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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6833f05 --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +* text=auto +*.txt text +*.md text diff --git a/32049-0.txt b/32049-0.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3cef403 --- /dev/null +++ b/32049-0.txt @@ -0,0 +1,13179 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Lay of Havelok the Dane, by Unknown + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: The Lay of Havelok the Dane + +Author: Unknown + +Editor: Frederic Madden + Walter William Skeat + +Release Date: April 19, 2010 [EBook #32049] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: UTF-8 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE LAY OF HAVELOK THE DANE *** + + + + +Produced by Louise Hope, Taavi Kalju and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This +book was produced from scanned images of public domain +material from the Google Print project.) + + + + + + +[This e-text includes characters that require UTF-8 (Unicode) file +encoding: + + œ : “oe” ligature + Ȝȝ, ƿ, ſ, ǽ : yogh, wynn, long s, accented æ (only in notes) + +These characters, as well as a single Greek phrase, occur only in the +notes, not in the poem itself. If any of the characters do not display +properly, or if the apostrophes and quotation marks in this paragraph +appear as garbage, make sure your text reader’s “character set” or +“file encoding” is set to Unicode (UTF-8). You may also need to change +the default font. As a last resort, use the Latin-1 version of the +file instead. + +The original book (EETS E.S. 4, 1868, ed. Skeat) exists in at least two +forms. See Errata section at the end of the e-text for details. + +In the main text, footnotes are grouped at the end of text sections. +Most headnotes have similarly been moved to the nearest break in the +text. Sidenotes keep their original starting point, but are collected +into full sentences. + +_Typography:_ + +Large initial capitals are shown with a single leading + to avoid +“breaking” the text: + + +Herknet to me, gode men + Wiues, maydnes, and alle men ... + +Italicized letters representing expanded contractions are shown in +br{ac}es. All other italics are shown conventionally with _lines_; this +includes italicized _w_, used by the editor for wynn ƿ. If you find the +braces distracting you may delete them globally; they are not used for +any other purpose. + +A few French passages in the Preface use a trailing tilde ~, as in the +word “q~”. In the original, the ~ was attached to the preceding letter, +but not directly above it. Superscript letters are shown with a caret ^. + +Square brackets are in the original except those in standard formulas +such as [Footnote] or [Transcriber’s Note].] + + + + + THE LAY OF + HAVELOK THE DANE. + + + Early English Text Society. + Extra Series. No. IV. + 1868. + + + + + Dublin: William McGee, 18, Nassau Street. + Edinburgh: T. G. Stevenson, 22, South Frederick Street. + Glasgow: Ogle & Co., 1, Royal Exchange Square. + Berlin: Asher & Co., Unter den Linden, 20. + New York: C. Scribner & Co.; Leypoldt & Holt. + Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott & Co. + Boston, U.S.: Dutton & Co. + + + + + +The Lay of+ + + +HAVELOK THE DANE:+ + + + Composed in the Reign of Edward I, about A.D. 1280. + + Formerly Edited by Sir F. Madden for the Roxburghe Club, + + And now Re-Edited from the Unique Ms. Laud Misc. 108, + in the Bodleian Library, Oxford; + + by the + + REV. WALTER W. SKEAT, M.A., + + Author of “A Mœso-Gothic Glossary,” Editor of “Piers Plowman,” + “William of Palerne,” &c. + + +[Illustration: Seal of Great Grimsby] + + + LONDON: + Published For The Early English Text Society, + By N. Trübner & Co., 60, Paternoster Row. + + MDCCCLXVIII. + + + + + +Extra Series,+ + IV. + + John Childs and Son, Printers. + + + + +CONTENTS. + + + TITLEPAGE. The engraving represents the seal of Great Grimsby, + described in § 19 of the Preface, p. xxi. + + PREFACE. § 1. The former edition of 1828. § 2. The present + edition. § 3. Plan of this edition. § 4. Notices of the story by + Early Writers: the longer French Version. § 5. The shorter + French Version. § 6. Peter de Langtoft (1307). § 7. Rauf de Boun + (1310). § 8. A Brief Genealogy, Herald’s Coll. MS. (ab. 1310). + § 9. Metrical Chronicle (ab. 1313). § 10. Robert of Brunne + (1338); ed. Hearne. § 11. Robert of Brunne; Lambeth MS. + § 12. French Prose “Brute” (1332). § 13. English Prose “Brute,” + MS. Harl. 2279. § 14. Gray’s Scala Cronica (ab. 1360). + § 15. Eulogium Historiarum (1366). § 16. Henry de Knyghton + (1395); Warner (1586); Webster (1617). § 17. Danish traditions. + § 18. Lincolnshire traditions. § 19. Seal of Great Grimsby. + § 20. Sketch of the French “Lai.” § 21. Gaimar’s abridgment. + § 22. Sketch of the English Lay. § 23. Possible date of + Havelok’s reign. § 24. Story of “Edwin of Deira.” § 25. On the + names “Curan” and “Havelok.” § 26. Description of the MS. + § 27. Grammatical forms in the Poem. § 28. On the metre. + § 29. On the final _-e_, &c. i + + EMENDATIONS, &c. liv + + THE LAY OF HAVELOK 1 + + NOTES TO “HAVELOK” 87 + + GLOSSARIAL INDEX 105 + + INDEX OF NAMES 157 + + + + + [Headnotes: + _The full set has been duplicated here to act as a supplementary + table of contents. Headnotes separated by / were continued across + facing pages._ + + THE GOOD KING ATHELWOLD / + IS KING OVER ALL ENGLAND. + ATHELWOLD IS ABOUT TO DIE. + HE SUMMONS HIS LORDS TO WINCHESTER. + ATHELWOLD SELECTS EARL GODRICH / + TO BE HIS DAUGHTER’S GUARDIAN. + KING ATHELWOLD DIES. + EARL GODRICH TAKES POSSESSION. + GODRICH PLOTS AGAINST HIS WARD. + BIRKABEYN IS KING OF DENMARK. + BIRKABEYN SELECTS EARL GODARD / + TO BE GUARDIAN OF HIS THREE CHILDREN. + GODARD IMPRISONS THE THREE CHILDREN. + GODARD KILLS SWANBORGUGH AND HELFLED. + GODARD SPARES HAVELOK FOR A TIME. + GODARD TELLS GRIM TO DROWN HAVELOK. + HAVELOK IS TAKEN TO GRIM’S COTTAGE. + GRIM SEES THAT HAVELOK IS THE KING’S SON. + GRIM AND HIS WIFE FEED HAVELOK. + GRIM SAYS HE HAS DROWNED HAVELOK. + GRIM SETS SAIL FOR ENGLAND. + GRIM FOUNDS THE TOWN OF GRIMSBY. + HAVELOK DOES NOT LIKE BEING IDLE. + HAVELOK SELLS FISH LIKE THE BEST. + HAVELOK GOES TO LINCOLN TO GET WORK. + HE HELPS THE EARL OF CORNWALL’S COOK. + HAVELOK IS HIRED BY THE EARL’S COOK. + HE CUTS WOOD, AND DRAWS WATER. + HAVELOK GROWS VERY TALL AND STRONG. + HE SEES SOME MEN “PUTTING THE STONE.” + HE “PUTS THE STONE” FURTHER THAN ANY. + GODRICH HEARS OF HAVELOK’S STRENGTH. + GOLDBOROUGH IS SENT FOR TO LINCOLN. + GODRICH ASKS HAVELOK IF HE WILL MARRY. + HAVELOK RESOLVES TO GO TO GRIMSBY. + GRIM’S CHILDREN WELCOME HAVELOK. + GOLDBOROUGH SEES THE WONDROUS LIGHT. + HAVELOK TELLS HER HIS STRANGE DREAM. + SHE SAYS HAVELOK WILL BE A GREAT KING. + HAVELOK PRAYS FOR VENGEANCE ON GODARD. + HAVELOK ADDRESSES GRIM’S THREE SONS. + HE ASKS THEM TO GO WITH HIM TO DENMARK. + HAVELOK GIVES UBBE A GOLD RING. + UBBE INVITES HAVELOK TO A FEAST. + UBBE TAKES A GREAT FANCY TO HAVELOK. + UBBE SENDS HAVELOK TO BERNARD. + A GANG OF THIEVES BESET BERNARD’S HOUSE. + THREE OF THE THIEVES ATTACK HAVELOK. + HAVELOK SLAYS SEVEN OF THE THIEVES. + THE THIEVES SHOOT AT HIM FROM A DISTANCE. + HUGH AND THE REST COME TO THE RESCUE. + ALL THE SIXTY THIEVES ARE SLAIN. + UBBE ASKS BERNARD WHAT HAS HAPPENED. + BERNARD RELATES HAVELOK’S PROWESS. + THE OTHERS CONFIRM BERNARD’S STORY. + UBBE SENDS FOR HAVELOK AND TAKES HIM TO HIS CASTLE. + UBBE SEES THE MIRACULOUS LIGHT / + WHICH ISSUES FROM HAVELOK’S MOUTH. + THE LIGHT SHOWS THAT HAVELOK IS THE HEIR. + UBBE SAYS HAVELOK SHALL BE KING. + UBBE RELATES HAVELOK’S HISTORY. + UBBE DOES HOMAGE TO HAVELOK. + ALL SWEAR TO BE FAITHFUL TO HAVELOK. + UBBE DUBS HAVELOK A KNIGHT. + HAVELOK IS MADE KING OF DENMARK. + HAVELOK GOES TO SEEK OUT GODARD. + GODARD’S MEN ARE BEATEN. + GODARD IS BOUND AND LED TO HAVELOK. + HE IS CONDEMNED TO BE HUNG. + GODARD IS FLAYED ALIVE AND HUNG. + GODRICH RAISES AN ARMY AGAINST HAVELOK. + GODRICH EXCITES THE ENGLISH AGAINST HAVELOK. + THE ENGLISH MARCH TO GRIMSBY. + COMBAT BETWEEN UBBE AND GODRICH. + GODRICH DISPLAYS GREAT PROWESS. + COMBAT BETWEEN GODRICH AND HAVELOK. + GODRICH IS BOUND AND FETTERED. + THE ENGLISH SUBMIT TO GOLDBOROUGH. + GODRICH IS CONDEMNED TO BE BURNT. + THE EARL OF CHESTER MARRIES GUNILD. + HAVELOK REMEMBERS BERTRAM’S KINDNESS. + BERTRAM MARRIES GRIM’S SECOND DAUGHTER. + HAVELOK IS CROWNED KING OF ENGLAND. + SUCH IS THE “GESTE” OF HAVELOK. + SAY A PATERNOSTER FOR THE AUTHOR.] + + + + +PREFACE. + + +§ 1. The English version of the Lay of Havelok, now here reprinted, is +one of the few poems that have happily been recovered, after having long +been given up as lost. Tyrwhitt, in his Essay on the Language and +Versification of Chaucer, has a footnote (No. 51) deploring the loss of +the Rime concerning Gryme the Fisher, the founder of Grymesby, Hanelok +[_read_ Havelok] the Dane, and his wife Goldborough; and Ritson, in his +Dissertation on Romance and Minstrelsy--(vol. i. p. lxxxviii. of his +Metrical Romanceës)--makes remarks to the same effect. It was at length, +however, discovered by accident in a manuscript belonging to the +Bodleian library, which had been described in the old Catalogue merely +as _Vitæ Sanctorum_, a large portion of it being occupied by metrical +legends of the Saints. In 1828, it was edited for the Roxburghe Club by +Sir F. Madden, the title-page of the edition being as follows:-- “The +Ancient English Romance of Havelok the Dane, accompanied by the French +Text: with an introduction, notes, and a glossary, by Frederick Madden, +Esq., F.A.S. F.R.S.L., Sub-Keeper of the MSS. in the British Museum. +Printed for the Roxburghe Club, London. W. Nicol, Shakspeare Press, +MDCCCXXVIII.” This volume contains a very complete Introduction, +pp. i-lvi; the English version of Havelok, pp. 1-104; the French text of +the Romance of Havelok, from a MS. in the Heralds’ College, pp. 105-146; +the French Romance of Havelok, as abridged and altered by Geffrei +Gaimar, pp. 147-180; notes to the English text, pp. 181-207; notes to +the French text, pp. 208-210; and a glossary, &c., pp. 211-263. But +there are sometimes bound up with it two pamphlets, viz. “Remarks on the +Glossary to Havelok,” by S. W. Singer, and an “Examination of the +Remarks, &c.,” by the Editor of Havelok. In explanation of this, it may +suffice to say, that the former contains some criticisms by Mr Singer +(executed in a manner suggestive of an officious wish to display +superior critical acumen), of which a few are correct, but others are +ludicrously false; whilst the latter is a vindication of the general +correctness of the explanations given, and contains, incidentally, some +valuable contributions to our general etymological knowledge, and +various remarks which have proved of service in rendering the glossary +in the present edition more exactly accurate.[1] + + [Footnote 1: In particular, we find there a complete proof, + supported by some fifty examples, that, _as_ can be traced, + through the forms _ase_, _als_, _alse_, _also_, to the A.S. + _eall-swa_; a proof, that in the difficult phrase _lond and + lithe_, the word _lithe_ [also spelt _lede_, _lude_] is equivalent + to the French _tenement_, _rente_, or _fe_; and, thirdly, a + complete refutation of Mr Singer’s extraordinary notion that the + adverb _swithe_ means _a sword_!] + + +§ 2. Owing to the scarcity of copies of this former edition, the +committee of the Early English Text Society, having first obtained the +approval of Sir Frederic Madden, resolved upon issuing a reprint of it; +and Sir Frederic having expressed a wish that the duty of seeing it +through the press should be entrusted to myself, I gladly undertook that +responsibility. He has kindly looked over the revises of the whole +work,[2] but as it has undergone several modifications, it will be the +best plan to state in detail what these are. + + [Footnote 2: In the same way, _William of Palerne_ was prepared + by me for the press, subject to his advice; see _William of + Palerne_, Introduction, p. ii.] + + +§ 3. With respect to the text, the greatest care has been taken to +render it, as nearly as can be represented in print, an exact copy of +the MS. The text of the former edition is exceedingly correct, and the +alterations here made are few and of slight importance. Sir F. Madden +furnished me with some, the results of a re-comparison, made by himself, +of his printed copy with the original; besides this, I have myself +carefully read the proof sheets with the MS. _twice_, and it may +therefore be assumed that the complete correctness of the text is +established. It seems to me that this is altogether the most important +part of the work of a _Text_ Society, in order that the student may +never be perplexed by the appearance of words having no real existence. +For a like reason the letters þ and ƿ (the latter of which I have +represented by an italic _w_) have now been inserted wherever they +occur, and the expansions of abbreviations are now denoted by italics. +For further remarks upon the text, see the description of the MS. below, +§ 26. Sidenotes and headlines have been added, but the numbering of the +lines has not been altered. The French text of the romance, the title of +which is _Le Lai de Aveloc_, and the abridgment of the story by Geffrei +Gaimar, have not been here reprinted; the fact being, that the French +and English versions differ very widely, and that the passages of the +French which really correspond to the English are few and short. _All_ +of these will be found in the Notes, in their proper places, and it was +also deemed the less necessary to print the French text, because it is +tolerably accessible; for it may be found either in vol. i. of Monumenta +Historica Britannica, ed. Petrie, 1848, in the reprint by M. Michel +(1833) entitled “Le Lai d’Havelok,” or in the edition by Mr T. Wright +for the Caxton Society, 1850. An abstract of it is given at p. xxiii. +The Notes are abridged from Sir F. Madden’s, with but a very few +additions by myself, which are distinguished by being placed within +square brackets. The Glossarial Index is, for the most part, reprinted +from Sir F. Madden’s Glossary, but contains a large number of _slight_ +alterations, re-arrangements, and additions. The references have nearly +all been verified,[3] and the few words formerly left unexplained are +now either wholly or partially solved. I have now only to add that a +large portion of the remainder of this preface, especially that which +concerns the historical and traditional evidences of the story (§ 4 to +§ 18), is abridged or copied from Sir F. Madden’s long Introduction, +which fairly exhausts the subject.[4] All extracts included between +marks of quotation are taken from it without alteration. But I must be +considered responsible for the rearrangement of the materials, and I +have added a few remarks from other sources. + + [Footnote 3: I say _nearly_, because I have not been able to + verify _every_ reference to _every_ poem quoted. I have verified + and critically examined all the citations from the _poem itself_, + from Ritson’s Romances, Weber’s Romances, Laȝamon, Beowulf, + Chaucer, Langland, and Sir Walter Scott’s edition of Sir Tristrem + (3rd edition, 1811).] + + [Footnote 4: To this, the reader is referred for fuller + information.] + + +§ 4. NOTICES OF THE STORY OF HAVELOK BY EARLY WRITERS. There can be +little doubt that the tradition must have existed from Anglo-Saxon +times, but the earliest mention of it is presented to us in the full +account furnished by the French version of the Romance. Of this there +are two copies, one of which belongs to Sir T. Phillipps; the other is +known as the Arundel or Norfolk MS., and is preserved in the Heralds’ +College, where it is marked E. D. N. No. 14; the various editions of the +latter have been already enumerated in § 3. This version was certainly +composed within the first half of the twelfth century. From the fact +that it is entitled a _Lai_, and from the assertion of the poet--“Qe vn +_lai_ en firent li Breton”--“whereof the Britons made a lay”--we easily +conclude that it was drawn from a British source. From the evident +connection of the story with the Chronicle called the _Brut_, we may +further conclude that by _Breton_ is not meant Armorican, but belonging +to _Britain_. The story is in no way connected with France; the +tradition is British or Welsh, and the French version was doubtless +written in England by a subject of an English king. That the language is +French is due merely to the accident that the Norman conquerors of +England had acquired that language during their temporary sojourn in +France. From every point of view, whether we regard the British +tradition, the Anglo-Norman version, or the version printed in the +present volume, the story is wholly English. It is not to be connected +too closely with the Armorican lays of Marie _de France_.[5] + + [Footnote 5: “The word Breton, which some critics refer to + Armorica, is here applied to a story of mere English birth.” + Hallam; Lit. of Europe, 6th ed. 1860; vol. i. p. 36. See the whole + passage.] + + +§ 5. We next come to the abridgment of the same as made by Geffrei +Gaimar, who wrote between the years 1141 and 1151. In one place, Geffrei +quotes Gildas as his authority, but no conclusion can easily be drawn +from this indefinite reference. In another place, he mentions a feast +given by Havelok after his defeat of Hodulf-- _si cum nus dit la verai +estoire_-- “as the true history tells us.” As this feast is not +mentioned in the fuller French version, and yet reappears in the English +text, we perceive that he had some additional source of information; and +this is confirmed by the fact that he mentions several additional +details, also not found in the completer version. That the lay of +Havelok, as found in Gaimar, is really his, and not an interpolation by +a later hand, may fairly be inferred from his repeated allusions to the +story in the body of his work. There are three MS. copies containing +Gaimar’s abridgment, of which the best is the Royal MS. (Bibl. Reg. 13 +A. xxi.) in the British Museum; the two others belong respectively to +the Dean and Chapter of Durham (its mark being C. iv. 27) and to the +Dean and Chapter of Lincoln (its mark being H. 18). It is curious that +the Norfolk MS. contains not only the fuller French version of the +story, but also the Brut of Wace, and the continuation of it by Gaimar. +Gaimar’s abridgment, as printed in Sir F. Madden’s edition, is taken +from the Royal MS., supplemented by the Durham and Lincoln MSS. See also +Monumenta Historica Britannica, vol. i. p. 764. It is important to +mention that Gaimar speaks of the Danes as having been in Norfolk since +the time that Havelok was King, after he has been relating the combats +between the Britons and the Saxons under the command of Cerdic and +Cynric. Another allusion makes Havelok to have lived long before the +year 800, according to every system of chronology. + + +§ 6. The next mention of Havelok is in the French Chronicle of Peter de +Langtoft, of Langtoft in Yorkshire, who died early in the reign of +Edward II., and whose Chronicle closes with the death of Edward I. Here +the only trace of the story is in the mention of “Gountere le pere +Hauelok, de Danays Ray clamez”--Gunter, father of Havelok, called King +of the Danes. The allusion is almost valueless from its evident +absurdity; for he confounds Gunter with the Danish invader defeated by +Alfred, and who is variously called Godrum, Gudrum, Guthrum, or +Gurmound. He must have been thinking, at the moment, of a very different +Gurmund, viz. the King of the Africans, as he is curiously called, whose +terrible devastations are described very fully in Laȝamon, vol. iii. +pp. 156-177, and who may fairly be supposed to have lived much nearer to +the time of Havelok; and he must further have confounded this Gurmund +with Gunter. For the account of Robert of Brunne’s translation of +Langtoft’s Chronicle, see below, § 10. + + +§ 7. But soon after this, we come to a most curious account. In MS. +Harl. 902 is a late copy, on paper, of a Chronicle called _Le Bruit +Dengleterre_, or otherwise _Le Petit Bruit_, compiled A.D. 1310, by +Meistre Rauf de Boun, at the request of Henry de Lacy, earl of Lincoln. +It is a most worthless compilation, put together in defiance of all +chronology, but with respect to our present inquiry it is full of +interest, as it soon becomes obvious that one of his sources of +information is the very English version here printed, which he cites by +the name of _l’estorie de Grimesby_, and which is thus proved to have +been written before the year 1310. “The Chronicler,” says Sir F. Madden, +“commences, as usual, with Brute, B.C. 2000, and after taking us through +the succeeding reigns to the time of Cassibelin, who fought with Julius +Cæsar, informs us, that after Cassibelin’s death came Gurmound out of +Denmark, who claimed the throne as the son of the eldest daughter of +Belin, married to Thorand, King of Denmark. He occupies the kingdom 57 +years, and is at length slain at _Hunteton_, called afterwards from him +_Gurmoundcestre_. He is succeeded by his son Frederick, who hated the +English, and filled his court with Danish nobles, but who is at last +driven out of the country, after having held it for the short space of +71 years. And then, adds this miserable History-monger: ‘Et si entendrez +vous, que par cel primer venue de auaunt dit Roy Gormound, et puis par +cele hountoux exil de son fitz Frederik, si fu le rancour de Daneis vers +nous enpendaunt, et le regne par cel primere accion vers nous +enchalangount plus de sept C auns apre, _iekis a la venue Haneloke, fitz +le Roy Birkenebayne de Dannemarche, q~ le regne par mariage entra de sa +femme_.’ --f. 2 b. + +“After a variety of equally credible stories, we come to Adelstan II.[6] +son of Edward [the Elder], who corresponds with the real king of that +name, A.D. 925-941. He is succeeded by his son [brother] Edmund, who +reigned four years [A.D. 941-946], and is said to have been _poisoned_ +at Canterbury; after whom we have ADELWOLD, whose identity with the +Athelwold of the English Romance, will leave no doubt as to the source +whence the writer drew great part of his materials in the following +passage: + + ‘Apres ceo vient Adelwold son fitz q~ reigna XVJ et demie, si + engendroit ij feiz et iij filis, dount trestoutz murrirent + frechement fors q~ sa pune file, le out a nom _Goldburgh_, del age + de VJ aunz kaunt son pere Adelwold morust. Cely Roy Adelwold quant + il doit morir, comaunda sa file a garder a vn Count de Cornewayle, + al houre kaunt il quidou~ie (sic) hountousment auoir deparagé, + quaunt fit _Haueloke_, fitz le Roy Byrkenbayne de Denmarche, esposer + le, encountre sa volunté, q~ primis fuit Roy Dengleterre et de + Denmarch tout a vn foitz, par quele aliaunce leis Daneis queillerunt + g^{e}ndr~ (sic) mestrie en Engleterre, et long temps puise le + tindrunt, _si cum vous nouncie l’estorie de Grimesby_, come _Grime_ + primez nurist Haueloke en Engleterre, depuis cel houre q’il feut + chasé de Denmarche &c. deqis al houre q’il vint au chastelle de + Nichole, q~ cely auauntdit traitre _Goudriche_ out en garde, en quel + chastel il auauntdit Haueloke espousa l’auauntdit Goldeburgh, q~ + fuit heir Dengleterre. Et par cel reson tynt cely Haueloke la terre + de Denmarche auxi comme son heritage, et Engleterre auxi par mariage + de sa femme; et si entendrez vous, q~ par la reson q~ ly auauntdit + Gryme ariua primez, kaunt il amena l’enfaunt Haueloke hors de + Denmarche, par meyme la reson reseut cele vile son nom, de Grime, + quel noun ly tint vnquore Grimisby. + + ‘Apres ceo regna meyme cely Haueloke, q~ mult fuit prodhomme, et + droiturelle, et bien demenoit son people en reson et ley. Cel Roy + Haueloke reigna xlj. aunz, si engendroit ix fitz et vij filis, dount + trestoutz murrerount ainz q~ furunt d’age, fors soulement iiij de + ses feitz, dont l’un out a noum Gurmound, cely q~ entendy auoir son + heire en Engleterre; le secound out a noun Knout, quen fitz feffoit + son pere en le regne de Denmarche, quant il estoit del age de xviij + aunz, et ly mesme se tynt a la coroune Dengleterre, quel terre il + entendy al oeps son ainez fitz Gurmound auoir gardé. Mes il debusa + son col auxi comme il feu mounté vn cheval testous q~ poindre + volleyt, en l’an de son regne xxiij entrant. Le tiers fitz ont a + noun Godard, q~ son pere feffoit de la Seneschacie Dengleterre, q~ + n’auo~ut (sic) taunt come ore fait ly quart. Et le puisnez fitz de + toutz out a noum Thorand, q~ espousa la Countesse de Hertouwe en + Norwey. Et par la reson q~ cely Thorand feut enherité en la terre de + Norwey, ly et ses successours sont enheritez iekis en sa p~ce (sic) + toutdis, puis y auoit affinité de alliaunce entre ceulx de Denmarche + et ceulx de Norwey, a checun venue q~ vnkes firent en ceste terre + pur chalenge ou clayme mettre, iekis a taunt q~ lour accion feut + enseyne destrut par vn noble chevallere _Guy de Warwike_, &c. Et + tout en sy feffoit Haueloke sez quatre fitz: si gist a priorie de + _Grescherche_ en Loundrez.’ --f. 6 b. + +“The _Estorie de Grimesby_ therefore, referred to above, is the +identical English Romance before us, and it is no less worthy of remark, +that the whole of the passage just quoted, with one single variation of +import, has been literally translated by Henry de Knyghton, and inserted +in his Chronicle.[7] Of the sources whence the information respecting +Havelok’s sons is derived, we are unable to offer any account, as no +trace of it occurs either in the French or English texts of the story.” + + [Footnote 6: “The Chronicler writes of him, f. 6. ‘Il feu le + plus beau bacheleir q{e} vnqes reigna en Engleterre, _ceo dit le + Bruit_, par quoy ly lays ly apellerunt _King Adelstane with gilden + kroket_, pour ce q’il feu si beaus.’ We have here notice of + another of those curious historical poems, the loss of which can + never be sufficiently deplored. The term _crocket_ (derived by + Skinner from the Fr. _crochet_, uncinulus) points out the period + of the poem’s composition, since the fashion alluded to of wearing + those large rolls of hair so called, only arose at the latter end + of Hen. III. reign, and continued through the reign of Edw. I. and + part of his successor’s.”] + + [Footnote 7: See below, § 16.] + + +§ 8. “About the same time at which Rauf de Boun composed his Chronicle, +was written a brief Genealogy of the British and Saxon Kings, from +Brutus to Edward II., preserved in the same MS. in the Heralds’ College +which contains the French text of the Romance. The following curious +rubric is prefixed:-- _La lignée des Bretons et des Engleis, queus il +furent, et de queus nons, et coment Brut vint premerement en Engleterre, +et combien de tens puis, et dont il vint. Brut et Cornelius furent +chevalers chacez de la bataille de Troie, M. CCCC. XVII. anz deuant qe +dieus nasquit, et vindrent en Engleterre, en Cornewaille, et riens ne +fut trouee en la terre fors qe geanz, Geomagog, Hastripoldius, +Ruscalbundy, et plusurs autres Geanz._ In this Genealogy no mention of +Havelok occurs under the reign of Constantine, but after the names of +the Saxon Kings Edbright and Edelwin, we read: ‘ATHELWOLD auoit vne +fille _Goldeburgh_, et il regna vi. anz. HAUELOC esposa meisme cele +Goldeburgh, et regna iij. anz. ALFRED le frere le Roi Athelwold enchaca +Haueloc par Hunehere, et il fut le primer Roi corone de l’apostoille, et +il regna xxx. anz.’ --fol. 148 b. By this account Athelwold is clearly +identified with Ethelbald, King of Wessex, who reigned from 855 to 860, +whilst Havelok is substituted in the place of Ethelbert and Ethered.” + + +§ 9. “Not long after the same period was written a Metrical _Chronicle +of England_, printed by Ritson, Metr. Rom. V. ii. p. 270. Two copies are +known to exist,[8] the first concluding with the death of Piers +Gavestone, in 1313 (MS. Reg. 12. C. xii.), and the other continued to +the time of Edw. III. (Auchinleck MS.). The period of Havelok’s descent +into England is there ascribed to the reign of King Ethelred (978-1016), +which will very nearly coincide with the period assigned by Rauf de +Boun, viz. A.D. 963-1004.” + + ‘_Haueloc_ com tho to this lond, + With gret host & eke strong, + Ant sloh the Kyng Achelred, + At Westmustre he was ded, + Ah he heuede reigned her + Seuene an tuenti fulle ȝer.’ + + MS. Reg. 12. C. xii. + +“This date differs from most of the others, and appears founded on the +general notion of the Danish invasions during that period.” + + [Footnote 8: The poems in MSS. Camb. Univ. Lib. Ff. 5. 48 and + Dd. 14. 2 resemble this Chronicle, but do not mention Havelok’s + name.] + + +§ 10. Before proceeding to consider the _prose_ Chronicle of the Brute, +it is better to speak first of the translation of Peter de Langtoft’s +Chronicle by Robert of Brunne, a translation which was completed A.D. +1338. At p. 25 of Hearne’s edition is the following passage: + + ‘Ȝit a nother Danes Kyng in the North gan aryue. + Alfrid it herd, thidere gan he dryue. + _Hauelok_[9] fader he was, _Gunter_ was his name. + He brent citees & tounes, ouer alle did he schame. + Saynt Cutbertes clerkes tho Danes thei dred. + The toke the holy bones, about thei tham led. + Seuen ȝere thorgh the land wer thei born aboute, + It comforted the kyng mykelle, whan he was in doute + ¶ Whan Alfrid & Gunter had werred long in ille, + Thorgh the grace of God, Gunter turned his wille. + Cristend wild he be, the kyng of fonte him lift, + & thritty of his knyghtes turnes, thorgh Godes gift. + Tho that first were foos, and com of paien lay, + Of Cristen men haf los, & so thei wend away.’ + +“This is the whole that appears in the original, but after the above +lines immediately follows, in the language of Robert of Brunne himself +(as noted also by Hearne, Pref. p. lxvii.), the following curious, and +to our inquiry, very important passage:” + + ‘Bot I haf grete ferly, that I fynd no man, + That has writen in story, how Hauelok this lond wan. + Noither _Gildas_, no Bede, no Henry of Huntynton, + No William of Malmesbiri, ne Pers of Bridlynton, + Writes not in ther bokes of no kyng Athelwold, + Ne Goldeburgh his douhtere, ne Hauelok not of told, + Whilk tyme the were kynges, long or now late, + Thei mak no menyng whan, no in what date. + Bot that thise _lowed men vpon Inglish tellis_, + Right story can me not ken, the certeynte what spellis. + Men sais in Lyncoln castelle ligges ȝit a stone, + That Hauelok kast wele forbi euer ilkone + & ȝit the chapelle standes, ther he weddid his wife, + Goldeburgh the kynges douhter, _that saw is ȝit rife_. + & of Gryme a fisshere, _men redes ȝit in ryme_, + That he bigged Grymesby Gryme that ilk tyme. + Of alle stories of honoure, that I haf thorgh souht, + I fynd that no compiloure of him tellis ouht. + Sen I fynd non redy, that tellis of Hauelok kynde + Turne we to that story, that we writen fynde.’ + +“There cannot exist the smallest doubt, that by the ‘Ryme’ here +mentioned ‘that lowed men vpon Inglish tellis,’ the identical English +Romance, now before the reader, is referred to. It must therefore +certainly have been composed prior to the period at which Robert of +Brunne wrote,[10] in whose time the traditions respecting Havelok at +Lincoln were so strongly preserved, as to point out various localities +to which the story had affixed a name, and similar traditions connected +with the legend, as we shall find hereafter, existed also at Grimsby. +The doubts expressed by the Chronicler, as to their authenticity, or the +authority of the ‘Ryme,’ are curious, but only of value so far as they +prove he was ignorant of the existence of a French Romance on the +subject, or of its reception in Gaimar’s historical poem.” + + [Footnote 9: This proof is rendered unnecessary by the citations + from it by Rauf de Boun in 1310, and by the age of our MS. + itself.] + + [Footnote 10: _Hanelok_ in Hearne, throughout, but undoubtedly + _contra fidem_ MSS.] + + +§ 11. “But on consulting the Lambeth copy of Rob. of Brunne, in order to +verify the passage as printed by Hearne from the Inner Temple MS. we +were not a little surprised to ascertain a fact hitherto overlooked, and +indeed unknown, viz. that the Lambeth MS. (which is a folio, written on +paper, and imperfect both at the beginning and close)[11] does not +correspond with the Edition, but has evidently been revised by a later +hand, which has abridged the Prologues, omitted some passages, and +inserted others. The strongest proof of this exists in the passage +before us, in which the Lambeth MS. entirely omits the lines of Rob. of +Brunne respecting the authenticity of the story of Havelok, and in their +place substitutes an abridged outline of the story itself, copied +apparently from the French Chronicle of Gaimar. The interpolation is so +curious, and so connected with our inquiry, as to be a sufficient +apology for introducing it here.” + + ‘¶ Forth wente Gounter & his folk, al in to Denemark, + Sone fel ther hym vpon, a werre styth & stark, + Thurgh a Breton kyng, th^t out of Ingeland cam, + & asked the tribut of Denmark, th^t Arthur whylom nam. + They wythseide hit schortly, & non wolde they ȝelde, + But rather they wolde dereyne hit, wyth bataill y the felde. + Both partis on a day, to felde come they stronge, + Desconfit were the danes, Gounter his deth gan fonge. + When he was ded they schope brynge, al his blod to schame, + But Gatferes doughter the kyng, _Eleyne_ was hure name, + Was kyng Gounteres wyf, and had a child hem bytwene, + Wyth wham scheo scapede vnethe, al to the se with tene. + The child hym highte HAUELOK, th^t was his moder dere, + Scheo mette with grym atte hauene, a wel god marinere, + He hure knew & highte hure wel, to helpe hure with his might, + To bryng hure saf out of the lond, wythinne th^t ilke night. + When they come in myd se, a gret meschef gan falle, + They metten wyth a gret schip, lade wyth outlawes alle. + Anon they fullen hem apon, & dide hem Mikel peyne, + So th^t wyth strengthe of their assaut, ded was quene Eleyne. + But ȝyt ascapede from hem Grym, wyth Hauelok & other fyue, + & atte the hauene of Grymesby, ther they gon aryue. + Ther was brought forth child Hauelok, wyth Grym & his fere, + Right als hit hadde be ther own, for other wyste men nere. + Til he was mykel & mighti, & man of mykel cost, + Th^t for his grete sustinaunce, nedly serue he most. + He tok leue of Grym & Seburc, as of his sire & dame, + And askede ther blessinge curteysly, ther was he nought to blame. + Thenne drow he forth northward, to kynges court Edelsie, + Th^t held fro Humber to Rotland, the kyngdam of Lyndesye. + Thys Edelsy of Breton kynde, had Orewayn his sister bright + Maried to a noble kyng, of Northfolk Egelbright. + Holly for his kyngdam, he held in his hand, + Al the lond fro Colchestre, right in til Holand. + Thys Egelbright th^t was a Dane, & Orewayn the quene, + Hadden gete on Argill, a doughter hem bytwene. + Sone then deyde Egelbright, & his wyf Orewayn, + & therfore was kyng Edelsye, bothe joyful & fayn. + Anon their doughter & here Eyr, his nece dame Argill, + & al the kyngdam he tok in hande, al at his owene will. + Ther serued Hauelok as quistron, & was y-cald Coraunt, + He was ful mykel & hardy, & strong as a Geaunt. + He was bold Curteys & fre, & fair & god of manere, + So th^t alle folk hym louede, th^t auewest hym were. + But for couetise of desheraison, of damysele Argill, + & for a chere th^t the kyng sey, scheo made Coraunt till, + He dide hem arraye ful symplely, & wedde togydere bothe, + For he ne rewarded desparagyng, were manion ful wrothe. + A while they dwelt after in court, in ful pore degre, + The schame & sorewe th^t Argill hadde, hit was a deol to se. + Then seyde scheo til hure maister, of whenne sire be ȝe? + Haue ȝe no kyn ne frendes at hom, in ȝoure contre? + Leuer were me lyue in pore lyf, wythoute schame & tene, + Than in schame & sorewe, lede the astat of quene. + Thenne wente they forth to Grymesby, al by his wyues red, + & founde th^t Grym & his wyf, weren bothe ded. + But he fond ther on Aunger, Grymes cosyn hend, + To wham th^t Grym & his wyf, had teld word & ende. + How th^t hit stod wyth Hauelok, in all manere degre, + & they hit hym telde & conseilled, to drawe til his contre, + Tasaye what grace he mighte fynde, among his frendes there, + & they wolde ordeyne for their schipynge, and al th^t hem nede were. + When Aunger hadde y-schiped hem, they seilled forth ful swythe, + Ful-but in til Denemark, wyth weder fair & lithe. + Ther fond he on sire Sykar, a man of gret pousté, + Th^t hey styward somtyme was, of al his fader fe. + Ful fayn was he of his comyng, & god help him behight, + To recouere his heritage, of Edulf kyng & knyght. + Sone asembled they gret folk, of his sibmen & frendes, + Kyng Edulf gadered his power, & ageyn them wendes. + Desconfyt was ther kyng Edulf, & al his grete bataill, + & so conquered Hauelok, his heritage saunz faille. + Sone after he schop him gret power, in toward Ingelond, + His wyues heritage to wynne, ne wolde he nought wonde. + Th^t herde the kyng of Lyndeseye, he was come on th^t cost, + & schop to fighte wyth hym sone, & gadered hym gret host. + But atte day of bataill, Edelsy was desconfit, + & after by tretys gaf Argentill, hure heritage al quit. + & for scheo was next of his blod, Hauelokes wyf so feyr, + He gaf hure Lyndesey after his day, & made hure his Eyr. + & atte last so byfel, th^t vnder Hauelokes schelde, + Al Northfolk & Lyndeseye, holy of hym they helde.’ + + MS. Lamb. 131. leaf 76. + + [Footnote 11: The writing in the earlier portion (concerning + Havelok) is hardly later than A.D. 1400.] + + +§ 12. We now come to the prose Chronicle called The Brute, which became +exceedingly popular, and was the foundation of “Caxton’s Chronicle,” +first printed by Caxton A.D. 1480, but of which Caxton was not the +author, though he may have added some of the last chapters. The original +is in French, and was probably compiled a few years _before_ Robert of +Brunne’s translation of Langtoft was made, as it concludes with the year +1331, or, in some copies, with 1332. The author of it is not known, but +it was probably only regarded as a compilation from the Chronicles of +the earlier Historians. “In this Chronicle, in all its various shapes, +is contained the Story of Havelock, _engrafted on the British History of +Geoffrey of Monmouth_, and in its detail, following precisely the French +text of the Romance. The only variation of consequence is the +substitution of the name of Birkabeyn (as in the English text) for that +of Gunter, and in some copies, both of the French and English MSS. of +the Chronicle, the name of _Goldeburgh_ is inserted instead of +_Argentille_; which variations are the more curious, as they prove the +absolute identity of the story. For the sake of a more complete +illustration of what has been advanced, we are induced to copy the +passage at length, as it appears in the French Chronicle, taken from a +well-written MS. of the 14th century, MS. Reg. 20 A 3, fol. 165 b.”[12] + + ‘_Des Rois Adelbright & Edelfi_, Cap. IIIJ^xx. XIX. + + Apres le Roi Constantin estoient deux Rois en graunt Brutaigne, + dount li vns out a noun Aldelbright, & fust Danois, & [tint] tut le + pais de Norff’ & de Suffolk, & ly altre out a noun Edelfi, q{e} fust + Brittone, & tint Nicol & Lindesey, & tote la terre desqes a Humber, + Ceux deux Rois soi entreguerroierent, [& moult s’entrehaierent] mais + puis furent il entre acordez & soi entreamerent, taunt com s’il + vssent estee freres de vn ventre neez. Le Roi Edelfi out vne soer, + Orewenne par noun, & la dona par grant amour al Roi Aldelbright a + femme. Et il engendra de ly vne fille q{e} out a noun Argentille. En + le tierez an apres vne greue Maladie ly suruint, si deuereit morrir, + & maunda par vn iour al Roi Edelfi, soun frere en lei, q’il venist a + ly parler, & cil ly emparla volentiers. Donqe ly pria le Roi + Aldelbright et ly coniura en le noun [de] Dieu, q’il apres sa mort + preist Argentille sa fille, & sa terre, & q’il la feist honestement + garder [& nurrir] en sa chambre, & quant ele serreit de age, q’il la + feist marier al plus fort hom & plus vaillaunt q’il porroit trouer, + & q{e} a donqe ly rendist sa terre. Edelfi ceo graunta, & par + serment afferma sa priere. Et quant Adelbright fust mort, & + enterree, Edelfi prist la damoysele, & la norrist en sa chambre, si + deuynt ele la plus beale creature q{e} hom porreit trouer. + + _Coment le Roi Edelfi Maria la damoisele Argentille a vn quistroun + de sa quisine._ Cap^m. C. + + Le Roi Edelfi, q{e} fust vncle a la Damoysele Argentille, pensa + fausement coment il porreit la terre sa Nece auoir par touz iours, & + malueisement countre soun serment pensa a deceiure la pucelle, si la + maria a vn quistroun de sa quisyne q{e} fust apellée Curan, si + esteit il le plus haut, le plus fort, & le plus vaillaunt de corps, + q{e} hom sauoit nulle part a cel temps, & la quidoit hountousement + marier, pur auoir sa terre a remenaunt, Mais il fust deceu. Car cest + Curan fust [le Roi] Hauelok, filz le Roi Kirkebain de Denemarche, & + il conquist la terre sa femme [en Bretaigne], & occist le Roi + Edelfi, vncle sa femme, & conquist tote la terre, _si com aillours + est trouée plus pleinement_ [_en l’estorie_], & il ne regna q{e} + treis aunz. Car Saxsouns & Danoys le occirent, & ceo fust grant + damage a tote la grant Brutaigne. Et les Brutouns le porterent a + Stonhenge, & illoeqes ly enterrerent a grant honour.’ + + [Footnote 12: Sir F. Madden adds-- “collated with another of the + same age, MS. Cott. Dom. A. x, and a third, of the 15th century, + MS. Harl. 200.” I omit the collations; the words within square + brackets are supplied from these other copies.] + + +§ 13. “With the above may be compared the English version, as extant in +MS. Harl. 2279, which agrees with the Ed. of Caxton, except in the +occasional substitution of one word for another.”[13] + + ‘MS. Harl. 2279, f. 47._ Of the kinges Albright & of Edelf._ Ca^o + IIII^xx. XI^o. + + After kyng Constantinus deth, ther were .ij. kynges in Britaigne, + that one men callede Adelbright, that was a Danoys, and helde the + cuntray of Northfolk and Southfolk, that other hight Edelf, and was + a Britoun & helde Nichole, Lindeseye, and alle the lande vnto + Humber. Thes ij. kynges faste werred togeders, but afterward thei + were acorded, and louede togedere as thei had ben borne of o bodie. + The kyng Edelf had a suster that men callede Orewenne, and he yaf + here thurghe grete frenshipe to kyng Adelbright to wif, and he + begate on here a doughter that men callede Argentille, and in the + .iij. yeer after him come vppon a strong sekenesse that nedes he + muste die, and he sent to kyng Edelf, his brother in lawe, that he + shulde come and speke with him, and he come to him with good wille. + Tho prayed he the kyng and coniurede also in the name of God, that + after whan he were dede, he shulde take Argentil his doughter, and + the lande, and that he kepte hir wel, and noreshed in his chambre; + and whan she were of age he shulde done here be mariede to the + strongest and worthiest man that he myȝt fynde, and than he shulde + yelde vp her lande ayen. Edelf hit grauntid, and bi othe hit + confermede his prayer. And whan Adelbright was dede and Enterede, + Edelfe toke the damesel Argentil, and noreshid her in his chambre, + and she become the fayrest creature th^t myȝt lif, or eny man finde. + + _How kyng Edelf mariede the damysel Argentil to a knaue of his + kichyn._ Ca^o IIII^xx. XII. + + This kyng Edelf, that was vncle to the damesel Argentil, bithought + how that he myȝte falsliche haue the lande from his nece for + euermore, and falsly ayens his othe thouȝte to desceyue the damysel, + and marie here to a knave of his kichon, that men callede Curan, and + he become the worthiest and strengest man of bodie that eny man wist + in eny lande that tho leuede. And to him he thouȝt here shendfully + haue mariede, for to haue had here lande afterward; but he was clene + desceyuede. For this Curan that was Hauelokis son that was kyng of + Kirkelane in Denmark, and this Curan Conquerede his wifes landes, + and slow kyng Edelf, that was his wifes vncle, and had alle here + lande, as in a-nother stede hit [MS. but] telleth more oponly, and + he ne regnede but iij. yeer, for Saxones and Danoys him quelde, and + that was grete harme to al Britaigne, and Britouns bere him to + Stonehenge, and ther thei him interede with mochel honour and + solempnite.’ + +“It must not be concealed, that in some copies, viz. in MSS. Harl. 1337, +6251, Digby 185, Hatton 50, Ashmole 791 and 793, the story is altogether +omitted, and Conan made to succeed to Arthur. In those copies also of +the English Polychronicon, the latter part of which resembles the above +Chronicle, the passage is not found.” “Among the Harl. MSS. (No. 63) is +a copy of the same Chronicle in an abridged form, in which the name of +_Goldesburghe_ is substituted for that of Argentille.” Sir F. Madden now +adds--that “the story occurs also in some interpolated copies of Higden +(the Latin text, viz. MSS. Harl. 655, Cott. Jul. E. 8, Reg. 13 E. 1). In +an earlier form it is found in a Latin Chronicle of the 13th century, +MS. Cott. Dom. A. 2, fol. 130.” + + [Footnote 13: I omit the collations with MSS. Harl. 24 and 753. + Sir F. Madden proves that this English version was made A.D. 1435, + by _John Maundevile_, rector of Burnham Thorp in Norfolk.] + + +§ 14. “It was, in all probability, to this Chronicle also, in its +original form, that Thomas Gray, the author of the _Scala Cronica_ (or +_Scale Cronicon_), a Chronicle in French prose, composed between the +years 1355 and 1362, is indebted for his knowledge of the tale.” The +original MS. is No. 132 in the library of Corpus Christi College, +Cambridge, and was edited by Stevenson for the Maitland Club in 1836. +The passage relative to Havelok is translated by Leland, _Collectanea_, +vol. i. pt. 2, p. 511. This account resembles the others, and involves +no new point of interest. + + +§ 15. I may here introduce the remark, that the story is also to be +found in the _Eulogium Historiarum_, ed. Haydon, 1860, vol. ii. p. 378. +I here quote the passage at length, as it is not referred to in Sir F. +Madden’s edition. The date of the Chronicle is about 1366. For various +readings, see Haydon’s edition. + + Non enim est prætermittendum de quodam Dano generoso ætate juvenili + florente, qui tempore regis Edelfridi casualiter Angliam adiit, qui + a propria patria expulsus per quendam ducem falsissimum, cui pater + ejus illum commiserat ipso moriente et ducem rogavit ut puerum + nutriret usque dum posset Denemarchiæ regnum viriliter gubernare. + Dux vero malitiam machinans juvenem hæredem rectum, Hauelok nomine, + voluit occidisse. Puer vero comperiens aufugit per latibula usque + dum quidam Anglicus et mercator in illis partibus adventaret; nomen + autem mercatoris Grym vocitabatur. Hauelok autem, Grym rogans ut + ipsum in Angliam transvectaret, ipse autem annuens, puerum secum + conduxit et cum eo per aliquot tempus apud Grymesby morabatur. + Tandem ipsum ad curiam regis Edelfridi conduxit et ibi in coquina + regis moratus est. + + Rex autem Edelfridus quamdam habuit sororem nomine Orwen et illam + maritavit regi Athelberto, quod conjugium inter duos reges vinculum + amoris catenavit. Rex autem Athelbert terram citra Trentam cum regio + diademate occupavit, cum terra de Northfolk’ et de Southfolk’ et eis + adjacentibus. Rex vero Edelfrid comitatum Lincolniæ et Lyndeseye et + eis spectantibus. Ante maritagium puellæ Orwen illi duo reges semper + debellabant, post matrimonium factum nulla fuit divisio, nec in + familia inter eos nec in dominio. + + Rex vero Ethelbert de uxore sua quamdam filiam genuit, nomine + Argentile, pulcherrimam valde. Athelberto obiente, vel ante mortem + ejus, regem rogavit Edelfridum ut filiam suam homini fortissimo ac + validiori totius sui regni in conjugium copularet, nihil doli vel + mali machinans. + + Rex autem Adelfrid omnem malitiam ingeminans de conjugio puellæ + malitiose disponens, cogitans se habere unum lixam in coquina sua + qui omnes homines regni sui in vigore et fortitudine superabat, et + juxta votum patris puellæ ad illum hominem fortissimum illam + generosam juvenculam toro maritali copulavit, ob cupiditatem regni + puellæ ipsam ita enormiter maritabat. Hauelok in patria Danemarchiæ + et Argentile in Britannia æquali sorte ad custodiendum deputati + sunt, totum tamen nutu Divino cedebat eis in honorem. Nam Hauelok + post paucos annos regnum Britanniæ adoptus est, et a Saxonibus + tandem occisus et apud le Stonhenge est sepultus. Pater ejus + Kirkeban vocabatur. + +This agrees closely with the accounts given above (§ 12 and § 13). The +chief point to be noticed is that this account identifies Edelfrid with +the Æthelfrith son of Æthelric who was king of the Northumbrians from +A.D. 593 to 617, according to the computation of the A.S. Chronicle, and +who was succeeded by Eadwine son of Ælle, who drove out the æthelings or +sons of Æthelfrith. It may be remarked further, that the same Æthelfrith +is called Æluric by Laȝamon, who gives him a very bad character; see +Laȝamon, ed. Madden, vol. iii. p. 195. + + +§ 16. The story is also mentioned by Henry de Knyghton, a canon of +Leicester abbey, whose history concludes with the year 1395. But his is +no fresh evidence, as it is evidently borrowed from the French Chronicle +of Rauf de Boun; see § 7. It is also alluded to in a blundering manner +in a short historical compilation extending from the time of Brutus to +the reign of Henry VI., and preserved in MS. Cotton Calig. A. 2. At fol. +107 _b_ is the passage-- “Ethelwolde, qui generavit filiam de (_sic_) +Haueloke de Denmarke, per quem Danes per cccc. annos postea fecerunt +clameum Anglie.” Some omission after the word _de_ has turned the +passage into nonsense; but it is noteworthy as expressing the claim of +the Danes to the English crown by right of descent from Havelok; a claim +which is more clearly expressed in MS. Harl. 63, in which the King of +Denmark is represented as sending a herald to Æthelstan (A.D. 927)-- “to +witte wheder he wold fynde a man to fight w{i}t{h} Colbrande[14] for the +righ[t]e of the kyngdom Northumbr{e}, that the Danes had claymed byfore +by the title of kyng Haueloke, that wedded Goldesburghe the kyngis +daughter of Northumbr{e}” --fol. 19.[15] Four hundred years before this +date would intimate some year early in the sixth century. Finally, the +story is found at a later period in Caxton’s Chronicle (A.D. 1480) as +above intimated in § 12; whence it was adopted by Warner, and inserted +into his poem entitled Albion’s England; book iv. chap. 20, published in +1586. Warner called it the tale of “Argentile and Curan;” and in this +ballad-shape it was reprinted in Percy’s Reliques of Ancient Poetry +(vol. ii. p. 261; ed. 1812) with the same title. Not long after, in +1617, another author, William Webster, published a larger poem in +six-line stanzas; but this is a mere paraphrase of Warner. The title +is-- “The most pleasant and delightful historie of Curan, a prince of +Danske, and the fayre princesse Argentile,” &c. John Fabyan, in his +Concordance of Historyes, first printed in 1516, alludes to the two +kings Adelbryght and Edill, only to dismiss the “longe processe” +concerning them, as not supported by sufficient authority. See p. 82 of +the reprint by Ellis, 4to, 1811. + + [Footnote 14: Colbrande is the giant defeated by Guy in the + Ballad of “Guy and Colebrande.” See _Percy Folio MS._; ed. Hales + and Furnivall, vol. ii. p. 528, where _Auelocke_ means _Anlaf_.] + + [Footnote 15: Quoted in a note in Sir F. Madden’s preface, + p. xxiii.] + + +§ 17. The only other two sources whence any further light can be thrown +upon our subject are the traditions of Denmark and Grimsby. A letter +addressed by Sir F. Madden to Professor Rask elicited a reply which was +equivalent to saying that next to nothing is known about it in Denmark. +This seems to be the right place to mention a small book of 80 pages, +published at Copenhagen in the present year (1868), and entitled “Sagnet +om Havelok Danske; fortalt af Kristian Köster.” It contains +(1) a version, in Danish prose, of the English poem; (2) a version of +the same story, following the French texts of the Arundel and Royal +MSS.; and (3) some elucidations of the legend. The author proposes a +theory that Havelok is really the Danish king Amlet, i.e. Hamlet; but I +have not space here to state all his arguments. As far as I follow them, +some of the chief ones are these; that Havelok ought to be found in the +list of Danish kings;[16] that Hamlet’s simulation of folly or madness +is paralleled by Havelok’s behaviour, as expressed in ll. 945-954 of our +poem; and that both Hamlet and Havelok succeeded in fulfilling the +revenge which they had long cherished secretly. But I am not much +persuaded by these considerations, for, even granting some resemblance +in the names,[17] the resemblance in the stories is very slight. But I +must refer the reader to the book itself. + + [Footnote 16: So then ought Hamlet; but the editor of Saxo + Grammaticus says, “in antiquioribus regum Daniæ genealogiis + Amlethus non occurrit.” See Saxo Gram. ed. Müller, Havniæ, 1839; + end of lib. iii. and beginning of lib. iv.; also the note on + p. 132 of the Notæ Uberiores. The idea that Havelock is Amlet is + to be found in Grundtvig, North. Myth. 1832, p. 565.] + + [Footnote 17: Havelok [_or_ Hanelock, as it is sometimes read] + is quite as like Anlaf, whence the blunder noticed in note 1, + p. xviii. In the form Hablok, it is not unlike _Blecca_, who was a + great man in _Lindesey_ soon after the days of _Æthelberht_ of + Kent; see Saxon Chronicle, An. DCXXVII.] + + +§ 18. Turning however to local traditions, we find that Camden briefly +alludes to the story in a contemptuous manner (p. 353; ed. 8vo, Lond. +1587); but Gervase Holles is far from being disposed to regard it as +fabulous. In his MSS. collections for Lincolnshire, preserved in MS. +Harl. 6829, he thus speaks of the story we are examining.[18] + + “And it will not be amisse, to say something concerning y^e Common + tradition of her first founder Grime, as y^e inhabitants (with a + Catholique faith) name him. The tradition it thus. _Grime_ (say + they) a poore Fisherman (as he was launching into y^e Riuer for fish + in his little boate vpon Humber) espyed not far from him another + little boate, empty (as he might conceaue) which by y^e fauour of + y^e wynde & tyde still approached nearer & nearer vnto him. He + betakes him to his oares, & meetes itt, wherein he founde onely a + Childe wrapt in swathing clothes, purposely exposed (as it should + seeme) to y^e pittylesse [rage] of y^e wilde & wide Ocean. He moued + with pitty, takes itt home, & like a good foster-father carefully + nourisht itt, & endeauoured to nourishe it in his owne occupation: + but y^e childe contrarily was wholy deuoted to exercises of + actiuity, & when he began to write man, to martiall sports, & at + length by his signall valour obteyned such renowne, y^t he marryed + y^e King of England’s daughter, & last of all founde who was his + true Father, & that he was Sonne to y^e King of Denmarke; & for y^e + comicke close of all; that _Haueloke_ (for such was his name) + exceedingly aduanced & enriched his foster-father Grime, who thus + enriched, builded a fayre Towne neare the place where Hauelocke was + founde, & named it Grimesby. Thus say some: others differ a little + in y^e circumstances, as namely, that Grime was not a Fisherman, but + a Merchant, & that Hauelocke should be preferred to y^e King’s + kitchin, & there liue a longe tyme as a Scullion: but however y^e + circumstances differ, they all agree in y^e consequence, as + concerning y^e Towne’s foundation, to which (sayth y^e story) + Hauelocke y^e Danish prince, afterward graunted many immunityes. + This is y^e famous Tradition concerning Grimsby w^ch learned Mr. + Cambden gives so little creditt to, that he thinkes it onely _illis + dignissima, qui anilibus fabulis noctem solent protrudere_.” + +And again, after shewing that _by_ is the Danish for _town_, and quoting +a passage about Havelock’s father being named Gunter, which may be found +in Weever (Ancient Funeral Monuments, fol. Lond. 1631, p. 749), he +proceeds: + + “that Hauelocke did sometymes reside in Grimsby, may be gathered + from a great blew Boundry-stone, lying at y^e East ende of + Briggowgate, which retaines y^e name of _Hauelock’s-Stone_ to this + day. Agayne y^e great priuiledges & immunityes, that this Towne hath + in Denmarke aboue any other in England (as freedome from Toll, & y^e + rest) may fairely induce a Beleife, that some preceding favour, or + good turne called on this remuneration. But lastly (which proofe I + take to be _instar omnium_) the Common Seale of y^e Towne, & that a + most auncient one,” &c. [Here follows a description of the Seal.] + +“The singular fact,” adds Sir F. Madden, “alluded to by Holles, of the +Burgesses of Grimsby being free from toll at the Port of Elsineur, in +Denmark, is confirmed by the Rev. G. Oliver, in his Monumental +Antiquities of Grimsby, 8vo, Hull, 1825, who is inclined from that, and +other circumstances, to believe the story is not so totally without +foundation.” There is also an absurd local story that the church at +Grimsby, which has now but one turret, formerly had four, three of which +were kicked down by Grim in his anxiety to destroy some hostile vessels. +The first fell among the enemy’s fleet; the second dropped in +Wellowgate, and is now Havelock’s stone; the third fell within the +churchyard, but the fourth his strength failed to move. Perhaps amongst +the most interesting notices of the story are the following words by Sir +Henry Havelock, whose family seems to have originally resided in Durham. +His own account, however, is this. “My father, William Havelock, +descended from a family which formerly resided at Grimsby in +Lincolnshire, and was himself born at Guisborough in Yorkshire.”[19] And +it may at least be said with perfect truth, that if the name of +_Havelock_ was not famous formerly, it is famous now. + + [Footnote 18: His account has been printed in the _Topographer_, + V. i. p. 241. sq. 8vo, 1789. We follow, as usual, the MS. itself, + p. 1.] + + [Footnote 19: Quoted in Brock’s Biography of Sir H. Havelock, + 1858; p. 9.] + + +§ 19. The last evidence for the legend is the still-existing seal of the +corporation of Great Grimsby. The engraving of this seal, as it appears +in the present edition, was made from a copy kindly furnished to the +E.E.T.S. by the Mayor of Grimsby, and I here subjoin a description of +it, communicated to me by J. Hopkin, Esq., Jun., of Grimsby, which was +first printed, in a slightly different form, in Notes and Queries, 2nd +Series, vol. xi. p. 41; see also p. 216. + + “The ancient Town Seal of Great Grimsby is engraven on a circular + piece of brass not very thick; and on the back, which is rather + arched, is a small projecting piece of brass, placed as a substitute + for a handle, in order when taking an impression the more easily to + detach the matrix from the Wax. This seal is in an excellent state + of preservation, and is inscribed in Saxon characters ‘Sigillvm + Comunitatis Grimebye’ and represents thereon Gryme (‘Gryem’) who by + tradition is reported to have been a native of Souldburg in Denmark, + where he gained a precarious livelihood by fishing and piracy; but + having, as is supposed, during the reign of Ethelbert,[20] been + accidentally driven into the Humber by a furious storm, he landed on + the Lincolnshire Coast near Grimsby, he being at this time miserably + poor and almost destitute of the common necessaries of life; for + Leland represents this ‘poor fisschar’ as being so very needy that + he was not ‘able to kepe his sunne Cuaran for poverty.’ Gryme, + finding a capacious haven adapted to his pursuits, built himself a + house and commenced and soon succeeded in establishing a very + lucrative Trade with Norway, Sweden, and Denmark. Other Merchants + having in process of time settled near him, attracted by the + commercial advantages offered by this excellent Harbour, they + jointly constructed convenient appendages for extensive Trade, and + the colony soon rose into considerable importance, and became known + at an early period by the name of Grimsby. For not only was Grimsby + constituted a borough so early as the seventh century, but Peter of + Langtoft speaks of it as a frontier Town and the boundary of a + Kingdom erected by the conquests of Egbert in the year 827, which he + states included all that portion of the Island which lay between + ‘the maritime Towns of Grymsby and Dover.’ So that even at that + period, Grimsby must have been a place of peculiar strength and + importance. Gryme is represented on the seal as a man of gigantic + stature with comparatively short hair, a shaven chin, and a + moustache, holding in his right hand a drawn sword and bearing on + his left arm a circular shield with an ornate boss and rim. The + sleeveless tunic above his under vest is most probably the panzar or + panzara of the Danes. Between his feet is a Conic object, possibly + intended for a helmet, as it resembles the chapelle-de-fer worn by + William Rufus on his Great Seal, and which in the laws of Gula is + distinguished as the Steel hufe. On the right hand of Gryme stands + his protégé Haveloc (‘Habloc’), whom, during one of his mercantile + excursions soon after his arrival in Lincolnshire, Gryme had the + good fortune to save from imminent danger of Shipwreck, and who + proved to be the Son of Gunter, King of Denmark, and who was + therefore conveyed to the British Court, where he subsequently + received in marriage Goldburgh, the Daughter of the British + Sovereign. Above Gryme is represented a hand, being emblematical of + the hand of providence by which Haveloc was preserved, and near the + hand is the star which marks the point where the inscription begins + and ends. Haveloc made such a favourable representation of his + preserver at the British and Danish Courts, that he procured for him + many honours and privileges. From the British Monarch Gryme, who had + already realised an abundance of wealth, received a charter, and was + made the chief governor of Grimsby; and the Danish Sovereign granted + to the Town an immunity (which is still possessed by the Burgesses + of Grimsby) from all Tolls at the Port of Elsineur. Gryme afterwards + lived in Grimsby like a petty prince in his Hereditary Dominions. + Above Haveloc is represented a crown and in his right hand is a + battle axe, the favourite weapon of the Northmen, and in his right + hand is a ring which he is presenting to the British Princess + Goldburgh (‘Goldebvrgh’), who stands on the left side of Gryme and + whose right hand is held towards the Ring. Over her head is a Regal + Diadem, and in her left hand is a Sceptre. Sir F. Madden states that + it is certain that this seal is at least as old as the time of + Edward I. (and therefore contemporaneous with the MS.) as the legend + is written in a character which after the year 1300 fell into + disuse, and was succeeded by the black letter, or _Gothic_.” + + [Footnote 20: Æthelberht of Kent reigned from A.D. 560-616 (56 + years).] + + +§ 20. SKETCH OF THE STORY OF “Le Lai d’Aueloc.”[21] + +It is my intention to offer some remarks on the probable sources of the +legend, and to fix a conjectural date for the existence of Havelok. But +it is obviously convenient that a sketch of the story should first be +given. It appears, however, that the resemblance between the French and +English versions is by no means very close, and it will be necessary to +give separate abstracts of them. I begin with the French version, in +which I follow the Norfolk MS. rather than the abridgment by Gaimar. +I have already said that the former is printed in Sir F. Madden’s +edition, and that it was reprinted by M. Michel with the title “Lai +d’Havelok le Danois,” Paris, 1833, and by Mr Wright for the Caxton +Society in 1850. + + The Britons made a lay concerning King Havelok, who is surnamed + Cuaran. His father was Gunter, King of the Danes. Arthur crossed the + sea, and invaded Denmark. Gunter perished by the treason of Hodulf, + who gained the kingdom, and held it of Arthur. Gunter had a fine + castle, where his wife and son were guarded, being committed to the + protection of Grim. The child was but seven years old; but ever as + he slept, an odorous flame issued from his mouth. Hodulf sought + to kill him, but Grim prepared a ship, and furnished it with + provisions, wherein he placed the queen and the child, and set + sail from Denmark. On their voyage they encountered pirates + (“outlaghes”), who killed them all after a hard fight, excepting + Grim, who was an acquaintance of theirs, and Grim’s wife and + children. Havelok also was saved. They at last arrived at the haven, + afterwards named “Grimesbi” from Grim. Grim there resumed his old + trade, a fisherman’s, and a town grew up round his hut, which was + called Grimsby. The child grew up, and waxed strong. One day Grim + said to him, “Son, you will never thrive as a fisherman; take your + brothers with you, and seek service amongst the King’s servants.” He + was soon well apparelled, and repaired with his two foster-brothers + to Nicole [Lincoln].[22] Now at that time there was a king named + Alsi, who ruled over all Nicole and Lindesie;[23] but the country + southward was governed by another king, named Ekenbright, who had + married Alsi’s sister Orewen. These two had one only daughter, named + Argentille. Ekenbright, falling ill, committed Argentille to the + care of Alsi, till she should be of age to be married to the + strongest man that can be found. At Ekenbright’s death, Alsi reigned + over both countries, holding his court at Nicole. Havelok, on his + arrival there, was employed to carry water and cut wood, and to + perform all menial offices requiring great strength. He was named + Cuaran, which means--in the British language--a scullion. Argentille + soon arrived at marriageable age, and Alsi determined to marry her + to Cuaran, which would sufficiently fulfil her father’s wish--Cuaran + being confessedly the strongest man in those parts. To this marriage + he compelled her to consent, hoping thereby to disgrace her for + ever. Havelok was unwilling that his wife should perceive the + marvellous flame, but soon forgot this, and ere long fell asleep. + Then had Argentille a strange vision--that a savage bear and some + foxes attacked Cuaran, but dogs and boars defended him. A boar + having killed the bear, the foxes cried for quarter from Cuaran, who + commanded them to be bound. Then he would have put to sea, but the + sea rose so high that he was terrified. Next she beheld two lions, + at seeing which she was frightened, and she and Cuaran climbed a + tree to avoid them; but the lions submitted themselves to him, and + called him their lord. Then a great cry was raised, whereat she + awoke, and beheld the miraculous flame. “Sir,” she exclaimed, “you + burn!” But he reassured her, and, having heard her dream, said that + it would soon come true. The next day, however, she again told her + dream to a chamberlain, her friend, who said that he well knew a + holy hermit who could explain it. The hermit explained to Argentille + that Cuaran must be of royal lineage. “He will be king,” he said, + “and you a queen. Ask him concerning his parentage. Remember also to + repair to his native place.” On being questioned, Cuaran replied + that he was born at Grimsby; that Grim was his father, and Saburc + his mother. “Then let us go to Grimsby,” she replied. Accompanied by + his two foster-brothers, they came to Grimsby; but Grim and Saburc + were both dead. They found there, however, a daughter of Grim’s, + named Kelloc, who had married a tradesman of that town. Up to this + time Havelok had not known his true parentage, but Kelloc thought it + was now time to tell him, and said: “Your father was Gunter, the + King of the Danes, whom Hodulf slew. Hodulf obtained the kingdom as + a grant from Arthur. Grim fled with you, and saved your life; but + your mother perished at sea. Your name is HAVELOK. My husband will + convey you to Denmark, where you must inquire for a lord named + ‘Sigar l’estal;’ and take with you my two brothers.” So Kelloc’s + husband conveyed them to Denmark, and advised Havelok to go to Sigar + and show himself and his wife, as then he would be asked who his + wife is. They went to the city of the seneschal, the before-named + Sigar, where they craved a night’s lodging, and were courteously + entertained. But as they retired to a lodging for the night, six men + attacked them, who had been smitten with the beauty of Argentille. + Havelok defended himself with an axe which he found, and slew five, + whereupon the sixth fled. Havelok and his party fled away for refuge + to a monastery, which was soon attacked by the townsmen who had + heard of the combat. Havelok _mounted the tower_, and defended + himself bravely, _casting down a huge stone on his enemies_.[24] The + news soon reached the ears of Sigar, who hastened to see what the + uproar was about. Beholding Havelok fixedly, he called to mind the + form and appearance of Gunter, and asked Havelok of his parentage. + Havelok replied that Grim had told him he was by birth a Dane, and + that his mother perished at sea; and ended by briefly relating his + subsequent adventures. Then Sigar asked him his name. “My name is + Havelok,” he said, “and my other name is Cuaran.” Then the seneschal + took him home, and determined to watch for the miraculous flame, + which he soon perceived, and was assured that Havelok was the true + heir. Therefore he gathered a great host of his friends, and sent + for the horn which none but the true heir could sound, promising a + ring to any one who could blow it. When all had failed, it was given + to Havelok, who blew it loud and long, and was joyfully recognized + and acknowledged to be the true King. Then with a great army he + attacked Hodulf the usurper, whom he slew with his own hand. Thus + was Havelok made King of Denmark. + + But after he had reigned four years, his wife incited him to return + to England. With a great number of ships he sailed there, and + arrived at Carleflure;[25] and sent messengers to Alsi, demanding + the inheritance of Argentille. Alsi was indeed astonished at such a + demand as coming from a scullion, and offered him battle. The hosts + met at Theford,[26] and the battle endured till nightfall without a + decisive result. But Argentille craftily advised her lord to support + his dead men by stakes, to increase the apparent number of his army; + and the next day Alsi, deceived by this device, treated for peace, + and yielded up to his former ward all the land, from Holland[27] to + Gloucester. Alsi had been so sorely wounded that he lived but + fifteen days longer. Thus was Havelok king over Lincoln and Lindsey, + and reigned over them for twenty years. Such is the lay of Cuaran. + + [Footnote 21: For this latter portion of the Preface I am + entirely responsible.] + + [Footnote 22: _Nicole_ is a French inversion of Lincoln. It is + not uncommon.] + + [Footnote 23: The northern part of Lincolnshire is called + _Lindsey_.] + + [Footnote 24: Hence the obvious origin of the legend of + “Havelok’s stone,” and the local tradition about Grim’s casting + down stones from the tower of Grimsby church.] + + [Footnote 25: Possibly Saltfleet, suggests Mr Haigh. Such, at + least, is the position required by the circumstances.] + + [Footnote 26: In the Durham MS. it is Tiedfort, i.e. Tetford, + not far from Horncastle, in Lincolnshire.] + + [Footnote 27: A name given to the S.E. part of Lincolnshire.] + + +§ 21. The chief points to be noticed in Gaimar’s abridgment are the few +additional particulars to be gleaned from it. We there find that +Havelok’s mother was _Alvive_, a daughter of King _Gaifer_; that the +King of Nicole and Lindeseie was a _Briton_, and was named Edelsie; that +his sister, named Orwain, was married to Adelbrit, a _Dane_, who ruled +over Norfolk; and that Edelsie and Adelbrit lived in the days of +Costentin (Constantine), who succeeded Arthur. It is also said that the +usurper Hodulf was brother to Aschis, who is the Achilles of Geoffrey of +Monmouth. Another statement, that Havelok’s kingdom extended from +Holland to _Colchester_, seems to be an improvement upon “from Holland +to _Gloucester_.” + +The words of Mr Petrie, in his remarks upon the lay in Monumenta +Historica Britannica, vol. i., may be quoted here. “Although both +[French versions] have the same story in substance, and often contain +lines exactly alike, yet, besides the different order in which the +incidents are narrated, each has occasionally circumstances wanting in +the other, and such too, it should seem, as would leave the story +incomplete unless supplied from the other copy. Thus, the visit to the +hermit, which is omitted in Gaimar, was probably in the original +romance; for without it Argentille’s dream tells for nothing; and in the +Arundel copy there is a particular account of Haveloc’s defence of a +tower by hurling stones on his assailants, which in Gaimar is so +obscurely alluded to as to be hardly intelligible. On the other hand, +instead of the description of the extraordinary virtues of Sygar’s ring +in Gaimar, it is merely said in the Arundel copy that Sygar would give +his _anel d’or_ to whoever could sound the horn; and, to omit other +instances, a festival is described in Gaimar on the authority of +_l’Estorie_, of which no notice whatever occurs in the Arundel MS.” + + +§ 22. SKETCH OF THE ENGLISH POEM. + +The “Lay of Havelok” has been admirably paraphrased by Professor Morley, +in his “English Writers,” vol. i. pp. 459-467, a book which should be in +every reader’s hands, and which should by all means be consulted. I only +intend here to give a briefer outline, for the sake of comparing the +main features of our poem with those of the French _Lai_. + + Hear the tale of Havelok! There was once a good king in England, + named Athelwold, renowned and beloved for his justice. He had but + one child, a daughter named Goldborough. Knowing that his end was + approaching, he sent for all his lords to assemble at Winchester, + and there committed Goldborough to the care of Godrich, the earl of + Cornwall; directing him to see her married to the strongest and + fairest man whom he could find. But Godrich imprisoned her at Dover, + and resolved to seize her inheritance for his own son. At that time + there was also a King of Denmark, named Birkabeyn, who had one son, + Havelok, and two daughters, Swanborough and Helfled. At the approach + of death, he committed these to the care of Earl Godard. But Godard + killed the two girls, and only spared Havelok because he did not + like to kill him with his own hand. He therefore hired a fisherman, + named Grim, to drown Havelok at sea. But Grim perceived, as Havelok + slept, a miraculous light shining round the lad, whereby he knew + that the child was the true heir, and would one day be king. In + order to avoid Godard, Grim fitted up a ship, and provisioned it, + and with his wife Leve, his three sons, his two daughters, and + Havelok, put out to sea. They landed in Lindesey at the month of the + Humber, at a place afterwards named Grimsby after Grim. Grim worked + at his old trade, a fisherman’s, and Havelok carried about the fish + for sale. Then arose a great dearth in the land, and Havelok went + out to seek his own livelihood, walking to Lincoln barefoot. He was + hired as a porter by the earl of Cornwall’s cook, and drew water and + cut wood for the earl’s kitchen. One day some men met to contend in + games and to “put the stone.” At the cook’s command, Havelok also + put the stone, hurling it further than any of the rest.[28] Godrich, + hearing the praises of Havelok’s strength, at once resolved to + perform his oath by causing him to marry Goldborough; and carried + his design into execution. As goon as the pair were married, Havelok + suddenly quitted Lincoln with his wife, and returned to Grimsby, + where he found that Grim was dead, but that his five children are + yet alive. At night, Goldborough perceived a light shining round + about Havelok, and observed a cross upon his shoulder. At the same + time she heard an angel’s voice, telling her of good fortune to + come. Then he awoke, and told her a dream; how he had dreamt that + all Denmark and England became his own. She encouraged him, and + urged him to set sail for Denmark at once. He accordingly called to + him Grim’s three sons, and narrated to them his own history, and + Godard’s treachery, asking them to accompany him to Denmark. To this + they assented, and sailed with him and Goldborough to Denmark. There + he sought out a former friend of his father’s, Earl Ubbe, who + invited him and his friends to a sumptuous feast. After the feast, + Havelok and Goldborough and Grim’s sons went to the house of one + Bernard Brown, whose house was that night attacked by sixty thieves. + By dint of great prowess, the friends at length slew all their sixty + assailants, and Ubbe was so amazed at Havelok’s valour that he + resolved to dub him a knight, and invited him to sleep in his own + castle. At night, he peeped into Havelok’s chamber, and beheld the + marvellous light, and saw a bright cross on his neck. Rejoiced at + heart, he did homage to Havelok, and commanded all his friends and + dependents to do the same. He also dubbed him knight, and proclaimed + him King. With six thousand men he set out to attack Godard, whom he + defeated and made prisoner, and afterwards caused to be flayed, + drawn, and hung. Then Havelok swore that he would establish at + Grimsby a priory of black monks, to pray for Grim’s soul; and + Godrich, having heard that Havelok has invaded England, raised a + great army against him. An indecisive combat took place between Ubbe + and Godrich, but a more decisive one between Godrich and Havelok; + for Havelok cut off his foe’s hand and made him prisoner. Then the + English submitted to Goldborough, and acknowledged her as queen; but + Godrich was condemned and burnt. Havelok rewarded both his own + friends and the English nobles; for he caused Earl Reyner of Chester + to marry Gunild, Grim’s daughter, and Bertram, formerly Godrich’s + cook, to marry Levive, another of Grim’s daughters; bestowing upon + Bertram the earldom of Cornwall. Then were Havelok and Goldborough + crowned at London, and a feast was given that lasted forty days. The + kingdom of Denmark was bestowed upon Ubbe, who held it of King + Havelok. Havelok and Goldborough lived to the age of a hundred + years, and their reign lasted for sixty years in England. They had + fifteen children, who were all kings and queens. Such is the _geste_ + of Havelok and Goldborough. + + [Footnote 28: Here again is an allusion to “Havelok’s stone.”] + + +§ 23. POSSIBLE DATE OF HAVELOK’S REIGN. + +The various allusions to the story of Havelok already cited naturally +lead us to consider the question as to what date we should refer such +circumstances of the story as may have some foundation in truth, or such +circumstances as may have originated the story. I do not look upon this +as altogether a hopeless or profitless inquiry, for it seems to me that +a theory may be constructed which will readily and easily fit in with +most of the statements of our authorities. In the first place, to place +Havelok’s father in the time of Alfred, as is done by Peter de Langtoft +and his translators, is absurd, and evidently due to the confusion +between the names of Gunter and Godrum or Guthrum. We may even adduce +Langtoft’s evidence against himself, as he alludes to Grimsby as being +the boundary of Egbert’s kingdom; and indeed, the mere fact of its being +a British lay points to a time before the establishment of the +Heptarchy. As already suggested in § 16, some of the authorities point +to the sixth century. But the evidence of the French poem and of Gaimar +points still more steadily to a similar early date. There we find Gunter +appearing as the enemy, not of Alfred, but of Arthur. The French prose +chronicle of the Brute places Adelbright and Edelfi after the death of +Constantine, and it is clear that there is some close connection between +the British lay of Havelok and the British Chronicle. The _Godrich_ of +the English version is the _Alsi_ of the French poem, the _Edelsi_ of +Gaimar, the _Adelfrid_[29] or _Edelfrid_ of the Eulogium Historiarum, +the _Elfroi_ of Wace, the _Æluric_ of Laȝamon, the _Æthelfrith_ who +succeeded to the throne of Northumbria A.D. 593, according to the Saxon +Chronicle. The _Athelwold_ of the English version is the _Adelbrict_ of +Gaimar, the _Ekenbright_ of the French poem, the _Athelbert_ of the +Eulogium Historiarum, the _Aldebar_ of Wace, and the _Æthelbert_ of +Laȝamon, i.e. no other than the celebrated _Æthelberht_ of Kent, who was +baptized by St Augustine A.D. 596, according to the Saxon Chronicle. +This is the right clue to the _names_, from which, when once obtained, +the rest follows easily. The variations between the English and French +versions are very great, and it is clear that each poet proceeded much +as poets are accustomed to do. Taking a legend as the general guide or +thread of a narrative, it is the simplest and easiest plan to dress it +up after one’s own fashion, and to draw upon the materials that are +supplied by the _general surroundings_ of the story. I feel confident +that the narrators of the Lay of Havelok must have used materials not +much unlike those used by Laȝamon, and a mere comparison of the French +and English lays with Laȝamon will amply suffice to elucidate this. +Æluric is first mentioned at p. 195 of vol. iii. of Laȝamon, as edited +by Sir F. Madden; if we allow ourselves a margin on both sides of this, +we may find many things akin to the lay of Havelok between pages 150 and +282 of that volume, as I will now shew. The character of the good king +Athelwold is taken from that of Æthelberht of Kent, and his love of +justice may remind us of the ancient collection of laws which are still +extant as having been made by that king. His extensive rule, such as is +also attributed to Godrich and Havelok, may point to the title of +_Bretwalda_, which Æthelberht so long coveted, and at last obtained. Our +poet, in describing Birkabeyn, repeats this character so exactly, and +makes the circumstances of the deaths of Athelwold and Birkabeyn so +similar, that they are almost indistinguishable; a fault which he +doubles by repeating the character of Godrich in describing that of +Godard. Both of these answer to Laȝamon’s Æluric, who was “the wickedest +of all kings” (Laȝ. iii. 195). So far, perhaps, the connection of the +various stories is not very evident, but I will now mention an obvious +coincidence. The quarrel and reconciliation between Athelbert and +Edelfrid, as told in the Eulogium Historiarum, &c., exactly answers to +the quarrel and reconciliation between Cadwan and Æluric as told in +Laȝamon (vol. iii. p. 205); where Cadwan has come forward in place of +Æthelbert, who has by this time dropped out of Laȝamon’s narrative. +Again, the Gunter or Gurmond who was Havelok’s father reminds us of the +Gurmund of Laȝamon (p. 156), who is curiously described as king of +Africa; but the name is Danish. The character of Grim is fairly +paralleled by that of Brian, who makes sea-voyages, and goes about as a +merchant (Laȝamon, iii. 232). In several respects Havelok may have been +drawn from Cadwalan, whose gallant attempts to gain the king of +Northumberland are recorded in Laȝamon (iii. 216-254); his opponent +being Edwin, who has replaced Ethelfrid as Laȝamon’s narrative proceeds. +At last he overthrows him and slays him in the great battle of +Heathfield or Hatfield, which took place, according to the Saxon +Chronicle, A.D. 633. This great battle resembles the decisive one +between Havelok and Godrich. As Cadwalan was well supported by his +liegeman Penda (Laȝamon, iii. 251), so was Havelok by Ubbe. Again, +Cadwalan marries Helen, whom he found at + + --þan castle of Deoure + on þere sæ oure; (Laȝamon, iii. 250), + +which reminds us of Havelok’s wife Goldborough, who was imprisoned at + + --doure + þat standeth on þe seis oure; (l. 320). + +The very name Helen, though not the name of Havelok’s wife, was that of +his mother, who was killed by the pirates. For the connection between +Laȝamon’s Helen and pirates, see Sir F. Madden’s note, vol. iii. p. 428. +There is a most curious contradiction in the English lay about Havelok’s +religion; in l. 2520 he is a devout Christian, but in l. 2580 Godrich +speaks of him as being a cruel pagan. Now it was just about this very +time that Paulinus preached in Lindsey, “where the first that believed +was a powerful man called _Blecca_, with all his followers” (A.S. Chron. +ed. Thorpe, vol. ii. p. 21; A.D. 627). Havelok, according to some, was +buried at Stonehenge; but so was Constantine (Laȝamon, iii. 151). A +dearth in mentioned in the English lay (l. 824); cf. Laȝamon, iii. 279. +And I may here add another coincidence, of an interesting but certainly +of a very circuitous nature. A close examination of the Lay of King Horn +shews that there is no real connection between the story therein +contained and that of Havelok. Yet there is a connection after a sort. +Though by different authors, and in different metre, both lays are found +in English in the same MS.; both versions belong to the same date; both +are from French versions, written by Englishmen from British sources; +and now, if we compare King Horn with the very part of Laȝamon now under +consideration, there is at once seen to be a most exact resemblance in +one point. The story of the ring given by Horn to Rymenhild (K. Horn, +ed. Lumby, ll. 1026-1210) is remarkably like that of the ring whereby +Brian is recognized by his sister (Laȝamon, iii. 234-238). But it is +hardly worth while to pursue the subject further. It may suffice to +suppose that the period of the existence of Havelok and Grim may be +referred to the times of Æthelberht of Kent and Æthelfrith and Eadwine +of Northumbria.[30] It is exceedingly probable that Havelok was never +more than a chief or a petty prince, and whether he was a Danish or only +a British enemy of the Angles is not of very great importance. If, +however, more exact dates be required, they may be found in “The +Conquest of Britain by the Saxons,” by Daniel P. Haigh, London, 8vo, +1861, pp. 363-367; where the following dates are suggested. Havelok’s +father slain, A.D. 487; his expedition to Denmark, A.D. 507; his reign +in England, A.D. 511-531, or a little later. These dates follow a system +which is here about 16 years earlier than the dates in the A.S. +Chronicle. His results are obtained from totally different +considerations. On the whole, let us place Havelok in the _sixth_ +century, at _some_ period of his life. + + [Footnote 29: Hence, by confusion, the placing of Havelok’s + father in the time of _Ælfred_.] + + [Footnote 30: Or, as I should prefer to say, earlier than those + times. The two kings spoken of in the Lay may have had names + somewhat similar to these, which may have been replaced by the + more familiar names here mentioned.] + + +§ 24. It is, perhaps, worthy of a passing remark that some of the +circumstances in the Lay may have been suggested by the romantic story +of Eadwine of Northumbria, who was also born at the close of the sixth +century. For he it was who really married the _daughter of Æthelberht_, +and it was the _archbishop of York_, Paulinus, who performed the +ceremony. The relation of how Eadwine was persecuted by _Æthelfrith_, +how he fled and was protected by Rædwald, king of the East Angles, how +he saw a vision of an angel who promised his restoration to the throne +and that his rule should exceed that of his predecessors, how, with the +assistance of Rædwald, he overthrew and _slew Æthelfrith_ in a terrible +battle beside the river Idle, may be found in Beda’s Ecclesiastical +History, bk. II. ch. 9-16.[31] In the last of these chapters there is +again mention of _Blecca, the governor of the city of Lincoln_. Sir F. +Madden, in his note to l. 45, speaks of the extraordinary proofs of the +peaceable state of the country in the reign of Ælfred; but Beda uses +similar language in speaking of the reign of Eadwine; and the earlier +instance is even more remarkable. “It is reported that there was then +such perfect peace in Britain, wheresoever the dominion of King Edwin +extended, that, as _is still proverbially said_, a woman with her +new-born babe might walk throughout the island, from sea to sea, without +receiving any harm. That king took such care for the good of his nation, +that in several places where he had seen clear springs near the +highways, he caused stakes to be fixed, with brass dishes hanging at +them, for the conveniency of travellers; nor durst any man touch them +for any other purpose than that for which they were designed, either +through the dread they had of the king, or for the affection which they +bore him, &c.”[32] Readers who are acquainted with the pleasing poem of +“Edwin of Deira,” by the late Alexander Smith, will remember his +adventures; and it may be noted, as an instance of the manner in which +poets alter names at pleasure, that Mr Smith gives to Æthelfrith the +name of Ethelbert, to Eadwine’s wife Æthelburh, that of Bertha, and to +his father Ælle, that of Egbert. My theory of the Lay of Havelok is then +simply this, that I look upon it as the general result of various +narratives connected with the history of Northumbria and Lindesey at the +close, or possibly the beginning, of the sixth century, gathered round +some favourite local (i.e. Lincolnshire) tradition as a nucleus. A +similar theory may be true of the Lay of Horn. + + [Footnote 31: Cf. Lappenberg’s History of England, tr. by + Thorpe, vol. i. pp. 145-154.] + + [Footnote 32: See the same statement in Fabyan’s Chronicles, + p. 112; ed. Ellis, 1811.] + + +§ 25. ON THE NAMES “CURAN” AND “HAVELOK.” + +The French version tells us that _Coaran_, _Cuaran_, or _Cuheran_ is the +British word for a scullion. This etymology has not hitherto been +traced, but it may easily have been perfectly true. A glance at +Armstrong’s Gaelic Dictionary shews us that the Gaelic _cearn_ (which +answers very well to the Old English _hirne_, a corner) has the meaning +of a _corner_, and, secondly, of a _kitchen_; and that _cearnach_ is an +adjective meaning _of or belonging to a kitchen_. But we may come even +nearer than this; for by adding the diminutive ending _-an_ to the +Gaelic _cocaire_, a cook, we see that _Cuheran_ may really have conveyed +the idea of _scullion_ to a British ear, and this probably further gave +rise to the story of Havelok’s degradation. It is a common custom--one +which true etymologists must always deplore--to invent a story to +account for a derivation; and such a practice is invariably carried out +with greater boldness and to a greater extent if the said derivation +chances to be false. For it is possible that Curan may be simply the +Gaelic _curan_, a brave man, and the Irish _curanta_, brave. The +derivation of Havelok is certainly puzzling. Professor Rask declared it +to have no meaning in Danish. It bears, however, a remarkable +resemblance to the Old English _gavelok_, which occurs in Weber’s _Kyng +Alisaunder_, l. 1620, and which is the A.S. _gafeluc_, Icel. _gaflak_, +Welsh _gaflach_, a spear, dart, or javelin. This is an appropriate name +for a warrior, and possibly reappears in the instance of Hugh +_Kevelock_, earl of Chester (Bp. Percy’s Folio MS., ed. Hales and +Furnivall, i. 128). It is remarkable that the Gaelic and Irish _corran_ +has the same sense, that of _a spear_, whilst _curan_, as +above-mentioned, means _a brave man_. It is best, perhaps, to stop here; +for etymology, when pursued too far, is wont to beguile the pursuer into +every possible quagmire of absurdity. + + +§ 26. DESCRIPTION OF THE MS., &c. + +The MS. from which the present poem is printed is in the Laudian +collection in the Bodleian Library, where its old mark is K 60, and its +present one Misc. 108. Being described in the old printed catalogue +merely as _Vitæ Sanctorum_, the romance was in consequence for a long +time overlooked. The Lives of the Saints occupy a large portion of the +volume, and are probably to be ascribed to the authorship of Robert of +Gloucester. “These Lives or Festivals,” says Sir F. Madden, “are [here] +61 in number, written in long Alexandrine verse. Then succeed the +Sayings of St Bernard and the Visions of St Paul, both in six-line +stanzas; the _Disputatio inter Corpus et Animam_, the English Romance of +Havelok, the Romance of Kyng Horn, and some additions in a hand of the +15th century, including the lives of St Blaise, St Cecilia, and St +Alexius, and an alliterative poem intitled _Somer Soneday_, making in +all the Contents of the Volume to amount to 70 pieces.” The lays of +Havelok and Horn are written out in the same handwriting, of an early +date, certainly not later than the end of the thirteenth century. The +Havelok begins on fol. 204, and is written in double columns, each +column containing 45 lines. A folio is lost between fol. 211 and 212, +but no notice of this has been taken in numbering the folios; hence the +catchword which should have been found at the bottom of fol. 215 _b_, +appears at the bottom of fol. 214 _b_ (see l. 2164). The poem terminates +at the 27th line on fol. 219 _b_, and is immediately followed by Kyng +Horn in the same column. The character of the handwriting is bold and +square, but the words are very close together. The initial letter of +every line is written a little way apart from the rest, as in William of +Palerne, and other MSS. Both the long and short _s_ (ſ _and_ s) are +used. The long _s_ is in general well distinguished from _f_, and on +this account I have taken the liberty of printing both _esses_ alike, as +my experience in printing the Romans of Partenay proved that the +difficulty of avoiding misprints is greater than the gain of +representing the difference between them. The chief point of interest is +that, as in _early_ MSS., the long _s_ is sometimes found at the _end_ +of a word, as in “uſ” in l. 22, and “iſ” in l. 23. The following are all +the examples of the use of this letter in the first 26 lines; ſo (4), +wicteſte (9), ſtede (10), criſt, ſchilde (16), Kriſt, ſo (17), ſo (19), +ſchal (21), Kriſt, uſ (22), iſ (23), ſtalworþi (24), ſtalworþeſte (25), +ſtede (26). With this exception, the present reprint is a faithful +representation of the original; for, as the exact fidelity of a text is +of the first importance, I have been careful to compare the proof-sheets +with the MS. twice throughout; besides which, the original edition is +itself exceedingly correct, and had been re-read by Sir F. Madden with +the MS. His list of errata (nearly all of them of minor importance) +agreed almost exactly with my own. A great difficulty is caused by the +use of the Saxon letter _w_ (ƿ). This letter, the thorn-letter (þ), and +_y_, are all three made very nearly alike. In general, the _y_ is +dotted, but the dot is occasionally omitted. Wherever the letter really +appears to be a _w_, I have denoted it by printing the _w_ as an italic +letter. The following are, I believe, the _only_ examples of it. +_W_it-drow = withdrew, l. 502; _w_e, 1058; _w_as, 1129 (cf. “him was ful +wa,” _Sir Tristr._ f. iii. st. 43); ber_w_en, 1426 (written “berwen” in +l. 697); _w_at = known, 1674; _w_e, miswritten for _w_o = who, 1914; to +which perhaps we may add _w_it, 997. This evidence is interesting as +shewing that this letter was then fast going out of use, and I think +that we may safely date the final disappearance of this letter from MSS. +at about the year 1300. As regards the _th_, we may remark that at the +end of a word both þ and _th_ are used, as in “norþ and suth,” l. 434; +sometimes _th_ occurs in the middle of a word, as “sithen,” l. 1238, +which is commonly written “siþen,” as in l. 399. The words þe, þat, þer, +&c., are hardly ever written otherwise. But the reader will remark many +instances in which _th_ final seems to have the hard sound of _t_, as in +_brouth_, 57, _nouth_, 58, _lith_, 534, _þouth_, 1190, &c.; cf. § 27. +The letter _t_ is sometimes shortened so as nearly to resemble _c_, and +_c_ is sometimes lengthened into _t_. The letters _n_ and _u_ are +occasionally alike, but the difference between them is commonly well +marked. The _i_ has a long stroke over it when written next to _m_ or +_n_. On the whole, the writing is very clear and distinct, after a +slight acquaintance with it. The poem is marked out into paragraphs by +the use of large letters. I have introduced a slight space at the end of +each paragraph, to shew this more clearly. + + +§ 27. ON THE GRAMMATICAL FORMS OCCURRING IN THE POEM. + +The following peculiarities of spelling may be first noted. We +frequently find _h_ prefixed to words which it is usual to spell without +one. Examples are: _holde_ for _old_, _hete_ for _ete_ (eat), _het_ for +_et_ (ate), _heuere_ for _euere_, _Henglishe_ for _Englishe_, &c.; see +the Glossary, under the letter H. This enables us to explain some words +which at first appear puzzling; thus _her_ = _er_, ere; _hayse_ = +_ayse_, ease; _helde_ = _elde_, old age; _hore_ = _ore_, grace; _hende_ += _ende_, which in one passage means _end_, but in another _a duck_. The +forms _hof_, _hus_, _hure_, for _of_, _us_, _ure_ are such as we should +hardly have expected to find. On the other hand, _h_ is omitted in the +words _auelok_, _aueden_, _osed_, and in _is_ for _his_ (l. 2254). These +instances, and other examples such as follow, may readily be found by +help of the Glossarial Index. Again, _d_ final after _l_ or _n_ was so +slightly sounded as to be omitted even in writing. Examples are: _lon_ +for _lond_, _hel_ for _held_, _bihel_ for _biheld_, _shel_ for _sheld_, +_gol_ for _gold_. But a more extraordinary omission is that of _r_ final +in _the_, _neythe_, _othe_, _douthe_, which does not seem to be +satisfactorily explained even by the supposition that the scribe may +have omitted the small upward curl which does duty for _er_ so +frequently in MSS. For we further find the omission of _l_ final, as in +_mike_ for _mikel_, _we_ for _wel_, and of _t_ final, as in _bes_ for +_best_; from which instances we should rather infer some peculiarity of +pronunciation rendering final letters indistinct, of which there are +numerous examples, as _fiel_ for _field_, in modern provincial English. +Cf. _il_ for _ilk_, in ll. 818, 1740; and _twel_ for _twelf_. “From the +same license,” says Sir F. Madden, “arises the frequent repetition of +such rhythm as _riden_ and _side_, where the final _n_ seems to have +been suppressed in pronunciation. Cf. ll. 29, 254, 957, 1105, 1183, +2098, &c, and hence we perceive how readily the infinitive verbal Saxon +termination glided into its subsequent form. The broad pronunciation of +the dialect in which the poem was written is also frequently +discernible, as in _slawen_, l. 2676, and _knaue_, l. 949, which rhyme +to _Rauen_ and _plawe_.[33] So likewise, _bothe_ or _bethe_ is, in +sound, equivalent to _rede_, ll. 360, 694, 1680.” Other peculiarities +will be noticed in discussing the Metre. Observe also the Anglo-Saxon +_hw_ for the modern _wh_, exemplified by _hwo_, 368, _hwan_, 474, +_hweþer_, 294, _hwere_, 549, _hwil_, 301; compare also _qual_, _qui_, +_quan_, meaning _whale_, _why_, _when_.[34] The letter _w_ (initial) is +the modern provincial _’oo_, as in _wlf_, _wluine_, _wman_; cf. _hw_, +_w_, both forms of _how_; and _lowerd_ for _louerd_. In particular, we +should notice the hard sound of _t_ denoted by _th_ in the words _with_, +_rithe_, _brouth_, _nouth_, _ricth_, _knicth_, meaning _white_, _right_, +_brought_, _naught_, _right_, _knight_; so too _douther_, daughter, +_neth_, a net, _uth_, out, _woth_, wot, _leth_, let, _lauthe_ +(_laught_), caught, _nither-tale_ (_nighter-tale_), night-time.[35] On +the other hand, _t_ stands for _th_ in _hauet_, 564, _seyt_, 647, +_herknet_, 1, _wit_, 100. When _th_ answers to the modern sound, it +seems equivalent to A.S. ð rather than to A.S. þ; examples are _mouth_, +433, _oth_, 260, _loth_, 261. _Y_ and _g_ are interchangeable, as in +_yaf_, _gaf_, _youen_, _gouen_; _g_ even occurs for _k_, as in _rang_, +2561. In MSS., _e_ is not uncommonly written by mistake for _o_; this +may perhaps account for _helde_, 2472, _meste_, 233, _her_, 1924, which +should rather be _holde_, 30, _moste_, and _hor_, 235; there is a like +confusion of _weren_ and _woren_; and perhaps _grotinde_ should be +_gretinde_.