller than corresponding figures for 11 nonpregnant +females and nine males of _M. a. nigricans_ taken two weeks later on +the Cosigüina Peninsula--29.1 (26.1-33.0) and 32.9 (29.3-35.1) gms. It +is of note that we have not collected these two large species at the +same localities in Nicaragua, and it is possible that one competitively +excludes the other in local situations. + +TABLE 4.--Selected measurements of adults of three species of +_Molossus_ from Nicaragua. + +Table Legend: + +Col. A: Number of specimens averaged or catalogue number, and sex +Col. B: Length of forearm +Col. C: Greatest length of skull +Col. D: Condylobasal length +Col. E: Zygomatic breadth +Col. F: Breadth of braincase +Col. G: Length of maxillary toothrow +Col. H: Breadth across upper canines + +==================================================================== + A B C D E F G H +-------------------------------------------------------------------- + +_Molossus ater nigricans_, Departamento de Chinandega, Nicaragua + +Average 10 ([Male]) 49.5 23.2 20.2 14.3 11.0 8.2 6.1 +Minimum 48.2 22.8 19.9 14.1 10.5 8.0 6.0 +Maximum 50.7 23.5 20.5 14.9 11.2 8.3 6.3 +Average 10 ([Female]) 49.0 22.0 19.2 13.6 10.7 7.8 5.8 +Minimum 47.1 21.5 18.8 13.3 10.5 7.6 5.6 +Maximum 51.2 22.5 20.0 14.1 11.0 8.2 6.1 + +_Molossus pretiosus pretiosus_, Departamento de Boaco, Nicaragua + +Average 8 ([Male]) 45.1 21.7 18.8 13.4 10.6 7.6 5.9 +Minimum 44.1 21.0 18.3 13.1 10.2 7.4 5.6 +Maximum 46.1 22.2 19.1 13.7 10.9 7.9 6.1 +Average 23 ([Female]) 43.6 20.2 17.7 12.5 10.1 7.3 5.2 +Minimum 41.0 19.5 17.2 12.2 9.5 7.1 5.0 +Maximum 44.8 20.7 18.2 13.1 10.4 7.6 5.6 + +6 mi SW Managua, Nicaragua + +KU 70135, [Male] 44.8 21.7 18.6 13.0 10.2 7.7 5.8 +KU 70137, [Male] 45.1 21.6 19.0 13.2 10.7 7.7 5.8 +KU 70136, [Female] 43.5 19.9 17.8 12.7 10.3 7.5 5.5 + +3 km N, 4 km W Diriamba, Nicaragua + +Average 7 ([Male]) 44.8 21.2 18.5 13.0 10.5 7.4 5.5 +Minimum 43.8 20.7 18.3 12.7 10.2 7.2 5.4 +Maximum 45.7 21.3 18.8 13.3 10.9 7.6 5.5 +Average 9 ([Female]) 44.0 20.7 18.0 12.6 10.2 7.3 5.3 +Minimum 42.0 20.0 17.4 12.0 10.0 7.0 5.0 +Maximum 45.5 21.2 18.6 13.0 10.6 7.5 5.5 + +_Molossus sinaloae sinaloae_, El Recreo, Nicaragua + +Average 4 ([Male]) 47.6 21.2 18.6 12.3 9.8 7.7 5.4 +Minimum 46.7 20.7 18.3 12.0 9.7 7.6 5.3 +Maximum 48.6 21.5 18.9 12.6 10.0 7.9 5.5 +Average 10 ([Female]) 47.5 20.2 17.8 11.8 9.7 7.3 5.1 +Minimum 46.2 20.0 17.6 11.5 9.5 7.1 5.0 +Maximum 48.3 20.4 18.0 12.0 9.8 7.5 5.5 +-------------------------------------------------------------------- + +Among females from Departamento de Boaco, none of 18 collected on 20 +February was pregnant, whereas three of four obtained on 4 April were +gravid (embryos 13, 15, and 17 mm in crown-rump length) as was one +(embryo 21 mm) taken on 18 July. Among those from northwest of +Diriamba, two of three were pregnant on 30-31 March (embryos 7 and 13 +mm in length), whereas only three of eight carried embryos (29, 31, and +34 mm) in mid-August at a time when flying young also were collected. +Additionally, a female captured 6 mi WSW Managua on 27 March had an +embryo that measured 11 mm. + +Four adult males collected on 20 February had an average testicular +length of 5.7 (4-7) mm, whereas those of seven obtained in late March +averaged 5.0 (4-6) mm; testes of two adults taken on 18 July were 6 and +6.5 mm, and those of three taken in the period 12-15 August were 5 mm +in length. + + +Molossus sinaloae sinaloae J. A. Allen, 1906 + + _Specimens._--_Boaco_: Santa Rosa, 17 km N, 15 km E Boaco, 300 m, + 1. _Managua_: 1 km N Sabana Grande, 1; 