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diff --git a/32050.txt b/32050.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2018785 --- /dev/null +++ b/32050.txt @@ -0,0 +1,16737 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Plants of Michigan, by Henry Allan Gleason + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: The Plants of Michigan + Simple Keys for the Identification of the Native Seed + Plants of the State + +Author: Henry Allan Gleason + +Release Date: April 19, 2010 [EBook #32050] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE PLANTS OF MICHIGAN *** + + + + +Produced by Betsie Bush, Dave Morgan, Joseph R. Hauser and +the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +https://www.pgdp.net + + + + + +THE PLANTS OF MICHIGAN + + +SIMPLE KEYS FOR THE +IDENTIFICATION OF THE NATIVE SEED PLANTS +OF THE STATE + + +By HENRY ALLAN GLEASON, Ph. D. +Associate Professor of Botany and Director of the Botanical Gardens +and Arboretum in the University of Michigan + + +1918 + + + + +COPYRIGHT, 1918 +GEORGE WAHR + + + + +PUBLISHED BY +GEORGE WAHR +ANN ARBOR + + +PRINTED BY +THE ANN ARBOR PRESS + + + + +PREFACE + + +This book is not intended for the expert botanist. He should consult one +of the regular Manuals which give full descriptions of each species of +plant. + +Neither is it intended for the merely curious. Only those who have +sufficient interest in a plant to observe it can find its name by this +book. + +Furthermore, it is not a textbook. It does not attempt to convey +botanical information, but offers merely an opportunity to learn the +names of plants. + +Its mission is fully accomplished if, through its use, students, +vacationists, and plant-lovers in general are able to recognize by name +the plants about them. + + + + +HOW TO USE THE BOOK + + +One recognizes a plant by the presence of structural features peculiar +to itself, and not found on any other kind of plant. In such a book as +this, these characters are given one or a few at a time, and contrasted +with the characters which other sorts of plants possess. Such a +presentation is called a Key, and by its proper use the name may be +learned of any plant considered in it. This process is called +Identification. + +Keys are constructed in several different ways, although the principle +of all is the same. In this book, the user will begin with lines 1a and +1b on the page headed Key to the Groups. Each of these lines includes +some descriptive matter, but only one of them can apply to the plant +being identified. For example, if the plant to be identified is an Oak, +line 1a will apply perfectly, and the same line will also apply to any +other kind of tree or to any shrub. But if the plant is a Violet, a +Buttercup, or any other herb, line 1b agrees and line 1a will not apply. +At the end of each line is a reference to be consulted next. If the +plant is a tree or shrub, one turns accordingly to Group 1, on page ix, +and begins again at the first number given. If the plant is an herb, he +follows the reference to line 2, just below, and again compares the +plants with lines 2a and 2b. + +Under every number at least two lines of description are given, +designated a and b, and under a few numbers additional lines appear, +designated c, d, etc. In every case, the user of the key will select +from the different lines under the same number that particular line +which agrees with the structure of the plant, and follow up the +reference given at the end of that line. Eventually one finds at the end +of a line, instead of a number, the name of a family of plants, to which +this particular plant belongs, and then turns over to the page where +this family is treated. Under each family is a similar key, to be +followed in exactly the same way, until finally one finds instead of a +number the common name and the scientific name of the plant in hand. The +process of identification is now completed, and the student has found +the name of the plant. + +In some cases, a reference is made in the key to a particular portion of +the family key. One then turns directly to this particular number in the +family key, and continues his identification in the usual way. + +As a definite example of the use of the key, suppose that one has in +hand a branch of the White Oak, and that he does not know its name. To +determine its name, he will trace it through the following steps in the +key. Under the Key to the Groups, it agrees with line 1a, which refers +to Group 1, Woody Plants. Under this group it agrees in structure with +line 1a, which refers to 2; with line 2b, referring to 21; with line +21b, referring to 22; with 22b, referring to 29; with 29b, referring to +32; with 32c, referring to 47; with 47b, referring to 48; with 48b, +referring to 51; with 51b, referring to number 1b in the Beech Family. +Turning to the proper number in this family, the plant is referred to +line 3; it agrees with line 3c, referring to 10; with 10a, referring to +11; and with 11b, which gives the name of the plant. White Oak, _Quercus +alba_. + +As a second example, suppose one has a common yellow-flowered plant +blooming on lawns and roadsides in spring. Under the Key to the Groups, +it agrees with 1b, referring to 2; with 2b, referring to 3; and its +net-veined leaves place it in 3b, referring to Group 4, Dicotyledones. +Under this group, its basal leaves place it in 1b, referring to 2; its +simple leaves in 2b, referring to 18; the absence of stem-leaves places +it in 18b, referring to 23; its solitary flowers on each flower-stalk +place it in 23b, referring to 24; its yellow flowers agree with 24a, +referring to 25; and its milky juice refers the plant to number 16, in +the Composite Family. In the key to this family, its lobed leaves agree +with 16b, referring on to 17; its large flowers with 17b, giving one the +common name Dandelion, and referring on to 18 to determine which kind of +Dandelion the plant may be. + +At some point in the key there will be found for each plant a statement +in parentheses. This is general information concerning the height of the +plant, the color of the flowers, or the season of bloom. It must be +remembered that the height of plants is subject to great variation; that +most plants have white-flowered varieties; and that the month of bloom +depends largely on the latitude and the climate. Therefore this general +information should not be used as means of distinguishing species. + +=The names of plants.= Each plant bears a scientific name. This is +composed of two parts and is usually of Latin or Greek derivation. In +some cases these names are taken directly from the Latin language, as +_Quercus_, the Oak, or _Acer_, the Maple. In other cases the name may +indicate some characteristic feature of the plant, as _Polygonum_, many +joints, for the Knotweed, or _Ammophila_, sand-loving, for the Beach +Grass. + +An English name is also given for almost every kind of plant. In a few +cases there is no accepted English name, and none has been given. In +many cases the same English name applies to several kinds of plants and +has been repeated for each. When this is so, the common name is given in +the key in parentheses before the scientific name is reached. Thus, if +one is satisfied to know merely that his plant is a dandelion, he learns +it in line 17b of the key to the Composite Family, but to discover which +kind of a dandelion he has, he must follow through the key and use the +scientific name. + +There is in this book, therefore, no necessity of learning or using +scientific names. The less critical may be satisfied with an English +name, and others may use the scientific names as they see fit. + +=Possible Errors.= In using this book, care must be taken to compare all +the lines under each number with the plant, and to use judgment in +selecting the right one. While faulty observation or poor judgment may +lead to error, a mistake is usually due to carelessness in not following +correctly the reference at the end of the line chosen. If one reaches a +number in which none of the lines of description agrees with the plant, +it is very probable that he has made a mistake at an earlier stage of +the identification, and he should then begin anew. + +It has been the intention of the author to make the key as nearly as +possible proof against errors of judgment. For example, the Indian +Turnip may be sought under either Group 3 or Group 4; the Matrimony Vine +may be identified either as a shrub or as an herb, and numerous other +similar examples may be discovered. + +=Botanical Information Needed.= It is presumed that those using the book +will be familiar with the parts of the flower and with the commoner +descriptive terms applied to leaves. Unusual terms have been avoided as +far as possible, but those which do occur, as well as the simpler ones, +are explained in the glossary. + +In general, only those characters have been used in the keys which can +be observed without a magnifying glass and without dissection of the +flower. + +In several groups of plants, reference is made to the fuller +descriptions to be found in the Manuals. The standard manuals for +Michigan are Gray's New Manual of Botany, 7th edition (American Book +Company, $2.50), and Britton and Brown, Illustrated Flora of the +Northern States and Canada (Chas. Scribner's Sons, $13.50). These books +may be consulted in most school or public libraries. + +All dimensions are expressed in the metric system. For convenience, it +may be stated that 25 millimeters (mm.) are about equal to one inch; 1 +centimeter (cm.) to two-fifths of an inch; 1 decimeter (dm.) to 4 +inches; and 1 meter (m.) is a little more than 3 feet. + + + + +KEY TO GROUPS + + +1a. Trees, shrubs, or woody climbers, with stems which last from year to + year Group 1, =WOODY PLANTS=, p. ix. + +1b. Herbaceous plants, with stems which live above ground only a single + season --2. + + 2a. Plants with unusual habits or structures, including leafless, + colorless, submerged, floating, parasitic, or hollow-leaved + plants Group 2, =UNUSUAL PLANTS=, p. xxiii. + + 2b. Ordinary terrestrial or swamp plants, without unusual + structural peculiarities --3. + +3a. Leaves parallel-veined (or net-veined in a few species); parts of + the flower usually in threes or sixes, never in fives; wood-fibers + scattered through the stem; seed with one cotyledon. All plants with + definitely parallel-veined leaves may be identified through this + division, unless the parts of the flower are distinctly in fives. + Group 3, =MONOCOTYLEDONES=, p. xxvii. + +3b. Leaves net-veined (or parallel-veined in a few species); parts of + the flower usually in fours or fives; wood-fibers arranged in a + circle in the stem; seeds with two cotyledons. All plants with + definitely net-veined leaves may be identified through this + division. Group 4, =DICOTYLEDONES=, p. xxx. + + +Note:--In order to avoid possible chances of error, many plants have +been treated under both of the above groups. The following hints may +also be useful in distinguishing Groups 3 and 4: + +All herbaceous plants with deeply lobed, dissected or compound leaves +may be sought under the Dicotyledones. + +All herbaceous plants with five stamens in each flower, or with seven or +more stamens and one ovary in each flower, may be sought under +Dicotyledones. + + + + +GROUP 1, WOODY PLANTS + + +1a. Trees, with erect stem and central trunk, attaining a height of 6 m. + (20 ft.) or more --2. + +1b. Shrubs or woody vines, without true tree habit, or attaining heights + of less than 6 m. (20 ft.) --52. + + 2a. Key for use in earliest spring, for trees which have flowers + but no leaves --3. + + 2b. Key for use with trees bearing leaves --21. + +3a. Flowers in catkins, without brightly colored or petal-like parts + --4. + +3b. Flowers not in catkins, either with or without petals --14. + + 4a. Leaf-scars and lateral buds 2-ranked, i. e., in two + longitudinal rows with the third leaf above the first --5. + + 4b. Leaf-scars and buds in three or more longitudinal rows --9. + +5a. From 1 to 3 bud-scales visible on each leaf-bud + 2b, in =FAGACEAE=, p. 22. + +5b. From 4 to 7 bud-scales visible on each leaf-bud --6. + +5c. From 8 to 20 bud-scales visible on each leaf-bud; buds long and + slender; bark of the trunk smooth --8. + + 6a. Bundle-scars 5 or more 2b, in =URTICACEAE=, p. 23. + + 6b. Bundle-scars 3 --7. + +7a. Twigs bearing numerous dwarf branches thickly covered with crowded +leaf-scars (Birch) =BETULACEAE=, p. 21. + +7b. Twigs without dwarf branches (Ironwood) 9a, in =BETULACEAE=, p. 22. + + 8a. Trunk cylindrical or nearly so 2a, in =FAGACEAE=, p. 22. + + 8b. Trunk prominently fluted with longitudinal ridges + 1b, in =BETULACEAE=, p. 21. + +9a. Bundle-scars 3 in each leaf-scar --10. + +9b. Bundle scars more than 3 in each leaf-scar --12. + + 10a. Pith divided into separate cavities by transverse partitions + 1a, in =JUGLANDACEAE=, p. 21. + + 10b. Pith not partitioned --11. + +11a. Buds small, with only one external bud-scale + 1b, in =SALICACEAE=, p. 19. + +11b. Buds with more than one outer bud-scale + 1a, in =SALICACEAE=, p. 19. + + 12a. Buds clustered near the tips of the twigs + 1b, in =FAGACEAE=, p. 22. + + 12b. Buds not clustered at the tips of the twigs --13. + +13a. Buds with about 3 visible bud-scales 2b, in =FAGACEAE=, p. 22. + +13b. Terminal bud large, with 4 or more visible bud-scales + 1b, in =JUGLANDACEAE=, p. 21. + + 14a. Flowers conspicuous, brightly colored, at least 8 mm. wide. + with both calyx and corolla --15. + + 14b. Flowers inconspicuous, seldom brightly colored, and then less + than 8 mm. wide --17. + +15a. Flowers irregular, pink or red 3a, in =LEGUMINOSAE=, p. 58. + +15b. Flowers regular, white --16. + + 16a. Ovary one, superior, in the center of the flower + 32b, in =ROSACEAE=, p. 54. + + 16b. Ovary inferior, appearing as a swelling below the calyx at the + summit of the pedicel 42b, in =ROSACEAE=, p. 55. + +17a. Leaf-scars and buds opposite --18. + +17b. Leaf-scars and buds alternate --19. + + 18a. Bundle-scar one in each leaf-scar 1b, in =OLEACAE=, p. 88. + + 18b. Bundle-scars 3 or more in each leaf-scar =ACERACEAE=, p. 70. + +19a. Bundle-scar 1 in each leaf-scar 1b, in =LAURACEAE=, p. 41. + +19b. Bundle-scars 3 in each leaf-scar --20. + +19c. Bundle-scars 5 in each leaf-scar 7a, in =LEGUMINOSAE=, p. 58. + + 20a. Branches thorny 5a, in =LEGUMINOSAE=, p. 58. + + 20b. Branches not thorny 3a, in =URTICACEAE=, p. 24. + + --21-- + +21a. Leaves narrow, needle-like or scale-like; trees mostly evergreen + =PINACEAE=, p. 1. + +21b. Leaves broader, flat, never needle-like or scale-like, falling in + winter --22. + + 22a. Leaves compound --23. + + 22b. Leaves simple --29. + +23a. Leaves opposite --24. + +23b. Leaves alternate --26. + + 24a. Leaves palmately compound with 5-7 leaflets + =SAPINDACEAE=, p. 70. + + 24b. Leaves pinnately compound --25. + +25a. Leaflets 3-5 1a, in =ACERACEAE=, p. 70. + +25b. Leaflets 7-11 1b, in =OLEACEAE=, p. 88. + + 26a. Stem or branches thorny 4a, in =LEGUMINOSAE=, p. 58. + + 26b. Stem or branches not thorny --27. + +27a. Leaflets entire 7a, in =LEGUMINOSAE=, p. 58. + +27b. Leaflets entire except for a few large glandular teeth near their + base =SIMARUBACEAE=, p. 65. + +27c. Leaflets serrate their entire length --28. + + 28a. Upper leaflets less than 25 mm. wide + 4b, in =ROSACEAE=, p. 51. + + 28b. Upper leaflets more than 25 mm. wide + =JUGLANDACEAE=, p. 21. + +29a. Leaves opposite --30. + +29b. Leaves alternate --32. + + 30a. Leaves entire =CORNACEAE=, p. 83. + + 30b. Leaves toothed or lobed, not entire --31. + +31a. Leaves lobed 1b, in =ACERACEAE=, p. 70. + +31b. Leaves merely toothed 27b, in =CAPRIFOLIACEAE=, p. 111. + + 32a. Leaves entire --33. + + 32b. Leaves toothed --36. + + 32c. Leaves lobed --47. + +33a. Leaves heart-shape 3a, in =LEGUMINOSAE=, p. 58. + +33b. Leaves not heart-shape --34. + + 34a. Twigs and foliage spicy-aromatic 1b, in =LAURACEAE=, p. 41. + + 34b. Twigs and foliage not aromatic --35. + +35a. Pith 5-angled; fruit an acorn 3a, in =FAGACEAE=, p. 22. + +35b. Pith not 5-angled; fruit a berry 1a, in =CORNACEAE=, p. 83. + + 36a. Leaves oblique at base, i. e., one side of the leaf larger + than the other --37. + + 36b. Leaves symmetrical, not oblique at base --38. + +37a. Leaves heart-shape, about as broad as long =TILIACEAE=, p. 72. + +37b. Leaves oval or ovate, much longer than wide + 1a, in =URTICACEAE=, p. 23. + + 38a. Stems thorny 41b, in =ROSACEAE=, p. 54. + + 38b. Stems not thorny --39. + +39a. Leaves finely toothed, with 3-many teeth per centimeter of margin + --40. + +39b. Leaves coarsely toothed, with 1-2 teeth per centimeter of margin + --46. + + 40a. Petioles laterally compressed 2a, in =SALICACEAE=, p. 19. + + 40b. Petioles not compressed --41. + +41a. Leaves, or many of them, crowded on short spur-like branches --42. + +41b. Leaves scattered, not on short spur-like branches --43. + + 42a. Bark of the trunks separating in thin papery or leathery + sheets =BETULACEAE=, p. 21. + + 42b. Bark of the trunk not papery or leathery + 24b, in =ROSACEAE=, p. 53. + +43a. Lateral leaf-veins straight and parallel, and terminating in the + teeth =BETULACEAE=, p. 21. + +43b. Lateral veins more or less curved, and not ending in the teeth + --44. + + 44a. Leaves palmately veined, about as broad as long; juice + somewhat milky 2b, in =URTICACEAE=, p. 23. + + 44b. Leaves pinnately veined; juice not milky --45. + +45a. Willows, with slender leaves and brittle twigs + 8a, in =SALICACEAE=, p. 19. + +45b. Trees with lanceolate, ovate, or oblong leaves and tough twigs + 30, in =ROSACEAE=, p. 54. + +45c. Cottonwoods, with broad, heart-shape or rounded leaves + 1a, in =SALICACEAE=, p. 19. + + 46a. Petioles laterally compressed 2a, in =SALICACEAE=, p. 19. + + 46b. Petioles not compressed; lateral veins straight and parallel, + running directly to the teeth =FAGACEAE=, p. 22. + +47a. Stem thorny 41b, in =ROSACEAE=, p. 54. + +47b. Stem not thorny --48. + + 48a. Leaves palmately veined --49. + + 48b. Leaves pinnately veined --51. + +49a. Lobes of the leaf entire 1b, in =LAURACEAE=, p. 41. + +49b. Lobes of the leaf serrate --50. + + 50a. Juice somewhat milky; lateral buds visible + 2b, in =URTICACEAE=, p. 23. + + 50b. Juice not milky; lateral buds covered by the base of the + petiole =PLATANACEAE=, p. 51. + +51a. Leaves with 4 large entire lobes; stem marked with a ring at each + node =MAGNOLIACEAE=, p. 40. + +51b. Leaves with many lobes; stem not ringed 1b, in =FAGACEAE=, p. 22. + + --52-- + + 52a. For specimens bearing leaves only --53. + + 52b. For specimens bearing flowers only --140. + + 52c. For specimens with both leaves and flowers --155. + +53a. Leaves narrow, needle-like or scale-like, mostly evergreen --54. + +53b. Leaves broader, flat or rolled, but not needle-like or scale-like + --56. + + 54a. Foliage densely gray-pubescent; low bushy shrubs with yellow + flowers 2a, in =CISTACEAE=, p. 74. + + 54b. Foliage green --55. + +55a. Leaves opposite or whorled =PINACEAE=, p. 1. + +55b. Leaves scattered on the stem =TAXACEAE=, p. 2. + + 56a. Twining or climbing vines --57. + + 56b. Not climbing or twining --66. + +57a. Thorny vines --58. + +57b. Not thorny --60. + + 58a. Climbing by tendrils at the base of the leaves + 4b, in =LILIACEAE=, p. 11. + + 58b. Tendrils none --59. + +59a. Leaves simple 5a, in =SOLANACEAE=, p. 100. + +59b. Leaves compound 8a, in =ROSACEAE=, p. 52. + + 60a. Leaves compound --61. + + 60b. Leaves simple --63. + +61a. Leaves with 5 leaflets 1a, in =VITACEAE=, p. 71. + +61b. Leaves with 3 leaflets --62. + + 62a. Plant climbing by tendril-like leaf-stalks + 1a, in =RANUNCULACEAE=, p. 35. + + 62b. Plant climbing by hold-fast roots + 5b, in =ANACARDIACEAE=, p. 69. + +63a. Leaves opposite 5a, in =CAPRIFOLIACEAE=, p. 110. + +63b. Leaves alternate --64. + + 64a. Plants climbing by tendrils 1b, in =VITACEAE=, p. 71. + + 64b. Twining plants --65. + +65a. Leaves ovate-oblong, attached by the base + 1a, in =CELASTRACEAE=, p. 69. + +65b. Leaves almost round, peltate near the edge =MENISPERMACEAE= p. 40. + + 66a. Leaves opposite --67. + + 66b. Leaves alternate --84. + +67a. Leaves compound --68. + +67b. Leaves simple --69. + + 68a. Leaflets 3 =STAPHYLEACEAE=, p. 69. + + 68b. Leaflets 7 or more 1a, in =CAPRIFOLIACEAE=, p. 109. + +69a. Leaves palmately veined, or at least with a pair of prominent + lateral veins from the base --70. + +69b. Leaves pinnately veined --72. + + 70a. Leaves not lobed 1b, in =RHAMNACEAE=, p. 71. + + 70b. Leaves more or less lobed --71. + +71a. Leaves with stipules 22a, in =CAPRIFOLIACEAE=, p. 111. + +71b. Leaves without stipules 2a, in =ACERACEAE=, p. 70. + + 72a. Leaves serrate --73. + + 72b. Leaves entire --77. + +73a. Stem thorny 1b, in =RHAMNACEAE=, p. 71. + +73b. Stem not thorny --74. + + 74a. Bark of the ripe twigs green 1b, in =CELASTRACEAE=, p. 69. + + 74b. Bark of the ripe twigs brown, reddish, or gray --75. + +75a. Twigs with a prominent hairy ridge extending downward from the + middle of the line connecting the petiole bases + 13a, in =CAPRIFOLIACEAE=, p. 110. + +75b. Twigs without any pubescent ridge --76. + + 76a. Erect shrubs; leaves obviously toothed + 11b, in =CAPRIFOLIACEAE=, p. 110. + + 76b. Spreading shrubs; most of the leaves entire, and only here and + there some with serrate margins + 18b, in =CAPRIFOLIACEAE=, p. 110. + +77a. Leaves silvery beneath with a dense coating of scales + =ELAEAGNACEAE=, p. 77. + +77b. Leaves green beneath, or somewhat hairy and light-colored --78. + + 78a. Aquatic plant with lanceolate leaves, and stems bending over + and into the water 1a, in =LYTHRACEAE=, p. 77. + + 78b. Not truly aquatic, although frequently in wet places --79. + +79a. Leaves evergreen, as shown by their presence on the older stems + 18a, in =ERICACEAE=, p. 85. + +79b. Leaves deciduous each year --80. + + 80a. Leaves dotted with translucent dots, easily seen when the leaf + is held to the light 1a, in =HYPERICACEAE=, p. 73. + + 80b. Leaves not dotted with translucent dots --81. + +81a. Lateral veins curved forward and running almost parallel to the + leaf-margin =CORNACEAE=, p. 83. + +81b. Lateral veins spreading, and not paralleling the leaf-margin --82. + + 82a. Leaves with stipules 1a, 1a, in =RUBIACEAE=, p. 108. + + 82b. Leaves with a prominent ridge connecting them at the base + --83. + + 82c. Leaves with neither stipules nor connecting ridges + 1a, in =OLEACEAE=, p. 88. + +83a. Bundle-scar one in each leaf-scar 18b, in =CAPRIFOLIACEAE=, p. 110. + +83b. Bundle-scars three in each leaf-scar (Honeysuckle) + 12, in =CAPRIFOLIACEAE=, p. 110. + + 84a. Leaves compound --85. + + 84b. Leaves simple --95. + +85a. Stems prickly or thorny --86. + +85b. Stems without prickles or thorns --88. + + 86a. Leaves twice-pinnate 4a, 1a, in =ARALIACEAE=, p. 80. + + 86b. Leaves evenly pinnate 5b, in =LEGUMINOSAE=, p. 58. + + 86c. Leaves odd-pinnate or trifoliate --87. + +87a. Leaflets entire 1a, 1a, in =RUTACEAE=, p. 65. + +87b. Leaflets serrate 3b, 3b, in =ROSACEAE=, p. 51. + + 88a. Leaflets 3 --89. + + 88b. Leaflets 5 to many --91. + +89a. Tall shrubs; leaflets entire or minutely toothed + 1b, in =RUTACEAE=, p. 65. + +89b. Shrubs 2 m. high or less; leaves conspicuously toothed --90. + + 90a. Stipules present 17b, in =ROSACEAE=, p. 53. + + 90b. Stipules none 1b, in =ANACARDIACEAE=, p. 68. + +91a. Leaflets 6-25 mm. long --92. + +91b. Leaflets 30 mm. long, or more --93. + + 92a. Leaflets mostly 5, rarely 3 or 7 7a, in =ROSACEAE=, p. 52. + + 92b. Leaflets mostly 9-19, 15 mm. long or more + 26a, in =LEGUMINOSAE=, p. 60. + + 92c. Leaflets mostly 25-45, less than 15 mm. long + 8a, in =LEGUMINOSAE=, p. 58. + +93a. Leaflets entire 3a, in =ANACARDIACEAE=, p. 68. + +93b. Leaflets entire, except for 1-4 large glandular teeth near their + base =SIMARUBACEAE=, p. 65. + +93c. Leaflets toothed throughout --94. + + 94a. Juice milky 1a, in =ANACARDIACEAE=, p. 68. + + 94b. Juice not milky 3a, in =ROSACEAE=, p. 51. + +95a. Leaves minute, scale-like, appressed 2a, in =CISTACEAE=, p. 74. + +95b. Leaves 3-10 mm. long, spreading, completely rolled into a tube + =EMPETRACEAE=, p. 68. + +95c. Leaves normal in shape, green in color --96. + + 96a. Leaves evergreen, as shown by their presence on the older + parts of the stem 4b, in =ERICACEAE=, p. 84. + + 96b. Leaves deciduous --97. + +97a. Stems or branches thorny --98. + +97b. Stems or branches without thorns or thorny leaves --103. + + 98a. Leaves conspicuously palmately veined --99. + + 98b. Leaves pinnately veined, or sometimes with smaller lateral + veins arising from the end of the petiole --100. + +99a. Leaves 5 cm. wide or less 1a, in =SAXIFRAGACEAE=, p. 49. + +99b. Leaves 15 cm. wide or more 1a, in =ARALIACEAE=, p. 80. + + 100a. Leaves entire 5a, in =SOLANACEAE=, p. 100. + + 100b. Leaves toothed or somewhat lobed --101. + +101a. Leaves with bristly margins; some of the thorns three-pointed + 2a, in =BERBERIDACEAE=, p. 40. + +101b. Leaves not bristly on the margin; thorns not branched --102. + + 102a. Only lateral thorns present 41b, in =ROSACEAE=, p. 54. + + 102b. Only terminal thorns present 2a, in =RHAMNACEAE=, p. 71. + +103a. Leaves palmately veined, or with one or more pairs of lateral + veins from the base of the leaf --104. + +103b. Leaves pinnately veined --111. + + 104a. Leaves entire --105. + + 104b. Leaves toothed --106. + + 104c. Leaves palmately lobed --108. + +105a. Foliage fragrant when crushed; leaves ovate + 1b, in =LAURACEAE=, p. 41. + +105b. Foliage not aromatic; leaves heart-shape + 3b, in =LEGUMINOSAE=, p. 58. + + 106a. Lateral veins straight and parallel, running to the teeth of + the leaf 3a, in =BETULACEAE=, p. 22. + + 106b. Lateral veins curved or branched, and not running straight to + the teeth --107. + +107a. Tall shrubs with somewhat milky juice and broadly ovate leaves + 2b, in =URTICACEAE=, p. 23. + +107b. Low shrubs less than 1 m. high with watery juice + 1b, in =RHAMNACEAE=, p. 71. + + 108a. Leaves with 2 or 3 entire lobes, spicy-fragrant when crushed + 1b, in =LAURACEAE=, p. 41. + + 108b. Leaves with milky juice 2b, in =URTICACEAE=, p. 23. + + 108c. Leaves neither spicy-fragrant nor with milky juice --109. + +109a. Stem covered with brown bristles 29, in =ROSACEAE=, p. 54. + +109b. Stem not bristly --110. + + 110a. Sides of the petiole strongly decurrent on the stem; + bundle-scars crowded or nearly in contact in the leaf-scars + 28b, in =ROSACEAE=, p. 53. + + 110b. Sides of petiole little decurrent or not at all; bundle-scars + distinctly separate 2b, in =SAXIFRAGACEAE=, p. 49. + +111a. Leaves aromatically fragrant when crushed --112. + +111b. Leaves not aromatically fragrant when crushed --113. + + 112a. Leaves broadly obovate, entire; a common woodland shrub + 1a, in =LAURACEAE=, p. 41. + + 112b. Leaves linear-lanceolate or oblanceolate, conspicuously + toothed or entire =MYRICACEAE=, p. 20. + +113a. Leaves entire --114. + +113b. Leaves toothed or lobed --121. + + 114a. Base of the petiole covering the axillary buds; twigs marked + with rings =THYMELAEACEAE=, p. 77. + + 114b. Base of petiole not covering the bud, and twigs not marked + with rings --115. + +115a. Pith with prominent partitions; tall shrubs with fetid bark; + leaves obovate, 10 cm. long or larger =ANONACEAE=, p. 40. + +115b. Pith not partitioned; leaves smaller --116. + + 116a. Leaves waxy or resinous underneath + 24b, in =ERICACEAE=, p. 86. + + 116b. Leaves not waxy or resinous --117. + +117a. Lateral veins curved forward and almost parallel to the margin of + the leaf 2a, in =CORNACEAE=, p. 83. + +117b. Lateral veins spreading --118. + + 118a. Leaves lanceolate or linear, much longer than wide --119. + + 118b. Leaves ovate or elliptical --120. + +119a. Stem weak, spreading or trailing 5a, in =SOLANACEAE=, p. 100. + +119b. Stems, or some of them, erect 3b, in =LEGUMINOSAE=, p. 58. + + 120a. Leaves with purple petioles, which are at least one-fourth as + long as the leaf-blade 1a, in =AQUIFOLIACEAE=, p. 69. + + 120b. Leaves with short petioles or sessile + 24c, in =ERICACEAE=, p. 86. + +121a. Lateral veins straight and parallel, mostly ending in the teeth of + the leaf --122. + +121b. Lateral veins not straight and parallel --129. + + 122a. Leaves 2-ranked, i. e., in two longitudinal rows, with the + third leaf directly above the first --123. + + 122b. Leaves not 2-ranked --127. + +123a. Leaves unsymmetrical, oblique at the base, i. e., with one side of + the leaf larger than the other =HAMAMELIDACEAE=, p. 51. + +123b. Leaves symmetrical or nearly so at the base --124. + + 124a. Lateral leaf-veins ending in the leaf-teeth --125. + + 124b. Lateral veins not ending in the teeth + 42b, in =ROSACEAE=, p. 55. + +125a. Bark smooth and fluted on the large stems + 1b, in =BETULACEAE=, p. 21. + +125b. Bark rough or warty or glandular --126. + + 126a. Leaves 4 cm. long or less 3a, in =BETULACEAE=, p. 22. + + 126b. Leaves 5 cm. long or more 9b, in =BETULACEAE=, p. 22. + +127a. Pith 3-angled 6a, in =BETULACEAE=, p. 22. + +127b. Pith 5-angled 13b, in =FAGACEAE=, p. 23. + +127c. Pith cylindrical --128. + + 128a. Leaves finely serrate 42b, in =ROSACEAE=, p. 55. + + 128b. Leaves coarsely or doubly serrate 41a, in =ROSACEAE=, p. 54. + +129a. Leaves coarsely or doubly serrate --130. + +129b. Leaves simply serrate --131. + + 130a. Leaves 2-ranked, i. e., in two longitudinal rows, with the + third leaf directly over the first + 9b, in =BETULACEAE=, p. 22. + + 130b. Leaves not 2-ranked 41a, in =ROSACEAE=, p. 54. + +131a. Leaves with glands on the petiole or at the base of the leaf-blade + --132. + +131b. Leaves with small dark glands on the upper side of the mid-vein + 42a, in =ROSACEAE=, p. 54. + +131c. Leaves without glands --133. + + 132a. Willows; with usually slender leaves, frequently conspicuous + broad stipules, and lateral buds protected by a single + external bud-scale 13, in =SALICACEAE=, p. 20. + + 132b. Plums and cherries; with leaves lanceolate or broader, and + stipules minute and falling early in the season; lateral buds + with more than one bud-scale 30, in =ROSACEAE=, p. 54. + +133a. With stipules or with stipular scars indicating where stipules + have been detached --134. + +133b. Without stipules or stipular scars --138. + + 134a. With three bundle-scars in each leaf-scar --135. + + 134b. With one bundle-scar in each leaf-scar --136. + +135a. Willows; usually with slender leaves and twigs and frequently with + large conspicuous stipules; lateral buds covered by a single + external bud-scale 13, in =SALICACEAE=, p. 20. + +135b. Juneberries; with oblong or ovate leaves and small stipules which + fall early; lateral buds with more than one external scale + 42b, in =ROSACEAE=, p. 55. + + 136a. Leaves mostly entire, only a few here and there with low + teeth 1a, in =AQUIFOLIACEAE=, p. 69. + + 136b. Leaves sharply toothed --137. + +137a. Axillary buds superposed, i. e., with a second one just above the + first 1b, in =AQUIFOLIACEAE=, p. 69. + +137b. Axillary buds not superposed 2b, in =RHAMNACEAE=, p. 71. + + 138a. Leaves with purple petioles, which are at least one-fourth as + long as the blade 1a, in =AQUIFOLIACEAE=, p. 69. + + 138b. Leaves short-petioled or sessile --139. + +139a. Stems erect and straight, unbranched or with very few branches + 27, in =ROSACEAE=, p. 53. + +139b. Stems more or less crooked and freely branched, making a spreading + shrub 25, in =ERICACEAE=, p. 86. + + --140-- + + 140a. Flowers appearing in autumn, after the leaves have fallen + =HAMAMELIDACEAE=, p. 51. + + 140b. Flowers appearing in spring, before the leaves have opened + --141. + +141a. Flowers in catkins, without brightly colored or petal-like parts + --142. + +141b. Flowers not in catkins, either with or without brightly colored or + petal-like parts --149. + + 142a. Leaves 2-ranked, as shown by the arrangement of buds and + leaf-scars in two longitudinal rows, so that the third bud is + directly over the first --143. + + 142b. Leaves and leaf-scars not 2-ranked --146. + +143a. Bundle-scars three in each leaf-scar --144. + +143b. Bundle-scars several in each leaf-scar 2b, in =URTICACEAE=, p. 23. + + 144a. Leaf-buds with only 1-3 visible bud-scales + 10, in =BETULACEAE=, p. 22. + + 144b. Leaf-buds with more than 3 visible scales --145. + +145a. Bark of the branches smooth and dark gray, the larger stems fluted + with projecting longitudinal ridges 1b, in =BETULACEAE=, p. 21. + +145b. Branches without projecting ridges 4, in =BETULACEAE=, p. 22. + + 146a. Pith 3-angled 8, in =BETULACEAE=, p. 22. + + 146b. Pith 5-angled 13b, in =FAGACEAE=, p. 23. + + 146c. Pith cylindrical --147. + +147a. Visible outer bud-scales 2 or more --148. + +147b. Buds with a single visible outer scale + 13, in =SALICACEAE=, p. 20. + + 148a. Bundle-scars 3 in each leaf-scar =MYRICACEAE=, p. 20. + + 148b. Bundle-scars more than 3 in each leaf-scar + 2b, in =URTICACEAE=, p. 23. + +149a. Flowers dark red-purple, about 3 cm. wide =ANONACEAE=, p. 40. + +149b. Flowers bright pink, irregular, about 1 cm. wide + 3a, in =LEGUMINOSAE=, p. 58. + +149c. Flowers white, with 5 conspicuous petals --150. + +149d. Flowers greenish or yellowish, small, inconspicuous --152. + + 150a. Ovary 1, superior, i. e., in the center of the flower and not + attached to surrounding parts 36, in =ROSACEAE=, p. 54. + + 150b. Ovary inferior, appearing as a swelling below the calyx at + the apex of the pedicel --151. + +151a. Flowers in racemes or solitary 42b, in =ROSACEAE=, p. 55. + +151b. Flowers in flattened or rounded branching clusters + 42a, in =ROSACEAE=, p. 55. + + 152a. Stems thorny 1a, in =RUTACEAE=, p. 65. + + 152b. Stems not thorny --153. + +153a. Bark pleasantly aromatic when crushed; perianth with 6 parts + --154. + +153b. Bark not pleasantly aromatic; perianth with 4 short lobes + =THYMELAEACEAE=, p. 77. + + 154a. Flowers in sessile lateral clusters + 1a, in =LAURACEAE=, p. 41. + + 154b. Flowers in peduncled terminal clusters + 1b, in =LAURACEAE=, p. 41. + + --155-- + +155a. Leaves narrow, needle-like or scale-like, mostly evergreen --54. + +155b. Leaves broader, flat or rolled, but not needle-like or scale-like + --156. + + 156a. Twining or climbing vines --56. + + 156b. Not twining or climbing --157. + +157a. Leaves opposite --158. + +157b. Leaves alternate --165. + + 158a. Leaves compound --68. + + 158b. Leaves simple --159. + +159a. Leaves broad, palmately lobed --160. + +159b. Leaves not palmately lobed --161. + + 160a. Flowers greenish-yellow, in racemes or panicles + 2a, in =ACERACEAE=, p. 70. + + 160b. Flowers white, in rounded or flattened clusters + 22a, in =CAPRIFOLIACEAE=, p. 111. + +161a. Flowers in close clusters, subtended by four large white + petal-like bracts 4b, in =CORNACEAE=, p. 83. + +161b. Flowers small, white, in dense spherical heads + 1a, in =RUBIACEAE=, p. 108. + +161c. Flowers not in dense heads, and not subtended by petal-like bracts + --162. + + 162a. Petals separate from each other --163. + + 162b. Petals united with each other --164. + +163a. Flowers dark purple-red 1b, in =CELASTRACEAE=. p. 69. + +163b. Flowers bright yellow 1a, in =HYPERICACEAE=, p. 73. + +163c. Flowers pink-purple; aquatic shrubs 1a, in =LYTHRACEAE=, p. 77. + +163d. Flowers white 5, in =CORNACEAE=, p. 83. + +163e. Flowers minute, greenish; twigs usually thorny + 1b, in =RHAMNACEAE=, p. 71. + +163f. Flowers small, yellowish; leaves silvery beneath + =ELAEAGNACEAE=, p. 77. + + 164a. Stamens 2 1a, in =OLEACEAE=, p. 88. + + 164b. Stamens 4 or 5 11, in =CAPRIFOLIACEAE=, p. 110. + + 164c. Stamens 10 18a, in =ERICACEAE=, p. 85. + +165a. Leaves once-compound --166. + +165b. Leaves simple --172. + +165c. Leaves twice- or thrice-compound 4a, in =ARALIACEAE=, p. 80. + + 166a. Flowers small, greenish or greenish-yellow --167. + + 166b. Flowers conspicuous, white, or brightly colored --170. + +167a. Stems thorny 1a, in =RUTACEAE=, p. 65. + +167b. Stems not thorny --168. + + 168a. Leaflets 3, entire or minutely toothed + 1b, in =RUTACEAE=, p. 65. + + 168b. Leaflets 3, conspicuously toothed + 1b, in =ANACARDIACEAE=, p. 68. + + 168c. Leaflets more than 3 --169. + +169a. Leaflets entire except for 1-4 large glandular teeth near their + base =SIMARUBACEAE=, p. 65. + +169b. Leaflets entire, or toothed for their entire length + =ANACARDIACEAE=, p. 68. + + 170a. Flowers with a single bright-blue petal + 8a, in =LEGUMINOSAE=, p. 58. + + 170b. Flowers with several petals --171. + +171a. Flowers regular 3, in =ROSACEAE=, p. 51. + +171b. Flowers irregular, the upper petal the largest + 4, in =LEGUMINOSAE=, p. 58. + + 172a. Leaves minute, scale-like, appressed + 2a, in =CISTACEAE=, p. 74. + + 172b. Leaves 3-10 mm. long, spreading, completely rolled into a + tube =EMPETRACEAE=, p. 68. + + 172c. Leaves normal in shape, green in color --173. + +173a. Leaves evergreen, as shown by their presence on the older parts of + the stem 4b, in =ERICACEAE=, p. 84. + +173b. Leaves deciduous --174. + + 174a. Flowers in catkins, without petal-like parts --142. + + 174b. Flowers not in catkins, either with or without petal-like + parts --175. + +175a. Flowers small, inconspicuous, yellowish or greenish in color + --176. + +175b. Flowers white or colored, with conspicuous petals --180. + + 176a. Leaves broad and palmately lobed; stem thorny + 1a, in =ARALIACEAE=, p. 80. + + 176b. Leaves entire, toothed, or with 2-3 entire lobes; stem not + thorny --177. + +177a. Flowers in small axillary clusters; foliage not spicy-aromatic + --178. + +177b. Flowers in clusters terminating last year's twigs; foliage + spicy-aromatic 1b, in =LAURACEAE=, p. 41. + + 178a. Petals none; sepals present 2b, in =RHAMNACEAE=, p. 71. + + 178b. Petals present but small --179. + +179a. A stamen in front of each petal 2a, in =RHAMNACEAE=, p. 71. + +179b. A stamen between each two petals =AQUIFOLIACEAE=, p. 69. + + 180a. Petals united with each other; stamens 8-10 + 24, in =ERICACEAE=, p. 86. + + 180b. Petals separate from each other --181. + +181a. Petals 4 --182. + +181b. Petals 5 --183. + +181c. Petal-like sepals 6; real petals none; foliage spicy-aromatic + 1b, in =LAURACEAE=, p. 41. + +181d. Petals 6; sepals also present --187. + + 182a. Flowers in late spring or early summer + 2a, in =CORNACEAE=, p. 83. + + 182b. Flowers in autumn =HAMAMELIDACEAE=, p. 51. + +183a. Corolla irregular, the upper petal largest + 3b, in =LEGUMINOSAE=, p. 58. + +183b. Corolla regular, all petals alike in size and shape --184. + + 184a. Stamens 5 --185. + + 184b. Stamens 10 or more 24, in =ROSACEAE=, p. 53. + +185a. Flowers in loose racemes or axillary clusters + 2, in =SAXIFRAGACEAE=, p. 49. + +185b. Flowers in branching clusters --186. + + 186a. Leaves palmately lobed; stem thorny + 1a, in =ARALIACEAE=, p. 80. + + 186b. Leaves not lobed; stem not thorny + 1b, in =RHAMNACEAE=, p. 71. + +187a. Flowers dark red-purple =ANONACEAE=, p. 40. + +187b. Flowers yellow 2a, in =BERBERIDACEAE=, p. 40. + + +GROUP 2, UNUSUAL PLANTS + +1a. Small brown leafless plants, growing as parasites on the tamarack or + black spruce =LORANTHACEAE=, p. 25. + +1b. Aquatic plants, with all or most of the leaves submerged, or + leafless --2. + +1c. Aquatic plants, with the leaves or the whole plant floating on or + near the surface --20. + +1d. Terrestrial or marsh plants, without floating or submerged leaves + --29. + + 2a. Submerged aquatics, without leaves --3. + + 2b. Submerged aquatics, with the leaves linear or dissected --4. + +3a. Flowers showy, yellow or purple =LENTIBULARIACEAE=, p. 105. + +3b Flowers small and inconspicuous, sessile, purplish or greenish + 3a, in =HALORAGIDACEAE=, p. 79. + + 4a. Leaves linear or lanceolate, not lobed or dissected --5. + + 4b. Leaves more or less lobed or dissected --13. + +5a. Leaves all basal --6. + +5b. Stem-leaves present --7. + + 6a. Flowers blue, 1 cm. long or more; leaves cylindrical, blunt, + hollow, partitioned lengthwise 1a, in =LOBELIACEAE=, p. 113. + + 6b. Flowers yellow; leaves minute =LENTIBULARIACEAE=, p. 105. + + 6c. Flowers white, in clusters; leaves linear-lanceolate, acute, + not hollow 1b, in =ALISMACEAE=, p. 3. + + 6d. Flowers greenish, solitary at the end of elongated peduncles; + leaves very long and ribbon-like, flat or trough-shape + 1a, in =HYDROCHARITACEAE=, p. 3. + + 6e. Flowers minute, whitish or lead-color, in heads + =ERIOCAULACEAE=, p. 9. + +7a. Leaves alternate --8. + +7b. Leaves opposite --10. + +7c. Leaves whorled --12. + + 8a. Leaves with thin sheathing stipules 1b, in =NAJADACEAE=, p. 2. + + 8b. Leaves without stipules --9. + +9a. Flowers greenish, in a head =SPARGANIACEAE=, p. 2. + +9b. Flowers pale yellow 1b, in =PONTEDERIACEAE=, p. 10. + + 10a. Leaves serrate 2b, in =NAJADACEAE=, p. 2. + + 10b. Leaves entire --11. + +11a. Leaves 2 cm. long or less =CALLITRICHACEAE=, p. 68. + +11b. Leaves thread-like, 2-8 cm. long 2a, in =NAJADACEAE=, p. 2. + +11c. Leaves linear to elliptical, more than 2 cm. long + 1b, in =NAJADACEAE=, p. 2. + + 12a. Leaves in whorls of 3, abruptly widened at the base + 2b, in =NAJADACEAE=, p. 2. + + 12b. Leaves in whorls of 3, widest near the middle + 1b, in =HYDROCHARITACEAE=, p. 3. + + 12c. Stems straight and erect, at leaves the flowers emerged; + leaves in whorls of 4 or more 2a, in =HALORAGIDACEAE=, p. 79. + +13a. Leaves with numerous small bladders attached, each bladder 1-3 mm. + long =LENTIBULARIACEAE=, p. 105. + +13b. Leaves without bladders --14. + + 14a. Leaves alternate --15. + + 14b. Leaves opposite or whorled --18. + +15a. Delicate and rare plants growing attached to stones in running + water =PODOSTEMACEAE=, p. 48. + +15b. Plants 2 dm. high or more, with roots in mud or sand --16. + + 16a. Leaves once-pinnate --17. + + 16b. Leaves 2-3 times pinnate 15b, in =UMBELLIFERAE=, p. 81. + + 16c. Leaves palmately dissected 1b, in =RANUNCULACEAE=, p. 35. + +17a. Taste peppery or mustardy 34, in =CRUCIFERAE=, p. 45. + +17b. Taste not peppery or mustardy 1a, in =HALORAGIDACEAE=, p. 79. + + 18a. Leaves pinnately compound 3b, in =HALORAGIDACEAE=, p. 79. + + 18b. Leaves palmately compound --19. + +19a. Leaves opposite or in whorls of four 119a, in =COMPOSITAE=, p. 123. + +19b. Leaves in whorls of 5-12 =CERATOPHYLLACEAE=, p. 34. + + 20a. Plants small, flattened, rounded or ovate, without distinction + of stem and leaf; the whole plant floating on or near the + surface =LEMNACEAE=, p. 9. + + 20b. Plant attached to the soil, with differentiated stem and + leaves --21. + +21a. Leaves on long slender stalks, which bear also a cluster of slender + tubers near the leaf-base; leaves heart-shape + 1b, in =GENTIANACEAE=, p. 88. + +21b. Leaf-stalks without a cluster of tubers --22. + + 22a. Leaves all basal --23. + + 22b. Stem-leaves present --24. + +23a. Leaves parallel-veined 1b, in =ALISMACEAE=, p. 3. + +23b. Leaves net-veined 1b, in =NYMPHAEACEAE=, p. 35. + + 24a. Leaves opposite or whorled --25. + + 24b. Leaves alternate --26. + +25a. Leaves less than 2 cm. long =CALLITRICHACEAE=, p. 68. + +25b. Leaves more than 2 cm. long 1b, in =NAJADACEAE=, p. 2. + + 26a. Leaves attached by the center to the stalk + 2b, in =NYMPHAEACEAE=, p. 35. + + 26b. Leaves attached by the margin --27. + +27a. Leaves parallel-veined --28. + +27b. Leaves net-veined, with a single mid-vein; lanceolate or elliptical + in outline 29b, in =POLYGONACEAE=, p. 28. + + 28a. Leaves not over 2 dm. long 1b, in =NAJADACEAE=, p. 2. + + 28b. Leaves very long and grass-like 14a, in =GRAMINEAE=, p. 5. + +29a. Brown, yellow, or white plants, without green color --30. + +29b. Plants with normal green color, at least in some parts --33. + + 30a. Stemless and leafless plants, consisting of flowers only and + partly underground 4a, in =ARACEAE=, p. 8. + + 30b. Stems climbing on other plants 1b, in =CONVOLVULACEAE=, p. 91. + + 30c. Stem and flower-stalks erect, not climbing --31. + +31a. Corolla regular; stamens 6-12 1a, in =ERICACEAE=, p. 84. + +31b. Corolla irregular --32. + + 32a. Sepals and petals each 3; flowers in simple racemes + 5a, in =ORCHIDACEAE=, p. 16. + + 32b. Sepals 5; corolla of united petals =OROBANCHACEAE=, p. 106. + +33a. Stem thick and fleshy, leafless, thorny =CACTACEAE=, p. 77. + +33b. Stem not thorny --34. + + 34a. Leaves none --35. + + 34b. Leaves reduced to small scales --40. + + 34c. Leaves thick and fleshy --44. + + 34d. Leaves hollow --45. + + 34e. Leaves small, all basal, bearing large glandular hairs on the + upper surface =DROSERACEAE=, p. 48. + +35a. Stem none, the flowers appearing at or partially beneath the + surface of the soil 4a, in =ARACEAE=, p. 8. + +35b. Stem present --36. + + 36a. Stem freely branched 2a, in =LILIACEAE=, p. 10. + + 36b. Stem unbranched, except possibly in the flower-clusters + --37. + +37a. Flowers greenish or brownish, without obvious colored petals --38. + +37b. Flowers with conspicuous white or colored petals --39. + + 38a. Each flower with 6 small chaffy petals + 4, in =JUNCACEAE=, p. 10. + + 38b. Petals none; each flower in the axil of a single chaffy bract + 2a, in =CYPERACEAE=, p. 7. + +39a. Flowers regular 34a, in =LILIACEAE=, p. 11. + +39b. Flowers irregular 10a, in =ORCHIDACEAE=, p. 16. + + 40a. Stem erect, unbranched or with one or two branches only --41. + + 40b. Stem freely branched --42. + +41a. Plants of moist soil, with opposite scales; corolla regular, with 4 + petal-like lobes 1a, in =GENTIANACEAE=, p. 88. + +41b. Swamp plants, with a few alternate scales; corolla irregular + =LENTIBULARIACEAE=, p. 105. + + 42a. Leaves numerous and close, concealing the stem + 2a, in =CISTACEAE=, p. 74. + + 42b. Leaves spreading, not concealing the stem --43. + +43a. Leaf-scales in small clusters; flowers greenish, with 6 petals + 2a, in =LILIACEAE=, p. 10. + +43b. Leaf-scales distinctly opposite; petals 5, yellow + 7a, in =HYPERICACEAE=, p. 74. + + 44a. Sepals 2 3, in =PORTULACACEAE=, p. 34. + + 44b. Sepals 4 or 5 =CRASSULACEAE=, p. 48. + +45a. Leaves pitcher-shape, open at the top =SARRACENIACEAE=, p. 48. + +45b. Leaves tubular, closed at the end 37b, in =LILIACEAE=, p. 13. + + +GROUP 3, MONOCOTYLEDONES + +1a. Twining plants, with flowers in panicles or racemes + +=DIOSCOREACEAE=, p. 14. + +1b. Plants with milky juice + +13a, in =COMPOSITAE=, p. 115. + +1c. Plants not twining (some climb by tendrils) and not with milky + juice. --2. + + 2a. Flowers in close spikes or heads, surrounded or subtended by a + green or colored bract, the whole resembling a single flower; + petals minute or wanting; leaves broad, not grass-like, linear, + or sword-shape =ARACEAE=, p. 8. + + 2b. Plants with narrow, linear, grass-like, or sword-shape leaves + (a few species of Carex have broader, lanceolate to ovate + leaves); flowers greenish, yellowish, or brownish, never + brightly colored, and frequently dry or chaffy in texture; + perianth small or wanting; individual flowers inconspicuous in + size, but sometimes grouped into conspicuous clusters --3. + + 2c. Plants with leaves of various widths, but the flowers petaloid, + i. e., with a white or colored, more or less conspicuous + perianth, and never chaffy in texture. In a few cases the + flowers are greenish, but the size and conspicuousness of the + perianth identifies them in this class --9. + +3a. Flowers in the axils of dry, membranous or chaffy scales, which are + regularly arranged into spikes or spikelets of uniform size and + structure, which are variously grouped or clustered; fruit an + achene; grasses and sedges, with joined stems and sheathing leaves, + or leafless and the stems not jointed --4. + +3b. Flowers not subtended individually by dry, membranous, or chaffy + scales, and otherwise not agreeing with 3a --5. + + 4a. Leaf-sheaths split on the side opposite the leaf; leaves + usually 2-ranked, i. e., in 2 longitudinal rows with the third + leaf above the first; stems rounded or flat, never triangular, + usually hollow =GRAMINEAE=, p. 4. + + 4b. Leaf-sheaths closed into a continuous tube; leaves usually + 3-ranked; stems frequently triangular, usually solid + =CYPERACEAE=, p. 7. + +5a. Flowers in dense spikes --6. + +5b. Flowers in heads, racemes, or panicles --7. + + 6a. Spike terminal, with pistillate flowers at the base and + staminate ones at the apex =TYPHACEAE=, p. 2. + + 6b. Spike short, apparently lateral, near the apex of the stem + 3a, in =ARACEAE=, p. 8. + +7a. Flowers in globose heads which are arranged in spikes, the lowest + heads pistillate, the upper staminate; ovary 1-celled + =SPARGANIACEAE=, p. 2. + +7b. Flowers in globose woolly heads terminating leafless unbranched + stalks =ERIOCAULACEAE=, p. 9. + +7c. Flowers in a spike-like raceme; ovaries 3-6, separate or nearly so + =JUNCAGINACEAE=, p. 3. + +7d. Flowers in heads or panicles, all perfect, not woolly, with one + ovary --8. + + 8a. Leaves less than 1 cm. wide, or none; divisions of the perianth + 6 =JUNCACEAE=, p. 10. + + 8b. Leaves 2 cm. wide or more; petals 5 + 2a, in =UMBELLIFERAE=, p. 80. + +9a. Flowers regular, with all the petals of approximately the same size + and shape --10. + +9b. Flowers irregular, with the petals of each flower not of the same + size or shape --22. + + 10a. Ovaries 3 or more, separate or barely united with each other + at the base --11. + + 10b. Ovary one in each flower --12. + +11a. Ovaries 3-6 in number; flowers in spikes or racemes; leaves linear + =JUNCAGINACEAE=, p. 3. + +11b. Ovaries more than 6 =ALISMACEAE=, p. 3. + + 12a. Flowers or flower-clusters lateral, axillary or apparently so + --13. + + 12b. Flowers or flower-clusters terminal or on leafless stalks + --14. + +13a. Leaves minute and scale-like; flowers greenish-yellow + 2a, in =LILIACEAE=, p. 10. + +13b. Leaves linear, grass-like 3b, in =IRIDACEAE=, p. 13. + +13c. Leaves lanceolate or broader, not grass-like or scale-like + 2b, in =LILIACEAE=, p. 10. + + 14a. Divisions of the perianth 5-12 cm. long --15. + + 14b. Divisions of the perianth less than 5 cm. long --16. + +15a. Flowers blue, or blue marked with yellow 1a, in =IRIDACEAE=, p. 15. + +15b. Flowers not blue 12a, in =LILIACEAE=, p. 11. + + 16a. Flowers solitary --17. + + 16b. Flowers 2 or more, in some kind of a cluster --18. + +17a. Leaves 2, broadly heart-shape, basal, on long stalks + 1b, in =ARISTOLOCHIACEAE=, p. 25. + +17b. Leaves not heart-shape 20, 20, in =LILIACEAE=, p. 12. + + 18a. Divisions of the perianth (4 to 6) all essentially alike --19. + + 18b. Perianth differentiated into sepals and 2 or 3 colored petals + --21. + +19a. Flowers in umbels --20. + +19b. Flowers in dense round heads; petals 5 + 2a, in =UMBELLIFERAE=, p. 80. + +19c. Flowers in spikes, racemes, or panicles 38, in =LILIACEAE=, p. 13. + + 20a. Ovary inferior, appearing below the perianth as a swelling at + the apex of the stalk; flowers bright yellow; leaves linear + =AMARYLLIDACEAE=, p. 14. + + 20b. Ovary inferior; flowers blue or white, terminating a flattened + winged leafless flower-stalk 3a, in =IRIDACEAE=, p. 15. + + 20c. Ovary superior, i. e., in the center of the flower and + separate from the perianth 31, in =LILIACEAE=, p. 13. + +21a. Flowers in dense heads, yellow, 1 cm. wide or smaller + =XYRIDACEAE=, p. 9. + +21b. Flowers in umbels, blue or white, 2 cm. wide or larger + =COMMELINACEAE=, p. 9. + + 22a. Flowers blue; ovary superior (defined under _20c_); stamens + distinct from the other parts of the flower --23. + + 22b. Ovary inferior (defined under _20a_); floral structure + complex; stamens attached to other parts of the flower and not + resembling ordinary stamens in form or structure + =ORCHIDACEAE=, p. 15. + +23a. Leaves triangular-heart-shape at base; marsh plants + 1a, in =PONTEDERIACEAE=, p. 10. + +23b. Leaves not heart-shape at base =COMMELINACEAE=, p. 9. + + +GROUP 4, DICOTYLEDONES + +1a. Foliage leaves all or principally basal; flower-stalk either + completely leafless, or bearing a single pair of opposite leaves + only. Bracts and scale-leaves are not considered foliage leaves --2. + +1b. Stem-leaves present on the stem, either one or more in number, and + not limited to a single opposite pair --3. + + 2a. Leaves compound --7. + + 2b. Leaves simple --18. + +3a. Stem-leaves all or chiefly opposite or whorled (the bracts of the + flower clusters may be alternate) --4. + +3b. Stem-leaves all or chiefly alternate --5. + + 4a. Flowers small and inconspicuous, the perianth none or greenish + or chaffy, and never petal-like in appearance --50. + + 4b. Flowers with a white or colored petal-like perianth --66. + +5a. Flowers small and inconspicuous, without any white or colored + petal-like perianth --118. + +5b. Flowers large or small, but with a white or colored petal-like + perianth --6. + + 6a. Flowers small, not exceeding 3 mm. in length or breadth --144. + + 6b. Flowers larger, more than 3 mm. in length or breadth --166. + + --7-- + +7a. Leaves twice to three times compound or dissected --8. + +7b. Leaves once-compound --11. + + 8a. Flowers in racemes 2b, in =FUMARIACEAE=, p. 41. + + 8b. Flowers in umbels --9. + +9a. Flowers about 3 mm. wide, white or greenish-white --10. + +9b. Flowers 10-20 mm. wide, conspicuous 45b, in =RANUNCULACEAE=, p. 39. + + 10a. Leaflets 5-15 cm. long 5b, in =ARALIACEAE=, p. 80. + + 10b. Leaflets not over 2 cm. long 16a, in =UMBELLIFERAE=, p. 81. + +11a. Leaflets 2 3a, in =BERBERIDACEAE=, p. 40. + +11b. Leaflets three or more --12. + + 12a. Leaflets entire or very finely toothed --13. + + 12b. Leaflets coarsely toothed or lobed --15. + +13a. Flowers irregular, in dense head-like umbels + 37a, in =LEGUMINOSAE=, p. 61. + +13b. Flowers consisting of a greenish or purplish bract wholly or partly + enclosing a fleshy spike 2, in =ARACEAE=, p. 8. + +13c. Flowers regular, solitary or in loose clusters --14. + + 14a. Leaflets reverse heart-shape, not over 2 cm. long + =OXALIDACEAE=, p. 64. + + 14b. Leaflets 4-10 cm. long 1c, in =GENTIANACEAE=, p. 88. + +15a. Flowers with colored or white petals and green or colored sepals + --16. + +15b. Flowers with one kind of perianth only (calyx), with broad and + petal-like parts 32, in =RANUNCULACEAE=, p. 38. + +15c. Flowers with white petal-like sepals and small inconspicuous petals + 38b, in =RANUNCULACEAE=, p. 39. + + 16a. Petals and sepals each 4 31, in =CRUCIFERAE=, p. 44. + + 16b. Petals and sepals each 5 or more --17. + +17a. Leaves with stipules =ROSACEAE=, p. 51. + +17b. Leaves without stipules 23b, in =RANUNCULACEAE=, p. 37. + + --18-- + + 18a. Stem-leaves a single opposite pair (basal leaves may also be + present) --19. + + 18b. Stem-leaves none --23. + +19a. Leaves entire --20. + +19b. Leaves toothed or lobed --21. + + 20a. Flowers solitary; leaves broadly kidney-shape + =ARISTOLOCHIACEAE=, p. 25. + + 20b. Flowers in racemes; leaves linear or lanceolate + =PORTULACACEAE=, p. 34. + +21a. Flowers in racemes; petals deeply toothed + 23b, in =SAXIFRAGACEAE=, p. 51. + +21b. Flowers solitary or few in a cluster; petals entire or nearly so + --22. + + 22a. Petals 5 =GERANIACEAE=, p. 64. + + 22b. Petals 6 or more 2b, in =BERBERIDACEAE=, p. 40. + +23a. Flowers or flower-clusters sessile, at or partly beneath the + surface of the ground 4a, in =ARACEAE=, p. 8. + +23b. Flowers or flower-heads solitary at the ends of the flower-stalks + --24. + +23b. Flowers or flower-heads numerous or several on each flower-stalk + --38. + + 24a. Flowers yellow --25. + + 24b. Flowers not yellow --29. + +25a. Juice milky 16, in =COMPOSITAE=, p. 115. + +25b. Juice not milky --26. + + 26a. Aquatic or mud plants, with large entire leaves 1-4 dm. wide + =NYMPHAEACEAE=, p. 35. + + 26b. Land plants, with smaller or lobed leaves --27. + +27a. Flower-stalk scaly 110, in =COMPOSITAE=, p. 122. + +27b. Flower-stalk bare or with 1 to 2 minute bracts --28. + + 28a. Flowers regular 10, in =RANUNCULACEAE=, p. 36. + + 28b. Flowers irregular, with a spur 3a, in =VIOLACEAE=, p. 75. + +29a. Flowers obviously irregular, with a spur --30. + +29b. Flowers regular or nearly so, without a spur --31. + + 30a. Leaves sessile or nearly so; stamens 2 + =LENTIBULARIACEAE=, p. 105. + + 30b. Leaves petioled; stamens 5 =VIOLACEAE=, p. 75. + +31a. Flowers 3 mm. wide or smaller; leaves thread-like + 16a, in =SCROPHULARIACEAE=, p. 103. + +31b. Flowers 6 mm. wide or larger --32. + + 32a. Ovary 1 --33. + + 32b. Ovaries numerous --37. + +33a. Leaves lobed or cleft --34. + +33b. Leaves entire or toothed --35. + + 34a. Leaves deeply 2-cleft; stamens 8 + 3a, in =BERBERIDACEAE=, p. 40. + + 34b. Leaf 1, palmately lobed; stamens numerous + 1a, in =PAPAVERACEAE=, p. 41. + +35a. Flowers dull red =ARISTOLOCHIACEAE=, p. 25. + +35b. Flowers white or pinkish --36. + + 36a. Leaves entire; stamens with good anthers 5 + 13, in =SAXIFRAGACEAE=, p. 50. + + 36b. Leaves minutely toothed; stamens 8-10 + 14a, in =ERICACEAE=, p. 85. + +37a. Leaves lobed or divided =RANUNCULACEAE=, p. 35. + +37b. Leaves crenate or toothed 64a, in =ROSACEAE=, p. 56. + + --38-- + + 38a. Flowers of the composite type, with several or many small + flowerets closely aggregated into a dense head surrounded by a + calyx-like involucre of small bracts + 10, in =COMPOSITAE=. p. 114. + + 38b. Flowers separate; variously clustered, but never crowded into + involucred heads --39. + +39a. Flowers in dense close spikes --40. + +39b. Flowers in open loose clusters --42. + + 40a. Flower-stalk leafless below the spike + =PLANTAGINACEAE=, p. 107. + + 40b. Flower-stalk with several bracts --41. + +41a. Leaves entire 9c, in =ORCHIDACEAE=, p. 16. + +41b. Leaves toothed 6a, in =SCROPHULARIACEAE=, p. 102. + + 42a. Flowers in umbels --43. + + 42b. Flowers in racemes, panicles, flat-topped clusters, or merely + 1 or 2 --45. + +43a. Leaves almost round, peltate, palmately veined + 3a, in =UMBELLIFERAE=, p. 80. + +43b. Leaves at least twice as long as broad, with a single mid-vein + --44. + + 44a. Stamens 5 =PRIMULACEAE=, p. 87. + + 44b. Stamens 10 15, in =ERICACEAE=, p. 85. + +45a. Leaves cylindrical, hollow, obtuse. 