[36] The vowel _u_ is replaced by the modern _ou_ in the +words _prud_, 302, _suth_, 434, _but_, 1040, _hus_, 740, _spusen_, 1123; +cf. _hws_ in l. 1141. Mr Ellis shews, in his Early English +Pronunciation, chap. v, that in pure specimens of the _thirteenth_ +century, there is no _ou_ in such words, and in the _fourteenth_ +century, no simple _u_. This furnishes a ready explanation of the +otherwise difficult _sure_, in l. 2005; it is merely the adverb of +_sour_, _sourly_ being used in the sense of _bitterly_; to _bye it +bitterly_, or _bye it bittre_, is a common phrase in Piers Plowman. +Other spellings worth notice occur in _ouerga_, 314, _stra_, 315 (spelt +_strie_ in l. 998), _hawe_, 1188, _plawe_, 950, _sal_, 628 (commonly +spelt _shal_). Note also _arum_ for _arm_, _harum_ for _harm_, _boren_ +for _born_, 1878, and _koren_ for _corn_, 1879. There are several +instances of words joined together, as _haui_, 2002, _biddi_, 484; +_shaltu_, 2186, _wiltu_, 905, _wenestu_, 1787; _wilte_, 528, +_thenkeste_, 578, _shaltou_, 1800; _thouthe_, 790, _hauedet_, _youenet_, +_hauenet_; _sawe_, 338; _latus_, 1772; where the personal pronouns _i_, +_þu_, _he_, _it_, _we_, _us_ are added to the verb. Hence, in l. 745, it +is very likely that _calleth_ is written for _callet_, i.e. call it; and +on the same principle we can explain _dones_; see _Es_ in the Glossary. +In like manner _goddot_ is contracted from _God wot_; and _þerl_ from +_þe erl_. + +_Nouns._ As regards the nouns employed, I may remark that the final _e_ +is perhaps always sounded in the oblique cases, and especially in the +dative case; as in _nedè_, _stedè_, &c. (see ll. 86-105), _willè_, 85, +_gyuè_, 357, _blissè_, 2187, _cricè_, 2450; cf. the adjectives _longè_, +2299, _wisè_, 1713; also the nominatives _rosè_, 2919, _newè_, 2974. +_Frend_ is a pl. form; cf. _hend_, which is both a plural (2444) and a +dat. sing. (505). In the plural, the final _e_ is fully pronounced in +the adjectives _allè_, 2, _hardè_, 143, _starkè_, 1015, _fremdè_, 2277, +_bleikè_, 470, and in many others; cf. the full form _boþen_, 2223. Not +only does the phrase _none kines_, of no kind, occur in ll. 861, 1140, +but we find the unusual phrase _neuere kines_, of never a kind, in +l. 2691. Among the numerals, we find not only _þre_, but _þrinne_. + +_Pronouns._ The first personal pronoun occurs in many forms in the +nominative, as _i_, _y_, _hi_, _ich_, _ic_, _hic_, and even _ihc_; the +oblique cases take the form _me_. For the second person, we have _þu_, +_þou_, in the nominative, and also _tu_, when preceded by _þat_, as in +l. 2903. We may notice also _hijs_ for _his_, l. 47; _he_ for _they_; +_sho_, 112, _scho_, 126, _sche_, 1721, for _she_; and, in particular, +the dual form _unker_, of you two, 1882. The most noteworthy possessive +pronouns are _minè_, pl. 1365, _þinè_, pl. 620; _his_ or _hise_, pl. +_hisè_, 34; _ure_, 606; _youres_, 2800; _hirè_, 2918, with which cf. the +dat. sing. _hirè_ of the personal pronoun, 85, 300. _þis_ is plural, and +means _these_, in l. 1145. As in other old English works, _men_ is +frequently an impersonal pronoun, answering to the French _on_, and is +followed by a singular verb; as in _men ringes_, 390, _men seyt and +suereth_, 647, _men fetes_, 2341, _men nam_, 900, _men birþe_, 2101, +_men dos_, 2434; cf. _folk sau_, 2410; but there are a few instances of +its use with a plural verb, as _men haueden_, 901, _men shulen_, 747. +The former is the more usual construction. + +_Verbs._ The infinitives of verbs rarely have _y-_ prefixed; two +examples are _y-lere_, 12, _y-se_, 334. Nor is the same prefix common +before past participles; yet we find _i-gret_, 163, _i-groten_, 285, and +_i-maked_, 5, as well as _maked_, 23. Infinitives end commonly in _-en_ +or _-e_, as _riden_, 26, _y-lere_; also in _-n_, as _don_, 117, _leyn_, +718; and even in _-o_, as _flo_, 612, _slo_, 1364. The present singular, +3rd person, of the indicative, ends both in _-es_ or _-s_, and _-eth_ or +_-th_, the former being the more usual. Examples are _longes_, 396, +_leues_, 1781, _haldes_, 1382, _fedes_, 1693, _bes_, 1744, _comes_, +1767, _glides_, 1851, _þarnes_, 1913, _haues_, 1952, _etes_, 2036, +_dos_, 1913; also _eteth_, 672, _haueth_, 804, _bikenneth_, 1269, +_doth_, 1876, _liþ_, 673. The full form of the 2nd person is _-est_, as +_louest_, 1663; but it is commonly cut down to _-es_, as _weldes_, 1359, +_slepes_, 1283, _haues_, 688, _etes_, 907, _getes_, 908; cf. _dos_, +2390, _mis-gos_, 2707, _slos_, 2706. The same dropping of the _t_ is +observable in the past tense, as in _reftes_, 2394, _feddes and +claddes_, 2907. Still more curious is the ending in _t_ only, as in _þu +bi-hetet_, 677, _þou mait_, 689; cf. ll. 852, 1348. In the subjunctive +mood the _-st_ disappears as in Anglo-Saxon, and hence the forms _bute +þou gonge_, 690, _þat þu fonge_, 856, &c.; cf. _bede_, 668. In the 3rd +person, present tense, of the same mood, we have the _-e_ fully +pronounced, as in _shildè_, 16, _yeuè_, 22, _leuè_, 334, _redè_, 687; +and in l. 544, _wreken_ should undoubtedly be _wrekè_, since the _-en_ +belongs to the plural, as in _moten_, 18. The plural of the indicative +present ends in _-en_, as, _we hauen_, 2798, _ye witen_, 2208, _þei +taken_, 1833; or, very rarely, in _-eth_, as _ye bringeth_, 2425, _he_ +(they) _strangleth_, 2584. Sometimes the final _-n_ is lost, as in _we +haue_, 2799, _ye do_, 2418, _he_ (they) _brenne_, 2583. There is even a +trace of the plural in _-es_, as in _haues_, 2581. The _present_ tense +has often a _future_ signification, as in _etes_, 907, _eteth_, 672, +_getes_, 908. + +_Past tense._ Of the third person singular and plural of the past tense +the following are selected examples. WEAK VERBS: _hauede_, 770, +_sparedè_, 898, _yemedè_, 975, _semedè_, 976, _sparkëdè_, 2144, +_þankedè_, 2189; pl. _loueden_, 955, _leykeden_, 954, _woundeden_, 2429, +_stareden_, 1037, _yemede_ (rather read _yemeden_), 2277, _makeden_, +554, _sprauleden_, 475; also _calde_, 2115, _gredde_, 2417, _herde_, +2410, _kepte_, 879, _fedde_, 786, _ledde_, 785, _spedde_, 756, _clapte_, +1814, _kiste_, 1279; pl. _herden_, _brenden_, 594, _kisten_, 2162, +_ledden_, 1246; and, thirdly, of the class which change the vowel, +_aute_, 743, _laute_, 744, _bitauhte_, 2212. Compare the past +participles _osed_, 971, _mixed_, 2533, _parred_, 2439, _gadred_, 2577; +_reft_, 1367, _wend_, 2138, _hyd_, 1059; _told_, 1036, _sold_, 1638, +_wrouth_ = _wrout_, 1352. There are also at least two past participles +in _-et_, as _slenget_, 1923, _grethet_, 2615, to which add _weddeth_, +_beddeth_, 1127, In l. 2057, _knawed_ seems put for _knawen_, for the +rime’s sake. + +STRONG VERBS: third person singular, past tense, _bar_, 815, _bad_, +1415, _yaf_, or _gaf_, _spak_; _kam_, 766 (spelt _cham_, 1873), _nam_, +_kneu_, _hew_, 2729, _lep_, 1777, _let_, 2447 (spelt _leth_, 2651), +_slep_, 1280, _wex_, 281: _drou_, 705, _for_, 2943, _low_, 903, _slow_, +1807, _hof_, 2750, _stod_, 986, _tok_; 751, _wok_, 2093; pl. _beden_, +2774, _youen_, or _gouen_; _comen_, 1017 (spelt _keme_, 1208), _nomen_, +2790 (spelt _neme_, 1207), _knewen_, 2149, _lopen_, 1896, _slepen_, +2128; _drowen_, 1837, _foren_, 2380, _lowen_, 1056, _slowen_, 2414, &c. +And secondly, of the class which more usually change the vowel in the +_plural_ of the preterite, we find the singular forms _bigan_, 1357, +_barw_, 2022, _karf_, 471, _swank_, 788, _warp_, 1061, _shon_, 2144, +_clef_, 2643, _sau_, 2409, _grop_, 1965, _drof_, 725, _shof_, 892; pl. +_bigunnen_, 1011, _sowen_, 1055, _gripen_, 1790, _driue_, for _driuen_, +1966; also _bunden_, 2436, _scuten_, 2431 (spelt _schoten_, 1864, +_shoten_, 1838), _leyen_, 2132, &c. Compare the past participles +_boren_, 1878, _youen_ or _gouen_, _cumen_, 1436, _nomen_, 2265 (spelt +_numen_, 2581), _laten_, 1925, _waxen_, 302, _drawen_, 1925, _slawen_, +2000, which two last become _drawe_, _slawe_ in ll. 1802, 1803. + +We should also observe the past tenses _spen_, 1819, _stirt_, 812, +_fauth_ for _faut_ or _fauht_, 1990, _citte_, 942, _bere_, 974, _kipte_, +1050, _flow_, 2502, _plat_, 2755; and the past participles _demd_ for +_demed_, 2488, _giue_ for _giuen_, 2488, _henged_, 1429, _keft_, 2005. + +_Imperative Mood._ Examples of the imperative mood singular, 2nd person, +are _et_, _sit_, 925, _nim_, 1336, _yif_, 674; in the plural, the usual +ending is _-es_, as in _liþes_, 2204, _comes_, 1798, _folwes_, 1885, +_lokes_, 2292, _bes_, 2246, to which set belong _slos_, 2596, _dos_, +2592; but there are instances of the ending _-eth_ also, as in _cometh_, +1885, _yeueþ_, 911, to which add _doth_, 2037, _goth_, 1780. Indeed both +forms occur in one line, as in _Cometh swiþe, and folwes me_ (1885). +Instead of _-eth_ we even find _-et_, as in _herknet_, 1. These +variations afford a good illustration of the unsettled state of the +grammar in some parts of England at this period; we need not suppose the +scribe to be at fault in all cases where there is a want of uniformity. + +Of reflexive verbs, we meet with _me dremede_, 1284, _me met_, 1285, _me +þinkes_, 2169, _him hungrede_, 654, _him semede_, 1652, _him stondes_, +2983, _him rewede_, 503. The present participles end most commonly in +_-inde_, as _fastinde_, 865, _grotinde_ (? _gretinde_), 1390, +_lauhwinde_, 946, _plattinde_, 2282, _starinde_, 508; but we also find +_gangande_, 2283, _driuende_, 2702. Compare the nouns _tiþande_, 2279, +_offrende_, 1386, which are Norse forms, _tíðindi_ (pl.) being the +Icelandic for _tidings_, and _offrandi_ the present participle of +_offra_, to offer. But the true Icelandic equivalent of the substantive +_an offering_ is _offran_, and the old Swedish is _offer_; and hence we +see at how very early a date the confusion between the noun-ending and +the ending of the present participle arose; a confusion which has +bewildered many generations of Englishmen. Yet this very poem in other +places has _-ing_ as a noun-ending _only_, never (that I remember) for +the present participle. Examples of it are _greting_, 166, _dreping_, +i.e. slaughter, 2684, _buttinge_, _skirming_, _wrastling_, _putting_, +_harping_, _piping_, _reding_; see ll. 2322-2327. Such words are +frequently called _verbal nouns_, but the term is very likely to +mislead. I have found that many suppose it to imply _present participles +used as nouns_, instead of _nouns of verbal derivation_. If such nouns +could be called by some new name, such as _nouns of action_, or by any +other title that can be conventionally restricted to signify them, it +would, I think, be a gain. Amongst the auxiliary verbs, may be noted the +use of _cone_, 622, as the subjunctive form of _canst_; _we mone_, 840, +as the subjunctive of _mowen_; cf. _ye mowen_, 11; but especially we +should observe the use of the comparatively rare verbs _birþe_, it +behoves, pt. t. _birde_, it behoved, and _þurte_, he need, the latter of +which is fully explained in the Glossary to William of Palerne, s.v. +_þort_. + +The prefix _to-_ is employed in _both_ senses, as explained in the same +Glossary, s.v. _To-_. In _to-brised_, _to-deyle_, &c., it is equivalent +to the German _zer-_ and Mœso-Gothic _dis-_; of its _other_ and _rarer_ +use, wherein it answers to the German _zu-_ and Mœso-Gothic _du-_, there +is but _one_ instance, viz. in the word _to-yede_, 765, which signifies +_went to_; cf. Germ. _zugehen_, to go to, _zugang_ (A.S. _to-gang_), +access, approach. There are some curious instances of a peculiar syntax, +whereby the infinitive mood active partakes of a passive signification, +as in _he made him kesten, and in feteres festen_, he caused him to be +cast in prison (_or perhaps_, overthrown), and to be fastened in +fetters; l. 81. But it is probable that this is to be explained by +considering it as a phrase in which we should _now_ supply the word +_men_, and that we may interpret it by “he caused [men] to cast him in +prison, and to fasten him with fetters;” for in ll. 1784, 1785, the +phrase is repeated in a less ambiguous form. See also l. 86. So also, in +ll. 2611, 2612, I consider _keste_, _late_, _sette_, to be in the +infinitive mood. Such a construction is at once understood by comparing +it with the German _er liess ihn binden_, he caused him to be bound. In +l. 2352, appears the most unusual form _ilker_, which is literally _of +each_, and hence, _apiece_; cf. _unker_, which also is a genitive +plural. It will be observed that the verb following is in the plural, +the real nominative to it being _þei þre_. In l. 2404, the expression +_þat þer þrette_, “that there threat,” recalls a colloquialism which is +still common. The word _þrie_, 730, is, apparently, the O.E. adverb +_thrie_, thrice; _liues_, 509, is an adverb ending in _-es_, originally +a genitive case. _Þus-gate_ is, according to Mr Morris, unknown to the +Southern dialect; it occurs in ll. 785, 2419, 2586. I may add that +Havelok contains as many as five expressions, which seem to refer to +_proverbs_ current at the time of writing it. See ll. 307, 648, 1338, +1352, 2461. + + [Footnote 33: “Cf. K. Horn, 1005, where _haue_ rhymes with + plawe.” --M. Mr A. J. Ellis would consider _slawen_, _knaue_, &c., + as assonances-- “Do not think of the pronunciation of modern + _drawen_. Read _sla-wen_, _kna-ue_, an assonance. _Beþe_ does + _not_ rhyme to _reden_; it is only an assonance.” --Ellis. On the + other hand, we find the spellings _rathe_, _rothe_ instead of + _rede_ in ll. 1335 and 2817.] + + [Footnote 34: “_Qual_ = _quhal_, the aspirate being omitted; and + _quhal_ = _whal_.” --Ellis.] + + [Footnote 35: The use of _th_ for _t_ is not uncommon. In the + _Romans of Partenay_, we have _thown_, _thaken_, _thouchyng_, &c., + for _town_, _taken_, _touching_; see Preface, p. xvi. In the copy + of Piers Plowman in MS. Camb. Univ. Lib. Dd l. 17, I have observed + several similar examples. Cf. Eng. _tea_, Ital. _tè_, Span. _té_, + with Fr. _thé_, Swed. _the_, G. Du. Dan. _thee_.] + + [Footnote 36: “Is _e_ for _o_ a mistake, or may it be compared + with _preue_ for _prove_, &c.?” --Ellis. I would observe that + _greting_ is the spelling of the _substantive_ in l. 166.] + + +§ 28. ON THE METRE OF HAVELOK. + +The poem is written in the familiar rhythm of which I have already +spoken elsewhere, viz. at p. xxxvii of the Preface to Mr Morris’s +edition of Genesis and Exodus. The metre of Havelok is rather more +regular, but many of the remarks there made apply to it. The chief rule +is that every line shall contain four accents,[37] the two principal +types being afforded (1) by the eight-syllable and nine-syllable lines-- + + (_a_) For hém | ne yé|dë góld | ne fé, 44; + (_b_) It wás | a kíng | bi á|rë dáwës, 27; + +and (2) by the seven-syllable and eight-syllable lines-- + + (_c_) Hérk|net tó | me gó|dë men, 1; + (_d_) Al|lë thát | he mícth|ë fyndë, 42. + +To one of these four forms every line can be reduced, by the use of that +slighter utterance of less important syllables which is so very common +in English poetry. It is not the number of _syllables_, but of +_accents_, that is essential. In _every_ line throughout the poem there +are four accents, with only two or three exceptions, viz. ll. 1112, +1678, &c, which are defective. In a similar manner, we may readily scan +any of the lines, as e.g. ll. 2-4; + + (_c_) Wi|uës, mayd|nës, and al|lë men + (_b_) Of a ta|lë þat | ich you | wile tellë[38] + (_b_) Wo-so | ’t wil’ her’ | and þer|to duellë, &c. + +Here the syllables _-nes and_ in l. 3, _of a_ in l. 4, and _it wile_ in +l. 5, are so rapidly pronounced as to occupy only the room of one +unaccented syllable in lines of the strict type. However awkward this +appears to be in theory, it is very easy in practice, as the reciter +readily manages his voice so as to produce the right rhythmical effect; +and, indeed, this variation of arrangement is a real improvement, +preventing the recitation from becoming monotonous. Those who have a +good ear for rhythm will readily understand this, and it seems +unnecessary to dwell upon it more at length. But it may be remarked, +that the three lines above quoted are rather _more irregular than +usual_, and that the metre is such as to enable us to fix the instances +in which the final _-e_ is pronounced with great accuracy, on which +account I shall say more about this presently. I would, however, first +enumerate the rimes which seem to be more or less inexact or peculiar, +or otherwise instructive. + +I. _Repetitions._ Such are _men, men_; _holden, holde_, 29;[39] _erþe, +erþe_, 739; _heren, heren_, 1640; _nithes, knithes_, 2048; _youres, +youres_, 2800. To this class belong also _longe, londe_, 172, _heye, +heie_, 1151, 2544; where _longe, londe_ is, however, only an assonance. + +II. _Assonant rimes._ Here the rime is in the vowel-sound; the +consonantal endings differ. Such are _rym, fyn_, 21; _yeme, quene_, 182; +_shop, hok_, 1101 (where _shop_ is probably corrupt); _odrat, bad_, +1153; _fet, ek_, 1303; _yer, del_, 1333; _maked, shaped_, 1646; _beþe, +rede_, 1680; _riche, chinche_, 1763, 2940; _feld, swerd_, 1824, 2634; +_seruede, werewed_, 1914; _wend, gent_, 2138; _þank, rang_, 2560; +_boþen, ut-drowen_, 2658. To the same class belong _name_, _rauen_, +1397, _grauen, name_, 2528; _slawen, rauen_, 2676. _Henged, slenget_, +1922, should rather be called an imperfect rime.[40] There is also found +the exact opposite to this, viz., an agreement or _consonance_ at the +end, preceded by an apparent diversity in the vowel; as _longe, gange_, +795 (but see _longe, gonge_, 843), _bidde, stede_, 2548, _open, drepen_, +1782, _gres, is_, 2698, _boþe, rathe_, 2936 (but see _rathe, bathe_, +1335, 2542), _fet_ (long _e_), _gret_, 2158; and not unlike these are +some instances of loose rimes, as _beþe, rede_, 360, _knaue, plawe_, +949, _sawe, hawe_ (where _hawe_ is written for _haue_), 1187, _sawe, +wowe_, 1962 (but see _wowe, lowe_, 2078, _lowe, sawe_, 2142, _wawe, +lowe_, 2470). Observe also _bouth, oft_ (read _vt_ or _ut_ = _out_?), +883, _tun, barun_, 1001 (cf. _toun, brun_, 1750, _champiouns, barouns_, +1032); _plattinde, gangande_, 2282, &c. _Eir, toþer_, 410, _harde, +crakede_, 567, are probably due to mistakes.[41] + +III. Rimes which shew that the final _-en_ was pronounced so slightly as +to be nearly equivalent to _-e_. Examples: _holden, holde_, 29; _gongen, +fonge_, 855; _bringe, ringen_, 1105; _mouthen, douthe_, 1183; _riden, +side_, 1758; _wesseylen, to-deyle_, 2098; _slawen, drawe_, 2476. In the +same way _hon_ rimes to _lond_, 1341, owing to the slight pronunciation +of the final _d_.[42] + +IV. Rimes which appear imperfect, but may be perfect. _Riche_ answers to +_like_, 132, but the true spelling is _rike_, answering to _sike_, 290. +_Mithe_, 196, should probably be _moucte_, as in l. 257, and it would +thus rime with _þoucte_. _Blinne_, 2670, should certainly be _blunne_; +cf. A.S. _blinnan_, pt. t. s. _ic blan_, pt. t. pl. _we blunnon_; and +thus it rimes to _sunne_. _Misdede_, 993, is clearly an error for +_misseyde_, as appears from the parallel passage in ll. 49, 50; and it +then rimes with _leyde_. So in l. 1736, for _deled_ read _deyled_, as in +l. 2098. _Boþe_, 430, has no line answering to it, and a line may have +been lost. _Nicth, lict_, 575, is a perfect rime. _Halde, bolde_, 2308, +may also be perfect. _For-sworen_ answers to _for-lorn_ (pronounced +_for-loren_), 1423; _bitawte_ to _authe_ (pronounced _aute_), 1409; +_yemede_ (pronounced _yem-dè_) is not an improper rime to _fremde_, +2276; _anon_ rimes with _iohan_ (if pronounced _ion_ or _John_, as +indicated by the spelling _ion_ in l. 177), 2562, 2956. Yet in another +instance it seems to be two syllables, _Jo-han_; see _wimman, iohan_, +1720.[43] Speche should be _speke_, and thus rimes to _meke_, 1065. +_Stareden_ should perhaps be _stradden_, or some such form, rightly +riming to _ladden_, 1037. Under this head we may notice some rimes which +throw, possibly, some light on the pronunciation. Thus, for the sound of +_ey, ei_, observe _hayse, preyse_, 60; _leyke, bleike_, 469; _laumprei, +wei_, 771; _deye_ rimes to _preye_, 168; _day_ to _wey_, 663; _seyd_ to +_brayd_, 1281; but we also find _hey, fri_, 1071; _hey, sley_, 1083, +_heye, heie_, 1151; _heye, eie_, 2544; _leye, heye_, 2010; _heye, +fleye_, 2750. _Fram_ rimes to _sham_, 55; yet the latter word is really +_shame_, 83; _gange_ is also spelt _gonge_, _halde_ rimes with _bolde_, +2308. The pronunciation of _ware_, _were_, or _wore_, seems ambiguous; +we find _sore, wore_, 236; _wore, more_, 258; _ware, sare_, 400; _wore, +sore_, 414; _were, þere_, 741; _more, þore_, 921. For the sound of _e_, +observe _suere, gere_, 388; _suereth, dereth_, 648; _eten, geten_, 930; +_yet, fet_, 1319; _stem, bem_, 592; _glem, bem_, 2122; also _yeue, +liue_, 198; _liue, gyue_, 356; _lyue, yeue_, 1217; _her, ther_, 1924; +_fishere, swere_, 2230. For that of _i_, observe _cri, merci_, 270; +_sire, swire_, 310; _swiþe, vnbliþe_, 140; _fir, shir_, 587; _sire, +hire_, 909; _rise, bise_, 723; _fyr, shir_, 915; _lye, strie_, 997; +_hey, fri_, 1071; _for-þi, merci_, 2500. For that of _o_, observe _two, +so_, 350; _do, so_, 713; _shon, on_, 969; _hom, grom_, 789; _lode, +brode_, 895; _anon, ston_, 927; _ston, won_, 1023; _do, sho_ (shoe), +1137; _do, sho_ (she), 1231; _stod, mod_, 1702; _ilkon, ston_, 1842; +_shon_ (shoon), _ston_, 2144; _croud, god_, 2338; _don, bon_, 2354; +_sone_ (soon), _bone_, 2504; _bole, hole_, 2438.[44] Only in a few of +these instances would the words rime in modern standard English. For the +_ou_ and _u_ sounds, observe _couþe, mouþe_, 112; _yow, now_, 160; +_wolde, fulde_, 354; _yw, nou_, 453; _bounden, wnden_, 545; _sowel, +couel_, 767; _low, ynow_, 903; _sowen, lowe_, 957; _strout, but_, 1039; +_þou, nou_, 1283; _doun, tun_, 1630; _crus, hous_, 1966; _wounde, +grunde_, 1978; _bowr, tour_, 2072; _spuse, huse_, 2912. _Lowe_, 1291, +2431, 2471, should rather be _lawe_, as in l. 2767. These hints will +probably suffice for the guidance of those who wish to follow up the +subject. It is evident that full dependence cannot be placed upon the +_exactness_ of the rimes. + + [Footnote 37: “This _four accents_ I consider to be a wrong way + of stating the fact. . . The metre consists of four measures, each + generally, not always, of _two_ syllables, the first often _one_ + syllable, the others often of _three_ syllables, and each measure + has generally more stress on the last than on any other, but the + accents or principal stresses in the verse are usually 2, + sometimes 3, perhaps never 4.” --A. J. Ellis. I need hardly add + that such a statement is more exact, and that I here merely use + the word _accent_ in the loose sense it often bears, viz. as + denoting the “stress,” more or less heavy, and sometimes + imperceptible, which is popularly supposed to belong to the last + syllable in a measure. I must request the reader to remember that + this present sketch of the metre is very slight and imperfect, + and worded in the usual not very correct popular language. For + more strict and careful statements the reader is referred to Mr + A. J. Ellis’s work on Early English Pronunciation. Until readers + have made themselves acquainted with that work, they will readily + understand what I _here_ mean by “accents;” afterwards, they can + easily adopt a stricter idea of its meaning.] + + [Footnote 38: “You cannot scan this line in any way. This method + of doing it is quite impossible; it is a mere chopping to make a + verse like this. The line is corrupt. Omit _þat_, and you have + + Of | a tal’ | ich you | wile telle + + or better, + + Of | a tal’ | ich wil|e telle.” --Ellis.] + + [Footnote 39: The number is that of the _first_ line of the + pair.] + + [Footnote 40: “You have omitted the curious _harde, krakede_, + 567, here; it is only an assonance, not a mistake, I believe.” + --Ellis. But see note to l. 567.] + + [Footnote 41: “On _i, e_ rhymes, see p. 271, last line and + following, of my Chap. IV. The _o, a_ depend on a provincialism, + and this applies to _sawe_, _wowe_; _beþe_, _rede_; _knaue_, + _plawe_; _sawe_, _hawe_; &c. _Bouth, oft_ is a case of assonance, + _bouth_ being _bought_, where properly the _ugh_ is the voiced + sound of Scotch _quh_, and easily passes into _f_. The assonance + is therefore nearly a rhyme. _Plattinde, gangande_ is probably a + scribal error. _Eir, toþer_ is certainly a mistake; read + + Swanborow, helfled, his sistres fair.” --Ellis. + + We may then perhaps alter _gangande_ to _ganginde_. I do not + quite like writing the modern form _fair_ instead of the old + plural _fayre_ in order to gain a rime to _eir_. Cf. ll. 1095, + 2300, 2538, 2768.] + + [Footnote 42: “_Hon, lond_ may arise from a Danism, or from an + English custom at that time of not pronouncing _d_ after _n_ in + _nd_ final; Danish _Mand_ and German _Mann_ are identical.” + --Ellis. I prefer to call it Danish; we English, now at least, + often _add_ a _d_, as in _sound_, _gownd_, from _soun_, _gown_.] + + [Footnote 43: “_Johan_ is almost _Jon_ in Chaucer, however + written, but l. 177 wants a measure; read-- + + Bi [Jhesu] crist, and bi seint ion. + + In l. 1720 also the verse is defective; omit _al_, and read-- + + In denemark nis wimman [non] + So fayr so sche, bi _seint_ Johan, + + where _seint_ is a dissyllable; see p. 264 of my Early English + Pronunciation. _Hey, fri_, 1071, is an error; read _hy_, and see + p. 285 of my book. The other instances of _ei_, _ai_ are all + regular, the confusion of _ei_, _ai_ being perfect in the + thirteenth century. _Shame_, l. 88, is dative, and would prove + nothing, but _shame_ in Orrmin is conclusive. Hence in _sham’_, + 56, we have an _e_ omitted; compare p. 323 of my book, and the + German _Ruh’_.” --Ellis. In other places, the spelling _heye_ + occurs, rather than _hy_: see ll. 719, 987, 1071, 1083, 1289, + 1685, 2431, 2471, 2544, 2724, 2750, 2945, &c.] + + [Footnote 44: “The instances of _o_ are all regular, except + _croud, god_, 2338, which is a false rhyme altogether; _ou_ = + modern _oo_.” --Ellis.] + + +§ 29. ON THE FINAL -E, &c. + +There can be little doubt that the final _-e_ is, in general, fully +pronounced in this poem wherever it is written, with but a very few +exceptions; but at the same time it is liable to be elided when followed +by a vowel or (sometimes) by the letter _h_, as is usual in old English +poetry. In the following remarks, I shall use an apostrophe to signify +that _e_ is _written, but not pronounced_; thus “wil’” signifies that +“wile” is the MS. form, but “wil” the apparent pronunciation. I shall +use an italic _e_ to signify that the _e_ is elided because followed by +a vowel or _h_, as “cupp_e_” (l. 14); and in the same way, “rid_en_,” +“lit_el_,” &c, signify that the syllables _-en_, _-el_ are slurred over +in a like manner. It will be seen that such syllables are, in general, +slurred over when they occur before a vowel or _h_; under the same +circumstances, that is, as the final _-e_. When I simply write the word +in the form “gode” as in the MS., I mean that the _-e_ is _fully +pronounced_; so that “gode” stands for “godë.” + +The following, then, are instances. I follow the order in Mr Morris’s +Introduction to Chaucer’s Prologue, &c. (Clarendon Press Series). + +(_A_) In nouns and adjectives (of A.S. origin) the final _-e_ represents +one of the final vowels _a_, _u_, _e_, and hence is fully sounded even +in the nominative case in such instances. Examples; gome (A.S. _goma_), +7, blome (A.S. _bloma_), 63, trewe (A.S. _treowe_), 179, knaue (A.S. +_cnafa_), 308, 450, sone (A.S. _sunu_), 394. + +(_B_) In words of French origin it is sounded as in French verse. Such +words are scarce in Havelok. Examples: hayse, 59, beste, 279, mirácle, +500, rose, 2919, curtesye (_miswritten_ curteyse), 2876, cf. 194, +drurye, 195, male, 48, large, 97, noble, 1263. + +(_C_) It is a remnant of various grammatical inflexions:-- + +(1) it is a sign of the _dative_ case in nouns; as, nede, 9, stede, +10, trome, 8, wronge, 72, stede, 142, dede (not elided, because of the +cæsura), 167, arke, 222, erþe, 248, lite þrawe, 276. It also sometimes +marks the accusative, or the genitive of feminine nouns: _accusatives_, +cupp_e_, 14, wede, 94, brede, 98, shrede, 99, mede, 102, quiste, 219, +sorwe, 238 (cf. sorw’ in l. 240), son_e_, 308, knaue, 308, sone, 350, +wille, 441: _genitives_, messe, 186, 188, helle, 405. + +(2) In adjectives it marks-- + +(_a_) the _definite form_ of the adjective; as, þe meste, 233, þe riche +(not elided[45]), 239, te beste, 87, þe hexte [man], 1080, þat wicke, +1158, þat foule, 1158, þe firste, 1333, þe rede, 1397. This rule is most +often violated in the case of _dissyllabic_ superlatives; as, þe +wictest’, 8, þe fairest, þe strangest, 1081, 1110; cf. 199, 200. + +(_b_) the _plural_ number. Examples abound, as, gode, 1, alle, 2, are, +27, yung = yung_e_, 30, holde, 30, gode, 34, 55, harde, 143, gren_e_, +470, bleike, 470, halte, 543, doumbe, 543, &c. + +The same use is often extended to possessive pronouns; we find the +plurals mine, 385, 514 (but min’, 392), þine, 620, hise, 34, 67, hure, +1231; and even the singulars hire, 84, 85, hure, 338, yure, 171. But the +personal pronoun feminine is often hir’, 172, 209; yet see l. 316. + +(_c_) the _vocative_ case, as, dere, 839, 2170; leue, 909. + +(3) In verbs it marks-- + +(_a_) the infinitive mood; as, telle, 3, duelle, 4, falle, 39, bey_e_, +53, swere, 254, be-bedde, 421, ber_e_, 549, &c. On this point there +cannot be a moment’s doubt, for the form _-en_ is found quite as often, +and they rime together, as in 254, 255, cf. 29, 30. But it is well worth +remarking that _-en_ is slurred over exactly where _-e_ would be, with +much regularity. Examples are: rid_en_, 10, biginn_en_, 21, mak_en_, 29, +heng_en_, 43, lurk_en_, 68, crep_en_, 68, rid_en_, 88, hau_en_, 270. +Other examples are very numerous. But we sometimes find _-en_ not +slurred over, as, drinken, 15; and the same is true even of _-e_, but +such cases are exceptional and rare. + +(_b_) the gerund; as, to preyse, 60. + +(_c_) the past participle of a strong verb; as, drawe, 1802, slawe, +1803. But these are rare, as they are commonly written drawen, slawen, +2224. + +(_d_) the past tense of weak verbs, where the _-e_ follows _-ed_, _-t_, +or _-d_. Examples are very numerous; as, louede = lov’de, 30, 35 (not +elided), 37, hauede = hav’de, 343; cf. haued = havd’, 336; þurte, 10, +durst_e_, 65, reft_e_, 94; dede, 29, sende, 136, seyde, 228, herde, 286. +Observe hated = hated_e_, 40. The plurals of these tenses are rarely in +_-e_, generally in _-en_, as, haueden, 241, ded_en_, 242, sprauleden = +spraul’den, 475. + +(_e_) the subjunctive or optative mood, or the 3rd person of the +imperative mood, which is really the 3rd person of the subjunctive. This +rule seems to be carefully observed. Examples are yeue, 22, thaue, 296, +yerne, 299, leue, 406, were, 513, wit_e_, 517, &c. So for the _first_ +person, as, lat_e_, 509, lepe (not elided), 2009, spek_e_, 2079; and for +the _second_ person, as, understonde, 1159, fare, 2705, cone, 622, 623. + +(_f_) other parts of a _few_ verbs; thus, the 1st person singular +present, as, liue, 301, ete, 793, rede, 1660, wille, 388, where _wille_ +is equivalent to _wish_. + +(_g_) present participles: thus, plattínde, 2282, is a half-rime to +gangánde. In other places, the author is careful to place them before a +vowel, as gretind_e_, 1390, lauhwind_e_, 946, starind_e_, 508, +driuend_e_, 2702, fastind_e_, 865. + +(4) In adverbs the final _-e_ denotes-- + +(_a_) an older vowel-ending; as, son_e_ (A.S. _sóna_), 136, sone, 218, +251, yete (A.S. _géta_, as well as _gét_), 495, ofte (Swed. _ofta_, Dan. +_ofte_), 227. + +(_b_) an adverb as distinguished from its corresponding adjective, as, +yerne, 153, loude, 96, longe, 241, more, 301, softe, 305, heye, 335, +swiþe, 455, harde, 639. Hence, in l. 640, we should read _neye_. + +(_c_) an older termination in _-en_ or _-an_; as, þer-hinne, 322, 709, +712, henne, 843, inne, 855. Cf. A.S. _heonan_, _innan_. + +(_d_) It is also sounded in the termination _-like_, as, sikerlike, 422. +Hence, in baldelike, 53, _both_ the _ees_ are sounded; cf. feblelike, +418. When the final _-e_ is slurred over before an _h_ in _Chaucer_, _h_ +is found commonly to begin the pronoun _he_, or its cases, the +possessive pronouns _his_, _hire_, or their cases, a part of the verb to +_have_, or else the adverbs _how_ or _heer_. The same rule seems to hold +in _Havelok_. Observe, that _e_ often forms a syllable in the _middle_ +of a word, as, bondeman, 32, engelondes, 63, pourelik_e_, 322. + +With regard to the final _-en_, it is most commonly slurred over before +a vowel or the _h_ in _he_ or _haue_, not only when it is the +termination of the infinitive mood, but in _many other cases_. One +striking example may suffice: + + He gret_en_ and gouled_en_ and gou_en_ hem ille, 164. + +A still more striking peculiarity is that _the same rule often holds_ +for the ending _-es_. We find it, of course, forming a distinct syllable +in plurals; as, limes, 86; and in adverbs, as, liues, 509. But observe +such instances as maydn_es_, 2, prest_es_, 33, vtlaw_es_, 41, siþ_es_, +213, &c. + +In the same way, when rapid final syllables such as _-el_, _-er_, +_-ere_, &c., are slurred over, it will _generally_ be found _that a +vowel or_ h _follows them_. Examples: lit_el_, 6, won_eth_, 105, +bed_els_, 266, bod_i_, 345, deu_el_, 446, hung_er_, 449. Compare +ou_er_al, 38, 54. There are many other peculiarities which it would take +long to enumerate, such as, that _sworn_ is pronounced _sworen_, 204; +that the final _-e_ is sometimes preserved before a vowel, as in _dedë +am_, 167; that the word _ne_ is very frequently not counted, as it were, +in the scansion, as in 57, 113, 220, 419, the second _ne_ in l. 547, and +in several other places. But it must suffice to state merely, that when +the above rules (with allowance of a few exceptions) are carefully +observed, it will be found that the metre of Havelok is _very regular_, +and _valuable on account of its regularity_. + +It would therefore be easy to correct the text in many places by help of +an exact analysis of the rhythm. But this, except in a very few places, +has not been attempted, because the imperfect, but unique, MS. copy is +more instructive as it stands. In l. 19, e.g. _wit_ should be _wite_; in +l. 47, _red_ should be _rede_; in l. 74, _his soule_ should be _of his +soule_, &c. The importance of attending to the final _-e_ may be +exemplified by the lines-- + + Allë greten swiþë sore, 236; + But sonë dedë hirë fetë, 317; + þinë cherlës, þinë hinë, 620; + Grimës sonës allë þre, 1399; + Hisë sistres herë lif, 2395. + +Mr Ellis writes-- “These final examples suggested to me to compose the +following German epitaph, which contains just as many final _e_’s, and +which I think no German would find to have anything peculiar in the +versification: + +GRABSCHRIFT. + + Diese alte reiche Frau + Hasste jede eitle Schau, + Preiste Gottes gute Gabe, + Mehrte stets die eig’ne Habe, + Liegt hier unbeweint im Grabe. + +I think Havelok may be well compared with Goethe’s ballad, + + Es war ein Kön_ig in Thu_le, + Gar treu bis an das Grab, + Dem, sterbend, seine Buhle + _Einen gold_enen Becher gab. + + Es ging ihm nichts darüber, + Er leert’ ihn jeden Schmaus, + Die Augen gin_gen ihm ü_ber + So oft er trank daraus. + + Und als er kam zu sterben, + Zählt’ er _seine Städt’_ im Reich, + Gönnt’ alles seinem Erben, + Den Becher nicht zugleich:-- + +and the end:-- + + Die Augen thä_ten ihm sin_ken, + Trank nie _einen Trop_fen mehr. + +The _italicised_ trisyllabic measures are fine. Observe also the +elisions of final _-e_ before a following vowel (_Städt’_ being very +unusual), and the omission of the dative _-e_ in _im Reich_, to rhyme +with _zugleich_.” + +I have only to add that my special thanks are due to Sir F. Madden for +his permission to make use of his valuable notes, glossary, and preface, +and for his assistance; as also to Mr Ellis for his notes, which, +however, reached me only at the last moment, when much alteration of the +proofs was troublesome. There are many things probably which Mr Ellis +does not much approve of in this short popular sketch of the metre, in +which attention is drawn only to some of the _principal_ points. In +particular, he disapproves of the term _slurring over_, though I believe +that I mean precisely the same thing aa he does, viz. that these light +syllables are really _fully pronounced_, and not in any way forcibly +suppressed; but that, owing to their being light syllables, and +occurring before vowel sounds, the full pronunciation of them does not +cause the verse to halt, but merely imparts to it an agreeable vivacity. +As I have already said elsewhere[46]-- “A poet’s business is, in fact, +to take care that the syllables which _are_ to be rapidly pronounced are +such as easily _can_ be so; and that the syllables which are to be +heavily accented are naturally those that _ought_ to be. If he gives +attention to this, it does not much matter whether each foot has _two_ +or _three_ syllables in it.” + + [Footnote 45: _Riche_ being both A.S. and French, has the _e_ + even when indefinite; a riche king, 841; a riche man, 373.] + + [Footnote 46: Preface to Mr Morris’s Genesis and Exodus, p. + xxxviii.] + + + + +EMENDATIONS, ETC. + + + [Transcriber’s Note: + This section is shown as printed. The editor’s corrections were + variously handled. Minor changes to the primary text are shown in + brackets; the more complicated or tentative emendations are given as + supplementary footnotes in the form [5*]. Additions to the Glossary + are shown as separate, bracketed paragraphs. The following paragraph + is part of the original text.] + +Some emendations have been made in the text by inserting letters and +words within square brackets. A few more may be noticed here. + +p. 2, l. 47. The MS. has _red_; but it should be _rede_. + +p. 3, l. 66. For the MS. reading _here_ Mr Garnett proposed to read +_othere_, which is clearly right. + +p. 3, l. 74. For _his soule_ (as in the MS.) we should probably read _of +his soule_. + +p. 3, l. 79. For _wo diden_ (as in the MS.) we should read _wo so dide_. + +p. 6, l. 177. _Read_-- “Bi [ihesu] crist,” &c, to fill up; but this is +doubtful; see l. 1112. + +p. 18, l. 560. For _with_, Mr Garnett proposed to read _wilt_. + +p. 20, l. 640. For _ney_ (as in MS.) read _neye_, the adverbial form. + +p. 21, l. 660. Perhaps there should be a comma after _Slep_, making the +sense to be _sleep, son_, not _sleep soon_. + +p. 23, l. 746. For _alle_, Mr Garnett proposed to read _shalle_. + +p. 24, l. 784. Perhaps we should, however, read _se-weren_, and the note +on the line (p. 93) may be wrong. See _Weren_ in the Glossary. + +p. 32, l. 1037. For _stareden_ we should perhaps read _stradden_; see +the Glossary. + +p. 33, l. 1080. For _hexte_ we should rather read _hexte_ [_man_]; cf. +l. 199. + +p. 38, l. 1233. Mr Garnett suggested that _cloþen_ may mean _clothes_. +If so, dele the comma after it. + +p. 43, l. 1420. For _wolde_ we should rather read [_he_] _wolde_. + +p. 46, l. 1687. _þarned_ is an error of the scribe for _þoled_; see the +Glossary. + +p. 47, l. 1720. Perhaps we should rather read--_is womman_ [_non_]. + +p. 47, l. 1733. _Bidde_ must mean _offer_, rather than _bid_ (as in the +Glossary); unless it be miswritten for _bide_ = tarry. + +p. 47, l. 1736. The MS. reading _deled_ should be _deyled_; cf. l. 2099. + +p. 76, l. 2670. The MS. reading _blinne_ should clearly be _blunne_. +A few other suggestions of emendations will be found in the Glossarial +Index. See the words _Arwe_, _Birþe_, _Felde_, _Sor_, _Tauhte_, _Þenne_, +_Thit_, _Werewed_, _Wreken_, &c. See also the suggestions in the +preface, pp. xxxix, xli, xlvi, xlvii. [§ 27: Grammatical Forms; § 28: +Metre] + +p. 132, s.v. _Loken_. The reference to the Ancren Riwle is to MS. Titus +D 18, fol. 17; cf. the edition by Morton (Camd. Soc. 1853), p. 56. + +In the Glossary, _Dunten_ is wrongly placed after _Dint_. + +Also, _Greting_ is wrongly placed before _Gres_. + +_Hal_, more probably, is shortened from _half_, like _twel_ from +_twelue_. + +_Shoten_, in l. 1838, means _rushed_, _darted_, _flew_. + +_Teyte_ may mean _lively_. My explanation is not generally accepted. + +_Bise_ occurs in l. 724. + + + + ++Incipit vita Hauelok, quondam Rex Anglie et Denemarchie.+ + + + [Sidenote: [Fol. 204, col. 1.]] + [Sidenote: Hearken!] + +Herknet to me, gode men, + Wiues, maydnes, and alle men, + Of a tale þat ich you wile telle, + Wo so it wile here, and þer-to duelle. 4 + [Sidenote: I will tell you the tale of Havelok, + a wight man at need.] + Þe tale is of hauelok i-maked; + Wil he was litel he yede ful naked: + Hauelok was a ful god gome, + He was ful god in eueri trome, 8 + He was þe wicteste ma{n} at nede, + Þat þurte ride{n} on ani stede. + Þat ye mowen nou y-here, + And þe tale ye mowen y-lere. 12 + At the begi{n}ning[1] of vre tale, + [Sidenote: First, fill me a cup of ale.] + Fil me a cuppe of ful god ale; + And [y] wile dri{n}ken her y spelle, + Þat crist vs shilde alle fro helle! 16 + Krist late vs heu{er}e so for to do, + [Sidenote: Christ grant we may do right!] + Þat we moten comen him to, + And wit[e][2] þat it mote ben so! + _Benedicamus domino!_ 20 + Here y schal bigi{n}nen a rym, + Krist us yeue wel god fyn! + [Sidenote: The rime is about Havelok.] + The rym is maked of hauelok, + A stalworþi man i{n} a flok; 24 + He was þe stalworþeste ma{n} at nede, + Þat may riden on ani stede. + + [Footnote 1: MS. Begi{n}nig.] + + [Footnote 2: _See_ ll. 517, 1316.] + + +[Headnote: THE GOOD KING ATHELWOLD / IS KING OVER ALL ENGLAND.] + + [Sidenote: There was once a king who made good laws.] + +IT was a king bi are dawes, + That i{n} his time were gode lawes 28 + He dede maken, an ful wel holden; + Hym louede yu{n}g, him louede holde, + Erl and barun, dreng and kayn, + Knict, bondema{n}, and swain, 32 + [Sidenote: All loved him.] + Wydues, maydnes, p{re}stes and clerkes, + And al for hise gode werkes. + He louede god with al his micth, + And holi kirke, and soth, ant ricth; 36 + Ricth-wise[3] man he louede alle, + And ou{er}al made hem forto calle; + [Sidenote: He hated traitors and robbers.] + Wreieres and wrobberes made he falle, + And hated he{m} so ma{n} doth galle; 40 + Vtlawes and theues made he bynde, + Alle that he micthe fynde, + And heye he{n}gen on galwe-tre; + For hem ne yede gold ne fe. 44 + [Sidenote: At that time, men could carry gold about safely, + and boldly buy and sell.] + In that time a man þat bore + [Wel fyfty pund, y woth, or more,][4] + [Sidenote: [Fol. 204, col. 2.]] + Of red[e][4*] gold up-on hijs bac, + In a male with or blac, 48 + Ne funde he non that him misseyde, + N[e] with iuele on [him] hond leyde. + Þa{n}ne micthe chapme{n} fare + Þuruth englond wit here ware, 52 + And baldelike beye and selle{n}, + Oueral þer he wilen dwellen, + In gode burwes, and þer-fram + Ne funde{n} he non þat dede he{m} sham, 56 + Þat he ne were{n} sone to sorwe brouth, + An pou{er}e maked, and browt to nouth. + Þa{n}ne was engelond at hayse;[5] + [Sidenote: Then was England at ease.] + Michel was svich a king to preyse, 60 + Þat held so eng[e]lond in grith! + Krist of heuene was him with. + He was engelondes blome; + Was non so bold lond to rome, 64 + Þat durste upon his [menie] bringhe + Hunger, ne here[5*] wicke þinghe. + Hwan he felede hise foos, + [Sidenote: The king made his foes hide themselves.] + He made he{m} lurken, and crepe{n} in wros: 68 + Þe hidde{n} he{m} alle, and helde{n} he{m} stille, + And diden al his herte wille. + Ricth he louede of alle þinge, + To wronge micht hi{m} no man bri{n}ge, 72 + Ne for siluer, ne for gold:-- + So was he his soule[5*] hold. + [Sidenote: He befriended the fatherless.] + To þe faderles was he rath, + Wo so dede hem wrong or lath, 76 + Were it clerc, or were it knicth, + He dede hem sone to haue{n} ricth; + And wo [so] dide{n}[5*] widuen wrong, + Were he neure knicth so strong, 80 + Þat he ne made hi{m} sone kesten, + And in fet{er}es ful faste festen; + [Sidenote: Them who wrought shame he punished.] + And wo so dide maydne shame + Of hire bodi, or brouth i{n} blame, 84 + Bute it were bi hire wille, + He[6] made hi{m} sone of limes spille. + He was te[7] beste knith at nede, + Þat heuere micthe ride{n} on stede, 88 + Or wepne wagge, or folc vt lede; + Of knith ne hauede he neu{er}e drede, + Þat he ne spro{n}g forth so sparke of glede, + [Sidenote: [Fol. 204b, col. 1.]] + And lete him [knawe] of hise hand-dede, 92 + Hw he couþe with wepne spede; + [Sidenote: He made his foes cry for mercy.] + And oþer he refte hi{m} hors or wede, + Or made him sone ha{n}des sprede, + And “louerd, me{r}ci!” loude grede. 96 + He was large, and no wicth gnede; + Hauede he non so god brede, + Ne on his bord no{n} so god shrede, + [Sidenote: He fed the poor.] + Þat he ne wolde þorwit fede, 100 + Poure þat on fote yede; + Forto haue{n} of him þe mede + Þat for vs wolde on rode blede, + Crist, that al kan wisse and rede, 104 + Þat euere woneth i{n} ani þede. + + [Footnote 3: MS. “Rirth wise.”] + + [Footnote 4: Supplied from conjecture. Cf. v. 653, 787. A few + more instances will be found where a similar liberty has been + taken, for the purpose of completing the sense.] + + [Footnote 4*: Changed by editor from “red”: see Emendations.] + + [Footnote 5: MS. athayse.] + + [Footnotes 5* (all from Emendations): + l. 66: “For the MS. reading _here_ Mr Garnett proposed + to read _othere_, which is clearly right.” + l. 74: “For _his soule_ (as in the MS.) we should + probably read _of his soule_.” + l. 79: “For _wo diden_ (as in the MS.) we should read _wo so + dide_.”] + + [Footnote 6: MS. Ke.] + + [Footnote 7: MS. Ke waste.] + + +[Headnote: ATHELWOLD IS ABOUT TO DIE.] + + [Sidenote: His name was Athelwold.] + ¶ Þe ki{n}g was hoten aþelwold, + Of word, of wepne he was bold; + In engeland was neure knicth, 108 + Þat bet{er}e hel þe lond to ricth. + [Sidenote: He had but a young daughter to succeed him.] + Of his bodi ne hauede he eyr + Bute a mayden swiþe fayr, + Þat was so yung þat sho ne couþe 112 + Gon on fote, ne speke wit mouþe. + Þan him tok an iuel strong, + Þat he we[l] wiste, and under-fong, + [Sidenote: He feels he is dying, and says, “I am in trouble + about her.] + Þat his deth was come{n} him on: 116 + And seyde, “c{ri}st, wat shal y don! + Louerd, wat shal me to rede! + I woth ful wel ich haue mi mede. + W shal nou mi douhter fare? 120 + Of hire haue ich michel kare; + Sho is mikel in mi þouth, + Of me self is me rith nowt. + No selcouth is, þou me be wo; 124 + Sho ne ka{n} speke, ne sho kan go. + [Sidenote: Were she but of age, I would not care for myself.”] + Yif scho couþe on horse ride, + And a thousa{n}de me{n} bi hire syde; + And sho were com{en} intil helde, 128 + And engelond sho couþe welde; + And don hem of þar hire were q{ue}me, + An hire bodi couþe yeme; + No wolde me neu{er}e iuele like 132 + Me þou ich were i{n} heuene-riche!” + + +[Headnote: HE SUMMONS HIS LORDS TO WINCHESTER.] + + +Qua{n}ne he hauede þis plei{n}te maked, + Þer-after stro{n}glike [he] quaked. + He sende writes sone on-on 136 + [Sidenote: [Fol. 204b, col. 2.]] + After his erles eu{er}e-ich on; + [Sidenote: He summons his lords, from Roxburgh to Dover.] + And after hise baru{n}s, riche and poure, + Fro rokesburw al i{n}to douere, + That he shulde{n} comen swiþe 140 + Til him, that was ful vnbliþe; + To þat stede þe[r] he lay, + In harde bondes, nicth and day. + He was so faste wit yuel fest, 144 + Þat he ne mouthe haue{n} no rest; + [Sidenote: He can no longer eat.] + He ne mouthe no mete hete, + Ne he ne mouchte no lyþe gete; + Ne non of his iuel þat couþe red; 148 + Of him ne was nouth bute{n} ded. + + + [Sidenote: All sadly obey his summons.] + +Alle þat the writes herden, + Sorful an sori til him ferde{n}; + He wru{n}gen ho{n}des, and wepe{n} sore, 152 + And yerne preyde{n} cristes hore, + Þat he [wolde] t{ur}nen him + Vt of þat yuel þat was so grim! + Þa{n}ne he weren comen alle 156 + [Sidenote: They come to Winchester.] + Bifor þe king i{n}to the halle, + At wi{n}chestre þer he lay: + “Welcome,” he seyde, “be ye ay! + Ful michel þank[e] kan [y] yow 160 + That ye aren come{n} to me now!” + + +[Headnote: ATHELWOLD SELECTS EARL GODRICH / TO BE HIS DAUGHTER’S +GUARDIAN.] + + [Sidenote: They all mourn and lament.] + +Quanne he were{n} alle set, + And þe king aueden i-gret, + He grete{n}, and goulede{n}, and goue{n} he{m} ille, 164 + And he bad he{m} alle ben stille; + And seyde, “þat greti{n}g helpeth nouth, + For al to dede am ich brouth. + Bute nov ye sen þat i shal deye, 168 + [Sidenote: He prays them to tell him who can guard + his daughter best.] + Nou ich wille you alle preye + Of mi douther þat shal be + Yure leuedi after me, + Wo may yeme{n} hire so longe, 172 + Boþen hire and engelonde, + Til þat she [mowe] winan of helde, + And þa she mowe yeme{n} and welde?” + He ansuered{en}, and seyd{en} an-on, 176 + [Sidenote: They answer, “Earl Godrich of Cornwall.”] + Bi crist[7*] and bi seint ion, + That þerl Godrigh of cornwayle + Was trewe ma{n}, wit-ute{n} faile; + Wis ma{n} of red, wis ma{n} of dede, 180 + And me{n} hauede{n} of hi{m} mikel drede. + [Sidenote: [Fol. 205, col. 1.]] + “He may hire alþer-best[e] yeme, + Til þat she mowe wel be{n} quene.” + + [Footnote 7* (from Emendations): + “_Read_-- “Bi [ihesu] crist,” &c, to fill up; but this is + doubtful; see l. 1112.”] + + + [Sidenote: The king sends for chalice and paten, + for the earl to swear upon.] + +Þe king was payed of that Rede; 184 + A wol fair cloth bri{n}ge{n} he dede, + And þer-on leyde þe messebok, + Þe caliz, and þe pateyn ok, + Þe corporaus, þe messe-gere; 188 + Þer-on he garte þe erl suere, + Þat he sholde yemen hire wel, + With-ute{n} lac, wit-ute{n} tel, + Til þat she were tuelf[8] wi{n}ter hold, 192 + And of speche were bold; + And þat she covþe of curteysye, + [Sidenote: His daughter is to marry the best and fairest + man that can be found.] + Gon, and speken of luue-drurye; + And til þat she louen þoucte,[9] 196 + Wom so hire to gode thoucte; + And þat he shulde hire yeue + Þe beste ma{n} that micthe liue, + Þe beste, fayreste, the stra{n}gest ok:-- 200 + Þat dede he him sweren on þe bok. + And þa{n}ne shulde he engelond + Al bitechen in-to hire hond. + + [Footnote 8: _Qu._ tuenti. Cf. v. 259.] + + [Footnote 9: MS. mithe. But see l. 257.] + + + +Quanne[10] þat was sworn on his wise, 204 + [Sidenote: He gives up all England to the earl, + to keep for her.] + Þe ki{n}g dede þe mayde{n} arise, + And þe erl hire bitaucte, + And al the lond he euere awcte; + Engelonde eueri del; 208 + And preide, he shulde yeme hire wel. + + [Footnote 10: MS. Ouanne. And perhaps “his” should have been + “þis.”] + + + +Þe king ne mowcte don no more, + But yerne preyede godes ore; + And dede him hosle{n} wel and shriue, 212 + [Sidenote: The king does penance.] + I woth, fif hu{n}dred siþes and fiue; + An ofte dede him sore swinge, + And wit hondes smerte di{n}ge; + So þat þe blod ran of his fleys, 216 + Þat tendre was, and swiþe neys. + [11]And sone gaf it euere-il del; + He made his quiste swiþe wel. + [Sidenote: He makes his will.] + Wan it was goue{n}, ne micte me{n} finde 220 + So mikel me{n} micte hi{m} in winde, + Of his i{n} arke, ne in chiste, + In engelond þat noma{n} wiste: + For al was youe{n}, faire and wel, 224 + Þat him was leued no catel. + + [Footnote 11: Some lines appear to be wanting here, such as-- + + “He þoucte his quiste þan to make, + His catel muste he wel bitake,” &c.] + + +[Headnote: KING ATHELWOLD DIES.] + + +Þa{n}ne he hauede be{n} ofte swngen, + [Sidenote: [Fol. 205, col. 2.]] + Ofte shriue{n}, and ofte dungen, + “_In man{us} tuas_, lou[{er}]de,” he seyde, 228 + Her þat he þe speche leyde. + [Sidenote: The king dies.] + To ihe{s}u crist bigan to calle, + And deyede biforn his heyme{n} alle. + Þan he was ded, þere micte me{n} se 232 + Þe meste sorwe that micte be; + Þer was sobbing, siking, and sor, + Handes wri{n}gi{n}g, and drawi{n}g bi hor. + [Sidenote: All mourn for him.] + Alle greten swiþe sore, 236 + Riche and poure þat þere wore; + An mikel sorwe hauede{n} alle, + Leuedyes i{n} boure, knictes i{n} halle. + + + [Sidenote: Masses are sung for him.] + +Quan þat sorwe was somdel laten, 240 + And he hauede{n} longe graten, + Belles dede{n} he sone ri{n}gen, + Monkes and p{re}stes messe singen; + And saut{er}es deden he manie reden, 244 + Þat god self shulde his soule lede{n} + Into heuene, biforn his sone, + And þer wit-uten hende wone. + [Sidenote: He is buried and the earl takes possession, + till the maiden is twenty years old.] + Þan he was to þe erþe brouth, 248 + Þe riche erl ne foryat nouth, + Þat he ne dede al engelond + Sone sayse i{n}til his hond; + And in þe castels leth he[12] do 252 + Þe knictes he micte triste{n} to; + And alle þe englis dede he swere[{n}], + Þat he shulde{n} him ghod fey baren; + He yaf alle me{n}, þat god þoucte, 256 + Liuen and deyen til þat him moucte,[13] + Til þat þe kinges dowter wore + Tuenti wint{er} hold, and more. + + [Footnote 12: Sir F. Madden printed “lechhe”; but the MS. may + be read “leth he.”] + + [Footnote 13: So in MS. But the sense requires + + “He gaf alle men, þat god _him_ þouchte, + Liuen and deyen til þat _he_ mouete,” &c.] + + +[Headnote: EARL GODRICH TAKES POSSESSION.] + + +Þa{n}ne he hauede take{n} þis oth 260 + Of erles, baru{n}s, lef and loth, + Of knictes, cherles, fre and þewe, + [Sidenote: Earl Godrich appoints justices, sheriffs, &c.] + Justises dede he maken newe, + Al engelond to faren þorw, 264 + Fro douere i{n}to rokesborw. + Schireues he sette, bedels, and g{re}yues, + Grith-sergea{n}s, wit lo{n}ge gleyues, + To yeme{n} wilde wodes and paþes 268 + Fro wicke me{n}, that wolde don scaþes; + And forto haue{n} alle at his cri, + At his wille, at his merci; + [Sidenote: [Fol. 205b, col. 1.]] + Þat non durste be{n} him ageyn, 272 + Erl ne baron, knict ne sweyn. + [Sidenote: He grows very rich, and all England fears him.] + Wislike for soth, was him wel + Of folc, of wepne, of catel, + Soþlike, in a lite þrawe 276 + Al engelond of him stod [in] awe; + Al engelond was of him adrad,[14] + So his þe beste fro þe gad. + + [Footnote 14: MS. “adred,” altered to “adrad.”] + + + [Sidenote: The maiden grows up very fair.] + +Þe ki{n}ges douther bigan þriue, 280 + And wex þe fayrest wma{n} on liue. + Of alle þewes w[as] she wis, + Þat gode weren, and of pris. + [Sidenote: Her name is Goldborough.] + Þe mayden Goldeboru was hoten; 284 + For hire was mani a ter igroten. + + +[Headnote: GODRICH PLOTS AGAINST HIS WARD.] + + +Quanne the Erl godrich him herde + Of þat mayde{n}, hw we[l s]he ferde; + Hw wis sho was, w chaste, hw fayr, 288 + And þat sho was þe rithe eyr + Of engelond, of al þe rike:-- + [Sidenote: Godrich is vexed.] + Þo bigan godrich to sike, + And seyde, “weþer she sholde be 292 + Quen and leuedi ouer me? + Hweþer sho sholde al engelond, + And me, and mine, haue{n} in hire hond? + Daþeit hwo it hire thaue! 296 + Shal sho it neu{er}e more haue. + [Sidenote: “Shall I give England to a fool, a girl?] + Sholde ic yeue a fol, a þerne, + Engelond, þou sho it yerne? + Daþeit hwo it hire yeue, 300 + Euere more hwil i liue! + Sho is waxen al to prud, + For gode metes, and noble shrud, + Þat hic haue youen hire to offte; 304 + Hic haue yemed hire to softe. + Shal it nouth ben als sho þenkes, + ‘Hope maketh fol ma{n} ofte ble{n}kes.’ + [Sidenote: My son shall have England.”] + Ich haue a sone, a ful fayr knaue, 308 + He shal e{n}gelond al haue. + He shal [ben] ki{n}g, he shal ben sire, + So brouke i eu{er}e mi blake swire!” + + + [Sidenote: He lets his oath go for nothing.] + +Hwan þis t{r}ayson was al þouth, 312 + Of his oth ne was him nouth. + He let his oth al ouer-ga, + Þerof ne yaf he nouth a stra; + But sone dede hire fete, 316 + [Sidenote: [Fol. 205b, col. 2.]] + Er he wolde hete{n} ani mete, + Fro wi{n}chestre þer sho was, + Also a wicke t{r}aytur iudas; + [Sidenote: He sends the maiden to Dover.] + And dede lede{n} hire to doure, 320 + Þat standeth on þe seis oure; + And þerhinne dede hire fede + Pourelike in feble wede, + [Sidenote: He shuts her up in the castle.] + Þe castel dede he yemen so, 324 + Þat non ne micte come{n} hire to + Of hire frend, with [hire] to speke{n}, + Þat heuere micte hire bale wreke{n}. + + + +Of Goldeb{oru} shul we nou laten, 328 + Þat nouth ne bli{n}neth forto g{ra}te{n}, + Þet sho liggeth in p{ri}soun: + [Sidenote: May Christ release Goldborough from prison!] + Ihe{s}u c{r}ist, that lazarun + To liue broucte fro dede bondes, 332 + He lese hire wit hise hondes; + And leue sho mo him y-se + Heye ha{n}gen on galwe tre, + Þat hire haued i{n} sorwe brouth, 336 + So as sho ne misdede nouth! + + +[Headnote: BIRKABEYN IS KING OF DENMARK.] + + +Sawe nou forth i{n} hure spelle; + [Sidenote: At that time there was a king of Denmark, + called Birkabeyn.] + In þat time, so it bifelle, + Was in þe lon of denemark 340 + A riche king, and swyþe stark. + Þ[e] name of him was birkabeyn, + He hauede mani knict and sueyn; + He was fayr man, and wicth, 344 + Of bodi he was þe beste knicth + Þat eu{er}e micte lede{n} uth here, + Or stede onne ride, or ha{n}dlen spere, + [Sidenote: He had three children.] + Þre children he hauede bi his wif, 348 + He hem louede so his lif. + He hauede a sone [and] douhtres two, + Swiþe fayre, as fel it so. + He þat wile non forbere, 352 + Riche ne poure; king ne kaysere, + [Sidenote: Death came upon him.] + Deth him tok þa{n} he bes[t] wolde + Liuen, but hyse dayes were fulde; + Þat he ne moucte no more liue, 356 + For gol ne siluer, ne for no gyue. + + + [Sidenote: He sends for the priests.] + +Hwa{n} he þat wiste, raþe he sende + After p{re}stes fer an hende, + Chanounes gode, and mo{n}kes beþe,[15] 360 + Him for to[16] wisse, and to Rede; + [Sidenote: [Fol. 206, col. 1.]] + Him for to hoslon, an forto shriue, + Hwil his bodi were on liue. + + [Footnote 15: MS. “boþe.” But “beþe” rimes to “Rede”; see + l. 694.] + + [Footnote 16: MS. fort{hm} to, the _hm_ being expuncted.] + + +[Headnote: BIRKABEYN SELECTS EARL GODARD / TO BE GUARDIAN OF HIS THREE +CHILDREN.] + + +Hwa{n} he was hosled and shriue{n}, 364 + His q{ui}ste maked, and for him gyue{n}, + His knictes dede he alle site, + For þorw hem he wolde wite, + [Sidenote: He asks who will guard his children?] + Hwo micte yeme hise childre{n} yunge, 368 + Til þat he kouþen speke{n} wit tu{n}ge; + Speke{n} and gangen, on horse riden, + Knictes an sweynes bi here side{n}. + He spoken þer-offe, and chosen sone 372 + A riche man was under mone, + [Sidenote: He chooses Godard.] + Was þe trewest þat he wende, + Godard, þe kinges oune frende; + And seyden, he Moucthe he{m} best loke, 376 + Yif þat he hem vndertoke, + Til hise sone Mouthe bere + Helm on heued, and lede{n} vt here, + In his hand a sp{e}re stark, 380 + And king ben maked of denemark. + He wel trowede þat he seyde, + And on Godard handes leyde; + [Sidenote: He commends the children to Godard.] + And seyde, “Here bi-teche i þe 384 + Mine childre{n} alle þre, + Al denemark, and al mi fe, + Til þat mi sone of helde be; + [Sidenote: He makes him swear to take care of them, + and to give up the kingdom to the boy.] + But þat ich wille, þat þo[u] suere 388 + On auter, and on messe-gere, + On þe belles þat men ri{n}ges, + On messe-bok þe prest on singes, + Þat þou mine children shalt we[l] yeme, 392 + Þat hire kin be ful wel queme, + Til mi sone mowe ben knicth, + Þanne biteche him þo his Ricth, + Denemark, and þat þertil lo{n}ges, 396 + Casteles and tunes, wodes and wo{n}ges.” + + + [Sidenote: Godard swears to do so.] + +Godard stirt up, an swor al þat + Þe king him bad, and siþen sat + Bi the knictes, þat þer ware, 400 + Þat wepen alle swiþe sare + For þe king þat deide sone: + Ih{es}u c{ri}st, that makede mone + On þe mirke nith to shine, 404 + Wite his soule fro helle pine; + And leue þat it mote wone + [Sidenote: [Fol. 206, col. 2.]] + In heuene-riche with godes sone! + + +[Headnote: GODARD IMPRISONS THE THREE CHILDREN.] + + [Sidenote: Godard shuts up the children, Havelok, + Swanborough, and Helfled, in a castle.] + +Hwan birkabeyn was leyd i{n} g{ra}ue, 408 + Þe erl dede sone take þe knaue, + Hauelok, þat was þe eir, + Swanborow, his sister, helfled, þe toþer,[17] + And in þe castel dede he hem do, 412 + Þer non ne micte hem come{n} to + Of here kyn, þer þei sperd wore;[18] + Þer he greten ofte sore, + Boþe for hunger and for kold, 416 + Or he weren þre wint{er} hold. + Feblelike he gaf he{m} cloþes, + [Sidenote: He cares not for his oaths.] + He ne yaf a note of hise oþes; + He hem [ne] cloþede rith, ne fedde, 420 + Ne hem ne dede richelike be-bedde. + Þa{n}ne godard was sikerlike + [Sidenote: He is a traitor.] + Vnder god þe moste swike, + Þat eure in erþe shaped was, 424 + With-uten on, þe wike Iudas. + [Sidenote: May he be accursed!] + Haue he þe malisun to-day + Of alle þat eure speke{n} may! + Of p{at}riark, and of pope! 428 + And of prest with loke{n} kope! + Of monekes, and h{er}mites boþe![19] + And of þe leue holi rode, + Þat god him-selue ran on blode! 432 + [Sidenote: Cursed be he by north and south!] + Crist warie him with his mouth! + Waried wrthe he of norþ and suth! + Offe alle man, þat speke{n} kunne! + Of c{ri}st, þat made[20] mone and su{n}ne! 436 + Þa{n}ne he hauede of al þe lond + Al þe folk tilled in-til his hond, + And alle haueden swore{n} him oth, + Riche and poure, lef and loth, 440 + Þat he sholden hise wille freme, + [Sidenote: He plots against the children.] + And þat he shulde[{n}] him nouth g{re}me, + He þouthe a ful strong trechery, + A trayson, and a felony, 444 + Of þe children forto make: + Þe deuel of helle him sone take! + + [Footnote 17: Corrupt? Lines 410, 411 do not rime well + together.] + + [Footnote 18: MS. were. But see l. 237.] + + [Footnote 19: Lines 430, 431, 432 rime together. NB. The words + _holi rode_ are written over an erasure.] + + [Footnote 20: MS. mande.] + + + [Sidenote: He goes to the tower where they are.] + +Hwa{n} þat was þouth, onon he ferde + To þe tour þer he wore{n} sp{er}de, 448 + Þer he grete{n} for hunger and cold: + Þe knaue þat was su{m}del bold, + Ka{m} him ageyn, on knes him sette, + [Sidenote: [Fol. 206b, col. 1.]] + And godard ful feyre he fer grette; 452 + And Godard seyde, “Wat is yw? + Hwi grete ye and goulen nou?” + [Sidenote: Havelok says they are hungry.] + “For us hu{n}greth swiþe sore:”-- + Seyden he wolde{n} [haue] more, 456 + “We ne haue to hete, ne we ne haue + Herinne neyther knith ne knaue + Þat yeueth us drinke{n}, ne no mete, + Halue{n}del þat we moun ete. 460 + [Sidenote: “Alas, that we were born!”] + Wo is us þat we weren born! + Weilawei! nis it no korn, + Þat men micte make{n} of bred? + Vs[21] hungreth, we aren ney ded.” 464 + + [Footnote 21: MS. þs; of. l. 455.] + + +[Headnote: GODARD KILLS SWANBORGUGH AND HELFLED.] + + [Sidenote: Godard cares not.] + +Godard herde here wa, + Ther-offe yaf he nouth a stra, + But tok þe maydnes bothe same{n}, + Al-so it were up-on hiis game{n}; 468 + Al-so he wolde with he{m} leyke, + Þat were{n} for hunger g{re}ne and bleike. + [Sidenote: He cuts the throats of the two girls.] + Of boþen he karf on two here þrotes, + And siþen [karf] he{m} alto grotes. 472 + Þer was sorwe, we so it sawe! + Hwan þe children bi þ[e][22] wawe + Leyen and spraulede{n} in þe blod: + [Sidenote: Havelok sees it, and is afraid.] + Hauelok it saw, and þe[r] bi stod. 476 + Ful sori was þat seli knaue, + Mikel dred he mouthe haue, + For at hise herte he saw a knif, + For to reuen him hise lyf. 480 + But þe knaue,[23] þat litel was, + [Sidenote: He begs Godard to spare him, offering + never to oppose him, and to flee from Denmark.] + He knelede bifor þat iudas, + And seyde, “louerd, m{er}ci nov! + Ma{n}rede, louerd, biddi you! 484 + Al denemark i wile you yeue, + To þat forward þu late me liue; + Here hi wile on boke swere, + Þat neure more ne shal i bere 488 + +[Headnote: GODARD SPARES HAVELOK FOR A TIME.] + + Ayen þe, louerd, shel ne spere, + Ne oþer wepne[24] that may you dere. + Louerd, haue m{er}ci of me! + To-day i wile fro denemark fle, 492 + Ne neu{er}e more comen ageyn: + Swere{n} y wole, þat bircabein + Neu{er}e yete me ne gat:”-- + Hwan þe deuel he[r]de[25] that, 496 + [Sidenote: [Fol. 206b, col. 2.]] + Sum-del bigan him forto rewe; + With-drow þe knif, þat was lewe + [Sidenote: Godard has pity on him.] + Of þe seli children blod; + Þer was miracle fair and god! 500 + Þat he þe knaue nouth ne slou, + But fo[r] rewnesse him _w_it-drow.[26] + Of auelok rewede him ful sore, + And þoucte, he wolde þat he ded wore, 504 + But on þat he nouth wit his hend + Ne drepe him nouth,[27] þat fule fend! + Þoucte he, als he him bi stod, + Starinde als he were wod: 508 + [Sidenote: But he reflects that, were Havelok dead, + his children would be the heirs.] + “Yif y late him liues go, + He micte me wirchen michel wo. + Grith ne get y neu{er}e mo, + He may [me] waite{n} for to slo; 512 + And yf he were brouct of liue, + And mine childre{n} wolde{n} thriue, + Lou{er}di{n}ges after me + Of al denemark micten he be. 516 + God it wite, he shal ben ded, + Wile i take{n} non oþer red; + +[Headnote: GODARD TELLS GRIM TO DROWN HAVELOK.] + + [Sidenote: He determines to drown him.] + I shal do caste{n} hi{m} in þe se,[28] + Þer i wile þat he drench[ed] be; 520 + Aboute{n} his hals an anker god, + Þat he ne flete in the flod.” + [Sidenote: He sends for a fisherman, and says to him, + “Grim, I will make you free.] + Þer anon he dede sende + After a fishere þat he wende, 524 + Þat wolde al his wille do, + And sone anon he seyde him to: + “Grim, þou wost þu art mi þral, + Wilte don mi wille al, 528 + Þat i wile bidde{n} þe, + To-morwen [i] shal make{n} þe fre, + And aucte þe yeuen, and riche make, + With-þa{n} þu wilt þis child[e] take, 532 + And lede{n} him with þe to-nicht, + [Sidenote: Throw this child into the sea”.] + Þan þou sest se[29] Mone lith, + In-to þe se, and don him þer-i{n}ne, + Al wile [i] take{n} on me þe sinne.” 536 + [Sidenote: Grim binds the child.] + Grim tok þe child, and bo{n}d hi{m} faste, + Hwil þe bondes micte laste; + Þat weren of ful stro{n}g line:-- + Þo was hauelok i{n} ful stro{n}g pine. 540 + Wiste he neu{er}e her wat was wo: + [Sidenote: [Fol. 207, col. 1.]] + [Sidenote: Christ wreak thee of Godard, Havelok!] + Ih{es}u c{ri}st, þat makede to go + Þe halte, and þe doumbe speke{n}, + Hauelok, þe of Godard wreken! 544 + + [Footnote 22: MS. biþ; of. l. 2470.] + + [Footnote 23: MS. kaue.] + + [Footnote 24: MS. “wepne bere,” where “bere” is redundant.] + + [Footnote 25: MS. hede.] + + [Footnote 26: Printed thus in the former edition:-- “But to + rewnesse him thit drow.” But the MS. has _fo_, not _to_, where + _fo_ is corruptly written for _for_, as in l. 1318; and the + initial letter of the last syllable but one may be read as a + Saxon _w_ (ƿ), not a thorn-letter (þ). It merely repeats the + idea in ll. 497, 498.] + + [Footnote 27: Qu. mouth.] + + [Footnote 28: MS. she.] + + [Footnote 29: _So in_ MS. _Qu._ þe.] + + +[Headnote: HAVELOK IS TAKEN TO GRIM’S COTTAGE.] + + [Sidenote: Grim gags the child.] + +Hwan grim hi{m} hauede faste bou{n}de{n}, + And siþe{n} in an eld cloth wnden + A keuel of clutes, ful, un-wraste, + Þat he [ne] mouthe speke, ne fnaste, 548 + Hwere he wolde him bere or lede. + Hwan he hauede don þat dede, + Hwa{n}[30] þe swike him hauede hethede,[31] + Þat he shulde him forth [lede] 552 + And him drinchen in þe se; + Þat forwarde makeden he. + [Sidenote: He puts him in a bag, and takes him on his back.] + In a poke, ful and blac, + Sone he caste him on his bac, 556 + Ant bar him hom to hise cleue, + And bi-taucte hi{m} dame leue, + [Sidenote: He puts him in charge of his wife.] + And seyde, “wite þou þis knaue, + Al-so thou with[31*] mi lif haue; 560 + I shal dreinche{n} him i{n} þe se, + For him shole we ben maked fre, + Gold haue{n} ynou, and oþer fe; + Þat hauet mi louerd bihote{n} me.” 564 + + [Footnote 30: We should rather read “_þan_.”] + + [Footnote 31: MS. he þede.] + + [Footnote 31* (from Emendations): + “For _with_, Mr Garnett proposed to read _wilt_.”] + + +[Headnote: GRIM SEES THAT HAVELOK IS THE KING’S SON.] + + [Sidenote: She throws down Havelok violently.] + +Hwan dame [leue] herde þat, + Vp she stirte, and nouth ne sat, + And caste þe knaue adoun so harde, + Þat hise croune he þer crakede 568 + Ageyn a gret ston, þer it lay: + Þo hauelok micte sei, “weilawei! + Þat eu{er}e was i kinges bern!” + Þat him ne hauede grip or ern, 572 + Leoun or wlf, wluine or bere, + Or oþer best, þat wolde him dere. + [Sidenote: The child lies there till midnight.] + So lay þat child to middel nicth, + Þat grim bad leue bringe{n} lict, 576 + For to don on [him] his cloþes: + “Ne the{n}keste nowt of mine oþes + Þat ich haue mi louerd swore{n}? + Ne wile i nouth be forloren. 580 + I shal beren him to þe se, + Þou wost þat [bi-]houes me; + And i shal drenchen him þer-inne; + [Sidenote: Grim tells his wife to light the fire and a candle.] + Ris up swiþe, an go þu binne, 584 + And blou þe fir, and lith a kandel:” + Als she shulde hise cloþes handel + [Sidenote: [Fol. 207, col. 2.]] + On forto don, and blawe þe[32] fir, + [Sidenote: She sees a light shining round the lad.] + She saw þer-inne a lith ful shir, 588 + Also brith so it were day, + Aboute þe knaue þer he lay. + Of hise mouth it stod a stem, + Als it were a su{n}nebem; 592 + Also lith was it þer-inne, + So þer brenden cerges i{n}ne:[33] + “Ih{es}u cr{i}st!” wat dame leue, + “Hwat is þat lith in vre cleue! 596 + [Sidenote: She bids Grim come and see.] + Sir[34] up grim, and loke wat it menes, + Hwat is þe lith as þou wenes?” + He stirte{n} boþe up to the knaue, + For ma{n} shal god wille haue, 600 + Vnkeuelede{n} him, and swiþe unbou{n}de{n}, + [Sidenote: They find a mark on his shoulder.] + And sone anon [upon] him fu{n}den, + Als he tirnede{n} of his serk, + On his rith shuldre a kyne merk; 604 + A swiþe brith, a swiþe fair: + “Goddot!” quath grim, “þis [is] ure eir + Þat shal [ben] louerd of denemark, + [Sidenote: Grim says the lad is to be king.] + He shal be{n} king strong and stark; 608 + He shal haue{n} in his hand + A[l] denemark and engeland; + He shal do godard ful wo, + He shal him hangen, or quik flo; 612 + Or he shal him al quic g{ra}ue, + Of him shal he no m{er}ci haue.” + Þus seide grim, and sore gret, + And sone fel him to þe fet, 616 + [Sidenote: He prays Havelok to forgive him.] + And seide, “louerd, haue m{er}ci + Of me, and leue, that is me bi! + Louerd, we aren boþe þine, + Þine cherles, þine hine. 620 + + +[Headnote: GRIM AND HIS WIFE FEED HAVELOK.] + + Lowerd, we shole{n} þe wel fede, + Til þat þu cone ride{n} on stede, + Til þat þu cone ful wel bere + Helm on heued, sheld and sp{er}e. 624 + [Sidenote: Godard shall never know about this.] + He ne shal neuere wite, sikerlike, + Godard, þat fule swike. + Þoru oþer ma{n}, louerd, tha{n} þoru þe, + Sal i neu{er}e frema{n} be. 628 + Þou shalt me, louerd, fre make{n}, + For i shal yemen þe, and wake{n}; + Þoru þe wile i fredom haue:” + [Sidenote: [Fol. 207b, col. 1.]] + Þo was haueloc a bliþe knaue. 632 + [Sidenote: Havelok is glad, and asks for bread.] + He sat him up, and crauede bred. + And seide, “ich am [wel] ney ded, + Hwat for hunger, wat for bondes + Þat þu leidest on min hondes; 636 + And for [þe] keuel at þe laste, + Þat in mi mouth was þrist faste. + y was þe[r]-with so harde prangled, + Þat i was þe[r]-with ney[e][34*] strangled.” 640 + “Wel is me þat þu mayth hete: + [Sidenote: Dame Leve brings him bread and cheese, butter, &c.] + Goddoth!” quath leue, “y shal þe fete + Bred an chese, butere and milk, + Pastees and flaunes, al with suilk 644 + Shole we sone þe wel fede, + Louerd, in þis mikel nede, + Soth it is, þ{a}t me{n} seyt and suereth: + ‘Þer god wile helpe{n}, nouth no dereth.’” 648 + + [Footnote 32: MS. þer.] + + [Footnote 33: _Qu._ þrinne. See ll. 716, 761, 2125.] + + [Footnote 34: _Qu._ stir, _or_ stirt.] + + [Footnote 34*: Changed by editor from “ney”: see Emendations.] + + +[Headnote: GRIM SAYS HE HAS DROWNED HAVELOK.] + + +Þa{n}ne sho hauede brouth þe mete, + [Sidenote: Havelok eats all up greedily.] + Haueloc anon biga{n} to ete + Grundlike, and was ful bliþe; + Couþe he nouth his hunger Miþe. 652 + A lof he het, y woth, and more, + For him hungrede swiþe sore. + Þre dayes þer-biforn, i wene, + Et he no mete, þat was wel sene. 656 + Hwan he hauede eten, and was fed, + [Sidenote: Grim puts him to bed.] + Grim dede make{n} a ful fayr bed; + Vncloþede him, and dede hi{m} þer-i{n}ne, + And seyde, “Slep[34**] sone, with michel wi{n}ne; 660 + Slep wel faste, and dred þe nouth, + Fro sorwe to ioie art þu brouth.” + Sone so it was lith of day, + [Sidenote: Grim tells Godard he has killed Havelok, + and asks for his reward.] + Grim it under-tok þe wey 664 + To þe wicke traitour godard, + Þat was denemak a[35] stiward, + And seyde, “louerd, don ich haue + Þat þou me bede of þe knaue; 668 + He is drenched i{n} þe flod, + Aboute{n} his hals an anker god; + He is witer-like ded, + Eteth he neure more bred; 672 + He liþ drenched in þe se:-- + Yif me gold [and] oþer fe,[36] + Þat y mowe riche be; + And with þi chartre make [me] fre, 676 + [Sidenote: [Fol. 207b, col. 2.]] + For þu ful wel bi-hetet me, + Þa{n}ne i last[e] spak with þe.” + [Sidenote: Godard bids him go home, and remain a thrall; + for he has done wickedly.] + Godard stod, and lokede on him + Þoruth-like, with eyne grim; 680 + And seyde, “Wiltu [nou] ben erl? + Go hom swiþe, fule drit, cherl; + Go heþen, and be euere-more + Þral and cherl, als þou er wore. 684 + Shal [þou] haue non oþer mede; + For litel i [shal][37] do þe lede + To þe galues, so god me rede! + For þou haues don a wicke dede. 688 + Þou Mait stonde{n} her to longe, + Bute þou swiþe eþen gonge.” + + [Footnote 34** (from Emendations): + “Perhaps there should be a comma after _Slep_, making the + sense to be _sleep, son_, not _sleep soon_.”] + + [Footnote 35: _Qu._ Denemarkes.] + + [Footnote 36: Cf. l. 1225.] + + [Footnote 37: The MS. has “ig,” but the _g_ is expuncted; and + it omits “shal.”] + + +[Headnote: GRIM SETS SAIL FOR ENGLAND.] + + [Sidenote: Grim fears that both himself and Havelok + will be hung.] + +Grim thoucte to late þat he ran + Fro þat t{ra}ytour, þa wicke man; 692 + And þoucte, “wat shal me to rede? + Wite he him onliue, he wile beþe + Heye hangen on galwe-tre: + Betere us is of londe to fle, 696 + And berwen boþen ure liues, + And mine childre{n}, and mine wiues.” + [Sidenote: Grim sells his live stock.] + Grim solde sone al his corn, + Shep wit wolle, neth wit horn, 700 + Hors, and swin, [and gate] wit berd, + Þe gees, þe he{n}nes of þe yerd; + Al he solde, þat outh douthe, + That he eure selle moucte, 704 + And al he to þe peni drou: + [Sidenote: He fits up his ship carefully.] + Hise ship he g{re}yþede wel inow, + He dede it tere, an ful wel pike, + Þat it ne doutede sond ne krike; 708 + Þer-inne dide a ful god mast, + Stronge kables, and ful fast, + Ores god, an ful god seyl, + Þer-i{n}ne wantede nouth a nayl, 712 + Þat eu{er}e he sholde þer-i{n}ne do: + [Sidenote: He takes with him his wife, his three sons, + his two daughters, and Havelok.] + Hwan he hauedet greyþed so, + Hauelok þe yunge he dide þer-inne, + Him and his wif, hise sones þrinne, 716 + And hise two doutres, þat faire wore, + And sone dede he leyn in an ore, + And drou him to þe heye se, + Þere he mith alþer-best[e] fle. 720 + Fro londe wore{n} he bote a mile, + [Sidenote: [Fol. 208, col. 1.]] + Ne were neuere but ane hwile, + [Sidenote: A north wind arises, called the _bise_, + and drives them to England.] + Þat it ne bigan a wind to Rise + Out of þe north, me{n} calleth ‘bise’ 724 + And drof he{m} intil engelond, + Þat al was siþen in his hond, + His, þat hauelok was þe name; + But or he hauede michel shame, 728 + Michel sorwe, and michel tene, + And þrie he gat it al bidene; + Als ye shule{n} nou forthwar lere,[38] + Yf that ye wile{n} þer-to here. 732 + + [Footnote 38: MS. here; _read_ lere. Cf. ll. 12, 1640.] + + +[Headnote: GRIM FOUNDS THE TOWN OF GRIMSBY.] + + [Sidenote: Grim went up the Humber to Lindesey.] + +IN humb{er} grim biga{n} to lende, + In lindeseye, Rith at þe north ende. + Þer sat is ship up-on þe sond, + But grim it drou up to þe lond; 736 + And þere he made a litel cote, + To him and to hise flote. + Biga{n} he þere for to erþe, + A litel hus to maken of erþe, 740 + [Sidenote: There he built a house.] + So þat he wel þore were + Of here herboru h{er}borwed þere; + And for þat grim þat place aute, + Þe stede of grim þe name laute; 744 + [Sidenote: That place was called Grimsby, after Grim.] + So þat [hit] grimesbi calleth alle + Þat þer-offe speken alle,[38*] + And so shule{n} me{n} calle{n} it ay, + Bituene þis and domesday. 748 + + [Footnote 38* (from Emendations): + “For _alle_, Mr Garnett proposed to read _shalle_.”] + + +[Headnote: HAVELOK DOES NOT LIKE BEING IDLE.] + + [Sidenote: Grim was a good fisherman.] + +Grim was fishere swiþe god, + And mikel couþe on the flod; + Mani god fish þer-inne he tok, + Boþe with neth, and with hok. 752 + [Sidenote: He caught sturgeons, turbot, &c.] + He tok þe sturgiun, and þe qual, + And þe turbut, and lax with-al, + He tok þe sele, and þe hwel; + He spedde ofte swiþe wel: 756 + Keling he tok, and tu{m}berel, + Hering, and þe makerel, + Þe Butte, þe schulle, þe þornebake: + [Sidenote: He had four panniers made for himself and his sons.] + Gode paniers dede he make 760 + Ontil him, and oþer þrinne, + Til hise sones to bere{n} fish inne, + Vp o-londe to selle and fonge; + Forbar he neyþe[r] tun, ne gronge, 764 + Þat he ne to-yede with his ware; + Kam he neu{er}e hom hand-bare, + [Sidenote: [Fol. 208, col. 2.]] + Þat he ne broucte bred and sowel, + In his shirte, or in his couel; 768 + In his poke benes and korn:-- + Hise swink ne hauede he nowt forlorn. + [Sidenote: He used to sell lampreys at Lincoln, + and bring home simnels, meal, meat, and hemp.] + And hwan he tok þe grete laumprei, + Ful we[l] he couþe þe rithe wei 772 + To lincolne, þe gode boru; + Ofte he yede it þoru and þoru, + Til he hauede wol[39] wel sold, + And þer-fore þe penies told. 776 + Þa{n}ne he com, þe{n}ne he were bliþe, + For hom he brouthe fele siþe + Wastels, simenels with þe horn, + Hise pokes fulle of mele an korn, 780 + Netes flesh, shepes, and swines, + And hemp to make{n} of gode lines; + And stronge ropes to hise netes, + In þe se were{n} he ofte setes.[40, 40*] 784 + + [Footnote 39: _Qu._ ful _or_ al.] + + [Footnote 40: _Sic_ in MS.] + + [Footnote 40* (from Emendations: see also Errata) + “Perhaps we should, however, read _se-weren_, and the note + on the line may be wrong. See _Weren_ in the Glossary.”] + + +[Headnote: HAVELOK SELLS FISH LIKE THE BEST.] + + [Sidenote: Thus they lived for 12 years.] + +Þus-gate grim him fayre ledde. + Him and his genge wel he fedde + Wel twelf wint{er}, oþer more: + Hauelok was war þat gri{m} swa{n}k sore 788 + [Sidenote: Havelok thinks he eats too much to be idle.] + For his mete, and he lay at hom: + Thouthe, “ich am nou no grom; + Ich am wel waxe{n}, and wel may ete{n} + More þa{n} euere Grim may geten. 792 + Ich ete more, bi god on liue, + Þan grim an hise children fiue! + It ne may nouth ben þus lo{n}ge, + Goddot! y wile with þe gange, 796 + For to leren su{m} god to gete; + Swinken ich wolde for mi mete. + [Sidenote: It is no shame for a man to work.] + It is no shame forto swinken; + Þe ma{n} þat may wel ete{n} and dri{n}ke{n}, 800 + Þat nouth ne haue but on swi{n}k lo{n}g, + To ligge{n} at hom it is ful strong. + God yelde him þer i ne[41] may, + Þat haueth me fed to þis day! 804 + [Sidenote: He determines to carry about panniers like the rest.] + Gladlike i wile þe paniers bere; + Ich woth, ne shal it me nouth dere, + Þey þer be i{n}ne a birþene gret, + Al so heui als a neth. 808 + Shal ich neuere lengere dwelle, + To morwe{n} shal ich forth pelle.” + + [Footnote 41: MS. ine.] + + +[Headnote: HAVELOK GOES TO LINCOLN TO GET WORK.] + + +On þe morwen, hwa{n} it was day, + [Sidenote: [Fol. 208b, col. 1.]] + He stirt up sone, and nouth ne lay; 812 + [Sidenote: He carries a pannier full of fish, and sells them.] + And cast a panier on his bac, + With fish giueled als a stac; + Also michel he bar him one, + So he foure, bi mine mone![42] 816 + Wel he it bar, and solde it wel, + Þe siluer he brouthe hom il del; + Al þat he þer-fore tok + With-held he nouth a ferþinges nok. 820 + So yede he forth ilke day, + Þat he neuere at home lay. + So wolde he his mester lere; + [Sidenote: A great dearth arises.] + Bifel it so a strong dere 824 + Bigan to rise of korn of bred, + That grim ne couþe no god red, + Hw he sholde his meine fede; + Of hauelok hauede he michel drede: 828 + For he was strong, and wel mouthe ete + More þa{n}ne heuere mouthe he gete; + [Sidenote: They have not enough to eat.] + Ne he ne mouthe on þe se take + Neyþer le{n}ge, ne þorn[e]bake,[43] 832 + Ne non oþer fish þat douthe + His meyne fede{n} with he[r][44] mouthe. + [Sidenote: Grim is sorry for Havelok.] + Of hauelok he hauede kare, + Hwilgat þat he micthe fare; 836 + Of his childre{n} was him nouth, + On hauelok was al hise þouth, + And seyde, “hauelok, dere sone, + I wene that we deye mone 840 + For hu{n}ger, þis dere is so strong, + And hure mete is uten long. + [Sidenote: He advises him to go to Lincoln, and work there.] + Betere is þat þu he{n}ne gonge, + Þan þu here dwelle longe; 844 + Heþen þow mayt ga{n}ge{n} to late; + Thou canst ful wel þe ricthe gate + To lincolne, þe gode borw, + Þou hauest it gon ful ofte þoru; 848 + Of me ne is me nouth a slo, + Bet{er}e is þat þu þider go, + For þer is mani god ma{n} inne, + Þer þou mayt þi mete winne. 852 + But wo is me! þou art so naked, + [Sidenote: He makes him a coat of an old sail.] + Of mi seyl y wolde þe were maked + A cloth, þou mithest i{n}ne gongen, + Sone, no cold þat þu ne fonge.” 856 + + +[Headnote: HE HELPS THE EARL OF CORNWALL’S COOK.] + + [Sidenote: [Fol. 208b. col. 2.]] + +He tok þe sh[e]res[45] of þe nayl, + And made him a couel of þe sayl, + And hauelok dide it sone on; + Hauede neyþer hosen ne shon, 860 + Ne none kines oþe[r] wede; + [Sidenote: Havelok goes to Lincoln barefoot.] + To lincolne barfot he yede. + Hwan he kam þe[r], he was ful wil, + Ne hauede he no frend to gange{n} til; 864 + [Sidenote: He fasts for two days.] + Two dayes þer fastinde he yede, + Þat non for his werk wolde him fede; + Þe þridde day herde he calle: + “Bermen, bermen, hider forth alle!” 868 + [Poure þat on fote yede][46] + Sprongen forth so sparke on glede. + [Sidenote: Havelok becomes the earl’s cook’s porter.] + Hauelok shof dun nyne or ten, + Rith amidewarde þe fen, 872 + And stirte forth to þe kok, + [Þer the herles mete he tok,] + Þat he bouthe at þe brigge: + Þe berme{n} let he alle ligge, 876 + And bar þe mete to þe castel, + [Sidenote: He gets a farthing cake.] + And gat him þere a ferþing wastel. + + [Footnote 42: Cf. ll. 1711, 1972.] + + [Footnote 43: See l. 759.] + + [Footnote 44: _Qu._ her, _i.e._ their. MS. he.] + + [Footnote 45: _Qu._ sheres. MS. shres.] + + [Footnote 46: Cf. ll. 91, 101. Here and below an additional + line seems requisite.] + + +[Headnote: HAVELOK IS HIRED BY THE EARL’S COOK.] + + [Sidenote: Another day, he watches the earl’s cook, + who calls for a porter.] + +Þet oþer day kepte he ok + Swiþe yerne þe erles kok, 880 + Til þat he say him on þe b[r]igge, + And bi him mani fishes ligge. + Þe herles mete hauede he bouth + Of cornwalie, and kalde oft: 884 + “Berme{n}, bermen, hider swiþe!” + Hauelok it herde, and was ful bliþe, + Þat he herde “berme{n}” calle; + Alle made he hem dun falle 888 + [Sidenote: Havelok upsets 16 lads.] + Þat in his gate yeden and stode, + Wel sixtene laddes gode. + Als he lep þe kok [vn-]til, + He shof hem alle upon an hyl; 892 + Astirte til him with his rippe, + [Sidenote: He catches up the cook’s fish, and carries them + to the castle.] + And bigan þe fish to kippe. + He bar up wel a carte lode + Of segges, laxes, of playces brode, 896 + Of grete laumprees, and of eles; + Sparede he neyþer tos ne heles, + Til þat he to þe castel cam, + Þat me{n} fro him his birþene nam. 900 + Þan me{n} hauede{n} holpe{n} him doun + With þe birþene of his croun, + Þe kok [bi] stod, and on him low, + [Sidenote: [Fol. 209, col. 1.]] + And þoute him stalworþe ma{n} ynow, 904 + And seyde, “wiltu ben wit me? + [Sidenote: The cook takes him into his service.] + Gladlike wile ich feden þe; + Wel is set þe mete þu etes, + And þe hire þat þu getes.” 908 + + +[Headnote: HE CUTS WOOD, AND DRAWS WATER.] + + +“Goddot!”[47] quoth he, “leue sire, + Bidde ich you non oþer hire; + But yeueþ me inow to ete, + [Sidenote: Havelok tells the cook what he can do.] + Fir and wat{er} y wile yow fete, 912 + Þe fir blowe, an ful wele make{n}; + Stickes kan ich breken and krake{n}, + And kindlen ful wel a fyr, + And make{n} it to brennen shir; 916 + Ful wel kan ich cleue{n} shides, + Eles to-turnen[48] of here hides; + Ful wel kan ich dishes swilen, + And don al þat ye eu{er}e wilen.” 920 + [Sidenote: The cook is content to hire him.] + Quoth þe kok, “wile i no more; + Go þu yunder, and sit þore, + And y shal yeue þe ful fair bred, + And make þe broys i{n} þe led. 924 + Sit now doun and et ful yerne: + Daþeit hwo þe mete werne!” + + [Footnote 47: Soddot, MS.] + + [Footnote 48: MS. to turuen; _but the _u_ and _n_ are almost + indistinguishable._ Cf. l. 603; and _William of Palerne_, + 2590.] + + +[Headnote: HAVELOK GROWS VERY TALL AND STRONG.] + + [Sidenote: Havelok eats a good dinner.] + +Hauelok sette him dun anon, + Also stille als a ston, 928 + Til he hauede ful wel eten; + Þo hauede hauelok fayre gete{n}. + [Sidenote: He fills a large tub with water for the kitchen.] + Hwa{n} he hauede ete{n} inow, + He ka{m} to þe welle, wat{er} up-drow, 932 + And filde þe[r] a michel so; + Bad he non ageyn him go, + But bi-twen his hondes he bar it in, + A[l] him one to þe kichin. 936 + Bad he non him wat{er} to fete, + Ne fro b[r]igge to bere þe mete, + He bar þe turues, he bar þe star, + Þe wode fro the brigge he bar; 940 + [Sidenote: He draws water, and cuts wood.] + Al that euere shulde{n} he nytte, + Al he drow, and al he citte; + Wolde he neu{er}e haue{n} rest, + More þa{n} he were a best. 944 + [Sidenote: He is always laughing and blithe.] + Of alle me{n} was he mest meke, + Lauhwinde ay, and bliþe of speke; + Eu{er}e he was glad and bliþe, + His sorwe he couþe ful wel miþe. 948 + [Sidenote: [Fol. 209, col. 2.]] + It ne was non so litel knaue, + For to leyken, ne forto plawe, + Þat he ne wo[l]de with him pleye: + Þe children that y[e]de{n} in þe weie 952 + [Sidenote: Children play with him.] + Of him he deden al he[r] wille, + And with him leykeden here fille. + Him louede{n} alle, stille and bolde, + Knictes, childre{n}, yunge and holde; 956 + [Sidenote: All like him.] + Alle him louede{n} þat him sowen, + Boþen heyemen and lowe. + Of him ful wide þe word sprong, + Hw he was mike, hw he was stro{n}g, 960 + Hw fayr ma{n} god him hauede maked, + [Sidenote: He has nothing to wear but the old sail.] + But on þat he was almest naked: + For he ne hauede nouth to shride, + But a kouel ful unride, 964 + Þat [was] ful, and swiþe wicke, + Was it nouth worth a fir sticke. + [Sidenote: The cook buys him new clothes.] + Þe cok biga{n} of him to rewe, + And bouthe him cloþes, al spa{n}newe; 968 + He bouthe him boþe hose{n} and shon, + And sone dide him dones on. + [Sidenote: He looks very well in his new suit.] + Hwan he was cloþed, osed, and shod, + Was no{n} so fayr under god, 972 + Þat euere yete in erþe were, + Non þat eu{er}e moder bere; + It was neu{er}e ma{n} þat yemede + In kinneriche, þat so wel semede 976 + King or cayser forto be, + Þan he was shrid, so semede he; + [Sidenote: Havelok is the tallest man in Lincoln, + and the strongest in England.] + For þa{n}ne he weren alle same{n} + At lincolne, at þe game{n}, 980 + And þe erles men woren al þore, + Þan was hauelok bi þe shuldre{n} more + Þan þe meste þat þer kam: + In armes him noma{n} [ne] nam, 984 + Þat he doune sone ne caste; + Hauelok stod ouer he{m} als a mast. + Als he was heie, al[49] he was long, + He was boþe stark and strong; 988 + In engelond [was] non hise per + Of strengþe þat eu{er}e ka{m} him ner. + Als he was strong, so was he softe; + +[Headnote: HE SEES SOME MEN “PUTTING THE STONE.”] + + Þey a man him misdede ofte, 992 + Neuere more he him misdede, + [Sidenote: [Fol. 209b, col. 1.]] + Ne hond on him with yuele leyde. + [Sidenote: He is good-natured and pure.] + Of bodi was he mayden clene, + Neuere yete in game, ne in grene, 996 + Þit[50] hire ne wolde leyke ne lye, + No more þan it were a strie. + In þat time al hengelond + [Sidenote: Godrich summons a parliament at Lincoln.] + Þerl Godrich hauede in his hond, 1000 + And he gart kome{n} i{n}to þe tun + Mani erl, and mani barun; + And alle [men] þat liues were + In eng[e]lond, þa{n}ne wer þere, 1004 + Þat þey haueden after sent, + To ben þer at þe parleme{n}t. + [Sidenote: Some champions begin to contend in games.] + With hem com mani cha{n}bioun, + Mani with ladde, blac and brown; 1008 + An fel it so, þat yunge men, + Wel aboute{n} nine or ten, + Bigu{n}ne{n} þe[r] for to layke: + Þider kome{n} bothe stro{n}ge and wayke; 1012 + Þider kome{n} lesse and more, + Þat in þe borw þa{n}ne were{n} þore; + [Sidenote: Strong lads and bondmen are there.] + Chaunpiouns, and starke laddes, + Bondeme{n} with here gaddes, 1016 + Als he comen fro þe plow; + Þere was sembling i-now! + For it ne was non horse-knaue, + Þo þei sholden in honde haue, 1020 + Þat he ne kam þider, þe leyk to se: + Biforn here fet þa{n}ne lay a tre, + [Sidenote: They begin to “put the stone.”] + And putte{n}[51] with a mikel ston + Þe starke laddes, ful god won. 1024 + +[Headnote: HE “PUTS THE STONE” FURTHER THAN ANY.] + + Þe ston was mikel, and ek greth, + And al so heui so a neth; + Grund stalwrthe ma{n} he sholde be, + Þat mouthe lifte{n} it to his kne; 1028 + [Sidenote: Few can lift it.] + Was þer neyþer clerc, ne prest, + Þat mithe liften it to his brest: + Þerwit putte{n} the chaunpiouns, + Þat þider come{n} with þe barouns. 1032 + Hwo so mithe putten þore + Biforn a-noþer, an inch or more, + Wore ye yung, [or] wore he hold, + He was for a ke{m}pe told. 1036 + [Sidenote: Whilst this is going on, Havelok looks on at them.] + Al-so þe[i] stoden, an ofte starede{n},[51*] + Þe chaunpiouns, and ek the ladde{n}, + [Sidenote: [Fol. 209b, col. 2.]] + And he maden mikel strout + Abouten þe alþerbeste but, 1040 + Hauelok stod, and lokede þer-til; + And of putti{n}gge he was ful wil, + For neu{er}e yete ne saw he or + Putte{n} the stone, or þa{n}ne þor. 1044 + [Sidenote: His master tells him to try.] + Hise mayst{er} bad him gon þer-to, + Als he couþe þer-with do. + Þo hise mayst{er} it him bad, + He was of him sore adrad; 1048 + Þerto he stirte sone anon, + And kipte up þat heui ston, + Þat he sholde puten wiþe; + [Sidenote: He puts the stone 12 feet beyond the rest.] + He putte at þe firste siþe, 1052 + Ouer alle þat þer wore, + Twel fote, and su{m}del more. + Þe chaunpiouns þat [þat] put sowen, + Shuldrede{n} he ilc oþer, and lowen; 1056 + Wolde{n} he no more to putti{n}g gange, + But seyde, “_w_e[52] dwelle{n} her to longe!” + +[Headnote: GODRICH HEARS OF HAVELOK’S STRENGTH.] + + [Sidenote: This feat is everywhere talked about.] + Þis selkouth mithe nouth be{n} hyd, + Ful sone it was ful loude kid 1060 + Of hauelok, hw he warp þe ston + Ouer þe laddes euerilkon; + Hw he was fayr, hw he was long, + Hw he was with, hw he was stro{n}g; 1064 + Þoruth england yede þe speke,[53] + Hw he was strong, and ek meke; + In the castel, up in þe halle, + Þe knithes speke{n} þer-of alle, 1068 + [Sidenote: Godrich hears the knights talking of it.] + So that Godrich it herde wel + Þe[r] speke{n} of hauelok, eueri del, + Hw he was stro{n}g man and hey, + Hw he was stro{n}g and ek fri, 1072 + And þouthte godrich, “þoru þis knaue + Shal ich engelond al haue, + And mi sone after me; + For so i wile þat it be. 1076 + [Sidenote: “Athelwold said I was to marry his daughter + to the strongest man alive.] + The king aþelwald me dide swere + Vpon al þe messe-gere, + Þat y shu[l]de his douthe[r] yeue + Þe hexte [man][53*] þat mithe liue, 1080 + Þe beste, þe fairest, þe stra{n}gest ok; + Þat gart he me swere{n} on þe bok. + Hwere mithe i finden ani so hey + [Sidenote: [Fol. 210, col. 1.]] + So hauelok is, or so sley? 1084 + Þou y southe heþen in-to ynde, + So fayr, so strong, ne mithe y finde. + Hauelok is þat ilke knaue, + Þat shal goldeborw haue.” 1088 + [Sidenote: That is Havelok.”] + Þis þouthe [he] with trechery, + With t{ra}ysoun, and wit felony; + For he wende, þat hauelok wore + Sum cherles sone, and no more; 1092 + Ne shulde he haue{n} of engellond + Onlepi forw in his hond, + With hire, þat was þerof eyr, + Þat boþe was god and swiþe fair. 1096 + [Sidenote: He thought Havelok was only a thrall.] + He wende, þat hauelok wer a þral, + Þer-þoru he we{n}de haue{n} al + In engelond, þat hire rith was; + He was werse þan sathanas, 1100 + Þat ih{es}u c{ri}st in erþe shop:[54] + Hanged worþe he on an hok! + + [Footnote 49: _Qu._ so; see l. 991.] + + [Footnote 50: _Qu._ wit = with: miswritten owing to confusion + of þ with ƿ (_w_)?] + + [Footnote 51: MS. pulten. But see ll. 1031, 1033, 1044, 1051, + &c.] + + [Footnote 51* (from Emendations): + “For _stareden_ we should perhaps read _stradden_; see the + Glossary.”] + + [Footnote 52: In the former edition-- “ye”. But the _y_ is not + dotted, and it may be “ƿe.”] + + [Footnote 53: MS. speche. Read “speke,” as in l. 946.] + + [Footnote 53*: Word added by editor: see Emendations.] + + [Footnote 54: _Qu._ shok _or_ strok.] + + +[Headnote: GOLDBOROUGH IS SENT FOR TO LINCOLN.] + + [Sidenote: He sends for Goldborough to Lincoln.] + +After goldebo[r]w sone he sende, + Þat was boþe fayr and hende, 1104 + And dide hire to lincolne bringe, + Belles dede he ageyn hire ringen, + And ioie he made hire swiþe mikel, + But neþeles he was ful swikel. 1108 + He seyde, þat he sholde hire yeue + Þe fayrest ma{n} that mithe liue. + [Sidenote: She says she will marry none but a king.] + She answerede, and seyde anon, + Bi crist, and bi seint iohan, 1112 + Þat hire sholde noma{n} wedde, + Ne noma{n} bringen to hire[55] bedde, + But he were king, or ki{n}ges eyr, + Were he neuere ma{n} so fayr. 1116 + + [Footnote 55: _Qu._ hise.] + + +[Headnote: GODRICH ASKS HAVELOK IF HE WILL MARRY.] + + [Sidenote: Godrich is wrath at this.] + +Godrich þe erl was swiþe wroth, + Þat she swore swilk an oth, + And seyde, “hwor þou wilt be + Quen and leuedi ouer me? 1120 + Þou shalt haue{n} a gadeling, + Ne shalt þou haue{n} non oþer ki{n}g; + [Sidenote: He says she shall marry his cook’s servant.] + Þe shal spusen mi cokes knaue, + Ne shalt þou non oþer lou{er}d haue. 1124 + Daþeit þat þe oþer yeue + Eu{er}e more hwil i liue! + To-mo[r]we ye shole{n} ben weddeth, + And, maugre þin, to-gidere beddeth.” 1128 + [Sidenote: [Fol. 210, col. 2.]] + Goldeborw gret, and _w_as[56] hire ille, + She wolde ben ded bi hire wille. + On the morwen, hwa{n} day was spru{n}ge{n}, + And day-belle at kirke rungen, 1132 + [Sidenote: He sends next day for Havelok, and says, + “Master, wilt wive?”] + After hauelok sente þat iudas, + Þat werse was þa{n}ne sathanas: + And seyde, “mayst{er}, wilte wif?” + “Nay,” quoth, hauelok, “bi my lif! 1136 + Hwat sholde ich with wif do? + I ne may hire fede, ne cloþe, ne sho. + Wider sholde ich wimma{n} bringe? + [Sidenote: Havelok refuses.] + I ne haue none kines þinge. 1140 + I ne haue hws, y ne haue cote, + Ne i ne[57] haue stikke, y ne haue sprote, + I ne haue neyþer bred ne sowel, + Ne cloth, but of an hold with couel. 1144 + Þis cloþes, þat ich onne haue, + Aren þe kokes, and ich his knaue.” + [Sidenote: Godrich beats him, and threatens to hang him.] + Godrich stirt up, and on him dong + [With dintes swiþe hard and strong,] 1148 + And seyde, “But þou hire take, + Þat y wole yeue{n} þe to make, + I shal hange{n} þe ful heye, + Or y shal þristen vth þin heie.” 1152 + Hauelok was one, and was odrat, + [Sidenote: Havelok consents.] + And grauntede hi{m} al þat he bad. + Þo sende he after hire sone, + Þe fayrest wymman under mone; 1156 + And seyde til hire, [false][58] and slike, + [Sidenote: Godrich next threatens Goldborough.] + Þat wicke þral, þat foule swike: + “But þu þis ma{n} under-stonde, + I shal fleme{n} þe of londe; 1160 + Or þou shal to þe galwes re{n}ne, + And þer þou shalt i{n} a fir bre{n}ne.” + Sho was adrad, for he so þrette, + And durste nouth þe spusi{n}g lette, 1164 + But þey hire likede swiþe ille, + [Sidenote: She consents, thinking it is God’s will.] + Þouthe it was godes wille: + God, þat makes to growe{n} þe korn, + Formede hire wi{m}ma{n} to be born. 1168 + Hwan he hauede don him for drede, + Þat he sholde hire spuse{n}, and fede, + And þat she sholde til him holde, + [Sidenote: A dowry is given her.] + Þer were{n} penies þicke tolde, 1172 + Mikel plente upon þe bok: + He ys hire yaf, and she as tok. + [Sidenote: [Fol. 210b, col. 1.]] + He weren spused fayre and wel, + Þe messe he deden eueridel, 1176 + Þat fel to spusing, and god cle[r]k, + [Sidenote: The archbishop of York marries them.] + Þe erchebishop uth of yerk, + Þat kam to þe p{ar}leme{n}t, + Als god him hauede þider sent. 1180 + + [Footnote 56: The first letter of this word is either _þ_ or a + Saxon _w_ (ƿ). I read it as the latter.] + + [Footnote 57: MS. ine.] + + [Footnote 58: Both sense and metre require this word.] + + +[Headnote: HAVELOK RESOLVES TO GO TO GRIMSBY.] + + +Hwan he were{n} togydere i{n} godes lawe, + Þat þe folc ful wel it sawe, + He ne wiste{n} hwat he mouthe{n}, + [Sidenote: Havelok knows not what to do.] + Ne he ne wiste{n} wat hem douthe; 1184 + Þer to dwelle{n}, or þe{n}ne to gonge, + Þer ne wolde{n} he dwelle{n} lo{n}ge, + For he wiste{n}, and ful wel sawe, + Þat godrich he{m} hatede, þe deuel hi{m} hawe! 1188 + And yf he dwellede{n} þer outh-- + Þat fel hauelok ful wel on þouth-- + Men sholde don his leman shame, + Or elles bringe{n} i{n} wicke blame. 1192 + Þat were him leuere to ben ded, + [Sidenote: He determines to go to Grimsby.] + For-þi he toke{n} anoþer red, + +[Headnote: GRIM’S CHILDREN WELCOME HAVELOK.] + + Þat þei sholden þenne fle + Til grim, and til hise sones þre; 1196 + Þer we{n}den he alþer-best to spede, + Hem forto cloþe, and for to fede. + Þe lond he token under fote, + Ne wisten he non oþer bote, 1200 + And helden ay the riþe [sti][59] + Til he kome{n} to grimesby. + [Sidenote: He finds that Grim is dead, but his five children + are alive.] + Þanne he kome{n} þere, þanne was gri{m} ded, + Of him ne hauede{n} he no red; 1204 + But hise childre{n} alle fyue + Alle weren yet on liue; + Þat ful fayre ayen he{m} neme, + Hwan he wiste{n} þat he keme, 1208 + And made{n} ioie swiþe mikel, + Ne were{n} he neuere ayen he{m} fikel. + On knes ful fayre he hem setten, + And hauelok swiþe fayre grette{n}, 1212 + [Sidenote: They welcome Havelok very kindly.] + And seyde{n}, “welkome, louerd dere! + And welkome be þi fayre fere! + Blessed be þat ilke þrawe, + Þat þou hire toke in godes lawe! 1216 + Wel is hus we sen þe on lyue, + Þou mithe us boþe selle and yeue; + Þou mayt us boþe yeue and selle, + [Sidenote: [Fol. 210b, col. 2.]] + With þat þou wilt here dwelle. 1220 + We haue{n}, louerd, alle gode, + [Sidenote: They beg him to stay with them.] + Hors, and neth, and ship on flode, + Gold, and siluer, and michel auchte, + Þat grim ute fader us bitawchte. 1224 + Gold, and siluer, and oþer fe + Bad he us bi-taken þe. + We hauen shep, we hauen swin, + Bi-leue her, louerd, and al be þin; 1228 + [Sidenote: They will serve him and his wife.] + Þo shalt ben louerd, þou shalt be{n} syre, + And we sholen s{er}ue{n} þe and hire; + And hure sistres shole{n} do + Al that euere biddes sho; 1232 + He shole{n} hire cloþe{n},[59*] washe{n}, and wri{n}ge{n}, + And to hondes water bringe{n}; + He sholen bedde{n} hire and þe, + For leuedi wile we þat she be.” 1236 + Hwan he þis ioie hauede{n} maked, + Sithen stikes broke{n} and kraked, + [Sidenote: They make a fire, and spare neither goose nor hen.] + And þe fir brouth on bre{n}ne, + Ne was þer spared gos ne he{n}ne, 1240 + Ne þe hende, ne þe drake, + Mete he deden plente make; + Ne wantede þere no god mete, + [Sidenote: They fetch wine and ale.] + Wyn and ale dede{n} he fete, 1244 + And made[n] hem [ful] glade and bliþe, + Wesseyl ledde{n} he fele siþe. + + [Footnote 59: A word is here erased; but see l. 2618.] + + [Footnote 59* (from Emendations): + “Mr Garnett suggested that _cloþen_ may mean _clothes_. If so, + dele the comma after it.”] + + +[Headnote: GOLDBOROUGH SEES THE WONDROUS LIGHT.] + + [Sidenote: At night Goldborough lies down sorrowful.] + +On þe nith, als goldeborw lay, + Sory and sorwful was she ay, 1248 + For she wende she were bi-swike, + Þat sh[e w]ere[60] yeue{n} un-kyndelike. + [Sidenote: She sees a great light.] + O nith saw she þer-inne a lith, + A swiþe fayr, a swiþe bryth, 1252 + Al so brith, al so shir, + So it were a blase of fir. + She lokede no[r]þ,[61] and ek south, + [Sidenote: It comes out of Havelok’s mouth.] + And saw it come{n} ut of his mouth, 1256 + Þat lay bi hire in þe bed: + No ferlike þou she were adred. + Þouthe she, “wat may this bi-mene! + He beth heyma{n} yet, als y wene, 1260 + He beth heyma{n} er he be ded:”-- + [Sidenote: She sees a red cross on his shoulder, + and hears an angel, saying,] + On hise shuldre, of gold red + She saw a swiþe noble croiz, + Of an angel she herde a uoyz: 1264 + + [Footnote 60: MS. shere, _evidently miswritten for_ she were.] + + [Footnote 61: MS. noþ.] + + + [Sidenote: [Fol. 211, col. 1.]] + [Sidenote: “Goldborough, be not sad. Havelok shall be a king, + and thou, queen.”] + +“Goldeborw, lat þi sorwe be, + For hauelok, þat haueþ spuset þe, + He[62] kinges sone, and ki{n}ges eyr, + Þat bike{n}neth þat croiz so fayr. 1268 + It[63] bikenneth more, þat he shal + Denemark haue{n}, and englond al; + He shal ben king strong and stark + Of engelond and denemark; 1272 + Þat shal þu wit þin eyne sen, + And þo shalt quen and leuedi ben!” + + [Footnote 62: _Qu._ Is.] + + [Footnote 63: MS. Iit.] + + +[Headnote: HAVELOK TELLS HER HIS STRANGE DREAM.] + + [Sidenote: She rejoices, and kisses Havelok.] + +Þanne she hauede herd the steuene + Of þe angel uth of heuene, 1276 + She was so fele siþes blithe, + Þat she ne mithe hire ioie mythe; + But hauelok sone anon she kiste, + And he slep, and nouth ne wiste. 1280 + Hwan þat aungel hauede seyd, + [Sidenote: He awakes, and says he has had a dream.] + Of his slep a-non he brayd, + And seide, “le{m}ma{n}, slepes þou? + A selkuth drem dremede me nou. 1284 + + +[Headnote: SHE SAYS HAVELOK WILL BE A GREAT KING.] + + +Herkne nou hwat me haueth met: + [Sidenote: He dreamt he was on a high hill in Denmark, + and began to possess all that country.] + Me þouthe y was i{n} denemark set, + But on on þe moste hil + Þat eu{er}e yete kam i til. 1288 + It was so hey, þat y wel mouthe + Al þe werd se, als me þouthe. + Als i sat up-on þat lowe, + I bigan denemark for to awe, 1292 + Þe borwes, and þe castles stronge; + And mine armes were{n} so lo{n}ge, + That i fadmede, al at ones, + denemark, with mine lo{n}ge bones; 1296 + And þa{n}ne y wolde mine armes drawe + Til me, and hom for to haue, + [Sidenote: All things in Denmark cleaved to his arms.] + Al that euere in denemark liueden + On mine armes faste clyueden; 1300 + And þe stronge castles alle + On knes bigunne{n} for to falle, + Þe keyes felle{n} at mine fet:-- + [Sidenote: He also dreamt that he went to England, + and that became his too.] + Anoþer drem dremede me ek, 1304 + Þat ich fley ouer þe salte se + Til engeland, and al with me + Þat euere was in denemark lyues, + But bo{n}deme{n}, and here wiues, 1308 + And þat ich kom til engelond, + [Sidenote: [Fol. 211, col. 2.]] + Al closede it i{n}til min hond, + And, goldeborw, y gaf [it] þe:-- + Deus! le{m}man, hwat may þis be?” 1312 + Sho answerede, and seyde sone: + “Ih{es}u c{ri}st, þat made mone, + Þine dremes t{ur}ne to ioye; + Þat wite þw that sittes i{n} trone! 1316 + [Sidenote: She says, he will be king of England and Denmark.] + Ne non stro{n}g ki{n}g, ne caysere, + So þou shalt be, fo[r] þou shalt bere + In engelond corune yet; + Denemark shal knele to þi fet; 1320 + Alle þe castles þat aren þer-inne, + Shal-tow, le{m}man, ful wel winne. + I woth, so wel so ich it sowe, + To þe shole come{n} heye and lowe, 1324 + [Sidenote: “All men in Denmark shall come to thee.] + And alle þat in denemark wone, + Em and broþer, fader and sone, + Erl and baroun, dreng an kayn, + Knithes, and burgeys, and sweyn; 1328 + And mad king heyelike and wel, + Denemark shal be þin euere-ilc del. + Haue þou nouth þer-offe douthe + Nouth þe worth, of one nouthe; 1332 + Þer-offe with-i{n}ne þe firste yer + [Sidenote: Thou shalt be king within the year.] + Shalt þou ben king, of euere-il del. + But do nou als y wile rathe, + Nim in with þe to denema[r]k baþe, 1336 + And do þou nouth onfrest þis fare, + Lith and selthe felawes are. + For shal ich neuere bliþe be + Til i with eyen denemark se; 1340 + For ich woth, þat al þe lond + Shalt þou haue{n} in þin hon[d]. + [Sidenote: Pray Grim’s sons to go with you to Denmark.] + Prey grimes sones alle þre, + That he wenden forþ with þe; 1344 + I wot, he wilen þe nouth werne, + With þe wende shule{n} he yerne, + For he loue{n} þe herte-like, + Þou maght til he aren quike, 1348 + Hwore so he o worde aren; + [Sidenote: Go at once.] + Þere ship þou do he{m} swithe yare{n}, + [Sidenote: Delays are dangerous.”] + And loke þat þou dwelle{n} nouth: + Dwelling haueth ofte scaþe wrouth.” 1352 + + +[Headnote: HAVELOK PRAYS FOR VENGEANCE ON GODARD.] + + +Hwan Hauelok herde þat she radde, + Sone it was day, sone he him cladde, + [Sidenote: [Fol. 211b, col. 1.]] + And sone to þe kirke yede, + Or he dide ani oþer dede, 1356 + And bifor þe rode biga{n} falle, + Croiz and crist bi[gan] to kalle, + [Sidenote: Havelok prays for success, and for vengeance + on his foe, who had caused him to be a beggar.] + And seyde, “louerd, þat al weldes, + Wind and wat{er}, wodes and feldes, 1360 + For the holi milce of you, + Haue m{er}ci of me, louerd, nou! + And wreke me yet on mi fo, + Þat ich saw biforn min eyne slo 1364 + Mine sistres, with a knif, + And siþen wolde me mi lyf + Haue reft, for in the [depe] se + Bad he grim haue drenched me. 1368 + He [hath] mi lond with mikel vn-Rith, + With michel wro{n}g, with mikel plith, + For i ne[64] misdede him neu{er}e nouth, + And haued me to sorwe brouth. 1372 + He haueth me do mi mete to þigge, + And ofte in sorwe and pine ligge. + Louerd, haue m{er}ci of me, + And late [me] wel passe þe se, 1376 + [Sidenote: He prays for a fair passage across the sea.] + Þat ihc haue ther-offe douthe and kare, + With-uten stormes ouer-fare, + Þat y ne dre{n}ched [be] þer-ine, + Ne forfaren for no sinne. 1380 + And bringge me wel to þe lond, + Þat godard haldes in his hond; + Þat is mi Rith, eueri del: + Ih{es}u c{ri}st, þou wost it wel!” 1384 + + [Footnote 64: MS. ine.] + + + +Þa{n}ne he hauede his bede seyd, + [Sidenote: He leaves his offering on the altar.] + His offrende on þe auter leyd, + His leue at ih{es}u c{ri}st he tok, + And at his suete moder ok, 1388 + And at þe croiz, þat he biforn lay, + Siþe{n} yede sore grotinde awey. + + +[Headnote: HAVELOK ADDRESSES GRIM’S THREE SONS.] + + [Sidenote: He finds Grim’s sons ready to fish.] + [65]+Hwa{n} he com hom, he wore yare, + Grimes sones, forto fare 1392 + In-to þe se, fishes to gete, + Þat hauelok mithe wel of ete. + But auelok þouthe al anoþer, + [Sidenote: Havelok calls Grim’s three sons.] + First he ka[l]de þe heldeste broþer, 1396 + Roberd þe rede, bi his name, + +[Headnote: HE ASKS THEM TO GO WITH HIM TO DENMARK.] + + Wiliam wenduth, and h[uwe r]aue{n},[66] + Grimes sones alle þre, + [Sidenote: [Fol. 211b, col. 2.]] + And sey[d]e, “liþes nou alle to me, 1400 + Lou{er}dinges, ich wile you sheue, + A þing of me þat ye wel knewe. + [Sidenote: He says, “My father was king of Denmark.] + Mi fader was king of denshe lond, + Denemark was al in his hond 1404 + Þe day þat he was quik and ded; + But þa{n}ne hauede he wicke red, + Þat he me, and denemark al, + [Sidenote: He left me and my sisters in charge of + a foul fiend, who slew my sisters, and bade Grim drown me.] + And mine sistres bi-tawte a þral: 1408 + A deueles lime [he] hus bitawte, + And al his lond, and al hise authe. + For y saw that fule fend + Mine sistres slo with hise hend; 1412 + First he shar a-two here þrotes, + And siþen [karf] hem al to grotes, + And siþen bad [he] in þe se + Grim, youre fader, dre{n}che{n} me. 1416 + Deplike dede he him swere + On bok, þat he sholde me bere + Vnto þe se, an dre{n}chen ine, + And [he][66*] wolde take{n} on him þe sinne. 