3 mi SW Managua, 1; 8 km SW + Managua, 400 m, 3. _Rivas_: San Juan del Sur, 20 m, 1. _Zelaya_: S + side Río Mico, El Recreo, 25 m, 73. + +This mastiff bat can be distinguished easily from the other two large +species of _Molossus_ in Nicaragua in that the hairs of the dorsum +are relatively long and are pale, frequently white, basally. The +species has been reported twice previously from Nicaragua--from +Greytown by Miller (1913a:89) and by Goodwin and Greenhall (1964:13), +who listed four individuals from Río Grande. + +Most of our specimens were taken from buildings. A large series +obtained in a house at El Recreo in late June 1966 consisted only of +females and young, many of which were nearly full grown; some females +still were lactating and at least two were pregnant (on 23 +June--crown-rump length of embryos 12 and 14 mm). A group taken from +another house at El Recreo (from cracks in the stone wall and from +between rafters and the corrugated metal roof) in late July 1966 +consisted of adult males, lactating females, and young. Similarly, an +adult male, a pregnant female (embryo 14 mm in crown-rump length), and +a hairless juvenile were shot, on 16 February 1964, from a small colony +in an attic of a large house southwest of Managua; _Glossophaga +soricina_ also was taken in this attic. The testes of an adult male +captured in June were 6 mm in length; those of four taken in July were +5, 5, 6, and 7 mm, and one obtained in August had testes that measured +3 mm. + +Selected measurements of _M. s. sinaloae_ from El Recreo are given +in Table 4. + + + + +CHECKLIST OF NICARAGUAN BATS + + +Following is a checklist of the 68 species of bats thus far reported +from Nicaragua. Citations are given only to publications that are +primary sources of information on Nicaraguan specimens. In some +instances, specimens were reported in the literature under a name +different than the one here employed; we have mentioned earlier-used +names where it seemed appropriate to do so. Taxa preceded by an +asterisk are included in the present paper. + + +Family EMBALLONURIDAE + +_Rhynchonycteris naso_ (Wied-Neuwied, 1820).--J. A. Allen (1908:669, +1910:110), Sanborn (1937:327), Davis _et al._ (1964:375, 379). + +_Saccopteryx bilineata_ (Temminck, 1838-1839).--J. A. Allen (1910:110), +Sanborn (1937:331), Jones (1964a:506). + +*_Saccopteryx leptura_ (Schreber, 1774).--Davis _et al._ (1964:374), +Jones (1964a:506). + +_Cormura brevirostris_ (Wagner, 1843).--J. A. Allen +(1910:110--specimens listed as _Peropteryx canina_ from Peña Blanca, +see Sanborn, 1937:348), Miller (1924:38), Sanborn (1937:349), Goodwin +(1942c:119). + +_Peropteryx kappleri kappleri_ Peters, 1867.--J. A. Allen (1908:669, +1910:110--as _P. canina_), Sanborn (1937:344). + +*_Peropteryx macrotis macrotis_ (Wagner, 1843). + +_Balantiopteryx plicata plicata_ Peters, 1867.--Jones _et al._ +(1962:152), Davis _et al._ (1964:375), Jones (1964a:506). + +_Diclidurus virgo_ Thomas, 1903.--Alston (1879-82:30). + + +Family NOCTILIONIDAE + +*_Noctilio labialis labialis_ (Kerr, 1792).--Goodwin (1942c:121, +1946:297), Davis _et al._ (1964:376), Kohls _et al._ (1965:344), Wenzel +_et al._ (1966:578). + +*_Noctilio leporinus mexicanus_ Goldman, 1915.--Davis _et al._ +(1964:376). + + +Family PHYLLOSTOMATIDAE + +*_Pteronotus davyi fulvus_ (Thomas, 1892). + +*_Pteronotus parnellii fuscus_ J. A. Allen, 1911.--Miller (1902:402), +Rehn (1904:203). + +*_Pteronotus suapurensis_ (J. A. Allen, 1904).--Goodwin (1942a:88, +1946:299, 1953:246). + +_Micronycteris brachyotis_ (Dobson, 1879).