1a, in =LOBELIACEAE=, p. 113. + +45b. Leaves beset on the upper side with long glandular hairs; bog plant + with flowers in racemes =DROSERACEAE=, p. 48. + +45c. Leaves flat, pubescent or smooth, but not with long glandular hairs + --46. + + 46a. Sepals and petals each 4 53, in =CRUCIFERAE=, p. 46. + + 46b. Sepals and petals each 5 --47. + + 46c. Sepals 6; petals none; flowers minute, green; leaves + frequently lobed at the base 4, in =POLYGONACEAE=, p. 25. + +47a. Petals united with each other in an irregular corolla + =LENTIBULARIACEAE=, p. 105. + +47b. Petals separate from each other --48. + + 48a. Stamens 10; style 1 =ERICACEAE=, p. 84. + + 48b. Stamens 5 or 10; styles 2 =SAXIFRAGACEAE=, p. 49. + + 48c. Stamens and pistils each very numerous --49. + +49a. Flowers white 64a, in =ROSACEAE=, p. 56. + +49b. Flowers yellow 13a, in =RANUNCULACEAE=, p. 36. + + --50-- + + 50a. Leaves compound or deeply lobed --51. + + 50b. Leaves entire or toothed --54. + +51a. Flowers in axillary racemes, spikes, or panicles + =URTICACEAE=, p. 23. + +51b. Flowers terminal, or in terminal clusters --52. + + 52a. Flowers in umbels; leaves palmately compound + =ARALIACEAE=, p. 80. + + 52b. Flowers in racemes or spikes, or solitary --53. + +53a. Leaves deeply pinnatifid; swamp plants with flowers in spikes or + solitary =HALORAGIDACEAE=, p. 79. + +53b. Leaves lobed, or irregularly pinnately cut or dissected; weedy + plants with flowers in racemes 2, in =COMPOSITAE=, p. 114. + + 54a. Juice milky 3, in =EUPHORBIACEAE=, p. 67. + + 54b. Juice not milky or colored --55. + +55a. Leaves whorled --56. + +55b. Leaves all opposite --58. + + 56a. Aquatic or mud plants with erect stems + 2a, in =HALORAGIDACEAE=, p. 79. + + 56b. Prostrate weedy terrestrial plants =AIZOACEAE=, p. 31. + + 56c. Erect or ascending terrestrial plants --57. + +57a. Leaves more than 2.5 cm. long 4a, in =CORNACEAE=, p. 83. + +57b. Leaves 2 cm. long or less 3a, in =PRIMULACEAE=, p. 87. + + 58a. Flowers in terminal or axillary spikes, racemes, or other + clusters --59. + + 58b. Flowers solitary or few in the axils of the leaves --61. + +59a. Leaves less than 5 mm. long 1a, in =GENTIANACEAE=, p. 88. + +59b. Leaves more than 2 cm. long --60. + + 60a. Inflorescence chiefly terminal, panicled + 2, in =COMPOSITAE=, p. 114. + + 60b. Inflorescence chiefly axillary =URTICACEAE=, p. 23. + +61a. Flowers on long pedicels 2, in =CARYOPHYLLACEAE=, p. 31. + +61b. Flowers on short pedicels or sessile --62. + + 62a. Stem erect, repeatedly branched; leaves linear to oblong + =ILLECEBRACEAE=, p. 31. + + 62b. Stem decumbent or prostrate --63. + +63a. Leaves round, ovate, or kidney-shape, rounded at the base, crenate + or lobed 12a, in =SAXIFRAGACEAE=, p. 50. + +63b. Leaves of a narrower shape, entire, tapering toward the base --64. + + 64a. Principal leaves 2-3 cm. long 1a, in =ONAGRACEAE=, p. 78. + + 64b. Principal leaves 1 cm. long or less --65. + +65a. Petals present =ELATINACEAE=, p. 74. + +65b. Petals none =CALLITRICHACEAE=, p. 68. + + --66-- + + 66a. Plants of the composite type, with several or many small + flowerets closely aggregated into a dense head surrounded or + subtended by a calyx-like involucre of small bracts --67. + + 66b. Flowers solitary or variously clustered, but not in involucred + heads --70. + +67a. Involucre of 4 conspicuous white bracts, much larger than the small + flower-cluster 4a, in =CORNACEAE=, p. 83. + +67b. Involucral bracts green or somewhat colored --68. + + 68a. Stem more or less prickly =DIPSACACEAE=, p. 112. + +68b. Stem and leaves not prickly --69. + +69a. Stem square; foliage aromatic when crushed =LABIATAE=, p. 95. + +69b. Stem not square; foliage not with the odor of mint + =COMPOSITAE=, p. 113. + + 70a. The conspicuous portion of the perianth[1] composed of + separate parts --71. + + 70b. The conspicuous portion of the perianth[1] composed of united + parts --97. + +71a. Stem-leaves compound, or cleft to the very base --72. + +71b. Stem-leaves simple --78. + + 72a. Stamens more than 10 in each flower --73. + + 72b. Stamens 5-10 in each flower --75. + +73a. Ovary 1 in each flower 2a, in =PAPAVERACEAE=, p. 41. + +73b. Ovaries several in each flower --74. + + 74a. Leaves pinnately compound 68a, in =ROSACEAE=, p. 57. + + 74b. Leaves palmately compound =RANUNCULACEAE=, p. 35. + +75a. Stamens 6 31, in =CRUCIFERAE=, p. 44. + +75b. Stamens 5 or 10 --76. + + 76a. Leaflets reverse heart-shape; flowers yellow + =OXALIDACEAE=, p. 64. + + 76b. Leaflets not reverse heart-shape; flowers white, greenish, or + pink --77. + +77a. Flowers greenish or white, about 2 mm. broad =ARALIACEAE=, p. 80. + +77b. Flowers 5 mm. broad or larger =GERANIACEAE=, p. 64. + + 78a. Juice milky --79. + + 78b. Juice not milky --80. + +79a. A 3-lobed ovary with 3 short styles visible in some of the flowers + =EUPHORBIACEAE=, p. 66. + +79b. Ovaries 2 in the center of each flower (sometimes concealed by + other organs); sepals and petals each 5 --104. + + 80a. Perianth with one circle of parts only --81. + + 80b. Each flower with both calyx and corolla --82. + +81a. Stem prostrate; flowers only 2 mm. broad =AIZOACEAE=, p. 31. + +81b. Stem erect; flowers at least 20 mm. wide 4a, in =CORNACEAE=, p. 83. + + 82a. Petals 2 or 4 --83. + + 82b. Petals 3 22, in=LILIACEAE=, p. 12. + + 82c. Petals 5 or 6 --84. + +83a. Leaves with 3-5 principal veins =MELASTOMACEAE=, p. 77. + +83b. Leaves with 1 principal mid-vein =ONAGRACEAE=, p. 78. + + 84a. Leaves palmately lobed --85. + + 84b. Leaves entire or toothed, or with 1-2 small lobes near the + base only --86. + +85a. Petals entire or notched at the end =GERANIACEAE=, p. 64. + +85b. Petals conspicuously fringed 23b, in =SAXIFRAGACEAE=, p. 51. + + 86a. Ovary 1 --87. + + 86b. Ovaries 2, surrounded and concealed by other organs + =ASCLEPIADACEAE=, p. 90. + + 86c. Ovaries 4-5 2b, in =CRASSULACEAE=, p. 48. + +87a. Leaves dotted with translucent dots (easily seen when the leaf is + held to the light) =HYPERICACEAE=, p. 73. + +87b. Leaves not dotted with translucent dots --88. + + 88a. Leaves only 1-3 mm. long, closely appressed and concealing the + stem 2a, in =CISTACEAE=, p. 74. + + 88b. Leaves larger, not concealing the stem --89. + +89a. Style 1 or none --90. + +89b. Styles 2 to 7 --94. + + 90a. Stamens 5 --91. + + 90b. Stamens 10 --92. + + 90c. Stamens neither 5 nor 10 --93. + +91a. Flowers blue, sessile in terminal spikes with leaf-like bracts + =LYTHRACEAE=, p. 77. + +91b. Flowers not in terminal bracted spikes =PRIMULACEAE=, p. 87. + + 92a. Leaves entire =LYTHRACEAE=, p. 77. + + 92b. Leaves toothed or crenate =ERICACEAE=, p. 84. + +93a. Flowers irregular; petals 3 =POLYGALACEAE=, p. 65. + +93b. Flowers regular; petals 5 or more =LYTHRACEAE=, p. 77. + + 94a. Sepals 2, partly attached to the ovary =PORTULACACEAE=, p. 34. + + 94b. Sepals 5, free from the ovary --95. + +95a. Stamens 5 --96. + +95b. Stamens not 5 =CARYOPHYLLACEAE=, p. 31. + + 96a. Flowers blue or yellow =LINACEAE=, p. 63. + + 96b. Flowers white or pinkish =CARYOPHYLLACEAE=, p. 31. + + --97-- + +97a. Perianth with but one circle of floral leaves --98. + +97b. Perianth consisting of both calyx and corolla --101. + + 98a. Flowers small, in dense heads subtended by conspicuous bracts + --99. + + 98b. Flowers 2-5, in a colored spreading 5-lobed involucre + =NYCTAGINACEAE=, p. 31. + + 98c. Flowers in various sorts of clusters or solitary, but never in + heads with a conspicuous involucre --100. + +99a. Bracts 4, white and conspicuous; stem not thorny + 4a, in =CORNACEAE=, p. 83. + +99b. Bracts green; stem thorny =DIPSACACEAE=, p. 112. + + 100a. Stamens 3 =VALERIANACEAE=, p. 111. + + 100b. Stamens 4 or 5 =RUBIACEAE=, p. 108. + +101a. Anthers more numerous than the lobes of the corolla --102. + +101b. Anthers just as many as the lobes of the corolla --103. + +101c. Anthers fewer than the lobes of the corolla --110. + + 102a. Leaves simple =POLYGALACEAE=, p. 65. + + 102b. Leaves compound with 3 leaflets =OXALIDACEAE=, p. 64. + + 102c. Leaves finely dissected; stems climbing + 2a, in =FUMARIACEAE=, p. 41. + +103a. Ovaries 2 --104. + +103b. Ovary 1, but very deeply 4-lobed, with a single style + =LABIATAE=, p. 95. + +103c. Ovary 1, not deeply lobed --105. + + 104a. Stamens united, surrounding and more or less concealing the + ovaries, and not resembling ordinary stamens + =ASCLEPIADACEAE=, p. 90. + + 104b. Stamens separate, of ordinary structure =APOCYNACEAE=, p. 90. + +105a. Ovary inferior, appearing as a swelling below the calyx at the + apex of the pedicel --106. + +105b. Ovary superior, located in the center of the flower --107. + + 106a. Corolla 3-4-lobed =RUBIACEAE=, p. 108. + + 106b. Corolla 5-lobed 3b, in =CAPRIFOLIACEAE=, p. 109. + +107a. Leaves toothed or deeply cut =VERBENACEAE=, p. 99. + +107b. Leaves entire --108. + + 108a. A stamen in front of the middle of each petal + =PRIMULACEAE=, p. 87. + + 108b. Stamens located between the petals or lobes of the corolla, + or else so far down in the tubular corolla that their + position is not easily ascertained --109. + +109a. Corolla salver-form, with a very slender tube, and abruptly + spreading lobes =POLEMONIACEAE=, p. 92. + +109b. Corolla salver-form, with a wide tube and fringed blue petals + =GENTIANACEAE=, p. 88. + +109c. Corolla rotate, funnel-form, or bell-shape =GENTIANACEAE=, p. 88. + + 110a. Ovary deeply 4-lobed, appearing like 4 separate ovaries; + style 1 =LABIATAE=, p. 95. + + 110b. Ovary not 4-lobed --111. + +111a. Stamens 2 --112. + +111b. Stamens 3 =VALERIANACEAE=, p. 111. + +111c. Stamens 4 --113. + + 112a. Flowers in dense heads 1a, in =ACANTHACEAE=, p. 107. + + 112b. Flowers solitary or in loose clusters + =SCROPHULARIACEAE=, p. 101. + +113a. Corolla distinctly 2-lipped and irregular --114. + +113b. Corolla not distinctly 2-lipped, its 5 lobes all alike or nearly + so --115. + + 114a. Calyx 2-lipped; the upper lip with 3 awl-shape teeth, the + lower with 2 short teeth; flowers in slender terminal spikes + =PHRYMACEAE=, p. 107. + + 114b. Calyx not obviously 2-lipped, its teeth equal or nearly so + =SCROPHULARIACEAE=, p. 101. + +115a. Flowers sessile or nearly so, in spikes --116. + +115b. Flowers in nodding pairs at the top of a slender stalk + 3a, in =CAPRIFOLIACEAE=, p. 109. + +115c. Flowers solitary or in clusters; not in spikes or nodding pairs + --117. + + 116a. Corolla not over 1 cm. long =VERBENACEAE=, p. 99. + + 116b. Corolla 1.5 cm. long or more =SCROPHULARIACEAE=, p. 101. + +117a. Calyx-lobes 15-25 mm. long; flowers blue, 3-5 cm. long; calyx + without an obvious tube 2, in =ACANTHACEAE=, p. 107. + +117b. Calyx-lobes united below into an obvious calyx-tube + =SCROPHULARIACEAE=, p. 101. + + --118-- + + 118a. Leaves deeply lobed, compound, or dissected --119. + + 118b. Leaves simple and not deeply lobed --129. + +119a. Leaves once-pinnately compound or lobed --120. + +119b. Leaves once-palmately compound or lobed --124. + +119c. Leaves dissected or 2-3 times compound --125. + + 120a. Leaves merely lobed --121. + + 120b. Leaves actually compound --123. + +121a. Flowers axillary; marsh or swamp plants =HALORAGIDACEAE=, p. 79. + +121b. Flowers in terminal clusters --122. + + 122a. Stamens 2-6; taste mustard-like 52b, in =CRUCIFERAE=, p. 46. + + 122b. Stamens 10 or more =RESEDACEAE=, p. 48. + +123a. Leaflets entire =LIMNANTHACEAE=, p. 68. + +123b. Leaflets serrate 70a, in =ROSACEAE=, p. 57. + + 124a. Flowers solitary 31a, in =RANUNCULACEAE=, p. 38. + + 124b. Flowers in dense terminal umbels or heads + =UMBELLIFERAE=, p. 80. + + 124c. Flowers in terminal racemes 2a, in =COMPOSITAE=, p. 114. + + 124d. Flowers in axillary spikes or panicles + 9b, in =URTICACEAE=, p. 24. + +125a. Leaves merely dissected, not truly compound with distinct leaflets + --126. + +125b. Leaves truly compound, with distinct petiolate leaflets --127. + + 126a. Flowers in axillary clusters =CHENOPODIACEAE=, p. 28. + + 126b. Flowers in terminal clusters =COMPOSITAE=, p. 113. + +127a. Stamens 5; flowers in umbels --128. + +127b. Stamens 6; flowers in small clusters + 3b, in =BERBERIDACEAE=, p. 40. + +127c. Stamens many; flowers in racemes or panicles + =RANUNCULACEAE=, p. 35. + + 128a. Styles 5 =ARALIACEAE=, p. 80. + + 128b. Styles 2 =UMBELLIFERAE=, p. 80. + +129a. Flowers in dense cottony heads; plants more or less white-woolly + 79, in =COMPOSITAE=, p. 120. + +129b. Pistillate flowers in an ovoid spiny involucre, ripening into a + bur 3a, in =COMPOSITAE=, p. 114. + +129c. Flowers minute, subtended by palmately cleft axillary bracts + 1a, in =EUPHORBIACEAE=, p. 66. + +129d. Plants without any of the preceding characters --130. + + 130a. Plants with milky or colored juice + 10, in =EUPHORBIACEAE=, p. 67. + + 130b. Plants with tendrils, at least on the upper leaves + 4a, in =LILIACEAE=, p. 11. + + 130c. Plants of nettle-like character, with stinging hairs + 8b, in =URTICACEAE=, p. 24. + + 130d. Plants with sheathing stipules, surrounding the stem above + the base of each leaf =POLYGONACEAE=, p. 25. + + 130e. Plants with smooth, pale, juicy, almost translucent stems + 12a, in =URTICACEAE=, p. 24. + + 130f. Plants without any of the preceding structures or habits + --131. + +131a. Flowers axillary, solitary or in few-flowered clusters --132. + +131b. Flowers in terminal, or terminal and axillary clusters --138. + + 132a. Leaves linear =CHENOPODIACEAE=, p. 28. + + 132b. Leaves of a broader shape than linear --133. + +133a. Flower-clusters with bracts as long as or longer than the flowers + --134. + +133b. Flowers without conspicuous bracts --135. + + 134a. Leaves broadest below the middle 8a, in =URTICACEAE=, p. 24. + + 134b. Leaves broadest above the middle + 2, in =AMARANTHACEAE=, p. 30. + +135a. Principal leaves 3 cm. long or more --136. + +135b. Principal leaves 2.5 cm. long or less --137. + + 136a. Flowers nodding in the axils of the leaves + 1a, in =VIOLACEAE=, p. 75. + + 136b. Flowers erect in the axils 2a, in =ONAGRACEAE=, p. 78. + +137a. Leaves narrowly oblong 1a, in =HALORAGIDACEAE=, p. 79. + +137b. Leaves roundish and somewhat heart-shape + 12a, in =SAXIFRAGACEAE=, p. 50. + + 138a. Flowers in racemes or simple spikes --139. + + 138b. Flowers in panicles or other branched clusters --141. + +139a. Leaves toothed or lobed 52b, in =CRUCIFERAE=, p. 46. + +139b. Leaves entire --140. + + 140a. Flowers sessile; leaves heart-shape =PIPERACEAE=, p. 19. + + 140b. Flowers pedicelled; leaves obovate + 8b, in =PRIMULACEAE=, p. 87. + +141a. Individual flowers distinct from each other, on pedicels --142. + +141b. Individual flowers crowded in close clusters, or separate and + sessile --143. + + 142a. Leaves finely serrate 3b, in =CRASSULACEAE=, p. 49. + + 142b. Leaves entire 1b, in =CISTACEAE=, p. 74. + +143a. Flower-clusters mingled with sharp-pointed bracts + =AMARANTHACEAE=, p. 30. + +143b. Flower-clusters without bracts, or (rarely) with bracts which are + not sharp-pointed =CHENOPODIACEAE=, p. 28. + + --144-- + + 144a. Juice not milky --145. + + 144b. Juice milky; apparent flowers consisting of a few white or + colored petal-like bracts, inclosing a few inconspicuous + flowers without petals. In some of them a 3-lobed ovary with + 3 styles may be plainly seen =EUPHORBIACEAE=, p. 66. + +145a. Plants of the composite type, with several or many small flowerets + closely aggregated into a dense head subtended by a calyx-like + involucre of small bracts --146. + +145b. Flowers solitary or in clusters, but not in involucred heads + --147. + + 146a. Leaves compound with 3 leaflets; stipules present + =LEGUMINOSAE=, p. 58. + + 146b. Stipules none =COMPOSITAE=, p. 113. + +147a. Leaves compound or deeply lobed --148. + +147b. Leaves simple and not deeply lobed --154. + + 148a. Flowers irregular =LEGUMINOSAE=, p. 58. + + 148b. Flowers regular --149. + +149a. Petals 3 =LIMNANTHACEAE=, p. 68. + +149b. Petals 4 --150. + +149c. Petals 5 or more --151. + + 150a. Stamens 4 70a, in =ROSACEAE=, p. 57. + + 150b. Stamens 6 =CRUCIFERAE=, p. 42. + + 150c. Stamens numerous 43, in =RANUNCULACEAE=, p. 39. + +151a. Flowers in heads or umbels --152. + +151b. Flowers in slender spikes or racemes --153. + + 152a. Styles 2 =UMBELLIFERAE=, p. 80. + + 152b. Styles 5 =ARALIACEAE=, p. 80. + +153a. Leaves ternately compound 43, in =RANUNCULACEAE=, p. 39. + +153b. Leaves once-pinnately compound 50b, in =ROSACEAE=, p. 55. + + 154a. Flowers irregular --155. + + 154b. Flowers regular --156. + +155a. Stamens 2 40b, in =SCROPHULARIACEAE=, p. 104. + +155b. Stamens 5 or 10 =SAXIFRAGACEAE=, p. 49. + +155c. Stamens 6 or 8 =POLYGALACEAE=, p. 65. + + 156a. With sheathing stipules surrounding the stem at the base of + each leaf =POLYGONACEAE=, p. 24. + + 156b. Stipules not encircling the stem, or none --157. + +157a. Petals 3 =CISTACEAE=, p. 74. + +157b. Petals 4 --158. + +157c. Petals 5 --161. + + 158a. Stamens 2 --159. + + 158b. Stamens 6 =CRUCIFERAE=, p. 42. + + 158c. Stamens 8 --160. + +159a. Corolla perfectly regular; flowers in terminal clusters without + bracts, becoming racemes; taste peppery + 52a, in =CRUCIFERAE=, p. 46. + +159b. Corolla slightly irregular; flowers in bracted clusters, or + axillary; taste not peppery 40b, in =SCROPHULARIACEAE=, p. 104. + + 160a. Delicate trailing evergreen, with flowers solitary in the + axils and nearly or quite hidden beneath the leaves + 22b, in =ERICACEAE=, p. 85. + + 160b. Erect or nearly so; flowers in terminal clusters + 12b, in =ONAGRACEAE=, p. 78. + +161a. Leaves sword-shape, finely parallel-veined, with bristly margins + 2a, in =UMBELLIFERAE=, p. 80. + +161b. Leaves not sword-shape --162. + + 162a. Leaves toothed or lobed --163. + + 162b. Leaves entire --164. + +163a. Stems creeping 2b, in =UMBELLIFERAE=, p. 80. + +163b. Stems erect or nearly so =SAXIFRAGACEAE=, p. 49. + + 164a. Flowers in open panicles; leaves principally basal + =SAXIFRAGACEAE=, p. 49. + + 164b. Flowers in rounded or flattened clusters; leaves principally + on the stem =SANTALACEAE=, p. 24. + + +164c. Flowers in racemes, which become elongated at maturity --165. + +165a. Foliage glabrous 8b, in =PRIMULACEAE=, p. 87. + +165b. Foliage pubescent =BORAGINACEAE=, p. 93. + + --166-- + + 166a. Juice milky or colored --167. + + 166b. Juice watery, not colored --172. + +167a. Apparent flowers consisting of a few petal-like bracts, inclosing + a few inconspicuous flowers without petals. In some of them a + 3-lobed ovary with 3 styles may be seen + =EUPHORBIACEAE=, p. 66. + +167b. Plants of the composite type, with several or many small flowerets + closely aggregated in dense heads subtended by a calyx-like + involucre of small bracts 11, in =COMPOSITAE=, p. 115. + +167c. Flowers never aggregated in involucred clusters resembling a + single flower --168. + + 168a. Corolla very irregular; stamens protruding + =LOBELIACEAE=, p. 113. + + 168b. Corolla regular --169. + +169a. Stamens with ordinary visible anthers; ovary 1 --170. + +169b. Stamens so grown together and to the stigma as to be almost + unrecognizable; ovaries 2 =ASCLEPIADACEAE=, p. 90. + + 170a. Petals separate =PAPAVERACEAE=, p. 41. + + 170b. Petals united --171. + +171a. Stamens attached to the tube of the corolla + =CONVOLVULACEAE=, p. 91. + +171b. Stamens attached at the very base of the corolla + =CAMPANULACEAE=, p. 112. + + 172a. Plants of the composite type, with several or many small + flowerets closely aggregated into dense heads subtended by a + calyx-like involucre of small bracts --173. + + 172b. Flowers solitary or clustered, but not in involucred heads + --174. + +173a. True composites, without a normal calyx =COMPOSITAE=, p. 113. + +173b. A normal calyx with each floweret; leaves compound with 3 leaflets + =LEGUMINOSAE=, p. 58. + + 174a. Flowers irregular, i. e., the conspicuous lobes of the + perianth unlike in size or shape --175. + + 174b. Flowers regular --185. + +175a. Stamens 2 or 4 =SCROPHULARIACEAE=, p. 101. + +175b. Stamens 5 --176. + +175c. Stamens 6 --181. + +175d. Stamens 8; leaves simple =POLYGALACEAE=, p. 65. + +175e. Stamens 10; leaves usually compound =LEGUMINOSAE=, p. 58. + +175f. Stamens more than 10 --183. + + 176a. Petals separate --177. + + 176b. Petals united --179. + +177a. Flowers greenish or purplish, in a panicle =SAXIFRAGACEAE=, p. 49. + +177b. Flowers white or purplish, in compound umbels + =UMBELLIFERAE=, p. 80. + +177c. Flowers solitary, or in few-flowered clusters --178. + + 178a. Flowers blue, yellow, or white, in spring =VIOLACEAE=, p. 75. + + 178b. Flowers red-orange or yellow, in summer + =BALSAMINACEAE=, p. 71. + + 178c. Flowers small and greenish, in spring + 1a, in =VIOLACEAE=, p. 75. + +179a. Anthers united; stamens protruding from the very irregular corolla + =LOBELIACEAE=, p. 113. + +179b. Anthers separate; corolla almost regular --180. + + 180a. Corolla rotate; some or all filaments hairy + 2, in =SCROPHULARIACEAE=, p. 101. + + 180b. Corolla funnel-form, dull yellow and purple; filaments not + hairy 12a, in =SOLANACEAE=, p. 101. + + 180c. Corolla funnel-form, blue or violet; filaments not hairy + 7b, in =BORAGINACEAE=, p. 94. + +181a. Leaves compound or dissected =FUMARIACEAE=, p. 41. + +181b. Leaves simple --182. + + 182a. Flowers solitary =ARISTOLOCHIACEAE=, p. 25. + + 182b. Flowers in spikes, heads, or racemes =POLYGALACEAE=, p. 65. + +183a. Leaves truly compound --184. + +183b. Leaves palmately cleft; flowers 15 mm. wide or larger + 6a, in =RANUNCULACEAE=, p. 36. + +183c. Leaves irregularly cleft; flowers about 5 mm. wide + =RESEDACEAE=, p. 48. + + 184a. Petals prolonged backward into hollow spurs + 6b, in =RANUNCULACEAE=, p. 36. + + 184b. Petals not prolonged into spurs =CAPPARIDACEAE=, p. 47. + + --185-- + +185a. Perianth consisting of one circle of parts only (usually + considered to be the calyx) --186. + +185b. Perianth consisting of both calyx and corolla --192. + + 186a. Leaves with sheathing stipules encircling the stem above the + base of every leaf =POLYGONACEAE=, p. 25. + + 186b. Leaves without sheathing stipules --187. + +187a. Leaves entire --188. + +187b. Leaves toothed, lobed, or compound --190. + + 188a. Stamens 5 =SANTALACEAE=, p. 24. + + 188b. Stamens 6 --189. + + 188c. Stamens 10 =PHYTOLACCACEAE=, p. 30. + +189a. Perianth-lobes 3; perianth-tube curved =ARISTOLOCHIACEAE=, p. 25. + +189b. Perianth-lobes 6, spreading 4a, in =LILIACEAE=, p. 11. + + 190a. Stamens 5 =UMBELLIFERAE=, p. 80. + + 190b. Stamens 6 --191. + + 190c. Stamens more than 6 =RANUNCULACEAE=, p. 35. + +191a. Climbing plant with heart-shape perianth + 2a, in =FUMARIACEAE=, p. 41. + +191b. Erect plant, with spreading perianth + 3b, in =BERBERIDACEAE=, p. 40. + + 192a. Corolla composed of united petals --193. + + 192b. Corolla composed of separate petals --208. + +193a. Stamens 2 or 4 =SCROPHULARIACEAE=, p. 101. + +193b. Stamens 3; climbing vines =CUCURBITACEAE=, p. 112. + +193c. Stamens 5 --194. + +193d. Stamens 6 2a, in =FUMARIACEAE=, p. 41. + +193e. Stamens 8 22b, in =ERICACEAE=, p. 85. + +193f. Stamens 10 --207. + +193g. Stamens very numerous =MALVACEAE=, p. 72. + + 194a. Ovaries 2; flowers orange-red, in umbels + 7a, in =ASCLEPIADACEAE=, p. 91. + + 194b. Ovary 1, deeply 4-lobed; flowers in racemes + =BORAGINACEAE=, p. 93. + + 194c. Ovary 1, not deeply lobed --195. + +195a. Climbing or scrambling vines --196. + +195b. Not climbing or scrambling --198. + + 196a. Flowers about 1 cm. wide --197. + + 196b. Flowers 2-8 cm. wide =CONVOLVULACEAE=, p. 91. + +197a. Leaves 1 cm. wide or less 2b, in =CAMPANULACEAE=, p. 112. + +197b. Leaves 2 cm. wide or more 4a, in =SOLANACEAE=, p. 100. + + 198a. Flowers solitary, either terminal or axillary --199. + + 198b. Flowers in terminal clusters --201. + +199a. Calyx concealed by 2 bracts =CONVOLVULACEAE=, p. 91. + +199b. Calyx not completely concealed by bracts --200. + + 200a. Ovary inferior, appearing as a swelling below the calyx at + the base of the flower, 3-celled; stigma 3-lobed + =CAMPANULACEAE=, p. 112. + + 200b. Ovary superior, located in the center of the flower + =SOLANACEAE=, p. 100. + +201a. Some or all filaments hairy --202. + +201b. Filaments not hairy --203. + + 202a. Leaves lobed or divided =HYDROPHYLLACEAE=, p. 93. + + 202b. Leaves not lobed 2, in =SCROPHULARIACEAE=, p. 101. + +203a. Anthers close together, longer than the filaments + 2, in =SOLANACEAE=, p. 100. + +203b. Anthers separate from each other --204. + + 204a. Leaves compound or very deeply lobed --205. + + 204b. Leaves simple or with shallow lobes only --206. + +205a. Leaf-segments linear or oblong, irregular + =HYDROPHYLLACEAE=, p. 93. + +205b. Leaves truly compound with separate leaflets + 1a, in =POLEMONIACEAE=, p. 92. + + 206a. Flowers greenish-yellow =SOLANACEAE=, p. 100. + + 206b. Flowers blue, violet, white, or intermediate tints + =CAMPANULACEAE=, p. 112. + +207a. Leaves simple =ERICACEAE=, p. 84. + +207b. Leaves compound =OXALIDACEAE=, p. 64. + + --208-- + + 208a. Petals 4 --209. + + 208b. Petals 5 --212. + + 208c. Petals 6 or more --227. + +209a. Stamens 4 or 8 --210. + +209b. Stamens 6, 4 long and 2 short =CRUCIFERAE=, p. 42. + +209c. Stamens 9 or more =CAPPARIDACEAE=, p. 47. + + 210a. Leaves compound =ROSACEAE=, p. 51. + + 210b. Leaves simple --211. + +211a. Ovary 1, inferior, appearing as a swelling below the calyx + =ONAGRACEAE=, p. 78. + +211b. Ovaries 4 or 5, in the center of the flower + =CRASSULACEAE=, p. 48. + + 212a. Stamens with good anthers 5 --213. + + 212b. Stamens 6 to 10 --217. + + 212c. Stamens more than 10 --222. + +213a. Flowers solitary, terminating the stem + 12b, in =SAXIFRAGACEAE=, p. 50. + +213b. Flowers axillary, solitary or in small clusters --214. + +213c. Flowers several, in loose irregular terminal clusters; leaves + simple =LINACEAE=, p. 63. + +213d. Flowers in slender spike-like racemes; leaves compound + 50b, in =ROSACEAE=, p. 55. + +213e. Flowers in panicles 20a, in =SAXIFRAGACEAE=, p. 50. + +213f. Flowers in umbels --216. + + 214a. Leaves compound 25b, in =LEGUMINOSAE=, p. 60. + + 214b. Leaves simple --215. + +215a. Flowers blue or yellow, erect or spreading =LINACEAE=, p. 63. + +215b. Flowers greenish, nodding 1a, in =VIOLACEAE=, p. 75. + + 216a. Flowers pink or purple =GERANIACEAE=, p. 64. + + 216b. Flowers yellow or white =UMBELLIFERAE=, p. 80. + +217a. Leaves compound with 3 leaflets --218. + +217b. Leaves pinnately compound --219. + +217c. Leaves deeply palmately lobed =GERANIACEAE=, p. 64. + +217d. Leaves simple and not deeply lobed --220. + + 218a. Leaflets reverse heart-shape; flowers yellow + =OXALIDACEAE=, p. 64. + + 218b. Leaflets taper-pointed; flowers white or pink + 73, in =ROSACEAE=, p. 57. + +219a. Leaflets entire 24, in =LEGUMINOSAE=, p. 60. + +219b. Leaflets toothed 50b, in =ROSACEAE=, p. 55. + + 220a. Prostrate plants, with thick, fleshy, entire leaves + 3, in =PORTULACACEAE=, p. 34. + + 220b. Bushy branched plants, with small gray leaves concealing the + stem 2a, in =CISTACEAE=, p. 74. + + 220c. Erect or spreading plants --221. + +221a. Ovary 1, style 1 4a, in =ERICACEAE=, p. 84. + +221b. Ovary with 2 distinct styles =SAXIFRAGACEAE=, p. 49. + +221c. Ovaries 5; styles 5 =CRASSULACEAE=, p. 48. + + 222a. Stamens united by their filaments into a tube + =MALVACEAE=, p. 72. + + 222b. Stamens separate from each other --223. + +223a. Leaves with stipules; ovaries more than 1 =ROSACEAE=, p. 51. + +223b. Leaves without stipules --224. + + 224a. Leaves toothed, deeply lobed, or compound + =RANUNCULACEAE=, p. 35. + + 224b. Leaves entire --225. + +225a. Ovaries numerous =RANUNCULACEAE=, p. 35. + +225b. Ovary 1 --226. + + 226a. Sepals 2 =PORTULACACEAE=, p. 34. + + 226b. Sepals 3 or 5 =CISTACEAE=, p. 74. + + --227-- + +227a. Leaves entire =LYTHRACEAE=, p. 77. + +227b. Leaves lobed, divided, dissected, or compound --228. + + 228a. Flowers in slender racemes =RESEDACEAE=, p. 48. + + 228b. Flowers solitary or clustered, but not in slender racemes + --229. + +229a. Stamens 6 3b, in =BERBERIDACEAE=, p. 40. + +229b. Stamens numerous =RANUNCULACEAE=, p. 35. + + +[1] In most flowers the corolla is the conspicuous portion of +the perianth, and is composed of united or separate petals, as the case +may be. In some flowers the corolla is absent, and the calyx is the +conspicuous portion. + + + + +THE PLANTS OF MICHIGAN + + + + +PINACEAE, the Pine Family + +Trees or shrubs, usually evergreen, with needle-like or scale-like +leaves; fruit a cone or berry. + + +1a. Leaves in clusters of 2-5 --2. + +1b. Leaves mostly in clusters of 10 or more, on short lateral wart-like +branches, deciduous each autumn =Tamarack, Larix laricina.= + +1c. Leaves not in clusters --4. + + 2a. Leaves in clusters of 5 =White Pine, Pinus strobus.= + + 2b. Leaves in clusters of 2 or 3 --3. + +3a. Leaves 8-15 cm. long =Norway Pine, Pinus resinosa.= + +3b. Leaves 2-4 cm. long =Jack Pine, Pinus banksiana.= + + 4a. Leaves alternate or scattered --5. + + 4b. Leaves opposite or whorled --8. + +5a. Leaves four-sided --6. + +5b. Leaves flattened --7. + + 6a. Leaves 6-12 mm. long =Black Spruce, Picea mariana.= + + 6b. Leaves 15-25 mm. long =White Spruce, Picea canadensis.= + +7a. Leaves short-stalked, 15 mm. long or less + =Hemlock, Tsuga canadensis.= + +7b. Leaves sessile, 15-30 mm. long =Balsam, Abies balsamea.= + + 8a. Leafy twigs soft and flattened + =White Cedar, Thuja occidentalis.= + + 8b. Leafy twigs not distinctly flattened --9. + +9a. Leaves opposite --10. + +9b. Leaves in whorls of three --11. + + 10a. Erect shrub or tree =Red Cedar, Juniperus virginiana.= + + 10b. Prostrate or spreading shrub + =Creeping Cedar, Juniperus horizontalis.= + +11a. Erect shrub or small tree =Juniper, Juniperus communis.= + +11b. Spreading or ascending shrub, growing in dense mats + =Low Juniper, Juniperus communis var. depressa.= + + + + +TAXACEAE, the Yew Family + +Shrubs, with needle-like evergreen leaves; fruit red and berry-like. + + +One species in Michigan; straggling shrub 1-3 m. high + =Ground Hemlock, Taxus canadensis.= + + + + +TYPHACEAE, the Cat-tail Family + +Erect plants 1-2 m. high, with linear leaves and terminal spikes of +brown flowers, appearing in summer. + + +1a. Staminate and pistillate portions of the flower-spike contiguous, + the latter 2.5 cm. in diameter =Common Cat-tail, Typha latifolia.= + +1b. Staminate and pistillate portions of the spike separated, the latter + 2 cm. or less in diameter + =Narrow-leaved Cat-tail, Typha angustifolia.= + + + + +SPARGANIACEAE, the Bur-reed Family + +Marsh plants with linear leaves and spherical heads of inconspicuous +greenish flowers, appearing in summer. + + +About 5 species occur in Michigan, of which the commonest is + =Bur-reed, Sparganium eurycarpum.= + + + + +NAJADACEAE, the Pondweed Family + +Aquatic plants with submerged or floating leaves and inconspicuous +flowers in summer. + + +1a. Leaves opposite or whorled --2. + +1b. Leaves alternate --2c. + + 2a. Leaves thread-like, 3-8 cm. long + =Horned Pondweed, Zannichellia palustris.= + + 2b. Leaves linear, toothed, abruptly dilated at the base, 3 cm. + long or less (Naiad) --3. + + 2c. Leaves entire, not abruptly dilated at base + [2]=Pondweed, Potamogeton spp.= + +3a. Leaves about 2 mm. wide, sharply and coarsely toothed + =Naiad, Naias marina.= + +3b. Leaves very narrowly linear, with numerous minute teeth + =Naiad, Naias flexilis.= + + +[2] About 30 species of Potamogeton occur in Michigan, among +which the most conspicuous is Potamogeton natans, with elliptical +floating leaves. For the identification of the species the Manual must +be used. + + + + +JUNCAGINACEAE, the Arrow Grass Family + +Marsh plants, with linear cylindrical leaves and inconspicuous flowers +in spikes or racemes, appearing in early summer. + + +1a. Leaves all basal; flowers numerous in a spike-like raceme (Arrow + Grass) --2. + +1b. Stem-leaves present; flowers in a loose bracted raceme (1-3 dm. + high). =Scheuchzeria, Scheuchzeria palustris.= + + 2a. Fruit (usually to be seen at the base of the raceme) ovoid or + oblong, rounded at the base =Arrow Grass, Triglochin maritima.= + + 2b. Fruit linear, narrowed at the base (1-5 dm. high) + =Arrow Grass, Triglochin palustris.= + + + + +ALISMACEAE, the Water Plantain Family + +Marsh plants, with scape-like stems; flowers with 3 green sepals, 3 +white petals, 6 or more stamens, and several separate pistils. + + +1a. Ovaries in a ring; flowers in panicles (2-8 dm. high, summer) + =Water Plantain, Alisma Plantago-aquatica.= + +1b. Ovaries in a head; flowers in racemes or umbels --2. + + 2a. Flowers all perfect, in a single umbel of 2-8 flowers; stamens + 9 (leaves lanceolate; 15 cm. high or less; summer) + =Dwarf Water Plantain, Echinodorus tenellus.= + + 2b. Flowers in a raceme of 3-flowered whorls, the lower pistillate, + the upper staminate; stamens usually more than nine (1-10 dm. + high, summer) (Arrow-head) --3. + +3a. Leaves ovate to linear, not sagittate at base --4. + +3b. Leaves broad or narrow, sagittate at base --5. + + 4a. Pistillate (basal) flowers sessile or nearly so (2-8 dm. high, + summer) =Arrow-head, Sagittaria heterophylla.= + + 4b. Pistillate flowers with obvious pedicels + =Arrow-head, Sagittaria graminea.= + +5a. Basal lobes of the leaf conspicuous, triangular, almost or quite as + long as the terminal portion --6. + +5b. Basal lobes small, short, linear --4b. + + 6a. Beak of the achene very short and erect; rare species + =Arrow-head, Sagittaria arifolia.= + + 6b. Beak of the achene sharp, incurved at right angles to the body; + common species =Arrow-head, Sagittaria latifolia.= + + + + +HYDROCHARITACEAE, the Frog's Bit Family + +Submerged aquatics, with inconspicuous flowers in summer. + + +1a. Leaves all from the base, 2 dm. long or more + =Eel Grass, Vallisneria spiralis.= + +1b. Leaves on the stem, 2 cm. long or less + =Water-weed, Elodea canadensis.= + + + + +GRAMINEAE, the Grass Family + +Grasses, with linear or narrow sheathing leaves, and very small flowers +without perianth in the axils of chaffy bracts, appearing in late spring +and summer. + +Of the large number (over 150) of grasses in Michigan, only the +commonest are included here, and the student is referred to the Manuals +for a full treatment of them. + +Their classification depends chiefly upon the structure and arrangement +of the spikelets. These consist typically of a short axis, the rachilla, +almost or quite concealed by several chaffy bracts. The two lower bracts +are termed glumes, and have no flowers in their axils. Above the glumes +are two or more other bracts, the lemmas. In the axil of each lemma, and +usually concealed by it, is a smaller bract, the palea, and between the +lemma and the palea is a single flower. The number of flowers in a +spikelet is therefore normally equal to the number of lemmas. The +spikelets are grouped in racemes, spikes, or panicles of various size. + + +1a. Spikelets one-flowered --2. + +1b. Spikelets with 2 or more flowers --24. + + 2a. Spikelets grouped into dense solitary cylindrical spikes --3. + + 2b. Spikelets arranged in panicles or in panicled spikes --8. + +3a. Spikelets without awns or bristles, or with short awns not more than + 3 mm. long --4. + +3b. Spikelets with awns 2-5 cm. long, terminating the bracts + =Squirrel-tail, Hordeum jubatum.= + +3c. Bracts of the spikelet without terminal awns, but the spikelets with + one or more long bristles arising from their base --6. + + 4a. Spike-like panicle thickened in the middle, more than 1 cm. + thick =Beach Grass, Ammophila arenaria.= + + 4b. Spike little or not at all thickened in the middle, less than 1 + cm. thick --5. + +5a. Lower bracts awned; stem erect, unbranched + =Timothy, Phleum pratense.= + +5b. Lower scales unawned; stem branched at the base + =Floating Foxtail, Alopecurus geniculatus.= + + 6a. Bristles 5 or more at the base of each spikelet + =Yellow Foxtail, Setaria glauca.= + + 6b. Bristles 1-3 at the base of each spikelet --7. + +7a. Spikelets about 2 mm. long; bristles not much longer, green + =Green Foxtail, Setaria viridis.= + +7b. Spikelets about 3 mm. long; bristles much longer, usually purple + =Millet, Setaria italica.= + + 8a. Spikelets numerous, in long slender symmetrical spikes --9. + + 8b. Spikelets in panicles, racemes, or loose spikes --13. + +9a. Spikelets without awns; plants 8 dm. high or less (Crab Grass) --10. + +9b. Spikelets with awns; plants 12 dm. high or more --12. + + 10a. Leaf-sheaths all glabrous. =Crab Grass, Digitaria humifusa.= + + 10b. Lower leaf-sheaths hairy --11. + +11a. Axis of the spike flat, with wing-like margins + =Crab Grass, Digitaria sanguinalis.= + +11b. Axis of the spike slender, without winged margins + =Crab Grass, Digitaria filiformis.= + + 12a. Spikes numerous, appressed to the axis of the panicle; tall + marsh grass =Slough Grass, Spartina michauxiana.= + + 12b. Spikes 2-6, widely divergent; plant of dry ground + =Blue-joint, Andropogon furcatus.= + +13a. Spikelets subtended by an ovoid thorny involucre 3-8 mm. wide + =Sand Bur, Cenchrus carolinianus.= + +13b. Spikelets without a thorny involucre --14. + + 14a. Lower branches of the panicle spreading, bearing staminate + flowers, the upper branches erect, with pistillate flowers; + aquatic or marsh grass 2-4 m. high + =Wild Rice, Zizania aquatica.= + + 14b. Panicle uniform throughout --15. + +15a. Spikelets with awns 2 mm. or more long --16. + +15b. Spikelets not awned, or with short inconspicuous awns --18. + + 16a. Spikelets in solitary raceme-like spikes; awn about 1 cm. long + or more =Beard Grass, Andropogon scoparius.= + + 16b. Spikelets in branching clusters; awn less than 1 cm. long + --17. + +17a. Leaf-blade 4 mm. wide or narrower; panicle slender + =Drop-seed, Muhlenbergia schreberi.= + +17b. Leaf-blade 6 mm. wide or more; panicle stout and coarse + =Barnyard Grass, Echinochloa crus-galli.= + + 18a. Spikelet plump and compact, its bracts closely folded about + each other --19. + + 18b. Spikelet very flat, its two bracts closely folded together + =Cut-grass, Leersia oryzoides.= + + 18c. Spikelet loose and open, somewhat flattened, its 3 bracts + ascending or spreading and not closely folded about each other + --20. + +19a. Panicle about half as long as the entire plant; leaves copiously + hairy =Witch Grass, Panicum capillare.= + +19b. Panicle of smaller size + =Panic-grasses, various species of Panicum.= + + 20a. Panicle strongly contracted or spike-like; plants of + sand-dunes --4a. + + 20b. Panicle spreading or slightly contracted; axis of the spikelet + beset with bristles; leaves 2 dm. long or more; marsh grass + =Reed Grass, Calamagrostis canadensis.= + + 20c. Panicle spreading or somewhat contracted, but not spike-like; + axis of the spikelet without bristles --21. + +21a. Panicle-branches erect or ascending --22. + +21b. Panicle-branches strongly spreading --23. + + 22a. The two outer scales of the spikelet one-fourth as long as the + third scale, or sometimes one of them absent --17a. + + 22b. The glumes at least half as long as the lemma + =Wood-grass, Muhlenbergia mexicana.= + +23a. The chief lateral branches of the panicle dividing and bearing + flowers below their middle =Red-top, Agrostis alba.= + +23b. The chief branches of the panicle dividing only beyond the middle + =Hair Grass, Agrostis hyemalis.= + + 24a. Spikelets arranged in two rows to form a definite spike --25. + + 24b. Spikelets in panicles, never in definite rows --29. + +25a. Spikelets in a single row on one side of the axis, forming a + one-sided spike =Yard Grass, Eleusine indica.= + +25b. Spikelets alternating on opposite sides of the axis, forming a + two-rowed spike --26. + + 26a. Spikelets in pairs at each joint, forming a dense spike (Wild + Rye) --27. + + 26b. Spikelets single at each joint, forming a loose, open or + interrupted spike --28. + +27a. Glumes lanceolate =Wild Rye, Elymus canadensis.= + +27b. Glumes narrowly subulate =Wild Rye, Elymus virginicus.= + + 28a. Spikelets with their edges toward the axis of the spike + =Rye Grass, Lolium perenne.= + + 28b. Spikelets with their sides toward the axis of the spike + =Quack Grass, Agropyron repens.= + +29a. Glumes longer than the lemmas + =Oats, Avena sativa.= + +29b. Glumes shorter than the lemmas --30. + + 30a. Axis of the spikelet beset with conspicuous long hairs about + equaling the lemmas; tall marsh grass 1-4 m. high + =Reed, Phragmites communis.= + + 30b. Spikelets without conspicuous long hairs --31. + +31a. Spikelets sessile or nearly so, forming crowded or spike-like + panicles --32. + +31b. Spikelets distinctly panicled --33. + + 32a. Spikelets in dense one-sided clusters at the ends of the + panicle branches =Orchard Grass, Dactylis glomerata.= + + 32b. Spikelets in an erect spike-like cluster + =Prairie June-grass, Koeleria cristata.= + +33a. Lemmas, exclusive of the awn when present, 8 mm. long or more --34. + +33b. Lemmas, exclusive of the awn when present, 6 mm. long or less + --35. + + 34a. Awns on the lemmas 12 mm. long or more + =Brome-grass, Bromus tectorum.= + + 34b. Awns on the lemmas 8 mm. long or less, or none + =Cheat, Bromus secalinus.= + +35a. Lemmas with 7 sharp conspicuous veins from base to apex + =Manna Grass, Glyceria nervata.= + +35b. Lemmas with 3-5 inconspicuous veins --36. + + 36a. Spikelets with 5 flowers or more --37. + + 36b. Spikelets with 2-4 (rarely 5) flowers --40. + +37a. Stems tufted and decumbent at base (Love Grass) --38. + +37b. Stems erect (Fescue Grass) --39. + + 38a. Spikelets 1.5 mm. wide =Love Grass, Eragrostis pilosa.= + + 38b. Spikelets 3 mm. wide =Love Grass, Eragrostis megastachya.= + +39a. Lemmas with conspicuous awns =Fescue Grass, Festuca octoflora.= + +39b. Lemmas without awns =Fescue Grass, Festuca elatior.= + + 40a. Tufted annual grass =Spear Grass, Poa annua.= + + 40b. Perennials, with erect flowering stems --41. + +41a. Stems round =Blue Grass, Poa pratensis.= + +41b. Stems strongly flattened =Canadian Blue Grass, Poa compressa.= + + + + +CYPERACEAE, the Sedge Family + +Grass-like or rush-like plants, with linear leaves or leafless, and +inconspicuous flowers in small chaffy spikes. + +Over 200 species occur in Michigan, of which only the commonest are +included here. For the remaining species the Manuals should be +consulted. + + +1a. Spikes all alike --2. + +1b. The uppermost spike or spikes wholly staminate, the lower one or + more pistillate; ovary and achene surrounded by a sac, the + perigynium. Mature fruit is necessary for satisfactory + identification (Sedge) --12. + + 2a. Stems leafless, bearing one or more spikes at or near the top + --3. + + 2b. Stems leafy --6. + +3a. Spike one, terminal and erect (Spike Rush) --4. + +3b. Spikes usually more than one, lateral and spreading --5. + + 4a. Annual, with fibrous roots =Spike Rush, Eleocharis obtusa.= + + 4b. Perennial, with a running rootstock + =Spike Rush, Eleocharis palustris.= + +5a. Stem round =Bulrush, Scirpus validus.= + +5b. Stem 3-cornered =Three-square, Scirpus americanus.= + + 6a. Spikes axillary along the side of the stem + =Dulichium, Dulichium, arundinaceum.= + + 6b. Spikes terminal --7. + +7a. Spikes subtended by long conspicuous leaves which greatly exceed the + flower clusters --8. + +7b. Spikes not conspicuously exceeded by the bract-like leaves --10. + + 8a. Spikes in a dense head-like cluster, white-woolly at maturity + =Cotton Grass, Eriophorum virginicum.= + + 8b. Spikes not in dense heads, nor white-woolly at maturity --9. + +9a. Perennial by a creeping rootstock =Nut Grass, Cyperus esculentus.= + +9b. Perennial by hard basal corms =Cyperus, Cyperus strigosus.= + + 10a. Bracts of the spike chestnut-brown + =Twig Rush, Cladium mariscoides.= + + 10b. Bracts of the spike green or straw-color (Sedge) --11. + +11a. Spikes 3-8, separate =Sedge, Carex straminea.= + +11b. Spikes very numerous and densely crowded + =Sedge, Carex vulpinoidea.= + + 12a. Achenes flattened =Sedge, Carex crinita.= + + 12b. Achenes 3-angled --13. + +13a. Perigynium tipped with a sharp straight 2-toothed beak --14. + +13b. Perigynium with a short soft beak --17. + + 14a. Perigynium thin and papery, loosely enclosing the achene --15. + + 14b. Perigynium firm, closely enclosing the achene --16. + +15a. Perigynium less than 1 cm. long =Sedge, Carex hystericina.= + +15b. Perigynium more than 1 cm. long =Sedge, Carex lupulina.= + + 16a. Perigynium smooth =Sedge, Carex riparia.= + + 16b. Perigynium hairy =Sedge, Carex filiformis.= + +17a. Beak of the perigynium bent abruptly to one side + =Sedge, Carex laxiflora.= + +17b. Beak of the perigynium straight + =Sedge, Carex pennsylvanica.= + + + + +ARACEAE, the Arum Family + +Individual flowers small, but crowded on a fleshy spadix to form a +conspicuous spike, usually surrounded by a green or colored spathe. + + +1a. Leaves compound --2. + +1b. Leaves simple --3. + + 2a. Leaflets 3, spathe pale green or purple (3-6 dm. high; spring) + =Indian Turnip, Arisaema triphyllum.= + + 2b. Leaflets 7-11; spathe green; spadix long and slender (3-8 dm. + high; late spring) =Dragon Root, Arisaema dracontium.= + +3a. Leaves linear, sword-shape; spathe none (5-15 dm. high; early + summer) =Sweet Flag, Acorus calamus.= + +3b. Leaves broader than linear; spathe present --4. + + 4a. Flower clusters partly underground, appearing in earliest + spring =Skunk Cabbage, Symplocarpus foetidus.= + + 4b. Flower clusters peduncled, in early summer --5. + +5a. Leaves broadly ovate-cordate; spathe white + =Water Arum, Calla palustris.= + +5b. Leaves more or less sagittate; spathe green + =Arrow Arum, Peltandra virginica.= + + + + +LEMNACEAE, the Duckweed Family + +Minute leafless plants floating on quiet water; flowers exceedingly +small and seldom seen. + + +1a. Plant thick, ovoid, less than 2 mm. long; roots none. Two species + are reported from Michigan =Wolffia spp.= + +1b. Plant flattened, with short roots --2. + + 2a. Roots several from each rounded plant + =Duckweed, Spirodela polyrhiza.= + + 2b. Root single from each rounded plant =Duckweed, Lemna spp.= + +Three species are reported from Michigan, of which the commonest is +Lemna minor. + + + + +ERIOCAULACEAE, the Pipewort Family + +Bog or marsh herbs, with small flowers in heads terminating long slender +scapes. + + +One species in Michigan; leaves linear and basal; flower-stalk 5-15 cm. +high; flower-heads whitish or lead-color + =Pipewort, Eriocaulon articulatum.= + + + + +XYRIDACEAE, the Yellow-eyed Grass Family + +Small herbs with basal leaves and erect flower-stalks bearing a head of +perfect yellow flowers, in summer. + + +1a. Base of plant bulbous-thickened (3-6 dm. high) + =Yellow-eyed Grass, Xyris flexuosa.= + +1b. Base of plant not bulbous-thickened (1-3 dm. high) + =Yellow-eyed Grass, Xyris montana.= + + + + +COMMELINACEAE, the Spiderwort Family + +Leafy-stemmed herbs; flowers with 3 sepals, 3 petals, and 6 stamens, +lasting but a single day; petals blue. + + +1a. Stamens 6; petals all equal (Spiderwort) --2. + +1b. Perfect stamens 3, sterile stamens 3; two of the petals larger than + the third (3-6 dm. high; summer) =Day-flower, Commelina virginica.= + + 2a. Sepals villous (3-10 dm. high; late spring) + =Spiderwort, Tradescantia virginiana.= + + 2b. Sepals glabrous, or with a tuft of hairs at the apex (4-10 dm. + high; late spring) =Spiderwort, Tradescantia reflexa.= + + + + +PONTEDERIACEAE, the Pickerel-weed Family + +Aquatic herbs, with 6 rather conspicuous petals; flowers in summer. + + +1a. Flowers blue; leaves cordate-sagittate (3-10 dm. high) + =Pickerel-weed, Pontederia cordata.= + +1b. Flowers yellow; leaves linear (submerged) + =Mud Plantain, Heteranthera dubia.