1420 + [Sidenote: But Grim was wise.] + But grim was wis, and swiþe hende, + Wolde he nouth his soule shende; + Leuere was him to be for-sworen, + Þan dre{n}chen me, and ben for-lorn; 1424 + But sone biga{n} he forto fle + [Sidenote: He fled from Denmark with me, and took care of me.] + Fro denemark, forto ber_w_en[67] me, + For yif[68] ich hauede þer ben fu{n}den, + Hauede ben slayn, or harde bunde{n}, 1428 + And heye ben henged on a tre, + Hauede go for him gold ne fe. + For-þi fro denemark hider he fledde, + And me ful fayre and ful wel fedde, 1432 + So þat vn-to þis [ilke] day, + Haue ich ben fed and fostred ay. + But nou ich am up to þat helde + Cume{n}, that ich may wepne welde, 1436 + And y may grete di{n}tes yeue, + [Sidenote: And now, I must go to Denmark.] + Shal i neuere hwil ich lyue + Ben glad, til that ich denemark se; + [Sidenote: Go with me, and I will make you rich men.”] + I preie you þat ye wende with me, 1440 + And ich may mak you riche men, + Ilk of you shal haue castles ten, + And þe lond þat þor-til longes, + Borwes, tunes, wodes and wo{n}ges.”[69] 1444 + + * * * * * + * * * * * + + [Footnote 65: In the MS. the Capital letter is prefixed to the + next line.] + + [Footnote 66: MS. haue{n}. Cf. ll. 1868, 2528. Only an + assonance, not a rime, seems intended.] + + [Footnote 66*: Word added by editor: see Emendations.] + + [Footnote 67: MS. berƿen, _the A.S. _w_ being used here._ + Cf. l. 697.] + + [Footnote 68: MS. yif.] + + [Footnote 69: A folio has here been cut out of the MS., + containing 180 lines. The missing portion must have been to + this effect. “To this they gladly assented; and Havelok, + accompanied by his wife Goldeborw and the sons of Grim, set + sail for Denmark. Disembarking, they travel till they reach + the castle of a great Danish earl, named Ubbe, who had + formerly been a close friend to king Birkabeyn. Havelok begs + that he will allow him to live in that part of the country, + and to gain a livelihood by trading.”] + +[Headnote: HAVELOK GIVES UBBE A GOLD RING.] + + [Sidenote: [Fol. 212, col. 1.]] + “With swilk als ich byen shal: + Þer-of bi-seche you nou leue; + [Sidenote: Havelok asks Ubbe to give him leave to buy + and sell there.] + Wile ich speke with non oþer reue, + But with þe, þat iustise are, 1628 + Þat y mithe seke{n}[70] mi ware + In gode borwes up and doun, + And faren ich wile fro tun to tun.” + A gold ring drow he forth anon, 1632 + An hundred pu{n}d was worth þe ston, + [Sidenote: He gives Ubbe a gold ring.] + And yaf it ubbe for to spede:-- + He was ful wis þat first yaf mede, + And so was hauelok ful wis here, 1636 + [Sidenote: Dearly he sells it, all the same.] + He solde his gold ring ful dere, + Was neuere non so dere sold, + For chapme{n}, neyþer yung ne old: + Þat sholen[71] ye forthward ful wel here{n}, 1640 + Yif þat ye wile þe storie heren. + + [Footnote 70: _Qu._ sellen.] + + [Footnote 71: MS. shoren.] + + +[Headnote: UBBE INVITES HAVELOK TO A FEAST.] + + [Sidenote: Ubbe takes the ring, admires Havelok’s make + and strength, and thinks he ought to be a knight, + not a pedlar.] + +Hwa{n} ubbe hauede þe gold ring, + Hauede he youenet for no þing, + Nouth for þe borw euere-il del:-- 1644 + Hauelok bi-hel he swiþe wel, + Hw he was wel of bones maked, + Brod in þe sholdres, ful wel schaped, + Þicke in þe brest, of bodi long; 1648 + He semede wel to ben wel strong. + “Deus!” hwat ubbe, “qui ne were he knith? + I woth, þat he is swiþe with! + Bet{er}e semede him to bere 1652 + Helm on heued, sheld and sp{er}e, + Þa{n}ne to beye and selle ware. + Allas! þat he shal þer-with fare. + Goddot! wile he trowe me, 1656 + Chaffare shal he late be.” + Neþeles he seyde sone: + [Sidenote: “Havelok, bring your wife, and come + and eat with me.”] + “Hauelok, haue [þou] þi bone, + And y ful wel rede þ[e] 1660 + Þat þou come, and ete with me + To-day, þou, and þi fayre wif, + Þat þou louest also þi lif. + And haue þou of hire no drede, 1664 + Shal hire no man shame bede. + Bi þe fey that y owe to þe, + Þerof shal i me serf-borw be.” + + +[Headnote: UBBE TAKES A GREAT FANCY TO HAVELOK.] + + +Hauelok herde þat he bad, 1668 + And thow was he ful sore drad, + [Sidenote: [Fol. 212, col. 2.]] + With him to ete, for hise wif; + [Sidenote: Havelok fears ill may come of it.] + For him wore leuere þat his lif + Him wore reft, þan she i{n} blame 1672 + Felle, or lauthe ani shame. + Hwa{n}ne he hauede his wille _w_at,[72] + Þe stede, þat he onne sat, + [Sidenote: But Ubbe rides away, saying, “Mind that you come.”] + Smot ubbe with spures faste, 1676 + And forth awey, but at þe laste, + Or he fro him ferde, + Seyde he, þat his folk herde: + “Loke þat ye come{n} beþe, 1680 + For ich it wile, and ich it rede.” + + [Footnote 72: MS. _either_ þat _or_ ƿat.] + + +[Headnote: UBBE SENDS HAVELOK TO BERNARD.] + + [Sidenote: Havelok dares not refuse.] + +Hauelok ne durste, þe he were adrad, + Nouth with-sitte{n} þat ubbe bad; + His wif he dide with him lede, 1684 + Vn-to þe heye curt he y[e]de.[73] + [Sidenote: Robert the Red leads Goldborough.] + Roberd hire ledde, þat was red, + Þat hau[ed]e þarned[73*] for hire þe ded + Or ani hauede hire misseyd, 1688 + Or hand with iuele onne leyd. + [Sidenote: William Wendut is on the other side of her.] + Willam wendut was þat oþer + Þat hire ledde, roberdes broþer, + Þat was with at alle nedes: 1692 + Wel is him þat god ma{n} fedes! + Þan he were{n} come{n} to þe halle, + Biforen ubbe, and hise me{n} alle, + [Sidenote: Ubbe starts up to welcome them.] + Vbbe stirte hem ageyn, 1696 + And mani a knith, and mani a sweyn, + Hem for to se, and forto shewe; + Þo stod hauelok als a lowe + [Sidenote: Havelok is a head taller than any of them.] + Aboven [þo] þat þer-i{n}ne wore, 1700 + Rith al bi þe heued more + Þa{n}ne ani þat þer-inne stod: + Þo was ubbe bliþe of mod, + Þat he saw him so fayr and he{n}de, 1704 + Fro him ne mithe his herte we{n}de, + Ne fro him, ne fro his wif; + He louede hem sone so his lif. + [Sidenote: Ubbe loves Havelok better than any one else.] + Were{n} non i{n} denemark, þat him þouthe, 1708 + Þat he so mikel loue mouthe; + More he louede hauelok one, + Þan al denemark, bi mine wone! + Loke nou, hw god helpen kan 1712 + O mani wise wif and man. + + [Footnote 73: MS. yde.] + + [Footnote 73* (from Emendations): + “_þarned_ is an error of the scribe for _þoled_; see the + Glossary.”] + + + +Hwan it was come{n} time to ete, + [Sidenote: [Fol. 212b, col. 1.]] + Hise wif dede ubbe sone in fete, + And til hire seyde, al on game{n}: 1716 + [Sidenote: Ubbe’s wife is to eat with Havelok, + and Goldborough with Ubbe.] + “Dame, þou and hauelok shule{n} ete same{n}, + And goldeboru shal ete wit me, + Þat is so fayr so flour on tre; + In al denemark nis[74, 74*] wimma{n} 1720 + So fayr so sche, bi seint iohan!” + Þa{n}ne [he] were set, and bord leyd, + And þe beneysun was seyd, + [Sidenote: There were cranes, swans, venison, fish, and wines.] + Biforn he{m} com þe beste mete 1724 + Þat king or cayser wolde ete; + Kranes, swa{n}nes, ueneysun, + Lax, lampreys, and god sturgun, + Pyme{n}t to drinke, and god clare, 1728 + Win hwit and red, ful god plente. + Was þer-inne no page so lite, + Þat euere wolde ale bite. + Of þe mete forto tel, 1732 + [Sidenote: No need to tell it all.] + Ne of þe metes[75] bidde[75*] i nout dwelle; + Þat is þe storie for to lenge, + It wolde anuye þis fayre genge. + [Sidenote: When the feast is over, Ubbe thinks he must + let them have an escort.] + But hwan he haueden þe kiwing[76] de[y]led,[76*] 1736 + And fele siþes hauede{n} wosseyled, + And with gode drinkes sete{n} longe, + And it was time for to gonge, + Il man to þer he cam fro, 1740 + Þouthe ubbe, “yf I late hem go, + Þus one foure, with-uten mo, + So mote ich brouke finger or to, + For þis wi{m}ma{n} bes mike wo! 1744 + For hire shal me{n} hire louerd slo.” + He tok sone knithes ten, + And wel sixti oþer men, + Wit gode bowes, and with gleiues, 1748 + And sende him unto þe greyues, + [Sidenote: He sends them to Bernard Brown, and bids him + take care of them till next day.] + Þe beste ma{n} of al þe toun, + Þat was named b{er}nard brun; + And bad him, als he louede his lif, 1752 + Hauelok wel y[e]men,[77] and his wif, + And wel do wayten al þe nith, + Til þe oþer day, þat it were lith. + Bernard was trewe, and swiþe with, 1756 + In al þe borw ne was no knith + Þat betere couþe on stede riden, + Helm on heued, ne swerd bi side. + [Sidenote: [Fol. 212b, col. 2.]] + [Sidenote: Bernard provides a rich supper for Havelok.] + Hauelok he gladlike under-stod, 1760 + With mike loue, and herte god, + And dide greyþe a super riche, + Also he was no with chinche, + To his bihoue euer-il del, 1764 + Þat he mithe supe swiþe wel. + + [Footnote 74: MS. is.] + + [Footnote 74* (from Emendations): + “Perhaps we should rather read--_is womman_ [_non_].”] + + [Footnote 75: _Qu._ win.] + + [Footnote 75* (from Emendations): + “_Bidde_ must mean _offer_, rather than _bid_ (as in the + Glossary); unless it be miswritten for _bide_ = tarry.”] + + [Footnote 76: Uncertain in MS. See note.] + + [Footnote 76*: Changed by editor from “deled”: see + Emendations.] + + [Footnote 77: MS. ymen.] + + +[Headnote: A GANG OF THIEVES BESET BERNARD’S HOUSE.] + + [Sidenote: At suppertime sixty-one thieves come to the house, + and bid Bernard open the door.] + +Also he seten, and sholde soupe, + So comes a ladde in a ioupe, + And with him sixti oþer stronge, 1768 + With swerdes drawen, and kniues lo{n}ge, + Ilkan i{n} hande a ful god gleiue, + And seyde, “undo, b{er}nard þe greyue! + Vndo swiþe, and latus[78] in, 1772 + +[Headnote: THREE OF THE THIEVES ATTACK HAVELOK.] + + Or þu art ded, bi seint austin!” + [Sidenote: Bernard starts up, arms himself, and tells them + to go away.] + Bernard stirt up, þat was ful big, + And caste a brinie up-on his rig, + And grop an ax,[79] þat was ful god, 1776 + Lep to þe dore, so he wore wod, + And seyde, “hwat are ye, þat are þer-oute, + Þat þus bigi{n}ne{n} forto stroute? + Goth he{n}ne swiþe, fule þeues, 1780 + For, bi þe louerd, þat ma{n} on leues, + Shol ich casten þe dore open, + Su{m}me of you shal ich drepen! + And þe oþre shal ich kesten 1784 + In fet{er}es, and ful faste festen!” + [Sidenote: They defy him.] + “Hwat haue ye seid,” quoth a ladde, + “Wenestu þat we ben adradde? + We shole at þis dore gonge 1788 + Maugre þin, carl, or outh longe.” + [Sidenote: They break the door open with a boulder.] + He gripe{n} sone a bulder ston, + And let it fleye, ful god won, + Agen þe dore, þat it to-rof: 1792 + Auelok it saw, and þider drof, + [Sidenote: Havelok seizes the bar of the door, and says, + “Come here to me.”] + And þe barre sone vt-drow, + Þat was unride, and gret ynow, + And caste þe dore open wide, 1796 + And seide, “her shal y now abide: + Comes swiþe vn-to me![80] + Datheyt hwo you he{n}ne fle!” + “No,” quodh on, “þat shaltou coupe,” 1800 + And bigan til him to loupe, + [Sidenote: Three men attack Havelok.] + In his hond is swerd ut-drawe, + Hauelok he wende þore haue slawe; + And with [him] comen oþer two, 1804 + [Sidenote: [Fol. 213, col. 1.]] + Þat him wolde of liue haue do. + +[Headnote: HAVELOK SLAYS SEVEN OF THE THIEVES.] + + Hauelok lifte up þe dore-tre, + [Sidenote: He kills them all.] + And at a dint he slow he{m} þre; + Was non of hem þat his h{er}nes 1808 + Ne lay þer-ute ageyn þe sternes. + [Sidenote: A fourth he knocks down with a blow on the head.] + Þe ferþe þat he siþen mette, + Wit þe barre so he him grette, + Bifor þe heued, þat þe rith eye 1812 + Vt of þe hole made he fleye, + And siþe clapte him on þe crune, + So þat he stan-ded fel þor dune. + [Sidenote: A fifth he hits between the shoulders.] + Þe fifte þat he ouer-tok, 1816 + Gaf he a ful sor dint[e] ok, + Bitwen þe sholdres, þer he stod, + Þat he spen his herte blod. + [Sidenote: A sixth he smites on the neck.] + Þe sixte wende for to fle, 1820 + And he clapte him with þe tre + Rith in þe fule necke so, + Þat he smot hise necke on to. + Þa{n}ne þe sixe weren doun feld, 1824 + [Sidenote: A seventh aims at Havelok’s eye.] + Þe seuenþe brayd ut his swerd, + And wolde hauelok Riht i{n} the eye; + And haue{lok} le[t þe][81] barre fleye, + [Sidenote: Havelok kills him.] + And smot him sone ageyn þe brest, 1828 + Þat hauede he neu{er}e sch[r]ifte of p{re}st; + For he was ded on lesse hwile, + Þan me{n} mouthe re{n}ne a mile. + [Sidenote: The rest divide into two parties, + and rush at him like dogs at a bear.] + Alle þe oþere were{n} ful kene, 1832 + A red þei taken hem bi-twene, + þat he sholde him bi-halue, + And brise{n} so, þat wit no salue + Ne sholde him helen leche non: 1836 + Þey drowen ut swerdes, ful god won, + And shoten on him, so don on bere + Dogges, þat wolden him to-tere, + Þa{n}ne men doth þe bere beyte: 1840 + Þe laddes were kaske and teyte, + And vn-bi-yeden him ilkon, + Su{m} smot with tre, and su{m} wit ston; + Su{m}me putte{n} with gleyue, i{n} bac and side, 1844 + [Sidenote: They wound Havelok in twenty places.] + And yeue{n} wundes longe and wide; + In twenti stedes, and wel mo, + Fro þe croune til the to. + Hwan he saw þat, he was wod, 1848 + And was it ferlik hw he stod, + [Sidenote: [Fol. 213, col. 2.]] + For the blod ran of his sides + So water þat fro þe welle glides; + But þa{n}ne bigan he for to mowe 1852 + With the barre, and let hem shewe, + Hw he cowþe sore smite, + [Sidenote: He at last succeeds in killing twenty of them.] + For was þer non, long ne lite, + Þat he Mouthe ouer-take, 1856 + Þat he ne garte his croune krake; + So þat on a litel stund, + Felde he twenti to þe grund. + + [Footnote 78: _Sic_ in MS.] + + [Footnote 79: MS. ar; _but see_ l. 1894.] + + [Footnote 80: MS. vnto me datheit,--evidently the repetition + of the first word in the succeeding line.] + + [Footnote 81: _Qu._ Hauelok let the. MS. “haue le.”] + + +[Headnote: THE THIEVES SHOOT AT HIM FROM A DISTANCE.] + + [Sidenote: They throw stones at him.] + +Þo bigan gret dine to rise, 1860 + For þe laddes on ilke wise + Him asaylede{n} wit grete dintes, + Fro fer he stoden, him with flintes + And gleyues schote{n} him fro ferne, 1864 + For drepen him he wolden yerne; + But durste{n} he newhe{n} him no more, + Þa{n}ne he bor or leu{n} wore. + + +[Headnote: HUGH AND THE REST COME TO THE RESCUE.] + + [Sidenote: Hugh Raven hears the noise, and comes to help.] + +Huwe raue{n} þat dine herde, 1868 + And þowthe wel, þat me{n} mis-ferde + With his louerd, for his wif, + And grop an ore, and a long knif, + And þider drof al so an hert, 1872 + And cham þer on a litel stert, + And saw how þe laddes wode + Hauelok his louerd umbistode, + And bete{n} on him so doth þe smith 1876 + With þe hamer on þe stith. + + + +“Allas!” hwat hwe, “þat y was bore{n}! + Þat eu{er}e et ich bred of koren! + Þat ich here þis sorwe se! 1880 + [Sidenote: Hugh calls out to Robert and William.] + Roberd! willam! hware ar ye? + Gripeth eþer unker a god tre, + And late we nouth þise doges fle, + Til ure louerd wreke [we]; 1884 + Cometh swiþe, and folwes me! + Ich haue in honde a ful god ore: + Datheit wo ne smite sore!” + [Sidenote: Robert comes to the rescue, and William too, + and Bernard.] + “Ya! leue, ya!” quod roberd sone, 1888 + “We haue{n} ful god lith of þe mone.” + Roberd grop a staf, strong and gret, + Þat mouthe ful wel bere a net, + And willam wendut grop a tre 1892 + Mikel grettere þan his þe,[82] + And b{er}nard held his ax ful faste; + [Sidenote: [Fol. 213b, col. 1.]] + I seye, was he nouth þe laste; + And lopen forth so he weren wode 1896 + To þe laddes, þer he stode, + And yaf hem wundes swiþe grete; + [Sidenote: They fight with the thieves.] + Þer mithe men wel se boyes bete, + And ribbes in here sides breke, 1900 + And hauelok on hem wel wreke. + He broken armes, he broken knes, + He broken shankes, he broke{n} thes. + He dide þe blode þere re{n}ne dune 1904 + To þe fet rith fro the crune, + [Sidenote: No head was spared.] + For was þer spared heued non: + He leyden on heuedes, ful god won, + And made croune[s] breke and crake, 1908 + Of þe broune, and of þe blake; + [Sidenote: He made their backs as soft as their bellies.] + He made{n} here backes al so bloute + Als h[{er}]e[83] wombes, and made he{m} rowte + Als he weren kradelbarnes: 1912 + So dos þe child þat moder þarnes. + + [Footnote 82: MS. þre, _the _r_ being caught from the word + above._ Cf. l. 1903.] + + [Footnote 83: _Qu._ here. MS. he.] + + +[Headnote: ALL THE SIXTY THIEVES ARE SLAIN.] + + +Daþeit _w_o[84] recke! for he it s{er}uede, + Hwat dide he þore were{n} he werewed; + So longe hauede{n} he but and bet 1916 + With neues under hernes set, + [Sidenote: All sixty assailants are slain.] + Þat of þo sixti men and on + Ne wente þer awey liues non. + + [Footnote 84: MS. “ƿe,” clearly miswritten for “ƿo” or “wo.” + See ll. 2047, 296, 300, &c.] + + +[Headnote: UBBE ASKS BERNARD WHAT HAS HAPPENED.] + + [Sidenote: At morn, there they lay like dogs.] + +ON þe morwe{n}, h_w_an[85] it was day, 1920 + Ilc on other wirwed lay, + Als it were dogges þat were{n} he{n}ged, + And su{m}me leye i{n} dikes slenget, + And su{m}me in gripes bi þe her 1924 + Drawen ware, and lat{en} ther. + Sket cam tiding intil ubbe, + Þat hauelok hauede with a clubbe + Of hise slawen sixti and on 1928 + Sergaunz, þe beste þat mithe{n} gon. + [Sidenote: Ubbe comes to see what is the matter.] + “Deus!” quoth ubbe, “hwat may þis be! + Bet{er}e his i nime[86] miself and se, + Þat þis baret on hwat is wold, 1932 + Þa{n}ne i sende yunge or old. + For yif i sende him un-to, + I wene me{n} sholde him shame do, + And þat ne wolde ich for no þing: 1936 + I loue him wel, bi heuene king! + Me wore leuere i wore lame, + Þa{n}ne men dide him ani shame, + [Sidenote: [Fol. 213b, col. 2.]] + Or tok, or onne handes leyde, 1940 + Vn-ornelike,[87] or same seyde.” + He lep up on a stede lith, + And with him mani a noble knith, + And ferde forth un-to þe tun, 1944 + [Sidenote: He calls for Bernard Brown.] + And dide calle b{er}nard brun + Vt of his hus, wan he þer cam; + And b{er}nard sone ageyn [him] nam, + Al to-tused and al to-torn, 1948 + Ner also naked so he was born, + And al to-brised, bac and þe: + [Sidenote: Ubbe asks who has beaten him about so?] + Quoth ubbe, “b{er}nard, hwat is þe? + Hwo haues þe þus ille maked, 1952 + Þus to-riue{n}, and al mad naked?” + + [Footnote 85: MS. “hhan,” miswritten for “hƿan,” from which it + differs very slightly.] + + [Footnote 86: MS. inime.] + + [Footnote 87: MS. Vn ornelſke; _but _ſ_ should certainly be + _i_._] + + +[Headnote: BERNARD RELATES HAVELOK’S PROWESS.] + + [Sidenote: “Sixty thieves attacked me last night.] + +“Louerd,[88] m{er}ci,” quot he sone, + “To-nicht also ros þe mone + Come{n} her mo þan sixti þeues, 1956 + With lokene copes, and wide sleues, + Me forto robben, and to pine, + And for to drepe me and mine. + Mi dore he broken up ful sket, 1960 + And wolde me binden hond and fet. + Wan þe godeme{n} þat sawe, + [Sidenote: Havelok and his friends drove them off.] + Hauelok, and he þat bi þe wowe + Leye, he stirte{n} up sone on-on, 1964 + And su{m}me grop tre, and su{m} grop ston, + And driue he{m} ut, þei he were{n} crus, + So dogges ut of milne-hous. + Hauelok grop þe dore-tre, 1968 + And [at] a dint he slow he{m} thre. + He is þe beste ma{n} at nede, + Þat eu{er}e mar shal ride stede! + Als helpe god, bi mine wone, 1972 + [Sidenote: He is worth a thousand men.] + A þhousend of me{n} his he worth one! + Yif he ne were, ich were nou ded, + So haue ich don Mi soule red; + But it is hof him mikel sinne; 1976 + He made{n} him swilke woundes þri{n}ne, + Þat of þe alþer-leste wounde + Were a stede brouht to grunde. + [Sidenote: He has some bad wounds, more than twenty.] + He haues a wunde i{n} the side, 1980 + With a gleyue, ful un-ride, + And he haues on þoru his arum, + Þer-of is ful mikel haru{m}, + [Sidenote: [Fol. 214, col. 1.]] + And he haues on þoru his þhe, 1984 + Þe vn-rideste þat men may se, + And oþe[r] wundes haues he stro{n}ge, + Mo than twenti swiþe longe. + But siþen he hauede lauth þe sor 1988 + Of þe wundes, was neuere bor + Þat so fauth so he fauth þa{n}ne; + Was non þat hauede þe hern-panne + So hard, þat he ne dede alto-cruhsse, 1992 + And alto-shiuere, and alto-frusshe. + [Sidenote: He followed them like a dog does a hare.] + He folwede he{m} so hund dos hare, + Daþeyt on he wolde spare, + Þat [he] ne made he{m} euerilk on 1996 + Ligge stille so doth þe ston: + And þer nis he nouth to frie, + For oþer sholde he make hem lye + Ded, or þei him hauede slawen, 2000 + Or alto-hewen, or al-to-drawen. + + [Footnote 88: MS. Iouerd.] + + + +Louerd, haui no more plith + Of þat ich was þus greþed to-nith. + Þus wolde þe theues me haue reft, 2004 + But god-þank, he hauenet sure keft. + [Sidenote: But I fear Havelok is all but dead.”] + But it is of him mikel scaþe: + I woth þat he bes ded ful raþe.” + + +[Headnote: THE OTHERS CONFIRM BERNARD’S STORY.] + + +Quoth ubbe, “b{er}nard, seyst þou soth?” 2008 + “Ya, sire, that i ne[89] lepe oth. + Yif y, louerd, a word leye, + To-morwen do me hengen heye.” + [Sidenote: The rest confirm Bernard’s story.] + Þe burgeys þat þer-bi stode þore, 2012 + Grundlike and grete oþes swore, + Litle and mikle, yunge and holde, + Þat was soth, þat b{er}nard tolde. + Soth was, þat he wolde{n} him bynde, 2016 + And trusse al þat he mithen fynde + Of hise, in arke or in kiste, + Þat he mouthe i{n} seckes þriste. + [Sidenote: “The thieves wanted to steal all he had.] + “Louerd, he hauede{n} al awey born 2020 + His þing, and him-self alto-torn, + But als god self barw him wel, + Þat he ne tinte no catel. + Hwo mithe so mani sto{n}de ageyn, 2024 + Bi nither-tale, knith or swein? + He were{n} bi tale sixti and ten, + Starke laddes, stalworþi men, + [Sidenote: They were led on by one G[r]iffin Gall.”] + And on, þe mayster of he{m} alle, 2028 + Þat was þe name giffin[90] galle. + [Sidenote: [Fol. 214, col. 2.]] + Hwo mouthe agey[{n}][91] so mani sto{n}de, + But als þis ma{n} of f{er}ne londe + Haueth he{m} slawe{n} with a tre? 2032 + Mikel ioie haue he! + God yeue him mikel god to welde, + Boþe in tun, and ek in felde! + We[l][92] is set he etes mete.” 2036 + [Sidenote: Ubbe sends for Havelok, to dub him knight.] + Quoth ubbe, “doth him swiþe fete, + Þat y mouthe his woundes se, + Yf that he mouthe{n} heled[93] be. + For yf he mouthe couere yet, 2040 + And gange{n} wel up-on hise fet, + Mi-self shal dubbe him to knith, + For-þi þat he is so with. + And yif he liuede, þo foule theues, 2044 + Þat were{n} of kaym kin and eues, + He sholden hange bi þe necke; + Of here ded daþeit wo recke, + Hwan he yeden þus on nithes 2048 + To binde boþe burgme{n} and knithes. + For bynderes loue ich neuere mo, + Of hem ne yeue ich nouht a slo.” + + [Footnote 89: MS. ine.] + + [Footnote 90: _Qu._ griffin.] + + [Footnote 91: MS. agey.] + + [Footnote 92: Cf. ll. 772, 907.] + + [Footnote 93: MS. holed. See l. 2058.] + + +[Headnote: UBBE SENDS FOR HAVELOK AND TAKES HIM TO HIS CASTLE.] + + [Sidenote: Havelok is brought before Ubbe.] + +Hauelok was bifore ubbe browth, 2052 + Þat hauede for him ful mikel þouth, + And mikel sorwe in his herte + For hise wundes, þat we[r] so smerte. + + + +But hwa{n} his wundes were{n} shewed, 2056 + [Sidenote: A leech says he can be healed.] + And a leche hauede knawed, + Þat he hem mouthe ful wel hele, + Wel make him gange, and ful wel mele, + And wel a palefrey bistride, 2060 + And wel up-on a stede ride, + Þo let ubbe al his care + And al his sorwe ouer-fare; + [Sidenote: Ubbe invites him and Goldborough to his own castle.] + And seyde, “cu{m} now forth with me, 2064 + And goldeboru, þi wif, with þe, + And þine seriaunz al þre, + For nou wile y youre warant be; + Wile y non of here frend 2068 + Þat þu slowe with þin hend + Moucte wayte þe [to] slo, + Also þou gange to and fro. + I shal lene þe a bowr, 2072 + Þat is up in þe heye tour, + Til þou mowe ful wel go, + [Sidenote: [Fol. 214b, col. 1.]] + And wel ben hol of al þi wo. + It ne shal no þing be{n} bitwene 2076 + Þi bour and min, also y wene, + But a fayr firrene wowe;-- + Speke y loude, or spek y lowe, + Þou shalt[94] ful wel heren me, 2080 + And þan þu wilt, þou shalt me se. + [Sidenote: He promises to protect Goldborough.] + A rof shal hile us boþe o-nith, + Þat none of mine, clerk ne knith, + Ne sholen þi wif no shame bede, 2084 + No more þan min, so god me rede!” + + [Footnote 94: MS. sahalt; _and the second a is expuncted by + mistake, instead of the first_.] + + +[Headnote: UBBE SEES THE MIRACULOUS LIGHT / WHICH ISSUES FROM HAVELOK’S +MOUTH.] + + +HE dide un-to þe borw bringe + Sone anon, al with ioynge, + His wif, and his serganz þre, 2088 + Þe beste men þat mouthe be. + [Sidenote: The first night, about midnight, Ubbe wakes + and sees a great light.] + Þe firste nith he lay þer-inne, + Hise wif, and his serganz þrinne, + Aboute þe middel of þe nith 2092 + Wok ubbe, and saw a mikel lith + In þe bour þat hauelok lay, + Also brith so it were day. + + + [Sidenote: Ubbe says he must go and see what it means.] + +“Deus!” quoth ubbe, “hwat may þis be? 2096 + Bet{er}e is i go miself, and se: + Hweþer he sitte{n} nou, and wesseyle{n}, + Or of ani shotshipe to-deyle, + Þis tid nithes, also foles; 2100 + Þan birþe men caste{n} hem i{n} poles, + Or in a grip, or in þe fen: + Nou ne sitten none but wicke men, + Glotuns, reu[e]res, or wicke þeues, 2104 + Bi c{ri}st, þat alle folk onne leues!” + + + [Sidenote: He peeps in, and sees them all asleep.] + +He stod, and totede i{n} at a bord, + Her he spak anilepi word, + And saw hem slepen faste ilkon, 2108 + And lye stille so þe ston; + And saw al þat mikel lith + Fro hauelok cam, þat was so brith. + [Sidenote: The light issues from Havelok’s mouth.] + Of his mouth it com il del, 2112 + Þat was he war ful swiþe wel. + “Deus!” quoth he, “hwat may þis mene!” + He calde boþe arwe me{n} and kene, + Knithes, and serganz swiþe sleie, 2116 + Mo þan an hundred, with-ute{n} leye, + And bad hem alle come{n} and se, + Hwat þat selcuth mithe be. + + +[Headnote: THE LIGHT SHOWS THAT HAVELOK IS THE HEIR.] + + [Sidenote: [Fol. 214b, col. 2.]] + +Als þe knithes were come{n} alle, 2120 + Þer hauelok lay, ut of þe halle, + So stod ut of his mouth a glem, + Rith al swilk so þe sunne-bem; + [Sidenote: The light is like that of 107 candles.] + Þat al so lith wa[s] þare, bi heuene! 2124 + So þer brenden serges seuene, + And an hundred serges ok: + Þat durste hi sweren on a bok. + He slepen faste alle fiue, 2128 + So he weren brouth of liue; + [Sidenote: Havelok and Goldborough are fast asleep.] + And hauelok lay on his lift side, + In his armes his brithe bride. + Bi þe pappes he leyen naked: 2132 + So faire two weren neuere maked + In a bed to lyen samen:-- + Þe knithes þouth of hem god game{n}, + Hem forto shewe, and loken to. 2136 + Rith also he stode{n} alle so, + And his bac was toward he{m} we{n}d, + [Sidenote: They see a bright cross on his back, + denoting kingship.] + So were{n} he war of a croiz ful gent, + On his rith shuldre sw[iþ]e[95] brith, 2140 + Brithter þan gold ageyn þe lith. + So þat he wiste heye and lowe, + Þat it was kunrik þat he sawe. + It sparkede, and ful brith shon, 2144 + So doth þe gode charbucle ston, + [Sidenote: It was light enough to choose a penny by.] + Þat men Mouthe se by þe lith, + A peni chesen, so was it brith. + Þa{n}ne bihelden he him faste, 2148 + So þat he knewe{n} at þe laste, + [Sidenote: They know he is Birkabeyn’s son and heir.] + Þat he was birkabeynes sone, + Þat was here king, þat was he{m} wone + Wel to yeme, and wel were 2152 + Ageynes uten-laddes here. + “For it was neuere yet a broþer + In al denemark so lich anoþer, + So þis man þat is so fayr 2156 + Als birkabeyn, he is hise eyr.” + + [Footnote 95: MS. swe, _for_ swiþe. Cf. l. 1252.] + + + +He fellen sone at hise fet, + [Sidenote: They weep for joy.] + Was non of hem þat he ne gret, + Of ioie he weren alle so fawen, 2160 + So he him haueden of erþe drawe{n}. + Hise fet he kisten an hundred syþes, + Þe tos, þe nayles, and þe lithes, + So þat he bigan to wakne,[96] 2164 + [Sidenote: [Fol. 215, col. 1.]] + And wit he{m} ful sore to blakne, + For he wende he wolde{n} him slo, + [Sidenote: Havelok wakes.] + Or elles binde him, and do wo. + + [Footnote 96: Here follows the catchword-- “And wit hem.”] + + +[Headnote: UBBE SAYS HAVELOK SHALL BE KING.] + + [Sidenote: Ubbe offers homage to him, and says he shall be + king of Denmark.] + +Quoth ubbe, “louerd, ne dred þe nowth, 2168 + Me þinkes that I se þi þouth. + Dere sone, wel is me, + Þat y þe with eyn[e][97] se. + Man-red, louerd, bede y þe, 2172 + Þi man auht i ful wel to be, + For þu art come{n} of birkabeyn, + Þat hauede mani knith and sweyn; + And so shalt þou, louerd, haue, 2176 + Þou þu be yet a ful yung knaue. + Þou shalt be king of al denemark, + Was þer-inne neu{er}e non so stark. + To-morwen shaltu manrede take 2180 + Of þe brune and of þe blake; + Of alle þat aren in þis tun, + Boþe of erl, and of barun, + And of dreng, and of thayn, 2184 + And of knith, and of sweyn. + And so shaltu ben mad knith + Wit blisse, for þou art so with.” + + [Footnote 97: We find _eyne_ in ll. 680, 1273, &c.] + + + [Sidenote: Havelok is blithe, and thanks God.] + +Þo was hauelok swiþe bliþe, 2188 + And þankede God ful fele siþe. + On þe morwen, wan it was lith, + And gon was þist{er}nesse of þe nith, + Vbbe dide up-on a stede 2192 + A ladde lepe, and þider bede + [Sidenote: Ubbe summons all his lords.] + Erles, barouns, drenges, theynes, + Klerkes, knithes, bu[r]geys,[98] sweynes, + Þat he sholden comen a-non, 2196 + Biforen him sone euerilkon, + Also he loue{n} here liues, + And here children, and here wiues. + + [Footnote 98: MS. bugeyſ.] + + +[Headnote: UBBE RELATES HAVELOK’S HISTORY.] + + [Sidenote: All come to receive his orders.] + +Hise bode ne durste he non at-sitte, 2200 + Þat he ne neme[99] for to wite + Sone, hwat wolde þe iustise: + And [he] bigan anon to rise, + And seyde sone, “liþes me, 2204 + Alle samen, þeu and fre. + A þing ich wile you here shauwe, + Þat ye[100] alle ful wel knawe. + [Sidenote: Ubbe tells them about Birkabeyn, who commended + his children to Godard;] + Ye wite{n} wel, þat al þis lond 2208 + Was i{n} birkabeynes hond, + [Sidenote: [Fol. 215, col. 2.]] + Þe day þat he was quic and ded; + And how þat he, bi youre red, + Bitauhte hise children þre 2212 + Godard to yeme, and al his fe. + Hauelok his sone he him tauhte, + And hise two douhtres, and al his auhte, + Alle herden ye him swere 2216 + On bok, and on messe-gere, + Þat he shulde yeme hem wel, + With-uten lac, with-uten tel. + + [Footnote 99: MS. meme; _miswritten for_ neme; _see_ ll. 1207, + 1931.] + + [Footnote 100: MS. he.] + + + [Sidenote: and how Godard slew the two girls, but had pity + on the boy; but afterwards ordered Grim to drown him.] + +He let his oth al ouer-go, 2220 + Euere wurþe him yuel and wo! + For[101] þe maydnes here lif + Refte he boþen, with a knif, + And him shulde ok haue slawe{n}, 2224 + Þe knif was at his herte drawe{n}, + But god him wolde wel haue saue, + He hauede reunesse of þe knaue, + So þat he with his hend 2228 + Ne drop him nouth, þat sor[i] fend, + But sone dide he a fishere + Swiþe grete oþes swere, + Þat he sholde drenchen him 2232 + In þe se, þat was ful brim. + + [Footnote 101: _Qu._ Fro.] + + + [Sidenote: But Grim fled with him to England.] + +Hwan grim saw þat he was so fayr, + And wiste he was þe Rith eir, + Fro denemark ful sone he fledde 2236 + In-til englond, and þer him fedde + Mani winter, þat til þis day + Haues he ben fed and fostred ay. + [Sidenote: Then Ubbe shows Havelok to them all, + and bids them swear fealty to him.] + Lokes, hware he sto{n}des her: 2240 + In al þis werd ne haues he per; + Non so fayr, ne non so long, + Ne non so mikel, ne non so stro{n}g. + In þis middelerd nis no knith 2244 + Half so strong, ne half so with. + Bes of him ful glad and bliþe, + And cometh alle hider swiþe, + Manrede youre louerd forto make, 2248 + Boþe brune and þe blake. + I shal mi-self do first þe gamen, + And ye siþen alle samen.” + + +[Headnote: UBBE DOES HOMAGE TO HAVELOK.] + + [Sidenote: Ubbe swears fealty first.] + +Oknes ful fayre he him sette, 2252 + Mouthe noþing him þer-fro lette, + And bi-cam is man Rith þare, + Þat alle sawe{n} þat þere ware. + [Sidenote: [Fol. 215b, col. 1.]] + + + [Sidenote: All the rest do the same.] + +After him stirt up laddes ten, 2256 + And bi-come{n} hise men;[102] + And siþen euerilk a baroun, + Þat euere weren i{n} al that toun; + And siþen drenges, and siþe{n} thaynes, 2260 + And siþen knithes, and siþe{n} sweynes; + So þat, or þat day was gon, + In al þe tun ne was nouth on + Þat it ne was his man bicomen: 2264 + Manrede of alle hauede he nomen. + + [Footnote 102: A word is added in the MS. after _men_, + apparently _beye_. Perhaps we should read: _hise heye men_.] + + +[Headnote: ALL SWEAR TO BE FAITHFUL TO HAVELOK.] + + [Sidenote: Havelok makes them swear to be faithful + to him always.] + +Hwan he hauede of he{m} alle + Manrede taken, i{n} the halle, + Grundlike dide he hem swere, 2268 + Þat he sholden him god feyth bere + Ageynes alle þat woren on liue; + Þer-yen ne wolde neuer on striue, + Þat he ne made{n} sone þat oth, 2272 + Riche and poure, lef and loth. + Hwan þat was maked, sone he se{n}de, + [Sidenote: Ubbe sends for all the sheriffs and constables.] + Vbbe, writes fer and hende, + After alle þat castel yemede, 2276 + Burwes, tunes, sibbe an fremde, + Þat þider sholde{n} come{n} swiþe + Til him, and heren tiþandes bliþe, + Þat he hem alle shulde telle: 2280 + Of hem ne wolde neu{er}e on dwelle, + Þat he ne come sone plattinde, + Hwo hors ne hauede, com ga{n}ga{n}de. + So þat with-i{n}ne a fourtenith, 2284 + In al denemark ne was no knith, + Ne conestable, ne shireue, + Þat com of adam and of eue, + [Sidenote: They all come.] + Þat he ne com biforn sire ubbe: 2288 + He dredde{n} him so þhes[103] doth clubbe. + + [Footnote 103: _Qu._ þes, _i.e._ thighs; or the spelling + _þhes_ may be intentional; see l. 1984. But Sir F. Madden + suggests _þeues_.] + + + [Sidenote: Ubbe shows Havelok to them all.] + +Hwan he hauede{n} alle þe ki{n}g gret, + And he weren alle dun set, + Þo seyde ubbe, “lokes here, 2292 + Vre louerd swiþe dere, + Þat shal ben king of al þe lond, + And haue us alle under hond. + For he is birkabeynes sone, 2296 + Þe king þat was vmbe stonde wone + For to yeme, and wel were, + Wit sharp[e][104] swerd, and lo{n}ge spere. + [Sidenote: [Fol. 215b, col. 2.]] + Lokes nou, hw he is fayr; 2300 + Sikerlike he is hise eyr. + Falles alle to hise fet, + Bicomes hise men ful sket.” + [Sidenote: All swear to obey Havelok.] + He weren for ubbe swiþe adrad, 2304 + And dide sone al þat he bad, + And yet dede{n} he sumdel more, + O bok ful grundlike he swore, + Þat he sholde with him halde 2308 + Boþe ageynes stille and bolde, + Þat euere wo[l]de his bodi dere: + Þat dide [he] hem o boke swere. + + [Footnote 104: See l. 2645 for the final _e_.] + + +[Headnote: UBBE DUBS HAVELOK A KNIGHT.] + + [Sidenote: Ubbe dubs Havelok a knight, and makes him king.] + +Hwan he hauede ma{n}rede and oth 2312 + Taken of lef and of loth, + Vbbe dubbede him to knith, + With a swerd ful swiþe brith, + And þe folk of al þe lond 2316 + Bitauhte him al in his hond, + Þe cunnriche eu{er}il del, + And made him king heylike and wel. + Hwan he was king, þer mouthe me{n} se 2320 + Þe moste ioie þat mouhte be: + [Sidenote: Great joy and many sports.] + Buttinge with sharpe sp{er}es, + Skirming with taleuaces, þat me{n} beres, + Wrastling with laddes, putti{n}g of ston, 2324 + Harping and piping, ful god won, + Leyk of mine, of hasard ok, + Romanz reding on þe bok; + Þer mouthe men here þe gestes singe, 2328 + Þe gleymen on þe tabour dinge; + [Sidenote: There is baiting of bulls and boars, + and plenty of meat and wine.] + Þer mouhte men se þe boles beyte, + And þe bores, with hundes teyte; + Þo mouthe men se eueril gleu, 2332 + Þer mouthe me{n} se hw grim greu; + Was neu{er}e yete ioie more + In al þis werd, þan þo was þore. + Þer was so mike[105] yeft of cloþes, 2336 + Þat þou i swore you grete othes, + I ne wore nouth þer-offe croud: + Þat may i ful wel swere, bi god! + Þere was swiþe gode metes, 2340 + And of wyn, þat men fer fetes, + Rith al so mik and gret plente, + So it were water of þe se. + Þe feste fourti dawes sat, 2344 + [Sidenote: [Fol. 216, col. 1.]] + So riche was neu{er}e non so þat. + [Sidenote: The king makes Robert, William, and Hugh all barons.] + Þe king made Roberd þere knith, + Þat was ful strong, and ful with, + And willa{m}, wendut het, his broþer, 2348 + And huwe raue{n}, þat was þat oþer, + And made hem barouns alle þre, + And yaf hem lond, and oþer fe, + So mikel, þat ilker twent[i] knihtes 2352 + Hauede of genge, dayes and nithes. + + [Footnote 105: See l. 2342.] + + +[Headnote: HAVELOK IS MADE KING OF DENMARK.] + + +Hwan þat feste was al don, + [Sidenote: A thousand knights accompany the king.] + A thusand knihtes ful wel o bon + With-held þe king, with hi{m} to lede; 2356 + Þat ilkan hauede ful god stede, + Helm, and sheld, and brinie brith, + And al þe wepne þat fel to knith. + [Sidenote: and five thousand sergeants.] + With he{m} fiue thusand gode 2360 + Sergaunz, þat were{n} to fyht wode, + With-held he al of his genge: + Wile I na more þe storie lenge. + Yet hwan he hauede of al þe lond 2364 + Þe casteles alle i{n} his hond, + And conestables don þer-inne, + [Sidenote: He swears to be avenged of Godard, + and to find and bind him.] + He swor, he ne sholde neuer bli{n}ne, + Til þat he were of godard wreke{n}, 2368 + Þat ich haue of ofte speken. + Hal hundred knithes dede he calle, + And hise fif thusand sergaunz alle, + And dide swere{n} on the bok 2372 + Sone, and on þe auter ok, + Þat he ne sholde neuere blinne, + Ne for loue, ne for sinne, + Til þat he haueden godard funde, 2376 + And brouth biforn hi{m} faste bunde. + + +[Headnote: HAVELOK GOES TO SEEK OUT GODARD.] + + +Þanne he hauede{n} swor þis oth, + Ne leten he nouth for lef ne loth, + Þat he ne foren swiþe rathe, 2380 + [Sidenote: He goes to meet Godard.] + Þer he was unto þe paþe, + Þer he yet on hunti{n}g for, + With mikel genge, and swiþe stor. + Robert, þat was of al þe ferd 2384 + Mayster, was girt wit a swerd, + And sat up-on a ful god stede, + Þat vnder him Rith wolde wede; + [Sidenote: Robert accosts Godard, and tells him to come + to the king, who will repay him.] + He was þe firste þat with godard 2388 + Spak, and seyde, “hede[106] cauenard! + [Sidenote: [Fol. 216, col. 2.]] + Wat dos þu here at þis paþe? + Cu{m} to þe king, swiþe and raþe. + Þat sendes he þe word, and bedes, 2392 + Þat þu þenke hwat þu him dedes, + Hwan þu reftes with a knif + Hise sistres here lif, + An siþen bede þu in þe se 2396 + Drenchen him, þat herde he. + He is to þe swiþe grim: + Cu{m} nu swiþe un-to him, + Þat king is of þis kuneriche. 2400 + Þu fule man! þu wicke swike! + And he shal yelde þe þi mede, + Bi c{ri}st þat wolde on rode blede!” + + [Footnote 106: _Qu._ helde, _i.e._ old. Unless it means “heed!”] + + + +Hwan godard herde þat þer þrette, 2404 + [Sidenote: Godard and Robert strike each other.] + With þe neue he robert sette + Biforn þe teth a dint ful strong. + And robert kipt ut a knif long, + And smot him þoru þe rith arum: 2408 + Þer-of was ful litel harum. + + +[Headnote: GODARD’S MEN ARE BEATEN.] + + +Hwan his folk þat sau and herde, + Hwou robert with here louerd ferde, + He haueden him wel ner browt of liue, 2412 + Ne were{n} his two breþren and oþre fiue + Slowen of here laddes ten, + Of godardes alþer-beste men. + [Sidenote: Godard’s men flee, but Godard rallies them.] + Hwan þe oþre sawe{n} þat, he fledde{n}, 2416 + And godard swiþe loude gredde: + “Mine knithes, hwat do ye? + Sule ye þus-gate fro me fle? + Ich haue you fed, and yet shal fede, 2420 + Helpe me nu in þis nede, + And late ye nouth mi bodi spille, + Ne hauelok don of me hise wille. + Yif ye id[107] do, ye do you shame, 2424 + And bringeth you-self in mikel blame.” + Hwan he þat herden, he wenten ageyn, + And slowen a knit and[108] a sweyn + Of þe kinges oune men, 2428 + And woundede{n} abute{n} ten. + + [Footnote 107: _Qu._ it.] + + [Footnote 108: MS. and and.] + + +[Headnote: GODARD IS BOUND AND LED TO HAVELOK.] + + [Sidenote: The king’s men kill all Godard’s men.] + +The kinges men hwan he þat sawe, + Scute{n} on hem, heye and lowe, + And euerilk fot of hem slowe, 2432 + But godard one, þat he flowe, + So þe þef men dos henge, + [Sidenote: [Fol. 216b, col. 1.]] + Or hund men shole i{n} dike slenge. + He bunde{n} him ful swiþe faste, 2436 + Hwil þe bondes wolden laste, + Þat he rorede als a bole, + Þat he wore parred in an hole, + With dogges forto bite and beite: 2440 + Were þe bondes nouth to leite. + [Sidenote: They bind Godard, and cast him on an old mare, + to take him to Havelok.] + He bounde{n} hi{m} so[109] fele sore, + Þat he gan crien godes ore, + Þat he sholde of his hend plette, 2444 + Wolde{n} he nouht þer-fore lette, + Þat he ne bounde{n} hond and fet: + Daþeit þat on þat þer-fore let! + But dunte{n} him so man doth bere, 2448 + And keste him on a scabbed mere, + Hise nese went un-to þe crice: + So ledde{n} he þat fule swike, + Til he was biforn hauelok brouth, 2452 + Þat he haue[de] ful wo wrowht, + Boþe with hungre[110] and with cold, + Or he were twel winter old, + And with mani heui swink, 2456 + With poure mete, and feble drink, + And [with] swiþe wikke cloþes, + For al hise manie grete othes. + Nu beyes he his holde blame: 2460 + [Sidenote: “_Old sin makes new shame._”] + ‘Old sinne makes newe shame:’ + Wan he was [brouht] so shamelike + Biforn[111] þe king, þe fule swike, + [Sidenote: The king summons Ubbe and the rest.] + Þe king dede ubbe swiþe calle 2464 + Hise erles, and hise barouns alle, + Dreng and thein, burgeis and knith, + +[Headnote: HE IS CONDEMNED TO BE HUNG.] + + And bad he sholde{n} demen him rith: + For he kneu, þe swike dam, 2468 + Euerildel god was him gram. + He sette{n} hem dun bi þe wawe, + Riche and pouere, heye and lowe, + [Sidenote: They sit in judgment.] + Þe helde men, and ek þe grom, 2472 + And made þer þe rithe dom, + And seyde{n} unto þe king anon, + Þat stille sat [al] so þe ston: + [Sidenote: “He is to be flayed, drawn, and hung.”] + “We deme, þat he be al quic slawen,[112] 2476 + And siþen to þe galwes drawe[{n}], + At þis foule mere tayl; + Þoru is fet a ful stro{n}g nayl; + [Sidenote: [Fol. 216b, col. 2.]] + And þore ben henged wit two feteres, 2480 + And þare be writen þise leteres: + ‘Þis is þe swike þat wende wel, + Þe king haue reft þe lond il del, + And hise sistres with a knif 2484 + Boþe refte here lif.’ + Þis writ shal henge bi him þare; + Þe dom is demd, seye we na more.” + + [Footnote 109: MS. fo.] + + [Footnote 110: MS. hungred.] + + [Footnote 111: MS. Brouht biforn; _but the word _brouht_ + clearly belongs to the preceding line, in which, however, it + is omitted._] + + [Footnote 112: We should perhaps read _flawen_, as required by + the sense. _See_ ll. 2495, 2502.] + + +[Headnote: GODARD IS FLAYED ALIVE AND HUNG.] + + [Sidenote: Godard is shriven.] + +Hwan þe dom was demd and giue, 2488 + And he was wit þe p{re}stes shriue, + And it ne mouhte ben non oþer, + Ne for fader, ne for broþer, + Þat he sholde þarne lif; 2492 + [Sidenote: A lad flays him.] + Sket cam a ladde with a knif, + And bigan Rith at þe to + For to ritte, and for to flo, + And he bigan for to rore, 2496 + So it were grim or gore, + Þat men mithe þeþen a mile + [Sidenote: He roars.] + Here him rore, þat fule file. + Þe ladde ne let no with for-þi, 2500 + Þey he criede ‘m{er}ci! m{er}ci!’ + Þat [he] ne flow [him] eueril del + With knif mad of grunde{n} stel. + [Sidenote: He is bound on an old mare, drawn over + rough ground, and hung.] + Þei garte bringe þe mere sone, 2504 + Skabbed[113] and ful iuele o bone, + And bunde{n} him rith at hire tayl + With a rop of an old seyl, + And drowe{n} him un-to þe galwes, 2508 + Nouth bi þe gate, But ouer þe falwes; + And henge [him] þore Bi þe hals: + Daþeit hwo recke! he was fals. + + [Footnote 113: MS. Skabbeb.] + + +[Headnote: GODRICH RAISES AN ARMY AGAINST HAVELOK.] + + +Þa{n}ne he was ded, þat sathanas, 2512 + Sket was seysed al þat his was + In þe kinges hand il del, + Lond and lith, and oþer catel, + [Sidenote: Havelok makes Ubbe his steward.] + And þe king ful sone it yaf 2516 + Vbbe i{n} þe hond, wit a fayr staf, + And seyde, “her ich sayse þe + In al þe lo{n}d, in al þe fe.” + [Sidenote: He founds a priory of black monks for Grim’s soul, + in the town of Grimsby.] + Þo swor hauelok he sholde make, 2520 + Al for grim, of monekes blake + A p{ri}orie to s{er}uen inne ay + Ih{es}u c{ri}st, til domesday, + For þe god he haueden him don, 2524 + [Sidenote: [Fol. 217, col. 1.]] + Hwil he was pou{er}e and iuel[114] o bon. + And þer-of held he wel his oth, + For he it made, god it woth! + In þe tun þer grim was graue{n}, 2528 + Þat of grim yet haues þe name. + Of grim bidde ich na more spelle.[115]-- + [Sidenote: Godrich, earl of Cornwall, hears that Havelok + has invaded England.] + But wan godrich herde telle, + Of cornwayle þat was erl, 2532 + (Þat fule traytour, that mixed cherl!) + Þat hauelok was king of denemark, + And ferde with him strong and stark, + Comen engelond with-inne, 2536 + Engelond al for to winne, + And þat she, þat was so fayr, + Þat was of engelond rith eir, + Þat was comen up at grimesbi, 2540 + He was ful sorful and sori, + [Sidenote: He says he will slay Havelok and his wife.] + And seyde, “Hwat shal me to raþe? + Goddoth! i shal do slou hem baþe. + I shal don hengen hem ful heye, 2544 + So mote ich brouke mi Rith eie! + But yif he of mi lond[e][116] fle; + Hwat? wende{n} he to desherite me?” + [Sidenote: He raises a great army.] + He dide sone ferd ut bidde, 2548 + Þat al þat euere mouhte o stede + Ride, or helm on heued bere, + Brini on bac, and sheld, and sp{er}e, + Or ani oþer wepne bere, 2552 + Hand-ax, syþe, gisarm, or sp{er}e, + Or aunlaz,[117] and god long knif, + Þat als he louede leme or lif, + Þat þey sholde{n} comen him to, 2556 + With ful god wepne ye ber so, + [Sidenote: The army is to meet at Lincoln on the 17th of March.] + To lincolne, þer he lay, + Of marz þe seue{n}tenþe day, + So þat he couþe he{m} god þank; 2560 + And yif þat ani were so rang, + That he þa{n}ne ne come anon, + He swor bi crist, and [bi][118] seint Iohan, + That he sholde maken him þral, 2564 + And al his of-spring forth with-al. + + [Footnote 114: The MS. has “we,” which the scribe several + times writes instead of “wel.” But “wel” is a manifest + blunder, since “iuel” is meant. Cf. l. 2505.] + + [Footnote 115: The author has here omitted to tell us that + Havelok, at the desire of his wife, invades England. See the + note.] + + [Footnote 116: Cf. l. 2599.] + + [Footnote 117: Printed “alinlaz” in the former edition. The + first stroke of the _u_ is longer than the second, and the + tail of the _x_ in the line above converts the second + downstroke of the _u_ into an apparent _i_.] + + [Footnote 118: Cf. l. 1112.] + + +[Headnote: GODRICH EXCITES THE ENGLISH AGAINST HAVELOK.] + + +Þe englishe þat herde þat, + Was non þat euere his bode sat, + For he him dredde swiþe sore, 2568 + So Runci spore, and mikle more. + [Sidenote: [Fol. 217, col. 2.]] + At þe day he come sone + Þat he hem sette, ful wel o bone, + [Sidenote: All come to Lincoln on that day.] + To lincolne, with gode stedes, 2572 + And al þe wepne þat knith ledes. + Hwa{n} he wore come, sket was þe erl yare,[119] + Ageynes denshe men to fare, + And seyde, “lyþes me[120] alle samen, 2576 + Haue ich gadred you for no game{n}, + But ich wile seyen you forþi; + [Sidenote: Godrich tells them what Havelok is doing at Grimsby.] + Lokes hware here at g{ri}mesbi, + Hise uten-laddes here comen, 2580 + And haues nu þe p{ri}orie numen; + Al þat euere mithen he finde, + He bre{n}ne kirkes, and p{re}stes binde; + He strangleth mo{n}kes, and nu{n}nes boþe: 2584 + Wat wile ye, frend, her-offe Rede? + Yif he regne þus-gate longe, + He Moun us alle ouer-gange, + He moun vs alle quic henge or slo, 2588 + Or þral maken, and do ful wo, + Or elles reue us ure liues, + And ure children, and ure wiues. + [Sidenote: He excites them to attack Havelok.] + But dos nu als ich wile you lere, 2592 + Als ye wile be with me dere; + Nimes nu swiþe forth and raþe, + And helpes me and yu-self baþe, + And slos up-o[n] þe dogges swiþe: 2596 + For shal [i] neuere more be bliþe, + +[Headnote: THE ENGLISH MARCH TO GRIMSBY.] + + Ne hoseled ben, ne of p{re}st shriuen, + Til þat he ben of londe driuen. + Nime we swiþe, and do hem fle, 2600 + And folwes alle faste me, + [Sidenote: He will lead them himself.] + For ich am he, of al þe ferd, + Þat first shal slo with drawe{n} swerd. + Daþeyt hwo ne stonde faste 2604 + Bi me, hwil hise armes laste!” + [Sidenote: Earl Gunter and Earl Reyner of Chester support him.] + “Ye! lef, ye!”[121] couth þe erl gunter; + “Ya!” quoth þe erl of cestre, reyner. + And so dide alle þat þer stode, 2608 + And stirte forth so he were wode. + Þo mouthe me{n} se þe brinies brihte + On backes keste, and late rithe, + Þe helmes heye on heued sette; 2612 + To armes al so swiþe plette, + Þat þei wore on a litel stunde + [Sidenote: [Fol. 217b, col. 1.]] + Grethet, als me{n} mithe telle a pund, + And lopen on stedes sone anon, 2616 + [Sidenote: They approach Grimsby.] + And toward g{ri}mesbi, ful god won, + He foren softe bi þe sti, + Til he come ney at grimesbi. + + [Footnote 119: _Or_ þare; but see l. 2954.] + + [Footnote 120: MS. mi. Cf. l. 2204.] + + [Footnote 121: MS. _has _þe_, _ƿe_, or _ye_ in both places._ + But see l. 1888.] + + + [Sidenote: Havelok meets them boldly, and kills + the foremost knight.] + +Hauelok, þat hauede spired wel 2620 + Of here fare, eueril del, + With al his ferd cam hem a-geyn, + For-bar he noþer knith ne sweyn. + Þe firste knith þat he þer mette, 2624 + With þe swerd so he him grette, + For his heued of he plette, + Wolde he nouth for sinne lette. + [Sidenote: Robert kills a second.] + Roberd saw þat dint so hende, 2628 + Wolde he neuere þeþe[{n}] wende, + Til þat he hauede anoþer slawen, + With þe swerd he held ut-drawen. + [Sidenote: William disables a third.] + Willa{m} wendut his swerd vt-drow, 2632 + And þe þredde so sore he slow, + Þat he made up-on the feld + His lift arm fleye, with the swerd.[122] + + [Footnote 122: Cf. l. 1825. We should otherwise be tempted + to read _sheld_; especially as the _shield_ is more + appropriate to the _left_ arm.] + + +[Headnote: COMBAT BETWEEN UBBE AND GODRICH.] + + [Sidenote: Hugh Raven seizes his sword, and cleaves + an earl’s head in two.] + +Huwe raue{n} ne forgat nouth 2636 + Þe swerd he hauede þider brouth, + He kipte it up, and smot ful sore + An erl, þat he saw priken þore, + Ful noblelike upon a stede, 2640 + Þat with him wolde al quic wede. + He smot him on þe heued so, + Þat he þe heued clef a-two, + And þat bi þe shu[l]dre-blade 2644 + Þe sharpe swerd let [he] wade, + Þorw the brest unto þe herte; + Þe dint bigan ful sore to smerte, + Þat þe erl fel dun a-non, 2648 + Al so ded so ani ston. + [Sidenote: Ubbe attacks Godrich.] + Quoth ubbe, “nu dwelle ich to lo{n}ge,” + And leth his stede sone gonge + To godrich, with a god spere, 2652 + Þat he saw a-noþer bere, + And smoth godrich, and G{odrich} him, + Hetelike with h{er}te grim, + [Sidenote: Both fall.] + So þat he boþe felle dune, 2656 + To þe erþe first þe croune. + Þa{n}ne he wore{n} falle{n} dun boþen, + Grundlike here swerdes ut-drowe{n}, + [Sidenote: [Fol. 217b, col. 2.]] + Þat were{n} swiþe sharp and gode, 2660 + [Sidenote: They fight on foot.] + And fouhten so þei wore{n} wode, + Þat þe swot ran fro þe crune + [To the fet rith þere adune.][123] + +[Headnote: GODRICH DISPLAYS GREAT PROWESS.] + + Þer mouthe men se to knithes bete 2664 + Ayþer on oþer dintes grete, + So þat with alþer-lest[e] dint + Were al to-shiuered a flint, + [Sidenote: The fight lasts from morn to night.] + So was bi-twene{n} he{m} a fiht, 2668 + Fro þe morwen ner to þe niht, + So þat þei nouth ne bl[u]nne,[123*] + Til þat to sette bigan þe su{n}ne. + [Sidenote: Godrich wounds Ubbe sorely.] + Þo yaf godrich þorw þe side 2672 + Vbbe a wunde ful un-ride, + So þat þorw þat ilke wounde + Hauede ben brouth to þe grunde, + And his heued al of-slawen, 2676 + [Sidenote: Hugh Raven rescues him.] + Yif god ne were, and huwe rauen, + Þat drow him fro godrich awey, + And barw him so þat ilke day. + But er he were fro godrich drawe{n}, 2680 + [Sidenote: A thousand knights slain.] + Þer were a þousind knihtes slawe{n} + Bi boþe halue, and mo y-nowe, + Þer þe ferdes to-gidere slowe. + Þer was swilk dreping of þe folk, 2684 + [Sidenote: The pools are full of blood.] + Þat on þe feld was neu{er}e a polk + Þat it ne stod of blod so ful, + Þat þe strem ran i{n}til þe hul. + [Sidenote: Godrich attacks the Danes like lightning.] + Þo tarst[124] bigan godrich to go 2688 + Vp-on þe danshe, and faste to slo, + And forth rith also leuin fares, + Þat neu{er}e kines best ne spares, + Þa{n}ne his [he] gon, for he garte alle 2692 + Þe denshe men biforn him falle. + He felde browne, he felde blake, + Þat he mouthe ouer-take. + Was neuere non þat mouhte þaue 2696 + Hise dintes, noyþer knith ne knaue, + [Sidenote: He mows them down like grass.] + Þat he felden so dos þe gres + +[Headnote: COMBAT BETWEEN GODRICH AND HAVELOK.] + + Bi-forn þe syþe þat ful sharp is. + Hwan hauelok saw his folk so brittene, 2700 + And his ferd so swiþe littene, + He cam driuende up-on a stede, + And bigan til him to grede, + And seyde, “godrich, wat is þe 2704 + Þat þou fare þus with me? + [Sidenote: [Fol. 218, col. 1.]] + And mine gode knihtes slos, + Siker-like þou mis-gos. + [Sidenote: Havelok reproves Godrich, and bids him perform + his oaths.] + Þou wost ful wel, yif þu wilt wite, 2708 + Þat aþelwold þe dide site + On knes, and sweren on messe-bok, + On caliz, and on [pateyn][125] hok + Þat þou hise douhter sholdest yelde, 2712 + Þan she were wi{n}na{n}[126] of elde, + Engelond eueril del: + Godrich þe erl, þou wost it wel. + Do nu wel with-uten fiht, 2716 + Yeld hire þe lond, for þat is rith. + Wile ich forgiue þe þe lathe, + Al mi dede and al mi wrathe, + For y se þu art so with, 2720 + And of þi bodi so god knith.” + [Sidenote: Godrich refuses.] + “Þat ne wile ich neu{er}e mo,” + Quoth erl godrich, “for ich shal slo + Þe, and hire for-henge heye. 2724 + I shal þrist ut þi rith eye + Þat þou lokes with on me, + But þu swiþe heþen fle.” + He grop þe swerd ut sone anon, 2728 + And hew on hauelok, ful god won, + [Sidenote: He cleaves Havelok’s shield in two.] + So þat he clef his sheld on two: + Hwan hauelok saw þat shame do + His bodi þer bi-forn his ferd, 2732 + He drow ut sone his gode swerd, + [Sidenote: Havelok smites him down.] + And smot him so up-on þe crune, + Þat godrich fel to þe erþe adune. + But godrich stirt up swiþe sket, 2736 + Lay he nowth longe at hise fet, + [Sidenote: Godrich rises, and wounds Havelok in the shoulder.] + And smot him on þe sholdre so, + Þat he dide þare undo + Of his brinie ri{n}ges mo, 2740 + Þan þat ich kan tellen fro; + And woundede hi{m} rith i{n} þe flesh, + Þat tendre was, and swiþe nesh, + So þat þe blod ran til his to: 2744 + [Sidenote: Havelok is enraged, and cuts off his foe’s hand.] + Þo was hauelok swiþe wo, + Þat he hauede of him drawen + Blod, and so sore him slawen. + Hertelike til him he wente, 2748 + And godrich þer fulike shente; + For his swerd he hof up heye, + [Sidenote: [Fol. 218, col. 2.]] + And þe hand he dide of fleye, + Þat he smot him with so sore: 2752 + Hw mithe he don him shame more? + + [Footnote 123: Cf. l. 1904.] + + [Footnote 123*: Changed by editor from “blinne”: see + Emendations.] + + [Footnote 124: So in MS. _Qu._ faste, as in next line.] + + [Footnote 125: MS. _here repeats _messe_, by mistake. Read + _pateyn_._ Cf. l. 187.] + + [Footnote 126: MS. wīman, _i.e._ wi{n}man _or_ wi{m}man; _but + we are sure, from _l. 174_, that _wi{n}nan_ is meant._] + + +[Headnote: GODRICH IS BOUND AND FETTERED.] + + +Hwan he hauede him so shamed, + His hand of plat, and yuele lamed, + He tok him sone bi þe necke 2756 + Als a t{ra}ytour, daþeyt wo recke! + [Sidenote: He has him bound and fettered, and sends him + to the queen.] + And dide him binde and fet{er}e wel + With gode feteres al of stel, + And to þe quen he sende him, 2760 + Þat birde wel to him ben grim; + And Bad she sholde don him gete, + And þat non ne sholde him bete, + Ne shame do, for he was knith, 2764 + Til knithes hauede{n} demd him Rith. + [Sidenote: When the English find out that Goldborough + is the heiress, they submit to Havelok.] + Þan þe englishe men þat sawe, + Þat þei wisten, heye and lawe, + Þat Goldeboru, þat was so fayr, 2768 + Was of engeland rith eyr, + And þat þe king hire hauede wedded, + And haueden ben samen bedded, + He comen alle to crie m{er}ci, 2772 + Vnto þe king, at one cri, + And beden him sone manrede and oth, + Þat he ne sholde{n}, for lef ne loth, + Neuere more ageyn him go, 2776 + Ne ride, for wel ne for wo. + + +[Headnote: THE ENGLISH SUBMIT TO GOLDBOROUGH.] + + +Þe king ne wolde nouth for-sake, + Þat he ne shulde of hem take + Manrede þat he beden, and ok 2780 + Hold oþes swere{n} on þe bok; + [Sidenote: Havelok wishes to show Goldborough to the English.] + But or bad he, þat þider were brouth + Þe quen, for hem, swilk was his þouth, + For to se, and forto shawe, 2784 + Yif þat he hire wolde knawe. + Þoruth hem wite{n} wolde he, + Yif þat she aucte quen to be. + + + [Sidenote: Six earls fetch her in.] + +Sixe erles weren sone yare, 2788 + After hire for to fare. + He nomen on-on, and come{n} sone, + And brouthe{n} hire, þat under mone + In al þe werd ne hauede per, 2792 + Of hende-leik, fer ne ner. + Hwan she was come þider, alle + Þe englishe men bi-gu{n}ne to falle + [Sidenote: [Fol. 218b, col. 1.]] + O knes, and grete{n} swiþe sore, 2796 + And seyden, “leuedi, k[r]istes ore, + [Sidenote: The English ask her pardon.] + And youres! we haue{n} misdo mikel, + Þat we ayen you haue be fikel, + For englond auhte forto ben youres, 2800 + And we youre me{n} and youres. + Is non of us, yung ne old, + Þat we ne wot, þat aþelwold + Was king of þis kunerike, 2804 + [Sidenote: They admit she is heiress.] + And ye his eyr, and þat þe swike + Haues it halden with mikel wro{n}ge: + God leue him sone to honge!” + + +[Headnote: GODRICH IS CONDEMNED TO BE BURNT.] + + +Quot[127] hauelok, “hwan þat ye it wite. 2808 + [Sidenote: Havelok says they must pass judgment on Godrich.] + Nu wile ich þat ye doun site, + And after godrich haues wrouht, + Þat haues in sorwe him-self brouth, + Lokes þat ye deme{n} him rith, 2812 + For dom ne spared[128] clerk ne knith, + And siþen shal ich under-stonde + Of you, after lawe of londe, + Manrede, and holde oþes boþe, 2816 + Yif ye it wilen, and ek rothe.” + Anon þer dune he hem sette, + For non þe dom ne durste lette, + [Sidenote: They say he is to be bound on an ass’s back, + taken to Lincoln, bound to a stake, and burnt.] + And demden him to binde{n} faste 2820 + Vp-on an asse swiþe un-wraste, + Andelong, nouht ouer-þwert, + His nose went unto þe stert; + And so to lincolne lede, 2824 + Shamelike in wicke wede, + And hwan he cam un-to þe borw, + Shamelike ben led þer-þoru, + Bisouþe þe borw, un-to a grene, 2828 + Þat þare is yet, als[o] y wene, + And þere be bunde{n} til a stake, + Aboute{n} him ful gret fir make, + And al to dust be brend Rith þere; 2832 + And yet demde{n} he þer more, + Oþer swikes for to warne, + Þat hise childre{n} sulde þarne + Euere more þat eritage, 2836 + Þat his was, for hise utrage. + + [Footnote 127: MS. Guot. Cf. l. 1954.] + + [Footnote 128: _Qu._ spares.] + + + +Hwan þe dom was demd and seyd, + [Sidenote: So he is laid on the ass, and burnt.] + Sket was þe swike on þe asse leyd, + And [led vn-]til[129] þat ilke grene, 2840 + [Sidenote: [Fol. 218b, col. 2.]] + And brend til asken al bidene. + Þo was Goldeboru ful bliþe, + She þa{n}ked god fele syþe, + Þat þe fule swike was brend, 2844 + Þat wende wel hire bodi haue shend, + [Sidenote: Goldborough rejoices.] + And seyde, “nu is time to take + Manrede of brune and of blake, + Þat ich se ride[{n}] and go: 2848 + Nu ich am wreke[{n}][130] of mi fo.” + + [Footnote 129: MS. “And him til,” which is nonsense. See + l. 2827.] + + [Footnote 130: See l. 2992.] + + + [Sidenote: Havelok makes the English swear fealty.] + +Hauelok anon ma{n}rede tok + Of alle englishe, on þe bok, + And dide hem grete oþes swere, 2852 + Þat he sholde{n} him god feyth bere + Ageyn alle þat wore{n} liues, + And þat sholde ben born of wiues. + + +[Headnote: THE EARL OF CHESTER MARRIES GUNILD.] + + +Þa{n}ne he hauede[131] sikernesse 2856 + Taken of more and of lesse, + Al at hise wille, so dide he calle + [Sidenote: He proposes that Earl Reyner of Chester shall + marry Gunild, Grim’s daughter; and he will then always + be his friend.] + Þe erl of cestre, and hise men alle, + Þat was yung knith wit-ute{n} wif, 2860 + And seyde, “sire erl, bi mi lif, + And þou wile mi {con}seyl tro, + Ful wel shal ich with þe do, + For ich shal yeue þe to wiue 2864 + Þe fairest þing that is oliue. + +[Headnote: HAVELOK REMEMBERS BERTRAM’S KINDNESS.] + + Þat is gu{n}nild of grimesby, + Grimes douther, bi seint dauy! + Þat me forth broute, and wel fedde, 2868 + And ut of denemark with me fledde, + Me for to burwe fro mi ded: + Sikerlike, þoru his red + Haue ich liued in-to þis day, 2872 + Blissed worþe his soule ay! + I rede þat þu hire take, + And spuse, and curteyse make, + For she is fayr, and she is fre, 2876 + And al so hende so she may be. + Þertekene she is wel with me, + Þat shal ich ful wel shewe þe, + For ich giue þe a giue, 2880 + Þat euere more hwil ich liue, + For hire shal-tu be with me dere, + Þat wile ich þat þis folc al here.” + Þe erl ne wolde nouth ageyn 2884 + Þe king[e] be, for knith ne sweyn, + [Sidenote: [Fol. 219, col. 1.]] + Ne of þe spusing seyen nay, + But spusede [hire] þat ilke day. + Þat spusinge was god time maked, 2888 + [Sidenote: They are married, and have five sons.] + For it ne were neuere clad ne naked, + In a þede samened two + Þat cam to-gidere, liuede so, + So þey dide[{n}] al here liue: 2892 + He geten same{n} sones fiue, + Þat were þe beste me{n} at nede, + Þat mouthe ride{n} on ani stede. + Hwan gu{n}nild was to cestre brouth, 2896 + [Sidenote: Havelok remembers Bertram, the earl’s cook, + and makes him Earl of Cornwall.] + Hauelok þe gode ne for-gat nouth + Bertra{m}, þat was the erles kok, + Þat he ne dide calle{n} ok, + And seyde, “frend, so god me rede! 2900 + Nu shaltu haue riche mede, + +[Headnote: BERTRAM MARRIES GRIM’S SECOND DAUGHTER.] + + For wissing, and þi gode dede, + Þat tu me dides in ful gret nede. + For þa{n}ne y yede in mi cuuel, 2904 + And ich ne haue[de] bred, ne sowel, + Ne y ne hauede no catel, + Þou feddes and claddes me ful wel. + Haue nu for-þi of cornwayle 2908 + Þe erldom ildel, with-uten fayle, + And al þe lond þat godrich held, + Boþe in towne, and ek in feld; + And þerto wile ich, þat þu spuse, 2912 + And fayre bring hire un-til huse, + [Sidenote: He is to marry Levive, Grim’s daughter, + who is as fair as a rose.] + Grimes douther, leuiue þe hende, + For þider shal she with þe wende. + Hire semes curteys forto be, 2916 + For she is fayr so flour on tre; + Þe heu is swilk in hire ler + So [is] þe rose in roser, + Hwan it is fayr sprad ut newe 2920 + Ageyn þe su{n}ne, brith and lewe.” + And girde him sone with þe swerd + Of þe erldom, bi-forn his ferd, + And with his hond he made hi{m} knith, 2924 + And yaf him armes, for þat was rith, + [Sidenote: They are married.] + And dide him þere sone wedde + Hire þat was ful swete in bedde. + + [Footnote 131: MS. hauede{n}.] + + + [Sidenote: Havelok and Goldborough lived 100 years, + and had many children.] + +After þat he spused wore, 2928 + Wolde þe erl nouth dwelle þore, + But sone na{m} until his lond, + [Sidenote: [Fol. 219, col. 2.]] + And seysed it al in his hond, + And liuede þer-i{n}ne, he and his wif, 2932 + An hundred winter in god lif,[132] + And gaten mani childre{n} samen, + And liueden ay in blisse and game{n}. + Hwa{n} þe maydens were spused boþe, 2936 + Hauelok anon bigan ful rathe + [Sidenote: The Danes are enriched.] + His denshe men to feste wel + Wit riche landes and catel, + So þat he weren alle riche: 2940 + For he was large and nouth chinche. + + [Footnote 132: Between this line and the next are inserted + in the MS. the words: _For he saw þat he_, which have been + subsequently struck out by the same hand, and the word _vacat_ + affixed.] + + +[Headnote: HAVELOK IS CROWNED KING OF ENGLAND.] + + +Þer-after sone, with his here, + [Sidenote: Havelok is crowned at London.] + For he to lundone, forto bere + Corune, so þat [alle] it sawe, 2944 + Henglishe ant denshe, heye and lowe, + Hwou he it bar with mikel pride, + For his barnage þat was un-ride. + + + [Sidenote: The feast lasts 40 days.] + +Þe feste of his coruni[{n}]g[133] 2948 + Laste[de] with gret ioying + Fourti dawes, and sumdel mo; + Þo bigu{n}nen þe denshe to go + Vn-to þe king, to aske leue, 2952 + And he ne wolde hem nouth g{re}ue, + [Sidenote: The Danes return home.] + For he saw þat he woren yare + In-to denemark for to fare, + But gaf hem leue sone anon, 2956 + And bitauhte hem seint Johan; + [Sidenote: Ubbe is to rule Denmark.] + And bad ubbe, his iustise, + Þat he sholde on ilke wise + Denemark yeme and gete so, 2960 + Þat no pleynte come him to. + + [Footnote 133: MS. corunig.] + + + [Sidenote: Havelok remained in England for sixty years.] + +Hwan he wore parted alle samen, + Hauelok bi-lefte wit ioie and game{n} + In engelond, and was þer-i{n}ne 2964 + Sixti winter king with winne, + And Goldeboru quen, þat I wene: + So mikel loue was hem bitwene, + Þat al þe werd spak of hem two: 2968 + He louede hire, and she him so, + [Sidenote: He and Goldborough were never apart.] + Þat neyþer oþe[r] mithe be + For[134] oþer, ne no ioie se, + But yf he were to-gidere[135] boþe; 2972 + Neuere yete ne were{n} he wroþe, + For here loue was ay newe, + [Sidenote: [Fol. 219b, col. 1.]] + Neuere yete wordes ne grewe + Bitwene hem, hwar-of ne lathe 2976 + Mithe rise, ne no wrathe. + + [Footnote 134: _Qu._ Fro.] + + [Footnote 135: MS. togidede.] + + +[Headnote: SUCH IS THE “GESTE” OF HAVELOK.] + + [Sidenote: They had 15 children, all kings and queens.] + +He geten childre{n} hem bi-twene + Sones and douthres rith fiuetene, + Hwar-of þe sones were kinges alle, 2980 + So wolde god it sholde bifalle; + And þe douhtres alle q{ue}nes: + Him sto{n}des wel þat god child strenes. + [Sidenote: Such is the _geste_ of Havelok and Goldborough.] + Nu haue ye herd þe gest al þoru 2984 + Of hauelok and of goldeborw. + Hw he were{n} born, and hw fedde, + And hwou he wore{n} with wro{n}ge ledde + In here youþe, with trecherie, 2988 + With tresoun, and with felounye, + And hwou þe swikes hauede{n} thit + Reuen hem þat was here rith, + And hwou he were{n} wreken wel, 2992 + Haue ich sey you eu{er}ildel; + +[Headnote: SAY A PATERNOSTER FOR THE AUTHOR.] + + And forþi ich wolde biseken you, + Þat haue{n} herd þe rim[e] nu, + [Sidenote: Each of you say a _pater-noster_ for the author.] + Þat ilke of you, with gode wille, 2996 + Seye a pat{er}-nost{er} stille, + For him þat haueth þe rym[e] maked, + And þer-fore fele nihtes waked; + Þat ih{es}u c{ri}st his soule bringe 3000 + Bi-forn his fader at his endinge. + + + +Amen.+ + + + + +NOTES. + + +[The following notes are abridged from the notes in Sir F. Madden’s +excellent edition, the abridgement being effected almost entirely by +occasional omissions, and with but very slight unimportant changes of a +few words, chiefly in the case of references to later editions of +various works than were existing in 1828. I have added one or two short +notes upon difficult constructions, but these are distinguished by being +enclosed within square brackets. --W. W. S.] + +9. + + _He was the wicteste man at nede + That thurte riden on ani stede._ + +This appears to have been a favourite expression of the poet, and to +have comprehended, in his idea, the perfection of those qualifications +required in a knight and hero. He repeats it, with some slight +variation, no less than five times, viz. in ll. 25, 87, 345, 1757, and +1970. The lines, however, are by no means original, but the common +property of all our early poetical writers. We find them in Laȝamon: + + þis wes þe feiruste mon + þe æuere æhte ær þusne kinedom, + þa he mihte beren wepnen, + & his hors wel awilden. + + _Laȝamon_, vol. i. p. 174. + +So also in the Romance of _Guy of Warwick_: + + He was the best knight at neede + That euer bestrode any stede. + + Coll. Garrick, K. 9. sign. Ll. ii. + +Again, in the _Continuation of Sir Gy_, in the Auchinleck MS., (ed. for +the Abbotsford Club, 1840, 4to; p. 266), + + The best bodi he was at nede + That ever might bistriden stede, + And freest founde in fight. + +And again, in the _Chronicle of England_, published by Ritson from a +copy in the British Museum, MS. Reg. 12. C. XII. + + After him his sone Arthur + Hevede this lond thourh and thourh. + He was the beste kyng at nede + That ever mihte ride on stede, + Other wepne welde, other folk out-lede, + Of mon he hede he never drede. --l. 261. + +The very close resemblance of these lines to those in Havelok, ll. +87-90, would induce a belief that the writer of the _Chronicle_ had +certainly read, and perhaps copied from, the Romance. The MS. followed +by Ritson was undoubtedly written soon after the death of Piers +Gaveston, in 1313, with the mention of which event it concludes; but in +the Auchinleck copy it is continued, by a later hand, to the minority of +Edward III. It only remains to be observed, that the poem in MS. Reg. +12. C. XII. is written by the same identical hand as the MS. Harl. 2253 +(containing _Kyng Horn_, &c.), whence some additional light is thrown on +the real age of the latter, respecting which our antiquaries so long +differed. + +[15. “And I will drink ere I tell my tale.” _Her_ = ere. + +19. _And wite, &c._, i.e. And ordain that it may be so; cf. ll. 517, +1316. Both metre and grammar require the final _e_.] + +31. _Erl and barun, _dreng_ and kayn._ The appellation of _Dreng_, and, +in the plural, _Drenges_, which repeatedly occurs in the course of this +poem, is uniformly bestowed on a class of men who hold a situation +between the rank of _Baron_ and _Thayn_. We meet with the term more than +once in Doomsday Book, as, for instance, in Tit. Cestresc: “Hujus +manerii [Neuton] aliam terram xv. hom. quos _Drenches_ vocabant, pro xv. +maneriis tenebant.” And in a Charter of that period we read: “Alger +Prior, et totus Conventus Ecclesiæ S. Cuthberti, Edwino, et omnibus +Teignis et _Drengis_, &c.” Hence Spelman infers, that the Drengs were +military vassals, and held land by knight’s service, which was called +_Drengagium_. This is confirmed by a document from the Chartulary of +Welbeck, printed in Dugdale, _Mon. Angl._ V. II. p. 598, and in Blount, +_Jocular Tenures_, p. 177, where it is stated, “In eadem villa [Cukeney, +co. Nottingh.] manebat quidam homo qui vocabatur Gamelbere, et fuit +vetus _Dreyinghe_ ante Conquestum.” It appears from the same document, +that this person held two carucates of land of the King _in capite_, and +was bound to perform military service for the same, whenever the army +went into Wales. In the Epistle also from the Monks of Canterbury to +Henry II. printed by Somner, in his Treatise on Gavelkind, p. 123, we +find: “Quia vero non erant adhuc tempore Regis Willelmi Milites in +Anglia, sed _Threnges_, præcepit Rex, ut de eis Milites fierent, ad +terram defendendam.” In Laȝamon’s translation of Wace the term is +frequently used in the acceptation of thayn, and spelt either +_dringches_, _drenches_, _dranches_, or _dringes_. [Cf. Sw. _dräng_, a +man, servant; Dan. _dreng_, a boy.] In the Isl. and Su. Goth. _Dreng_ +originally signified _vir fortis_, _miles strenuus_, and hence Olaf, +King of Norway, received the epithet of _Goddreng_. See Wormii Lex. Run. +p. 26. Ihre, Vet. Cat. Reg. p. 109. Langebek, Script. Rer. Danic. V. I. +p. 156. The term subsequently was applied to persons in a servile +condition, and is so instanced by Spelman, as used in Denmark. In this +latter sense it may be found in Hickes, Diction. Isl., and in Sir David +Lyndsay’s Poems, + + Quhilk is not ordanit for _dringis_ + But for Duikis, Empriouris, and Kingis. + + V. Pinkerton’s Scotish Poems Reprinted, ii. 97. + +V. Jamieson, Dict. _in voce_. + +45. + + _In that time a man that bore + (Wel fyfty pund, y woth, or more.)_ + +This insertion receives additional authority from a similar passage in +the Romance of _Guy of Warwick_, where it is mentioned as a proof of the +rigorous system of justice pursued by Earl Sigard, + + Though a man bore an hundred pound, + Upon him of gold so round, + There n’as man in all this land + That durst him do shame no schonde. + + Ellis, _Metr. Rom._ V. II. p. 9. Ed. 1811. + +Many of the traits here attributed to Athelwold appear to be borrowed +from the praises so universally bestowed by our ancient historians on +the character of King Alfred, in whose time, as Otterbourne writes, +p. 52, “armillas aureas in bivio stratas vel suspensas, nemo abripere +est ausus.” Cf. _Annal. Eccl. Roffens._ MS. Cott. Nero, D. II. The same +anecdote is related of Rollo, Duke of Normandy, by Guillaume de +Jumieges, and Dudon de Saint Quentin. + +91. _Sprong forth so sparke of glede._ Cf. l. 870. It is a very common +metaphor in early English poetry. + + He sprong forð an stede, + swa sparc ded of fure, + + _Laȝamon_ v. ii. p. 565. + + He sprange als any sparke one glede. + + _Sir Isumbras_, st. 39 (Camd. Soc. 1844) + + He spronge as sparkle doth of glede, + + _K. of Tars_, l. 194. + + And lepte out of the arsoun, + As sperk thogh out of glede. + + _Ly Beaus Desconus_, l. 623. + +Cf. Chaucer, Cant. Tales, l. 13833, and Tyrwhitt’s note. + +110. _Of his bodi_, &c. Compare the French text, l. 208. + + Mes entre eus n’eurent enfant + Mes qe vne fille bele; + Argentille out non la pucele. + Rois Ekenbright fut enfermez, + Et de grant mal forment greuez; + Bien siet n’en poet garrir. + +[Here _Argentille_ is _Goldborough_, and _Ekenbright_ answers to +_Athelwold_. This quotation, and others below, shewing the passages of +the French text which most nearly resemble the English poem, are from a +MS. in the Herald’s College, marked E. D. N. No. 14. See the Preface.] + +[118. _Wat shal me to rede_, lit. what shall be for a counsel to me. See +_Rede_ in the Glossary to _William of Palerne_. + +130. _And don hem of þar hire were queme_, lit. and do them off where it +should be agreeable to her; i.e. and keep men at a distance as she +pleased. Such seems to me the meaning of this hitherto unexplained line. + +132. For _me_ we ought probably to read _hit_.] + +136. _He sende_ writes _sone onon._ We must here, and in l. 2275, simply +understand _letters_, without any reference to the official summonses of +parliament, which subsequently were so termed, κατ’ εξοχην. The word +_briefs_ is used in the same sense by the old French writers, and in +Laȝamon we meet with some lines nearly corresponding with the present; +see ll. 6669-6678. + +[175. _þa_. Frequently written for _þat_. See _William of Palerne_.] + +189-203. _Ther-on he garte_, &c. Compare the French Romance, ll. +215-228. + + Sa fille li ad comandée, + Et sa terre tote liuerée. + Primerement li fet iurer, + Veiant sa gent & affier, + Qe leaument la nurrireit, + Et sa terre lui gardereit, + Tant q’ele fust de tiel age + Qe suffrir porroit mariage. + Quant la pucele seit granz, + Par le consail de ses tenanz, + Au plus fort home la dorroit + Qe el reaume troueroit; + Qu’il li baillast ses citez, + Ses chasteus & ses fermetez. + +263. + + _Justises dede he maken newe, + Al Engelond to faren thorw._ + +The earliest instance produced by Dugdale of the Justices Itinerant, is +in 23 Hen. II. 1176, when by the advice of the Council held at +Northampton, the realm was divided into six parts, and into each were +sent three Justices. _Orig. Judic._ p. 51. This is stated on the +authority of Hoveden. Dugdale admits however the custom to have been +older, and in Gervasius Dorobernensis, we find, in 1170, certain +persons, called _inquisitores_, appointed to perambulate England. +Gervase of Tilbury, or whoever was the author of the _Dialogus de +Scaccario_, calls them _deambulantes, vel perlustrantes judices_. See +Spelman, _in voc_. The office continued to the time of Edward III., when +it was superseded by that of the Justices of Assize. + +280. _The kinges douther_, &c. Comp. the Fr. l. 283. + + Argentille, + La meschine qu’ert sa fille, + Que ia estoit creue & grant, + Et bien poeit auoir enfant. + +[338. _Sawe_, put for “Say we.” Cf. _biddi_ for “bidde i,” l. 484; +_hauedet_ for “hauede it,” 714; &c. + +365. _His quiste_, &c. “His bequest made, and (things) distributed for +him.”] + +433. + + _Crist warie him with his mouth! + Waried wrthe he of north and suth!_ + +So, in the Romance of Merlin, Bishop Brice curses the enemies of Arthur, + + Ac, for he is king, and king’s son, + Y curse alle, and y dom + His enemies with Christes mouth, + By East, by West, by North, and South! + + Ellis, _Metr. Rom._ V. I. p. 260. + +[506. For _nouth_ we must read _mouth_ or _wolde_. The sense is-- “He +thought that he would he were dead, except that he might not (_or_ would +not) slay him with his (own) hand.” + +550. The sense is-- “When he had done that deed (i.e. gagged the child), +_then_ the deceiver had commanded him,” &c. + +560. _with_ may mean _knowest_, but this hardly gives sense. Perhaps we +should read _wilt_, i.e. “As thou wilt have (preserve) my life.” + +567. Mr Morris suggests that the riming words are _adoun_ and _croune_. +We might then read-- + + “And caste þe knaue so harde adoun, + þat he crakede þer hise croune.”] + +591. _Of hise mouth_, &c. Comp. the Fr. l. 71. sq. + + Totes les houres q’il dormoit, + Vne flambe de lui issoit. + Par la bouche li venoit fors, + Si grant chalur auoit el cors. + La flambe rendoit tiel odour, + Onc ne sentit nul home meillour. + +676. _And with thi chartre make (me) fre._ Instances of the manumission +of villains or slaves by charter may be found in Hickes, _Diss. +Epistol._ p. 12, Lye’s Dict. _ad calc._, and Madox’s _Formulare +Anglicanum_, p. 750. The practice was common in the Saxon times, and +existed so late as the reign of Henry VIII. + +[694. _Wite he him onliue_, if he knows him (to be) alive. + +701. It is evident that the words _and gate_ = and goats, must be +supplied. For the spelling _gate_, cf. _Pricke of Conscience_, ed. +Morris, l. 6134, where _gayte_ is used collectively as a plural.] + +706. _Hise ship_, &c. Comp. the Fr. l. 89. + + Grim fet niefs apparailler, + Et de viande bien charger. + +715-720. _Hauelok the yunge_, &c. Comp. the Fr. ll. 97-105. + + Quant sa nief fut apparaillée, + Dedenz fist entrer sa meisnée, + Ses cheualers & ses serganz, + Sa femme demeine & ses enfanz: + La reyne mist el batel, + Haueloc tint souz son mantel. + Il meismes apres entra, + A Dieu del ciel se comanda, + Del hauene sont desancré, + Car il eurent bon orré. + +Instead of the storm, in the French text Grim’s ship is attacked by +pirates, who kill the whole of the crew, with the exception of himself +and family, whom they spare on the score of his being an old +acquaintance. + +733-749. _In Humber_, &c. So in the Fr. _Ceo fut el north_, &c. Cf. ll. +122-135. + + Tant out nagé & tant siglé, + Q’en vne hauene out parvenu, + Et de la nief a terre issu. + Ceo fut el North, a Grimesbi; + A icel tens qe ieo vus di, + Ni out onques home habité, + Ne cele hauene n’ert pas haunté. + Il i adresca primes maison, + De lui ad Grimesbi a non. + Quant Grim primes i ariua, + En .ii. moitez sa nief trencha, + Les chiefs en ad amont drescé, + Iloec dedenz s’est herbergé. + Pescher aloit sicome il soloit, + Siel vendoit & achatoit. + +753. + + _He took the sturgiun and the qual, + And the turbut, and lax withal, + He tok the sele, and the hwel_, &c. + +The list of fish here enumerated may be increased from l. 896, and +presents us with a sufficiently accurate notion of the different species +eaten in the 13th century. Each of the names will be considered +separately in the Glossary, and it is only intended here to make a few +remarks on those, which in the present day appear rather strangely to +have found a place on the tables of our ancestors. The sturgeon is well +known to have been esteemed a dainty, both in England and France, and +specially appropriated to the King’s service, but that the whale, the +seal, and the porpoise should have been rendered palatable, excites our +astonishment. Yet that the whale was caught for that purpose, appears +not only from the present passage, but also from the Fabliau intitled +_Bataille de Charnage et de Caresme_, written probably about the same +period, and printed by Barbazan. It is confirmed, as we learn from Le +Grand, by the French writers; and even Rabelais, near three centuries +later, enumerates the whale among the dishes eaten by the Gastrolatres. +In the list of fish also published by Le Grand from a MS. of the 13th +century, and which corresponds remarkably with the names in the Romance, +we meet with the _Baleigne_. See _Vie Privée des François_, T. II. +sect. 8. + +Among the articles at Archbishop Nevil’s Feast, 6 Edw. IV., we find, +_Porposes and Seales XII._ and at that of Archbishop Warham, held in +1504, is an item: _De Seales & Porposs. prec. in gross XXVI. s. VIII. +d._ Champier asserts that the Seal was eaten at the Court of Francis I., +so that the taste of the two nations seems at this period to have been +nearly the same. For the courses of fish in England during the 14th and +15th centuries, see Pegge’s _Form of Cury_, and Warner’s _Antiquitates +Culinariæ_, to which we may add MS. Sloane, 1986. [_Cf._ _Babees Book, +&c._, ed. Furnivall, 1868, p. 153.] + +[784. For _setes_ we should probably read _seten_ or _sette_, which +would be as good a rime as many others. The scribe has probably made the +rime more perfect than the sense. It must mean, “In the sea were they +oft set.” We cannot here suppose _setes_ = _set es_ = set them.] + +839. _And seyde, Hauelok, dere sone._ In the French, Grim sends Havelok +away for quite a different reason, viz. because he does not understand +fishing. + +903. _The kok stod_, &c. Comp. the Fr. l. 242. + + Et vn keu le roi le retint, + Purceo qe fort le vist & grant, + Et mult le vist de bon semblant. + Merueillous fes poeit leuer, + Busche tailler, ewe porter. + +The last line answers to l. 942 of the English version. + +939. _He bar the turues, he bar the star._ The meaning of the latter +term will be best illustrated by a passage in Moor’s _Suffolk Words_, +where, under the word _Bent_, he writes, “_Bent_ or _Starr_, on the N.W. +coast of England, and especially in Lancashire, is a coarse reedy +shrub--like ours perhaps--of some importance formerly, if not now, on +the sandy blowing lands of those counties. Its fibrous roots give some +cohesion to the silicious soil. By the 15 and 16 G. II. c. 33, plucking +up and carrying away _Starr_ or Bent, or having it in possession within +five miles of the sand hills, was punishable by fine, imprisonment, and +whipping.” The use stated in the Act to which the _Starr_ was applied, +is, “making of Mats, Brushes, and Brooms or Besoms,” therefore it might +very well be adapted to the purposes of a kitchen, and from its being +coupled with turves in the poem, was perhaps sometimes burnt for fuel. +The origin of the word is Danish, and still exists in the Dan. _Stær_, +Swed. _Starr_, Isl. _staer_, a species of sedge, or broom, called by +Lightfoot, p. 560, _carex cespitosa_. Perhaps it is this shrub alluded +to in the Romance of _Kyng Alisaunder_, and this circumstance will +induce us to assign its author to the district in which the Starr is +found. + + The speris craketh swithe thikke, + So doth on hegge _sterre-stike_. --l. 4438. + +945. _of alle men_, &c. Comp. the Fr. l. 254. + + Tant estoit franc & deboneire, + Que tuz voloit lur pleisir fere, + Pur la franchise q’il out. + +959. _Of him ful wide the word sprong._ A phrase which from the Saxon +times occurs repeatedly in all our old writers. A few examples may +suffice. + + Beowulf wæs breme, + Blæd wíde sprang. + + _Beowulf_, ed. Thorpe, p. 2. + + Welle wide sprong þas eorles word. + + _Laȝamon_, l. 26242. + + Of a knight is that y mene, + His name is sprong wel wide. + + _Sir Tristrem_, st. 2, p. 12. + + The word of Horn wide sprong, + How he was bothe michel and long. + + _Horn Childe_, ap. Rits. _Metr. Rom._ V. iii. p. 291. + +See also the _Kyng of Tars_, ll. 19, 1007, _Emare_, l. 256, _Roland and +Ferragus_, as quoted by Ellis, _Ly beaus Desconus_, l. 172, and +_Chronicle of England_, l. 71. + +984. + + _In armes him noman (ne) nam, + þat he doune sone ne caste._ + +The same praise is bestowed on Havelok in the French text, l. 265,-- + + Deuant eus liuter le fesoient + As plus forz homes q’il sauoient, + Et il trestouz les abatit-- + +and it was doubtless in imitation or ridicule of the qualities +attributed to similar heroes, that Chaucer writes of Sir Thopas, “Of +wrastling was ther non his per.” Cant. Tales, l. 13670. + +1006. _To ben þer at þe parlement._ Cf. l. 1178. If we examine our +historical records, we shall find that the only parliament held at +Lincoln was in the year 1300, 28 Edw. I., and the writs to the +_Archbishop of York_, and other Nobles, both ecclesiastical and secular, +are still extant. The proceedings are detailed at some length by Robert +of Brunne, Vol. II. p. 312, who might have been in Lincoln at the time, +or, at all events, was sufficiently informed of all that took place, +from his residence in the county. If we could suppose that the author of +the Romance alluded to this very parliament, it would reduce the period +of the poem’s composition to a later date, than either the style or the +writing of the MS. will possibly admit of. It is therefore far more +probable the writer here makes use of a poetical, and very pardonable +licence, in transferring the parliament to the chief city of the county +in which he was evidently born, or brought up, without any reference +whatever to historical data. + +1022. + + _Biforn here fet þanne lay a tre, + And putten with a mikel ston_, &c. + +This game of _putting the stone_, is of the highest antiquity, and seems +to have been common at one period to the whole of England, although +subsequently confined to the Northern counties, and to Scotland. +Fitzstephen enumerates casting of stones among the amusements of the +Londoners in the 12th century, and Dr Pegge, in a note on the passage, +calls it “a Welch custom.” The same sport is mentioned by Geoffrey of +Monmouth, among the diversions pursued at King Arthur’s feast, as will +appear in a subsequent note (l. 2320). By an edict of Edward III. the +practice of casting stones, wood, and iron, was forbidden, and the use +of the bow substituted, yet this by no means superseded the former +amusement, which was still in common use in the 16th century, as appears +from Strutt’s _Popular Pastimes_, Introd. pp. xvii, xxxix, and p. 56, +sq. In the Highlands this sport appears to have been longer kept up than +in any other part of Britain, and Pennant, describing their games, +writes, “Those retained are, throwing the _putting-stone_, or stone of +strength (_Cloch neart_) as they call it, which occasions an emulation +who can throw a weighty one the farthest.” _Tour in Scotl._ p. 214. 4to. +1769. See also _Statist. Account of Argyleshire_, xi. 287. In the French +Romance of Horn, preserved in MS. Harl. 527, is almost a similar +incident to the one in Havelok, and would nearly amount to a proof, that +Tomas, the writer of the French text of Horn, was an Englishman. + +In the Romance of _Octovian Imperator_ it is said of Florent, + + At _wrestelyng_, and at _ston castynge_ + He wan the prys, without lesynge; + Ther n’as nother old ne yynge + So mochell of strength, + That myght the ston to hys _but_ bryng, + Bi fedeme lengthe. --l. 895. + +It is singular enough, that the circumstance of Havelok’s throwing the +stone, mentioned in the Romance, should have been founded on, or +preserved in, a local tradition, as attested by Robert of Brunne, p. 26. + + Men sais in Lyncoln castelle ligges ȝit a stone, + That Hauelok kast wele forbi euerilkone. + +1077-1088. _The king Athelwald_, &c. Comp. the Fr. text, ll. 354-370. + + Quant Ekenbright le roi fini, + En ma garde sa fille mist; + Vn serement iurer me fist, + Q’au plus fort home le dorroie, + Qe el reaume trouer porroie. + Assez ai quis & demandé, + Tant q’en ai vn fort troué; + Vn valet ai en ma quisine, + A qui ieo dorrai la meschine; &c. + +1103. _After Goldeborw_, &c. Comp. the Fr. l. 377. + + Sa niece lur fet amener, + Et a Cuaran esposer; + Pur lui auiler & honir, + La fist la nuit lez lui gesir. + +The French Romance differs here very considerably from the English, and +in the latter, the dream of Argentille, her visit to the hermit, and the +conversation relative to Havelok’s parents, is entirely omitted. + +[1174. This may mean-- “He (Havelok) is given to her, and she has taken +(him)” --but this makes _yaf_ and _tok_ past participles, which they +properly are not; or else we must translate it-- “He (Godard) gave them +to her, and she took them,” i.e. the pence. This alone is the +grammatical construction, and it suits the context best; observe, that +the words _ys_ and _as_ are equivalent to _es_ = them. Cf. l. 970. See +Morris; _Gen. & Exod._, Pref. p. xviii.] + +1203. _Thanne he komen there_, &c. Comp. the Fr. l. 556. + + A Grimesby s’en alerent; + Mes li prodoms estoit finiz, + Et la Dame q’is out nurriz. + Kelloc sa fille i ont trouée, + Vn marchant l’out esposée. + +The marriage of Kelloc, Grim’s daughter, with a merchant is skilfully +introduced in the French, and naturally leads to the mention of Denmark. +The plot of the English story is wholly dissimilar in this respect. + +1247. _On the nith_, &c. Comp. the Fr. l. 381. + + Quant couché furent ambedui, + Cele out grant honte de lui, + Et il assez greindre de li. + As deuz se geut, si se dormi. + Ne voloit pas q’ele veist + La flambe qe de lui issist. + +The voice of the angel is completely an invention of the English author, +and the dream (which is transferred from Argentille to Havelok) is +altogether different in its detail. + +1260. _He beth heyman_, &c. Comp. the Fr. l. 521. + + Il est né de real lignage, + Oncore auera grant heritage. + Grant gent fra vers li encline, + Il serra roi & tu reyne. + +[1334. The words _euere-il del_ are corruptly repeated from line 1330 +above. Perhaps we should read _wit-uten were_, i.e. without doubt.] + +1430. _Hauede go for him gold ne fe._ Cf. l. 44. So in Laȝamon: + + Ne sculde him neoðer gon fore + Gold ne na gærsume, &c.; vol. ii. p. 537. + +[1444. The French text helps but little to supply the blank. It shows +that Havelok and his wife sailed to Denmark, and, on their arrival, +sought out the castle belonging to Sigar, who answers to the Ubbe of the +English version.] + +1632. _A gold ring drow he forth anon_, &c. A similar incident, and in +nearly the same words, occurs in Sir Tristrem. + + A ring he raught him tite, + The porter seyd nought nay, + In hand: + He was ful wis, y say, + That first yave yift in land. --fytte i. st. 57, p. 39. + +So also Wyntoun, who relates the subsidy of 40,000 moutons sent from +France to Scotland in 1353, and adds, + + Qwha gyvis swilk gyftyis he is wyse. + +[See also _Piers Plowman_, Text A. iii. 202.] + +1646. _Hw he was wel of bones_, &c. Comp. the Fr. l. 743. + + Gent cors & bele feture, + Lungs braz & grant furcheure + Ententiuement l’esgarda. + +[1678. This line has two syllables too little.] + +1722. _Thanne he were set_, &c. This is an amplification of the Fr. +l. 677, sq. + + Quant fut houre del manger, + Et qe tuz alerent lauer, + Li prodoms a manger s’assist, + Les .iii. valez seeir i fist, + Argentille lez son seignur; + Serui furent a grant honur. + +1726. _Kranes, swannes, veneysun_, &c. We have here the principal +constituents of what formed the banquets of our ancestors. The old +Romances abound with descriptions of this nature, which coincide exactly +with the present. See _Richard Cœur de Lion_, l. 4221; _Guy of Warwick; +The Squyr of Lowe Degre_, l. 317; and _Morte Arthure_, ed. Perry, p. 7. + +“Wine is common,” says Dr Pegge, speaking of the entertainments of the +14th century, “both red and white. This article they partly had of their +own growth, and partly by importation from France and Greece.” A few +examples will illustrate this: + + He laid the cloth, and set forth bread, + And also wine, both _white and red_. + + _Sir Degore_, ap. Ellis, _Metr. Rom._ V. 3, p. 375. + + And dronke wyn, and eke pyment, + _Whyt and red_, al to talent. + + _Kyng Alisaunder_, l. 4178. + +[Cf. _Piers Plowman_, Text B, at the end of the _Prologue_.] + +In the _Squyr of Lowe Degre_ is a long list of these wines, which has +received considerable illustration in the curious work of Dr Henderson. + +[1736. I print _kiwing_, as in Sir F. Madden’s edition; but I quite give +up the meaning of it, and doubt if it is put for _kirving_. The word is +obscurely written, and looks like _kilþing_, and my impression is that +it is miswritten for _ilk þing_, the word _þe_ being put for _þer_, as +frequently elsewhere. We should thus get _hwan he haueden þer ilk þing +deled_, when they had there distributed every thing. This is, at any +rate, the sense of the passage.] + +1749. _And sende him unto the greyues._ In the French, Havelok is simply +sent to an _ostel_, and the _greyve_ does not appear in the story. + +1806. _Hauelok lifte up_, &c. In the French, all the amusing details +relative to Robert and Huwe Raven are omitted, and Havelok is made to +retire to a monastery, where he defends himself by throwing down the +stones on his assailants. + +[1826. _wolde_, offered at, intended to hit, _would_ have hit.] + +1838. + + _And shoten on him, so don on bere + Dogges, that wolden him to-tere._ + +The same comparison is made use of in the Romance of Horn Childe: + + The Yrise folk about him yode, + As hondes do to bare. + + Rits. _Metr. Rom._ V. III. p. 289. + +See Note on l. 2320. + +[1914. “Cursed be he who cares! for they deserved it! What did they? +There were they worried.” A mark of interrogation seems required after +_dide he_.] + +1926-1930. _Sket cam tiding_, &c. Comp. the Fr. l. 719. + + La nouele vint a chastel, + Au seneschal, qui n’est pas bel, + Qe cil qu’il auoit herbergé + Cinc de ses homes out tué. + +[1932. Apparently corrupt. Perhaps _is_ should be _it_. “That this +strife--as to what it meant.”] + +2045. _That weren of Kaym kin and Eues._ The odium affixed to the +supposed progeny of Cain, and the fables engrafted on it, owe their +origin to the theological opinions of the Middle Ages, which it is not +worth while to trace to their authors. See _Beowulf_, ed. Thorpe, p. 8; +and _Piers Plowman_, A. X. 135-156; answering to p. 177 of Whitaker’s +edition. See also the Romance of _Kyng Alisaunder_: + + And of Sab the duk Mauryn, + He was of _Kaymes kunrede_. --l. 1932. + +In _Ywaine and Gawaine_, l. 559, the Giant is called “the karl of +_Kaymes kyn_,” and so also in a poem printed by Percy, intitled _Little +John Nobody_, written about the year 1550. + + Such caitives count to be come of Cain’s kind. + + _Anc. Reliq._ V. II. p. 130. Ed. 1765. + +2076. + + _It ne shal no thing ben bitwene + Thi bour and min, also y wene, + But a fayr firrene wowe._ + +These lines will receive some illustration from a passage in Sir +Tristrem, where it is said, + + A borde he tok oway + Of her bour. --p. 114. + +On which Sir W. Scott remarks, “The bed-chamber of the queen was +constructed of wooden boards or shingles, of which one could easily be +removed.” This will explain the line which occurs below, 2106, “He stod, +and totede in at a bord.” + +2092. _Aboute the middel_, &c. In the French, a person is placed by the +Seneschal to watch, who first discovers the light. + +2132. _Bi the pappes he leyen naked._ “From the latter end of the 13th +to near the 16th century, all ranks, and both sexes, were universally in +the habit of sleeping quite naked. This custom is often alluded to by +Chaucer, Gower, Lydgate, and all our ancient writers.” Ellis, SPEC. +METR. ROM. V. I. p. 324, 4th Ed. In the _Squyr of Lowe Degre_ is a +remarkable instance of this fact: + + How she rose, that lady dere, + To take her leue of that squyer; + Al so naked as she was borne + She stod her chambre-dore beforne. --l. 671. + +The custom subsisted both in England and France to a very recent period, +and hence probably was derived the phrase _naked-bed_, illustrated so +copiously by Archdeacon Nares in his Glossary. + +2192. Cf. the French, l. 843. + + Ses chapeleins fet demander, + Ses briefs escriure & enseeler; + Par ses messages les manda, + Et pur ses amis enuoia; + Pur ses homes, pur ses parenz; + Mult i assembla granz genz. + +[2201. Read _ne neme_ = took not, sc. their way, just as in l. 1207.] + +2240-2265. _Lokes, hware he stondes her_, &c. Comp. the Fr. ll. 913-921. + + “Veez ci nostre dreit heir, + Bien en deuom grant ioie aueir.” + Tut primerain se desafubla, + Par deuant lui s’agenuilla; + Sis homs deuint, si li iura + Qe leaument le seruira. + Li autre sont apres alé, + Chescuns de bone volenté; + Tuit si home sont deuenu. + +2314. + + _Vbbe dubbede him to knith, + With a swerd ful swithe brith._ + +So likewise in the Fr. l. 928, _A cheualier l’out adubbé_. The ceremony +of knighthood is described with greater minuteness in the Romance of _Ly +beaus Desconus_, l. 73; and see _Kyng Horn_, ed. Lumby, ll. 495-504. + +2320. _Hwan he was king, ther mouthe men se_, &c. Ritson has justly +remarked, Notes to _Ywaine and Gawaine_, l. 15, that the elaborate +description of Arthur’s feast at Carlisle, given by Geoffrey of +Monmouth, l. ix. c. 12, has served as a model to all his successors. The +original passage stands thus in a fine MS. of the 13th century, MS. +Harl. 3773. fol. 33 _b_. “Refecti autem epulis diversos ludos acturi +campos extra civitatem adeunt. Tunc milites simulachra belli scientes +_equestrem ludum_ componunt, mulieribus ab edito murorum aspicientibus. +Alii _cum cestibus_, alii _cum hastis_, alii _gravium lapidum jactu_, +alii _cum facis_, [_saxis_, Edd.] alii _cum aleis_, diversisque alii +alteriusmodi jocis contendentes.” In the translation of this description +by Wace we approach still nearer to the imitation of the Romance before +us. + + A plusurs iuis se departirent, + Li vns alerent _buhurder_, + E lur ignels cheuals mustrer, + Li altre alerent _eskermir_, + V _pere geter_, v _saillir_; + Tels i-aueit ki _darz lanconent_, + E tels i-aueit ki _lutouent_: + Chescon del gru [geu?] s’entremetait + Dunt entremettre se saueit. --MS. Reg. 13. A. xxi. + +The parallel versions, from the French, of Laȝamon, Robert of +Gloucester, and Robert of Brunne, may be read in Mr Ellis’s _Specimens +of Early English Poets_. At the feast of Olimpias, described in the +Romance of _Kyng Alisaunder_, we obtain an additional imitation. + + Withoute theo toun was mury, + Was reised ther al maner pley; + There was knyghtis _turnyng_, + There was maidenes carolyng, + There was champions _skyrmyng_, + Of heom and of other _wrastlyng_, + Of liouns chas, of _beore baityng_, + And _bay of bor_, of _bole slatyng_. --l. 193. Cf. l. 1045. + +Some additional illustrations on each of the amusements named in our +text may not be unacceptable: + +1. _Buttinge with sharpe speres._ This is tilting, or justing, expressed +in Wace by _buhurder_. See Strutt’s _Sports and Pastimes_, p. 96, sq. +108. + +2. _Skirming with taleuaces._ This is described more at large by Wace, +in his account of the feast of Cassibelaunus. Cf. _Laȝamon_, v. i. +p. 347; l. 8144. In Strutt’s _Sports and Pastimes_ is a representation +of this game, taken from MS. Bodl. 264, illuminated between 1338 and +1344, in which the form of the _talevas_ is accurately defined. It +appears to have been pursued to such an excess, as to require the +interference of the crown, for in 1286 an edict was issued by Edward I. +prohibiting all persons _Eskirmer au bokeler_. This, however, had only a +temporary effect in restraining it, and in later times, under the +appellation of _sword and buckler play_, it again became universally +popular. + +3. _Wrastling with laddes, puttinge of ston._ See the notes on ll. 984 +and 1022. + +4. _Harping and piping._ This requires no illustration. + +5. _Leyk of mine, of hasard ok._ Among the games mentioned at the +marriage of Gawain, in the Fabliau of _Le Chevalier à l’Epée_, we have: + + Cil Chevalier jeuent as tables, + Et as eschés de l’autre part, + O à la _mine_, o à _hazart_. + +Le Grand, in his note on this passage, T. i. p. 57, Ed. 1779, writes: +“Le Hasard était une sorte de jeu de dez. Je ne connais point la _Mine_; +j’ai trouvé seulement ailleurs un passage qui prouve que ce jeu était +tres-dangereux, et qu’on pouvait s’y ruiner en peu de tems.” It appears +however from the Fabliau of _Du Prestre et des deuz Ribaus_, to have +been certainly a species of _Tables_, or _Backgammon_, and to have been +played with dice, on a board called _Minete_. The only passage we +recollect in which any further detail of this game is given, is that of +Wace, in the account of Arthur’s feast, Harl. MS. 6508, and MS. Cott. +Vit. A. x., but it must be remarked, that the older copy 13 A. xxi. does +not contain it, nor is it found in the translations of Laȝamon, or +Robert of Gloucester. + +6. _Romanz reding._ See Sir W. Scott’s note on Sir Tristrem, p. 290, +[p. 306, ed. 1811]; and the Dissertations of Percy, Ritson, and Ellis. + +7. + + _Ther mouthe men se the boles beyte, + And the bores, with hundes teyte._ + +Cf. ll. 1838, 2438. Both these diversions are mentioned by Lucianus, in +his inedited tract _De laude Cestriæ_, MS. Bodl. 672, who is supposed by +Tanner to have written about A.D. 1100, but who must probably be placed +near half a century later. They formed also part of the amusements of +the Londoners in the 12th century, as we learn from Fitzstephen, p. 77, +and are noticed in the passage above quoted from the Romance of _Kyng +Alisaunder_. In later times, particularly during the 16th century, these +cruel practices were in the highest estimation, as we learn from +Holinshed, Stowe, Laneham, &c. See Strutt’s _Sports and Pastimes_, +p. 192, and the plate from MS. Reg. 2. B. vii. Also Pegge’s Dissertation +on Bull-baiting, inserted in Vol. ii. of Archæologia. + +8. _Ther mouthe men se hw Grim greu._ If this is to be understood of +scenic representation (and we can scarcely view it in any other light), +it will present one of the earliest instances on record of any attempt +to represent an historical event, or to depart from the religious +performances, which until a much later period were the chief, and almost +only, efforts towards the formation of the drama. Of course, the words +of the writer must be understood to refer to the period in which he +lived, i.e. according to our supposition, about the end of Hen. III’s +reign, or beginning of Edw. I. See Le Grand’s notes to the _Lai de +Courtois_, V. i. p. 329, and Strutt’s _Sports and Pastimes_, B. 3, +ch. 2. + +2344. _The feste fourti dawes sat._ Cf. l. 2950. This is borrowed also +from Geoffrey, and is the usual term of duration fixed in the Romances. + + Fourty dayes hy helden feste, + Ryche, ryall, and oneste. --_Octouian Imperator_, l. 73. + + Fourty dayes leste the feste. --_Launfal_, l. 631. + + And certaynly, as the story sayes, + The revell lasted forty dayes. + + _Squyr of Lowe Degre_, l. 1113. + +2384. The French story here differs wholly from the English. Instead of +the encounter of Robert and Godard, and the cruel punishment inflicted +on the latter, in the French is a regular battle between the forces of +Havelok and Hodulf (Godard). A single combat takes place between the two +leaders, in which Hodulf is slain. + +2450. Cf. ll. 2505 and 2822. This appears to have been a common, but +barbarous, method in former times of leading traitors or malefactors to +execution. Thus in the Romance of Kyng Alisaunder, the treatment of the +murderers of Darius is described: + + He dude quyk harnesche hors, + And sette theron heore cors, + Hyndeforth they seten, saun faile; + In heore hand they hulden theo tailes. --l. 4708. + +2461. We find a similar proverb in the _Historie de Melusine, tirée des +Chroniques de Poitou_, &c. 12mo. Par. 1698, in which (at p. 72) Thierry, +Duke of Bretagne, says to Raimondin;-- “Vous autorisez par votre silence +_notre Proverbe_, qui dit, _Qu’un vieux peché fait nouvelle vergogne_.” + +2513. _Sket was seysed_, &c. Comp. the Fr. l. 971. + + Apres cest fet, ad receu + Le regne q’a son piere fu. + +2516. + + _And the king ful sone it yaf + Vbbe in the hond, wit a fayr staf._ + +So in _Sir Tristrem_: + + Rohant he yaf _the wand_, + And bad him sitte him bi, + That fre; + ‘Rohant lord mak y + To held this lond of me.’ --fytte i. st. 83; p. 52. + +The editor is clearly mistaken in explaining the _wand_ to be a +_truncheon_, or _symbol of power_. For the custom of giving seisin or +investiture _per fustim_, and _per baculum_, see Madox’s _Formul. +Anglican._ pref. p. ix. and Spelman, Gloss. in v. _Investire_, and +_Traditio_. The same usage existed in France, _par rain et par baton_. + +2521. + + _----of monekes blake + A priorie to seruen inne ay._ + +The allusion here may be made either to the Abbey of Wellow, in Grimsby, +which was a monastery of _Black Canons_, said to have been built about +A.D. 1110, or (what is more probable) to the Augustine Friary of Black +Monks, which is stated in the _Monumental Antiquities of Grimsby_, by +the Rev. G. Oliver, to have been “founded _about_ the year 1280,” +p. 110. No notice of it occurs in Tanner till the year 1304. Pat. 33 +Edw. I. Some old walls of this edifice, which was dissolved in 1543, +still remain, and the site is still called “The Friars.” If the +connection between this foundation and the one recorded in the poem be +considered valid, the date of the composition must be referred to +_rather_ a later period than we wish to admit. + +2530. The French supplies what is here omitted, viz. that Havelok sails +to England by the persuasion of his wife. + +[Indeed, ll. 979-1006 of the French text may serve to fill up the +evident gap in the story; a translation of the passage is added, to shew +this more clearly. + + Quant Haueloc est rois pussanz, + Le regne tint plus de .iiii. an + Merueillos tresor i auna. + + When Havelok is a mighty king, + He reigned more than 4 years, + Marvellous treasure he amassed. + + Argentille li commanda + Qu’il passast en Engleterre + Pur son heritage conquerre, + Dont son oncle l’out engettée, + [Et] A grant tort desheritée. + + Argentille (Goldborough) bade him + Pass into England + To conquer her heritage, + Whence her uncle had cast her out, + And very wrongly disinherited her. + + Li rois li dist qu’il fera + Ceo qu’ele li comandera. + Sa nauie fet a-turner, + Ses genz & ses ostz mander. + + The king told her that he would do + That which she should command him. + He got ready his fleet, + And sent for his men and his hosts. + + En mier se met quant orré a, + Et la reyne od lui mena. + Quatre vinz & quatre cenz + Out Haueloc, pleines de genz. + + He puts to sea when he has prayed, + And took the queen with him. + Four score and four hundred (ships) + Had Havelok, full of men. + + Tant out nagé & siglé, + Q’en Carleflure est ariué. + Sur le hauene se herbergerent, + Par le pais viande quierent. + + So far has he steered and sailed + That he has arrived at Carleflure. + Hard by the haven they abode, + And sought food in the country round. + + Puis enuoia li noble rois, + Par le consail de ses Danois, + A Alsi qu’il li rendist + La terre qe tint Ekenbright, + Q’a sa niece fut donée, + Dont il l’out desheritée; + + Then sent the noble king, + By the advice of his Danes, + To Alsi (Godrich)--that he should restore to him + The land that Ekenbright (Athelwold) held, + Which was given to his niece, + And of which he had deprived her. + + Et, si rendre n’el voleit, + Mande qu’il le purchaceroit. + Av roi uindrent li messager-- + + And, if he would not give it up, + He sends word that he will take it. + To the king came the messengers.] + +The remainder of the French poem altogether differs in its detail from +the English. + +2927. _Hire that was ful swete in bedde._] Among Kelly’s Scotch +Proverbs, p. 290, we find: “_Sweet in the bed_, and sweir up in the +morning, was never a good housewife;” and in a ballad of the last +century quoted by Laing, the editor of that highly curious collection, +the _Select pieces of Ancient Popular Poetry of Scotland_, we meet with +the same expression: + + A Clown is a Clown both at home and abroad, + When a Rake he is comely, and _sweet in his bed_. + +[2990. The last word is written _thit_ in the MS., but, as it rimes to +_rith_, we should suppose _tiht_ to be the word meant. _Thit_ cannot be +explained, but _tiht_ (or perhaps _tith_, according to our scribe’s +spelling) is the pp. of a verb signifying _to purpose_, which is the +exact meaning required. Cf. + + “And y to turne to þee have _tiȝt_;” + i.e. “I have resolved to turn to thee.” + +_Political, Religious, and Love Poems_; ed. Furnivall, 1866; p. 177.] + + + + +GLOSSARIAL INDEX. + + +ABBREVIATIONS. + +Barb. Barbour’s Bruce. --Chauc. Chaucer. --Doug. Gawin Douglas’s Transl. +of the Æneid. --Ellis, M. R. Ellis’s Specimens of Metrical Romances. +--Gl. Glossary. --Jam. Jamieson’s Dictionary. --Laȝam. Laȝamon’s Transl. +of Wace (ed. Madden). --Lynds. Sir D. Lyndsay’s Works. --N.E. Northern +English. --Percy, A. R. Percy’s Reliques of Ancient English Poetry. +--P. Plowm. Piers Plowman. --R. Br. Robert of Brunne. --R. Gl. Robert of +Gloucester, ed. Hearne (2nd ed. 1810). --Rits. A. S. Ritson’s Ancient +Songs. --Rits. M. R. Ritson’s Metrical Romances. --Sc. Scotch, Scotland. +--Sir Tr. Sir Tristrem. --Wall. Wallace. --Web. Weber’s Metrical +Romances. --Wilb. Wilbraham’s Cheshire Glossary. --Wynt. Wyntoun’s +Chronicle. --B. Lat. Barbarous Latin. --Belg. Belgic. --Fr. French. +--Isl. Islandic. --Lat. Latin. --S. Saxon. --Sibb. Sibbald’s Chronicle +of Scottish Poetry. --Su. G. Suio-Gothic. --Teut. Teutonic. --_q.v._ +Quod vide. --The Romances separately cited are sufficiently indicated by +the Titles. The numbers refer to the line of the Poem. + +It may be useful to add that the names of the Romances edited by Ritson +are-- vol. i. Ywaine and Gawin; Launfal. --vol. ii. Lybeaus Disconus; +King Horn; King of Tars; Emare; Sir Orpheo; Chronicle of England. --vol. +iii. Le bone Florence; Erle of Tolous; Squyr of Lowe Degre; Knight of +Curtesy. Those edited by Weber are-- vol. i. Kyng Alisaunder; Sir +Cleges; Lai-le-freine. --vol. ii. Richard Cœur de Lion; Ipomydon; Amis +and Amiloun. --vol. iii. Seuyn Sages; Octouian; Sir Amadas; Hunting of +the Hare. Beowulf and the Codex Exoniensis are quoted from Thorpe’s +editions. + + +A, 610, 936. Apparently an error of the scribe for _Al_, but perhaps +written as pronounced. N.E. and Sc. _aw_. V. Jam. + +A before a _noun_ is commonly a corruption of the S. _on_, as proved +clearly by the examples in Tyrwhitt’s Gl., Jam., and Gl. Lynds. _Adoun_, +q.v. is an exception. _A-two_, 1413, 2643. _See_ On. + +Aboven, _prep._ S. above, 1700. + +Abouten, _prep._ S. [_on-bútan_] about, 521, 670, 1010, &c. _Abuten_, +2429. + +Adoun, _adv._ S. down, 567. _Adune_, 2735. _Doun_, 901, 925, &c. _Dun_, +888, 927. _Dune_, 1815, 2656. A.S. _of-dúne_. + +Adrad, _part. pa._ S. afraid, 278, 1048, 1163, 1682, 2304. _Adradde_, +1787. _Adred_, 1258. _Odrat_, 1153. Sir Tr. p. 174; K. Horn, 124. _See_ +Dred. + +Agen, _prep._ S. [_on-gean_] against, 1792. _Ageyn_, 493, 569, 2024, &c. +_Ageynes_, 2153, 2270, &c. _Ayen_, 489, 1210, 2799. _Yen_, 2271. +_Ageyn_, toward, 451, 1696, 1947; opposite to, 1809; upon, on, 1828. +_Ayen_, towards, 1207. _Ageyn him go_, 934, opposite him, so as to bear +an equal weight. _Ageyn hire_, 1106, at her approach. _Ageyn þe lith_, +2141, opposed to the light, on which the light shines. V. R. Gl., +R. Br., Chauc. &c. + +Ageyn, _adv._ S. again, 2426. + +Al, _adv._ S. wholly, entirely, 34, 70, 139, 203, &c. + +Al, _adj._ S. all, 203, 264, &c.; every one, 104; every part, 224; +_plu._ alle, 2, 150, &c. + +Albidene, _adv._ _See_ Bidene. + +Als, Also, Also, _conj._ S. [_eal-swá_] as, like, so, 306, 319, &c. +_Als_, 1912, as if. _Al so foles_, like fools, 2100. _Als_ is merely the +abbreviation of _Al so_; and the modern as is again shortened from +_als_. In Laȝamon it is often written _alse_, as in l. 4953. + + And he hæfde a swithe god wif + & he heo leouede _alse_ his lif. + +Cf. Havelok, l. 1663. _Als_ and _Also_ are used indifferently, and +universally by the old English and Scotch poets. + +Alþer-beste, _adj._ S. best of all, 182, 720, 1040, 1197, 2415. +_Alþer-lest_, _Alþer-leste_, 1978, 2666, least of all. It is the gen. c. +pl. of _Alle_, joined to an adj. in the superl. degree, and is +extensively employed. _Alre-leofust_, _Alre-heudest_, _Alre-kenest_, +Laȝamon, _Althe-werste_, K. Horn, MS. _Alder-best_, _Alder-most_, R. Br. +_Alther-best_, _Alther-formest_, &c. Web. _Alther-furste_, +_Alther-next_, _Alther-last_, Rits. M. R. _Alder-first_, _Alder-last_, +_Alder-levest_, Chauc. _Alder-liefest_, Shakesp. + +Amideward, _prep._ S. in the midst, 872. _Amiddewart_, K. Horn, 556. +_Amydward_, K. Alisaund. 690. _A mydward_, Ly Beaus Desc. 852. +_Amydwart_, Doug. Virg. 137, 35. + +An. _conj._ S. and, 29, 359, &c. So used by Laȝamon, and still in +Somersetsh. V. Jennings. _Ant_, 36, 557, K. Horn, 9, &c. + +And, _conj._ if, 2862. + +Andelong, _adv._ S. lengthways, i.e. from the head to the tail, 2822. + + Ovyrtwart and _endelang_ + With strenges of wyr the stones hang. --_R. Cœur de Lion_, 2649. + +Chauc. _endelong_, C. T. 1993. + +Anilepi, _adj._ S. [_ánlepig_] one, a single, 2107. _Onlepi_, 1094. In +the very curious collection of poems in MS. Digb. 86 (written in the +Lincolnshire dialect, temp. Edw. I.) we meet with this somewhat rare +word: + + A! quod the vox, ich wille the telle, + _On alpi_ word ich lie nelle. + + _Of the vox and of the wolf_ (Rel. Ant. ii. 275). + +It occurs also in the Ormulum. + +Anoþer, _adj._ S. _Al another_, 1395, in a different way, on another +project. + + Ah al hit iwruth _on other_ + Sone ther after. + + _Laȝamon_, l. 21005. + + Ac Florice thought _al another_. + + _Flor. and Blaunchefl._ ap. Ellis, M. R. V. 3, p. 125, ed. 1803. + (Cf. Horn, ed. Lumby, p. 52, l. 32.) + +Anuye, _v._ Fr. to trouble, weary, 1735; R. Gl., K. Alisaund. 876; +Chauc. Melibeus. _Noye_, Lynds. Gl. q.v. + +Are, _adj._ S. former, 27. Cf. are, _adv._, Sir Tr. p. 32; Rits. M. R., +Web., R. Gl., R. Br., Minot. p. 31. _Air_, _Ayr_, Sc. V. Jam. _See_ Er, +Or. + +Aren, _1 and 3 p. pl._ S. are, 619, 1321, &c. _Arn_, Chauc. + +Arke, _n._ S. Lat. a chest _or_ coffer, 2018. R. Br., Jam. + +Armes, _n. pl._ Lat. arms, armor, 2605, 2613, 2925. + +Arum for Arm, 1982, 2408. + +Arwe, S. [_earg_] timid, 2115. Alter the punctuation, and read-- + + He calde boþe arwe me{n} and kene, + Knithes and serganz swiþe sleie. + “Arwe or ferefulle. _Timidus._” + + Prompt. Parv. Cf. Stille, q.v. + +As for Has, 1174. + +Asayleden, _pa. t. pl._ Fr. assailed, 1862. + +Asken, _n. pl._ S. ashes, 2841. _Aske_, R. Gl. _Askes_, R. Br. _Ashen_, +Chauc. _Assis_, Doug. + +Astirte, _pa. t._ leaped, 893. _Astert_, King’s Quair, ap. Jam. _See_ +Stirt. + +At, _prep._ S. of _or_ to, 1387. Yw. and Gaw. (Rits.) 963. Still +existing in Scotland. + +At-sitte, _v._ S. contradict, oppose, 2200. It corresponds with the term +_with-sitten_, 1683. In R. Gl. it is used synonymously with _at-stonde_. + + For ther nas so god knygt non no-wer a-boute France, + That in joustes scholde _at-sitte_ the dynt of ys lance. --p. 137. + +_See_ Sat. + +Aucte, Auchte, Auhte, Authe, _n._ S. possessions, 531, 1223, 1410, 2215. + + And alle the _æhten_ of mine londe. + + _Laȝamon_, l. 25173. + +_Aughtte_, K. Alisaund. 6884. _Aucht_, Doug. Virg. 72, 4; Lynds. Gl. + +Aucte, Auht, Auhte, _v. imp._ (originally _pa. t._ of Aw, or Owe) S. +[_ágan_, _áhte_] ought, 2173, 2787, 2800. _Aught_, Sir Tr. p. 44. +_Ohte_, K. Horn, 418. _Aght_, Yw. and Gaw. 3229. _Aute_, R. Gl. _Aught_, +Chauc. Troil. 3, 1801. _Aucht_, Doug. Virg. 110, 33. + +Aute, Awcte, (_pa. t._ of the same verb), possessed, 207, 743. _Aught_, +Sir Tr. p. 182. Ly Beaus Desc. 1027. _Oght_, Le bone Flor. 650. _Auht_, +R. Br. p. 126; Wynt., Lynds. Gl. + +Aueden. _See_ Haueden. + +Aunlaz, _n._ Anelace, 2554. “A kind of knife or dagger, usually worn at +the girdle.” Tyrw. note on Chauc. l. 359. So in Matth. Paris, “Genus +cultelli, quod vulgariter _Anelacius_ dicitur.” V. Gl. in voc. and +Todd’s Gl. to Illustr. of Chauc. In _Sir Gawan and Sir Galoran_, ii. 4, +an _anlas_ signifies a sharp spike fixed in the chanfron of a horse. +Probably from the Francic _Anelaz_, _Analeze_. V. Jam. + +Auter, _n._ Fr. Lat. altar, 389, 1386, 2373. Sir Tr. p. 61, Octovian, +1312, R. Br., Chauc. _Awter_, Barb. + +Ax, _n._ S. axe, 1776, 1894. + +Ay, _adv._ S. ever, aye, always, 159, 946, 1201, &c. _Ae_, Sc. V. Jam. + +Ayen. _See_ Agen. + +Ayþer, _pron._ S. [_Ægþer_] either, each, 2665. _Eþer_, 1882. _Athir_, +Sc. V. Jam. _See_ Other. + +Awe, _v._ S. to owe, own, possess, 1292. It may also very possibly be a +corruption of _Have_. Cf. ll. 1188, 1298. + + +Bac, _n._ S. back, 1844, 1950, &c; _backes_, _pl._ 2611. + +Baldelike, _adv._ S. boldly, 53. _Baldeliche_, R. Glouc. _Baldely_, +R. Br., Minot, p. 20. + +Bale, _n._ S. sorrow, misery, 327. + +Bar. _See_ Beren. + +Baret, _n._ (O.Fr. _barat_, Isl. _baratta_) contest, hostile contention, +1932. + + Ther nis _baret_, nothir strif, + Nis ther no deth, ac euer lif. + + _Land of Cokaygne_, ap. Hickes, Thes. 1, p. 231. + + In alle this _barette_ the kynge and Sir Symon Tille a lokyng tham + sette, of the prince suld it be don. + + _R. Brunne_, p. 216. Cf. p. 274. + + That mekill bale and _barete_ till Ynglande sall brynge. + + _Awntyrs of Arthure_, st. 23. + +Barfot, _adj._ S. barefoot, 862. + +Barnage, _n._ Fr. barons or noblemen collectively, baronage, 2947. Yw. +and Gaw. 1258. Web. Doug. Virg. 314, 48. + +Barre, _n._ Fr. bar of a door, 1794, 1811, 1827. Synonymous with +Dore-tre, q.v. Chauc. C. T. 552. + +Barw. _See_ Berwen. + +Baþe, _adj._ S. both, 1336, 2543. _Bethe_, 694, 1680. + +Be. _See_ Ben. + +Be-bedde, _v._ S. to provide with a bed, 421. + +Bede, _n._ S. prayer, 1385. + +Bede, _v._ S. to order, to bid, 668, 2193, 2396; to offer, 1665, 2084, +2172. _Beden_, _pa. t. pl._ offered, 2774, 2780. _Bedes_, bids, 2392. Of +common occurrence in both senses. _See_ Bidd. + +Bedden, _v._ S. to bed, put to bed, 1235. _Bedded_, _Beddeth_, _part. +pa._ put to bed, 1128, 2771. + +Bedels, _n. pl._ S. beadles, 266. V. Spelm. in v. _Bedellus_, and +Blount, _Joc. Ten._ p. 120, ed. 1784. + +Beite, Beyte, _v._ to bait, to set dogs on, 1840, 2330, 2440. _Bayte_, +R. Br. From the Isl. Beita, incitare; Su. Goth. _Beita biorn_, to bait +the bear. V. Jam. and Thomson’s Etymons. + +Bem. _See_ Sunne-bem. + +Ben, _v._ S. to be, 19, 905, 1006, &c. _Ben_, _pr. t. pl._ are, 1787, +2559. _Be_, _Ben_, _part. pa._ been, 1428, 2799. _Bes_, _Beth_, _imp._ +and _fut._ be, shall be, 1261, 1744, 2007, 2246. _Lat be_, 1265, 1657, +leave, relinquish, a common phrase in the Old Romances. _Lat abee_, Sc. +V. Jam. + +Benes, _n. pl._ S. beans, 769. + +Beneysun, _n._ Fr. blessing, benediction. 1723. R. Br., Web., Chauc. +C. T. 9239. Lynds. Gl. + +Bere, _n._ S. bear, 573, 1838, 1840, 2448. + +Bere, Beren, _v._ S. to bear, to carry, 581, 762, 805. _Ber_, 2557; +_Bar_, _pa. t._ bore, 557, 815, 877. _Bere_, 974. _Beres_, _pr. t. pl._ +bear. 2323. + +Bermen, _n. pl._ S. bar-men, porters to a kitchen, 868, 876, 885. The +only author in which this term has been found is Laȝamon, in the +following passages: + + Vs selve we habbet cokes, + to quecchen to cuchene, + Vs sulue we habbet _bermen_, + & birles inowe. --l. 3315. + + Weoren in þeos kinges cuchene + twa hundred cokes, + & ne mæi na man tellen + for alle þa _bermannen_. --l. 8101. + +Bern, _n._ S. child, 571. _Barn_, _bearne_, R. Br. _Bairn_, Sc. + +Berwen, _v._ S. [_beorgan_] to defend, preserve, guard, 697, 1426; +_burwe_, 2870. _Barw_, _pa. t._ 2022, 2679. The original word is found +in Beowulf: + + Scyld-weall gebearg + Líf and líce. + (The shield-wall defended + Life and body.) --l. 5134. + +So in K. Horn, MS. Laud. 108. + + At more ich wile the serue, + And fro sorwe the _berwe_. --f. 224_b_, c. 2. + +Bes. _See_ Ben. + +Bes for Best, 354. + +Best, Beste, _n._ Fr. beast, 279, 574, 944, 2691. + +Bete, _v._ S. [_beátan_] to beat, fight, 1899, 2664, 2763. _Beten_, _pa. +t. pl._ beat, struck, 1876. Chauc. C. T. 4206, to which Tyrwh. gives a +Fr. derivation. + +Betere, _adv. comp._ S. better, 1758. + +Beye, _v._ S. to buy, 53, 1654. _Byen_, 1625. + +Beyes, _pr. t._ for Abeyes, S. suffers, or atones for, 2460. + + His deth thou _bist_ to night, + Mi fo. + + _Sir Tristr._ p. 146. + + We shulden alle deye + Thy fader deth to _beye_. + + _K. Horn_, 113. + + An of yow schall _bye_ thys blunder. + + _Le bone Flor._ 1330. + +See Jam. in v. Aby. Web. Gl. and Lynds. Gl.; also Nares, v. Bye. + +Bicomen, _pa. t. pl._ became, 2257; _part. pa._ become, 2264. _Bicomes_, +_imp. pl._ become (ye), 2303. + +Bidd, Bidde, _v._ S. offer, 484, 2530; order, bid, 529, 1733. _Ut +bidde_, 2548, order out. _Biddes_, _pr. t._ bids, orders, 1232. _Bidde_, +to ask, 910. R. Glouc., Lynds. Gl. _See_ Bede. + +Bidene, _adv._ forthwith, 730, 2841. + + “Rohand told anon + His aventours _al bidene_.” + + _Sir Tr._ p. 45. + +From Du. _bij dien_, by that. + +Bifalle, _v._ S. to happen, befall, 2981. Bifel, _pa. t._ 824. _Fel_, +1009; appertained, 2359. + +Biforn, _prep._ S. (1) before, 1022, 1034, 1364, &c.; _bifor_, 1357; +_biforen_, 1695; (2) in front of, 2406; _bifor_, 1812. + +Bigan, _pa. t._ began, 1357. _Bigunnen_, _pl._ 1011, 1302. _Biginnen_, +_pr. t. pl._ begin, 1779. + +Bihalue, _v._ S. to divide into two parts, or companies, 1834. _Halue_ +occurs as a _noun_ in Chauc. Troil. 4, 945. + +Bihel for Beheld, 1645. _Bihelden_, _pa. t. pl._ beheld, 2148. + +Bihetet, _pa. t._ S. promised, 677. _Bihight_, Sir Tr. p. 105. _Behet_, +_Bihet_, R. Gl. _Be-hette_, R. Br. _Be-hete_, Web., Rits. M. R. +_Behighte_, Chauc. + +Bihoten, _part. pa._ promised, 564. _Behighte_, Chauc. + +Bihoue, _n._ S. behoof, advantage, 1764. R. Gl., R. Br., Chauc. + +Bikenneth, _pa. t._ S. betokens, 1268. _Bikenne_, R. Br. + +Bileue, _imp._ tarry, remain, 1228. Bilefte, _pa. t._ remained, 2963. +From _v._ S. _belifan_, to be left behind. + + Winde thai hadde as thai wolde, + A lond _bilaft_ he. + + _Sir Tristr._ p. 29. Cf. pp. 38, 60. + + He schal wiþ me _bileue_, + Til hit beo nir eue. + + _K. Horn_, ed. Lumby, 363. + + Horn than, withouten lesing, + _Bilaft_ at hom for blode-leteing. + + _Horn Childe_, ap. Rits. M. R. V. 3, p. 298. + + Sojourn with us evermo, + I rede thee, son, that it be so. + Another year thou might over-fare, + But thou _bileve_, I die with care. + + _Guy of Warw._ ap. Ellis, M. R. V. 2, p. 23. + +See also the Gl. to R. Gl., R. Br. and Web., to which add _Emare_, 496, +and Gower, Conf. Am. This is sufficient authority for the reading +adopted in the text, and it may hence be reasonably questioned, whether +_bilened_ in Lye, and _belenes_ in _Sir Gawan and Sir Galoran_, i. 6, +quoted by Jamieson in v. Belene, be not the fault of the scribe, or of +the Editors. + +Bimene, _v._ S. mean, 1259. + +Binden, _v._ S. to bind, 1961. Used passively, 2820, as _Bynde_, 42. +_Bounden_, _pa. t. pl._ 2442. _Bunden_, 2506. _Bounden_, _part. pa._ +545. _Bunden_, 1428. + +Binne, _adv._ S. within, 584. _Byn_, Rits. M. R. _But and ben_, Doug., +Virg., 123, 40; without and within. V. Jam., in v. Ben. + +Birde. _See_ Birþe. + +Birþe (_should rather be_ birþ), _3 p. s. pres._ it behoves, 2101. +_Hence_ birde, _3 p. s. pt. t._ behoved, 2761. A.S. _býrian_, +_gebýrian_, to fit, suit, be to one’s taste. See _Buren_ in Stratmann. + +Birþene, _n._ S. burden, 900, 902. + +Bise, _n._ Fr. a north wind, 724. _Bise traverse_, a north-west or +north-east wind. _Cotgr._ + + Après grant joie vient grant ire, + Et après Noel _vent bise_. + + _Rom. de Renart_, 13648. + +The term is still in common use. + +Biseken, _v._ S. to beseech, 2994. + +Biswike, _part. pa._ S. cheated, deceived, 1249. + + Hu þu _biswikest_ + Monine mon. + + _Laȝam._ l. 3412. + +_Byswuke_, K. Horn, 296; Yw. and Gaw. 2335. _Bisuike_, R. Br. _Beswyke_, +R. Cœur de L. 5918. + +Bitaken, _v._ S. [_bitǽcan_, _tǽcan_] to commit, deliver, give in +charge, 1226. _Bitechen_, 203, 384, 395. _Bi-teche_, _pr. sing._ 384; +_imp. sing._ 395. Laȝam. 5316. _Bitake_, Sir Tr. p. 87. _Byteche_, +K. Horn, 577. _Biteche_, Web. _Betake_, _Beteche_, Chauc., Barb., Wall. +_Bitaucte_, _pa. t._ delivered, 206, 558. _Bitauhte_, 2212, 2317, 2957. +_Bitawchte_, 1224. _Bitawte_, 1408. _Tauhte_, 2214. _Bitæht_, +_Bitachet_, Laȝam. _Bitaught_, Sir Tr. p. 85. _Bitoke_, K. Horn, 1103. +_Betok_, Ly Beaus Desc. 82. _Betauht_, _bitauht_, _tauht_, _biteched_, +R. Br. Bitake, R. Gl. _Betake_, Sir Guy. _Betaught_, Chauc. _Betaucht_, +Doug., Lynds. + +Bite, _v._ S. to taste, drink, 1731. + + Horn toc hit hise yfere, + Ant seide, Quene, so dere, + No beer nullich _bite_, + Bote of coppe white. + + _K. Horn_ (Ritson), 1129. + +Biþ for By the, 474. Cf. l. 2470. + +Bituene, Bitwenen, Bitwene, _prep._ S. between, 748, 2668, 2967. + +Blac, _adj._ S. black, 555, 1008. _Pl._ _Blake_, 1909, 2181, &c. + +Blakne, _v._ S. to blacken in the face, grow angry, 2165. + + And Arthur sæt ful stille, + ænne stunde he wes _blac_, + and on heuwe swithe wak, + ane while he wes reod. + + _Laȝam._ l. 19887. + + Tho Normans were sorie, of contenance gan _blaken_. + + _R. Brunne_, p. 183. + +Blawe. _v._ S. to blow, 587. _Blou_, _imp._ blow, 585. + +Blede, _v._ S. to bleed, 2403. + +Bleike, _pl. adj._ bleak, pale, wan, 470. A.S. _blác_, bleak, Su.-G. +_blek_. + +Blenkes, _n. pl._ blinks, winks of the eye, in derision, 307. R. Br. +p. 270; Sc. V. Jam. Suppl. Derived from S. _blican_, Su.-G. _blænka_, +Belg. _blencken_, to glance. _See_ Gl. Lynds. + +Blinne, _v. n._ S. to cease, 2367, 2374. Sir Tr. p. 26; Rits. M. R. +Web., R. Gl., Chauc.; so in Sc. V. Jam. Gl. Lynds. _Blinne_, _pa. t. +pl._ ceased, 2670. _Blinneth_, _pr. t._ ceases, 329. + +Blissed, _part pa._ S. blessed, 2873. + +Bliþe, _adj._ S. happy, 632, 651. + +Blome, _n._ S. bloom, flower, 63. + +Bloute, _adj._ soft, 1910. Sw. _blöt_, soft, pulpy. + +Bode, _n._ S. command, 2200, 2567. Sir Tr. p. 121, Web. + +Bok, _n._ S. book, 1173, 1418, &c. _See_ Messe-bok. + +Bole, _n._ [Isl. _bolli_, W. _bwla_. Cf. A.S. _bulluca_] bull, 2438. +_Boles_, _pl._ 2330. + +Bon, Bone. _See_ O-bone. [[under “On”]] + +Bondemen, _n. pl._ S. husbandmen, 1016, 1308. R. Gl. + +Bone, _n._ S. [_bén_] boon, request, 1659. Sir Tr. p. 31, and all the +Gloss. + +Bor, _n._ S. boar, 1867, 1989. _Bores_, _pl._ 2331. + +Bord, _n._ S. (1) table, 1722. K. Horn, 259; Rits. M. R., Web., Chauc.; +(2) a board, 2106. _See_ the note on l. 2076. + +Boren, _part. pa._ S. born, 1878. + +Boru, _n._ S. borough, 773, 847, 1014, 1757, 2086, 2826. _Borwes, pl._ +1293, 1444, 1630. _Burwes_, 55, 2277. Sir Tr. pp. 12, 99. Chalmers is +certainly mistaken when he says it does not signify _boroughs_, but +_castles_. Introd. Gl. p. 200. In Laȝamon the word is always clearly +distinguished from _castle_, as it is in many other writers. V. Spelm. +in v. _Burgus._ + +Bote, _adv._ S. but, only, 721. _See_ But. + +Bote, _n._ S. remedy, help, 1200. Laȝm., Sir Tr. p. 93; Web., Rits. +M. R., Rob. Gl., R. Br., Minot, Chauc., Doug., Lynds. Gl. + +Boþen, _adj. pl._ S. both, 173, 697, 958; _g. c._ of both, 2223. + +Bounden, Bunden. _See_ Binden. + +Bour, Boure, Bowr, _n._ S. [_búr_] chamber, 239, 2072, 2076, &c. In +Beowulf the apartment of the women is called _Bryd-bur_; l. 1846. + + Ygarne beh to _bure_ + & lætte bed him makien. + + _Laȝam._ l. 19042. + +Honder hire _boures_ wowe, _K. Horn_, 982, MS., where Rits. Ed. reads +_chambre wowe_. Cf. Sir Tr. p. 114; Rits. M. R., Web., R. Br., Doug., V. +Jam. _See_ note on l. 2076. + +Bouthe, _pa. t._ S. bought, 875, 968. Cf. Sir Tr. p. 104. + +Bouth, _part. pa._ bought, 883. + +Boyes, _n. pl._ S. boys, men, 1899. + +Brayd, _pa. t._ S. (1) started, 1282. Chauc., Gaw. and Gal. iii. 21; +R. Hood, ii. p. 83; (2) drew out, 1825, a word particularly applied to +the action of drawing a sword from the scabbard. + + Sone his sweord he ut _abræid_. + + _Laȝam._ l. 26533. + +Cf. Am. and Amil. 1163; Sir Ferumbras, ap. Ellis, M. R. V. 2, p. 387. +Rauf Coilzear, ap. Laing, and Wall. i. 223. + +Brede, _n._ S. bread, 98. _Bred_, 1879. + +Breken, _v._ S. to break, 914. _Broken_, _pa. t. pl._ broke, 1238. + +Brennen, Brenne, _v._ S. to burn, 916, 1162; Rits. M. R., Rob. Gl., +R. Br., Chauc. _Brenden_, _pa. t. pl._ burnt, 594, 2125. _Brend_, _part. +pa._ burnt, 2832, 2841, &c. Sir Tr. p. 93. + +Brenne. _See_ On brenne. + +Brigge, _n._ S. bridge, 875. Sir Tr. p. 148. Still used in Sc. and N.E. + +Brihte. _See_ Brith. + +Brim, _adj._ S. furious, raging, 2233; R. Br. p. 244; Chauc. Rom. Rose, +1836. _Breme_, Rits. M. R. It originally signified the sea itself, and +was afterwards used for the raging of the sea, Beowulf, l. 56; Compl. of +Scotland, p. 62. V. Jam. + +Bringe, Bringen, _v._ S. to bring, 72, 185, &c. + +Brini, Brinie, _n._ S. [Mœso-Goth. _brunjo_] cuirass, 1775, 2358, 2551. +_Brinies_, _pl._ 2610. Sir Tr. p. 20. _Burne_, Laȝam. _Brenye_, K. Horn, +719, MS. _See_ Merrick’s Gl. to Ess. on Anc. Armor. The _Brini_ then +worn was of _mail_, as appears from l. 2740, _Of his brinie ringes mo_. +Hence in Beowulf it is termed _Breostnet_, l. 3100; _Here-net_, 3110; +_Hringedbyrne_, 2495. So in the French K. Horn, MS. Douce, _Mes vnc de +sun halberc maele ne falsa._ _See_ Rits. Gl. M. R. + +Brisen, _v._ S. to bruise, beat, 1835. _See_ To-Brised. + +Brith, _adj._ S. bright, 589, 605, &c. _Brihte_, 2610. _Bryth_, 1252. +_Brithter_, _comp._ brighter, 2141. + +Brittene, _part. pa._ S. destroyed, 2700; R. Br. p. 244. _Pistill of +Sussan_, ap. Laing. In Doug., Virg. pp. 76, 5; 296, 1, the verb has the +sense of _to kill_, which it may also bear here. See _Bruten_ in _Will. +of Palerne_. + +Brod, _adj._ S. broad, 1647. + +Broucte, _pa. t. and pp._ brought, 767. _Brouht_, 1979. _Broute_, 2868. +_Brouth_, 336, 64. _Browt_, 2412. _Browth_, 2052. _Brouct of liue_, 513, +2412, dead. _Brouthen_, _pl._ brought, 2791. + +Brouke, _1 p. pres. sing._ S. brook, enjoy, use, 311, 1743, 2545 (cf. +Ch. _Non. Pr. Ta._ 480). + + So _brouke_ thou thi croune! + + _K. Horn_, 1041. + +Cf. Rits. Gl. M. R., Rich. C. de Lion, 4578; Chauc. C. T. 10182, 15306, +R. Hood, V. i. 48, ii. 112; Lynds. Gl. Percy, A. R. In Sc. _Bruike._ +With these numerous instances before him, it is inconceivable how +Jamieson, except from a mere love of his own system, should write: +‘There is no evidence that the Engl. _brook_ is used in this sense, +signifying only to bear, to endure.’ + +Broys, _n._ S. broth, 924. _Brouwys_, R. Cœur de L. 3077; Sc. V. Jam. +and Brockett’s North country words, v. _Brewis_; also Nares. Sc. +_brose_. + +Brune, _adj. pl._ S. brown, 2181, 2249. + +Bulder, _adj._ or _n._ 1790. In the north a _Boother_ or _Boulder_, is a +hard flinty stone, rounded like a bowl. Brockett’s Gl. So also in Grose, +_Boulder_, a large round stone. _Bowlders_, Marsh. Midl. Count. Gl. The +word has a common origin with Isl. _ballaðr_, Fr. _boulet_, Sc. _boule_, +in Doug. V. Jam. + +Bunden. _See_ Binden. + +Burgeys, _n._ S. burgess, 1328. _Burgeis_, 2466, _pl._ 2012. _Burgmen_, +2049. _Burhmen_, _Borhmen_, Laȝamon., V. Spelm. in v. _Burgarii_. + +Burwe. _See_ Berwen. + +Burwes. _See_ Boru. + +But, Bute, _conj._ S. except, unless, 85, 690, 1149, 1159, 2022, 2031, +2727. _But on_, 535, 962, except. _Butand_, Sc. _But yf_, 2972, unless. +[It should be noted that _but on_ should properly be _one_ word, being +the A.S. _búton_ or _bútan_, except. But it is written as two words in +the MS.] + +But, _n._ 1040. Probably the same as _Put_, q.v. The word _Bout_ is +derived from the same source. + +But, _part. pa._ contended, struggled with each other (_or perhaps_ +struck, thrust, pushed), 1916. _Buttinge_, _part. pr._ striking against +with force, 2322. From the Fr. _Bouter_, Belg. _Botten_, to impel, or +drive forward. V. Jam. Suppl. in v. _Butte_, and _Butt_ in Wedgwood. + +Butte, _n._ a flounder or plaice, 759. Du. _bot_. _See_ Halliwell. + +Byen. _See_ Beye. + +Bynde. _See_ Binden. + +Bynderes, _n. pl._ S. binders, robbers who bind, 2050. + + +Caliz, _n._ S. chalice, 187, 2711. + + Lunet than riche relikes toke, + The _chalis_ and the mes boke. + + _Yw. and Gaw._ 3907. + +Callen, _v._ S. to call, 747, 2899. + +Cam. _See_ Komen. + +Canst, _pr. t._ S. knowest, 846. _Cone_, 622, canst. _Kunne_, _pl._ 435. +V. Gl. Chauc. in v. _Conne_. Jam. and Gl. Lynds. _See_ Couthe. + +Carl, _n._ S. churl, slave, villain, 1789. _Cherl_, 682, 684, 2533. +_Cherles_, _g. c._ churl’s, 1092. _Cherles_, _pl._ villains, bondsmen, +262, 620. Sir Tr. p. 39; V. Spelm. in v. _Ceorlus_, and Jam. and Gl. +Lynds. + +Casten. _See_ Kesten. + +Catel, _n._ Fr. chattels, goods, 225, 2023, 2515, 2906, 2939. Web. Gl., +R. Br., P. Plowm., Chauc. + + Nowe hath Beuis the treasure wone, + Through Arundell that wyll runne, + Wherefore with that and other _catel_, + He made the castle of Arundel. + + _Syr Bevys_, O. iii. + +Cauenard, _n._ Fr. [_cagnard caignard_] a term of reproach, originally +derived from the Lat. _canis_, 2389. V. Roquef. Menage. + + This crokede _caynard_ sore he is adred. + + Rits. A. S. p. 36. + + Sire _olde kaynard_, is this thin aray? + + Chauc. C. T. 5817. + +Cayser, Caysere, _n._ Lat. emperor, 977, 1317, 1725. _Kaysere_, 353. + +Cerges, _n. pl._ Fr. wax tapers, 594. _Serges_, 2125. Chauc. Rom. R. +6251; V. Le Grand. _Vie privée des F._; V. 3, p. 175. + +Chaffare, _n._ S. merchandise, 1657. R. Cœur de L. 2468, R. Gl., Sir +Ferumbras, ap. Ellis, M. R. V. 2, p. 412, Chauc., R. Hood, i. 87. +_Chaffery_, Sc. V. Lynds. Gl. + +Cham for Came, 1873. + +Chanbioun, _n._ Fr. champion, 1007. Sir Tr. p. 97. _Chaunpiouns_, _pl._ +1015, 1031, 1055; V. Spelm. in v. _Campio_. Cf. A.S. _cempa_. + +Chapmen, _n. pl._ S. merchants, 51, 1639; R. Gl., R. Br., Chauc. In Sc. +pedlars. V. Jam., and Gl. Lynds. + +Charbucle, _n._ Fr. Lat. a carbuncle, 2145. _Charbocle_, Syr Bevys. +_Charbokull_, Le bone Flor. 390. _Charboucle_, Chauc. C. T. 13800. +_Charbukill_, Doug. Virg. 3, 10. + +Cherl. _See_ Carl. + +Chesen, _v._ S. to choose, select, 2147. Sir Tr. p. 27; K. Horn, 666; +Rits. M. R., Web., R. Br., Chauc., V. Jam. in v. _Cheis_. + +Chinche, _adj._ Fr. niggardly, penurious, 1763, 2941. + + Bothe he was scars, and _chinche_. + + _The Sevyn Sages_, 1244. + +So in Chauc. Rom. Rose, 5998, and Gower, _Conf. Am._ 109 b. + +Chiste, _n._ S. Lat. chest, 222. _Kiste_, 2018. _Kist_, Yorksh. and Sc.; +V. Jam. and Lynds. Gl. + +Citte, _pa. t._ S. cut, 942. _Kit_, Web. M. R. _Kyt_, Syr Eglam. B. iv. +_Kette_, Syr Bevys, C. iii. So Chauc. C. T. 6304. + +Claddes, _pa. t. 2 p._ S. claddest, 2907. + +Clapte, _pa. t._ S. struck, 1814, 1821. + +Clare, _n._ Fr. spiced wine, 1728. _See_ Claret _in_ Prompt. Parv. + +Clef, _pa. t._ S. cleft, 2643, 2730. + +Cleue, _n._ S. dwelling, 557, 596. A.S. _cleofa_. + +Cleuen, _v._ S. to cleave, cut, 917. + +Clothe, Clothen, _v._ S. to clothe, 1138, 1233. In l. 1233, Garnett +suggests that _cloþen_ may be a _nom. pl._ = clothes. If so, _dele_ the +comma after it. + +Clutes, _n. pl._ S. clouts, shreds of cloth, 547. _Clottys_, Huntyng of +the hare, 92. Cf. Chauc. C. T. 9827, and _Clut_ in Bosworth. + +Clyueden, _pa. t. pl._ S. cleaved, fastened, 1300. + +Cok, _n._ Lat. cook, 967. _Kok_, 903, 921, 2898. _Cokes_, _Kokes_, +_g. c._ cook’s, 1123, 1146. + +Comen, Comes, Cometh. _See_ Komen. + +Cone. _See_ Canst. + +Conestable, _n._ Fr. constable, 2286. _Conestables_, _pl._ 2366. + +Conseyl, _n._ Fr. counsel, 2862. + +Copes. _See_ Kope. + +Corporaus, _n._ Fr. Lat. the fine linen wherein the sacrament is put, +188; Cotgr. V. Du Cange, and Jam. in v. _Corperale_. + + After the relics they send; + The _corporas_, and the mass-gear, + On the handom [halidom?] they gun swear, + With wordes free and hend. + + _Guy of Warw._ ap. Ellis, M. R. V. 2, p. 77. + +Corune, _n._ Lat. crown, 1319, 2944. + +Coruning, _n._ Lat. coronation, 2948. + +Cote, _n._ S. cot, cottage, 737, 1141. + +Couel, _n._ coat, garment, 768, 858, 1144. _Cuuel_, 2904. _Kouel_, 964. +The word is connected with A.S. _cufle_, _cugele_, a cowl. + +Couere, _v._ Fr. to recover, 2040. + + And prayde to Marie bryght, + _Kevere_ hym of hys care. + + _Ly Beaus Desc._ 1983. + + Hyt wolde _covyr_ me of my care. + + _Erl of Tol._ 381. + +Coupe, _v._ buy, buy dearly, get in exchange, 1800. Icel. _kaupa_. + +Couth. _See_ Quath. + +Couþe, _pa. t._ of Conne, _v. aux._ S. knew, was able, could, 93, 112, +194, 750, 772. _Kouþen_, _pl._ 369. + + More he _couthe_ of veneri, + Than _couthe_ Manerious. + + _Sir Tristr._ p. 24. + +_See_ Canst. + +Crake, Crakede. _See_ Kraken. + +Crauede, _pa. t._ S. craved, asked, 633. + +Crice, _n._ explained to mean _rima podicis_ in Coleridge’s Glossarial +Index, 2450. Cf. A.S. _crecca_. Icel. _kryki_, a corner. In Barb. x. +602, _crykes_ is used for _angles_, corners. _See_ Krike. + +Crist, _n._ Lat. Gr. Christ, 16, &c. _Cristes_, _g. c._ 153. _Kristes_, +2797. + +Croiz, _n._ Fr. Lat. cross, 1263, 1268, 1358, &c. _Croice_, Sir Tr. +p. 115. + +Croud, _part. pa._ crowded, oppressed (?) 2338. K. Alisaund, 609. Cf. +A.S. _crydan_, p. p. _gecróden_. + +Croun, Croune, _n._ Fr. crown, head, 568, 902, 2657. _Crune_, 1814, +2734. + + Fykenildes _crowne_ + He fel ther doune. + + _K. Horn_, 1509. + +Cf. K. of Tars, 631; Le bone Flor. 92, and Erle of Tol. 72. + +Cruhsse. _See_ To-cruhsse. + +Crus, brisk, nimble, 1966. It is the Sw. _krus_, excitable, Sc. +_crouse_. See _Crouse_ in Atkinson’s Cleveland Glossary. + +Cunnriche, _n._ S. kingdom, 2318. _Kinneriche_, 976. _Kuneriche_, 2400. +_Kunerike_, 2804. _Kunrik_, 2143. In the last instance it means _a mark +of royalty, or monarchy_. Web. _Kyngriche_, _Kynryche._ + +Curt, _n._ Fr. court, 1685. + +Curteys, Curteyse, _adj._ Fr. courteous, 2875, 2916. + +Cuuel. _See_ Couel. + + +Dam, _n._ 2468, here used in a reproachful sense, but apparently from +the same root as the Fr. _Dam_, _Damp_, _Dan_, and _Don_, i.e. from +_Dominus_. + +Dame, _n._ Fr. Lat. mistress, lady, 558, 1717. V. Gl. Chauc. + +Danshe, _n. pl._ Danish men, 2689, 2945, &c. _See_ Denshe. + +Datheit, _interj._ 296, 300, 926, 1125, 1887, 1914, 2047, 2447, 2511. +_Datheyt_, 1799, 1995, 2604, 2757. An interjection or imprecation, +derived from the Fr. _Deshait_, _dehait_, _dehet_, explained by Barbazan +and Roquefort, _affliction_, _malheur_; [from the O.F. _hait_, +pleasure]. It may be considered equivalent to Cursed! Ill betide! In +the old Fabliaux it is used often in this sense: + + Fils à putain, fet-il, lechiere, + Vo jouglerie m’est trop chiere, + _Dehait_ qui vous i aporta, + Par mon chief il le comparra. + + _De S. Pierre et du Jougleor_, 381. + +The term was very early engrafted on the Saxon phraseology. Thus in the +_Disputation of Ane Hule and a Niȝtingale_, l. 99. + + _Dahet_ habbe that ilke best, + That fuleth his owe nest! + +It occurs also frequently in the Old English Romances. _See_ Sir Tristr. +pp. 111, 191; Horn Childe, ap. Rits. V. 3, p. 290; Amis and Amil. 1569; +Sevyn Sages, 2395; R. Brunne, where it is printed by Hearne _Dayet_. To +this word, in all probability, we are indebted for the modern +imprecation of _Dase you!_ _Dise you!_ _Dash you!_ still preserved in +many counties, and in Scotland. V. Jam. Suppl. v. _Dash you._ + +Dawes, _n. pl._ S. days, 27, 2344, 2950. _Dayes_, 2353. + +Ded, Dede, _n._ S. death, 149, 167, 332, 1687, 2719, &c. + +Ded, _part. pa._ S. dead, 2007. + +Dede, _n._ S. deed, action, 1356. + +Dede, Deden, Dedes. _See_ Do. + +Deide. _See_ Deye. + +Del, _n._ S. deal, part, 218, 818, 1070, &c. Web., R. Gl., R. Br., +Chauc. _Deil_, Sc. V. Jam. + +Deled, _part. pa._ S. distributed, 1736. _See_ To-deyle. + +Demen, _v._ S. to judge, pass judgment, 2467. _Deme_, _Demen_, _pr. t. +pl._ judge, 2476, 2812. _Demden_, _pa. t. pl._ judged, 2820, 2833. +_Demd_, _part. pa._ judged, 2488, 2765, 2838. + +Denshe, _adj._ Danish, 1403, 2575, 2693. _See_ Danshe. + +Deplike, _adj._ S. deeply, 1417. Synonymous with _Grundlike_, q.v. + +Dere, _n._ S. dearth, scarcity, 824, 841. R. GL. p. 416. + +Dere, _adv._ S. dearly, 1637, 1638. + +Dere, _v._ S. to harm, injure, 490, 574, 806, 2310. _Dereth_, _pr. t._ +injures, 648. K. Horn, 148; R. Br. p. 107; K. of Tars, 192; Chauc. +_Deir_, Sc. Doug. Virg. 413, 52; Lynds. Gl. + +Dere, _adj._ S. dear, 1637, 2170, &c. + +Deuel, _n._ S. devil, 446, 496, 1188. _Deueles_, _g. c._ devil’s, 1409. + +Deus. This is undoubtedly the vocative case of the Lat. _Deus_, used as +an interjection, 1312, 1650, 1930, 2096, 2114. “Its use was the same in +French as in English. Thus in King Horn: + + Euuers Deu en sun quer a fait grant clamur, + Ohi, _Deus!_ fait il, ki es uerrai creatur, + Par ki deuise, &c. + + _Harl._ MS. 527, f. 66 b. c. 2. + +It was probably introduced into the English language by the Normans, and +its pronunciation remained the same as in the French. + + And gradde ‘as armes,’ for _Douce_ Mahons! --_K. Alisaunder_, 3674. + +It is curious to remark, that we have here the evident and simple +etymology of the modern exclamation _Deuce!_ for the derivation of which +even the best and latest Lexicographers have sent us to the _Dusii_ of +St Augustine, the _Dues_ of the Gothic nations, _Diis_ of the Persians, +_Teus_ of the Armoricans, &c. Thomson very justly adds, that all these +words, ‘seem, like dæmon, to have been once used in a good sense,’ and +in fact are probably all corruptions of the same root. Cf. R. Brunne, +p. 254, and Gl. in v. _Deus_. For the first suggestion of this +derivation the Editor is indebted to Mr Will. Nicol.” --M. + +Deye, _v._ S. to die, 840. _Deide_, _pa. t. pl._ died, 402. + +Dide, Diden, Dides. _See_ Do. + +Dike, _n._ S. ditch, 2435. _Dikes_, _pl._ 1923. N.E. and Sc., V. Jam. +and Brockett. + +Dine, _n._ S. din, noise, 1860, 1868. + +Dinge, _v._ S. to strike, scourge, beat, 215, 2329. _Dong_, _pa. t._ +struck, 1147. _Dungen_, _part. pa._ beaten, or scourged, 227. Sc. and +N.E. _See_ Jam. Gl., Lynds., and Ray. + +Dint, _n._ S. blow, stroke, 1807, 1817, 1969, &c. _Dent_, Sir Tr. p. 92; +Chauc. _Dynt_, R. Br. _Dintes_, _pl._ 1437, 1862, 2665. _Duntes_, +K. Horn, 865. _Dentys_, Rits. M. R. _Dyntes_, R. Gl. _Dintes_, Minot, +p. 23; V. Gl. Lynds. + +Do, Don, _v._ S. The various uses of this verb in English and Scotch, in +an auxiliary, active, and passive sense, have been pointed out by +Tyrwhitt, Essay on Vers. of Chauc. Note (37), Chalmers, Gl. Lynds. and +Jamieson. It signifies: to do, _facere_, 117, 528, 1191; to cause, +_efficere_, 611; _do casten_, 519; _do hem fle_, 2600, to put or place +(used with _in_ or _on_), 535, 577, &c. _Dones on_ = don es on = do them +on, put them on (_see_ Es), 970. _Dos_, _pr. t. 2 p._ dost, 2390. _Dos_, +_pr. t. 3 p._ does, 1994, 2434, 2698. _Doth_, _Don_, _pr. t. pl._ do, +1838, 1840. _Doth_, _imp._ do, cause (ye), 2037. _Dos_, _imp. pl._ do +ye, 2592. _Dede_, _Dide_, _pa. t._ caused, 658, 970, &c. _Dede_, _Dide_, +_pa. t._ put, placed, 659, 709, 859. _Dedes_, _Dides_, _pa. t. 2 p._ +didest, 2393, 2903. _Deden_, _Diden_, _pa. t. pl._ caused, 242; did, +performed, 953, 1176, 2306. _Don_, _part. pa._ caused, 1169. _Don_, +_part. pa._ done, 667. _Of liue haue do_, 1805, have slain. + +Dom, _n._ S. doom, judgment, 2473, 2487, 2813, &c. Sir Tr. p. 127. + +Dore, _n._ S. door, 1788. + +Dore-tre, _n._ S. bar of the door, 1806. _See_ Tre. + +Douhter, _n._ S. daughter, 120, 2712. _Douthe_, 1079. _Douther_, 2867, +2914. _Douhtres_, _pl._ 350, 2982. _Douthres_, 2979. _Doutres_, 717. + +Doun. _See_ Adoun. + +Doutede, _pa. t._ Fr. feared, 708. + +Douthe, _n._ Fr. fear, 1331, 1377. + +Douthe, _pa. t._ of Dow, _v. imp._ S. [_dugan_, valere, prodesse] was +worth, was sufficient, availed, 703, 833, 1184. It is formed in the same +manner as _Mouthe_, Might. _See_ Sir Tr. p. 77; Jam. and Gl. Lynds. +in v. Dow. + +Drad. _See_ Dred. + +Drawe, Drawen. _See_ Drou. + +Dred, _imp._ dread, fear (thou), 2168. _Dredden_, _Dredde_, _pa. t. pl._ +dreaded, feared, 2289, 2568. _Drad_, _part. pa._ afraid, 1669. _See_ +Adrad. + +Drede, _n._ S. dread, 1169; doubt, anxiety, care, 828, 1664. Chauc. + +Dremede, _pa. t._ S. (used with _me_), dreamed, 1284, 1304. + +Dreinchen, Drenchen, Drinchen, _v._ S. to drown, 553, 561, 583, 1416, +1424, &c. _Drenched_, _part. pa._ drowned, 520, 669, 1368, 1379. V. Gl. +Web., R. Gl., Chauc. + +Dreng, _n._ _See_ note on l. 31. + +Drepen, _v._ S. to kill, slay, 1783, 1865, &c. _Drepe_, would slay, 506. +_Drop_, _pa. t._ killed, slew, 2229. Bosworth gives _drepan_, to slay. +Cf. Sw. _dräpa_. + +Dreping, _n._ slaughter, 2684. Cf. A.S. _drepe_. + +Drinchen. _See_ Dreinchen. + +Drinken, _v._ S. to drink, 459, 800. + +Drinkes, _n. pl._ S. drinks, liquors, 1738. + +Drit, _n._ [Icel. _drítr_, Du. _dreet_] dirt, 682. A term expressing the +highest contempt. K. Alisaund. 4718; Wickliffe. So, in an ancient +metrical invective against Grooms and Pages, written about 1310, + + Thah he ȝeue hem cattes _dryt_ to huere companage, + Ȝet hym shulde arewen of the arrerage. + + MS. Harl. 2253, f. 125. + +Cf. Jam. Suppl. in v. _Dryte_, and Gl. Lynds. + +Driuende. _See_ Drof. + +Drou, _pa. t._ S. drew, 705, 719, &c. _Vt-drow_, _pa. t._ out-drew, +2632. _With-drow_, withdrew, 498; (_spelt_ wit-drow), 502. _Drawe_, +_Drawen_, _part. pa._ drawn, 1925, 2225, 2477, 2603, &c. _Ut-drawe_, +_Ut-drawen_, out-drawn, 1802, 2631. _See_ To-Drawe. + +Drof, _pa. t._ S. drove, 725; hastened, 1793, 1872. _Driuende_, _part. +pr._ driving, riding quickly, 2702. + +Drurye, _n._ Fr. courtship, gallantry, 195. Web., Rits. M. R., +P. Plowm., Chauc., Lynds. + +Dubbe, _v._ Fr. S. to dub, create a knight, 2042. _Dubbede_, _pa. t._ +dubbed, 2314. _Dubban to ridere_, Chron. Sax. An. 1085, [11086]. _To +cnihte hine dubben_, Laȝam. l. 22497. “Hickes, Hearne, Gl. R. Gl., and +Tyrwhitt, Gl. Chauc., all refer the word to the Saxon root, which +primarily signified _to strike_, the same as the Isl. _at dubba_. Todd +on the contrary, Gl. Illustr. Chauc., thinks this questionable, and +refers to Barbazan’s Gl. in v. _Adouber_, which is there derived from +the Lat. _adaptare_. Du Cange and Dr Merrick give it also a Latin +origin, from _Adoptare_, and by corruption _Adobare_.” --M. The +etymology is discussed in Wedgwood, s.v. _Dub._ _See_ Note on l. 2314. + +Duelle, _v._ S. to dwell, give attention, 4. + + A tale told Ysoude fre, + Thai _duelle_: + Tristrem that herd he. + + _Sir Tristr._ p. 181. + +Cf. Sir Otuel, l. 3, and Sevyn Sages, 1. _Dwellen_, to dwell, remain, +1185; to delay, 1351. _Dwellen_, _pr. t. pl._ dwell, tarry, 1058. +_Dwelleden_, _pa. t. pl._ dwelt, tarried, 1189. + +Dwelling, _n._ delay, 1352 + +Dun. _See_ Adoun. + +Dungen. _See_ Dinge. + +Dunten, _pa. t. pl._ S. struck, beat, 2448. + +Dursten, _pa. t. pl._ S. durst, 1866. + + +Eie, _n._ S. eye, 2545. _Heie_, 1152. _Eyne_, _pl._ eyes, 680, 1273, +1364; _eyen_, 1340; _eyn_, 2171. + +Eir, _n._ Fr. Lat. heir, 410, 2539. _Eyr_, 110, 289, &c. Jam. gives it a +Northern etymology, in v. Ayr. + +Ek, _conj._ S. [_eac_] eke, also, 1025, 1038, 1066, &c. _Ok_ [Su.-G. +_och_, Du. _ook_] 187, 200, 879, 1081, &c. V. Jam. in v. Ac. + +Eld, _adj._ S. old, 546. _Helde_, 2472. _Heldeste_, sup. 1396. + +Elde, _n._ S. age, 2713. _Helde_, 128, 174, 387, 1435. + + _Ælde_ hæfde heo na mare + Buten fihtene ȝere. + + _Laȝam._ l. 25913. + +R. Br. In Sc. _Eild_. It was subsequently restricted to the sense of +_old age_, as in Chauc. + +Elles, _adv._ S. else, 1192, 2590. + +Em, S. uncle, 1326. Sir Tr. p. 53. Properly, says Sir W. Scott, an uncle +by the father’s side. It appears however to have been used indifferently +either on the father’s or mother’s side. _See_ Hearne’s Gl. on R. Gl. +and R. Br., Web., Erle of Tol. 988; Chauc. Troil. 2, 162, and Nares. +Prov. Eng. _Eam_. + +Er, _adv._ S. before, 684. _Her_, 541. _Are_, Sir Tr. p. 152. _Er_, +K. Horn, 130. _See_ Are, Or. + +Er, _conj._ S. before, 317, 1261, 2680. _Her_, 229. + +Erl, _n._ S. earl, 189, &c. _Erles_, _g. c._ 2898, earl’s. _Herles_, +883. _Erldom_, earldom, 2909. + +Ern, _n._ S. eagle, 572. Rits. M. R. Octovian, 196; R. Gl. p. 177; Will. +of Palerne. + +Erþe, _n._ S. earth, 740; ground, 2657. + +Erþe, _v._ S. to dwell, 739. A.S. _eardian._ + +Es, a plural pronoun signifying _them_, as in _don es on_ = put them on, +970. See _Gen. and Exod._ ed. Morris, pref. p. xix. + +Et, a singular pronoun, equivalent to _it_, used in _hauenet_ = _hauen +et_, 2005; _hauedet_ = _haued et_, 714. + +Ete, Eten, _v._ S. to eat, 791, 800, 911, &c. _Hete_, _Heten_, 146, 317, +457, 641. _Et_, _imp._ eat (thou), 925. _Et_, _Het_, _pa. t._ ate, 653, +656. _Etes_, _fut. 2 p._ thou shalt eat, 907. _Eteth_, _fut. 3 p._ shall +eat, 672. _Eten_, _part. pa._ eaten, 657. + +Eþen, _adv._ S. hence, 690. _Heþen_, 683, 845, 1085, 2727. + +Eþer. _See_ Ayþer. + +Euere, Eure, _adv._ S. ever. 207, 424, 704, &c. _Heuere_, 17, 327, 830. + +Euereich, _adj._ S. every, 137. _Euere il_, 218, 1334, 1644. _Euere +ilc_, 1330. _Eueri_, 1070, 1176, 1383. _Eueril_, 1764, 2318, &c. +_Euerilk_, 2258, 2432. _Euerilkon_, every one, 1062, 1996, 2197. _See_ +Il. + +Euere-mar, _adv._ S. evermore, 1971. + +Eyen, Eyn, Eyne. _See_ Eie. + +Eyr. _See_ Eir. + + +Fader, _n._ S. Lat. father, 1224, 1403, 1416. Sir Tr. p. 35; K. Horn, +114. The cognate words may be found in Jam. + +Faderles, _adj._ fatherless, 75. + +Fadmede, _pa. t._ S. fathomed, embraced, 1295. From _fæthmian_, Utraque +manu extensa complecti, Cod. Exon., ed. Thorpe, p. 334. It has the same +meaning in Sc. V. Jam. + +Falle, _v._ S. to fall, 39, &c. _Falles_, _imp. pl._ fall ye, 2302. +_Fel_, _pa. t._ fell, appertained. 1815, 2359. _Fellen_, _pa. t. pl._ +fell, 1303. + +Fals, _adj._ S. false, 2511. + +Falwes, _n. pl._ S. fallows, fields, 2509. Chauc. C. T. 6238, where +Tyrwh. explains it _harrowed lands_. + +Fare, _n._ S. journey, 1337, 2621. R. Gl. p. 211; R. Br., Minot, p. 2 +(left unexplained by Rits.); Barb. iv. 627. _Schip-fare_, a voyage, Sir +Tr. p. 53. + +Faren, _v._ S. to go, 264. _Fare_, 1378, 1392, &c. _Fare_, _pr. t. 2 p._ +farest, behavest, 2705. _Fares_, _pr. t. 3 p._ goes, flies, 2690. +_Ferde_, _pa. t._ went, 447, 1678, &c.; behaved, 2411. _For_ (went), +2382, 2943. _Foren_, _pa. t. pl._ went, 2380, 2618. + +Faste, _adv._ S. attentively, earnestly, 2148. + + Tristrem as a man + _Fast_ he gan to fight. + + _Sir Tristr._ p. 167. + + Bidde we ȝeorne Ihū Crist, and seint Albon wel _faste_, + That we moten to the Ioye come, that euere schal i-laste. + + _Vita S. Albani_, MS. Laud. 108. f. 47 b. + +Fastinde, _part. pr._ S. fasting, 865. + +Fauth. _See_ Fyht. + +Fawen, _adj._ S. fain, glad, 2160. _Fawe_, K. of Tars, 1058; Octovian, +307; R. Gl. p. 150; Chauc. C. T. 5802. + +Fe, _n._ S. fee, possessions, or money, 386, 563, 1225, &c. _See_ Jam. +and Lynds. Gl. + +Feble, _adj._ Fr. feeble, poor, scanty, 323. + +Feblelike, _adv._ feebly, scantily, 418. _Febli_, Sir Tr. p. 179, for +_meanly_. + +Feden, _v._ S. to feed, 906. _Feddes_, _pa. t. 2 p._ feddest, 2907. + +Fel. _See_ Bifalle, Falle. + +Felawes, _n. pl._ S. fellows, companions, 1338. + +Feld, _n._ S. field, 2634, 2685, 1291. + +Felde, Felede. _pa. t._ S. felled, 67, 1859, 2694. _Felden_ (? read _he +ne fellen_, they did not fall), 2698. _Feld_, _part. pa._ felled, 1824. +Sir F. Madden writes-- “in l. 2698, I prefer reading _ne felden_, did +not fell, governed by _that_. In l. 67, Garnett suggested _felede_, +pursued, from Swed. _följade_.” + +Fele, _adj._ S. many, often, 778, 1277, 1737, &c. Sir Tr. p. 19. + +Fele, _adv._ S. very, 2442. + +Fend, _n._ S. fiend, 506, 1411, 2229. + +Fer, _adv._ S. far. 359, 1863, 2275, &c. _Ferne_, far, 1864; _pl. adj._ +foreign, 2031. + + Þa kingges buh stronge, + And of _ferrene_ lond. + + _Laȝam._ l. 5528. + +Cf. Chauc. Prol. l. 14. + +Ferd, _n._ S. army, 2384, 2548, &c. _Ferde_, 2535. Laȝam., R. Gl., +R. Br., Web. _Ferdes, pl._ 2683. + +Ferde. _See_ Fare. + +Fere, _n._ S. companion, wife, 1214. Sir Tr. p. 157. K. Horn, Web., +R. Gl., R. Br., Minot, Chauc. _Feir_, Sc. V. Jam. and Gl. Lynds. + +Ferlike, _n._ S. wonder, 1258. _Ferlik_, 1849. Sir Tr. p. 21. Originally +in all probability an _adj._ + +Ferþe, _adj._ S. fourth, 1810. + +Feste, _n._ Fr. feast, 2344, &c. + +Feste, _v._ Fr. to feast, 2938. + +Festen, _v._ S. to fasten, 1785; (used passively) 82. _Fest_, _pa. t._ +fastened, 144. + +Fet. _See_ Fot. + +Fete, _v._ S. to fetch, bring, 642, 912, 937, &c. Used passively, 316, +2037. _Fetes_, _pr. t. s._ fetch, 2341. V. Pegge’s Anecd. of Engl. Lang. +p. 135. + +Fetere, _v._ S. to fetter, chain, 2758. Used passively. + +Feteres, _n. pl._ S. fetters, 82, 2759. + +Fey, _n._ Fr. faith, 255, 1666. _Feyth_, 2853. + +Fiht, _n._ S. fight, 2668, 2716. + +Fikel, _adj._ S. fickle, inconstant, 1210, 2799. + +File, _n._ vile, worthless person, 2499. + + Men seth ofte a muche _file_, + They he serue boten a wile, + Bicomen swithe riche. + + _Hending the hende_, MS. Digb. 86. + +So in R. Br. p. 237. + + David at that while was with Edward the kyng, + Ȝit auanced he that _file_ vntille a faire thing. + +It is used for _coward_ by Minot, pp. 31, 36. Cf. Du. _vuil_, foul, +malicious. + +Finden, _v._ S. to find, 1083. _Finde_, 220. _Fynde_, 42. _Funden_, _pa. +t. pl._ found, 602. _Funde_, _part. pa._ found, 2376. _Funden_, 1427. + +Fir, _n._ S. fire, 585, 1162, &c. _Fyr_, 915. + +Firrene, _adj._ S. made of fir, 2078. _Firron_, Doug. Virg. 47. 34. + +Flaunes, _n. pl._ Fr. custards, or pancakes, 644. _See_ Way’s note in +Prompt. Parv. + +Fledden, _pa. t. pl._ S. fled, 2416. + +Flemen, _v._ S. to drive away, banish, 1160. R. Gl., R. Br., Chauc., +Rits. A. S. So in Sc. V. Jam. + +Flete, _pres. subj._ S. float, swim, 522. Sir Tr. p. 27; K. Horn, 159; +Chauc. _Fleit_, Sc. V. Jam. + +Fleye, _v._ S. to fly, 1791, 1813, 1827, 2751. _Fley_, _pa. t._ flew, +1305. + +Flo, _v._ S. to flay, 612, 2495. K. Horn, 92. _Flow_, _pa. t._ flayed, +2502. _Flowe_, _pa. t. pl._ 2433. + +Flok, _n._ S. flock, troop, 24. _See_ Trome. + +Flote, _n._ S. boat, 738. A.S. _flóta_, a ship; Icel. _floti_, (1) a +ship, (2) a fleet; cf. Laȝam. 4530. + +Flour, _n._ Fr. flower, 2917. + +Fnaste, _v._ S. to breathe, 548. Cf. A.S. _Fnæstiað_, the wind-pipe, +_Fnæstan_, puffs of wind. _Fnast_ = breath in _Owl and Nightingale_, +l. 44. + +Fo, _n._ S. foe, 1363, 2849; _pl._ foos, 67. + +Fol, _n._ Fr. fool, 298. _Foles_, pl. 2100. + +Folc, Folk, _n._ S. men collectively, people, 89, 438, &c. + +Folwes, _imp._ S. follow ye, 1885, 2601. + +Fonge, _v._ S. to take, receive, 763; _2 p. pres. subj._ 856. In common +use from Laȝam. to Chauc. and much later. + +For, _prep._ S. _For to_ is prefixed to the inf. of verbs in the same +manner as the Fr. _pour_, or Sp. _por_. It is so used in all the old +writers, and in the vulgar translation of the Scriptures, and is still +preserved in the North of England. Cf. 17, &c. _For_ = on account of, +1670. Sir Tr. p. 62. + +For, Foren. _See_ Faren. + +Forbere, _v._ S. spare, abstain from, 352. Chauc. Rom. R. 4751. +_Forbar_, _pa. t._ spared, abstained from, 764, 2623. + +Forfaren, _v._ S. to perish, 1380. R. Br. _Forfard_ (_p. p._) Ly Beaus +Desc. 1484. The inf. is also used in Web., P. Plowm., Chauc. In Sc. +_Forfair_. V. Compl. of Scotl. p. 100, and Gl. Lynds. + +Forgat, _pa. t._ S. forgot, 2636, &c. _Foryat_, 249. + +For-henge, _v._ to kill by hanging, 2724. Cf. Du. _verhangen zich_, to +hang one’s self. + +Forlorn, _part. pa._ S. utterly lost, 770, 1424. _Forloren_, 580. +R. Br., Rits. M. R., Chauc. Used actively, Sir Tr. p. 35. + +Forþi, _adv._ S. on this account, therefore, because, 1194, 1431, 2043, +2500, 2578. Sir Tr. p. 14, and in all the Gloss. + +Forthwar, _adv._ S. forthward; i.e. as we go on, 731. + +Forw, _n._ S. furrow, 1094. + +Forward, _n._ S. promise, word, covenant, 486. _Forwarde_, 554. Laȝam. +l. 4790. Sir Tr. p. 13. Rits. M. R., Web., R. Gl., R. Br., Minot, Chauc. + +Fostred, _part. pa._ S. nourished, 1434, 2239. + +Fot, _n._ S. _Euerilk fot_, 2432, every foot, or man. _Fet_, _pl._ 616, +1022, 1303, 2479. _Fote_, 1054, 1199. + +Fouhten. _See_ Fyht. + +Fourtenith, _n._ S. fortnight, 2284. + +Fremde, _adj._ (used as a _n._) S. stranger, 2277. + + Vor hine willeth sone uorgiete + Tho _fremde_ and tho sibbe. + + MS. Digb. 4. + + Ther ne myhte libbe + The _fremede_ ne the sibbe. + + _K. Horn_, 67. + +See also R. Gl. p. 346; Chron. of Eng. 92; P. Plowm., Chau., Jam. and +Gl. Lynds. + +Freme, _v._ S. to perform, 441. + +Fri, _adj._ S. free, liberal, 1072. Chauc. + +Frie, _v._ to blame, 1998. Icel. _fryja_, to blame. Cf. _freles_, +blameless. _Allit. Poems_, ed. Morris, A. 431. + +Fro, _prep._ S. from, 265, &c. + +Frusshe. _See_ To-frusshe. + +Ful, _adv._ S. very, much, completely, 6, 82, &c. _Ful wo_, 2589, much +sorrow. + +Ful, Fule, _adj._ S. foul, 506, 555, 626, 965, &c. _Foule_, 1158. + +Fulike, _adv._ S. foully, shamefully, 2749. + +Fulde, _part. pa._ S. filled, complete, 355. + +Funde, Funden. _See_ Finde. + +Fyht, _v._ S. to fight, 2361. _Fauth_, _pa. t._ fought, 1990. _Fouhten_, +_pa. t. pl._ fought, 2661. + +Fyn, _n._ Fr. Lat. ending, 22. R. Br., Minot, Chauc., &c. + + +Ga, _v._ S. to go. _See_ Ouer-ga. + +Gad, _n._ S. goad, 279. _Gaddes_, _pl._ 1016. In Gl. Ælfr. among the +instruments of husbandry occur _Gad_, stimulus, and _Gadiron_, aculeus. +So in _The Fermeror and his Docter_, printed by Laing: + + Quhen Symkin standis quhisling with ane quhip and ane _gaid_, + Priking and ȝarkand ane auld ox hide. + + V. Jam. in v. _Gade_, 4. and Nares. + +Gadred, _part. pa._ S. gathered, 2577. + +Gadeling, _n._ S. an idle vagabond, low man, 1121. + + Þa wes æuer alc cheorl + Al swa bald alse an eorl, + & alle þa _gadelinges_ + Alse heo weoren sunen kinges. + + _Laȝam._ l. 12333. + +Cf. K. Alisaund. 1733, 4063. _Gadlyng_, Rob. of Cicyle, MS. Harl. 1701. +R. Gl. p. 277, 310. Chauc. Rom. Rose, 938. The word originally meant +_Vir generosus_. _See_ Beowulf, l. 5227. + +Gaf. _See_ Yeue. + +Galwe-tre, _n._ S. the gallows, 43, 335, 695. Le Bone Fl. 1726. Erle of +Tol. 657. _Galues_, _Galwes_, _Galewes_, 687, 1161, 2477, 2508. R. Br., +Chauc. Cf. Ihre Gl. Suiog. in v. _galge_, ab Isl. _gayl_, ramus arboris. + +Gamen, _n._ S. game, sport, 980, 1716, 2135, 2250, 2577; joy, 2935, +2963. _Gamyn_, Barb. iii. 465. V. Jam. + +Gan, _pa. t._ S. began, 2443. V. Jam. + +Gangen, _v._ S. to go, walk, 370, 845, &c. _Gange_, 796. _Gongen_, 855. +_Gonge_, 1185, 1739, &c. _Gonge_, _pr. t. 2 p._ goest, 690, 843. +_Gangande_, _part. pr._ on foot, walking, 2283. Wynt. V. Jam. + +Garte, _pa. t._ S. made, 189, 1857, &c. _Gart_, 1001, 1082. _Gert_, Sir +Tr. p. 147. V. Jam. and Gl. Lynds. + +Gat, Gaten. _See_ Geten. + +Gate, _n._ S. (1) way, road, 846, 889. Sir Tr. p. 27; (2) manner, +fashion (_see_ þus-gate), 783, 2419, 2586. + +Genge, _n._ S. family, company, 786, 1735; retinue, 2353, 2362, 2383. + + þe king of þan londe + Mid muchelere _genge_. + + _Laȝam._ l. 6156. + +Hence _Gang_. V. Todd’s Johns. + +Gent, _adj._ Fr. neat, pretty, 2139. Sir Tr. p. 87, R. Br., Chauc. + +Gere. _See_ Messe-gere. + +Gest, _n._ Fr. tale, adventure, 2984. _See_ Note in Warton’s Hist. E. +P., V. I. p. 69. Ed. 1840. + +Gete, _v._ to guard, watch, keep, 2762, 2960. Icel. _gæta_, to guard. +Cf. _Ormulum_, 2079. [Suggested by Garnett.] + +Geten, _v._ S. to get, take, 792. _Gete_, 1393. _Gat_, _pa. t._ begot, +got, 495, 730. _Gaten_, _Geten_, _pa. t. pl._ begot, 2893, 2934, 2978. +_Getes_, _f. t. 2 p._ shalt get, 908. + +Ghod _for_ Good, 255. + +Gisarm, _n._ Fr. a bill, 2553. _See_ Gl. Rits. M. R., Spelm. in v., Jam. +Dict., and Merrick’s Gl. in v. _Gesa_, _Gesum_. [“Distinguished from +other weapons of the axe kind by a spike rising from the back. There +were two kinds, viz. the _glaive-gisarme_, with a sabre-blade and spike; +and the _bill-gisarme_, in shape of a hedging-bill with a spike.” +Godwin’s Archæol. Handbook, p. 254.] + +Giue. _See_ Yeue. + +Giue, _n._ S. gift, 2880. _Gyue_, 357. _Yeft_, 2336. + +Giueled, piled up, 814. [The O.Fr. _gavelé_ means piled up, heaped +together. To _gavel_ corn (_see_ Halliwell) is to put it into heaps, +and a _gavel_ is a heap of corn. But this may very well be derived from +_gable_, since a heap takes the shape of a peaked end of a house; and +the O.Fr. term is probably originally Teutonic, and connected, as +_gable_ is, with Mœso-Goth. _gibla_, a pinnacle, with which compare +German _giebel_, Du. _gevel_, and hence our word would be taken from a +verb _givelen_, to pile up. The fish in Havelok’s basket would be what +the Dutch call _gevelvormig_, or formed like a gable, or like +the peaked end of a _stack_ of hay or corn, whence the author’s +expression--_giueled als a stac_, piled up in the shape of a stack. +Other explanations are _flayed_, from Du. _villen_, to flay; or _filed_, +ranged in rows upon a stick, where _stick_ is represented by _stac_. But +the latter supposition would require the reading _on_ rather than _als_; +not to mention the fact that if fish are carried _in a pannier_ they +would not resemble fish carried _on a stick_. Nor is it quite +satisfactory to say that _giueled_ is put for _gefilled_, filled; for +this is not elucidated by the expression _als a stac_, any more than the +explanation _flayed_ is. _Gable_ is Icel. _gafl_, Sw. _gafvel_, Dan. +_gavl_, Du. _gevel_, Ger. _giebel_, _gipfel_, &c. Its forked shape seems +to give rise to Ger. _gabel_, Sw. _gaffel_, a fork; respecting which set +of words see _Gaff_ in Wedgwood.] + +Gladlike, _adv._ S. gladly, 805, 906, 1760. + +Glede, _n._ S. a burning coal, 91, 869. Rits. M. R., Web., R. Br., +Chauc. _See_ Note on l. 91. + +Gleiue, Gleyue, Fr. a spear, lance, 1770, 1844, 1981. _Gleiues_, +_Gleyues_, _pl._ 267, 1748, 1864. Dr Merrick explains it, “A weapon +composed of a long cutting blade at the end of a staff.” See R. Gl. +p. 203; Guy of Warw. R. iii.; Chauc. Court of Love, 544; Percy, A. R. + +Glem, _n._ S. gleam, ray, 2122. _See_ Stem. + +Gleu, _n._ S. game, skill, 2332. Properly, says Sir W. Scott, the joyous +science of the minstrels. Cf. Sir Tr. p. 24, 35, 150. + +Gleymen, _n. pl._ S. gleemen, 2329. _Glewemen_, Sir Tr. p. 110. + + Whar bin thi _glewmen_ that schuld thi _glewe_, + With harp and fithel, and tabour bete. + + _Disp. betw. the bodi & saul_, ap. Leyd. Compl. of Scotl. + +Glotuns, _n. pl._ Fr. gluttons, wicked men, 2104. + + Va, _Glutun_, envers tei nostre lei se defent. + + _K. Horn_, 1633, MS. Douce. + +Cf. K. Horn, 1124, ap. Rits., Yw. and Gaw. 3247; R. Cœur de L. 5953, and +Chauc. + +Gnede, _adj._ S. niggardly, frugal, 97. Nearly equivalent to _chinche_, +l. 1763. Printed _guede_ in Sir Tr. p. 169. [Cf. _Gnede_ in Halliwell, +and A.S. _gneadlícnes_, frugality.] + +God, _n._ S. gain, wealth, goods, 797, 2034; _pl._ gode, 1221. R. Gl., +R. Br., Chauc. + +God, Gode, _adj._ S. good, excellent, 7, &c. + +Goddot, Goddoth, _interj._ god wot! 606, 642, 796, 909, 1656, 2543; cf. +2527. It is formed probably in the same manner as _Goddil_, for God’s +will, in Yorksh. and Lanc. V. Craven dialect, and View of Lanc. dialect, +1770, 8vo. The word before us appears to have been limited to +Lincolnshire or Lancashire, and does not appear in the Glossaries. Other +instances are in the _Cursor Mundi_, MS. Cott. Vesp. F. iii. fol. 87_b_, +and in MS. Cott. Galba E. ix. fol. 61. It also occurs in a translation +of a French Fabliau, written in the reign of Edw. I. + + _Goddot!_ so I wille, + And loke that thou hire tille, + And strek out hire thes. + + _La fablel & la cointise de dame Siriz_, MS. Digb. 86. + +Grundtvig told me (adds Sir F. Madden) that it is “undoubtedly the same +interjection spelled _Ioduth_ in the old Danish rime-chronicle.” + +Gome, _n._ S. man, 7. + +Gon, _v._ S. to go, walk, 113, 1045. _Goth_, _imp._ go ye, 1780. _Gon_, +_part. pa._ gone, 2692. + +Gonge, Gongen. _See_ Gange. + +Gore, 2497. _See_ Grim. + +Gos, _n._ S. goose, 1240. _Gees_, _pl._ 702. + +Gouen. _See_ Yeue. + +Goulen, _pr. t. pl. 2 p._ S. howl, cry, 454. _Gouleden_, _pa. t. pl._ +howled, cried, 164. + + An _yollen_ mote thu so heye, + That ut berste bo thin ey. + + _Hule and Nihtingale_, l. 970. + +Used also by Wickliffe. In Scotland and the North it is still preserved, +but in the South _Yell_ is used as an equivalent. _See_ Jam. and Gl. +Lynds. + +Gram, _n._ S. grief, 2469. + +Graten, _v._ S. [_grǽtan_] to weep, cry, cry out, 329. _Grede_, 96. +_Grete_, _pres. pl._ 454, 2703. _Gret_, _pa. t._ cried out, wept, 615, +1129, 2159. _Gredde_, 2417. _Greten_, _pa. t. pl._ wept, 164, 415, 2796. +_Grotinde_, _part. pr._ weeping, 1390. _Graten_, _part. pa._ wept, 241. +_Igroten_, 285. _See_ Jam. and Gl. Lynds. + +Graue, _v._ S. to bury, 613. _Grauen_, _part. pa._ buried, 2528. Web., +Sir Guy, Ii. iv., Chauc. + +Greme, _v._ S. to irritate, grieve, 442. In R. Br. _Gram_ is used as a +verb, in the same sense. + +Grene, _n._ desire, lust, 996. It is simply the Mœso-Goth. _gairuni_, +lust; Icel. _girni_, desire. V. Jam. in v. Grene. Halliwell suggests +_sport_, _play_, to which it is _opposed_. + +Gres, _n._ S. grass, 2698. + +Gret, _adj._ S. great, heavy, loud, 807, 1860. _Greth_, 1025; _pl._ +grete, 1437, 1862. _Grettere_, _comp._ greater, 1893. + +Grete. _See_ Graten. + +Greþede, 2003. Explained as _greeted_, _accosted_, by Sir F. Madden; but +the use of þ (not th) renders this doubtful. May it not signify +_treated_, _handled_ (lit. _arrayed_), from the _vb._ greyþe? + +Grethet. _See_ Greyþe. + +Greting, _n._ S. weeping, 166. + +Grette, _pa. t._ S. accosted, greeted, 452, 1811, 2625. _Gret_, _part. +pa._ accosted, greeted, 2290. + +Greu, _pa. t._ S. grew, prospered, 2333; _pl._ grewe, 2975. + +Greue, _v._ S. to grieve, 2953. + +Greyþe, _v._ S. [gerǽdian] to prepare, 1762. _Greyþede_, _pa. t._ +prepared, 706. _Greyþed_, _part. pa._ prepared, made ready, 714. +_Grethet_, 2615. Laȝam. l. 4414. Sir Tr. p. 33. Sc. _Graith_. V. Jam. +and Gl. Lynds. + +Greyue, _n._ S. [_geréfa_] greave, magistrate, 1771. _Greyues_, _g. c._ +greave’s, 1749. _Greyues_, _pl._ 266. V. Spelm. in v. _Grafio_, and +Hickes, Diss. Epist. p. 21, n. p. 151. + +Grim, _adj._ S. cruel, savage, fierce, 155, 680, 2398, 2655, 2761. +R. Br., Rits. M. R. _See_ Beowulf, l. 204. + +Grim, _n._ [smut, dirt, 2497. The explanation is that Godard, on being +flayed, did not bear his sentence as one of rank and blood would have +done, but began to roar out as if he were mere _dirt_ or _mud_, i.e. one +of the dregs of the common herd. This curious expression is ascertained +to have the meaning here assigned to it by observing (1) that _grim_ and +_gore_ must be substantives, and (2) that they must be of like +signification; but chiefly by comparing the line with others similar to +it. Now the context, in the couplet following, repeats that “men might +hear him roar, that _foul vile_ wretch, a mile off;” and in l. 682, +Godard calls Grim “_a foul dirt_, a thrall, and a churl.” The author +clearly uses _dirt_ and _churl_ as synonyms. The word _grim_ is the +Danish _grim_, soot, lampblack, smut, dirt, answering to the English +_grime_; see _grime_ in Atkinson’s Glossary of the Cleveland dialect. +_Gore_ is the A.S. _gór_, wet mud, or clotted blood, in the latter of +which senses it is still used. See “_Gore. Limus_” in Prompt. Parv., and +Way’s note.] + +Grip, _n._ griffin, 572. Web. _Graip_, Sc., V. Jam. The plural _gripes_ +is in Laȝam. l. 28062, and K. Alisaund. 4880. Swed. _grip_. + +Grip, _n._ S. [_græp_] ditch, trench, 2102. _Gripes_, _pl._ 1924. V. +Jam. in v. _Grape_; and Skinner, v. _Groop_. Cf. Swed. _grop_. + +Gripen, _pr. t. pl._ S. gripe, grasp, 1790. _Gripeth_, _imp._ gripe ye, +1882. _Grop_, _pa. t._ grasped, 1776, 1871, 1890, &c. + +Grith, _n._ S. peace, 61, 511. _Grith-sergeans_, 267, legal officers to +preserve the peace. These must not be confounded with the _Justitiarii +Pacis_ established in the beginning of Edw. III. reign, and called +_Gardiani Pacis_. V. Spelm. in v. Cf. Icel. _grið_. + +Grom, _n._ male child, youth, 790; young man, 2472. Belgic _grom_ has +the same sense of _boy_. Cf. Icel. _gromr_, homuncio. So in _Sir +Degore_, A. iv. + + He lyft up the shete anone + And loked upon the lytle _grome._ + +It generally elsewhere signifies _lad_, _page_. + +Gronge, _n._ Fr. grange, 764. [Halliwell says that, in _Lincolnshire_, a +lone farm-house is still called a _grange_. In old English it is +sometimes spelt _graunge_, which comes near the form here used. Cf. Fr. +_grange_; Ital. _grangia_ (Florio), a country-farm.] + +Grop. _See_ Gripen. + +Grotes, _n. pl._ S. [_grót_] small pieces, grit, dust, 472, 1414. + +Grotinde. _See_ Graten. + +Grund, _adj. used as adv._ 1027. _See_ Grundlike. + +Grunde, _n._ S. _dat. c._ ground, 1979, 2675. + +Grunden, _part. pa._ S. ground, 2503. Yw. and Gaw. 676. _Grounden_, +Chauc. + +Grundlike, _adv._ heartily, 651, 2659; deeply, 2013, 2268, 2307, where +it is equivalent to _Deplike_, q.v. The word is undoubtedly Saxon, but +in the Lexicons we only find _Grundlinga_, funditus, from Ælf. Gl. It is +used by Laȝamon, l. 9783. + + Cnihtes heom gereden + _Grundliche_ feire. + +Gyue. _See_ Giue. + + +Hal, all, 2370. [_Hal_, more probably, is shortened from _half_, like +_twel_ from _twelue_.] + +Halde, _v._ S. to hold, take part, 2308. _Holden_, to keep or observe, +29, 1171. _Haldes_, _pr. t. 3 p._ holds, 1382. _Hel_, _pa. t._ held, +109. _Helden_, _pa. t. pl._ held, 1201. _Halden_, _part. pa._ held, +holden, 2806. + +Hals, _n._ S. neck, 521, 670, 2510. Sir Tr. p. 109. + +Halue, _n._ S. side, part; _bi bothe halue_, 2682. _See_ Bi-halue. + +Haluendel, _n._ S. the half part, 460. R. Gl. p. 5; R. Br.; K. Alisaund. +7116; Emare, 444; Chron. of Engl. 515; R. Hood, i. 68. + +Handlen, _v._ S. to handle, 347. _Handel_, 586. + +Hangen, _v._ S. to hang, 335, 695. _Hengen_, 43, &c. _Honge_, 2807. +_Henged_, _part. pa._ hung, 1922, 2480. Cf. For-henge. + +Harum _for_ Harm, 1983, 2408. + +Hasard, _n._ Fr. game at dice, 2326. _See_ Note on l. 2320. + +Hatede, _pa. t._ S. hated, 1188. + +Hauen, _v._ S. to have, 78, &c. _Hawe_, 1188. _Haue_, 1298. _Haues_, +_Hauest_, _pr. t. 2 p._ hast, 688, 848. _Haues_, _Haueth_, _pr. t. 3 p._ +haveth, hath, has, 1266, 1285, 1952, 1980, &c. _Hauet_, hath, 564. +_Hauen_, _pr. t. pl._ have, 1227. _Hauenet_, have it, 2005. _Hauede_, +_pa. t._ had, 649, 775, &c. _Hauedet_, 714, had it. _Haueden_, _pa. t. +pl._ had, 238, &c. _Aueden_, 163. _Haue_, _Hauede_, _Haueden_, _subj._ +would have, 1428, 1643, 1687, 2020, 2675. + +Haui _for_ Haue I, 2002. + +He, _pron._ S. Is often understood, as in ll. 869, 1428, 1777, and hence +might perhaps have been designedly omitted in ll. 135, 860, 1089, 2311, +though the metre seems to require _he_ in 135 and 1089. _He_, _pl._ +they, 54, &c. + +Heie, _n._ _See_ Eie. + +Heie, _adj._ S. tall, 987. _Hey_, 1071, 1083; high, 1289. _Heye se_, +719. _Heye curt_, 1685. _Heye and lowe_, 2431, 2471, &c. + +Hel, Helden. _See_ Halde. + +Helde, Heldeste. _See_ Eld. + +Helen, _v._ S. [_hǽlan_] to heal, 1836. _Hele_, 2058. _Holed_, _part. +pa._ healed, 2039. + +Helm, _n._ S. helmet, 379, 624, 1653, &c. _Helmes_, _pl._ 2612. + +Helpen, _v._ S. to help, 1712. _Helpes_, _imp. pl._ help ye, 2595. +_Holpen_, _part. pa._ helped, 901. + +Hem, _pron._ S. them, 367, &c. + +Hend. _See_ Hond. + +Hende _for_ Ende, 247. + +Hende, _n._ S. a duck, 1241. A.S. _ened_; Lat. _anas_ (_anat-is_); Du. +_eend_; Icel. _önd_. “Ende mete, for dookelyngys, _Lenticula_;” and +again, “Ende, dooke byrde, _Anas_.” Prompt. Parv. + +Hende, _adj._ courteous, gentle, 1104, 1421, 1704, 2793, 2877, 2914; +skilful, 2628. It certainly is the same word with _hendi_, _hendy_. +_See_ Tyrwh. on C. T. 3199; Gl. R. Glouc.; Amis and Amil. 1393; Ly Beaus +Desc. 333; Morte Arthur, ap. Ellis, M. R. V. I. p. 359, &c.; Dan. and +Sw. _händig_, dexterous. + +Hende, _adv._ S. near, handy, 359, 2275. Web. + +Hendeleik, _n._ courtesy, 2793. Cf. _Allit. Poems_, ed. Morris, B. 860. + +Henged, Hengen. _See_ Hangen. + +Henne, _adv._ S. hence, 843, 1780, 1799. In the same manner is formed +_Whenne_, K. Horn, 169, which Ritson thought a mistake for _whence_. + +Henne, _n_, S. hen, 1240. _Hennes_, _pl._ 702. + +Her. _See_ Er. + +Her, _adv._ S. here, 689, 1058, &c. _Her offe_, 2585, hereof. + +Her, _n._ S. hair, 1924. _Hor_, 235. + +Herboru, _n._ S. habitation, harbour, lodging, 742. _Herberowe_, Web.; +_Herbegerie_, R. Br.; _Harbroughe_, Sq. of Lowe Degre, 179; _Herberwe_, +Chauc.; _Herbry_, Wynt.; _Herberye_, Lynds. Gl. q.v. and Jam. + +Herborwed, _pa. t._ S. lodged, 742. Laȝam., Chauc., V. Jam. in v. +_Herbery_. + +Here, _pron._ S. their, 52, 465, &c. + +Here, _n._ S. army, 346, 379, 2153, 2942. R. Br., K. Alisaund, 2101. + +Here, Heren, _v._ S. to hear, 4, 732, 1640, 2279, &c. _Y-here_, 11. +_Herd_, _Herde_, _pa. t._ heard, 286, 465, &c. _Herden_, _pa. t. pl._ +150. + +Herinne, _adv._ S. herein, 458. + +Herkne, _imp. s._ S. hearken, 1285. _Herknet_, _imp. pl._ hearken ye, 1. + +Herles. _See_ Erl. + +Hernes, _n._ Fr. armour, harness, 1917. R. Br., &c. + +Hernes, _n. pl._ S. brains, 1808. + +Hern-panne, _n._ S. skull, 1991. Yw. and Gaw. 660; R. Cœur de L., 5293. +_Hardynpan_, Compl. of Scotl. p. 241; V. Gl. + +Hert, _n._ S. hart, deer, 1872. + +Herte, _n._ S. heart, 479, 2054, &c. _Herte blod_, 1819. Laȝam. +l. 15846; Sir Tr. p. 98; Chauc. + +Hertelike, _adv._ S. heartily, 1347, 2748. + +Het, _part._ S. hight, named, 2348. _Hoten_, _part. pa._ called, named, +106, 284. + +Het, Hete, Heten. _See_ Ete. + +Hetelike, _adv._ S. hotly, furiously, 2655. + + And Guy hent his sword in hand, + And _hetelich_ smot to Colbrand. + + _Guy of Warw._ ap. Ellis, M. R. V. 2, p. 82. + +In Sir Tr. p. 172, _Hethelich_ is explained _Haughtily_ by the Editor, +and by Jam. _reproachfully_. Cf. _Hetterly_ in Gloss. to _Will. of +Palerne_. + +Hethede, _pa. t._ commanded, 551. A.S. _hetan_. The _th_ is here +pronounced like _t_, as elsewhere. + +Heþen. _See_ Eþen. + +Heu, _n._ S. hue, colour, complexion, 2918. Very common. We may hence +explain the “inexplicable phrase” complained of by Mr Ellis, Spec. E. E. +P. V. I. p. 109. “On _heu_ her hair is fair enough” --occasioned by +Ritson having inadvertently copied it _hen_, from the MS.; _see_ Anc. +Songs, p. 25. + +Heued, _n._ S. head, 624, 1653, 1701, 1759, &c. _Heuedes_, _pl._ 1907. + +Heuere. _See_ Euere. + +Heui, _adj._ S. heavy, 808; laborious, 2456. + +Hew, _pa. t._ S. cut, 2729. Sir Tr. p. 20. + +Hext, _adj. sup._ S. highest, tallest, 1080. _Haxt_, Laȝamon; _Hext_, +K. Alisaund. 7961; R. Gl.; Chauc. + +Hey, Heye. _See_ Heie. + +Heye, _adv._ S. on high, 43, 335, 695, &c. + +Heylike, _adv._ S. highly, honourably, 2319. _Heyelike_, 1329. + +Heyman, _n._ S. nobleman, 1260. Sir Tr. p. 82. _Heymen_, _Heyemen_, +_pl._ 231, 958. + +Hi, Hic. _See_ Ich. + +Hider, _adv._ S. hither, 868, 885, 1431. + +Hides, _n. pl._ S. hides, skins, 918. + +Hijs, _pron._ S. his, 47, 468. _Hise_, 34, &c. _Hyse_, 355. [The final +_e_ is most used with _plural_ nouns.] + +Hile, _v._ S. [_hélan_] to cover, hide, 2082. _Hele_, Sir Tr. p. 19, +Web., Rits. M. R., Chauc. _Hilles_, Yw. and Gaw. 741. V. Jam. in v. +_Heild._ --Somersetsh. + +Him, _pron._ S. them, 257, 1169. + +Hine, _n. pl._ S. hinds, bondsmen, 620. Web. _Hinen_, R. Gl., V. Jam. +in v. + +Hinne. _See_ Þer-inne. + +Hire, _pron._ S. her, 127, &c. _Hire semes_, it beseems her, 2916. + +His _for_ Is, 279, 1973, 2692. + +Hise. _See_ Hijs. + +Hof _for_ Of, 1976. + +Hof, _pa. t._ S. heaved, 2750. + +Hok, _n._ S. hook, 1102. + +Hol, _adj._ whole, well, 2075. + +Holi, _adj._ S. holy, 1361. [_Printed_ hoh _in the former edition_.] + +Hold, _adj._ S. firm, faithful, 2781, 2816. + + Ant suore othes _holde_, + That huere non ne sholde + Horn never bytreye. + + _K. Horn_, 1259. + +Cf. R. Glouc. p. 377, 383, 443; K. Alisaund. 2912; Chron. of Engl. 730. + +Hold, Holde, _adj._ S. old, 30, 192, 417, 956, &c.; former, 2460. + +Holden. _See_ Halde. + +Hole, _n._ S. socket of the eye, 1813. + +Holed. _See_ Helen. + +Holpen. _See_ Helpen. + +Hond, _n._ S. hand, 2446. _Hon_, 1342. _Dat. c._ hend, 505, 2069; _pl._ +hondes, 215, 636. _Hond-dede_, _n._ S. handiwork, 92. + +Honge. _See_ Hangen. + +Hor. _See_ Her, _n._ + +Hore, _n._ mercy, 153. _See_ Ore. + +Horn, _n._ S. 779. [This probably refers to the _shape_ of the simnel. +Halliwell says, a Simnel is “generally made in a _three-cornered_ form.” +Cracknels are still made with pointed and turned up ends, not unlike +_horns_.] + +Hors, _n._ S. horse, 2283. _Horse-knaue_, groom, 1019. So in a curious +satirical poem, temp. Edw. II. + + Of rybaudz y ryme, + Ant rede o my rolle, + Of gedelynges, gromes, + Of Colyn, & of Colle; + Harlotes, _hors knaues_, + Bi pate & by polle. + + MS. Harl. 2253, f. 124 b. + +Used also by Gower, Conf. Am. _See_ Todd’s Illustr. p. 279. + +Hosen, _n. pl._ S. hose, stockings, 860, 969. In Sir Tr. p. 94, trowsers +seem to be indicated. + +Hoslen, _v._ S. to administer or receive the sacrament, 212. _Hoslon_, +362. _Hosled_, _part. pa._ 364. _Hoseled_, 2598. Le Bone Flor. 776. +Chauc. + +Hoten. _See_ Het. + +Houes, _pr. t._ S. behoves, 582. [_Read_ bi-houes?] + +Hul, _n._ S. hollow, i.e. vale, 2687. A.S. _hole_. Cf. l. 2439. + +Hund, _n._ S. hound, 1994, 2435. _Hundes_, _pl._ 2331. + +Hungred _for_ Hunger, 2454. + +Hungreth, _pr. t._ hunger, 455. _Hungrede_, _pa. t._ hungered, 654. + +Hure, _pron._ S. our, 338, 842, 1231, &c. + +Hus _for_ Us, 1217, 1409. + +Hus, _n._ S. house, 740. _Huse_, 2913. _Hws_, 1141. _Milne-hous_, +mill-house, 1967. + +Hyl, _n._ S. heap, 892. _Hil_, hill, 1287. + +Hw, W, _adv._ S. how, 120, 288, 827, 960, 1646, &c. _Hwou_, 2411, 2946, +2987, &c. + +Hwan, _adv._ S. when, 408, 474, &c. _See_ Quan. + +Hware, _adv._ S. where, 1881, 2240, 2579. _Hwar-of_, whereof, 2976. +_Hwere_, 549, 1083. + +Hwat, _pron._ S. what, 596, 635, 1137, 2547. _Wat_, 117, 541, &c. _Wat +is yw_, 453. _Hwat_ or _Wat is þe_, 1951, 2704. + +Hwat. _See_ Quath. + +Hwel, _n._ S. whale, or grampus, 755. _Hwæl_, balena, vel cete, vel +cetus. Ælf. Gl. _See_ Qual. + +Hweþer, _adv._ S. whether, 294, 2098. + +Hwi, _adv._ S. why, 454. _See_ Qui. + +Hwil, _adv._ S. whilst, 301, 363, 538, 2437. + +Hwile, _n._ S. time, 722, 1830. + +Hwil-gat, _adv._ S. how, lit. which way, 838. _Howgates_, Skinner. + +Hwit, _adj._ S. white, 1729. + +Hwo, _pron._ S. who, 296, 300, 368, 2604, &c. _See_ Wo. + +Hwor, _adv._ S. whether, 1119. _Hwore-so_, wheresoever, 1349. + +Hwou. _See_ Hw. + +Hws. _See_ Hus. + +Hyse. _See_ Hijs. + + +Ich, _pron._ S. I, 167, &c. _Ihc_, 1377. _Hic_, 305. _Hi_, 487. _I_, +686. _Y_, 15, &c. + +Id _for_ It, 2424. + +I-gret, 163. _See_ Grette. + +I-groten. _See_ Graten. + +Il, _adj._ S. each, every, 818, 1740, 2112, 2483, 2514. _Ilc_, 1056, +1921. _Ilke_, 821, 1861, 2959, 2996; (= same), 1088, 1215, 2674, &c. +_Ilker_, each (of them), 2352. _Ilkan_, each one, 1770, 2357. _Ilkon_, +1842, 2108. _See_ Eueri. + +Ille, _adv._ S. _Likede hire swithe ille_, 1165, it displeased her much. +Sir Tr. p. 78. A common phrase. _Ille maked_, ill treated, 1952. + +I-maked. _See_ Maken. + +Inne, _adv._ S. in, 762, 807. _See_ Þerinne. + +Inow, _adv._ S. enough, 706, 911, 931, &c. _Ynow_, 563, 1795. _Ynou_, +904. + +Intil, _prep._ S. into, 128, 251, &c. _See_ Til. + +Ioie, _n._ Fr. joy, 1209, 1237, 1278, &c. _Ioye_, 1315. + +Ioyinge, _n._ gladness, 2087. + +Ioupe, _n._ Fr. a doublet, 1767. Roquefort gives the form _Jupe_, but +_Jupon_ or _Gipoun_ is more usual. See _Jupon_ in Halliwell, and _Gipe_ +in Roquefort. + +Is _for_ His, 735, 2254, 2479. + +Iuele, _n._ S. evil, injury, 50, 1689. _Yuel_, 2221. _Yuele_, 994. +_Iuel_, sickness, 114. _Yuel_, 144, 155. + + þa þe he wes ald mon, + þa com him _ufel_ on. + + _Laȝam._ l. 19282. + +_Ful iuele o-bone_, very lean, 2505; cf. 2525. + +Iuele, _adv._ S. evilly, 2755. _Me yuele like_, displease me, 132. Cf. +Ille liken. + + +Kam. _See_ Komen. + +Kaske, _adj._ strong, vigorous, 1841. Sw. _karsk_. + +Kaym, _n. p._ Cain, 2045. _See_ note in loc. + +Kayn, _n._ 31, 1327. Evidently a provincial pronunciation of _Thayn_, +which in the MS. may elsewhere be read either _chayn_ or _thayn_. By the +same mutation of letters _make_ has been converted into _mate_, _cake_ +into _cate_, _wayke_ into _wayte_, _lake_ into _late_ (R. Hood, i. 106), +&c., or _vice versâ_. _See_ Thayn. + +Kaysere. _See_ Cayser. + +Keft, _part. pa._ purchased, 2005. _Sure keft_ = sourly (bitterly) +purchased it. _See_ Sure _and_ Coupe. + +Keling, _n._ 757, cod of a large size, Jam. q.v. The _kelyng_ appears in +the first, course of Archb. Nevil’s Feast, 6 Edw. IV. _See_ Warner’s +_Antiq. Cul._ Cotgrave explains _Merlus_, A Melwall or _Keeling_, a kind +of small cod, whereof stockfish is made. + +Keme. _See_ Komen. + +Kempe, _n._ S. knight, champion, 1036. V. Jam. in v. + +Kene, _adj._ S. keen, bold, eager, 1832, 2115. A term of very extensive +use in old Engl. and Sc. poetry, and the usual epithet of a knight. + +Kesten, _v._ S. to cast in prison, or to overthrow, 81, 1785 (used +passively). _Casten_, cast, throw, 2101. _Keste_, _pa. t._ cast, 2449. +_Keste_, _part. pa._ cast, placed, 2611; [or it may be the infin. mood.] + +Keuel, _n._ S. a gag, 547. See _Kevel_ in Hall., _Kewl_ in. Jam. A.S. +_cæfli_, a halter, headstall. + +Kid, _part. pa._ S. made known, discovered, 1060. Sir Tr. p. 150; +R. Br.; Yw. and Gaw. 530; Minot, p. 4; Chauc. From _cýþan_, notum +facere. + +Kin, Kyn, _n._ S. kindred, 393, 414, 2045. + +Kines, _n._ S. _gen. c._ kind, 861, 1140, 2691. _None kines_ = of no +kind; _neuere kines_ = of never a kind. + +Kinneriche. _See_ Cunnriche. + +Kippe, _v._ S. [_cépan_] to take up hastily, 894. _Kipt_, _Kipte_, _pa. +t._ snatched up, 1050, 2407, 2638. + + Horn in is armes hire _kepte._ + + _K. Horn_, 1208. + + _Kypte_ heore longe knyues, and slowe faste to gronde. + + _Rob. Glouc._ p. 125. + +_Kept up_, snatcht up, Gl. R. Br. Jamieson derives the word from Su.-G. +_kippa_, to take anything violently. V. in v. _Kip._ Ihre quotes the +Icel. _kipti up_ = snatched up. + +Kirke, _n._ S. church, 1132, 1355. _Kirkes_, _pl._ 2583. V. Gl. Lynds. +and Jam. + +Kiste. _See_ Chiste. + +Kiste, _pa. t. s._ kissed, 1279. _Kisten_, _pa. t. pl._ S. kissed, 2162. + +Kiwing, _n._ 1736. [Respecting this word I can only record my conviction +that it is not safe to quote it, as the MS. is indistinct. I read the +word as _kilþing_, which I believe to be merely miswritten for _ilk +þing_ (which the scribe also spells _il þing_), and I suppose the sense +of the line to be-- “when they had there distributed _everything_.”] + +Knaue, _n._ S. lad, 308, 409, 450, &c. Attendant, servant, 458. _Cokes +knaue_, scullion, 1123. + + Heore cokes & heore _cnaues_ + Alle heo duden of lif dæȝen. + + _Laȝam._ l. 13717. + +V. Jam. in v. Gl. Lynds. and Gl. Todd’s Illustr. Chauc. + +Knawe, _v._ S. to know, 2785. _Knawe_, _pr. t. pl._ know, 2207. _Kneu_, +_pa. t._ knew, 2468. _Knawed_, _part. pa._ known, 2057. + +Knicth, Knith, _n._ S. knight, 77, 343, &c. _Knictes_, _pl._ 239. +_Knithes_, 1068. _Knihtes_, 2706. + +Kok, _n._ a cook, 873, 180, 891, 903, 921, 2898. _See_ Cok. + +Komen, _v._ S. to come, 1001. _Comes_, _Cometh_, _imp, pl._ come ye, +1798, 1885, 2247. _Kam_, _pa. t._ came, 766, 863. _Kom_, 1309. _Cam_, +2622. _Komen_, _pa. t, pl._ came, 1012, 1202. _Comen_, 2790. _Keme_, +1208. _Comen_, _part. pa._ come, 1714. + +Kope, _n._ Lat. cope, 429. _Copes_, _pl._ 1957. + +Koren, _n._ S. corn, 1879. + +Kouel. _See_ Couel. + +Kouþen. _See_ Couþe. + +Kradel-barnes, _n. pl._ S. children in the cradle, 1912. + +Kraken, _v._ S. to crack, break, 914. _Krake_, 1857. _Crake_, 1908. +_Crakede_, _pa. t._ cracked, broke, 568. _Kraked_, _part. pa._ 1238. + +Krike, _n._ S. creek, 708. + +Kunne. _See_ Canst. + +Kuneriche, Kunerike, Kunrik. _See_ Cunnriche. + +Kyne-merk, _n._ S. mark or sign of royalty, 604. In the same manner are +compounded _cine-helm_, _cine-stol_, &c. + + & Cador þe kene + scal beren þas _kinges marke_; + hæbben haȝe þene drake, + biforen þissere duȝeðe. + + _Laȝam._ l. 19098. + + Thyll ther was of her body + A fayr chyld borne, and a godele, + Hadde a dowbyll _kynges marke_. + + _Emare_, 502. + + +Lac, _n._ S. fault, reproach, 191, 2219. Yw. and Gaw. 264, 1133. _Lak_, +R. Br., Rom. of Merlin, ap. Ellis, M. R. V. i. p. 252. Sir Orpheo, +421. _Lakke_, P. Plowm. Chauc. So in Sc. V. Jam. and Gl. Lynds. v. +_Lak_, _Lack_. + +Ladde, _n._ S. lad, 1786. _Ladden_, _pl._ 1038. _Laddes_, 1015, &c. A +term subsequently applied to persons of low condition. “When _laddes_ +weddeth leuedis--” Prophecy of Tho. of Essedoune, MS. Harl. 2253, +f. 127. + +Large, _adj._ Fr. Lat. liberal, bountiful, 97, 2941. R. Gl. Yw. and Gaw. +865. Sir Orpheo, 27. Sevyn Sages, 1251. Chauc. + +Late, _v._ S. [_lǽtan_] _pres. subj._ let, suffer, 486. _Late_, _pr. t._ +let, permit, 1741. _Late_, _imp._ let, suffer, 17, 1376, 2422. _Leth_, +_pa. t._ let, suffered, 2651; caused, 252. _Late_, _part. pa._ or _inf._ +put, 2611. + +Laten, _v._ S. [_lǽtan_] to leave, 328. _Late be_, _imp._ leave, +relinquish, 1265; _inf._ 1657. _Let_, _pa. t._ left, 2062. _Laten_, +_part. pa._ left, abated, 240, 1925. + +Lath, _n._ S. injury, 76. _Lathe_, 2718, 2976. + +Lauhwinde, _part. pr._ S. laughing, 946. + +Laute, _pa. t_. S. [_læccan, læhte_] received, took, 744. _Lauthe_, +1673. _Lauth_, _part. pa._ received, taken, 1988. _I-lahte_, Laȝam. +l. 29260. + + Horn in herte _laȝte_ + Al þat he him taȝte. + + _K. Horn_ (ed. Lumby), 243. + +_Laght_, Yw. and Gaw. 2025. _Laught_, K. Alisaund. 685, 1109. _Lauht_, +R. Br. (_See_ Hearne’s blundering Gl. in voc.) Rits. A. S. p. 46. +_Laucht_, Wall. ix. 1964. + +Laumprei, _n._ S. lamprey, 771. _Laumprees_, _pl._ 897. + +Lawe, Lowe, _adj._ S. low, 2431, 2471, 2767, &c. + +Lax, n. S. [læx] salmon, 754, 1727. _Laxes_, _pl._ 896. V. Spelm. and +Somn. in v. Jamieson says, it was “formerly the only name by which this +fish was known.” Cf. Dan. Sw. Icel. _lax_. + +Layke, _v._ S. [_lácan_] to play, 1011. _Leyke_, _Leyken_, 469, 950, +997. _Leykeden_, _pa. t. pl._ played, 954. In the same sense the verb is +found in P. Plowman, and Sevyn Sages, 1212. So in Sc. and N.E. V. Jam. +v. _Laik_, Ray, Brockett, and Crav. Dial. v. _Lake_. + +Leche, _n._ S. physician, 1836, 2057. + +Led, a caldron, kettle, 924. Chauc. Prol. 202. + +Lede, Leden, _v._ S. to lead, 245, &c; _utlede_, 89. Cf. 346, 379. +_Ledes_, _pr. t. 3 p._ uses, carries, 2573. _Ledde_, _pa. t._ led, 1686. +_Ledden_, _pa. t. pl._ led, 2451. + +Lef, _adj._ S. agreeable, willing, _lef and loth_, 261, 440, 2273, 2313, +2379, 2775. A very usual phrase. _See_ Beowulf, l. 1026. Chauc. C. T. +1839. R. Hood, i. 41. _Leue_, 431, 909. Sir Tr. p. 187. K. Horn, 949, +&c. _Leuere_, _comp._ more agreeable, rather, 1193, 1423, 1671, &c. +_Lef_, used as adv. willingly, in the phrase “Ye! lef, ye!” = yes, +willingly, yes, 2606; cf. l. 1888. + +Leidest. _See_ Leyn. + +Leite, _adj._ S. light, 2441. + +Leme, _n._ S. limb, 2555. _Lime_, 1409. _Limes_, pl. 86. + +Leman, _n._ S. mistress, lover, 1191. _Lemman_, 1283, 1312, 1322. Used +by all the old writers, and applied equally to either sex. + +Lende, _v._ S. to land, 733. Sir Tr. p. 13. R. Br. _See_ Jam. in v. +_Leind_. + +Lene, _v._ S. [_leanian_] to lend, grant, 2072. + + I sal _lene_ the her mi ring. + + _Yw. and Gaw._ 737. + +Lenge, _n._ the fish called _ling_, 832. [_Asellus longus_, or +_Islandicus_, Ray.] It was a common dish formerly. Thus we have _Lynge +in jelly_, in Archb. Nevil’s Feast, 6 Edw. IV., and _Lyng in foyle_, in +Warham’s Feast, 1504. _See_ Pegge’s _Form of Cury_, p. 177, 184, and MS. +Sloane, 1986. + +Lenge, _v._ S. to prolong, 1734, 2363. P. Plowm. + +Leoun, _n._ Lat. lion, 573. _Leun_, 1867. + +Lepe, _v._ S. escape from (?) 2009. _Loupe_, to leap, 1801. _Lep_, _pa. +t._ leapt, 891, 1777, 1942. _Lopen_, _pa. t. pl._ 1896, 2616. + +Lere, Leren, _v._ S. to learn, 797, 823; to teach, 2592. _Y-lere_, 12. + +Lese, v. S. _imp. s. 3 p._ loose, 333. Sir Tr. p. 110. + +Leth. _See_ Late. + +Lette, _v._ S. [_lǽtan_, _lettan_] to hinder, retard, 1164, 2253, 2819; +to stop, cease, 2445, 2627. _Let_, _pa. t._ stopped, stayed, 2447, 2500. +_Leten_, _pa. t. pl._ stopped, delayed, 2379. + +Leue, _n._ S. leave, 1387, 1626, 2952, &c. + +Leue, _adj._ _See_ Lef. + +Leue, _v._ S. [_lýfan_] _imp. s._ grant, 334, 406, 2807. K. Horn, 465, +MS.; R. Gl., Erle of Tol. 365. Guy of Warw. ap. Ellis, M. R. V. 2, +p. 77, where it is misprinted _lene_. It is very frequently used in the +old Engl. Metrical Lives of the Saints, MS. Laud, 108. [The true +distinction between _leue_ and _lene_ is, that the former is the A.S. +_lýfan_, G. _erlauben_ = grant in the sense of _allow_, _permit_, and is +invariably intransitive; whilst _lene_ is the A.S. _lænan_, G. _leihen_ += grant in the sense of _give_. The confusion between the senses of +_grant_ has led to confusion between _lene_ and _leue_, and in at least +five passages of Chaucer (C. T. 7226, 13613; Tro. ii. 1212, iii. 56, +v. 1749, ed. Tyrwhitt) many editions wrongly have _lene_. In the last +three instances Tyrwhitt rightly prints _leve_, but unnecessarily +corrects himself in his Glossary. I regret to add that I have thrice +made a similar mistake. In Piers Plowman, A. v. 263, and in Pierce the +Ploughman’s Crede, ll. 366 and 573, for _lene_ read _leue_. Halliwell’s +remark, that “the [former] editor of Havelok absurdly prints _leue_” is +founded upon the same misconception, and he is wrong in his censure. +_See_ the use of _lefe_ in the Ormulum, ed. White.] + +Leued, _pa. t._ S. left, 225. + +Leuedi, _n._ S. lady, 171, &c. _Leuedyes_, _pl._ 239. V. Hickes, Diss. +Ep. p. 52, n. + +Leuere. _See_ Lef. + +Leues, _pr. t. 3 p._ S. believes, 1781, 2105. From _lefan_. + +Leuin, _n._ S. lightning, 2690. R. Br. p. 174. Yw. and Gaw. Chauc. C. T. +5858. Doug. Virg. 200, 53. + +Lewe, _adj._ S. warm, 498, 2921. + + A opened wes his breoste, + þa blod com forð _luke._ + + _Laȝam._ l. 27556. + +Leyd, Leyde. _See_ Leyn. + +Leye, _n._ S. lie, falsehood, 2117. + +Leve, _v._ S. to lie, speak false, 2010. + +Leyke, Leyken. _See_ Layke. + +Leyk, _n._ S. game, 1021, 2326. So in Beowulf, l. 2084, _sweorda-gelác_, +and Sir Tr. p. 118, _love-laike_. In the pl. _laykes_, Minot, p. 10. In +Lanc. a player is still called a _laker_. + +Leyn, _v._ S. to lay, 718. _Leyde_, _pa. t._ laid, 50, 994, &c.; +stopped, 229. _Leidest_, _pa. t. 2 p._ laidest, 636. _Leyden_, _pa. t. +pl._ laid, 1907. _Leyd_, _part. pa._ laid, 1689, 1722, 2839. + +Lich, _adj._ like, 2155. + +Lict, Lith, _n._ S. light, 534, 576, 588, &c. + +Lift, _adj._ S. left (_lævus_), 2130. + +Ligge, Liggen, _v._ S. to lie down, 802, 876, 882, 1374. _See_ Lyen. + +Lime, Limes. _See_ Leme. + +Lite, _adj._ S. little, 276, 1730. _Litel_, 1858, &c. _Litle_, 2014. + +Lith. _See_ Lict. + +Lith, _imp._ S. light (thou), 585. + +Lith, _adv._ S. lightly, 1942. + +Lith, _n._ S. alleviation, comfort, peace, 1338. _Lyþe_, 147. It also +occurs as a sb. in Laȝam. l. 5213. As an adj. it occurs in Laȝam. +l. 7242. Sir Tr. p. 43, 82. R. Cœur de L. 2480, and Emare, 348, from the +v. _líðian_, alleviare. Cf. Icel. _lið_, sometimes used to mean _help_. +See _Leathe_ in Atkinson’s Cleveland Glossary. + +Lith, _n._ S. 2515. This word is explained by Ritson _plains_, by Hearne +_tenements_, and by Jamieson a _ridge_ or _ascent_. Its real +signification seems unknown, but may be conjectured from the following +passages. + + No asked he lond no _lithe_. + + _Sir Tristr._ p. 101. + + Ther wille not be went, ne lete ther lond ne _lith_. + + _R. Brunne_, p. 194. + +where it answers to the Fr. Ne volent lesser tere ne _tenement_. + + Who schall us now geve londes or _lythe_. + + _Le Bone Flor._ 841. + + Here I gif Schir Galeron, quod Gaynour, withouten ony gile, + Al the londis and the _lithis_ fro laver to layre. + + _Sir Gaw. and Sir Gal._ ii. 27. + +[_See_ Glossary to _William of Palerne_, s.v. _Lud._] + +Lithes, _n. pl._ S. the extreme points of the toes, or articulations, +2163. _Fingres lith_, extremum digiti, Luc. 16, 24. + +Liþes, _imp. pl._ S. listen, 1400, 2204. _Lyþes_, 2576. The verb in the +Sax. is _hlystan_, but in Su.-G. _lyda_, and Isl. _hlyda_, which +approaches nearer to the form in the poem. So also in K. Horn, 2, _wilen +lithe_, MS.; R. Br. p. 93; R. Hood, i. p. 2; Minot, p. 1. Still used in +Sc. and N.E. V. Jam. and Brockett. + +Littene, _part. pa._ [or _inf._?] 2701. “_Qu._ cut in pieces, from the +same root as to _lith_, divide the joints. V. Jam. Suppl.” --M. [Or it +may mean disgraced, wounded, defeated. Cf. Su.-Goth. _lyta_, to wound; +Icel. _lyta_, to disgrace; Sw. _lyte_, a defect, _litt_, deformed; Dan. +_lyde_, a blemish.] + +Liue, _n._ S. _dat. c._ life, 232; _brouth of liue_, dead, 513, 2129. +K. Horn, 188. _Of liue do_, kill, 1805. _Liues_, _gen. c. as adv._ +alive, 509, 1003, 1307, 1919, 2854. _See_ On-liue. + +Liuen, _v._ S. to live, 355. _Liuede_, _Liueden_, _pa. t. pl._ lived, +1299, 2044. + +Lof, _n._ S. loaf, 653. + +Loke, Loken, _v._ S. to look after, take care of, to behold, 376, 2136. +_Lokes_, _pr. t. 2 p._ lookest, 2726. _Loke_, _imp._ look, 1680, 1712. +_Lokes_, _imp. pl._ look ye, 2240, 2292, 2300, 2579, 2812. _Lokede_, +_pa. t._ looked, 679, 1041. + +Loken, Lokene, _part. pa._ S. fastened, locked, closed, 429, 1957. So in +the Const. Othonis, Tit. _de habitu Clericorum_; “In mensura decenti +habeant vestes, et _cappis clausis_ utuntur in sacris ordinibus +constituti.” V. Spelm. in v. _Cappa clausa_. So also in the _Ancren +Riwle_, fol. 17-- “gif he haues a wid hod and a _lokin_ cape, &c.” [The +reference to the Ancren Riwle is to MS. Titus D 18, fol. 17; cf. the +edition by Morton (Camd. Soc. 1853), p. 56.] + +Lond, Londe, _n._ S. land, 64, 721, &c. _Lon_, 340. + +Long, _adj._ S. tall, 987, 1063. So K. Horn, 100. + +Longes, _pr. t. 3 p._ S. belongs, 396. R. Br., Chauc., &c. + +Lopen. _See_ Lepe. + +Loth, _adj._ S. loath, unwilling, 261, 440, &c. _See_ Lef. + +Louede, _pa. t._ S. loved, 71. _Loueden_, _pa. t. pl._ 955. + +Louerd, _n._ S. lord, master, 96, 483, &c. _Lowerd_, 621. + +Louerdinges, _n. pl._ S. lordings, masters, 515, 1401. _See_ Note in +Warton’s Hist. Engl. Poet. V. I. p. 19. Ed. 1840. + +Loupe. _See_ Lepe. + +Low, _pa. t._ S. laughed, 903. K. Horn, 1502. _Lowen_, _pa. t. pl._ +1056. + +Lowe, _n._ S. [_hlæw_] hill, 1291, 1699. Rits. M. R., Web., &c. V. Jam. +and Brockett’s Gl. v. _Lawe_. + +Luue, _n._ S. love, 195. [_Luue-drurye_ seems here to be a compound +word, meaning _love-courtship_. _Lufe-drowrie_ also = love-token, +_Lyndesay’s Sq. Meldrum_, 1003. _See_ Drurye.] + +Lyen, _v._ S. to lie (in bed), 2134. _Leyen_, _pt. pl._ lay, 475. + +Lyþe. _See_ Lith. + + +Maght, Mait. _See_ Mowe. + +Make, _n._ S. mate, companion, wife, 1150. K. Horn, 1427. K. Alisaund. +3314. Le Bone Flor. 881. Chauc. Sc. _Maik._ V. Jam. + +Maken, _v._ S. to make, 29, &c. _Make_, 676. _Makeden_, _pa. t. pl._ +made, 554. _I-maked_, _part. pa._ made, 5. + +Male, _n._ Fr. a budget, bag, wallet, 48. Laȝamon, l. 3543. Web., +Chauc., R. Hood. + +Malisun, _n._ Fr. malediction, curse, 426. Sir Tr. p. 179. + +Manred, Manrede, _n._ S. homage, fealty, 484, 2172, 2180, 2248, 2265, +2312, 2774, 2816, 2847, 2850. Leg. of S. Gregori, ap. Leyd. Compl. of +Scotl. _See_ Jam. for further examples. + +Marz, _n._ Lat. March, 2559. + +Maugre, Fr. in spite of, 1128, 1789. _See_ Tyrwh. Gl. to Chauc. and Jam. +in v. + +Maydnes, _n. pl._ S. maidens, 467, 2222. + +Mayster, _n._ Fr. master, 1135; chief, 2028, 2385. + +Mayt, Mayth. _See_ Mowe. + +Mede, _n._ S. reward, 102, 685, 1635, 2402. + +Mele, _n._ S. oat-meal, 780. + +Mele, _v._ Fr. to contend in battle, 2059. Gaw. and Gol. ii. 18. +_Mellay_, Wynt. viii. 15, 19. V. Jam. + +Meme, 2201, _probably miswritten for_ neme; _see_ Nime. + +Men (used with a sing. vb. like the Fr. _on_), men, people, 390, 647, +2610. + +Mene, _v._ S. to mean, signify, 2114. _Menes_, _pr. t. 3 p._ means, 597. + +Menie, _n._ Fr. family, 827. _Meynie_, 834. This word is to be found +from the time of Laȝamon to Shakespeare. Jamieson attempts to derive it +from the North. V. in v. _Menzie_. See _maisnie_ in Roquefort. + +Mere, _n._ S. mare, 2449, 2478, 2504. + +Messe, _n._ Fr. Lat. the service of the mass, 243, 1176. _Messe-bok_, +mass-book, 186, 391, 2710. _Messe-gere_, all the apparel, &c., +pertaining to the service of the mass, 188, 389, 1078, 2217. + +Mest, _adj. sup._ S. greatest, 233. _Moste_, 1287; tallest, 983. + +Mester, _n._ Fr. trade, 823. K. Horn (ed. Lumby), 229. + +Met, _pp._ S. dreamt, 1285. + +Mete, _n._ S. meat, 459, &c. _Metes_, _pl._ 1733. + +Meynie. _See_ Menie. + +Michel, _adj._ S. much, 510, 660. _Mik_, 2342. _Mike_, 960 (cf. Horn +Childe, ap. Rits. V. 3, 292), 1744, 1761, 2336. _Mikel_, 122, 478, &c. + +Micte, Micten, Micthe, Mithe, Mithest, Mithen. _See_ Mowe. + +Micth, _n._ S. might, power, 35. + +Middelerd, _n._ S. the earth, world, 2244. _Middelærd_, Laȝam., Rits., +Web., R. Gl., Minot, &c. So in Sc. V. Jam. + +Mik, Mike, Mikel. _See_ Michel. + +Milce, _n._ S. [_mildse_] mercy, 1361. A! me do þine _milce_, Laȝam. +l. 4681; R. Gl. It is usually coupled with _ore_. + +Milne-hous. _See_ Hus. + +Mirke, _adj._ S. dark, 404. R. Br., Lynds.; _merke_, Chauc. Still used +in Sc. and N.E. V. Jam. + +Misdede, _pa. t._ S. did amiss, 337; injured, 992, 1371. _Misdo_, _part. +pa._ misdone, offended, 2798. + +Misferde, _pa. t._ S. behaved, or proceeded ill, 1869. _See_ Faren. + +Misgos, _pr. t. 2 p._ S. goest or behavest amiss, 2707. + +Misseyd, _part. pa._ S. spoken to reproachfully, 1688. + +Mithe, Mythe, _v._ S. [_miðan_] to conceal, hide, dissemble, 652, 948, +1278. Sche might no lenger _mithe_. Horn Childe, ap. Rits. M. R. V. 3, +p. 310. + +Mixed, _adj._ vile, base, 2533. From S. _myx_, fimus. Cf. _Mix_ in +_William of Palerne_. + +Mo, _adj. comp._ S. more, 1742, 1846. + +Mod, _n._ S. mood, humour, 1703. + +Moder, _n._ S. mother, 974, 1388, &c. + +Mone, _n._ S. moon, 373, 403. + +Mone, _n._ S. mind, say, opinion, 816. Cf. A.S. _myne_, _monian_, +_monung_; Icel. _munr_. Hence, to _mone_, to _relate_, R. Cœur de L. +4636, and to _animadvert_, in Barbour. It appears to express the Fr. +phrase _par le mien escient_, K. Horn, 467, MS. Douce. In nearly the +same sense _mone_ may be found in K. Alisaund. 1281, R. Gl. pp. 281, +293. Cf. ll. 1711, 1972. + +Mone, _v. pl._ [Isl. _mun_] must, 840. _Maun_, Sc. _Mun_, Yorksh. Cumb. +V. Jam. + +Morwen, _n._ S. morning, 811, 1131, 2669, &c. _To-morwen_, 530, 810. +_Amorwe_, Sir Tr., K. Horn. + +Moste. _See_ Mest. + +Mote, _v._ S. may, 19, 406, 1743, 2545. _Moten_, _pl._ 18. + +Moun. _See_ Mowe. + +Mowe, _v._ S. _pres. sing._ may, be able, 175, 394, 675. _Mowen_, _pl._ +11. _Moun_, 460, 2587. _Mait_, _pr. t. 2 p._ mayest, 689. _Mayt_, 845, +852, 1219. _Mayth_, 641. _Maght_, _pa. t. 2 p. s._ mightest, 1348. +_Mithe_, _Mithest_, 855, 1218. _Micte_, _Micthe_, _Mithe_, _pa. t. 3 p._ +might, 42, 233, 1030, 1080. _Mouchte_, _Moucte_, _Moucthe_, _Mouthe_, +_Mowcte_, 145, 356, 376, &c. _Micte_, _Micten_, _Mithen_, _pl._ 232, +516, 1929, 2017. _Mouhte_, _Mouthe_, _Mouthen_, 1183, 2019, 2039, 2328, +2330, &c. V. Pegge’s Anecd. of Engl. Lang. p. iii. + + +Na, _adv._ S. no, 2363, 2530. + +Nam. _See_ Nime. + +Nayles, _n. pl._ S. nails, 2163. + +Ne, _adv._ S. nor, 44, &c. + +Nede, _n._ S. need, necessity, 9, &c. _Nedes_, _pl._ 1092. + +Neme. _See_ Nime. + +Ner, _adv._ S. near, 990, 1949. + +Nese, _n._ S. nose, 2450. + +Nesh, _adj._ S. [_nesc_] soft, tender, 2743. _Neys_, 217. Web., Rits. +M. R., Rob. Br., Chauc. Still used in N.W. part of England. + +Neth, _n._ S. net, 752, 808, 1026; _pl._ _netes_, 783. + +Neth, _n._ S. neat, cattle, 700, 1222. _Netes_, _g. c._ neat’s, 781. + +Neþeles, _conj._ S. nevertheless, 1108, 1658. + +Neue, _n._ S. fist, 2405. _Neues_, _pl._ 1917. V. Jam. + +Neure, _adv._ S. not, never, 80, 672; _neuere a polk_, ne’er a pool, +2685. _Neuere kines_, of no kind, 2691. + +Ney. _adv._ nigh, near to, nearly, 464, 640, 2619. + +Neys. _See_ Nesh. + +Neyþer, Neþe, _pron._ S. neither, not either, 458, 764, 2970, &c. +_Noþer_, 2623. _Noyþer_, 2697. + +Newhen, _v._ S. [_nehwan_] to approach, 1866. In the more recent form to +_neigh_ it is used in several of the old Romances, Chauc., and Minot. + +Nicht, Nicth, _n._ S. night, 533, 575. _Niht_, 2669. _Nith_, 404, 1247, +1754. _Nithes_, _g. c._ of night, 2100. _Nihtes_, _nithes_, _pl._ 2353; +_nihtes_, 2999. + +Nime, _v._ S. _pr. s._ take, _or_ go, 1931. _Nim_, _imp._ take, 1336. +_Nam_, _pa. t._ took, 900; went, 2930. _Neme_, _pl._ went, 1207; cf. +l. 2201. _Nomen_, took, 2790. _Nomen_, _Numen_, _part. pa._ taken, 2265, +2581. _Nimes_, _imp. pl._ go ye, 2594; _nime_, go we, 2600. In the first +sense this verb is common in all the Glossaries, but in the latter sense +_To go_ it occurs nowhere but in the Gl. to Rob. Brunne, who, from being +a Lincolnshire man, approaches nearer to the language of the present +poem than any other writer. [In N.E. to _nim_ is to walk with quick, +short steps.] + +Nis, _for_ Ne is, is not, 462, 1998, 2244. + +Nither-tale, _n._ S. night-time, 2025. _See_ Chaucer, Prol. l. 97. + +Noblelike, _adv._ S. nobly, 2640. + +Nok, _n._ [Belg. _nock_] nook, corner, 820; _nouth a ferthinges nok_, +not the value of a farthing. The same phr. is in the _Manuel des Pechés_ +of Rob. of Brunne, MS. Harl. 1701, fol. 39. + +Nomen. _See_ Nime. + +Non, _adj._ S. no, 518, 685, 1019; no one, 934, 974. + +Note, _n._ S. a nut, 419. _Nouthe_, 1332. + +Noþer. _See_ Neyþer. + +Nou, _adv._ S. now, 328, 1362, &c. _Nu_, 2421, 2460, 2650, &c. + +Nout, Nouth, Nouht, _n._ or _adv._ S. not, naught, nothing, not at all, +249, 505, 566, 648, 1733, 2051, 2822. _Nowt_, _Nowth_, 770, 2168, 2737. + +Nouthe. _See_ Note. + +Noyþer. _See_ Neyþer. + +Nu. _See_ Nou. + +Numen. _See_ Nime. + +Nytte. _v._ S. make use of, require for use, 941. A.S. _nyttian_, +_neotan_, G. _nützen_, Du. _nutten_. + + +O. _See_ On. + +Of, _prep._ S. off, 130, 216, 603, 857, 1850, 2444, 2626, 2676, 2751, +&c. _Of londe_, out of the land, 2599. Sir Tr. + +Offe, _prep._ S. of, 435. _Of_, 436. + +Offrende, Dan. Fr. offering, 1386. + +Ofte, _adv._ S. often, 226, &c. + +Ok. _See_ Ek. + +On, _adj._ S. one, 425, 1800, 2028, 2263, &c. + +On, _in_ But on. _See_ But. + +On, _prep._ S. in, on. _On liue_, 281, 363, 694, 793 &c. _O liue_, 2865. +_On two_, 471, 1823, 2730, in two; _a two_, 1413, 2643. _O londe_, 763, +on, _or_ in land. _On knes_, 1211, 1302, 2710, on knees; _o knes_, 2252, +2796. _On brenne_, 1239, in flame, on fire. _O nith_, 1251, in the +night. _On nithes_, 2048. _O worde_, 1349, in the world (_see_ Werd). +_O mani wise_, 1713, in many a manner. _On gamen_, 1716, in sport. _On +lesse hwile_, 1830, in less time. _O bok_, 2307, 2311, on the book. _Wel +o bon_, 2355, 2525, 2571, strong of body. _Iuele o bone_, 2505, lean. +_On hunting_, 2382. _O stede_, 2549, on steed. _Up-o the dogges_, 2596, +on the dogs. From these examples, added to those which occur in every +Glossary, it is evident the Sax. prep. _On_ was subsequently corrupted +to _O_ and _A._ _See_ Tyrwh. and Jam. _A nycht_ in Barb. xix. 657, +explained by the latter _one_ night, is according to the above rule _In +the night_, as confirmed by l. 1251. Sir Tr. pp. 47, 114. R. Glouc. + +One, _adj._ S. alone, singly, 815, 936, 1153, 1710, 1742, 1973, 2433. + + There hue wonede al _one._ + + _K. Horn_, 80. + +_See_ Tyrwh. Gl., Chauc. v. _On_. + +Ones, _adv._ S. once, 1295. + +Onfrest, _v._ delay, 1337. From Su.-G. _fresta_, to delay, A.S. +_firstan_, from Su.