--Goodwin (1946:302--as _M. +sylvestris_), Sanborn (1949:224--as _M. platyceps_), Goodwin and +Greenhall (1961:231). + +_Micronycteris hirsuta_ (Peters, 1869).--Valdez and LaVal (1971:247). + +*_Micronycteris megalotis mexicana_ Miller, 1898.--G. M. Allen +(1929:130). + +*_Micronycteris megalotis microtis_ Miller, 1898.--Miller (1898:328, +1900:154), Lyon and Osgood (1909:263), J. A. Allen (1910:110), Poole +and Schantz (1942:133). + +_Micronycteris minuta_ (Gervais, 1856).--Valdez and LaVal (1971:248). + +_Micronycteris schmidtorum_ Sanborn, 1935.--Davis _et al._ (1964:378). + +_Macrophyllum macrophyllum_ (Schinz, 1821).--Davis _et al._ (1964:378), +Jones (1964a:506). + +*_Tonatia nicaraguae_ Goodwin, 1942.--Goodwin (1942b:205, 1946:305, +1953:246), Davis and Carter (1962:67), Valdez and LaVal (1971:248). + +_Phyllostomus discolor verrucosus_ Elliot, 1905.--Jones (1964a:507), +Wenzel _et al._ (1966:598). + +*_Phyllostomus hastatus panamensis_ J. A. Allen, 1904.--Goodwin +(1942c:126), Wenzel _et al._ (1966:597). + +*_Trachops cirrhosus coffini_ Goldman, 1925.--Carter _et al._ +(1966:491). + +*_Chrotopterus auritus auritus_ (Peters, 1856). + +_Vampyrum spectrum nelsoni_ (Goldman, 1917).--Gray (1844:18), Dobson +(1878:471), Alston (1879-82:39), J. A. Allen (1910:111), Goldman +(1917:116), Goodwin (1946:310). + +_Glossophaga commissarisi_ Gardner, 1962.--Davis _et al._ (1964:380), +Jones (1964a:507). + +_Glossophaga soricina leachii_ (Gray, 1844).--Gray (1844:18), Dobson +(1878:501), Alston (1879-82:44), J. A. Allen (1910:111), Miller +(1913b:419), Alvarez (1963:400), Davis _et al._ (1964:380), Starrett +and de la Torre (1964:57). + +*_Anoura geoffroyi lasiopyga_ (Peters, 1868). + +*_Choeroniscus godmani_ (Thomas, 1903).--Handley (1966a:86). + +*_Lichonycteris obscura_ Thomas, 1895.--Thomas (1895:57), Davis _et +al._ (1964:380). + +*_Carollia castanea_ H. Allen, 1890.---Davis _et al._ (1964:379). + +_Carollia perspicillata azteca_ Saussure, 1860.--Hahn (1907:112), J. A. +Allen (1908:669, 1910:111), Davis _et al._ (1964:379), Starrett and de +la Torre (1964:58). + +_Carollia subrufa_ (Hahn, 1905).--Davis and Carter (1962:71), Davis _et +al._ (1964:379). + +_Sturnira lilium parvidens_ Goldman, 1917.--Davis _et al._ (1964:379), +Starrett and de la Torre (1964:59), Jones (1964a:507). + +*_Sturnira ludovici ludovici_ Anthony, 1924. + +_Uroderma bilobatum convexum_ Lyon, 1902.--Davis _et al._ (1964:382), +Jones (1964a:507), Davis (1968:695). + +_Uroderma bilobatum molaris_ Davis, 1968.--Davis _et al._ (1964:382), +Davis (1968:697). + +*_Uroderma magnirostrum_ Davis, 1968.--Davis (1968:680). + +*_Vampyrops helleri_ Peters, 1866.--Davis _et al._ (1964:383), Jones +(1964a:507), Valdez and LaVal (1971:248). + +*_Vampyrodes major_ G. M. Allen, 1908.--J. A. Allen (1910:112), Goodwin +(1946:320). + +*_Vampyressa nymphaea_ Thomas, 1909. + +*_Vampyressa pusilla thyone_ Thomas, 1909.--Starrett and de la Torre +(1964:60). + +*_Chiroderma villosum jesupi_ J. A. Allen, 1900. + +_Ectophylla alba_ H. Allen, 1892.--H. Allen (1892:441, 1898:267), Lyon +and Osgood (1909:266), Poole and Schantz (1942:129), Goodwin +(1942c:134, 1946:323), Goodwin and Greenhall (1962:4). Type locality +(Río Segovia) placed in Comarca de El Cabo, Nicaragua, by Miller and +Kellogg (1955:77). + +_Artibeus inopinatus_ Davis and Carter, 1964.--Davis and Carter +(1964:120). + +_Artibeus jamaicensis paulus_ Davis, 1970.--Andersen (1908:266), Davis +(1970b:121). + +_Artibeus jamaicensis richardsoni_ J. A. Allen, 1908.