= + + + + +JUNCACEAE, the Rush Family + +Grass-like or rush-like plants, with inconspicuous greenish or brownish +flowers, of 3 chaffy or scale-like sepals and as many similar petals. + + +1a. Leaf-sheaths closed; capsule 1-celled and 3-seeded; stem or leaves + usually hairy at or near the base (1-4 dm. high). (Wood Rush) --2. + +1b. Leaf-sheaths open; capsule many-seeded; plants never hairy --4. + + 2a. Flowers solitary at the ends of the branches of the umbel-like + cluster (spring) =Wood Rush, Luzula saltuensis.= + + 2b. Flowers in spikes or dense clusters --3. + +3a. Flower-cluster spike-like, nodding at the tip (summer) + =Wood Rush, Luzula spicata.= + +3b. Flower-cluster umbel-like (spring) + =Wood Rush, Luzula campestris var. multiflora.= + + 4. The genus Juncus, or Rush, contains about 25 species in + Michigan, blooming in summer or autumn. For their identification + the Manuals should be consulted. One of the commonest species is + Juncus effusus, growing in marshes, with erect leafless + cylindrical stems, bearing a lateral cluster of flowers near the + summit. Another common species is Juncus tenuis, with slender + stems and linear leaves, growing in hard ground, especially in + woodland paths. + + + + +LILIACEAE, the Lily Family + +Herbs or twining shrubs, with generally conspicuous flowers; sepals and +petals each 3, and usually colored alike, stamens 6, ovary 3-celled, +superior. In one species the perianth is 4-parted and the stamens are 4. + + +1a. Flowers or flower-clusters lateral, axillary or apparently so --2. + +1b. Flowers or flower-clusters scapose or terminal --12. + + 2a. Leaves minute and scale-like (7-15 dm. high; flowers + greenish-yellow, June) =Asparagus, Asparagus officinalis.= + + 2b. Leaves broad and flat, not scale-like --3. + +3a. Flowers numerous in rounded umbels; perianth-segments nearly + separate; leaves long-petioled --4. + +3b. Flowers in clusters of 1-8; leaves short-petioled, sessile, or + clasping --8. + + 4a. Stems herbaceous (flowers greenish-yellow, ill-scented) + (Carrion-flower) --5. + + 4b. Stems woody, thorny, climbing (flowers greenish-yellow, early + summer) (Green Brier) --7. + +5a. Stems climbing by tendrils --6. + +5b. Stem not climbing; only the upper leaves, or none, with tendrils + =Carrion-flower, Smilax ecirrhata.= + + 6a. Leaves smooth beneath. =Carrion-flower, Smilax herbacea.= + + 6b. Leaves minutely pubescent beneath when mature + =Carrion-flower, Smilax herbacea var. pulverulenta.= + +7a. Leaves with 5 principal veins. =Green Brier, Smilax rotundifolia.= + +7b. Leaves with 7 principal veins. =Green Brier, Smilax hispida.= + + 8a. Perianth-segments united into a tube (flowers axillary, late + spring) (Solomon's Seal) --9. + + 8b. Perianth-segments separate (2-8 dm. high; spring) + (Twisted-stalk) --10. + +9a. Leaves minutely pubescent beneath; filaments rough, inserted at + three-fourths the length of the perianth (3-8 dm. high) + =Small Solomon's Seal, Polygonatum biflorum.= + +9b. Leaves smooth beneath; filaments smooth, inserted at the middle of + the perianth tube (5-15 dm. high) + =Great Solomon's Seal, Polygonatum commutatum.= + + 10a. Leaves distinctly clasping the stem; flowers greenish-white + =Twisted-stalk, Streptopus amplexifolius.= + + 10b. Leaves closely sessile; flowers reddish to purple --11. + +11a. Rootstock short and thick; berries spherical + =Twisted-stalk, Streptopus roseus.= + +11b. Rootstock long and slender; berries 3-angled + =Twisted-stalk, Streptopus longipes.= + + 12a. Perianth-segments 5-12 cm. long --13. + + 12b. Perianth-segments shorter than 5 cm. --19. + +13a. Leaves all or chiefly basal, stem-leaves bract-like or none --14. + +13b. Leaves chiefly or entirely on the stem --15. + + 14a. Leaves numerous, linear or sword-shape (flowers orange, + summer) =Day Lily, Hemerocallis fulva.= + + 14b. Leaves a single pair, oblong or lanceolate --21. + +15a. Leaves a single whorl of 3 (Wake Robin, Trillium) --22. + +15b. Leaves numerous (6-12 dm. high; flowers yellow, orange, or red, in + summer) (Lily) --16. + + 16a. Flowers erect --17. + + 16b. Flowers nodding --18. + +17a. Leaves narrowly lanceolate, 6-15 mm. wide, mostly whorled + =Wood Lily, Lilium philadelphicum.= + +17b. Leaves linear, 5 mm. wide or less, almost all alternate + =Wood Lily, Lilium philadelphicum var. andinum.= + + 18a. Perianth-segments strongly revolute + =Turk's-cap Lily, Lilium superbum.= + + 18b. Perianth-segments half-recurved + =Yellow Lily, Lilium canadense.= + +19a. Flower solitary --20. + +19b. Flowers in clusters, not solitary --31. + + 20a. Stem with a single pair of basal leaves (Dog's-tooth Violet) + --21. + + 20b. Stem with a single whorl of 3 leaves (1-3 dm. high; spring) + (Wake Robin, Trillium) --22. + + 20c. Stem leafy (Bellwort) --29. + +21a. Perianth yellow =Dog's-tooth Violet, Erythronium americanum.= + +21b. Perianth white, bluish, or pinkish + =Dog's-tooth Violet, Erythronium albidum.= + + 22a. Flower sessile, red or brown --23. + + 22b. Flower peduncled, white or pink, rarely red --24. + +23a. Leaves sessile, sepals spreading =Wake Robin, Trillium sessile.= + +23b. Leaves short-petioled, sepals reflexed + =Wake Robin, Trillium recurvatum.= + + 24a. Ovary with 6 distinct wing-like angles --25. + + 24b. Ovary obtusely 3-angled or lobed --28. + +25a. Stamens distinctly longer than the pistil --26. + +25b. Stamens equaling or shorter than the pistil --27. + + 26a. Stigmas erect or nearly so, slender + =Wake Robin, Trillium grandiflorum.= + + 26b. Stigmas strongly recurved or spreading + =Wake Robin, Trillium erectum.= + +27a. Filaments about as long as the anthers + =Wake Robin, Trillium cernuum.= + +27b. Filaments half as long as the anthers or shorter + =Wake Robin, Trillium declinatum.= + + 28a. Leaves obtuse; petals obtuse, white + =Dwarf White Trillium, Trillium nivale.= + + 28b. Leaves acuminate; petals acute, purple-striped at base + =Painted Trillium, Trillium undulatum.= + +29a. Leaves sessile (3-6 dm. high; flowers yellow, spring) + =Bellwort, Oakesia sessilifolia.= + +29b. Leaves perfoliate (4-6 dm. high; flowers yellow, in spring) --30. + + 30a. Leaves minutely pubescent beneath + =Bellwort, Uvularia grandiflora.= + + 30b. Leaves glabrous and all glaucous + =Bellwort, Uvularia perfoliata.= + +31a. Stem bearing 2 whorls of 3-9 leaves (3-6 dm. high; flowers pale + yellow, early summer) =Indian Cucumber-root, Medeola virginiana.= + +31b. Stem-leaves not whorled, or all leaves basal --32. + + 32a. Flowers in umbels --33. + + 32b. Flowers in racemes or panicles --38. + +33a. Plant with the odor of onions or garlic (leaves all or chiefly + basal; flower-stalks 2-8 dm. high, late spring or summer) --34. + +33b. Plant not with the odor of onions (leaves basal; flower-stalks 2-3 + dm. high, with an umbel of 3-6 greenish-yellow flowers in late + spring) =Clintonia, Clintonia borealis.= + + 34a. Leaves oblong, 2-5 cm. wide, not present when the plants are + in bloom (greenish-white flowers) + =Wild Leek, Allium tricoccum.= + + 34b. Leaves linear, present with the flowers --35. + +35a. Umbel nodding or horizontal (petals rose-color) + =Wild Onion, Allium cernuum.= + +35b. Umbel erect --36. + + 36a. Pedicels longer than the flowers --37. + + 36b. Pedicels equaling or shorter than the flowers (petals + rose-purple) + =Wild Chives, Allium schoenoprasum var. sibiricum.= + +37a. Leaves flattened; flowers pink to white + =Wild Onion, Allium canadense.= + +37b. Leaves cylindrical; flowers greenish to purple + =Field Garlic, Allium vineale.= + + 38a. Leaves lanceolate to ovate, not more than 8 times as long as + broad --39. + + 38b. Leaves linear or grass-like, at least 12 times as long as + broad --45. + +39a. Principal leaves all basal, stem-leaves none or bract-like --40. + +39b. Principal leaves on the stem --41. + + 40a. Flowers in a spike-like raceme (4-10 dm. high; small white + flowers in summer) =Colic-root, Aletris farinosa.= + + 40b. Flowers in an umbel-like cluster --34b. + +41a. Perianth-segments 4 (1-2 dm. high; flowers white, early summer) + =Wild Lily of the Valley, Maianthemum canadense.= + +41b. Perianth-segments 6 --42. + + 42a. Styles 3; flowers dioecious (3-10 dm. high; flowers white, + early summer) =Blazing Star, Chamaelirium luteum.= + + 42b. Style 1; flowers perfect, white, in spring (False Solomon's + Seal) --43. + +43a. Flowers panicled (3-6 dm. high) + =False Solomon's Seal, Smilacina racemosa.= + +43b. Flowers racemed --44. + + 44a. Leaves 2-4, usually 3 (1-2 dm. high) + =False Solomon's Seal, Smilacina trifolia.= + + 44b. Leaves 5-12 (2-5 dm. high) + =False Solomon's Seal, Smilacina stellata.= + +45a. Flowers bright blue; perianth-segments united (2-3 dm. high, + spring) =Grape Hyacinth, Muscari botryoides.= + +45b. Flowers blue, greenish, yellowish, or white; perianth-segments + separate --46. + + 46a. Flowers 1 cm. wide, or smaller (white or greenish, in racemes, + late spring or summer) (False Asphodel) --47. + + 46b. Flowers 1.5 cm. wide, or larger --48. + +47a. Stem glabrous (2 dm. high or less) + =False Asphodel, Tofieldia palustris.= + =False Asphodel, Tofieldia glutinosa.= + +47b. Stem viscid-pubescent (1-5 dm. high) + + 48a. Perianth-segments with 2 glands near the base (3-8 dm. high; + greenish-white panicled flowers in summer) + =Zygadenus, Zygadenus chloranthus.= + + 48b. Perianth-segments without glands --49. + +49a. Plant 3-5 dm. tall; flowers blue or nearly white, in long racemes + (early summer) =Wild Hyacinth, Camassia esculenta.= + +49b. Plant 1-3 dm. tall; flowers greenish-white, in short corymb-like + racemes (spring) =Star of Bethlehem, Ornithogalum umbellatum.= + + + + +DIOSCOREACEAE, the Yam Family + +Twining herbs with net-veined leaves and greenish or white flowers in +panicles or racemes. + + +One species in Michigan; leaves ovate-cordate; flowers in summer + =Wild Yam, Dioscorea villosa.= + + + + +AMARYLLIDACEAE, the Amaryllis Family + +Plants with linear basal leaves, and perfect flowers, with 6-parted +perianth, inferior ovary, and 6 stamens. + + +One species in Michigan; 1-2 dm. high; flowers yellow, 1 cm. wide, in +spring =Star Grass, Hypoxis hirsuta.= + + + + +IRIDACEAE, the Iris Family + +Herbs, with 6-parted perianth, inferior ovary, and 3 stamens. + + +1a. Flowers blue, 5 cm. wide or larger --2. + +1b. Flowers about 1 cm. wide (blue or white, from a spathe terminating a + 2-edged stem 2-5 dm. high, spring and early summer) (Blue-eyed + Grass) --3. + + 2a. Flowering stems 4-8 dm. high (early summer) + =Blue Flag, Iris versicolor.= + + 2b. Flowering stems 2 dm. or less high (spring) + =Dwarf Iris, Iris lacustris.= + +3a. Spathes terminal, sessile --4. + +3b. Spathes long-peduncled, axillary --8. + + 4a. Spathe single --5. + + 4b. Spathes 2 on each flowering stem --7. + +5a. Pedicels much longer than the inner (shorter) bract + =Blue-eyed Grass, Sisyrinchium mucronatum.= + +5b. Pedicels equaling or barely exceeding the inner bract --6. + + 6a. Capsule brown; common species + =Blue-eyed Grass, Sisyrinchium angustifolium.= + + 6b. Capsule green or yellowish; rare species + =Blue-eyed Grass, Sisyrinchium montanum.= + +7a. Leaves folded lengthwise; stems narrowly winged + =Blue-eyed Grass, Sisyrinchium hastile.= + +7b. Leaves flat; stem broadly winged, 2-3 mm. wide + =Blue-eyed Grass, Sisyrinchium albidum.= + + 8a. Capsules pale straw-color or whitish --9. + + 8b. Capsules brown, or tinged with purple --10. + +9a. Plant with straight fibrous bristles at base; pedicels long-exserted + =Blue-eyed Grass, Sisyrinchium farwellii.= + +9b. Plants not bristly at base; pedicels barely exserted + =Blue-eyed Grass, Sisyrinchium strictum.= + + 10a. Pedicels scarcely exceeding the inner bract --6a. + + 10b. Pedicels much exceeding the inner bract --11. + +11a. Stem 2-6 mm. wide; bracts 1.5-2 cm. long + =Blue-eyed Grass, Sisyrinchium gramineum.= + +11b. Stem 1-2 mm. wide; bracts 1-1.5 cm. long + =Blue-eyed Grass, Sisyrinchium apiculatum.= + + + + +ORCHIDACEAE, the Orchis Family + +Herbs, with irregular flowers, one petal, the lip, differing from the +others in size and shape, inferior ovary, and one or two stamens +adherent to the style. + + +1a. Flowers in a spike-like obviously twisted raceme; small, yellowish + or greenish-white, in late summer and autumn (except 4a) (Ladies' + Tresses) --2. + +1b. Flowers solitary or in clusters, but never in a twisted raceme --5. + + 2a. Flowers in 1 row =Ladies' Tresses, Spiranthes gracilis.= + + 2b. Flowers in several rows --3. + +3a. Lip constricted near the apex + =Ladies' Tresses, Spiranthes romanzoftiana.= + +3b. Lip not constricted --4. + + 4a. Lip yellow; flowers in spring and early summer + =Ladies' Tresses, Spiranthes lucida.= + + 4b. Lip white =Ladies' Tresses, Spiranthes cernua.= + +5a. Brown, purple, or yellow plants, without green color, with + scale-like leaves (1-4 dm. high; summer) (Coral Root) --6. + +5b. Plants with normal green color --9. + + 6a. Lip white, not spotted =Coral Root, Corallorrhiza trifida.= + + 6b. Lip white, spotted with red --7. + +7a. Lip distinctly 3-lobed =Coral Root, Corallorrhiza maculata.= + +7b. Lip entire, or barely toothed --8. + + 8a. Flower, exclusive of ovary, 4 mm. long + =Coral Root, Corallorrhiza odontorhiza.= + + 8b. Flower about 10 mm. long. =Coral Root, Corallorrhiza striata.= + +9a. Leaf 1 or none at flowering time --10. + +9b. Leaves a single pair, basal, or opposite on the stem; never + alternate on the stem --19. + +9c. Leaves several, all basal, prominently net-veined, and frequently + blotched with white (scape 1-4 dm. high; flowers whitish, pubescent, + in summer) (Rattlesnake Plantain) --26. + +9d. Leaves 2 or more, on the stem --28. + + 10a. Foliage leaf absent or undeveloped at flowering time, or + merely persisting through the winter from the previous year + --11. + + 10b. Foliage leaf present at flowering time --12. + +11a. Flower rose-purple, 3-5 cm. long, solitary or two (1-3 dm. high, + early summer) =Arethusa, Arethusa bulbosa.= + +11b. Flowers purplish-green, in racemes, with a spur 2 cm. long + =Crane-fly Orchis, Tipularia discolor.= + +11c. Flowers yellowish, purple tinged, in racemes; spur none (3-4 dm. + high, early summer). =Putty Root, Aplectrum hyemale.= + + 12a. Leaf linear or linear-lanceolate --13. + + 12b. Leaf of a broader shape --14. + +13a. Flower solitary or two; leaf just below the flower --11a. + +13b. Flowers in a loose raceme, sometimes only 2; leaf basal + =Calopogon, Calopogon pulchellus.= + + 14a. Flowers greenish, yellowish, or white --15. + + 14b. Flowers pink to purple, often variegated --17. + +15a. Flowers 6-10 mm. wide, with a spur about the same length (1-4 dm. + high, summer) (Rein Orchis) --35. + +15b. Flowers 5 mm. wide or less; spur none (1-2 dm. high; summer) + (Adder's Mouth) --16. + + 16a. Pedicels less than 5 mm. long; lip broadest below the middle + =Adder's Mouth, Microstylis monophyllos.= + + 16b. Pedicels more than 5 mm. long; lip broadest near the apex + =Adder's Mouth, Microstylis unifolia.= + +17a. Flowers spicate; lip distinctly 3-lobed (1-2 dm. high; early + summer) --24. + +17b. Flowers solitary or two --18. + + 18a. Leaf on the stem, lanceolate to ovate --34a. + + 18b. Leaf basal, round-ovate (2 dm. high or less; early summer) + =Calypso, Calypso bulbosa.= + +19a. Leaves opposite and sessile near the middle of the stem (1-3 dm. + high; flowers in summer) (Tway-blade) --20. + +19b. Leaves basal --21. + + 20a. Lip deeply 2-cleft (flowers purplish) + =Tway-blade, Listera cordata.= + + 20b. Lip wedge-shape, with 2 round shallow lobes (flowers + greenish-yellow) =Tway-blade, Listera convallarioides.= + +21a. Lip an inflated sac about 4 cm. long --29d. + +21b. Lip not sac-like --22. + + 22a. Flower with a spur 15-50 mm. long --23. + + 22b. Flower not spurred (1-2 dm. high; early summer) (Tway-blade) + --25. + +23a. Flowers purple or magenta, or with white markings --24. + +23b. Flowers greenish, yellowish, or white (1-4 dm. high; summer) (Rein + Orchis) --36. + + 24a. Leaf 1 (1-2 dm. high; early summer) + =Round-leaved Orchis, Orchis rotundifolia.= + + 24b. Leaves 2 (-20 cm. high; late spring) + =Showy Orchis, Orchis spectabilis.= + +25a. Lip about 10 mm. long, purple =Tway-blade, Liparis liliifolia.= + +25b. Lip about 5 mm. long, yellowish-green + =Tway-blade, Liparis loeselii.= + + 26a. Perianth 8-10 mm. long; lip with elongated point + =Rattlesnake Plantain, Epipactis decipiens.= + + 26b. Perianth 4-6 mm. long; lip sack-like --27. + +27a. Raceme loosely flowered, one-sided + =Rattlesnake Plantain, Epipactis repens var. ophioides.= + +27b. Raceme closely flowered, not one-sided + =Rattlesnake Plantain, Epipactis pubescens.= + + 28a. Lip conspicuously sack-like, inflated (late spring and early + summer) (Lady's Slipper) --29. + + 28b. Lip not sack-like nor inflated --32. + +29a. Lip white (1-3 dm. high) + =White Lady's Slipper, Cypripedium candidum.= + +29b. Lip yellow (2-7 dm. high) --30. + +29c. Lip white, with crimson or purple markings --31. + +29d. Lip pink (1-4 dm. high, late spring) + =Stemless Lady's Slipper, Cypripedium acaule.= + + 30a. Lip 2-3 cm. long. + =Small Yellow Lady's Slipper, Cypripedium parviflorum.= + + 30b. Lip 3.5-5 cm. long + =Large Yellow Lady's Slipper, Cypripedium parviflorum var. pubescens.= + +31a. Lip 2 cm. long or less; sepals separate (1.5-3 dm. high) + =Ram's Head Lady's Slipper, Cypripedium arietinum.= + +31b. Lip 3 cm. long or more; the 2 lower sepals united + =Showy Lady's Slipper, Cypripedium hirsutum.= + + 32a. Flowers solitary in the axils, or solitary and terminal; not + spurred --33. + + 32b. Flowers in terminal racemes, spurred --38. + +33a. Leaves a whorl of 5 (2-3 dm. high; petals greenish; late summer) + =Whorled Pogonia, Pogonia verticillata.= + +33b. Leaves alternate --34. + + 34a. Leaves lanceolate or narrowly ovate, 2-8 cm. long, narrowed at + base; flower terminal (1-4 dm. high; flowers pink purple, + early summer) =Snake Mouth, Pogonia ophioglossoides.= + + 34b. Leaves ovate, 1-2 cm. long, clasping; flowers axillary (5-20 + cm. high; flowers purple, summer) + =Nodding Pogonia, Pogonia trianthophora.= + +35a. Leaf basal; spur nearly straight + =Rein Orchis, Habenaria obtusata.= + +35b. Leaf on the stem; spur strongly curved + =Rein Orchis, Habenaria clavellata.= + + 36a. Flower-stalk without bracts below the raceme; flowers + yellowish-green =Rein Orchis, Habenaria hookeri.= + + 36b. Flower-stalk bearing bracts below the raceme; flowers + greenish-white --37. + +37a. Spur 15-25 mm. long =Rein Orchis, Habenaria orbiculata.= + +37b. Spur 30-50 mm. long =Rein Orchis, Habenaria macrophylla.= + + 38a. Lip fringed (Fringed Orchis) --43. + + 38b. Lip not fringed (Rein Orchis) --39. + +39a. Lip with 2-3 evident teeth at apex --40. + +39b. Lip without apical teeth --41. + + 40a. Stem-leaves 3 or more =Rein Orchis, Habenaria bracteata.= + + 40b. Stem-leaves 2 --35b. + +41a. Flowers white =Rein Orchis, Habenaria dilatata.= + +41b. Flowers greenish-yellow --42. + + 42a. Lip lanceolate, tapering toward the apex + =Rein Orchis, Habenaria hyperborea.= + + 42b. Lip oblong, truncate at the apex + =Rein Orchis, Habenaria flava.= + +43a. Lip deeply 3-lobed, toothed or fringed --44. + +43b. Lip not 3-lobed, but deeply fringed --46. + + 44a. Flowers purple =Purple Fringed Orchis, Habenaria psycodes.= + + 44b. Flowers white or nearly so --45. + +45a. Spur 3 cm. long or more + =Prairie Fringed Orchis, Habenaria leucophaea.= + +45b. Spur 1-1.5 cm. long =Ragged Fringed Orchis, Habenaria lacera.= + + 46a. Flowers yellow =Yellow Fringed Orchis, Habenaria ciliaris.= + + 46b. Flowers white + =White Fringed Orchis, Habenaria blephariglottis.= + + + + +PIPERACEAE, the Pepper Family + +Herbaceous plants with alternate leaves, and flowers without either +calyx or corolla. + + +One species in Michigan, a marsh plant with heart-shape leaves and +slender racemes of white flowers + =Lizard's Tail, Saururus cernuus.= + + + + +SALICACEAE, the Willow Family + +Trees or shrubs, with dioecious flowers in catkins. + + +1a. Leaves less than twice as long as broad, on petioles 3 cm. long or + more --2. + +1b. Leaves more than twice as long as broad, on petioles 2.5 cm. long or + less. (The genus Salix, or Willow, contains about 30 species in + Michigan, of which only the commoner are mentioned here. For the + others the Manuals should be consulted.) --8. + + 2a. Petioles strongly flattened laterally --3. + + 2b. Petioles not flattened laterally --6. + +3a. Leaves broadly ovate or nearly circular --4. + +3b. Leaves broadly triangular or deltoid in shape --5. + + 4a. Leaves coarsely toothed + =Large-toothed Aspen, Populus grandidentata.= + + 4b. Leaves finely crenulate or serrate + =Quaking Aspen, Populus tremuloides.= + +5a. Tree with narrow spire-shape crown + =Lombardy Poplar, Populus nigra var. italica.= + +5b. Tree with spreading crown + =Cottonwood, Populus deltoides.= + + 6a. Lower side of leaf densely tomentose + =White Poplar, Populus alba.= + + 6b. Lower side of leaf glabrous or nearly so --7. + +7a. Petioles glabrous =Balsam Poplar, Populus balsamifera.= + +7b. Petioles ciliate =Balm of Gilead, Populus candicans.= + + 8a. Trees --9. + + 8b. Shrubs --13. + +9a. Petioles without glands --10. + +9b. Petioles with glands --11. + + 10a. Petiole short (about 5 mm.), broad and flat + =Black Willow, Salix nigra.= + + 10b. Petiole slender, about 10-20 mm. long + =Peach-leaved Willow, Salix amygdaloides.= + +11a. Leaves green beneath + =Crack Willow, Salix fragilis.= + +11b. Leaves pale beneath --12. + + 12a. Branches and twigs conspicuously drooping + =Weeping Willow, Salix babylonica.= + + 12b. Branches and twigs not conspicuously drooping, yellow + =Yellow Willow, Salix alba var. vitellina.= + +13a. Shrubs of bogs --14. + +13b. Plants of sand-dunes along the Great Lakes --15. + +13c. Plants of dry upland hills --16. + +13d. Plants of wet ground, river-banks, and swamps --17. + + 14a. Leaves densely white-tomentose beneath + =Willow, Salix candida.= + + 14b. Leaves pale beneath but not tomentose + =Willow, Salix serissima.= + + 14c. Leaves glabrous and green beneath + =Willow, Salix pedicellaris.= + +15a. Leaves linear =Willow, Salix longifolia.= + +15b. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, tomentose beneath + =Willow, Salix syrticola.= + +15c. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, glabrous + =Willow, Salix glaucophylla.= + + 16a. Leaves about 3 times as long as broad + =Willow, Salix rostrata.= + + 16b. Leaves narrower, nearly sessile + =Willow, Salix tristis.= + + 16c. Leaves narrower, distinctly petioled + =Willow, Salix humilis.= + +17a. Leaves linear or nearly so =Willow, Salix longifolia.= + +17b. Leaves shining =Willow, Salix lucida.= + +17c. Leaves silky =Willow, Salix sericea.= + +17d. Leaves not as in the preceding 3 species --18. + + 18a. Leaves rounded at base =Willow, Salix cordata.= + + 18b. Leaves acute at base --19. + +19a. Leaves finely serrulate =Willow, Salix petiolaris.= + +19b. Leaves remotely serrate or nearly entire + =Willow, Salix discolor.= + + + + +MYRICACEAE, the Sweet Gale Family + +Shrubs, with monoecious or dioecious flowers in catkins, and aromatic +foliage. + + +1a. Leaves pinnately lobed =Sweet Fern, Myrica asplenifolia.= + +1b. Leaves merely serrate --2. + + 2a. Shrub of sandy soil, shore of Lake Erie + =Bayberry, Myrica carolinensis.= + + 2b. Shrub of bogs and shores, northern half of state + =Sweet Gale, Myrica gale.= + + + + +JUGLANDACEAE, the Walnut Family + +Trees with alternate pinnately compound leaves and flowers in catkins. + + +1a. Leaflets 11-23; pith divided by partitions into chambers --2. + +1b. Leaflets 5-11; pith not partitioned (Hickory) --3. + + 2a. Pith brown; bark with flat longitudinal ridges + =Butternut, Juglans cinerea.= + + 2b. Pith cream-color; bark of trunk without flat ridges + =Black Walnut, Juglans nigra.= + +3a. Bark of the trunk essentially smooth, not deeply furrowed or shaggy + --4. + +3b. Bark of the trunk deeply furrowed or shaggy --6. + + 4a. Leaflets glabrous beneath; buds greenish --5. + + 4b. Leaflets somewhat pubescent beneath; buds bright yellow + =Bitter Nut, Carya cordiformis.= + +5a. Twigs hairy =Small-fruited Hickory, Carya microcarpa.= + +5b. Twigs smooth =Pignut Hickory, Carya glabra.= + + 6a. Twigs and leaves both pubescent --7. + + 6b. Twigs nearly smooth; leaves smooth beneath + =Shag-bark Hickory, Carya ovata.= + +7a. Twigs brownish; buds densely hairy + =Mocker-nut Hickory, Carya alba.= + +7b. Twigs orange; buds very slightly hairy + =King-nut Hickory, Carya laciniosa.= + + + + +BETULACEAE, the Birch Family + +Trees or shrubs with alternate simple leaves and inconspicuous +monoecious flowers, the staminate flowers in catkins, and the pistillate +in catkins or small clusters. + + +1a. Trees, with white or yellowish bark exfoliating in thin papery +plates or scales --2. + +1b. Tree or shrub, with smooth, dark gray bark; trunk fluted with +prominent longitudinal ridges =Hornbeam, Carpinus caroliniana.= + +1c. Trees or shrubs; the bark more or less roughened, but not + exfoliating; trunk not fluted --3. + + 2a. Bark white or chalky + =Paper Birch, Betula alba var. papyrifera.= + + 2b. Bark yellowish =Yellow Birch, Betula lutea.= + +3a. Shrubs, with leaves 4 cm. long or less --4. + +3b. Shrubs or trees, with leaves 5 cm. long or more --5. + + 4a. Twigs glandular-warty =Dwarf Birch, Betula glandulosa.= + + 4b. Twigs not glandular =Swamp Birch, Betula pumila.= + +5a. Twigs and bark with the odor of wintergreen + =Sweet Birch, Betula lenta.= + +5b. Twigs and bark without odor of wintergreen --6. + + 6a. Fruit clusters woody, persistent on the plant for a long time + --7. + + 6b. Fruit clusters herbaceous, dropping in late autumn --9. + +7a. Leaves rusty or whitish beneath, and pubescent at least on the veins + =Speckled Alder, Alnus incana.= + +7b. Leaves green beneath, and either pubescent or smooth --8. + + 8a. Leaves broadest at or below the middle + =Mountain Alder, Alnus crispa.= + + 8b. Leaves broadest above the middle + =Smooth Alder, Alnus rugosa.= + +9a. Tree; fruit a cluster of bladder-like sacs each containing a small + achene =Ironwood, Ostrya virginiana.= + +9b. Shrubs; fruit a nut within a close-fitting involucre --10. + + 10a. Involucre of 2 broad bracts, almost separate and not much + longer than the fruit =Hazel, Corylus americana.= + + 10b. Involucre of united bracts, prolonged into a bristly beak + beyond the fruit =Beaked Hazel, Corylus rostrata.= + + + + +FAGACEAE, the Beech Family + +Trees (or 1 species shrubby), with alternate simple leaves and +monoecious flowers, the staminate flowers in catkins, and the pistillate +solitary or in small clusters. Fruit a nut (or acorn) enclosed in a cup +or bur. + + +1a. Leaves serrate with numerous sharp-pointed teeth --2. + +1b. Leaves serrate, lobed, or entire, but never serrate with + sharp-pointed teeth; fruit an acorn; pith 5-angled in the young + twigs (Oak) --3. + + 2a. Bark gray, smooth; buds 3-4 times longer than wide; nut + triangular =Beech, Fagus grandifolia.= + + 2b. Bark rough; buds relatively thicker; nut rounded + =Chestnut, Castanea dentata.= + +3a. Leaves entire, except for a bristle at the tip + =Shingle Oak, Quercus imbricaria.= + +3b. Leaves toothed or lobed, the points bristle-tipped --4. + +3c. Leaves toothed or lobed, the points without bristles --10. + + 4a. Leaves entire below the middle, with a few shallow lobes beyond + =Black Jack Oak, Quercus marilandica.= + + 4b. Leaves deeply lobed throughout --5. + +5a. Cup of the acorn saucer-shape, covering less than one-third of the + acorn --6. + +5b. Cup of the acorn hemispherical or top-shape, covering one-third or + more of the acorn --8. + + 6a. Length of the lateral leaf-lobes less than one-third the width + of the leaf; acorn cup 2-2.5 cm. wide + =Red Oak, Quercus rubra.= + + 6b. Length of the lateral leaf-lobes more than one-third the width + of the leaf --7. + +7a. Acorn depressed-globose, about 1 cm. in diameter + =Pin Oak, Quercus palustris.= + +7b. Acorn ovoid, 1.5-2 cm. thick =Schneck's Oak, Quercus schneckii.= + + 8a. Leaves pubescent beneath =Black Oak, Quercus velutina.= + + 8b. Leaves glabrous beneath --9. + +9a. Buds glabrous; inner bark of the trunk yellow + =Hill's Oak, Quercus ellipsoidalis.= + +9b. Buds pubescent beyond the middle; inner bark of trunk red + =Scarlet Oak, Quercus coccinea.= + + 10a. Leaves deeply pinnately lobed --11. + + 10b. Leaves crenate, dentate, or sinuate, not lobed --12. + +11a. Leaf divided nearly to the middle by a pair of deep lateral lobes + near the middle of the leaf; acorn more than half covered by the + cup =Bur Oak, Quercus macrocarpa.= + +11b. Leaf without a median pair of deeper lobes; acorn about one-fourth + covered by the cup =White Oak, Quercus alba.= + + 12a. Leaves broadest at or near the middle, with numerous (8-13) + sharp coarse teeth on each side + =Yellow Oak, Quercus muhlenbergii.= + + 12b. Leaves broadest above the middle, with a few shallow, rounded + or subacute teeth (7 or less on each side) --13. + +13a. Large tree; leaves densely white-tomentose beneath; acorn on a + stalk 3-10 cm. long =Swamp White Oak, Quercus bicolor.= + +13b. Shrub; leaves thinly white-tomentose beneath; acorn sessile or + nearly so =Scrub Oak, Quercus prinoides.= + + + + +URTICACEAE, the Nettle Family + +Herbs or trees, with small inconspicuous apetalous flowers. + + +1a. Trees or tall shrubs --2. + +1b. Herbs --7. + + 2a. Leaves oblong-ovate to lanceolate, serrate --3. + + 2b. Leaves broadly ovate to rotund, some of them lobed (Mulberry) + --6. + +3a. Leaves thick, coarsely and doubly serrate, broadest near the middle + (Elm) --4. + +3b. Leaves thin, simply serrate, broadest distinctly below the middle + =Hackberry, Celtis occidentalis.= + + 4a. Some of the branches with flat corky wings; leaves smooth above + =Cork Elm, Ulmus racemosa.= + + 4b. Branches without corky wings; leaves more or less rough above + --5. + +5a. Petioles and axillary buds glabrous =White Elm, Ulmus americana.= + +5b. Petioles and axillary buds pubescent with rusty hairs + =Slippery Elm, Ulmus fulva.= + + 6a. Leaves rough above =Red Mulberry, Morus rubra.= + + 6b. Leaves smooth above =White Mulberry, Morus alba.= + +7a. Leaves alternate --8. + +7b. Leaves opposite --9. + + 8a. Leaves 2-5 cm. long, stems pubescent + =Pellitory, Parietaria pennsylvanica.= + + 8b. Leaves 8-20 cm. long; stem armed with stinging hairs + =Wood Nettle, Laportea canadensis.= + +9a. Twining plant; leaves serrate or cleft =Hop, Humulus lupulus.= + +9b. Erect plant; leaves palmately compound =Hemp, Cannabis sativa.= + +9c. Erect plants; leaves not lobed or compound --10. + + 10a. Stems armed with stinging hairs --11. + + 10b. Stems glabrous or rough, but not with stinging hairs --12. + +11a. Leaves ovate, with a heart-shape base + =Stinging Nettle, Urtica dioica.= + +11b. Leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, not heart-shape at base + =Slender Nettle, Urtica gracilis.= + + 12a. Stems glabrous, pellucid + =Clearweed, Pilea pumila.= + + 12b. Stems rough, opaque =False Nettle, Boehmeria cylindrica.= + + + + +SANTALACEAE, the Sandalwood Family + +Low herbs with alternate entire leaves and terminal clusters of small +greenish-white bell-shape flowers without petals in spring and early +summer. + + +1a. Inflorescence of several-flowered clusters terminating the stem and + in the upper axils =Toad-flax, Comandra umbellata.= + +1b. Inflorescence of axillary clusters of 1-5 flowers + =Toad-flax, Comandra livida.= + + + + +LORANTHACEAE, the Mistletoe Family + +Parasitic plants, attached to the branches of trees. + + +One species in Michigan, a dwarf brown plant 5-20 mm. long, with minute +scale-like leaves, growing on the branches of Black Spruce + =Dwarf Mistletoe, Arceuthobium pusillum.= + + + + +ARISTOLOCHIACEAE, the Birthwort Family + +Flowers greenish-brown or reddish-brown, at or near the ground, with +inferior 6-celled ovary. + + +1a. Leaves alternate, on the stem; flowers on a basal scaly branch (1-4 + dm. high; summer) =Virginia Snakeroot, Aristolochia serpentaria.= + +1b. Leaves a single basal pair, bearing 1 short-stalked flower between + them (spring) (Wild Ginger) --2. + + 2a. Lobes of the perianth ending in a tubular portion 5-8 mm. long + =Wild Ginger, Asarum canadense.= + + 2b. Lobes of the perianth ending in a tubular portion over 1 cm. + long =Wild Ginger, Asarum canadense var. acuminatum.= + + 2c. Lobes of the perianth triangular, not tubular at the end + =Wild Ginger, Asarum canadense var. reflexum.= + + + + +POLYGONACEAE, the Buckwheat Family + +Herbs with alternate entire leaves, stipules surrounding the stem above +the base of each leaf, and small green, white or pink flowers without +petals. + + +1a. Erect or ascending or prostrate or floating plants --2. + +1b. Scrambling or climbing plants, clinging by sharp recurved prickles + on the 4-angled stems (flowers greenish or pink, summer) + (Tear-thumb) --32. + +1c. Twining vines (flowers white or greenish, summer) --33. + + 2a. Sepals 6, the 3 inner ones enlarging in fruit and surrounding + the achenes; flowers in panicles --3. + + 2b. Sepals 4 or 5 (occasional flowers may be found with 6 sepals, + but the flowers are not in panicles) (summer) --13. + +3a. Leaves arrow-shape or halberd-shape, with 2 basal lobes (Sorrel) + --4. + +3b. Leaves without basal lobes (Dock) --5. + + 4a. Leaves halberd-shape, the basal lobes directed sidewise + =Red Sorrel, Rumex acetosella.= + + 4b. Leaves arrow-shape, the basal lobes directed backward + =Green Sorrel, Rumex acetosa.= + +5a. The projecting wings of the fruiting calyx (known as valves) with + sharp slender teeth =Bitter Dock, Rumex obtusifolius.= + +5b. Valves entire or finely dentate, but without sharp slender teeth + --6. + + 6a. Pedicels straight, thickened toward the end, all regularly + deflexed, 3-4 times longer than the fruiting calyx + =Swamp Dock, Rumex verticillatus.= + + 6b. Pedicels slender, flexuous, spreading --7. + +7a. Leaves flat or nearly so --8. + +7b. Leaves with strongly crisped or wavy-curled margins; plants usually + of cultivated grounds or waste places (5-10 dm., summer) --12. + + 8a. With grain-like tubercles on all 3 valves of the fruit --9. + + 8b. With grain-like tubercles on only one valve, or entirely + lacking --10. + +9a. Valves broadly cordate, finely toothed + =Water Dock, Rumex brittanica.= + +9b. Valves triangular-ovate, entire or nearly so + =Dock, Rumex mexicanus.= + + 10a. Valves oblong =Bloody Dock, Rumex sanguineus.= + + 10b. Valves broadly heart-shape --11. + +11a. Grain-like tubercle less than half as long as the valve + =Patience Dock, Rumex patientia.= + +11b. Grain-like tubercle more than half as long as the valve + =Tall Dock, Rumex altissimus.= + + 12a. The grain-like tubercle on the valves of the fruit broadly + ellipsoid, with rounded apex =Sour Dock, Rumex crispus.= + + 12b. Tubercle ovoid with tapering apex + =Sour Dock, Rumex elongatus.= + +13a. Flowers inconspicuous, in small axillary clusters; leaves jointed + at the base (Knotweed) --14. + +13b. Flowers more or less conspicuous, in obvious spikes or racemes + which terminate the stems or branches, or arise from the axils of + the upper leaves --18. + + 14a. Leaves sharply folded lengthwise (1-4 dm. tall) + =Knotweed, Polygonum tenue.= + + 14b. Leaves flat or nearly so --15. + +15a. The small sepals pink or white at the margin (stems prostrate or + ascending) --16. + +15b. Sepals greenish or yellowish throughout (stems erect or ascending) + --17. + + 16a. Leaves thin; common weed of dooryards and gardens + =Knotweed, Polygonum aviculare.= + + 16b. Leaves thick and fleshy; a plant of sandy shores + =Knotweed, Polygonum aviculare var. littorale.= + +17a. Leaves narrowly lanceolate or linear-oblong; rare species + =Knotweed, Polygonum ramosissimum.= + +17b. Leaves broadly oblong, oval, or elliptical; common weed of yards + and gardens =Knotweed, Polygonum erectum.= + + 18a. Leaves broadly triangular (3-7 dm. high; flowers white) + =Buckwheat, Fagopyrum esculentum.= + + 18b. Leaves from linear to ovate or oblong --19. + +19a. Sepals 4; flowers in very long and slender spike-like racemes (4-10 + dm. high) =Knotweed, Polygonum virginianum.= + +19b. Sepals 5; flowers in spikes or racemes --20. + + 20a. Flowers on slender pedicels, forming a loose raceme; leaves + linear, jointed at the base (1-3 dm. high; flowers pink or + white; chiefly near the Great Lakes) + =Jointweed, Polygonella articulata.= + + 20b. Flowers sessile or nearly so, forming a spike or spike-like + raceme --21. + +21a. Stipular sheaths at the base of the leaves ciliate at their upper + margin --22. + +21b. Stipular sheaths not ciliate at the upper margin --28. + + 22a. Sheaths with spreading borders --23. + + 22b. Sheaths without a spreading border, appressed to the stem + (Smartweed) --24. + +23a. Leaves ovate, acuminate; stem erect (1-2 m. high; flowers pink) + =Prince's Feather, Polygonum orientate.= + +23b. Leaves oblong, obtuse or subacute; spreading or ascending plant of + wet soil =Water Smartweed, Polygonum amphibium var. hartwrightii.= + + 24a. Peduncles with glandular hairs (5-15 dm. high) + =Smartweed, Polygonum careyi.= + + 24b. Peduncles not glandular (1-8 dm. high) (Smartweed) --25. + +25a. Sepals beset with minute black dots --26. + +25b. Sepals white, pink, or red, not black-dotted --27. + + 26a. Racemes drooping or nodding at the tip; achene dull-colored + =Smartweed, Polygonum hydropiper.= + + 26b. Racemes erect; achene smooth and shining + =Smartweed, Polygonum acre.= + +27a. Sheaths smooth; leaves usually with a dark spot near the base + =Smartweed, Polygonum persicaria.= + +27b. Sheaths hairy; leaves not dark-spotted + =Smartweed, Polygonum hydropiperoides.= + + 28a. Leaves obtuse or somewhat acute at the apex --29. + + 28b. Leaves acuminate at the apex (5-15 dm. high; flowers white to + pink) (Smartweed) --30. + +29a. Stem unbranched, erect, bearing a single terminal raceme (5-30 cm. + high; flowers pink) =Bistort, Polygonum viviparum.= + +29b. Stem branched, submerged in water or creeping on muddy shores + (flowers pink) =Water Smartweed, Polygonum amphibium.= + + 30a. Raceme single or two; leaves broadly ovate-lanceolate, about 3 + times as long as wide =Smartweed, Polygonum muhlenbergii.= + + 30b. Racemes numerous; leaves lanceolate, 4-6 times as long as wide + --31. + +31a. Racemes drooping or nodding at the tip + =Smartweed, Polygonum lapathifolium.= + +31b. Racemes erect =Smartweed, Polygonum pennsylvanicum.= + + 32a. Leaves arrow-shape, the basal lobes pointing backward + =Tear-thumb, Polygonum sagittatum.= + + 32b. Leaves halberd-shape, the basal lobes pointing sidewise + =Tear-thumb, Polygonum arifolium.= + +33a. The three outer sepals becoming conspicuously winged in fruit + (False Buckwheat) --34. + +33b. The sepals all unchanged in fruit, except in size (Black Bindweed) + --35. + + 34a. Wings of the fruit with wavy-curled margins + =False Buckwheat, Polygonum scandens.= + + 34b. Wings of the fruit flat + =False Buckwheat, Polygonum dumetorum.= + +35a. Leaf-sheaths with a ring of bristles at the base + =Black Bindweed, Polygonum cilinode.= + +35b. Leaf-sheaths without a ring of bristles + =Black Bindweed, Polygonum convolvulus.= + + + + +CHENOPODIACEAE, the Goosefoot Family + +Herbs, with inconspicuous greenish or reddish flowers without petals, in +summer. + + +1a. Leaves linear or nearly so, entire --2. + +1b. Leaves of a broader shape, usually toothed or lobed --5. + + 2a. Leaves rather stiff, narrowly linear or thread-like, with + spine-like tips + =Russian Thistle, Salsola kali var. tenuifolia.= + + 2b. Leaves soft, not spine-like --3. + +3a. Widely branched, rather diffuse, 1-5 dm. tall; plant of the shore of + the Great Lakes =Bug-seed, Corispermum hyssopifolium.= + +3b. Erect plants with ascending branches --4. + + 4a. Leaves glabrous (3-6 dm. tall) + =Goosefoot, Chenopodium leptophyllum.= + + 4b. Leaves minutely ciliate on the margin (bushy branched, 5-10 dm. + tall) =Kochia, Kochia scoparia.= + +5a. Principal leaves with a broad truncate, rounded, or hastate base + --6. + +5b. Principal leaves narrowed to the base --12. + + 6a. Leaves broadly ovate, with 1-4 large sharp projecting teeth on + each side =Goosefoot, Chenopodium hybridum.= + + 6b. Leaves hastate or triangular-ovate, entire or with many teeth + --7. + +7a. Leaves entire or merely undulate --8. + +7b. Leaves sharply or sinuately toothed --9. + + 8a. Stem erect, simple or sparingly branched + =Good King Henry, Chenopodium bonus-henricus.= + + 8b. Stem diffuse or ascending, freely branched + =Orache, Atriplex patula.= + +9a. Flowers in small heads, in the axils or in terminal spikes; leaves + sinuately toothed or nearly entire + =Strawberry Blite, Chenopodium capitatum.= + +9b. Flowers in terminal panicles; leaves sharply toothed (Goosefoot) + --10. + + 10a. Panicles short, not as long as the subtending leaves + =Goosefoot, Chenopodium murale.= + + 10b. Panicles long, exceeding the subtending leaves --11. + +11a. Calyx green =Goosefoot, Chenopodium urbicum.= + +11b. Calyx red =Goosefoot, Chenopodium rubrum.= + + 12a. Foliage glandular and strongly aromatic --13. + + 12b. Foliage not glandular nor aromatic; sometimes ill-scented + --15. + +13a. Flowers in large loose open spreading panicles; leaves deeply + pinnatifid =Jerusalem Oak, Chenopodium botrys.= + +13b. Flowers clustered in slender axillary or terminal spikes --14. + + 14a. Spikes dense, leafy =Mexican Tea, Chenopodium ambrosioides.= + + 14b. Spikes open, nearly leafless + =Wormseed, Chenopodium ambrosioides var. anthelminticum.= + +15a. Stem erect, 5-20 dm. tall; leaves frequently white-mealy + =Lamb's Quarters, Chenopodium album.= + +15b. Stem prostrate or ascending, succulent; leaves glaucous-white + beneath =Goosefoot, Chenopodium glaucum.= + +15c. Stem widely and diffusely branched; leaves green, soon deciduous + =Cycloloma, Cycloloma atriplicifolium.= + + + + +AMARANTHACEAE, the Amaranth Family + +Herbs, with alternate leaves, and inconspicuous greenish or reddish +flowers without petals, which are axillary or in dense clusters, +blooming in summer. + + +1a. Flower-clusters axillary --2. + +1b. Flower-clusters in terminal spikes or panicles, sometimes also + axillary --3. + + 2a. Plant prostrate or decumbent; seed about 1.5 mm. broad + =Pigweed, Amaranthus blitoides.= + + 2b. Plant erect or ascending, widely branched; seeds about 1 mm. + broad (3-10 dm. high) =Tumble Weed, Amaranthus graecizans.= + +3a. Principal leaves with a pair of spines at their base + =Thorny Amaranth, Amaranthus spinosus.= + +3b. Spines none at the base of the leaves --4. + + 4a. Weedy plants of cultivated or waste ground; flowers monoecious + or polygamous; pistillate flowers with a calyx (Pigweed) --5. + + 4b. Plants of swamps or stream-banks; flowers dioecious; pistillate + flowers without calyx (Water Hemp) --7. + +5a. Spikes short, 1-8 cm. long, crowded in dense ovoid panicles; the + terminal spike not conspicuously elongated beyond the appressed or + ascending lower ones =Pigweed, Amaranthus retroflexus.= + +5b. Spikes slender, 1-12 cm. long; the terminal spike greatly exceeding + the short inconspicuous divergent lower ones --6. + + 6a. Bracts subulate, sharply awned =Pigweed, Amaranthus hybridus.= + + 6b. Bracts merely acuminate =Pigweed, Amaranthus paniculatus.= + +7a. Flowers in leafy spikes, or the lower in separate clusters + =Water Hemp, Acnida tuberculata.= + +7b. Flowers in separate distinct clusters + =Water Hemp, Acnida tuberculata var. subnuda.= + + + + +PHYTOLACCACEAE, the Pokeweed Family + +Herbs with alternate entire leaves, small flowers without petals, and a +many-celled ovary. + + +One species in Michigan, 1-2 m. high, with numerous racemes of whitish +flowers, in late summer, followed by dark-purple berries + =Pokeweed, Phytolacca decandra.= + + + + +NYCTAGINACEAE, the Four-o'Clock Family + +Herbs, with opposite entire leaves and flowers in small clusters +surrounded by a broad open calyx-like involucre; the true calyx colored +like a corolla; petals none (4-8 dm. high; flowers purple, in summer). + + +1a. Leaves lanceolate or narrower, sessile + =Umbrella-wort, Oxybaphus hirsutus.= + +1b. Leaves ovate, petioled + =Umbrella-wort, Oxybaphus nyctagineus.= + + + + +ILLECEBRACEAE, the Knotwort Family + +Herbs, with opposite entire leaves, and minute flowers without petals. +(Prostrate spreading or freely branched plants, 3 dm. high or less; +flowers in summer.) + + +1a. Stipules none; leaves slightly connate at base, subulate + =Knawel, Scleranthus annuus.= + +1b. Stipules present, but small; leaves elliptical or oval (Forked + Chickweed) --2. + + 2a. Stems pubescent; internodes seldom more than 1 cm. long + =Forked Chickweed, Anychia polygonoides.= + + 2b. Stems smooth; internodes about 2 cm. long + =Forked Chickweed, Anychia canadensis.= + + + + +AIZOACEAE, the Carpet-weed Family + +Prostrate herbs, with whorled leaves and small whitish axillary flowers +without petals, in summer. + + +One species in Michigan =Carpet-weed, Mollugo verticillata.= + + + + +CARYOPHYLLACEAE, the Pink Family + +Herbs, with opposite or whorled entire leaves, and stems frequently +swollen at the nodes. Sepals 4 or 5; petals separate, as many as the +sepals, or rarely none; stamens twice as many as the petals in plants +with conspicuous flowers, sometimes fewer in those with small flowers; +ovary 1-celled, with the ovules on a central axis, and with 2-5 styles. + + +1a. Calyx spreading, of separate sepals; flowers 15 mm. wide or less; + petals sometimes none --2. + +1b. Calyx tubular, of united sepals; flowers in many species more than + 15 mm. wide; petals always present --22. + + 2a. Stipules present --3. + + 2b. Stipules none --4. + +3a. Leaves opposite; flowers pink (about 1 dm. high; summer) + =Sand Spurrey, Spergularia rubra.= + +3b. Leaves whorled; flowers white (1-5 dm. high; leaves linear; summer) + =Spurrey, Spergula arvensis.= + + 4a. Leaves subulate or thread-like --5. + + 4b. Leaves linear to ovate --7. + +5a. Leaves opposite (1 dm. high or less; flowers white, summer) + =Pearlwort, Sagina procumbens.= + +5b. Leaves fascicled in the axils --6. + + 6a. Styles 4 or 5 (1 dm. high; terminal white flowers 5 mm. wide, + in summer) =Pearlwort, Sagina nodosa.= + + 6b. Styles 3 (1-4 dm. high; flowers white, nearly 1 cm. wide, + summer) =Stitchwort, Arenaria stricta.= + +7a. Petals entire (3 dm. high or less; flowers white, in summer) + (Stitchwort) --8. + +7b. Petals notched or 2-cleft at the end, or none --11. + + 8a. Principal leaves 1 cm. long or less --9. + + 8b. Principal leaves 1.5 cm. long or more --10. + +9a. Petals half as long as the sepals + =Stitchwort, Arenaria leptoclados.= + +9b. Petals almost as long as the sepals + =Stitchwort, Arenaria serpyllifolia.= + +10a. Leaves oblong-oval, obtuse. =Stitchwort, Arenaria lateriflora.= + +10b. Leaves lanceolate, acute. =Stitchwort, Arenaria macrophylla.= + +11a. Capsule splitting by valves at maturity; styles usually 3 + (Chickweed) --12. + +11b. Capsule opening by terminal teeth at maturity; styles usually 5 + (tufted or matted plants, 1-5 dm. high; flowers white, in spring + and summer) (Mouse-ear Chickweed) --18. + + 12a. Petals distinctly shorter than the sepals, or none --13. + + 12b. Petals as long as the sepals, or longer --15. + +13a. Leaves ovate (1-3 dm. high; flowers white, all summer) + =Chickweed, Stellaria media.= + +13b. Leaves lanceolate to oblong (in water or wet places, 1-4 dm. high; + flowers white, in summer) --14. + + 14a. Flowers in a leafy terminal branching cluster + =Chickweed, Stellaria borealis.= + + 14b. Flowers in a lateral cluster with minute bracts + =Chickweed, Stellaria uliginosa.= + +15a. Flowers in clusters with leaf-like bracts, or axillary and solitary + (in water or wet places; 1-3 dm. high; flowers white, summer) + =Chickweed, Stellaria crassifolia.= + +15b. Flowers in clusters with scale-like bracts --16. + + 16a. Leaves distinctly linear; cymes lateral; a common species in + marshes (2-5 dm. high; flowers white, early summer) + =Chickweed, Stellaria longifolia.= + + 16b. Leaves distinctly broadest near the base; flower-cluster + terminal --17. + +17a. Pedicels erect; clusters usually few-flowered; in extreme northern + part of the state only (1-3 dm. high; flowers white, summer) + =Chickweed, Stellaria longipes.= + +17b. Pedicels spreading; clusters open, many-flowered (2-6 dm. high; + flowers white, in summer) =Chickweed, Stellaria graminea.= + + 18a. Petals distinctly longer than the sepals --19. + + 18b. Petals as long as the sepals, or shorter than them --21. + +19a. Flowers much less than 1 cm. wide + =Mouse-ear Chickweed, Cerastium nutans.= + +19b. Flowers more than 1 cm. wide --20. + + 20a. Stem-leaves linear or narrowly lanceolate + =Mouse-ear Chickweed, Cerastium arvense.= + + 20b. Stem-leaves oblong + =Mouse-ear Chickweed, Cerastium arvense var. oblongifolium.= + +21a. Bracts green; pedicels short and inflorescence crowded + =Mouse-ear Chickweed, Cerastium viscosum.= + +21b. Bracts with transparent white margins; pedicels longer than the + calyx and inflorescence open + =Mouse-ear Chickweed, Cerastium vulgatum.= + + 22a. Styles 5 --23. + + 22b. Styles 3 (3-10 dm. high; flowers in summer) --25. + + 22c. Styles 2 --29. + +23a. Calyx-teeth much longer than the calyx-tube (erect, 4-10 dm. high; + flowers large, red, late summer) + =Corn Cockle, Agrostemma githago.= + +23b. Calyx-teeth shorter than the calyx-tube (4-10 dm. high; flowers in + summer) --24. + + 24a. Flowers crimson =Mullein Pink, Lychnis coronaria.= + + 24b. Flowers white or pink =White Campion, Lychnis alba.= + +25a. Flowers night-blooming, always wilted during the day + =Catchfly, Silene noctiflora.= + +25b. Flowers open during the day --26. + + 26a. Flowers 6 mm. wide or less, white or pink + =Catchfly, Silene antirrhina.= + + 26b. Flowers 1-2 cm. wide, white to pink or purple --27. + + 26c. Flowers 2 cm. wide or more, crimson + =Fire Pink, Silene virginica.= + +27a. Principal leaves in whorls of 4 + =Starry Campion, Silene stellata.= + +27b. Leaves opposite --28. + + 28a. Calyx globular, much inflated or bladder-like + =Bladder Campion, Silene latifolia.= + + 28b. Calyx club-shape, not inflated + =Sweet William Catchfly, Silene armeria.= + +29a. Leaves linear or narrowly lanceolate, 5 mm. wide or less (flowers + pink or white, in summer) --30. + +29b. Leaves lanceolate or ovate (flowers pink, white, or red, in summer) + --32. + +30a. Flowers in terminal clusters; leaves hairy (2-4 dm. high) + =Deptford Pink, Dianthus armeria.= + +30b. Flowers solitary at the ends of long pedicels --31. + +31a. Flowers 3-4 mm. wide (1-2 dm. high) + =Gypsophyll, Gypsophila muralis.= + +31b. Flowers 1 cm. wide or more (1-5 dm. high) + =Meadow Pink, Dianthus deltoides.= + + 32a. Flowers less than 1 cm. broad --33. + + 32b. Flowers more than 1 cm. broad --34. + +33a. Flowers white, in large panicles (4-7 dm. high) + =Baby's Breath, Gypsophila paniculata.= + +33b. Flowers pale red, in loose clusters (4-10 dm. high) + =Cowherb, Saponaria vaccaria.= + + 34a. Leaves with 3-5 prominent veins (4-7 dm. high) + =Soapwort, Saponaria officinalis.= + + 34b. Leaves with one mid-vein (3-6 dm. high) + =Sweet William, Dianthus barbatus.= + + + + +PORTULACACEAE, the Purslane Family + +Herbs with opposite or alternate leaves and regular flowers with 2 +sepals, 5 petals, and a 1-celled ovary with 2 or 3 styles. + + +1a. Leaves a single pair on each stem (1-2 dm. high; flowers pink, in + racemes in early spring) (Spring Beauty) --2. + +1b. Leaves numerous (prostrate or spreading; flowers in summer) --3. + + 2a. Leaves lance-ovate to oblong, not more than six times as long + as wide =Spring Beauty, Claytonia caroliniana.= + + 2b. Leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, more than six times as long + as wide =Spring Beauty, Claytonia virginica.= + +3a. Flowers yellow, about 5 mm. wide =Purslane, Portulaca oleracea.= + +3b. Flowers 2-5 cm. wide =Portulaca, Portulaca grandiflora.= + + + + +CERATOPHYLLACEAE, the Hornwort Family + +Submerged aquatics, with whorled, finely dissected leaves and +inconspicuous flowers with neither calyx nor corolla. + + +One species in Michigan =Hornwort, Ceratophyllum demersum.= + + + + +NYMPHAEACEAE, the Water Lily Family + +Aquatic plants, with usually large and floating leaves which are round +or elliptical and palmately veined. + + +1a. Floating and emersed leaves centrally peltate --2. + +1b. Leaves rounded but not peltate, with a deep sinus --3. + + 2a. Leaves round, 3 dm. in diameter or more; flowers very large, + pale yellow =Lotus, Nelumbo lutea.