-Goth. _frest_ or _frist_, A.S. _fyrst_, a space of +time. Cf. Dan. and Sw. _first_, a truce. _Frest_, delay, Barb. vii. 447. + +Onlepi. _See_ Anilepi. + +Onne, _prep._ S. on, 347, 1940. + +Onon, _adv._ S. anon, speedily, 136, 447, 1964, 2790. + +Ontil, _prep._ S. unto, for, 761. + +Or, _adv._ S. previously, before, 728, 1043, 1356, 1688, &c. _Or outh +longe_, 1789, before any long time. + +Ore, _n._ S. favour, grace, mercy, 153, 211, 2443, 2797. Ich hadde of +hire milse an _ore_. Hule and Nihtingale, l. 1081. Sir Tr. p. 24. +K. Horn (ed. Lumby), 1509. _See_ Tyrwhitt’s Note on Chauc. C. T. 3724, +and Ritson’s Note, Metr. Rom. V. iii. p. 263. A.S. _ár_. + +Ore, _n._ S. oar, 718, 1871, &c. _Ores_, _pl._ 711. + +Osed _for_ Hosed, 971. + +Oth, _n._ S. oath, 2009, 2272, &c. _Oþes_, _pl._ 2013, 2231, &c. + +Oþe _for_ Oþer, 861, 1986, 2970. + +Oþer, _conj._ S. either, or, 94, 674, 787, &c. _See_ Ayther. + +Oþer, _adj._ S. [_alter_] the other of two, second, 879. _þe oþer day_, +1755, the following day. + + Day hit is igon & _oþer_, + Wiþute sail & roþer. + + _K. Horn_, ed. Lumby, 187. + +So also R. Br. p. 169, and Wynt. + +Oþer, _adj._ S. [_alius_] other, 2490. _Oþre_, _pl._ others, 1784, 2413, +2416. + +Ouer-fare, _v._ S. to pass over, cease, 2063. _See_ Fare. + +Ouer-go, _v._ S. to be disregarded, 2220. + +Ouer-gange, _v._ S. to get the superiority over, 2587. + +Ouer-þwert, _adv._ S. across, 2822. _Ouerthuert_, R. Br. p. 241. +_Overtwert_, Ly Beaus Desc. 1017. _Overthwarte_, Syr Eglamore, B. iii. +Chauc. C. T. 1993. + +Oune, _adj._ S. own, 375, 2428. + +Oure, _n._ bank, shore, 321. G. _ufer_. A.S. _ófer_. Cf. “to þan castle +of Deoure on þere sæ _oure_.” _Laȝamon_, l. 31117. + +Outh, _n._ S. [_awiht_] any space of time, aught, 1189; cf. l. 1789; +anything, 703. [_Outh douthe_ = was worth anything, was of any value.] + + +Palefrey, _n._ Fr. saddle-horse, 2060. _See_ Gl. on Chauc. in v. Pegge’s +Anec. Engl. Lang. p. 289. + +Pappes, _n. pl._ Lat. breasts, 2132. + +Parred, _part. pa._ confined, fastened in, barred in, 2439. We have met +with this word only in one instance, where Ritson leaves it unexplained. + + Yn al this [tyme] was sir Ywayn + Ful straitly _parred_ with mekil payn. + + _Yw. and Gaw._ 3227. + +[It is undoubtedly equivalent to O.E. _sperre_, or _spere_. Halliwell, +s.v. _Parred_, quotes “ȝe are _parred_ in . . . ȝe are so _spered_ in.” +So, too, the Ital. _sbarra_ is the Fr. _barre_. Cf. A.S. _sparran_, O.N. +_sperra_, Sc. _spar_. Hence the derivation of _park_, O.E. _parrock_, an +enclosure.] + +Pastees, _n. pl._ Fr. pasties, patés, 644. + + Ther beth bowris and halles, + Al of _pasteiis_ beth the walles. + + _Land of Cokaygne_, MS. Harl. 913, f. 5. + +Pateyn, _n._ Lat. the Plate used in the service of the Mass, 187. + +Paþe, _n._ S. path, road, 2381, 2390. _Paþes_, _pl._ 268. + +Patriark, _n._ Lat. patriarch, 428. + +Payed, _part. pa._ Fr. satisfied, content, 184. Rits. M. R., Web., +R. Gl., R. Br. _Apaied_, Chauc. + +Pelle, _v._ drive forth (_intr._), hurry forth, 810. Deriv. uncertain, +unless it be connected with Lat. _pello_, Eng. _impel._ Cf. Eng. _pelt_. + +Peni, _n._ S. penny, 705, 2147. _Penies_, _pl._ 776, 1172. + +Per, _n._ Fr. peer, equal, 989, 2241, 2792. + +Pike, _v._ to pitch (used passively), 707. Teut. _pecken_, Lat. +_picare_. The verb in Saxon is not extant, but only the n. _pic_. + +Pine, _n._ S. pain, grief, 405, 540, 1374. Sir Tr. p. 12. V. Jam. + +Pine, _v._ S. to grieve, 1958. + +Plat. _See_ Plette. + +Plattinde, _part. pr._ tramping along, moving noisily _or_ hurriedly, +2282. From the beating noise of the feet, like Sc. _platch_ (q.v. in +Jam.). _See_ Plette. + +Plawe, _v._ S. to play, 950. _Pleye_, 951. + +Playces, _n. pl._ plaice, 896. + +Pleinte, _n._ Fr. complaint, 134. _Pleynte_, 2961. + +Plette, _v._ S. [_plæettian_] to strike, 2444. _Plat_, _pa. t._ struck, +2755. _Plette_, 2626; _pl. plette_, hurried, moved noisily, 2613. [Cf. +_Plattinde_, and note the double use of Sc. _skelp_, to beat, to hurry, +and O.E. _strike_, to beat, to move along.] + +Plith, _n._ S. [_pliht_] harm, 1370, 2002. Laȝam. l. 3897. + +Poke, _n._ S. a bag, 555, 769. _Pokes_, _pl._ 780. + +Poles, _n. pl._ S. pools, ponds of water, 2101. + +Polk, _n._ S. pool, puddle, 2685. _Pow_, Sir Tr. p. 171. _Pulk_, +Somersetsh. + +Pouere, Poure, _adj._ Fr. poor, 58, 101, 2457, &c. + +Pourelike, _adv._ poorly, 323. + +Prangled, _part. pa._ compressed, 639. Cf. Du. _prangen_, to pinch; Dan. +_prange Seil_, to crowd sail. + +Preie, _pr. t._ S. pray, 1440. _Prey_, _imp._ pray (thou), 1343. +_Preide_, _pa. t._ prayed, 209. + +Prest, _n._ S. priest, 429, 1829. _Prestes_, _pl._ 2583. + +Priken, _v._ S. to spur a horse, ride briskly, 2639. + +Prud, _adj._ S. proud, 302. + +Pulten, _pa. t. pl._ so reads the MS. l. 1023, instead of _putten_. Both +have the same signification. So in the Romance of _Rob. of Cecyle_, +Harl. MS. 1701, f. 94, c. 1, _pulte_ occurs for _put_, placed, and +_pylt_ in R. Cœur de L. 4085; pelte, Sir Tr. p. 95. In the _imp._ _Pult_ +for _put_, _place_, is used in _Hending the Hende_, MS. Digb. 86. In the +signification of _drove forward_, which is nearer to the sense we +require, we find _pylte_ in K. Horn, 1433, and R. Glouc. Hence the Engl. +word _pelt_. _See_ Putten. Cf. _Pult_ in Gl. to _Will. of Palerne_. + +Pund, _n. pl._ S. pounds, 1633. + +Put, _n._ cast, throw, 1055. _But_, 1040. + +Putten, _v._ to cast, throw, propel forward, 1033, 1044. _Puten_, 1051. +_Putte_, _pa. t._ cast, 1052. _Putten_, _pa. t. pl._ cast, threw, 1023, +1031, 1844. From the Fr. _bouter_, Teut. _buitten_, or Belg. _botten_, +to drive or propel forward, or, as others suggest, from the Br. +_pwtiaw_, which has the same meaning, or Isl. _potta_. From the same +root are derived both _Put_ and _But_. Thus to _butt_ in Sc. is to drive +at a stone in curling, and to _put_ in Yorksh. is to push with the +horns. In the passage before us it is applied to a particular game, +formerly in great repute. _See_ Note on l. 1022. Cf. Ramsay’s Poems, ii. +106. The word is still retained in the North, and Sc. V. Jam. and +Brockett. See _But_ and _Pulten_. + +Putting, Puttinge, _n._ casting, 1042, 1057, 2324. + +Pyment, _n._ B.L. spiced wine, 1728. _See_ Note on l. 1726. + + +Qual, _n._ S. [_hwæl_] whale or grampus, 753. _See_ Hwel. + +Quan, Quanne, _adv._ S. when, 134, 204, 240, &c. _See_ Hwan. + +Quath, _pa. t._ S. quoth, 606, 642, &c. _Hwat_, 1650, 1878. _Wat_, 595. +_Quod_, 1888. _Quodh_, 1801. _Quot_, 1954, 2808. _Couth_, 2606. + +Queme, _adj._ S. agreeable, 130, 393. Web., Rits. M. R., Rob. Br., R. +Glouc., Gower, Chauc. + +Quen, _n._ S. queen, 2760, 2783, &c. _Quenes_, _pl._ 2982. + +Qui. _See_ Hwi. + +Quic, Quik, _adj._ S. alive, 612, 613, 1405, 2210, 2476, &c., _quik and +ded_. This is the usual language of the Inquisitiones post mortem, which +commence at the early part of Henry III. reign. For the usage of the +term, _see_ Gl. to Sir Tr. p. 98. Yw. and Gaw. 668. Chron. of Engl. 762, +&c. The word is preserved in the vulgar version of the Scriptures, and +Creed. _Quike_, quick, alert, 1348. _Al quic wede_, 2641. Cf. l. 2387. + +Quiste, _n._ S. [_cwide_] bequest, will, 219, 365. _Quede_, K. Alisaund. +8020. + +Quod, Quodh, Quot. _See_ Quath. + + +Radde. _See_ Rede. + +Ran. _See_ Renne. + +Rang, _adj._ S. [_ranc_] perverse, rebellious, 2561. + +Rath, _n._ S. counsel; hence, an adviser, 75. _Dat. c. rathe_, in the +phrase _to rathe_, 2542; for the meaning of which, _see_ Red. + +Raþe, _adv._ S. speedily, readily, quickly, 358, &c. (In l. 1335, +I prefer considering it as a verb.) + +Rathe, _v._ S. [_rædan_] to advise, 1335. A provincial pronunciation of +_Rede_. In l. 2817, it is still broader, “Yif ye it wilen and ek +_rothe_.” In the same manner _Rode_ is spelt, and was undoubtedly +pronounced _Rothe_, Ly Beaus Desc. 425, and _Abode_ is spelt _Abothe_, +ib. 1118. Cf. ll. 693, 1681, 2585, of the present poem, in all which +instances the _d_ in _rede_ has the sound of _th_. + +Recke, _pr. t. subj._ S. may reck, may care, 2047, 2511. Sir Tr. p. 124, +&c. + +Red, _n._ S. advice, counsel, 180, 518, 826, 1194, 2871, &c. _To rede_, +lit. for a counsel, i.e. advisable, 118, 693; spelt _to rathe_, 2542. + +Rede, _v._ S. to direct, advise, 104, 148, 361, 687, &c. _Radde_, _pa. +t._ advised, 1353. V. Jam. in v. and Hearne’s Gl. to R. Glouc. + +Reft, Refte, Reftes. _See_ Reue. + +Regne, _pr. t. pl._ Fr. Lat. reign, assume the superiority, 2586. +_Reng_, _Ring_, Sc. V. Jam. in v. + +Renne, _v._ S. to run, 1161, 1904. _Ran on blode_, _pa. t._ 432. So in +Sir Tr. p. 176, _His heued ran on blod_; and in MS. Harl. 2253, f. 128, + + Lutel wot hit any mon hou loue hym haueth y-bounden, + That for vs o the rode _ron_, ant bohte vs with is wounde. + +Reue, _n._ S. magistrate, 1627. _See_ Greyue. + +Reue, Reuen, _v._ S. [_reafian_] to take away, bereave, rob, 480, 2590, +2991. _Refte_, _pa. t._ took away, bereaved, 2223, 2485. _Reftes_, _pa. +t. 2 p._ tookest away, 2394. _Reft_, _part. pa._ taken away, bereaved, +1367, 1672, 2483; spoiled, 2004. Still used in the North. + +Reures, _n. pl._ S. robbers, bereavers, 2104. + + Alle bacbiteres wendet to helle, + Robberes & _reueres_ & the monquelle. + + _A lutel sermun_, MS. Cal. A. ix. f. 246, b. + +V. Jam. in v. _Reyffar_. + +Reunesse, Rewnesse, _n._ S. compassion, 502, 2227. + +Rewe, _v._ S. to have pity, to compassionate, 497, 967. _Rewede_, _pa. +t._ (_impersonal_) 503. + +Richelike, _adv._ S. richly, 421. + +Ricth, Ricthe. _See_ Rith, Rithe. + +Ricthwise, _adj._ S. [_rihtwis_] righteous, just, 37. Rits., Web. M. R., +Rob. Br., Minot, Lynds., R. Hood. [MS. _has_ rirth wise.] + +Riden, _v._ S. to ride, 10, &c. + +Rig, _n._ S. back, 1775. So in Laȝam. l. 6718. Burne he warp on _rigge_. + +Rike, _n._ S. kingdom, 290. _Heuene riche_, 133, 407. _See_ Cunnriche. + +Rim, Rym, _n._ S. Fr. rhyme, poem, 21, 2995, 2998. So Chauc. _Rime of +Sire Thopas._ [The modern false spelling _rhyme_ is due to confusion of +Eng. _rime_ with the Gk. _rhythm_.] + +Ringen, _v._ S. to ring, 242, 1106. _Ringes_, _pr. t. sing._ ring, 390. +_Rungen_, _part. pa._ rung, 1132. + +Ringes, _n. pl._ S. rings of mail, 2740. _See_ Brini. + +Rippe, _n._ fish-basket, 893. Hence a _Rippar_, B. Lat. _riparius_, is a +person who brings fish from the coast to sell in the interior. V. Spelm. +in v. Nares prefers the etymology of _ripa_, but without reason. _Rip_ +is still provincial for an osier basket. _See_ Jam. and Moore. So also +in a curious Latin and English Vocabulary, written out by Sire John +Mendames, Parson of Bromenstrope [Broomsthorp, Co. Norf.] in the middle +of the 15th cent., and now preserved in the valuable MSS. library of +T. W. Coke, Esq. _Cophinus_ is explained _A beryng lepe_, or _ryppe_, +terms still retained in the county. Jam. gives Icel. _hrip_, a basket. + +Rith, Ricth, _n._ S. right, justice, inheritance, 36, 395, 1099, 1383, +2717. + +Rith, _adj._ S. right (_dexter_), 604, 1812, 2140, 2545, 2725. + +Rithe, Ricthe, _adj._ S. right (_rectus_), 772, 846, 1201, 2235, 2473. + +Rith, Rithe, _adv._ S. rightly, 420, 1701, 2611, &c.; exactly, just, +872, 2494, 2506. + +Ritte, _v._ to rip, make an incision, 2495. + + The breche adoun he threst, + He _ritt_, and gan to right. + + _Sir Tristr._ p. 33. + +[Cf. Sw. _rista_, Dan. _riste_, to slash, cut; G. _ritzen_. Perhaps +connected also with Du. _rijten_, G. _reissen_, to tear.] + +Robben, _v._ S. to rob, 1958. + +Rode, _n._ S. the rood, cross, 103, 431, 1357, &c. V. Todd’s Gl. +Illustr. Chauc. + +Rof, _n._ S. roof, 2082. + +Rome, _v._ S. to roam, travel about, 64. + +Rore, _v._ S. to roar, 2496, &c. _Rorede_, _pa. t._ roared, 2438. + +Roser, _n._ Fr. rose-bush, 2919. Chauc., Pers. Tale, _De luxuria_. + +Rothe. _See_ Rathe. + +Rowte, _v._ S. [_hrutan_] to roar, 1911. R. Cœur de L. 4304. V. Gl. +Lynds. and Jam. in v. Cf. Icel. _hrjota_, Sw. _ryte_. The word is still +retained in the provinces. V. Brockett and Wilbr. + +Runci, _n._ B. Lat. a horse of burden, 2569. V. Du Cange and Spelm. The +word is common both in Fr. and Engl. writers. Cf. Span. _Rozin-ante_. + +Rungen. _See_ Ringen. + +Rym. _See_ Rim. + + +Sal _for_ Shall, 628. + +Same _for_ Shame, 1941. V. Jam. + +Samen, _adv._ S. together, 467, 979, 1717, &c. Web., Rits. M. R., Rob. +Br. So also in Sc. V. Jam. + +Samened, _part. pa._ S. assembled, united, 2890. Web., R. Br. p. 2. + +Sare, _adv._ S. sore, sorrowfully, 401. + +Sat, _pa. t._ S. opposed, 2567. _See_ Atsitte. In Sc. is _Sit_, _Sist_, +to stop, from Lat. _sistere_. V. Jam. + +Sautres, _n. pl._ Fr. Lat. Psalters, Hymns for the Office of the Dead, +244. + +Sawe, _written for_ sa we, i.e. say we, 338. + +Sawe, Sawen, Say. _See_ Se. + +Sayse, _v._ B. Lat. to seise, give seisin or livery of land, 251, 2518. +_Seysed_, _pa. t._ seised, 2931, _part. pa._ 2513. Horn Childe, ap. +Rits. M. R. V. 3, p. 309. + +Scabbed, Skabbed, _adj._ S. Lat. scabby, scurvy, 2449, 2505. + +Scaþe, _n._ S. harm, injury, 1352. _Scaþes_, _pl._ 269. R. Br., V. Gl. +_Skaith_, Sc. V. Jam. + +Sche, Scho, Sho, _pron._ S. she, 112, 126, 649, 1721, &c. + +Schifte _for_ Shrift, absolution, 1829. + +Schoten, Shoten, _pa. t. pl._ S. shot, cast, 1838, 1864. _Scuten_, 2431. +[_Shoten_, in l. 1838, means _rushed_, _darted_, _flew_.] + +Schulle, _n._ a plaice, 759. Sw. _skolla_, a plaice. _See_ Coleridge’s +Glossarial Index. + +Se (_the_ S. _art._) the, but perhaps a mistake of the scribe, l. 534, +as it is not elsewhere used. + +Se, _n._ S. sea, 535, &c.; _gen._ seis, 321. + +Se, Sen, _v._ S. to see, 1021, 1273, &c. _Sest_, _pr. t. 2 p._ seest, +534. _Sen_, _pr. t. pl._ see, 168, 1217. _Sawe_, _Sowe_, _pa. t._ saw, +1182, 1323. _Say_, 881. _Sawen_, _Sowen_, _pa. t. pl._ 957, 1055, 2255. +_Sene_, _part. pa._ 656. + +Seckes, _n. pl._ S. sacks, 2019. + +Segges, _n. pl._ Fr. [_seches_] 896. In Cotgr. the _Seche_ is explained +the Sound, or Cuttle fish. The _Seches de Coutance_ were held in the +highest estimation. V. Le Grand. _See_ also Jam. v. _Sye_. + +Sei, _v._ _See_ Seyen. + +Seis. _See_ Se. + +Seken, _v._ S. to seek, 1629. The reading is confirmed by an old poem in +MS. Digb. 86. + + Sire, we ben knizttes fer i-fare, + For to _sechen_ wide-ware. + + _La vie seint Eustace, qui out noun Placidas._ + +Selcouth, _n._ S. wonder, strange thing, 124, 1059. _Selcuth_, 2119. It +was in all probability originally an _adj._ as _Selkuth_. Strange, +wonderful, 1284. + +Sele, _n._ S. seal, 755. + +Seli, _adj._ S. simple, harmless, 477, 499. R. Gl., Chauc. + +Selthe, _n._ S. success, 1338. A.S. _sélð_. [Cf. _selehðe_ in _Laȝam._ +l. 25136, and see _selehðe_ in Stratmann’s Dictionary of Old English. +The line seems to be a proverb, and the meaning is-- “Rest and success +are companions.” Goldborough tells him to avoid delay, since rest may +accompany success, but cannot precede it.] + +Sembling, _n._ Fr. assembling, 1018. It may also be compared with the +Su.-G. _samlung_, conventus. + +Semes, _pr. t._ in the phrase, _hire semes_ = it beseems her, it becomes +her, 2916. _Semede_, _pa. t._ was suitable, was fit, 976. See _Seem_ in +Wedgwood. + +Sen, Sene. _See_ Se. + +Sendes, _pr. t._ sendeth, sends, 2392. _Sende_, _pa. t._ sent, 136, &c. + +Serf-borw, _n._ S. surety, pledge, 1667. In MS. Soc. Antiq. No. 60, +known by the name of _The Black Book of Peterborough_, is an instrument +in which many names both of Saxon and Danish origin appear as the +_Borhhanda_, or Sureties, otherwise called _Festermen_. See Jam. and the +Glossaries, for further examples. + +Serganz, _n. pl._ Fr. attendants, officers, 2088, 2091, 2116. +_Sergaunz_, 1929, 2361, 2371. _Seriaunz_, 2066. V. Spelm. in v. +_Servientes_, and Hickes, Thes. T. i. p. 148. + +Serges. _See_ Cerges. + +Serk, _n._ S. shirt, 603. Emare, 501. R. Br. + +Seruen, _v._ S. to serve, 1230. + +Seruede, _pa. t._ S. deserved, 1914. Web. M. R. So in Sc. V. Jam. + +Sest. _See_ Se. + +Sette, _v._ S. to set, descend, 2671. + +Sette, _pa. t._ S. set, placed, 2405; appointed, 2571. _Setten_, _pa. t. +pl._ set, 1211. _Sette_, _part. pa._ set, placed, 2612. + +Seyen, _v._ S. to say, 2886. _Seyst_, _pr. t. 2 p._ sayest, 2008. +_Seyde_, _pa. t. 3 p._ said, 117, &c. _Seyden_, _pa. t. pl._ said, 376, +1213. _Seyden_, have said, 456. _Sey_, _part. pa._ said, 2993. + +Seysed. _See_ Sayse. + +Seyst. _See_ Seyen. + +Seyt, _pr. t. s._ put for _sey it_, i.e. say it; or else put for +_seyth_, i.e. say, 647. So in Sir Tr. p. 117, + + For mani men _seyt_ ay whare. + +Shaltou, shalt thou, 1800. _Shaltow_, 1322. _Shaltu_, 2180, 2186, 2882, +2901. + +Shamelike, _adv._ S. shamefully, disgracefully, 2825. _Schamliche_, Sir +Tr. p. 93. + +Shankes, _n. pl._ S. legs, 1903. _Sconke_, Laȝam. l. 15215. _See_ Rits. +A. S. p. 16, and Diss. p. xxxi. _Schankis_, Sc. V. Jam. + +Shar, _pa. t._ S. share, cut, 1413. So in Am. and Amil. 2298, Her +throtes he _schar atvo_. + +Shauwe, Shawe, _v._ S. to shew, 2206, 2784. _Sheu_, 1401. + +Shel, Sheld, _n._ S. shield, 489, 624, 1653, &c. + +Shende, _v._ S. to ruin, destroy, 1422. Bevis of H. ap. Ellis, M. R. +V. 2, p. 99. Chauc. _Shent_, _pa. t._ shamed, disgraced, 2749; _part. +pa._ shend, 2845. The more common sense of this verb is the latter. V. +Jam. + +Shere. Clearly miswritten for _she were_, 1250. + +Sheu. _See_ Shauwe. + +Shides, _n. pl._ S. It here expresses pieces of wood cleft at the end, +917. In Doug. Virg. _Schide_ signifies a billet of wood, 223, 10; or a +chip, splinter, 207, 8. So in _Rauf Coilzear_, st. 39, Schaftes of +schene wode they scheueride in _schides_. So also in P. Pl. The word is +preserved in Lanc. This custom of skinning eels by inserting the head in +a cleft stick, is still practised, we are informed, in the fish markets. + +Shir, _adj._ S. bright, 588, 916, 1253, &c. + +Shireue, _n._ S. sheriff, 2286. _Shireues_, _pl._ 266. + +Sho, _pron._ _See_ Sche. + +Sho, _v._ S. to shoe, 1138. + +Shof, _pa. t._ S. shoved, pushed, 871, 892. + +Shol, _1 p. s._ (if I) shall, 1782. _Sal_, I shall, 628. _Shole_, _pl._ +shall, 562, 645, 1788. _Shul_, 328. _Sholen_, 621, 1127, 1230, &c. +_Shulen_, 731, 747, &c. _Shoren_ (so in MS.), 1640. _Sule_, shall ye, +will ye, 2419. _Shude_, I should, 1079. _Sholdest_, shouldst, 2712. +_Sholden_, _pl._ 1020, 1195. _Shulden_, 941. + +Sholdre, _n._ S. shoulder, 2738. _Shuldre_, 604, 1262. _Shudre-blade_, +2644. _Sholdres_, _pl._ shoulders, 1647, 1818. _Shuldren_, 982. + +Shon, _n. pl._ S. shoes, 860, 969. + +Shop, _qu._ Shok, shook, struck, destroyed, 1101. But Sewel gives Du. +_schoppen_, to strike. Cf. Eng. _chop_. + +Shotshipe, n. S. [_scot_, symbolum, _scipe_, societas] An assembly of +persons who pay pecuniary contribution or reckoning, 2099. + + For al Sikelines quiden + _Sotscipe_ heo heolden, + And swa longe swa beoð æuere, + Ne scal hit stonde næuere. + + _Laȝam._ l. 23177. + +Cf. _sotschipes_, _pl._ in Leg. of St. Kath. MS. Cott. Tit. D 18, fol. +144 _b_. _See_ Nares, _v._ _Shot-clog_. + +Shrede, _n._ S. a fragment, piece cut off, 99. [As it was given off the +“board,” to “feed the poor,” it must mean a piece of bread or meat. +Correct “_shrede_ = clothing” in Coleridge’s Glossarial Index.] + +Shres, _n._ S. shears, 857. + +Shride, _v._ S. to clothe (himself), 963. _Shrid_, _part. pa._ clothed, +978. + +Shriue, Shriuen, _v._ S. to confess, make confession, 362, 2598. +_Shriue_, _Shriuen_, _part. pa._ 364, 2489. + +Shrud, _n._ S. clothing, 303. + +Shude, Shul, Shulen. _See_ Shol. + +Shuldre, Shuldren. _See_ Sholdre. + +Shuldreden, _pa. t. pl._ S. shouldered, 1056. + +Sibbe, _adj._ S. related, allied, 2277. Sir Tr. p. 44. _See_ Fremde. + +Siden, _n. pl._ S. sides, 371. + +Sike, _v._ S. to sigh, 291. + +Siking, _n._ S. sighing, 234. + +Sikerlike, _adv._ S. surely, 422, 625, 2301, 2707, 2871. _Sikerly_, Sir +Tr. p. 35, &c. + +Sikernesse, _n._ S. surety, security, 2856. R. Glouc., R. Br., Chauc. + +Simenels, _n. pl._ Fr. 779, a finer sort of bread, “q. a _simila_ h. e. +puriori farinæ parte.” _Spelm._ Assis. pan. 51 Hen. III. _Symnellus_ +vero de quadrante ponderabit 2 sol. minus quam Wastellum. It elsewhere +appears to be a sort of cake, or cracknel. So in the _Crieries de +Paris_, v. 163, Chaudes tartes et _siminiaus_. V. Nares in v. + +Sinne, _n._ S. fault, 1976. _Ne for loue ne for sinne_, 2375. _Wolde he +nouth for sinne lette_, 2627. Traces of this phrase may be elsewhere +found: + + Neyther for _love_ nor yet for _awe_ + Lyuinge man none than they saw. + + _Sir Degore_, c. iv. + + Maboun and Lybeauus + Faste togedere hewes, + And stente _for no synne_. + + _Ly Beaus Desc._ 1957. + +Sire, Syre, _n._ Fr. The term in ll. 310, 1229, is used not only to +express respect, but command. A parallel passage is in R. Cœur de L. +2247. It simply means _Sir_, ll. 909, 2009. + +Site, _v._ S. to sit, 2809. _Sittes_, _pr. t. 2 p._ sittest, 1316. +_Sitten_, _pr. t. pl._ sit, 2098. _Site on knes_, i.e. kneel, 2708. + +Siþe, Siþen, _adv._ S. then, afterwards, after, 399, 472, 1414, 1814, +1988, &c. + +Siþe, _n._ S. time, 1052. _Siþe_, _Siþes_, _pl._ 213, 778, 1737, 2189. +_Syþe_, _Syþes_, 2162, 2843. Sir Tr. p. 55, &c. + +Sket, _adv._ quickly, soon, 1926, 1960, 2303, 2493, 2513, 2574, 2736, +2839. Sir Tr. pp. 36, 40, &c.; Ly Beaus Desc. 484; K. Alisaund. 3047; +R. Cœur de L. 806; Rom. of Merlin, ap. Ellis, M. R. V. i. p. 228. [Icel. +_skjótt_, quickly, from _skjótr_, quick, swift. The adj. is still +preserved in the surname Skeat _or_ Skeet.] + +Skirming, _n._ Fr. skirmishing, 2323. Web. M. R. _See_ Note on l. 2320. + +Slawe, Slawen. _See_ Slo. + +Slenge, _v._ S. to sling, cast out, 2435. _Slenget_, _part. pa._ slung, +1923. + +Slepes, _pr. t. 2 p._ sleepest, 1283. + +Sleie, Sley, _adj._ skilful, expert, 1084, 2116. Sir Tr. pp. 23, 28; +Horn Childe, ap. Rits. M. R. V. 3, p. 296; Emare, 67; R. Glouc. p. 350; +Barb. xix. 179; Doug. 137, 12. Jamieson derives it from Su.-G. _slug_, +Isl. _slægr_. Cf. Sw. _slug_. + +Slike, _adv. or perhaps adj._ smoothly, or smooth, 1157. “_Slyke_, or +smothe. _Lenis_.” Prompt. Parv. + +Slo, _n._ S. sloe, berry, 849, 2051. + +Slo, _v._ S. to slay, 512, 1364, 1412, &c. _Slou_, 2543. _Slos_, _pr. t. +2 p._ slayest, 2706. _Slos_, _imp. pl._ strike ye, 2596. _Slou_, _Slow_, +_pa. t._ slew, 501; struck, 2633. _Slowe_, _Slowen_, _pa. t. pl._ slew, +2414, 2427, 2432; struck, fought, 2683. _Slawe_, _Slawen_, _part. pa._ +slain, 1803, 1928, 2000, &c. In l. 2747 (as in 2596, 2633, 2683) it has +only the sense of _struck_, wounded, agreeably to the signification of +the original word, _sleán_, _sleáhan_, Cædere, ferire. + +Smerte, _adj. pl._ S. painful, 2055. + +Smerte, _v._ S. to smart, 2647. + +Smot, _pa. t._ S. smote, 2654. + +So, a large tub, 933. See _So_ in Halliwell. Dan. _saa_, a pail. + +So, _conj._ S. as, 279, 349, _et pass._ + +Softe, _adj._ S. of a mild disposition, 991. + +Softe, _adv._ S. gently, 2618. + +Somdel, _adj._ S. somewhat, in some measure, 240. _Sumdel_, 450, 497, +1054, 2306, 2950. Web., R. Gl., Chauc. + +Sond, _n._ S. sand, 708, 735. + +Sone, _n._ S. son, 660, 839. _Sones_, _pl._ 2980. + +Sone, _adv._ S. soon, 78, &c.; so soon as, 1354. + +Sor, _n._ S. sorrow, 234. _Sorwe_, 1374; pain, sore, 1988. + +Sor, _adj._ S. sore, detestable, 2229. [Perhaps it should be _sori_.] + +Sorful, _adj._ S. sorrowful, 151, 2541. + +Sori, _adj._ S. sorrowful, 151, 477. + +Soth, Sothe, _n._ S. truth, 36, 647, 2008, &c. + +Soþlike, _adv._ S. truly, 276. + +Soupe, _v._ Fr. to sup, 1766. + +Southe, _pa. t._ S. sought, 1085. + +Sowe, Sowen. _See_ Se. + +Sowel, _n._ victuals, 767, 1143, 2905. Properly, anything eaten with +bread as a relish. See _Sool_ in Halliwell. Dan. _suul_. + +Span-newe, _adj._ quite new, 968. This is the earliest instance on +record of the use of this word. For its disputed etymology see Jam., +Nares, Todd’s Johns., and Thoms. Etymons; but especially Wedgwood’s +Etym. Dict. _Span_ = chip; _Span-new_, chip-new. A.S. _spón_. It occurs +in Chauc. Troil. iii. 1671. + +Sparkede, _pa. t._ S. sparkled, 2144. + +Spede, _v._ S. to speed, prosper, 1634. + +Speke, _n._ S. speech, 946. + +Speke, Speken, _v._ S. to speak, 326, 369, 548, 1070, &c. _Spak_, _pa. +t._ spoke, 2389, 2968. _Speken_, _part. pa._ spoken, 2369. + +Spelle, _n._ S. story, relation, 338. K. Horn, 951. + +Spelle, _v._ S. to relate, tell forth, 15, 2530. + +Spen _for_ Spent, 1819. + +Sperd, Sperde, _part. pa._ S. barred, bolted, 414, 448. Still common in +the North. V. Brockett. + +Spille, _v._ S. to perish, 2422. _Of limes spille_, 86, suffer the loss +of limbs. K. Horn, 202. Web., Chauc. + +Spired, _part. pa._ S. speered, inquired, 2620. V. Jam. in v. + +Spore, _n._ S. spur, 2569. + +Sprauleden, _pa. t. pl._ S. sprawled, 475. + +Sprong, _pa. t._ S. sprung, 959. _See_ the Note. _Sprongen_, 869. +_Sprungen_, _part. pa._ risen, 1131. + +Sprote, _n._ S. sprout, 1142. A.S. _sprote_, a sprig, sprout. + +Spuse, Spusen, _v._ S. to espouse, marry, 1123, 1170, 2875. _Spusede_, +_pa. t. pl._ espoused, 2887. _Spused_, _part. pa._ 1175, 2928. _Spuset_, +1266. + +Spusing, _n._ S. espousals, marriage, 1164, 1177, 2886. + +Stac, _n._ S. 814. [This I believe to mean simply a stack, or heap, like +the Dan. _stak_, Sw. _stack_. I add Sir F. Madden’s note in the edition +of 1828.] A stack, or, more properly, _stick_ of fish, a term applied to +eels when strung on a row, ‘sic dicta, quod trajecta vimine (quod _stic_ +dicimus) connectebantur.’ _Spelm._ A _stica_ consisted of 25 eels, and +10 _Sticæ_ made a _Binde_. Glanv. lib. 2, c. 9. + +Stalworþi, Stalworþe, Stalwrthe, adj. S. strong, valiant, courageous, +24, 904, 1027, &c. _Stalworþeste_, _sup._ 25. + +Stan-ded, _adj._ S. dead as a stone, completely dead, 1815. _Stille als +a ston_, 928. Cf. K. of Tars, 549; Erle of Tol. 754; Launfal, 357. _See_ +Gl. to _Partenay_. + +Star, _n._ Icel. a species of sedge, 939. Icel. _stör_; Sw. _starr_; +Dan. _stær_. _See_ the Note. + +Stareden, _pt. t. pl._ 1037. _Probably miswritten for_ Stradden, +contended. Cf. Su.-Goth. and Sw. _strida_, to contend. + +Starinde, _part. pr._ staring, 508. + +Stark, _adj._ S. stiff, stout, strong, 341, 380, 608, &c. V. Jam. in v. + +Stede, _n._ S. steed, horse, 10, &c. + +Stede, _n._ S. place, 142, 744. _Stedes_, _pl._ 1846. + +Stem, _n._ S. a ray of light, beam, 591. It is equivalent to _Glem_, +l. 2122. + + Therewith he blinded them so close, + A _stime_ they could not see. + + _R. Hood_, i. 112. + +Cf. Brockett’s Gl. in v. _Stime_. + +Sternes, _n. pl._ stars, 1809. _Ageyn þe sternes_ = exposed to the sky, +or to the open air. + +Stert, _n._ S. leap, 1873. Chaucer has _at a stert_ for immediately, +C. T. 1707. + +Stert, _n._ S. [_steort_, cauda] tail, 2323. _Start_ is still retained +in the North. + +Steuene, _n._ S. voice, 1275. + +Sti, _n._ S. road, way, 2618. Sir Tr. p. 192; Yw. and Gaw. 599; Emare, +196; Sevyn Sages, 712; R. Br. Chaucer uses _stile_ in the same sense, +C. T. 12628, and Minot, p. 5, in both which passages the respective +Editors have made the same mistake in explaining it. [Cf. G. _steg_, a +pass.] + +Stille, _adj._ S. quiet, 955, 2309. + +Stille, _adv._ S. in a low voice, secretly, 2997. Sir Tr. p. 55; +K. Horn, 315. + +Stirt, Stirte, _pa. t._ S. started, leaped, 398, 566, 873, 1049, &c. +_Stirte_, _Stirten_, _pa. t. pl._ started, hurried, 599, 1964, 2609. +Derived by Skinner from S. _astirian_, movere, by Jam. from Teut. +_steerten_, volare. _See_ Astirte. Cf. G. _stürzen_; and see _Start_ in +Wedgwood. + +Stith, _n._ S. anvil, 1877. Chauc. Still provincial. V. Moore, and +Brockett. + +Stiward, _n._ S. steward, 666. + +Stonden, _n._ S. to stand, 689. _Stondes_, _pr. t. 3 p._ standeth, +stands, 2240, 2983. _Stod_, _pa. t._ stood, 591, 679. _Stoden_, _pa. t. +pl._ 1037. + +Stor, _adj._ S. hardy, stout, 2383. Laȝam. l. 9126; Yw. and Gaw. 1297; +Chron. of Engl. 464; Sq. of Lowe D. 658; Ly Beaus Desc. 1766. _Steir_, +_Sture_, Sc. ap. Jam. Cf. Sw. _stor_. + +Stra, _n._ S. straw, 315, 466. A.S. _streow_, _streaw_. Cf. Strie. + +Strenes, _pr. t. 3 p._ S. begets, 2983. From _streónan_, gignere. Cf. +K. Alisaund. 7057. + +Strie, _n._ a straw, 998. _See_ Stra. + +Strout, _n._ dispute, contention, 1039. Cf. A.S. _strúdan_, and +_Strother_ in Atkinson’s Cleveland Glossary. + +Stroute, _v._ S. to make a disturbance, 1779. Bosworth explains A.S. +_strúdan_, _strútian_, as having originally the sense to bustle about. + +Stunde, _n._ S. short space of time, 2614. V. Gl. to R. Glouc. _See_ +Vmbestonde. + +Sturgiun, Sturgun, _n._ sturgeon, 753, 1727. Cf. Sw. _stör_, Dan. +_stör_. + +Suere, Suereth. _See_ Sweren. + +Suete, _adj._ S. sweet, 1388. Cf. l. 2927. + +Sueyn, Sweyn, _n._ S. swain, villain, 343, 1328, &c. _Sweynes_, _pl._ +371, 2195. It is generally used in opposition to _knight_. + +Svich, _adj._ S. such, 60. + +Suilk, _adj._ such (things), 644. _See_ Swilk. + +Sule. _See_ Shol. + +Sumdel. _See_ Somdel. + +Sunne-bem, _n._ S. sun-beam, 592, 2123. + +Swerd, _n._ S. sword, 1759, &c. _Swerdes_, _pl._ 1769, 2659. + +Sweren, _v._ S. to swear, 494. _Suereth_, _pr. t. s._ swear, 647. +_Swor_, _pa. t._ swore, 398, 2367. _Suere_, _pr. subj. 2 p. s._ 388. + +Swike, _n._ S. deceiver, traitor, 423, 551, 626, 1158, 2401, 2451, &c. +_Swikes_, _pl._ 2834, 2990. Laȝam. l. 12942; R. Gl. p. 105. + +Swikel, _adj._ S. deceitful, 1108. + + For alle þine witien + Beoð swiðe _swikele_. + + _Laȝam._ l. 15848. + + Hoe beth of _swikele_ kunne + Ther mide the witherwinne. + + _The sawe of Seint Bede_, MS. Digb. 86. + + He was _suikel_, fals, ant fel. + + _Chron. of Engl._ 791. + +Swilen, _v._ S. [_swilian_, Ps. vi. 6] to wash, 919. It occurs also in +Rob. of Brunne’s _Handling Sinne_, l. 5828. Still provincial. + +Swilk, _adj._ S. such, 1118, 1625, 2123, 2684, 2783. _Suilk_, 644. + +Swinge, _v._ S. to beat, chastise (used _passively_), 214. _Swngen_, +_part. pa._ beaten, 226. Laȝam. l. 21070. So in _Syr Bevys_, C. ii. All +at ones on him they _swonge_. In the North the verb retains the same +meaning; v. Brockett. + +Swink, _n._ S. labour, 770, 801, 2456. + +Swinken, _v._ S. to labour, 798. _Swank_, _pa. t._ laboured, 788. + +Swire, _n._ S. neck, 311. Formerly in universal use, and still preserved +in the provinces. + +Swiþe, Swyþe, _adv._ S. very, exceedingly, 110, 217, 341. Quickly, 140, +682, 690; _ful swithe_, 2436, appears a pleonasm. _Swithe forth and +rathe_, quickly forth, and soon, 2594. + +Swot, _n._ S. sweat, perspiration, 2662. The word has the same meaning +in Cædmon, f. 24, ed. Thorpe, p. 31, l. 8, which seems to contradict Mr +Price’s assertion to the contrary, in Warton’s Hist. Engl. Poetr. +p. lxxi., ed. 1840. + +Swngen. _See_ Swinge. + +Syre. _See_ Sire. + +Syþe, Syþes. _See_ Siþe. + +Syþe, _n._ S. scythe, 2553, 2699. + + +Tabour, _n._ Fr. tabor, 2329. + +Tale, _n._ S. number, 2026. + +Taleuaces, _n. pl._ Fr. large shields, 2323. _See_ the Note on l. 2320. + +Tarst (_so in_ MS.), 2688; almost certainly an error for _faste_, which +appears in the next line. Also, the movements of Godard are compared to +the course of lightning. + +Tauhte, _pt. s._ committed, 2214, probably an error for _bitauhte_. +_See_ Bitaken. + +Tel, _n._ S. deceit, reproach, 191, 2219. A.S. _tálu_. + +Telle, _v._ S. to count, number, 2615. _Told_, _part. pa._ numbered, +esteemed, 1036. + +Tene, _n._ S. grief, affliction, 729. + +Tere, _v._ S. to tar (used passively), 707. + +Teth, _n. pl._ S. teeth, 2406. + +Teyte, _adj._ S. 1841, 2331. [Explained “lively” by Coleridge, +Stratmann, and Morris, as if from Icel. _teitr_, hilaris. This I believe +to be completely wrong. The word occurs in Allit. Poems, ed. Morris, B. +871, with reference to _tight_ lasses, and in l. 1841 of Havelok we have +a reference to _tight_ lads. In l. 2331 it may also mean _flawless_, +staunch. “_Theet_, _adj._ water-tight. O.N. _þiettr_ or _þéttr_, densus, +solidus. O.Sw. _thæter_, Sw. Dial, _tjett_ or _tjætt_, Dan. _tætt_, +Germ. _dicht_. Ihre gives . . . . _ett tätt fat_, a flawless vessel. +‘_Thyht_, hool fro brekynge, not brokyn. _Integer_, _solidus_. Prompt. +Parv.’” Atkinson’s Glossary of the Cleveland dialect.] [_Teyte_ may mean +_lively_. My explanation is not generally accepted.] + +Þa, _written for_ þat, 175. + +Þan, Þanne, _adv._ S. then, 51, 1044, &c.; when, 226, 248, _et sæpius_; +than if (_quàm_), 944, 1867. + +Þar, _adv._ where (?) 130. _See_ the Note; and cf. _Þer_. + +Þare, _adv._ S. there, 2481, 2739. Cf. þer, þore. + +Þarne, _v._ to lose, be deprived of, 2492, 2835. _Þarnes_, _pr. t._ +wants, is deprived of, 1913. _Þarned the ded_, 1687; [clearly miswritten +for _þoled þe ded_, suffered death. The scribe was thinking of _þarned +þe lif_; cf. l. 2492.] The verb only exists in the Sax. in the pt. t. +_þærnode_, Chron. Sax. p. 222, ed. Gibs., which is derived by Lye from +the Cimbr. _At thuerna_, or _thorna_, diminui, privari. V. Hickes Thes. +I. p. 152. [I.e. it is from the root of the Sw. _tarfva_, Icel. +_thurfa_, Goth. _thaurban_, with the _f_ dropped, and with the addition +of the _passive_ or _neuter_ infinitive-ending denoted by _-ne_, like +_-na_ in Sw., _-nan_ in Mœso-Gothic. See _þarrnenn_ in Gl. to Ormulum.] + +Þas, _read_ Was, 1129. [As þ at the beginning of a word is never put for +_t_, it is not = Sc. _tas_, takes, as some have suggested.] + +Þaue, v. S. [_þafian_] to grant, 296; bear, sustain, 2696. Ormulum, +5457. + +Thayn, _n._ S. nobleman, 2184. _Thein_, 2466. _Thaynes_, _pl._ 2260. +_Theynes_, 2194. _See_ Kayn. + +Þe, _n._ S. thigh, 1950. _Þhe_, 1984. _Þes_, _pl._ 1903. _Þhes_, 2289. + +Þe, _adv._ S. (_written for_ þer), there, 142, 476, 863, 933. _Þe with_, +therewith, 639. _See_ Þer. + +Þe, _conj._ S. though, 1682. _Þei_, 1966. _Þey_, 807, 992, 1165, 2501. +_See_ Þou. + +Þede, _n._ S. country, dwelling, 105; place, 2890. Web., Le Bone Flor. +246. R. Br. p. 18. V. Jam. + +Þef, _n._ S. thief, 2434. _Þeues_, _pl._ 1780. + +Þei, _pron._ S. they, 1020, 1195, &c. + +Þei, Þey, _conj._ though. _See_ Þe. + +Þenke, _pr. subj._ S. think, 2394. _Þenkeste_, _pr. t. 2 p._ thinkest +thou, 578. + +Þenne, _adv._ S. thence, 1185. [Perhaps in l. 777, we should put the +comma after _þenne_; “when he came thence,” &c.] + +Þer, _adv._ S. where, 318, 448, &c.; there, _passim_; the place whence, +1740. _Þerinne_, therein, 535, &c. _Þerhinne_, 322. _Þerof_, _Þeroffe_, +thereof, 372, 466, 1068, &c. _Þerþoru_, by that means, 1098. _Þertil_, +_Þerto_, thereto, 396, 1041, 1045. _Þerwit_, _Þerwith_, therewith, 1031, +1046. _See_ Þe, Þore. + +Þere, _pron._ S. their, 1350. + +Þerl _for_ Þe erl, the earl, 178. + +Þertekene, 2878. [Coleridge’s Glossarial Index has “Thertekene = mark +thereto. A.S. _tácnian_.” But this is a very awkward phrase, and I +should prefer to suppose _þer-tekene_ = by the token, i.e. in token. +_Tekene_ answers to the Sw. _tecken_, a token; and _þer_ is found as a +prefix in _P. Plowman_ in the phr. _þer-while_ = _þe while_, i.e. in the +time that. The only difficulty is that _þer_ is properly feminine (A.S. +_þære_), whilst _tecken_ in Sw. and _tácen_ in A.S. are neuter. _In +tokne_ (= in token) occurs in Shoreham’s poems, ed. Wright, 131.] + +Þet, _conj._ S. that (_quòd_), 330. + +Þet, _pron._ S. that, 879. + +Þeþe, Þeþen, _adv._ S. thence, 2498, 2629. + +Þeu, Þewe, _n._ S. in a servile condition or station, 262, 2205. R. Gl. + +Þewes, _n. pl._ S. manners, 282. Laȝam., Rits. M. R., Web., P. Plowm., +Chauc., Gl. Lynds., Percy, A. R. + +Þi. _See_ Forþi. + +Þi _for_ Þy, thy, 2725. + +Þider, _adv._ S. thither, 850, 1012, 1021, &c. + +Þigge, v. S. [_þicgan_] to beg, 1373. This word is chiefly preserved in +the Sc. writers. Wall. ii. 259; Doug. Virg. 182, 37; Evergreen, ii. 199; +Bannatyne Poems, p. 120, V. Jam. in v., who derives it from Su.-G. +_tigga_, Alem. _thigen_, petere. [See _tigga_ in Ihre. “Thyggynge or +beggynge, _Mendicacio_.” Prompt. Parv.] + +Þis _for_ þise, these, 1145. + +Þisternesse, _n._ S. darkness, 2191. + + Dalden from þan fihte + Al bi _þustere_ nihte. + + _Laȝam._ l. 7567; cf. _Gen. and Ex._, 58. + +Thit, _pp._ 2990. [The rime shews that the _i_ is long; and, whether the +_th_ is sounded like _t_, or (which is more likely) the word should have +been written _tiht_ or _tith_, we may be tolerably confident that it is +equivalent to the O.E. _tight_ or _tiȝt_, a pp. signifying _intended_, +_purposed_, _designed_, which is the exact sense here required. +Stratmann gives five instances of it, of which one is-- “To brewe the +Crystene mennys banys Hy hadden _tyght_;” Octovian, 1476.] + +Þo, _pron._ S. those, 1918, 2044. + +Þo, _pron._ thou. _See_ Þu. + +Þo, _adv._ S. then, 930; when, 1047. _Thow_, 1669. + +Þore, _adv._ S. there, 741, 922, 1014, &c. _Þortil_, thereto, 1443. +_Þorwit_, therewith, 100. _See_ Þe, Þer. + +Þoru, _adv._ S. through, 627, 774, 848, &c. _Þoruth_, 1065, 2786. +_Þorw_, 264, 367, 2646. _Þuruth_, 52. + +Þoruthlike, _adv._ S. throughly, 680. + +Þou, _conj._ S. though, 124, 299, &c. _Þo_, 1020. _See_ Þe. + +Þoucte, _pa. t._ S. thought, 504, 507, &c. _Þouthte_, 1073. _Þowthe_, +1869. _Þouthe_, 1166. _Þat god thoucte_, 256, that seemed good. Cf. Sir +Tr. pp. 30, 36. And so in MS. Vernon, Bodl. + + Riche metes was forth brouht + To all men _that gode thouht_. + + _Disp. betw. a Crystene mon and a Jew_, f. 301. + +[Or, if we read “þat god _him_ þoucte,” this would mean “that seemed +good _to him_;” cf. l. 197.] + +Þouth, _n._ S. thought, 122, 1190. + +Þral, _n._ S. slave, villain, 527, 684, 1097, 1158, 2564, 2589. In an +opprobious sense, 1408. Sir Tr. p. 175. + +Þrawe, _n._ S. space of time, moment, 276, 1215. Web., Rits. M. R., Rob. +Br., Doug. Virg. _Þrow_, Chauc., Gower, &c. + +Þredde, Þridde, _adj._ S. third, 867, 2633. + +Þrette, _pa. t._ S. threatened, 1163. + +Þrie, 730. [In the former edition it is glossed “trouble, affliction; +apparently the same as _Tray_ or _Treye_;” cf. A.S. _tréga_. But this +renders the construction difficult, nor is it clear that _treye_ and +_þrie_ can be identified. Without doubt, the usual meaning of _þrie_ is +_thrice_, which is easily construed, only it remains to be shewn why +_thrice_ should be introduced; unless perhaps it signifies _in a +threefold degree._] + +Þrinne, _num._ S. three, 716, 761, 1977, 2091. + +Þrist, Þristen, _v._ S. to thrust, 1152, 2019, 2725. _Þrist_, _part. +pa._ thrust, 638. + +Þu, _pron._ S. thou, 527, &c. _Þou_, 527, &c. _Þo_, 388. _Þw_ (_read_ +þat þw _instead of_ þw that?), 1316. _Tow_, 1322. _Tu_, 2903. It is +often joined to the verb which precedes, as _Shaltow_, _Wiltu_, &c. The +_gen._ is _þin_, 1128; the _acc._ is _þe_, 529. + +Þurte, _pt. t. s._ need, might, 10. [It answers to the A.S. _þurfan_, +_pt. t._ _ic þorfte_, Icel. _þurfa_, _pt. t._ _þurfti_, Mœso-Goth. +_þaurban_, _pt. t._ _þaurfta_. _See_ Ormulum, l. 16164, and Sir F. +Madden’s note to _þort_ in Gl. to _Will. of Palerne_.] + +Þuruth. _See_ Þoru. + +Þus _for_ Þis, 785, 2586. (_In comp._ þus-gate.) + +Tid, _n._ S. time, hour, 2100. + +Til, _prep._ S. to, 141, 762, 864, &c. _See_ Intil, Þertil. + +Til, _v._ S. to tell, 1348. + +Tilled, _part. pa._ S. obtained, acquired (lit. drawn, taken), 438. V. +Gl. R. Br. in v. _tille_, and see quotation under _Goddot_. + +Tinte, _pa. t._ S. lost, 2023. Sir Tr. p. 104. V. Jam. + +Tirneden, _pa. t. pl._ S. turned, 603. + +Tiþandes, _n. pl._ Icel. tidings, 2279. + +To-, in composition with verbs, is usually augmentative, or has the +force of the Lat. _dis-_. _To-brised_, _part. pa._ very much bruised, +1950. (_See_ Brisen.) _To-cruhsse_, _inf._ crush in pieces, 1992. +_To-deyle_, _inf._ divide, 2099. (_See_ Deled.) _To-drawen_, _part. pa._ +dragged or pulled to death, 2001. (_See_ Drou.) _To-frusshe_, _inf._ +break in pieces, 1993. _To-hewen_, _part. pa._ hewn in pieces, 2001. +_To-riuen_, _part. pa._ torn _or_ riven in pieces, 1953. _To-rof_, _pa. +t._ burst open, 1792. _To-shiuere_, _inf._ shiver in pieces, 1993. +_To-shiuered_, _part. pa._ shivered to pieces, 2667. _To-tere_, _inf._ +tear in pieces, 1839. _To-torn_, _part. pa._ torn in pieces, 1948, 2021. +_To-tusede_, _part. pa._ entirely rumpled or tumbled, 1948. In one case +only we find it to be merely the prep. _to_ in composition; viz. in +_To-yede_, _pa. t._ went to, 765. (_See_ Yede.) [_See_ note on this +prefix in Gloss. to _William of Palerne_.] + +To, _adv._ S. too, 303, 689, 691, &c. + +To, _n._ S. toe, 1743, 1847, &c. _Tos_, _pl._ 898, 2163. + +To, _num._ S. two, 2664. + +To, _prep._ follows its case in ll. 197, 325, 526. + +To-frusshe, _v._ Fr. [_froisser_] to dash or break in pieces, 1993. + + The Sarezynes layde on with mace, + And al _to-frussched_ hym in the place. + + _R. Cœur de L._ 5032. Cf. 5084. + + He suld sone be _to-fruschyt_ all. + + _Barb._ x. 597. + +So also Doug. Virg. 51, 53. V. Jam. in v. _Frusch_. + +Togidere, Togydere, _adv._ S. together, 1128, 1181, 2683, 2891. + +Tok, _pa. t._ S. took, 354, 467, 537. _Toke_, _pa. t. 2 p._ 1216. +_Token_, _pa. t. pl._ 1194, _Token under fote_, 1199. + +Told. _See_ Telle. + +Totede, _pa. t._ peeped, looked, 2106. This verb is thrice found in +P. Ploughman’s Crede, ll. 142, 168, 339. Although it would appear a rare +word from its not appearing in Hearne, Ritson, or Weber, yet in later +times it, occurs often, and is instanced by Jamieson from Patten’s +Account of Somerset’s Expedicion, p. 53, and by Nares from Hall, +Latimer, Spenser, and Fairfax. It also occurs four times in the _Ancren +Riwle_, ed. Morton, 1853. In Sc. it is pronounced _Tete_, which is +derived by Jam. from the same stock as Su.-G. _titt-a_, explained by +Ihre, “Per transennam veluti videre, ut solent curiosi, aut post tegmina +latentes.” V. the authorities quoted, Todd’s Johns. and Wilbr. Gl. [Cf. +Sw. _titta_; Dan. _titte_, to peep; Dan. _tittelege_, to play at +bopeep.] + +To-tusede, _part. pa._ entirely rumpled or tumbled, 1948. _See_ Nares, +in v. _Tose_, and _Tousle_, _Toozle_, in Jam., Brockett, &c. Cf. G. +_zausen_. + +Toun, _n._ S. town, 1750, &c. _Tun_, 764, 1001, &c. _Tunes_, _pl._ 1444, +2277. + +Tour, _n._ Fr. tower, 2073. + +Tre, _n._ S. a bar or staff of wood, 1022, 1821, 1843, 1882, &c. +_Dore-tre_, 1806, 1968, bar of the door. + +Trewe, _adj._ S. true. 1756. + +Tristen, _v._ to trust, 253. + +Tro. _See_ Trowe. + +Trome, _n._ S. [_truma_] a troop, company, 8. + + Heo makeden heore sceld-_trome_ + + _Laȝam._ l. 9454. + + Bisydes stondeth a feondes _trume_, + And waileth hwenne the saules cume. + + _Les Unze peyne_, &c. MS. Coll. Jes. 29. + +The same mode of expression used above occurs lower down, l. 24, “A +stalworþi man in a _flok_,” which is also found in Laȝamon, + + Cador ther wes æc, + þe kene wes on _flocke_. --l. 23824. + +And in _Sir Guy_, H. iii. + + Then came a knight that hight Sadock, + A doughty man in every _flock_. + +Trone, _n._ Lat. throne, 1316. + +Trowe, _n._ S. to believe, trust, 1656. _Tro_, 2862. _Trowede_, _pa. t._ +believed, 382. Sir Tr. p. 41. + +Trusse, _v._ Fr. [_trousser_] to pack up, to truss, 2017. R. Gl. Hence +to _make ready_, K. Alisaund. 7006. Minot, p. 50, which Ritson was +unable to explain. + +Tuenti, _num._ S. twenty, 259. + +Tumberel, _n._ a porpoise, 757. In Spelm. _Timberellus_ is explained, a +small whale, on the authority of Skene, Vocab. Jur. Scot. L. Forest, _Si +quis cetum_. In Cotgr. also we find “_Tumbe_, the great Sea-Dragon, or +Quadriver; also the Gurnard, called so at Roan.” [But the Sw. _tumlare_, +a porpoise, _lit._ a tumbler, suggests that the name may be given from +its _tumbling_ or _rolling_. The Dan. _tumler_, however, is a dolphin.] + +Tun. _See_ Toun. + +Turues, _n. pl._ S. turf, peat, 939. Chauc. C. T. 10109. V. Spelm. in v. +and Jennings’ Somersetsh. Gl. + +Twel _for_ Twelve, 2455. + + +Ueneysun, _n._ Fr. venison, 1726. + +Vmbestonde, _adv._ S. for a while, formerly, 2297. + + & heo seilede{n} forth, + þæt inne sæ heo comen, + þa _vmbe stunde_ + ne sæge heo noht of londe. + + _Laȝam._ l. 11967. + +It is equivalent to _umbe-while_ or _vmwhile_, Sc. _umquhile_. _See_ +Stunde. + +Umbistode, _pa. t._ S. stood around, 1875. _See_ Bistode, Stonden. + +Vn-bi-yeden, _pa. t. pl._ S. surrounded, 1842. _See_ Yede. + +Vnblithe, _adj._ S. unhappy, 141. Sir Tr. p. 171. + +Unbounden, _pa. t. pl._ S. unbound, 601. + +Underfong, _pa. t._ S. understood, 115. This sense of the verb is not +found elsewhere. It is in the present poem synonymous with _Understod_ +(as Lat. _accipere_, _percipere_). + +Understonde, _v._ S. to receive, 2814. _Understod_, _pa. t._ received, +1760. _Understonde_, _pr. subj._ receive, 1159. So in K. Horn, 245, ed. +Rits. + + Horn child thou _vnderstond_, + Tech him of harpe and song. + +where the MS. Laud 108 reads _vnderfonge_. See Lumby’s ed. l. 239. + +Unker, _pron. g. c. dual._ S. of you two, 1882. + +Vnkeueleden, _pa. t. pl._ S. ungagged, 601. _See_ Keuel. + +Unkyndelike, _adv._ S. unsuitably, 1250. + +Vnornelike, _adj._ S. basely, or degradingly, 1941. The only word in the +Sax. remaining to which it can be referred, is _unornlic_, tritus, Jos. +9. 5. The following instances also approach the same stock: + + Ne speke y nout with Horne, + Nis he nout so _vnorne._ + + _K. Horn_, 337. + + Mi stefne is bold & noȝt _vnorne_, + Ho is ilich one grete horne, + & þin is ilich one pipe. + + _Hule and Niȝtingale_, l. 317. + +[Ihre shews that Icel. and Su.-Goth. _orna_ mean to acquire vital heat, +to grow warm. Hence _unorne_ means unfervent, spiritless, feeble, old. +Thus, in the _Hule and Niȝtingale_ it means _feeble_, _weak_; in Jos. +9. 5, it is used of _old, worn-out_ shoes. In the Ormulum, _unnorne_ +occurs frequently, in the sense of _poor_, _mean_, _feeble_; see ll. +827, 3668; also _unnornelig_, meaning _meanly_, _humbly_, _obscurely_, +in ll. 3750, 4858, 7525, 8251.] + +Unride, _adj._ S. [_ungereod, ungerydu_] It is here used in various +significations, most of which, however, correspond to the senses given +by Somner. Large, cumbersome (of a garment), 964; unwieldy (of the bar +of a door), 1795; deep, wide (of a wound), 1981, 2673; numerous, +extensive (of the nobility), 2947. _Unrideste, sup._ deepest, widest, +1985. In the second sense we find it in Sir Tristr. p. 167, + + Dartes wel _unride_ + Beliagog set gan. + +And in _Guy of Warwick_, ap. Ellis, M. R. V. 2, p. 79. + + A targe he had ywrought full well, + Other metal was ther none but steel, + A mickle and _unrede_. + +In the fourth sense we have these examples: + + Opon Inglond for to were + With stout ost and _unride_. + + _Horn Childe_, ap. Rits. M. R. V. 3, p. 283. + + Schir Rannald raugh to the renk ane rout wes _unryde_. + + _Sir Gaw. and Gol._ ii. 25. + + The soudan gederet an ost _unryde_. + + _K. of Tars_, 142. + +Cf. also _Sir Guy_, Ee. IV. in Garrick’s Collect. ‘Ameraunt drue out a +swerde _unryde_.’ In the sense of huge, or unwieldy, we may also +understand it in Sir Tr. p. 148, 164; Guy of Warw. ap. Ell. M. R. V. 2, +p. 78; Horn Childe, ap. Rits. V. 3, p. 295. In R. Brunne, p. 174, it +expresses loud, tremendous. Sir W. Scott and Hearne are both at fault in +their Glossaries, and even Jamieson has done but little to set them +right, beyond giving the true derivation, and then, under the cognate +word _Unrude_, Doug. Virg. 167, 35, &c., errs from pure love of theory. + +Vnrith, _n._ S. injustice, 1369. + +Unwrast, Unwraste, _adj._ S. [_unwræste_] feeble, worthless, 2821; +rotten, 547. This word occurs in the Saxon Chron. 168, 4 (ed. Thorpe, +p. 321), applied to a rotten ship, and this appears to have been the +original meaning. The sense in which it was subsequently used may be +learnt by comparing Laȝam. ll. 13943, 29609; R. Gl. p. 586; Chron. of +Engl. 662, 921; Ly Beaus Desc. 2118 (not explained by Rits.); +K. Alisaund. 878; R. Cœur de L. 872, and Sevyn Sages, 1917. It is not +found in Jam. Cf. A.S. _wræst_, firm. + +Uoyz, _n._ Lat. voice, 1264. + +Vre, _pron._ S. our, 13, 596, &c. + +Vt, _prep._ S. out, 89, 155, &c. _Uth_, 346, 1178. + +Ut-bidde. _See_ Bidd. + +Ut-drawe, Ut-drawen, Vt-drow, Ut-drowen. _See_ Drou. + +Uten, _prep._ S. out, exhausted, 842; without, foreign, as in +_Uten-laddes_, 2153, 2580, foreigners. + +Ut-lede. _See_ Lede. + +Utrage, _n._ S. outrage, 2837. + + +W. _See_ Hw. + +Wa, _n._ S. woe, wail, 465. + +Wade, _v._ S. Lat. to pass, go, 2645. _Wede_, 2387, 2641. Vid. Nares. + +Wagge, _v._ S. to wield, brandish, 89. + +Waiten, Wayte, Wayten, _v._ Fr. to watch, 512, 1754, 2070. Chauc. Cf. +O.Fr. _gaiter_. + +Waken, _v._ S. to watch, 630. _Waked_, _part. pa._ watched, kept awake, +2999. _See_ R. Br., Sq. of L. D. 852. Chauc. + +Wakne, _v._ S. to wake, awaken, 2164. + +Wan, _adv._ S. when, 1962. + +War, _adj._ S. aware, wary, 788, 2139. + +Warie, _v._ S. to curse, 433. _Waried_, _part. pa._ cursed, 434. Emare, +667. _Wery_, Minot, p. 7. _Warrie_, Chauc. _See_ Gl. Lynds. + +Warp, _pa. t._ S. threw, cast, 1061. + + Al swa feor swa a mon + Mihte _werpe^n_ ænne stan. + + _Laȝam._ l. 17428. + +So in Sc. Doug. Virg. 432, and Barb. iii. 642. V. Jam. + +Washen, _v._ S. to wash, 1233. + +Waste _for_ Was þe, 87. + +Wastel, _n._ Fr. cake, or loaf made of finer flour, 878. _Wastels_, +_pl._ 779. _See_ Todd’s Illustr. of Chauc., who derives the name from +_wastell_, the vessel or basket in which the bread was carried. V. Du +Cange, Spelm. Jam. In Pegge’s Form of Cury, p. 72, 159, we meet with +_Wastels yfarced_. + +Wat, _pron._ _See_ Hwat. + +Wat, _v._ _See_ Quath. + +Wat, _pp._ known, 1674. _See_ Wot. + +Wawe, _n._ S. wall, 474, 2470. The phrase _bith wawe_, 474, is also +found in Rits. A. S. p. 46, which is left unexplained by the Editor, and +is badly guessed at by Ellis. By the aid of Moor’s Suffolk Gl. we are +enabled to ascertain the meaning of an expression which is not yet +obsolete. “By the walls.” Dead and not buried. “A’ lie bi’ the walls” +--said, I believe, only of a human subject. [This remark only applies to +l. 474. In ll. 1963, 2470, the phrase refers to the benches placed round +the walls in the great hall, whereon men slept at night, and sat in +council by day.] _Wowe_, 1963, 2078. Still so pronounced in Lanc., &c. + +Waxen. _See_ Wex. + +Wayke, _adj. pl._ S. weak, 1012. + +Wayte, Wayten. _See_ Waiten. + +We, 115, 287, 392, 772. Apparently an error of the scribe for _wel_, but +its frequent repetition may cause it to be doubted, whether the _l_ may +not have been purposely dropped. + +Wede, _v._ _See_ Wade. + +Wede, _n._ S. clothing, garments, 94, 323, 861. In very general use +formerly, and still preserved in the phrase, a widow’s _weeds_. + +Weddeth _for_ Wedded, 1127. + +Wei, Weie, _n._ S. way, road, 772, 952. + +Weilawa, Weilawei, _interj._ S. woe! alas! 462, 570. _See_ Gl. Sir Tr., +Rits. M. R., and Chauc. [A.S. _wá la wá_, woe, lo! woe; now corrupted +into _wellaway_.] + +Wel, _adv._ S. full, _passim._ _Wel sixti_, 1747; _wel o-bon_. _See_ On. +_Wel with me_, 2878. _Wol_, 185. + +Wel, _n._ S. weal, wealth, prosperity (_for wel ne for wo_), 2777. + +Welde, _v._ S. to wield, govern (a kingdom), 129, 175; (a weapon), 1436; +(possessions), 2034. _Weldes_, _pr. t. 2 p._ wieldest, governest, 1359. + +Wende, _v._ S. to go, 1346, 1705, 2629. _Wenden_, _pr. t. pl. subj._ +1344. _Wende_, _pr. t. pl. 2 p._ go, 1440. _Wend_, _part. pa._ turned, +2138. + +Wene, _v._ S. _pres. sing_, ween, think, 655, 840, 1260, &c. _Wenes_, +_pr. t. 2 p._ thinkest, 598. _Wenestu_, 1787, thinkest thou. _Wend_, +_Wende_, _pa. t._ thought, 374, 524, 1091, 1803, &c. _Wenden_, _pa. t. +pl._ 1197, 2547. + +Wepen, _pr. t._ or _pa. t. pl._ S. weep, wept, 401. + +Wepne, _n._ S. weapon, 89, 490, 1436, &c. + +Wer _for_ Were, 1097. + +Werd, _n._ S. world, 1290, 2241, 2335, 2792, 2968. _O worde_, in the +world, 1349. Cf. _Ward_ = world, in _Lancelot of the Laik_, and _Gen. +and Exod._ ed. Morris, ll. 280, 591. + +Were, _v._ S. [_werian_] to defend, 2152, 2298. Sir Tr. p. 156; Yw. and +Gaw. 2578; Horn Childe, ap. Rits. M. R., V. 3, p. 289; K. of Tars, 189; +Chauc. C. T. 2552, V. Note, p. 182. _Werie_, K. Horn, ed. Lumby, 785, +Web., Minot, Gl. Lynds. + +Were, should be, 2782. _Weren_, _3 p. pl._ were, 156, &c. + +Weren, 784. Sir F. Madden says--Garnett conjectured _weirs_ or dams, +from Isl. _ver_. [If _weren_ be really a plural noun, I should prefer to +translate it by _pools_; cf. A.S. _wær_, Icel. _ver_, Su.-Go. _wär_. +Ihre says-- “_Wär_, locus, ubi congregari amant pisces, ut solent inter +brevia et vada. Isl. _ver_, _fiskaver_. A.S. id. unde _ver-hurde_ apud +Bens. custos septi piscatorii, Angl. _wier_, _wear_, &c.” See _wer_ in +Stratmann. In this case the line means-- “in the sea-pools he often set +them,” and the note on the line (q.v.) is wrong.] + +Werewed, _part. pa._ S. worried, killed, 1915. [We should probably +insert a mark of interrogation, thus-- “Hwat dide he? þore were{n} he +werewed,” i.e. “What did they effect? There were they slain.” Spelt +_wirwed_, 1921. Cf. Du. _worgen_, and see Jam. s.v. _Wery_, and _Worry_ +in Atkinson’s Gl. of Cleveland dialect.] + +Werne, v. S. to refuse, deny, 1345. _Werne_, _pr. t. 3 p. s. subj._ +refuses, forbids, 926. Sir Tr. p. 88; K. Horn, 1420, &c. + +Wesseyl, _n._ S. wassail, 1246. + +Wesseylen, _pr. t. pl._ wassail, 2098. _Wosseyled_, _part. pa._ 1737. +_See_ Rits. A. S. Diss. p. xxxiii. n. Hearne’s Gl. to R. Glouc. in v. +_Queme and Wasseyl_, Selden’s Notes on Drayton’s Polyolb. p. 150, and +Nares. + +Wex, _pa. t._ S. waxed, grew, 281. _Waxen_, _part. pa._ grown, 302, 791. + +Wicke, Wike, Wikke, _adj._ S. wicked, vile, 66, 319, 425, 665, 688, &c. +_Swithe wicke_, 965, very mean. _Swiþe wikke cloþes_, 2458, very mean +clothing. _Wicke wede_, 2825, mean clothing. + +Wicth, With, _n._ S. [_wiht_] whit, bit, small part, 97, 1763, 2500. +Laȝam. l. 15031; Sevyn Sages, 293. ‘The loue of hire ne lesteth no +_wyht_ longe,’ MS. Harl. 2253, f. 128. + +Wicth, With, _adj._ courageous, stout, active, 344, 1008, 1064, 1651, +1692, &c. _Wicteste_, _sup._ 9. An epithet used universally by the +ancient poets, and to be found in every Gloss. merely differing in +orthography, as spelt _Waite_, _Wate_, _Wight_, _Wich_ &c. [Sir F. +Madden suggests a derivation from A.S. _hwæt_ (Icel. _hvátr_), acute, +brave. Wedgwood suggests Sw. _vig_, nimble. Cf. Su.-Goth. _wig_, Icel. +_vigr_, fit for _war_ (A.S. _wig_).] + +Wider, _adv._ S. whither, where, 1139. + +Widuen, Wydues, _n. pl._ S. widows, 33, 79. + +Wif, _n._ S. wife, 2860; woman, 1713. _Wiues_, _pl._ 2855. + +Wike, Wikke. _See_ Wicke. + +Wil, _adv._ S. while, 6. + +Wil, _adj._ lost in error, uncertain how to proceed, 863; at a loss, +without experience, 1042. Wynt. vi. 13, 115. V. Jam. who derives it from +Su.-G. _wild_, Isl. _villr_. It is radically the same with _wild_. + +Wile, will, 352, 485, &c. _Wilte_, 528, 1135, wilt thou; _Wiltu_, 681, +905. _Wilen_, _pl._ 732, 920, 1345, 2817, &c. + +Wille, _n._ S. will, 528. + +Wimman, _n._ S. woman, 1139, 1168, &c. _Wman_, 281. _Wymman_, 1156. + +Win, _n._ S. wine, 1729. _Wyn_, 2341. + +Winan, _v._ S. to get to, arrive at, 174. V. Gl. to _Will. of Palerne_. + +Winne, _n._ S. joy, gain, 660, 2965. _Muchere winne_, Laȝam. l. 10233. +Horn Childe, ap. Rits. M. R., V. 3, p. 294. + +Wirchen, _v._ S. to work, cause, 510. + +Wirwed. _See_ Werewed. + +Wis, _adj._ S. wise, prudent, 180, 1421, 1635; skilled, 282. + +Wislike, _adv._ S. wisely, 274. + +Wisse, _v._ S. to direct, ordain, advice, 104, 361. Sir Tr. p. 29; +K. Horn, Chron. of Engl. 499; Chauc., Gl. Lynds. + +Wissing, _n._ S. advice, or conduct, 2902. + +Wiste, _pa. t._ S. knew, 115, 358, 541, &c. _Wisten_, _pa. t. pl._ 1184, +1187, 1200, &c. + +Wit, _prep._ S. with, 52, 505, 701, 905, 1090, 2517, &c.; by, 2489. +_Wituten_, 179, 247, 2860, without. _Withuten_, 425, except. _With +than_, provided that, 532. _With that_, 1220. + +Wite, _v._ S. [_wítan_, decernere] _pres. subj. or imp._ decree, ordain, +19, 1316. + +Wite, _v._ S. _pres. subj. or imp._ preserve, guard, defend, 405, 559. +R. Gl. p. 98, 102. So in the _Carmen inter Corpus & Animam_, MS. Digb. +86. + + The king that al this world shop thoru his holi miȝtte, + He _wite_ houre soule from then heuele wiȝtte. + +And in the French Romance of Kyng Horn, MS. Harl. 527, f. 72, b. c. 2. + + Ben iurez _Wite God_, kant auerez beu tant, + Kant le vin uus eschaufe, si seez si iurant. + +Wite, Witen, _v._ S. [_witan_, cognoscere] to know, 367, 625, 2201, +2786; to recollect, 2708. _Wite_, _pr. t. pl. 2 p._ know, 2808; _imp. 3 +p. wite_, know, 517. _Wite_, _3 p. s. subj._ (if) he know, 694. _Witen_, +_pr. t. pl. 2 p._ know, 2208. _See_ Wot. + +With, _conj._ _See_ Wit. + +With, _n._ _See_ Wicth. + +With, _adj._ _See_ Wicth. + +With, _adj._ S. white, 48, 1144. + +With-sitten, _v._ S. to oppose, 1683. R. Br., Web. + +Wlf, _n._ S. wolf, 573. + +Wluine, _n._ S. she-wolf, 573. Dan. _ulfinde_, a she-wolf. + +Wman. _See_ Wimman. + +Wnden, _part. pa._ S. wound, 546. + +Wo, _pron._ S. who, whoso, 76, 79, &c. _See_ Hwo. + +Wo, _n._ S. woe, sorrow, 510, &c. + +Wod, _adj._ S. mad, 508, 1777, 1848, &c. _Wode_, _pl._ 1896, 2361. + +Wok, _pa. t._ S. awoke, 2093. + +Wol. _See_ Wel. + +Wole, will, 1150. _Wolde_, _would_, 354, 367, &c. _Wode_, 951, 2310. +_Wolden_, _pl._ 456, 514, 1057. + +Wombes, _n. pl._ S. bellies, 1911. + +Wom so, _pron._ S. whomso, 197. + +Won, Wone, great number, plenty, in phr. _ful god won_, in great +quantity (_in_ 1791 _it seems to mean_ with great force), 1024, 1791, +1837, 1907, 2325, 2617, 2729. R. Gl., Horn Childe, ap. Rits. M. R., +V. 3, p. 308, 314; R. Cœur de L. 3747; K. Alisaund, 1468; K. of Tars, +635; Minot, p. 14; Chauc. _Wane_, Yw. and Gaw. 1429; _Wayn_, Wall. viii. +947. Cf. Gl. to _Will. of Palerne_. + +Wone, _n._ S. (probably the same as _ween_, Sir Tr. p. 59, 78), opinion, +conjecture, 1711, 1972. Cf. l. 816, and the Glossaries, in v. _Wene_. + +Wone, _v._ S. to dwell, 247, 406. _Woneth_, _pr. t. 3 p._ dwelleth, 105. + +Wone, _part. pa._ wont, 2151, 2297. K. Horn, 36; R. Gl. Chron. of Engl. +632; Web., Chauc. [A.S. _wune_, a custom.] + +Wonges, _n. pl._ S. fields, plains, 397, 1444. Cf. l. 1360. Spelman +thinks arable land is meant by the term, rather than pasture. + +Wore, _2 and 3 p. s._ were, 504, 684, &c. _Wore_, _Woren_, _pl._ 237, +448, &c. It is not merely a licentious spelling, as conjectured by Sir +W. Scott. + +Worþe, _v._ S. _imp._ may he be, 1102, 2873. _Wrth_, 434. _Wurþe_, 2221. +Laȝam. l. 28333. Sir Tr. p. 49, and all the Gloss., including Lynds. + +Wosseyled. _See_ Wesseylen. + +Wot, Woth, _pr. t. 1 p._ S. know, 119, 213, 653, 1345, &c. _Wost_, _pr. +t. 2 p._ knowest, 527, 582, 1384, &c. _Woth_, _pr. t. 3 p._ knows, 2527. +_Wot_, _pl. 1 p._ know, 2803. _Wat_, _part. pa._ known, 1674. + +Wowe. _See_ Wawe. + +Wrathe, _n._ S. wrath, anger, 2719, 2977. _See_ Wroth. + +Wreieres, _n. pl._ S. betrayers, spoilers, 39. + + The _wraiers_ that weren in halle, + Schamly were thai schende. + + _Sir Tristr._ p. 190. + +Wreken, _v._ S. to avenge, revenge, 327, 1901. _Wreke_, _imp._ revenge +(thou), 1363. _Wreken_ (_miswritten for_ wreke), _3 p. imp._ 544. +_Wreke_, _pr. pl. subj._ 1884. _Wreke_, _Wreken_, _part. pa._ revenged, +2368, 2849, 2992. Sir Tr. p. 190, &c. + +Wringen, _v._ S. to wring, 1233. + +Writ, _n._ S. writing, 2486. _Writes_, _pl._ writs, letters, 136, 2275. +_See_ note to l. 136. + +Wrobberes, _n. pl._ S. robbers, 39. + +Wros, _n. pl._ corners, 68. So in the _Leg. of S. Margrete_, quoted by +Dr Leyden: + + Sche seiȝe a wel fouler thing + Sitten in a _wro_; + +which Jamieson aptly derives from the Su.-G. _wraa_, angulus. Cf. Dan. +_vraa_, a nook, corner. + +Wroth, _adj._ S. wrath, angry, 1117. _Wroþe_, 2973. _See_ Wrathe. + +Wrouht, _pa. t._ S. wrought, 2810. _Wrouth_, 1352. _Wrowht_, 2453. + +Wrth. _See_ Worthe. + +Wunde, _n._ S. wound, 1980, 2673, &c. _Wounde_, 1978. _Wundes_, _pl._ +1845, 1898, 1986. _Woundes_, 1977, &c. + +Wurþe. _See_ Worþe. + + +Y, _pron._ I. _See_ Ich. + +Ya, _adv._ S. yea, yes, 1888, 2009, 2607. _Ye_, 2606. _See_ Rits. note +to Yw. and Gaw. l. 43. In l. 2009, we should probably have found _yis_ +in a more southern work. See the note to _ȝis_ in Gl. to _Will. of +Palerne_. The distinction between _no_ (l. 1800) and _nay_ (l. 1136) is +rightly made. + +Yaf. _See_ Yeue. + +Yare, _adj._ S. ready, 1391, 2788, 2954. Sir Tr. p. 28; Rits. M. R., +Web., Chauc., Gl. Lynds. + +Yaren, _v._ S. to make ready, 1350. This word in all the Gloss. has the +form of _Yarken_. + +Yede, _pa. t._ S. went, 6, 774, 821, &c. _Yeden_, _pa. t. pl._ 889, 952. + +Yeft. _See_ Giue. + +Yelde, _v._ S. to yield, 2712; _imp. 3 p._ requite, 803. Very common +formerly in this sense. _Yeld_, _imp._ yield (thou), 2717. + +Yeme, _v._ S. to take charge of, govern, 131, 172, 182, 324, &c. +_Yemede_, _pa. t._ governed, 975, 2276. Sir Tr. p. 115, Rits. M. R., +Web., R. Gl., Chauc. + +Yen. _See_ Agen. + +Yerne, _adv._ S. eagerly, anxiously, 153, 211, 880, 925. Web., Rits. +M. R., Chauc. + +Yerne, _v._ S. to desire earnestly, 299. Laȝam. l. 4427. K. Horn, 1419; +R. Br., Chauc., Gl. Lynds. + +Yete, _adv._ S. yet, 495, 973, 996, 1043. + +Yeue, _v._ S. to give, 298, &c. _Yeueth_, _pr. t. 3 p._ giveth, 459. +_Yif_, _imp._ give (thou), 674; _3 p._ _yeue_, 22; _pl._ _yeueþ_, 911. +_Yaf_, _pa. t._ gave, _or_ gave heed, 315, 419, &c. _Gaf_, 218, 418, +1311, &c. _Gouen_, _pa. t. pl._ 164 (in phr. _gouen hem ille_, gave +themselves up to grief); Sir Tr. p. 129. _Giue_, _part. pa._ 2488; +_gouen_, 220. _Youenet_ = _Youen it_, given it, 1643. For _yaf_ in +l. 1174, see note on the line. + +Y-here. _See_ Here, _v._ + +Yif, _prep._ S. if, 126, 377, 1974, &c. _Yf_, 1189. + +Yif. _See_ Yeue. + +Y-lere. _See_ Lere. + +Ynow. _See_ Inow. + +Youenet. _See_ Yeue. + +Ys. _See_ note to l. 1174. + +Yuel, Yuele. _See_ Iuele. + +Yunge, _adj._ S. young, 368, &c. + +Yure, _pron._ S. your, 171. + + + + +INDEX OF NAMES TO “HAUELOK.” + + [Transcriber’s Note: + The following bracketed paragraph is in the original. This e-text + does not include page numbers, but listed names can easily be found + by a text search. For line references, note that printed line numbers + go by multiples of 4.] + +[In this Index, the references under words in large capitals are in +general to the _pages_ of the book; otherwise, the references are to the +_lines_ of the poem.] + + + ATHELWOLD (_spelt_ Aþelwald, l. 1077), is king of England, and + governs wisely, pp. 2, 3; + feels he is dying, p. 4; + bequeaths his daughter to the care of Godrich, pp. 6, 7; + dies, p. 8. + (Mentioned again in ll. 2709, 2803.) + + Auelok, _another spelling of_ Hauelok, 1395, 1793. + + + BERNARD BRUN (i.e. Bernard Brown; so called in ll. 1751, 1945), + provides a supper for Havelok, p. 48; + his house attacked by thieves, p. 49; + fights against them, p. 52; + tells Ubbe how well Havelok fought, p. 54. + + BERTRAM (_named_ in l. 2898), + is cook to the Earl of Cornwall, and employs Havelok, pp. 27, 28; + is made Earl of Cornwall, and marries Levive, Grim’s daughter, + p. 83. + + BIRKABEYN (spelt Bircabein, l. 494); + _gen._ Birkabeynes, 2150, 2209, 2296, + is king of Denmark, p. 11; + commends his three children to Godard, p. 12; + dies, p. 13; + his son Havelok’s resemblance to him, p. 60. + + + Cestre (Chester), 2607, 2859, 2896. + + Cornwayle (Cornwall), 178, 2908; + Cornwalie, 884. + + Crist, 16, &c.; + --krist, 22; + _gen._ kristes, 2797. + + + Dauy, seint, 2863. + + Denemark (Denmark), 340, 381, 386, &c. + + Denshe, _sing. adj._ Danish, 1403; + _pl._ 2575, 2693, 2938. + Danshe, 2689. + + Douere (Dover), 139, 265. + Doure, 320. + + + Engelond (England), 59, 202, 250, &c.; + --Engellond, 1093; + --Engelonde, 208; + --Englond, 1270; + --Engeland, 108, 610; + --Hengelond, 999; + _gen._ Engelondes, 63. + + Englishe, _pl. adj._ (_followed by_ men), 2766, 2795; + --Englis (_used absolutely_), 254; + --Henglishe, 2945. + + + Giffin [_Qu._ Griffin] Galle, 2029. + + GODARD (_gen._ Godardes, l. 2415), + is made regent of Denmark, pp. 12, 13; + shuts up Birkabeyn’s children in a castle, p. 13; + kills Swanborow and Helfled, p. 15; + spares Havelok, p. 16; + but afterwards hires Grim to drown Havelok, p. 17; + is attacked by Havelok, p. 67; + is taken prisoner, p. 68; + condemned, flayed, drawn, and hung, pp. 70, 71. + + GODRICH (_spelt_ Godrigh, l. 178), + is Earl of Cornwall, p. 6; + is made regent of England, pp. 7, 8, 9; + shuts Goldborough up in Dover castle, p. 10; + makes Goldborough marry Havelok, p. 33; + raises an army against Havelok, p. 72; + excites his men, p. 73; + marches to Grimsby, p. 74; + fights with Ubbe, p. 75; + fights with Havelok, pp. 77, 78; + is taken prisoner, p. 78; + taken to Lincoln, and burnt alive, pp. 80, 81. + + GOLDEBORU (_or_ Goldeborw, l. 2985), + is daughter of King Athelwold, p. 4; + is committed to the care of Godrich, pp. 8, 9; + shut up in Dover castle, p. 11; + is sent for to Lincoln, p. 33; + is married to Havelok, p. 36; + hears an angel’s voice, p. 39; + encourages Havelok to go to Denmark, p. 41; + rejoices at Godrich’s death, p. 81; + is queen of England, p. 85. + _See_ Havelok. + + GRIM, a fisher, is hired by Godard to drown Havelok, p. 17; + discovers Havelok to be the right heir to the crown, p. 19; + takes Havelok over to England, p. 20; + founds Grimsby, p. 23; + sends Havelok to Lincoln, p. 26; + dies, p. 37. + [In l. 2333, there seems to be an allusion to a spectacle, in which + the history of Grim is represented.] + + Grimes, _gen. c. of_ Grim, 1343, 1392, 2867. + + Grimesbi, 745, 2540, 2579, 2617, 2619; + --Grimesby, 1202. + + Gunnild (daughter of Grim, marries Earl Reyner of Chester), + 2866, 2896. + + Gunter (an English earl), 2606. + + + HAUELOK, son of king Birkabeyn of Denmark, p. 13; + spared by Godard, p. 16; + but given over by him to Grim to be drowned, p. 17; + spared and fed by Grim, p. 20; + goes to England, p. 22; + sells fish, p. 25; + works as a porter, p. 27; + puts the stone, p. 31; + marries Goldborough, p. 35; + returns to Grimsby, p. 36; + his dream, p. 39; + returns to Denmark, p. 43; + trades there, p. 44; + is noticed by Ubbe, p. 45; + defends Bernard’s house against thieves, pp. 48-53; + is known to be heir of Denmark by a miraculous light, p. 60; + is dubbed knight by Ubbe, p. 65; + is king of Denmark, p. 66; + defeats Godard, p. 68; + invades England, p. 72; + defeats Godrich, p. 77; + rewards Bertram and others, p. 82; + lives to be a hundred years old, p. 83; + is crowned king of England at London, p. 84; + is king for sixty years, p. 85. + [The story is called “þe gest of Hauelok and of Goldeborw,” + l. 2985.] + + Helfled (Havelok’s sister), 411. + + Hengelonde (England), 999. + + Henglishe (_pl._ English), 2945. + + Humber (the river), 733. + + Huwe Rauen (one of Grim’s sons), 1398, 1868, 2349, 2636, 2677; + _spelt_ Hwe, 1878. + + + Iohan, seint; the patron saint to whom Havelok commits his Danes, + 2957; + bi seint Iohan! 1112, 2563. + _Spelt_ Ion, 177. + + Iudas, 319, 425, 1133. + + + Lazarun (= Lazarum, _acc._ of Lazarus), 331. + Cf. “Lord”--said Guy--“that reared _Lazaroun_,” &c. + Guy of Warwick, in Ellis, Met. Rom. (ed. Halliwell), p. 227. + + Leue (Grim’s wife), 558, 576, 595, 642. + + Leuiue (Grim’s daughter, married to Bertram), 2914. + + Lincolne, 773, 847, 862, 980, 1105, 2558, 2572, 2824. + + Lindeseye (N. part of Lincolnshire), 734. + + Lundone (London), 2943. + + + Marz (March), 2559. + + + Reyner (earl of Chester), 2607. + + Roberd þe rede (Grim’s eldest son), 1397, 1686, 1888, &c.; + --Robert, 2405, 2411, &c.; + _gen._ Roberdes, 1691. + + Rokesborw (explained by Prof. Morley to mean Rokeby, but it is surely + Roxburgh), 265; + --Rokesburw, 139. + Roxburgh is spelt _Rokesburgh_ in Walsingham, ed. Riley, i. 340, &c. + + + Sathanas (Satan), 1100, 1134, 2512. + + Swanborow (Havelok’s sister), 411. + + + UBBE, a great Danish lord, p. 44; + entertains Havelok, p. 45; + takes him to his castle, p. 57; + does homage to Havelok, p. 63; + dubs him knight, p. 65; + his combat with Godrich, p. 75; + is sorely wounded, p. 76. + + + Willam Wendut (one of Grim’s sons), 1690, 1881, 1892, 2348, 2632; + --Wiliam Wenduth, 1398. + + Winchestre, 158, 318. + + + Yerk (York), 1178. + + Ynde, India, 1085. + + + + +JOHN CHILDS AND SON, PRINTERS. + + + * * * * * + * * * * + + +ERRORS AND INCONSISTENCIES: + +_Multiple Texts:_ + +This book exists in at least two forms, distinguished by minor +differences in the modern (1868) material. The title page(s), +verso and introduction give no hint that there were any changes or +additions; references to the “former” and “present” edition are to +Madden alone (Roxburghe, 1828) contrasted with Skeat (EETS, 1868). For +convenience the two 1868 variants will be called “preliminary” and +“final”. The 1975 reprint used the “final” version. + +Anglo-Saxon diphthongs are written as eá, eó with stress on second +vowel. The form “hung” (with the meaning “hanged”) is used consistently. + + +_Preface:_ + + § 7: + ‘Apres ceo vient [_open quote invisible_] + § 9: + Seuene an tuenti fulle ȝer.’ / MS. Reg. 12. C. xii. + [_close quote printed after MS name_] + § 13: + (the Latin text, viz. MSS. Harl. 655, Cott. Jul. E. 8, Reg. 13 E. 1) + [_close parenthesis missing_] + § 18: + In his MSS. collections [“In his...] + he proceeds: / “that Hauelocke did sometymes + [_in the original, the quoted passage begins at mid-paragraph + in smaller type_] + § 22: + his five children are yet alive [_inconsistent tense in original_] + § 27: + _Nouns._ ... _bleikè_ + [_è conjectural: printed text unclear_] + § 28: + Here the syllables _-nes and_ in l. 3, _of a_ in l. 4, and _it wile_ + in l. 5 [_printed as shown: errors for ll. 2, 3, 4_] + [Footnote 41] + _sawe_, _wowe_; _beþe_, _rede_; _knaue_, _plawe_; _sawe_, _hawe_ + [_printed commas changed to semicolons for consistency_] + [Footnote 43] + 1083, 1289, 1685, 2431 [_comma after 1289 invisible_] + § 29 + [Section C.1] + ... various grammatical inflexions:-- + [_paragraph break added by transcriber_] + [Section 3.d] + Observe hated = hated_e_, 40. [_final . missing_] + þinë cherlës, þinë hinë, 620; [_printed . for ;_] + each foot has _two_ or _three_ syllables in it [sylalbles] + +_Emendations:_ + + p. 20, l. 640. For _ney_ ... [_text has 60 for 640_] + + p. 24, l. 784. Perhaps we should, however, read _se-weren_, and the + note on the line (p. 93) may be wrong. See _Weren_ in the Glossary. + [_The preliminary version of the Emendations reads:_ + ... Perhaps there should be no stop in the line, and ... + _There are no differences in the body text or Note._] + + Also, _Greting_ is wrongly placed before _Gres_. + [_This and the remainder of the Emendations-- _Hal_, _Shoten_ + (_Schoten_), _Teyte_, _Bise_-- are missing from the preliminary + version._] + +_HAVELOK:_ + + [_sidenote line numbers refer to their location in the e-text_] + + [307 sidenote] + My son shall have England.” [_close quote missing_] + [452 sidenote] + [Fol. 206b, col. 1.] [col 1.] + [1377] + Þat ihc haue ther-offe douthe and kare, [_see Glossary_] + [2897 sidenote] + Havelok remembers Bertram, the earl’s cook, + [_comma after “cook” missing_] + +_Notes:_ + + 31. ... Pinkerton’s Scotish Poems Reprinted [_not an error_] + 939. ... “a coarse reedy shrub--like ours perhaps” + [_i.e. the kind we have in Suffolk (quoting Moor)_] + --. Isl. _staer_ [_unchanged: error for “stær”?_] + 1838. ... Dogges, that wolden him to-tere. + [_text has superfluous closing bracket at end of line_] + 2927. _Hire that was ful swete in bedde._] + [_mismatched closing bracket in original_] + +_Glossary:_ + + [_A number of Glossary entries are missing the part of speech, + usually _n._ They have not been individually noted._] + + [Abbreviations] + Su. G. Suio-Gothic. + [_unchanged: Glossary always hyphenates “Su.-G.” or “Su.-Goth.”_] + + Al, _adv._ S. wholly, entirely, 34, 70, 139, 203, &c. + Al, _adj._ S. all, 203, 264, &c. + [_entries unchanged: “al” occurs only once in 203_] + Als, Also, Also + [_unchanged: error for two words “Al so”?_] + And, _conj._ if, 2862. [_“if” italicized_] + Aute, Awcte [_alphabetization may be intentional_] + Bise ... [_line number added from Emendations (final version only)_] + Datheit, _interj._ ... [from the O.F. _hait_, pleasure]. + [_In the preliminary version, the bracketed addition reads + “possibly from _haïr_, to hate”._] + Dunten, _pa. t. pl._ S. struck, beat, 2448. [_see Emendations_] + Greting, _n._ S. weeping, 166. + [_see Emendations (final version only)_] + Hal ... + [_bracketed text added from Emendations (final version only)_] + Halue ... _See_ Bi-halue. + [_cross-referenced entry is one word “Bihalue”_] + Hul, _n._ S. hollow, i.e. vale, 2687. [_. after 2687 invisible_] + Hwil-gat ... _Howgates_, Skinner. [_final . missing_] + Keft ... _See_ Sure _and_ Coupe. + [_no Glossary entry for “Sure” or similar_] + Ladde, _n._ S. lad, 1786. [_period after 1786 missing_] + Lene ... _Yw. and Gaw._ 737. [_final . missing_] + Liue ... _See_ On-liue. + [_entry is two words “On liue” under “On”_] + Loken ... [_bracketed text added from Emendations_] + Offrende, Dan. Fr. offering, 1386. [_final . missing_] + Pastees ... Al of _pasteiis_ beth the walles. + [_The preliminary version has the apparent error “_pasteüs_”._] + Pyment, _n._ B.L. [_unchanged: usual form is “B. Lat.”_] + Rathe, _v._ S. [_rædan_] to advise [_text has “raedan”_] + Schoten, Shoten ... + [_bracketed text added from Emendations (final version only)_] + Seken ... Sire, we ben knizttes fer i-fare + [_unchanged: z error for ȝ?_] + Shamelike ... Sir Tr. p. 93. [_final . missing_] + Spille ... _Of limes spille_ [_quoted “Of” not italicized_] + Teyte ... + [_second (shorter) bracketed section added from Emendations + (final version only)_] + Umbistode ... _See_ Bistode, Stonden. + [_no Glossary entry for “Bistode” or similar_] + Weren ... + [_The preliminary version is printed without brackets but is + otherwise identical._] + Wrathe ... _See_ Wroth. [_final . missing_] + +_Index of Names:_ + + BIRKABEYN (spelt Bircabein, l. 494); + _gen._ Birkabeynes, 2150, 2209, 2296, + [_closing parenthesis printed after 2296 in second line_] + + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Lay of Havelok the Dane, by Unknown + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE LAY OF HAVELOK THE DANE *** + +***** This file should be named 32049-0.txt or 32049-0.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/3/2/0/4/32049/ + +Produced by Louise Hope, Taavi Kalju and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This +book was produced from scanned images of public domain +material from the Google Print project.) + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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Thus, we do not necessarily +keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition. + + +Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility: + + https://www.gutenberg.org + +This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, +including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary +Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to +subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. diff --git a/32049-0.zip b/32049-0.zip Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..968e4ea --- /dev/null +++ b/32049-0.zip diff --git a/32049-8.txt b/32049-8.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f31cdbb --- /dev/null +++ b/32049-8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,13184 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Lay of Havelok the Dane, by Unknown + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: The Lay of Havelok the Dane + +Author: Unknown + +Editor: Frederic Madden + Walter William Skeat + +Release Date: April 19, 2010 [EBook #32049] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE LAY OF HAVELOK THE DANE *** + + + + +Produced by Louise Hope, Taavi Kalju and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This +book was produced from scanned images of public domain +material from the Google Print project.) + + + + + + +[This text is intended for users whose text readers cannot use the +"real" (Unicode/UTF-8) version of the file. Characters that could not +be fully displayed have been "unpacked" and shown in brackets: + + [Gh] [gh] yogh (only in notes) + [w] wynn (only in notes, see below for italicized form) + [s] [] long "s", accented "" (both rare, only in notes) + [-a] vowel with overline (rare) + [oe] oe ligature + +One Greek phrase has been transliterated and is shown between #marks#. +The letter thorn , used in both notes and body text, is unchanged. + +The original book (EETS E.S. 4, 1868, ed. Skeat) exists in at least two +forms. See Errata section at the end of the e-text for details. + +In the main text, footnotes are grouped at the end of text sections. +Most headnotes have similarly been moved to the nearest break in the +text. Sidenotes keep their original starting point, but are collected +into full sentences. + +_Typography:_ + +Large initial capitals are shown with a single leading + to avoid +"breaking" the text: + + +Herknet to me, gode men + Wiues, maydnes, and alle men ... + +Italicized letters representing expanded contractions are shown in +br{ac}es. All other italics are shown conventionally with _lines_; this +includes italicized _w_, used by the editor for wynn [w]. If you find +the braces distracting you may delete them globally; they are not used +for any other purpose. + +A few French passages in the Preface use a trailing tilde ~, as in the +word "q~". In the original, the ~ was attached to the preceding letter, +but not directly above it. Superscript letters are shown with a caret ^. + +Square brackets are in the original except those in standard formulas +such as [Footnote] or [Transcriber's Note].] + + + + + THE LAY OF + HAVELOK THE DANE. + + + Early English Text Society. + Extra Series. No. IV. + 1868. + + + + + Dublin: William McGee, 18, Nassau Street. + Edinburgh: T. G. Stevenson, 22, South Frederick Street. + Glasgow: Ogle & Co., 1, Royal Exchange Square. + Berlin: Asher & Co., Unter den Linden, 20. + New York: C. Scribner & Co.; Leypoldt & Holt. + Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott & Co. + Boston, U.S.: Dutton & Co. + + + + + +The Lay of+ + + +HAVELOK THE DANE:+ + + + Composed in the Reign of Edward I, about A.D. 1280. + + Formerly Edited by Sir F. Madden for the Roxburghe Club, + + And now Re-Edited from the Unique Ms. Laud Misc. 108, + in the Bodleian Library, Oxford; + + by the + + REV. WALTER W. SKEAT, M.A., + + Author of "A M[oe]so-Gothic Glossary," Editor of "Piers Plowman," + "William of Palerne," &c. + + +[Illustration: Seal of Great Grimsby] + + + LONDON: + Published For The Early English Text Society, + By N. Trbner & Co., 60, Paternoster Row. + + MDCCCLXVIII. + + + + + +Extra Series,+ + IV. + + John Childs and Son, Printers. + + + + +CONTENTS. + + + TITLEPAGE. The engraving represents the seal of Great Grimsby, + described in 19 of the Preface, p.xxi. + + PREFACE. 1. The former edition of 1828. 2. The present + edition. 3.Plan of this edition. 4.Notices of the story by + Early Writers: the longer French Version. 5.The shorter + French Version. 6.Peter de Langtoft (1307). 7.Rauf de Boun + (1310). 8.ABrief Genealogy, Herald's Coll. MS. (ab. 1310). + 9.Metrical Chronicle (ab. 1313). 10.Robert of Brunne + (1338); ed. Hearne. 11.Robert of Brunne; Lambeth MS. + 12.French Prose "Brute" (1332). 13. English Prose "Brute," + MS. Harl. 2279. 14.Gray's Scala Cronica (ab. 1360). + 15.Eulogium Historiarum (1366). 16.Henry de Knyghton + (1395); Warner (1586); Webster (1617). 17.Danish traditions. + 18.Lincolnshire traditions. 19.Seal of Great Grimsby. + 20.Sketch of the French "Lai." 21.Gaimar's abridgment. + 22.Sketch of the English Lay. 23.Possible date of + Havelok's reign. 24. Story of "Edwin of Deira." 25.On the + names "Curan" and "Havelok." 26.Description of the MS. + 27.Grammatical forms in the Poem. 28.On the metre. + 29.On the final _-e_, &c. i + + EMENDATIONS, &c. liv + + THE LAY OF HAVELOK 1 + + NOTES TO "HAVELOK" 87 + + GLOSSARIAL INDEX 105 + + INDEX OF NAMES 157 + + + + + [Headnotes: + _The full set has been duplicated here to act as a supplementary + table of contents. Headnotes separated by / were continued across + facing pages._ + + THE GOOD KING ATHELWOLD / + IS KING OVER ALL ENGLAND. + ATHELWOLD IS ABOUT TO DIE. + HE SUMMONS HIS LORDS TO WINCHESTER. + ATHELWOLD SELECTS EARL GODRICH / + TO BE HIS DAUGHTER'S GUARDIAN. + KING ATHELWOLD DIES. + EARL GODRICH TAKES POSSESSION. + GODRICH PLOTS AGAINST HIS WARD. + BIRKABEYN IS KING OF DENMARK. + BIRKABEYN SELECTS EARL GODARD / + TO BE GUARDIAN OF HIS THREE CHILDREN. + GODARD IMPRISONS THE THREE CHILDREN. + GODARD KILLS SWANBORGUGH AND HELFLED. + GODARD SPARES HAVELOK FOR A TIME. + GODARD TELLS GRIM TO DROWN HAVELOK. + HAVELOK IS TAKEN TO GRIM'S COTTAGE. + GRIM SEES THAT HAVELOK IS THE KING'S SON. + GRIM AND HIS WIFE FEED HAVELOK. + GRIM SAYS HE HAS DROWNED HAVELOK. + GRIM SETS SAIL FOR ENGLAND. + GRIM FOUNDS THE TOWN OF GRIMSBY. + HAVELOK DOES NOT LIKE BEING IDLE. + HAVELOK SELLS FISH LIKE THE BEST. + HAVELOK GOES TO LINCOLN TO GET WORK. + HE HELPS THE EARL OF CORNWALL'S COOK. + HAVELOK IS HIRED BY THE EARL'S COOK. + HE CUTS WOOD, AND DRAWS WATER. + HAVELOK GROWS VERY TALL AND STRONG. + HE SEES SOME MEN "PUTTING THE STONE." + HE "PUTS THE STONE" FURTHER THAN ANY. + GODRICH HEARS OF HAVELOK'S STRENGTH. + GOLDBOROUGH IS SENT FOR TO LINCOLN. + GODRICH ASKS HAVELOK IF HE WILL MARRY. + HAVELOK RESOLVES TO GO TO GRIMSBY. + GRIM'S CHILDREN WELCOME HAVELOK. + GOLDBOROUGH SEES THE WONDROUS LIGHT. + HAVELOK TELLS HER HIS STRANGE DREAM. + SHE SAYS HAVELOK WILL BE A GREAT KING. + HAVELOK PRAYS FOR VENGEANCE ON GODARD. + HAVELOK ADDRESSES GRIM'S THREE SONS. + HE ASKS THEM TO GO WITH HIM TO DENMARK. + HAVELOK GIVES UBBE A GOLD RING. + UBBE INVITES HAVELOK TO A FEAST. + UBBE TAKES A GREAT FANCY TO HAVELOK. + UBBE SENDS HAVELOK TO BERNARD. + A GANG OF THIEVES BESET BERNARD'S HOUSE. + THREE OF THE THIEVES ATTACK HAVELOK. + HAVELOK SLAYS SEVEN OF THE THIEVES. + THE THIEVES SHOOT AT HIM FROM A DISTANCE. + HUGH AND THE REST COME TO THE RESCUE. + ALL THE SIXTY THIEVES ARE SLAIN. + UBBE ASKS BERNARD WHAT HAS HAPPENED. + BERNARD RELATES HAVELOK'S PROWESS. + THE OTHERS CONFIRM BERNARD'S STORY. + UBBE SENDS FOR HAVELOK AND TAKES HIM TO HIS CASTLE. + UBBE SEES THE MIRACULOUS LIGHT / + WHICH ISSUES FROM HAVELOK'S MOUTH. + THE LIGHT SHOWS THAT HAVELOK IS THE HEIR. + UBBE SAYS HAVELOK SHALL BE KING. + UBBE RELATES HAVELOK'S HISTORY. + UBBE DOES HOMAGE TO HAVELOK. + ALL SWEAR TO BE FAITHFUL TO HAVELOK. + UBBE DUBS HAVELOK A KNIGHT. + HAVELOK IS MADE KING OF DENMARK. + HAVELOK GOES TO SEEK OUT GODARD. + GODARD'S MEN ARE BEATEN. + GODARD IS BOUND AND LED TO HAVELOK. + HE IS CONDEMNED TO BE HUNG. + GODARD IS FLAYED ALIVE AND HUNG. + GODRICH RAISES AN ARMY AGAINST HAVELOK. + GODRICH EXCITES THE ENGLISH AGAINST HAVELOK. + THE ENGLISH MARCH TO GRIMSBY. + COMBAT BETWEEN UBBE AND GODRICH. + GODRICH DISPLAYS GREAT PROWESS. + COMBAT BETWEEN GODRICH AND HAVELOK. + GODRICH IS BOUND AND FETTERED. + THE ENGLISH SUBMIT TO GOLDBOROUGH. + GODRICH IS CONDEMNED TO BE BURNT. + THE EARL OF CHESTER MARRIES GUNILD. + HAVELOK REMEMBERS BERTRAM'S KINDNESS. + BERTRAM MARRIES GRIM'S SECOND DAUGHTER. + HAVELOK IS CROWNED KING OF ENGLAND. + SUCH IS THE "GESTE" OF HAVELOK. + SAY A PATERNOSTER FOR THE AUTHOR.] + + + + +PREFACE. + + + 1. The English version of the Lay of Havelok, now here reprinted, is +one of the few poems that have happily been recovered, after having long +been given up as lost. Tyrwhitt, in his Essay on the Language and +Versification of Chaucer, has a footnote (No. 51) deploring the loss of +the Rime concerning Gryme the Fisher, the founder of Grymesby, Hanelok +[_read_ Havelok] the Dane, and his wife Goldborough; and Ritson, in his +Dissertation on Romance and Minstrelsy--(vol.i. p.lxxxviii. of his +Metrical Romances)--makes remarks to the same effect. It was at length, +however, discovered by accident in a manuscript belonging to the +Bodleian library, which had been described in the old Catalogue merely +as _Vit Sanctorum_, a large portion of it being occupied by metrical +legends of the Saints. In 1828, it was edited for the Roxburghe Club by +Sir F.Madden, the title-page of the edition being as follows:-- "The +Ancient English Romance of Havelok the Dane, accompanied by the French +Text: with an introduction, notes, and a glossary, by Frederick Madden, +Esq., F.A.S. F.R.S.L., Sub-Keeper of the MSS. in the British Museum. +Printed for the Roxburghe Club, London. W.Nicol, Shakspeare Press, +MDCCCXXVIII." This volume contains a very complete Introduction, +pp.i-lvi; the English version of Havelok, pp.1-104; the French text of +the Romance of Havelok, from a MS. in the Heralds' College, pp.105-146; +the French Romance of Havelok, as abridged and altered by Geffrei +Gaimar, pp.147-180; notes to the English text, pp.181-207; notes to +the French text, pp.208-210; and a glossary, &c., pp.211-263. But +there are sometimes bound up with it two pamphlets, viz. "Remarks on the +Glossary to Havelok," by S.W. Singer, and an "Examination of the +Remarks, &c.," by the Editor of Havelok. In explanation of this, it may +suffice to say, that the former contains some criticisms by Mr Singer +(executed in a manner suggestive of an officious wish to display +superior critical acumen), of which a few are correct, but others are +ludicrously false; whilst the latter is a vindication of the general +correctness of the explanations given, and contains, incidentally, some +valuable contributions to our general etymological knowledge, and +various remarks which have proved of service in rendering the glossary +in the present edition more exactly accurate.[1] + + [Footnote 1: In particular, we find there a complete proof, + supported by some fifty examples, that, _as_ can be traced, + through the forms _ase_, _als_, _alse_, _also_, to the A.S. + _eall-swa_; a proof, that in the difficult phrase _lond and + lithe_, the word _lithe_ [also spelt _lede_, _lude_] is equivalent + to the French _tenement_, _rente_, or _fe_; and, thirdly, a + complete refutation of Mr Singer's extraordinary notion that the + adverb _swithe_ means _a sword_!] + + + 2. Owing to the scarcity of copies of this former edition, the +committee of the Early English Text Society, having first obtained the +approval of Sir Frederic Madden, resolved upon issuing a reprint of it; +and Sir Frederic having expressed a wish that the duty of seeing it +through the press should be entrusted to myself, I gladly undertook that +responsibility. He has kindly looked over the revises of the whole +work,[2] but as it has undergone several modifications, it will be the +best plan to state in detail what these are. + + [Footnote 2: In the same way, _William of Palerne_ was prepared + by me for the press, subject to his advice; see _William of + Palerne_, Introduction, p.ii.] + + + 3. With respect to the text, the greatest care has been taken to +render it, as nearly as can be represented in print, an exact copy of +the MS. The text of the former edition is exceedingly correct, and the +alterations here made are few and of slight importance. Sir F.Madden +furnished me with some, the results of a re-comparison, made by himself, +of his printed copy with the original; besides this, I have myself +carefully read the proof sheets with the MS. _twice_, and it may +therefore be assumed that the complete correctness of the text is +established. It seems to me that this is altogether the most important +part of the work of a _Text_ Society, in order that the student may +never be perplexed by the appearance of words having no real existence. +For a like reason the letters and [w] (the latter of which I have +represented by an italic _w_) have now been inserted wherever they +occur, and the expansions of abbreviations are now denoted by italics. +For further remarks upon the text, see the description of the MS. below, +26. Sidenotes and headlines have been added, but the numbering of the +lines has not been altered. The French text of the romance, the title of +which is _Le Lai de Aveloc_, and the abridgment of the story by Geffrei +Gaimar, have not been here reprinted; the fact being, that the French +and English versions differ very widely, and that the passages of the +French which really correspond to the English are few and short. _All_ +of these will be found in the Notes, in their proper places, and it was +also deemed the less necessary to print the French text, because it is +tolerably accessible; for it may be found either in vol.i. of Monumenta +Historica Britannica, ed. Petrie, 1848, in the reprint by M.Michel +(1833) entitled "Le Lai d'Havelok," or in the edition by Mr T. Wright +for the Caxton Society, 1850. An abstract of it is given at p.xxiii. +The Notes are abridged from Sir F. Madden's, with but a very few +additions by myself, which are distinguished by being placed within +square brackets. The Glossarial Index is, for the most part, reprinted +from Sir F. Madden's Glossary, but contains a large number of _slight_ +alterations, re-arrangements, and additions. The references have nearly +all been verified,[3] and the few words formerly left unexplained are +now either wholly or partially solved. I have now only to add that a +large portion of the remainder of this preface, especially that which +concerns the historical and traditional evidences of the story (4 to +18), is abridged or copied from Sir F. Madden's long Introduction, +which fairly exhausts the subject.[4] All extracts included between +marks of quotation are taken from it without alteration. But I must be +considered responsible for the rearrangement of the materials, and I +have added a few remarks from other sources. + + [Footnote 3: I say _nearly_, because I have not been able to + verify _every_ reference to _every_ poem quoted. I have verified + and critically examined all the citations from the _poem itself_, + from Ritson's Romances, Weber's Romances, La[gh]amon, Beowulf, + Chaucer, Langland, and Sir Walter Scott's edition of Sir Tristrem + (3rd edition, 1811).] + + [Footnote 4: To this, the reader is referred for fuller + information.] + + + 4. NOTICES OF THE STORY OF HAVELOK BY EARLY WRITERS. There can be +little doubt that the tradition must have existed from Anglo-Saxon +times, but the earliest mention of it is presented to us in the full +account furnished by the French version of the Romance. Of this there +are two copies, one of which belongs to Sir T. Phillipps; the other is +known as the Arundel or Norfolk MS., and is preserved in the Heralds' +College, where it is marked E.D.N. No. 14; the various editions of the +latter have been already enumerated in 3. This version was certainly +composed within the first half of the twelfth century. From the fact +that it is entitled a _Lai_, and from the assertion of the poet--"Qe vn +_lai_ en firent li Breton"--"whereof the Britons made a lay"--we easily +conclude that it was drawn from a British source. From the evident +connection of the story with the Chronicle called the _Brut_, we may +further conclude that by _Breton_ is not meant Armorican, but belonging +to _Britain_. The story is in no way connected with France; the +tradition is British or Welsh, and the French version was doubtless +written in England by a subject of an English king. That the language is +French is due merely to the accident that the Norman conquerors of +England had acquired that language during their temporary sojourn in +France. From every point of view, whether we regard the British +tradition, the Anglo-Norman version, or the version printed in the +present volume, the story is wholly English. It is not to be connected +too closely with the Armorican lays of Marie _de France_.[5] + + [Footnote 5: "The word Breton, which some critics refer to + Armorica, is here applied to a story of mere English birth." + Hallam; Lit. of Europe, 6th ed. 1860; vol.i. p.36. See the whole + passage.] + + + 5. We next come to the abridgment of the same as made by Geffrei +Gaimar, who wrote between the years 1141 and 1151. In one place, Geffrei +quotes Gildas as his authority, but no conclusion can easily be drawn +from this indefinite reference. In another place, he mentions a feast +given by Havelok after his defeat of Hodulf-- _si cum nus dit la verai +estoire_-- "as the true history tells us." As this feast is not +mentioned in the fuller French version, and yet reappears in the English +text, we perceive that he had some additional source of information; and +this is confirmed by the fact that he mentions several additional +details, also not found in the completer version. That the lay of +Havelok, as found in Gaimar, is really his, and not an interpolation by +a later hand, may fairly be inferred from his repeated allusions to the +story in the body of his work. There are three MS. copies containing +Gaimar's abridgment, of which the best is the Royal MS. (Bibl. Reg. 13 +A. xxi.) in the British Museum; the two others belong respectively to +the Dean and Chapter of Durham (its mark being C.iv. 27) and to the +Dean and Chapter of Lincoln (its mark being H.18). It is curious that +the Norfolk MS. contains not only the fuller French version of the +story, but also the Brut of Wace, and the continuation of it by Gaimar. +Gaimar's abridgment, as printed in Sir F. Madden's edition, is taken +from the Royal MS., supplemented by the Durham and Lincoln MSS. See also +Monumenta Historica Britannica, vol.i. p.764. It is important to +mention that Gaimar speaks of the Danes as having been in Norfolk since +the time that Havelok was King, after he has been relating the combats +between the Britons and the Saxons under the command of Cerdic and +Cynric. Another allusion makes Havelok to have lived long before the +year 800, according to every system of chronology. + + + 6. The next mention of Havelok is in the French Chronicle of Peter de +Langtoft, of Langtoft in Yorkshire, who died early in the reign of +Edward II., and whose Chronicle closes with the death of EdwardI. Here +the only trace of the story is in the mention of "Gountere le pere +Hauelok, de Danays Ray clamez"--Gunter, father of Havelok, called King +of the Danes. The allusion is almost valueless from its evident +absurdity; for he confounds Gunter with the Danish invader defeated by +Alfred, and who is variously called Godrum, Gudrum, Guthrum, or +Gurmound. He must have been thinking, at the moment, of a very different +Gurmund, viz. the King of the Africans, as he is curiously called, whose +terrible devastations are described very fully in La[gh]amon, vol. iii. +pp.156-177, and who may fairly be supposed to have lived much nearer to +the time of Havelok; and he must further have confounded this Gurmund +with Gunter. For the account of Robert of Brunne's translation of +Langtoft's Chronicle, see below, 10. + + + 7. But soon after this, we come to a most curious account. In MS. +Harl. 902 is a late copy, on paper, of a Chronicle called _Le Bruit +Dengleterre_, or otherwise _Le Petit Bruit_, compiled A.D. 1310, by +Meistre Rauf de Boun, at the request of Henry de Lacy, earl of Lincoln. +It is a most worthless compilation, put together in defiance of all +chronology, but with respect to our present inquiry it is full of +interest, as it soon becomes obvious that one of his sources of +information is the very English version here printed, which he cites by +the name of _l'estorie de Grimesby_, and which is thus proved to have +been written before the year 1310. "The Chronicler," says Sir F. Madden, +"commences, as usual, with Brute, B.C. 2000, and after taking us through +the succeeding reigns to the time of Cassibelin, who fought with Julius +Csar, informs us, that after Cassibelin's death came Gurmound out of +Denmark, who claimed the throne as the son of the eldest daughter of +Belin, married to Thorand, King of Denmark. He occupies the kingdom 57 +years, and is at length slain at _Hunteton_, called afterwards from him +_Gurmoundcestre_. He is succeeded by his son Frederick, who hated the +English, and filled his court with Danish nobles, but who is at last +driven out of the country, after having held it for the short space of +71 years. And then, adds this miserable History-monger: 'Et si entendrez +vous, que par cel primer venue de auaunt dit Roy Gormound, et puis par +cele hountoux exil de son fitz Frederik, si fu le rancour de Daneis vers +nous enpendaunt, et le regne par cel primere accion vers nous +enchalangount plus de sept C auns apre, _iekis a la venue Haneloke, fitz +le Roy Birkenebayne de Dannemarche, q~ le regne par mariage entra de sa +femme_.' --f.2b. + +"After a variety of equally credible stories, we come to Adelstan II.[6] +son of Edward [the Elder], who corresponds with the real king of that +name, A.D. 925-941. He is succeeded by his son [brother] Edmund, who +reigned four years [A.D. 941-946], and is said to have been _poisoned_ +at Canterbury; after whom we have ADELWOLD, whose identity with the +Athelwold of the English Romance, will leave no doubt as to the source +whence the writer drew great part of his materials in the following +passage: + + 'Apres ceo vient Adelwold son fitz q~ reigna XVJ et demie, si + engendroit ij feiz et iij filis, dount trestoutz murrirent + frechement fors q~ sa pune file, le out a nom _Goldburgh_, del age + de VJ aunz kaunt son pere Adelwold morust. Cely Roy Adelwold quant + il doit morir, comaunda sa file a garder a vn Count de Cornewayle, + al houre kaunt il quidou~ie (sic) hountousment auoir deparag, + quaunt fit _Haueloke_, fitz le Roy Byrkenbayne de Denmarche, esposer + le, encountre sa volunt, q~ primis fuit Roy Dengleterre et de + Denmarch tout a vn foitz, par quele aliaunce leis Daneis queillerunt + g^{e}ndr~ (sic) mestrie en Engleterre, et long temps puise le + tindrunt, _si cum vous nouncie l'estorie de Grimesby_, come _Grime_ + primez nurist Haueloke en Engleterre, depuis cel houre q'il feut + chas de Denmarche &c. deqis al houre q'il vint au chastelle de + Nichole, q~ cely auauntdit traitre _Goudriche_ out en garde, en quel + chastel il auauntdit Haueloke espousa l'auauntdit Goldeburgh, q~ + fuit heir Dengleterre. Et par cel reson tynt cely Haueloke la terre + de Denmarche auxi comme son heritage, et Engleterre auxi par mariage + de sa femme; et si entendrez vous, q~ par la reson q~ ly auauntdit + Gryme ariua primez, kaunt il amena l'enfaunt Haueloke hors de + Denmarche, par meyme la reson reseut cele vile son nom, de Grime, + quel noun ly tint vnquore Grimisby. + + 'Apres ceo regna meyme cely Haueloke, q~ mult fuit prodhomme, et + droiturelle, et bien demenoit son people en reson et ley. Cel Roy + Haueloke reigna xlj. aunz, si engendroit ix fitz et vij filis, dount + trestoutz murrerount ainz q~ furunt d'age, fors soulement iiij de + ses feitz, dont l'un out a noum Gurmound, cely q~ entendy auoir son + heire en Engleterre; le secound out a noun Knout, quen fitz feffoit + son pere en le regne de Denmarche, quant il estoit del age de xviij + aunz, et ly mesme se tynt a la coroune Dengleterre, quel terre il + entendy al oeps son ainez fitz Gurmound auoir gard. Mes il debusa + son col auxi comme il feu mount vn cheval testous q~ poindre + volleyt, en l'an de son regne xxiij entrant. Le tiers fitz ont a + noun Godard, q~ son pere feffoit de la Seneschacie Dengleterre, q~ + n'auo~ut (sic) taunt come ore fait ly quart. Et le puisnez fitz de + toutz out a noum Thorand, q~ espousa la Countesse de Hertouwe en + Norwey. Et par la reson q~ cely Thorand feut enherit en la terre de + Norwey, ly et ses successours sont enheritez iekis en sa p~ce (sic) + toutdis, puis y auoit affinit de alliaunce entre ceulx de Denmarche + et ceulx de Norwey, a checun venue q~ vnkes firent en ceste terre + pur chalenge ou clayme mettre, iekis a taunt q~ lour accion feut + enseyne destrut par vn noble chevallere _Guy de Warwike_, &c. Et + tout en sy feffoit Haueloke sez quatre fitz: si gist a priorie de + _Grescherche_ en Loundrez.' --f.6b. + +"The _Estorie de Grimesby_ therefore, referred to above, is the +identical English Romance before us, and it is no less worthy of remark, +that the whole of the passage just quoted, with one single variation of +import, has been literally translated by Henry de Knyghton, and inserted +in his Chronicle.[7] Of the sources whence the information respecting +Havelok's sons is derived, we are unable to offer any account, as no +trace of it occurs either in the French or English texts of the story." + + [Footnote 6: "The Chronicler writes of him, f. 6. 'Il feu le + plus beau bacheleir q{e} vnqes reigna en Engleterre, _ceo dit le + Bruit_, par quoy ly lays ly apellerunt _King Adelstane with gilden + kroket_, pour ce q'il feu si beaus.' We have here notice of + another of those curious historical poems, the loss of which can + never be sufficiently deplored. The term _crocket_ (derived by + Skinner from the Fr. _crochet_, uncinulus) points out the period + of the poem's composition, since the fashion alluded to of wearing + those large rolls of hair so called, only arose at the latter end + of Hen. III. reign, and continued through the reign of Edw.I. and + part of his successor's."] + + [Footnote 7: See below, 16.] + + + 8. "About the same time at which Rauf de Boun composed his Chronicle, +was written a brief Genealogy of the British and Saxon Kings, from +Brutus to Edward II., preserved in the same MS. in the Heralds' College +which contains the French text of the Romance. The following curious +rubric is prefixed:-- _La ligne des Bretons et des Engleis, queus il +furent, et de queus nons, et coment Brut vint premerement en Engleterre, +et combien de tens puis, et dont il vint. Brut et Cornelius furent +chevalers chacez de la bataille de Troie, M. CCCC. XVII. anz deuant qe +dieus nasquit, et vindrent en Engleterre, en Cornewaille, et riens ne +fut trouee en la terre fors qe geanz, Geomagog, Hastripoldius, +Ruscalbundy, et plusurs autres Geanz._ In this Genealogy no mention of +Havelok occurs under the reign of Constantine, but after the names of +the Saxon Kings Edbright and Edelwin, we read: 'ATHELWOLD auoit vne +fille _Goldeburgh_, et il regna vi. anz. HAUELOC esposa meisme cele +Goldeburgh, et regna iij. anz. ALFRED le frere le Roi Athelwold enchaca +Haueloc par Hunehere, et il fut le primer Roi corone de l'apostoille, et +il regna xxx. anz.' --fol. 148b. By this account Athelwold is clearly +identified with Ethelbald, King of Wessex, who reigned from 855 to 860, +whilst Havelok is substituted in the place of Ethelbert and Ethered." + + + 9. "Not long after the same period was written a Metrical _Chronicle +of England_, printed by Ritson, Metr. Rom. V.ii. p.270. Two copies are +known to exist,[8] the first concluding with the death of Piers +Gavestone, in 1313 (MS. Reg. 12. C. xii.), and the other continued to +the time of Edw. III. (Auchinleck MS.). The period of Havelok's descent +into England is there ascribed to the reign of King Ethelred (978-1016), +which will very nearly coincide with the period assigned by Rauf de +Boun, viz. A.D. 963-1004." + + '_Haueloc_ com tho to this lond, + With gret host & eke strong, + Ant sloh the Kyng Achelred, + At Westmustre he was ded, + Ah he heuede reigned her + Seuene an tuenti fulle [gh]er.' + + MS. Reg. 12. C. xii. + +"This date differs from most of the others, and appears founded on the +general notion of the Danish invasions during that period." + + [Footnote 8: The poems in MSS. Camb. Univ. Lib. Ff. 5. 48 and + Dd. 14.2 resemble this Chronicle, but do not mention Havelok's + name.] + + + 10. Before proceeding to consider the _prose_ Chronicle of the Brute, +it is better to speak first of the translation of Peter de Langtoft's +Chronicle by Robert of Brunne, a translation which was completed A.D. +1338. At p.25 of Hearne's edition is the following passage: + + '[Gh]it a nother Danes Kyng in the North gan aryue. + Alfrid it herd, thidere gan he dryue. + _Hauelok_[9] fader he was, _Gunter_ was his name. + He brent citees & tounes, ouer alle did he schame. + Saynt Cutbertes clerkes tho Danes thei dred. + The toke the holy bones, about thei tham led. + Seuen [gh]ere thorgh the land wer thei born aboute, + It comforted the kyng mykelle, whan he was in doute + Whan Alfrid & Gunter had werred long in ille, + Thorgh the grace of God, Gunter turned his wille. + Cristend wild he be, the kyng of fonte him lift, + & thritty of his knyghtes turnes, thorgh Godes gift. + Tho that first were foos, and com of paien lay, + Of Cristen men haf los, & so thei wend away.' + +"This is the whole that appears in the original, but after the above +lines immediately follows, in the language of Robert of Brunne himself +(as noted also by Hearne, Pref. p.lxvii.), the following curious, and +to our inquiry, very important passage:" + + 'Bot I haf grete ferly, that I fynd no man, + That has writen in story, how Hauelok this lond wan. + Noither _Gildas_, no Bede, no Henry of Huntynton, + No William of Malmesbiri, ne Pers of Bridlynton, + Writes not in ther bokes of no kyng Athelwold, + Ne Goldeburgh his douhtere, ne Hauelok not of told, + Whilk tyme the were kynges, long or now late, + Thei mak no menyng whan, no in what date. + Bot that thise _lowed men vpon Inglish tellis_, + Right story can me not ken, the certeynte what spellis. + Men sais in Lyncoln castelle ligges [gh]it a stone, + That Hauelok kast wele forbi euer ilkone + & [gh]it the chapelle standes, ther he weddid his wife, + Goldeburgh the kynges douhter, _that saw is [gh]it rife_. + & of Gryme a fisshere, _men redes [gh]it in ryme_, + That he bigged Grymesby Gryme that ilk tyme. + Of alle stories of honoure, that I haf thorgh souht, + I fynd that no compiloure of him tellis ouht. + Sen I fynd non redy, that tellis of Hauelok kynde + Turne we to that story, that we writen fynde.' + +"There cannot exist the smallest doubt, that by the 'Ryme' here +mentioned 'that lowed men vpon Inglish tellis,' the identical English +Romance, now before the reader, is referred to. It must therefore +certainly have been composed prior to the period at which Robert of +Brunne wrote,[10] in whose time the traditions respecting Havelok at +Lincoln were so strongly preserved, as to point out various localities +to which the story had affixed a name, and similar traditions connected +with the legend, as we shall find hereafter, existed also at Grimsby. +The doubts expressed by the Chronicler, as to their authenticity, or the +authority of the 'Ryme,' are curious, but only of value so far as they +prove he was ignorant of the existence of a French Romance on the +subject, or of its reception in Gaimar's historical poem." + + [Footnote 9: This proof is rendered unnecessary by the citations + from it by Rauf de Boun in 1310, and by the age of our MS. + itself.] + + [Footnote 10: _Hanelok_ in Hearne, throughout, but undoubtedly + _contra fidem_ MSS.] + + + 11. "But on consulting the Lambeth copy of Rob. of Brunne, in order to +verify the passage as printed by Hearne from the Inner Temple MS. we +were not a little surprised to ascertain a fact hitherto overlooked, and +indeed unknown, viz. that the Lambeth MS. (which is a folio, written on +paper, and imperfect both at the beginning and close)[11] does not +correspond with the Edition, but has evidently been revised by a later +hand, which has abridged the Prologues, omitted some passages, and +inserted others. The strongest proof of this exists in the passage +before us, in which the Lambeth MS. entirely omits the lines of Rob. of +Brunne respecting the authenticity of the story of Havelok, and in their +place substitutes an abridged outline of the story itself, copied +apparently from the French Chronicle of Gaimar. The interpolation is so +curious, and so connected with our inquiry, as to be a sufficient +apology for introducing it here." + + ' Forth wente Gounter & his folk, al in to Denemark, + Sone fel ther hym vpon, a werre styth & stark, + Thurgh a Breton kyng, th^t out of Ingeland cam, + & asked the tribut of Denmark, th^t Arthur whylom nam. + They wythseide hit schortly, & non wolde they [gh]elde, + But rather they wolde dereyne hit, wyth bataill y the felde. + Both partis on a day, to felde come they stronge, + Desconfit were the danes, Gounter his deth gan fonge. + When he was ded they schope brynge, al his blod to schame, + But Gatferes doughter the kyng, _Eleyne_ was hure name, + Was kyng Gounteres wyf, and had a child hem bytwene, + Wyth wham scheo scapede vnethe, al to the se with tene. + The child hym highte HAUELOK, th^t was his moder dere, + Scheo mette with grym atte hauene, a wel god marinere, + He hure knew & highte hure wel, to helpe hure with his might, + To bryng hure saf out of the lond, wythinne th^t ilke night. + When they come in myd se, a gret meschef gan falle, + They metten wyth a gret schip, lade wyth outlawes alle. + Anon they fullen hem apon, & dide hem Mikel peyne, + So th^t wyth strengthe of their assaut, ded was quene Eleyne. + But [gh]yt ascapede from hem Grym, wyth Hauelok & other fyue, + & atte the hauene of Grymesby, ther they gon aryue. + Ther was brought forth child Hauelok, wyth Grym & his fere, + Right als hit hadde be ther own, for other wyste men nere. + Til he was mykel & mighti, & man of mykel cost, + Th^t for his grete sustinaunce, nedly serue he most. + He tok leue of Grym & Seburc, as of his sire & dame, + And askede ther blessinge curteysly, ther was he nought to blame. + Thenne drow he forth northward, to kynges court Edelsie, + Th^t held fro Humber to Rotland, the kyngdam of Lyndesye. + Thys Edelsy of Breton kynde, had Orewayn his sister bright + Maried to a noble kyng, of Northfolk Egelbright. + Holly for his kyngdam, he held in his hand, + Al the lond fro Colchestre, right in til Holand. + Thys Egelbright th^t was a Dane, & Orewayn the quene, + Hadden gete on Argill, a doughter hem bytwene. + Sone then deyde Egelbright, & his wyf Orewayn, + & therfore was kyng Edelsye, bothe joyful & fayn. + Anon their doughter & here Eyr, his nece dame Argill, + & al the kyngdam he tok in hande, al at his owene will. + Ther serued Hauelok as quistron, & was y-cald Coraunt, + He was ful mykel & hardy, & strong as a Geaunt. + He was bold Curteys & fre, & fair & god of manere, + So th^t alle folk hym louede, th^t auewest hym were. + But for couetise of desheraison, of damysele Argill, + & for a chere th^t the kyng sey, scheo made Coraunt till, + He dide hem arraye ful symplely, & wedde togydere bothe, + For he ne rewarded desparagyng, were manion ful wrothe. + A while they dwelt after in court, in ful pore degre, + The schame & sorewe th^t Argill hadde, hit was a deol to se. + Then seyde scheo til hure maister, of whenne sire be [gh]e? + Haue [gh]e no kyn ne frendes at hom, in [gh]oure contre? + Leuer were me lyue in pore lyf, wythoute schame & tene, + Than in schame & sorewe, lede the astat of quene. + Thenne wente they forth to Grymesby, al by his wyues red, + & founde th^t Grym & his wyf, weren bothe ded. + But he fond ther on Aunger, Grymes cosyn hend, + To wham th^t Grym & his wyf, had teld word & ende. + How th^t hit stod wyth Hauelok, in all manere degre, + & they hit hym telde & conseilled, to drawe til his contre, + Tasaye what grace he mighte fynde, among his frendes there, + & they wolde ordeyne for their schipynge, and al th^t hem nede were. + When Aunger hadde y-schiped hem, they seilled forth ful swythe, + Ful-but in til Denemark, wyth weder fair & lithe. + Ther fond he on sire Sykar, a man of gret poust, + Th^t hey styward somtyme was, of al his fader fe. + Ful fayn was he of his comyng, & god help him behight, + To recouere his heritage, of Edulf kyng & knyght. + Sone asembled they gret folk, of his sibmen & frendes, + Kyng Edulf gadered his power, & ageyn them wendes. + Desconfyt was ther kyng Edulf, & al his grete bataill, + & so conquered Hauelok, his heritage saunz faille. + Sone after he schop him gret power, in toward Ingelond, + His wyues heritage to wynne, ne wolde he nought wonde. + Th^t herde the kyng of Lyndeseye, he was come on th^t cost, + & schop to fighte wyth hym sone, & gadered hym gret host. + But atte day of bataill, Edelsy was desconfit, + & after by tretys gaf Argentill, hure heritage al quit. + & for scheo was next of his blod, Hauelokes wyf so feyr, + He gaf hure Lyndesey after his day, & made hure his Eyr. + & atte last so byfel, th^t vnder Hauelokes schelde, + Al Northfolk & Lyndeseye, holy of hym they helde.' + + MS. Lamb. 131. leaf 76. + + [Footnote 11: The writing in the earlier portion (concerning + Havelok) is hardly later than A.D. 1400.] + + + 12. We now come to the prose Chronicle called The Brute, which became +exceedingly popular, and was the foundation of "Caxton's Chronicle," +first printed by Caxton A.D. 1480, but of which Caxton was not the +author, though he may have added some of the last chapters. The original +is in French, and was probably compiled a few years _before_ Robert of +Brunne's translation of Langtoft was made, as it concludes with the year +1331, or, in some copies, with 1332. The author of it is not known, but +it was probably only regarded as a compilation from the Chronicles of +the earlier Historians. "In this Chronicle, in all its various shapes, +is contained the Story of Havelock, _engrafted on the British History of +Geoffrey of Monmouth_, and in its detail, following precisely the French +text of the Romance. The only variation of consequence is the +substitution of the name of Birkabeyn (as in the English text) for that +of Gunter, and in some copies, both of the French and English MSS. of +the Chronicle, the name of _Goldeburgh_ is inserted instead of +_Argentille_; which variations are the more curious, as they prove the +absolute identity of the story. For the sake of a more complete +illustration of what has been advanced, we are induced to copy the +passage at length, as it appears in the French Chronicle, taken from a +well-written MS. of the 14th century, MS. Reg. 20 A3, fol. 165b."