--Andersen +(1908:267), J. A. Allen (1908:669), Elliot (1917:168), Goodwin +(1953:249), Davis and Carter (1964:120), Davis _et al._ (1964:379), +Starrett and de la Torre (1964:60), Davis (1970b:116). + +_Artibeus lituratus palmarum_ J. A. Allen and Chapman, 1897.--Andersen +(1908:279), Davis and Carter (1964:120), Davis _et al._ (1964:379), +Starrett and de la Torre (1964:61). + +_Artibeus phaeotis palatinus_ Davis, 1970.--Davis (1970a:401). + +_Artibeus phaeotis phaeotis_ (Miller, 1902).--Davis _et al._ +(1964:379), Davis (1970a: 399). + +*_Artibeus toltecus hesperus_ Davis, 1969. + +*_Artibeus toltecus toltecus_ (Saussure, 1860).--Andersen (1908:300), +Davis (1969:28). + +*_Artibeus watsoni_ Thomas, 1901.--Andersen (1908:290), Davis and +Carter (1962:71), Davis (1970a:393). + +*_Centurio senex senex_ Gray, 1842.--Goodwin (1946:327, restricted type +locality to El Realejo, Nicaragua). + +_Desmodus rotundus murinus_ Wagner, 1840.--J. A. Allen (1908:670, +1910:113). + +*_Diphylla ecaudata_ Spix, 1823. + + +Family NATALIDAE + +*_Natalus stramineus saturatus_ Dalquest and Hall, 1949. + + +Family THYROPTERIDAE + +_Thyroptera discifera discifera_ (Lichtenstein and Peters, +1854).--Miller (1896:111, 1931:411), Goodwin (1946:330). + + +Family VESPERTILIONIDAE + +*_Myotis albescens_ (E. Geoffroy St.-Hilaire, 1806).--Miller and G. M. +Allen (1928:203). + +*_Myotis elegans_ Hall, 1962. + +*_Myotis nigricans nigricans_ (Schinz, 1821).--Davis _et al._ +(1964:379), McDaniel and Coffman (1970:223). + +*_Myotis simus riparius_ Handley, 1960. + +*_Eptesicus furinalis gaumeri_ (J. A. Allen, 1897).--Miller (1897:100), +Davis (1965:234). + +_Lasiurus borealis frantzii_ (Peters, 1871).--Davis and Carter +(1962:73). + +*_Rhogeessa tumida tumida_ H. Allen, 1866.--J. A. Allen (1910:113), +Goodwin (1958:3). + + +Family MOLOSSIDAE + +*_Tadarida laticaudata yucatanica_ (Miller, 1902). + +*_Eumops auripendulus_ (Shaw, 1800). + +*_Molossus ater nigricans_ Miller, 1902.--J. A. Allen (1908:670). + +_Molossus bondae_ J. A. Allen, 1904.--Miller (1913a:89). + +*_Molossus molossus aztecus_ Saussure, 1860.--Felten (1957:14). + +*_Molossus pretiosus pretiosus_ Miller, 1902. + +*_Molossus sinaloae sinaloae_ J. A. Allen, 1906.--Miller (1913a:89), +Goodwin and Greenhall (1964:13). + + + + +LITERATURE CITED + + +ALLEN, G. M. + + 1929. Mammals. Pp. 129-130, _in_ Vertebrates from the Corn Islands. + Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 69:127-146. + +ALLEN, H. + + 1892. Description of a new genus of phyllostome bats. Proc. U.S. + Nat. Mus., 15:441-442. + + 1898. The skull and teeth of Ectophylla alba. Trans. Amer. Philos. + Soc., 19:267-272. + +ALLEN, J. A. + + 1908. Mammals from Nicaragua. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., + 24:647-670. + + 1910. Additional mammals from Nicaragua. 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Novit., 2080:1-18. + + 1964. New records of bats from Trinidad and comments on the status + of _Molossus trinitatus_ Goodwin. Amer. Mus. Novit., 2195:1-23. + +GRAY, J. E. + + 1844. Zoology of the voyage of H.M.S. Sulphur.... Mammalia (parts + 1, 2). London [not seen]. + +HAHN, W. L. + + 1907. A review of the bats of the genus Hemiderma. Proc. U.S. Nat. + Mus., 32:103-118. + +HANDLEY, C. O., JR. + + 1960. Descriptions of new bats from Panama. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., + 112:459-479. + + 1966a. Description of new bats (_Choeroniscus_ and _Rhinophylla_) + from Colombia. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 79:83-88. + + 1966b. Checklist of the mammals of Panama. Pp. 753-795, _in_ + Ectoparasites of Panama (R. L. Wenzel and V. J. Tipton, eds.), + Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Chicago, xii+861. + +HERSHKOVITZ, P. + + 1949. Mammals of northern Colombia. Preliminary report no. 5: bats + (Chiroptera). Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 99:429-454. + +HUSSON, A. M. + + 1962. The bats of Suriname. E. J. 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Catalogue of the type-specimens of mammals in the United + States National Museum, including the Biological Survey collection. + Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., 62:ix+325. + +MCDANIEL, B., and C. C. COFFMAN + + 1970. The labidocarpid bat-mites of the United States (Acarina: + Listrophoridea). Proc. Helminthological Soc. Washington, + 37:223-229. + +MILLER, G. S., JR. + + 1896. The Central American _Thyroptera_. Proc. Biol. Soc. + Washington, 10:109-112. + + 1897. Revision of the North American bats of the family + Vespertilionidae. N. Amer. Fauna, 13:1-135. + + 1898. Descriptions of five new phyllostome bats, Proc. Acad. Nat. + Sci. Philadelphia, 50:326-337. + + 1900. Note on _Micronycteris brachyotis_ (Dobson) and _M. microtis_ + Miller. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 13:154-155. + + 1902. Twenty new American bats. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, + 54:389-412. + + 1913a. Notes on the bats of the genus _Molossus_. Proc. U.S. Nat. + Mus., 46:85-92. + + 1913b. 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Philadelphia, 56:181-207. + +SANBORN, C. C. + + 1937. American bats of the subfamily Emballonurinae. Field Mus. + Nat. Hist., Zool Ser., 20:321-354. + + 1949. Bats of the genus Micronycteris and its subgenera. + Fieldiana-Zool., 31:215-233. + +STARRETT, A., and R. S. CASEBEER + + 1968. Records of bats from Costa Rica. Contrib. Sci., Los Angeles + Co. Mus., 148:1-21. + +STARRETT, A., and L. DE LA TORRE + + 1964. Notes on a collection of bats from Central America, with the + third record of _Cyttarops alecto_ Thomas. Zoologica, 49:53-63. + +THOMAS, O. + + 1895. On small mammals from Nicaragua and Bogota. Ann. Mag. Nat. + Hist., ser. 6, 16:55-60. + + 1905. New Neotropical _Chrotopterus_, _Sciurus_, _Neacomys_, + _Coendou_, _Proechimys_, and _Marmosa_. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. + 7, 16:308-314. + +VALDEZ, R., and R. K. LAVAL + + 1971. Records of bats from Honduras and Nicaragua. Jour. Mamm., + 52:247-250. + +WENZEL, R. L., V. J. TIPTON, and A. KIEWLICZ + + 1966. The streblid batflies of Panama. Pp. 405-675, _in_ + Ectoparasites of Panama (R. L. Wenzel and V. J. Tipton, eds.), + Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Chicago, xii+861. + + + + +UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS PUBLICATIONS + +MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY + + +The University of Kansas Publications, Museum of Natural History, +beginning with volume 1 in 1946, was discontinued with volume 20 in +1971. Shorter research papers formerly published in the above series +are now published as Occasional Papers, Museum of Natural History. The +Miscellaneous Publications, Museum of Natural History, began with +number 1 in 1946. Longer research papers are published in that series. +Monographs of the Museum of Natural History were initiated in 1970. + + +Institutional libraries interested in exchanging publications may +obtain the Occasional Papers and Miscellaneous Publications by +addressing the Exchange Librarian, University of Kansas Library, +Lawrence, Kansas 66044. 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