= + + 2b. Leaves oval, 5-15 cm. long; flowers small, purple + =Water Shield, Brasenia schreberi.= + +3a. Flowers yellow (Pond Lily) --4. + +3b. Flowers white or tinged with pink (Water Lily) --5. + + 4a. Leaves more than 1 dm. long =Pond Lily, Nymphaea advena.= + + 4b. Leaves less than 1 dm. long =Pond Lily, Nymphaea microphylla.= + +5a. Flowers very fragrant; leaves purplish beneath + =Water Lily, Castalia odorata.= + +5b. Flowers not fragrant; leaves green beneath + =Water Lily, Castalia tuberosa.= + + + + +RANUNCULACEAE, the Crowfoot Family + +Herbs with alternate (rarely opposite) leaves, acrid watery juice, +separate sepals and petals, numerous stamens, and several or many +(rarely only 1) simple pistils. Petals present or absent, in the latter +case the sepals are usually petal-like in appearance. + + +1a. Climbing plants with opposite leaves (flowers in late summer) + (Virgin's Bower) --2. + +1b. Aquatic plants with dissected submerged leaves (flowers in late + spring and summer) (Water Crowfoot) --3. + +1c. Terrestrial or mud plants, not agreeing with 1a or 1b --6. + + 2a. Flowers white, 2-3 cm. wide + =Virgin's Bower, Clematis virginiana.= + + 2b. Flowers pink-purple, 5-8 cm. wide + =Virgin's Bower, Clematis verticillaris.= + +3a. Flowers white --4. + +3b. Flowers yellow --5. + + 4a. Leaves rigid, not collapsing when removed from the water + =Water Crowfoot, Ranunculus circinatus.= + + 4b. Leaves soft, collapsing when removed from the water + =Water Crowfoot, Ranunculus aquatilis var. capillaceus.= + +5a. Submerged leaves divided into hair-like segments + =Water Crowfoot, Ranunculus delphinifolius.= + +5b. Submerged leaves palmately divided into linear lobes + =Water Crowfoot, Ranunculus purshii.= + + 6a. Flowers blue, irregular, with one spur (4-8 dm. high, summer) + =Larkspur, Delphinium ajacis.= + + 6b. The five petals each prolonged into a spur; flowers showy (4-8 + dm. tall) (Columbine) --7. + + 6c. Flowers regular, without spurs --8. + +7a. Spurs nearly straight; flowers scarlet and yellow (spring) + =Wild Columbine, Aquilegia canadensis.= + +7b. Spurs strongly incurved; flowers blue or white (spring, early + summer) =Columbine, Aquilegia vulgaris.= + + 8a. Flowers yellow --9. + + 8b. Flowers of various colors, but never yellow --28. + +9a. Petals none; sepals petal-like; leaves crenate or dentate (2-4 dm. + high, flowers in early spring) =Cowslip, Caltha palustris.= + +9b. Petals small; sepals petal-like; leaves deeply palmately lobed (4-6 + dm. tall; flowers in late spring) =Globe-flower, Trollius laxus.= + +9c. Petals yellow; sepals green or yellowish --10. + + 10a. Leaves linear to narrowly oblong, entire or with minute teeth + (flowers 10-15 mm. wide, in summer) --11. + + 10b. Leaves broader, some or all of them lobed or divided, or + cordate-ovate and not lobed --12. + +11a. Stems ascending (4-8 dm. high), rooting at the lower joints; fruits + pointed with a long slender beak + =Spearwort, Ranunculus laxicaulis.= + +11b. Stems prostrate and trailing, rooting at the joints; fruits tipped + with a minute short beak + =Spearwort, Ranunculus flammula var. reptans.= + + 12a. Basal leaves, or most of them, merely serrate or crenate, and + not obviously lobed --13. + + 12b. All the leaves lobed or divided --16. + +13a. Stem-leaves resembling the basal ones, and not lobed (1-2 dm. high; + summer) =Sea-side Crowfoot, Ranunculus cymbalaria.= + +13b. Stem-leaves deeply divided into oblong or linear segments --14. + + 14a. Flowers 1.5 cm. wide or more (1-3 dm. high; spring) + =Buttercup, Ranunculus rhomboideus.= + + 14b. Flowers 1 cm. wide or less (2-5 dm. high; spring) --15. + +15a. Foliage glabrous or minutely pubescent; basal leaves cordate + =Small-flowered Crowfoot, Ranunculus abortivus.= + +15b. Foliage villous; basal leaves barely cordate or not at all + =Small-flowered Crowfoot, Ranunculus micranthus.= + + 16a. Stem erect or essentially so --17. + + 16b. Stem prostrate, creeping, or ascending. Early in spring + stems may be found which appear almost erect. Common + spring-flowering buttercups are all classified here --22. + +17a. Flowers 2 cm. broad or larger (Buttercup) --18. + +17b. Flowers 1 cm. broad or smaller --19. + + 18a. Terminal lobe of leaf stalked (2-5 dm. high, early summer) + =Buttercup, Ranunculus bulbosus.= + + 18b. Terminal lobe of leaf sessile (5-10 dm. high; all summer) + =Buttercup, Ranunculus acris.= + +19a. Plant glabrous, succulent; stem hollow (1-5 dm. high; spring and + summer) =Cursed Crowfoot, Ranunculus sceleratus.= + +19b. Plant pubescent (Buttercup) --20. + + 20a. Fruits tipped with a prominent recurved beak; plant of shady + woods (2-6 dm. high; flowers in late spring) + =Buttercup, Ranunculus recurvatus.= + + 20b. Fruits tipped with a straight or slightly curved beak; plants + of marshes or wet soil (3-6 dm. high; flowers in summer) --21. + +21a. Fruits in a short-cylindric head on a conical receptacle + =Buttercup, Ranunculus pennsylvanicus.= + +21b. Fruits in a globose or short-ovoid head, on an obovoid receptacle + =Buttercup, Ranunculus macounii.= + + 22a. Leaves dissected into numerous linear or narrowly wedge-shape + divisions; plants growing in water or very wet places (late + spring and summer) + =Water Crowfoot, Ranunculus delphinifolius.= + + 22b. Leaves palmately lobed, the terminal division not definitely + stalked --23. + + 22c. Leaves compound, some or all of the divisions on definite + stalks (Buttercup) --24. + +23a. Stem-leaves numerous (1-2 dm. tall; late spring and summer) + =Crowfoot, Ranunculus purshii.= + +23b. Stem-leaves one or none, the principal leaves all basal (about 1 + dm. high; flowers in summer) =Buttercup, Ranunculus lapponicus.= + + 24a. Style short, obviously curved --25. + + 24b. Style long and slender, straight or nearly so (common + spring-flowering buttercups, 2-5 dm. high) --26. + +25a. Stems creeping; flowers 2 cm. wide or more (spring) + =Buttercup, Ranunculus repens.= + +25b. Stems ascending; flowers 1.5 cm. wide or less (3-6 dm. high; + summer) =Buttercup, Ranunculus macounii.= + + 26a. The two lateral divisions of the leaf sessile or nearly so + =Buttercup, Ranunculus fascicularis.= + + 26b. The two lateral divisions of the leaf on long stalks --27. + +27a. Roots fibrous; plants of wet soil + =Buttercup, Ranunculus septentrionalis.= + +27b. Roots thickened; plants of dry woods or thickets + =Buttercup, Ranunculus hispidus.= + + 28a. Leaves dissected into numerous narrowly linear acute divisions + (4-7 dm. high; flowers large, bluish, in summer) + =Love-in-a-mist, Nigella damascena.= + + 28b. Leaves lobed or divided, but the divisions not separated by + definite stalks --29. + + 28c. Leaves truly compound, all their divisions separated by + distinct stalks --39. + +29a. Leaves all basal, their lobes (usually 3) entire (1-2 dm. high; + flowers pink-purple, in earliest spring) (Hepatica) --30. + +29b. Lobes of the leaf serrate or incised --31. + + 30a. Lobes of the leaf obtuse or rounded + =Hepatica, Hepatica triloba.= + + 30b. Lobes of the leaf acute =Hepatica, Hepatica acutiloba.= + +31a. Petals none; sepals 3, usually falling away as soon as the flower + opens (2-4 dm. high; flowers greenish-white, in spring) + =Golden Seal, Hydrastis canadensis.= + +31b. Petals none; sepals petal-like, 4 or more (Anemone) --32. + +31c. Petals present, but much smaller than the 5 petal-like sepals --38. + + 32a. Stem-leaves sessile or nearly so --33. + + 32b. Stem-leaves on definite petioles --35. + +33a. Ovary tipped with a long slender hairy style; flowers bluish-purple + (1-4 dm. high; early spring) + =Pasque Flower, Anemone patens var. wolfgangiana.= + +33b. Ovary with a short style, densely woolly; flowers red, greenish, or + white (1-4 dm. high; late spring and summer) --34. + +33c. Ovary tipped with a short style, glabrous or nearly so; flowers + white (4-7 dm. high; late spring and early summer) + =Anemone, Anemone canadensis.= + + 34a. Stem 1-flowered, sepals white + =Anemone, Anemone parviflora.= + + 34b. Stem 3-flowered; sepals usually red + =Anemone, Anemone multifida.= + +35a. Achenes densely woolly; flowers appearing in summer --36. + +35b. Achenes merely pubescent; stems 1-flowered; woodland species + blooming in early spring (1-2 dm. high; flowers white) + =Wood Anemone, Anemone quinquefolia.= + + 36a. Segments of the leaf broadly wedge-shape or ovate; flowers + white (4-8 dm. high) --37. + + 36b. Segments of the leaf linear-oblong; flower red, greenish, or + white; plants growing on the shores of the Great Lakes + =Anemone, Anemone multifida.= + +37a. Segments of the basal leaves wedge-lanceolate; head of fruit + cylindric =Anemone, Anemone cylindrica.= + +37b. Segments of the basal leaves ovate-lanceolate; head of fruit ovoid + or oblong =Anemone, Anemone virginiana.= + + 38a. Stem-leaves present --9b. + + 38b. Leaves all basal (1-2 dm. high; leaves 3-divided; flowers + white, in early summer) =Gold-thread, Coptis trifolia.= + +39a. Flowers numerous, in branching panicles (Meadow Rue) --40. + +39b. Flowers numerous, in racemes --43. + +39c. Flowers solitary or few, in loose clusters; woodland plants + blooming in early spring (1-3 dm. high; flowers white to purple) + --45. + + 40a. Blooming in spring; stem-leaves with obvious petioles (3-7 dm. + high; flowers white or greenish) + =Meadow Rue, Thalictrum dioicum.= + + 40b. Blooming in late spring or summer, stem-leaves sessile or + nearly so (8-15 dm. high; flowers white) --41. + +41a. Filaments club-shape, approximately as wide as the anther + =Meadow Rue, Thalictrum polygamum.= + +41b. Filaments slender or thread-like --42. + + 42a. Leaves minutely pubescent beneath, but not glandular + =Meadow Rue, Thalictrum dasycarpum.= + + 42b. Leaves minutely glandular beneath + =Meadow Rue, Thalictrum revolutum.= + +43a. Racemes slender, 10-90 cm. long (8-15 dm. high; flowers white, in + summer) =Bugbane, Cimicifuga racemosa.= + +43b. Racemes short and stout, 3-8 cm. long (4-8 dm. high; flowers white, + in late spring) (Baneberry) --44. + + 44a. Berries white; pedicels strongly thickened at maturity + =Baneberry, Actaea alba.= + + 44b. Berries red; pedicels slender =Baneberry, Actaea rubra.= + +45a. Flowers white; stem-leaves alternate + =Isopyrum, Isopyrum biternatum.= + +45b. Flowers white to pink or purplish; stem-leaves whorled + =Rue Anemone, Anemonella thalictroides.= + + + + +MAGNOLIACEAE, the Magnolia Family + +Trees or shrubs, with alternate leaves, and large, frequently showy +flowers. + + +One species in Michigan, with broad 4-lobed leaves and greenish-yellow +flowers in late spring =Tulip Tree, Liriodendron tulipifera.= + + + + +ANONACEAE, the Custard Apple Family + +Trees or shrubs, with alternate simple entire leaves, 3 sepals, and 6 +petals. + + +One species in Michigan; tall shrub or small tree, with obovate leaves +and large dull-purple flowers in spring =Papaw, Asimina triloba.= + + + + +MENISPERMACEAE, the Moonseed Family + +Woody climbers, with alternate leaves, 6-8 petals, and numerous stamens. + + +One species in Michigan, with 5-7-angled leaves which are peltate near +the edge, and small white flowers in early summer + =Moonseed, Menispermum canadense.= + + + + +BERBERIDACEAE, the Barberry Family + +Shrubs or herbs; petals 6 or more; stamens 6-18, frequently opening by +two terminal lids; pistil 1. + + +1a. Leaves simple --2. + +1b. Leaves compound --3. + + 2a. Stem shrubby (flowers yellow, in racemes, in spring) + =Barberry, Berberis vulgaris.= + + 2b. Stem herbaceous, with a single pair of palmately lobed leaves + (4-6 dm. tall; flower white, solitary, terminal, in spring) + =May Apple, Podophyllum peltatum.= + +3a. Leaves all basal; leaflets 2 (2-4 dm. high; the flower-stalks + bearing solitary white flowers in spring) + =Twin-leaf, Jeffersonia diphylla.= + +3b. The stem-leaf ternately compound, with numerous leaflets (4-8 dm. + high; with yellowish-green clustered flowers in spring) + =Blue Cohosh, Caulophyllum thalictroides.= + + + + +LAURACEAE, the Laurel Family + +Trees or shrubs, with aromatic taste or odor, and alternate simple +leaves; flowers small, imperfect, the anthers opening by lids. + + +1a. Freely branched shrub; leaves obovate-oblong, entire (flowers + yellow, in early spring, before the leaves) + =Spice Bush, Benzoin aestivale.= + +1b. Tree or tall shrub; some or all of the leaves 2-3-lobed (flowers + greenish-yellow, appearing with the leaves) + =Sassafras, Sassafras variifolium.= + + + + +PAPAVERACEAE, the Poppy Family + +Herbs with milky or colored juice, regular flowers, 2 sepals, 4, 6, or 8 +petals, numerous stamens, and a 1-celled ovary. + + +1a. Leaves palmately lobed; flower 2.5-5 cm. wide, with 8 petals or more + (leaf basal; flower white, in early spring) + =Bloodroot, Sanguinaria canadensis.= + +1b. Leaves pinnately toothed or lobed; flower 7-10 cm. wide, with 4-6 + petals (4-8 cm. high; leaves clasping; summer) + =Poppy, Papaver somniferum.= + +1c. Leaves divided pinnately to the mid-rib into several toothed or + lobed segments; flower 2.5 cm. broad or less (3-5 cm. high; flowers + yellow) --2. + + 2a. Flowers in clusters of 2-4, about 3 cm. wide (spring) + =Celandine Poppy, Stylophorum diphyllum.= + + 2b. Flowers in umbels of 3-8, about 1.5 cm. wide + =Celandine, Chelidonium majus.= + + + + +FUMARIACEAE, the Fumitory Family + +Herbs with watery juice, compound or dissected leaves, and irregular +flowers; sepals 2, small; petals 4, in two pairs, and one or both of the +outer pair spurred at the base; stamens 6. + + +1a. Both outer petals spurred or sack-like at the base --2. + +1b. One outer petal spurred or sack-like at the base --4. + + 2a. A climbing vine with flowers in panicles (white or pinkish + flowers in summer) =Climbing Fumitory, Adlumia fungosa.= + + 2b. Low herbs (2-4 cm.) with basal leaves and white or pinkish + flowers in racemes (early spring) --3. + +3a. Spurs of the corolla triangular, divergent + =Dutchman's Breeches, Dicentra cucullaria.= + +3b. Spurs of the corolla short and rounded + =Squirrel Corn, Dicentra canadensis.= + + 4a. Flowers about 5 mm. long, pink-purple tipped with red (3-8 dm. + high; summer) =Fumitory, Fumaria officinalis.= + + 4b. Flowers 10 mm. long or more, yellow, at least at the tip (2-6 + dm. high) (Corydalis) --5. + +5a. Flowers yellow throughout (spring) =Corydalis, Corydalis aurea.= + +5b. Flowers pink, tipped with yellow (summer). + =Corydalis, Corydalis sempervirens.= + + + + +CRUCIFERAE, the Mustard Family + +Herbs, with alternate, frequently lobed or dissected leaves, and regular +flowers, usually in racemes; sepals and petals each 4, stamens 6, 4 long +and 2 short (or rarely 2 only), ovary 1. + + +1a. Petals yellow or yellowish --2. + +1b. Petals white, pink, or purple, never yellow --29. + + 2a. Leaves simple, entire or dentate, never lobed --3. + + 2b. Leaves deeply lobed or compound (the bracteal leaves, at or + near the flower-clusters, may be simple and unlobed) --10. + +3a. Leaves clasping the stem --4. + +3b. Leaves not clasping at base --6. + + 4a. Clasping base and apex of leaf obtuse or rounded; pod very long + and slender (3-8 dm. high; summer) + =Hare's Ear, Conringia orientalis.= + + 4b. Clasping base and apex of leaf acute; pod obovoid (3-7 dm. + high; early summer) (False Flax) --5. + +5a. Stem and leaves glabrous =False Flax, Camelina sativa.= + +5b. Leaves and usually the stem pubescent + =False Flax, Camelina microcarpa.= + + 6a. Flowers about 2 mm. wide (1-3 dm. high; flowers in summer) --7. + + 6b. Flowers 5 mm. wide or more (2-6 dm. high; flowers in summer) + --8. + +7a. Leaves about twice as long as broad, widest near or below the middle + =Whitlow Grass, Draba nemorosa.= + +7b. Leaves 3-5 times as long as broad, widest above the middle + =Yellow Alyssum, Alyssum alyssoides.= + + 8a. Leaves lanceolate, gradually tapering to the base; flowers + about 15 mm. wide =Sand Rocket, Diplotaxis muralis.= + + 8b. Leaves ovate, acute at base; flowers about 15 mm. wide --22a. + + 8c. Leaves entire or minutely toothed; flowers 5-10 mm. wide --9. + +9a. Pods 25 mm. long or less, on slender pedicels about 8 mm. long + =Worm-seed Mustard, Erysimum cheiranthoides.= + +9b. Pods 20 mm. long or more, on stout pedicels about 4 mm. long + =Worm-seed Mustard, Erysimum parviflorum.= + + 10a. Leaves bipinnate or dissected into very numerous divisions + (3-8 dm. high; flowers in summer) --11. + + 10b. Leaves simply pinnate --13. + +11a. Flowers about 5 mm. broad; pods about 20 mm. long by 1 mm. broad + =Herb Sophia, Sisymbrium sophia.= + +11b. Flowers about 3 mm. broad; pods about 8 mm. long by 2 mm. wide + (Tansy Mustard) --12. + + 12a. Stems gray with a close fine pubescence + =Tansy Mustard, Sisymbrium canescens.= + + 12b. Stems green + =Tansy Mustard, Sisymbrium canescens var. brachycarpon.= + +13a. Pod short, not more than 3 times as long as wide (coarse plants, + preferring wet or sandy ground; flowers in summer) (Yellow Cress) + --14. + +13b. Pod elongated, more than 4 times as long as wide --17. + + 14a. Stems creeping, with erect or ascending branches; flowers + about 8 mm. wide =Yellow Cress, Radicula sylvestris.= + + 14b. Stems erect or ascending (3-10 dm. high); flowers about 4 mm. + wide --15. + +15a. Pods about twice as long as the pedicels + =Yellow Cress, Radicula obtusa.= + +15b. Pods about as long as the pedicels, or shorter than them --16. + + 16a. Plant glabrous or minutely pubescent + =Yellow Cress, Radicula palustris.= + + 16b. Plant hirsute =Yellow Cress, Radicula palustris var. hispida.= + +17a. Petals 7 mm. long or more; pod terminating in a conspicuous beak + (coarse, weedy plants, 3-12 dm. high, blooming in summer) --18. + +17b. Petals of smaller size; pod not terminating in a conspicuous beak + --24. + + 18a. Upper stem-leaves clasping at the base + =Rutabaga, Brassica campestris.= + + 18b. Upper stem-leaves not clasping --19. + +19a. Pod tipped with a slender cylindrical beak whose base is much + narrower than the pod --20. + +19b. Pod gradually narrowed at its tip into a stout, flattened or angled + beak --22. + + 20a. Leaves oblanceolate, rather regularly pinnatifid, the terminal + segment about the same size as the lateral ones + =Sand Rocket, Diplotaxis muralis.= + + 20b. Leaves broad, irregularly pinnatifid especially below the + middle, with a large terminal segment --21. + +21a. Beak of pod 3-4 mm. long =Black Mustard, Brassica nigra.= + +21b. Beak of pod 5 mm. long or more =Indian Mustard, Brassica juncea.= + + 22a. Leaves dentate or lobed =Charlock, Brassica arvensis.= + + 22b. Leaves deeply pinnatifid --23. + +23a. Pod dehiscent when ripe by two valves, tipped with a flat or angled + beak =White Mustard, Brassica alba.= + +23b. Pod indehiscent, with spongy cross-partitions between the seeds, + tipped with a conical beak =Wild Radish, Raphanus raphanistrum.= + + 24a. Terminal segment of the principal leaves much larger than the + lateral segments; flowers in spring and summer --25. + + 24b. Terminal segment of the principal leaves equaling or smaller + than the lateral ones (5-10 dm. high; pods very long and + slender; flowers in summer) + =Sisymbrium, Sisymbrium altissimum.= + +25a. Flowers about 3 mm. wide; pods erect and closely appressed to the + stem (3-9 dm. high; weed blooming in summer) (Hedge Mustard) --26. + +25b. Flowers about 7 mm. wide; pods spreading or ascending (3-6 dm. + high; flowers in spring) (Winter Cress) --27. + + 26a. Pods pubescent =Hedge Mustard, Sisymbrium officinale.= + + 26b. Pods glabrous + =Hedge Mustard, Sisymbrium officinale var. leiocarpum.= + +27a. Lateral leaf-segments 5-8 pairs on the principal leaves + =Winter Cress, Barbarea verna.= + +27b. Lateral leaf-segments 1-4 pairs on the principal leaves --28. + + 28a. Flowers bright yellow, in racemes; pods spreading or ascending + =Winter Cress, Barbarea vulgaris.= + + 28b. Flowers pale yellow, in corymb-like clusters; pods erect and + somewhat appressed =Winter Cress, Barbarea stricta.= + +29a. Principal stem-leaves compound or deeply lobed (the uppermost or + bracteal leaves may be simple) --30. + +29b. Principal stem-leaves entire, dentate, serrate, or sometimes + shallowly lobed or none (the basal leaves, at the surface of the + ground, may be deeply lobed or compound) --42. + + 30a. Leaves ternately divided or compound (2-5 dm. high; flowers in + spring) (Toothwort) --31. + + 30b. Leaves pinnately divided or compound --33. + + 31a. Leaf-segments lanceolate or narrowly oblong + =Toothwort, Dentaria laciniata.= + +31b. Leaf-segments ovate or ovate-oblong --32. + + 32a. Stem-leaves 2, opposite or nearly opposite + =Toothwort, Dentaria diphylla.= + + 32b. Stem-leaves 2-5, alternate + =Toothwort, Dentaria maxima.= + +33a. Plants growing in water, or in mud near water (spring and summer) + --34. + +33b. Plants of dry or moist soil --35. + + 34a. Aerial leaves distinctly compound, with 3-11 leaflets + =Water Cress, Radicula nasturtium-aquaticum.= + + 34b. Aerial leaves merely serrate to pinnatifid; the submerged + leaves, if present, dissected + =Lake Cress, Radicula aquatica.= + +35a. Flowers 5 mm. broad, or less --36. + +35b. Flowers 6 mm. broad, or more --39. + + 36a. Stem-leaves irregularly pinnatifid or lobed; pod about as + broad as long (2-4 dm. high; flowers in summer) + =Garden Cress, Lepidium sativum.= + + 36b. Stem-leaves distinctly pinnatifid, with 3-6 pairs of lateral + segments (spring) (Bitter Cress) --37. + +37a. Leaves chiefly basal, pubescent on the upper side (1-3 dm. tall) + =Bitter Cress, Cardamine hirsuta.= + +37b. Stem-leaves conspicuous, glabrous on the upper side --38. + + 38a. Plant of dry soil; flowers about 3 mm. wide (1-4 dm. high) + =Bitter Cress, Cardamine parviflora.= + + 38b. Plant of moist or wet soil; flowers about 5 mm. wide (2-8 dm. + high) =Bitter Cress, Cardamine pennsylvanica.= + +39a. Leaves irregularly pinnatifid or lobed, not segmented into + definitely paired divisions (coarse plants 4-8 dm. high; flowers + in summer) --40. + +39b. Leaves deeply segmented into 3-10 pairs of divisions --41. + + 40a. Flowers pink or white from the first + =Radish, Raphanus sativus.= + + 40b. Flowers yellow at first, turning white with age + =Wild Radish, Raphanus raphanistrum.= + +41a. Flowers pink or white, appearing in spring (2-5 dm. high) + =Cuckoo Flower, Cardamine pratensis.= + +41b. Flowers yellowish or cream-color; a weed blooming in summer (5-10 + dm. high) =Sisymbrium, Sisymbrium altissimum.= + + 42a. A fleshy, much-branched plant of the shores of the Great + Lakes, with a pod transversely divided into two joints + (2-3 dm. high; summer) =Sea Rocket, Cakile edentula.= + + 42b. Pod not transversely divided into two joints --43. + +43a. Pod short, its length not more than 3 times its diameter --44. + +43b. Pod long and slender, its length more than 3 times its diameter + --55. + + 44a. Pods not conspicuously flattened, thick and plump, about + circular in cross-section (flowers in summer) --45. + + 44b. Pods distinctly flat --46. + +45a. A plant escaped from cultivation in dry or moist soil, with very + large basal leaves (5-10 dm. high) + =Horse Radish, Radicula armoracia.= + +45b. A plant of water or very wet soil, the largest leaves seldom more + than 15 cm. long (1-5 dm. tall) =Lake Cress, Radicula aquatica.= + + 46a. Stem-leaves clasping the stem by an auricled base --47. + + 46b. Stem-leaves sessile or petioled, not clasping, or none --49. + +47a. Stem and leaves glabrous or pubescent; pod very flat and circular, + about 10 mm. wide (1-5 dm. tall; early summer) + =Penny Cress, Thlaspi arvense.= + +47b. Stem and leaves glabrous or pubescent; pod not more than 5 mm. wide + (1-6 dm. high; spring and early summer) --48. + + 48a. Pods broadly ovate =Field Cress, Lepidium campestre.= + + 48b. Pods triangular, or slightly indented at the apex + =Shepherd's Purse, Capsella bursa-pastoris.= + +49a. Pods about circular, or a very little longer than broad --50. + +49b. Pods ovoid or oblong, broadest near the middle, and distinctly + longer than wide (Whitlow Grass) --53. + + 50a. Leaves entire (1-3 dm. high; flowers in summer) + =Yellow Alyssum, Alyssum alyssoides.= + + 50b. Leaves serrate (2-6 dm. high; flowers in summer) --51. + +51a. Stamens 6 =Garden Cress, Lepidium sativum.= + +51b. Stamens 2 (Pepper Grass) --52. + + 52a. Petals present =Pepper Grass, Lepidium virginicum.= + + 52b. Petals none =Pepper Grass, Lepidium apetalum.= + +53a. Petals deeply 2-cleft (about 1 dm. high; early spring) + =Whitlow Grass, Draba verna.= + +53b. Petals entire or barely notched at the tip --54. + + 54a. Leaves all or chiefly at or near the base (about 1 dm. high; + spring) =Whitlow Grass, Draba caroliniana.= + + 54b. Stems leafy up to the flowers (1-5 dm. high; summer) + =Whitlow Grass, Draba arabisans.= + +55a. Stem-leaves cordate or sagittate at the base and sessile, forming a + more or less clasping leaf (3-10 dm. high) (Rock Cress) --56. + +55b. Stem-leaves sessile or somewhat petioled, but not clasping --63. + + 56a. Seeds in 2 rows in each cavity of the pod (early summer) --57. + + 56b. Seeds in 1 row in each cavity of the pod --59. + +57a. Calyx pubescent; the pods reflexed =Rock Cress, Arabis holboellii.= + +57b. Calyx glabrous; the pods spreading or ascending --58. + + 58a. Basal leaves densely pubescent + =Rock Cress, Arabis brachycarpa.= + + 58b. Basal leaves smooth or nearly so + =Rock Cress, Arabis drummondii.= + +59a. Petals conspicuous, about twice as long as the calyx, or longer; + straight, erect, mostly unbranched plants --60. + +59b. Petals inconspicuous, equaling or but little longer than the calyx + --61. + + 60a. Pods 3-4 cm. long, ascending (summer) + =Rock Cress, Arabis patens.= + + 60b. Pods 8-10 cm. long, recurved (late spring) + =Rock Cress, Arabis laevigata.= + +61a. Pods widely spreading; stem usually sparingly branched near the + base (spring) =Rock Cress, Arabis dentata.= + +61b. Pods erect or appressed; stem usually unbranched (summer) --62. + + 62a. Stem-leaves and stem smooth and glaucous + =Rock Cress, Arabis glabra.= + + 62b. Stem-leaves and stem almost always pubescent, and never + glaucous =Rock Cress, Arabis hirsuta.= + +63a. Principal stem-leaves 7-10 cm. long, or more --64. + +63b. Principal stem-leaves 2-5 cm. long --65. + + 64a. Leaves lanceolate or oblong; flowers 10 mm. wide or less (3-7 + dm. high; summer) =Rock Cress, Arabis canadensis.= + + 64b. Leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate; flowers 15-20 mm. wide (5-8 + dm. high; late spring and summer) + =Dame's Rocket, Hesperis matronalis.= + +65a. Basal leaves ovate to orbicular or cordate, not more than twice as + long as broad (1-3 dm. high; spring) (Bitter Cress) --66. + +65b. Basal leaves oblong, lanceolate, or oblanceolate, at least 3 times + as long as broad (1-3 dm. high) --67. + + 66a. Flowers purple or rose color + =Bitter Cress, Cardamine douglassii.= + + 66b. Flowers white =Bitter Cress, Cardamine bulbosa.= + +67a. Basal leaves pinnatifid (spring and summer) + =Rock Cress, Arabis lyrata.= + +67b. Basal leaves entire or toothed --68. + + 68a. Leaves narrowly oblanceolate; rare plant occurring from + Mackinac northward (summer) =Rock Cress, Braya humilis.= + + 68b. Leaves obovate or oblong; an introduced weed (spring) + =Mouse-ear Cress, Sisymbrium thalianum.= + + + + +CAPPARIDACEAE, the Caper Family + +Herbs, with alternate compound leaves, 4 petals, and 6 or more stamens, +which are about equal in length; fruit a 1-celled pod. + + +One species in Michigan, stamens about 11; leaflets 3 (2-4 dm. high; +flowers yellowish, in summer) =Clammy-weed, Polanisia graveolens.= + + + + +RESEDACEAE, the Mignonette Family + +Herbs, with alternate leaves and terminal racemes of small yellowish +flowers; sepals 6, petals 6, stamens numerous. + + +One species in Michigan, with divided leaves and irregularly cleft +petals, blooming in summer =Yellow Mignonette, Reseda lutea.= + + + + +SARRACENIACEAE, the Pitcher Plant Family + +Insectivorous plants, with hollow, pitcher-shaped leaves, and large +purple flowers at the ends of naked stems. + + +One species in Michigan, growing in bogs and blooming in late spring + =Pitcher Plant, Sarracenia purpurea.= + + + + +DROSERACEAE, the Sundew Family + +Insectivorous herbs, with a rosette of basal leaves bearing gland-tipped +bristles on their upper surface, and with slender racemes of small white +flowers in summer; inhabitants of bogs and swamps (2 dm. high, or less). + + +1a. Leaf-blade about as long as wide =Sundew, Drosera rotundifolia.= + +1b. Leaf-blade about 2-3 times as long as wide + =Sundew, Drosera longifolia.= + +1c. Leaf-blade about 5-8 times as long as wide + =Sundew, Drosera anglica.= + +1d. Leaf-blade narrowly linear, about 10 times as long as wide + =Sundew, Drosera linearis.= + + + + +PODOSTEMACEAE, the River Weed Family + +Small submerged aquatics, growing attached to stones in running water, +with dissected leaves and minute flowers. + + +One species in Michigan =River Weed, Podostemum ceratophyllum.= + + + + +CRASSULACEAE, the Orpine Family + +Herbs, with usually alternate leaves; the sepals, petals, and pistils +each 4 or 5, or in one species the petals none, and the stamens as many +or twice as many as the sepals. + + +1a. Leaves entire (Stonecrop) --2. + +1b. Leaves toothed --3. + + 2a. Leaves 3-5 mm. long, very thick and fleshy (tufted plants about + 1 dm. high, with yellow flowers in summer) + =Stonecrop, Sedum acre.= + + 2b. Leaves 10-30 mm. long, flat (tufted plants 1-2 dm. high; + flowers white, in spring) =Stonecrop, Sedum ternatum.= + +3a. Petals present, purple (2-5 dm. high; summer) + =Live-for-ever, Sedum purpureum.= + +3b. Petals none (3-6 dm. high; summer) + =Ditch Stonecrop, Penthorum sedoides.= + + + + +SAXIFRAGACEAE, the Saxifrage Family + +Herbs or shrubs, with alternate or opposite leaves; petals and sepals +each 5, or the petals none; stamens 5 or 10; styles or stigmas 2-4. + + +1a. Shrubs with lobed leaves (3-15 dm. high; flowers in late spring) + --2. + +1b. Herbs --12. + + 2a. Stems thorny --3. + + 2b. Stems not thorny (Currant) --8. + +3a. Flowers and fruits in racemes =Swamp Currant, Ribes lacustre.= + +3b. Flowers and fruit in short clusters (Gooseberry) --4. + + 4a. Ovary and fruit prickly and bristly + =Gooseberry, Ribes cynosbati.= + + 4b. Ovary and fruit smooth, or sometimes a little glandular --5. + +5a. Stamens equaling the ovate calyx-lobes in length, or a very little + longer --6. + +5b. Stamens distinctly longer than the linear calyx-lobes --7. + + 6a. Leaves glabrous beneath, or nearly so + =Gooseberry, Ribes oxyacanthoides.= + + 6b. Leaves softly pubescent beneath + =Gooseberry, Ribes oxyacanthoides var. calcicola.= + +7a. Flowers, including the stamens, about 15 mm. long + =Gooseberry, Ribes gracile.= + +7b. Flowers, including the stamens, about 8 mm. long + =Gooseberry, Ribes rotundifolium.= + + 8a. Calyx prolonged above the ovary into a tube which is longer + than the sepals --9. + + 8b. Calyx-tube shorter than the ovary or none --10. + +9a. Flowers greenish-yellow, inconspicuous; calyx-tube narrowly + bell-shape =Black Currant, Ribes floridum.= + +9b. Flowers bright yellow, conspicuous; calyx-tube narrow, with + spreading lobes =Golden Currant, Ribes aureum.= + + 10a. Ovary and berry bristly with glandular hairs + =Skunk Currant, Ribes prostratum.= + + 10b. Ovary and fruit smooth, or with sessile glands --11. + +11a. Leaves dotted beneath with resinous glands + =Black Currant, Ribes hudsonianum.= + +11b. Leaves glabrous or pubescent beneath, without resinous glands + =Red Currant, Ribes triste.= + + 12a. Flowers minute, yellowish, without petals, in the axils of the + leaves (1-2 dm. high; flowers in spring) + =Golden Saxifrage, Chrysosplenium americanum.= + + 12b. Flowers large, solitary, terminating erect stalks (leaves + mostly basal; flowers white, in late summer; flower-stalks + 1-5 dm. high) (Grass-of-Parnassus) --13. + + 12c. Flowers in terminal racemes, panicles, or clusters --15. + +13a. Flowers less than 2 cm. wide; leaves narrowed to the base + =Grass-of-Parnassus, Parnassia parviflora.= + +13b. Flowers 2-3.5 cm. wide; leaves rounded or cordate at the base --14. + + 14a. A 3-cleft scale at the base of each petal + =Grass-of-Parnassus, Parnassia caroliniana.= + + 14b. A many-cleft (9-15) scale at the base of each petal + =Grass-of-Parnassus, Parnassia palustris.= + +15a. Leaves linear to oblanceolate, 3 times as long as broad, or more, + and pinnately veined (Saxifrage) --16. + +15b. Leaves broadly ovate to nearly circular, frequently cordate at the + base, and always palmately veined or lobed --20. + + 16a. Leaves basal; the flower-stalk bearing no leaves except small + ones at the base of its branches --17. + + 16b. Flower-stalk leafy below (1-3 dm. high; flowers yellow, + summer) --18. + +17a. Petals white; sepals erect; leaves conspicuously toothed, 3-10 cm. + long (1-3 dm. high; spring) =Saxifrage, Saxifraga virginiensis.= + +17b. Petals greenish; sepals reflexed; leaves minutely toothed or + entire, 10-30 cm. long (5-10 dm. high; spring) + =Saxifrage, Saxifraga pennsylvanica.= + + 18a. Leaves with 3 sharp teeth at the apex + =Saxifrage, Saxifraga tricuspidata.= + + 18b. Leaves with numerous teeth or entire --19. + +19a. Leaves linear, chiefly on the stem + =Saxifrage, Saxifraga aizoides.= + +19b. Leaves spatulate, chiefly in a basal rosette + =Saxifrage, Saxifraga aizoon.= + + 20a. Stamens 5 (leaves mostly basal; flowers greenish or purplish + in late spring, on stalks 5-10 dm. high) (Alum Root) --21. + + 20b. Stamens 10 (flowers white, in spring) --23. + +21a. Flowers regular =Alum Root, Heuchera americana.= + +21b. Flowers irregular, the calyx oblique, longer on the upper side than + on the lower --22. + + 22a. Stamens projecting beyond the calyx + =Alum Root, Heuchera hirsuticaulis.= + + 22b. Stamens not projecting beyond the calyx + =Alum Root, Heuchera hispida.= + +23a. Stem-leaves alternate or none --24. + +23b. Stem with a pair of opposite leaves (2-4 dm. high) + =Bishop's Cap, Mitella diphylla.= + + 24a. Petals deeply fringed (1-2 dm. high) + =Bishop's Cap, Mitella nuda.= + + 24b. Petals entire (1-3 dm. high) + =False Mitrewort, Tiarella cordifolia.= + + + + +HAMAMELIDACEAE, the Witch Hazel Family + +Shrubs, with alternate simple leaves; sepals, petals, and stamens each +4; ovary 2-lobed. + + +One species in Michigan; tall shrub with obovate leaves and yellow +flowers appearing late in autumn =Witch Hazel, Hamamelis virginiana.= + + + + +PLATANACEAE, the Plane Tree Family + +Trees, with broad, palmately veined and lobed leaves, and minute flowers +in dense spherical heads. + + +One species in Michigan =Sycamore, Platanus occidentalis.= + + + + +ROSACEAE, the Rose Family + +Trees, herbs, or shrubs, with alternate, frequently compound leaves; +petals and sepals usually 5, stamens numerous, pistils 1 to many; +receptacle expanded into a saucer-shape or cup-shape organ, bearing the +sepals, petals, and stamens at its margin, the pistils at its center, +and resembling a calyx-tube or flattened calyx. + + +1a. Shrubs or trees --2. + +1b. Herbaceous plants --48. + + 2a. Leaves compound --3. + + 2b. Leaves simple --24. + +3a. Flowers in large panicles or corymbs, each flower 5-10 mm. across; + leaflets 7 or more --4. + +3b. Flowers solitary or in small clusters, each flower usually 20-80 mm. + wide; leaflets frequently only 3 or 5 --7. + + 4a. Flowers in a pyramidal or oblong panicle, the ovaries superior + (1-2 m. high; flowers white, in summer) --70b. + + 4b. Flowers in rounded or hemispheric clusters, the ovary inferior + --5. + +5a. Leaves pubescent on the lower surface + =Rowan Tree, Pyrus aucuparia.= + +5b. Leaves glabrous beneath when mature (small trees; flowers white, in + early summer or late spring) (Mountain Ash) --6. + + 6a. Leaves acuminate at the apex =Mountain Ash, Pyrus americana.= + + 6b. Leaves obtuse or acute at the apex + =Mountain Ash, Pyrus sitchensis.= + +7a. Flowers yellow (5-10 dm. high; summer) + =Cinquefoil, Potentilla fruticosa.= + +7b. Flowers pink or red, rarely white, 4-10 cm. across (shrubs, 5-15 dm. + high, or climbing; stems usually thorny; flowers in early summer) + (Rose) --8. + +7c. Flowers white, 1-3 cm. across (4-20 dm. high; flowers in late + spring) --16. + + 8a. Leaflets on most of the leaves 3; styles cohering in a column + which protrudes from among the stamens + =Climbing Rose, Rosa setigera.= + + 8b. Leaflets 5-11; styles not cohering in a protruding column --9. + +9a. Sepals persistent on the fruit after flowering --10. + +9b. Sepals soon deciduous from the young fruit after flowering --14. + + 10a. A pair of spines below each leaf larger than the other spines + --11. + + 10b. Spines all alike in size or nearly so, or absent completely + --12. + +11a. Sepals entire =Wild Rose, Rosa woodsii.= + +11b. Sepals pinnatifid =Dog Rose, Rosa canina.= + + 12a. Stems with few thorns or none at all =Wild Rose, Rosa blanda.= + + 12b. Stems prickly --13. + +13a. Fruit somewhat pear-shape, narrowed toward the base. + =Wild Rose, Rosa acicularis.= + +13b. Fruit globose, rounded at the base + =Wild Rose, Rosa acicularis var. bourgeauiana.= + + 14a. The pair of spines at the base of each leaf straight or nearly + so =Wild Rose, Rosa humilis.= + + 14b. The pair of spines at the base of each leaf distinctly + recurved or hooked --15. + +15a. Leaves densely glandular-pubescent beneath + =Sweetbrier, Rosa rubiginosa.= + +15b. Leaves glabrous or minutely pubescent =Swamp Rose, Rosa carolina.= + + 16a. Stems trailing or creeping --17. + + 16b. Stems erect, ascending, or arched --19. + +17a. Stems distinctly shrubby and thorny (Dewberry) --18. + +17b. Stems almost herbaceous, without thorns + =Dwarf Raspberry, Rubus triflorus.= + + 18a. Leaves thin, dull above; fruit black, large and juicy + =Dewberry, Rubus villosus.= + + 18b. Leaves firm or thick, shining above; fruit reddish, small, + consisting of a few sour drupelets + =Swamp Dewberry, Rubus hispidus.= + +19a. Ripe fruit dropping away from the white receptacle or core; + terminal leaflet of each leaf with a long stalk, while the lateral + leaflets are sessile or nearly so (Raspberry) --20. + +19b. Ripe fruit and receptacle or core dropping together; all the + leaflets on stalks which are approximately equal in length + (Blackberry) --22. + + 20a. Stem very glaucous with a whitish or bluish waxy deposit; + fruit black =Black Raspberry, Rubus occidentalis.= + + 20b. Stem not glaucous; fruit red --21. + +21a. Calyx velvety-pubescent =Red Raspberry, Rubus idaeus.= + +21b. Calyx bristly-hispid + =Red Raspberry, Rubus idaeus var. aculeatissimus.= + + 22a. Pedicels with gland-tipped hairs, but no prickles + =Blackberry, Rubus allegheniensis.= + + 22b. Pedicels with prickles =Blackberry, Rubus nigricans.= + + 22c. Pedicels with neither prickles nor gland-tipped hairs --23. + +23a. Leaves downy beneath =Blackberry, Rubus frondosus.= + +23b. Leaves smooth beneath =Blackberry, Rubus canadensis.= + + 24a. Ovaries 1 or more, superior (attached to the surface of the + receptacle, but not concealed within it or united to it) --25. + + 24b. Ovary 1, inferior (permanently enclosed within the receptacle, + with only the styles protruding) --38. + +25a. Ovaries more than 1 --26. + +25b. Ovary 1 --30. + + 26a. Leaves serrate --27. + + 26b. Leaves lobed --28. + +27a. Leaves glabrous or very nearly so (8-20 dm. high; flowers white or + pinkish, summer) =Meadow-sweet, Spiraea salicifolia.= + +27b. Leaves closely pubescent beneath (5-15 dm. high; flowers pink, + summer) =Hardhack, Spiraea tomentosa.= + + 28a. Flowers showy, purple or white, 3-4 cm. broad --29. + + 28b. Flowers white, about 1 cm. wide (1-3 m. high; flowers in early + summer) =Ninebark, Physocarpus opulifolius.= + +29a. Flowers purple =Flowering Raspberry, Rubus odoratus.= + +29b. Flowers white =Salmonberry, Rubus parviflorus.= + + 30a. Flowers in racemes (trees or tall shrubs; flowers white, in + late spring) --31. + + 30b. Flowers in small umbels or corymbs (flowers white, in spring) + --32. + +31a. Leaves oblong, the points of their teeth incurved + =Black Cherry, Prunus serotina.= + +31b. Leaves obovate, the points of their teeth spreading + =Choke Cherry, Prunus virginiana.= + + 32a. Flowers about 1 cm. wide --33. + + 32b. Flowers about 1.5-2.5 cm. wide --36. + +33a. Low shrubs, with the spatulate or oblong leaves widest above the + middle --34. + +33b. Erect tall shrubs or small trees, with the leaves widest below the + middle --35. + + 34a. An erect shrub (5-10 dm. high) + =Appalachian Cherry, Prunus cuneata.= + + 34b. A prostrate or ascending shrub (3-15 dm. high) + =Sand Cherry, Prunus pumila.= + +35a. Leaves very broadly ovate, almost as wide as long (small tree) + =Perfumed Cherry, Prunus mahaleb.= + +35b. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, about 3 times as long as broad (shrub or + small tree, 2-10 m. high) =Pin Cherry, Prunus pennsylvanica.= + + 36a. Sepals glandular-serrate (tall shrub or small tree) + =Wild Plum, Prunus nigra.= + + 36b. Sepals entire --37. + +37a. Leaves with sharp teeth, frequently bristle-tipped; a native + species (tall shrub or small tree, frequently growing in thickets) + =Wild Plum, Prunus americana.= + +37b. Leaves with obtuse teeth; a species escaped from cultivation + (widely branched tree) =Cherry, Prunus cerasus.= + + 38a. Trees, in cultivation or escaped from cultivation near roads + or dwellings, with showy flowers 2.5-5 cm. across, edible + fruits, and no thorns (spring) --39. + + 38b. Native species, trees or shrubs, growing in woods, fields, or + thickets; frequently with thorns (spring) --40. + +39a. Leaves finely serrulate or entire =Pear, Pyrus communis.= + +39b. Leaves coarsely serrate or somewhat lobed =Apple, Pyrus malus.= + + 40a. Shrubs or small trees, without thorns --42. + + 40b. Bushy trees or shrubs, with thorns or stiff thorn-like + branches, and with flowers generally 1.5-2.5 cm. across --41. + +41a. Flowers pink, very fragrant =Wild Crab, Pyrus coronaria.= + +41b. Flowers white (Hawthorn, the genus Crataegus). Several species of + this genus occur in the state, for the identification of which the + Manual must be used. + + 42a. Mid-vein glandular above (shrubs 1-3 m. tall; flowers white or + pink) (Chokeberry) --43. + + 42b. Mid-vein not glandular (shrubs or trees, 1-10 m. tall; flowers + white) (Juneberry) --44. + +43a. Leaves glabrous beneath =Chokeberry, Pyrus melanocarpa.= + +43b. Leaves tomentose beneath + =Chokeberry, Pyrus arbutifolia var. atropurpurea.= + + 44a. Petals 15-25 mm. long --45. + + 44b. Petals 5-12 mm. long --46. + +45a. Mature leaves glabrous =Juneberry, Amelanchier canadensis.= + +45b. Mature leaves pubescent beneath + =Juneberry, Amelanchier canadensis var. botryapium.= + + 46a. Flowers in racemes --47. + + 46b. Flowers solitary, or in small clusters of 2-4 + =Juneberry, Amelanchier oligocarpa.= + +47a. Leaves coarsely dentate, with about 1 tooth for each lateral vein + =Juneberry, Amelanchier spicata.= + +47b. Leaves finely serrate, with about 2-3 teeth for each lateral vein + =Juneberry, Amelanchier oblongifolia.= + + 48a. Flowers yellow --49. + + 48b. Flowers white, pink, purple, or rose, never yellow --63. + +49a. Plant with basal trifoliate leaves, resembling strawberry (1-3 dm. + high; late spring) =Barren Strawberry, Waldsteinia fragarioides.= + +49b. Plants with leafy stems --50. + + 50a. Flowers solitary in the axils of foliage leaves, on long + peduncles (trailing or creeping plants; flowers in late spring + and summer) --51. + + 50b. Flowers in narrow terminal spike-like racemes (3-8 dm. high; + summer) (Agrimony) --52. + + 50c. Flowers in irregular or spreading clusters --55. + +51a. Leaflets 5 =Five-finger, Potentilla canadensis.= + +51b. Leaflets 7-25 =Silver Weed, Potentilla anserina.= + + 52a. Principal leaflets more than 3 times (about 3-1/2) as long as + wide =Agrimony, Agrimonia parviflora.= + + 52b. Principal leaflets less than 3 times (about 2-1/2) as long as + wide --53. + +53a. Leaves nearly glabrous beneath, or with scattered spreading hairs + =Agrimony, Agrimonia gryposepala.= + +53b. Leaves softly pubescent beneath --54. + + 54a. Leaves distinctly glandular beneath + =Agrimony, Agrimonia striata.= + + 54b. Leaves not glandular beneath =Agrimony, Agrimonia mollis.= + +55a. Principal leaves palmately compound with 5-7 leaflets (Cinquefoil) + --56. + +55b. Principal stem-leaves with 3 leaflets, or pinnately compound with + several leaflets --58. + + 56a. Leaves silvery-white beneath, laciniately toothed (1-4 dm. + high; late spring and summer) + =Silvery Cinquefoil, Potentilla argentea.= + + 56b. Leaves not silvery-white beneath (3-10 dm. high; summer) + --57. + +57a. Terminal leaflet more than 3 times as long as wide + =Cinquefoil, Potentilla recta.= + +57b. Terminal leaflet less than 3 times as long as wide + =Cinquefoil, Potentilla intermedia= + + 58a. Flowers about 4 mm. wide (2-6 dm. high; spring) + =Spring Avens, Geum vernum.= + + 58b. Flowers 6 mm. wide, or wider --59. + +59a. Principal leaves with lobed leaflets, of which the terminal is the + largest; leaf-axis bearing also some small leaflets between those + of usual size (4-12 dm. high; late spring and summer) (Avens) --60. + +59b. Principal leaves with toothed or pinnately cleft leaflets, the + lateral ones about equaling the terminal one in size, and without + any small scattered leaflets (3-8 dm. tall; summer) (Cinquefoil) + --61. + + 60a. Terminal leaflet cordate at base =Avens, Geum macrophyllum.= + + 60b. Terminal leaflet wedge-shape or acute at base + =Avens, Geum strictum.= + +61a. Leaflets 3 =Cinquefoil, Potentilla monspeliensis.= + +61b. Leaflets 5-15 --62. + + 62a. Leaflets crenate =Cinquefoil, Potentilla paradoxa.= + + 62b. Leaflets deeply incised + =Cinquefoil, Potentilla pennsylvanica.= + +63a. Leaves all basal, the flowers on leafless stalks --64. + +63b. Stem-leaves present --66. + + 64a. Leaves simple (1-2 dm. high; summer) + =Dalibarda, Dalibarda repens.= + + 64b. Leaves trifoliate (1-2 dm. high; spring) (Strawberry) --65. + +65a. Leaflets thick and firm, the petioles and pedicels pubescent with + spreading or ascending hairs; fruit subglobose, the achenes + embedded in pits on its surface + =Strawberry, Fragaria virginiana.= + +65b. Leaflets thin, the petioles and pedicels nearly glabrous or with + appressed hairs; fruit conic, the achenes on its surface + =Wood Strawberry, Fragaria americana.= + + 66a. Leaves pinnate with numerous leaflets --67. + + 66b. Stem-leaves with 3-5 leaflets --72. + +67a. Leaflets laciniate or deeply lobed (flowers pink or purple, early + summer) --68. + +67b. Leaflets merely toothed --69. + + 68a. Stem-leaves few, small and opposite (2-4 dm. tall) + =Purple Avens, Geum triflorum.= + + 68b. Stem-leaves large and alternate (5-20 dm. tall) + =Queen of the Prairie, Filipendula rubra.= + +69a. Individual flowers small, not exceeding 6 mm. across, in large + clusters or spikes --70. + +69b. Individual flowers more than 10 mm. wide, in few-flowered clusters + (Cinquefoil) --71. + + 70a. Flowers in dense spikes (5-15 dm. high; late summer) + =Burnet, Sanguisorba canadensis.= + + 70b. Flowers in panicles =Sorbaria, Sorbaria sorbifolia.= + +71a. Flowers red or purple (3-6 dm. high; summer) + =Marsh Cinquefoil, Potentilla palustris.= + +71b. Flowers white (5-10 dm. high; early summer) + =Cinquefoil, Potentilla arguta.= + + 72a. Pistils 5 (5-10 dm. high; flowers white or pink, early summer) + --73. + + 72b. Pistils 10, in a ring (flowers pink or purple) --68b. + + 72c. Pistils numerous, in a head or close group --74. + +73a. Stipules linear or subulate, 5-8 mm. long + =Bowman's Root, Gillenia trifoliata.= + +73b. Stipules leaf-like, 10-25 mm. long, serrate + =American Ipecac, Gillenia stipulata.= + + 74a. Flowers red or purple --75. + + 74b. Flowers white --76. + +75a. Leaflets sharply and irregularly toothed or lobed; petals erect, + narrowed at the base (3-9 dm. high; early summer) + =Purple Avens, Geum rivale.= + +75b. Leaflets finely and regularly toothed, oblong; petals spreading + --71a. + + 76a. Leaflets entire below, 3-toothed at the apex (1-3 dm. high; + summer) =Cinquefoil, Potentilla tridentata.= + + 76b. Leaflets toothed all around the margin --77. + +77a. Leaves all trifoliate (2-5 dm. high; late spring) --17b. + +77b. Some of the upper leaves merely lobed or dentate (5-8 dm. high) + (Avens) --78. + + 78a. Stem bristly-hairy (early summer) =Avens, Geum virginianum.= + + 78b. Stem softly and finely pubescent (summer) + =Avens, Geum canadense.= + + + + +LEGUMINOSAE, the Pulse Family + +Trees, shrubs, or herbs, with alternate compound (except 3 species with +simple) leaves and stipules; flowers usually irregular (except in a few +species), with a large upper petal and 4 smaller ones, the 2 lower +enclosing the stamens and pistil; stamens almost always 10, and +generally united by their filaments; pistil 1, simple, ripening into a +pod. + + +1a. Shrubs or trees --2. + +1b. Herbs, twining, but without tendrils --9. + +1c. Herbs; the leaves, or some of them, tipped with tendrils --12. + +1d. Herbs, not climbing or twining; tendrils none --21. + + 2a. Leaves simple --3. + + 2b. Leaves compound --4. + +3a. Leaves broadly cordate (tall shrub or small tree; flowers pink, + early spring) =Redbud, Cercis canadensis.= + +3b. Leaves lanceolate or elliptical (3-6 dm. high; flowers yellow, + summer) =Dyer's Greenweed, Genista tinctoria.= + + 4a. Twigs or branches thorny --5. + + 4b. Thorns none --7. + +5a. Thorns branched, scattered on the stem (tall tree; flowers greenish, + early summer) =Honey Locust, Gleditsia triacanthos.= + +5b. Thorns unbranched, a pair of them at the base of each leaf (late + spring) --6. + + 6a. Branches glabrous or nearly so (tree; flowers white) + =Black Locust, Robinia pseudo-acacia.= + + 6b. Branches glandular-pubescent (tall shrub; flowers pinkish) + =Clammy Locust, Robinia viscosa.= + + 6c. Branches bristly (shrub. 1-3 m. high; flowers pink) + =Bristly Locust, Robinia hispida.= + +7a. Trees; leaves 2-3-pinnate (flowers greenish-white, spring) + =Kentucky Coffee-tree, Gymnocladus dioica.= + +7b. Low shrubs; leaves once-pinnate (3-6 dm. high; summer) --8. + + 8a. Flowers bright-blue, each with a single petal + =Lead Plant, Amorpha canescens.= + + 8b. Flowers yellowish and pink-purple, petals 5 --26a. + +9a. Leaflets 5-7; flowers in racemes (purplish, late summer) + =Wild Bean, Apios tuberosa.= + +9b. Leaflets 3 (flowers greenish, purple, or white, late summer) --10. + + 10a. Flowers in small capitate clusters; lower 2 petals strongly + incurved =Wild Bean, Strophostyles helvola.= + + 10b. Flowers in racemes (Hog Peanut) --11. + +11a. Stem pubescent or glabrate; leaflets seldom more than 5 cm. long + =Hog Peanut, Amphicarpa monoica.= + +11b. Stem villous with retrorse hairs; leaflets usually longer than 5 cm. + =Hog Peanut, Amphicarpa pitcheri.= + + 12a. Style with a tuft of hairs at the apex; lateral petals of the + corolla adherent to the lower ones as far as the middle; + stipules less than 10 mm. long, and usually less than + one-fourth the length of the lower leaflets (spring and + summer) (Vetch) --13. + + 12b. Style hairy along the inner side; lateral petals of the + corolla free from the lower ones or adherent only at the + very base; stipules more than 8 mm. long and usually + one-third or more the length of the lower leaflets (late + spring and summer) --17. + +13a. Flowers axillary, sessile or nearly so (flowers purple) --14. + +13b. Flowers in peduncled racemes --15. + + 14a. Upper leaves oblong-obovate, truncate or notched, and + mucronate at the apex =Spring Vetch, Vicia sativa.= + + 14b. Upper leaves lance-linear, sharply acute + =Common Vetch, Vicia angustifolia.= + +15a. Flowers 15-20 mm. long, 4-8 in a cluster (flowers purple) + =Vetch, Vicia americana.= + +15b. Flowers 8-12 mm. long --16. + + 16a. Racemes one-sided; flowers blue =Vetch, Vicia cracca.= + + 16b. Racemes loosely flowered, not one-sided; flowers whitish, the + lower petals tipped with blue =Vetch, Vicia caroliniana.= + +17a. Flowers yellowish-white =Vetchling, Lathyrus ochroleucus.= + +17b. Flowers purple --18. + + 18a. Stipules nearly regularly halberd-shape, almost as large as + the leaflets =Beach Pea, Lathyrus maritimus.= + + 18b. Stipules half-sagittate, apparently attached laterally near + the middle --19. + +19a. Leaflets 4-8 pairs, ovate; racemes with 10 or more flowers + =Wild Pea, Lathyrus venosus.= + +19b. Leaflets 2-4 pairs, linear to oblong or elliptical; racemes with + 2-9 flowers (Marsh Pea) --20. + + 20a. Stems with a membranous wing on the margins + =Marsh Pea, Lathyrus palustris.