[12] + + '_Des Rois Adelbright & Edelfi_, Cap. IIIJ^xx. XIX. + + Apres le Roi Constantin estoient deux Rois en graunt Brutaigne, + dount li vns out a noun Aldelbright, & fust Danois, & [tint] tut le + pais de Norff' & de Suffolk, & ly altre out a noun Edelfi, q{e} fust + Brittone, & tint Nicol & Lindesey, & tote la terre desqes a Humber, + Ceux deux Rois soi entreguerroierent, [& moult s'entrehaierent] mais + puis furent il entre acordez & soi entreamerent, taunt com s'il + vssent estee freres de vn ventre neez. Le Roi Edelfi out vne soer, + Orewenne par noun, & la dona par grant amour al Roi Aldelbright a + femme. Et il engendra de ly vne fille q{e} out a noun Argentille. En + le tierez an apres vne greue Maladie ly suruint, si deuereit morrir, + & maunda par vn iour al Roi Edelfi, soun frere en lei, q'il venist a + ly parler, & cil ly emparla volentiers. Donqe ly pria le Roi + Aldelbright et ly coniura en le noun [de] Dieu, q'il apres sa mort + preist Argentille sa fille, & sa terre, & q'il la feist honestement + garder [& nurrir] en sa chambre, & quant ele serreit de age, q'il la + feist marier al plus fort hom & plus vaillaunt q'il porroit trouer, + & q{e} a donqe ly rendist sa terre. Edelfi ceo graunta, & par + serment afferma sa priere. Et quant Adelbright fust mort, & + enterree, Edelfi prist la damoysele, & la norrist en sa chambre, si + deuynt ele la plus beale creature q{e} hom porreit trouer. + + _Coment le Roi Edelfi Maria la damoisele Argentille a vn quistroun + de sa quisine._ Cap^m. C. + + Le Roi Edelfi, q{e} fust vncle a la Damoysele Argentille, pensa + fausement coment il porreit la terre sa Nece auoir par touz iours, & + malueisement countre soun serment pensa a deceiure la pucelle, si la + maria a vn quistroun de sa quisyne q{e} fust apelle Curan, si + esteit il le plus haut, le plus fort, & le plus vaillaunt de corps, + q{e} hom sauoit nulle part a cel temps, & la quidoit hountousement + marier, pur auoir sa terre a remenaunt, Mais il fust deceu. Car cest + Curan fust [le Roi] Hauelok, filz le Roi Kirkebain de Denemarche, & + il conquist la terre sa femme [en Bretaigne], & occist le Roi + Edelfi, vncle sa femme, & conquist tote la terre, _si com aillours + est troue plus pleinement_ [_en l'estorie_], & il ne regna q{e} + treis aunz. Car Saxsouns & Danoys le occirent, & ceo fust grant + damage a tote la grant Brutaigne. Et les Brutouns le porterent a + Stonhenge, & illoeqes ly enterrerent a grant honour.' + + [Footnote 12: Sir F. Madden adds-- "collated with another of the + same age, MS. Cott. Dom. A.x, and a third, of the 15th century, + MS. Harl. 200." I omit the collations; the words within square + brackets are supplied from these other copies.] + + + 13. "With the above may be compared the English version, as extant in +MS. Harl. 2279, which agrees with the Ed. of Caxton, except in the +occasional substitution of one word for another."[13] + + 'MS. Harl. 2279, f. 47._ Of the kinges Albright & of Edelf._ Ca^o + IIII^xx. XI^o. + + After kyng Constantinus deth, ther were .ij. kynges in Britaigne, + that one men callede Adelbright, that was a Danoys, and helde the + cuntray of Northfolk and Southfolk, that other hight Edelf, and was + a Britoun & helde Nichole, Lindeseye, and alle the lande vnto + Humber. Thes ij. kynges faste werred togeders, but afterward thei + were acorded, and louede togedere as thei had ben borne of o bodie. + The kyng Edelf had a suster that men callede Orewenne, and he yaf + here thurghe grete frenshipe to kyng Adelbright to wif, and he + begate on here a doughter that men callede Argentille, and in the + .iij. yeer after him come vppon a strong sekenesse that nedes he + muste die, and he sent to kyng Edelf, his brother in lawe, that he + shulde come and speke with him, and he come to him with good wille. + Tho prayed he the kyng and coniurede also in the name of God, that + after whan he were dede, he shulde take Argentil his doughter, and + the lande, and that he kepte hir wel, and noreshed in his chambre; + and whan she were of age he shulde done here be mariede to the + strongest and worthiest man that he my[gh]t fynde, and than he shulde + yelde vp her lande ayen. Edelf hit grauntid, and bi othe hit + confermede his prayer. And whan Adelbright was dede and Enterede, + Edelfe toke the damesel Argentil, and noreshid her in his chambre, + and she become the fayrest creature th^t my[gh]t lif, or eny man + finde. + + _How kyng Edelf mariede the damysel Argentil to a knaue of his + kichyn._ Ca^o IIII^xx. XII. + + This kyng Edelf, that was vncle to the damesel Argentil, bithought + how that he my[gh]te falsliche haue the lande from his nece for + euermore, and falsly ayens his othe thou[gh]te to desceyue the + damysel, and marie here to a knave of his kichon, that men callede + Curan, and he become the worthiest and strengest man of bodie that + eny man wist in eny lande that tho leuede. And to him he thou[gh]t + here shendfully haue mariede, for to haue had here lande afterward; + but he was clene desceyuede. For this Curan that was Hauelokis son + that was kyng of Kirkelane in Denmark, and this Curan Conquerede + his wifes landes, and slow kyng Edelf, that was his wifes vncle, + and had alle here lande, as in a-nother stede hit [MS. but] telleth + more oponly, and he ne regnede but iij. yeer, for Saxones and + Danoys him quelde, and that was grete harme to al Britaigne, and + Britouns bere him to Stonehenge, and ther thei him interede with + mochel honour and solempnite.' + +"It must not be concealed, that in some copies, viz. in MSS. Harl. 1337, +6251, Digby 185, Hatton 50, Ashmole 791 and 793, the story is altogether +omitted, and Conan made to succeed to Arthur. In those copies also of +the English Polychronicon, the latter part of which resembles the above +Chronicle, the passage is not found." "Among the Harl. MSS. (No. 63) is +a copy of the same Chronicle in an abridged form, in which the name of +_Goldesburghe_ is substituted for that of Argentille." Sir F. Madden now +adds--that "the story occurs also in some interpolated copies of Higden +(the Latin text, viz. MSS. Harl. 655, Cott. Jul. E.8, Reg. 13 E. 1). In +an earlier form it is found in a Latin Chronicle of the 13th century, +MS. Cott. Dom. A.2, fol. 130." + + [Footnote 13: I omit the collations with MSS. Harl. 24 and 753. + Sir F. Madden proves that this English version was made A.D. 1435, + by _John Maundevile_, rector of Burnham Thorp in Norfolk.] + + + 14. "It was, in all probability, to this Chronicle also, in its +original form, that Thomas Gray, the author of the _Scala Cronica_ (or +_Scale Cronicon_), a Chronicle in French prose, composed between the +years 1355 and 1362, is indebted for his knowledge of the tale." The +original MS. is No. 132 in the library of Corpus Christi College, +Cambridge, and was edited by Stevenson for the Maitland Club in 1836. +The passage relative to Havelok is translated by Leland, _Collectanea_, +vol.i. pt.2, p.511. This account resembles the others, and involves +no new point of interest. + + + 15. I may here introduce the remark, that the story is also to be +found in the _Eulogium Historiarum_, ed. Haydon, 1860, vol. ii. p.378. +I here quote the passage at length, as it is not referred to in Sir F. +Madden's edition. The date of the Chronicle is about 1366. For various +readings, see Haydon's edition. + + Non enim est prtermittendum de quodam Dano generoso tate juvenili + florente, qui tempore regis Edelfridi casualiter Angliam adiit, qui + a propria patria expulsus per quendam ducem falsissimum, cui pater + ejus illum commiserat ipso moriente et ducem rogavit ut puerum + nutriret usque dum posset Denemarchi regnum viriliter gubernare. + Dux vero malitiam machinans juvenem hredem rectum, Hauelok nomine, + voluit occidisse. Puer vero comperiens aufugit per latibula usque + dum quidam Anglicus et mercator in illis partibus adventaret; nomen + autem mercatoris Grym vocitabatur. Hauelok autem, Grym rogans ut + ipsum in Angliam transvectaret, ipse autem annuens, puerum secum + conduxit et cum eo per aliquot tempus apud Grymesby morabatur. + Tandem ipsum ad curiam regis Edelfridi conduxit et ibi in coquina + regis moratus est. + + Rex autem Edelfridus quamdam habuit sororem nomine Orwen et illam + maritavit regi Athelberto, quod conjugium inter duos reges vinculum + amoris catenavit. Rex autem Athelbert terram citra Trentam cum regio + diademate occupavit, cum terra de Northfolk' et de Southfolk' et eis + adjacentibus. Rex vero Edelfrid comitatum Lincolni et Lyndeseye et + eis spectantibus. Ante maritagium puell Orwen illi duo reges semper + debellabant, post matrimonium factum nulla fuit divisio, nec in + familia inter eos nec in dominio. + + Rex vero Ethelbert de uxore sua quamdam filiam genuit, nomine + Argentile, pulcherrimam valde. Athelberto obiente, vel ante mortem + ejus, regem rogavit Edelfridum ut filiam suam homini fortissimo ac + validiori totius sui regni in conjugium copularet, nihil doli vel + mali machinans. + + Rex autem Adelfrid omnem malitiam ingeminans de conjugio puell + malitiose disponens, cogitans se habere unum lixam in coquina sua + qui omnes homines regni sui in vigore et fortitudine superabat, et + juxta votum patris puell ad illum hominem fortissimum illam + generosam juvenculam toro maritali copulavit, ob cupiditatem regni + puell ipsam ita enormiter maritabat. Hauelok in patria Danemarchi + et Argentile in Britannia quali sorte ad custodiendum deputati + sunt, totum tamen nutu Divino cedebat eis in honorem. Nam Hauelok + post paucos annos regnum Britanni adoptus est, et a Saxonibus + tandem occisus et apud le Stonhenge est sepultus. Pater ejus + Kirkeban vocabatur. + +This agrees closely with the accounts given above ( 12 and 13). The +chief point to be noticed is that this account identifies Edelfrid with +the thelfrith son of thelric who was king of the Northumbrians from +A.D. 593 to 617, according to the computation of the A.S. Chronicle, and +who was succeeded by Eadwine son of lle, who drove out the thelings or +sons of thelfrith. It may be remarked further, that the same thelfrith +is called luric by La[gh]amon, who gives him a very bad character; see +La[gh]amon, ed. Madden, vol. iii. p.195. + + + 16. The story is also mentioned by Henry de Knyghton, a canon of +Leicester abbey, whose history concludes with the year 1395. But his is +no fresh evidence, as it is evidently borrowed from the French Chronicle +of Rauf de Boun; see 7. It is also alluded to in a blundering manner +in a short historical compilation extending from the time of Brutus to +the reign of Henry VI., and preserved in MS. Cotton Calig. A.2. At fol. +107_b_ is the passage-- "Ethelwolde, qui generavit filiam de (_sic_) +Haueloke de Denmarke, per quem Danes per cccc. annos postea fecerunt +clameum Anglie." Some omission after the word _de_ has turned the +passage into nonsense; but it is noteworthy as expressing the claim of +the Danes to the English crown by right of descent from Havelok; a claim +which is more clearly expressed in MS. Harl. 63, in which the King of +Denmark is represented as sending a herald to thelstan (A.D. 927)-- "to +witte wheder he wold fynde a man to fight w{i}t{h} Colbrande[14] for the +righ[t]e of the kyngdom Northumbr{e}, that the Danes had claymed byfore +by the title of kyng Haueloke, that wedded Goldesburghe the kyngis +daughter of Northumbr{e}" --fol. 19.[15] Four hundred years before this +date would intimate some year early in the sixth century. Finally, the +story is found at a later period in Caxton's Chronicle (A.D. 1480) as +above intimated in 12; whence it was adopted by Warner, and inserted +into his poem entitled Albion's England; book iv. chap. 20, published in +1586. Warner called it the tale of "Argentile and Curan;" and in this +ballad-shape it was reprinted in Percy's Reliques of Ancient Poetry +(vol. ii. p.261; ed. 1812) with the same title. Not long after, in +1617, another author, William Webster, published a larger poem in +six-line stanzas; but this is a mere paraphrase of Warner. The title +is-- "The most pleasant and delightful historie of Curan, a prince of +Danske, and the fayre princesse Argentile," &c. John Fabyan, in his +Concordance of Historyes, first printed in 1516, alludes to the two +kings Adelbryght and Edill, only to dismiss the "longe processe" +concerning them, as not supported by sufficient authority. See p.82 of +the reprint by Ellis, 4to, 1811. + + [Footnote 14: Colbrande is the giant defeated by Guy in the + Ballad of "Guy and Colebrande." See _Percy Folio MS._; ed. Hales + and Furnivall, vol. ii. p.528, where _Auelocke_ means _Anlaf_.] + + [Footnote 15: Quoted in a note in Sir F. Madden's preface, + p.xxiii.] + + + 17. The only other two sources whence any further light can be thrown +upon our subject are the traditions of Denmark and Grimsby. A letter +addressed by Sir F. Madden to Professor Rask elicited a reply which was +equivalent to saying that next to nothing is known about it in Denmark. +This seems to be the right place to mention a small book of 80 pages, +published at Copenhagen in the present year (1868), and entitled "Sagnet +om Havelok Danske; fortalt af Kristian Kster." It contains +(1)aversion, in Danish prose, of the English poem; (2)aversion of +the same story, following the French texts of the Arundel and Royal +MSS.; and (3)some elucidations of the legend. The author proposes a +theory that Havelok is really the Danish king Amlet, i.e. Hamlet; but I +have not space here to state all his arguments. As far as I follow them, +some of the chief ones are these; that Havelok ought to be found in the +list of Danish kings;[16] that Hamlet's simulation of folly or madness +is paralleled by Havelok's behaviour, as expressed in ll. 945-954 of our +poem; and that both Hamlet and Havelok succeeded in fulfilling the +revenge which they had long cherished secretly. But I am not much +persuaded by these considerations, for, even granting some resemblance +in the names,[17] the resemblance in the stories is very slight. But I +must refer the reader to the book itself. + + [Footnote 16: So then ought Hamlet; but the editor of Saxo + Grammaticus says, "in antiquioribus regum Dani genealogiis + Amlethus non occurrit." See Saxo Gram. ed. Mller, Havni, 1839; + end of lib. iii. and beginning of lib. iv.; also the note on + p.132 of the Not Uberiores. The idea that Havelock is Amlet is + to be found in Grundtvig, North. Myth. 1832, p.565.] + + [Footnote 17: Havelok [_or_ Hanelock, as it is sometimes read] + is quite as like Anlaf, whence the blunder noticed in note1, + p.xviii. In the form Hablok, it is not unlike _Blecca_, who was a + great man in _Lindesey_ soon after the days of _thelberht_ of + Kent; see Saxon Chronicle, An. DCXXVII.] + + + 18. Turning however to local traditions, we find that Camden briefly +alludes to the story in a contemptuous manner (p.353; ed. 8vo, Lond. +1587); but Gervase Holles is far from being disposed to regard it as +fabulous. In his MSS. collections for Lincolnshire, preserved in MS. +Harl. 6829, he thus speaks of the story we are examining.[18] + + "And it will not be amisse, to say something concerning y^e Common + tradition of her first founder Grime, as y^e inhabitants (with a + Catholique faith) name him. The tradition it thus. _Grime_ (say + they) a poore Fisherman (as he was launching into y^e Riuer for fish + in his little boate vpon Humber) espyed not far from him another + little boate, empty (as he might conceaue) which by y^e fauour of + y^e wynde & tyde still approached nearer & nearer vnto him. He + betakes him to his oares, & meetes itt, wherein he founde onely a + Childe wrapt in swathing clothes, purposely exposed (as it should + seeme) to y^e pittylesse [rage] of y^e wilde & wide Ocean. He moued + with pitty, takes itt home, & like a good foster-father carefully + nourisht itt, & endeauoured to nourishe it in his owne occupation: + but y^e childe contrarily was wholy deuoted to exercises of + actiuity, & when he began to write man, to martiall sports, & at + length by his signall valour obteyned such renowne, y^t he marryed + y^e King of England's daughter, & last of all founde who was his + true Father, & that he was Sonne to y^e King of Denmarke; & for y^e + comicke close of all; that _Haueloke_ (for such was his name) + exceedingly aduanced & enriched his foster-father Grime, who thus + enriched, builded a fayre Towne neare the place where Hauelocke was + founde, & named it Grimesby. Thus say some: others differ a little + in y^e circumstances, as namely, that Grime was not a Fisherman, but + a Merchant, & that Hauelocke should be preferred to y^e King's + kitchin, & there liue a longe tyme as a Scullion: but however y^e + circumstances differ, they all agree in y^e consequence, as + concerning y^e Towne's foundation, to which (sayth y^e story) + Hauelocke y^e Danish prince, afterward graunted many immunityes. + This is y^e famous Tradition concerning Grimsby w^ch learned Mr. + Cambden gives so little creditt to, that he thinkes it onely _illis + dignissima, qui anilibus fabulis noctem solent protrudere_." + +And again, after shewing that _by_ is the Danish for _town_, and quoting +a passage about Havelock's father being named Gunter, which may be found +in Weever (Ancient Funeral Monuments, fol. Lond. 1631, p.749), he +proceeds: + + "that Hauelocke did sometymes reside in Grimsby, may be gathered + from a great blew Boundry-stone, lying at y^e East ende of + Briggowgate, which retaines y^e name of _Hauelock's-Stone_ to this + day. Agayne y^e great priuiledges & immunityes, that this Towne hath + in Denmarke aboue any other in England (as freedome from Toll, & y^e + rest) may fairely induce a Beleife, that some preceding favour, or + good turne called on this remuneration. But lastly (which proofe I + take to be _instar omnium_) the Common Seale of y^e Towne, & that a + most auncient one," &c. [Here follows a description of the Seal.] + +"The singular fact," adds Sir F. Madden, "alluded to by Holles, of the +Burgesses of Grimsby being free from toll at the Port of Elsineur, in +Denmark, is confirmed by the Rev. G. Oliver, in his Monumental +Antiquities of Grimsby, 8vo, Hull, 1825, who is inclined from that, and +other circumstances, to believe the story is not so totally without +foundation." There is also an absurd local story that the church at +Grimsby, which has now but one turret, formerly had four, three of which +were kicked down by Grim in his anxiety to destroy some hostile vessels. +The first fell among the enemy's fleet; the second dropped in +Wellowgate, and is now Havelock's stone; the third fell within the +churchyard, but the fourth his strength failed to move. Perhaps amongst +the most interesting notices of the story are the following words by Sir +Henry Havelock, whose family seems to have originally resided in Durham. +His own account, however, is this. "My father, William Havelock, +descended from a family which formerly resided at Grimsby in +Lincolnshire, and was himself born at Guisborough in Yorkshire."[19] And +it may at least be said with perfect truth, that if the name of +_Havelock_ was not famous formerly, it is famous now. + + [Footnote 18: His account has been printed in the _Topographer_, + V.i. p.241. sq. 8vo, 1789. We follow, as usual, the MS. itself, + p.1.] + + [Footnote 19: Quoted in Brock's Biography of Sir H. Havelock, + 1858; p.9.] + + + 19. The last evidence for the legend is the still-existing seal of the +corporation of Great Grimsby. The engraving of this seal, as it appears +in the present edition, was made from a copy kindly furnished to the +E.E.T.S. by the Mayor of Grimsby, and I here subjoin a description of +it, communicated to me by J.Hopkin, Esq., Jun., of Grimsby, which was +first printed, in a slightly different form, in Notes and Queries, 2nd +Series, vol. xi. p.41; see also p.216. + + "The ancient Town Seal of Great Grimsby is engraven on a circular + piece of brass not very thick; and on the back, which is rather + arched, is a small projecting piece of brass, placed as a substitute + for a handle, in order when taking an impression the more easily to + detach the matrix from the Wax. This seal is in an excellent state + of preservation, and is inscribed in Saxon characters 'Sigillvm + Comunitatis Grimebye' and represents thereon Gryme ('Gryem') who by + tradition is reported to have been a native of Souldburg in Denmark, + where he gained a precarious livelihood by fishing and piracy; but + having, as is supposed, during the reign of Ethelbert,[20] been + accidentally driven into the Humber by a furious storm, he landed on + the Lincolnshire Coast near Grimsby, he being at this time miserably + poor and almost destitute of the common necessaries of life; for + Leland represents this 'poor fisschar' as being so very needy that + he was not 'able to kepe his sunne Cuaran for poverty.' Gryme, + finding a capacious haven adapted to his pursuits, built himself a + house and commenced and soon succeeded in establishing a very + lucrative Trade with Norway, Sweden, and Denmark. Other Merchants + having in process of time settled near him, attracted by the + commercial advantages offered by this excellent Harbour, they + jointly constructed convenient appendages for extensive Trade, and + the colony soon rose into considerable importance, and became known + at an early period by the name of Grimsby. For not only was Grimsby + constituted a borough so early as the seventh century, but Peter of + Langtoft speaks of it as a frontier Town and the boundary of a + Kingdom erected by the conquests of Egbert in the year 827, which he + states included all that portion of the Island which lay between + 'the maritime Towns of Grymsby and Dover.' So that even at that + period, Grimsby must have been a place of peculiar strength and + importance. Gryme is represented on the seal as a man of gigantic + stature with comparatively short hair, a shaven chin, and a + moustache, holding in his right hand a drawn sword and bearing on + his left arm a circular shield with an ornate boss and rim. The + sleeveless tunic above his under vest is most probably the panzar or + panzara of the Danes. Between his feet is a Conic object, possibly + intended for a helmet, as it resembles the chapelle-de-fer worn by + William Rufus on his Great Seal, and which in the laws of Gula is + distinguished as the Steel hufe. On the right hand of Gryme stands + his protg Haveloc ('Habloc'), whom, during one of his mercantile + excursions soon after his arrival in Lincolnshire, Gryme had the + good fortune to save from imminent danger of Shipwreck, and who + proved to be the Son of Gunter, King of Denmark, and who was + therefore conveyed to the British Court, where he subsequently + received in marriage Goldburgh, the Daughter of the British + Sovereign. Above Gryme is represented a hand, being emblematical of + the hand of providence by which Haveloc was preserved, and near the + hand is the star which marks the point where the inscription begins + and ends. Haveloc made such a favourable representation of his + preserver at the British and Danish Courts, that he procured for him + many honours and privileges. From the British Monarch Gryme, who had + already realised an abundance of wealth, received a charter, and was + made the chief governor of Grimsby; and the Danish Sovereign granted + to the Town an immunity (which is still possessed by the Burgesses + of Grimsby) from all Tolls at the Port of Elsineur. Gryme afterwards + lived in Grimsby like a petty prince in his Hereditary Dominions. + Above Haveloc is represented a crown and in his right hand is a + battle axe, the favourite weapon of the Northmen, and in his right + hand is a ring which he is presenting to the British Princess + Goldburgh ('Goldebvrgh'), who stands on the left side of Gryme and + whose right hand is held towards the Ring. Over her head is a Regal + Diadem, and in her left hand is a Sceptre. Sir F. Madden states that + it is certain that this seal is at least as old as the time of + EdwardI. (and therefore contemporaneous with the MS.) as the legend + is written in a character which after the year 1300 fell into + disuse, and was succeeded by the black letter, or _Gothic_." + + [Footnote 20: thelberht of Kent reigned from A.D. 560-616 (56 + years).] + + + 20. SKETCH OF THE STORY OF "Le Lai d'Aueloc."[21] + +It is my intention to offer some remarks on the probable sources of the +legend, and to fix a conjectural date for the existence of Havelok. But +it is obviously convenient that a sketch of the story should first be +given. It appears, however, that the resemblance between the French and +English versions is by no means very close, and it will be necessary to +give separate abstracts of them. I begin with the French version, in +which I follow the Norfolk MS. rather than the abridgment by Gaimar. +Ihave already said that the former is printed in Sir F. Madden's +edition, and that it was reprinted by M. Michel with the title "Lai +d'Havelok le Danois," Paris, 1833, and by Mr Wright for the Caxton +Society in 1850. + + The Britons made a lay concerning King Havelok, who is surnamed + Cuaran. His father was Gunter, King of the Danes. Arthur crossed the + sea, and invaded Denmark. Gunter perished by the treason of Hodulf, + who gained the kingdom, and held it of Arthur. Gunter had a fine + castle, where his wife and son were guarded, being committed to the + protection of Grim. The child was but seven years old; but ever as + he slept, an odorous flame issued from his mouth. Hodulf sought + to kill him, but Grim prepared a ship, and furnished it with + provisions, wherein he placed the queen and the child, and set + sail from Denmark. On their voyage they encountered pirates + ("outlaghes"), who killed them all after a hard fight, excepting + Grim, who was an acquaintance of theirs, and Grim's wife and + children. Havelok also was saved. They at last arrived at the haven, + afterwards named "Grimesbi" from Grim. Grim there resumed his old + trade, a fisherman's, and a town grew up round his hut, which was + called Grimsby. The child grew up, and waxed strong. One day Grim + said to him, "Son, you will never thrive as a fisherman; take your + brothers with you, and seek service amongst the King's servants." He + was soon well apparelled, and repaired with his two foster-brothers + to Nicole [Lincoln].[22] Now at that time there was a king named + Alsi, who ruled over all Nicole and Lindesie;[23] but the country + southward was governed by another king, named Ekenbright, who had + married Alsi's sister Orewen. These two had one only daughter, named + Argentille. Ekenbright, falling ill, committed Argentille to the + care of Alsi, till she should be of age to be married to the + strongest man that can be found. At Ekenbright's death, Alsi reigned + over both countries, holding his court at Nicole. Havelok, on his + arrival there, was employed to carry water and cut wood, and to + perform all menial offices requiring great strength. He was named + Cuaran, which means--in the British language--a scullion. Argentille + soon arrived at marriageable age, and Alsi determined to marry her + to Cuaran, which would sufficiently fulfil her father's wish--Cuaran + being confessedly the strongest man in those parts. To this marriage + he compelled her to consent, hoping thereby to disgrace her for + ever. Havelok was unwilling that his wife should perceive the + marvellous flame, but soon forgot this, and ere long fell asleep. + Then had Argentille a strange vision--that a savage bear and some + foxes attacked Cuaran, but dogs and boars defended him. A boar + having killed the bear, the foxes cried for quarter from Cuaran, who + commanded them to be bound. Then he would have put to sea, but the + sea rose so high that he was terrified. Next she beheld two lions, + at seeing which she was frightened, and she and Cuaran climbed a + tree to avoid them; but the lions submitted themselves to him, and + called him their lord. Then a great cry was raised, whereat she + awoke, and beheld the miraculous flame. "Sir," she exclaimed, "you + burn!" But he reassured her, and, having heard her dream, said that + it would soon come true. The next day, however, she again told her + dream to a chamberlain, her friend, who said that he well knew a + holy hermit who could explain it. The hermit explained to Argentille + that Cuaran must be of royal lineage. "He will be king," he said, + "and you a queen. Ask him concerning his parentage. Remember also to + repair to his native place." On being questioned, Cuaran replied + that he was born at Grimsby; that Grim was his father, and Saburc + his mother. "Then let us go to Grimsby," she replied. Accompanied by + his two foster-brothers, they came to Grimsby; but Grim and Saburc + were both dead. They found there, however, a daughter of Grim's, + named Kelloc, who had married a tradesman of that town. Up to this + time Havelok had not known his true parentage, but Kelloc thought it + was now time to tell him, and said: "Your father was Gunter, the + King of the Danes, whom Hodulf slew. Hodulf obtained the kingdom as + a grant from Arthur. Grim fled with you, and saved your life; but + your mother perished at sea. Your name is HAVELOK. My husband will + convey you to Denmark, where you must inquire for a lord named + 'Sigar l'estal;' and take with you my two brothers." So Kelloc's + husband conveyed them to Denmark, and advised Havelok to go to Sigar + and show himself and his wife, as then he would be asked who his + wife is. They went to the city of the seneschal, the before-named + Sigar, where they craved a night's lodging, and were courteously + entertained. But as they retired to a lodging for the night, six men + attacked them, who had been smitten with the beauty of Argentille. + Havelok defended himself with an axe which he found, and slew five, + whereupon the sixth fled. Havelok and his party fled away for refuge + to a monastery, which was soon attacked by the townsmen who had + heard of the combat. Havelok _mounted the tower_, and defended + himself bravely, _casting down a huge stone on his enemies_.[24] The + news soon reached the ears of Sigar, who hastened to see what the + uproar was about. Beholding Havelok fixedly, he called to mind the + form and appearance of Gunter, and asked Havelok of his parentage. + Havelok replied that Grim had told him he was by birth a Dane, and + that his mother perished at sea; and ended by briefly relating his + subsequent adventures. Then Sigar asked him his name. "My name is + Havelok," he said, "and my other name is Cuaran." Then the seneschal + took him home, and determined to watch for the miraculous flame, + which he soon perceived, and was assured that Havelok was the true + heir. Therefore he gathered a great host of his friends, and sent + for the horn which none but the true heir could sound, promising a + ring to any one who could blow it. When all had failed, it was given + to Havelok, who blew it loud and long, and was joyfully recognized + and acknowledged to be the true King. Then with a great army he + attacked Hodulf the usurper, whom he slew with his own hand. Thus + was Havelok made King of Denmark. + + But after he had reigned four years, his wife incited him to return + to England. With a great number of ships he sailed there, and + arrived at Carleflure;[25] and sent messengers to Alsi, demanding + the inheritance of Argentille. Alsi was indeed astonished at such a + demand as coming from a scullion, and offered him battle. The hosts + met at Theford,[26] and the battle endured till nightfall without a + decisive result. But Argentille craftily advised her lord to support + his dead men by stakes, to increase the apparent number of his army; + and the next day Alsi, deceived by this device, treated for peace, + and yielded up to his former ward all the land, from Holland[27] to + Gloucester. Alsi had been so sorely wounded that he lived but + fifteen days longer. Thus was Havelok king over Lincoln and Lindsey, + and reigned over them for twenty years. Such is the lay of Cuaran. + + [Footnote 21: For this latter portion of the Preface I am + entirely responsible.] + + [Footnote 22: _Nicole_ is a French inversion of Lincoln. It is + not uncommon.] + + [Footnote 23: The northern part of Lincolnshire is called + _Lindsey_.] + + [Footnote 24: Hence the obvious origin of the legend of + "Havelok's stone," and the local tradition about Grim's casting + down stones from the tower of Grimsby church.] + + [Footnote 25: Possibly Saltfleet, suggests Mr Haigh. Such, at + least, is the position required by the circumstances.] + + [Footnote 26: In the Durham MS. it is Tiedfort, i.e. Tetford, + not far from Horncastle, in Lincolnshire.] + + [Footnote 27: A name given to the S.E. part of Lincolnshire.] + + + 21. The chief points to be noticed in Gaimar's abridgment are the few +additional particulars to be gleaned from it. We there find that +Havelok's mother was _Alvive_, a daughter of King _Gaifer_; that the +King of Nicole and Lindeseie was a _Briton_, and was named Edelsie; that +his sister, named Orwain, was married to Adelbrit, a _Dane_, who ruled +over Norfolk; and that Edelsie and Adelbrit lived in the days of +Costentin (Constantine), who succeeded Arthur. It is also said that the +usurper Hodulf was brother to Aschis, who is the Achilles of Geoffrey of +Monmouth. Another statement, that Havelok's kingdom extended from +Holland to _Colchester_, seems to be an improvement upon "from Holland +to _Gloucester_." + +The words of Mr Petrie, in his remarks upon the lay in Monumenta +Historica Britannica, vol.i., may be quoted here. "Although both +[French versions] have the same story in substance, and often contain +lines exactly alike, yet, besides the different order in which the +incidents are narrated, each has occasionally circumstances wanting in +the other, and such too, it should seem, as would leave the story +incomplete unless supplied from the other copy. Thus, the visit to the +hermit, which is omitted in Gaimar, was probably in the original +romance; for without it Argentille's dream tells for nothing; and in the +Arundel copy there is a particular account of Haveloc's defence of a +tower by hurling stones on his assailants, which in Gaimar is so +obscurely alluded to as to be hardly intelligible. On the other hand, +instead of the description of the extraordinary virtues of Sygar's ring +in Gaimar, it is merely said in the Arundel copy that Sygar would give +his _anel d'or_ to whoever could sound the horn; and, to omit other +instances, a festival is described in Gaimar on the authority of +_l'Estorie_, of which no notice whatever occurs in the Arundel MS." + + + 22. SKETCH OF THE ENGLISH POEM. + +The "Lay of Havelok" has been admirably paraphrased by Professor Morley, +in his "English Writers," vol.i. pp.459-467, a book which should be in +every reader's hands, and which should by all means be consulted. I only +intend here to give a briefer outline, for the sake of comparing the +main features of our poem with those of the French _Lai_. + + Hear the tale of Havelok! There was once a good king in England, + named Athelwold, renowned and beloved for his justice. He had but + one child, a daughter named Goldborough. Knowing that his end was + approaching, he sent for all his lords to assemble at Winchester, + and there committed Goldborough to the care of Godrich, the earl of + Cornwall; directing him to see her married to the strongest and + fairest man whom he could find. But Godrich imprisoned her at Dover, + and resolved to seize her inheritance for his own son. At that time + there was also a King of Denmark, named Birkabeyn, who had one son, + Havelok, and two daughters, Swanborough and Helfled. At the approach + of death, he committed these to the care of Earl Godard. But Godard + killed the two girls, and only spared Havelok because he did not + like to kill him with his own hand. He therefore hired a fisherman, + named Grim, to drown Havelok at sea. But Grim perceived, as Havelok + slept, a miraculous light shining round the lad, whereby he knew + that the child was the true heir, and would one day be king. In + order to avoid Godard, Grim fitted up a ship, and provisioned it, + and with his wife Leve, his three sons, his two daughters, and + Havelok, put out to sea. They landed in Lindesey at the month of the + Humber, at a place afterwards named Grimsby after Grim. Grim worked + at his old trade, a fisherman's, and Havelok carried about the fish + for sale. Then arose a great dearth in the land, and Havelok went + out to seek his own livelihood, walking to Lincoln barefoot. He was + hired as a porter by the earl of Cornwall's cook, and drew water and + cut wood for the earl's kitchen. One day some men met to contend in + games and to "put the stone." At the cook's command, Havelok also + put the stone, hurling it further than any of the rest.[28] Godrich, + hearing the praises of Havelok's strength, at once resolved to + perform his oath by causing him to marry Goldborough; and carried + his design into execution. As goon as the pair were married, Havelok + suddenly quitted Lincoln with his wife, and returned to Grimsby, + where he found that Grim was dead, but that his five children are + yet alive. At night, Goldborough perceived a light shining round + about Havelok, and observed a cross upon his shoulder. At the same + time she heard an angel's voice, telling her of good fortune to + come. Then he awoke, and told her a dream; how he had dreamt that + all Denmark and England became his own. She encouraged him, and + urged him to set sail for Denmark at once. He accordingly called to + him Grim's three sons, and narrated to them his own history, and + Godard's treachery, asking them to accompany him to Denmark. To this + they assented, and sailed with him and Goldborough to Denmark. There + he sought out a former friend of his father's, Earl Ubbe, who + invited him and his friends to a sumptuous feast. After the feast, + Havelok and Goldborough and Grim's sons went to the house of one + Bernard Brown, whose house was that night attacked by sixty thieves. + By dint of great prowess, the friends at length slew all their sixty + assailants, and Ubbe was so amazed at Havelok's valour that he + resolved to dub him a knight, and invited him to sleep in his own + castle. At night, he peeped into Havelok's chamber, and beheld the + marvellous light, and saw a bright cross on his neck. Rejoiced at + heart, he did homage to Havelok, and commanded all his friends and + dependents to do the same. He also dubbed him knight, and proclaimed + him King. With six thousand men he set out to attack Godard, whom he + defeated and made prisoner, and afterwards caused to be flayed, + drawn, and hung. Then Havelok swore that he would establish at + Grimsby a priory of black monks, to pray for Grim's soul; and + Godrich, having heard that Havelok has invaded England, raised a + great army against him. An indecisive combat took place between Ubbe + and Godrich, but a more decisive one between Godrich and Havelok; + for Havelok cut off his foe's hand and made him prisoner. Then the + English submitted to Goldborough, and acknowledged her as queen; but + Godrich was condemned and burnt. Havelok rewarded both his own + friends and the English nobles; for he caused Earl Reyner of Chester + to marry Gunild, Grim's daughter, and Bertram, formerly Godrich's + cook, to marry Levive, another of Grim's daughters; bestowing upon + Bertram the earldom of Cornwall. Then were Havelok and Goldborough + crowned at London, and a feast was given that lasted forty days. The + kingdom of Denmark was bestowed upon Ubbe, who held it of King + Havelok. Havelok and Goldborough lived to the age of a hundred + years, and their reign lasted for sixty years in England. They had + fifteen children, who were all kings and queens. Such is the _geste_ + of Havelok and Goldborough. + + [Footnote 28: Here again is an allusion to "Havelok's stone."] + + + 23. POSSIBLE DATE OF HAVELOK'S REIGN. + +The various allusions to the story of Havelok already cited naturally +lead us to consider the question as to what date we should refer such +circumstances of the story as may have some foundation in truth, or such +circumstances as may have originated the story. I do not look upon this +as altogether a hopeless or profitless inquiry, for it seems to me that +a theory may be constructed which will readily and easily fit in with +most of the statements of our authorities. In the first place, to place +Havelok's father in the time of Alfred, as is done by Peter de Langtoft +and his translators, is absurd, and evidently due to the confusion +between the names of Gunter and Godrum or Guthrum. We may even adduce +Langtoft's evidence against himself, as he alludes to Grimsby as being +the boundary of Egbert's kingdom; and indeed, the mere fact of its being +a British lay points to a time before the establishment of the +Heptarchy. As already suggested in 16, some of the authorities point +to the sixth century. But the evidence of the French poem and of Gaimar +points still more steadily to a similar early date. There we find Gunter +appearing as the enemy, not of Alfred, but of Arthur. The French prose +chronicle of the Brute places Adelbright and Edelfi after the death of +Constantine, and it is clear that there is some close connection between +the British lay of Havelok and the British Chronicle. The _Godrich_ of +the English version is the _Alsi_ of the French poem, the _Edelsi_ of +Gaimar, the _Adelfrid_[29] or _Edelfrid_ of the Eulogium Historiarum, +the _Elfroi_ of Wace, the _luric_ of La[gh]amon, the _thelfrith_ who +succeeded to the throne of Northumbria A.D. 593, according to the Saxon +Chronicle. The _Athelwold_ of the English version is the _Adelbrict_ of +Gaimar, the _Ekenbright_ of the French poem, the _Athelbert_ of the +Eulogium Historiarum, the _Aldebar_ of Wace, and the _thelbert_ of +La[gh]amon, i.e. no other than the celebrated _thelberht_ of Kent, who +was baptized by St Augustine A.D. 596, according to the Saxon Chronicle. +This is the right clue to the _names_, from which, when once obtained, +the rest follows easily. The variations between the English and French +versions are very great, and it is clear that each poet proceeded much +as poets are accustomed to do. Taking a legend as the general guide or +thread of a narrative, it is the simplest and easiest plan to dress it +up after one's own fashion, and to draw upon the materials that are +supplied by the _general surroundings_ of the story. I feel confident +that the narrators of the Lay of Havelok must have used materials not +much unlike those used by La[gh]amon, and a mere comparison of the +French and English lays with La[gh]amon will amply suffice to elucidate +this. luric is first mentioned at p.195 of vol. iii. of La[gh]amon, as +edited by Sir F. Madden; if we allow ourselves a margin on both sides of +this, we may find many things akin to the lay of Havelok between pages +150 and 282 of that volume, as I will now shew. The character of the +good king Athelwold is taken from that of thelberht of Kent, and his +love of justice may remind us of the ancient collection of laws which +are still extant as having been made by that king. His extensive rule, +such as is also attributed to Godrich and Havelok, may point to the +title of _Bretwalda_, which thelberht so long coveted, and at last +obtained. Our poet, in describing Birkabeyn, repeats this character so +exactly, and makes the circumstances of the deaths of Athelwold and +Birkabeyn so similar, that they are almost indistinguishable; a fault +which he doubles by repeating the character of Godrich in describing +that of Godard. Both of these answer to La[gh]amon's luric, who was +"the wickedest of all kings" (La[gh]. iii. 195). So far, perhaps, the +connection of the various stories is not very evident, but I will now +mention an obvious coincidence. The quarrel and reconciliation between +Athelbert and Edelfrid, as told in the Eulogium Historiarum, &c., +exactly answers to the quarrel and reconciliation between Cadwan and +luric as told in La[gh]amon (vol. iii. p.205); where Cadwan has come +forward in place of thelbert, who has by this time dropped out of +La[gh]amon's narrative. Again, the Gunter or Gurmond who was Havelok's +father reminds us of the Gurmund of La[gh]amon (p.156), who is +curiously described as king of Africa; but the name is Danish. The +character of Grim is fairly paralleled by that of Brian, who makes +sea-voyages, and goes about as a merchant (La[gh]amon, iii. 232). In +several respects Havelok may have been drawn from Cadwalan, whose +gallant attempts to gain the king of Northumberland are recorded in +La[gh]amon (iii. 216-254); his opponent being Edwin, who has replaced +Ethelfrid as La[gh]amon's narrative proceeds. At last he overthrows him +and slays him in the great battle of Heathfield or Hatfield, which took +place, according to the Saxon Chronicle, A.D. 633. This great battle +resembles the decisive one between Havelok and Godrich. As Cadwalan was +well supported by his liegeman Penda (La[gh]amon, iii. 251), so was +Havelok by Ubbe. Again, Cadwalan marries Helen, whom he found at + + --an castle of Deoure + on ere s oure; (La[gh]amon, iii. 250), + +which reminds us of Havelok's wife Goldborough, who was imprisoned at + + --doure + at standeth on e seis oure; (l. 320). + +The very name Helen, though not the name of Havelok's wife, was that of +his mother, who was killed by the pirates. For the connection between +La[gh]amon's Helen and pirates, see Sir F. Madden's note, vol. iii. +p.428. There is a most curious contradiction in the English lay about +Havelok's religion; in l.2520 he is a devout Christian, but in l.2580 +Godrich speaks of him as being a cruel pagan. Now it was just about this +very time that Paulinus preached in Lindsey, "where the first that +believed was a powerful man called _Blecca_, with all his followers" +(A.S. Chron. ed. Thorpe, vol. ii. p.21; A.D. 627). Havelok, according +to some, was buried at Stonehenge; but so was Constantine (La[gh]amon, +iii. 151). A dearth in mentioned in the English lay (l.824); cf. +La[gh]amon, iii. 279. And I may here add another coincidence, of an +interesting but certainly of a very circuitous nature. Aclose +examination of the Lay of King Horn shews that there is no real +connection between the story therein contained and that of Havelok. Yet +there is a connection after a sort. Though by different authors, and in +different metre, both lays are found in English in the same MS.; both +versions belong to the same date; both are from French versions, written +by Englishmen from British sources; and now, if we compare King Horn +with the very part of La[gh]amon now under consideration, there is at +once seen to be a most exact resemblance in one point. The story of the +ring given by Horn to Rymenhild (K.Horn, ed. Lumby, ll. 1026-1210) is +remarkably like that of the ring whereby Brian is recognized by his +sister (La[gh]amon, iii. 234-238). But it is hardly worth while to +pursue the subject further. It may suffice to suppose that the period of +the existence of Havelok and Grim may be referred to the times of +thelberht of Kent and thelfrith and Eadwine of Northumbria.[30] It is +exceedingly probable that Havelok was never more than a chief or a petty +prince, and whether he was a Danish or only a British enemy of the +Angles is not of very great importance. If, however, more exact dates be +required, they may be found in "The Conquest of Britain by the Saxons," +by Daniel P.Haigh, London, 8vo, 1861, pp.363-367; where the following +dates are suggested. Havelok's father slain, A.D. 487; his expedition to +Denmark, A.D. 507; his reign in England, A.D. 511-531, or a little +later. These dates follow a system which is here about 16 years earlier +than the dates in the A.S. Chronicle. His results are obtained from +totally different considerations. On the whole, let us place Havelok in +the _sixth_ century, at _some_ period of his life. + + [Footnote 29: Hence, by confusion, the placing of Havelok's + father in the time of _lfred_.] + + [Footnote 30: Or, as I should prefer to say, earlier than those + times. The two kings spoken of in the Lay may have had names + somewhat similar to these, which may have been replaced by the + more familiar names here mentioned.] + + + 24. It is, perhaps, worthy of a passing remark that some of the +circumstances in the Lay may have been suggested by the romantic story +of Eadwine of Northumbria, who was also born at the close of the sixth +century. For he it was who really married the _daughter of thelberht_, +and it was the _archbishop of York_, Paulinus, who performed the +ceremony. The relation of how Eadwine was persecuted by _thelfrith_, +how he fled and was protected by Rdwald, king of the East Angles, how +he saw a vision of an angel who promised his restoration to the throne +and that his rule should exceed that of his predecessors, how, with the +assistance of Rdwald, he overthrew and _slew thelfrith_ in a terrible +battle beside the river Idle, may be found in Beda's Ecclesiastical +History, bk. II. ch. 9-16.[31] In the last of these chapters there is +again mention of _Blecca, the governor of the city of Lincoln_. Sir F. +Madden, in his note to l.45, speaks of the extraordinary proofs of the +peaceable state of the country in the reign of lfred; but Beda uses +similar language in speaking of the reign of Eadwine; and the earlier +instance is even more remarkable. "It is reported that there was then +such perfect peace in Britain, wheresoever the dominion of King Edwin +extended, that, as _is still proverbially said_, a woman with her +new-born babe might walk throughout the island, from sea to sea, without +receiving any harm. That king took such care for the good of his nation, +that in several places where he had seen clear springs near the +highways, he caused stakes to be fixed, with brass dishes hanging at +them, for the conveniency of travellers; nor durst any man touch them +for any other purpose than that for which they were designed, either +through the dread they had of the king, or for the affection which they +bore him, &c."[32] Readers who are acquainted with the pleasing poem of +"Edwin of Deira," by the late Alexander Smith, will remember his +adventures; and it may be noted, as an instance of the manner in which +poets alter names at pleasure, that Mr Smith gives to thelfrith the +name of Ethelbert, to Eadwine's wife thelburh, that of Bertha, and to +his father lle, that of Egbert. My theory of the Lay of Havelok is then +simply this, that I look upon it as the general result of various +narratives connected with the history of Northumbria and Lindesey at the +close, or possibly the beginning, of the sixth century, gathered round +some favourite local (i.e. Lincolnshire) tradition as a nucleus. A +similar theory may be true of the Lay of Horn. + + [Footnote 31: Cf. Lappenberg's History of England, tr. by + Thorpe, vol.i. pp.145-154.] + + [Footnote 32: See the same statement in Fabyan's Chronicles, + p.112; ed. Ellis, 1811.] + + + 25. ON THE NAMES "CURAN" AND "HAVELOK." + +The French version tells us that _Coaran_, _Cuaran_, or _Cuheran_ is the +British word for a scullion. This etymology has not hitherto been +traced, but it may easily have been perfectly true. Aglance at +Armstrong's Gaelic Dictionary shews us that the Gaelic _cearn_ (which +answers very well to the Old English _hirne_, a corner) has the meaning +of a _corner_, and, secondly, of a _kitchen_; and that _cearnach_ is an +adjective meaning _of or belonging to a kitchen_. But we may come even +nearer than this; for by adding the diminutive ending _-an_ to the +Gaelic _cocaire_, a cook, we see that _Cuheran_ may really have conveyed +the idea of _scullion_ to a British ear, and this probably further gave +rise to the story of Havelok's degradation. It is a common custom--one +which true etymologists must always deplore--to invent a story to +account for a derivation; and such a practice is invariably carried out +with greater boldness and to a greater extent if the said derivation +chances to be false. For it is possible that Curan may be simply the +Gaelic _curan_, a brave man, and the Irish _curanta_, brave. The +derivation of Havelok is certainly puzzling. Professor Rask declared it +to have no meaning in Danish. It bears, however, a remarkable +resemblance to the Old English _gavelok_, which occurs in Weber's _Kyng +Alisaunder_, l.1620, and which is the A.S. _gafeluc_, Icel. _gaflak_, +Welsh _gaflach_, a spear, dart, or javelin. This is an appropriate name +for a warrior, and possibly reappears in the instance of Hugh +_Kevelock_, earl of Chester (Bp. Percy's Folio MS., ed. Hales and +Furnivall, i. 128). It is remarkable that the Gaelic and Irish _corran_ +has the same sense, that of _a spear_, whilst _curan_, as +above-mentioned, means _a brave man_. It is best, perhaps, to stop here; +for etymology, when pursued too far, is wont to beguile the pursuer into +every possible quagmire of absurdity. + + + 26. DESCRIPTION OF THE MS., &c. + +The MS. from which the present poem is printed is in the Laudian +collection in the Bodleian Library, where its old mark is K60, and its +present one Misc. 108. Being described in the old printed catalogue +merely as _Vit Sanctorum_, the romance was in consequence for a long +time overlooked. The Lives of the Saints occupy a large portion of the +volume, and are probably to be ascribed to the authorship of Robert of +Gloucester. "These Lives or Festivals," says Sir F. Madden, "are [here] +61 in number, written in long Alexandrine verse. Then succeed the +Sayings of St Bernard and the Visions of St Paul, both in six-line +stanzas; the _Disputatio inter Corpus et Animam_, the English Romance of +Havelok, the Romance of Kyng Horn, and some additions in a hand of the +15th century, including the lives of St Blaise, St Cecilia, and St +Alexius, and an alliterative poem intitled _Somer Soneday_, making in +all the Contents of the Volume to amount to 70 pieces." The lays of +Havelok and Horn are written out in the same handwriting, of an early +date, certainly not later than the end of the thirteenth century. The +Havelok begins on fol. 204, and is written in double columns, each +column containing 45 lines. A folio is lost between fol. 211 and 212, +but no notice of this has been taken in numbering the folios; hence the +catchword which should have been found at the bottom of fol. 215_b_, +appears at the bottom of fol. 214_b_ (see l.2164). The poem terminates +at the 27th line on fol. 219 _b_, and is immediately followed by Kyng +Horn in the same column. The character of the handwriting is bold and +square, but the words are very close together. The initial letter of +every line is written a little way apart from the rest, as in William of +Palerne, and other MSS. Both the long and short _s_ ([s]_and_s) are +used. The long _s_ is in general well distinguished from _f_, and on +this account I have taken the liberty of printing both _esses_ alike, as +my experience in printing the Romans of Partenay proved that the +difficulty of avoiding misprints is greater than the gain of +representing the difference between them. The chief point of interest is +that, as in _early_ MSS., the long _s_ is sometimes found at the _end_ +of a word, as in "u[s]" in l.22, and "i[s]" in l.23. The following are +all the examples of the use of this letter in the first 26 lines; [s]o +(4), wicte[s]te (9), [s]tede (10), cri[s]t, [s]childe (16), Kri[s]t, +[s]o (17), [s]o (19), [s]chal (21), Kri[s]t, u[s] (22), i[s] (23), +[s]talwori (24), [s]talwore[s]te (25), [s]tede (26). With this +exception, the present reprint is a faithful representation of the +original; for, as the exact fidelity of a text is of the first +importance, I have been careful to compare the proof-sheets with the MS. +twice throughout; besides which, the original edition is itself +exceedingly correct, and had been re-read by Sir F. Madden with the MS. +His list of errata (nearly all of them of minor importance) agreed +almost exactly with my own. A great difficulty is caused by the use of +the Saxon letter _w_ ([w]). This letter, the thorn-letter (), and _y_, +are all three made very nearly alike. In general, the _y_ is dotted, but +the dot is occasionally omitted. Wherever the letter really appears to +be a _w_, I have denoted it by printing the _w_ as an italic letter. The +following are, I believe, the _only_ examples of it. _W_it-drow = +withdrew, l.502; _w_e, 1058; _w_as, 1129 (cf. "him was ful wa," _Sir +Tristr._ f. iii. st. 43); ber_w_en, 1426 (written "berwen" in l.697); +_w_at = known, 1674; _w_e, miswritten for _w_o = who, 1914; to which +perhaps we may add _w_it, 997. This evidence is interesting as shewing +that this letter was then fast going out of use, and I think that we may +safely date the final disappearance of this letter from MSS. at about +the year 1300. As regards the _th_, we may remark that at the end of a +word both and _th_ are used, as in "nor and suth," l. 434; sometimes +_th_ occurs in the middle of a word, as "sithen," l.1238, which is +commonly written "sien," as in l.399. The words e, at, er, &c., are +hardly ever written otherwise. But the reader will remark many instances +in which _th_ final seems to have the hard sound of _t_, as in _brouth_, +57, _nouth_, 58, _lith_, 534, _outh_, 1190, &c.; cf. 27. The letter +_t_ is sometimes shortened so as nearly to resemble _c_, and _c_ is +sometimes lengthened into _t_. The letters _n_ and _u_ are occasionally +alike, but the difference between them is commonly well marked. The _i_ +has a long stroke over it when written next to _m_ or _n_. On the whole, +the writing is very clear and distinct, after a slight acquaintance with +it. The poem is marked out into paragraphs by the use of large letters. +I have introduced a slight space at the end of each paragraph, to shew +this more clearly. + + + 27. ON THE GRAMMATICAL FORMS OCCURRING IN THE POEM. + +The following peculiarities of spelling may be first noted. We +frequently find _h_ prefixed to words which it is usual to spell without +one. Examples are: _holde_ for _old_, _hete_ for _ete_ (eat), _het_ for +_et_ (ate), _heuere_ for _euere_, _Henglishe_ for _Englishe_, &c.; see +the Glossary, under the letter H. This enables us to explain some words +which at first appear puzzling; thus _her_ = _er_, ere; _hayse_ = +_ayse_, ease; _helde_ = _elde_, old age; _hore_ = _ore_, grace; _hende_ += _ende_, which in one passage means _end_, but in another _a duck_. The +forms _hof_, _hus_, _hure_, for _of_, _us_, _ure_ are such as we should +hardly have expected to find. On the other hand, _h_ is omitted in the +words _auelok_, _aueden_, _osed_, and in _is_ for _his_ (l.2254). These +instances, and other examples such as follow, may readily be found by +help of the Glossarial Index. Again, _d_ final after _l_ or _n_ was so +slightly sounded as to be omitted even in writing. Examples are: _lon_ +for _lond_, _hel_ for _held_, _bihel_ for _biheld_, _shel_ for _sheld_, +_gol_ for _gold_. But a more extraordinary omission is that of _r_ final +in _the_, _neythe_, _othe_, _douthe_, which does not seem to be +satisfactorily explained even by the supposition that the scribe may +have omitted the small upward curl which does duty for _er_ so +frequently in MSS. For we further find the omission of _l_ final, as in +_mike_ for _mikel_, _we_ for _wel_, and of _t_ final, as in _bes_ for +_best_; from which instances we should rather infer some peculiarity of +pronunciation rendering final letters indistinct, of which there are +numerous examples, as _fiel_ for _field_, in modern provincial English. +Cf. _il_ for _ilk_, in ll. 818, 1740; and _twel_ for _twelf_. "From the +same license," says Sir F. Madden, "arises the frequent repetition of +such rhythm as _riden_ and _side_, where the final _n_ seems to have +been suppressed in pronunciation. Cf. ll. 29, 254, 957, 1105, 1183, +2098, &c, and hence we perceive how readily the infinitive verbal Saxon +termination glided into its subsequent form. The broad pronunciation of +the dialect in which the poem was written is also frequently +discernible, as in _slawen_, l.2676, and _knaue_, l.949, which rhyme +to _Rauen_ and _plawe_.[33] So likewise, _bothe_ or _bethe_ is, in +sound, equivalent to _rede_, ll. 360, 694, 1680." Other peculiarities +will be noticed in discussing the Metre. Observe also the Anglo-Saxon +_hw_ for the modern _wh_, exemplified by _hwo_, 368, _hwan_, 474, +_hweer_, 294, _hwere_, 549, _hwil_, 301; compare also _qual_, _qui_, +_quan_, meaning _whale_, _why_, _when_.[34] The letter _w_ (initial) is +the modern provincial _'oo_, as in _wlf_, _wluine_, _wman_; cf. _hw_, +_w_, both forms of _how_; and _lowerd_ for _louerd_. In particular, we +should notice the hard sound of _t_ denoted by _th_ in the words _with_, +_rithe_, _brouth_, _nouth_, _ricth_, _knicth_, meaning _white_, _right_, +_brought_, _naught_, _right_, _knight_; so too _douther_, daughter, +_neth_, a net, _uth_, out, _woth_, wot, _leth_, let, _lauthe_ +(_laught_), caught, _nither-tale_ (_nighter-tale_), night-time.[35] On +the other hand, _t_ stands for _th_ in _hauet_, 564, _seyt_, 647, +_herknet_, 1, _wit_, 100. When _th_ answers to the modern sound, it +seems equivalent to A.S. rather than to A.S. ; examples are _mouth_, +433, _oth_, 260, _loth_, 261. _Y_ and _g_ are interchangeable, as in +_yaf_, _gaf_, _youen_, _gouen_; _g_ even occurs for _k_, as in _rang_, +2561. In MSS., _e_ is not uncommonly written by mistake for _o_; this +may perhaps account for _helde_, 2472, _meste_, 233, _her_, 1924, which +should rather be _holde_, 30, _moste_, and _hor_, 235; there is a like +confusion of _weren_ and _woren_; and perhaps _grotinde_ should be +_gretinde_.[36] The vowel _u_ is replaced by the modern _ou_ in the +words _prud_, 302, _suth_, 434, _but_, 1040, _hus_, 740, _spusen_, 1123; +cf. _hws_ in l.1141. Mr Ellis shews, in his Early English +Pronunciation, chap.v, that in pure specimens of the _thirteenth_ +century, there is no _ou_ in such words, and in the _fourteenth_ +century, no simple _u_. This furnishes a ready explanation of the +otherwise difficult _sure_, in l.2005; it is merely the adverb of +_sour_, _sourly_ being used in the sense of _bitterly_; to _bye it +bitterly_, or _bye it bittre_, is a common phrase in Piers Plowman. +Other spellings worth notice occur in _ouerga_, 314, _stra_, 315 (spelt +_strie_ in l.998), _hawe_, 1188, _plawe_, 950, _sal_, 628 (commonly +spelt _shal_). Note also _arum_ for _arm_, _harum_ for _harm_, _boren_ +for _born_, 1878, and _koren_ for _corn_, 1879. There are several +instances of words joined together, as _haui_, 2002, _biddi_, 484; +_shaltu_, 2186, _wiltu_, 905, _wenestu_, 1787; _wilte_, 528, +_thenkeste_, 578, _shaltou_, 1800; _thouthe_, 790, _hauedet_, _youenet_, +_hauenet_; _sawe_, 338; _latus_, 1772; where the personal pronouns _i_, +_u_, _he_, _it_, _we_, _us_ are added to the verb. Hence, in l.745, it +is very likely that _calleth_ is written for _callet_, i.e. call it; and +on the same principle we can explain _dones_; see _Es_ in the Glossary. +In like manner _goddot_ is contracted from _God wot_; and _erl_ from +_e erl_. + +_Nouns._ As regards the nouns employed, I may remark that the final _e_ +is perhaps always sounded in the oblique cases, and especially in the +dative case; as in _ned_, _sted_, &c. (see ll. 86-105), _will_, 85, +_gyu_, 357, _bliss_, 2187, _cric_, 2450; cf. the adjectives _long_, +2299, _wis_, 1713; also the nominatives _ros_, 2919, _new_, 2974. +_Frend_ is a pl. form; cf. _hend_, which is both a plural (2444) and a +dat. sing. (505). In the plural, the final _e_ is fully pronounced in +the adjectives _all_, 2, _hard_, 143, _stark_, 1015, _fremd_, 2277, +_bleik_, 470, and in many others; cf. the full form _boen_, 2223. Not +only does the phrase _none kines_, of no kind, occur in ll. 861, 1140, +but we find the unusual phrase _neuere kines_, of never a kind, in +l.2691. Among the numerals, we find not only _re_, but _rinne_. + +_Pronouns._ The first personal pronoun occurs in many forms in the +nominative, as _i_, _y_, _hi_, _ich_, _ic_, _hic_, and even _ihc_; the +oblique cases take the form _me_. For the second person, we have _u_, +_ou_, in the nominative, and also _tu_, when preceded by _at_, as in +l.2903. We may notice also _hijs_ for _his_, l.47; _he_ for _they_; +_sho_, 112, _scho_, 126, _sche_, 1721, for _she_; and, in particular, +the dual form _unker_, of you two, 1882. The most noteworthy possessive +pronouns are _min_, pl. 1365, _in_, pl. 620; _his_ or _hise_, pl. +_his_, 34; _ure_, 606; _youres_, 2800; _hir_, 2918, with which cf. the +dat. sing. _hir_ of the personal pronoun, 85, 300. _is_ is plural, and +means _these_, in l.1145. As in other old English works, _men_ is +frequently an impersonal pronoun, answering to the French _on_, and is +followed by a singular verb; as in _men ringes_, 390, _men seyt and +suereth_, 647, _men fetes_, 2341, _men nam_, 900, _men bire_, 2101, +_men dos_, 2434; cf. _folk sau_, 2410; but there are a few instances of +its use with a plural verb, as _men haueden_, 901, _men shulen_, 747. +The former is the more usual construction. + +_Verbs._ The infinitives of verbs rarely have _y-_ prefixed; two +examples are _y-lere_, 12, _y-se_, 334. Nor is the same prefix common +before past participles; yet we find _i-gret_, 163, _i-groten_, 285, and +_i-maked_, 5, as well as _maked_, 23. Infinitives end commonly in _-en_ +or _-e_, as _riden_, 26, _y-lere_; also in _-n_, as _don_, 117, _leyn_, +718; and even in _-o_, as _flo_, 612, _slo_, 1364. The present singular, +3rd person, of the indicative, ends both in _-es_ or _-s_, and _-eth_ or +_-th_, the former being the more usual. Examples are _longes_, 396, +_leues_, 1781, _haldes_, 1382, _fedes_, 1693, _bes_, 1744, _comes_, +1767, _glides_, 1851, _arnes_, 1913, _haues_, 1952, _etes_, 2036, +_dos_, 1913; also _eteth_, 672, _haueth_, 804, _bikenneth_, 1269, +_doth_, 1876, _li_, 673. The full form of the 2nd person is _-est_, as +_louest_, 1663; but it is commonly cut down to _-es_, as _weldes_, 1359, +_slepes_, 1283, _haues_, 688, _etes_, 907, _getes_, 908; cf. _dos_, +2390, _mis-gos_, 2707, _slos_, 2706. The same dropping of the _t_ is +observable in the past tense, as in _reftes_, 2394, _feddes and +claddes_, 2907. Still more curious is the ending in _t_ only, as in _u +bi-hetet_, 677, _ou mait_, 689; cf. ll. 852, 1348. In the subjunctive +mood the _-st_ disappears as in Anglo-Saxon, and hence the forms _bute +ou gonge_, 690, _at u fonge_, 856, &c.; cf. _bede_, 668. In the 3rd +person, present tense, of the same mood, we have the _-e_ fully +pronounced, as in _shild_, 16, _yeu_, 22, _leu_, 334, _red_, 687; +and in l.544, _wreken_ should undoubtedly be _wrek_, since the _-en_ +belongs to the plural, as in _moten_, 18. The plural of the indicative +present ends in _-en_, as, _we hauen_, 2798, _ye witen_, 2208, _ei +taken_, 1833; or, very rarely, in _-eth_, as _ye bringeth_, 2425, _he_ +(they) _strangleth_, 2584. Sometimes the final _-n_ is lost, as in _we +haue_, 2799, _ye do_, 2418, _he_ (they) _brenne_, 2583. There is even a +trace of the plural in _-es_, as in _haues_, 2581. The _present_ tense +has often a _future_ signification, as in _etes_, 907, _eteth_, 672, +_getes_, 908. + +_Past tense._ Of the third person singular and plural of the past tense +the following are selected examples. WEAK VERBS: _hauede_, 770, +_spared_, 898, _yemed_, 975, _semed_, 976, _sparkd_, 2144, +_anked_, 2189; pl. _loueden_, 955, _leykeden_, 954, _woundeden_, 2429, +_stareden_, 1037, _yemede_ (rather read _yemeden_), 2277, _makeden_, +554, _sprauleden_, 475; also _calde_, 2115, _gredde_, 2417, _herde_, +2410, _kepte_, 879, _fedde_, 786, _ledde_, 785, _spedde_, 756, _clapte_, +1814, _kiste_, 1279; pl. _herden_, _brenden_, 594, _kisten_, 2162, +_ledden_, 1246; and, thirdly, of the class which change the vowel, +_aute_, 743, _laute_, 744, _bitauhte_, 2212. Compare the past +participles _osed_, 971, _mixed_, 2533, _parred_, 2439, _gadred_, 2577; +_reft_, 1367, _wend_, 2138, _hyd_, 1059; _told_, 1036, _sold_, 1638, +_wrouth_ = _wrout_, 1352. There are also at least two past participles +in _-et_, as _slenget_, 1923, _grethet_, 2615, to which add _weddeth_, +_beddeth_, 1127, In l.2057, _knawed_ seems put for _knawen_, for the +rime's sake. + +STRONG VERBS: third person singular, past tense, _bar_, 815, _bad_, +1415, _yaf_, or _gaf_, _spak_; _kam_, 766 (spelt _cham_, 1873), _nam_, +_kneu_, _hew_, 2729, _lep_, 1777, _let_, 2447 (spelt _leth_, 2651), +_slep_, 1280, _wex_, 281: _drou_, 705, _for_, 2943, _low_, 903, _slow_, +1807, _hof_, 2750, _stod_, 986, _tok_; 751, _wok_, 2093; pl. _beden_, +2774, _youen_, or _gouen_; _comen_, 1017 (spelt _keme_, 1208), _nomen_, +2790 (spelt _neme_, 1207), _knewen_, 2149, _lopen_, 1896, _slepen_, +2128; _drowen_, 1837, _foren_, 2380, _lowen_, 1056, _slowen_, 2414, &c. +And secondly, of the class which more usually change the vowel in the +_plural_ of the preterite, we find the singular forms _bigan_, 1357, +_barw_, 2022, _karf_, 471, _swank_, 788, _warp_, 1061, _shon_, 2144, +_clef_, 2643, _sau_, 2409, _grop_, 1965, _drof_, 725, _shof_, 892; pl. +_bigunnen_, 1011, _sowen_, 1055, _gripen_, 1790, _driue_, for _driuen_, +1966; also _bunden_, 2436, _scuten_, 2431 (spelt _schoten_, 1864, +_shoten_, 1838), _leyen_, 2132, &c. Compare the past participles +_boren_, 1878, _youen_ or _gouen_, _cumen_, 1436, _nomen_, 2265 (spelt +_numen_, 2581), _laten_, 1925, _waxen_, 302, _drawen_, 1925, _slawen_, +2000, which two last become _drawe_, _slawe_ in ll. 1802, 1803. + +We should also observe the past tenses _spen_, 1819, _stirt_, 812, +_fauth_ for _faut_ or _fauht_, 1990, _citte_, 942, _bere_, 974, _kipte_, +1050, _flow_, 2502, _plat_, 2755; and the past participles _demd_ for +_demed_, 2488, _giue_ for _giuen_, 2488, _henged_, 1429, _keft_, 2005. + +_Imperative Mood._ Examples of the imperative mood singular, 2nd person, +are _et_, _sit_, 925, _nim_, 1336, _yif_, 674; in the plural, the usual +ending is _-es_, as in _lies_, 2204, _comes_, 1798, _folwes_, 1885, +_lokes_, 2292, _bes_, 2246, to which set belong _slos_, 2596, _dos_, +2592; but there are instances of the ending _-eth_ also, as in _cometh_, +1885, _yeue_, 911, to which add _doth_, 2037, _goth_, 1780. Indeed both +forms occur in one line, as in _Cometh swie, and folwes me_ (1885). +Instead of _-eth_ we even find _-et_, as in _herknet_,1. These +variations afford a good illustration of the unsettled state of the +grammar in some parts of England at this period; we need not suppose the +scribe to be at fault in all cases where there is a want of uniformity. + +Of reflexive verbs, we meet with _me dremede_, 1284, _me met_, 1285, _me +inkes_, 2169, _him hungrede_, 654, _him semede_, 1652, _him stondes_, +2983, _him rewede_, 503. The present participles end most commonly in +_-inde_, as _fastinde_, 865, _grotinde_ (? _gretinde_), 1390, +_lauhwinde_, 946, _plattinde_, 2282, _starinde_, 508; but we also find +_gangande_, 2283, _driuende_, 2702. Compare the nouns _tiande_, 2279, +_offrende_, 1386, which are Norse forms, _tindi_ (pl.) being the +Icelandic for _tidings_, and _offrandi_ the present participle of +_offra_, to offer. But the true Icelandic equivalent of the substantive +_an offering_ is _offran_, and the old Swedish is _offer_; and hence we +see at how very early a date the confusion between the noun-ending and +the ending of the present participle arose; a confusion which has +bewildered many generations of Englishmen. Yet this very poem in other +places has _-ing_ as a noun-ending _only_, never (that I remember) for +the present participle. Examples of it are _greting_, 166, _dreping_, +i.e. slaughter, 2684, _buttinge_, _skirming_, _wrastling_, _putting_, +_harping_, _piping_, _reding_; see ll. 2322-2327. Such words are +frequently called _verbal nouns_, but the term is very likely to +mislead. I have found that many suppose it to imply _present participles +used as nouns_, instead of _nouns of verbal derivation_. If such nouns +could be called by some new name, such as _nouns of action_, or by any +other title that can be conventionally restricted to signify them, it +would, I think, be a gain. Amongst the auxiliary verbs, may be noted the +use of _cone_, 622, as the subjunctive form of _canst_; _we mone_, 840, +as the subjunctive of _mowen_; cf. _ye mowen_, 11; but especially we +should observe the use of the comparatively rare verbs _bire_, it +behoves, pt.t. _birde_, it behoved, and _urte_, he need, the latter of +which is fully explained in the Glossary to William of Palerne, s.v. +_ort_. + +The prefix _to-_ is employed in _both_ senses, as explained in the same +Glossary, s.v. _To-_. In _to-brised_, _to-deyle_, &c., it is equivalent +to the German _zer-_ and M[oe]so-Gothic _dis-_; of its _other_ and +_rarer_ use, wherein it answers to the German _zu-_ and M[oe]so-Gothic +_du-_, there is but _one_ instance, viz. in the word _to-yede_, 765, +which signifies _went to_; cf. Germ. _zugehen_, to go to, _zugang_ (A.S. +_to-gang_), access, approach. There are some curious instances of a +peculiar syntax, whereby the infinitive mood active partakes of a +passive signification, as in _he made him kesten, and in feteres +festen_, he caused him to be cast in prison (_or perhaps_, overthrown), +and to be fastened in fetters; l.81. But it is probable that this is to +be explained by considering it as a phrase in which we should _now_ +supply the word _men_, and that we may interpret it by "he caused [men] +to cast him in prison, and to fasten him with fetters;" for in ll. 1784, +1785, the phrase is repeated in a less ambiguous form. See also l.86. +So also, in ll. 2611, 2612, Iconsider _keste_, _late_, _sette_, to be +in the infinitive mood. Such a construction is at once understood by +comparing it with the German _er liess ihn binden_, he caused him to be +bound. In l.2352, appears the most unusual form _ilker_, which is +literally _of each_, and hence, _apiece_; cf. _unker_, which also is a +genitive plural. It will be observed that the verb following is in the +plural, the real nominative to it being _ei re_. In l.2404, the +expression _at er rette_, "that there threat," recalls a +colloquialism which is still common. The word _rie_, 730, is, +apparently, the O.E. adverb _thrie_, thrice; _liues_, 509, is an adverb +ending in _-es_, originally a genitive case. _us-gate_ is, according to +Mr Morris, unknown to the Southern dialect; it occurs in ll. 785, 2419, +2586. I may add that Havelok contains as many as five expressions, which +seem to refer to _proverbs_ current at the time of writing it. See ll. +307, 648, 1338, 1352, 2461. + + [Footnote 33: "Cf. K. Horn, 1005, where _haue_ rhymes with + plawe." --M. Mr A.J. Ellis would consider _slawen_, _knaue_, &c., + as assonances-- "Do not think of the pronunciation of modern + _drawen_. Read _sla-wen_, _kna-ue_, an assonance. _Bee_ does + _not_ rhyme to _reden_; it is only an assonance." --Ellis. On the + other hand, we find the spellings _rathe_, _rothe_ instead of + _rede_ in ll. 1335 and 2817.] + + [Footnote 34: "_Qual_ = _quhal_, the aspirate being omitted; and + _quhal_ = _whal_." --Ellis.] + + [Footnote 35: The use of _th_ for _t_ is not uncommon. In the + _Romans of Partenay_, we have _thown_, _thaken_, _thouchyng_, &c., + for _town_, _taken_, _touching_; see Preface, p.xvi. In the copy + of Piers Plowman in MS. Camb. Univ. Lib. Dd l.17, I have observed + several similar examples. Cf. Eng. _tea_, Ital. _t_, Span. _t_, + with Fr. _th_, Swed. _the_, G. Du. Dan. _thee_.] + + [Footnote 36: "Is _e_ for _o_ a mistake, or may it be compared + with _preue_ for _prove_, &c.?" --Ellis. I would observe that + _greting_ is the spelling of the _substantive_ in l.166.] + + + 28. ON THE METRE OF HAVELOK. + +The poem is written in the familiar rhythm of which I have already +spoken elsewhere, viz. at p.xxxvii of the Preface to Mr Morris's +edition of Genesis and Exodus. The metre of Havelok is rather more +regular, but many of the remarks there made apply to it. The chief rule +is that every line shall contain four accents,[37] the two principal +types being afforded (1)by the eight-syllable and nine-syllable lines-- + + (_a_) For hm | ne y|d gld | ne f, 44; + (_b_) It ws | a kng | bi |r dws, 27; + +and (2) by the seven-syllable and eight-syllable lines-- + + (_c_) Hrk|net t | me g|d men, 1; + (_d_) Al|l tht | he mcth| fynd, 42. + +To one of these four forms every line can be reduced, by the use of that +slighter utterance of less important syllables which is so very common +in English poetry. It is not the number of _syllables_, but of +_accents_, that is essential. In _every_ line throughout the poem there +are four accents, with only two or three exceptions, viz. ll. 1112, +1678, &c, which are defective. In a similar manner, we may readily scan +any of the lines, as e.g. ll. 2-4; + + (_c_) Wi|us, mayd|ns, and al|l men + (_b_) Of a ta|l at | ich you | wile tell[38] + (_b_) Wo-so | 't wil' her' | and er|to duell, &c. + +Here the syllables _-nes and_ in l. 3, _of a_ in l.4, and _it wile_ in +l.5, are so rapidly pronounced as to occupy only the room of one +unaccented syllable in lines of the strict type. However awkward this +appears to be in theory, it is very easy in practice, as the reciter +readily manages his voice so as to produce the right rhythmical effect; +and, indeed, this variation of arrangement is a real improvement, +preventing the recitation from becoming monotonous. Those who have a +good ear for rhythm will readily understand this, and it seems +unnecessary to dwell upon it more at length. But it may be remarked, +that the three lines above quoted are rather _more irregular than +usual_, and that the metre is such as to enable us to fix the instances +in which the final _-e_ is pronounced with great accuracy, on which +account I shall say more about this presently. I would, however, first +enumerate the rimes which seem to be more or less inexact or peculiar, +or otherwise instructive. + +I. _Repetitions._ Such are _men, men_; _holden, holde_, 29;[39] _ere, +ere_, 739; _heren, heren_, 1640; _nithes, knithes_, 2048; _youres, +youres_, 2800. To this class belong also _longe, londe_, 172, _heye, +heie_, 1151, 2544; where _longe, londe_ is, however, only an assonance. + +II. _Assonant rimes._ Here the rime is in the vowel-sound; the +consonantal endings differ. Such are _rym, fyn_, 21; _yeme, quene_, 182; +_shop, hok_, 1101 (where _shop_ is probably corrupt); _odrat, bad_, +1153; _fet, ek_, 1303; _yer, del_, 1333; _maked, shaped_, 1646; _bee, +rede_, 1680; _riche, chinche_, 1763, 2940; _feld, swerd_, 1824, 2634; +_seruede, werewed_, 1914; _wend, gent_, 2138; _ank, rang_, 2560; +_boen, ut-drowen_, 2658. To the same class belong _name_, _rauen_, +1397, _grauen, name_, 2528; _slawen, rauen_, 2676. _Henged, slenget_, +1922, should rather be called an imperfect rime.[40] There is also found +the exact opposite to this, viz., an agreement or _consonance_ at the +end, preceded by an apparent diversity in the vowel; as _longe, gange_, +795 (but see _longe, gonge_, 843), _bidde, stede_, 2548, _open, drepen_, +1782, _gres, is_, 2698, _boe, rathe_, 2936 (but see _rathe, bathe_, +1335, 2542), _fet_ (long _e_), _gret_, 2158; and not unlike these are +some instances of loose rimes, as _bee, rede_, 360, _knaue, plawe_, +949, _sawe, hawe_ (where _hawe_ is written for _haue_), 1187, _sawe, +wowe_, 1962 (but see _wowe, lowe_, 2078, _lowe, sawe_, 2142, _wawe, +lowe_, 2470). Observe also _bouth, oft_ (read _vt_ or _ut_ = _out_?), +883, _tun, barun_, 1001 (cf. _toun, brun_, 1750, _champiouns, barouns_, +1032); _plattinde, gangande_, 2282, &c. _Eir, toer_, 410, _harde, +crakede_, 567, are probably due to mistakes.[41] + +III. Rimes which shew that the final _-en_ was pronounced so slightly as +to be nearly equivalent to _-e_. Examples: _holden, holde_, 29; _gongen, +fonge_, 855; _bringe, ringen_, 1105; _mouthen, douthe_, 1183; _riden, +side_, 1758; _wesseylen, to-deyle_, 2098; _slawen, drawe_, 2476. In the +same way _hon_ rimes to _lond_, 1341, owing to the slight pronunciation +of the final _d_.[42] + +IV. Rimes which appear imperfect, but may be perfect. _Riche_ answers to +_like_, 132, but the true spelling is _rike_, answering to _sike_, 290. +_Mithe_, 196, should probably be _moucte_, as in l.257, and it would +thus rime with _oucte_. _Blinne_, 2670, should certainly be _blunne_; +cf. A.S. _blinnan_, pt. t.s. _ic blan_, pt. t. pl. _we blunnon_; and +thus it rimes to _sunne_. _Misdede_, 993, is clearly an error for +_misseyde_, as appears from the parallel passage in ll. 49, 50; and it +then rimes with _leyde_. So in l.1736, for _deled_ read _deyled_, as in +l.2098. _Boe_, 430, has no line answering to it, and a line may have +been lost. _Nicth, lict_, 575, is a perfect rime. _Halde, bolde_, 2308, +may also be perfect. _For-sworen_ answers to _for-lorn_ (pronounced +_for-loren_), 1423; _bitawte_ to _authe_ (pronounced _aute_), 1409; +_yemede_ (pronounced _yem-d_) is not an improper rime to _fremde_, +2276; _anon_ rimes with _iohan_ (if pronounced _ion_ or _John_, as +indicated by the spelling _ion_ in l.177), 2562, 2956. Yet in another +instance it seems to be two syllables, _Jo-han_; see _wimman, iohan_, +1720.[43] Speche should be _speke_, and thus rimes to _meke_, 1065. +_Stareden_ should perhaps be _stradden_, or some such form, rightly +riming to _ladden_, 1037. Under this head we may notice some rimes which +throw, possibly, some light on the pronunciation. Thus, for the sound of +_ey, ei_, observe _hayse, preyse_, 60; _leyke, bleike_, 469; _laumprei, +wei_, 771; _deye_ rimes to _preye_, 168; _day_ to _wey_, 663; _seyd_ to +_brayd_, 1281; but we also find _hey, fri_, 1071; _hey, sley_, 1083, +_heye, heie_, 1151; _heye, eie_, 2544; _leye, heye_, 2010; _heye, +fleye_, 2750. _Fram_ rimes to _sham_, 55; yet the latter word is really +_shame_, 83; _gange_ is also spelt _gonge_, _halde_ rimes with _bolde_, +2308. The pronunciation of _ware_, _were_, or _wore_, seems ambiguous; +we find _sore, wore_, 236; _wore, more_, 258; _ware, sare_, 400; _wore, +sore_, 414; _were, ere_, 741; _more, ore_, 921. For the sound of _e_, +observe _suere, gere_, 388; _suereth, dereth_, 648; _eten, geten_, 930; +_yet, fet_, 1319; _stem, bem_, 592; _glem, bem_, 2122; also _yeue, +liue_, 198; _liue, gyue_, 356; _lyue, yeue_, 1217; _her, ther_, 1924; +_fishere, swere_, 2230. For that of _i_, observe _cri, merci_, 270; +_sire, swire_, 310; _swie, vnblie_, 140; _fir, shir_, 587; _sire, +hire_, 909; _rise, bise_, 723; _fyr, shir_, 915; _lye, strie_, 997; +_hey, fri_, 1071; _for-i, merci_, 2500. For that of _o_, observe _two, +so_, 350; _do, so_, 713; _shon, on_, 969; _hom, grom_, 789; _lode, +brode_, 895; _anon, ston_, 927; _ston, won_, 1023; _do, sho_ (shoe), +1137; _do, sho_ (she), 1231; _stod, mod_, 1702; _ilkon, ston_, 1842; +_shon_ (shoon), _ston_, 2144; _croud, god_, 2338; _don, bon_, 2354; +_sone_ (soon), _bone_, 2504; _bole, hole_, 2438.[44] Only in a few of +these instances would the words rime in modern standard English. For the +_ou_ and _u_ sounds, observe _coue, moue_, 112; _yow, now_, 160; +_wolde, fulde_, 354; _yw, nou_, 453; _bounden, wnden_, 545; _sowel, +couel_, 767; _low, ynow_, 903; _sowen, lowe_, 957; _strout, but_, 1039; +_ou, nou_, 1283; _doun, tun_, 1630; _crus, hous_, 1966; _wounde, +grunde_, 1978; _bowr, tour_, 2072; _spuse, huse_, 2912. _Lowe_, 1291, +2431, 2471, should rather be _lawe_, as in l.2767. These hints will +probably suffice for the guidance of those who wish to follow up the +subject. It is evident that full dependence cannot be placed upon the +_exactness_ of the rimes. + + [Footnote 37: "This _four accents_ I consider to be a wrong way + of stating the fact... The metre consists of four measures, each + generally, not always, of _two_ syllables, the first often _one_ + syllable, the others often of _three_ syllables, and each measure + has generally more stress on the last than on any other, but the + accents or principal stresses in the verse are usually 2, + sometimes 3, perhaps never4." --A.J. Ellis. I need hardly add + that such a statement is more exact, and that I here merely use + the word _accent_ in the loose sense it often bears, viz. as + denoting the "stress," more or less heavy, and sometimes + imperceptible, which is popularly supposed to belong to the last + syllable in a measure. I must request the reader to remember that + this present sketch of the metre is very slight and imperfect, + and worded in the usual not very correct popular language. For + more strict and careful statements the reader is referred to Mr + A.J. Ellis's work on Early English Pronunciation. Until readers + have made themselves acquainted with that work, they will readily + understand what I _here_ mean by "accents;" afterwards, they can + easily adopt a stricter idea of its meaning.] + + [Footnote 38: "You cannot scan this line in any way. This method + of doing it is quite impossible; it is a mere chopping to make a + verse like this. The line is corrupt. Omit _at_, and you have + + Of | a tal' | ich you | wile telle + + or better, + + Of | a tal' | ich wil|e telle." --Ellis.] + + [Footnote 39: The number is that of the _first_ line of the + pair.] + + [Footnote 40: "You have omitted the curious _harde, krakede_, + 567, here; it is only an assonance, not a mistake, I believe." + --Ellis. But see note to l.567.] + + [Footnote 41: "On _i, e_ rhymes, see p.271, last line and + following, of my Chap. IV. The _o, a_ depend on a provincialism, + and this applies to _sawe_, _wowe_; _bee_, _rede_; _knaue_, + _plawe_; _sawe_, _hawe_; &c. _Bouth, oft_ is a case of assonance, + _bouth_ being _bought_, where properly the _ugh_ is the voiced + sound of Scotch _quh_, and easily passes into _f_. The assonance + is therefore nearly a rhyme. _Plattinde, gangande_ is probably a + scribal error. _Eir, toer_ is certainly a mistake; read + + Swanborow, helfled, his sistres fair." --Ellis. + + We may then perhaps alter _gangande_ to _ganginde_. I do not + quite like writing the modern form _fair_ instead of the old + plural _fayre_ in order to gain a rime to _eir_. Cf. ll. 1095, + 2300, 2538, 2768.] + + [Footnote 42: "_Hon, lond_ may arise from a Danism, or from an + English custom at that time of not pronouncing _d_ after _n_ in + _nd_ final; Danish _Mand_ and German _Mann_ are identical." + --Ellis. I prefer to call it Danish; we English, now at least, + often _add_ a _d_, as in _sound_, _gownd_, from _soun_, _gown_.] + + [Footnote 43: "_Johan_ is almost _Jon_ in Chaucer, however + written, but l.177 wants a measure; read-- + + Bi [Jhesu] crist, and bi seint ion. + + In l.1720 also the verse is defective; omit _al_, and read-- + + In denemark nis wimman [non] + So fayr so sche, bi _seint_ Johan, + + where _seint_ is a dissyllable; see p.264 of my Early English + Pronunciation. _Hey, fri_, 1071, is an error; read _hy_, and see + p.285 of my book. The other instances of _ei_, _ai_ are all + regular, the confusion of _ei_, _ai_ being perfect in the + thirteenth century. _Shame_, l.88, is dative, and would prove + nothing, but _shame_ in Orrmin is conclusive. Hence in _sham'_, + 56, we have an _e_ omitted; compare p.323 of my book, and the + German _Ruh'_." --Ellis. In other places, the spelling _heye_ + occurs, rather than _hy_: see ll. 719, 987, 1071, 1083, 1289, + 1685, 2431, 2471, 2544, 2724, 2750, 2945, &c.] + + [Footnote 44: "The instances of _o_ are all regular, except + _croud, god_, 2338, which is a false rhyme altogether; _ou_ = + modern _oo_." --Ellis.] + + + 29. ON THE FINAL -E, &c. + +There can be little doubt that the final _-e_ is, in general, fully +pronounced in this poem wherever it is written, with but a very few +exceptions; but at the same time it is liable to be elided when followed +by a vowel or (sometimes) by the letter _h_, as is usual in old English +poetry. In the following remarks, I shall use an apostrophe to signify +that _e_ is _written, but not pronounced_; thus "wil'" signifies that +"wile" is the MS. form, but "wil" the apparent pronunciation. I shall +use an italic _e_ to signify that the _e_ is elided because followed by +a vowel or _h_, as "cupp_e_" (l.14); and in the same way, "rid_en_," +"lit_el_," &c, signify that the syllables _-en_, _-el_ are slurred over +in a like manner. It will be seen that such syllables are, in general, +slurred over when they occur before a vowel or _h_; under the same +circumstances, that is, as the final _-e_. When I simply write the word +in the form "gode" as in the MS., I mean that the _-e_ is _fully +pronounced_; so that "gode" stands for "god." + +The following, then, are instances. I follow the order in Mr Morris's +Introduction to Chaucer's Prologue, &c. (Clarendon Press Series). + +(_A_) In nouns and adjectives (of A.S. origin) the final _-e_ represents +one of the final vowels _a_, _u_, _e_, and hence is fully sounded even +in the nominative case in such instances. Examples; gome (A.S. _goma_), +7, blome (A.S. _bloma_), 63, trewe (A.S. _treowe_), 179, knaue (A.S. +_cnafa_), 308, 450, sone (A.S. _sunu_), 394. + +(_B_) In words of French origin it is sounded as in French verse. Such +words are scarce in Havelok. Examples: hayse, 59, beste, 279, mircle, +500, rose, 2919, curtesye (_miswritten_ curteyse), 2876, cf. 194, +drurye, 195, male, 48, large, 97, noble, 1263. + +(_C_) It is a remnant of various grammatical inflexions:-- + +(1)it is a sign of the _dative_ case in nouns; as, nede, 9, stede, +10, trome, 8, wronge, 72, stede, 142, dede (not elided, because of the +csura), 167, arke, 222, ere, 248, lite rawe, 276. It also sometimes +marks the accusative, or the genitive of feminine nouns: _accusatives_, +cupp_e_, 14, wede, 94, brede, 98, shrede, 99, mede, 102, quiste, 219, +sorwe, 238 (cf. sorw' in l.240), son_e_, 308, knaue, 308, sone, 350, +wille, 441: _genitives_, messe, 186, 188, helle, 405. + +(2) In adjectives it marks-- + +(_a_) the _definite form_ of the adjective; as, e meste, 233, e riche +(not elided[45]), 239, te beste, 87, e hexte [man], 1080, at wicke, +1158, at foule, 1158, e firste, 1333, e rede, 1397. This rule is most +often violated in the case of _dissyllabic_ superlatives; as, e +wictest', 8, e fairest, e strangest, 1081, 1110; cf. 199, 200. + +(_b_) the _plural_ number. Examples abound, as, gode, 1, alle, 2, are, +27, yung = yung_e_, 30, holde, 30, gode, 34, 55, harde, 143, gren_e_, +470, bleike, 470, halte, 543, doumbe, 543, &c. + +The same use is often extended to possessive pronouns; we find the +plurals mine, 385, 514 (but min', 392), ine, 620, hise, 34, 67, hure, +1231; and even the singulars hire, 84, 85, hure, 338, yure, 171. But the +personal pronoun feminine is often hir', 172, 209; yet see l.316. + +(_c_) the _vocative_ case, as, dere, 839, 2170; leue, 909. + +(3) In verbs it marks-- + +(_a_) the infinitive mood; as, telle, 3, duelle, 4, falle, 39, bey_e_, +53, swere, 254, be-bedde, 421, ber_e_, 549, &c. On this point there +cannot be a moment's doubt, for the form _-en_ is found quite as often, +and they rime together, as in 254, 255, cf. 29, 30. But it is well worth +remarking that _-en_ is slurred over exactly where _-e_ would be, with +much regularity. Examples are: rid_en_, 10, biginn_en_, 21, mak_en_, 29, +heng_en_, 43, lurk_en_, 68, crep_en_, 68, rid_en_, 88, hau_en_, 270. +Other examples are very numerous. But we sometimes find _-en_ not +slurred over, as, drinken, 15; and the same is true even of _-e_, but +such cases are exceptional and rare. + +(_b_) the gerund; as, to preyse, 60. + +(_c_) the past participle of a strong verb; as, drawe, 1802, slawe, +1803. But these are rare, as they are commonly written drawen, slawen, +2224. + +(_d_) the past tense of weak verbs, where the _-e_ follows _-ed_, _-t_, +or _-d_. Examples are very numerous; as, louede = lov'de, 30, 35 (not +elided), 37, hauede = hav'de, 343; cf. haued = havd', 336; urte, 10, +durst_e_, 65, reft_e_, 94; dede, 29, sende, 136, seyde, 228, herde, 286. +Observe hated = hated_e_, 40. The plurals of these tenses are rarely in +_-e_, generally in _-en_, as, haueden, 241, ded_en_, 242, sprauleden = +spraul'den, 475. + +(_e_) the subjunctive or optative mood, or the 3rd person of the +imperative mood, which is really the 3rd person of the subjunctive. This +rule seems to be carefully observed. Examples are yeue, 22, thaue, 296, +yerne, 299, leue, 406, were, 513, wit_e_, 517, &c. So for the _first_ +person, as, lat_e_, 509, lepe (not elided), 2009, spek_e_, 2079; and for +the _second_ person, as, understonde, 1159, fare, 2705, cone, 622, 623. + +(_f_) other parts of a _few_ verbs; thus, the 1st person singular +present, as, liue, 301, ete, 793, rede, 1660, wille, 388, where _wille_ +is equivalent to _wish_. + +(_g_) present participles: thus, plattnde, 2282, is a half-rime to +gangnde. In other places, the author is careful to place them before a +vowel, as gretind_e_, 1390, lauhwind_e_, 946, starind_e_, 508, +driuend_e_, 2702, fastind_e_, 865. + +(4) In adverbs the final _-e_ denotes-- + +(_a_) an older vowel-ending; as, son_e_ (A.S. _sna_), 136, sone, 218, +251, yete (A.S. _gta_, as well as _gt_), 495, ofte (Swed. _ofta_, Dan. +_ofte_), 227. + +(_b_) an adverb as distinguished from its corresponding adjective, as, +yerne, 153, loude, 96, longe, 241, more, 301, softe, 305, heye, 335, +swie, 455, harde, 639. Hence, in l.640, we should read _neye_. + +(_c_) an older termination in _-en_ or _-an_; as, er-hinne, 322, 709, +712, henne, 843, inne, 855. Cf. A.S. _heonan_, _innan_. + +(_d_) It is also sounded in the termination _-like_, as, sikerlike, 422. +Hence, in baldelike, 53, _both_ the _ees_ are sounded; cf. feblelike, +418. When the final _-e_ is slurred over before an _h_ in _Chaucer_, _h_ +is found commonly to begin the pronoun _he_, or its cases, the +possessive pronouns _his_, _hire_, or their cases, a part of the verb to +_have_, or else the adverbs _how_ or _heer_. The same rule seems to hold +in _Havelok_. Observe, that _e_ often forms a syllable in the _middle_ +of a word, as, bondeman, 32, engelondes, 63, pourelik_e_, 322. + +With regard to the final _-en_, it is most commonly slurred over before +a vowel or the _h_ in _he_ or _haue_, not only when it is the +termination of the infinitive mood, but in _many other cases_. One +striking example may suffice: + + He gret_en_ and gouled_en_ and gou_en_ hem ille, 164. + +A still more striking peculiarity is that _the same rule often holds_ +for the ending _-es_. We find it, of course, forming a distinct syllable +in plurals; as, limes, 86; and in adverbs, as, liues, 509. But observe +such instances as maydn_es_, 2, prest_es_, 33, vtlaw_es_, 41, si_es_, +213, &c. + +In the same way, when rapid final syllables such as _-el_, _-er_, +_-ere_, &c., are slurred over, it will _generally_ be found _that a +vowel or_ h _follows them_. Examples: lit_el_, 6, won_eth_, 105, +bed_els_, 266, bod_i_, 345, deu_el_, 446, hung_er_, 449. Compare +ou_er_al, 38, 54. There are many other peculiarities which it would take +long to enumerate, such as, that _sworn_ is pronounced _sworen_, 204; +that the final _-e_ is sometimes preserved before a vowel, as in _ded +am_, 167; that the word _ne_ is very frequently not counted, as it were, +in the scansion, as in 57, 113, 220, 419, the second _ne_ in l.547, and +in several other places. But it must suffice to state merely, that when +the above rules (with allowance of a few exceptions) are carefully +observed, it will be found that the metre of Havelok is _very regular_, +and _valuable on account of its regularity_. + +It would therefore be easy to correct the text in many places by help of +an exact analysis of the rhythm. But this, except in a very few places, +has not been attempted, because the imperfect, but unique, MS. copy is +more instructive as it stands. In l.19, e.g. _wit_ should be _wite_; in +l.47, _red_ should be _rede_; in l.74, _his soule_ should be _of his +soule_, &c. The importance of attending to the final _-e_ may be +exemplified by the lines-- + + All greten swi sore, 236; + But son ded hir fet, 317; + in cherls, in hin, 620; + Grims sons all re, 1399; + His sistres her lif, 2395. + +Mr Ellis writes-- "These final examples suggested to me to compose the +following German epitaph, which contains just as many final _e_'s, and +which I think no German would find to have anything peculiar in the +versification: + +GRABSCHRIFT. + + Diese alte reiche Frau + Hasste jede eitle Schau, + Preiste Gottes gute Gabe, + Mehrte stets die eig'ne Habe, + Liegt hier unbeweint im Grabe. + +I think Havelok may be well compared with Goethe's ballad, + + Es war ein Kn_ig in Thu_le, + Gar treu bis an das Grab, + Dem, sterbend, seine Buhle + _Einen gold_enen Becher gab. + + Es ging ihm nichts darber, + Er leert' ihn jeden Schmaus, + Die Augen gin_gen ihm _ber + So oft er trank daraus. + + Und als er kam zu sterben, + Zhlt' er _seine Stdt'_ im Reich, + Gnnt' alles seinem Erben, + Den Becher nicht zugleich:-- + +and the end:-- + + Die Augen th_ten ihm sin_ken, + Trank nie _einen Trop_fen mehr. + +The _italicised_ trisyllabic measures are fine. Observe also the +elisions of final _-e_ before a following vowel (_Stdt'_ being very +unusual), and the omission of the dative _-e_ in _im Reich_, to rhyme +with _zugleich_." + +I have only to add that my special thanks are due to Sir F. Madden for +his permission to make use of his valuable notes, glossary, and preface, +and for his assistance; as also to Mr Ellis for his notes, which, +however, reached me only at the last moment, when much alteration of the +proofs was troublesome. There are many things probably which Mr Ellis +does not much approve of in this short popular sketch of the metre, in +which attention is drawn only to some of the _principal_ points. In +particular, he disapproves of the term _slurring over_, though I believe +that I mean precisely the same thing aa he does, viz. that these light +syllables are really _fully pronounced_, and not in any way forcibly +suppressed; but that, owing to their being light syllables, and +occurring before vowel sounds, the full pronunciation of them does not +cause the verse to halt, but merely imparts to it an agreeable vivacity. +As I have already said elsewhere[46]-- "A poet's business is, in fact, +to take care that the syllables which _are_ to be rapidly pronounced are +such as easily _can_ be so; and that the syllables which are to be +heavily accented are naturally those that _ought_ to be. If he gives +attention to this, it does not much matter whether each foot has _two_ +or _three_ syllables in it." + + [Footnote 45: _Riche_ being both A.S. and French, has the _e_ + even when indefinite; a riche king, 841; a riche man, 373.] + + [Footnote 46: Preface to Mr Morris's Genesis and Exodus, p. + xxxviii.] + + + + +EMENDATIONS, ETC. + + + [Transcriber's Note: + This section is shown as printed. The editor's corrections were + variously handled. Minor changes to the primary text are shown in + brackets; the more complicated or tentative emendations are given as + supplementary footnotes in the form [5*]. Additions to the Glossary + are shown as separate, bracketed paragraphs. The following paragraph + is part of the original text.] + +Some emendations have been made in the text by inserting letters and +words within square brackets. A few more may be noticed here. + +p.2, l. 47. The MS. has _red_; but it should be _rede_. + +p.3, l. 66. For the MS. reading _here_ Mr Garnett proposed to read +_othere_, which is clearly right. + +p.3, l. 74. For _his soule_ (as in the MS.) we should probably read _of +his soule_. + +p.3, l. 79. For _wo diden_ (as in the MS.) we should read _wo so dide_. + +p.6, l. 177. _Read_-- "Bi [ihesu] crist," &c, to fill up; but this is +doubtful; see l.1112. + +p.18, l. 560. For _with_, Mr Garnett proposed to read _wilt_. + +p.20, l. 640. For _ney_ (as in MS.) read _neye_, the adverbial form. + +p.21, l. 660. Perhaps there should be a comma after _Slep_, making the +sense to be _sleep, son_, not _sleep soon_. + +p.23, l. 746. For _alle_, Mr Garnett proposed to read _shalle_. + +p.24, l. 784. Perhaps we should, however, read _se-weren_, and the note +on the line (p.93) may be wrong. See _Weren_ in the Glossary. + +p.32, l. 1037. For _stareden_ we should perhaps read _stradden_; see +the Glossary. + +p.33, l. 1080. For _hexte_ we should rather read _hexte_ [_man_]; cf. +l.199. + +p.38, l. 1233. Mr Garnett suggested that _cloen_ may mean _clothes_. +If so, dele the comma after it. + +p.43, l. 1420. For _wolde_ we should rather read [_he_] _wolde_. + +p.46, l. 1687. _arned_ is an error of the scribe for _oled_; see the +Glossary. + +p.47, l. 1720. Perhaps we should rather read--_is womman_ [_non_]. + +p.47, l. 1733. _Bidde_ must mean _offer_, rather than _bid_ (as in the +Glossary); unless it be miswritten for _bide_ = tarry. + +p.47, l. 1736. The MS. reading _deled_ should be _deyled_; cf. l.2099. + +p.76, l. 2670. The MS. reading _blinne_ should clearly be _blunne_. +A few other suggestions of emendations will be found in the Glossarial +Index. See the words _Arwe_, _Bire_, _Felde_, _Sor_, _Tauhte_, _enne_, +_Thit_, _Werewed_, _Wreken_, &c. See also the suggestions in the +preface, pp.xxxix, xli, xlvi, xlvii. [ 27: Grammatical Forms; 28: +Metre] + +p.132, s.v. _Loken_. The reference to the Ancren Riwle is to MS. Titus +D18, fol. 17; cf. the edition by Morton (Camd. Soc. 1853), p.56. + +In the Glossary, _Dunten_ is wrongly placed after _Dint_. + +Also, _Greting_ is wrongly placed before _Gres_. + +_Hal_, more probably, is shortened from _half_, like _twel_ from +_twelue_. + +_Shoten_, in l. 1838, means _rushed_, _darted_, _flew_. + +_Teyte_ may mean _lively_. My explanation is not generally accepted. + +_Bise_ occurs in l. 724. + + + + ++Incipit vita Hauelok, quondam Rex Anglie et Denemarchie.+ + + + [Sidenote: [Fol. 204, col. 1.]] + [Sidenote: Hearken!] + +Herknet to me, gode men, + Wiues, maydnes, and alle men, + Of a tale at ich you wile telle, + Wo so it wile here, and er-to duelle. 4 + [Sidenote: I will tell you the tale of Havelok, + a wight man at need.] + e tale is of hauelok i-maked; + Wil he was litel he yede ful naked: + Hauelok was a ful god gome, + He was ful god in eueri trome, 8 + He was e wicteste ma{n} at nede, + at urte ride{n} on ani stede. + at ye mowen nou y-here, + And e tale ye mowen y-lere. 12 + At the begi{n}ning[1] of vre tale, + [Sidenote: First, fill me a cup of ale.] + Fil me a cuppe of ful god ale; + And [y] wile dri{n}ken her y spelle, + at crist vs shilde alle fro helle! 16 + Krist late vs heu{er}e so for to do, + [Sidenote: Christ grant we may do right!] + at we moten comen him to, + And wit[e][2] at it mote ben so! + _Benedicamus domino!