= + + 20b. Stems angled, but not winged + =Marsh Pea, Lathyrus palustris var. myrtifolius.= + +21a. Leaves simple (2-3 dm. high; flowers yellow, summer) + =Rattlebox, Crotalaria sagittalis.= + +21b. Leaves palmately compound; leaflets 7-11 (3-6 dm. high; flowers + blue, late spring) =Lupine, Lupinus perennis.= + +21c. Leaves pinnately compound; leaflets 5 to many --22. + +21d. Leaves compound; leaflets 3 --28. + + 22a. Leaflets 5; flowers rose-purple in a spike-like head (5-8 dm. + high, late summer) =Prairie Clover, Petalostemum purpureum.= + + 22b. Leaflets more than 5 --23. + +23a. Flowers bright-blue, in a dense spike (3-6 dm. high; summer) --8a. + +23b. Flowers bright-yellow; stamens not united (summer) --24. + +23c. Flowers white, cream-color, or yellowish, or marked with purple + --26. + + 24a. Leaflets linear-oblong, 2 cm. long or less; stamens 5 or 10 + (3-6 dm. high) (Partridge Pea) --25. + + 24b. Leaflets lanceolate-oblong, 2-5 cm. long; 7 stamens with + normal anthers and 3 with imperfect anthers (8-15 dm. high) + =Wild Senna, Cassia marilandica.= + +25a. Anthers 10; flowers 2-4 cm. wide + =Partridge Pea, Cassia chamaecrista.= + +25b. Anthers 5; flowers 5-10 mm. wide + =Partridge Pea, Cassia nictitans.= + + 26a. Silky-hairy with whitish hairs; flowers marked with purple + (3-5 dm. high; summer) =Goat's Rue, Tephrosia virginiana.= + + 26b. Glabrous or nearly so (summer) (Milk Vetch) --27. + +27a. Flowers greenish cream-color (4-10 dm. high) + =Milk Vetch, Astragalus canadensis.= + +27b. Flowers white (3-5 dm. high) =Milk Vetch, Astragalus neglectus.= + + 28a. Flowers in heads, umbels, or short dense spikes --29. + + 28b. Flowers in loose racemes or panicles --42. + +29a. Flowers bright-yellow; decumbent or ascending plants (spring and + summer) --30. + +29b. Flowers white, cream, purple, or red; never yellow --34. + + 30a. Whole flower only about 2 mm. long; pod coiled --31. + + 30b. Flowers larger, each one 3-6 mm. long; pod straight (1-4 dm. + high) (Hop Clover) --32. + +31a. Flowers numerous in each head =Black Medick, Medicago lupulina.= + +31b. Flowers in clusters of 2 --20 =Bur Clover, Medicago hispida.= + + 32a. Stipules linear =Hop Clover, Trifolium agrarium.= + + 32b. Stipules ovate --33. + +33a. Heads densely flowered; flowers 20 or more; upper petal striate + when dry =Hop Clover, Trifolium procumbens.= + +33b. Heads loosely flowered; flowers usually 10 or fewer; upper petal + scarcely striate or not at all =Hop Clover, Trifolium dubium.= + + 34a. Leaves palmately compound, the 3 leaflets all from the same + point (late spring and summer) (Clover) --35. + + 34b. Leaves pinnately compound, the terminal leaflet on a distinct + stalk --39. + +35a. Individual flowers sessile, or on very short pedicels --36. + +35b. Individual flowers distinctly pedicelled --37. + + 36a. Heads oblong, on distinct peduncles; calyx longer than the + corolla (flowers nearly white; 1-4 dm. tall) + =Stone Clover, Trifolium arvense.= + + 36b. Heads nearly globose, almost sessile, closely subtended by the + leaves; corolla longer than the calyx (2-8 dm. high; flowers + red-purple) =Red Clover, Trifolium pratense.= + +37a. Stems prostrate or creeping; heads long-peduncled, arising from the + creeping branches (flower-stalks 1-2 dm. high; flowers white) + =White Clover, Trifolium repens.= + +37b. Some or all of the stems erect; heads arising from the leafy stems + (flowers white or pink) --38. + + 38a. Plants with long basal runners; flowers 10-13 mm. long (2-3 + dm. high) =Buffalo Clover, Trifolium stoloniferum.= + + 38b. Basal runners none; flowers 6-8 mm. long (3-8 dm. high) + =Alsike Clover, Trifolium hybridum.= + +39a. Prostrate; leaflets broadly ovate; flowers 3-10 in a cluster --10a. + +39b. Erect; leaflets broadest near the middle; flowers numerous (5-12 + dm. high; flowers yellowish-white, late summer) (Bush Clover) --40. + + 40a. Leaflets less than twice as long as broad + =Bush Clover, Lespedeza hirta.= + + 40b. Leaflets more than twice as long as broad --41. + +41a. Leaflets linear, 5 mm. wide or less; heads with obvious peduncles + =Bush Clover, Lespedeza angustifolia.= + +41b. Leaflets narrowly elliptical, the principal ones more than 5 mm. + wide; heads sessile or nearly so + =Bush Clover, Lespedeza capitata.= + + 42a. Leaflets finely toothed --43. + + 42b. Leaflets entire --44. + +43a. Flowers violet or blue (3-6 dm. high; summer) + =Alfalfa, Medicago sativa.= + +43b. Flowers yellow (1-2 m. high; summer) + =Yellow Sweet Clover, Melilotus officinalis.= + +43c. Flowers white (1-3 m. high; summer) + =White Sweet Clover, Melilotus alba.= + + 44a. Flowers yellow (5-10 dm. high; summer) + =Wild Indigo, Baptisia tinctoria.= + + 44b. Flowers white, the leaflets all from the same point (5-10 dm. + high; summer) =Wild Indigo, Baptisia leucantha.= + + 44c. Flowers blue, purple, or pink (rarely white, and then the + terminal leaflet stalked) --45. + +45a. Racemes arising from the base of the plant, leafless (4-8 dm. high; + summer) =Tick Trefoil, Desmodium nudiflorum.= + +45b. Racemes terminal or a few of them axillary; leaflets generally + more than 3 cm. long; pod (usually to be seen at the base of the + raceme) transversely segmented into 2 or more joints (summer) + (Tick Trefoil; the genus Desmodium. Pods are usually necessary for + satisfactory identification) --46. + +45c. Racemes short, loose, chiefly axillary; leaflets generally less + than 3 cm. long; the short ovate or ovoid pod not transversely + jointed (5-10 dm. high; flowers in summer) (Bush Clover; the genus + Lespedeza. Reference to the Manual is recommended) --58. + + 46a. Leaves clustered near the summit of the stem (4-12 dm. high) + =Tick Trefoil, Desmodium grandiflorum.= + + 46b. Leaves scattered on the stem --47. + +47a. Plants prostrate; racemes panicled; leaflets nearly circular + =Tick Trefoil, Desmodium rotundifolium.= + +47b. Plants decumbent or ascending; racemes short, simple, few-flowered; + stipules ovate (stems 4-8 dm. long) + =Tick Trefoil, Desmodium pauciflorum.= + +47c. Plants erect or ascending; racemes panicled --48. + + 48a. Leaflets of an oblong type, broadest at or near the middle, + and about 4 times as long as broad (5-10 dm. tall) --49. + + 48b. Leaflets of an ovate or lanceolate type, broadest below the + middle, and not more than 3 times as long as wide --50. + +49a. Stem pubescent; leaves sessile or nearly so + =Tick Trefoil, Desmodium sessilifolium.= + +49b. Stem glabrous or nearly so; leaves obviously petioled + =Tick Trefoil, Desmodium paniculatum.= + + 50a. Stipules lanceolate to ovate, 1 cm. long or more (6-15 dm. + high) --51. + + 50b. Stipules narrowly lanceolate or subulate, less than 1 cm. long + --54. + +51a. Stems glabrous or minutely pubescent; leaves acuminate --52. + +51b. Stems hispid or densely pubescent; leaves ovate or + ovate-lanceolate, obtuse or barely acute --53. + + 52a. Leaves glabrous on both sides + =Tick Trefoil, Desmodium bracteosum.= + + 52b. Leaves rough above, hairy beneath + =Tick Trefoil, Desmodium bracteosum var. longifolium.= + +53a. Leaflets broadly ovate =Tick Trefoil, Desmodium canescens.= + +53b. Leaflets ovate-lanceolate =Tick Trefoil, Desmodium illinoense.= + + 54a. Flowers 10-12 mm. long (1-2 m. high) + =Tick Trefoil, Desmodium canadense.= + + 54b. Flowers 5-8 mm. long (5-8 dm. tall) --55. + + 54c. Flowers 3-4 mm. long (4-8 dm. tall) --56. + +55a. Leaflets broadly ovate =Tick Trefoil, Desmodium viridiflorum.= + +55b. Leaflets oblong-ovate =Tick Trefoil, Desmodium dillenii.= + + 56a. Leaflets 3-5 cm. long, oblong-ovate, scabrous above + =Tick Trefoil, Desmodium rigidum.= + + 56b. Leaflets 1-2.5 cm. long, broadly ovate or oval, not scabrous + above --57. + +57a. Stem and leaves glabrous or very nearly so + =Tick Trefoil, Desmodium marilandicum.= + +57b. Stem and leaves conspicuously pubescent + =Tick Trefoil, Desmodium obtusum.= + + 58a. Flower-clusters sessile, or on peduncles shorter than the + subtending leaves --59. + + 58b. Flower-clusters, or many of them, on peduncles longer than the + leaves --61. + +59a. Leaves linear-oblong =Bush Clover, Lespedeza virginica.= + +59b. Leaves ovate or oval --60. + + 60a. Leaves and stem velvety or downy + =Bush Clover, Lespedeza stuvei.= + + 60b. Leaves and stem glabrous, or with close appressed pubescence + =Bush Clover, Lespedeza frutescens.= + +61a. Leaves ovate or broadly elliptical; corolla conspicuously exceeding + the calyx --62. + +61b. Leaves linear-oblong; calyx about as long as the corolla + =Bush Clover, Lespedeza manniana.= + + 62a. Stem erect or ascending --63. + + 62b. Stem trailing; peduncles much exceeding the leaves + =Bush Clover, Lespedeza procumbens.= + +63a. Villous-pubescent; inflorescence dense; some peduncles shorter than + the leaves =Bush Clover, Lespedeza nuttallii.= + +63b. Slightly pubescent or glabrous; inflorescence loose, on peduncles + much longer than the leaves =Bush Clover, Lespedeza violacea.= + + + + +LINACEAE, the Flax Family + +Herbs with simple leaves, and regular flowers, having 5 sepals, 5 yellow +or blue petals, 5 stamens, and 5 styles. + + +1a. Flowers blue (3-6 dm. high; summer) =Flax, Linum usitatissimum.= + +1b. Flowers yellow (3-8 dm. high; summer) (Wild Flax) --2. + + 2a. Middle stem-leaves below the branches opposite + =Wild Flax, Linum striatum.= + + 2b. Middle stem-leaves below the branches alternate --3. + +3a. Leaves narrowly lanceolate to linear, 1-4 mm. wide --4. + +3b. Leaves oblanceolate to oblong, 4-6 mm. wide + =Wild Flax, Linum virginianum.= + + 4a. Leaves entire =Wild Flax, Linum medium.= + + 4b. Upper leaves glandular-ciliate =Wild Flax, Linum sulcatum.= + + + + +OXALIDACEAE, the Wood Sorrel Family + +Herbs, with alternate or basal compound leaves with 3 reverse +heart-shaped leaflets; sepals, petals, and styles each 5; stamens 10. +(Wood Sorrel) + + +1a. Leaves all basal; flowers white to pink-purple (1-2 dm. high; late + spring) --2. + +1b. Stem-leaves present; flowers yellow (1-5 dm. high; spring and + summer) --3. + + 2a. Flower-stalks bearing a single flower + =Wood Sorrel, Oxalis acetosella.= + + 2b. Flower-stalks bearing an umbel of several flowers + =Wood Sorrel, Oxalis violacea.= + +3a. Stem prostrate and creeping Wood Sorrel, Oxalis repens. + +3b. Stem erect or ascending --4. + + 4a. Pedicels with spreading pubescence + =Wood Sorrel, Oxalis corniculata.= + + 4b. Pedicels with appressed pubescence + =Wood Sorrel, Oxalis stricta.= + + + + +GERANIACEAE, the Geranium Family + +Herbs, with deeply lobed or divided leaves; flowers regular, with 5 +sepals, 5 petals, 5 or 10 stamens, and a 5-celled ovary. + + +1a. Anthers 5 (spreading or ascending plants, 2-4 dm. high; flowers pink + or purple, spring and summer) --2. + +1b. Anthers 10 --3. + + 2a. Leaves pinnately dissected =Stork's-bill, Erodium cicutarium.= + + 2b. Leaves palmately divided into cuneate lobes + =Crane's-bill, Geranium pusillum.= + +3a. Leaves ternately divided, the lobes pinnatifid (2-4 dm. high; + flowers purple, late spring and summer) + =Herb Robert, Geranium robertianum.= + +3b. Leaves palmately 3-11-lobed --4. + + 4a. Petals 12 mm. long or more (3-6 dm. high; flowers pale purple, + spring) =Wild Geranium, Geranium maculatum.= + + 4b. Petals less than 10 mm. long (Crane's-bill) --5. + +5a. Seed-bearing portion of the pistil smooth, glabrous or nearly so + (low spreading plant; flowers purple, late spring and summer) + =Crane's-bill, Geranium columbinum.= + +5b. Seed-bearing portion of the pistil transversely wrinkled (widely + branching. 1-3 dm. tall; flowers purple, summer) + =Crane's-bill, Geranium molle.= + +5c. Seed-bearing portion of the pistil pubescent (widely branching. 1-5 + dm. tall) --6. + + 6a. Leaves divided almost to the base (flowers pinkish or white, + spring and summer) --7. + + 6b. Leaves divided one-half to two-thirds the way to the base + (flowers purple, summer) + =Crane's-bill, Geranium rotundifolium.= + +7a. Petals white or pale pink; flowers in compact clusters + =Crane's-bill, Geranium carolinianum.= + +7b. Petals pink-purple; flowers in loose clusters + =Crane's-bill, Geranium bicknellii.= + + + + +RUTACEAE, the Rue Family + +Shrubs or low trees, with compound leaves frequently dotted with +translucent glands; flowers small, greenish-white, with 3-5 sepals, +petals, and stamens. + + +1a. Leaflets 5-9; stems thorny =Prickly Ash, Zanthoxylum americanum.= + +1b. Leaflets 3; stems not thorny =Hop Tree, Ptelea trifoliata.= + + + + +SIMARUBACEAE, the Quassia Family + +Trees, with pinnately compound leaves and small greenish-yellow flowers +in large panicles in early summer, ripening into winged fruits. + + +One species in Michigan, escaped from cultivation chiefly in towns + =Tree of Heaven, Ailanthus glandulosa.= + + + + +POLYGALACEAE, the Milkwort Family + +Small herbs, with alternate or whorled simple leaves, and small +irregular flowers; sepals 5, petals 3, stamens 6 or 8, more or less +united with each other and with the petals. + + +1a. All of the leaves alternate --2. + +1b. Some or all of the leaves in whorls (1-4 dm. high; flowers greenish, + purple, or white; summer) (Milkwort) --6. + + 2a. Flowers few, loosely clustered, 15-20 mm. long (1-3 dm. high; + flowers purple; early summer) + =Flowering Wintergreen, Polygala paucifolia.= + + 2b. Flowers numerous, in a spike or raceme --3. + +3a. Stem-leaves minute, linear-subulate; stem slender, erect, 3-7 dm. + high (flowers pink; summer) =Milkwort, Polygala incarnata.= + +3b. Stem-leaves narrowly oblong or broader; stem generally 1-4 dm. high + --4. + + 4a. Flowers in a short thick obtuse very dense spike (flowers + greenish or purple; summer) =Milkwort, Polygala sanguinea.= + + 4b. Flowers in a slender tapering spike --5. + + 4c. Flowers in a raceme; plants with subterranean flowers also + (flowers purple; early summer) =Milkwort, Polygala polygama.= + +5a. Leaves linear or nearly so (flowers purple; summer) --7b. + +5b. Leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, 2-6 cm. long (flowers white; + late spring) =Seneca Snakeroot, Polygala senega.= + +5c. Leaves ovate to ovate-lanceolate (flowers white; late spring) + =Seneca Snakeroot, Polygala senega var. latifolia.= + + 6a. Spike oval, thick, obtuse =Milkwort, Polygala cruciata.= + + 6b. Spike acute --7. + +7a. Spike densely flowered, 1-2 cm. long + =Milkwort, Polygala verticillata.= + +7b. Spike loosely flowered, 2-5 cm. long + =Milkwort, Polygala verticillata var. ambigua.= + + + + +EUPHORBIACEAE, the Spurge Family + +Herbs, with alternate, opposite, or whorled leaves and usually milky +juice. Flowers small or minute and inconspicuous, without petals and +frequently without calyx. In our commoner species, several staminate +flowers, each consisting of a single stamen only, and one pistillate +flower, consisting of a single pedicelled 3-lobed ovary only, are +included within a 4-5-lobed involucre, which is sometimes colored and +resembles a calyx or corolla. + + +1a. Stem-leaves alternate; inflorescence axillary; flowers with calyx + and several stamens (3-8 dm. tall; flowers greenish or purplish; + summer) (Three-seeded Mercury) --2. + +1b. Stem-leaves opposite, usually inequilateral at base; flowers as + described for the family; apparent flowers in axillary clusters + (summer and autumn) (Spurge) --3. + +1c. Stem-leaves alternate; inflorescence a terminal umbel-like cluster, + with its branches subtended by opposite or whorled leaves; flowers + as described for the family (Spurge) --9. + + 2a. Leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate; flower-clusters shorter than + the subtending bract + =Three-seeded Mercury, Acalypha virginica.= + + 2b. Leaves lanceolate to oblong; flower-clusters equaling or + exceeding the subtending bract + =Three-seeded Mercury, Acalypha gracilens.= + +3a. Stem and foliage glabrous --4. + +3b. Stem and foliage more or less pubescent (stems prostrate or + ascending, 1-4 dm. long) --7. + + 4a. Erect or ascending, usually without basal branches (2-4 dm. + tall) =Spurge, Euphorbia preslii.= + + 4b. Prostrate or spreading, branched from the base (stems 1-4 dm. + long) --5. + +5a. Leaves entire; plants of the shores of the Great Lakes + =Spurge, Euphorbia polygonifolia.= + +5b. Leaves serrulate --6. + + 6a. Leaves broadly oblong or obovate; seeds obscurely wrinkled + =Spurge, Euphorbia serpyllifolia.= + + 6b. Leaves narrowly oblong; seeds with prominent transverse ridges + =Spurge, Euphorbia glyptosperma.= + +7a. Seeds black =Spurge, Euphorbia hirsuta.= + +7b. Seeds red --8. + + 8a. Leaves oblong =Spurge, Euphorbia maculata.= + + 8b. Leaves elliptical to obovate; involucre split down one side + =Spurge, Euphorbia humistrata.= + +9a. Flowers subtended by conspicuous petal-like white appendages (part + of the involucre) (4-10 dm. tall; summer) + =Spurge, Euphorbia corollata.= + +9b. Flowers not subtended by petal-like appendages --10. + + 10a. Stem-leaves below the inflorescence serrulate (2-5 dm. high; + summer) --11. + + 10b. Stem-leaves below the inflorescence entire --13. + +11a. Upper leaves acute =Spurge, Euphorbia platyphylla.= + +11b. Upper leaves obtuse, rounded, or notched at the apex --12. + + 12a. Leaves of the involucre broadly triangular-ovate, widest near + the base =Spurge, Euphorbia obtusata.= + + 12b. Leaves of the involucre broadly obovate to nearly circular, + widest near or above the middle + =Spurge, Euphorbia helioscopia.= + +13a. Stem-leaves narrowly linear, less than 3 mm. wide (2-4 dm. high; + late spring and summer) =Cypress Spurge, Euphorbia cyparissias.= + +13b. Stem-leaves narrowly oblong-spatulate, more than 5 mm. wide, and + more than 3 times as long as wide (2-6 dm. high; summer) --14. + +13c. Stem-leaves obovate to nearly circular, not more than twice as long + as wide (1-4 dm. high) --15. + + 14a. Leaves at base of umbel narrow, resembling those on the stem + =Spurge, Euphorbia esula.= + + 14b. Leaves at base of umbel broad, resembling those of the + inflorescence =Spurge, Euphorbia lucida.= + +15a. Upper stem-leaves distinctly narrowed at the base; introduced + species of waste places (summer) =Spurge, Euphorbia peplus.= + +15b. Upper stem-leaves rounded at the sessile base; native species of + woodlands (spring and early summer) =Spurge, Euphorbia commutata.= + + + + +CALLITRICHACEAE, the Water Starwort Family + +Small herbs growing in water or in mud, with opposite entire leaves and +small inconspicuous axillary flowers, with neither calyx nor corolla. +(Flowers in summer). + + +1a. Completely submerged; leaves all linear + =Water Starwort, Callitriche autumnalis.= + +1b. Submerged leaves linear, emersed and floating leaves obovate + =Water Starwort, Callitriche palustris.= + + + + +EMPETRACEAE, the Crowberry Family + +Low evergreen shrubs, with the linear leaves completely rolled into a +tube, and inconspicuous flowers without petals, in the axils of the +leaves. + + +One species in Michigan, 1-3 dm. high; leaves less than 1 cm. long; +flowers in summer =Crowberry, Empetrum nigrum.= + + + + +LIMNANTHACEAE, the False Mermaid Family + +Low herbs with alternate compound leaves and minute axillary flowers; +sepals 3, petals 3, stamens 6. + + +One species in Michigan, with stems 1-3 dm. long, and flowers in late +spring =False Mermaid, Floerkea proserpinacoides.= + + + + +ANACARDIACEAE, the Cashew Family + +Shrubs or small trees, with milky or resinous juice, alternate compound +leaves sometimes poisonous to the touch, and small clustered greenish or +yellowish flowers. + + +1a. Leaflets 7 to many (1-5 m. high) (Sumach) --2. + +1b. Leaflets 3-5. + + 2a. Axis of the leaves wing-margined between the leaflets + =Sumach, Rhus copallina.= + + 2b. Axis of the leaves not margined --3. + +3a. Leaflets entire =Poison Sumach, Rhus vernix.= + +3b. Leaflets serrate --4. + + 4a. Bark of the older stems glabrous =Sumach, Rhus glabra.= + + 4b. Bark of the older stems densely velvety-hairy + =Sumach, Rhus typhina.= + +5a. Terminal leaflet narrowed to a sessile base (5-20 dm. high) + =Sumach, Rhus canadensis.= + +5b. Terminal leaflet on a definite stalk, round or acute at base (3-8 + dm. high, or climbing by hold-fast roots) + =Poison Ivy, Rhus toxicodendron.= + + + + +AQUIFOLIACEAE, the Holly Family + +Shrubs, with alternate simple leaves and small white or greenish +axillary flowers in late spring and early summer; sepals, petals, and +stamens each 4-6; fruit a berry. + + +1a. Leaves entire or nearly so, 1-3 cm. long (1-2 m. tall) + =Mountain Holly, Nemopanthus mucronata.= + +1b. Leaves sharply serrate, 5-8 cm. long (2-5 m. high) (Black Alder) + --2. + + 2a. Leaves downy on the veins beneath; fruit red + =Black Alder, Ilex verticillata.= + + 2b. Leaves nearly or quite glabrous; fruit orange + =Black Alder, Ilex verticillata var. tenuifolia.= + + + + +CELASTRACEAE, the Staff Tree Family + +Shrubs with simple leaves and inconspicuous flowers; sepals and petals +each 4 or 5, the stamens of the same number and attached to a disk which +fills the center of the flower; fruit showy, orange and red. + + +1a. Leaves alternate (climbing vine; flowers in racemes; late spring) + =Bitter-sweet, Celastrus scandens.= + +1b. Leaves opposite (flowers in axillary clusters) --2. + + 2a. Prostrate, with short erect branches; leaves broadest above the + middle (spring) =Creeping Wahoo, Evonymus obovatus.= + + 2b. Tall shrub, with leaves broadest below or near the middle + (early summer) =Wahoo, Evonymus atropurpureus.= + + + + +STAPHYLEACEAE, the Bladder Nut Family + +Shrubs with opposite trifoliate leaves and small axillary clusters of +white flowers in spring; sepals, petals, and stamens each 5; ovary +3-celled, ripening into a large inflated 3-celled pod. + + +One species in Michigan (2-5 m. high) =Bladder Nut, Staphylea trifolia.= + + + + +ACERACEAE, the Maple Family + +Trees or shrubs, with opposite, lobed or compound leaves and +inconspicuous flowers; sepals about 5; petals the same number, or none; +stamens 4-12; ovary 2-lobed, ripening into a pair of winged fruits. + + +1a. Leaves compound (tree; flowers appearing before the leaves) + =Box Elder, Acer negundo.= + +1b. Leaves simple (Maple) --2. + + 2a. Shrubs or small trees; leaves 3-5-lobed; the lobes with + regularly serrate margins (flowers greenish-yellow, appearing + later than the leaves) --3. + + 2b. Trees; leaves 3-7-lobed; margins of the lobes entire or + incised, but never regularly serrate --4. + +3a. Leaves finely and sharply serrate; twigs smooth; bark conspicuously + striped with white lines =Striped Maple, Acer pennsylvanicum.= + +3b. Leaves coarsely and bluntly serrate; young twigs pubescent; bark not + striped =Mountain Maple, Acer spicatum.= + + 4a. Angles between the leaf-lobes rounded (flowers greenish-yellow, + appearing with the leaves) --5. + + 4b. Angles between the leaf-lobes acute or obtuse, but not rounded + (flowers purple, red, or yellowish, appearing before the + leaves) --6. + +5a. Leaves glabrous beneath, or minutely pubescent on the veins + =Sugar Maple, Acer saccharum.= + +5b. Leaves downy beneath =Black Maple, Acer saccharum var. nigrum.= + + 6a. Middle leaf-lobe usually more than half the length of the leaf, + narrowed at its base; broken twigs with a strong odor + =Silver Maple, Acer saccharinum.= + + 6b. Middle leaf-lobe usually less than half the length of the leaf, + its sides parallel or broadened at the base; broken twigs + without strong odor =Red Maple, Acer rubrum.= + + + + +SAPINDACEAE, the Soapberry Family + +Trees, with opposite palmately compound leaves, and showy white or +yellowish flowers in panicles in spring; sepals 5; petals 4 or 5; +stamens about 7; fruit a smooth brown nut. + + +1a. Leaflets 7; buds viscid; corolla of 5 petals + =Horse Chestnut, Aesculus hippocastanum.= + +1b. Leaflets 5; buds smooth; corolla of 4 petals + =Buckeye, Aesculus glabra.= + + + + +BALSAMINACEAE, the Touch-me-not Family + +Smooth herbs, with alternate simple leaves and showy flowers; one +petal-like sepal prolonged into a spur; fruit explosive when ripe (5-10 +dm. high; summer). + + +1a. Flowers pale-yellow, with a few red-brown spots + =Touch-me-not, Impatiens pallida.= + +1b. Flowers orange, thickly spotted with red-brown + =Touch-me-not, Impatiens biflora.= + + + + +RHAMNACEAE, the Buckthorn Family + +Shrubs, with simple leaves and small flowers in axillary or terminal +clusters in early summer; sepals, petals, and stamens each 4 to 5, or +petals none. + + +1a. Leaves with a single mid-vein; flowers in axillary clusters, + greenish (Buckthorn) --2. + +1b. Leaves with 3-5 principal veins; flowers in dense terminal clusters, + white (Red-root) --3. + + 2a. Lateral veins 3-4 pairs (stout shrub, frequently thorny, + escaped from cultivation) =Buckthorn, Rhamnus cathartica.= + + 2b. Lateral veins 6-9 pairs (1 m. high or less; in swamps and bogs) + =Buckthorn, Rhamnus alnifolia.= + +3a. Leaves ovate, rounded or cordate at the base, 2-5 cm. wide or more + (4-8 dm. high) =Red-root, Ceanothus americanus.= + +3b. Leaves elliptical-lanceolate, 2 cm. wide or less (3-8 dm. high) + =Red-root, Ceanothus ovatus.= + + + + +VITACEAE, the Grape Family + +Shrubs, climbing by tendrils or hold-fast roots, with palmately lobed or +palmately compound leaves and small greenish flowers in panicles or +flattened clusters; petals and sepals each 4 or 5; fruit a berry. + + +1a. Leaves compound (summer) (Virginia Creeper) --2. + +1b. Leaves simple (late spring) (Grape) --4. + + 2a. Branches of the tendrils chiefly ending in adhesive disks --3. + + 2b. Branches of the tendrils twining, or rarely with a few disks + =Virginia Creeper, Psedera vitacea.= + +3a. Stem and foliage glabrous + =Virginia Creeper, Psedera quinquefolia.= + +3b. Stem and foliage pubescent, at least when young + =Virginia Creeper, Psedera quinquefolia var. hirsuta.= + + 4a. Leaves conspicuously pubescent beneath --5. + + 4b. Leaves glabrous beneath when mature, or pubescent on the veins + only --6. + + 5a. A tendril or flower-cluster opposite each leaf + =Fox Grape, Vitis labrusca.= + + 5b. No tendril opposite each third leaf + =Summer Grape, Vitis aestivalis.= + + 6a. Pith continuous through the joints of the stem + =Fox Grape, Vitis rotundifolia.= + + 6b. Pith interrupted by the solid joints --7. + +7a. Leaf-lobes with rounded angles between them + =Summer Grape, Vitis bicolor.= + +7b. Leaf-lobes with sharp angles between them --8. + + 8a. Leaves coarsely toothed, unlobed or slightly 3-lobed + =Frost Grape, Vitis cordifolia.= + + 8b. Leaves sharply toothed, prominently lobed + =Frost Grape, Vitis vulpina.= + + + + +TILIACEAE, the Linden Family + +Trees, with alternate, simple, palmately veined leaves, and clusters of +fragrant white flowers in late spring arising from the middle of a +leaf-like bract; sepals and petals each 5; stamens numerous, but united +into 5 sets. + + +One species in Michigan =Basswood, Tilia americana.= + + + + +MALVACEAE, the Mallow Family + +Herbs with alternate leaves; sepals and petals each 5; stamens numerous, +united by their filaments to form a tube surrounding the styles; ovary +many-celled. + + +1a. Flowers yellow (summer and autumn) --2. + +1b. Flowers pale-yellow, with a dark center (2-4 dm. high; late summer) + =Flower-of-an-hour, Hibiscus trionum.= + +1c. Flowers white to red or blue, never yellow --3. + + 2a. Leaves broadly heart-shape (10-15 dm. tall) + =Velvet Leaf, Abutilon theophrasti.= + + 2b. Leaves ovate-lanceolate (2-5 dm. tall) =Sida, Sida spinosa.= + +3a. Calyx subtended by 6 to many bractlets which are sometimes united at + base (summer) --4. + +3b. Calyx subtended by 3 bractlets, or by none --6. + + 4a. Flowers 2-4 cm. wide (5-10 dm. high; flowers pink) + =Marsh Mallow, Althaea officinalis.= + + 4b. Flowers 7-15 cm. wide (8-15 dm. high; flowers pink to nearly + white) (Rose Mallow) --5. + +5a. Leaves densely pubescent below =Rose Mallow, Hibiscus moscheutos.= + +5b. Leaves glabrous =Rose Mallow, Hibiscus militaris.= + + 6a. Petals prominently notched at the end or reverse heart-shape + (Mallow) --7. + + 6b. Petals obtuse or truncate (summer) --11. + +7a. Flowers 1-1.5 cm. wide --8. + +7b. Flowers 2-5 cm. wide (3-8 dm. high; flowers in summer) --9. + + 8a. Stems procumbent, prostrate, or spreading (spring, summer, and + autumn) =Mallow, Malva rotundifolia.= + + 8b. Stems erect (10-15 dm. high; summer) + =Mallow, Malva verticillata.= + +9a. Leaves with prominent but shallow lobes; flowers axillary + =Mallow, Malva sylvestris.= + +9b. Leaves deeply lobed or cleft; flowers in the upper axils, producing + a raceme-like cluster --10. + + 10a. Lobes of the leaf dentate or incised =Mallow, Malva alcea.= + + 10b. Lobes of the leaf pinnately cleft into linear or narrowly + oblong divisions =Mallow, Malva moschata.= + +11a. Flowers white (1-2 m. high) =Virginia Mallow, Sida hermaphrodita.= + +11b. Flowers purple or pink (3-5 dm. high, spreading) + =Poppy Mallow, Callirhoe triangulata.= + + + + +HYPERICACEAE, the St. John's-wort Family + +Herbs or shrubs, with opposite entire leaves dotted with translucent +glands; flowers usually yellow (or pink); sepals and petals each 5; +stamens 5 to many; ovary with 3-5 styles. (St. John's-wort.) + + +1a. Shrubs (4-8 dm. high; flowers yellow, summer) --2. + +1b. Herbs (flowers in summer) --3. + + 2a. Styles 5 =St. John's-wort, Hypericum kalmianum.= + + 2b. Styles 3 =St. John's-wort, Hypericum prolificum.= + +3a. Flowers pinkish, 15 mm. broad (3-5 dm. high, in swamps) + =Marsh St. John's-wort, Hypericum virginicum.= + +3b. Flowers yellow --4. + + 4a. Flowers about 4 cm. wide; principal leaves 5-10 cm. long (7-15 + dm. tall) =St. John's-wort, Hypericum ascyron.= + + 4b. Flowers 8-25 mm. wide; stamens 15 or more --5. + + 4c. Flowers 1-10 mm. wide; stamens 12 or fewer (1-6 dm. high) --7. + +5a. Petals dotted with black (4-8 dm. high) --6. + +5b. Petals without black dots (2-5 dm. high) + =St. John's-wort, Hypericum ellipticum.= + + 6a. Flowers 20-25 mm. wide; leaves of an oblong type, broadest near + the middle =St. John's-wort, Hypericum perforatum.= + + 6b. Flowers 10-15 mm. wide; leaves of an ovate type, broadest below + the middle =St. John's-wort, Hypericum punctatum.= + +7a. Leaves minute, subulate, 1-3 mm. long + =Pineweed, Hypericum gentianoides.= + +7b. Leaves linear, with 1-3 principal veins, broadest near or above the + middle =St. John's-wort, Hypericum canadense.= + +7c. Leaves lanceolate, 4-6 times as long as broad, with 5-7 principal + veins =St. John's-wort, Hypericum majus.= + +7d. Leaves oblong, elliptic, or ovate, 1.5-3 times as long as broad --8. + + 8a. Uppermost bracts linear =St. John's-wort, Hypericum mutilum.= + + 8b. Uppermost bracts resembling the leaves in shape, but smaller + =St. John's-wort, Hypericum boreale.= + + + + +ELATINACEAE, the Waterwort Family + +Small marsh herbs, with opposite leaves without translucent dots, and +inconspicuous axillary flowers. (Stems 2-5 cm. long; flowers in summer.) + + +One species in Michigan =Waterwort, Elatine americana.= + + + + +CISTACEAE, the Rock-rose Family + +Small herbs or shrubs, with opposite or alternate entire leaves; flowers +regular, with 5 sepals, 3 or 5 petals, and 3 to many stamens. + + +1a. Flowers yellow (early summer) --2. + +1b. Flowers greenish or purplish, minute, in panicles (late summer) + (Pinweed) --4. + + 2a. Leaves crowded, closely appressed to the branches; flowers + 7 mm. wide (2-4 dm. high) + =False Heather, Hudsonia tomentosa.= + + 2b. Leaves spreading; flowers 15-30 mm. wide (3-6 dm. high) + (Frostweed) --3. + +3a. Petal-bearing flowers solitary + =Frostweed, Helianthemum canadense.= + +3b. Petal-bearing flowers few, racemose + =Frostweed, Helianthemum majus.= + + 4a. Stem-leaves linear, 4 or more times as long as wide --5. + + 4b. Stem-leaves oblong or elliptical, about 3 times as long as wide + (2-6 dm. tall) --8. + +5a. Plant pale with dense appressed pubescence (2-4 dm. high) + =Pinweed, Lechea stricta.= + +5b. Plant green, pubescence sparse or none --6. + + 6a. Leaves thread-like, seldom exceeding 1 mm. in width (1-3 dm. + tall) =Pinweed, Lechea tenuifolia.= + + 6b. Leaves 1-5 mm. wide (2-6 dm. high) --7. + +7a. Leaves on the basal shoots narrowly lanceolate + =Pinweed, Lechea intermedia.= + +7b. Leaves on the basal shoots oblong-elliptic, about twice as long as + wide =Pinweed, Lechea racemulosa.= + + 8a. Pubescence of spreading hairs =Pinweed, Lechea villosa.= + + 8b. Pubescence of appressed hairs =Pinweed, Lechea minor.= + + + + +VIOLACEAE, the Violet Family + +Herbs with simple, alternate or basal leaves, and conspicuous irregular +flowers with a spur (except in the first species); sepals, petals, and +stamens each 5; ovary 1-celled. + + +1a. Flowers regular or nearly so, greenish-white, axillary; erect plant + with leafy stem (3-5 dm. high; spring) + =Green Violet, Hybanthus concolor.= + +1b. Flowers irregular, blue, yellow, or white, conspicuous (Violet) --2. + + 2a. Plant stemless, the flowers all on leafless stalks and the + leaves all basal (spring or early summer) --3. + + 2b. Stems leafy (spring and summer) --17. + +3a. Petals yellow =Round-leaved Violet, Viola rotundifolia.= + +3b. Petals blue, violet, or white --4. + + 4a. Principal leaves at time of flowering deeply lobed --5. + + 4b. Leaves oblong, ovate, or triangular, not narrowed to the + petiole, and frequently sharply toothed or incised near the + base --7. + + 4c. Leaves narrowly lanceolate, tapering to the base + =Violet, Viola lanceolata.= + + 4d. Leaves heart-shape or kidney-shape, not lobed --8. + +5a. Lateral petals bearded --6. + +5b. Lateral petals not bearded =Bird-foot Violet, Viola pedata.= + + 6a. Leaves divided to the base into linear segments + =Bird-foot Violet, Viola pedatifida.= + + 6b. Leaves irregularly divided into broader segments + =Hand-leaf Violet, Viola palmata.= + +7a. Leaves ovate-oblong, pubescent =Violet, Viola fimbriatula.= + +7b. Leaves triangular-lanceolate, usually somewhat dilated at base, + nearly or quite glabrous =Violet, Viola sagittata.= + + 8a. Flowers violet or blue (rarely white-flowered plants are found + with the typical blue-flowered ones) (Blue Violets) --9. + + 8b. Flowers white, the 3 lower petals marked with purple (White + Violets) --14. + +9a. Lateral petals bearded --10. + +9b. Lateral petals beardless =Great-spurred Violet, Viola selkirkii.= + + 10a. Foliage glabrous --11. + + 10b. Petioles and lower surface of leaves pubescent --13. + +11a. Beard of the lateral petals with a knob at the tip of each hair + =Blue Violet, Viola cucullata.= + +11b. Beard of the lateral petals not knobbed --12. + + 12a. Spurred petal hairy =Wood Violet, Viola affinis.= + + 12b. Spurred petal glabrous =Blue Violet, Viola papilionacea.= + +13a. Spurred petal villous =Blue Violet, Viola septentrionalis.= + +13b. Spurred petal glabrous, or with a few scattered hairs + =Common Blue Violet, Viola sororia.= + + 14a. Leaf-blade obviously pubescent --15. + + 14b. Leaf-blade glabrous or very nearly so --16. + +15a. Lateral petals bearded =Sweet White Violet, Viola incognita.= + +15b. Lateral petals not bearded =White Violet, Viola renifolia.= + + 16a. Leaf-blades strictly glabrous + =Sweet White Violet; Viola pallens.= + + 16b. Leaf-blades with some minute white hairs on the upper surface + near the base =Sweet White Violet, Viola blanda.= + +17a. Stipules large and leaf-like, deeply pinnatifid and nearly or quite + as long as the petioles --18. + +17b. Stipules small, inconspicuous, entire or toothed, and much shorter + than the petiole --19. + + 18a. Leaves serrate; flowers 1.5-2.5 cm. wide (1-3 dm. high; + flowers of various colors) =Pansy, Viola tricolor.= + + 18b. Upper leaves entire or nearly so; flowers about 1 cm. wide + (1-2 dm. high; flowers bluish-white) + =Wild Pansy, Viola rafinesquii.= + +19a. Petals yellow (1-4 dm. high) (Yellow Violet) --20. + +19b. Petals violet, blue, or white --21. + + 20a. Foliage villous-pubescent =Yellow Violet, Viola pubescens.= + + 20b. Foliage nearly or quite glabrous + =Yellow Violet, Viola scabriuscula.= + +21a. Stipules entire (2-4 dm. high) =Canada Violet, Viola canadensis.= + +21b. Stipules toothed --22. + + 22a. Lateral petals not bearded (1-2 dm. high) + =Long-spurred Violet, Viola rostrata.= + + 22b. Lateral petals bearded --23. + +23a. Flowers white or nearly white (1-3 dm. high) + =Pale Violet, Viola striata.= + +23b. Flowers blue (about 1 dm. high) --24. + + 24a. Leaves smooth =Dog Violet, Viola conspersa.= + + 24b. Leaves pubescent =Sand Violet, Viola arenaria.= + + + + +CACTACEAE, the Cactus Family + +Fleshy, jointed leafless plants, armed with numerous thorns; flowers +large (5-10 cm. wide), yellow, with about 10 petals and numerous +stamens. + + +One species in Michigan, on the shores of Lake Michigan; flowers in +summer =Prickly Pear, Opuntia rafinesquii.= + + + + +THYMELAEACEAE, the Mezereum Family + +Shrubs, with simple alternate entire leaves, and small yellowish flowers +in clusters, opening before the leaves; petals none, the sepals somewhat +petal-like. + + +One species in Michigan, 5-15 dm. tall, with very tough bark + =Leatherwood, Dirca palustris.= + + + + +ELAEAGNACEAE, the Oleaster Family + +Shrubs, with opposite, silvery-pubescent, simple, entire leaves, and +small clusters of inconspicuous yellow flowers in spring. + + +One species in Michigan, 1-2 m. high + =Buffalo Berry, Shepherdia canadensis.= + + + + +LYTHRACEAE, the Loosestrife Family + +Herbs or shrubs, with opposite or alternate entire leaves; receptacle +cup-shape or tubular, bearing the 5-7 petals and sepals at its margin, +and the 6-12 stamens on its inner surface; ovary superior. + + +1a. Stem shrubby (aquatic, stems 1-3 m. long; flowers pink, summer) + =Water Loosestrife, Decodon verticillatus.= + +1b. Stem herbaceous (4-10 dm. high; flowers purple, summer) --2. + + 2a. Flowers solitary in the axils; leaves mostly alternate + =Loosestrife, Lythrum alatum.= + + 2b. Flowers in terminal panicles; leaves opposite or whorled + =Loosestrife, Lythrum salicaria.= + + + + +MELASTOMACEAE, the Melastoma Family + +Herbs, with opposite leaves with 3-5 principal veins; receptacle +urn-shape, bearing 4 sepals and 4 petals at its edge; stamens 8; ovary +4-celled, superior. + + +One species in Michigan, 3-4 dm. high, with purple flowers in late +summer =Meadow Beauty, Rhexia virginica.= + + + + +ONAGRACEAE, the Evening Primrose Family + +Herbs with opposite or alternate simple leaves and regular flowers; +sepals and petals each 4 (or 2 in one genus), stamens 8 (or 2 in one +genus), attached to the summit or inside of a tubular receptacle; ovary +2-4-celled, inferior. + + +1a. Aquatic plant of shallow water or muddy ground, with prostrate stem +(flowers minute, axillary; petals small or none, summer) + =Water Purslane, Ludvigia palustris.= + +1b. Land plants with erect or ascending stems --2. + + 2a. Petals minute, greenish (3-8 dm. high; late summer) + =False Loosestrife, Ludvigia polycarpa.= + + 2b. Petals yellow --3. + + 2c. Petals white, pink, purple, or red --9. + +3a. Sepals borne at the summit of the ovary (5-10 dm. high; summer) + =False Loosestrife, Ludvigia alternifolia.= + +3b. Sepals borne at the summit of the slender tubular receptacle, which + is prolonged beyond the ovary --4. + + 4a. Stamens all equal in length (Evening Primrose) --5. + + 4b. The alternate stamens longer (3-8 dm. high; summer) (Sundrops) + --8. + +5a. Leaves deeply dentate or pinnatifid (2-5 dm. high; early summer) + =Evening Primrose, Oenothera laciniata.= + +5b. Leaves entire or undulate or finely toothed (5-12 dm. high; summer) + --6. + + 6a. Hairs on the stem with broad reddish bases + =Evening Primrose, Oenothera muricata.= + + 6b. Hairs on the stem none, or without swollen bases --7. + +7a. Stem and foliage glabrous, or with sparse spreading hairs + =Evening Primrose, Oenothera biennis.= + +7b. Stem and foliage densely but closely appressed-pubescent + =Evening Primrose, Oenothera rhombipetala.= + + 8a. Petals 5-10 mm. long =Sundrops, Oenothera pumila.= + + 8b. Petals 14 mm. long or more =Sundrops, Oenothera fruticosa.= + +9a. Petals 2, reverse heart-shape, stamens 2 (flowers small, white, + summer) (Enchanter's Nightshade) --10. + +9b. Petals 4; stamens 4 or 8 --12. + + 10a. Leaves rounded at the base, denticulate (3-8 dm. high; fruit + prickly) =Enchanter's Nightshade, Circaea lutetiana.= + + 10b. Leaves cordate at the base --11. + +11a. Fruit 2-celled, bristly (2-4 dm. high) + =Enchanter's Nightshade, Circaea intermedia.= + +11b. Fruit 1-celled, with soft hairs (delicate plant 2 dm. high, or + less) =Enchanter's Nightshade, Circaea alpina.= + + 12a. Petals entire (summer) --13. + + 12b. Petals notched at the end (flowers white or pinkish, less than + 1 cm. broad, in summer) (Willow Herb) --15. + +13a. Flowers 2-3 cm. wide, purple (7-20 dm. high) + =Fireweed, Epilobium angustifolium.= + +13b. Flowers about 1 cm. wide --14. + + 14a. Flowers red (2-5 dm. high) =Gaura, Gaura coccinea.= + + 14b. Flowers white, turning pink when old =Gaura, Gaura biennis.= + +15a. Leaves entire, the margins usually somewhat revolute --16. + +15b. Leaves toothed, flat (4-9 dm. high) --18. + + 16a. Plant densely pubescent with spreading hairs (3-8 dm. high) + =Willow Herb, Epilobium molle.= + + 16b. Plant pubescent with appressed or incurved hairs --17. + +17a. Leaves linear, the margin revolute (3-5 dm. high) + =Willow Herb, Epilobium densum.= + +17b. Leaves narrowly lanceolate, not revolute (2-4 dm. high) + =Willow Herb, Epilobium palustre.= + + 18a. Seeds tipped with a tuft of reddish-brown hairs + =Willow Herb, Epilobium coloratum.= + + 18b. Seeds tipped with a tuft of white hairs + =Willow Herb, Epilobium adenocaulon.= + + + + +HALORAGIDACEAE, the Water Milfoil Family + +Aquatic or marsh herbs, with alternate, opposite, or whorled leaves, and +small, inconspicuous terminal or axillary flowers, frequently without +petals (summer). + + +1a. Leaves none, or else very small and inconspicuous + =Water Milfoil, Myriophyllum tenellum.= + +1b. Leaves alternate (1-4 dm. high) + =Mermaid Weed, Proserpinaca palustris.= + +1c. Leaves opposite or whorled --2. + + 2a. Leaves entire (2-4 dm. high) =Mare's-tail, Hippuris vulgaris.= + + 2b. Leaves toothed or dissected (Water Milfoil) --3. + +3a. Flowers in the axils of foliage leaves --4. + +3b. Flowers in terminal spikes, subtended by bracts --5. + + 4a. Flowers above water, subtended by toothed or entire leaves + =Water Milfoil, Myriophyllum heterophyllum.= + + 4b. Flowers submerged, subtended by dissected leaves + =Water Milfoil, Myriophyllum farwellii.= + +5a. Flowers solitary or in pairs at each joint of the spike + =Water Milfoil, Myriophyllum alternifolium.= + +5b. Flowers several at each joint of the spike --6. + + 6a. Bracts deeply pinnatifid + =Water Milfoil, Myriophyllum verticillatum var. pectinatum.= + + 6b. Bracts entire or toothed + =Water Milfoil, Myriophyllum spicatum.= + + + + +ARALIACEAE, the Sarsaparilla Family + +Herbs or thorny shrubs, with alternate or whorled leaves, and small +flowers in umbels; sepals 5, minute; petals and stamens each 5; ovary +inferior, with 2-5 styles, ripening into a berry. + + +1a. Leaves simple, palmately lobed (thorny shrub; flowers + greenish-white, in panicles, in June) + =Devil's Club, Fatsia horrida.= + +1b. Leaves once compounded, whorled (umbel one, terminal) --2. + +1c. Leaves twice or thrice compounded (umbels several) --3. + + 2a. Leaflets sessile; flowers white, in spring (1-2 dm. high) + =Dwarf Ginseng, Panax trifolium.= + + 2b. Leaflets stalked; flowers greenish, in summer (2-5 dm. high) + =Ginseng, Panax quinquefolium.= + +3a. Stem and petioles spiny or bristly (flowers white, summer) --4. + +3b. Stem and petioles smooth or a little pubescent (flowers + greenish-white) --5. + + 4a. Shrubby, with stout thorns (1-3 m. high) + =Hercules' Club, Aralia spinosa.= + + 4b. Herbaceous, with slender bristles (4-10 dm. high) + =Bristly Sarsaparilla, Aralia hispida.= + +5a. Stem-leaves present; leaflets cordate at the base (8-15 dm. high; + summer) =Spikenard, Aralia racemosa.= + +5b. Leaf and flower-stalk arising from the ground; leaflets acute at the + base (2-4 dm. high; spring) =Wild Sarsaparilla, Aralia nudicaulis.= + + + + +UMBELLIFERAE, the Parsley Family + +Herbs, with alternate, usually compound leaves, the petioles dilated at +the base; flowers small, in umbels or heads; sepals 5, minute or even +wanting; petals and stamens each 5; ovary inferior, with 2 styles, +ripening into a dry fruit. + + +1a. Leaves simple (flowers in summer) --2. + +1b. Leaves compound, or at least deeply cleft --4. + + 2a. Leaves linear, sword-shape (4-10 dm. tall; flowers + greenish-white) =Rattlesnake Master, Eryngium yuccifolium.= + + 2b. Leaves kidney-shape or almost circular (stems creeping, about + 1 dm. high; flowers white) (Water Pennywort) --3. + +3a. Leaves peltate, attached by the center + =Water Pennywort, Hydrocotyle umbellata.= + +3b. Leaves not peltate, attached by the margin + =Water Pennywort, Hydrocotyle americana.= + + 4a. Flowers yellow or purple --5. + + 4b. Flowers white or greenish --13. + +5a. Leaf-segments entire (4-8 dm. high) --6. + +5b. Leaf-segments toothed or incised --7. + + 6a. Leaf-segments filiform (summer) =Fennel, Foeniculum vulgare.= + + 6b. Leaf-segments ovate to lanceolate + =Golden Alexander, Taenidia integerrima.= + +7a. Leaves pinnately compound; some of the leaflets incised or + pinnatifid --8. + +7b. Leaves ternately compound; the segments crenate or serrate --9. + +7c. Leaves deeply palmately cleft or divided; flowers in head-like + umbels --18a. + + 8a. Leaf-segments obtuse, rounded, or cordate at the base (6-15 dm. + high; summer) =Wild Parsnip, Pastinaca sativa.= + + 8b. Leaf-segments narrowed to the base (4-8 dm. high; spring) + =Prairie Parsley, Polytaenia nuttallii.= + +9a. Terminal leaflets conspicuously stalked, their total length, + including stalk, at least 50% greater than the length of the lateral + leaflets (Meadow Parsnip) --10. + +9b. Terminal leaflets not conspicuously stalked, their total length, + including stalk, about equaling the lateral leaflets (4-8 dm. high; + late spring) (Golden Alexander) --12. + + 10a. Flowers purple (4-8 dm. high; early summer) + =Meadow Parsnip, Thaspium aureum var. atropurpureum.= + + 10b. Flowers yellow --11. + +11a. Stem-leaves once-ternate; leaflets finely serrate (4-8 dm. high; + early summer) =Meadow Parsnip, Thaspium aureum.= + +11b. Many stem-leaves 2-3-ternate; leaflets coarsely serrate or incised + (6-12 dm. high; early summer) =Meadow Parsnip, Thaspium barbinode.= + + 12a. Basal and lower stem-leaves 2-3-ternate + =Golden Alexander, Zizia aurea.= + + 12b. Basal leaves simple; stem-leaves once-ternate + =Golden Alexander, Zizia cordata.= + +13a. Leaves once-pinnate (or the submerged leaves decompound, if + present) (summer) --14. + +13b. Leaves ternately, palmately, or 2-3-pinnately compound --16. + + 14a. Leaflets mostly ovate or ovate-lanceolate, some of them + coarsely incised (3-9 dm. high) + =Water Parsnip, Berula erecta.= + + 14b. Leaflets linear to oblong, serrate to nearly entire, not + incised (6-15 dm. high) --15. + +15a. Leaflets entire, or with a few low remote teeth + =Cowbane, Oxypolis rigidior.= + +15b. Leaflets finely but sharply serrate + =Water Parsnip, Sium cicutaefolium.= + + 16a. Leaves principally basal, decompound; flowers in early spring + (1-2 dm. high) =Harbinger of Spring, Erigenia bulbosa.= + + 16b. Leaves principally on the stem --17. + +17a. Leaves palmately or ternately once-compound --18. + +17b. Leaves 2-3 times compound or decompound --24. + + 18a. Flowers short-pedicelled, crowded in head-like umbels, + greenish; ovary bristly (4-9 dm. high; early summer) (Black + Snakeroot) --19. + + 18b. Flowers in open umbels, white --22. + +19a. Styles short, not projecting beyond the bristles of the mature + fruit --20. + +19b. Styles long, projecting beyond the bristles of the fruit, and + recurved --21. + + 20a. Staminate flowers on pedicels 3-4 mm. long, equaling or barely + exceeding the fruit =Black Snakeroot, Sanicula trifoliata.= + + 20b. Staminate flowers short-pedicelled, concealed among the fruits + =Black Snakeroot, Sanicula canadensis.= + +21a. Fruit short-stalked, 4 mm. long or less + =Black Snakeroot, Sanicula gregaria.= + +21b. Fruit sessile, 6-7 mm. long + =Black Snakeroot, Sanicula marilandica.= + + 22a. Umbel unsymmetrical, its branches irregular in length; plant + slender (3-8 dm. tall; early summer) + =Honewort, Cryptotaenia canadensis.= + + 22b. Umbel symmetrical with regular branches; plants tall and stout + --23. + +23a. Stem and leaves very pubescent (10-25 dm. high; summer) + =Cow Parsnip, Heracleum lanatum.= + +23b. Stem and leaves glabrous or nearly so (5-15 dm. high; early summer) + =Masterwort, Imperatoria ostruthium.= + + 24a. Ovary and fruit bristly (4-10 dm. high) --25. + + 24b. Ovary and fruit smooth or winged, never bristly --27. + +25a. Umbels loose, open, few-flowered; woodland plants blooming in + spring (Sweet Cicely) --26. + +25b. Umbels densely flowered; weedy plants blooming from summer to fall + =Wild Carrot, Daucus carota.= + + 26a. Stem villous-pubescent =Sweet Cicely, Osmorhiza claytoni.= + + 26b. Stem glabrous except at the joints + =Sweet Cicely, Osmorhiza longistylis.= + +27a. Leaflets merely serrate (flowers in summer) --28. + +27b. Leaflets coarsely incised, so that the leaf appears dissected --30. + + 28a. Umbel densely pubescent (8-15 dm. high) + =Angelica, Angelica villosa.= + + 28b. Umbel smooth --29. + +29a. Leaf-segments broadly ovate (8-15 dm. high) + =Angelica, Angelica atropurpurea.= + +29b. Leaf-segments lanceolate (8-15 dm. high) + =Water Hemlock, Cicuta maculata.= + +29c. Leaf-segments linear (4-10 dm. high) + =Water Hemlock, Cicuta bulbifera.= + + 30a. Principal branches of the umbel 2-5; fruit linear-oblong; + woodland plants blooming in spring (2-4 dm. high) + =Chervil, Chaerophyllum procumbens.= + + 30b. Principal branches of the umbel 7 or more; fruit ovate to + broadly elliptical (summer) --31. + +31a. Native plants, growing in swamps (5-15 dm. high) + =Hemlock Parsley, Conioselinum chinense.= + +31b. Introduced plants, in waste places and along roads --32. + + 32a. Stems conspicuously spotted with purple (5-15 dm. high) + =Poison Hemlock, Conium maculatum.= + + 32b. Stems not spotted with purple (2-5 dm. high) + =Caraway, Carum carvi.= + + + + +CORNACEAE, the Dogwood Family + +Trees, shrubs, or herbs, with alternate leaves and small flowers in +rather crowded rounded or flattened clusters; sepals 4, minute; petals +and stamens each 4; ovary inferior, ripening into a berry. In one genus +the flowers are minute and greenish, with 5 sepals and petals minute or +none. + + +1a. Leaves alternate --2. + +1b. Leaves opposite --3. + + 2a. Flowers white, conspicuous, in flattened clusters (shrubs 2-4 + m. high; flowers in late spring) + =Dogwood, Cornus alternifolia.= + + 2b. Flowers greenish, inconspicuous, in small axillary clusters + (tree; flowers in spring) =Sour Gum, Nyssa sylvatica.= + +3a. Flower clusters small and dense, surrounded by a showy involucre of + 4 bracts, resembling a corolla of 4 petals --4. + +3b. Flowers in open flattened clusters, without petal-like involucre + (shrubs 1-4 m. high; late spring) --5. + + 4a. Herbaceous, 3 dm. high or less (flowers in late spring) + =Dwarf Dogwood, Cornus canadensis.= + + 4b. Tall shrub or tree (flowers in late spring) + =Flowering Dogwood, Cornus florida.= + +5a. Leaves distinctly pubescent beneath with woolly or spreading hairs + --6. + +5b. Leaves smooth beneath, or pubescent with short appressed hairs --9. + + 6a. Leaves rough above; fruit white + =Dogwood, Cornus asperifolia.= + + 6b. Leaves smooth or finely soft-hairy above --7. + +7a. Leaves at least twice as long as wide; branches brownish or purplish + --8. + +7b. Leaves less than twice as long as wide; branches greenish; fruit + blue =Dogwood, Cornus circinata.= + + 8a. Branches purplish; fruit blue =Dogwood, Cornus amomum.= + + 8b. Branches brownish; fruit white =Dogwood, Cornus baileyi.= + +9a. Branches bright red or reddish-purple + =Dogwood, Cornus stolonifera.= + +9b. Branches grayish =Dogwood, Cornus paniculata.= + + + + +ERICACEAE, the Heath Family + +Herbs or shrubs, frequently with evergreen leaves; sepals 4-5; corolla +regular, with 4-5 petals; stamens as many or twice as many; ovary +3-10-celled, with 1 style. + + +1a. Plants without green color; leafless or with scale leaves only --2. + +1b. Plants with green leaves --4. + + 2a. Flowers solitary (1-2 dm. high; summer) + =Indian Pipe, Monotropa uniflora.= + + 2b. Flowers in clusters --3. + +3a. Petals united into a bell-shape corolla (3-9 dm. high; summer) + =Pine Drops, Pterospora andromedea.= + +3b. Petals all separate (1-3 dm. high; summer) + =Beech Drops, Monotropa hypopitys.= + + 4a. Leaves all basal; herbaceous plants with terminal racemes (1-4 + dm. high; summer) (Shin-leaf) --5. + + 4b. Stem-leaves present --12. + +5a. Style straight --6. + +5b. Style bent near the apex --8. + + 6a. Racemes one-sided, the flowers all turned in one direction + (flowers white or greenish-white) --7. + + 6b. Raceme regular, the flowers not all pointing in the same + direction (flowers white or pink) =Shin-leaf, Pyrola minor.= + +7a. Flowers numerous in each raceme =Shin-leaf, Pyrola secunda.= + +7b. Flowers only 3-7 in each raceme + =Shin-leaf, Pyrola seconda var. obtusata.= + + 8a. Flowers pink or purple --9. + + 8b. Flowers white or greenish --10. + +9a. Leaves cordate at base =Shin-leaf, Pyrola asarifolia.= + +9b. Leaves rounded at base, not cordate + =Shin-leaf, Pyrola asarifolia var. incarnata.= + + 10a. Leaves shining on the upper side; sepals one-third as long as + the petals =Shin-leaf, Pyrola americana.= + + 10b. Leaves dull on the upper side; sepals one-fourth as long as + the petals, or a little shorter --11. + +11a. Leaf-blades mostly shorter than their petioles, thick and firm + =Shin-leaf, Pyrola chlorantha.= + +11b. Leaf-blades thin, usually longer than their petioles + =Shin-leaf, Pyrola elliptica.= + + 12a. Petals nearly or quite separate from each other --13. + + 12b. Petals united into a gamopetalous corolla, the tube of which + is as long as or longer than the lobes --18. + +13a. Leaves opposite or whorled; stems herbaceous or nearly so (summer) + --14. + +13b. Leaves alternate; stems shrubby (early summer) --16. + + 14a. Flowers solitary; leaves broadly ovate to nearly circular + (1 dm. high; flower white) + =One-flowered Wintergreen, Moneses uniflora.= + + 14b. Flowers in clusters; leaves narrow (stems trailing, 1-3 dm. + high; flowers white or pinkish) --15. + +15a. Leaves broadest above the middle, green + =Prince's Pine, Chimaphila umbellata.= + +15b. Leaves broadest below the middle, spotted with white + =Spotted Wintergreen, Chimaphila maculata.= + + 16a. Leaves 2-5 cm. long, densely woolly beneath (5-10 dm. high; + flowers white) =Labrador Tea, Ledum groenlandicum.= + + 16b. Leaves 1-2 cm. long, pale beneath but not wholly (creeping; + flowers pink) (Cranberry) --17. + +17a. Leaves acute =Cranberry, Vaccinium oxycoccos.= + +17b. Leaves obtuse =Cranberry, Vaccinium macrocarpon.= + + 18a. Leaves opposite or whorled; corolla saucer-shape (shrubs 3-8 + dm. high; flowers purple, summer) --19. + + 18b. Leaves alternate; corolla bell-shape or salver-form --20. + +19a. Branches and twigs cylindrical, not angled + =Sheep Laurel, Kalmia angustifolia.= + +19b. Branches and twigs with 2 sharp angles + =Swamp Laurel, Kalmia polifolia.= + + 20a. Plants prostrate, or with a few ascending branches only + (flowers white or pink) --21. + + 20b. Plants erect or ascending --23. + +21a. Flowers 10-20 mm. long, very fragrant (early spring) + =Trailing Arbutus, Epigaea repens.= + +21b. Flowers 4-5 mm. long (late spring) --22. + + 22a. Leaves spatulate, broadest beyond the middle + =Bearberry, Arctostaphylos uva-ursi.= + + 22b. Leaves oval, broadest at the middle + =Snowberry, Chiogenes hispidula.= + +23a. Leaves linear, white beneath, their margins strongly revolute + (shrub 3-8 dm. high; flowers white, late spring) + =Bog Rosemary, Andromeda glaucophylla.= + +23b. Leaves oblong, scurfy beneath with rusty scales (bog shrub 4-10 dm. + high; flowers white, in spring) + =Leatherleaf, Chamaedaphne calyculata.= + +23c. Leaves smooth, pubescent, or resinous beneath, but not scurfy nor + white --24. + + 24a. Low shrubs 10-15 cm. high, erect from a creeping rootstock; + leaves with the taste of wintergreen (flowers white or pink, + summer) =Wintergreen, Gaultheria procumbens.= + + 24b. Bushy shrubs 3-8 dm. high; leaves dotted beneath with + yellowish resinous dots; ovary 10-celled (flowers + greenish-pink, spring) =Huckleberry, Gaylussacia baccata.= + + 24c. Shrubs 1 dm. to 3 m. high; leaves not resinous-dotted beneath; + ovary 5-celled (flowers white or greenish-pink, spring or + early summer) --25. + +25a. Corolla bell-shape, the stamens projecting beyond it (5-15 dm. + high) =Deerberry, Vaccinium stamineum.= + +25b. Corolla cylindrical or urn-shape, the stamens not projecting --26. + + 26a. Filaments hairy (Blueberry) --27. + + 26b. Filaments glabrous (Bilberry) --32. + +27a. Low bushy shrubs, usually less than 5 dm. and never more than 1 m. + high --28. + +27b. Tall erect shrubs, 1-4 m. high --31. + + 28a. Foliage pubescent =Blueberry, Vaccinium canadense.= + + 28b. Foliage glabrous --29. + +29a. Leaves pale-green and glaucous, entire or nearly so + =Blueberry, Vaccinium vacillans.= + +29b. Leaves bright-green, distinctly serrulate --30. + + 30a. Fruit blue =Blueberry, Vaccinium pennsylvanicum.= + + 30b. Fruit black + =Blueberry, Vaccinium pennsylvanicum var. nigrum.= + +31a. Leaves downy beneath; fruit black + =Blueberry, Vaccinium atrococcum.= + +31b. Leaves smooth or minutely pubescent beneath; fruit blue + =Blueberry, Vaccinium corymbosum.= + + 32a. Full-grown leaves less than 2.5 cm. long; low much-branched + shrubs, mostly less than 5 dm. high --33. + + 32b. Full-grown leaves more than 2.5 cm. long; shrubs usually a + meter high or more --34. + +33a. Leaves entire; petals usually 4. + =Bilberry, Vaccinium uliginosum.= + +33b. Leaves finely serrulate; petals 5 + =Bilberry, Vaccinium caespitosum.= + + 34a. Leaves serrulate, green beneath, acute; corolla globular + =Bilberry, Vaccinium membranaceum.= + + 34b. Leaves entire, pale beneath, obtuse; corolla ovoid + =Bilberry, Vaccinium ovalifolium.= + + + + +PRIMULACEAE, the Primrose Family + +Herbs, with alternate or opposite simple leaves and regular flowers; +petals more or less united; stamens attached one in front of each petal; +ovary 1-celled with 1 style. + + +1a. Leaves all basal; flowers on leafless stalks --2. + +1b. Stem-leaves present --5. + + 2a. Flowers nodding, the petals reflexed (3-6 dm. high; flowers + showy, white or pink, in spring) + =Shooting Star, Dodecatheon meadia.= + + 2b. Flowers erect or spreading; petals not reflexed --3. + +3a. Corolla not longer than the calyx; flowers small and inconspicuous + (1 dm. high; flowers white or pink, spring) + =Androsace, Androsace occidentalis.= + +3b. Corolla conspicuous, much longer than the calyx (flowers pink or +purple, summer) (Primrose) --4. + + 4a. Leaves white-mealy beneath (1-4 dm. high) + =Primrose, Primula farinosa.= + + 4b. Leaves green beneath (2 dm. high or less) + =Primrose, Primula mistassinica.= + +5a. All the stem-leaves in one whorl just below the flower-cluster --6. + +5b. Stem-leaves several or many, scattered over the stem --7. + + 6a. Stem-leaves about 1 cm. long --3a. + + 6b. Stem-leaves 5-10 cm. long =Star Flower, Trientalis americana.= + +7a. Flowers red, blue, or white (summer) --8. + +7b. Flowers yellow (summer) --9. + + 8a. Leaves opposite; flowers axillary (stems spreading, 1-4 dm. + long; flowers blue or red) =Pimpernel, Anagallis arvensis.= + + 8b. Leaves alternate; flowers racemose (1-4 dm. high; flowers + minute, white) =Water Pimpernel, Samolus floribundus.= + +9a. Stem creeping =Moneywort, Lysimachia nummularia.= + +9b. Stem erect (Loosestrife) --10. + + 10a. Flowers in dense spike-like racemes (3-8 dm. high) + =Loosestrife, Lysimachia thyrsiflora.= + + 10b. Flowers axillary or racemose (3-9 dm. high) --11. + +11a. Corolla dotted or streaked with purple or brown; leaves punctate + with dark spots --12. + +11b. Corolla plain yellow; leaves not dark-dotted --14. + + 12a. Flowers in racemes --13. + + 12b. Flowers all axillary =Loosestrife, Lysimachia quadrifolia.= + +13a. Flowers all in racemes; leaves opposite or some of them alternate + =Loosestrife, Lysimachia terrestris.= + +13b. The lowest flowers axillary; leaves opposite or whorled + =Loosestrife, Lysimachia producta.= + + 14a. Leaves ovate, on slender ciliate petioles + =Loosestrife, Steironema ciliatum.= + + 14b. Leaves lanceolate, sessile or short-petioled, pinnately veined + =Loosestrife, Steironema lanceolatum.= + + 14c. Leaves linear, with one mid-vein + =Loosestrife, Steironema quadriflorum.= + + + + +OLEACEAE, the Olive Family + +Trees or shrubs, with opposite leaves and regular flowers; sepals 4, or +calyx none; petals 4, united, or none; stamens usually 2; ovary +2-celled, superior. + + +1a. Leaves simple (shrub 2-5 m. high; flowers blue or white, in showy + clusters in spring) =Lilac, Syringa vulgaris.= + +1b. Leaves compound (trees; flowers greenish, inconspicuous, in spring) + (Ash) --2. + + 2a. Lateral leaflets sessile =Black Ash, Fraxinus nigra.= + + 2b. Lateral leaflets stalked --3. + +3a. Twigs sharply 4-angled =Blue Ash, Fraxinus quadrangulata.= + +3b. Twigs not distinctly angled --4. + + 4a. Leaves pubescent beneath =Red Ash, Fraxinus pennsylvanica.= + + 4b. Leaves glabrous beneath --5. + +5a. Leaves pale-green beneath, obscurely serrulate + =White Ash, Fraxinus americana.= + +5b. Leaves bright-green beneath, sharply serrulate + =Green Ash, Fraxinus pennsylvanica var. lanceolata.= + + + + +GENTIANACEAE, the Gentian Family + +Herbs, with opposite or basal, entire, usually simple leaves and regular +flowers; sepals, petals, and stamens equal in number, 4-12; ovary +superior, 1-celled. + + +1a. Leaves reduced to small scales (1-4 dm. high; flowers small, + greenish-yellow, in summer) =Bartonia, Bartonia virginica.= + +1b. Leaves rounded, floating (flowers white, summer) + =Floating Heart, Nymphoides lacunosum.= + +1c. Leaves compound (2-4 dm. high; flowers white or bluish, early + summer) =Buckbean, Menyanthes trifoliata.= + +1d. Leaves simple, whorled (1-2 m. high; flowers yellowish-white, + summer) =American Columbo, Frasera caroliniensis.= + +1e. Leaves simple, opposite --2. + + 2a. Corolla rotate, with spreading lobes, 2-4 cm. broad, pink (5-8 dm. + high; summer) =Rose Pink, Sabbatia angularis.= + + 2b. Corolla bell-shape, each petal with a spur at the base, + purplish or white, and not over 1 cm. long (1-4 dm. high; + summer) =Spurred Gentian, Halenia deflexa.= + + 2c. Corolla bell-shape, tubular, funnel-form, or salver-form, not + spurred --3. + +3a. Corolla-lobes fringed (flowers bright-blue) (Fringed Gentian) --4. + +3b. Corolla-lobes entire --5. + + 4a. Leaves lanceolate (2-8 dm. high; autumn) + =Fringed Gentian, Gentiana crinita.= + + 4b. Leaves linear (1-4 dm. high; late summer) + =Fringed Gentian, Gentiana procera.= + +5a. Corolla 2 cm. long or a little less --6. + +5b. Corolla 2.5-5 cm. long (late summer and autumn) (Gentian) --7. + + 6a. Upper leaves linear or narrowly lanceolate (2-4 dm. high; + flowers pink-purple, late summer) + =Centaury, Centaurium umbellatum.= + + 6b. Upper leaves ovate, with several principal veins (1-5 dm. high; + flowers blue, late summer and autumn) + =Gentian, Gentiana quinquefolia.= + +7a. Calyx-lobes rough or ciliate at the margin (flowers blue, or rarely + white) --8. + +7b. Calyx-lobes smooth (2-8 dm. high) --10. + + 8a. Corolla-lobes spreading; leaves narrowly lanceolate, + indistinctly veined (2-5 dm. high) + =Gentian, Gentiana puberula.= + + 8b. Corolla-lobes erect or incurved; leaves ovate to + ovate-lanceolate, with 3-7 principal veins (3-6 dm. high) --9. + +9a. Calyx-lobes equaling or exceeding the calyx-tube + =Gentian, Gentiana saponaria.= + +9b. Calyx-lobes shorter than the calyx-tube + =Gentian, Gentiana andrewsii.= + + 10a. Leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, somewhat cordate at base + (flowers greenish-white or yellowish-white) + =Gentian, Gentiana flavida.= + + 10b. Leaves narrowly lanceolate or nearly linear, not cordate + (flowers blue) =Gentian, Gentiana linearis.= + + + + +APOCYNACEAE, the Dogbane Family + +Herbs, with opposite simple entire leaves and regular flowers; sepals, +petals, and stamens each 5; petals united; stamens attached to the +corolla; ovaries 2, with a single style or stigma. + + +1a. Plant creeping or trailing; flowers blue, axillary, 2-3 cm. broad + (spring) =Periwinkle, Vinca minor.= + +1b. Plant erect or essentially so; flowers 1 cm. broad or less (4-12 dm. + high) --2. + + 2a. Corolla pinkish, about 8 mm. long by 6-8 mm. broad (early + summer) =Dogbane, Apocynum androsaemifolium.= + + 2b. Corolla white or greenish, about 6 mm. long by 4 mm. broad + (summer) --3. + +3a. Leaves petioled, acute at the base + =Indian Hemp, Apocynum cannabinum.= + +3b. Leaves sessile, rounded or truncate at the base + =Indian Hemp, Apocynum cannabinum var. hypericifolium.= + + + + +ASCLEPIADACEAE, the Milkweed Family + +Herbs, with simple entire leaves and regular flowers; juice usually +milky; except in the first species, which is a twining vine. The flowers +have an unusual structure: calyx of 5 sepals; petals 5, united with each +other, and spreading or reflexed so that they conceal the calyx; stamens +5, united with each other and with the stigma to form a complex organ in +the center of the flower; ovaries 2; on the back of each stamen is a +colored projecting hood, which is frequently the most conspicuous part +of the flower, and may be mistaken for the corolla. + + +1a. Twining vine, with dark purple flowers (summer) + =Black Swallow-wort, Cynanchum nigrum.= + +1b. Stems not twining --2. + + 2a. Leaves whorled (3-6 dm. high; summer) (Milkweed) --3. + + 2b. Leaves opposite or alternate --4. + +3a. Leaves in whorls of 4, lanceolate (flowers pink) + =Milkweed, Asclepias quadrifolia.= + +3b. Leaves in whorls of 4-7, linear (flowers greenish-white) + =Milkweed, Asclepias verticillata.= + + 4a. Umbel sessile (4-8 dm. high; flowers green, summer) + =Green Milkweed, Acerates viridiflora.= + +4b. Umbel peduncled --5. + +5a. Leaves linear or narrowly linear-lanceolate (4-8 dm. high; flowers + greenish-white, summer) =Green Milkweed, Acerates floridana.= + +5b. Leaves lanceolate or broader (flowers in summer) --6. + + 6a. Leaves pubescent beneath --7. + + 6b. Leaves glabrous or nearly so --10. + +7a. Flowers brilliant orange (3-6 dm. high) + =Butterfly Weed, Asclepias tuberosa.= + +7b. Flowers red or purple --8. + + 8a. Reflexed lobes of corolla merely purple-tinged (1-2 m. high) + =Milkweed, Asclepias syriaca.= + + 8b. Reflexed lobes of corolla bright-red or purple --9. + +9a. The erect hoods of each flower about 5 mm. long (7-12 dm. high) + =Milkweed, Asclepias purpurascens.= + +9b. The erect hoods of each flower about 3 mm. long (6-10 dm. high) + =Swamp Milkweed, Asclepias incarnata var. pulchra.= + + 10a. Leaves broadly rounded and almost sessile at base (flowers + purplish) --11. + + 10b. Leaves narrowed at the base, distinctly petioled (8-15 dm. + high) --12. + +11a. Umbel solitary, terminal and erect on a long peduncle (4-8 dm. + high) =Milkweed, Asclepias amplexicaulis.= + +11b. Umbels terminal or lateral, bent toward one side (7-12 dm. high) + =Milkweed, Asclepias sullivantii.= + + 12a. Corolla (not hoods) red (1-2 m. high) + =Swamp Milkweed, Asclepias incarnata.= + + 12b. Corolla (not hoods) greenish (8-15 dm. high) + =Milkweed, Asclepias exaltata.= + + + + +CONVOLVULACEAE, the Morning Glory Family + +Twining or trailing herbs (except one species), with regular flowers; +sepals 5; corolla 5-angled or 5-lobed; stamens 5, attached to the +corolla; ovary superior, 2-3-celled. + + +1a. Plants with green foliage and conspicuous flowers (summer) --2. + +1b. Leafless brown or yellow plants, with very small flowers (Dodder) + --7. + + 2a. Style divided at the top into linear or oblong stigmas (flowers + white or pink) (Bindweed) --3. + + 2b. Style not divided at the top; stigmas sessile, capitate + (Morning Glory) --6. + +3a. Stem erect; leaves rounded or somewhat cordate at base, not hastate + or sagittate (1-3 dm. high) =Bindweed, Convolvulus spithamaeus.= + +3b. Stem trailing or twining; leaves sagittate or hastate --4. + + 4a. Calyx almost concealed by two large heart-shape bracts --5. + + 4b. Bracts at base of calyx none =Bindweed, Convolvulus arvensis.= + +5a. Leaves triangular-hastate, with sharp basal lobes + =Bindweed, Convolvulus sepium.= + +5b. Leaves oblong-ovate, the basal lobes obtuse + =Bindweed, Convolvulus sepium var. pubescens.= + + 6a. Stem smooth or nearly so; ovary 2-celled (flowers white) + =Wild Potato Vine, Ipomoea pandurata.= + + 6b. Stem with reflexed hairs; ovary 3-celled (flowers of various + colors) =Morning Glory, Ipomoea purpurea.= + +7a. Introduced weed, growing as a parasite on clover + =Dodder, Cuscuta epithymum.= + +7b. Native species, on various shrubs and herbs --8. + + 8a. Flowers sessile --9. + + 8b. Flowers distinctly pedicelled --12. + +9a. Sepals united below into a gamosepalous calyx --10. + +9b. Sepals separate from each other --11. + + 10a. Calyx-lobes obtuse =Dodder, Cuscuta arvensis.= + + 10b. Calyx-lobes acute =Dodder, Cuscuta obtusiflora.= + +11a. Flowers in dense rope-like twists on various species of herbs + =Dodder, Cuscuta paradoxa.= + +11b. Flowers in dense clusters on various species of shrubs + =Dodder, Cuscuta compacta.= + + 12a. Tips of the petals inflexed =Dodder, Cuscuta coryli.= + + 12b. Tips of the petals erect or spreading --13. + +13a. Capsule depressed at the summit =Dodder, Cuscuta cephalanthi.= + +13b. Capsule pointed at the summit =Dodder, Cuscuta gronovii.= + + + + +POLEMONIACEAE, the Polemonium Family + +Herbs with alternate or opposite leaves and conspicuous regular flowers; +sepals 5, united; petals 5, united and bearing the 5 stamens in the +corolla-tube; ovary superior, 3-celled. + + +1a. Leaves pinnately compound and alternate (2-4 dm. high; flowers blue, + in spring) =Greek Valerian, Polemonium reptans.= + +1b. Leaves fascicled, narrowly linear (about 1 dm. high; flowers + pink-purple, in spring) =Moss Pink, Phlox subulata.= + +1c. Leaves simple, strictly opposite --2. + + 2a. Corolla-lobes deeply 2-cleft to the middle (1-2 dm. high; + flowers pink, in spring) =Cleft Phlox, Phlox bifida.= + + 2b. Corolla-lobes entire and rounded, or somewhat notched at the + apex --3. + +3a. Flowers in summer (8-15 dm. high; flowers purple) + =Garden Phlox, Phlox paniculata.= + +3b. Flowers in spring (3-6 dm. high) --4. + + 4a. Corolla blue-purple; stems ascending + =Sweet William, Phlox divaricata.= + + 4b. Corolla pink or red-purple; stems erect + =Sweet William, Phlox pilosa.= + + + + +HYDROPHYLLACEAE, the Water-leaf Family + +Herbs with alternate lobed or divided leaves and regular flowers; sepals +5; petals 5, united; stamens 5, attached to the corolla-tube and +projecting beyond it; ovary 1-celled. + + +1a. Leaves palmately veined and lobed (4-8 dm. high; flowers purple, + early summer) =Water-leaf, Hydrophyllum canadense.= + +1b. Leaves pinnately veined and lobed (2-6 dm. high; flowers blue or + purple, varying to white) --2. + + 2a. Corolla-lobes much shorter than the corolla-tube (summer) + =Phacelia, Phacelia franklinii.= + + 2b. Corolla-lobes much longer than the corolla-tube (late spring + and summer) (Water-leaf) --3. + +3a. Calyx with a small reflexed appendage between each pair of sepals + =Water-leaf, Hydrophyllum appendiculatum.= + +3b. Calyx without appendages =Water-leaf, Hydrophyllum virginicum.= + + + + +BORAGINACEAE, the Borage Family + +Herbs with alternate entire leaves; sepals 5; petals 5, united, corolla +generally regular; stamens 5, attached to the corolla-tube; ovary deeply +4-lobed with a single style. + + +1a. Corolla reddish-purple, about 8 mm. wide (4-10 dm. high; spring) + =Hound's Tongue, Cynoglossum officinale.= + +1b. Corolla blue with a yellow center, 4-8 mm. wide (1-5 dm. high; + spring and early summer) (Forget-me-not) --13. + +1c. Corolla deep orange, salver-form (2-6 dm. high; spring) (Puccoon) + --15. + +1d. Corolla white or blue, or lightly tinged with yellow or red --2. + + 2a. Corolla rotate, with a very short tube, bright-blue, about 20 + mm. broad (3-8 dm. high; summer) =Borage, Borago officinalis.= + + 2b. Corolla tubular, funnel-form, or salver-form --3. + +3a. Corolla 10 mm. long or more; its tube distinctly longer than the + calyx --4. + +3b. Corolla less than 10 mm. long; its tube equaling or shorter than the + calyx --8. + + 4a. Flowers yellowish-white, or somewhat tinged with pink or + greenish --5. + + 4b. Flowers blue or purple --6. + +5a. Corolla-lobes erect; leaves sessile (3-8 dm. high; early summer) + =False Gromwell; Onosmodium occidentale.= + +5b. Corolla-lobes spreading; leaves decurrent (6-10 dm. high; summer) + =Comfrey, Symphytum officinale.= + + 6a. Stem and leaves glabrous (3-6 dm. high; spring) + =Bluebell, Mertensia virginica.= + + 6b. Stem and leaves pubescent (4-8 dm. high) --7. + +7a. Corolla regular; leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate (summer) + =Bluebell, Mertensia paniculata.= + +7b. Corolla irregular; leaves linear-oblong (summer) + =Blueweed, Echium vulgare.= + + 8a. Ovary and fruit covered with hooked prickles --9. + + 8b. Ovary and fruit not prickly --12. + +9a. Principal leaves 2.5 cm. wide or more --10. + +9b. Principal leaves 2 cm. wide or less (3-8 dm. high; flowers blue or + white, summer) (Stickseed) --11. + + 10a. Leaves chiefly basal, the racemes on long leafless peduncles + (4-8 dm. high; flowers pale blue, early summer) + =Wild Comfrey, Cynoglossum boreale.= + + 10b. Stems leafy (8-12 dm. high; flowers white, summer) + =Beggar Lice, Lappula virginiana.= + +11a. A bract at the base of each flower =Stickseed, Lappula echinata.= + +11b. Racemes without bracts at the base of each flower + =Stickseed, Lappula deflexa var. americana.= + + 12a. Racemes bractless, or bracted only at the base (1-4 dm. high) + --14. + + 12b. Raceme with a bract at the base of each flower (flowers white + or yellowish) --17. + +13a. Corolla 4 mm. wide =Forget-me-not, Myosotis laxa.= + +13b. Corolla 6-8 mm. wide =Forget-me-not, Myosotis scorpioides.= + + 14a. Calyx-lobes all of equal length (summer) + =Scorpion Grass, Myosotis arvensis.= + + 14b. Calyx-lobes distinctly unequal in length (spring) + =Scorpion Grass, Myosotis virginica.= + +15a. Corolla-lobes denticulate =Puccoon, Lithospermum angustifolium.= + +15b. Corolla-lobes entire --16. + + 16a. Flowers sessile; stem softly pubescent + =Puccoon, Lithospermum canescens.= + + 16b. Flowers on pedicels 2-5 mm. long; stem hispid or bristly + =Puccoon, Lithospermum gmelini.= + +17a. Corolla white; fruit brown and wrinkled (weed 2-4 dm. high; spring + and summer) =Corn Gromwell, Lithospermum arvense.= + +17b. Corolla yellowish-white; fruit white and smooth (5-10 dm. high) + --18. + + 18a. Corolla distinctly surpassing the calyx in length (spring and + summer) =Corn Gromwell, Lithospermum officinale.= + + 18b. Corolla equaling or shorter than the calyx (spring) + =Wild Gromwell, Lithospermum latifolium.= + + + + +LABIATAE, the Mint Family + +Herbs with opposite leaves, square stems, and usually aromatic odor; +flowers irregular, with united petals, or almost regular; stamens 2 or +4, attached to the tube of the corolla; ovary deeply 4-lobed, with a +single style. + + +1a. Stamens 2 --2. + +1b. Stamens 4 --15. + + 2a. Corolla regular or nearly so; flowers white, in dense axillary + clusters; plants usually of wet grounds (2-8 dm. high; summer + and autumn) --3. + + 2b. Corolla distinctly irregular and more or less 2-lipped --7. + +3a. Calyx-teeth short, triangular, acute or obtuse (Bugle Weed) --4. + +3b. Calyx-teeth narrow, acuminate or cuspidate (Water Hoarhound) --5. + + 4a. Stems and stolons bearing tubers + =Bugle Weed, Lycopus uniflorus.= + + 4b. Stems and stolons not bearing tubers + =Bugle Weed, Lycopus virginicus.= + +5a. Leaves serrate; calyx-teeth sharp-pointed --6. + +5b. Leaves coarsely incised; calyx-teeth awn-tipped + =Water Hoarhound, Lycopus americanus.= + + 6a. Corolla twice as long as the calyx; leaves narrowed at the base + =Water Hoarhound, Lycopus rubellus.= + + 6b. Corolla barely longer than the calyx; leaves sessile or nearly + so =Water Hoarhound, Lycopus lucidus var. americanus.= + +7a. Corolla blue, 3-4 mm. long; flowers in loose axillary clusters (1-4 + dm. high; summer) (Pennyroyal) --8. + +7b. Corolla 8-40 mm. long --9. + + 8a. Leaves serrate =Pennyroyal, Hedeoma pulegioides.= + + 8b. Leaves linear, entire =Pennyroyal, Hedeoma hispida.= + +9a. Lower lobe of the corolla fringed, very much longer than the upper + (5-15 dm. high; corolla pale-yellow; late summer) + =Horse Balm, Collinsonia canadensis.= + +9b. Lower lobe of the corolla nearly or quite as long as the upper and + not fringed --10. + + 10a. Calyx narrowly tubular; its teeth about equal in size (5-10 + dm. high; flowers in dense terminal heads, in summer) --11. + + 10b. Calyx campanulate, 2 of its teeth different in size from the + other 3 (4-8 dm. high; flowers pink-purple, in terminal + clusters in summer) --14. + +11a. Corolla scarlet =Oswego Tea, Monarda didyma.= + +11b. Corolla bright crimson or rose-red + =Wild Bergamot, Monarda fistulosa var. rubra.= + +11c. Corolla white, pink, pale-purple, or yellowish --12. + + 12a. Flower-clusters all terminal --13. + + 12b. Flower-clusters both terminal and axillary + =Horse Mint, Monarda punctata.= + +13a. Leaves and stem with soft spreading pubescence + =Wild Bergamot, Monarda fistulosa.= + +13b. Leaves and stem grayish with fine appressed pubescence + =Wild Bergamot, Monarda mollis.= + + 14a. Upper calyx-teeth about 3 times as long as the lower + =Blephilia, Blephilia hirsuta.= + + 14b. Upper calyx-teeth but little longer than the lower + =Blephilia, Blephilia ciliata.= + +15a. Calyx with a distinct protuberance on the back of the upper side + (Skullcap) --16. + +15b. Calyx without a distinct protuberance --20. + + 16a. Corolla 5-8 mm. long; flowers in axillary racemes (3-8 dm. + high; flowers blue, in summer) + =Mad-dog Skullcap, Scutellaria lateriflora.= + + 16b. Corolla 6-10 mm. long; flowers axillary, solitary (1-3 dm. + high; flowers violet, early summer) + =Skullcap, Scutellaria parvula.= + + 16c. Corolla 12-30 mm. long; flowers axillary or in terminal + racemes (4-8 dm. high; flowers blue, summer) --17. + +17a. Stem-leaves cordate =Skullcap, Scutellaria versicolor.= + +17b. Stem-leaves not distinctly cordate --18. + + 18a. Stem-leaves sessile or nearly so; plant of swamps and + river-banks =Skullcap, Scutellaria galericulata.= + + 18b. Stem-leaves with petioles 1 cm. or more long; plants of dry or + moist woods --19. + +19a. Stem glandular-pubescent toward the summit; corolla 16 mm. long or + less =Skullcap, Scutellaria pilosa.= + +19b. Stem not glandular; corolla 20 mm. long + =Skullcap, Scutellaria incana.= + + 20a. Calyx-teeth 5, all equal or nearly so at the time of flowering + --28. + + 20b. Calyx-teeth 5, one of them different in size and shape from + the other four (2-6 dm. high; flowers light blue, summer) + =Dragon Head, Dracocephalum parviflorum.= + + 20c. Calyx-teeth 5, two of them different in size and shape from + the other three --21. + + 20d. Calyx-teeth 10, subulate (woolly plant 4-10 dm. high, with + whitish flowers in axillary clusters in summer) + =Hoarhound, Marrubium vulgare.= + +21a. Corolla deeply split on the upper side and the stamens protruding; + upper lip of the calyx much shorter than the lower (5-10 dm. high; + flowers pink-purple, in terminal spikes, summer) (Wood Sage) --22. + +21b. Corolla not deeply split on the upper side --23. + + 22a. Calyx canescent =Wood Sage, Teucrium canadense.= + + 22b. Calyx villous =Wood Sage, Teucrium occidentale.= + +23a. Flowers in dense terminal head-like spikes, none axillary (1-5 dm. + high; flowers pink-purple or blue, in summer) + =Self-heal, Prunella vulgaris.= + +23b. Some or all of the flowers in axillary clusters --24. + + 24a. Leaves linear, entire (1-4 dm. high; flowers purple, summer) + --25. + + 24b. Leaves oblong to ovate (summer) --26. + +25a. Pedicels shorter than the calyx + =Summer Savory, Satureja hortensis.= + +25b. Pedicels much longer than the calyx =Calamint, Satureja glabra.= + + 26a. Leaves 1 cm. long or less, entire (stems growing in mats, 1-3 + dm. long; flowers purple, in summer) + =Wild Thyme, Thymus serpyllum.= + + 26b. Leaves dentate (flowers purple, summer) --27. + +27a. Flowers subtended by bracts as long as the calyx (2-5 dm. high) + =Basil, Satureja vulgaris.= + +27b. Flowers with minute bracts or none (1-3 dm. high) + =Basil-thyme, Satureja acinos.= + + 28a. Corolla 2-lipped or nearly regular, the upper lip flattened, + not conspicuously arched over the stamens --29. + + 28b. Corolla conspicuously 2-lipped, the stamens ascending under + the concave upper lip --42. + +29a. Flowers in dense terminal spikes; corolla 2-lipped (8-15 dm. high; + summer) --30. + +29b. Flowers peduncled, 1-4 in the axils of linear leaves --25b. + +29c. Flowers in many-flowered whorls, which are axillary or terminal, or + aggregated into terminal spikes or racemes --31. + + 30a. Corolla yellowish =Giant Hyssop, Agastache nepetoides.= + + 30b. Corolla purplish + =Giant Hyssop, Agastache scrophulariaefolius.= + +31a. Corolla distinctly irregular, the lower lip longer than the upper + --32. + +31b. Corolla almost regular, the lobes nearly uniform in size --35. + + 32a. Stem-leaves sessile or very nearly so (flowers blue) --33. + + 32b. Stem-leaves long-petioled --34. + +33a. Leaves linear-oblong, acute at both ends (3-8 dm. high; summer) + =Hyssop, Hyssopus officinalis.= + +33b. Leaves oblong to ovate, rounded at the ends (2-4 dm. high; late + spring) =Bugle, Ajuga reptans.= + + 34a. Leaves ovate to oblong, acute; flowers pink, white, or pale + purple (6-15 dm. high; summer) =Catnip, Nepeta cataria.= + + 34b. Leaves nearly circular or kidney-shape; flowers blue + (creeping; flowers in spring and summer) + =Ground Ivy, Nepeta hederacea.= + +35a. Flowers in terminal spikes, or the lower axillary (3-8 dm. high; + flowers pink-purple or white, summer) (Mint) --36. + +35b. Flowers all in axillary whorls (flowers pink-purple or white, + summer) (Mint) --38. + +35c. Flowers in terminal capitate corymbed clusters (4-8 dm. high; + flowers white or dotted with purple, summer) (Mountain Mint) --41. + + 36a. Leaves sessile or with very short petiole + =Spearmint, Mentha spicata.= + + 36b. Leaves with manifest petioles --37. + +37a. Principal leaves less than half as broad as long + =Peppermint, Mentha piperita.= + +37b. Principal leaves more than half as broad as long + =Bergamot Mint, Mentha citrata.= + + 38a. Stem glabrous; leaves ovate to obovate (4-8 dm. high) + =Downy Mint, Mentha gentilis.= + + 38b. Stem pubescent, at least on the angles (1-6 dm. high) --39. + +39a. Principal leaves distinctly petioled and somewhat rounded at base + =Wild Mint, Mentha arvensis.= + +39b. Leaves tapering to the base --40. + + 40a. Leaves and stem pubescent + =Wild Mint, Mentha arvensis var. canadensis.= + + 40b. Leaves glabrous; stem pubescent on the angles only + =Wild Mint, Mentha arvensis var. glabrata.= + +41a. Leaves linear; calyx-teeth awl-shape + =Mountain Mint, Pycnanthemum flexuosum.= + +41b. Leaves narrowly lanceolate; calyx-teeth triangular-ovate + =Mountain Mint, Pycnanthemum virginianum.= + + 42a. Stems decumbent to diffuse; leaves cordate to nearly circular + (stems 2-5 dm. long or high; flowers in spring and summer) + (Dead Nettle) --43. + + 42b. Stem erect; leaves palmately cleft; calyx-teeth spiny (6-15 + dm. tall; flowers pink, in summer) + =Motherwort, Leonurus cardiaca.= + + 42c. Stems erect or ascending; leaves ovate-lanceolate to linear + (summer) --45. + +43a. Upper leaves closely sessile (flowers red-purple) + =Dead Nettle, Lamium amplexicaule.= + +43b. Leaves all petioled --44. + + 44a. Flowers red or purple =Dead Nettle, Lamium maculatum.= + + 44b. Flowers white =Dead Nettle, Lamium album.= + +45a. Flowers 2-2.5 cm. long, in loose terminal spikes (5-10 dm. tall; + flowers rose-color) =False Dragon Head, Physostegia virginiana.= + +45b. Flowers 1-2 cm. long, in axillary and terminal spiked whorls --46. + + 46a. Calyx-teeth spiny pointed (flowers pink or pale-purple) (Hemp + Nettle) --47. + + 46b. Calyx-teeth acute to awl-shape, but not spiny (3-10 dm. high; + flowers pale-purple) (Hedge Nettle) --48. + +47a. Leaves ovate (3-8 dm. high) =Hemp Nettle, Galeopsis tetrahit.= + +47b. Leaves linear to lanceolate (1-4 dm. high) + =Hemp Nettle, Galeopsis ladanum.= + + 48a. Leaves glabrous --49. + + 48b. Leaves distinctly pubescent --50. + +49a. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, serrate + =Hedge Nettle, Stachys tenuifolia.= + +49b. Leaves linear-oblong, entire or nearly so + =Hedge Nettle, Stachys hyssopifolia.= + + 50a. Stem pubescent on the angles alone; leaves petioled + =Hedge Nettle, Stachys tenuifolia var. aspera.= + + 50b. Stem pubescent on both sides and angles; leaves nearly sessile + --51. + +51a. Leaves oblong or oblong-lanceolate, more than 1 cm. wide + =Hedge Nettle, Stachys palustris.= + +51b. Leaves linear-lanceolate, 1 cm. wide or less + =Hedge Nettle, Stachys arenicola.= + + + + +VERBENACEAE, the Verbena Family + +Herbs, with simple opposite leaves and slightly irregular flowers in +spikes or heads; petals 5, united and bearing the 4 stamens in the +corolla-tube; ovary 1, 2-celled or 4-celled, with 1 style. + + +1a. Plants prostrate or spreading --2. + +1b. Plants erect (flowers in summer) (Vervain) --3. + + 2a. Leaves serrate; flowers in short dense spikes (flowers + pale-blue, summer) =Fog Fruit, Lippia lanceolata.= + + 2b. Leaves pinnatifid; flowers in loose bracted spikes (flowers + light-purple, summer) =Vervain, Verbena bracteosa.= + +3a. Spikes dense, continuous (flowers purple or blue, varying to white) + --4. + +3b. Spikes slender, interrupted, the flowers scattered (corolla white or + pale-blue) --6. + + 4a. Leaves lanceolate, manifestly petioled (1-2 m. high) + =Vervain, Verbena hastata.= + + 4b. Leaves sessile, not lanceolate (5-8 dm. high) --5. + +5a. Leaves narrowly oblanceolate, tapering at the entire base + =Vervain, Verbena angustifolia.= + +5b. Leaves oblong to obovate, not tapering at the base + =Vervain, Verbena stricta.= + + 6a. Leaves incised, tapering to a sessile base (5-10 dm. high) + =Vervain, Verbena, officinalis.= + + 6b. Leaves serrate, petioled (1-2 m. high) + =Vervain, Verbena urticaefolia.= + + + + +SOLANACEAE, the Nightshade Family + +Herbs or shrubs, with alternate leaves and regular or slightly irregular +flowers; sepals 5, united; corolla of 5 united petals, bearing the 5 +stamens attached; ovary 1, 2-5 (usually 2)-celled, with a slender style. + + +1a. Corolla rotate; anthers close together (flowers in summer) --2. + +1b. Corolla not rotate; anthers separate --5. + + 2a. Stem and leaves prickly (3-8 dm. high) --3. + + 2b. Stem and leaves not prickly --4. + +3a. Flowers white or bluish =Horse Nettle, Solanum carolinense.= + +3b. Flowers yellow =Buffalo Bur, Solanum rostratum.= + + 4a. Climbing vine; leaves frequently lobed (flowers blue) + =Bittersweet, Solanum dulcamara.= + + 4b. Not climbing; leaves toothed (flowers white) + =Nightshade, Solanum nigrum.= + +5a. Climbing or trailing shrub, with purplish, white, or greenish + flowers about 1 cm. wide (frequently thorny; flowers in summer) + =Matrimony Vine, Lycium halimifolium.= + +5b. Herbaceous plants, not climbing --6. + + 6a. Flowers white, red, or blue, 2.5 cm. or more wide (summer) --7. + + 6b. Flowers yellow, yellowish-white, or greenish-yellow (summer) + --12. + +7a. Corolla-tube 10 cm. long or more (5-12 dm. high) --8. + +7b. Corolla-tube 5 cm. long or less --10. + + 8a. Stem finely pubescent; leaves entire or nearly so + =Thorn-apple, Datura metel.= + + 8b. Stem glabrous; leaves coarsely toothed (Jimson Weed) --9. + +9a. Stem green; corolla white =Jimson Weed, Datura stramonium.= + +9b. Stem purple; corolla light-blue or purple + =Jimson Weed, Datura tatula.= + + 10a. Corolla pale-blue (5-10 dm. high) + =Apple of Peru, Nicandra physalodes.= + + 10b. Corolla, red or violet (2-4 dm. high) + =Petunia, Petunia violacea.= + + 10c. Corolla white --11. + +11a. Corolla all white (2-4 dm. high) =Petunia, Petunia axillaris.= + +11b. Corolla with yellow center + =White Ground Cherry, Physalis grandiflora.= + + 12a. Corolla 30 mm. wide or more, somewhat irregular; stamens + declined to one side (3-6 dm. high) + =Henbane, Hyoscyamus niger.= + + 12b. Corolla smaller, strictly regular --13. + +13a. Flowers in terminal panicles; corolla tubular, with slightly + spreading lobes (5-10 dm. high) =Wild Tobacco, Nicotiana rustica.= + +13b. Flowers solitary in the axils; corolla short, widely spreading (3-8 + dm. high) (Ground Cherry) --14. + + 14a. Annuals with branching slender roots --15. + + 14b. Perennials with thickened roots and rootstocks --16. + +15a. Plants pubescent =Ground Cherry, Physalis pubescens.= + +15b. Plants smooth, or with a few scattered hairs + =Ground Cherry, Physalis ixocarpa.= + + 16a. Stem viscid-pubescent =Ground Cherry, Physalis heterophylla.= + + 16b. Stem glabrous or slightly pubescent, not viscid --17. + +17a. Leaves and stem distinctly pubescent + =Ground Cherry, Physalis virginiana.= + +17b. Leaves and stem almost glabrous + =Ground Cherry, Physalis subglabrata.= + + + + +SCROPHULARIACEAE, the Figwort Family + +Herbs with opposite or alternate leaves and usually irregular flowers; +corolla of united petals, bearing the 2 or 4 (or rarely 5) stamens +attached; petals actually 5, but sometimes apparently only 2 or 4; a +sterile fifth stamen sometimes present; ovary superior, 2-celled. + + +1a. Anther-bearing stamens 5 (6-15 dm. high; flowers in summer) + (Mullein) --2. + +1b. Anther-bearing stamens 4; a sterile fifth stamen may or may not be + present --3. + +1c. Anther-bearing stamens 2 --37. + + 2a. Leaves densely white-woolly; flowers yellow, in dense spikes + =Mullein, Verbascum thapsus.= + + 2b. Leaves smooth or nearly so; flowers yellow or white, in loose + racemes =Moth Mullein, Verbascum blattaria.= + +3a. Flowers (not the bracts) greenish-yellow, yellow, or orange --4. + +3b. Flowers blue, purple, brown, red, pink, or white, never yellow --16. + + 4a. Flowers in dense terminal leafy-bracted spikes --5. + + 4b. Flowers in loose racemes or axillary --9. + +5a. Corolla 7 mm. long or less, or none --6. + +5b. Corolla 12 mm. long or more --7. + + 6a. Leaves alternate (3-6 dm. high; early summer) + =Synthyris, Synthyris bullii.= + + 6b. Leaves opposite (1-2 dm. high; summer) + =Eyebright, Euphrasia arctica.= + +7a. Stem-leaves entire (2-6 dm. high; summer) + =Painted Cup, Castilleja pallida var. septentrionalis.= + +7b. Stem-leaves palmately lobed, bracteal leaves scarlet (3-6 dm. high; + early summer) =Painted Cup, Castilleja coccinea.= + +7c. Stem-leaves pinnately lobed or incised (Lousewort) --8. + + 8a. Flowers in spring (2-4 dm. high) + =Lousewort, Pedicularis canadensis.= + + 8b. Flowers in late summer (3-8 dm. high) + =Lousewort, Pedicularis lanceolata.= + +9a. Upper lip of the corolla very different in size and shape from the + lower lip --10. + +9b. Upper lip of the corolla resembling the lower lip in shape, and not + very different in size (5-12 dm. high; summer) (False Foxglove) + --13. + + 10a. Leaves alternate (2-5 dm. high; summer) + =Butter-and-eggs, Linaria vulgaris.= + + 10b. Leaves opposite --11. + +11a. Stem erect; leaves narrowed at the base --30b. + +11b. Stem creeping or spreading (summer) --12. + + 12a. Leaves pinnately veined, ovate + =Musk Flower, Mimulus moschatus.= + + 12b. Leaves palmately veined, circular or nearly so + =Yellow Monkey Flower, Mimulus glabratus var. jamesii.= + +13a. Stem glabrous --14. + +13b. Stem pubescent --15. + + 14a. Principal stem-leaves pinnatifid + =False Foxglove, Gerardia virginica.= + + 14b. Principal stem-leaves entire + =False Foxglove, Gerardia laevigata.= + +15a. Corolla hairy on the outside + =False Foxglove, Gerardia pedicularia.= + +15b. Corolla smooth on the outside =False Foxglove, Gerardia flava.= + + 16a. Leaves all basal; flowers on leafless stalks (1 dm. high or + less; flowers pink or white, summer) + =Mudwort, Limosella aquatica var. tenuifolia.= + + 16b. Leaves opposite (those subtending the flowers may be + alternate) --20. + + 16c. Leaves alternate or irregularly scattered --17. + +17a. Leaves entire --18. + +17b. Leaves pinnately lobed or incised --8a. + +17c. Leaves palmately veined and lobed; stem trailing (flowers blue, + summer) =Kenilworth Ivy, Linaria cymbalaria.= + + 18a. Corolla-tube less than 1 cm. long, spurred --19. + + 18b. Corolla more than 2 cm. long, not spurred (3-8 dm. high; + flowers red-purple, summer) =Snapdragon, Antirrhinum majus.= + +19a. Stem and foliage pubescent (1-3 dm. high; flowers blue, summer) + =Small Snapdragon, Linaria minor.= + +19b. Stem and foliage glabrous (2-6 dm. high; flowers blue, summer) + =Toad-flax, Linaria canadensis.= + + 20a. Leaves with 1 or 2 lobes near the base (3-5 dm. high; flowers + purple, summer) =Gerardia, Gerardia auriculata.= + + 20b. Leaves linear (2-6 dm. high; flowers rose-purple, summer and + autumn) (Gerardia) --21. + + 20c. Leaves lanceolate or broader, not lobed --26. + +21a. Pedicels equaling or but little longer than the calyx, and + conspicuously shorter than the subtending leaf --22. + +21b. Pedicels much longer than the calyx, and generally equaling or + exceeding the subtending leaf --24. + + 22a. Plants of moist ground, bogs, and shores --23. + + 22b. Plants of dry uplands =Gerardia, Gerardia aspera.= + +23a. Corolla about 25 mm. long =Gerardia, Gerardia purpurea.= + +23b. Corolla less than 20 mm. long =Gerardia, Gerardia paupercula.= + + 24a. Stem rough on the angles --25. + + 24b. Stem glabrous =Gerardia, Gerardia tenuifolia.= + +25a. Leaves 2-5 mm. wide + =Gerardia, Gerardia tenuifolia var. macrophylla.= + +25b. Leaves thread-like, 1 mm. wide or less + =Gerardia, Gerardia skinneriana.= + + 26a. Corolla 16 mm. long, or shorter --27. + + 26b. Corolla 20 mm. long, or longer --32. + +27a. Corolla dull-purple, brown, or greenish; one sterile stamen present + (1-2.5 m. high; flowers in summer) (Figwort) --28. + +27b. Corolla blue or white (1-4 dm. high) --29. + + 28a. Sterile stamen purple =Figwort, Scrophularia marilandica.= + + 28b. Sterile stamen yellow =Figwort, Scrophularia leporella.= + +29a. Flowers nearly or quite sessile (summer) --30. + +29b. Flowers on pedicels 10 mm. long or more (spring) --31. + + 30a. Foliage-leaves prominently toothed --6b. + + 30b. Foliage-leaves entire, or with 1 or 2 small teeth at the base + =Cow Wheat, Melampyrum lineare.= + +31a. Corolla more than 10 mm. long, blue and white + =Blue-eyed Mary, Collinsia verna.= + +31b. Corolla 5-8 mm. long, blue and white + =Collinsia, Collinsia parviflora.= + + 32a. Flowers solitary in the axils of the upper foliage-leaves (4-8 + dm. high; flowers blue, in summer) (Monkey Flower) --33. + + 32b. Flowers in dense terminal or subterminal spikes (3-9 dm. high; + summer) --34. + + 32c. Flowers in loose terminal panicles (flowers white or + pale-violet) (Beard-tongue) --35. + +33a. Leaves clasping at the base =Monkey Flower, Mimulus ringens.= + +33b. Leaves petioled, not clasping =Monkey Flower, Mimulus alatus.= + + 34a. Stem and foliage glabrous (flowers white) + =Turtlehead, Chelone glabra.= + + 34b. Stem and foliage pubescent (flowers purple) + =Blue Hearts, Buchnera americana.= + +35a. Stem finely pubescent (3-6 dm. high; flowers pale-violet, late + spring) =Beard-tongue, Pentstemon hirsutus.= + +35b. Stem glabrous below the inflorescence (6-12 dm. high) --36. + + 36a. Corolla-tube gradually enlarged from base to tip (flowers + pale-violet, in early summer) + =Beard-tongue, Pentstemon laevigatus.= + + 36b. Corolla-tube abruptly enlarged just beyond the calyx (flowers + white, early summer) + =Beard-tongue, Pentstemon laevigatus var. digitalis.= + +37a. Corolla distinctly irregular, 2-lipped (1-4 dm. high; flowers + yellowish or white, summer) --38. + +37b. Corolla regular or nearly so and 2-lobed, or none --6a. + +37c. Corolla regular or nearly so, 4-lobed --40. + + 38a. Leaves narrowed at the base, with mid-vein + =Hedge Hyssop, Gratiola virginiana.= + + 38b. Leaves rounded or somewhat clasping at the base, with 3-5 + principal veins (False Pimpernel) --39. + +39a. Peduncles longer than the subtending leaves + =False Pimpernel, Ilysanthes anagallidea.= + +39b. Peduncles shorter than the subtending leaves + =False Pimpernel, Ilysanthes dubia.= + + 40a. Leaves whorled (8-20 dm. high; flowers white or pale-blue, in + spikes, summer) =Culver's Root, Veronica virginica.= + + 40b. Leaves alternate or opposite (Speedwell) --41. + +41a. Flowers in racemes, which arise from the axils of the opposite + leaves (flowers pale-blue to nearly white, late spring and summer) + --42. + +41b. Flowers solitary in the axils of leaf-like bracts, or in terminal + bracted racemes (1-4 dm. high; spring and summer) --46. + + 42a. Stem and foliage glabrous; swamp plants 2-7 dm. high --43. + + 42b. Stem and foliage pubescent; plants of dry ground, 1-3 dm. high + --45. + +43a. Leaves linear or narrowly lanceolate + =Marsh Speedwell, Veronica scutellata.= + +43b. Leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate --44. + + 44a. Stem-leaves sessile and somewhat clasping + =Water Speedwell, Veronica anagallis-aquatica.= + + 44b. Stem-leaves on short petioles + =Brooklime, Veronica americana.= + +45a. Leaves narrowed at base into a petiole + =Speedwell, Veronica officinalis.= + +45b. Leaves rounded or heart-shape at the base + =Speedwell, Veronica chamaedrys.= + + 46a. Bracteal leaves entire; stem glabrous or minutely pubescent + --47. + + 46b. All leaves serrate; foliage pubescent (flowers blue) --48. + +47a. Flowers white, about 2 mm. wide =Speedwell, Veronica peregrina.= + +47b. Flowers pale-blue with darker stripes, 3-4 mm. wide + =Speedwell, Veronica serpyllifolia.= + + 48a. Flowers nearly sessile, about 2 mm. wide + =Speedwell, Veronica arvensis.= + + 48b. Flowers on slender pedicels, 5-8 mm. wide + =Speedwell, Veronica tournefortii.= + + + + +LENTIBULARIACEAE, the Bladderwort Family + +Small herbs, growing on rocks, in mud, or in water; calyx and corolla +both 2-lipped; stamens 2, attached to the corolla; ovary 1-celled. + + +1a. Corolla purple --2. + +1b. Corolla yellow (flowers in summer) (Bladderwort) --4. + + 2a. Leaves oval to elliptical, entire (about 1 dm. high, on rocks; + flowers in summer) =Butterwort, Pinguicula vulgaris.= + + 2b. Leaves dissected or none, submerged (flowers in summer) + (Bladderwort) --3. + +3a. Flower-stalk with a single bract near the middle + =Bladderwort, Utricularia resupinata.= + +3b. Flower-stalk without bracts, except at the base of the pedicels + =Bladderwort, Utricularia purpurea.= + + 4a. Stem and numerous dissected leaves floating in water + =Bladderwort, Utricularia vulgaris var. americana.= + + 4b. Stem and minute leaves creeping on the bottom of ponds or in + mud, while the flowers are borne on erect stalks, easily + detached from the delicate stems --5. + +5a. Upper lip of corolla conspicuous, as long or nearly as long as the + lower lip; lower lip with a prominent raised palate --6. + +5b. Upper lip of corolla half as long as the lower lip, or less --7. + + 6a. Spur of corolla very short and blunt + =Bladderwort, Utricularia gibba.= + + 6b. Spur of corolla very long and slender + =Bladderwort, Utricularia cornuta.= + +7a. Spur of corolla very short and blunt, or almost none + =Bladderwort, Utricularia minor.= + +7b. Spur of corolla long and slender + =Bladderwort, Utricularia intermedia.= + + + + +OROBANCHACEAE, the Broom-rape Family + +Parasitic plants without green color and with scales in place of leaves; +corolla 2-lipped, of united petals; stamens 4, attached to the corolla. + + +1a. Flowers in a widely branching panicle, numerous; growing under beech + trees (1-5 dm. high; flowers white and purple, late summer) + =Beech Drops, Epifagus virginiana.= + +1b. Flowers sessile in a dense bracted spike (1-2 dm. high; flowers + pale-yellow, early summer) =Squaw-root, Conopholis americana.= + +1c. Flowers 1-15, each on a long erect naked peduncle (1-2 dm. high; + flowers yellowish or pale-violet, spring and summer) (Cancer-root) + --2. + + 2a. Stem erect and scaly, 5-10 cm. high + =Cancer-root, Orobanche fasciculata.= + + 2b. Stem very short, almost below the surface of the ground, with + long erect peduncles =Cancer-root, Orobanche uniflora.= + + + + +ACANTHACEAE, the Acanthus Family + +Herbs with opposite simple leaves; corolla of united petals, 2-lipped or +almost regular; stamens 2 or 4, attached to the corolla; ovary 2-celled. + + +1a. Corolla about 10 mm. long; flowers in dense heads (4-10 dm. high; + flowers blue or white, summer) =Water Willow, Dianthera americana.= + +1b. Corolla about 30 mm. long; flowers axillary (3-8 dm. high; flowers + blue, in summer) (Ruellia) --2. + + 2a. Foliage glabrous or slightly pubescent + =Ruellia, Ruellia strepens.= + + 2b. Foliage densely hirsute =Ruellia, Ruellia ciliosa.= + + + + +PHRYMACEAE, the Lopseed Family + +Herb with opposite leaves and irregular flowers in long slender spikes; +petals united, corolla 2-lipped; stamens 4, attached to the corolla; +ovary 1-celled. + + +One species only, 5-10 dm. high; flowers purple, in summer + =Lopseed, Phryma leptostachya.= + + + + +PLANTAGINACEAE, the Plantain Family + +Herbs with basal leaves and small white flowers in spikes; sepals 4; +petals 4, united; stamens 4; ovary 2-celled. + + +1a. Leaves linear (1-4 dm. high; summer) --2. + +1b. Leaves broader, lanceolate to broadly ovate or cordate (summer) --3. + + 2a. Spikes mixed with bracts several times longer than the flowers + =Buckhorn, Plantago aristata.= + + 2b. Bracts about as long as the flowers + =Plantain, Plantago purshii.= + +3a. Leaves cordate, pinnately veined; plant of wet ground and marshes + (4-8 dm. tall) =Plantain, Plantago cordata.= + +3b. Leaves with 3 to many longitudinal ribs or veins --4. + + 4a. Leaves densely pubescent with grayish hairs --5. + + 4b. Leaves smooth or slightly pubescent --6. + +5a. Flower-stalks 3-6 dm. high =Plantain, Plantago media.= + +5b. Flower-stalks less than 3 dm. high =Plantain, Plantago virginica.= + + 6a. Flower-stalks 3-6 dm. high; spikes not over 10 cm. long + =English Plantain, Plantago lanceolata.= + + 6b. Scapes 1-4 dm. high; spikes long and slender, usually equaling + or longer than the peduncle; dooryard plantains --7. + +7a. Leaves green at the base =Plantain, Plantago major.= + +7b. Leaves reddish at the base =Plantain, Plantago rugelii.= + + + + +RUBIACEAE, the Madder family + +Herbs or shrubs, with opposite or whorled leaves and regular flowers; +sepals 4, or minute or almost wanting; petals 4, united; stamens 4; +ovary inferior. + + +1a. Shrub (1-3 m. tall; flowers white, in spherical heads, summer) + =Button Bush, Cephalanthus occidentalis.= + +1b. Herbaceous --2. + + 2a. Leaves opposite --3. + + 2b. Leaves whorled; flowers white, green, or purple (Bedstraw) --6. + + 2c. Leaves whorled; flowers yellow =Bedstraw, Galium verum.= + +3a. Leaves about as long as wide (trailing; flowers paired, white, in + spring) =Partridge Berry, Mitchella repens.= + +3b. Leaves at least twice as long as wide --4. + + 4a. Corolla salver-form, about 1 cm. wide; peduncles 1-flowered + (about 1 dm. high; flowers blue or white, in spring) + =Bluets, Houstonia coerulea.= + + 4b. Corolla funnel-form, about 5 mm. wide; flowers in clusters (1-2 + dm. high; flowers white or pale-purple, summer) (Houstonia) --5. + +5a. Basal leaves strongly ciliate =Houstonia, Houstonia ciliolata.= + +5b. Basal leaves smooth =Houstonia, Houstonia longifolia.= + + 6a. Leaves in whorls of 4-7. + + 6b. Leaves in whorls of 6-8 --16. + +7a. Ovary and fruit hispid with hooked bristles (3-7 dm. high; summer) + --8. + +7b. Ovary and fruit not bristly (early summer) --11. + + 8a. Leaves with 1 principal vein (flowers dull purple) + =Bedstraw, Galium pilosum.= + + 8b. Leaves with 3 principal veins --9. + +9a. Flowers bright-white =Bedstraw, Galium boreale.= + +9b. Flowers greenish, yellowish, or purplish --10. + + 10a. Leaves acuminate =Bedstraw, Galium lanceolatum.= + + 10b. Leaves acute or obtuse =Bedstraw, Galium circaezans.= + +11a. Corolla-lobes 3 (2-6 dm. high; flowers white or greenish) --12. + +11b. Corolla-lobes 4 --13. + + 12a. Flowers in clusters of 2 or 3 =Bedstraw, Galium claytoni.= + + 12b. Flowers solitary in the axils, on long hair-like pedicels + =Bedstraw, Galium trifidum.= + +13a. Corolla brownish or purple (3-6 dm. high) + =Bedstraw, Galium latifolium.