_ 20 + Here y schal bigi{n}nen a rym, + Krist us yeue wel god fyn! + [Sidenote: The rime is about Havelok.] + The rym is maked of hauelok, + A stalwori man i{n} a flok; 24 + He was e stalworeste ma{n} at nede, + at may riden on ani stede. + + [Footnote 1: MS. Begi{n}nig.] + + [Footnote 2: _See_ ll. 517, 1316.] + + +[Headnote: THE GOOD KING ATHELWOLD / IS KING OVER ALL ENGLAND.] + + [Sidenote: There was once a king who made good laws.] + +IT was a king bi are dawes, + That i{n} his time were gode lawes 28 + He dede maken, an ful wel holden; + Hym louede yu{n}g, him louede holde, + Erl and barun, dreng and kayn, + Knict, bondema{n}, and swain, 32 + [Sidenote: All loved him.] + Wydues, maydnes, p{re}stes and clerkes, + And al for hise gode werkes. + He louede god with al his micth, + And holi kirke, and soth, ant ricth; 36 + Ricth-wise[3] man he louede alle, + And ou{er}al made hem forto calle; + [Sidenote: He hated traitors and robbers.] + Wreieres and wrobberes made he falle, + And hated he{m} so ma{n} doth galle; 40 + Vtlawes and theues made he bynde, + Alle that he micthe fynde, + And heye he{n}gen on galwe-tre; + For hem ne yede gold ne fe. 44 + [Sidenote: At that time, men could carry gold about safely, + and boldly buy and sell.] + In that time a man at bore + [Wel fyfty pund, y woth, or more,][4] + [Sidenote: [Fol. 204, col. 2.]] + Of red[e][4*] gold up-on hijs bac, + In a male with or blac, 48 + Ne funde he non that him misseyde, + N[e] with iuele on [him] hond leyde. + a{n}ne micthe chapme{n} fare + uruth englond wit here ware, 52 + And baldelike beye and selle{n}, + Oueral er he wilen dwellen, + In gode burwes, and er-fram + Ne funde{n} he non at dede he{m} sham, 56 + at he ne were{n} sone to sorwe brouth, + An pou{er}e maked, and browt to nouth. + a{n}ne was engelond at hayse;[5] + [Sidenote: Then was England at ease.] + Michel was svich a king to preyse, 60 + at held so eng[e]lond in grith! + Krist of heuene was him with. + He was engelondes blome; + Was non so bold lond to rome, 64 + at durste upon his [menie] bringhe + Hunger, ne here[5*] wicke inghe. + Hwan he felede hise foos, + [Sidenote: The king made his foes hide themselves.] + He made he{m} lurken, and crepe{n} in wros: 68 + e hidde{n} he{m} alle, and helde{n} he{m} stille, + And diden al his herte wille. + Ricth he louede of alle inge, + To wronge micht hi{m} no man bri{n}ge, 72 + Ne for siluer, ne for gold:-- + So was he his soule[5*] hold. + [Sidenote: He befriended the fatherless.] + To e faderles was he rath, + Wo so dede hem wrong or lath, 76 + Were it clerc, or were it knicth, + He dede hem sone to haue{n} ricth; + And wo [so] dide{n}[5*] widuen wrong, + Were he neure knicth so strong, 80 + at he ne made hi{m} sone kesten, + And in fet{er}es ful faste festen; + [Sidenote: Them who wrought shame he punished.] + And wo so dide maydne shame + Of hire bodi, or brouth i{n} blame, 84 + Bute it were bi hire wille, + He[6] made hi{m} sone of limes spille. + He was te[7] beste knith at nede, + at heuere micthe ride{n} on stede, 88 + Or wepne wagge, or folc vt lede; + Of knith ne hauede he neu{er}e drede, + at he ne spro{n}g forth so sparke of glede, + [Sidenote: [Fol. 204b, col. 1.]] + And lete him [knawe] of hise hand-dede, 92 + Hw he coue with wepne spede; + [Sidenote: He made his foes cry for mercy.] + And oer he refte hi{m} hors or wede, + Or made him sone ha{n}des sprede, + And "louerd, me{r}ci!" loude grede. 96 + He was large, and no wicth gnede; + Hauede he non so god brede, + Ne on his bord no{n} so god shrede, + [Sidenote: He fed the poor.] + at he ne wolde orwit fede, 100 + Poure at on fote yede; + Forto haue{n} of him e mede + at for vs wolde on rode blede, + Crist, that al kan wisse and rede, 104 + at euere woneth i{n} ani ede. + + [Footnote 3: MS. "Rirth wise."] + + [Footnote 4: Supplied from conjecture. Cf. v. 653, 787. A few + more instances will be found where a similar liberty has been + taken, for the purpose of completing the sense.] + + [Footnote 4*: Changed by editor from "red": see Emendations.] + + [Footnote 5: MS. athayse.] + + [Footnotes 5* (all from Emendations): + l. 66: "For the MS. reading _here_ Mr Garnett proposed + to read _othere_, which is clearly right." + l. 74: "For _his soule_ (as in the MS.) we should + probably read _of his soule_." + l. 79: "For _wo diden_ (as in the MS.) we should read _wo so + dide_."] + + [Footnote 6: MS. Ke.] + + [Footnote 7: MS. Ke waste.] + + +[Headnote: ATHELWOLD IS ABOUT TO DIE.] + + [Sidenote: His name was Athelwold.] + e ki{n}g was hoten aelwold, + Of word, of wepne he was bold; + In engeland was neure knicth, 108 + at bet{er}e hel e lond to ricth. + [Sidenote: He had but a young daughter to succeed him.] + Of his bodi ne hauede he eyr + Bute a mayden swie fayr, + at was so yung at sho ne coue 112 + Gon on fote, ne speke wit moue. + an him tok an iuel strong, + at he we[l] wiste, and under-fong, + [Sidenote: He feels he is dying, and says, "I am in trouble + about her.] + at his deth was come{n} him on: 116 + And seyde, "c{ri}st, wat shal y don! + Louerd, wat shal me to rede! + I woth ful wel ich haue mi mede. + W shal nou mi douhter fare? 120 + Of hire haue ich michel kare; + Sho is mikel in mi outh, + Of me self is me rith nowt. + No selcouth is, ou me be wo; 124 + Sho ne ka{n} speke, ne sho kan go. + [Sidenote: Were she but of age, I would not care for myself."] + Yif scho coue on horse ride, + And a thousa{n}de me{n} bi hire syde; + And sho were com{en} intil helde, 128 + And engelond sho coue welde; + And don hem of ar hire were q{ue}me, + An hire bodi coue yeme; + No wolde me neu{er}e iuele like 132 + Me ou ich were i{n} heuene-riche!" + + +[Headnote: HE SUMMONS HIS LORDS TO WINCHESTER.] + + +Qua{n}ne he hauede is plei{n}te maked, + er-after stro{n}glike [he] quaked. + He sende writes sone on-on 136 + [Sidenote: [Fol. 204b, col. 2.]] + After his erles eu{er}e-ich on; + [Sidenote: He summons his lords, from Roxburgh to Dover.] + And after hise baru{n}s, riche and poure, + Fro rokesburw al i{n}to douere, + That he shulde{n} comen swie 140 + Til him, that was ful vnblie; + To at stede e[r] he lay, + In harde bondes, nicth and day. + He was so faste wit yuel fest, 144 + at he ne mouthe haue{n} no rest; + [Sidenote: He can no longer eat.] + He ne mouthe no mete hete, + Ne he ne mouchte no lye gete; + Ne non of his iuel at coue red; 148 + Of him ne was nouth bute{n} ded. + + + [Sidenote: All sadly obey his summons.] + +Alle at the writes herden, + Sorful an sori til him ferde{n}; + He wru{n}gen ho{n}des, and wepe{n} sore, 152 + And yerne preyde{n} cristes hore, + at he [wolde] t{ur}nen him + Vt of at yuel at was so grim! + a{n}ne he weren comen alle 156 + [Sidenote: They come to Winchester.] + Bifor e king i{n}to the halle, + At wi{n}chestre er he lay: + "Welcome," he seyde, "be ye ay! + Ful michel ank[e] kan [y] yow 160 + That ye aren come{n} to me now!" + + +[Headnote: ATHELWOLD SELECTS EARL GODRICH / TO BE HIS DAUGHTER'S +GUARDIAN.] + + [Sidenote: They all mourn and lament.] + +Quanne he were{n} alle set, + And e king aueden i-gret, + He grete{n}, and goulede{n}, and goue{n} he{m} ille, 164 + And he bad he{m} alle ben stille; + And seyde, "at greti{n}g helpeth nouth, + For al to dede am ich brouth. + Bute nov ye sen at i shal deye, 168 + [Sidenote: He prays them to tell him who can guard + his daughter best.] + Nou ich wille you alle preye + Of mi douther at shal be + Yure leuedi after me, + Wo may yeme{n} hire so longe, 172 + Boen hire and engelonde, + Til at she [mowe] winan of helde, + And a she mowe yeme{n} and welde?" + He ansuered{en}, and seyd{en} an-on, 176 + [Sidenote: They answer, "Earl Godrich of Cornwall."] + Bi crist[7*] and bi seint ion, + That erl Godrigh of cornwayle + Was trewe ma{n}, wit-ute{n} faile; + Wis ma{n} of red, wis ma{n} of dede, 180 + And me{n} hauede{n} of hi{m} mikel drede. + [Sidenote: [Fol. 205, col. 1.]] + "He may hire aler-best[e] yeme, + Til at she mowe wel be{n} quene." + + [Footnote 7* (from Emendations): + "_Read_-- "Bi [ihesu] crist," &c, to fill up; but this is + doubtful; see l.1112."] + + + [Sidenote: The king sends for chalice and paten, + for the earl to swear upon.] + +e king was payed of that Rede; 184 + A wol fair cloth bri{n}ge{n} he dede, + And er-on leyde e messebok, + e caliz, and e pateyn ok, + e corporaus, e messe-gere; 188 + er-on he garte e erl suere, + at he sholde yemen hire wel, + With-ute{n} lac, wit-ute{n} tel, + Til at she were tuelf[8] wi{n}ter hold, 192 + And of speche were bold; + And at she cove of curteysye, + [Sidenote: His daughter is to marry the best and fairest + man that can be found.] + Gon, and speken of luue-drurye; + And til at she louen oucte,[9] 196 + Wom so hire to gode thoucte; + And at he shulde hire yeue + e beste ma{n} that micthe liue, + e beste, fayreste, the stra{n}gest ok:-- 200 + at dede he him sweren on e bok. + And a{n}ne shulde he engelond + Al bitechen in-to hire hond. + + [Footnote 8: _Qu._ tuenti. Cf. v. 259.] + + [Footnote 9: MS. mithe. But see l. 257.] + + + +Quanne[10] at was sworn on his wise, 204 + [Sidenote: He gives up all England to the earl, + to keep for her.] + e ki{n}g dede e mayde{n} arise, + And e erl hire bitaucte, + And al the lond he euere awcte; + Engelonde eueri del; 208 + And preide, he shulde yeme hire wel. + + [Footnote 10: MS. Ouanne. And perhaps "his" should have been + "is."] + + + +e king ne mowcte don no more, + But yerne preyede godes ore; + And dede him hosle{n} wel and shriue, 212 + [Sidenote: The king does penance.] + I woth, fif hu{n}dred sies and fiue; + An ofte dede him sore swinge, + And wit hondes smerte di{n}ge; + So at e blod ran of his fleys, 216 + at tendre was, and swie neys. + [11]And sone gaf it euere-il del; + He made his quiste swie wel. + [Sidenote: He makes his will.] + Wan it was goue{n}, ne micte me{n} finde 220 + So mikel me{n} micte hi{m} in winde, + Of his i{n} arke, ne in chiste, + In engelond at noma{n} wiste: + For al was youe{n}, faire and wel, 224 + at him was leued no catel. + + [Footnote 11: Some lines appear to be wanting here, such as-- + + "He oucte his quiste an to make, + His catel muste he wel bitake," &c.] + + +[Headnote: KING ATHELWOLD DIES.] + + +a{n}ne he hauede be{n} ofte swngen, + [Sidenote: [Fol. 205, col. 2.]] + Ofte shriue{n}, and ofte dungen, + "_In man{us} tuas_, lou[{er}]de," he seyde, 228 + Her at he e speche leyde. + [Sidenote: The king dies.] + To ihe{s}u crist bigan to calle, + And deyede biforn his heyme{n} alle. + an he was ded, ere micte me{n} se 232 + e meste sorwe that micte be; + er was sobbing, siking, and sor, + Handes wri{n}gi{n}g, and drawi{n}g bi hor. + [Sidenote: All mourn for him.] + Alle greten swie sore, 236 + Riche and poure at ere wore; + An mikel sorwe hauede{n} alle, + Leuedyes i{n} boure, knictes i{n} halle. + + + [Sidenote: Masses are sung for him.] + +Quan at sorwe was somdel laten, 240 + And he hauede{n} longe graten, + Belles dede{n} he sone ri{n}gen, + Monkes and p{re}stes messe singen; + And saut{er}es deden he manie reden, 244 + at god self shulde his soule lede{n} + Into heuene, biforn his sone, + And er wit-uten hende wone. + [Sidenote: He is buried and the earl takes possession, + till the maiden is twenty years old.] + an he was to e ere brouth, 248 + e riche erl ne foryat nouth, + at he ne dede al engelond + Sone sayse i{n}til his hond; + And in e castels leth he[12] do 252 + e knictes he micte triste{n} to; + And alle e englis dede he swere[{n}], + at he shulde{n} him ghod fey baren; + He yaf alle me{n}, at god oucte, 256 + Liuen and deyen til at him moucte,[13] + Til at e kinges dowter wore + Tuenti wint{er} hold, and more. + + [Footnote 12: Sir F. Madden printed "lechhe"; but the MS. may + be read "leth he."] + + [Footnote 13: So in MS. But the sense requires + + "He gaf alle men, at god _him_ ouchte, + Liuen and deyen til at _he_ mouete," &c.] + + +[Headnote: EARL GODRICH TAKES POSSESSION.] + + +a{n}ne he hauede take{n} is oth 260 + Of erles, baru{n}s, lef and loth, + Of knictes, cherles, fre and ewe, + [Sidenote: Earl Godrich appoints justices, sheriffs, &c.] + Justises dede he maken newe, + Al engelond to faren orw, 264 + Fro douere i{n}to rokesborw. + Schireues he sette, bedels, and g{re}yues, + Grith-sergea{n}s, wit lo{n}ge gleyues, + To yeme{n} wilde wodes and paes 268 + Fro wicke me{n}, that wolde don scaes; + And forto haue{n} alle at his cri, + At his wille, at his merci; + [Sidenote: [Fol. 205b, col. 1.]] + at non durste be{n} him ageyn, 272 + Erl ne baron, knict ne sweyn. + [Sidenote: He grows very rich, and all England fears him.] + Wislike for soth, was him wel + Of folc, of wepne, of catel, + Solike, in a lite rawe 276 + Al engelond of him stod [in] awe; + Al engelond was of him adrad,[14] + So his e beste fro e gad. + + [Footnote 14: MS. "adred," altered to "adrad."] + + + [Sidenote: The maiden grows up very fair.] + +e ki{n}ges douther bigan riue, 280 + And wex e fayrest wma{n} on liue. + Of alle ewes w[as] she wis, + at gode weren, and of pris. + [Sidenote: Her name is Goldborough.] + e mayden Goldeboru was hoten; 284 + For hire was mani a ter igroten. + + +[Headnote: GODRICH PLOTS AGAINST HIS WARD.] + + +Quanne the Erl godrich him herde + Of at mayde{n}, hw we[l s]he ferde; + Hw wis sho was, w chaste, hw fayr, 288 + And at sho was e rithe eyr + Of engelond, of al e rike:-- + [Sidenote: Godrich is vexed.] + o bigan godrich to sike, + And seyde, "weer she sholde be 292 + Quen and leuedi ouer me? + Hweer sho sholde al engelond, + And me, and mine, haue{n} in hire hond? + Daeit hwo it hire thaue! 296 + Shal sho it neu{er}e more haue. + [Sidenote: "Shall I give England to a fool, a girl?] + Sholde ic yeue a fol, a erne, + Engelond, ou sho it yerne? + Daeit hwo it hire yeue, 300 + Euere more hwil i liue! + Sho is waxen al to prud, + For gode metes, and noble shrud, + at hic haue youen hire to offte; 304 + Hic haue yemed hire to softe. + Shal it nouth ben als sho enkes, + 'Hope maketh fol ma{n} ofte ble{n}kes.' + [Sidenote: My son shall have England."] + Ich haue a sone, a ful fayr knaue, 308 + He shal e{n}gelond al haue. + He shal [ben] ki{n}g, he shal ben sire, + So brouke i eu{er}e mi blake swire!" + + + [Sidenote: He lets his oath go for nothing.] + +Hwan is t{r}ayson was al outh, 312 + Of his oth ne was him nouth. + He let his oth al ouer-ga, + erof ne yaf he nouth a stra; + But sone dede hire fete, 316 + [Sidenote: [Fol. 205b, col. 2.]] + Er he wolde hete{n} ani mete, + Fro wi{n}chestre er sho was, + Also a wicke t{r}aytur iudas; + [Sidenote: He sends the maiden to Dover.] + And dede lede{n} hire to doure, 320 + at standeth on e seis oure; + And erhinne dede hire fede + Pourelike in feble wede, + [Sidenote: He shuts her up in the castle.] + e castel dede he yemen so, 324 + at non ne micte come{n} hire to + Of hire frend, with [hire] to speke{n}, + at heuere micte hire bale wreke{n}. + + + +Of Goldeb{oru} shul we nou laten, 328 + at nouth ne bli{n}neth forto g{ra}te{n}, + et sho liggeth in p{ri}soun: + [Sidenote: May Christ release Goldborough from prison!] + Ihe{s}u c{r}ist, that lazarun + To liue broucte fro dede bondes, 332 + He lese hire wit hise hondes; + And leue sho mo him y-se + Heye ha{n}gen on galwe tre, + at hire haued i{n} sorwe brouth, 336 + So as sho ne misdede nouth! + + +[Headnote: BIRKABEYN IS KING OF DENMARK.] + + +Sawe nou forth i{n} hure spelle; + [Sidenote: At that time there was a king of Denmark, + called Birkabeyn.] + In at time, so it bifelle, + Was in e lon of denemark 340 + A riche king, and swye stark. + [e] name of him was birkabeyn, + He hauede mani knict and sueyn; + He was fayr man, and wicth, 344 + Of bodi he was e beste knicth + at eu{er}e micte lede{n} uth here, + Or stede onne ride, or ha{n}dlen spere, + [Sidenote: He had three children.] + re children he hauede bi his wif, 348 + He hem louede so his lif. + He hauede a sone [and] douhtres two, + Swie fayre, as fel it so. + He at wile non forbere, 352 + Riche ne poure; king ne kaysere, + [Sidenote: Death came upon him.] + Deth him tok a{n} he bes[t] wolde + Liuen, but hyse dayes were fulde; + at he ne moucte no more liue, 356 + For gol ne siluer, ne for no gyue. + + + [Sidenote: He sends for the priests.] + +Hwa{n} he at wiste, rae he sende + After p{re}stes fer an hende, + Chanounes gode, and mo{n}kes bee,[15] 360 + Him for to[16] wisse, and to Rede; + [Sidenote: [Fol. 206, col. 1.]] + Him for to hoslon, an forto shriue, + Hwil his bodi were on liue. + + [Footnote 15: MS. "boe." But "bee" rimes to "Rede"; see + l.694.] + + [Footnote 16: MS. fort{hm} to, the _hm_ being expuncted.] + + +[Headnote: BIRKABEYN SELECTS EARL GODARD / TO BE GUARDIAN OF HIS THREE +CHILDREN.] + + +Hwa{n} he was hosled and shriue{n}, 364 + His q{ui}ste maked, and for him gyue{n}, + His knictes dede he alle site, + For orw hem he wolde wite, + [Sidenote: He asks who will guard his children?] + Hwo micte yeme hise childre{n} yunge, 368 + Til at he kouen speke{n} wit tu{n}ge; + Speke{n} and gangen, on horse riden, + Knictes an sweynes bi here side{n}. + He spoken er-offe, and chosen sone 372 + A riche man was under mone, + [Sidenote: He chooses Godard.] + Was e trewest at he wende, + Godard, e kinges oune frende; + And seyden, he Moucthe he{m} best loke, 376 + Yif at he hem vndertoke, + Til hise sone Mouthe bere + Helm on heued, and lede{n} vt here, + In his hand a sp{e}re stark, 380 + And king ben maked of denemark. + He wel trowede at he seyde, + And on Godard handes leyde; + [Sidenote: He commends the children to Godard.] + And seyde, "Here bi-teche i e 384 + Mine childre{n} alle re, + Al denemark, and al mi fe, + Til at mi sone of helde be; + [Sidenote: He makes him swear to take care of them, + and to give up the kingdom to the boy.] + But at ich wille, at o[u] suere 388 + On auter, and on messe-gere, + On e belles at men ri{n}ges, + On messe-bok e prest on singes, + at ou mine children shalt we[l] yeme, 392 + at hire kin be ful wel queme, + Til mi sone mowe ben knicth, + anne biteche him o his Ricth, + Denemark, and at ertil lo{n}ges, 396 + Casteles and tunes, wodes and wo{n}ges." + + + [Sidenote: Godard swears to do so.] + +Godard stirt up, an swor al at + e king him bad, and sien sat + Bi the knictes, at er ware, 400 + at wepen alle swie sare + For e king at deide sone: + Ih{es}u c{ri}st, that makede mone + On e mirke nith to shine, 404 + Wite his soule fro helle pine; + And leue at it mote wone + [Sidenote: [Fol. 206, col. 2.]] + In heuene-riche with godes sone! + + +[Headnote: GODARD IMPRISONS THE THREE CHILDREN.] + + [Sidenote: Godard shuts up the children, Havelok, + Swanborough, and Helfled, in a castle.] + +Hwan birkabeyn was leyd i{n} g{ra}ue, 408 + e erl dede sone take e knaue, + Hauelok, at was e eir, + Swanborow, his sister, helfled, e toer,[17] + And in e castel dede he hem do, 412 + er non ne micte hem come{n} to + Of here kyn, er ei sperd wore;[18] + er he greten ofte sore, + Boe for hunger and for kold, 416 + Or he weren re wint{er} hold. + Feblelike he gaf he{m} cloes, + [Sidenote: He cares not for his oaths.] + He ne yaf a note of hise oes; + He hem [ne] cloede rith, ne fedde, 420 + Ne hem ne dede richelike be-bedde. + a{n}ne godard was sikerlike + [Sidenote: He is a traitor.] + Vnder god e moste swike, + at eure in ere shaped was, 424 + With-uten on, e wike Iudas. + [Sidenote: May he be accursed!] + Haue he e malisun to-day + Of alle at eure speke{n} may! + Of p{at}riark, and of pope! 428 + And of prest with loke{n} kope! + Of monekes, and h{er}mites boe![19] + And of e leue holi rode, + at god him-selue ran on blode! 432 + [Sidenote: Cursed be he by north and south!] + Crist warie him with his mouth! + Waried wrthe he of nor and suth! + Offe alle man, at speke{n} kunne! + Of c{ri}st, at made[20] mone and su{n}ne! 436 + a{n}ne he hauede of al e lond + Al e folk tilled in-til his hond, + And alle haueden swore{n} him oth, + Riche and poure, lef and loth, 440 + at he sholden hise wille freme, + [Sidenote: He plots against the children.] + And at he shulde[{n}] him nouth g{re}me, + He outhe a ful strong trechery, + A trayson, and a felony, 444 + Of e children forto make: + e deuel of helle him sone take! + + [Footnote 17: Corrupt? Lines 410, 411 do not rime well + together.] + + [Footnote 18: MS. were. But see l. 237.] + + [Footnote 19: Lines 430, 431, 432 rime together. NB. The words + _holi rode_ are written over an erasure.] + + [Footnote 20: MS. mande.] + + + [Sidenote: He goes to the tower where they are.] + +Hwa{n} at was outh, onon he ferde + To e tour er he wore{n} sp{er}de, 448 + er he grete{n} for hunger and cold: + e knaue at was su{m}del bold, + Ka{m} him ageyn, on knes him sette, + [Sidenote: [Fol. 206b, col. 1.]] + And godard ful feyre he fer grette; 452 + And Godard seyde, "Wat is yw? + Hwi grete ye and goulen nou?" + [Sidenote: Havelok says they are hungry.] + "For us hu{n}greth swie sore:"-- + Seyden he wolde{n} [haue] more, 456 + "We ne haue to hete, ne we ne haue + Herinne neyther knith ne knaue + at yeueth us drinke{n}, ne no mete, + Halue{n}del at we moun ete. 460 + [Sidenote: "Alas, that we were born!"] + Wo is us at we weren born! + Weilawei! nis it no korn, + at men micte make{n} of bred? + Vs[21] hungreth, we aren ney ded." 464 + + [Footnote 21: MS. s; of. l. 455.] + + +[Headnote: GODARD KILLS SWANBORGUGH AND HELFLED.] + + [Sidenote: Godard cares not.] + +Godard herde here wa, + Ther-offe yaf he nouth a stra, + But tok e maydnes bothe same{n}, + Al-so it were up-on hiis game{n}; 468 + Al-so he wolde with he{m} leyke, + at were{n} for hunger g{re}ne and bleike. + [Sidenote: He cuts the throats of the two girls.] + Of boen he karf on two here rotes, + And sien [karf] he{m} alto grotes. 472 + er was sorwe, we so it sawe! + Hwan e children bi [e][22] wawe + Leyen and spraulede{n} in e blod: + [Sidenote: Havelok sees it, and is afraid.] + Hauelok it saw, and e[r] bi stod. 476 + Ful sori was at seli knaue, + Mikel dred he mouthe haue, + For at hise herte he saw a knif, + For to reuen him hise lyf. 480 + But e knaue,[23] at litel was, + [Sidenote: He begs Godard to spare him, offering + never to oppose him, and to flee from Denmark.] + He knelede bifor at iudas, + And seyde, "louerd, m{er}ci nov! + Ma{n}rede, louerd, biddi you! 484 + Al denemark i wile you yeue, + To at forward u late me liue; + Here hi wile on boke swere, + at neure more ne shal i bere 488 + +[Headnote: GODARD SPARES HAVELOK FOR A TIME.] + + Ayen e, louerd, shel ne spere, + Ne oer wepne[24] that may you dere. + Louerd, haue m{er}ci of me! + To-day i wile fro denemark fle, 492 + Ne neu{er}e more comen ageyn: + Swere{n} y wole, at bircabein + Neu{er}e yete me ne gat:"-- + Hwan e deuel he[r]de[25] that, 496 + [Sidenote: [Fol. 206b, col. 2.]] + Sum-del bigan him forto rewe; + With-drow e knif, at was lewe + [Sidenote: Godard has pity on him.] + Of e seli children blod; + er was miracle fair and god! 500 + at he e knaue nouth ne slou, + But fo[r] rewnesse him _w_it-drow.[26] + Of auelok rewede him ful sore, + And oucte, he wolde at he ded wore, 504 + But on at he nouth wit his hend + Ne drepe him nouth,[27] at fule fend! + oucte he, als he him bi stod, + Starinde als he were wod: 508 + [Sidenote: But he reflects that, were Havelok dead, + his children would be the heirs.] + "Yif y late him liues go, + He micte me wirchen michel wo. + Grith ne get y neu{er}e mo, + He may [me] waite{n} for to slo; 512 + And yf he were brouct of liue, + And mine childre{n} wolde{n} thriue, + Lou{er}di{n}ges after me + Of al denemark micten he be. 516 + God it wite, he shal ben ded, + Wile i take{n} non oer red; + +[Headnote: GODARD TELLS GRIM TO DROWN HAVELOK.] + + [Sidenote: He determines to drown him.] + I shal do caste{n} hi{m} in e se,[28] + er i wile at he drench[ed] be; 520 + Aboute{n} his hals an anker god, + at he ne flete in the flod." + [Sidenote: He sends for a fisherman, and says to him, + "Grim, I will make you free.] + er anon he dede sende + After a fishere at he wende, 524 + at wolde al his wille do, + And sone anon he seyde him to: + "Grim, ou wost u art mi ral, + Wilte don mi wille al, 528 + at i wile bidde{n} e, + To-morwen [i] shal make{n} e fre, + And aucte e yeuen, and riche make, + With-a{n} u wilt is child[e] take, 532 + And lede{n} him with e to-nicht, + [Sidenote: Throw this child into the sea".] + an ou sest se[29] Mone lith, + In-to e se, and don him er-i{n}ne, + Al wile [i] take{n} on me e sinne." 536 + [Sidenote: Grim binds the child.] + Grim tok e child, and bo{n}d hi{m} faste, + Hwil e bondes micte laste; + at weren of ful stro{n}g line:-- + o was hauelok i{n} ful stro{n}g pine. 540 + Wiste he neu{er}e her wat was wo: + [Sidenote: [Fol. 207, col. 1.]] + [Sidenote: Christ wreak thee of Godard, Havelok!] + Ih{es}u c{ri}st, at makede to go + e halte, and e doumbe speke{n}, + Hauelok, e of Godard wreken! 544 + + [Footnote 22: MS. bi; of. l. 2470.] + + [Footnote 23: MS. kaue.] + + [Footnote 24: MS. "wepne bere," where "bere" is redundant.] + + [Footnote 25: MS. hede.] + + [Footnote 26: Printed thus in the former edition:-- "But to + rewnesse him thit drow." But the MS. has _fo_, not _to_, where + _fo_ is corruptly written for _for_, as in l.1318; and the + initial letter of the last syllable but one may be read as a + Saxon _w_ ([w]), not a thorn-letter (). It merely repeats the + idea in ll. 497, 498.] + + [Footnote 27: Qu. mouth.] + + [Footnote 28: MS. she.] + + [Footnote 29: _So in_ MS. _Qu._ e.] + + +[Headnote: HAVELOK IS TAKEN TO GRIM'S COTTAGE.] + + [Sidenote: Grim gags the child.] + +Hwan grim hi{m} hauede faste bou{n}de{n}, + And sie{n} in an eld cloth wnden + A keuel of clutes, ful, un-wraste, + at he [ne] mouthe speke, ne fnaste, 548 + Hwere he wolde him bere or lede. + Hwan he hauede don at dede, + Hwa{n}[30] e swike him hauede hethede,[31] + at he shulde him forth [lede] 552 + And him drinchen in e se; + at forwarde makeden he. + [Sidenote: He puts him in a bag, and takes him on his back.] + In a poke, ful and blac, + Sone he caste him on his bac, 556 + Ant bar him hom to hise cleue, + And bi-taucte hi{m} dame leue, + [Sidenote: He puts him in charge of his wife.] + And seyde, "wite ou is knaue, + Al-so thou with[31*] mi lif haue; 560 + I shal dreinche{n} him i{n} e se, + For him shole we ben maked fre, + Gold haue{n} ynou, and oer fe; + at hauet mi louerd bihote{n} me." 564 + + [Footnote 30: We should rather read "_an_."] + + [Footnote 31: MS. he ede.] + + [Footnote 31* (from Emendations): + "For _with_, Mr Garnett proposed to read _wilt_."] + + +[Headnote: GRIM SEES THAT HAVELOK IS THE KING'S SON.] + + [Sidenote: She throws down Havelok violently.] + +Hwan dame [leue] herde at, + Vp she stirte, and nouth ne sat, + And caste e knaue adoun so harde, + at hise croune he er crakede 568 + Ageyn a gret ston, er it lay: + o hauelok micte sei, "weilawei! + at eu{er}e was i kinges bern!" + at him ne hauede grip or ern, 572 + Leoun or wlf, wluine or bere, + Or oer best, at wolde him dere. + [Sidenote: The child lies there till midnight.] + So lay at child to middel nicth, + at grim bad leue bringe{n} lict, 576 + For to don on [him] his cloes: + "Ne the{n}keste nowt of mine oes + at ich haue mi louerd swore{n}? + Ne wile i nouth be forloren. 580 + I shal beren him to e se, + ou wost at [bi-]houes me; + And i shal drenchen him er-inne; + [Sidenote: Grim tells his wife to light the fire and a candle.] + Ris up swie, an go u binne, 584 + And blou e fir, and lith a kandel:" + Als she shulde hise cloes handel + [Sidenote: [Fol. 207, col. 2.]] + On forto don, and blawe e[32] fir, + [Sidenote: She sees a light shining round the lad.] + She saw er-inne a lith ful shir, 588 + Also brith so it were day, + Aboute e knaue er he lay. + Of hise mouth it stod a stem, + Als it were a su{n}nebem; 592 + Also lith was it er-inne, + So er brenden cerges i{n}ne:[33] + "Ih{es}u cr{i}st!" wat dame leue, + "Hwat is at lith in vre cleue! 596 + [Sidenote: She bids Grim come and see.] + Sir[34] up grim, and loke wat it menes, + Hwat is e lith as ou wenes?" + He stirte{n} boe up to the knaue, + For ma{n} shal god wille haue, 600 + Vnkeuelede{n} him, and swie unbou{n}de{n}, + [Sidenote: They find a mark on his shoulder.] + And sone anon [upon] him fu{n}den, + Als he tirnede{n} of his serk, + On his rith shuldre a kyne merk; 604 + A swie brith, a swie fair: + "Goddot!" quath grim, "is [is] ure eir + at shal [ben] louerd of denemark, + [Sidenote: Grim says the lad is to be king.] + He shal be{n} king strong and stark; 608 + He shal haue{n} in his hand + A[l] denemark and engeland; + He shal do godard ful wo, + He shal him hangen, or quik flo; 612 + Or he shal him al quic g{ra}ue, + Of him shal he no m{er}ci haue." + us seide grim, and sore gret, + And sone fel him to e fet, 616 + [Sidenote: He prays Havelok to forgive him.] + And seide, "louerd, haue m{er}ci + Of me, and leue, that is me bi! + Louerd, we aren boe ine, + ine cherles, ine hine. 620 + + +[Headnote: GRIM AND HIS WIFE FEED HAVELOK.] + + Lowerd, we shole{n} e wel fede, + Til at u cone ride{n} on stede, + Til at u cone ful wel bere + Helm on heued, sheld and sp{er}e. 624 + [Sidenote: Godard shall never know about this.] + He ne shal neuere wite, sikerlike, + Godard, at fule swike. + oru oer ma{n}, louerd, tha{n} oru e, + Sal i neu{er}e frema{n} be. 628 + ou shalt me, louerd, fre make{n}, + For i shal yemen e, and wake{n}; + oru e wile i fredom haue:" + [Sidenote: [Fol. 207b, col. 1.]] + o was haueloc a blie knaue. 632 + [Sidenote: Havelok is glad, and asks for bread.] + He sat him up, and crauede bred. + And seide, "ich am [wel] ney ded, + Hwat for hunger, wat for bondes + at u leidest on min hondes; 636 + And for [e] keuel at e laste, + at in mi mouth was rist faste. + y was e[r]-with so harde prangled, + at i was e[r]-with ney[e][34*] strangled." 640 + "Wel is me at u mayth hete: + [Sidenote: Dame Leve brings him bread and cheese, butter, &c.] + Goddoth!" quath leue, "y shal e fete + Bred an chese, butere and milk, + Pastees and flaunes, al with suilk 644 + Shole we sone e wel fede, + Louerd, in is mikel nede, + Soth it is, {a}t me{n} seyt and suereth: + 'er god wile helpe{n}, nouth no dereth.'" 648 + + [Footnote 32: MS. er.] + + [Footnote 33: _Qu._ rinne. See ll. 716, 761, 2125.] + + [Footnote 34: _Qu._ stir, _or_ stirt.] + + [Footnote 34*: Changed by editor from "ney": see Emendations.] + + +[Headnote: GRIM SAYS HE HAS DROWNED HAVELOK.] + + +a{n}ne sho hauede brouth e mete, + [Sidenote: Havelok eats all up greedily.] + Haueloc anon biga{n} to ete + Grundlike, and was ful blie; + Coue he nouth his hunger Mie. 652 + A lof he het, y woth, and more, + For him hungrede swie sore. + re dayes er-biforn, i wene, + Et he no mete, at was wel sene. 656 + Hwan he hauede eten, and was fed, + [Sidenote: Grim puts him to bed.] + Grim dede make{n} a ful fayr bed; + Vncloede him, and dede hi{m} er-i{n}ne, + And seyde, "Slep[34**] sone, with michel wi{n}ne; 660 + Slep wel faste, and dred e nouth, + Fro sorwe to ioie art u brouth." + Sone so it was lith of day, + [Sidenote: Grim tells Godard he has killed Havelok, + and asks for his reward.] + Grim it under-tok e wey 664 + To e wicke traitour godard, + at was denemak a[35] stiward, + And seyde, "louerd, don ich haue + at ou me bede of e knaue; 668 + He is drenched i{n} e flod, + Aboute{n} his hals an anker god; + He is witer-like ded, + Eteth he neure more bred; 672 + He li drenched in e se:-- + Yif me gold [and] oer fe,[36] + at y mowe riche be; + And with i chartre make [me] fre, 676 + [Sidenote: [Fol. 207b, col. 2.]] + For u ful wel bi-hetet me, + a{n}ne i last[e] spak with e." + [Sidenote: Godard bids him go home, and remain a thrall; + for he has done wickedly.] + Godard stod, and lokede on him + oruth-like, with eyne grim; 680 + And seyde, "Wiltu [nou] ben erl? + Go hom swie, fule drit, cherl; + Go heen, and be euere-more + ral and cherl, als ou er wore. 684 + Shal [ou] haue non oer mede; + For litel i [shal][37] do e lede + To e galues, so god me rede! + For ou haues don a wicke dede. 688 + ou Mait stonde{n} her to longe, + Bute ou swie een gonge." + + [Footnote 34** (from Emendations): + "Perhaps there should be a comma after _Slep_, making the + sense to be _sleep, son_, not _sleep soon_."] + + [Footnote 35: _Qu._ Denemarkes.] + + [Footnote 36: Cf. l. 1225.] + + [Footnote 37: The MS. has "ig," but the _g_ is expuncted; and + it omits "shal."] + + +[Headnote: GRIM SETS SAIL FOR ENGLAND.] + + [Sidenote: Grim fears that both himself and Havelok + will be hung.] + +Grim thoucte to late at he ran + Fro at t{ra}ytour, a wicke man; 692 + And oucte, "wat shal me to rede? + Wite he him onliue, he wile bee + Heye hangen on galwe-tre: + Betere us is of londe to fle, 696 + And berwen boen ure liues, + And mine childre{n}, and mine wiues." + [Sidenote: Grim sells his live stock.] + Grim solde sone al his corn, + Shep wit wolle, neth wit horn, 700 + Hors, and swin, [and gate] wit berd, + e gees, e he{n}nes of e yerd; + Al he solde, at outh douthe, + That he eure selle moucte, 704 + And al he to e peni drou: + [Sidenote: He fits up his ship carefully.] + Hise ship he g{re}yede wel inow, + He dede it tere, an ful wel pike, + at it ne doutede sond ne krike; 708 + er-inne dide a ful god mast, + Stronge kables, and ful fast, + Ores god, an ful god seyl, + er-i{n}ne wantede nouth a nayl, 712 + at eu{er}e he sholde er-i{n}ne do: + [Sidenote: He takes with him his wife, his three sons, + his two daughters, and Havelok.] + Hwan he hauedet greyed so, + Hauelok e yunge he dide er-inne, + Him and his wif, hise sones rinne, 716 + And hise two doutres, at faire wore, + And sone dede he leyn in an ore, + And drou him to e heye se, + ere he mith aler-best[e] fle. 720 + Fro londe wore{n} he bote a mile, + [Sidenote: [Fol. 208, col. 1.]] + Ne were neuere but ane hwile, + [Sidenote: A north wind arises, called the _bise_, + and drives them to England.] + at it ne bigan a wind to Rise + Out of e north, me{n} calleth 'bise' 724 + And drof he{m} intil engelond, + at al was sien in his hond, + His, at hauelok was e name; + But or he hauede michel shame, 728 + Michel sorwe, and michel tene, + And rie he gat it al bidene; + Als ye shule{n} nou forthwar lere,[38] + Yf that ye wile{n} er-to here. 732 + + [Footnote 38: MS. here; _read_ lere. Cf. ll. 12, 1640.] + + +[Headnote: GRIM FOUNDS THE TOWN OF GRIMSBY.] + + [Sidenote: Grim went up the Humber to Lindesey.] + +IN humb{er} grim biga{n} to lende, + In lindeseye, Rith at e north ende. + er sat is ship up-on e sond, + But grim it drou up to e lond; 736 + And ere he made a litel cote, + To him and to hise flote. + Biga{n} he ere for to ere, + A litel hus to maken of ere, 740 + [Sidenote: There he built a house.] + So at he wel ore were + Of here herboru h{er}borwed ere; + And for at grim at place aute, + e stede of grim e name laute; 744 + [Sidenote: That place was called Grimsby, after Grim.] + So at [hit] grimesbi calleth alle + at er-offe speken alle,[38*] + And so shule{n} me{n} calle{n} it ay, + Bituene is and domesday. 748 + + [Footnote 38* (from Emendations): + "For _alle_, Mr Garnett proposed to read _shalle_."] + + +[Headnote: HAVELOK DOES NOT LIKE BEING IDLE.] + + [Sidenote: Grim was a good fisherman.] + +Grim was fishere swie god, + And mikel coue on the flod; + Mani god fish er-inne he tok, + Boe with neth, and with hok. 752 + [Sidenote: He caught sturgeons, turbot, &c.] + He tok e sturgiun, and e qual, + And e turbut, and lax with-al, + He tok e sele, and e hwel; + He spedde ofte swie wel: 756 + Keling he tok, and tu{m}berel, + Hering, and e makerel, + e Butte, e schulle, e ornebake: + [Sidenote: He had four panniers made for himself and his sons.] + Gode paniers dede he make 760 + Ontil him, and oer rinne, + Til hise sones to bere{n} fish inne, + Vp o-londe to selle and fonge; + Forbar he neye[r] tun, ne gronge, 764 + at he ne to-yede with his ware; + Kam he neu{er}e hom hand-bare, + [Sidenote: [Fol. 208, col. 2.]] + at he ne broucte bred and sowel, + In his shirte, or in his couel; 768 + In his poke benes and korn:-- + Hise swink ne hauede he nowt forlorn. + [Sidenote: He used to sell lampreys at Lincoln, + and bring home simnels, meal, meat, and hemp.] + And hwan he tok e grete laumprei, + Ful we[l] he coue e rithe wei 772 + To lincolne, e gode boru; + Ofte he yede it oru and oru, + Til he hauede wol[39] wel sold, + And er-fore e penies told. 776 + a{n}ne he com, e{n}ne he were blie, + For hom he brouthe fele sie + Wastels, simenels with e horn, + Hise pokes fulle of mele an korn, 780 + Netes flesh, shepes, and swines, + And hemp to make{n} of gode lines; + And stronge ropes to hise netes, + In e se were{n} he ofte setes.[40, 40*] 784 + + [Footnote 39: _Qu._ ful _or_ al.] + + [Footnote 40: _Sic_ in MS.] + + [Footnote 40* (from Emendations: see also Errata) + "Perhaps we should, however, read _se-weren_, and the note + on the line may be wrong. See _Weren_ in the Glossary."] + + +[Headnote: HAVELOK SELLS FISH LIKE THE BEST.] + + [Sidenote: Thus they lived for 12 years.] + +us-gate grim him fayre ledde. + Him and his genge wel he fedde + Wel twelf wint{er}, oer more: + Hauelok was war at gri{m} swa{n}k sore 788 + [Sidenote: Havelok thinks he eats too much to be idle.] + For his mete, and he lay at hom: + Thouthe, "ich am nou no grom; + Ich am wel waxe{n}, and wel may ete{n} + More a{n} euere Grim may geten. 792 + Ich ete more, bi god on liue, + an grim an hise children fiue! + It ne may nouth ben us lo{n}ge, + Goddot! y wile with e gange, 796 + For to leren su{m} god to gete; + Swinken ich wolde for mi mete. + [Sidenote: It is no shame for a man to work.] + It is no shame forto swinken; + e ma{n} at may wel ete{n} and dri{n}ke{n}, 800 + at nouth ne haue but on swi{n}k lo{n}g, + To ligge{n} at hom it is ful strong. + God yelde him er i ne[41] may, + at haueth me fed to is day! 804 + [Sidenote: He determines to carry about panniers like the rest.] + Gladlike i wile e paniers bere; + Ich woth, ne shal it me nouth dere, + ey er be i{n}ne a birene gret, + Al so heui als a neth. 808 + Shal ich neuere lengere dwelle, + To morwe{n} shal ich forth pelle." + + [Footnote 41: MS. ine.] + + +[Headnote: HAVELOK GOES TO LINCOLN TO GET WORK.] + + +On e morwen, hwa{n} it was day, + [Sidenote: [Fol. 208b, col. 1.]] + He stirt up sone, and nouth ne lay; 812 + [Sidenote: He carries a pannier full of fish, and sells them.] + And cast a panier on his bac, + With fish giueled als a stac; + Also michel he bar him one, + So he foure, bi mine mone![42] 816 + Wel he it bar, and solde it wel, + e siluer he brouthe hom il del; + Al at he er-fore tok + With-held he nouth a feringes nok. 820 + So yede he forth ilke day, + at he neuere at home lay. + So wolde he his mester lere; + [Sidenote: A great dearth arises.] + Bifel it so a strong dere 824 + Bigan to rise of korn of bred, + That grim ne coue no god red, + Hw he sholde his meine fede; + Of hauelok hauede he michel drede: 828 + For he was strong, and wel mouthe ete + More a{n}ne heuere mouthe he gete; + [Sidenote: They have not enough to eat.] + Ne he ne mouthe on e se take + Neyer le{n}ge, ne orn[e]bake,[43] 832 + Ne non oer fish at douthe + His meyne fede{n} with he[r][44] mouthe. + [Sidenote: Grim is sorry for Havelok.] + Of hauelok he hauede kare, + Hwilgat at he micthe fare; 836 + Of his childre{n} was him nouth, + On hauelok was al hise outh, + And seyde, "hauelok, dere sone, + I wene that we deye mone 840 + For hu{n}ger, is dere is so strong, + And hure mete is uten long. + [Sidenote: He advises him to go to Lincoln, and work there.] + Betere is at u he{n}ne gonge, + an u here dwelle longe; 844 + Heen ow mayt ga{n}ge{n} to late; + Thou canst ful wel e ricthe gate + To lincolne, e gode borw, + ou hauest it gon ful ofte oru; 848 + Of me ne is me nouth a slo, + Bet{er}e is at u ider go, + For er is mani god ma{n} inne, + er ou mayt i mete winne. 852 + But wo is me! ou art so naked, + [Sidenote: He makes him a coat of an old sail.] + Of mi seyl y wolde e were maked + A cloth, ou mithest i{n}ne gongen, + Sone, no cold at u ne fonge." 856 + + +[Headnote: HE HELPS THE EARL OF CORNWALL'S COOK.] + + [Sidenote: [Fol. 208b. col. 2.]] + +He tok e sh[e]res[45] of e nayl, + And made him a couel of e sayl, + And hauelok dide it sone on; + Hauede neyer hosen ne shon, 860 + Ne none kines oe[r] wede; + [Sidenote: Havelok goes to Lincoln barefoot.] + To lincolne barfot he yede. + Hwan he kam e[r], he was ful wil, + Ne hauede he no frend to gange{n} til; 864 + [Sidenote: He fasts for two days.] + Two dayes er fastinde he yede, + at non for his werk wolde him fede; + e ridde day herde he calle: + "Bermen, bermen, hider forth alle!" 868 + [Poure at on fote yede][46] + Sprongen forth so sparke on glede. + [Sidenote: Havelok becomes the earl's cook's porter.] + Hauelok shof dun nyne or ten, + Rith amidewarde e fen, 872 + And stirte forth to e kok, + [er the herles mete he tok,] + at he bouthe at e brigge: + e berme{n} let he alle ligge, 876 + And bar e mete to e castel, + [Sidenote: He gets a farthing cake.] + And gat him ere a fering wastel. + + [Footnote 42: Cf. ll. 1711, 1972.] + + [Footnote 43: See l. 759.] + + [Footnote 44: _Qu._ her, _i.e._ their. MS. he.] + + [Footnote 45: _Qu._ sheres. MS. shres.] + + [Footnote 46: Cf. ll. 91, 101. Here and below an additional + line seems requisite.] + + +[Headnote: HAVELOK IS HIRED BY THE EARL'S COOK.] + + [Sidenote: Another day, he watches the earl's cook, + who calls for a porter.] + +et oer day kepte he ok + Swie yerne e erles kok, 880 + Til at he say him on e b[r]igge, + And bi him mani fishes ligge. + e herles mete hauede he bouth + Of cornwalie, and kalde oft: 884 + "Berme{n}, bermen, hider swie!" + Hauelok it herde, and was ful blie, + at he herde "berme{n}" calle; + Alle made he hem dun falle 888 + [Sidenote: Havelok upsets 16 lads.] + at in his gate yeden and stode, + Wel sixtene laddes gode. + Als he lep e kok [vn-]til, + He shof hem alle upon an hyl; 892 + Astirte til him with his rippe, + [Sidenote: He catches up the cook's fish, and carries them + to the castle.] + And bigan e fish to kippe. + He bar up wel a carte lode + Of segges, laxes, of playces brode, 896 + Of grete laumprees, and of eles; + Sparede he neyer tos ne heles, + Til at he to e castel cam, + at me{n} fro him his birene nam. 900 + an me{n} hauede{n} holpe{n} him doun + With e birene of his croun, + e kok [bi] stod, and on him low, + [Sidenote: [Fol. 209, col. 1.]] + And oute him stalwore ma{n} ynow, 904 + And seyde, "wiltu ben wit me? + [Sidenote: The cook takes him into his service.] + Gladlike wile ich feden e; + Wel is set e mete u etes, + And e hire at u getes." 908 + + +[Headnote: HE CUTS WOOD, AND DRAWS WATER.] + + +"Goddot!"[47] quoth he, "leue sire, + Bidde ich you non oer hire; + But yeue me inow to ete, + [Sidenote: Havelok tells the cook what he can do.] + Fir and wat{er} y wile yow fete, 912 + e fir blowe, an ful wele make{n}; + Stickes kan ich breken and krake{n}, + And kindlen ful wel a fyr, + And make{n} it to brennen shir; 916 + Ful wel kan ich cleue{n} shides, + Eles to-turnen[48] of here hides; + Ful wel kan ich dishes swilen, + And don al at ye eu{er}e wilen." 920 + [Sidenote: The cook is content to hire him.] + Quoth e kok, "wile i no more; + Go u yunder, and sit ore, + And y shal yeue e ful fair bred, + And make e broys i{n} e led. 924 + Sit now doun and et ful yerne: + Daeit hwo e mete werne!" + + [Footnote 47: Soddot, MS.] + + [Footnote 48: MS. to turuen; _but the _u_ and _n_ are almost + indistinguishable._ Cf. l.603; and _William of Palerne_, + 2590.] + + +[Headnote: HAVELOK GROWS VERY TALL AND STRONG.] + + [Sidenote: Havelok eats a good dinner.] + +Hauelok sette him dun anon, + Also stille als a ston, 928 + Til he hauede ful wel eten; + o hauede hauelok fayre gete{n}. + [Sidenote: He fills a large tub with water for the kitchen.] + Hwa{n} he hauede ete{n} inow, + He ka{m} to e welle, wat{er} up-drow, 932 + And filde e[r] a michel so; + Bad he non ageyn him go, + But bi-twen his hondes he bar it in, + A[l] him one to e kichin. 936 + Bad he non him wat{er} to fete, + Ne fro b[r]igge to bere e mete, + He bar e turues, he bar e star, + e wode fro the brigge he bar; 940 + [Sidenote: He draws water, and cuts wood.] + Al that euere shulde{n} he nytte, + Al he drow, and al he citte; + Wolde he neu{er}e haue{n} rest, + More a{n} he were a best. 944 + [Sidenote: He is always laughing and blithe.] + Of alle me{n} was he mest meke, + Lauhwinde ay, and blie of speke; + Eu{er}e he was glad and blie, + His sorwe he coue ful wel mie. 948 + [Sidenote: [Fol. 209, col. 2.]] + It ne was non so litel knaue, + For to leyken, ne forto plawe, + at he ne wo[l]de with him pleye: + e children that y[e]de{n} in e weie 952 + [Sidenote: Children play with him.] + Of him he deden al he[r] wille, + And with him leykeden here fille. + Him louede{n} alle, stille and bolde, + Knictes, childre{n}, yunge and holde; 956 + [Sidenote: All like him.] + Alle him louede{n} at him sowen, + Boen heyemen and lowe. + Of him ful wide e word sprong, + Hw he was mike, hw he was stro{n}g, 960 + Hw fayr ma{n} god him hauede maked, + [Sidenote: He has nothing to wear but the old sail.] + But on at he was almest naked: + For he ne hauede nouth to shride, + But a kouel ful unride, 964 + at [was] ful, and swie wicke, + Was it nouth worth a fir sticke. + [Sidenote: The cook buys him new clothes.] + e cok biga{n} of him to rewe, + And bouthe him cloes, al spa{n}newe; 968 + He bouthe him boe hose{n} and shon, + And sone dide him dones on. + [Sidenote: He looks very well in his new suit.] + Hwan he was cloed, osed, and shod, + Was no{n} so fayr under god, 972 + at euere yete in ere were, + Non at eu{er}e moder bere; + It was neu{er}e ma{n} at yemede + In kinneriche, at so wel semede 976 + King or cayser forto be, + an he was shrid, so semede he; + [Sidenote: Havelok is the tallest man in Lincoln, + and the strongest in England.] + For a{n}ne he weren alle same{n} + At lincolne, at e game{n}, 980 + And e erles men woren al ore, + an was hauelok bi e shuldre{n} more + an e meste at er kam: + In armes him noma{n} [ne] nam, 984 + at he doune sone ne caste; + Hauelok stod ouer he{m} als a mast. + Als he was heie, al[49] he was long, + He was boe stark and strong; 988 + In engelond [was] non hise per + Of strenge at eu{er}e ka{m} him ner. + Als he was strong, so was he softe; + +[Headnote: HE SEES SOME MEN "PUTTING THE STONE."] + + ey a man him misdede ofte, 992 + Neuere more he him misdede, + [Sidenote: [Fol. 209b, col. 1.]] + Ne hond on him with yuele leyde. + [Sidenote: He is good-natured and pure.] + Of bodi was he mayden clene, + Neuere yete in game, ne in grene, 996 + it[50] hire ne wolde leyke ne lye, + No more an it were a strie. + In at time al hengelond + [Sidenote: Godrich summons a parliament at Lincoln.] + erl Godrich hauede in his hond, 1000 + And he gart kome{n} i{n}to e tun + Mani erl, and mani barun; + And alle [men] at liues were + In eng[e]lond, a{n}ne wer ere, 1004 + at ey haueden after sent, + To ben er at e parleme{n}t. + [Sidenote: Some champions begin to contend in games.] + With hem com mani cha{n}bioun, + Mani with ladde, blac and brown; 1008 + An fel it so, at yunge men, + Wel aboute{n} nine or ten, + Bigu{n}ne{n} e[r] for to layke: + ider kome{n} bothe stro{n}ge and wayke; 1012 + ider kome{n} lesse and more, + at in e borw a{n}ne were{n} ore; + [Sidenote: Strong lads and bondmen are there.] + Chaunpiouns, and starke laddes, + Bondeme{n} with here gaddes, 1016 + Als he comen fro e plow; + ere was sembling i-now! + For it ne was non horse-knaue, + o ei sholden in honde haue, 1020 + at he ne kam ider, e leyk to se: + Biforn here fet a{n}ne lay a tre, + [Sidenote: They begin to "put the stone."] + And putte{n}[51] with a mikel ston + e starke laddes, ful god won. 1024 + +[Headnote: HE "PUTS THE STONE" FURTHER THAN ANY.] + + e ston was mikel, and ek greth, + And al so heui so a neth; + Grund stalwrthe ma{n} he sholde be, + at mouthe lifte{n} it to his kne; 1028 + [Sidenote: Few can lift it.] + Was er neyer clerc, ne prest, + at mithe liften it to his brest: + erwit putte{n} the chaunpiouns, + at ider come{n} with e barouns. 1032 + Hwo so mithe putten ore + Biforn a-noer, an inch or more, + Wore ye yung, [or] wore he hold, + He was for a ke{m}pe told. 1036 + [Sidenote: Whilst this is going on, Havelok looks on at them.] + Al-so e[i] stoden, an ofte starede{n},[51*] + e chaunpiouns, and ek the ladde{n}, + [Sidenote: [Fol. 209b, col. 2.]] + And he maden mikel strout + Abouten e alerbeste but, 1040 + Hauelok stod, and lokede er-til; + And of putti{n}gge he was ful wil, + For neu{er}e yete ne saw he or + Putte{n} the stone, or a{n}ne or. 1044 + [Sidenote: His master tells him to try.] + Hise mayst{er} bad him gon er-to, + Als he coue er-with do. + o hise mayst{er} it him bad, + He was of him sore adrad; 1048 + erto he stirte sone anon, + And kipte up at heui ston, + at he sholde puten wie; + [Sidenote: He puts the stone 12 feet beyond the rest.] + He putte at e firste sie, 1052 + Ouer alle at er wore, + Twel fote, and su{m}del more. + e chaunpiouns at [at] put sowen, + Shuldrede{n} he ilc oer, and lowen; 1056 + Wolde{n} he no more to putti{n}g gange, + But seyde, "_w_e[52] dwelle{n} her to longe!" + +[Headnote: GODRICH HEARS OF HAVELOK'S STRENGTH.] + + [Sidenote: This feat is everywhere talked about.] + is selkouth mithe nouth be{n} hyd, + Ful sone it was ful loude kid 1060 + Of hauelok, hw he warp e ston + Ouer e laddes euerilkon; + Hw he was fayr, hw he was long, + Hw he was with, hw he was stro{n}g; 1064 + oruth england yede e speke,[53] + Hw he was strong, and ek meke; + In the castel, up in e halle, + e knithes speke{n} er-of alle, 1068 + [Sidenote: Godrich hears the knights talking of it.] + So that Godrich it herde wel + e[r] speke{n} of hauelok, eueri del, + Hw he was stro{n}g man and hey, + Hw he was stro{n}g and ek fri, 1072 + And outhte godrich, "oru is knaue + Shal ich engelond al haue, + And mi sone after me; + For so i wile at it be. 1076 + [Sidenote: "Athelwold said I was to marry his daughter + to the strongest man alive.] + The king aelwald me dide swere + Vpon al e messe-gere, + at y shu[l]de his douthe[r] yeue + e hexte [man][53*] at mithe liue, 1080 + e beste, e fairest, e stra{n}gest ok; + at gart he me swere{n} on e bok. + Hwere mithe i finden ani so hey + [Sidenote: [Fol. 210, col. 1.]] + So hauelok is, or so sley? 1084 + ou y southe heen in-to ynde, + So fayr, so strong, ne mithe y finde. + Hauelok is at ilke knaue, + at shal goldeborw haue." 1088 + [Sidenote: That is Havelok."] + is outhe [he] with trechery, + With t{ra}ysoun, and wit felony; + For he wende, at hauelok wore + Sum cherles sone, and no more; 1092 + Ne shulde he haue{n} of engellond + Onlepi forw in his hond, + With hire, at was erof eyr, + at boe was god and swie fair. 1096 + [Sidenote: He thought Havelok was only a thrall.] + He wende, at hauelok wer a ral, + er-oru he we{n}de haue{n} al + In engelond, at hire rith was; + He was werse an sathanas, 1100 + at ih{es}u c{ri}st in ere shop:[54] + Hanged wore he on an hok! + + [Footnote 49: _Qu._ so; see l. 991.] + + [Footnote 50: _Qu._ wit = with: miswritten owing to confusion + of with [w] (_w_)?] + + [Footnote 51: MS. pulten. But see ll. 1031, 1033, 1044, 1051, + &c.] + + [Footnote 51* (from Emendations): + "For _stareden_ we should perhaps read _stradden_; see the + Glossary."] + + [Footnote 52: In the former edition-- "ye". But the _y_ is not + dotted, and it may be "[w]e."] + + [Footnote 53: MS. speche. Read "speke," as in l. 946.] + + [Footnote 53*: Word added by editor: see Emendations.] + + [Footnote 54: _Qu._ shok _or_ strok.] + + +[Headnote: GOLDBOROUGH IS SENT FOR TO LINCOLN.] + + [Sidenote: He sends for Goldborough to Lincoln.] + +After goldebo[r]w sone he sende, + at was boe fayr and hende, 1104 + And dide hire to lincolne bringe, + Belles dede he ageyn hire ringen, + And ioie he made hire swie mikel, + But neeles he was ful swikel. 1108 + He seyde, at he sholde hire yeue + e fayrest ma{n} that mithe liue. + [Sidenote: She says she will marry none but a king.] + She answerede, and seyde anon, + Bi crist, and bi seint iohan, 1112 + at hire sholde noma{n} wedde, + Ne noma{n} bringen to hire[55] bedde, + But he were king, or ki{n}ges eyr, + Were he neuere ma{n} so fayr. 1116 + + [Footnote 55: _Qu._ hise.] + + +[Headnote: GODRICH ASKS HAVELOK IF HE WILL MARRY.] + + [Sidenote: Godrich is wrath at this.] + +Godrich e erl was swie wroth, + at she swore swilk an oth, + And seyde, "hwor ou wilt be + Quen and leuedi ouer me? 1120 + ou shalt haue{n} a gadeling, + Ne shalt ou haue{n} non oer ki{n}g; + [Sidenote: He says she shall marry his cook's servant.] + e shal spusen mi cokes knaue, + Ne shalt ou non oer lou{er}d haue. 1124 + Daeit at e oer yeue + Eu{er}e more hwil i liue! + To-mo[r]we ye shole{n} ben weddeth, + And, maugre in, to-gidere beddeth." 1128 + [Sidenote: [Fol. 210, col. 2.]] + Goldeborw gret, and _w_as[56] hire ille, + She wolde ben ded bi hire wille. + On the morwen, hwa{n} day was spru{n}ge{n}, + And day-belle at kirke rungen, 1132 + [Sidenote: He sends next day for Havelok, and says, + "Master, wilt wive?"] + After hauelok sente at iudas, + at werse was a{n}ne sathanas: + And seyde, "mayst{er}, wilte wif?" + "Nay," quoth, hauelok, "bi my lif! 1136 + Hwat sholde ich with wif do? + I ne may hire fede, ne cloe, ne sho. + Wider sholde ich wimma{n} bringe? + [Sidenote: Havelok refuses.] + I ne haue none kines inge. 1140 + I ne haue hws, y ne haue cote, + Ne i ne[57] haue stikke, y ne haue sprote, + I ne haue neyer bred ne sowel, + Ne cloth, but of an hold with couel. 1144 + is cloes, at ich onne haue, + Aren e kokes, and ich his knaue." + [Sidenote: Godrich beats him, and threatens to hang him.] + Godrich stirt up, and on him dong + [With dintes swie hard and strong,] 1148 + And seyde, "But ou hire take, + at y wole yeue{n} e to make, + I shal hange{n} e ful heye, + Or y shal risten vth in heie." 1152 + Hauelok was one, and was odrat, + [Sidenote: Havelok consents.] + And grauntede hi{m} al at he bad. + o sende he after hire sone, + e fayrest wymman under mone; 1156 + And seyde til hire, [false][58] and slike, + [Sidenote: Godrich next threatens Goldborough.] + at wicke ral, at foule swike: + "But u is ma{n} under-stonde, + I shal fleme{n} e of londe; 1160 + Or ou shal to e galwes re{n}ne, + And er ou shalt i{n} a fir bre{n}ne." + Sho was adrad, for he so rette, + And durste nouth e spusi{n}g lette, 1164 + But ey hire likede swie ille, + [Sidenote: She consents, thinking it is God's will.] + outhe it was godes wille: + God, at makes to growe{n} e korn, + Formede hire wi{m}ma{n} to be born. 1168 + Hwan he hauede don him for drede, + at he sholde hire spuse{n}, and fede, + And at she sholde til him holde, + [Sidenote: A dowry is given her.] + er were{n} penies icke tolde, 1172 + Mikel plente upon e bok: + He ys hire yaf, and she as tok. + [Sidenote: [Fol. 210b, col. 1.]] + He weren spused fayre and wel, + e messe he deden eueridel, 1176 + at fel to spusing, and god cle[r]k, + [Sidenote: The archbishop of York marries them.] + e erchebishop uth of yerk, + at kam to e p{ar}leme{n}t, + Als god him hauede ider sent. 1180 + + [Footnote 56: The first letter of this word is either __ or a + Saxon _w_ ([w]). Iread it as the latter.] + + [Footnote 57: MS. ine.] + + [Footnote 58: Both sense and metre require this word.] + + +[Headnote: HAVELOK RESOLVES TO GO TO GRIMSBY.] + + +Hwan he were{n} togydere i{n} godes lawe, + at e folc ful wel it sawe, + He ne wiste{n} hwat he mouthe{n}, + [Sidenote: Havelok knows not what to do.] + Ne he ne wiste{n} wat hem douthe; 1184 + er to dwelle{n}, or e{n}ne to gonge, + er ne wolde{n} he dwelle{n} lo{n}ge, + For he wiste{n}, and ful wel sawe, + at godrich he{m} hatede, e deuel hi{m} hawe! 1188 + And yf he dwellede{n} er outh-- + at fel hauelok ful wel on outh-- + Men sholde don his leman shame, + Or elles bringe{n} i{n} wicke blame. 1192 + at were him leuere to ben ded, + [Sidenote: He determines to go to Grimsby.] + For-i he toke{n} anoer red, + +[Headnote: GRIM'S CHILDREN WELCOME HAVELOK.] + + at ei sholden enne fle + Til grim, and til hise sones re; 1196 + er we{n}den he aler-best to spede, + Hem forto cloe, and for to fede. + e lond he token under fote, + Ne wisten he non oer bote, 1200 + And helden ay the rie [sti][59] + Til he kome{n} to grimesby. + [Sidenote: He finds that Grim is dead, but his five children + are alive.] + anne he kome{n} ere, anne was gri{m} ded, + Of him ne hauede{n} he no red; 1204 + But hise childre{n} alle fyue + Alle weren yet on liue; + at ful fayre ayen he{m} neme, + Hwan he wiste{n} at he keme, 1208 + And made{n} ioie swie mikel, + Ne were{n} he neuere ayen he{m} fikel. + On knes ful fayre he hem setten, + And hauelok swie fayre grette{n}, 1212 + [Sidenote: They welcome Havelok very kindly.] + And seyde{n}, "welkome, louerd dere! + And welkome be i fayre fere! + Blessed be at ilke rawe, + at ou hire toke in godes lawe! 1216 + Wel is hus we sen e on lyue, + ou mithe us boe selle and yeue; + ou mayt us boe yeue and selle, + [Sidenote: [Fol. 210b, col. 2.]] + With at ou wilt here dwelle. 1220 + We haue{n}, louerd, alle gode, + [Sidenote: They beg him to stay with them.] + Hors, and neth, and ship on flode, + Gold, and siluer, and michel auchte, + at grim ute fader us bitawchte. 1224 + Gold, and siluer, and oer fe + Bad he us bi-taken e. + We hauen shep, we hauen swin, + Bi-leue her, louerd, and al be in; 1228 + [Sidenote: They will serve him and his wife.] + o shalt ben louerd, ou shalt be{n} syre, + And we sholen s{er}ue{n} e and hire; + And hure sistres shole{n} do + Al that euere biddes sho; 1232 + He shole{n} hire cloe{n},[59*] washe{n}, and wri{n}ge{n}, + And to hondes water bringe{n}; + He sholen bedde{n} hire and e, + For leuedi wile we at she be." 1236 + Hwan he is ioie hauede{n} maked, + Sithen stikes broke{n} and kraked, + [Sidenote: They make a fire, and spare neither goose nor hen.] + And e fir brouth on bre{n}ne, + Ne was er spared gos ne he{n}ne, 1240 + Ne e hende, ne e drake, + Mete he deden plente make; + Ne wantede ere no god mete, + [Sidenote: They fetch wine and ale.] + Wyn and ale dede{n} he fete, 1244 + And made[n] hem [ful] glade and blie, + Wesseyl ledde{n} he fele sie. + + [Footnote 59: A word is here erased; but see l. 2618.] + + [Footnote 59* (from Emendations): + "Mr Garnett suggested that _cloen_ may mean _clothes_. If so, + dele the comma after it."] + + +[Headnote: GOLDBOROUGH SEES THE WONDROUS LIGHT.] + + [Sidenote: At night Goldborough lies down sorrowful.] + +On e nith, als goldeborw lay, + Sory and sorwful was she ay, 1248 + For she wende she were bi-swike, + at sh[e w]ere[60] yeue{n} un-kyndelike. + [Sidenote: She sees a great light.] + O nith saw she er-inne a lith, + A swie fayr, a swie bryth, 1252 + Al so brith, al so shir, + So it were a blase of fir. + She lokede no[r],[61] and ek south, + [Sidenote: It comes out of Havelok's mouth.] + And saw it come{n} ut of his mouth, 1256 + at lay bi hire in e bed: + No ferlike ou she were adred. + outhe she, "wat may this bi-mene! + He beth heyma{n} yet, als y wene, 1260 + He beth heyma{n} er he be ded:"-- + [Sidenote: She sees a red cross on his shoulder, + and hears an angel, saying,] + On hise shuldre, of gold red + She saw a swie noble croiz, + Of an angel she herde a uoyz: 1264 + + [Footnote 60: MS. shere, _evidently miswritten for_ she were.] + + [Footnote 61: MS. no.] + + + [Sidenote: [Fol. 211, col. 1.]] + [Sidenote: "Goldborough, be not sad. Havelok shall be a king, + and thou, queen."] + +"Goldeborw, lat i sorwe be, + For hauelok, at haue spuset e, + He[62] kinges sone, and ki{n}ges eyr, + at bike{n}neth at croiz so fayr. 1268 + It[63] bikenneth more, at he shal + Denemark haue{n}, and englond al; + He shal ben king strong and stark + Of engelond and denemark; 1272 + at shal u wit in eyne sen, + And o shalt quen and leuedi ben!" + + [Footnote 62: _Qu._ Is.] + + [Footnote 63: MS. Iit.] + + +[Headnote: HAVELOK TELLS HER HIS STRANGE DREAM.] + + [Sidenote: She rejoices, and kisses Havelok.] + +anne she hauede herd the steuene + Of e angel uth of heuene, 1276 + She was so fele sies blithe, + at she ne mithe hire ioie mythe; + But hauelok sone anon she kiste, + And he slep, and nouth ne wiste. 1280 + Hwan at aungel hauede seyd, + [Sidenote: He awakes, and says he has had a dream.] + Of his slep a-non he brayd, + And seide, "le{m}ma{n}, slepes ou? + A selkuth drem dremede me nou. 1284 + + +[Headnote: SHE SAYS HAVELOK WILL BE A GREAT KING.] + + +Herkne nou hwat me haueth met: + [Sidenote: He dreamt he was on a high hill in Denmark, + and began to possess all that country.] + Me outhe y was i{n} denemark set, + But on on e moste hil + at eu{er}e yete kam i til. 1288 + It was so hey, at y wel mouthe + Al e werd se, als me outhe. + Als i sat up-on at lowe, + I bigan denemark for to awe, 1292 + e borwes, and e castles stronge; + And mine armes were{n} so lo{n}ge, + That i fadmede, al at ones, + denemark, with mine lo{n}ge bones; 1296 + And a{n}ne y wolde mine armes drawe + Til me, and hom for to haue, + [Sidenote: All things in Denmark cleaved to his arms.] + Al that euere in denemark liueden + On mine armes faste clyueden; 1300 + And e stronge castles alle + On knes bigunne{n} for to falle, + e keyes felle{n} at mine fet:-- + [Sidenote: He also dreamt that he went to England, + and that became his too.] + Anoer drem dremede me ek, 1304 + at ich fley ouer e salte se + Til engeland, and al with me + at euere was in denemark lyues, + But bo{n}deme{n}, and here wiues, 1308 + And at ich kom til engelond, + [Sidenote: [Fol. 211, col. 2.]] + Al closede it i{n}til min hond, + And, goldeborw, y gaf [it] e:-- + Deus! le{m}man, hwat may is be?" 1312 + Sho answerede, and seyde sone: + "Ih{es}u c{ri}st, at made mone, + ine dremes t{ur}ne to ioye; + at wite w that sittes i{n} trone! 1316 + [Sidenote: She says, he will be king of England and Denmark.] + Ne non stro{n}g ki{n}g, ne caysere, + So ou shalt be, fo[r] ou shalt bere + In engelond corune yet; + Denemark shal knele to i fet; 1320 + Alle e castles at aren er-inne, + Shal-tow, le{m}man, ful wel winne. + I woth, so wel so ich it sowe, + To e shole come{n} heye and lowe, 1324 + [Sidenote: "All men in Denmark shall come to thee.] + And alle at in denemark wone, + Em and broer, fader and sone, + Erl and baroun, dreng an kayn, + Knithes, and burgeys, and sweyn; 1328 + And mad king heyelike and wel, + Denemark shal be in euere-ilc del. + Haue ou nouth er-offe douthe + Nouth e worth, of one nouthe; 1332 + er-offe with-i{n}ne e firste yer + [Sidenote: Thou shalt be king within the year.] + Shalt ou ben king, of euere-il del. + But do nou als y wile rathe, + Nim in with e to denema[r]k bae, 1336 + And do ou nouth onfrest is fare, + Lith and selthe felawes are. + For shal ich neuere blie be + Til i with eyen denemark se; 1340 + For ich woth, at al e lond + Shalt ou haue{n} in in hon[d]. + [Sidenote: Pray Grim's sons to go with you to Denmark.] + Prey grimes sones alle re, + That he wenden for with e; 1344 + I wot, he wilen e nouth werne, + With e wende shule{n} he yerne, + For he loue{n} e herte-like, + ou maght til he aren quike, 1348 + Hwore so he o worde aren; + [Sidenote: Go at once.] + ere ship ou do he{m} swithe yare{n}, + [Sidenote: Delays are dangerous."] + And loke at ou dwelle{n} nouth: + Dwelling haueth ofte scae wrouth." 1352 + + +[Headnote: HAVELOK PRAYS FOR VENGEANCE ON GODARD.] + + +Hwan Hauelok herde at she radde, + Sone it was day, sone he him cladde, + [Sidenote: [Fol. 211b, col. 1.]] + And sone to e kirke yede, + Or he dide ani oer dede, 1356 + And bifor e rode biga{n} falle, + Croiz and crist bi[gan] to kalle, + [Sidenote: Havelok prays for success, and for vengeance + on his foe, who had caused him to be a beggar.] + And seyde, "louerd, at al weldes, + Wind and wat{er}, wodes and feldes, 1360 + For the holi milce of you, + Haue m{er}ci of me, louerd, nou! + And wreke me yet on mi fo, + at ich saw biforn min eyne slo 1364 + Mine sistres, with a knif, + And sien wolde me mi lyf + Haue reft, for in the [depe] se + Bad he grim haue drenched me. 1368 + He [hath] mi lond with mikel vn-Rith, + With michel wro{n}g, with mikel plith, + For i ne[64] misdede him neu{er}e nouth, + And haued me to sorwe brouth. 1372 + He haueth me do mi mete to igge, + And ofte in sorwe and pine ligge. + Louerd, haue m{er}ci of me, + And late [me] wel passe e se, 1376 + [Sidenote: He prays for a fair passage across the sea.] + at ihc haue ther-offe douthe and kare, + With-uten stormes ouer-fare, + at y ne dre{n}ched [be] er-ine, + Ne forfaren for no sinne. 1380 + And bringge me wel to e lond, + at godard haldes in his hond; + at is mi Rith, eueri del: + Ih{es}u c{ri}st, ou wost it wel!" 1384 + + [Footnote 64: MS. ine.] + + + +a{n}ne he hauede his bede seyd, + [Sidenote: He leaves his offering on the altar.] + His offrende on e auter leyd, + His leue at ih{es}u c{ri}st he tok, + And at his suete moder ok, 1388 + And at e croiz, at he biforn lay, + Sie{n} yede sore grotinde awey. + + +[Headnote: HAVELOK ADDRESSES GRIM'S THREE SONS.] + + [Sidenote: He finds Grim's sons ready to fish.] + [65]+Hwa{n} he com hom, he wore yare, + Grimes sones, forto fare 1392 + In-to e se, fishes to gete, + at hauelok mithe wel of ete. + But auelok outhe al anoer, + [Sidenote: Havelok calls Grim's three sons.] + First he ka[l]de e heldeste broer, 1396 + Roberd e rede, bi his name, + +[Headnote: HE ASKS THEM TO GO WITH HIM TO DENMARK.] + + Wiliam wenduth, and h[uwe r]aue{n},[66] + Grimes sones alle re, + [Sidenote: [Fol. 211b, col. 2.]] + And sey[d]e, "lies nou alle to me, 1400 + Lou{er}dinges, ich wile you sheue, + A ing of me at ye wel knewe. + [Sidenote: He says, "My father was king of Denmark.] + Mi fader was king of denshe lond, + Denemark was al in his hond 1404 + e day at he was quik and ded; + But a{n}ne hauede he wicke red, + at he me, and denemark al, + [Sidenote: He left me and my sisters in charge of + a foul fiend, who slew my sisters, and bade Grim drown me.] + And mine sistres bi-tawte a ral: 1408 + A deueles lime [he] hus bitawte, + And al his lond, and al hise authe. + For y saw that fule fend + Mine sistres slo with hise hend; 1412 + First he shar a-two here rotes, + And sien [karf] hem al to grotes, + And sien bad [he] in e se + Grim, youre fader, dre{n}che{n} me. 1416 + Deplike dede he him swere + On bok, at he sholde me bere + Vnto e se, an dre{n}chen ine, + And [he][66*] wolde take{n} on him e sinne. 1420 + [Sidenote: But Grim was wise.] + But grim was wis, and swie hende, + Wolde he nouth his soule shende; + Leuere was him to be for-sworen, + an dre{n}chen me, and ben for-lorn; 1424 + But sone biga{n} he forto fle + [Sidenote: He fled from Denmark with me, and took care of me.] + Fro denemark, forto ber_w_en[67] me, + For yif[68] ich hauede er ben fu{n}den, + Hauede ben slayn, or harde bunde{n}, 1428 + And heye ben henged on a tre, + Hauede go for him gold ne fe. + For-i fro denemark hider he fledde, + And me ful fayre and ful wel fedde, 1432 + So at vn-to is [ilke] day, + Haue ich ben fed and fostred ay. + But nou ich am up to at helde + Cume{n}, that ich may wepne welde, 1436 + And y may grete di{n}tes yeue, + [Sidenote: And now, I must go to Denmark.] + Shal i neuere hwil ich lyue + Ben glad, til that ich denemark se; + [Sidenote: Go with me, and I will make you rich men."] + I preie you at ye wende with me, 1440 + And ich may mak you riche men, + Ilk of you shal haue castles ten, + And e lond at or-til longes, + Borwes, tunes, wodes and wo{n}ges."[69] 1444 + + * * * * * + * * * * * + + [Footnote 65: In the MS. the Capital letter is prefixed to the + next line.] + + [Footnote 66: MS. haue{n}. Cf. ll. 1868, 2528. Only an + assonance, not a rime, seems intended.] + + [Footnote 66*: Word added by editor: see Emendations.] + + [Footnote 67: MS. ber[w]en, _the A.S. _w_ being used here._ + Cf. l.697.] + + [Footnote 68: MS. yif.] + + [Footnote 69: A folio has here been cut out of the MS., + containing 180 lines. The missing portion must have been to + this effect. "To this they gladly assented; and Havelok, + accompanied by his wife Goldeborw and the sons of Grim, set + sail for Denmark. Disembarking, they travel till they reach + the castle of a great Danish earl, named Ubbe, who had + formerly been a close friend to king Birkabeyn. Havelok begs + that he will allow him to live in that part of the country, + and to gain a livelihood by trading."] + +[Headnote: HAVELOK GIVES UBBE A GOLD RING.] + + [Sidenote: [Fol. 212, col. 1.]] + "With swilk als ich byen shal: + er-of bi-seche you nou leue; + [Sidenote: Havelok asks Ubbe to give him leave to buy + and sell there.] + Wile ich speke with non oer reue, + But with e, at iustise are, 1628 + at y mithe seke{n}[70] mi ware + In gode borwes up and doun, + And faren ich wile fro tun to tun." + A gold ring drow he forth anon, 1632 + An hundred pu{n}d was worth e ston, + [Sidenote: He gives Ubbe a gold ring.] + And yaf it ubbe for to spede:-- + He was ful wis at first yaf mede, + And so was hauelok ful wis here, 1636 + [Sidenote: Dearly he sells it, all the same.] + He solde his gold ring ful dere, + Was neuere non so dere sold, + For chapme{n}, neyer yung ne old: + at sholen[71] ye forthward ful wel here{n}, 1640 + Yif at ye wile e storie heren. + + [Footnote 70: _Qu._ sellen.] + + [Footnote 71: MS. shoren.] + + +[Headnote: UBBE INVITES HAVELOK TO A FEAST.] + + [Sidenote: Ubbe takes the ring, admires Havelok's make + and strength, and thinks he ought to be a knight, + not a pedlar.] + +Hwa{n} ubbe hauede e gold ring, + Hauede he youenet for no ing, + Nouth for e borw euere-il del:-- 1644 + Hauelok bi-hel he swie wel, + Hw he was wel of bones maked, + Brod in e sholdres, ful wel schaped, + icke in e brest, of bodi long; 1648 + He semede wel to ben wel strong. + "Deus!" hwat ubbe, "qui ne were he knith? + I woth, at he is swie with! + Bet{er}e semede him to bere 1652 + Helm on heued, sheld and sp{er}e, + a{n}ne to beye and selle ware. + Allas! at he shal er-with fare. + Goddot! wile he trowe me, 1656 + Chaffare shal he late be." + Neeles he seyde sone: + [Sidenote: "Havelok, bring your wife, and come + and eat with me."] + "Hauelok, haue [ou] i bone, + And y ful wel rede [e] 1660 + at ou come, and ete with me + To-day, ou, and i fayre wif, + at ou louest also i lif. + And haue ou of hire no drede, 1664 + Shal hire no man shame bede. + Bi e fey that y owe to e, + erof shal i me serf-borw be." + + +[Headnote: UBBE TAKES A GREAT FANCY TO HAVELOK.] + + +Hauelok herde at he bad, 1668 + And thow was he ful sore drad, + [Sidenote: [Fol. 212, col. 2.]] + With him to ete, for hise wif; + [Sidenote: Havelok fears ill may come of it.] + For him wore leuere at his lif + Him wore reft, an she i{n} blame 1672 + Felle, or lauthe ani shame. + Hwa{n}ne he hauede his wille _w_at,[72] + e stede, at he onne sat, + [Sidenote: But Ubbe rides away, saying, "Mind that you come."] + Smot ubbe with spures faste, 1676 + And forth awey, but at e laste, + Or he fro him ferde, + Seyde he, at his folk herde: + "Loke at ye come{n} bee, 1680 + For ich it wile, and ich it rede." + + [Footnote 72: MS. _either_ at _or_ [w]at.] + + +[Headnote: UBBE SENDS HAVELOK TO BERNARD.] + + [Sidenote: Havelok dares not refuse.] + +Hauelok ne durste, e he were adrad, + Nouth with-sitte{n} at ubbe bad; + His wif he dide with him lede, 1684 + Vn-to e heye curt he y[e]de.[73] + [Sidenote: Robert the Red leads Goldborough.] + Roberd hire ledde, at was red, + at hau[ed]e arned[73*] for hire e ded + Or ani hauede hire misseyd, 1688 + Or hand with iuele onne leyd. + [Sidenote: William Wendut is on the other side of her.] + Willam wendut was at oer + at hire ledde, roberdes broer, + at was with at alle nedes: 1692 + Wel is him at god ma{n} fedes! + an he were{n} come{n} to e halle, + Biforen ubbe, and hise me{n} alle, + [Sidenote: Ubbe starts up to welcome them.] + Vbbe stirte hem ageyn, 1696 + And mani a knith, and mani a sweyn, + Hem for to se, and forto shewe; + o stod hauelok als a lowe + [Sidenote: Havelok is a head taller than any of them.] + Aboven [o] at er-i{n}ne wore, 1700 + Rith al bi e heued more + a{n}ne ani at er-inne stod: + o was ubbe blie of mod, + at he saw him so fayr and he{n}de, 1704 + Fro him ne mithe his herte we{n}de, + Ne fro him, ne fro his wif; + He louede hem sone so his lif. + [Sidenote: Ubbe loves Havelok better than any one else.] + Were{n} non i{n} denemark, at him outhe, 1708 + at he so mikel loue mouthe; + More he louede hauelok one, + an al denemark, bi mine wone! + Loke nou, hw god helpen kan 1712 + O mani wise wif and man. + + [Footnote 73: MS. yde.] + + [Footnote 73* (from Emendations): + "_arned_ is an error of the scribe for _oled_; see the + Glossary."] + + + +Hwan it was come{n} time to ete, + [Sidenote: [Fol. 212b, col. 1.]] + Hise wif dede ubbe sone in fete, + And til hire seyde, al on game{n}: 1716 + [Sidenote: Ubbe's wife is to eat with Havelok, + and Goldborough with Ubbe.] + "Dame, ou and hauelok shule{n} ete same{n}, + And goldeboru shal ete wit me, + at is so fayr so flour on tre; + In al denemark nis[74, 74*] wimma{n} 1720 + So fayr so sche, bi seint iohan!" + a{n}ne [he] were set, and bord leyd, + And e beneysun was seyd, + [Sidenote: There were cranes, swans, venison, fish, and wines.] + Biforn he{m} com e beste mete 1724 + at king or cayser wolde ete; + Kranes, swa{n}nes, ueneysun, + Lax, lampreys, and god sturgun, + Pyme{n}t to drinke, and god clare, 1728 + Win hwit and red, ful god plente. + Was er-inne no page so lite, + at euere wolde ale bite. + Of e mete forto tel, 1732 + [Sidenote: No need to tell it all.] + Ne of e metes[75] bidde[75*] i nout dwelle; + at is e storie for to lenge, + It wolde anuye is fayre genge. + [Sidenote: When the feast is over, Ubbe thinks he must + let them have an escort.] + But hwan he haueden e kiwing[76] de[y]led,[76*] 1736 + And fele sies hauede{n} wosseyled, + And with gode drinkes sete{n} longe, + And it was time for to gonge, + Il man to er he cam fro, 1740 + outhe ubbe, "yf I late hem go, + us one foure, with-uten mo, + So mote ich brouke finger or to, + For is wi{m}ma{n} bes mike wo! 1744 + For hire shal me{n} hire louerd slo." + He tok sone knithes ten, + And wel sixti oer men, + Wit gode bowes, and with gleiues, 1748 + And sende him unto e greyues, + [Sidenote: He sends them to Bernard Brown, and bids him + take care of them till next day.] + e beste ma{n} of al e toun, + at was named b{er}nard brun; + And bad him, als he louede his lif, 1752 + Hauelok wel y[e]men,[77] and his wif, + And wel do wayten al e nith, + Til e oer day, at it were lith. + Bernard was trewe, and swie with, 1756 + In al e borw ne was no knith + at betere coue on stede riden, + Helm on heued, ne swerd bi side. + [Sidenote: [Fol. 212b, col. 2.]] + [Sidenote: Bernard provides a rich supper for Havelok.] + Hauelok he gladlike under-stod, 1760 + With mike loue, and herte god, + And dide greye a super riche, + Also he was no with chinche, + To his bihoue euer-il del, 1764 + at he mithe supe swie wel. + + [Footnote 74: MS. is.] + + [Footnote 74* (from Emendations): + "Perhaps we should rather read--_is womman_ [_non_]."] + + [Footnote 75: _Qu._ win.] + + [Footnote 75* (from Emendations): + "_Bidde_ must mean _offer_, rather than _bid_ (as in the + Glossary); unless it be miswritten for _bide_ = tarry."] + + [Footnote 76: Uncertain in MS. See note.] + + [Footnote 76*: Changed by editor from "deled": see + Emendations.] + + [Footnote 77: MS. ymen.] + + +[Headnote: A GANG OF THIEVES BESET BERNARD'S HOUSE.] + + [Sidenote: At suppertime sixty-one thieves come to the house, + and bid Bernard open the door.] + +Also he seten, and sholde soupe, + So comes a ladde in a ioupe, + And with him sixti oer stronge, 1768 + With swerdes drawen, and kniues lo{n}ge, + Ilkan i{n} hande a ful god gleiue, + And seyde, "undo, b{er}nard e greyue! + Vndo swie, and latus[78] in, 1772 + +[Headnote: THREE OF THE THIEVES ATTACK HAVELOK.] + + Or u art ded, bi seint austin!" + [Sidenote: Bernard starts up, arms himself, and tells them + to go away.] + Bernard stirt up, at was ful big, + And caste a brinie up-on his rig, + And grop an ax,[79] at was ful god, 1776 + Lep to e dore, so he wore wod, + And seyde, "hwat are ye, at are er-oute, + at us bigi{n}ne{n} forto stroute? + Goth he{n}ne swie, fule eues, 1780 + For, bi e louerd, at ma{n} on leues, + Shol ich casten e dore open, + Su{m}me of you shal ich drepen! + And e ore shal ich kesten 1784 + In fet{er}es, and ful faste festen!" + [Sidenote: They defy him.] + "Hwat haue ye seid," quoth a ladde, + "Wenestu at we ben adradde? + We shole at is dore gonge 1788 + Maugre in, carl, or outh longe." + [Sidenote: They break the door open with a boulder.] + He gripe{n} sone a bulder ston, + And let it fleye, ful god won, + Agen e dore, at it to-rof: 1792 + Auelok it saw, and ider drof, + [Sidenote: Havelok seizes the bar of the door, and says, + "Come here to me."] + And e barre sone vt-drow, + at was unride, and gret ynow, + And caste e dore open wide, 1796 + And seide, "her shal y now abide: + Comes swie vn-to me![80] + Datheyt hwo you he{n}ne fle!" + "No," quodh on, "at shaltou coupe," 1800 + And bigan til him to loupe, + [Sidenote: Three men attack Havelok.] + In his hond is swerd ut-drawe, + Hauelok he wende ore haue slawe; + And with [him] comen oer two, 1804 + [Sidenote: [Fol. 213, col. 1.]] + at him wolde of liue haue do. + +[Headnote: HAVELOK SLAYS SEVEN OF THE THIEVES.] + + Hauelok lifte up e dore-tre, + [Sidenote: He kills them all.] + And at a dint he slow he{m} re; + Was non of hem at his h{er}nes 1808 + Ne lay er-ute ageyn e sternes. + [Sidenote: A fourth he knocks down with a blow on the head.] + e fere at he sien mette, + Wit e barre so he him grette, + Bifor e heued, at e rith eye 1812 + Vt of e hole made he fleye, + And sie clapte him on e crune, + So at he stan-ded fel or dune. + [Sidenote: A fifth he hits between the shoulders.] + e fifte at he ouer-tok, 1816 + Gaf he a ful sor dint[e] ok, + Bitwen e sholdres, er he stod, + at he spen his herte blod. + [Sidenote: A sixth he smites on the neck.] + e sixte wende for to fle, 1820 + And he clapte him with e tre + Rith in e fule necke so, + at he smot hise necke on to. + a{n}ne e sixe weren doun feld, 1824 + [Sidenote: A seventh aims at Havelok's eye.] + e seuene brayd ut his swerd, + And wolde hauelok Riht i{n} the eye; + And haue{lok} le[t e][81] barre fleye, + [Sidenote: Havelok kills him.] + And smot him sone ageyn e brest, 1828 + at hauede he neu{er}e sch[r]ifte of p{re}st; + For he was ded on lesse hwile, + an me{n} mouthe re{n}ne a mile. + [Sidenote: The rest divide into two parties, + and rush at him like dogs at a bear.] + Alle e oere were{n} ful kene, 1832 + A red ei taken hem bi-twene, + at he sholde him bi-halue, + And brise{n} so, at wit no salue + Ne sholde him helen leche non: 1836 + ey drowen ut swerdes, ful god won, + And shoten on him, so don on bere + Dogges, at wolden him to-tere, + a{n}ne men doth e bere beyte: 1840 + e laddes were kaske and teyte, + And vn-bi-yeden him ilkon, + Su{m} smot with tre, and su{m} wit ston; + Su{m}me putte{n} with gleyue, i{n} bac and side, 1844 + [Sidenote: They wound Havelok in twenty places.] + And yeue{n} wundes longe and wide; + In twenti stedes, and wel mo, + Fro e croune til the to. + Hwan he saw at, he was wod, 1848 + And was it ferlik hw he stod, + [Sidenote: [Fol. 213, col. 2.]] + For the blod ran of his sides + So water at fro e welle glides; + But a{n}ne bigan he for to mowe 1852 + With the barre, and let hem shewe, + Hw he cowe sore smite, + [Sidenote: He at last succeeds in killing twenty of them.] + For was er non, long ne lite, + at he Mouthe ouer-take, 1856 + at he ne garte his croune krake; + So at on a litel stund, + Felde he twenti to e grund. + + [Footnote 78: _Sic_ in MS.] + + [Footnote 79: MS. ar; _but see_ l. 1894.] + + [Footnote 80: MS. vnto me datheit,--evidently the repetition + of the first word in the succeeding line.] + + [Footnote 81: _Qu._ Hauelok let the. MS. "haue le."] + + +[Headnote: THE THIEVES SHOOT AT HIM FROM A DISTANCE.] + + [Sidenote: They throw stones at him.] + +o bigan gret dine to rise, 1860 + For e laddes on ilke wise + Him asaylede{n} wit grete dintes, + Fro fer he stoden, him with flintes + And gleyues schote{n} him fro ferne, 1864 + For drepen him he wolden yerne; + But durste{n} he newhe{n} him no more, + a{n}ne he bor or leu{n} wore. + + +[Headnote: HUGH AND THE REST COME TO THE RESCUE.] + + [Sidenote: Hugh Raven hears the noise, and comes to help.] + +Huwe raue{n} at dine herde, 1868 + And owthe wel, at me{n} mis-ferde + With his louerd, for his wif, + And grop an ore, and a long knif, + And ider drof al so an hert, 1872 + And cham er on a litel stert, + And saw how e laddes wode + Hauelok his louerd umbistode, + And bete{n} on him so doth e smith 1876 + With e hamer on e stith. + + + +"Allas!" hwat hwe, "at y was bore{n}! + at eu{er}e et ich bred of koren! + at ich here is sorwe se! 1880 + [Sidenote: Hugh calls out to Robert and William.] + Roberd! willam! hware ar ye? + Gripeth eer unker a god tre, + And late we nouth ise doges fle, + Til ure louerd wreke [we]; 1884 + Cometh swie, and folwes me! + Ich haue in honde a ful god ore: + Datheit wo ne smite sore!" + [Sidenote: Robert comes to the rescue, and William too, + and Bernard.] + "Ya! leue, ya!" quod roberd sone, 1888 + "We haue{n} ful god lith of e mone." + Roberd grop a staf, strong and gret, + at mouthe ful wel bere a net, + And willam wendut grop a tre 1892 + Mikel grettere an his e,[82] + And b{er}nard held his ax ful faste; + [Sidenote: [Fol. 213b, col. 1.]] + I seye, was he nouth e laste; + And lopen forth so he weren wode 1896 + To e laddes, er he stode, + And yaf hem wundes swie grete; + [Sidenote: They fight with the thieves.] + er mithe men wel se boyes bete, + And ribbes in here sides breke, 1900 + And hauelok on hem wel wreke. + He broken armes, he broken knes, + He broken shankes, he broke{n} thes. + He dide e blode ere re{n}ne dune 1904 + To e fet rith fro the crune, + [Sidenote: No head was spared.] + For was er spared heued non: + He leyden on heuedes, ful god won, + And made croune[s] breke and crake, 1908 + Of e broune, and of e blake; + [Sidenote: He made their backs as soft as their bellies.] + He made{n} here backes al so bloute + Als h[{er}]e[83] wombes, and made he{m} rowte + Als he weren kradelbarnes: 1912 + So dos e child at moder arnes. + + [Footnote 82: MS. re, _the _r_ being caught from the word + above._ Cf. l.1903.] + + [Footnote 83: _Qu._ here. MS. he.] + + +[Headnote: ALL THE SIXTY THIEVES ARE SLAIN.] + + +Daeit _w_o[84] recke! for he it s{er}uede, + Hwat dide he ore were{n} he werewed; + So longe hauede{n} he but and bet 1916 + With neues under hernes set, + [Sidenote: All sixty assailants are slain.] + at of o sixti men and on + Ne wente er awey liues non. + + [Footnote 84: MS. "[w]e," clearly miswritten for "[w]o" or "wo." + See ll. 2047, 296, 300, &c.] + + +[Headnote: UBBE ASKS BERNARD WHAT HAS HAPPENED.] + + [Sidenote: At morn, there they lay like dogs.] + +ON e morwe{n}, h_w_an[85] it was day, 1920 + Ilc on other wirwed lay, + Als it were dogges at were{n} he{n}ged, + And su{m}me leye i{n} dikes slenget, + And su{m}me in gripes bi e her 1924 + Drawen ware, and lat{en} ther. + Sket cam tiding intil ubbe, + at hauelok hauede with a clubbe + Of hise slawen sixti and on 1928 + Sergaunz, e beste at mithe{n} gon. + [Sidenote: Ubbe comes to see what is the matter.] + "Deus!" quoth ubbe, "hwat may is be! + Bet{er}e his i nime[86] miself and se, + at is baret on hwat is wold, 1932 + a{n}ne i sende yunge or old. + For yif i sende him un-to, + I wene me{n} sholde him shame do, + And at ne wolde ich for no ing: 1936 + I loue him wel, bi heuene king! + Me wore leuere i wore lame, + a{n}ne men dide him ani shame, + [Sidenote: [Fol. 213b, col. 2.]] + Or tok, or onne handes leyde, 1940 + Vn-ornelike,[87] or same seyde." + He lep up on a stede lith, + And with him mani a noble knith, + And ferde forth un-to e tun, 1944 + [Sidenote: He calls for Bernard Brown.] + And dide calle b{er}nard brun + Vt of his hus, wan he er cam; + And b{er}nard sone ageyn [him] nam, + Al to-tused and al to-torn, 1948 + Ner also naked so he was born, + And al to-brised, bac and e: + [Sidenote: Ubbe asks who has beaten him about so?] + Quoth ubbe, "b{er}nard, hwat is e? + Hwo haues e us ille maked, 1952 + us to-riue{n}, and al mad naked?" + + [Footnote 85: MS. "hhan," miswritten for "h[w]an," from which it + differs very slightly.] + + [Footnote 86: MS. inime.] + + [Footnote 87: MS. Vn ornel[s]ke; _but _[s]_ should certainly be + _i_._] + + +[Headnote: BERNARD RELATES HAVELOK'S PROWESS.] + + [Sidenote: "Sixty thieves attacked me last night.] + +"Louerd,[88] m{er}ci," quot he sone, + "To-nicht also ros e mone + Come{n} her mo an sixti eues, 1956 + With lokene copes, and wide sleues, + Me forto robben, and to pine, + And for to drepe me and mine. + Mi dore he broken up ful sket, 1960 + And wolde me binden hond and fet. + Wan e godeme{n} at sawe, + [Sidenote: Havelok and his friends drove them off.] + Hauelok, and he at bi e wowe + Leye, he stirte{n} up sone on-on, 1964 + And su{m}me grop tre, and su{m} grop ston, + And driue he{m} ut, ei he were{n} crus, + So dogges ut of milne-hous. + Hauelok grop e dore-tre, 1968 + And [at] a dint he slow he{m} thre. + He is e beste ma{n} at nede, + at eu{er}e mar shal ride stede! + Als helpe god, bi mine wone, 1972 + [Sidenote: He is worth a thousand men.] + A housend of me{n} his he worth one! + Yif he ne were, ich were nou ded, + So haue ich don Mi soule red; + But it is hof him mikel sinne; 1976 + He made{n} him swilke woundes ri{n}ne, + at of e aler-leste wounde + Were a stede brouht to grunde. + [Sidenote: He has some bad wounds, more than twenty.] + He haues a wunde i{n} the side, 1980 + With a gleyue, ful un-ride, + And he haues on oru his arum, + er-of is ful mikel haru{m}, + [Sidenote: [Fol. 214, col. 1.]] + And he haues on oru his he, 1984 + e vn-rideste at men may se, + And oe[r] wundes haues he stro{n}ge, + Mo than twenti swie longe. + But sien he hauede lauth e sor 1988 + Of e wundes, was neuere bor + at so fauth so he fauth a{n}ne; + Was non at hauede e hern-panne + So hard, at he ne dede alto-cruhsse, 1992 + And alto-shiuere, and alto-frusshe. + [Sidenote: He followed them like a dog does a hare.] + He folwede he{m} so hund dos hare, + Daeyt on he wolde spare, + at [he] ne made he{m} euerilk on 1996 + Ligge stille so doth e ston: + And er nis he nouth to frie, + For oer sholde he make hem lye + Ded, or ei him hauede slawen, 2000 + Or alto-hewen, or al-to-drawen. + + [Footnote 88: MS. Iouerd.] + + + +Louerd, haui no more plith + Of at ich was us greed to-nith. + us wolde e theues me haue reft, 2004 + But god-ank, he hauenet sure keft. + [Sidenote: But I fear Havelok is all but dead."] + But it is of him mikel scae: + I woth at he bes ded ful rae." + + +[Headnote: THE OTHERS CONFIRM BERNARD'S STORY.] + + +Quoth ubbe, "b{er}nard, seyst ou soth?" 2008 + "Ya, sire, that i ne[89] lepe oth. + Yif y, louerd, a word leye, + To-morwen do me hengen heye." + [Sidenote: The rest confirm Bernard's story.] + e burgeys at er-bi stode ore, 2012 + Grundlike and grete oes swore, + Litle and mikle, yunge and holde, + at was soth, at b{er}nard tolde. + Soth was, at he wolde{n} him bynde, 2016 + And trusse al at he mithen fynde + Of hise, in arke or in kiste, + at he mouthe i{n} seckes riste. + [Sidenote: "The thieves wanted to steal all he had.] + "Louerd, he hauede{n} al awey born 2020 + His ing, and him-self alto-torn, + But als god self barw him wel, + at he ne tinte no catel. + Hwo mithe so mani sto{n}de ageyn, 2024 + Bi nither-tale, knith or swein? + He were{n} bi tale sixti and ten, + Starke laddes, stalwori men, + [Sidenote: They were led on by one G[r]iffin Gall."] + And on, e mayster of he{m} alle, 2028 + at was e name giffin[90] galle. + [Sidenote: [Fol. 214, col. 2.]] + Hwo mouthe agey[{n}][91] so mani sto{n}de, + But als is ma{n} of f{er}ne londe + Haueth he{m} slawe{n} with a tre? 2032 + Mikel ioie haue he! + God yeue him mikel god to welde, + Boe in tun, and ek in felde! + We[l][92] is set he etes mete." 2036 + [Sidenote: Ubbe sends for Havelok, to dub him knight.] + Quoth ubbe, "doth him swie fete, + at y mouthe his woundes se, + Yf that he mouthe{n} heled[93] be. + For yf he mouthe couere yet, 2040 + And gange{n} wel up-on hise fet, + Mi-self shal dubbe him to knith, + For-i at he is so with. + And yif he liuede, o foule theues, 2044 + at were{n} of kaym kin and eues, + He sholden hange bi e necke; + Of here ded daeit wo recke, + Hwan he yeden us on nithes 2048 + To binde boe burgme{n} and knithes. + For bynderes loue ich neuere mo, + Of hem ne yeue ich nouht a slo." + + [Footnote 89: MS. ine.] + + [Footnote 90: _Qu._ griffin.] + + [Footnote 91: MS. agey.] + + [Footnote 92: Cf. ll. 772, 907.] + + [Footnote 93: MS. holed. See l. 2058.] + + +[Headnote: UBBE SENDS FOR HAVELOK AND TAKES HIM TO HIS CASTLE.] + + [Sidenote: Havelok is brought before Ubbe.] + +Hauelok was bifore ubbe browth, 2052 + at hauede for him ful mikel outh, + And mikel sorwe in his herte + For hise wundes, at we[r] so smerte. + + + +But hwa{n} his wundes were{n} shewed, 2056 + [Sidenote: A leech says he can be healed.] + And a leche hauede knawed, + at he hem mouthe ful wel hele, + Wel make him gange, and ful wel mele, + And wel a palefrey bistride, 2060 + And wel up-on a stede ride, + o let ubbe al his care + And al his sorwe ouer-fare; + [Sidenote: Ubbe invites him and Goldborough to his own castle.] + And seyde, "cu{m} now forth with me, 2064 + And goldeboru, i wif, with e, + And ine seriaunz al re, + For nou wile y youre warant be; + Wile y non of here frend 2068 + at u slowe with in hend + Moucte wayte e [to] slo, + Also ou gange to and fro. + I shal lene e a bowr, 2072 + at is up in e heye tour, + Til ou mowe ful wel go, + [Sidenote: [Fol. 214b, col. 1.]] + And wel ben hol of al i wo. + It ne shal no ing be{n} bitwene 2076 + i bour and min, also y wene, + But a fayr firrene wowe;-- + Speke y loude, or spek y lowe, + ou shalt[94] ful wel heren me, 2080 + And an u wilt, ou shalt me se. + [Sidenote: He promises to protect Goldborough.] + A rof shal hile us boe o-nith, + at none of mine, clerk ne knith, + Ne sholen i wif no shame bede, 2084 + No more an min, so god me rede!" + + [Footnote 94: MS. sahalt; _and the second a is expuncted by + mistake, instead of the first_.] + + +[Headnote: UBBE SEES THE MIRACULOUS LIGHT / WHICH ISSUES FROM HAVELOK'S +MOUTH.] + + +HE dide un-to e borw bringe + Sone anon, al with ioynge, + His wif, and his serganz re, 2088 + e beste men at mouthe be. + [Sidenote: The first night, about midnight, Ubbe wakes + and sees a great light.] + e firste nith he lay er-inne, + Hise wif, and his serganz rinne, + Aboute e middel of e nith 2092 + Wok ubbe, and saw a mikel lith + In e bour at hauelok lay, + Also brith so it were day. + + + [Sidenote: Ubbe says he must go and see what it means.] + +"Deus!" quoth ubbe, "hwat may is be? 2096 + Bet{er}e is i go miself, and se: + Hweer he sitte{n} nou, and wesseyle{n}, + Or of ani shotshipe to-deyle, + is tid nithes, also foles; 2100 + an bire men caste{n} hem i{n} poles, + Or in a grip, or in e fen: + Nou ne sitten none but wicke men, + Glotuns, reu[e]res, or wicke eues, 2104 + Bi c{ri}st, at alle folk onne leues!" + + + [Sidenote: He peeps in, and sees them all asleep.] + +He stod, and totede i{n} at a bord, + Her he spak anilepi word, + And saw hem slepen faste ilkon, 2108 + And lye stille so e ston; + And saw al at mikel lith + Fro hauelok cam, at was so brith. + [Sidenote: The light issues from Havelok's mouth.] + Of his mouth it com il del, 2112 + at was he war ful swie wel. + "Deus!" quoth he, "hwat may is mene!" + He calde boe arwe me{n} and kene, + Knithes, and serganz swie sleie, 2116 + Mo an an hundred, with-ute{n} leye, + And bad hem alle come{n} and se, + Hwat at selcuth mithe be. + + +[Headnote: THE LIGHT SHOWS THAT HAVELOK IS THE HEIR.] + + [Sidenote: [Fol. 214b, col. 2.]] + +Als e knithes were come{n} alle, 2120 + er hauelok lay, ut of e halle, + So stod ut of his mouth a glem, + Rith al swilk so e sunne-bem; + [Sidenote: The light is like that of 107 candles.] + at al so lith wa[s] are, bi heuene! 2124 + So er brenden serges seuene, + And an hundred serges ok: + at durste hi sweren on a bok. + He slepen faste alle fiue, 2128 + So he weren brouth of liue; + [Sidenote: Havelok and Goldborough are fast asleep.] + And hauelok lay on his lift side, + In his armes his brithe bride. + Bi e pappes he leyen naked: 2132 + So faire two weren neuere maked + In a bed to lyen samen:-- + e knithes outh of hem god game{n}, + Hem forto shewe, and loken to. 2136 + Rith also he stode{n} alle so, + And his bac was toward he{m} we{n}d, + [Sidenote: They see a bright cross on his back, + denoting kingship.] + So were{n} he war of a croiz ful gent, + On his rith shuldre sw[i]e[95] brith, 2140 + Brithter an gold ageyn e lith. + So at he wiste heye and lowe, + at it was kunrik at he sawe. + It sparkede, and ful brith shon, 2144 + So doth e gode charbucle ston, + [Sidenote: It was light enough to choose a penny by.] + at men Mouthe se by e lith, + A peni chesen, so was it brith. + a{n}ne bihelden he him faste, 2148 + So at he knewe{n} at e laste, + [Sidenote: They know he is Birkabeyn's son and heir.] + at he was birkabeynes sone, + at was here king, at was he{m} wone + Wel to yeme, and wel were 2152 + Ageynes uten-laddes here. + "For it was neuere yet a broer + In al denemark so lich anoer, + So is man at is so fayr 2156 + Als birkabeyn, he is hise eyr." + + [Footnote 95: MS. swe, _for_ swie. Cf. l. 1252.] + + + +He fellen sone at hise fet, + [Sidenote: They weep for joy.] + Was non of hem at he ne gret, + Of ioie he weren alle so fawen, 2160 + So he him haueden of ere drawe{n}. + Hise fet he kisten an hundred syes, + e tos, e nayles, and e lithes, + So at he bigan to wakne,[96] 2164 + [Sidenote: [Fol. 215, col. 1.]] + And wit he{m} ful sore to blakne, + For he wende he wolde{n} him slo, + [Sidenote: Havelok wakes.] + Or elles binde him, and do wo. + + [Footnote 96: Here follows the catchword-- "And wit hem."] + + +[Headnote: UBBE SAYS HAVELOK SHALL BE KING.] + + [Sidenote: Ubbe offers homage to him, and says he shall be + king of Denmark.] + +Quoth ubbe, "louerd, ne dred e nowth, 2168 + Me inkes that I se i outh. + Dere sone, wel is me, + at y e with eyn[e][97] se. + Man-red, louerd, bede y e, 2172 + i man auht i ful wel to be, + For u art come{n} of birkabeyn, + at hauede mani knith and sweyn; + And so shalt ou, louerd, haue, 2176 + ou u be yet a ful yung knaue. + ou shalt be king of al denemark, + Was er-inne neu{er}e non so stark. + To-morwen shaltu manrede take 2180 + Of e brune and of e blake; + Of alle at aren in is tun, + Boe of erl, and of barun, + And of dreng, and of thayn, 2184 + And of knith, and of sweyn. + And so shaltu ben mad knith + Wit blisse, for ou art so with." + + [Footnote 97: We find _eyne_ in ll. 680, 1273, &c.] + + + [Sidenote: Havelok is blithe, and thanks God.] + +o was hauelok swie blie, 2188 + And ankede God ful fele sie. + On e morwen, wan it was lith, + And gon was ist{er}nesse of e nith, + Vbbe dide up-on a stede 2192 + A ladde lepe, and ider bede + [Sidenote: Ubbe summons all his lords.] + Erles, barouns, drenges, theynes, + Klerkes, knithes, bu[r]geys,[98] sweynes, + at he sholden comen a-non, 2196 + Biforen him sone euerilkon, + Also he loue{n} here liues, + And here children, and here wiues. + + [Footnote 98: MS. bugey[s].] + + +[Headnote: UBBE RELATES HAVELOK'S HISTORY.] + + [Sidenote: All come to receive his orders.] + +Hise bode ne durste he non at-sitte, 2200 + at he ne neme[99] for to wite + Sone, hwat wolde e iustise: + And [he] bigan anon to rise, + And seyde sone, "lies me, 2204 + Alle samen, eu and fre. + A ing ich wile you here shauwe, + at ye[100] alle ful wel knawe. + [Sidenote: Ubbe tells them about Birkabeyn, who commended + his children to Godard;] + Ye wite{n} wel, at al is lond 2208 + Was i{n} birkabeynes hond, + [Sidenote: [Fol. 215, col. 2.]] + e day at he was quic and ded; + And how at he, bi youre red, + Bitauhte hise children re 2212 + Godard to yeme, and al his fe. + Hauelok his sone he him tauhte, + And hise two douhtres, and al his auhte, + Alle herden ye him swere 2216 + On bok, and on messe-gere, + at he shulde yeme hem wel, + With-uten lac, with-uten tel. + + [Footnote 99: MS. meme; _miswritten for_ neme; _see_ ll. 1207, + 1931.] + + [Footnote 100: MS. he.] + + + [Sidenote: and how Godard slew the two girls, but had pity + on the boy; but afterwards ordered Grim to drown him.] + +He let his oth al ouer-go, 2220 + Euere wure him yuel and wo! + For[101] e maydnes here lif + Refte he boen, with a knif, + And him shulde ok haue slawe{n}, 2224 + e knif was at his herte drawe{n}, + But god him wolde wel haue saue, + He hauede reunesse of e knaue, + So at he with his hend 2228 + Ne drop him nouth, at sor[i] fend, + But sone dide he a fishere + Swie grete oes swere, + at he sholde drenchen him 2232 + In e se, at was ful brim. + + [Footnote 101: _Qu._ Fro.] + + + [Sidenote: But Grim fled with him to England.] + +Hwan grim saw at he was so fayr, + And wiste he was e Rith eir, + Fro denemark ful sone he fledde 2236 + In-til englond, and er him fedde + Mani winter, at til is day + Haues he ben fed and fostred ay. + [Sidenote: Then Ubbe shows Havelok to them all, + and bids them swear fealty to him.] + Lokes, hware he sto{n}des her: 2240 + In al is werd ne haues he per; + Non so fayr, ne non so long, + Ne non so mikel, ne non so stro{n}g. + In is middelerd nis no knith 2244 + Half so strong, ne half so with. + Bes of him ful glad and blie, + And cometh alle hider swie, + Manrede youre louerd forto make, 2248 + Boe brune and e blake. + I shal mi-self do first e gamen, + And ye sien alle samen." + + +[Headnote: UBBE DOES HOMAGE TO HAVELOK.] + + [Sidenote: Ubbe swears fealty first.] + +Oknes ful fayre he him sette, 2252 + Mouthe noing him er-fro lette, + And bi-cam is man Rith are, + at alle sawe{n} at ere ware. + [Sidenote: [Fol. 215b, col. 1.]] + + + [Sidenote: All the rest do the same.] + +After him stirt up laddes ten, 2256 + And bi-come{n} hise men;[102] + And sien euerilk a baroun, + at euere weren i{n} al that toun; + And sien drenges, and sie{n} thaynes, 2260 + And sien knithes, and sie{n} sweynes; + So at, or at day was gon, + In al e tun ne was nouth on + at it ne was his man bicomen: 2264 + Manrede of alle hauede he nomen. + + [Footnote 102: A word is added in the MS. after _men_, + apparently _beye_. Perhaps we should read: _hise heye men_.] + + +[Headnote: ALL SWEAR TO BE FAITHFUL TO HAVELOK.] + + [Sidenote: Havelok makes them swear to be faithful + to him always.] + +Hwan he hauede of he{m} alle + Manrede taken, i{n} the halle, + Grundlike dide he hem swere, 2268 + at he sholden him god feyth bere + Ageynes alle at woren on liue; + er-yen ne wolde neuer on striue, + at he ne made{n} sone at oth, 2272 + Riche and poure, lef and loth. + Hwan at was maked, sone he se{n}de, + [Sidenote: Ubbe sends for all the sheriffs and constables.] + Vbbe, writes fer and hende, + After alle at castel yemede, 2276 + Burwes, tunes, sibbe an fremde, + at ider sholde{n} come{n} swie + Til him, and heren tiandes blie, + at he hem alle shulde telle: 2280 + Of hem ne wolde neu{er}e on dwelle, + at he ne come sone plattinde, + Hwo hors ne hauede, com ga{n}ga{n}de. + So at with-i{n}ne a fourtenith, 2284 + In al denemark ne was no knith, + Ne conestable, ne shireue, + at com of adam and of eue, + [Sidenote: They all come.] + at he ne com biforn sire ubbe: 2288 + He dredde{n} him so hes[103] doth clubbe. + + [Footnote 103: _Qu._ es, _i.e._ thighs; or the spelling + _hes_ may be intentional; see l.1984. But Sir F. Madden + suggests _eues_.] + + + [Sidenote: Ubbe shows Havelok to them all.] + +Hwan he hauede{n} alle e ki{n}g gret, + And he weren alle dun set, + o seyde ubbe, "lokes here, 2292 + Vre louerd swie dere, + at shal ben king of al e lond, + And haue us alle under hond. + For he is birkabeynes sone, 2296 + e king at was vmbe stonde wone + For to yeme, and wel were, + Wit sharp[e][104] swerd, and lo{n}ge spere. + [Sidenote: [Fol. 215b, col. 2.]] + Lokes nou, hw he is fayr; 2300 + Sikerlike he is hise eyr. + Falles alle to hise fet, + Bicomes hise men ful sket." + [Sidenote: All swear to obey Havelok.] + He weren for ubbe swie adrad, 2304 + And dide sone al at he bad, + And yet dede{n} he sumdel more, + O bok ful grundlike he swore, + at he sholde with him halde 2308 + Boe ageynes stille and bolde, + at euere wo[l]de his bodi dere: + at dide [he] hem o boke swere. + + [Footnote 104: See l. 2645 for the final _e_.] + + +[Headnote: UBBE DUBS HAVELOK A KNIGHT.] + + [Sidenote: Ubbe dubs Havelok a knight, and makes him king.] + +Hwan he hauede ma{n}rede and oth 2312 + Taken of lef and of loth, + Vbbe dubbede him to knith, + With a swerd ful swie brith, + And e folk of al e lond 2316 + Bitauhte him al in his hond, + e cunnriche eu{er}il del, + And made him king heylike and wel. + Hwan he was king, er mouthe me{n} se 2320 + e moste ioie at mouhte be: + [Sidenote: Great joy and many sports.] + Buttinge with sharpe sp{er}es, + Skirming with taleuaces, at me{n} beres, + Wrastling with laddes, putti{n}g of ston, 2324 + Harping and piping, ful god won, + Leyk of mine, of hasard ok, + Romanz reding on e bok; + er mouthe men here e gestes singe, 2328 + e gleymen on e tabour dinge; + [Sidenote: There is baiting of bulls and boars, + and plenty of meat and wine.] + er mouhte men se e boles beyte, + And e bores, with hundes teyte; + o mouthe men se eueril gleu, 2332 + er mouthe me{n} se hw grim greu; + Was neu{er}e yete ioie more + In al is werd, an o was ore. + er was so mike[105] yeft of cloes, 2336 + at ou i swore you grete othes, + I ne wore nouth er-offe croud: + at may i ful wel swere, bi god! + ere was swie gode metes, 2340 + And of wyn, at men fer fetes, + Rith al so mik and gret plente, + So it were water of e se. + e feste fourti dawes sat, 2344 + [Sidenote: [Fol. 216, col. 1.]] + So riche was neu{er}e non so at. + [Sidenote: The king makes Robert, William, and Hugh all barons.] + e king made Roberd ere knith, + at was ful strong, and ful with, + And willa{m}, wendut het, his broer, 2348 + And huwe raue{n}, at was at oer, + And made hem barouns alle re, + And yaf hem lond, and oer fe, + So mikel, at ilker twent[i] knihtes 2352 + Hauede of genge, dayes and nithes. + + [Footnote 105: See l. 2342.] + + +[Headnote: HAVELOK IS MADE KING OF DENMARK.] + + +Hwan at feste was al don, + [Sidenote: A thousand knights accompany the king.] + A thusand knihtes ful wel o bon + With-held e king, with hi{m} to lede; 2356 + at ilkan hauede ful god stede, + Helm, and sheld, and brinie brith, + And al e wepne at fel to knith. + [Sidenote: and five thousand sergeants.] + With he{m} fiue thusand gode 2360 + Sergaunz, at were{n} to fyht wode, + With-held he al of his genge: + Wile I na more e storie lenge. + Yet hwan he hauede of al e lond 2364 + e casteles alle i{n} his hond, + And conestables don er-inne, + [Sidenote: He swears to be avenged of Godard, + and to find and bind him.] + He swor, he ne sholde neuer bli{n}ne, + Til at he were of godard wreke{n}, 2368 + at ich haue of ofte speken. + Hal hundred knithes dede he calle, + And hise fif thusand sergaunz alle, + And dide swere{n} on the bok 2372 + Sone, and on e auter ok, + at he ne sholde neuere blinne, + Ne for loue, ne for sinne, + Til at he haueden godard funde, 2376 + And brouth biforn hi{m} faste bunde. + + +[Headnote: HAVELOK GOES TO SEEK OUT GODARD.] + + +anne he hauede{n} swor is oth, + Ne leten he nouth for lef ne loth, + at he ne foren swie rathe, 2380 + [Sidenote: He goes to meet Godard.] + er he was unto e pae, + er he yet on hunti{n}g for, + With mikel genge, and swie stor. + Robert, at was of al e ferd 2384 + Mayster, was girt wit a swerd, + And sat up-on a ful god stede, + at vnder him Rith wolde wede; + [Sidenote: Robert accosts Godard, and tells him to come + to the king, who will repay him.] + He was e firste at with godard 2388 + Spak, and seyde, "hede[106] cauenard! + [Sidenote: [Fol. 216, col. 2.]] + Wat dos u here at is pae? + Cu{m} to e king, swie and rae. + at sendes he e word, and bedes, 2392 + at u enke hwat u him dedes, + Hwan u reftes with a knif + Hise sistres here lif, + An sien bede u in e se 2396 + Drenchen him, at herde he. + He is to e swie grim: + Cu{m} nu swie un-to him, + at king is of is kuneriche. 