= + +13b. Corolla white (1-4 dm. high) --14. + + 14a. Flowers rather numerous in small cymes + =Bedstraw, Galium palustre.= + + 14b. Flowers in clusters of 2 or 3, or solitary --15. + +15a. Principal leaves spreading or ascending + =Bedstraw, Galium tinctorium.= + +15b. Principal leaves recurved or reflexed + =Bedstraw, Galium labradoricum.= + + 16a. Ovary and fruit bristly or hispid --17. + + 16b. Ovary and fruit not bristly (summer) --18. + +17a. Leaves narrowly lanceolate to linear, mostly 6-8 in a whorl (stem + 5-15 dm. long; flowers white; spring and summer) + =Bedstraw, Galium aparine.= + +17b. Leaves narrowly oval or elliptical, mostly in whorls of 6; flowers + in clusters of 3 (1-5 dm. high; flowers greenish, summer) + =Bedstraw, Galium triflorum.= + + 18a. Leaves cuspidate or mucronate at the apex (flowers white) + --19. + + 18b. Leaves obtuse at the apex (flowers white or greenish; 2-6 dm. + high) --20. + +19a. Flowers very numerous in terminal panicles (stem 3-8 dm. long) + =Bedstraw, Galium mollugo.= + +19b. Flowers in axillary clusters (1-3 dm. high) + =Bedstraw, Galium tricorne.= + +19c. Flowers few, in small loose terminal cymes --20. + + 20a. Stem smooth or nearly so (2-4 dm. high) + =Bedstraw, Galium concinnum.= + + 20b. Stem hispid with reflexed bristles (5-15 dm. long) + =Bedstraw, Galium asprellum.= + + + + +CAPRIFOLIACEAE, the Honeysuckle Family + +Shrubs or herbs, with opposite leaves; corolla regular or irregular, +petals 4 or 5, united; stamens 4 or 5; ovary inferior, 1-5-celled. + + +1a. Leaves compound (shrubs 1-4 m. high; flowers white, in large + clusters in early summer) (Elder) --2. + +1b. Leaves simple --3. + + 2a. Pith of the twigs white; inflorescence flattened or convex + =Elder, Sambucus canadensis.= + + 2b. Pith of the twigs brown; inflorescence pyramidal + =Elder, Sambucus racemosa.= + +3a. Plant trailing; flowers nodding, in pairs (1 dm. high; flowers pink, + summer) =Twin Flower, Linnaea borealis var. americana.= + +3b. Erect herbs (6-12 dm. high; flowers dull-red, axillary, early + summer) (Feverwort) --4. + +3c. Shrubs, small trees, or woody vines --5. + + 4a. Leaf-bases broadly connate and 2-5 cm. wide + =Feverwort, Triosteum perfoliatum.= + + 4b. Leaf-bases narrowly connate, not over 1 cm. wide + =Feverwort, Triosteum aurantiacum.= + +5a. Climbing vines (spring and early summer) (Honeysuckle) --6. + +5b. Erect or spreading shrubs or small trees --11. + + 6a. Flowers in 2-flowered axillary clusters (flowers white or pink) + =Honeysuckle, Lonicera japonica.= + + 6b. Flowers in terminal clusters --7. + +7a. Leaves distinctly pubescent beneath (flowers yellow) --8. + +7b. Leaves glabrous beneath, or very minutely puberulent --9. + + 8a. Leaves pubescent above =Honeysuckle, Lonicera hirsuta.= + + 8b. Leaves glabrous above =Honeysuckle, Lonicera glaucescens.= + +9a. Corolla purple on the outside, glabrous within + =Honeysuckle, Lonicera caprifolium.= + +9b. Corolla yellow on the outside (or slightly tinged with purple), + pubescent within --10. + + 10a. Corolla-tube 6-8 mm. long =Honeysuckle, Lonicera dioica.= + + 10b. Corolla-tube 11-14 mm. long + =Honeysuckle, Lonicera sullivantii.= + +11a. Corolla tubular at base; style long and slender --12. + +11b. Corolla rotate or somewhat bell-shape, style very short (flowers + white, late spring or early summer) --22. + + 12a. Flowers yellow or yellowish (spring and early summer) --13. + + 12b. Flowers white, pink, or red --18. + +13a. Leaves serrate (5-10 dm. tall) + =Bush Honeysuckle, Diervilla lonicera.= + +13b. Leaves entire; flowers in pairs (Honeysuckle) --14. + + 14a. Each pair of flowers subtended by 2 broad leaf-like bracts + (1-3 m. high) =Honeysuckle, Lonicera involucrata.= + + 14b. Bracts at the base of each pair of flowers linear or narrowly + lanceolate --15. + +15a. Native species of woods and bogs --16. + +15b. Introduced species, growing mostly near dwellings; leaves very + pubescent beneath =Honeysuckle, Lonicera xylosteum.= + + 16a. Peduncles 15 mm. long or more (1-4 m. high) --17. + + 16b. Peduncles about 5 mm. long (1 m. high, or less) + =Honeysuckle, Lonicera coerulea var. villosa.= + +17a. Leaves ciliate =Honeysuckle, Lonicera canadensis.= + +17b. Leaves not ciliate =Honeysuckle, Lonicera oblongifolia.= + + 18a. Corolla irregular, over 1 cm. long (1-4 m. high; spring) + =Honeysuckle, Lonicera tatarica.= + + 18b. Corolla regular, less than 1 cm. long (5-15 dm. high; flowers + white or pink, in axillary clusters, early summer) --19. + +19a. Flowers in axillary spikes + =Wolfberry, Symphoricarpos occidentalis.= + +19b. Flowers almost sessile in the axils --20. + + 20a. Flowers numerous in each axil + =Indian Currant, Symphoricarpos orbiculatus.= + + 20b. Flowers 1 or 2 in each axil (Snowberry) --21. + +21a. Leaves green beneath =Snowberry, Symphoricarpos racemosus.= + +21b. Leaves whitened beneath + =Snowberry, Symphoricarpos racemosus var. pauciflorus.= + + 22a. Leaves palmately lobed --23. + + 22b. Leaves not lobed --25. + +23a. Outermost flowers of the cluster enlarged and imperfect (1-4 m. + high) =Cranberry Tree, Viburnum opulus var. americanum.= + +23b. All flowers of the cluster alike --24. + + 24a. Flower-clusters 4-10 cm. broad (1-2 m. high) + =Arrow Wood, Viburnum acerifolium.= + + 24b. Flower-clusters 2-3 cm. broad + =Squashberry, Viburnum pauciflorum.= + +25a. Outer flowers of the cluster enlarged and imperfect (1-3 m. high) + =Hobble-bush, Viburnum alnifolium.= + +25b. All flowers of the cluster alike --26. + + 26a. Leaves finely serrate; the veins not prominent --27. + + 26b. Leaves coarsely serrate, all or most of the teeth terminating + in a prominent vein --29. + +27a. Peduncle of the flower-cluster, below its branches, at least 2 cm. + long (1-3 m. high) =Withe-rod, Viburnum cassinoides.= + +27b. Peduncle of the cluster 1 cm. long, or even shorter (3-8 m. high) + --28. + + 28a. Leaves distinctly acuminate =Sheep-berry, Viburnum lentago.= + + 28b. Leaves obtuse or barely acute + =Black Haw, Viburnum prunifolium.= + +29a. Leaves densely pubescent beneath (6-15 dm. high) + =Arrow-wood, Viburnum pubescens.= + +29b. Leaves glabrous beneath, or with tufts of hairs in the forks of the + veins (1-4 m. high) =Arrow-wood, Viburnum dentatum.= + + + + +VALERIANACEAE, the Valerian Family + +Herbs with opposite leaves and small nearly or quite regular flowers; +petals 5, united; stamens 3; sepals minute or wanting; ovary inferior. + + +1a. Stem-leaves pinnately cleft (3-10 dm. high; flowers white or + pinkish, summer) --2. + +1b. Stem-leaves entire or dentate (2-6 dm. high; flowers white, summer) + (Corn Salad) --3. + + 2a. Leaf-segments parallel-veined Valerian, Valeriana edulis. + + 2b. Leaf-segments net-veined + =Swamp Valerian, Valeriana uliginosa.= + +3a. Upper stem-leaves entire + =Corn Salad, Valerianella chenopodifolia.= + +3b. Upper stem-leaves dentate =Corn Salad, Valerianella radiata.= + + + + +DIPSACACEAE, the Teasel Family + +Herbs with opposite leaves, and small pale blue flowers aggregated in +dense heads; calyx minute; petals 4, united; stamens 4, attached to the +corolla; ovary inferior. + + +One species in Michigan, 1-2 m. high, with prickly leaves and stem, +blooming in summer =Teasel, Dipsacus sylvestris.= + + + + +CUCURBITACEAE, the Gourd Family + +Herbs, climbing by tendrils, with alternate palmately lobed leaves and +imperfect flowers; staminate flowers in showy clusters, with 5-6 petals +and 3 stamens; pistillate flowers small. + + +1a. Leaves 5-angled or shallowy 5-lobed (flowers white, summer) + =Bur Cucumber, Sicyos angulatus.= + +1b. Leaves 5-lobed to about the middle (commonly cultivated and + frequently wild; flowers white, summer) + =Wild Cucumber, Echinocystis lobata.= + + + + +CAMPANULACEAE, the Bellflower Family + +Herbs with alternate simple leaves and milky juice; sepals 5; petals 5, +united; stamens 5, attached at the very base of the corolla; ovary +inferior. + + +1a. Stem-leaves circular or nearly so, cordate-clasping at base (2-6 dm. + high; flowers blue, axillary, in summer) + =Venus' Looking-Glass, Specularia perfoliata.= + +1b. Stem-leaves linear or nearly so, not over 1 cm. wide (summer) --2. + +1c. Stem-leaves ovate to lanceolate, 2 cm. wide or more (flowers blue, + in a terminal spike or raceme, summer) (Bellflower) --4. + + 2a. Stem and leaves glabrous (or rarely pubescent) (1-6 dm. high; + flowers blue) =Harebell, Campanula rotundifolia.= + + 2b. Stem and leaves rough with reflexed bristles (marsh plants, + with weak slender stems 3-10 dm. long; flowers white or + pale-blue) (Marsh Bellflower) --3. + +3a. Corolla 5-8 mm. long =Marsh Bellflower, Campanula aparinoides.= + +3b. Corolla 10-12 mm. long =Marsh Bellflower, Campanula uliginosa.= + + 4a. Corolla rotate; flowers in spikes (6-15 dm. high) + =Bellflower, Campanula americana.= + + 4b. Corolla bell-shape; flowers in one-sided racemes (4-10 dm. + high) =Bellflower, Campanula rapunculoides.= + + + + +LOBELIACEAE, the Lobelia Family + +Herbs with alternate simple leaves and milky juice; flowers irregular; +petals 5, united; corolla split down the upper side; stamens 5, united +by their anthers into a ring or tube surrounding the style; ovary +2-celled, inferior. Flowers in summer and autumn. + + +1a. Leaves all basal, tubular; flowers on leafless stalks (aquatic, 1-4 + dm. high; flowers blue) =Water Lobelia, Lobelia dortmanna.= + +1b. Leaves normal, on the stem --2. + + 2a. Flowers more than 2 cm. long (5-10 dm. high) --3. + + 2b. Flowers about 1 cm. long, or shorter (flowers light blue) --4. + +3a. Flowers scarlet =Cardinal Flower, Lobelia cardinalis.= + +3b. Flowers blue =Great Lobelia, Lobelia siphilitica.= + + 4a. Flowers in loose racemes, pedicelled --5. + + 4b. Flowers in slender terminal spike-like racemes, nearly sessile + (4-10 dm. high, usually unbranched) + =Lobelia, Lobelia spicata.= + +5a. Foliage pubescent (3-8 dm. high) + =Indian Tobacco, Lobelia inflata.= + +5b. Foliage glabrous (1-4 dm. high) =Lobelia, Lobelia kalmii.= + + + + +COMPOSITAE, the Composite Family + +Herbs, with various types of foliage, but with flowers of characteristic +structure, resembling a sunflower, a thistle, or a dandelion. Each +apparent flower is a head of numerous small flowers, attached side by +side to the expanded end of the stem, and subtended and partly enclosed +by a series of bracts, called the involucre, which resembles a calyx. + +The calyx of the individual flower is minute or actually wanting, and is +usually modified to aid in seed dispersal. It appears at the base of the +corolla, at the summit of the inferior ovary, and is known as pappus. +The structure of the pappus is best observed in the ripe fruit. + +The corolla of the individual flowers consists of 5 (or rarely 4) united +petals. In some flowers the petals are united to form a tubular or +bell-shape corolla. In others they are united to form a flat or +strap-shape corolla. The stamens are attached to the corolla, and are +united by their anthers into a tube which surrounds the style, and above +which the 2-lobed stigma protrudes. + +The apparent flower of a Composite, composed of several or many +individual flowers, is termed a head. It may be composed entirely of +tubular flowers, as the thistle or bone-set; or entirely of strap-shape +flowers, as the dandelion; or of both sorts together, as the aster or +sunflower. In the latter case, the tubular flowers invariably occupy the +center of the head, called the disk, and the larger strap-shape flowers +are at the margin, where their projecting corollas, called rays, may be +very conspicuous. Such heads are called radiate. + +In a few composites (see 1a below) the flowers have minute corollas +without colored parts. + +In identifying a composite, determine first whether the heads are +composed of tubular flowers, of strap-shape flowers, or of both sorts +together; and, secondly, observe the nature of the pappus, using +preferably the ripe heads, or at least the oldest flower-heads +available. No further difficulties will be encountered. + + +1a. Flowers without petal-like or brightly colored parts; staminate and + pistillate flowers in separate heads (or rarely in the same heads); + coarse weeds with inconspicuous flowers (summer and autumn) --2. + +1b. Flowers with some petal-like parts, usually brightly colored or + white --10. + + 2a. Leaves toothed or lobed --3. + + 2b. Leaves deeply pinnatifid or dissected (4-15 dm. high; flowers + in erect spikes) (Ragweed) --7. + +3a. Fruit or pistillate flowers thickly covered with sharp hooked spines + (3-10 dm. high) (Cocklebur) --4. + +3b. Fruit not spiny --8. + + 4a. With spines on the stem at the base of the leaves + =Cocklebur, Xanthium spinosum.= + + 4b. Without any spines on the stem --5. + +5a. Body of the bur smooth or slightly hairy + =Cocklebur, Xanthium canadense.= + +5b. Body of the bur and the spines densely pubescent --6. + + 6a. Body of the bur more than twice as long as thick; a common weed + =Cocklebur, Xanthium commune.= + + 6b. Body of the bur less than twice as long as thick + =Cocklebur, Xanthium echinatum.= + +7a. Leaves twice-pinnatifid =Ragweed, Ambrosia artemisiifolia.= + +7b. Leaves once-pinnatifid =Ragweed, Ambrosia psilostachya.= + + 8a. Leaves deeply 3-lobed (1-5 m. high) + =Giant Ragweed, Ambrosia trifida.= + + 8b. Leaves serrate or obscurely lobed --9. + +9a. Stem simple or sparingly branched; pistillate heads in the axils of + the upper leaves (1-3 m. high) + =Giant Ragweed, Ambrosia trifida var. integrifolia.= + +9b. Stem much branched; heads all alike, in panicles + =Marsh Elder, Iva xanthifolia.= + + 10a. Flowers all strap-shape; juicy milky. (The central flowers + must be examined carefully, since they are frequently much + smaller than the marginal ones) --11. + + 10b. Flowers all tubular, with regular. 4-5-lobed corollas --45. + + 10c. Flowers both tubular and strap-shape; heads radiate (in a few + species the rays are small and may be overlooked by mistake) + --108. + +11a. Flowers blue (summer and autumn) --12. + +11b. Flowers orange, yellow, white, or purplish --15. + + 12a. Heads 2.5 cm. wide, or larger --13. + + 12b. Heads 1.5 cm. wide, or smaller --14. + +13a. Leaves linear; bracts longer than the flowers, heads 5-10 cm. wide + (6-15 dm. high) =Salsify, Tragopogon porrifolius.= + +13b. Leaves broader, mostly serrate; bracts shorter than the flowers; + heads 2.5-4 cm. wide =Chicory, Cichorium intybus.= + + 14a. Heads in a narrow crowded cluster (5-15 dm. high) --30b. + + 14b. Heads in a spreading open panicle (Wild Lettuce) --22. + +15a. Heads solitary at the summit of leafless stalks --16. + +15b. Heads several, on leafy, naked, or scaly stalks --19. + + 16a. Basal leaves strictly entire; heads about 2.5 cm. wide (summer + and autumn) --35a. + + 16b. Basal leaves toothed, lobed, or pinnatifid (spring and summer) + --17. + +17a. Heads 8-14 mm. wide (1-4 dm. high) + =Dwarf Dandelion, Krigia virginica.= + +17b. Heads 25-50 mm. wide (1-6 dm. high) (Dandelion) --18. + + 18a. Outer involucral bracts reflexed + =Dandelion, Taraxacum officinale.= + + 18b. Outer involucral bracts erect or spreading + =Dandelion, Taraxacum erythrospermum.= + +19a. Pappus none; heads about 1 cm. wide (4-10 dm. high; summer) + =Nipplewort, Lapsana communis.= + +19b. Pappus of an inner row of bristles and an outer row of short + scales; heads about 3 cm. wide (3-8 dm. high; early summer) + =Cynthia, Krigia amplexicaulis.= + +19c. Pappus of feathery bristles (summer) --20. + +19d. Pappus of simple bristles --25. + + 20a. Flower-stalk scaly, without foliage leaves (2-6 dm. high) + =Fall Dandelion, Leontodon autumnalis.= + + 20b. Stem leafy (3-10 dm. high) --21. + +21a. Leaves entire, linear-lanceolate + =Meadow Salsify, Tragopogon pratensis.= + +21b. Leaves serrate, oblong-lanceolate =Picris, Picris hieracioides.= + + 22a. Pappus tawny in color (1-3 m. high) --23. + + 22b. Pappus white --24. + +23a. Leaves pinnatifid =Wild Lettuce, Lactuca spicata.= + +23b. Leaves undivided, dentate + =Wild Lettuce, Lactuca spicata var. integrifolia.= + + 24a. Upper leaves entire; heads about 1.5 cm. wide (5-10 dm. high) + =Wild Lettuce, Lactuca pulchella.= + + 24b. Upper leaves dentate or lobed; heads about 1 cm. wide (1-3 m. + high) =Wild Lettuce, Lactuca floridana.= + +25a. Achene tipped with a slender beak, bearing the pappus at its summit + (summer) (Wild Lettuce) --26. + +25b. Achene without a beak --29. + + 26a. Leaves hirsute or hispid on the mid-veins beneath --27. + + 26b. Leaves glabrous --28. + +27a. Leaves pubescent on both sides (1-2 m. high) + =Wild Lettuce, Lactuca hirsuta.= + +27b. Leaves glabrous, except on the mid-vein (5-15 dm. high) + =Wild Lettuce, Lactuca scariola var. integrata.= + + 28a. Leaves entire or sparsely toothed (1-2 m. high) + =Wild Lettuce, Lactuca sagittifolia.= + + 28b. Leaves chiefly sinuate-pinnatifid (1-3 m. high) + =Wild Lettuce, Lactuca canadensis.= + +29a. Flowers white, cream-color, or purplish (summer and autumn) + (Rattlesnake Root) --30. + +29b. Flowers bright-yellow or orange --33. + + 30a. Heads nodding (6-20 dm. high) --31. + + 30b. Heads pointing in various directions, in spike-like panicles; + involucres pubescent (5-15 dm. high) + =Rattlesnake Root, Prenanthes racemosus.= + +31a. Heads with 5-7 flowers in each + =Rattlesnake Root, Prenanthes altissima.= + +31b. Heads with 8-12 flowers --32. + +31c. Heads with 20 or more flowers + =Rattlesnake Root, Prenanthes crepidinea.= + + 32a. Pappus dark reddish-brown + =Rattlesnake Root, Prenanthes alba.= + + 32b. Pappus pale-brown or nearly white + =Rattlesnake Root, Prenanthes trifoliata.= + +33a. Pappus tawny or brown in color (summer and autumn) (Hawkweed) --34. + +33b. Pappus white --42. + + 34a. Heads 2.5 cm. in diameter, or larger --35. + + 34b. Heads 1-2 cm. in diameter (4-10 dm. high) --37. + +35a. Leaves all basal (1-4 dm. high) =Hawkweed, Hieracium pilosella.= + +35b. Stem-leaves present (4-15 dm. high) --36. + + 36a. Leaves rounded at the sessile base + =Hawkweed, Hieracium canadense.= + + 36b. Leaves narrowed toward the base + =Hawkweed, Hieracium umbellatum.= + +37a. A rosette of basal leaves conspicuous at flowering time --38. + +37b. No rosette of basal leaves at time of flowering --41. + + 38a. Leaves glabrous on the upper side --39. + + 38b. Leaves hairy on the upper side --40. + +39a. Stem glabrous, leafless or with one or two leaves + =Hawkweed, Hieracium venosum.= + +39b. Stem with several leaves, hairy below + =Hawkweed, Hieracium marianum.= + + 40a. Leaves with short scattered hairs above + =Hawkweed, Hieracium gronovii.= + + 40b. Leaves and stem densely covered with very long hairs + =Hawkweed, Hieracium longipilum.= + +41a. Leaves glabrous =Hawkweed, Hieracium paniculatum.= + +41b. Leaves very hairy =Hawkweed, Hieracium scabrum.= + + 42a. Bracts of the involucre smooth (5-20 dm. tall; summer and + autumn) (Sow Thistle) --43. + + 42b. Bracts of the involucre hairy --44. + +43a. The clasping leaf-bases acute =Sow Thistle, Sonchus oleraceus.= + +43b. The clasping leaf-bases rounded =Sow Thistle, Sonchus asper.= + + 44a. Heads 2.5-5 cm. broad; involucre 2 cm. long (4-10 dm. high) + =Sow Thistle, Sonchus arvensis.= + + 44b. Heads 1-2 cm. broad; involucre 6-10 mm. long (3-6 dm. high; + summer) =Hawksbeard, Crepis tectorum.= + +45a. Leaves or involucre or both spiny (thistles, burdock, etc.) --46. + +45b. Neither leaves nor involucre spiny --60. + + 46a. Leaves 1-4 dm. broad, not spiny (flowers purple or white; + summer) (Burdock) --47. + + 46b. Leaves narrower, not spiny --48. + +47a. Diameter of involucre at flowering time 3-5 cm. (1-3 m. high) + =Burdock, Arctium lappa.= + +47b. Diameter of involucre at flowering time 1.5-3 cm. (5-15 dm. high) + =Burdock, Arctium minus.= + + 48a. Each head 1-flowered; heads aggregated in a globular + head-like cluster (1-2 m. high; flowers blue or white, summer) + =Globe Thistle, Echinops sphaerocephalus.= + + 48b. Each head many-flowered --49. + +49a. Principal involucral bracts with stout spreading spines 2-4 cm. + long (5-15 dm. high; flowers purple, summer) + =Milk Thistle, Silybum marianum.= + +49b. Principal involucral bracts with slender spines or none --50. + + 50a. Pappus feathery; receptacle bristly (summer and autumn) + (Thistle) --51. + + 50b. Pappus not feathery (flowers purple, summer) --59. + +51a. Heads subtended by a circle of large leafy bracts (5-15 dm. high; + flowers pale-yellow) =Thistle, Cisium spinoissimum.= + +51b. Heads not subtended by several leafy bracts --52. + + 52a. Leaves conspicuously white-woolly on both sides (4-10 dm. + high) --53. + + 52b. Leaves conspicuously white-woolly or brown-woolly below, not + above (flowers purple or pink) --54. + + 52c. Leaves green on both sides (flowers pink or purple, rarely + white) --56. + +53a. Leaves deeply pinnately parted with linear divisions; flowers + almost white =Thistle, Cirsium pitcheri.= + +53b. Leaves irregularly pinnatifid; flowers purple-pink + =Thistle, Cirsium undulatum.= + + 54a. Stem-leaves entire or shallowly lobed (1-3 m. high) + =Thistle, Cirsium altissimum.= + + 54b. Stem-leaves obviously pinnatifid (1-2 m. high) --55. + +55a. Leaves decurrent on the stem =Thistle, Cirsium lanceolatum.= + +55b. Leaves not decurrent =Thistle, Cirsium discolor.= + + 56a. Outer and middle involucral bracts appressed, pointless or + with weak short prickles --57. + + 56b. Outer and middle bracts erect, not appressed, acuminate into a + long slender more or less prickly tip (4-10 dm. high) --58. + +57a. Heads numerous 2-2.5 cm. broad, in close clusters (5-12 dm. high) + =Canada Thistle, Cirsium arvense.= + +57b. Heads few or solitary, 3-5 cm. broad (1-2 m. high) + =Thistle, Cirsium muticum.= + + 58a. Principal bracts with a conspicuous viscid stripe down the + middle; heads 6-19 cm. broad, solitary or few + =Thistle, Cirsium hillii.= + + 58b. Principal bracts not viscid =Thistle, Cirsium pumilum.= + +59a. Receptacle not bristly; heads 3-5 cm. wide (1-3 m. high; flowers + pale-purple, summer) =Cotton Thistle, Onopordum acanthium.= + +59b. Receptacle bristly; heads 2-2.5 cm. wide (5-12 dm. high; flowers + purple to white, late summer) =Thistle, Carduus crispus.= + + 60a. Leaves basal; stem-leaves none or reduced to scales (2-8 dm. + high; flowers whitish, in spring) --61. + + 60b. Stem-leaves present; basal leaves present or absent --62. + +61a. Leaves toothed or lobed; flower-stalk not scaly + =Adenocaulon, Adenocaulon bicolor.= + +61b. Leaves deeply cleft; flower-stalk scaly --197a. + + 62a. Leaves compound or dissected (flowers in summer and autumn) + --63. + + 62b. Leaves merely lobed, never truly compound or dissected --72. + + 62c. Leaves entire or serrate --78. + +63a. Some of the involucral bracts leaf-like, longer than the heads + (3-20 dm. high; flowers yellow or greenish, summer and autumn) + (Beggar Ticks) --126. + +63b. Bracts short and not leaf-like --64. + + 64a. Heads 7-20 mm. wide, in a flat-topped or convex cluster (3-10 + dm. high; flowers yellow, summer) (Tansy) --65. + + 64b. Heads smaller, in spikes, racemes, or panicles (flowers yellow + or greenish, late summer and autumn) (Wormwood) --66. + +65a. Heads 7-10 mm. wide, numerous in a dense cluster + =Tansy, Tanacetum vulgare.= + +65b. Heads 10-20 mm. wide, few, 2-10 in a loose open cluster + =Tansy, Tanacetum huronense.= + + 66a. Heads 2-3 mm. broad (4-15 dm. high) --67. + + 66b. Heads 4-6 mm. broad (3-10 dm. high) --69. + +67a. Leaf-lobes narrowly linear, strictly entire + =Wormwood, Artemisia caudata.= + +67b. Leaf-lobes serrate --68. + + 68a. Heads in a loose spreading panicle + =Wormwood, Artemisia annua.= + + 68b. Heads in axillary clusters, producing a leafy spike-like + panicle =Wormwood, Artemisia biennis.= + +69a. Leaf-lobes narrowly linear --70. + +69b. Leaf-lobes oblong to obovate, not linear --71. + + 70a. Shrubby; involucre pubescent + =Southernwood, Artemisia abrotanum.= + + 70b. Herbaceous; involucre glabrous or rarely pubescent + =Wormwood, Artemisia canadensis.= + +71a. Leaves finely gray-pubescent on both sides + =Wormwood, Artemisia absinthium.= + +71b. Leaves smooth or nearly so above, densely white-woolly beneath + =Mugwort, Artemisia vulgaris.= + + 72a. Heads 2-4 cm. broad, purple, blue, or rarely white (3-6 dm. + high; summer) --92. + + 72b. Heads 1 cm. wide or less --73. + +73a. Leaves densely white-woolly beneath (flowers yellowish, late + summer) --74. + +73b. Leaves smooth or hairy, never white-woolly --75. + + 74a. Heads 6-8 mm. wide (4-8 dm. high) + =Wormwood, Artemisia stelleriana.= + + 74b. Heads 3-4 mm. wide (5-10 dm. high) + =Wormwood, Artemisia ludoviciana.= + +75a. Principal bracts of the involucre 5, with frequently a few much + smaller ones --76. + +75b. Principal bracts of the involucre numerous --77. + + 76a. Heads few in small terminal clusters; foliage somewhat + viscid-pubescent (6-15 dm. high; flowers yellow, summer) + --114a. + + 76b. Heads very numerous in flat-topped clusters; foliage never + viscid-pubescent (1-2 m. high; flowers white, late summer) + --105c. + +77a. Leaves broadly halberd-shape, 3-lobed (1-2 m. high; flowers white, + late summer) --105b. + +77b. Leaves lobed only at the base (5-10 dm. high; flowers yellow, + summer) --93a. + +77c. Leaves pinnatifid (2-8 dm. high; flowers yellow) --172. + + 78a. Bracts of the involucre dry and chaffy, at least at the tip; + plants always pubescent and usually white-woolly --79. + + 78b. Bracts of the involucre green or colored, but never dry and + chaffy --90. + +79a. Pappus none; heads 3-4 mm. wide, in ample panicled spikes (flowers + yellowish, late summer) --74b. + +79b. Pappus a minute ring or crown; leaves crenate (5-10 dm. high; + flowers yellow, summer) --93a. + +79c. Pappus of hairs; heads in flat-topped clusters or slender spikes + --80. + + 80a. Heads sessile or subsessile in small flat-topped clusters; + flowering in spring or early summer; principal leaves basal + (1-4 dm. high; flowers white or purplish) (Everlasting) --81. + + 80b. Heads in terminal spikes (2-6 dm. high; flowers purplish, + summer) =Cudweed, Gnaphalium purpureum.= + + 80c. Heads in small or large flat-topped clusters, flowering in + summer or autumn; principal leaves on the stem --88. + +81a. Stolons from the basal rosette of leaves leafy throughout and + ascending at the tip --82. + +81b. Stolons prostrate throughout, leafy only at the tip --87. + + 82a. Basal leaves 2-5 cm. long, 1-nerved --83. + + 82b. Basal leaves 5-12 cm. long, 3-nerved --84. + +83a. Basal leaves spatulate or oblanceolate, smooth above + =Everlasting, Antennaria canadensis.= + +83b. Basal leaves obovate, pubescent above + =Everlasting, Antennaria neodioica.= + + 84a. Basal leaves smooth above + =Everlasting, Antennaria parlinii.= + + 84b. Basal leaves dull green and pubescent above --85. + +85a. Heads 6-8 mm. high =Everlasting, Antennaria plantaginifolia.= + +85b. Heads 8-11 mm. high --86. + + 86a. Leaf-blade ovate or obovate + =Everlasting, Antennaria fallax.= + + 86b. Leaf-blade spatulate, with rounded tip + =Everlasting, Antennaria occidentalis.= + +87a. Styles crimson =Everlasting, Antennaria neglecta.= + +87b. Styles pale yellow =Everlasting, Antennaria petaloidea.= + + 88a. Erect; involucral bracts pearly white (4-9 dm. high) + =Pearly Everlasting, Anaphalis margaritacea.= + + 88b. Erect; involucral bracts dull white or pale brown, somewhat + pubescent (4-8 dm. high) (Cudweed) --89. + + 88c. Diffusely branched; heads in dense clusters; bracts brown (1-2 + dm. high) =Cudweed, Gnaphalium uliginosum.= + +89a. Leaves decurrent on the stem =Cudweed, Gnaphalium decurrens.= + +89b. Leaves not decurrent on the stem + =Cudweed, Gnaphalium polycephalum.= + + 90a. Twining vine (flowers white, summer) + =Hemp Weed, Mikania scandens.= + + 90b. Not twining or climbing --91. + +91a. Involucral bracts deeply fringed at the tip (flowers purple, blue, + or rarely white, summer; 3-6 dm. high) --92. + +91b. Involucral bracts entire or nearly so --93. + + 92a. Upper leaves linear or narrowly lanceolate + =Corn Flower, Centaurea cyanus.= + + 92b. Upper leaves oblong or oblong-lanceolate + =Knapweed, Centaurea nigra.= + +93a. Pappus none or a short ring or crown (5-10 dm. high; flowers + yellow, summer) + =Costmary, Chrysanthemum balsamita var. tanacetoides.= + +93b. Pappus of 2-4 stiff awns (2-15 dm. high; flowers yellow, late + summer) (Bur Marigold) --130. + +93c. Pappus of hairs or bristles --94. + + 94a. Leaves linear or narrowly lanceolate, entire; heads never in a + large flat-topped cluster --95. + + 94b. Leaves not linear --99. + +95a. Heads showy, purple, in a long spike or raceme (late summer) + (Blazing Star) --96. + +95b. Heads not showy, in a loose panicle or raceme --240b. + + 96a. Involucral bracts rounded at the tip, appressed (5-15 dm. + high) --97. + + 96b. Involucral bracts pointed (3-6 dm. high) --98. + +97a. Heads 8-12-flowered =Blazing Star, Liatris spicata.= + +97b. Heads with 25 flowers or more =Blazing Star, Liatris scariosa.= + + 98a. Involucral bracts long-acuminate, spreading + =Blazing Star, Liatris squarrosa.= + + 98b. Involucral bracts mucronate, appressed + =Blazing Star, Liatris cylindracea.= + +99a. Flowers yellow (2-8 dm. high) --172b. + +99b. Flowers bright-red or purple, in flat-topped clusters (8-20 dm. + high; late summer) (Ironweed) --100. + +99c. Flowers blue (3-8 dm. high; late summer) + =Mist Flower, Eupatorium coelestinum.= + +99d. Flowers flesh-color, pink, cream-color, or white (flowers in + summer) --103. + + 100a. Leaves glabrous beneath or minutely pubescent; heads + 15-30-flowered --101. + + 100b. Leaves tomentose beneath; heads 30-50-flowered --102. + +101a. Inflorescence densely crowded; usually 1 m. or less high + =Ironweed, Vernonia fasciculate.= + +101b. Inflorescence loose and open, 15-30 cm. wide; 1-2 m. high + =Ironweed, Vernonia altissima.= + + 102a. Pappus tawny in color =Ironweed, Vernonia missurica.= + + 102b. Pappus purple =Ironweed, Vernonia illinoensis.= + +103a. Leaves alternate --104. + +103b. Leaves opposite --106. + +103c. Leaves whorled (1-3 m. high; flowers pink or purple, late summer) + (Joe-Pye Weed) --107. + + 104a. Heads 5-flowered (5-20 dm. high; flowers white or pinkish, + late summer) (Indian Plantain) --105. + + 104b. Heads 10 25-flowered (5-10 dm. high; flowers white, late + summer) =False Boneset, Kuhnia eupatorioides.= + + 104c. Heads with more than 50 flowers (3-20 dm. high; flowers + white, summer) =Fireweed, Erechtites hieracifolia.= + +105a. Leaves entire, with many veins from base to apex + =Indian Plantain, Cacalia tuberosa.= + +105b. Leaves sharply serrate =Indian Plantain, Cacalia suaveolens.= + +105c. Leaves broadly triangular or kidney-shape, sinuate or entire + =Indian Plantain, Cacalia atriplicifolia.= + + 106a. Leaves united at the base (5-15 dm. high) + =Boneset, Eupatorium perfoliatum.= + + 106b. Leaves sessile but not united at the base (5-15 dm. high) + =Upland Boneset, Eupatorium sessilifolium.= + + 106c. Leaves petioled (4-12 dm. high) + =White Snakeroot, Eupatorium urticaefolium.= + +107a. Inflorescence ovoid or pyramidal + =Joe-Pye Weed, Eupatorium purpureum.= + +107b. Inflorescence depressed or flattened + =Joe-Pye Weed, Eupatorium purpureum var. maculatum.= + + 108a. Rays yellow or brown --109. + + 108b. Rays white to blue or red, never yellow or brown --197. + +109a. Principal leaves basal, the stem merely with bract-like scales + --110. + +109b. Principal leaves on the stem, opposite or whorled --111. + +109c. Principal leaves on the stem, alternate, or with smaller ones + clustered in their axils --132. + + 110a. Flower-stalk 1-5 dm. high, 1-flowered (spring) + =Coltsfoot, Tussilago farfara.= + + 110b. Flower-stalk 1-3 m. high, several-flowered (summer) + =Prairie Dock, Silphium terebinthinaceum.= + +111a. Ray-flowers pistillate (the 2-lobed style protrudes from their + base) --112. + +111b. Ray-flowers with neither stamens nor pistil --118. + + 112a. Principal leaves lobed (summer) (Leafcup) --113. + + 112b. Principal leaves toothed or entire, not lobed --115. + +113a. Rays 10 or more (1-2 m. high) =Leafcup, Polymnia uvedalia.= + +113b. Rays 5 (5-15 dm. high) --114. + + 114a. Rays shorter than the involucre or none + =Leafcup, Polymnia canadensis.= + + 114b. Rays about 1 cm. long + =Leafcup, Polymnia canadensis var. radiata.= + +115a. Stem 6 dm. high or less; pappus of slender hairs (spring) + =Arnica, Arnica cordifolia.= + +115b. Stem usually 8-20 dm. high; pappus of short scales or none + (summer) --116. + + 116a. Leaves united at base into a cup surrounding the stem + =Cup Plant, Silphium perfoliatum.= + + 116b. Leaves closely sessile with a rounded base + =Rosin Weed, Silphium integrifolium.= + + 116c. Leaves tapering to a short petiole; principal leaves whorled + =Rosin Weed, Silphium trifoliatum.= + + 116d. Leaves abruptly rounded at the sessile base, all opposite + (Ox-eye) --117. + +117a. Leaves smooth =Ox-eye, Heliopsis helianthoides.= + +117b. Leaves rough =Ox-eye, Heliopsis scabra.= + + 118a. Principal stem-leaves lobed or divided --119. + + 118b. Principal stem-leaves entire or serrate --127. + +119a. Submerged aquatic; leaf-segments filiform + =Water Marigold, Bidens beckii.= + +119b. Terrestrial plants; leaves merely 3-lobed (3-8 dm. high; late + spring and summer) (Tickseed) --120. + +119c. Terrestrial plants; leaves compound or dissected (summer and + autumn) --121. + + 120a. Leaf-lobes linear-oblong, all about equal + =Tickseed, Coreopsis palmata.= + + 120b. Lateral leaf-lobes very much smaller than the terminal + =Tickseed, Coreopsis lanceolata.= + +121a. Leaf-segments entire (Tickseed) --122. + +121b. Leaf-segments serrate (5-15 dm. high) (Tickseed Sunflower) --124. + + 122a. Leaf-segments numerous, linear or nearly so (4-10 dm. high) + --123. + + 122b. Leaf-segments 3-5, lanceolate (1-3 m. high) + =Tickseed, Coreopsis tripteris.= + +123a. Rays yellow throughout =Tickseed, Coreopsis verticillata.= + +123b. Rays brown, at least at the base =Tickseed, Coreopsis tinctoria.= + + 124a. Achenes wedge-shape, the inner ones less than 2 mm. wide + --125. + + 124b. Achenes obovate, the inner ones more than 2 mm. wide + =Tickseed Sunflower, Bidens aristosa.= + +125a. Leaf-lobes lanceolate =Tickseed Sunflower, Bidens trichosperma.= + +125b. Leaf-lobes linear + =Tickseed Sunflower, Bidens trichosperma var. tenuiloba.= + + 126a. Outer leaf-like bracts 10-16; achenes brown + =Beggar Ticks, Bidens vulgata.= + + 126b. Outer leaf-like bracts 5-8; achenes black + =Beggar Ticks, Bidens frondosa.= + + 126c. Outer leaf-like bracts about 4 + =Beggar Ticks, Bidens discoidea.= + +127a. Bracts of the involucre all essentially alike in form and texture + (flowers in summer and autumn) (Sunflower) --179. + +127b. Bracts of the involucre in two distinct sets, differing in form or + consistency or both --128. + + 128a. Leaves entire (3-8 dm. high; late spring and summer) --120b. + + 128b. Leaves serrate (late summer and autumn) (Bur Marigold) --129. + +129a. Rays large and conspicuous, 2-3 cm. long (3-10 dm. high) + =Bur Marigold, Bidens laevis.= + +129b. Rays 1 cm. long or less --130. + + 130a. Outer bracts leaf-like, serrate, 3-8 cm. long (4-15 dm. high) + =Bur Marigold, Bidens comosa.= + + 130b. Outer bracts 1-2.5 cm. long (2-15 dm. high) --131. + +131a. Heads nodding after flowering =Bur Marigold, Bidens cernua.= + +131b. Heads permanently erect =Bur Marigold, Bidens connata.= + + 132a. Heads small, seldom more than 1 cm. wide, including the rays, + blooming in late summer and autumn; flowers numerous, crowded + in spikes, racemes, corymbs, or panicles (Goldenrod) --133. + + 132b. Heads medium size or large, more than 1 cm. and usually + exceeding 2 cm. in width, including the rays --165. + +133a. Heads chiefly in clusters or short racemes in the axils of + ordinary foliage leaves, or occasionally the upper compacted into + a leafy cluster terminating the stem --134. + +133b. Heads crowded at or near the ends of the branches at about the + same distance from the base of the panicle, forming a rounded or + flat-topped inflorescence --140. + +133c. Heads more or less uniformly distributed along the length of the + branches, forming a cylindrical or pyramidal inflorescence, never + flat-topped --146. + + 134a. Stem and both sides of the leaves more or less pubescent or + rough (4-10 dm. high) --135. + + 134b. Stem and both sides of the leaves essentially smooth or with + very short hairs (3-10 dm. high) --136. + +135a. Rays white =Goldenrod, Solidago bicolor.= + +135b. Rays yellow =Goldenrod, Solidago hispida.= + + 136a. Basal leaves abruptly narrowed to winged petioles --137. + + 136b. Basal leaves not abruptly narrowed to winged petioles --138. + +137a. Involucre 2-5 mm. long =Goldenrod, Solidago latifolia.= + +137b. Involucre 8-12 mm. long =Goldenrod, Solidago macrophylla.= + + 138a. Lower leaves broadly oval, obtuse, thickish, crenate; achenes + glabrous =Goldenrod, Solidago erecta.= + + 138b. Lower leaves lanceolate, acuminate, thin, sharply serrate; + achenes hairy --139. + +139a. Stem usually simple; heads few in very small clusters + =Goldenrod, Solidago caesia var. axillaris.= + +139b. Stem usually diffusely branched; heads numerous + =Goldenrod, Solidago caesia.= + + 140a. Lower leaves ovate, oblong, or oval, pinnately veined (5-15 + dm. high) --141. + + 140b. Lower leaves linear-lanceolate. 3-5-veined (3-12 dm. high) + --142. + +141a. Stem and leaves rough-hairy =Goldenrod, Solidago rigida.= + +141b. Stem and leaves smooth =Goldenrod, Solidago ohioensis.= + + 142a. Heads very few in a small cluster; leaves few and scattered + =Goldenrod, Solidago houghtonii.= + + 142b. Heads very many, in a large cluster; stem very leafy --143. + +143a. Leaves hairy =Goldenrod, Solidago graminifolia var. nuttallii.= + +143b. Leaves smooth --144. + + 144a. Leaves folded, 8-20 mm. wide + =Goldenrod, Solidago riddellii.= + + 144b. Leaves flat, 1-8 mm. wide --145. + +145a. Leaves 4-8 mm. wide, distinctly 3-5-ribbed + =Goldenrod, Solidago graminifolia.= + +145b. Leaves 1-4 mm. wide, usually with 1 mid-vein + =Goldenrod, Solidago tenuifolia.= + + 146a. Only 2-5 stem-leaves below the inflorescence (1-3 dm. high) + =Goldenrod, Solidago cutleri.= + + 146b. Stem-leaves numerous --147. + +147a. Basal leaves much larger than the greatly reduced or bract-like + upper ones --148. + +147b. Leaves essentially uniform in size from base to summit of stem + --157. + + 148a. Racemes or branches of the panicle either short and arranged + along a more or less elongated central axis, or elongated and + ascending, scarcely recurved, forming a narrow, more or less + elongated panicle --149. + + 148b. Racemes or branches of the panicle usually elongated, + spreading outwards, usually recurved, forming a widened + panicle --153. + +149a. Leaves mostly entire, the upper ones with smaller leaves fascicled + in the axils (5-20 dm. high) =Goldenrod, Solidago speciosa.= + +149b. Leaves mostly serrate, at least the basal ones --150. + + 150a. Heads on pedicels 5-15 mm. long; achenes pubescent; stems + usually clustered (1-5 dm. high, or prostrate) --151. + + 150b. Heads on pedicels not over 5 mm. long; achenes smooth or + nearly so; stems usually single (6-12 dm. high) --152. + +151a. Basal leaves 7-12 cm. long =Goldenrod, Solidago racemosa.= + +151b. Basal leaves 15-30 cm. long + =Goldenrod, Solidago racemosa var. gillmani.= + + 152a. Leaves pinnately veined =Goldenrod, Solidago uliginosa.= + + 152b. Leaves 3-5-ribbed =Goldenrod, Solidago neglecta.= + +153a. Both sides of the leaf pubescent or rough --154. + +153b. Leaf not pubescent or rough on both sides --155. + + 154a. Stem closely pubescent (2-8 dm. high) + =Goldenrod, Solidago nemoralis.= + + 154b. Stem glabrous (5-12 dm. high) + =Goldenrod, Solidago juncea var. scabrella.= + +155a. Leaves rough above, smooth below (6-15 dm. high) + =Goldenrod, Solidago patula.= + +155b. Leaves smooth on both sides (5-12 dm. high) --156. + + 156a. Branches of the panicle spreading or recurved + =Goldenrod, Solidago juncea.= + + 156b. Branches of the panicle upright + =Goldenrod, Solidago juncea var. ramosa.= + +157a. Stem more or less pubescent or hairy throughout (5-20 dm. high) + --158. + +157b. Stem smooth, at least below the inflorescence --161. + + 158a. Involucre 2-2.7 mm. long =Goldenrod, Solidago canadensis.= + + 158b. Involucre 3-5 mm. long --159. + +159a. Leaves pinnately veined, scabrous above + =Goldenrod, Solidago rugosa.= + +159b. Leaves 3-5-ribbed, pubescent but not scabrous above --160. + + 160a. Stem and lower side of leaves covered with short hairs; + common species =Goldenrod, Solidago altissima.= + + 160b. Stem and lower side of leaves with distinct, loose, soft + hairs (shore of Lake Superior) + =Goldenrod, Solidago altissima var. procera.= + +161a. Involucre 2-2.7 mm. long (5-20 dm. high) --158a. + +161b. Involucre 3-6 mm. long --162. + + 162a. Racemes or branches of the panicle either short and arranged + along a more or less elongated axis, or elongated and + ascending, scarcely recurved, forming a narrow more or less + elongated panicle (5-10 dm. high) + =Goldenrod, Solidago speciosa var. angustata.= + + 162b. Racemes or branches of the panicle usually elongated, + spreading outward, usually recurved, forming a widened + panicle; leaves distinctly serrate --163. + +163a. Leaves pinnately veined (5-12 dm. high) + =Goldenrod, Solidago ulmifolia.= + +163b. Leaves 3-5-ribbed (5-20 dm. high) --164. + + 164a. Leaves glabrous on both sides + =Goldenrod, Solidago serotina.= + + 164b. Leaves slightly pubescent beneath + =Goldenrod, Solidago serotina var. gigantea.= + +165a. Ray-flowers pistillate (the 2-lobed style protrudes from their + base) --166. + +165b. Ray-flowers with neither stamens nor pistil --174. + + 166a. Principal leaves more than 2 dm. long (1-3 m. high; summer) + --167. + + 166b. Principal leaves less than 1.5 dm. long --168. + +167a. Leaves deeply lobed =Compass Plant, Silphium laciniatum.= + +167b. Leaves toothed or serrate =Elecampane, Inula helenium.= + + 168a. Leaves narrowly linear (3-6 dm. high; late summer) + =Sneezeweed, Helenium tenuifolium.= + + 168b. Leaves of a broader shape --169. + +169a. Heads 1-2 cm. wide; flowers in spring and early summer (2-8 dm. + high) (Ragwort) --170. + +169b. Heads 2-5 cm. wide; flowers in late summer and autumn --173. + + 170a. Basal leaves cordate at base =Ragwort, Senecio aureus.= + + 170b. Basal leaves narrowed to the base --171. + +171a. Basal leaves obovate =Ragwort, Senecio obovatus.= + +171b. Basal leaves oblong =Ragwort, Senecio balsamitae.= + + 172a. Introduced annual in waste places (1-4 dm. high; spring and + summer) =Groundsel, Senecio vulgaris.= + + 172b. Native biennial in moist ground (3-8 dm. high; summer) + =Squaw Weed, Senecio discoideus.= + +173a. Leaves 2-5 cm. long, sharply spinulose-serrate; involucre viscid + (3-6 dm. high; summer) =Gum Plant, Grindelia squarrosa.= + +173b. Leaves 5-12 cm. long, merely serrate; involucre gray-pubescent + (5-15 dm. high; late summer) =Sneeze Weed, Helenium autumnale.= + + 174a. Disk hemispherical or oblong-cylindrical (Summer) --175. + + 174b. Disk flat or somewhat convex (Sunflower) (summer and autumn) + --179. + +175a. Disk yellow or greenish-yellow (1-3 dm. high) --176. + +175b. Disk gray-brown or purple (5-15 dm. high) --177. + + 176a. Principal stem-leaves pinnately divided + =Golden Glow, Rudbeckia laciniata.= + + 176b. Principal stem-leaves merely serrate + =Yellow Ironweed, Actinomeris alternifolia.= + +177a. Rays drooping; leaves pinnately divided + =Gray-headed Coneflower, Lepachys pinnata.= + +177b. Rays spreading when in bloom --178. + + 178a. Lower leaves deeply 3-lobed + =Coneflower, Rudbeckia triloba.= + + 178b. Stem-leaves sharply serrate + =Coneflower, Rudbeckia speciosa var. sullivantii.= + + 178c. Stem-leaves entire or sparingly serrate + =Black-eyed Susan, Rudbeckia hirta.= + +179a. Disk-flowers brown or purple --180. + +179b. Disk-flowers yellow --182. + + 180a. Stem-leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate; petioles prominent, + not winged --181. + + 180b. Stem-leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, contracted at the base + into a winged petiole (6-15 dm. high) + =Sunflower, Helianthus atrorubens.= + + 180c. Stem-leaves oblong-lanceolate, very thick and rigid, + gradually narrowed to a sessile or short-petioled base + (5-20 dm. high) =Sunflower, Helianthus scaberrimus.= + +181a. Disk less than 2 cm. wide (3-10 dm. high) + =Sunflower, Helianthus petiolaris.= + +181b. Disk more than 2.5 cm. wide (1-3 m. high) + =Sunflower, Helianthus annuus.= + + 182a. Leaves all or chiefly at the base (5-10 dm. high) + =Sunflower, Helianthus occidentalis.= + + 182b. Leaves chiefly scattered on the stem --183. + 183a. Leaves mainly or all alternate, and not definitely + 3-ribbed (1-4 m. high) --184. + +183b. Leaves mainly or all opposite, lanceolate to ovate, and 3-ribbed + --186. + + 184a. Stem glabrous =Sunflower, Helianthus grosse-serratus.= + + 184b. Stem hairy or rough --185. + +185a. Leaves hairy beneath, rough above, lanceolate + =Sunflower, Helianthus giganteus.= + +185b. Leaves rough on both sides, elongated + =Sunflower, Helianthus maximiliani.= + + 186a. Leaves sessile (5-15 dm. high) --187. + + 186b. Leaves petioled, or narrowed at the base into a petiole (5-30 + dm. high) --189. + +187a. Leaves wedge-shape at the base + =Sunflower, Helianthus doronicoides.= + +187b. Leaves rounded at the base --188. + + 188a. Stem glabrous or nearly so + =Sunflower, Helianthus divaricatus.= + + 188b. Stem densely and softly hirsute + =Sunflower, Helianthus mollis.= + +189a. Stems rough, pubescent, or hispid --190. + +189b. Stems glabrous or nearly so --193. + + 190a. Leaves narrowly lanceolate, more than 5 times as long as wide + =Sunflower, Helianthus giganteus var. subtuberosus.= + + 190b. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, not more than 4 times as long as + wide --191. + +191a. Leaves rounded at base, above the petiole + =Sunflower, Helianthus hirsutus.= + +191b. Leaves narrowed to the base --192. + + 192a. Bracts of the involucre spreading + =Jerusalem Artichoke, Helianthus tuberosus.= + + 192b. Bracts all appressed =Sunflower, Helianthus laetiflorus.= + +193a. Heads 3 cm. wide or less, including the rays + =Sunflower, Helianthus microcephalus.= + +193b. Heads 4 cm. wide or more, including the rays --194. + + 194a. Leaves narrowed at the base into a winged petiole --195. + + 194b. Petiole slender, not winged + =Sunflower, Helianthus decapetalus.= + +195a. Leaves green on both sides; bracts longer than the disk + =Sunflower, Helianthus tracheliifolius.= + +195b. Leaves paler below than above; bracts not longer than the disk + --196. + + 196a. Leaves minutely pubescent beneath + =Sunflower, Helianthus strumosus.= + + 196b. Leaves conspicuously downy beneath + =Sunflower, Helianthus strumosus var. mollis.= + +197a. Leaves all basal, the flowers on scaly stalks (2-8 dm. high; + flowers whitish, in spring) =Coltsfoot, Petasites palmata.= + +197b. Stem-leaves present, opposite --198. + +197c. Stem-leaves present, alternate --200. + + 198a. Leaves ovate, dentate, 2-6 cm. long (2-8 dm. high; summer) + (Galinsoga) --199. + + 198b. Leaves lobed, 10-25 cm. long --113b. + +199a. Pubescence sparse, appressed =Galinsoga, Galinsoga parviflora.= + +199b. Pubescence abundant, spreading + =Galinsoga, Galinsoga parviflora var. hispida.= + + 200a. Leaves dissected or deeply lobed or pinnatifid; pappus never + capillary; rays white to pink (3-10 dm. high; summer and + autumn) --201. + + 200b. Leaves entire or serrate --206. + +201a. Heads 4-8 mm. wide (Yarrow) --202. + +201b. Heads 12-50 mm. wide --203. + + 202a. Flower-clusters flat-topped =Yarrow, Achillea millefolium.= + + 202b. Flower-clusters very convex =Yarrow, Achillea lanulosa.= + +203a. Principal leaves pinnatifid --213a. + +203b. Principal leaves 1-3 times pinnately parted or dissected --204. + + 204a. Leaf-segments very narrowly linear; leaves 2-3-pinnate --205. + + 204b. Leaf-segments linear or lanceolate; heads 2.5-5 cm. wide + =Camomile, Anthemis arvensis.= + + 204c. Leaf-segments ovate to ovate-oblong; heads 1-2 cm. wide + =Feverfew, Chrysanthemum parthenium.= + +205a. Foliage strongly scented =Dog Fennel, Anthemis cotula.= + +205b. Foliage not ill-scented =Wild Camomile, Matricaria inodora.= + + 206a. Heads 3-6 mm. broad, including the rays (summer and autumn) + --207. + + 206b. Heads 7 mm. broad or larger, including the rays --209. + +207a. Rays purple (1-4 dm. high) =Horse Weed, Erigeron divaricatus.= + +207b. Rays white --208. + + 208a. Leaves obovate to oblong (3-10 dm. high) --135a. + + 208b. Leaves linear or narrowly lanceolate (2-25 dm. high) + =Horse Weed, Erigeron canadensis.= + +209a. Pappus none, or minute and not of hairs (summer and autumn) --210. + +209b. Pappus of hairs --214. + + 210a. Disk-flowers purple or brown (4-12 dm. high; rays pink) + (Purple Coneflower) --211. + + 210b. Disk-flowers yellow or nearly white --212. + +211a. Leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, most of them serrate + =Purple Coneflower, Brauneria purpurea.= + +211b. Leaves narrowly lanceolate, gradually narrowed at the base, entire + =Purple Coneflower, Brauneria pallida.= + + 212a. Rays broadly obovate; heads 1-2 cm. wide (3-6 dm. high) + =Sneezewort, Achillea ptarmica.= + + 212b. Rays oblong or narrowly elliptical --213. + +213a. Leaves serrate (3-10 dm. high) + =Ox-eye Daisy, Chrysanthemum leucanthemum var. pinnatifidum.= + +213b. Leaves entire (8-25 dm. high) =Boltonia, Boltonia asteroides.= + + 214a. Involucral bracts all the same length or nearly so and + narrow, or with a few short outer ones; plants blooming in + spring and summer, or a few plants persisting in bloom until + autumn (Fleabane) --215. + + 214b. Involucral bracts unequal, the outer successively shorter (or + rarely nearly equal), loosely or closely overlapping; plants + 3-15 dm. high, blooming in late summer and autumn (Aster) + --221. + +215a. Rays short and inconspicuous, barely longer than the pappus (1-5 + dm. high; summer) =Fleabane, Erigeron acris var. asteroides.= + +215b. Rays conspicuous, spreading, 3 mm. long or more --216. + + 216a. Rare plants of the Northern Peninsula, with entire leaves and + stems 1-5 dm. high, from a thick woody root (flowers white or + purple, summer) --217. + + 216b. Common species, with erect stems from fibrous roots; leaves + toothed (except in one species) --218. + +217a. Heads 3-5 cm. wide; rays about 100 + =Fleabane, Erigeron glabellus.= + +217b. Heads 1-2 cm. wide; rays 20-30 + =Fleabane, Erigeron hyssopifolius.= + + 218a. Stem unbranched, except for the peduncles; leaves chiefly + basal; heads 1-9 (2-5 dm. high; flowers pale-purple, spring) + =Fleabane, Erigeron pulchellus.= + + 218b. Stem branched; principal leaves on the stem; heads usually + numerous (3-12 dm. high; spring and summer) --219. + +219a. Stem-leaves linear, entire =Fleabane, Erigeron ramosus.= + +219b. Stem-leaves ovate-lanceolate, the principal ones toothed --220. + + 220a. Rays 100 or more, light-purple or pink + =Fleabane, Erigeron philadelphicus.= + + 220b. Rays much fewer, white =Fleabane, Erigeron annuus.= + +221a. Basal leaves petioled and heart-shape at the base --222. + +221b. Basal leaves not petioled; stem-leaves with heart-shape clasping + bases --231. + +221c. Basal and stem-leaves sessile or petioled, but never heart-shape + or clasping --240. + + 222a. Rays white or violet --223. + + 222b. Rays blue --225. + +223a. Plant glandular, especially on the pedicels and branches of the + inflorescence =Aster, Aster macrophyllus.= + +223b. Plant not glandular --224. + + 224a. Leaves rough above =Aster, Aster schreberi.= + + 224b. Leaves smooth above =Aster, Aster divaricatus.= + +225a. Stem-leaves clasping the stem by a cordate base + =Aster, Aster undulatus.= + +225b. Stem-leaves not cordate-clasping --226. + + 226a. Leaves entire --227. + + 226b. Leaves serrate --228. + +227a. Leaves glabrous above =Aster, Aster shortii.= + +227b. Leaves rough above =Aster, Aster azureus.= + + 228a. Involucre 4-6 mm. long --229. + + 228b. Involucre 6-10 mm. long --230. + +229a. Leaves rough; petioles mostly winged =Aster, Aster lowrieanus.= + +229b. Leaves smooth; petioles slender, not winged + =Aster, Aster cordifolius.= + + 230a. Heads few, seldom more than 10, in a loose spreading cluster + =Aster, Aster lindleyanus.= + + 230b. Heads numerous, in a rather elongate crowded cluster + =Aster, Aster sagittifolius.= + +231a. Stem hirsute or rough-pubescent --232. + +231b. Stem smooth, or essentially so --236. + + 232a. Leaves conspicuously serrate =Aster, Aster puniceus.= + + 232b. Leaves entire or nearly so --233. + +233a. Leaves narrowed toward the base and barely clasping, linear or + oblong-linear --234. + +233b. Leaves ovate-oblong or lanceolate, with a broad conspicuously + clasping base --235. + + 234a. Involucre pubescent but not glandular + =Aster, Aster amethystinus.= + + 234b. Involucre glandular =Aster, Aster oblongifolius.= + +235a. Involucre very glandular and viscid; rays very numerous, + violet-purple; leaves lanceolate =Aster, Aster novae-angliae.= + +235b. Involucre slightly glandular or not at all; rays 20-30, generally + blue-purple; leaves ovate-oblong =Aster, Aster patens.= + + 236a. Leaves of a linear type --237. + + 236b. Leaves broader than linear, at least 1 cm. wide --238. + +237a. Bracts narrow, approximately equal in length --253a. + +237b. Bracts of several lengths, the outer successively shorter --256a. + + 238a. Leaves smooth above =Aster, Aster laevis.= + + 238b. Leaves rough above --239. + +239a. Leaves contracted below the middle and then abruptly dilated to + the clasping base =Aster, Aster prenanthoides.= + +239b. Leaves gradually narrowed toward the base + =Aster, Aster puniceus.= + + 240a. Rays conspicuous --241. + + 240b. Rays minute or wanting =Aster, Aster angustus.= + +241a. Stems and leaves gray with a silky pubescence + =Aster, Aster sericeus.= + +241b. Stem and leaves green, not silky --242. + + 242a. Bracts glandular-viscid; rays violet + =Aster, Aster oblongifolius.= + + 242b. Bracts bristly-ciliate --243. + + 242c. Bracts smooth or pubescent, not glandular or bristly-ciliate + --244. + +243a. Leaves crowded, rigid; rays white =Aster, Aster multiflorus.= + +243b. Leaves not crowded and rigid; rays blue --234a. + + 244a. Bracts narrowed at the tip into thickened firm green + awl-shape points --245. + + 244b. Bracts acute or obtuse at the flattened tip --247. + +245a. Involucre 4-5 mm. long --246. + +245b. Involucre 7-8 mm. high =Aster, Aster polyphyllus.= + + 246a. Stem smooth =Aster, Aster ericoides.= + + 246b. Stem hairy; leaves linear + =Aster, Aster ericoides var. villosus.= + + 246c. Stem densely white-woolly + =Aster, Aster ericoides var. platyphyllus.= + +247a. Leaves at most 4.5 cm. long --248. + +247b. Leaves larger, at least the principal ones --249. + + 248a. Stems in clusters; leaves rigid, linear, with 1 vein; flowers + blue =Aster, Aster linariifolius.= + + 248b. Stem solitary; leaves not rigid; flowers rose-pink + =Aster, Aster nemoralis.= + +249a. Heads solitary at the end of minutely leafy branchlets; leaves + linear =Aster, Aster dumosus.= + +249b. Heads in flat-topped clusters; leaves lanceolate or broader --250. + +249c. Heads in more or less one-sided racemes --251. + +249d. Heads in panicles or irregular clusters --253. + + 250a. Leaves rigid, linear-lanceolate =Aster, Aster ptarmicoides.= + + 250b. Leaves not rigid, lanceolate =Aster, Aster umbellatus.= + +251a. Leaves lanceolate, sharply serrate --252. + +251b. Leaves linear or narrowly linear-lanceolate, only the larger ones + with a few teeth near the middle =Aster, Aster vimineus.= + + 252a. Stem glabrous or somewhat pubescent + =Aster, Aster lateriflorus.= + + 252b. Stem woolly with long hairs + =Aster, Aster lateriflorus var. hirsuticaulis.= + +253a. Bracts narrow, approximately equal in length + =Aster, Aster longifolius.= + +253b. Bracts of several lengths, the outer successively shorter --254. + + 254a. Heads 10-15 mm. wide, including the rays + =Aster, Aster tradescanti.= + + 254b. Heads 15-25 mm. wide, including the rays --255. + +255a. Bracts with conspicuous dilated or subrhombic tips + =Aster, Aster salicifolius.= + +255b. Bracts without conspicuous green tips --256. + +256a. Rays purple or rose; bog plant with linear leaves + =Aster, Aster junceus.= + +256b. Rays white, or slightly tinged with blue; leaves oblong to + narrowly lanceolate =Aster, Aster paniculatus.= + + + + +GLOSSARY + + +=Achene.= A small, dry, hard, seed-like fruit containing a single seed. + +=Acuminate.= Taper-pointed. + +=Acute.= Ending with an acute angle. + +=Alternate.= Located singly on the stem, with other leaves above or below. + +=Annual.= Living but a single season. + +=Anther.= The (usually) enlarged end of a stamen, bearing the pollen. + +=Ascending.= Rising or curving obliquely upward. + +=Auricle.= An ear-shape appendage at the base of a leaf or other organ. + +=Auricled, auriculate.= Furnished with auricles. + +=Awl-shape.= Tapering to a slender stiff point. + +=Awn.= An awl-shape or bristle-shape appendage. + +=Axil.= The point on a stem just above the base of a leaf or branch. + +=Axillary.= Arising from or produced in the axil. + +=Basal.= Arising from or produced at the base. + +=Beak.= Ending in a prominent slender point. + +=Bract.= A small leaf near the base of a flower or flower-stalk, or in a + flower-cluster. + +=Bracteal.= An adjective derived from bract. + +=Bipinnate.= A leaf with a pinnately branched axis, bearing leaflets on + the sides of the branches. + +=Calyx.= The outer portion of the flower, usually green in color. In + some plants it is colored to resemble (or replace) the corolla, + and in others may be minute or wanting. + +=Capitate.= Shaped like a head; or arranged in a dense compact cluster. + +=Capsule.= A dry fruit with usually several seeds, opening at maturity. + +=Catkin.= A cylindrical or ovoid cluster of inconspicuous flowers, for + example, the "pussy willow." + +=Cells of ovary.= The cavity or cavities within an ovary, in which the + seeds are produced. + +=Ciliate.= Provided with hairs at the margin. + +=Clasping.= With the base of a leaf or other organ wholly or partly + surrounding the stem. + +=Cleft.= Deeply divided toward the base or the mid-rib. + +=Closed sheath.= A leaf-sheath in which the margins are united to form a + tube. + +=Composite.= A flower-cluster containing several or many small flowers, + closely crowded together and provided with calyx-like bracts, so that + the whole cluster resembles a single flower. + +=Compound.= Composed of 2 or more similar parts united, as a compound + ovary. + +=Compound leaf.= A leaf with two or more separate leaflets on a single + petiole. + +=Connate.= Grown together. + +=Cordate.= Heart-shape. A whole leaf-blade may be cordate, or the term may + be applied to the base of a leaf only. + +=Cordate-sagittate.= Intermediate in shape between cordate and sagittate. + +=Corm.= An enlarged stem-base, of solid structure and usually underground. + +=Corolla.= The portion of a flower next to the calyx (in ordinary cases). + It is generally the most conspicuous part of the flower, but may be + completely absent, or inconspicuous, or replaced by the calyx. + +=Corymb.= A flat-topped or convex-topped flower-cluster. + +=Creeping.= With stems prostrate on the ground and rooting at intervals. + +=Crenate.= With round-pointed teeth at the margin. + +=Crenulate.= Finely or minutely crenate. + +=Cuspidate.= Ending with a short sharp stiff point. + +=Deciduous.= Not persistent for a long time; not evergreen. + +=Decompound.= Repeatedly branched with numerous leaflets. + +=Decurrent.= Extending with wing-like expansions down the stem. + +=Decumbent.= A stem prostrate at the base, but with the tip more or less + ascending. + +=Dehiscent.= Breaking open at maturity to discharge the contents. + +=Deltoid.= Broadly triangular. + +=Dioecious.= Bearing staminate and pistillate flowers upon separate + plants. + +=Dissected.= Finely divided into numerous small or narrow segments. + +=Divided.= With deep segments or lobes. + +=Elliptical.= Having the shape of an ellipse. + +=Elliptical-lanceolate.= Intermediate in shape between elliptical and + lanceolate. + +=Entire.= With an unbroken margin, without teeth or lobes. + +=Epiphyte.= A plant growing attached to the bark of another plant, and + without connection with the soil. + +=Erect.= Growing in nearly or quite a vertical position. + +=Evenly pinnate.= A compound leaf terminating in a pair of leaflets. + +=Filament.= The (usually) slender basal portion of a stamen, supporting + the anther at its tip. + +=Floweret.= A small flower. + +=Gamopetalous.= Composed of united petals. + +=Gamosepalous.= Composed of united sepals. + +=Glabrous.= Smooth; without hairs. + +=Glandular.= Bearing glands. + +=Glaucous.= Covered with a thin bluish or whitish deposit, easily rubbed + off. + +=Glume.= A bract at the base of a spikelet of a grass. + +=Half recurved.= Curved half-way backward. + +=Hastate.= Shaped like an arrow-head, but with the basal lobes pointing + outwards instead of backward. + +=Head.= A dense cluster of flowers, about as broad as long. + +=Hirsute.= With stiff coarse hairs. + +=Imperfect.= Flowers which contain either pistil or stamens, not both. + +=Incised.= With deep, sharp, irregular, divisions. + +=Indehiscent.= Not breaking open at maturity to discharge the contents. + +=Inflorescence.= A cluster of flowers. + +=Internode.= A section of stem between two joints, or nodes. + +=Involucre.= A collection of bracts at the base of a flower-cluster. + +=Irregular.= Possessing similar parts of different size or form. An + irregular flower is generally distinguished by petals of unequal + size or shape. + +=Laciniate.= Cut into narrow pointed lobes or divisions. + +=Lanceolate.= Shaped like a lance-head, several times longer than wide, + and broadest below the middle. + +=Linear.= Long and narrow, but with about uniform width. + +=Linear-lanceolate.= Intermediate in shape between linear and lanceolate; + narrowly lanceolate. + +=Lip.= The largest and most conspicuous petal in an irregular corolla, + usually applied to the lower petal of an orchid. + +=Lobe.= A segment or division of any organ. + +=Leaflet.= One portion of the blade of a compound leaf. + +=Lemma.= One of the bracts in the spikelet of a grass, and described in + the treatment of that family. + +=Membranous.= Thin or membrane-like in texture. + +=Monoecious.= Bearing stamens and pistils in separate flowers, but on the + same plant. + +=Mucronate.= Tipped with a short small abrupt tip. + +=Node.= A joint of a stem, at which leaves are borne and branches appear. + +=Oblanceolate.= Reversed lanceolate in shape. + +=Oblique.= With unequal sides. + +=Oblong.= Somewhat rectangular in shape, with parallel sides. + +=Oblong-lanceolate.= Intermediate in shape between oblong and lanceolate. + +=Oblong-spatulate.= Intermediate in shape between oblong and spatulate. + +=Obovate.= Reversed ovate in shape. + +=Obtuse.= Blunt-tipped; terminating in an obtuse angle. + +=Odd-pinnate.= A compound leaf terminating in a single leaflet. + +=Once-compound.= A compound leaf bearing leaflets at the end or along the + sides of the main axis. + +=Once-pinnate.= A compound leaf bearing leaflets along the sides of the + axis. + +=Open sheath.= A leaf-sheath with separate margins. + +=Opposite.= Situated in pairs on opposite sides of the stem or axis. + +=Ovary.= The basal, usually swollen portion of the pistil, within which + the seeds are produced. + +=Ovate.= Egg-shape in outline. + +=Ovate-lanceolate.= Intermediate in shape between ovate and lanceolate; + broadly lanceolate or narrowly ovate. + +=Ovate-oblong.= Intermediate in shape between ovate and oblong. + +=Ovoid.= Egg-shape. + +=Palmate.= With several organs or structures attached at or proceeding + from the same point; applied chiefly to the arrangement of + principal veins in a leaf and of leaflets in a compound leaf. + +=Panicle.= A loose, more or less irregular, branching cluster of + pedicelled flowers, usually much longer than thick. + +=Parallel-veined.= With the principal veins of the leaf paralleling each + other from the base to the apex, or (rarely) from the mid-rib to + the margin. + +=Pedicel.= The stalk of a single flower. + +=Parasite.= A plant which grows attached to another and derives its + nourishment from it. + +=Peduncle.= The stalk of a flower-cluster, or of a solitary flower. + +=Peltate.= Attached to the stalk by the lower surface, instead of the + margin. + +=Perennial.= Living through several seasons. + +=Perfect.= Bearing stamens and pistils in the same flower. + +=Perfoliate.= Clasping the stem so completely that the stem seems to pass + through it. + +=Perianth.= The calyx and corolla of a flower. + +=Perigynium.= A sac-like structure surrounding the achene of a sedge. + +=Persistent.= Remaining attached for a considerable time. + +=Petal.= One member or segment of the corolla. + +=Petiole.= The stalk of a leaf. + +=Pinnate.= With several organs or structures attached at the sides of an + axis or stalk; applied chiefly to the arrangement of the principal + veins in a leaf and of leaflets in a compound leaf. + +=Pinnatifid.= Deeply pinnately cut or divided. + +=Pistil.= The central portion of a flower, consisting of ovary, style, and + stigma; the seed-bearing part of the flower. + +=Pistillate.= Bearing pistils. + +=Polygamous.= Applied to plants in which some flowers are perfect and + others either staminate or pistillate. + +=Pubescent.= Hairy. + +=Raceme.= A more or less elongated flower-cluster, bearing pedicelled + flowers along a single axis. + +=Racemose.= Arranged in racemes. + +=Receptacle.= The end of a peduncle or pedicel upon which the organs of a + flower, or the flowers of a head, are attached. + +=Recurved.= Curved back. + +=Reflexed.= Abruptly bent back or down. + +=Regular.= Uniform in shape or structure. Flowers are generally considered + regular when all the petals are of the same size and shape. + +=Retrorse.= Directed backward or downward. + +=Revolute.= Rolled backward or under. + +=Rootstock.= A horizontal subterranean stem, sending up leaves or stems. + +=Rotate.= Wheel-shape; essentially flat and circular. + +=Sac-like.= Inflated; sack-like. + +=Sagittate.= Shaped like an arrow-head. + +=Salver-form.= A corolla having a slender tube abruptly expanded at the + summit into a flat or spreading portion. + +=Scape.= A peduncle arising directly from the base of the plant, leafless + or bearing bracts only. + +=Segment.= One member or portion of an organ. + +=Sepal.= One member or portion of the calyx. + +=Serrate.= With sharp teeth at the margin. + +=Serrulate.= Finely or minutely serrate. + +=Sessile.= Without a stalk, petiole, or pedicel. + +=Sheathing.= Inclosing. + +=Simple.= In one piece; not compound; usually applied to leaves with a + single blade. + +=Sinuate.= Wavy-margined. + +=Sinus.= The angle between two lobes or divisions. + +=Spadix.= A short fleshy spike. + +=Spathe.= A large bract or pair of bracts enclosing a flower-cluster. + +=Spatulate.= Shaped like a spatula, with a narrow base and an enlarged, + more or less rounded summit. + +=Spike.= An elongated flower-cluster having sessile flowers upon an + unbranched axis. + +=Spike-like.= Resembling a spike. + +=Spinulose-serrate.= Provided with teeth tipped with minute spines. + +=Spur.= A hollow projection from the calyx or corolla, usually slender in + shape, and generally directed backward. + +=Stamen.= One of the organs of a flower, consisting of a filament and + anther. + +=Staminate.= Bearing stamens. + +=Stolon.= A short stem arising from the base of a plant, prostrate or + nearly so, and eventually taking root. + +=Striate.= Marked with fine stripes or ridges. + +=Style.= A portion of the pistil, usually slender, and connecting the + ovary and stigma. + +=Superior.= A superior ovary occupies the center of the flower and is + not attached to any other floral organs. + +=Subtending.= Situated at the base of an organ. + +=Subulate.= Awl-shape. + +=Ternately.= Divided by threes. + +=Tomentose.= Densely hairy with matted or tangled hairs. + +=Trifoliate.= With three leaflets. + +=Truncate.= Cut straight across at the tip, or nearly so. + +=Tube.= The more or less cylindrical portion of a gamosepalous calyx or + a gamopetalous corolla, distinguished from the expanded or lobed + terminal portion. + +=Tubular.= Shaped like a tube. + +=Twice-pinnate.= Same as bipinnate. + +=Two-lipped.= A calyx or corolla in which the upper half is decidedly + different in size or shape from the lower. + +=Umbel.= A flower-cluster with several or many pedicelled flowers all + arising from the same point. + +=Undulate.= With a wavy margin. + +=Viscid.= Sticky. + +=Villous.= With long soft hairs. + +=Whorl.= An arrangement of 3 or more leaves or flowers in a circle around + a node. + +=Whorled.= In a whorl. + +=Wing.= A thin flat expansion on the sides or edge of an organ. + + + + +INDEX + + +Abies, 1 + +Abutilon, 72 + +Acalypha, 66 + +Acanthaceae, 107 + +Acanthus Family, 107 + +Acer, 70 + +Aceraceae, 70 + +Acerates, 90 + +Achillea, 130, 131 + +Acnida, 30 + +Acorus, 8 + +Actaea, 39 + +Actinomeris, 128 + +Adder's Mouth, 17 + +Adenocaulon, 118 + +Adlumia, 41 + +Aesculus, 70 + +Agastache, 97 + +Agrimonia, 55 + +Agrimony, 55 + +Agropyron, 6 + +Agrostemma, 33 + +Agrostis, 6 + +Ailanthus, 65 + +Aizoaceae, 31 + +Alder, 22 + +Alder, Black, 69 + +Aletris, 13 + +Alfalfa, 61 + +Alisma, 3 + +Alismaceae, 3 + +Allium, 13 + +Alnus, 22 + +Alopecurus, 4 + +Alsike Clover, 61 + +Althaea, 72 + +Alum Root, 50, 51 + +Alyssum, 42, 46 + +Alyssum, Yellow, 42, 46 + +Amaranth Family, 30 + +Amaranthaceae, 30 + +Amaranthus, 30 + +Amaryllidaceae, 14 + +Amaryllis Family, 14 + +Ambrosia, 114 + +Amelanchier, 55 + +American Columbo, 88 + +American Ipecac, 57 + +Ammophila, 4 + +Amorpha, 58 + +Amphicarpa, 59 + +Anacardiaceae, 68 + +Anagallis, 87 + +Anaphalis, 120 + +Andromeda, 86 + +Andropogon, 5 + +Androsace, 87 + +Anemone, 38, 39 + +Anemone, Rue, 39 + +Anemone, Wood, 38 + +Anemonella, 39 + +Angelica, 82 + +Anonaceae, 40 + +Antennaria, 120 + +Anthemis, 130 + +Antirrhinum, 103 + +Anychia, 31 + +Apios, 58 + +Aplectrum, 16 + +Apocynaceae, 90 + +Apocynum, 90 + +Appalachian Cherry, 54 + +Apple, 54 + +Apple of Peru, 101 + +Aquifoliaceae, 69 + +Aquilegia, 36 + +Arabis, 46, 47 + +Araceae, 8 + +Aralia, 80 + +Araliaceae, 80 + +Arbutus, Trailing, 85 + +Arceuthobium, 25 + +Arctium, 117 + +Arctostaphylos, 85 + +Arenaria, 32 + +Arethusa, 16 + +Arisaema, 8 + +Aristolochia, 25 + +Aristolochiaceae, 25 + +Arnica, 123 + +Arrow Arum, 9 + +Arrow Grass, 3 + +Arrow Grass Family, 3 + +Arrow-head, 3 + +Arrow Wood, 111 + +Artemisia, 119 + +Artichoke, Jerusalem, 129 + +Arum Family, 8 + +Asarum, 25 + +Asclepias, 90, 91 + +Asclepiadaceae, 90 + +Ash, 88 + +Ash, Mountain, 52 + +Ash, Prickly, 65 + +Asimina, 40 + +Asparagus, 10 + +Aspen, 19 + +Aster, 132-134 + +Atriplex, 29 + +Avena, 6 + +Avens, 56, 57 + + +Baby's Breath, 34 + +Balm of Gilead, 19 + +Balsam, 1 + +Balsam Poplar, 19 + +Balsaminaceae, 71 + +Baneberry, 39 + +Baptisia, 61 + +Barbarea, 44 + +Barberry, 40 + +Barberry Family, 40 + +Barnyard Grass, 5 + +Barren Strawberry, 55 + +Bartonia, 88 + +Basil, 97 + +Basil-thyme, 97 + +Basswood, 72 + +Bayberry, 21 + +Beach Grass, 4 + +Beach Pea, 59 + +Beaked Hazel, 22 + +Bearberry, 85 + +Beard Grass, 5 + +Beard-tongue, 104 + +Bedstraw, 108, 109 + +Beech, 22 + +Beech Drops, 84, 106 + +Beech Family, 22 + +Beggar Lice, 94 + +Beggar Ticks, 124 + +Bellflower, 112 + +Bellflower Family, 112 + +Bellwort, 12 + +Benzoin, 41 + +Berberidaceae, 40 + +Berberis, 40 + +Bergamot Mint, 98 + +Berula, 81 + +Betula, 21, 22 + +Betulaceae, 21 + +Bidens, 123, 124 + +Bilberry, 86, 87 + +Bindweed, 91, 92 + +Bindweed, Black, 28 + +Birch, 21, 22 + +Birch Family, 21 + +Bird-foot Violet, 75 + +Birthwort Family, 25 + +Bishop's Cap, 51 + +Bistort, 28 + +Bitter Cress, 45, 47 + +Bitter Dock, 26 + +Bitter Nut, 21 + +Bittersweet, 100 + +Bitter-sweet, 69 + +Black Alder, 69 + +Black Ash, 88 + +Blackberry, 53 + +Black Bindweed, 28 + +Black Cherry, 54 + +Black Currant, 49, 50 + +Black-eyed Susan, 128 + +Black Haw, 111 + +Black Jack Oak, 22 + +Black Locust, 58 + +Black Maple, 70 + +Black Medick, 60 + +Black Mustard, 44 + +Black Oak, 23 + +Black Raspberry, 53 + +Black Snakeroot, 82 + +Black Spruce, 1 + +Black Swallow-wort, 90 + +Black Walnut, 21 + +Black Willow, 20 + +Bladder Campion, 34 + +Bladder Nut, 69 + +Bladder Nut Family, 69 + +Bladderwort, 106 + +Bladderwort Family, 105 + +Blazing Star, 13, 121 + +Blephilia, 96 + +Blite, 29 + +Bloodroot, 41 + +Bloody Dock, 26 + +Blue Ash, 88 + +Bluebell, 93, 94 + +Blueberry, 86 + +Blue Cohosh, 40 + +Blue-eyed Grass, 15 + +Blue-eyed Mary, 104 + +Blue Flag, 15 + +Blue Grass, 7 + +Blue Hearts, 104 + +Blue-joint, 5 + +Bluets, 108 + +Blue Violet, 76 + +Blueweed, 94 + +Boehmeria, 24 + +Bog Rosemary, 86 + +Boltonia, 131 + +Boneset, False, 122 + +Borage, 93 + +Borage Family, 93 + +Boraginaceae, 93 + +Borago, 93 + +Bowman's Root, 57 + +Box Elder, 70 + +Brasenia, 35 + +Brassica, 43, 44 + +Brauneria, 131 + +Braya, 47 + +Bristly Locust, 58 + +Bristly Sarsaparilla, 80 + +Brome-grass, 7 + +Bromus, 7 + +Broom-rape Family, 106 + +Buchnera, 104 + +Buckbean, 88 + +Buckeye, 70 + +Buckhorn, 107 + +Buckthorn, 71 + +Buckthorn Family, 71 + +Buckwheat, 27 + +Buckwheat, False, 28 + +Buckwheat Family, 25 + +Buffalo Berry, 77 + +Buffalo Bur, 100 + +Buffalo Clover, 61 + +Bugbane, 39 + +Bugle, 98 + +Bugle Weed, 95 + +Bug-seed, 28 + +Bulrush, 7 + +Bur Clover, 60 + +Bur Cucumber, 112 + +Burdock, 117 + +Bur Marigold, 124 + +Burnet, 57 + +Bur Oak, 23 + +Bur-reed, 2 + +Bur-reed Family, 2 + +Bush Clover, 61, 63 + +Bush Honeysuckle, 110 + +Butter-and-eggs, 102 + +Buttercup, 36, 37, 38 + +Butterfly Weed, 91 + +Butternut, 21 + +Butterwort, 105 + +Button Bush, 108 + + +Cacalia, 122 + +Cactaceae, 77 + +Cactus Family, 77 + +Cakile, 45 + +Calamagrostis, 5 + +Calamint, 97 + +Calla, 9 + +Callirhoe, 73 + +Callitrichaceae, 68 + +Callitriche, 68 + +Calopogon, 16 + +Caltha, 36 + +Calypso, 17 + +Camassia, 14 + +Camelina, 42 + +Camomile, 130 + +Campanula, 112 + +Campanulaceae, 112 + +Campion, 33, 34 + +Canada Thistle, 118 + +Canada Violet, 76 + +Canadian Blue Grass, 7 + +Cancer-root, 106 + +Cannabis, 24 + +Caper Family, 47 + +Capparidaceae, 47 + +Caprifoliaceae, 109 + +Capsella, 46 + +Caraway, 83 + +Cardamine, 45, 47 + +Cardinal Flower, 113 + +Carduus, 118 + +Carex, 8 + +Carpet-weed, 31 + +Carpet-weed Family, 31 + +Carpinus, 21 + +Carrion-flower, 11 + +Carrot, Wild, 82 + +Carum, 83 + +Carya, 21 + +Caryophyllaceae, 31 + +Cashew Family, 68 + +Cassia, 60 + +Castalia, 35 + +Castanea, 22 + +Castilleja, 102 + +Catchfly, 33, 34 + +Catnip, 98 + +Cat-tail, 2 + +Cat-tail Family, 2 + +Caulophyllum, 40 + +Ceanothus, 71 + +Cedar, 1 + +Celandine, 41 + +Celandine Poppy, 41 + +Celastraceae, 69 + +Celastrus, 69 + +Celtis, 24 + +Cenchrus, 5 + +Centaurea, 121 + +Centaurium, 89 + +Centaury, 89 + +Cephalanthus, 108 + +Cerastium, 33 + +Ceratophyllaceae, 34 + +Ceratophyllum, 34 + +Cercis, 58 + +Chaerophyllum, 83 + +Chamaedaphne, 86 + +Chamaelirium, 13 + +Charlock, 44 + +Cheat, 7 + +Chelidonium, 41 + +Chelone, 104 + +Chenopodiaceae, 28 + +Chenopodium, 28, 29 + +Cherry, 54 + +Cherry, Ground, 101 + +Chervil, 83 + +Chestnut, 22 + +Chickweed, 32, 33 + +Chickweed, Mouse-ear, 33 + +Chicory, 115 + +Chimaphila, 85 + +Chiogenes, 85 + +Chives, Wild, 13 + +Chokeberry, 55 + +Choke Cherry, 54 + +Chrysanthemum, 121, 130, 131 + +Chrysosplenium, 50 + +Cichorium, 115 + +Cicuta, 82 + +Cimicifuga, 39 + +Cinquefoil, 52, 56, 57 + +Circaea, 78 + +Cirsium, 117, 118 + +Cistaceae, 74 + +Cladium, 8 + +Clammy Locust, 58 + +Clammy-weed, 47 + +Claytonia, 34 + +Clearweed, 24 + +Cleft Phlox, 92 + +Clematis, 35 + +Climbing Fumitory, 41 + +Climbing Rose, 52 + +Clintonia, 13 + +Clover, 61 + +Clover, Bush, 61, 63 + +Clover, Hop, 60 + +Clover, Prairie, 60 + +Clover, Sweet, 61 + +Cocklebur, 114 + +Cockle, Corn, 33 + +Coffee-tree, 58 + +Cohosh, Blue, 40 + +Colic-root, 13 + +Collinsia, 104 + +Collinsonia, 95 + +Coltsfoot, 122, 130 + +Columbine, 36 + +Comandra, 24 + +Comfrey, 93, 94 + +Commelina, 9 + +Commelinaceae, 9 + +Common Blue Violet, 76 + +Common Cat-tail, 2 + +Common Vetch, 59 + +Compass Plant, 127 + +Compositae, 113 + +Composite Family, 113 + +Coneflower, Gray-headed, 128 + +Coneflower, Purple, 131 + +Conioselinum, 83 + +Conium, 83 + +Conopholis, 106 + +Conringia, 42 + +Convolvulaceae, 91 + +Convolvulus, 91, 92 + +Coptis, 39 + +Corallorhiza, 16 + +Coral Root, 16 + +Coreopsis, 123, 124 + +Corispermum, 28 + +Cork Elm, 24 + +Cornaceae, 83 + +Corn Cockle, 33 + +Corn Flower, 121 + +Corn Gromwell, 94 + +Corn Salad, 111 + +Cornus, 83, 84 + +Corydalis, 42 + +Corylus, 22 + +Costmary, 121 + +Cotton Grass, 8 + +Cotton Thistle, 118 + +Cottonwood, 19 + +Cowbane, 81 + +Cowherb, 34 + +Cow Parsnip, 82 + +Cowslip, 36 + +Cow Wheat, 104 + +Crab, 54 + +Crab Grass, 5 + +Crack Willow, 20 + +Cranberry, 85 + +Cranberry Tree, 111 + +Crane-fly Orchis, 16 + +Crane's-bill, 64, 65 + +Crassulaceae, 48 + +Creeping Cedar, 1 + +Creeping Wahoo, 69 + +Crepis, 117 + +Cress, 43-47 + +Cress, Bitter, 45, 47 + +Cress, Field, 46 + +Cress, Garden, 45, 46 + +Cress, Lake, 45, 46 + +Cress, Mouse-ear, 47 + +Cress, Penny, 46 + +Cress, Rock, 46, 47 + +Cress, Water, 45 + +Cress, Winter, 44 + +Cress, Yellow, 43 + +Crotalaria, 59 + +Crowberry, 68 + +Crowberry Family, 68 + +Crowfoot, 35 + +Crowfoot, Cursed, 37 + +Crowfoot Family, 35 + +Crowfoot, Sea-side, 36 + +Crowfoot, Small-flowered, 36 + +Crowfoot, Water, 35, 37 + +Cruciferae, 42 + +Cryptotaenia, 82 + +Cuckoo Flower, 45 + +Cucurbitaceae, 112 + +Cudweed, 120, 121 + +Culver's Root, 104 + +Cup Plant, 123 + +Currant, 49, 50 + +Currant, Indian, 110 + +Cursed Crowfoot, 37 + +Cuscuta, 92 + +Custard Apple Family, 40 + +Cut-grass, 5 + +Cycloloma, 29 + +Cynanchum, 90 + +Cynoglossum, 93, 94 + +Cynthia, 115 + +Cyperaceae, 7 + +Cyperus, 8 + +Cypress Spurge, 67 + +Cypripedium, 18 + + +Dactylis, 6 + +Daisy, Ox-eye, 131 + +Dalibarda, 56 + +Dame's Rocket, 47 + +Dandelion, 115 + +Dandelion, Dwarf, 115 + +Datura, 100 + +Daucus, 82 + +Day-flower, 9 + +Day Lily, 11 + +Dead Nettle, 99 + +Decodon, 77 + +Deerberry, 86 + +Dentaria, 44 + +Deptford Pink, 34 + +Desmodium, 62, 63 + +Devil's Club, 80 + +Dewberry, 53 + +Dianthera, 107 + +Dianthus, 34 + +Dicentra, 41 + +Diervilla, 110 + +Digitaria, 5 + +Dioscorea, 14 + +Dioscoreaceae, 14 + +Diplotaxis, 42, 43 + +Dipsacaceae, 112 + +Dipsacus, 112 + +Dirca, 77 + +Ditch Stonecrop, 49 + +Dock, 26 + +Dock, Prairie, 122 + +Dodder, 92 + +Dodecatheon, 87 + +Dogbane, 90 + +Dogbane Family, 90 + +Dog Fennel, 130 + +Dog Rose, 52 + +Dog's-tooth Violet, 12 + +Dog Violet, 76 + +Dogwood, 83, 84 + +Dogwood Family, 83 + +Downy Mint, 78 + +Draba, 42, 46 + +Dracocephalum, 96 + +Dragon Head, 96 + +Dragon Head, False, 99 + +Dragon Root, 8 + +Drop-seed, 5 + +Drosera, 48 + +Droseraceae, 48 + +Duckweed, 9 + +Duckweed Family, 9 + +Dulichium, 7 + +Dutchman's Breeches, 41 + +Dwarf Birch, 22 + +Dwarf Dandelion, 115 + +Dwarf Dogwood, 83 + +Dwarf Ginseng, 80 + +Dwarf Iris, 15 + +Dwarf Mistletoe, 25 + +Dwarf Raspberry, 53 + +Dwarf Water Plantain, 3 + +Dwarf White Trillium, 12 + +Dyer's Greenweed, 58 + + +Echinochloa, 5 + +Echinocystis, 112 + +Echinodorus, 3 + +Echinops, 117 + +Echium, 94 + +Eel Grass, 3 + +Elaeagnaceae, 77 + +Elatinaceae, 74 + +Elatine, 74 + +Elder, 109 + +Elder, Box, 70 + +Elder, Marsh, 114 + +Elecampane, 127 + +Eleocharis, 7 + +Eleusine, 6 + +Elm, 24 + +Elodea, 3 + +Elymus, 6 + +Empetraceae, 68 + +Empetrum, 68 + +Enchanter's Nightshade, 78 + +English Plantain, 107 + +Epifagus, 106 + +Epigaea, 85 + +Epilobium, 79 + +Epipactis, 17 + +Eragrostis, 7 + +Erechtites, 122 + +Ericaceae, 84 + +Erigenia, 81 + +Erigeron, 130-132 + +Eriocaulaceae, 9 + +Eriocaulon, 9 + +Eriophorum, 8 + +Erodium, 64 + +Eryngium, 80 + +Erysimum, 43 + +Erythronium, 12 + +Eupatorium, 121, 122 + +Euphorbia, 67, 68 + +Euphrasia, 102 + +Evening Primrose, 78 + +Evening Primrose Family, 78 + +Everlasting, 120 + +Everlasting, Pearly, 120 + +Evonymus, 69 + +Eyebright, 102 + + +Fagaceae, 22 + +Fagopyrum, 27 + +Fagus, 22 + +Fall Dandelion, 115 + +False Asphodel, 14 + +False Boneset, 122 + +False Buckwheat, 28 + +False Dragon Head, 99 + +False Flax, 42 + +False Foxglove, 102 + +False Gromwell, 93 + +False Heather, 74 + +False Loosestrife, 78 + +False Mermaid, 68 + +False Mermaid Family, 68 + +False Mitrewort, 51 + +False Nettle, 24 + +False Pimpernel, 104 + +False Solomon's Seal, 14 + +Fatsia, 80 + +Fennel, 81 + +Fennel, Dog, 130 + +Fescue Grass, 7 + +Festuca, 7 + +Feverfew, 130 + +Feverwort, 109 + +Field Cress, 46 + +Field Garlic, 13 + +Figwort, 103 + +Figwort Family, 101 + +Filipendula, 57 + +Fire Pink, 33 + +Fireweed, 79, 122 + +Five-finger, 55 + +Flax, 63 + +Flax, False, 42 + +Flax Family, 63 + +Fleabane, 131, 132 + +Floating Foxtail, 4 + +Floating Heart, 88 + +Floerkea, 68 + +Flowering Dogwood, 83 + +Flowering Raspberry, 54 + +Flowering Wintergreen, 65 + +Flower-of-an-hour, 72 + +Foeniculum, 81 + +Fog Fruit, 99 + +Forget-me-not, 94 + +Forked Chickweed, 31 + +Four-o'Clock Family, 31 + +Foxglove, False, 102 + +Fox Grape, 72 + +Foxtail, 4 + +Foxtail, Floating, 4 + +Fragaria, 56 + +Frasera, 88 + +Fraxinus, 88 + +Fringed Gentian, 89 + +Fringed Orchis, 19 + +Frog's Bit Family, 3 + +Frost Grape, 72 + +Frostweed, 74 + +Fumaria, 42 + +Fumariaceae, 41 + +Fumitory, 42 + +Fumitory, Climbing, 41 + +Fumitory Family, 41 + + +Galeopsis, 99 + +Gale, Sweet, 21 + +Galinsoga, 130 + +Galium, 108, 109 + +Garden Cress, 45, 46 + +Garden Phlox, 92 + +Garlic, Field, 13 + +Gaultheria, 86 + +Gaura, 79 + +Gaylussacia, 86 + +Genista, 58 + +Gentian, 89 + +Gentiana, 89 + +Gentianaceae, 88 + +Gentian Family, 88 + +Gentian, Spurred, 89 + +Geraniaceae, 64 + +Geranium, 64, 65 + +Geranium Family, 64 + +Gerardia, 102, 103 + +Geum, 56, 57 + +Giant Hyssop, 97 + +Giant Ragweed, 114 + +Gillenia, 57 + +Ginseng, 80 + +Gleditsia, 58 + +Globe-flower, 36 + +Globe Thistle, 117 + +Glyceria, 7 + +Gnaphalium, 120, 121 + +Goat's Rue, 60 + +Golden Alexander, 81 + +Golden Currant, 49 + +Golden Glow, 128 + +Goldenrod, 125-127 + +Golden Saxifrage, 50 + +Golden Seal, 38 + +Gold-thread, 39 + +Good King Henry, 29 + +Gooseberry, 49 + +Goosefoot, 28, 29 + +Goosefoot Family, 28 + +Gourd Family, 112 + +Gramineae, 4 + +Grape, 72 + +Grape Family, 71 + +Grape Hyacinth, 14 + +Grass Family, 4 + +Grass of Parnassus, 50 + +Grass, Star, 14 + +Gratiola, 104 + +Gray-headed Coneflower, 128 + +Great Lobelia, 113 + +Great Solomon's Seal, 11 + +Great-spurred Violet, 75 + +Greek Valerian, 92 + +Green Ash, 88 + +Green Brier, 11 + +Green Foxtail, 4 + +Green Milkweed, 90 + +Green Sorrel, 25 + +Green Violet, 75 + +Grindelia, 128 + +Ground Cherry, 101 + +Ground Hemlock, 2 + +Ground Ivy, 98 + +Groundsel, 128 + +Gum Plant, 128 + +Gymnocladus, 58 + +Gypsophila, 34 + +Gypsophyll, 34 + + +Habenaria, 18, 19 + +Hackberry, 24 + +Hair Grass, 6 + +Halenia, 89 + +Haloragidaceae, 79 + +Hamamelidaceae, 51 + +Hamamelis, 51 + +Hand-leaf Violet, 75 + +Harbinger of Spring, 81 + +Hardhack, 53 + +Harebell, 112 + +Hare's Ear, 42 + +Hawksbeard, 117 + +Hawkweed, 116, 117 + +Hazel, 22 + +Heather, False, 74 + +Heath Family, 84 + +Hedeoma, 95 + +Hedge Hyssop, 104 + +Hedge Mustard, 44 + +Hedge Nettle, 99 + +Helenium, 127, 128 + +Helianthemum, 74 + +Helianthus, 128-130 + +Heliopsis, 123 + +Hemerocallis, 11 + +Hemlock, 1 + +Hemlock, Ground, 2 + +Hemlock Parsley, 83 + +Hemlock, Poison, 83 + +Hemlock, Water, 82 + +Hemp, 24 + +Hemp, Indian, 90 + +Hemp Nettle, 99 + +Hemp, Water, 30 + +Hemp Weed, 131 + +Henbane, 101 + +Hepatica, 38 + +Heracleum, 82 + +Herb Robert, 64 + +Herb Sophia, 43 + +Hercules' Club, 80 + +Hesperis, 47 + +Heteranthera, 10 + +Heuchera, 50, 51 + +Hibiscus, 72 + +Hickory, 21 + +Hieracium, 116, 117 + +Hill's Oak, 23 + +Hippuris, 79 + +Hoarhound, 96 + +Hoarhound, Water, 95 + +Hobble-bush, 111 + +Hog Peanut, 59 + +Holly Family, 69 + +Holly, Mountain, 69 + +Honewort, 82 + +Honey Locust, 58 + +Honeysuckle, 110 + +Honeysuckle, Bush, 110 + +Honeysuckle Family, 109 + +Hop, 24 + +Hop Clover, 60 + +Hop Tree, 65 + +Hordeum, 4 + +Hornbeam, 21 + +Horned Pondweed, 2 + +Hornwort, 34 + +Hornwort Family, 34 + +Horse Balm, 95 + +Horse Chestnut, 70 + +Horse Mint, 96 + +Horse Nettle, 100 + +Horse Radish, 46 + +Horse Weed, 130, 131 + +Hound's Tongue, 93 + +Houstonia, 108 + +Huckleberry, 86 + +Hudsonia, 74 + +Humulus, 24 + +Hyacinth, Wild, 14 + +Hybanthus, 75 + +Hydrocharitaceae, 3 + +Hydrocotyle, 80 + +Hydrophyllaceae, 93 + +Hydrophyllum, 93 + +Hyoscyamus, 101 + +Hypericaceae, 73 + +Hypericum, 73, 74 + +Hypoxis, 14 + +Hyssop, 98 + +Hyssop, Hedge, 104 + +Hyssopus, 98 + + +Ilex, 69 + +Illecebraceae, 31 + +Ilysanthes, 104 + +Impatiens, 71 + +Imperatoria, 82 + +Indian Cucumber-root, 13 + +Indian Currant, 110 + +Indian Hemp, 90 + +Indian Mustard, 44 + +Indian Pipe, 84 + +Indian Plantain, 122 + +Indian Tobacco, 113 + +Indian Turnip, 8 + +Indigo, Wild, 61 + +Inula, 127 + +Ipomoea, 92 + +Iridaceae, 15 + +Iris, 15 + +Iris Family, 15 + +Ironweed, 122 + +Ironweed, Yellow, 128 + +Ironwood, 22 + +Isopyrum, 39 + +Iva, 114 + + +Jack Pine, 1 + +Jeffersonia, 40 + +Jerusalem Artichoke, 129 + +Jerusalem Oak, 29 + +Jimson Weed, 100 + +Joe-Pye Weed, 122 + +Jointweed, 27 + +Juglandaceae, 21 + +Juglans, 21 + +Juncaceae, 10 + +Juncaginaceae, 3 + +Juncus, 10 + +Juneberry, 55 + +Juniper, 1 + +Juniperus, 1 + + +Kalmia, 85 + +Kenilworth Ivy, 103 + +Kentucky Coffee-tree, 58 + +King-nut Hickory, 21 + +Knapweed, 121 + +Knawel, 31 + +Knotweed, 26, 27 + +Knotwort Family, 31 + +Kochia, 28 + +Koeleria, 6 + +Krigia, 115 + +Kuhnia, 122 + + +Labiatae, 95 + +Labrador Tea, 85 + +Lactuca, 115, 116 + +Ladies' Tresses, 16 + +Lady's Slipper, 18 + +Lake Cress, 45, 46 + +Lamb's Quarters, 29 + +Lamium, 99 + +Laportea, 24 + +Lappula, 94 + +Lapsana, 115 + +Large-toothed Aspen, 19 + +Larix, 1 + +Larkspur, 36 + +Lathyrus, 59 + +Lauraceae, 41 + +Laurel Family, 41 + +Lead Plant, 58 + +Leafcup, 123 + +Leatherleaf, 86 + +Leatherwood, 77 + +Lechea, 74, 75 + +Ledum, 85 + +Leek, Wild, 13 + +Leersia, 5 + +Leguminosae, 58 + +Lemna, 9 + +Lemnaceae, 9 + +Lentibulariaceae, 105 + +Leontodon, 115 + +Leonurus, 98 + +Lepachys, 128 + +Lepidium, 45, 46 + +Lespedeza, 61, 63 + +Lettuce, 115, 116 + +Lettuce, Wild, 115, 116 + +Liatris, 121 + +Lilac, 88 + +Liliaceae, 10 + +Lilium, 12 + +Lily, 12 + +Lily Family, 10 + +Lily of the Valley, Wild, 12 + +Lily, Pond, 35 + +Lily, Water, 35 + +Limnanthaceae, 68 + +Limosella, 103 + +Linaceae, 63 + +Linaria, 102, 103 + +Linden Family, 72 + +Linnaea, 109 + +Linum, 63 + +Liparis, 17 + +Lippia, 99 + +Liriodendron, 40 + +Listera, 17 + +Lithospermum, 94 + +Live-for-ever, 49 + +Lizard's Tail, 19 + +Lobelia, 113 + +Lobeliaceae, 113 + +Lobelia Family, 113 + +Locust, 58 + +Locust, Honey, 58 + +Lombardy Poplar, 19 + +Long-spurred Violet, 76 + +Lonicera, 110 + +Loosestrife, 77, 87, 88 + +Loosestrife, False, 78 + +Loosestrife Family, 77 + +Lopseed, 107 + +Lopseed Family, 107 + +Loranthaceae, 25 + +Lotus, 35 + +Lousewort, 102 + +Love Grass, 7 + +Love-in-a-mist, 38 + +Low Juniper, 1 + +Ludvigia, 78 + +Lupine, 59 + +Lupinus, 59 + +Luzula, 10 + +Lychnis, 33 + +Lysimachia, 87, 88 + +Lycium, 100 + +Lycopus, 95 + +Lythraceae, 77 + +Lythrum, 77 + + +Madder Family, 108 + +Mad-dog Skullcap, 96 + +Magnoliaceae, 40 + +Magnolia Family, 40 + +Maianthemum, 13 + +Mallow, 73 + +Mallow Family, 72 + +Mallow, Marsh, 72 + +Mallow, Poppy, 73 + +Mallow, Rose, 72 + +Mallow, Virginia, 73 + +Malva, 73 + +Malvaceae, 72 + +Manna Grass, 7 + +Maple, 70 + +Maple Family, 70 + +Mare's-tail, 79 + +Marigold, Bur, 124 + +Marigold, Water, 123 + +Marrubium, 96 + +Marsh Cinquefoil, 57 + +Marsh Elder, 114 + +Marsh Harebell, 112 + +Marsh Mallow, 72 + +Marsh Pea, 59 + +Marsh Speedwell, 105 + +Masterwort, 82 + +Matricaria, 130 + +Matrimony Vine, 100 + +May Apple, 40 + +Meadow Beauty, 77 + +Meadow Parsnip, 81 + +Meadow Pink, 34 + +Meadow Rue, 39 + +Meadow Salsify, 115 + +Meadow-sweet, 53 + +Medeola, 13 + +Medicago, 60, 61 + +Melampyrum, 104 + +Melastomaceae, 77 + +Melastoma Family, 77 + +Melilotus, 61 + +Menispermaceae, 40 + +Menispermum, 40 + +Mentha, 98 + +Menyanthes, 88 + +Mermaid Weed, 79 + +Mertensia, 93, 94 + +Mexican Tea, 29 + +Mezereum Family, 77 + +Microstylis, 17 + +Mignonette Family, 48 + +Mignonette, Yellow, 48 + +Mikania, 121 + +Milfoil, Water, 79 + +Milk Thistle, 117 + +Milk Vetch, 60 + +Milkweed, 90, 91 + +Milkweed Family, 90 + +Milkweed, Green, 90 + +Milkwort, 66 + +Milkwort Family, 65 + +Millet, 4 + +Mimulus, 102, 104 + +Mint, 98 + +Mint Family, 95 + +Mist Flower, 121 + +Mistletoe, Dwarf, 25 + +Mistletoe Family, 25 + +Mitchella, 108 + +Mitella, 51 + +Mitrewort, False, 51 + +Mocker-nut Hickory, 21 + +Mollugo, 31 + +Monarda, 96 + +Moneses, 85 + +Moneywort, 87 + +Monkey Flower, 104 + +Monkey Flower, Yellow, 102 + +Monotropa, 84 + +Moonseed, 40 + +Moonseed Family, 40 + +Morning Glory, 92 + +Morning Glory Family, 91 + +Morus, 24 + +Moss Pink, 92 + +Motherwort, 98 + +Moth Mullein, 101 + +Mountain Alder, 22 + +Mountain Ash, 52 + +Mountain Holly, 69 + +Mountain Maple, 70 + +Mountain Mint, 98 + +Mouse-ear Chickweed, 33 + +Mouse-ear Cress, 47 + +Mud Plantain, 10 + +Mudwort, 103 + +Mugwort, 119 + +Muhlenbergia, 5, 6 + +Mulberry, 24 + +Mullein, 101 + +Mullein Pink, 33 + +Muscari, 14 + +Musk Flower, 102 + +Mustard, 43, 44 + +Mustard Family, 42 + +Myosotis, 94 + +Myrica, 20, 21 + +Myricaceae, 20 + +Myriophyllum, 79 + + +Naiad, 2 + +Naias, 2 + +Najadaceae, 2 + +Narrow-leaved Cat-tail, 2 + +Nelumbo, 35 + +Nemopanthus, 69 + +Nepeta, 98 + +Nettle, 24 + +Nettle, Dead, 99 + +Nettle Family, 23 + +Nettle, Hedge, 99 + +Nettle, Hemp, 99 + +Nettle, Horse, 100 + +Nicandra, 101 + +Nicotiana, 101 + +Nigella, 38 + +Nightshade, 100 + +Nightshade, Enchanter's, 78 + +Nightshade Family, 100 + +Ninebark, 53 + +Nipplewort, 115 + +Nodding Pogonia, 18 + +Norway Pine, 1 + +Nut Grass, 8 + +Nyctaginaceae, 31 + +Nymphaea, 35 + +Nymphaeaceae, 35 + +Nymphoides, 88 + +Nyssa, 83 + + +Oak, 22, 23 + +Oakesia, 12 + +Oats, 6 + +Oenothera, 78 + +Oleaceae, 88 + +Oleaster Family, 77 + +Olive Family, 88 + +Onagraceae, 78 + +One-flowered Wintergreen, 85 + +Onion, Wild, 13 + +Onosmodium, 93 + +Opuntia, 77 + +Orache, 29 + +Orchard Grass, 6 + +Orchidaceae, 15 + +Orchis, 17 + +Orchis, Crane-fly, 16 + +Orchis Family, 15 + +Orchis, Showy, 17 + +Ornithogalum, 14 + +Orobanchaceae, 106 + +Orobanche, 106 + +Orpine Family, 48 + +Osmorhiza, 82 + +Ostrya, 22 + +Oswego Tea, 96 + +Oxalidaceae, 64 + +Oxalis, 64 + +Ox-eye, 123 + +Ox-eye Daisy, 131 + +Oxybaphus, 31 + +Oxypolis, 81 + + +Painted Cup, 102 + +Painted Trillium, 12 + +Pale Violet, 76 + +Panax, 80 + +Panic-grass, 5 + +Panicum, 5 + +Pansy, 76 + +Papaveraceae, 41 + +Papaver, 41 + +Papaw, 40 + +Paper Birch, 21 + +Parietaria, 24 + +Parnassia, 50 + +Parsley Family, 80 + +Parsley, Hemlock, 83 + +Parsnip, Cow, 82 + +Parsnip, Meadow, 81 + +Parsnip, Prairie, 81 + +Parsnip, Water, 81 + +Parsnip, Wild, 81 + +Partridge Berry, 108 + +Partridge Pea, 60 + +Pasque Flower, 38 + +Pastinaca, 81 + +Patience Dock, 26 + +Pea, 59 + +Peach-leaved Willow, 20 + +Pear, 54 + +Pear, Prickly, 77 + +Pearlwort, 32 + +Pearly Everlasting, 120 + +Pedicularis, 102 + +Pellitory, 24 + +Peltandra, 9 + +Penny Cress, 46 + +Pennyroyal, 95 + +Pennywort, Water, 80 + +Penthorum, 49 + +Pentstemon, 104 + +Pepper Family, 19 + +Pepper Grass, 46 + +Peppermint, 98 + +Perfumed Cherry, 54 + +Periwinkle, 90 + +Petalostemum, 60 + +Petasites, 130 + +Petunia, 101 + +Phacelia, 93 + +Phleum, 4 + +Phlox, 92 + +Phragmites, 6 + +Phryma, 107 + +Phrymaceae, 107 + +Physalis, 101 + +Physocarpus, 53 + +Physostegia, 99 + +Phytolacca, 30 + +Phytolaccaceae, 30 + +Picea, 1 + +Pickerel-weed, 10 + +Pickerel-weed Family, 10 + +Picris, 115 + +Pignut Hickory, 21 + +Pigweed, 30 + +Pilea, 24 + +Pimpernel, 87 + +Pimpernel, False, 104 + +Pimpernel, Water, 87 + +Pinaceae, 1 + +Pin Cherry, 54 + +Pine, 1 + +Pine Drops, 84 + +Pine Family, 1 + +Pineweed, 74 + +Pinguicula, 105 + +Pink, Deptford, 34 + +Pink Family, 31 + +Pink, Fire, 33 + +Pink, Meadow, 34 + +Pink, Moss, 92 + +Pink, Mullein, 33 + +Pink, Rose, 89 + +Pin Oak, 23 + +Pinus, 1 + +Pinweed, 74, 75 + +Piperaceae, 19 + +Pipewort, 9 + +Pipewort Family, 9 + +Pitcher Plant, 48 + +Pitcher Plant Family, 48 + +Plane Tree Family, 51 + +Plantaginaceae, 107 + +Plantago, 107 + +Plantain, 107 + +Plantain Family, 107 + +Plantain, Indian, 122 + +Plantain, Mud, 10 + +Platanaceae, 51 + +Platanus, 51 + +Plum, 54 + +Poa, 7 + +Podophyllum, 40 + +Podostemaceae, 48 + +Podostemum, 48 + +Pogonia, 18 + +Poison Hemlock, 83 + +Poison Ivy, 69 + +Poison Sumach, 68 + +Pokeweed, 30 + +Pokeweed Family, 30 + +Polanisia, 47 + +Polemoniaceae, 92 + +Polemonium, 92 + +Polemonium Family, 92 + +Polygala, 65, 66 + +Polygalaceae, 65 + +Polygonatum, 11 + +Polygonaceae, 25 + +Polygonum, 26-28 + +Polymnia, 123 + +Polytaenia, 81 + +Pond Lily, 35 + +Pondweed, 2 + +Pondweed Family, 2 + +Pontederia, 10 + +Pontederiaceae, 10 + +Poplar, 19 + +Poppy, 41 + +Poppy, Celandine, 41 + +Poppy Family, 41 + +Poppy Mallow, 73 + +Populus, 19 + +Portulaca, 34 + +Portulacaceae, 34 + +Potamogeton, 2 + +Potentilla, 52, 55-57 + +Prairie Clover, 60 + +Prairie Dock, 122 + +Prairie Fringed Orchis, 19 + +Prairie June-grass, 6 + +Prairie Parsnip, 81 + +Prenanthes, 116 + +Prickly Ash, 65 + +Prickly Pear, 77 + +Primrose, 87 + +Primrose Family, 87 + +Primula, 87 + +Primulaceae, 87 + +Prince's Feather, 27 + +Prince's Pine, 85 + +Proserpinaca, 79 + +Prunella, 97 + +Prunus, 54 + +Psedera, 71 + +Ptelea, 65 + +Pterospora, 84 + +Puccoon, 94 + +Pulse Family, 58 + +Purple Avens, 57 + +Purple Coneflower, 131 + +Purple Fringed Orchis, 19 + +Purslane, 34 + +Purslane Family, 34 + +Purslane, Water, 78 + +Putty Root, 16 + +Pyenanthemum, 98 + +Pyrola, 84, 85 + +Pyrus, 52, 54, 55 + + +Quack Grass, 6 + +Quaking Aspen, 19 + +Quassia Family, 65 + +Queen of the Prairie, 57 + +Quercus, 22, 23 + + +Radicula, 43, 45, 46 + +Radish, 45 + +Radish, Horse, 46 + +Radish, Wild, 44, 45 + +Ragged Fringed Orchis, 19 + +Ragweed, 114 + +Ragwort, 127, 128 + +Ram's Head Lady's Slipper, 18 + +Ranunculaceae, 35 + +Ranunculus, 35-38 + +Raphanus, 44, 45 + +Raspberry, 53, 54 + +Rattlebox, 59 + +Rattlesnake Master, 80 + +Rattlesnake Plantain, 17 + +Rattlesnake Root, 116 + +Red Ash, 88 + +Redbud, 58 + +Red Cedar, 1 + +Red Clover, 61 + +Red Currant, 50 + +Red Maple, 70 + +Red Mulberry, 24 + +Red Oak, 23 + +Red Raspberry, 53 + +Red-root, 71 + +Red Sorrel, 25 + +Red-top, 6 + +Reed, 6 + +Reed Grass, 5 + +Rein Orchis, 18 + +Reseda, 48 + +Resedaceae, 48 + +Rhamnaceae, 71 + +Rhamnus, 71 + +Rhexia, 77 + +Rhus, 68, 69 + +Ribes, 49, 50 + +River Weed, 48 + +River Weed Family, 48 + +Robinia, 58 + +Rock Cress, 46, 47 + +Rocket, Sea, 45 + +Rock-rose Family, 74 + +Rosa, 52 + +Rosaceae, 51 + +Rose, 52 + +Rose Family, 51 + +Rose Mallow, 72 + +Rose Pink, 89 + +Rosin Weed, 123 + +Round-leaved Orchis, 17 + +Round-leaved Violet, 75 + +Rowan Tree, 52 + +Rubiaceae, 108 + +Rubus, 53, 54 + +Rudbeckia, 128 + +Rue Anemone, 39 + +Rue Family, 65 + +Ruellia, 107 + +Rumex, 25, 26 + +Rush, 10 + +Rush Family, 10 + +Rush, Twig, 8 + +Russian Thistle, 28 + +Rutabaga, 43 + +Rutaceae, 65 + + +Sabbatia, 89 + +Sagina, 32 + +Sagittaria, 3 + +Salicaceae, 19 + +Salix, 20 + +Salmonberry, 54 + +Salsify, 115 + +Salsola, 28 + +Sambucus, 109 + +Samolus, 87 + +Sandalwood Family, 24 + +Sand Bur, 5 + +Sand Cherry, 54 + +Sand Rocket, 42, 43 + +Sand Spurrey, 32 + +Sand Violet, 76 + +Sanguinaria, 41 + +Sanguisorba, 57 + +Sanicula, 82 + +Santalaceae, 24 + +Sapindaceae, 70 + +Saponaria, 34 + +Sarracenia, 48 + +Sarraceniaceae, 48 + +Sarsaparilla, 80 + +Sarsaparilla Family, 80 + +Sassafras, 41 + +Satureja, 97 + +Saururus, 19 + +Saxifraga, 50 + +Saxifragaceae, 49 + +Saxifrage, 50 + +Saxifrage Family, 49 + +Saxifrage, Golden, 50 + +Scarlet Oak, 23 + +Scheuchzeria, 3 + +Schneck's Oak, 23 + +Scirpus, 7 + +Scleranthus, 31 + +Scorpion Grass, 94 + +Scrophularia, 103 + +Scrophulariaceae, 101 + +Scrub Oak, 23 + +Scutellaria, 96 + +Sea Rocket, 45 + +Sea-side Crowfoot, 36 + +Sedge, 8 + +Sedge Family, 7 + +Sedum, 48, 49 + +Self-heal, 97 + +Seneca Snakeroot, 66 + +Senecio, 127, 128 + +Senna, Wild, 60 + +Setaria, 4 + +Shag-bark Hickory, 21 + +Sheep-berry, 111 + +Sheep Laurel, 85 + +Shepherdia, 77 + +Shepherd's Purse, 46 + +Shingle Oak, 22 + +Shin-leaf, 84, 85 + +Shooting Star, 87 + +Showy Lady's Slipper, 18 + +Showy Orchis, 17 + +Sicyos, 112 + +Sida, 72, 73 + +Silene, 33, 34 + +Silphium, 122, 123, 127 + +Silver Maple, 70 + +Silver Weed, 55 + +Silvery Cinquefoil, 66 + +Silybum, 117 + +Simarubaceae, 65 + +Sium, 81 + +Sisymbrium, 43-45, 47 + +Sisyrinchium, 15 + +Skullcap, 96 + +Skunk Cabbage, 8 + +Skunk Currant, 49 + +Slender Nettle, 24 + +Slippery Elm, 24 + +Slough Grass, 5 + +Small-flowered Crowfoot, 36 + +Small-fruited Hickory, 21 + +Small Snapdragon, 103 + +Small Solomon's Seal, 11 + +Smartweed, 27, 28 + +Smilacina, 14 + +Smilax, 11 + +Smooth Alder, 22 + +Snake Mouth, 18 + +Snakeroot, Black, 82 + +Snakeroot, Seneca, 66 + +Snakeroot, Virginia, 25 + +Snapdragon, 103 + +Sneezeweed, 127 + +Sneeze Weed, 128 + +Sneezewort, 131 + +Snowberry, 85, 111 + +Soapberry Family, 70 + +Soapwort, 34 + +Solanaceae, 100 + +Solanum, 100 + +Solidago, 125-127 + +Solomon's Seal, 11 + +Sorbaria, 57 + +Sorrel, Red, 25 + +Sorrel, Green, 25 + +Sorrel, Wood, 64 + +Sour Dock, 26 + +Sour Gum, 83 + +Southernwood, 119 + +Sparganiaceae, 2 + +Spartina, 5 + +Spear Grass, 7 + +Spearmint, 98 + +Spearwort, 36 + +Speckled Alder, 22 + +Specularia, 112 + +Speedwell, 105 + +Spergula, 32 + +Spergularia, 32 + +Spice Bush, 41 + +Spiderwort, 9 + +Spiderwort Family, 9 + +Spikenard, 80 + +Spike Rush, 7 + +Spiraea, 53 + +Spiranthes, 16 + +Spirodela, 9 + +Spotted Wintergreen, 85 + +Spurge, 67, 68 + +Spurge Family, 66 + +Spurred Gentian, 89 + +Spurrey, 32 + +Spring Avens, 56 + +Spring Beauty, 34 + +Spring Vetch, 59 + +Spruce, 1 + +Squashberry, 111 + +Squaw-root, 106 + +Squaw Weed, 128 + +Squirrel Corn, 41 + +Squirrel-tail, 4 + +Stachys, 99 + +Staff Tree Family, 69 + +Staphylea, 69 + +Staphyleaceae, 69 + +Star Flower, 87 + +Star Grass, 14 + +Star of Bethlehem, 14 + +Starry Campion, 33 + +Steironema, 88 + +Stellaria, 32, 33 + +Stemless Lady's Slipper, 18 + +Stickseed, 94 + +Stinging Nettle, 24 + +Stitchwort, 32 + +St. John's-wort, 73, 74 + +St. John's-wort Family, 73 + +Stone Clover, 61 + +Stonecrop, 48 + +Stonecrop, Ditch, 49 + +Stork's-bill, 64 + +Strawberry, 56 + +Strawberry, Barren, 55 + +Strawberry Blite, 29 + +Streptopus, 11 + +Striped Maple, 70 + +Strophostyles, 58 + +Stylophorum, 41 + +Sugar Maple, 70 + +Sumach, 68, 69 + +Summer Grape, 72 + +Summer Savory, 97 + +Sundew, 48 + +Sundew Family, 48 + +Sundrops, 78 + +Sunflower, 128-130 + +Sunflower, Tickseed, 124 + +Swamp Birch, 22 + +Swamp Currant, 49 + +Swamp Dewberry, 53 + +Swamp Laurel, 85 + +Swamp Milkweed, 91 + +Swamp Rose, 52 + +Swamp Valerian, 111 + +Swamp White Oak, 23 + +Sweet Birch, 22 + +Sweetbrier, 52 + +Sweet Cicely, 82 + +Sweet Fern, 20 + +Sweet Flag, 8 + +Sweet Gale, 21 + +Sweet Gale Family, 20 + +Sweet White Violet, 76 + +Sweet William, 34, 92 + +Sweet William Catchfly, 34 + +Sycamore, 51 + +Symphoricarpos, 110, 111 + +Symphytum, 93 + +Symplocarpus, 8 + +Synthyris, 102 + +Syringa, 88 + + +Taenidia, 81 + +Tall Dock, 26 + +Tamarack, 1 + +Tanacetum, 119 + +Tansy, 119 + +Tansy Mustard, 43 + +Taraxacum, 115 + +Taxaceae, 2 + +Taxus, 2 + +Tear-thumb, 28 + +Teasel, 112 + +Teasel Family, 112 + +Tephrosia, 60 + +Teucrium, 97 + +Thalictrum, 39 + +Thaspium, 81 + +Thistle, 117, 118 + +Thistle, Canada, 118 + +Thistle, Cotton, 118 + +Thistle, Globe, 117 + +Thistle, Milk, 117 + +Thistle, Russian, 28 + +Thistle, Sow, 117 + +Thlaspi, 46 + +Thorn-apple, 100 + +Thorny Amaranth, 30 + +Three-seeded Mercury, 66 + +Three-square, 7 + +Thuja, 1 + +Thymelaeaceae, 77 + +Thyme, Wild, 97 + +Thymus, 97 + +Tiarella, 51 + +Tickseed, 123, 124 + +Tickseed Sunflower, 124 + +Tick Trefoil, 62, 63 + +Tilia, 72 + +Tiliaceae, 72 + +Timothy, 4 + +Tipularia, 16 + +Toad-flax, 24, 103 + +Tobacco, Indian, 113 + +Tobacco, Wild, 101 + +Tofieldia, 14 + +Toothwort, 44 + +Touch-me-not, 71 + +Touch-me-not Family, 71 + +Tradescantia, 9 + +Tragopogon, 115 + +Trailing Arbutus, 85 + +Tree of Heaven, 65 + +Trientalis, 87 + +Trifolium, 60, 61 + +Triglochin, 3 + +Trillium, 12 + +Triosteum, 109 + +Trollius, 36 + +Tsuga, 1 + +Tulip Tree, 40 + +Tumble Weed, 30 + +Turk's-cap Lily, 12 + +Turtlehead, 104 + +Tussilago, 122 + +Tway-blade, 17 + +Twig Rush, 8 + +Twin-leaf, 40 + +Twin Flower, 109 + +Twisted-stalk, 11 + +Typha, 2 + +Typhaceae, 2 + + +Ulmus, 24 + +Umbelliferae, 80 + +Umbrella-wort, 31 + +Upland Boneset, 122 + +Urtica, 24 + +Urticaceae, 23 + +Utricularia, 106 + +Uvularia, 12 + + +Vaccinium, 85-87 + +Valerian, 111 + +Valeriana, 111 + +Valerianaceae, 111 + +Valerianella, 111 + +Valerian Family, 111 + +Valerian, Greek, 92 + +Vallisneria, 3 + +Velvet Leaf, 72 + +Venus' Looking Glass, 112 + +Verbascum, 101 + +Verbena, 99-100 + +Verbenaceae, 99 + +Verbena Family, 99 + +Vernonia, 122 + +Veronica, 104, 105 + +Vervain, 99, 100 + +Vetch, 59 + +Vetchling, 59 + +Vetch, Milk, 60 + +Viburnum, 111 + +Vicia, 59 + +Vinca, 90 + +Viola, 75, 76 + +Violaceae, 75 + +Violet, 75, 76 + +Violet Family, 75 + +Violet, Green, 75 + +Virginia Creeper, 71 + +Virginia Mallow, 73 + +Virginia Snakeroot, 25 + +Virgin's Bower, 35 + +Vitaceae, 71 + +Vitis, 72 + + +Wahoo, 69 + +Waldsteinia, 55 + +Walnut, Black, 21 + +Walnut Family, 21 + +Water Arum, 9 + +Water Cress, 45 + +Water Crowfoot, 37 + +Water Dock, 26 + +Water Hemlock, 82 + +Water Hemp, 30 + +Water Hoarhound, 95 + +Water-leaf, 93 + +Water-leaf Family, 93 + +Water Lily, 35 + +Water Lily Family, 35 + +Water Lobelia, 113 + +Water Loosestrife, 77 + +Water Marigold, 123 + +Water Milfoil, 79 + +Water Milfoil Family, 79 + +Water Parsnip, 81 + +Water Pennywort, 80 + +Water Pimpernel, 87 + +Water Plantain, 3 + +Water Plantain Family, 3 + +Water Purslane, 78 + +Water Shield, 35 + +Water Smartweed, 27, 28 + +Water Speedwell, 105 + +Water Starwort, 68 + +Water Starwort Family, 68 + +Water-weed, 3 + +Water Willow, 107 + +Waterwort, 74 + +Waterwort Family, 74 + +Weeping Willow, 20 + +White Ash, 88 + +White Campion, 33 + +White Cedar, 1 + +White Clover, 61 + +White Elm, 24 + +White Fringed Orchis, 19 + +White Ground Cherry, 101 + +White Lady's Slipper, 18 + +White Mulberry, 24 + +White Oak, 23 + +White Pine, 1 + +White Poplar, 19 + +White Snakeroot, 122 + +White Spruce, 1 + +White Sweet Clover, 61 + +Whitlow Grass, 42, 46 + +Whorled Pogonia, 18 + +Wild Bean, 58 + +Wild Bergamot, 96 + +Wild Camomile, 130 + +Wild Carrot, 82 + +Wild Chives, 13 + +Wild Columbine, 36 + +Wild Comfrey, 94 + +Wild Crab, 54 + +Wild Cucumber, 112 + +Wild Flax, 63 + +Wild Geranium, 64 + +Wild Ginger, 25 + +Wild Gromwell, 94 + +Wild Indigo, 61 + +Wild Leek, 13 + +Wild Lettuce, 115, 116 + +Wild Lily of the Valley, 13 + +Wild Mint, 98 + +Wild Onion, 13 + +Wild Pansy, 76 + +Wild Parsnip, 81 + +Wild Pea, 59 + +Wild Plum, 54 + +Wild Potato Vine, 92 + +Wild Radish, 44, 45 + +Wild Rice, 5 + +Wild Rose, 52 + +Wild Rye, 6 + +Wild Sarsaparilla, 80 + +Wild Senna, 60 + +Wild Thyme, 97 + +Wild Tobacco, 101 + +Wild Yam, 14 + +Willow, 20 + +Willow Family, 19 + +Willow Herb, 79 + +Willow, Water, 107 + +Winter Cress, 44 + +Wintergreen, 86 + +Wintergreen, Flowering, 65 + +Wintergreen, One-flowered, 85 + +Wintergreen, Spotted, 85 + +Witch Grass, 5 + +Witch Hazel, 51 + +Witch Hazel Family, 51 + +Withe-rod, 111 + +Wolfberry, 110 + +Wolffia, 9 + +Wood Anemone, 38 + +Wood-grass, 6 + +Wood Lily, 12 + +Wood Nettle, 24 + +Wood Rush, 10 + +Wood Sage, 97 + +Wood Sorrel, 64 + +Wood Sorrel Family, 64 + +Wood Strawberry, 56 + +Wood Violet, 76 + +Wormseed, 29 + +Worm-seed Mustard, 43 + +Wormwood, 119 + + +Xanthium, 114 + +Xyridaceae, 9 + +Xyris, 9 + + +Yam Family, 14 + +Yam, Wild, 14 + +Yard Grass, 6 + +Yarrow, 130 + +Yellow Alyssum, 42, 46 + +Yellow Birch, 21 + +Yellow Cress, 43 + +Yellow-eyed Grass, 9 + +Yellow-eyed Grass Family, 9 + +Yellow Foxtail, 4 + +Yellow Fringed Orchis, 19 + +Yellow Ironweed, 128 + +Yellow Lady's Slipper, 18 + +Yellow Lily, 12 + +Yellow Mignonette, 48 + +Yellow Monkey Flower, 102 + +Yellow Oak, 23 + +Yellow Sweet Clover, 61 + +Yellow Violet, 76 + +Yellow Willow, 20 + +Yew Family, 2 + + +Zannichellia, 2 + +Zanthoxylum, 65 + +Zizania, 5 + +Zizia, 81 + + + + + +---------------------------------------------------------------+ + | Transcriber's Notes: | + | Page xlv: Changed lobel to lobed | + | Page 10: Changed ocntains to contains | + | Page 39: Changed second 38a to 38b | + | Page 89: Changed second 4a to 4b | + | Page 94: Changed augustifolium to angustifolium | + | Page 108: Changed second 1a to 1b | + | Page 109: Changed --21. to --20. | + | Page 122: Changed (springi) to (spring) | + | Page 130: Changed autum to autumn | + | Page 146: Changed Eveyrlasting, Pearly to Everlasting, Pearly | + +---------------------------------------------------------------+ + + + + + + +End of Project Gutenberg's The Plants of Michigan, by Henry Allan Gleason + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE PLANTS OF MICHIGAN *** + +***** This file should be named 32050.txt or 32050.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/3/2/0/5/32050/ + +Produced by Betsie Bush, Dave Morgan, Joseph R. 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