2400 + u fule man! u wicke swike! + And he shal yelde e i mede, + Bi c{ri}st at wolde on rode blede!" + + [Footnote 106: _Qu._ helde, _i.e._ old. Unless it means "heed!"] + + + +Hwan godard herde at er rette, 2404 + [Sidenote: Godard and Robert strike each other.] + With e neue he robert sette + Biforn e teth a dint ful strong. + And robert kipt ut a knif long, + And smot him oru e rith arum: 2408 + er-of was ful litel harum. + + +[Headnote: GODARD'S MEN ARE BEATEN.] + + +Hwan his folk at sau and herde, + Hwou robert with here louerd ferde, + He haueden him wel ner browt of liue, 2412 + Ne were{n} his two breren and ore fiue + Slowen of here laddes ten, + Of godardes aler-beste men. + [Sidenote: Godard's men flee, but Godard rallies them.] + Hwan e ore sawe{n} at, he fledde{n}, 2416 + And godard swie loude gredde: + "Mine knithes, hwat do ye? + Sule ye us-gate fro me fle? + Ich haue you fed, and yet shal fede, 2420 + Helpe me nu in is nede, + And late ye nouth mi bodi spille, + Ne hauelok don of me hise wille. + Yif ye id[107] do, ye do you shame, 2424 + And bringeth you-self in mikel blame." + Hwan he at herden, he wenten ageyn, + And slowen a knit and[108] a sweyn + Of e kinges oune men, 2428 + And woundede{n} abute{n} ten. + + [Footnote 107: _Qu._ it.] + + [Footnote 108: MS. and and.] + + +[Headnote: GODARD IS BOUND AND LED TO HAVELOK.] + + [Sidenote: The king's men kill all Godard's men.] + +The kinges men hwan he at sawe, + Scute{n} on hem, heye and lowe, + And euerilk fot of hem slowe, 2432 + But godard one, at he flowe, + So e ef men dos henge, + [Sidenote: [Fol. 216b, col. 1.]] + Or hund men shole i{n} dike slenge. + He bunde{n} him ful swie faste, 2436 + Hwil e bondes wolden laste, + at he rorede als a bole, + at he wore parred in an hole, + With dogges forto bite and beite: 2440 + Were e bondes nouth to leite. + [Sidenote: They bind Godard, and cast him on an old mare, + to take him to Havelok.] + He bounde{n} hi{m} so[109] fele sore, + at he gan crien godes ore, + at he sholde of his hend plette, 2444 + Wolde{n} he nouht er-fore lette, + at he ne bounde{n} hond and fet: + Daeit at on at er-fore let! + But dunte{n} him so man doth bere, 2448 + And keste him on a scabbed mere, + Hise nese went un-to e crice: + So ledde{n} he at fule swike, + Til he was biforn hauelok brouth, 2452 + at he haue[de] ful wo wrowht, + Boe with hungre[110] and with cold, + Or he were twel winter old, + And with mani heui swink, 2456 + With poure mete, and feble drink, + And [with] swie wikke cloes, + For al hise manie grete othes. + Nu beyes he his holde blame: 2460 + [Sidenote: "_Old sin makes new shame._"] + 'Old sinne makes newe shame:' + Wan he was [brouht] so shamelike + Biforn[111] e king, e fule swike, + [Sidenote: The king summons Ubbe and the rest.] + e king dede ubbe swie calle 2464 + Hise erles, and hise barouns alle, + Dreng and thein, burgeis and knith, + +[Headnote: HE IS CONDEMNED TO BE HUNG.] + + And bad he sholde{n} demen him rith: + For he kneu, e swike dam, 2468 + Euerildel god was him gram. + He sette{n} hem dun bi e wawe, + Riche and pouere, heye and lowe, + [Sidenote: They sit in judgment.] + e helde men, and ek e grom, 2472 + And made er e rithe dom, + And seyde{n} unto e king anon, + at stille sat [al] so e ston: + [Sidenote: "He is to be flayed, drawn, and hung."] + "We deme, at he be al quic slawen,[112] 2476 + And sien to e galwes drawe[{n}], + At is foule mere tayl; + oru is fet a ful stro{n}g nayl; + [Sidenote: [Fol. 216b, col. 2.]] + And ore ben henged wit two feteres, 2480 + And are be writen ise leteres: + 'is is e swike at wende wel, + e king haue reft e lond il del, + And hise sistres with a knif 2484 + Boe refte here lif.' + is writ shal henge bi him are; + e dom is demd, seye we na more." + + [Footnote 109: MS. fo.] + + [Footnote 110: MS. hungred.] + + [Footnote 111: MS. Brouht biforn; _but the word _brouht_ + clearly belongs to the preceding line, in which, however, it + is omitted._] + + [Footnote 112: We should perhaps read _flawen_, as required by + the sense. _See_ ll. 2495, 2502.] + + +[Headnote: GODARD IS FLAYED ALIVE AND HUNG.] + + [Sidenote: Godard is shriven.] + +Hwan e dom was demd and giue, 2488 + And he was wit e p{re}stes shriue, + And it ne mouhte ben non oer, + Ne for fader, ne for broer, + at he sholde arne lif; 2492 + [Sidenote: A lad flays him.] + Sket cam a ladde with a knif, + And bigan Rith at e to + For to ritte, and for to flo, + And he bigan for to rore, 2496 + So it were grim or gore, + at men mithe een a mile + [Sidenote: He roars.] + Here him rore, at fule file. + e ladde ne let no with for-i, 2500 + ey he criede 'm{er}ci! m{er}ci!' + at [he] ne flow [him] eueril del + With knif mad of grunde{n} stel. + [Sidenote: He is bound on an old mare, drawn over + rough ground, and hung.] + ei garte bringe e mere sone, 2504 + Skabbed[113] and ful iuele o bone, + And bunde{n} him rith at hire tayl + With a rop of an old seyl, + And drowe{n} him un-to e galwes, 2508 + Nouth bi e gate, But ouer e falwes; + And henge [him] ore Bi e hals: + Daeit hwo recke! he was fals. + + [Footnote 113: MS. Skabbeb.] + + +[Headnote: GODRICH RAISES AN ARMY AGAINST HAVELOK.] + + +a{n}ne he was ded, at sathanas, 2512 + Sket was seysed al at his was + In e kinges hand il del, + Lond and lith, and oer catel, + [Sidenote: Havelok makes Ubbe his steward.] + And e king ful sone it yaf 2516 + Vbbe i{n} e hond, wit a fayr staf, + And seyde, "her ich sayse e + In al e lo{n}d, in al e fe." + [Sidenote: He founds a priory of black monks for Grim's soul, + in the town of Grimsby.] + o swor hauelok he sholde make, 2520 + Al for grim, of monekes blake + A p{ri}orie to s{er}uen inne ay + Ih{es}u c{ri}st, til domesday, + For e god he haueden him don, 2524 + [Sidenote: [Fol. 217, col. 1.]] + Hwil he was pou{er}e and iuel[114] o bon. + And er-of held he wel his oth, + For he it made, god it woth! + In e tun er grim was graue{n}, 2528 + at of grim yet haues e name. + Of grim bidde ich na more spelle.[115]-- + [Sidenote: Godrich, earl of Cornwall, hears that Havelok + has invaded England.] + But wan godrich herde telle, + Of cornwayle at was erl, 2532 + (at fule traytour, that mixed cherl!) + at hauelok was king of denemark, + And ferde with him strong and stark, + Comen engelond with-inne, 2536 + Engelond al for to winne, + And at she, at was so fayr, + at was of engelond rith eir, + at was comen up at grimesbi, 2540 + He was ful sorful and sori, + [Sidenote: He says he will slay Havelok and his wife.] + And seyde, "Hwat shal me to rae? + Goddoth! i shal do slou hem bae. + I shal don hengen hem ful heye, 2544 + So mote ich brouke mi Rith eie! + But yif he of mi lond[e][116] fle; + Hwat? wende{n} he to desherite me?" + [Sidenote: He raises a great army.] + He dide sone ferd ut bidde, 2548 + at al at euere mouhte o stede + Ride, or helm on heued bere, + Brini on bac, and sheld, and sp{er}e, + Or ani oer wepne bere, 2552 + Hand-ax, sye, gisarm, or sp{er}e, + Or aunlaz,[117] and god long knif, + at als he louede leme or lif, + at ey sholde{n} comen him to, 2556 + With ful god wepne ye ber so, + [Sidenote: The army is to meet at Lincoln on the 17th of March.] + To lincolne, er he lay, + Of marz e seue{n}tene day, + So at he coue he{m} god ank; 2560 + And yif at ani were so rang, + That he a{n}ne ne come anon, + He swor bi crist, and [bi][118] seint Iohan, + That he sholde maken him ral, 2564 + And al his of-spring forth with-al. + + [Footnote 114: The MS. has "we," which the scribe several + times writes instead of "wel." But "wel" is a manifest + blunder, since "iuel" is meant. Cf. l.2505.] + + [Footnote 115: The author has here omitted to tell us that + Havelok, at the desire of his wife, invades England. See the + note.] + + [Footnote 116: Cf. l. 2599.] + + [Footnote 117: Printed "alinlaz" in the former edition. The + first stroke of the _u_ is longer than the second, and the + tail of the _x_ in the line above converts the second + downstroke of the _u_ into an apparent _i_.] + + [Footnote 118: Cf. l. 1112.] + + +[Headnote: GODRICH EXCITES THE ENGLISH AGAINST HAVELOK.] + + +e englishe at herde at, + Was non at euere his bode sat, + For he him dredde swie sore, 2568 + So Runci spore, and mikle more. + [Sidenote: [Fol. 217, col. 2.]] + At e day he come sone + at he hem sette, ful wel o bone, + [Sidenote: All come to Lincoln on that day.] + To lincolne, with gode stedes, 2572 + And al e wepne at knith ledes. + Hwa{n} he wore come, sket was e erl yare,[119] + Ageynes denshe men to fare, + And seyde, "lyes me[120] alle samen, 2576 + Haue ich gadred you for no game{n}, + But ich wile seyen you fori; + [Sidenote: Godrich tells them what Havelok is doing at Grimsby.] + Lokes hware here at g{ri}mesbi, + Hise uten-laddes here comen, 2580 + And haues nu e p{ri}orie numen; + Al at euere mithen he finde, + He bre{n}ne kirkes, and p{re}stes binde; + He strangleth mo{n}kes, and nu{n}nes boe: 2584 + Wat wile ye, frend, her-offe Rede? + Yif he regne us-gate longe, + He Moun us alle ouer-gange, + He moun vs alle quic henge or slo, 2588 + Or ral maken, and do ful wo, + Or elles reue us ure liues, + And ure children, and ure wiues. + [Sidenote: He excites them to attack Havelok.] + But dos nu als ich wile you lere, 2592 + Als ye wile be with me dere; + Nimes nu swie forth and rae, + And helpes me and yu-self bae, + And slos up-o[n] e dogges swie: 2596 + For shal [i] neuere more be blie, + +[Headnote: THE ENGLISH MARCH TO GRIMSBY.] + + Ne hoseled ben, ne of p{re}st shriuen, + Til at he ben of londe driuen. + Nime we swie, and do hem fle, 2600 + And folwes alle faste me, + [Sidenote: He will lead them himself.] + For ich am he, of al e ferd, + at first shal slo with drawe{n} swerd. + Daeyt hwo ne stonde faste 2604 + Bi me, hwil hise armes laste!" + [Sidenote: Earl Gunter and Earl Reyner of Chester support him.] + "Ye! lef, ye!"[121] couth e erl gunter; + "Ya!" quoth e erl of cestre, reyner. + And so dide alle at er stode, 2608 + And stirte forth so he were wode. + o mouthe me{n} se e brinies brihte + On backes keste, and late rithe, + e helmes heye on heued sette; 2612 + To armes al so swie plette, + at ei wore on a litel stunde + [Sidenote: [Fol. 217b, col. 1.]] + Grethet, als me{n} mithe telle a pund, + And lopen on stedes sone anon, 2616 + [Sidenote: They approach Grimsby.] + And toward g{ri}mesbi, ful god won, + He foren softe bi e sti, + Til he come ney at grimesbi. + + [Footnote 119: _Or_ are; but see l. 2954.] + + [Footnote 120: MS. mi. Cf. l. 2204.] + + [Footnote 121: MS. _has _e_, _[w]e_, or _ye_ in both places._ + But see l.1888.] + + + [Sidenote: Havelok meets them boldly, and kills + the foremost knight.] + +Hauelok, at hauede spired wel 2620 + Of here fare, eueril del, + With al his ferd cam hem a-geyn, + For-bar he noer knith ne sweyn. + e firste knith at he er mette, 2624 + With e swerd so he him grette, + For his heued of he plette, + Wolde he nouth for sinne lette. + [Sidenote: Robert kills a second.] + Roberd saw at dint so hende, 2628 + Wolde he neuere ee[{n}] wende, + Til at he hauede anoer slawen, + With e swerd he held ut-drawen. + [Sidenote: William disables a third.] + Willa{m} wendut his swerd vt-drow, 2632 + And e redde so sore he slow, + at he made up-on the feld + His lift arm fleye, with the swerd.[122] + + [Footnote 122: Cf. l. 1825. We should otherwise be tempted + to read _sheld_; especially as the _shield_ is more + appropriate to the _left_ arm.] + + +[Headnote: COMBAT BETWEEN UBBE AND GODRICH.] + + [Sidenote: Hugh Raven seizes his sword, and cleaves + an earl's head in two.] + +Huwe raue{n} ne forgat nouth 2636 + e swerd he hauede ider brouth, + He kipte it up, and smot ful sore + An erl, at he saw priken ore, + Ful noblelike upon a stede, 2640 + at with him wolde al quic wede. + He smot him on e heued so, + at he e heued clef a-two, + And at bi e shu[l]dre-blade 2644 + e sharpe swerd let [he] wade, + orw the brest unto e herte; + e dint bigan ful sore to smerte, + at e erl fel dun a-non, 2648 + Al so ded so ani ston. + [Sidenote: Ubbe attacks Godrich.] + Quoth ubbe, "nu dwelle ich to lo{n}ge," + And leth his stede sone gonge + To godrich, with a god spere, 2652 + at he saw a-noer bere, + And smoth godrich, and G{odrich} him, + Hetelike with h{er}te grim, + [Sidenote: Both fall.] + So at he boe felle dune, 2656 + To e ere first e croune. + a{n}ne he wore{n} falle{n} dun boen, + Grundlike here swerdes ut-drowe{n}, + [Sidenote: [Fol. 217b, col. 2.]] + at were{n} swie sharp and gode, 2660 + [Sidenote: They fight on foot.] + And fouhten so ei wore{n} wode, + at e swot ran fro e crune + [To the fet rith ere adune.][123] + +[Headnote: GODRICH DISPLAYS GREAT PROWESS.] + + er mouthe men se to knithes bete 2664 + Ayer on oer dintes grete, + So at with aler-lest[e] dint + Were al to-shiuered a flint, + [Sidenote: The fight lasts from morn to night.] + So was bi-twene{n} he{m} a fiht, 2668 + Fro e morwen ner to e niht, + So at ei nouth ne bl[u]nne,[123*] + Til at to sette bigan e su{n}ne. + [Sidenote: Godrich wounds Ubbe sorely.] + o yaf godrich orw e side 2672 + Vbbe a wunde ful un-ride, + So at orw at ilke wounde + Hauede ben brouth to e grunde, + And his heued al of-slawen, 2676 + [Sidenote: Hugh Raven rescues him.] + Yif god ne were, and huwe rauen, + at drow him fro godrich awey, + And barw him so at ilke day. + But er he were fro godrich drawe{n}, 2680 + [Sidenote: A thousand knights slain.] + er were a ousind knihtes slawe{n} + Bi boe halue, and mo y-nowe, + er e ferdes to-gidere slowe. + er was swilk dreping of e folk, 2684 + [Sidenote: The pools are full of blood.] + at on e feld was neu{er}e a polk + at it ne stod of blod so ful, + at e strem ran i{n}til e hul. + [Sidenote: Godrich attacks the Danes like lightning.] + o tarst[124] bigan godrich to go 2688 + Vp-on e danshe, and faste to slo, + And forth rith also leuin fares, + at neu{er}e kines best ne spares, + a{n}ne his [he] gon, for he garte alle 2692 + e denshe men biforn him falle. + He felde browne, he felde blake, + at he mouthe ouer-take. + Was neuere non at mouhte aue 2696 + Hise dintes, noyer knith ne knaue, + [Sidenote: He mows them down like grass.] + at he felden so dos e gres + +[Headnote: COMBAT BETWEEN GODRICH AND HAVELOK.] + + Bi-forn e sye at ful sharp is. + Hwan hauelok saw his folk so brittene, 2700 + And his ferd so swie littene, + He cam driuende up-on a stede, + And bigan til him to grede, + And seyde, "godrich, wat is e 2704 + at ou fare us with me? + [Sidenote: [Fol. 218, col. 1.]] + And mine gode knihtes slos, + Siker-like ou mis-gos. + [Sidenote: Havelok reproves Godrich, and bids him perform + his oaths.] + ou wost ful wel, yif u wilt wite, 2708 + at aelwold e dide site + On knes, and sweren on messe-bok, + On caliz, and on [pateyn][125] hok + at ou hise douhter sholdest yelde, 2712 + an she were wi{n}na{n}[126] of elde, + Engelond eueril del: + Godrich e erl, ou wost it wel. + Do nu wel with-uten fiht, 2716 + Yeld hire e lond, for at is rith. + Wile ich forgiue e e lathe, + Al mi dede and al mi wrathe, + For y se u art so with, 2720 + And of i bodi so god knith." + [Sidenote: Godrich refuses.] + "at ne wile ich neu{er}e mo," + Quoth erl godrich, "for ich shal slo + e, and hire for-henge heye. 2724 + I shal rist ut i rith eye + at ou lokes with on me, + But u swie heen fle." + He grop e swerd ut sone anon, 2728 + And hew on hauelok, ful god won, + [Sidenote: He cleaves Havelok's shield in two.] + So at he clef his sheld on two: + Hwan hauelok saw at shame do + His bodi er bi-forn his ferd, 2732 + He drow ut sone his gode swerd, + [Sidenote: Havelok smites him down.] + And smot him so up-on e crune, + at godrich fel to e ere adune. + But godrich stirt up swie sket, 2736 + Lay he nowth longe at hise fet, + [Sidenote: Godrich rises, and wounds Havelok in the shoulder.] + And smot him on e sholdre so, + at he dide are undo + Of his brinie ri{n}ges mo, 2740 + an at ich kan tellen fro; + And woundede hi{m} rith i{n} e flesh, + at tendre was, and swie nesh, + So at e blod ran til his to: 2744 + [Sidenote: Havelok is enraged, and cuts off his foe's hand.] + o was hauelok swie wo, + at he hauede of him drawen + Blod, and so sore him slawen. + Hertelike til him he wente, 2748 + And godrich er fulike shente; + For his swerd he hof up heye, + [Sidenote: [Fol. 218, col. 2.]] + And e hand he dide of fleye, + at he smot him with so sore: 2752 + Hw mithe he don him shame more? + + [Footnote 123: Cf. l. 1904.] + + [Footnote 123*: Changed by editor from "blinne": see + Emendations.] + + [Footnote 124: So in MS. _Qu._ faste, as in next line.] + + [Footnote 125: MS. _here repeats _messe_, by mistake. Read + _pateyn_._ Cf. l.187.] + + [Footnote 126: MS. w[-i]man, _i.e._ wi{n}man _or_ wi{m}man; _but + we are sure, from _l.174_, that _wi{n}nan_ is meant._] + + +[Headnote: GODRICH IS BOUND AND FETTERED.] + + +Hwan he hauede him so shamed, + His hand of plat, and yuele lamed, + He tok him sone bi e necke 2756 + Als a t{ra}ytour, daeyt wo recke! + [Sidenote: He has him bound and fettered, and sends him + to the queen.] + And dide him binde and fet{er}e wel + With gode feteres al of stel, + And to e quen he sende him, 2760 + at birde wel to him ben grim; + And Bad she sholde don him gete, + And at non ne sholde him bete, + Ne shame do, for he was knith, 2764 + Til knithes hauede{n} demd him Rith. + [Sidenote: When the English find out that Goldborough + is the heiress, they submit to Havelok.] + an e englishe men at sawe, + at ei wisten, heye and lawe, + at Goldeboru, at was so fayr, 2768 + Was of engeland rith eyr, + And at e king hire hauede wedded, + And haueden ben samen bedded, + He comen alle to crie m{er}ci, 2772 + Vnto e king, at one cri, + And beden him sone manrede and oth, + at he ne sholde{n}, for lef ne loth, + Neuere more ageyn him go, 2776 + Ne ride, for wel ne for wo. + + +[Headnote: THE ENGLISH SUBMIT TO GOLDBOROUGH.] + + +e king ne wolde nouth for-sake, + at he ne shulde of hem take + Manrede at he beden, and ok 2780 + Hold oes swere{n} on e bok; + [Sidenote: Havelok wishes to show Goldborough to the English.] + But or bad he, at ider were brouth + e quen, for hem, swilk was his outh, + For to se, and forto shawe, 2784 + Yif at he hire wolde knawe. + oruth hem wite{n} wolde he, + Yif at she aucte quen to be. + + + [Sidenote: Six earls fetch her in.] + +Sixe erles weren sone yare, 2788 + After hire for to fare. + He nomen on-on, and come{n} sone, + And brouthe{n} hire, at under mone + In al e werd ne hauede per, 2792 + Of hende-leik, fer ne ner. + Hwan she was come ider, alle + e englishe men bi-gu{n}ne to falle + [Sidenote: [Fol. 218b, col. 1.]] + O knes, and grete{n} swie sore, 2796 + And seyden, "leuedi, k[r]istes ore, + [Sidenote: The English ask her pardon.] + And youres! we haue{n} misdo mikel, + at we ayen you haue be fikel, + For englond auhte forto ben youres, 2800 + And we youre me{n} and youres. + Is non of us, yung ne old, + at we ne wot, at aelwold + Was king of is kunerike, 2804 + [Sidenote: They admit she is heiress.] + And ye his eyr, and at e swike + Haues it halden with mikel wro{n}ge: + God leue him sone to honge!" + + +[Headnote: GODRICH IS CONDEMNED TO BE BURNT.] + + +Quot[127] hauelok, "hwan at ye it wite. 2808 + [Sidenote: Havelok says they must pass judgment on Godrich.] + Nu wile ich at ye doun site, + And after godrich haues wrouht, + at haues in sorwe him-self brouth, + Lokes at ye deme{n} him rith, 2812 + For dom ne spared[128] clerk ne knith, + And sien shal ich under-stonde + Of you, after lawe of londe, + Manrede, and holde oes boe, 2816 + Yif ye it wilen, and ek rothe." + Anon er dune he hem sette, + For non e dom ne durste lette, + [Sidenote: They say he is to be bound on an ass's back, + taken to Lincoln, bound to a stake, and burnt.] + And demden him to binde{n} faste 2820 + Vp-on an asse swie un-wraste, + Andelong, nouht ouer-wert, + His nose went unto e stert; + And so to lincolne lede, 2824 + Shamelike in wicke wede, + And hwan he cam un-to e borw, + Shamelike ben led er-oru, + Bisoue e borw, un-to a grene, 2828 + at are is yet, als[o] y wene, + And ere be bunde{n} til a stake, + Aboute{n} him ful gret fir make, + And al to dust be brend Rith ere; 2832 + And yet demde{n} he er more, + Oer swikes for to warne, + at hise childre{n} sulde arne + Euere more at eritage, 2836 + at his was, for hise utrage. + + [Footnote 127: MS. Guot. Cf. l. 1954.] + + [Footnote 128: _Qu._ spares.] + + + +Hwan e dom was demd and seyd, + [Sidenote: So he is laid on the ass, and burnt.] + Sket was e swike on e asse leyd, + And [led vn-]til[129] at ilke grene, 2840 + [Sidenote: [Fol. 218b, col. 2.]] + And brend til asken al bidene. + o was Goldeboru ful blie, + She a{n}ked god fele sye, + at e fule swike was brend, 2844 + at wende wel hire bodi haue shend, + [Sidenote: Goldborough rejoices.] + And seyde, "nu is time to take + Manrede of brune and of blake, + at ich se ride[{n}] and go: 2848 + Nu ich am wreke[{n}][130] of mi fo." + + [Footnote 129: MS. "And him til," which is nonsense. See + l.2827.] + + [Footnote 130: See l. 2992.] + + + [Sidenote: Havelok makes the English swear fealty.] + +Hauelok anon ma{n}rede tok + Of alle englishe, on e bok, + And dide hem grete oes swere, 2852 + at he sholde{n} him god feyth bere + Ageyn alle at wore{n} liues, + And at sholde ben born of wiues. + + +[Headnote: THE EARL OF CHESTER MARRIES GUNILD.] + + +a{n}ne he hauede[131] sikernesse 2856 + Taken of more and of lesse, + Al at hise wille, so dide he calle + [Sidenote: He proposes that Earl Reyner of Chester shall + marry Gunild, Grim's daughter; and he will then always + be his friend.] + e erl of cestre, and hise men alle, + at was yung knith wit-ute{n} wif, 2860 + And seyde, "sire erl, bi mi lif, + And ou wile mi {con}seyl tro, + Ful wel shal ich with e do, + For ich shal yeue e to wiue 2864 + e fairest ing that is oliue. + +[Headnote: HAVELOK REMEMBERS BERTRAM'S KINDNESS.] + + at is gu{n}nild of grimesby, + Grimes douther, bi seint dauy! + at me forth broute, and wel fedde, 2868 + And ut of denemark with me fledde, + Me for to burwe fro mi ded: + Sikerlike, oru his red + Haue ich liued in-to is day, 2872 + Blissed wore his soule ay! + I rede at u hire take, + And spuse, and curteyse make, + For she is fayr, and she is fre, 2876 + And al so hende so she may be. + ertekene she is wel with me, + at shal ich ful wel shewe e, + For ich giue e a giue, 2880 + at euere more hwil ich liue, + For hire shal-tu be with me dere, + at wile ich at is folc al here." + e erl ne wolde nouth ageyn 2884 + e king[e] be, for knith ne sweyn, + [Sidenote: [Fol. 219, col. 1.]] + Ne of e spusing seyen nay, + But spusede [hire] at ilke day. + at spusinge was god time maked, 2888 + [Sidenote: They are married, and have five sons.] + For it ne were neuere clad ne naked, + In a ede samened two + at cam to-gidere, liuede so, + So ey dide[{n}] al here liue: 2892 + He geten same{n} sones fiue, + at were e beste me{n} at nede, + at mouthe ride{n} on ani stede. + Hwan gu{n}nild was to cestre brouth, 2896 + [Sidenote: Havelok remembers Bertram, the earl's cook, + and makes him Earl of Cornwall.] + Hauelok e gode ne for-gat nouth + Bertra{m}, at was the erles kok, + at he ne dide calle{n} ok, + And seyde, "frend, so god me rede! 2900 + Nu shaltu haue riche mede, + +[Headnote: BERTRAM MARRIES GRIM'S SECOND DAUGHTER.] + + For wissing, and i gode dede, + at tu me dides in ful gret nede. + For a{n}ne y yede in mi cuuel, 2904 + And ich ne haue[de] bred, ne sowel, + Ne y ne hauede no catel, + ou feddes and claddes me ful wel. + Haue nu for-i of cornwayle 2908 + e erldom ildel, with-uten fayle, + And al e lond at godrich held, + Boe in towne, and ek in feld; + And erto wile ich, at u spuse, 2912 + And fayre bring hire un-til huse, + [Sidenote: He is to marry Levive, Grim's daughter, + who is as fair as a rose.] + Grimes douther, leuiue e hende, + For ider shal she with e wende. + Hire semes curteys forto be, 2916 + For she is fayr so flour on tre; + e heu is swilk in hire ler + So [is] e rose in roser, + Hwan it is fayr sprad ut newe 2920 + Ageyn e su{n}ne, brith and lewe." + And girde him sone with e swerd + Of e erldom, bi-forn his ferd, + And with his hond he made hi{m} knith, 2924 + And yaf him armes, for at was rith, + [Sidenote: They are married.] + And dide him ere sone wedde + Hire at was ful swete in bedde. + + [Footnote 131: MS. hauede{n}.] + + + [Sidenote: Havelok and Goldborough lived 100 years, + and had many children.] + +After at he spused wore, 2928 + Wolde e erl nouth dwelle ore, + But sone na{m} until his lond, + [Sidenote: [Fol. 219, col. 2.]] + And seysed it al in his hond, + And liuede er-i{n}ne, he and his wif, 2932 + An hundred winter in god lif,[132] + And gaten mani childre{n} samen, + And liueden ay in blisse and game{n}. + Hwa{n} e maydens were spused boe, 2936 + Hauelok anon bigan ful rathe + [Sidenote: The Danes are enriched.] + His denshe men to feste wel + Wit riche landes and catel, + So at he weren alle riche: 2940 + For he was large and nouth chinche. + + [Footnote 132: Between this line and the next are inserted + in the MS. the words: _For he saw at he_, which have been + subsequently struck out by the same hand, and the word _vacat_ + affixed.] + + +[Headnote: HAVELOK IS CROWNED KING OF ENGLAND.] + + +er-after sone, with his here, + [Sidenote: Havelok is crowned at London.] + For he to lundone, forto bere + Corune, so at [alle] it sawe, 2944 + Henglishe ant denshe, heye and lowe, + Hwou he it bar with mikel pride, + For his barnage at was un-ride. + + + [Sidenote: The feast lasts 40 days.] + +e feste of his coruni[{n}]g[133] 2948 + Laste[de] with gret ioying + Fourti dawes, and sumdel mo; + o bigu{n}nen e denshe to go + Vn-to e king, to aske leue, 2952 + And he ne wolde hem nouth g{re}ue, + [Sidenote: The Danes return home.] + For he saw at he woren yare + In-to denemark for to fare, + But gaf hem leue sone anon, 2956 + And bitauhte hem seint Johan; + [Sidenote: Ubbe is to rule Denmark.] + And bad ubbe, his iustise, + at he sholde on ilke wise + Denemark yeme and gete so, 2960 + at no pleynte come him to. + + [Footnote 133: MS. corunig.] + + + [Sidenote: Havelok remained in England for sixty years.] + +Hwan he wore parted alle samen, + Hauelok bi-lefte wit ioie and game{n} + In engelond, and was er-i{n}ne 2964 + Sixti winter king with winne, + And Goldeboru quen, at I wene: + So mikel loue was hem bitwene, + at al e werd spak of hem two: 2968 + He louede hire, and she him so, + [Sidenote: He and Goldborough were never apart.] + at neyer oe[r] mithe be + For[134] oer, ne no ioie se, + But yf he were to-gidere[135] boe; 2972 + Neuere yete ne were{n} he wroe, + For here loue was ay newe, + [Sidenote: [Fol. 219b, col. 1.]] + Neuere yete wordes ne grewe + Bitwene hem, hwar-of ne lathe 2976 + Mithe rise, ne no wrathe. + + [Footnote 134: _Qu._ Fro.] + + [Footnote 135: MS. togidede.] + + +[Headnote: SUCH IS THE "GESTE" OF HAVELOK.] + + [Sidenote: They had 15 children, all kings and queens.] + +He geten childre{n} hem bi-twene + Sones and douthres rith fiuetene, + Hwar-of e sones were kinges alle, 2980 + So wolde god it sholde bifalle; + And e douhtres alle q{ue}nes: + Him sto{n}des wel at god child strenes. + [Sidenote: Such is the _geste_ of Havelok and Goldborough.] + Nu haue ye herd e gest al oru 2984 + Of hauelok and of goldeborw. + Hw he were{n} born, and hw fedde, + And hwou he wore{n} with wro{n}ge ledde + In here youe, with trecherie, 2988 + With tresoun, and with felounye, + And hwou e swikes hauede{n} thit + Reuen hem at was here rith, + And hwou he were{n} wreken wel, 2992 + Haue ich sey you eu{er}ildel; + +[Headnote: SAY A PATERNOSTER FOR THE AUTHOR.] + + And fori ich wolde biseken you, + at haue{n} herd e rim[e] nu, + [Sidenote: Each of you say a _pater-noster_ for the author.] + at ilke of you, with gode wille, 2996 + Seye a pat{er}-nost{er} stille, + For him at haueth e rym[e] maked, + And er-fore fele nihtes waked; + at ih{es}u c{ri}st his soule bringe 3000 + Bi-forn his fader at his endinge. + + + +Amen.+ + + + + +NOTES. + + +[The following notes are abridged from the notes in Sir F. Madden's +excellent edition, the abridgement being effected almost entirely by +occasional omissions, and with but very slight unimportant changes of a +few words, chiefly in the case of references to later editions of +various works than were existing in 1828. I have added one or two short +notes upon difficult constructions, but these are distinguished by being +enclosed within square brackets. --W.W.S.] + +9. + + _He was the wicteste man at nede + That thurte riden on ani stede._ + +This appears to have been a favourite expression of the poet, and to +have comprehended, in his idea, the perfection of those qualifications +required in a knight and hero. He repeats it, with some slight +variation, no less than five times, viz. in ll. 25, 87, 345, 1757, and +1970. The lines, however, are by no means original, but the common +property of all our early poetical writers. We find them in La[gh]amon: + + is wes e feiruste mon + e uere hte r usne kinedom, + a he mihte beren wepnen, + & his hors wel awilden. + + _La[gh]amon_, vol. i. p.174. + +So also in the Romance of _Guy of Warwick_: + + He was the best knight at neede + That euer bestrode any stede. + + Coll. Garrick, K. 9. sign. Ll. ii. + +Again, in the _Continuation of Sir Gy_, in the Auchinleck MS., (ed. for +the Abbotsford Club, 1840, 4to; p.266), + + The best bodi he was at nede + That ever might bistriden stede, + And freest founde in fight. + +And again, in the _Chronicle of England_, published by Ritson from a +copy in the British Museum, MS. Reg. 12. C. XII. + + After him his sone Arthur + Hevede this lond thourh and thourh. + He was the beste kyng at nede + That ever mihte ride on stede, + Other wepne welde, other folk out-lede, + Of mon he hede he never drede. --l. 261. + +The very close resemblance of these lines to those in Havelok, ll. +87-90, would induce a belief that the writer of the _Chronicle_ had +certainly read, and perhaps copied from, the Romance. The MS. followed +by Ritson was undoubtedly written soon after the death of Piers +Gaveston, in 1313, with the mention of which event it concludes; but in +the Auchinleck copy it is continued, by a later hand, to the minority of +Edward III. It only remains to be observed, that the poem in MS. Reg. +12. C. XII. is written by the same identical hand as the MS. Harl. 2253 +(containing _Kyng Horn_, &c.), whence some additional light is thrown on +the real age of the latter, respecting which our antiquaries so long +differed. + +[15. "And I will drink ere I tell my tale." _Her_ = ere. + +19. _And wite, &c._, i.e. And ordain that it may be so; cf. ll. 517, +1316. Both metre and grammar require the final _e_.] + +31. _Erl and barun, _dreng_ and kayn._ The appellation of _Dreng_, and, +in the plural, _Drenges_, which repeatedly occurs in the course of this +poem, is uniformly bestowed on a class of men who hold a situation +between the rank of _Baron_ and _Thayn_. We meet with the term more than +once in Doomsday Book, as, for instance, in Tit. Cestresc: "Hujus +manerii [Neuton] aliam terram xv. hom. quos _Drenches_ vocabant, pro xv. +maneriis tenebant." And in a Charter of that period we read: "Alger +Prior, et totus Conventus Ecclesi S. Cuthberti, Edwino, et omnibus +Teignis et _Drengis_, &c." Hence Spelman infers, that the Drengs were +military vassals, and held land by knight's service, which was called +_Drengagium_. This is confirmed by a document from the Chartulary of +Welbeck, printed in Dugdale, _Mon. Angl._ V.II. p.598, and in Blount, +_Jocular Tenures_, p.177, where it is stated, "In eadem villa [Cukeney, +co. Nottingh.] manebat quidam homo qui vocabatur Gamelbere, et fuit +vetus _Dreyinghe_ ante Conquestum." It appears from the same document, +that this person held two carucates of land of the King _in capite_, and +was bound to perform military service for the same, whenever the army +went into Wales. In the Epistle also from the Monks of Canterbury to +Henry II. printed by Somner, in his Treatise on Gavelkind, p.123, we +find: "Quia vero non erant adhuc tempore Regis Willelmi Milites in +Anglia, sed _Threnges_, prcepit Rex, ut de eis Milites fierent, ad +terram defendendam." In La[gh]amon's translation of Wace the term is +frequently used in the acceptation of thayn, and spelt either +_dringches_, _drenches_, _dranches_, or _dringes_. [Cf. Sw. _drng_, a +man, servant; Dan. _dreng_, a boy.] In the Isl. and Su. Goth. _Dreng_ +originally signified _vir fortis_, _miles strenuus_, and hence Olaf, +King of Norway, received the epithet of _Goddreng_. See Wormii Lex. Run. +p.26. Ihre, Vet. Cat. Reg. p.109. Langebek, Script. Rer. Danic. V. I. +p.156. The term subsequently was applied to persons in a servile +condition, and is so instanced by Spelman, as used in Denmark. In this +latter sense it may be found in Hickes, Diction. Isl., and in Sir David +Lyndsay's Poems, + + Quhilk is not ordanit for _dringis_ + But for Duikis, Empriouris, and Kingis. + + V. Pinkerton's Scotish Poems Reprinted, ii. 97. + +V. Jamieson, Dict. _in voce_. + +45. + + _In that time a man that bore + (Wel fyfty pund, y woth, or more.)_ + +This insertion receives additional authority from a similar passage in +the Romance of _Guy of Warwick_, where it is mentioned as a proof of the +rigorous system of justice pursued by Earl Sigard, + + Though a man bore an hundred pound, + Upon him of gold so round, + There n'as man in all this land + That durst him do shame no schonde. + + Ellis, _Metr. Rom._ V. II. p.9. Ed. 1811. + +Many of the traits here attributed to Athelwold appear to be borrowed +from the praises so universally bestowed by our ancient historians on +the character of King Alfred, in whose time, as Otterbourne writes, +p.52, "armillas aureas in bivio stratas vel suspensas, nemo abripere +est ausus." Cf. _Annal. Eccl. Roffens._ MS. Cott. Nero, D. II. The same +anecdote is related of Rollo, Duke of Normandy, by Guillaume de +Jumieges, and Dudon de Saint Quentin. + +91. _Sprong forth so sparke of glede._ Cf. l. 870. It is a very common +metaphor in early English poetry. + + He sprong for an stede, + swa sparc ded of fure, + + _La[gh]amon_ v. ii. p.565. + + He sprange als any sparke one glede. + + _Sir Isumbras_, st. 39 (Camd. Soc. 1844) + + He spronge as sparkle doth of glede, + + _K. of Tars_, l. 194. + + And lepte out of the arsoun, + As sperk thogh out of glede. + + _Ly Beaus Desconus_, l. 623. + +Cf. Chaucer, Cant. Tales, l. 13833, and Tyrwhitt's note. + +110. _Of his bodi_, &c. Compare the French text, l. 208. + + Mes entre eus n'eurent enfant + Mes qe vne fille bele; + Argentille out non la pucele. + Rois Ekenbright fut enfermez, + Et de grant mal forment greuez; + Bien siet n'en poet garrir. + +[Here _Argentille_ is _Goldborough_, and _Ekenbright_ answers to +_Athelwold_. This quotation, and others below, shewing the passages of +the French text which most nearly resemble the English poem, are from a +MS. in the Herald's College, marked E. D. N. No. 14. See the Preface.] + +[118. _Wat shal me to rede_, lit. what shall be for a counsel to me. See +_Rede_ in the Glossary to _William of Palerne_. + +130. _And don hem of ar hire were queme_, lit. and do them off where it +should be agreeable to her; i.e. and keep men at a distance as she +pleased. Such seems to me the meaning of this hitherto unexplained line. + +132. For _me_ we ought probably to read _hit_.] + +136. _He sende_ writes _sone onon._ We must here, and in l.2275, simply +understand _letters_, without any reference to the official summonses of +parliament, which subsequently were so termed, #kat' exochn#. The word +_briefs_ is used in the same sense by the old French writers, and in +La[gh]amon we meet with some lines nearly corresponding with the +present; see ll. 6669-6678. + +[175. _a_. Frequently written for _at_. See _William of Palerne_.] + +189-203. _Ther-on he garte_, &c. Compare the French Romance, ll. +215-228. + + Sa fille li ad comande, + Et sa terre tote liuere. + Primerement li fet iurer, + Veiant sa gent & affier, + Qe leaument la nurrireit, + Et sa terre lui gardereit, + Tant q'ele fust de tiel age + Qe suffrir porroit mariage. + Quant la pucele seit granz, + Par le consail de ses tenanz, + Au plus fort home la dorroit + Qe el reaume troueroit; + Qu'il li baillast ses citez, + Ses chasteus & ses fermetez. + +263. + + _Justises dede he maken newe, + Al Engelond to faren thorw._ + +The earliest instance produced by Dugdale of the Justices Itinerant, is +in 23 Hen. II. 1176, when by the advice of the Council held at +Northampton, the realm was divided into six parts, and into each were +sent three Justices. _Orig. Judic._ p.51. This is stated on the +authority of Hoveden. Dugdale admits however the custom to have been +older, and in Gervasius Dorobernensis, we find, in 1170, certain +persons, called _inquisitores_, appointed to perambulate England. +Gervase of Tilbury, or whoever was the author of the _Dialogus de +Scaccario_, calls them _deambulantes, vel perlustrantes judices_. See +Spelman, _in voc_. The office continued to the time of Edward III., when +it was superseded by that of the Justices of Assize. + +280. _The kinges douther_, &c. Comp. the Fr. l. 283. + + Argentille, + La meschine qu'ert sa fille, + Que ia estoit creue & grant, + Et bien poeit auoir enfant. + +[338. _Sawe_, put for "Say we." Cf. _biddi_ for "bidde i," l.484; +_hauedet_ for "hauede it," 714; &c. + +365. _His quiste_, &c. "His bequest made, and (things) distributed for +him."] + +433. + + _Crist warie him with his mouth! + Waried wrthe he of north and suth!_ + +So, in the Romance of Merlin, Bishop Brice curses the enemies of Arthur, + + Ac, for he is king, and king's son, + Y curse alle, and y dom + His enemies with Christes mouth, + By East, by West, by North, and South! + + Ellis, _Metr. Rom._ V. I. p.260. + +[506. For _nouth_ we must read _mouth_ or _wolde_. The sense is-- "He +thought that he would he were dead, except that he might not (_or_ would +not) slay him with his (own) hand." + +550. The sense is-- "When he had done that deed (i.e. gagged the child), +_then_ the deceiver had commanded him," &c. + +560. _with_ may mean _knowest_, but this hardly gives sense. Perhaps we +should read _wilt_, i.e. "As thou wilt have (preserve) my life." + +567. Mr Morris suggests that the riming words are _adoun_ and _croune_. +We might then read-- + + "And caste e knaue so harde adoun, + at he crakede er hise croune."] + +591. _Of hise mouth_, &c. Comp. the Fr. l. 71. sq. + + Totes les houres q'il dormoit, + Vne flambe de lui issoit. + Par la bouche li venoit fors, + Si grant chalur auoit el cors. + La flambe rendoit tiel odour, + Onc ne sentit nul home meillour. + +676. _And with thi chartre make (me) fre._ Instances of the manumission +of villains or slaves by charter may be found in Hickes, _Diss. +Epistol._ p.12, Lye's Dict. _ad calc._, and Madox's _Formulare +Anglicanum_, p.750. The practice was common in the Saxon times, and +existed so late as the reign of Henry VIII. + +[694. _Wite he him onliue_, if he knows him (to be) alive. + +701. It is evident that the words _and gate_ = and goats, must be +supplied. For the spelling _gate_, cf. _Pricke of Conscience_, ed. +Morris, l.6134, where _gayte_ is used collectively as a plural.] + +706. _Hise ship_, &c. Comp. the Fr. l. 89. + + Grim fet niefs apparailler, + Et de viande bien charger. + +715-720. _Hauelok the yunge_, &c. Comp. the Fr. ll. 97-105. + + Quant sa nief fut apparaille, + Dedenz fist entrer sa meisne, + Ses cheualers & ses serganz, + Sa femme demeine & ses enfanz: + La reyne mist el batel, + Haueloc tint souz son mantel. + Il meismes apres entra, + A Dieu del ciel se comanda, + Del hauene sont desancr, + Car il eurent bon orr. + +Instead of the storm, in the French text Grim's ship is attacked by +pirates, who kill the whole of the crew, with the exception of himself +and family, whom they spare on the score of his being an old +acquaintance. + +733-749. _In Humber_, &c. So in the Fr. _Ceo fut el north_, &c. Cf. ll. +122-135. + + Tant out nag & tant sigl, + Q'en vne hauene out parvenu, + Et de la nief a terre issu. + Ceo fut el North, a Grimesbi; + A icel tens qe ieo vus di, + Ni out onques home habit, + Ne cele hauene n'ert pas haunt. + Il i adresca primes maison, + De lui ad Grimesbi a non. + Quant Grim primes i ariua, + En .ii. moitez sa nief trencha, + Les chiefs en ad amont dresc, + Iloec dedenz s'est herberg. + Pescher aloit sicome il soloit, + Siel vendoit & achatoit. + +753. + + _He took the sturgiun and the qual, + And the turbut, and lax withal, + He tok the sele, and the hwel_, &c. + +The list of fish here enumerated may be increased from l. 896, and +presents us with a sufficiently accurate notion of the different species +eaten in the 13th century. Each of the names will be considered +separately in the Glossary, and it is only intended here to make a few +remarks on those, which in the present day appear rather strangely to +have found a place on the tables of our ancestors. The sturgeon is well +known to have been esteemed a dainty, both in England and France, and +specially appropriated to the King's service, but that the whale, the +seal, and the porpoise should have been rendered palatable, excites our +astonishment. Yet that the whale was caught for that purpose, appears +not only from the present passage, but also from the Fabliau intitled +_Bataille de Charnage et de Caresme_, written probably about the same +period, and printed by Barbazan. It is confirmed, as we learn from Le +Grand, by the French writers; and even Rabelais, near three centuries +later, enumerates the whale among the dishes eaten by the Gastrolatres. +In the list of fish also published by Le Grand from a MS. of the 13th +century, and which corresponds remarkably with the names in the Romance, +we meet with the _Baleigne_. See _Vie Prive des Franois_, T.II. +sect.8. + +Among the articles at Archbishop Nevil's Feast, 6 Edw. IV., we find, +_Porposes and Seales XII._ and at that of Archbishop Warham, held in +1504, is an item: _De Seales & Porposs. prec. in gross XXVI. s. VIII. +d._ Champier asserts that the Seal was eaten at the Court of FrancisI., +so that the taste of the two nations seems at this period to have been +nearly the same. For the courses of fish in England during the 14th and +15th centuries, see Pegge's _Form of Cury_, and Warner's _Antiquitates +Culinari_, to which we may add MS. Sloane, 1986. [_Cf._ _Babees Book, +&c._, ed. Furnivall, 1868, p.153.] + +[784. For _setes_ we should probably read _seten_ or _sette_, which +would be as good a rime as many others. The scribe has probably made the +rime more perfect than the sense. It must mean, "In the sea were they +oft set." We cannot here suppose _setes_ = _set es_ = set them.] + +839. _And seyde, Hauelok, dere sone._ In the French, Grim sends Havelok +away for quite a different reason, viz. because he does not understand +fishing. + +903. _The kok stod_, &c. Comp. the Fr. l. 242. + + Et vn keu le roi le retint, + Purceo qe fort le vist & grant, + Et mult le vist de bon semblant. + Merueillous fes poeit leuer, + Busche tailler, ewe porter. + +The last line answers to l. 942 of the English version. + +939. _He bar the turues, he bar the star._ The meaning of the latter +term will be best illustrated by a passage in Moor's _Suffolk Words_, +where, under the word _Bent_, he writes, "_Bent_ or _Starr_, on the N.W. +coast of England, and especially in Lancashire, is a coarse reedy +shrub--like ours perhaps--of some importance formerly, if not now, on +the sandy blowing lands of those counties. Its fibrous roots give some +cohesion to the silicious soil. By the 15 and 16 G.II. c.33, plucking +up and carrying away _Starr_ or Bent, or having it in possession within +five miles of the sand hills, was punishable by fine, imprisonment, and +whipping." The use stated in the Act to which the _Starr_ was applied, +is, "making of Mats, Brushes, and Brooms or Besoms," therefore it might +very well be adapted to the purposes of a kitchen, and from its being +coupled with turves in the poem, was perhaps sometimes burnt for fuel. +The origin of the word is Danish, and still exists in the Dan. _Str_, +Swed. _Starr_, Isl. _staer_, aspecies of sedge, or broom, called by +Lightfoot, p.560, _carex cespitosa_. Perhaps it is this shrub alluded +to in the Romance of _Kyng Alisaunder_, and this circumstance will +induce us to assign its author to the district in which the Starr is +found. + + The speris craketh swithe thikke, + So doth on hegge _sterre-stike_. --l. 4438. + +945. _of alle men_, &c. Comp. the Fr. l. 254. + + Tant estoit franc & deboneire, + Que tuz voloit lur pleisir fere, + Pur la franchise q'il out. + +959. _Of him ful wide the word sprong._ A phrase which from the Saxon +times occurs repeatedly in all our old writers. A few examples may +suffice. + + Beowulf ws breme, + Bld wde sprang. + + _Beowulf_, ed. Thorpe, p.2. + + Welle wide sprong as eorles word. + + _La[gh]amon_, l. 26242. + + Of a knight is that y mene, + His name is sprong wel wide. + + _Sir Tristrem_, st. 2, p.12. + + The word of Horn wide sprong, + How he was bothe michel and long. + + _Horn Childe_, ap. Rits. _Metr. Rom._ V. iii. p.291. + +See also the _Kyng of Tars_, ll. 19, 1007, _Emare_, l.256, _Roland and +Ferragus_, as quoted by Ellis, _Ly beaus Desconus_, l.172, and +_Chronicle of England_, l.71. + +984. + + _In armes him noman (ne) nam, + at he doune sone ne caste._ + +The same praise is bestowed on Havelok in the French text, l.265,-- + + Deuant eus liuter le fesoient + As plus forz homes q'il sauoient, + Et il trestouz les abatit-- + +and it was doubtless in imitation or ridicule of the qualities +attributed to similar heroes, that Chaucer writes of Sir Thopas, "Of +wrastling was ther non his per." Cant. Tales, l.13670. + +1006. _To ben er at e parlement._ Cf. l. 1178. If we examine our +historical records, we shall find that the only parliament held at +Lincoln was in the year 1300, 28 Edw.I., and the writs to the +_Archbishop of York_, and other Nobles, both ecclesiastical and secular, +are still extant. The proceedings are detailed at some length by Robert +of Brunne, Vol. II. p.312, who might have been in Lincoln at the time, +or, at all events, was sufficiently informed of all that took place, +from his residence in the county. If we could suppose that the author of +the Romance alluded to this very parliament, it would reduce the period +of the poem's composition to a later date, than either the style or the +writing of the MS. will possibly admit of. It is therefore far more +probable the writer here makes use of a poetical, and very pardonable +licence, in transferring the parliament to the chief city of the county +in which he was evidently born, or brought up, without any reference +whatever to historical data. + +1022. + + _Biforn here fet anne lay a tre, + And putten with a mikel ston_, &c. + +This game of _putting the stone_, is of the highest antiquity, and seems +to have been common at one period to the whole of England, although +subsequently confined to the Northern counties, and to Scotland. +Fitzstephen enumerates casting of stones among the amusements of the +Londoners in the 12th century, and Dr Pegge, in a note on the passage, +calls it "a Welch custom." The same sport is mentioned by Geoffrey of +Monmouth, among the diversions pursued at King Arthur's feast, as will +appear in a subsequent note (l.2320). By an edict of Edward III. the +practice of casting stones, wood, and iron, was forbidden, and the use +of the bow substituted, yet this by no means superseded the former +amusement, which was still in common use in the 16th century, as appears +from Strutt's _Popular Pastimes_, Introd. pp.xvii, xxxix, and p.56, +sq. In the Highlands this sport appears to have been longer kept up than +in any other part of Britain, and Pennant, describing their games, +writes, "Those retained are, throwing the _putting-stone_, or stone of +strength (_Cloch neart_) as they call it, which occasions an emulation +who can throw a weighty one the farthest." _Tour in Scotl._ p.214. 4to. +1769. See also _Statist. Account of Argyleshire_, xi. 287. In the French +Romance of Horn, preserved in MS. Harl. 527, is almost a similar +incident to the one in Havelok, and would nearly amount to a proof, that +Tomas, the writer of the French text of Horn, was an Englishman. + +In the Romance of _Octovian Imperator_ it is said of Florent, + + At _wrestelyng_, and at _ston castynge_ + He wan the prys, without lesynge; + Ther n'as nother old ne yynge + So mochell of strength, + That myght the ston to hys _but_ bryng, + Bi fedeme lengthe. --l. 895. + +It is singular enough, that the circumstance of Havelok's throwing the +stone, mentioned in the Romance, should have been founded on, or +preserved in, a local tradition, as attested by Robert of Brunne, p.26. + + Men sais in Lyncoln castelle ligges [gh]it a stone, + That Hauelok kast wele forbi euerilkone. + +1077-1088. _The king Athelwald_, &c. Comp. the Fr. text, ll. 354-370. + + Quant Ekenbright le roi fini, + En ma garde sa fille mist; + Vn serement iurer me fist, + Q'au plus fort home le dorroie, + Qe el reaume trouer porroie. + Assez ai quis & demand, + Tant q'en ai vn fort trou; + Vn valet ai en ma quisine, + A qui ieo dorrai la meschine; &c. + +1103. _After Goldeborw_, &c. Comp. the Fr. l. 377. + + Sa niece lur fet amener, + Et a Cuaran esposer; + Pur lui auiler & honir, + La fist la nuit lez lui gesir. + +The French Romance differs here very considerably from the English, and +in the latter, the dream of Argentille, her visit to the hermit, and the +conversation relative to Havelok's parents, is entirely omitted. + +[1174. This may mean-- "He (Havelok) is given to her, and she has taken +(him)" --but this makes _yaf_ and _tok_ past participles, which they +properly are not; or else we must translate it-- "He (Godard) gave them +to her, and she took them," i.e. the pence. This alone is the +grammatical construction, and it suits the context best; observe, that +the words _ys_ and _as_ are equivalent to _es_ = them. Cf. l.970. See +Morris; _Gen. & Exod._, Pref. p.xviii.] + +1203. _Thanne he komen there_, &c. Comp. the Fr. l. 556. + + A Grimesby s'en alerent; + Mes li prodoms estoit finiz, + Et la Dame q'is out nurriz. + Kelloc sa fille i ont troue, + Vn marchant l'out espose. + +The marriage of Kelloc, Grim's daughter, with a merchant is skilfully +introduced in the French, and naturally leads to the mention of Denmark. +The plot of the English story is wholly dissimilar in this respect. + +1247. _On the nith_, &c. Comp. the Fr. l. 381. + + Quant couch furent ambedui, + Cele out grant honte de lui, + Et il assez greindre de li. + As deuz se geut, si se dormi. + Ne voloit pas q'ele veist + La flambe qe de lui issist. + +The voice of the angel is completely an invention of the English author, +and the dream (which is transferred from Argentille to Havelok) is +altogether different in its detail. + +1260. _He beth heyman_, &c. Comp. the Fr. l. 521. + + Il est n de real lignage, + Oncore auera grant heritage. + Grant gent fra vers li encline, + Il serra roi & tu reyne. + +[1334. The words _euere-il del_ are corruptly repeated from line 1330 +above. Perhaps we should read _wit-uten were_, i.e. without doubt.] + +1430. _Hauede go for him gold ne fe._ Cf. l. 44. So in La[gh]amon: + + Ne sculde him neoer gon fore + Gold ne na grsume, &c.; vol. ii. p.537. + +[1444. The French text helps but little to supply the blank. It shows +that Havelok and his wife sailed to Denmark, and, on their arrival, +sought out the castle belonging to Sigar, who answers to the Ubbe of the +English version.] + +1632. _A gold ring drow he forth anon_, &c. A similar incident, and in +nearly the same words, occurs in Sir Tristrem. + + A ring he raught him tite, + The porter seyd nought nay, + In hand: + He was ful wis, y say, + That first yave yift in land. --fytte i. st. 57, p.39. + +So also Wyntoun, who relates the subsidy of 40,000 moutons sent from +France to Scotland in 1353, and adds, + + Qwha gyvis swilk gyftyis he is wyse. + +[See also _Piers Plowman_, Text A. iii. 202.] + +1646. _Hw he was wel of bones_, &c. Comp. the Fr. l. 743. + + Gent cors & bele feture, + Lungs braz & grant furcheure + Ententiuement l'esgarda. + +[1678. This line has two syllables too little.] + +1722. _Thanne he were set_, &c. This is an amplification of the Fr. +l.677, sq. + + Quant fut houre del manger, + Et qe tuz alerent lauer, + Li prodoms a manger s'assist, + Les .iii. valez seeir i fist, + Argentille lez son seignur; + Serui furent a grant honur. + +1726. _Kranes, swannes, veneysun_, &c. We have here the principal +constituents of what formed the banquets of our ancestors. The old +Romances abound with descriptions of this nature, which coincide exactly +with the present. See _Richard C[oe]ur de Lion_, l.4221; _Guy of +Warwick; The Squyr of Lowe Degre_, l.317; and _Morte Arthure_, ed. +Perry, p.7. + +"Wine is common," says Dr Pegge, speaking of the entertainments of the +14th century, "both red and white. This article they partly had of their +own growth, and partly by importation from France and Greece." A few +examples will illustrate this: + + He laid the cloth, and set forth bread, + And also wine, both _white and red_. + + _Sir Degore_, ap. Ellis, _Metr. Rom._ V. 3, p.375. + + And dronke wyn, and eke pyment, + _Whyt and red_, al to talent. + + _Kyng Alisaunder_, l. 4178. + +[Cf. _Piers Plowman_, Text B, at the end of the _Prologue_.] + +In the _Squyr of Lowe Degre_ is a long list of these wines, which has +received considerable illustration in the curious work of Dr Henderson. + +[1736. I print _kiwing_, as in Sir F. Madden's edition; but I quite give +up the meaning of it, and doubt if it is put for _kirving_. The word is +obscurely written, and looks like _kiling_, and my impression is that +it is miswritten for _ilk ing_, the word _e_ being put for _er_, as +frequently elsewhere. We should thus get _hwan he haueden er ilk ing +deled_, when they had there distributed every thing. This is, at any +rate, the sense of the passage.] + +1749. _And sende him unto the greyues._ In the French, Havelok is simply +sent to an _ostel_, and the _greyve_ does not appear in the story. + +1806. _Hauelok lifte up_, &c. In the French, all the amusing details +relative to Robert and Huwe Raven are omitted, and Havelok is made to +retire to a monastery, where he defends himself by throwing down the +stones on his assailants. + +[1826. _wolde_, offered at, intended to hit, _would_ have hit.] + +1838. + + _And shoten on him, so don on bere + Dogges, that wolden him to-tere._ + +The same comparison is made use of in the Romance of Horn Childe: + + The Yrise folk about him yode, + As hondes do to bare. + + Rits. _Metr. Rom._ V. III. p.289. + +See Note on l. 2320. + +[1914. "Cursed be he who cares! for they deserved it! What did they? +There were they worried." A mark of interrogation seems required after +_dide he_.] + +1926-1930. _Sket cam tiding_, &c. Comp. the Fr. l. 719. + + La nouele vint a chastel, + Au seneschal, qui n'est pas bel, + Qe cil qu'il auoit herberg + Cinc de ses homes out tu. + +[1932. Apparently corrupt. Perhaps _is_ should be _it_. "That this +strife--as to what it meant."] + +2045. _That weren of Kaym kin and Eues._ The odium affixed to the +supposed progeny of Cain, and the fables engrafted on it, owe their +origin to the theological opinions of the Middle Ages, which it is not +worth while to trace to their authors. See _Beowulf_, ed. Thorpe, p.8; +and _Piers Plowman_, A. X. 135-156; answering to p.177 of Whitaker's +edition. See also the Romance of _Kyng Alisaunder_: + + And of Sab the duk Mauryn, + He was of _Kaymes kunrede_. --l. 1932. + +In _Ywaine and Gawaine_, l. 559, the Giant is called "the karl of +_Kaymes kyn_," and so also in a poem printed by Percy, intitled _Little +John Nobody_, written about the year 1550. + + Such caitives count to be come of Cain's kind. + + _Anc. Reliq._ V. II. p.130. Ed. 1765. + +2076. + + _It ne shal no thing ben bitwene + Thi bour and min, also y wene, + But a fayr firrene wowe._ + +These lines will receive some illustration from a passage in Sir +Tristrem, where it is said, + + A borde he tok oway + Of her bour. --p.114. + +On which Sir W. Scott remarks, "The bed-chamber of the queen was +constructed of wooden boards or shingles, of which one could easily be +removed." This will explain the line which occurs below, 2106, "He stod, +and totede in at a bord." + +2092. _Aboute the middel_, &c. In the French, a person is placed by the +Seneschal to watch, who first discovers the light. + +2132. _Bi the pappes he leyen naked._ "From the latter end of the 13th +to near the 16th century, all ranks, and both sexes, were universally in +the habit of sleeping quite naked. This custom is often alluded to by +Chaucer, Gower, Lydgate, and all our ancient writers." Ellis, SPEC. +METR. ROM. V.I. p.324, 4th Ed. In the _Squyr of Lowe Degre_ is a +remarkable instance of this fact: + + How she rose, that lady dere, + To take her leue of that squyer; + Al so naked as she was borne + She stod her chambre-dore beforne. --l. 671. + +The custom subsisted both in England and France to a very recent period, +and hence probably was derived the phrase _naked-bed_, illustrated so +copiously by Archdeacon Nares in his Glossary. + +2192. Cf. the French, l. 843. + + Ses chapeleins fet demander, + Ses briefs escriure & enseeler; + Par ses messages les manda, + Et pur ses amis enuoia; + Pur ses homes, pur ses parenz; + Mult i assembla granz genz. + +[2201. Read _ne neme_ = took not, sc. their way, just as in l.1207.] + +2240-2265. _Lokes, hware he stondes her_, &c. Comp. the Fr. ll. 913-921. + + "Veez ci nostre dreit heir, + Bien en deuom grant ioie aueir." + Tut primerain se desafubla, + Par deuant lui s'agenuilla; + Sis homs deuint, si li iura + Qe leaument le seruira. + Li autre sont apres al, + Chescuns de bone volent; + Tuit si home sont deuenu. + +2314. + + _Vbbe dubbede him to knith, + With a swerd ful swithe brith._ + +So likewise in the Fr. l. 928, _A cheualier l'out adubb_. The ceremony +of knighthood is described with greater minuteness in the Romance of _Ly +beaus Desconus_, l.73; and see _Kyng Horn_, ed. Lumby, ll. 495-504. + +2320. _Hwan he was king, ther mouthe men se_, &c. Ritson has justly +remarked, Notes to _Ywaine and Gawaine_, l.15, that the elaborate +description of Arthur's feast at Carlisle, given by Geoffrey of +Monmouth, l. ix. c. 12, has served as a model to all his successors. The +original passage stands thus in a fine MS. of the 13th century, MS. +Harl. 3773. fol. 33_b_. "Refecti autem epulis diversos ludos acturi +campos extra civitatem adeunt. Tunc milites simulachra belli scientes +_equestrem ludum_ componunt, mulieribus ab edito murorum aspicientibus. +Alii _cum cestibus_, alii _cum hastis_, alii _gravium lapidum jactu_, +alii _cum facis_, [_saxis_, Edd.] alii _cum aleis_, diversisque alii +alteriusmodi jocis contendentes." In the translation of this description +by Wace we approach still nearer to the imitation of the Romance before +us. + + A plusurs iuis se departirent, + Li vns alerent _buhurder_, + E lur ignels cheuals mustrer, + Li altre alerent _eskermir_, + V _pere geter_, v _saillir_; + Tels i-aueit ki _darz lanconent_, + E tels i-aueit ki _lutouent_: + Chescon del gru [geu?] s'entremetait + Dunt entremettre se saueit. --MS. Reg. 13. A. xxi. + +The parallel versions, from the French, of La[gh]amon, Robert of +Gloucester, and Robert of Brunne, may be read in Mr Ellis's _Specimens +of Early English Poets_. At the feast of Olimpias, described in the +Romance of _Kyng Alisaunder_, we obtain an additional imitation. + + Withoute theo toun was mury, + Was reised ther al maner pley; + There was knyghtis _turnyng_, + There was maidenes carolyng, + There was champions _skyrmyng_, + Of heom and of other _wrastlyng_, + Of liouns chas, of _beore baityng_, + And _bay of bor_, of _bole slatyng_. --l. 193. Cf. l.1045. + +Some additional illustrations on each of the amusements named in our +text may not be unacceptable: + +1. _Buttinge with sharpe speres._ This is tilting, or justing, expressed +in Wace by _buhurder_. See Strutt's _Sports and Pastimes_, p.96, sq. +108. + +2. _Skirming with taleuaces._ This is described more at large by Wace, +in his account of the feast of Cassibelaunus. Cf. _La[gh]amon_, v.i. +p.347; l.8144. In Strutt's _Sports and Pastimes_ is a representation +of this game, taken from MS. Bodl. 264, illuminated between 1338 and +1344, in which the form of the _talevas_ is accurately defined. It +appears to have been pursued to such an excess, as to require the +interference of the crown, for in 1286 an edict was issued by EdwardI. +prohibiting all persons _Eskirmer au bokeler_. This, however, had only a +temporary effect in restraining it, and in later times, under the +appellation of _sword and buckler play_, it again became universally +popular. + +3. _Wrastling with laddes, puttinge of ston._ See the notes on ll. 984 +and 1022. + +4. _Harping and piping._ This requires no illustration. + +5. _Leyk of mine, of hasard ok._ Among the games mentioned at the +marriage of Gawain, in the Fabliau of _Le Chevalier l'Epe_, we have: + + Cil Chevalier jeuent as tables, + Et as eschs de l'autre part, + O la _mine_, o _hazart_. + +Le Grand, in his note on this passage, T. i. p.57, Ed. 1779, writes: +"Le Hasard tait une sorte de jeu de dez. Je ne connais point la _Mine_; +j'ai trouv seulement ailleurs un passage qui prouve que ce jeu tait +tres-dangereux, et qu'on pouvait s'y ruiner en peu de tems." It appears +however from the Fabliau of _Du Prestre et des deuz Ribaus_, to have +been certainly a species of _Tables_, or _Backgammon_, and to have been +played with dice, on a board called _Minete_. The only passage we +recollect in which any further detail of this game is given, is that of +Wace, in the account of Arthur's feast, Harl. MS. 6508, and MS. Cott. +Vit. A.x., but it must be remarked, that the older copy 13 A. xxi. does +not contain it, nor is it found in the translations of La[gh]amon, or +Robert of Gloucester. + +6. _Romanz reding._ See Sir W. Scott's note on Sir Tristrem, p.290, +[p.306, ed. 1811]; and the Dissertations of Percy, Ritson, and Ellis. + +7. + + _Ther mouthe men se the boles beyte, + And the bores, with hundes teyte._ + +Cf. ll. 1838, 2438. Both these diversions are mentioned by Lucianus, in +his inedited tract _De laude Cestri_, MS. Bodl. 672, who is supposed by +Tanner to have written about A.D. 1100, but who must probably be placed +near half a century later. They formed also part of the amusements of +the Londoners in the 12th century, as we learn from Fitzstephen, p.77, +and are noticed in the passage above quoted from the Romance of _Kyng +Alisaunder_. In later times, particularly during the 16th century, these +cruel practices were in the highest estimation, as we learn from +Holinshed, Stowe, Laneham, &c. See Strutt's _Sports and Pastimes_, +p.192, and the plate from MS. Reg. 2. B.vii. Also Pegge's Dissertation +on Bull-baiting, inserted in Vol. ii. of Archologia. + +8. _Ther mouthe men se hw Grim greu._ If this is to be understood of +scenic representation (and we can scarcely view it in any other light), +it will present one of the earliest instances on record of any attempt +to represent an historical event, or to depart from the religious +performances, which until a much later period were the chief, and almost +only, efforts towards the formation of the drama. Of course, the words +of the writer must be understood to refer to the period in which he +lived, i.e. according to our supposition, about the end of Hen. III's +reign, or beginning of Edw.I. See Le Grand's notes to the _Lai de +Courtois_, V.i. p.329, and Strutt's _Sports and Pastimes_, B.3, +ch.2. + +2344. _The feste fourti dawes sat._ Cf. l. 2950. This is borrowed also +from Geoffrey, and is the usual term of duration fixed in the Romances. + + Fourty dayes hy helden feste, + Ryche, ryall, and oneste. --_Octouian Imperator_, l. 73. + + Fourty dayes leste the feste. --_Launfal_, l. 631. + + And certaynly, as the story sayes, + The revell lasted forty dayes. + + _Squyr of Lowe Degre_, l. 1113. + +2384. The French story here differs wholly from the English. Instead of +the encounter of Robert and Godard, and the cruel punishment inflicted +on the latter, in the French is a regular battle between the forces of +Havelok and Hodulf (Godard). A single combat takes place between the two +leaders, in which Hodulf is slain. + +2450. Cf. ll. 2505 and 2822. This appears to have been a common, but +barbarous, method in former times of leading traitors or malefactors to +execution. Thus in the Romance of Kyng Alisaunder, the treatment of the +murderers of Darius is described: + + He dude quyk harnesche hors, + And sette theron heore cors, + Hyndeforth they seten, saun faile; + In heore hand they hulden theo tailes. --l. 4708. + +2461. We find a similar proverb in the _Historie de Melusine, tire des +Chroniques de Poitou_, &c. 12mo. Par. 1698, in which (at p.72) Thierry, +Duke of Bretagne, says to Raimondin;-- "Vous autorisez par votre silence +_notre Proverbe_, qui dit, _Qu'un vieux pech fait nouvelle vergogne_." + +2513. _Sket was seysed_, &c. Comp. the Fr. l. 971. + + Apres cest fet, ad receu + Le regne q'a son piere fu. + +2516. + + _And the king ful sone it yaf + Vbbe in the hond, wit a fayr staf._ + +So in _Sir Tristrem_: + + Rohant he yaf _the wand_, + And bad him sitte him bi, + That fre; + 'Rohant lord mak y + To held this lond of me.' --fytte i. st. 83; p.52. + +The editor is clearly mistaken in explaining the _wand_ to be a +_truncheon_, or _symbol of power_. For the custom of giving seisin or +investiture _per fustim_, and _per baculum_, see Madox's _Formul. +Anglican._ pref. p.ix. and Spelman, Gloss. inv. _Investire_, and +_Traditio_. The same usage existed in France, _par rain et par baton_. + +2521. + + _----of monekes blake + A priorie to seruen inne ay._ + +The allusion here may be made either to the Abbey of Wellow, in Grimsby, +which was a monastery of _Black Canons_, said to have been built about +A.D. 1110, or (what is more probable) to the Augustine Friary of Black +Monks, which is stated in the _Monumental Antiquities of Grimsby_, by +the Rev. G. Oliver, to have been "founded _about_ the year 1280," +p.110. No notice of it occurs in Tanner till the year 1304. Pat. 33 +Edw.I. Some old walls of this edifice, which was dissolved in 1543, +still remain, and the site is still called "The Friars." If the +connection between this foundation and the one recorded in the poem be +considered valid, the date of the composition must be referred to +_rather_ a later period than we wish to admit. + +2530. The French supplies what is here omitted, viz. that Havelok sails +to England by the persuasion of his wife. + +[Indeed, ll. 979-1006 of the French text may serve to fill up the +evident gap in the story; a translation of the passage is added, to shew +this more clearly. + + Quant Haueloc est rois pussanz, + Le regne tint plus de .iiii. an + Merueillos tresor i auna. + + When Havelok is a mighty king, + He reigned more than 4 years, + Marvellous treasure he amassed. + + Argentille li commanda + Qu'il passast en Engleterre + Pur son heritage conquerre, + Dont son oncle l'out engette, + [Et] A grant tort desherite. + + Argentille (Goldborough) bade him + Pass into England + To conquer her heritage, + Whence her uncle had cast her out, + And very wrongly disinherited her. + + Li rois li dist qu'il fera + Ceo qu'ele li comandera. + Sa nauie fet a-turner, + Ses genz & ses ostz mander. + + The king told her that he would do + That which she should command him. + He got ready his fleet, + And sent for his men and his hosts. + + En mier se met quant orr a, + Et la reyne od lui mena. + Quatre vinz & quatre cenz + Out Haueloc, pleines de genz. + + He puts to sea when he has prayed, + And took the queen with him. + Four score and four hundred (ships) + Had Havelok, full of men. + + Tant out nag & sigl, + Q'en Carleflure est ariu. + Sur le hauene se herbergerent, + Par le pais viande quierent. + + So far has he steered and sailed + That he has arrived at Carleflure. + Hard by the haven they abode, + And sought food in the country round. + + Puis enuoia li noble rois, + Par le consail de ses Danois, + A Alsi qu'il li rendist + La terre qe tint Ekenbright, + Q'a sa niece fut done, + Dont il l'out desherite; + + Then sent the noble king, + By the advice of his Danes, + To Alsi (Godrich)--that he should restore to him + The land that Ekenbright (Athelwold) held, + Which was given to his niece, + And of which he had deprived her. + + Et, si rendre n'el voleit, + Mande qu'il le purchaceroit. + Av roi uindrent li messager-- + + And, if he would not give it up, + He sends word that he will take it. + To the king came the messengers.] + +The remainder of the French poem altogether differs in its detail from +the English. + +2927. _Hire that was ful swete in bedde._] Among Kelly's Scotch +Proverbs, p.290, we find: "_Sweet in the bed_, and sweir up in the +morning, was never a good housewife;" and in a ballad of the last +century quoted by Laing, the editor of that highly curious collection, +the _Select pieces of Ancient Popular Poetry of Scotland_, we meet with +the same expression: + + A Clown is a Clown both at home and abroad, + When a Rake he is comely, and _sweet in his bed_. + +[2990. The last word is written _thit_ in the MS., but, as it rimes to +_rith_, we should suppose _tiht_ to be the word meant. _Thit_ cannot be +explained, but _tiht_ (or perhaps _tith_, according to our scribe's +spelling) is the pp.of a verb signifying _to purpose_, which is the +exact meaning required. Cf. + + "And y to turne to ee have _ti[gh]t_;" + i.e. "I have resolved to turn to thee." + +_Political, Religious, and Love Poems_; ed. Furnivall, 1866; p.177.] + + + + +GLOSSARIAL INDEX. + + +ABBREVIATIONS. + +Barb. Barbour's Bruce. --Chauc. Chaucer. --Doug. Gawin Douglas's Transl. +of the neid. --Ellis, M.R. Ellis's Specimens of Metrical Romances. +--Gl. Glossary. --Jam. Jamieson's Dictionary. --La[gh]am. La[gh]amon's +Transl. of Wace (ed. Madden). --Lynds. Sir D. Lyndsay's Works. --N.E. +Northern English. --Percy, A. R. Percy's Reliques of Ancient English +Poetry. --P.Plowm. Piers Plowman. --R.Br. Robert of Brunne. --R.Gl. +Robert of Gloucester, ed. Hearne (2nd ed. 1810). --Rits. A.S. Ritson's +Ancient Songs. --Rits. M.R. Ritson's Metrical Romances. --Sc. Scotch, +Scotland. --Sir Tr. Sir Tristrem. --Wall. Wallace. --Web. Weber's +Metrical Romances. --Wilb. Wilbraham's Cheshire Glossary. --Wynt. +Wyntoun's Chronicle. --B. Lat. Barbarous Latin. --Belg. Belgic. --Fr. +French. --Isl. Islandic. --Lat. Latin. --S. Saxon. --Sibb. Sibbald's +Chronicle of Scottish Poetry. --Su. G. Suio-Gothic. --Teut. Teutonic. +--_q.v._ Quod vide. --The Romances separately cited are sufficiently +indicated by the Titles. The numbers refer to the line of the Poem. + +It may be useful to add that the names of the Romances edited by Ritson +are-- vol.i. Ywaine and Gawin; Launfal. --vol. ii. Lybeaus Disconus; +King Horn; King of Tars; Emare; Sir Orpheo; Chronicle of England. --vol. +iii. Le bone Florence; Erle of Tolous; Squyr of Lowe Degre; Knight of +Curtesy. Those edited by Weber are-- vol.i. Kyng Alisaunder; Sir +Cleges; Lai-le-freine. --vol. ii. Richard C[oe]ur de Lion; Ipomydon; +Amis and Amiloun. --vol. iii. Seuyn Sages; Octouian; Sir Amadas; Hunting +of the Hare. Beowulf and the Codex Exoniensis are quoted from Thorpe's +editions. + + +A, 610, 936. Apparently an error of the scribe for _Al_, but perhaps +written as pronounced. N.E. and Sc. _aw_. V. Jam. + +A before a _noun_ is commonly a corruption of the S. _on_, as proved +clearly by the examples in Tyrwhitt's Gl., Jam., and Gl. Lynds. _Adoun_, +q.v. is an exception. _A-two_, 1413, 2643. _See_ On. + +Aboven, _prep._ S. above, 1700. + +Abouten, _prep._ S. [_on-btan_] about, 521, 670, 1010, &c. _Abuten_, +2429. + +Adoun, _adv._ S. down, 567. _Adune_, 2735. _Doun_, 901, 925, &c. _Dun_, +888, 927. _Dune_, 1815, 2656. A.S. _of-dne_. + +Adrad, _part. pa._ S. afraid, 278, 1048, 1163, 1682, 2304. _Adradde_, +1787. _Adred_, 1258. _Odrat_, 1153. Sir Tr. p.174; K.Horn, 124. _See_ +Dred. + +Agen, _prep._ S. [_on-gean_] against, 1792. _Ageyn_, 493, 569, 2024, &c. +_Ageynes_, 2153, 2270, &c. _Ayen_, 489, 1210, 2799. _Yen_, 2271. +_Ageyn_, toward, 451, 1696, 1947; opposite to, 1809; upon, on, 1828. +_Ayen_, towards, 1207. _Ageyn him go_, 934, opposite him, so as to bear +an equal weight. _Ageyn hire_, 1106, at her approach. _Ageyn e lith_, +2141, opposed to the light, on which the light shines. V. R.Gl., +R.Br., Chauc. &c. + +Ageyn, _adv._ S. again, 2426. + +Al, _adv._ S. wholly, entirely, 34, 70, 139, 203, &c. + +Al, _adj._ S. all, 203, 264, &c.; every one, 104; every part, 224; +_plu._ alle, 2, 150, &c. + +Albidene, _adv._ _See_ Bidene. + +Als, Also, Also, _conj._ S. [_eal-sw_] as, like, so, 306, 319, &c. +_Als_, 1912, as if. _Al so foles_, like fools, 2100. _Als_ is merely the +abbreviation of _Al so_; and the modern as is again shortened from +_als_. In La[gh]amon it is often written _alse_, as in l.4953. + + And he hfde a swithe god wif + & he heo leouede _alse_ his lif. + +Cf. Havelok, l. 1663. _Als_ and _Also_ are used indifferently, and +universally by the old English and Scotch poets. + +Aler-beste, _adj._ S. best of all, 182, 720, 1040, 1197, 2415. +_Aler-lest_, _Aler-leste_, 1978, 2666, least of all. It is the gen. +c. pl. of _Alle_, joined to an adj. in the superl. degree, and is +extensively employed. _Alre-leofust_, _Alre-heudest_, _Alre-kenest_, +La[gh]amon, _Althe-werste_, K.Horn, MS. _Alder-best_, _Alder-most_, +R.Br. _Alther-best_, _Alther-formest_, &c. Web. _Alther-furste_, +_Alther-next_, _Alther-last_, Rits. M.R. _Alder-first_, _Alder-last_, +_Alder-levest_, Chauc. _Alder-liefest_, Shakesp. + +Amideward, _prep._ S. in the midst, 872. _Amiddewart_, K.Horn, 556. +_Amydward_, K.Alisaund. 690. _A mydward_, Ly Beaus Desc. 852. +_Amydwart_, Doug. Virg. 137, 35. + +An. _conj._ S. and, 29, 359, &c. So used by La[gh]amon, and still in +Somersetsh. V. Jennings. _Ant_, 36, 557, K.Horn, 9, &c. + +And, _conj._ if, 2862. + +Andelong, _adv._ S. lengthways, i.e. from the head to the tail, 2822. + + Ovyrtwart and _endelang_ + With strenges of wyr the stones hang. --_R. C[oe]ur de Lion_, 2649. + +Chauc. _endelong_, C. T. 1993. + +Anilepi, _adj._ S. [_nlepig_] one, a single, 2107. _Onlepi_, 1094. In +the very curious collection of poems in MS. Digb. 86 (written in the +Lincolnshire dialect, temp. Edw.I.) we meet with this somewhat rare +word: + + A! quod the vox, ich wille the telle, + _On alpi_ word ich lie nelle. + + _Of the vox and of the wolf_ (Rel. Ant. ii. 275). + +It occurs also in the Ormulum. + +Anoer, _adj._ S. _Al another_, 1395, in a different way, on another +project. + + Ah al hit iwruth _on other_ + Sone ther after. + + _La[gh]amon_, l. 21005. + + Ac Florice thought _al another_. + + _Flor. and Blaunchefl._ ap. Ellis, M. R. V. 3, p.125, ed. 1803. + (Cf. Horn, ed. Lumby, p.52, l.32.) + +Anuye, _v._ Fr. to trouble, weary, 1735; R. Gl., K. Alisaund. 876; +Chauc. Melibeus. _Noye_, Lynds. Gl. q.v. + +Are, _adj._ S. former, 27. Cf. are, _adv._, Sir Tr. p.32; Rits. M.R., +Web., R.Gl., R.Br., Minot. p.31. _Air_, _Ayr_, Sc. V. Jam. _See_ Er, +Or. + +Aren, _1 and 3 p.pl._ S. are, 619, 1321, &c. _Arn_, Chauc. + +Arke, _n._ S. Lat. a chest _or_ coffer, 2018. R. Br., Jam. + +Armes, _n. pl._ Lat. arms, armor, 2605, 2613, 2925. + +Arum for Arm, 1982, 2408. + +Arwe, S. [_earg_] timid, 2115. Alter the punctuation, and read-- + + He calde boe arwe me{n} and kene, + Knithes and serganz swie sleie. + "Arwe or ferefulle. _Timidus._" + + Prompt. Parv. Cf. Stille, q.v. + +As for Has, 1174. + +Asayleden, _pa. t. pl._ Fr. assailed, 1862. + +Asken, _n. pl._ S. ashes, 2841. _Aske_, R. Gl. _Askes_, R.Br. _Ashen_, +Chauc. _Assis_, Doug. + +Astirte, _pa. t._ leaped, 893. _Astert_, King's Quair, ap. Jam. _See_ +Stirt. + +At, _prep._ S. of _or_ to, 1387. Yw. and Gaw. (Rits.) 963. Still +existing in Scotland. + +At-sitte, _v._ S. contradict, oppose, 2200. It corresponds with the term +_with-sitten_, 1683. In R.Gl. it is used synonymously with _at-stonde_. + + For ther nas so god knygt non no-wer a-boute France, + That in joustes scholde _at-sitte_ the dynt of ys lance. --p.137. + +_See_ Sat. + +Aucte, Auchte, Auhte, Authe, _n._ S. possessions, 531, 1223, 1410, 2215. + + And alle the _hten_ of mine londe. + + _La[gh]amon_, l. 25173. + +_Aughtte_, K. Alisaund. 6884. _Aucht_, Doug. Virg. 72, 4; Lynds. Gl. + +Aucte, Auht, Auhte, _v. imp._ (originally _pa. t._ of Aw, or Owe) S. +[_gan_, _hte_] ought, 2173, 2787, 2800. _Aught_, Sir Tr. p.44. +_Ohte_, K.Horn, 418. _Aght_, Yw. and Gaw. 3229. _Aute_, R.Gl. _Aught_, +Chauc. Troil. 3, 1801. _Aucht_, Doug. Virg. 110, 33. + +Aute, Awcte, (_pa. t._ of the same verb), possessed, 207, 743. _Aught_, +Sir Tr. p.182. Ly Beaus Desc. 1027. _Oght_, Le bone Flor. 650. _Auht_, +R.Br. p.126; Wynt., Lynds. Gl. + +Aueden. _See_ Haueden. + +Aunlaz, _n._ Anelace, 2554. "A kind of knife or dagger, usually worn at +the girdle." Tyrw. note on Chauc. l.359. So in Matth. Paris, "Genus +cultelli, quod vulgariter _Anelacius_ dicitur." V. Gl. in voc. and +Todd's Gl. to Illustr. of Chauc. In _Sir Gawan and Sir Galoran_, ii. 4, +an _anlas_ signifies a sharp spike fixed in the chanfron of a horse. +Probably from the Francic _Anelaz_, _Analeze_. V. Jam. + +Auter, _n._ Fr. Lat. altar, 389, 1386, 2373. Sir Tr. p.61, Octovian, +1312, R.Br., Chauc. _Awter_, Barb. + +Ax, _n._ S. axe, 1776, 1894. + +Ay, _adv._ S. ever, aye, always, 159, 946, 1201, &c. _Ae_, Sc. V. Jam. + +Ayen. _See_ Agen. + +Ayer, _pron._ S. [_ger_] either, each, 2665. _Eer_, 1882. _Athir_, +Sc. V. Jam. _See_ Other. + +Awe, _v._ S. to owe, own, possess, 1292. It may also very possibly be a +corruption of _Have_. Cf. ll. 1188, 1298. + + +Bac, _n._ S. back, 1844, 1950, &c; _backes_, _pl._ 2611. + +Baldelike, _adv._ S. boldly, 53. _Baldeliche_, R. Glouc. _Baldely_, +R.Br., Minot, p.20. + +Bale, _n._ S. sorrow, misery, 327. + +Bar. _See_ Beren. + +Baret, _n._ (O.Fr. _barat_, Isl. _baratta_) contest, hostile contention, +1932. + + Ther nis _baret_, nothir strif, + Nis ther no deth, ac euer lif. + + _Land of Cokaygne_, ap. Hickes, Thes. 1, p.231. + + In alle this _barette_ the kynge and Sir Symon Tille a lokyng tham + sette, of the prince suld it be don. + + _R. Brunne_, p.216. Cf. p.274. + + That mekill bale and _barete_ till Ynglande sall brynge. + + _Awntyrs of Arthure_, st. 23. + +Barfot, _adj._ S. barefoot, 862. + +Barnage, _n._ Fr. barons or noblemen collectively, baronage, 2947. Yw. +and Gaw. 1258. Web. Doug. Virg. 314, 48. + +Barre, _n._ Fr. bar of a door, 1794, 1811, 1827. Synonymous with +Dore-tre, q.v. Chauc. C.T. 552. + +Barw. _See_ Berwen. + +Bae, _adj._ S. both, 1336, 2543. _Bethe_, 694, 1680. + +Be. _See_ Ben. + +Be-bedde, _v._ S. to provide with a bed, 421. + +Bede, _n._ S. prayer, 1385. + +Bede, _v._ S. to order, to bid, 668, 2193, 2396; to offer, 1665, 2084, +2172. _Beden_, _pa. t. pl._ offered, 2774, 2780. _Bedes_, bids, 2392. Of +common occurrence in both senses. _See_ Bidd. + +Bedden, _v._ S. to bed, put to bed, 1235. _Bedded_, _Beddeth_, _part. +pa._ put to bed, 1128, 2771. + +Bedels, _n. pl._ S. beadles, 266. V. Spelm. in v. _Bedellus_, and +Blount, _Joc. Ten._ p.120, ed. 1784. + +Beite, Beyte, _v._ to bait, to set dogs on, 1840, 2330, 2440. _Bayte_, +R.Br. From the Isl. Beita, incitare; Su. Goth. _Beita biorn_, to bait +the bear. V. Jam. and Thomson's Etymons. + +Bem. _See_ Sunne-bem. + +Ben, _v._ S. to be, 19, 905, 1006, &c. _Ben_, _pr. t. pl._ are, 1787, +2559. _Be_, _Ben_, _part. pa._ been, 1428, 2799. _Bes_, _Beth_, _imp._ +and _fut._ be, shall be, 1261, 1744, 2007, 2246. _Lat be_, 1265, 1657, +leave, relinquish, a common phrase in the Old Romances. _Lat abee_, Sc. +V. Jam. + +Benes, _n. pl._ S. beans, 769. + +Beneysun, _n._ Fr. blessing, benediction. 1723. R. Br., Web., Chauc. +C.T. 9239. Lynds. Gl. + +Bere, _n._ S. bear, 573, 1838, 1840, 2448. + +Bere, Beren, _v._ S. to bear, to carry, 581, 762, 805. _Ber_, 2557; +_Bar_, _pa. t._ bore, 557, 815, 877. _Bere_, 974. _Beres_, _pr. t. pl._ +bear. 2323. + +Bermen, _n. pl._ S. bar-men, porters to a kitchen, 868, 876, 885. The +only author in which this term has been found is La[gh]amon, in the +following passages: + + Vs selve we habbet cokes, + to quecchen to cuchene, + Vs sulue we habbet _bermen_, + & birles inowe. --l. 3315. + + Weoren in eos kinges cuchene + twa hundred cokes, + & ne mi na man tellen + for alle a _bermannen_. --l. 8101. + +Bern, _n._ S. child, 571. _Barn_, _bearne_, R.Br. _Bairn_, Sc. + +Berwen, _v._ S. [_beorgan_] to defend, preserve, guard, 697, 1426; +_burwe_, 2870. _Barw_, _pa. t._ 2022, 2679. The original word is found +in Beowulf: + + Scyld-weall gebearg + Lf and lce. + (The shield-wall defended + Life and body.) --l. 5134. + +So in K. Horn, MS. Laud. 108. + + At more ich wile the serue, + And fro sorwe the _berwe_. --f. 224_b_, c. 2. + +Bes. _See_ Ben. + +Bes for Best, 354. + +Best, Beste, _n._ Fr. beast, 279, 574, 944, 2691. + +Bete, _v._ S. [_betan_] to beat, fight, 1899, 2664, 2763. _Beten_, _pa. +t. pl._ beat, struck, 1876. Chauc. C.T. 4206, to which Tyrwh. gives a +Fr. derivation. + +Betere, _adv. comp._ S. better, 1758. + +Beye, _v._ S. to buy, 53, 1654. _Byen_, 1625. + +Beyes, _pr. t._ for Abeyes, S. suffers, or atones for, 2460. + + His deth thou _bist_ to night, + Mi fo. + + _Sir Tristr._ p.146. + + We shulden alle deye + Thy fader deth to _beye_. + + _K. Horn_, 113. + + An of yow schall _bye_ thys blunder. + + _Le bone Flor._ 1330. + +See Jam. in v. Aby. Web. Gl. and Lynds. Gl.; also Nares, v. Bye. + +Bicomen, _pa. t. pl._ became, 2257; _part. pa._ become, 2264. _Bicomes_, +_imp. pl._ become (ye), 2303. + +Bidd, Bidde, _v._ S. offer, 484, 2530; order, bid, 529, 1733. _Ut +bidde_, 2548, order out. _Biddes_, _pr. t._ bids, orders, 1232. _Bidde_, +to ask, 910. R. Glouc., Lynds. Gl. _See_ Bede. + +Bidene, _adv._ forthwith, 730, 2841. + + "Rohand told anon + His aventours _al bidene_." + + _Sir Tr._ p.45. + +From Du. _bij dien_, by that. + +Bifalle, _v._ S. to happen, befall, 2981. Bifel, _pa. t._ 824. _Fel_, +1009; appertained, 2359. + +Biforn, _prep._ S. (1) before, 1022, 1034, 1364, &c.; _bifor_, 1357; +_biforen_, 1695; (2) in front of, 2406; _bifor_, 1812. + +Bigan, _pa. t._ began, 1357. _Bigunnen_, _pl._ 1011, 1302. _Biginnen_, +_pr. t. pl._ begin, 1779. + +Bihalue, _v._ S. to divide into two parts, or companies, 1834. _Halue_ +occurs as a _noun_ in Chauc. Troil. 4, 945. + +Bihel for Beheld, 1645. _Bihelden_, _pa. t. pl._ beheld, 2148. + +Bihetet, _pa. t._ S. promised, 677. _Bihight_, Sir Tr. p.105. _Behet_, +_Bihet_, R.Gl. _Be-hette_, R.Br. _Be-hete_, Web., Rits. M.R. +_Behighte_, Chauc. + +Bihoten, _part. pa._ promised, 564. _Behighte_, Chauc. + +Bihoue, _n._ S. behoof, advantage, 1764. R. Gl., R. Br., Chauc. + +Bikenneth, _pa. t._ S. betokens, 1268. _Bikenne_, R.Br. + +Bileue, _imp._ tarry, remain, 1228. Bilefte, _pa. t._ remained, 2963. +From _v._ S. _belifan_, to be left behind. + + Winde thai hadde as thai wolde, + A lond _bilaft_ he. + + _Sir Tristr._ p.29. Cf. pp.38, 60. + + He schal wi me _bileue_, + Til hit beo nir eue. + + _K. Horn_, ed. Lumby, 363. + + Horn than, withouten lesing, + _Bilaft_ at hom for blode-leteing. + + _Horn Childe_, ap. Rits. M. R. V. 3, p.298. + + Sojourn with us evermo, + I rede thee, son, that it be so. + Another year thou might over-fare, + But thou _bileve_, I die with care. + + _Guy of Warw._ ap. Ellis, M. R. V. 2, p.23. + +See also the Gl. to R. Gl., R. Br. and Web., to which add _Emare_, 496, +and Gower, Conf. Am. This is sufficient authority for the reading +adopted in the text, and it may hence be reasonably questioned, whether +_bilened_ in Lye, and _belenes_ in _Sir Gawan and Sir Galoran_, i. 6, +quoted by Jamieson inv. Belene, be not the fault of the scribe, or of +the Editors. + +Bimene, _v._ S. mean, 1259. + +Binden, _v._ S. to bind, 1961. Used passively, 2820, as _Bynde_, 42. +_Bounden_, _pa. t. pl._ 2442. _Bunden_, 2506. _Bounden_, _part. pa._ +545. _Bunden_, 1428. + +Binne, _adv._ S. within, 584. _Byn_, Rits. M. R. _But and ben_, Doug., +Virg., 123, 40; without and within. V. Jam., inv. Ben. + +Birde. _See_ Bire. + +Bire (_should rather be_ bir), _3 p.s. pres._ it behoves, 2101. +_Hence_ birde, _3 p.s. pt. t._ behoved, 2761. A.S. _brian_, +_gebrian_, to fit, suit, be to one's taste. See _Buren_ in Stratmann. + +Birene, _n._ S. burden, 900, 902. + +Bise, _n._ Fr. a north wind, 724. _Bise traverse_, a north-west or +north-east wind. _Cotgr._ + + Aprs grant joie vient grant ire, + Et aprs Noel _vent bise_. + + _Rom. de Renart_, 13648. + +The term is still in common use. + +Biseken, _v._ S. to beseech, 2994. + +Biswike, _part. pa._ S. cheated, deceived, 1249. + + Hu u _biswikest_ + Monine mon. + + _La[gh]am._ l. 3412. + +_Byswuke_, K. Horn, 296; Yw. and Gaw. 2335. _Bisuike_, R.Br. _Beswyke_, +R.C[oe]ur deL. 5918. + +Bitaken, _v._ S. [_bit[]can_, _t[]can_] to commit, deliver, give in +charge, 1226. _Bitechen_, 203, 384, 395. _Bi-teche_, _pr. sing._ 384; +_imp. sing._ 395. La[gh]am. 5316. _Bitake_, Sir Tr. p.87. _Byteche_, +K.Horn, 577. _Biteche_, Web. _Betake_, _Beteche_, Chauc., Barb., Wall. +_Bitaucte_, _pa. t._ delivered, 206, 558. _Bitauhte_, 2212, 2317, 2957. +_Bitawchte_, 1224. _Bitawte_, 1408. _Tauhte_, 2214. _Bitht_, +_Bitachet_, La[gh]am. _Bitaught_, Sir Tr. p.85. _Bitoke_, K.Horn, +1103. _Betok_, Ly Beaus Desc. 82. _Betauht_, _bitauht_, _tauht_, +_biteched_, R.Br. Bitake, R.Gl. _Betake_, Sir Guy. _Betaught_, Chauc. +_Betaucht_, Doug., Lynds. + +Bite, _v._ S. to taste, drink, 1731. + + Horn toc hit hise yfere, + Ant seide, Quene, so dere, + No beer nullich _bite_, + Bote of coppe white. + + _K. Horn_ (Ritson), 1129. + +Bi for By the, 474. Cf. l. 2470. + +Bituene, Bitwenen, Bitwene, _prep._ S. between, 748, 2668, 2967. + +Blac, _adj._ S. black, 555, 1008. _Pl._ _Blake_, 1909, 2181, &c. + +Blakne, _v._ S. to blacken in the face, grow angry, 2165. + + And Arthur st ful stille, + nne stunde he wes _blac_, + and on heuwe swithe wak, + ane while he wes reod. + + _La[gh]am._ l. 19887. + + Tho Normans were sorie, of contenance gan _blaken_. + + _R. Brunne_, p.183. + +Blawe. _v._ S. to blow, 587. _Blou_, _imp._ blow, 585. + +Blede, _v._ S. to bleed, 2403. + +Bleike, _pl. adj._ bleak, pale, wan, 470. A.S. _blc_, bleak, Su.-G. +_blek_. + +Blenkes, _n. pl._ blinks, winks of the eye, in derision, 307. R.Br. +p.270; Sc. V. Jam. Suppl. Derived from S. _blican_, Su.-G. _blnka_, +Belg. _blencken_, to glance. _See_ Gl. Lynds. + +Blinne, _v. n._ S. to cease, 2367, 2374. Sir Tr. p.26; Rits. M.R. +Web., R.Gl., Chauc.; so in Sc. V. Jam. Gl. Lynds. _Blinne_, _pa. t. +pl._ ceased, 2670. _Blinneth_, _pr. t._ ceases, 329. + +Blissed, _part pa._ S. blessed, 2873. + +Blie, _adj._ S. happy, 632, 651. + +Blome, _n._ S. bloom, flower, 63. + +Bloute, _adj._ soft, 1910. Sw. _blt_, soft, pulpy. + +Bode, _n._ S. command, 2200, 2567. Sir Tr. p.121, Web. + +Bok, _n._ S. book, 1173, 1418, &c. _See_ Messe-bok. + +Bole, _n._ [Isl. _bolli_, W. _bwla_. Cf. A.S. _bulluca_] bull, 2438. +_Boles_, _pl._ 2330. + +Bon, Bone. _See_ O-bone. [[under "On"]] + +Bondemen, _n. pl._ S. husbandmen, 1016, 1308. R. Gl. + +Bone, _n._ S. [_bn_] boon, request, 1659. Sir Tr. p.31, and all the +Gloss. + +Bor, _n._ S. boar, 1867, 1989. _Bores_, _pl._ 2331. + +Bord, _n._ S. (1) table, 1722. K. Horn, 259; Rits. M. R., Web., Chauc.; +(2) a board, 2106. _See_ the note on l. 2076. + +Boren, _part. pa._ S. born, 1878. + +Boru, _n._ S. borough, 773, 847, 1014, 1757, 2086, 2826. _Borwes, pl._ +1293, 1444, 1630. _Burwes_, 55, 2277. Sir Tr. pp.12, 99. Chalmers is +certainly mistaken when he says it does not signify _boroughs_, but +_castles_. Introd. Gl. p.200. In La[gh]amon the word is always clearly +distinguished from _castle_, as it is in many other writers. V. Spelm. +inv. _Burgus._ + +Bote, _adv._ S. but, only, 721. _See_ But. + +Bote, _n._ S. remedy, help, 1200. La[gh]m., Sir Tr. p.93; Web., Rits. +M.R., Rob. Gl., R.Br., Minot, Chauc., Doug., Lynds. Gl. + +Boen, _adj. pl._ S. both, 173, 697, 958; _g. c._ of both, 2223. + +Bounden, Bunden. _See_ Binden. + +Bour, Boure, Bowr, _n._ S. [_br_] chamber, 239, 2072, 2076, &c. In +Beowulf the apartment of the women is called _Bryd-bur_; l.1846. + + Ygarne beh to _bure_ + & ltte bed him makien. + + _La[gh]am._ l. 19042. + +Honder hire _boures_ wowe, _K. Horn_, 982, MS., where Rits. Ed. reads +_chambre wowe_. Cf. Sir Tr. p.114; Rits. M.R., Web., R.Br., Doug., V. +Jam. _See_ note on l.2076. + +Bouthe, _pa. t._ S. bought, 875, 968. Cf. Sir Tr. p.104. + +Bouth, _part. pa._ bought, 883. + +Boyes, _n. pl._ S. boys, men, 1899. + +Brayd, _pa. t._ S. (1) started, 1282. Chauc., Gaw. and Gal. iii. 21; +R.Hood, ii. p.83; (2) drew out, 1825, a word particularly applied to +the action of drawing a sword from the scabbard. + + Sone his sweord he ut _abrid_. + + _La[gh]am._ l. 26533. + +Cf. Am. and Amil. 1163; Sir Ferumbras, ap. Ellis, M. R. V. 2, p.387. +Rauf Coilzear, ap. Laing, and Wall. i. 223. + +Brede, _n._ S. bread, 98. _Bred_, 1879. + +Breken, _v._ S. to break, 914. _Broken_, _pa. t. pl._ broke, 1238. + +Brennen, Brenne, _v._ S. to burn, 916, 1162; Rits. M. R., Rob. Gl., +R.Br., Chauc. _Brenden_, _pa. t. pl._ burnt, 594, 2125. _Brend_, _part. +pa._ burnt, 2832, 2841, &c. Sir Tr. p.93. + +Brenne. _See_ On brenne. + +Brigge, _n._ S. bridge, 875. Sir Tr. p.148. Still used in Sc. and N.E. + +Brihte. _See_ Brith. + +Brim, _adj._ S. furious, raging, 2233; R. Br. p.244; Chauc. Rom. Rose, +1836. _Breme_, Rits. M.R. It originally signified the sea itself, and +was afterwards used for the raging of the sea, Beowulf, l.56; Compl. of +Scotland, p.62. V. Jam. + +Bringe, Bringen, _v._ S. to bring, 72, 185, &c. + +Brini, Brinie, _n._ S. [M[oe]so-Goth. _brunjo_] cuirass, 1775, 2358, +2551. _Brinies_, _pl._ 2610. Sir Tr. p.20. _Burne_, La[gh]am. _Brenye_, +K.Horn, 719, MS. _See_ Merrick's Gl. to Ess. on Anc. Armor. The _Brini_ +then worn was of _mail_, as appears from l.2740, _Of his brinie ringes +mo_. Hence in Beowulf it is termed _Breostnet_, l.3100; _Here-net_, +3110; _Hringedbyrne_, 2495. So in the French K.Horn, MS. Douce, _Mes +vnc de sun halberc maele ne falsa._ _See_ Rits. Gl. M.R. + +Brisen, _v._ S. to bruise, beat, 1835. _See_ To-Brised. + +Brith, _adj._ S. bright, 589, 605, &c. _Brihte_, 2610. _Bryth_, 1252. +_Brithter_, _comp._ brighter, 2141. + +Brittene, _part. pa._ S. destroyed, 2700; R. Br. p.244. _Pistill of +Sussan_, ap. Laing. In Doug., Virg. pp.76, 5; 296, 1, the verb has the +sense of _to kill_, which it may also bear here. See _Bruten_ in _Will. +of Palerne_. + +Brod, _adj._ S. broad, 1647. + +Broucte, _pa. t. and pp._ brought, 767. _Brouht_, 1979. _Broute_, 2868. +_Brouth_, 336, 64. _Browt_, 2412. _Browth_, 2052. _Brouct of liue_, 513, +2412, dead. _Brouthen_, _pl._ brought, 2791. + +Brouke, _1 p.pres. sing._ S. brook, enjoy, use, 311, 1743, 2545 (cf. +Ch. _Non. Pr. Ta._ 480). + + So _brouke_ thou thi croune! + + _K. Horn_, 1041. + +Cf. Rits. Gl. M. R., Rich. C. de Lion, 4578; Chauc. C. T. 10182, 15306, +R.Hood, V.i. 48, ii. 112; Lynds. Gl. Percy, A. R. In Sc. _Bruike._ +With these numerous instances before him, it is inconceivable how +Jamieson, except from a mere love of his own system, should write: +'There is no evidence that the Engl. _brook_ is used in this sense, +signifying only to bear, to endure.' + +Broys, _n._ S. broth, 924. _Brouwys_, R. C[oe]ur de L. 3077; Sc. V. Jam. +and Brockett's North country words, v. _Brewis_; also Nares. Sc. +_brose_. + +Brune, _adj. pl._ S. brown, 2181, 2249. + +Bulder, _adj._ or _n._ 1790. In the north a _Boother_ or _Boulder_, is a +hard flinty stone, rounded like a bowl. Brockett's Gl. So also in Grose, +_Boulder_, a large round stone. _Bowlders_, Marsh. Midl. Count. Gl. The +word has a common origin with Isl. _ballar_, Fr. _boulet_, Sc. _boule_, +in Doug. V. Jam. + +Bunden. _See_ Binden. + +Burgeys, _n._ S. burgess, 1328. _Burgeis_, 2466, _pl._ 2012. _Burgmen_, +2049. _Burhmen_, _Borhmen_, La[gh]amon., V. Spelm. inv. _Burgarii_. + +Burwe. _See_ Berwen. + +Burwes. _See_ Boru. + +But, Bute, _conj._ S. except, unless, 85, 690, 1149, 1159, 2022, 2031, +2727. _But on_, 535, 962, except. _Butand_, Sc. _But yf_, 2972, unless. +[It should be noted that _but on_ should properly be _one_ word, being +the A.S. _bton_ or _btan_, except. But it is written as two words in +the MS.] + +But, _n._ 1040. Probably the same as _Put_, q.v. The word _Bout_ is +derived from the same source. + +But, _part. pa._ contended, struggled with each other (_or perhaps_ +struck, thrust, pushed), 1916. _Buttinge_, _part. pr._ striking against +with force, 2322. From the Fr. _Bouter_, Belg. _Botten_, to impel, or +drive forward. V. Jam. Suppl. inv. _Butte_, and _Butt_ in Wedgwood. + +Butte, _n._ a flounder or plaice, 759. Du. _bot_. _See_ Halliwell. + +Byen. _See_ Beye. + +Bynde. _See_ Binden. + +Bynderes, _n. pl._ S. binders, robbers who bind, 2050. + + +Caliz, _n._ S. chalice, 187, 2711. + + Lunet than riche relikes toke, + The _chalis_ and the mes boke. + + _Yw. and Gaw._ 3907. + +Callen, _v._ S. to call, 747, 2899. + +Cam. _See_ Komen. + +Canst, _pr. t._ S. knowest, 846. _Cone_, 622, canst. _Kunne_, _pl._ 435. +V. Gl. Chauc. inv. _Conne_. Jam. and Gl. Lynds. _See_ Couthe. + +Carl, _n._ S. churl, slave, villain, 1789. _Cherl_, 682, 684, 2533. +_Cherles_, _g.c._ churl's, 1092. _Cherles_, _pl._ villains, bondsmen, +262, 620. Sir Tr. p.39; V. Spelm. inv. _Ceorlus_, and Jam. and Gl. +Lynds. + +Casten. _See_ Kesten. + +Catel, _n._ Fr. chattels, goods, 225, 2023, 2515, 2906, 2939. Web. Gl., +R.Br., P.Plowm., Chauc. + + Nowe hath Beuis the treasure wone, + Through Arundell that wyll runne, + Wherefore with that and other _catel_, + He made the castle of Arundel. + + _Syr Bevys_, O. iii. + +Cauenard, _n._ Fr. [_cagnard caignard_] a term of reproach, originally +derived from the Lat. _canis_, 2389. V. Roquef. Menage. + + This crokede _caynard_ sore he is adred. + + Rits. A. S. p.36. + + Sire _olde kaynard_, is this thin aray? + + Chauc. C. T. 5817. + +Cayser, Caysere, _n._ Lat. emperor, 977, 1317, 1725. _Kaysere_, 353. + +Cerges, _n. pl._ Fr. wax tapers, 594. _Serges_, 2125. Chauc. Rom. R. +6251; V. Le Grand. _Vie prive des F._; V.3, p.175. + +Chaffare, _n._ S. merchandise, 1657. R. C[oe]ur de L. 2468, R.Gl., Sir +Ferumbras, ap. Ellis, M.R. V.2, p.412, Chauc., R.Hood, i. 87. +_Chaffery_, Sc. V. Lynds. Gl. + +Cham for Came, 1873. + +Chanbioun, _n._ Fr. champion, 1007. Sir Tr. p.97. _Chaunpiouns_, _pl._ +1015, 1031, 1055; V. Spelm. inv. _Campio_. Cf. A.S. _cempa_. + +Chapmen, _n. pl._ S. merchants, 51, 1639; R. Gl., R. Br., Chauc. In Sc. +pedlars. V. Jam., and Gl. Lynds. + +Charbucle, _n._ Fr. Lat. a carbuncle, 2145. _Charbocle_, Syr Bevys. +_Charbokull_, Le bone Flor. 390. _Charboucle_, Chauc. C.T. 13800. +_Charbukill_, Doug. Virg. 3, 10. + +Cherl. _See_ Carl. + +Chesen, _v._ S. to choose, select, 2147. Sir Tr. p.27; K.Horn, 666; +Rits. M.R., Web., R.Br., Chauc., V. Jam. inv. _Cheis_. + +Chinche, _adj._ Fr. niggardly, penurious, 1763, 2941. + + Bothe he was scars, and _chinche_. + + _The Sevyn Sages_, 1244. + +So in Chauc. Rom. Rose, 5998, and Gower, _Conf. Am._ 109 b. + +Chiste, _n._ S. Lat. chest, 222. _Kiste_, 2018. _Kist_, Yorksh. and Sc.; +V. Jam. and Lynds. Gl. + +Citte, _pa. t._ S. cut, 942. _Kit_, Web. M. R. _Kyt_, Syr Eglam. B.iv. +_Kette_, Syr Bevys, C.iii. So Chauc. C.T. 6304. + +Claddes, _pa. t. 2 p._ S. claddest, 2907. + +Clapte, _pa. t._ S. struck, 1814, 1821. + +Clare, _n._ Fr. spiced wine, 1728. _See_ Claret _in_ Prompt. Parv. + +Clef, _pa. t._ S. cleft, 2643, 2730. + +Cleue, _n._ S. dwelling, 557, 596. A.S. _cleofa_. + +Cleuen, _v._ S. to cleave, cut, 917. + +Clothe, Clothen, _v._ S. to clothe, 1138, 1233. In l. 1233, Garnett +suggests that _cloen_ may be a _nom. pl._ = clothes. If so, _dele_ the +comma after it. + +Clutes, _n. pl._ S. clouts, shreds of cloth, 547. _Clottys_, Huntyng of +the hare, 92. Cf. Chauc. C.T. 9827, and _Clut_ in Bosworth. + +Clyueden, _pa. t. pl._ S. cleaved, fastened, 1300. + +Cok, _n._ Lat. cook, 967. _Kok_, 903, 921, 2898. _Cokes_, _Kokes_, +_g.c._ cook's, 1123, 1146. + +Comen, Comes, Cometh. _See_ Komen. + +Cone. _See_ Canst. + +Conestable, _n._ Fr. constable, 2286. _Conestables_, _pl._ 2366. + +Conseyl, _n._ Fr. counsel, 2862. + +Copes. _See_ Kope. + +Corporaus, _n._ Fr. Lat. the fine linen wherein the sacrament is put, +188; Cotgr. V. Du Cange, and Jam. inv. _Corperale_. + + After the relics they send; + The _corporas_, and the mass-gear, + On the handom [halidom?] they gun swear, + With wordes free and hend. + + _Guy of Warw._ ap. Ellis, M. R. V. 2, p.77. + +Corune, _n._ Lat. crown, 1319, 2944. + +Coruning, _n._ Lat. coronation, 2948. + +Cote, _n._ S. cot, cottage, 737, 1141. + +Couel, _n._ coat, garment, 768, 858, 1144. _Cuuel_, 2904. _Kouel_, 964. +The word is connected with A.S. _cufle_, _cugele_, a cowl. + +Couere, _v._ Fr. to recover, 2040. + + And prayde to Marie bryght, + _Kevere_ hym of hys care. + + _Ly Beaus Desc._ 1983. + + Hyt wolde _covyr_ me of my care. + + _Erl of Tol._ 381. + +Coupe, _v._ buy, buy dearly, get in exchange, 1800. Icel. _kaupa_. + +Couth. _See_ Quath. + +Coue, _pa. t._ of Conne, _v. aux._ S. knew, was able, could, 93, 112, +194, 750, 772. _Kouen_, _pl._ 369. + + More he _couthe_ of veneri, + Than _couthe_ Manerious. + + _Sir Tristr._ p.24. + +_See_ Canst. + +Crake, Crakede. _See_ Kraken. + +Crauede, _pa. t._ S. craved, asked, 633. + +Crice, _n._ explained to mean _rima podicis_ in Coleridge's Glossarial +Index, 2450. Cf. A.S. _crecca_. Icel. _kryki_, a corner. In Barb. x. +602, _crykes_ is used for _angles_, corners. _See_ Krike. + +Crist, _n._ Lat. Gr. Christ, 16, &c. _Cristes_, _g.c._ 153. _Kristes_, +2797. + +Croiz, _n._ Fr. Lat. cross, 1263, 1268, 1358, &c. _Croice_, Sir Tr. +p.115. + +Croud, _part. pa._ crowded, oppressed (?) 2338. K. Alisaund, 609. Cf. +A.S. _crydan_, p.p._gecrden_. + +Croun, Croune, _n._ Fr. crown, head, 568, 902, 2657. _Crune_, 1814, +2734. + + Fykenildes _crowne_ + He fel ther doune. + + _K. Horn_, 1509. + +Cf. K. of Tars, 631; Le bone Flor. 92, and Erle of Tol. 72. + +Cruhsse. _See_ To-cruhsse. + +Crus, brisk, nimble, 1966. It is the Sw. _krus_, excitable, Sc. +_crouse_. See _Crouse_ in Atkinson's Cleveland Glossary. + +Cunnriche, _n._ S. kingdom, 2318. _Kinneriche_, 976. _Kuneriche_, 2400. +_Kunerike_, 2804. _Kunrik_, 2143. In the last instance it means _a mark +of royalty, or monarchy_. Web. _Kyngriche_, _Kynryche._ + +Curt, _n._ Fr. court, 1685. + +Curteys, Curteyse, _adj._ Fr. courteous, 2875, 2916. + +Cuuel. _See_ Couel. + + +Dam, _n._ 2468, here used in a reproachful sense, but apparently from +the same root as the Fr. _Dam_, _Damp_, _Dan_, and _Don_, i.e. from +_Dominus_. + +Dame, _n._ Fr. Lat. mistress, lady, 558, 1717. V. Gl. Chauc. + +Danshe, _n. pl._ Danish men, 2689, 2945, &c. _See_ Denshe. + +Datheit, _interj._ 296, 300, 926, 1125, 1887, 1914, 2047, 2447, 2511. +_Datheyt_, 1799, 1995, 2604, 2757. An interjection or imprecation, +derived from the Fr. _Deshait_, _dehait_, _dehet_, explained by Barbazan +and Roquefort, _affliction_, _malheur_; [from the O.F. _hait_, +pleasure]. It may be considered equivalent to Cursed! Ill betide! In +the old Fabliaux it is used often in this sense: + + Fils putain, fet-il, lechiere, + Vo jouglerie m'est trop chiere, + _Dehait_ qui vous i aporta, + Par mon chief il le comparra. + + _De S. Pierre et du Jougleor_, 381. + +The term was very early engrafted on the Saxon phraseology. Thus in the +_Disputation of Ane Hule and a Ni[gh]tingale_, l.99. + + _Dahet_ habbe that ilke best, + That fuleth his owe nest! + +It occurs also frequently in the Old English Romances. _See_ Sir Tristr. +pp.111, 191; Horn Childe, ap. Rits. V.3, p.290; Amis and Amil. 1569; +Sevyn Sages, 2395; R.Brunne, where it is printed by Hearne _Dayet_. To +this word, in all probability, we are indebted for the modern +imprecation of _Dase you!_ _Dise you!_ _Dash you!_ still preserved in +many counties, and in Scotland. V. Jam. Suppl. v. _Dash you._ + +Dawes, _n. pl._ S. days, 27, 2344, 2950. _Dayes_, 2353. + +Ded, Dede, _n._ S. death, 149, 167, 332, 1687, 2719, &c. + +Ded, _part. pa._ S. dead, 2007. + +Dede, _n._ S. deed, action, 1356. + +Dede, Deden, Dedes. _See_ Do. + +Deide. _See_ Deye. + +Del, _n._ S. deal, part, 218, 818, 1070, &c. Web., R. Gl., R.Br., +Chauc. _Deil_, Sc. V. Jam. + +Deled, _part. pa._ S. distributed, 1736. _See_ To-deyle. + +Demen, _v._ S. to judge, pass judgment, 2467. _Deme_, _Demen_, _pr. t. +pl._ judge, 2476, 2812. _Demden_, _pa. t. pl._ judged, 2820, 2833. +_Demd_, _part. pa._ judged, 2488, 2765, 2838. + +Denshe, _adj._ Danish, 1403, 2575, 2693. _See_ Danshe. + +Deplike, _adj._ S. deeply, 1417. Synonymous with _Grundlike_, q.v. + +Dere, _n._ S. dearth, scarcity, 824, 841. R. GL. p.416. + +Dere, _adv._ S. dearly, 1637, 1638. + +Dere, _v._ S. to harm, injure, 490, 574, 806, 2310. _Dereth_, _pr. t._ +injures, 648. K.Horn, 148; R.Br. p.107; K. of Tars, 192; Chauc. +_Deir_, Sc. Doug. Virg. 413, 52; Lynds. Gl. + +Dere, _adj._ S. dear, 1637, 2170, &c. + +Deuel, _n._ S. devil, 446, 496, 1188. _Deueles_, _g.c._ devil's, 1409. + +Deus. This is undoubtedly the vocative case of the Lat. _Deus_, used as +an interjection, 1312, 1650, 1930, 2096, 2114. "Its use was the same in +French as in English. Thus in King Horn: + + Euuers Deu en sun quer a fait grant clamur, + Ohi, _Deus!_ fait il, ki es uerrai creatur, + Par ki deuise, &c. + + _Harl._ MS. 527, f. 66 b. c. 2. + +It was probably introduced into the English language by the Normans, and +its pronunciation remained the same as in the French. + + And gradde 'as armes,' for _Douce_ Mahons! --_K. Alisaunder_, 3674. + +It is curious to remark, that we have here the evident and simple +etymology of the modern exclamation _Deuce!_ for the derivation of which +even the best and latest Lexicographers have sent us to the _Dusii_ of +St Augustine, the _Dues_ of the Gothic nations, _Diis_ of the Persians, +_Teus_ of the Armoricans, &c. Thomson very justly adds, that all these +words, 'seem, like dmon, to have been once used in a good sense,' and +in fact are probably all corruptions of the same root. Cf. R.Brunne, +p.254, and Gl. inv. _Deus_. For the first suggestion of this +derivation the Editor is indebted to Mr Will. Nicol." --M. + +Deye, _v._ S. to die, 840. _Deide_, _pa. t. pl._ died, 402. + +Dide, Diden, Dides. _See_ Do. + +Dike, _n._ S. ditch, 2435. _Dikes_, _pl._ 1923. N.E. and Sc., V. Jam. +and Brockett. + +Dine, _n._ S. din, noise, 1860, 1868. + +Dinge, _v._ S. to strike, scourge, beat, 215, 2329. _Dong_, _pa. t._ +struck, 1147. _Dungen_, _part. pa._ beaten, or scourged, 227. Sc. and +N.E. _See_ Jam. Gl., Lynds., and Ray. + +Dint, _n._ S. blow, stroke, 1807, 1817, 1969, &c. _Dent_, Sir Tr. p.92; +Chauc. _Dynt_, R.Br. _Dintes_, _pl._ 1437, 1862, 2665. _Duntes_, +K.Horn, 865. _Dentys_, Rits. M.R. _Dyntes_, R.Gl. _Dintes_, Minot, +p.23; V. Gl. Lynds. + +Do, Don, _v._ S. The various uses of this verb in English and Scotch, in +an auxiliary, active, and passive sense, have been pointed out by +Tyrwhitt, Essay on Vers. of Chauc. Note (37), Chalmers, Gl. Lynds. and +Jamieson. It signifies: to do, _facere_, 117, 528, 1191; to cause, +_efficere_, 611; _do casten_, 519; _do hem fle_, 2600, to put or place +(used with _in_ or _on_), 535, 577, &c. _Dones on_ = don es on = do them +on, put them on (_see_ Es), 970. _Dos_, _pr. t. 2 p._ dost, 2390. _Dos_, +_pr. t. 3 p._ does, 1994, 2434, 2698. _Doth_, _Don_, _pr. t. pl._ do, +1838, 1840. _Doth_, _imp._ do, cause (ye), 2037. _Dos_, _imp. pl._ do +ye, 2592. _Dede_, _Dide_, _pa. t._ caused, 658, 970, &c. _Dede_, _Dide_, +_pa. t._ put, placed, 659, 709, 859. _Dedes_, _Dides_, _pa. t. 2 p._ +didest, 2393, 2903. _Deden_, _Diden_, _pa. t. pl._ caused, 242; did, +performed, 953, 1176, 2306. _Don_, _part. pa._ caused, 1169. _Don_, +_part. pa._ done, 667. _Of liue haue do_, 1805, have slain. + +Dom, _n._ S. doom, judgment, 2473, 2487, 2813, &c. Sir Tr. p.127. + +Dore, _n._ S. door, 1788. + +Dore-tre, _n._ S. bar of the door, 1806. _See_ Tre. + +Douhter, _n._ S. daughter, 120, 2712. _Douthe_, 1079. _Douther_, 2867, +2914. _Douhtres_, _pl._ 350, 2982. _Douthres_, 2979. _Doutres_, 717. + +Doun. _See_ Adoun. + +Doutede, _pa. t._ Fr. feared, 708. + +Douthe, _n._ Fr. fear, 1331, 1377. + +Douthe, _pa. t._ of Dow, _v. imp._ S. [_dugan_, valere, prodesse] was +worth, was sufficient, availed, 703, 833, 1184. It is formed in the same +manner as _Mouthe_, Might. _See_ Sir Tr. p.77; Jam. and Gl. Lynds. +inv. Dow. + +Drad. _See_ Dred. + +Drawe, Drawen. _See_ Drou. + +Dred, _imp._ dread, fear (thou), 2168. _Dredden_, _Dredde_, _pa. t. pl._ +dreaded, feared, 2289, 2568. _Drad_, _part. pa._ afraid, 1669. _See_ +Adrad. + +Drede, _n._ S. dread, 1169; doubt, anxiety, care, 828, 1664. Chauc. + +Dremede, _pa. t._ S. (used with _me_), dreamed, 1284, 1304. + +Dreinchen, Drenchen, Drinchen, _v._ S. to drown, 553, 561, 583, 1416, +1424, &c. _Drenched_, _part. pa._ drowned, 520, 669, 1368, 1379. V. Gl. +Web., R.Gl., Chauc. + +Dreng, _n._ _See_ note on l. 31. + +Drepen, _v._ S. to kill, slay, 1783, 1865, &c. _Drepe_, would slay, 506. +_Drop_, _pa. t._ killed, slew, 2229. Bosworth gives _drepan_, to slay. +Cf. Sw. _drpa_. + +Dreping, _n._ slaughter, 2684. Cf. A.S. _drepe_. + +Drinchen. _See_ Dreinchen. + +Drinken, _v._ S. to drink, 459, 800. + +Drinkes, _n. pl._ S. drinks, liquors, 1738. + +Drit, _n._ [Icel. _drtr_, Du. _dreet_] dirt, 682. A term expressing the +highest contempt. K.Alisaund. 4718; Wickliffe. So, in an ancient +metrical invective against Grooms and Pages, written about 1310, + + Thah he [gh]eue hem cattes _dryt_ to huere companage, + [Gh]et hym shulde arewen of the arrerage. + + MS. Harl. 2253, f. 125. + +Cf. Jam. Suppl. in v. _Dryte_, and Gl. Lynds. + +Driuende. _See_ Drof. + +Drou, _pa. t._ S. drew, 705, 719, &c. _Vt-drow_, _pa. t._ out-drew, +2632. _With-drow_, withdrew, 498; (_spelt_ wit-drow), 502. _Drawe_, +_Drawen_, _part. pa._ drawn, 1925, 2225, 2477, 2603, &c. _Ut-drawe_, +_Ut-drawen_, out-drawn, 1802, 2631. _See_ To-Drawe. + +Drof, _pa. t._ S. drove, 725; hastened, 1793, 1872. _Driuende_, _part. +pr._ driving, riding quickly, 2702. + +Drurye, _n._ Fr. courtship, gallantry, 195. Web., Rits. M.R., +P.Plowm., Chauc., Lynds. + +Dubbe, _v._ Fr. S. to dub, create a knight, 2042. _Dubbede_, _pa. t._ +dubbed, 2314. _Dubban to ridere_, Chron. Sax. An. 1085, [11086]. _To +cnihte hine dubben_, La[gh]am. l.22497. "Hickes, Hearne, Gl. R.Gl., +and Tyrwhitt, Gl. Chauc., all refer the word to the Saxon root, which +primarily signified _to strike_, the same as the Isl. _at dubba_. Todd +on the contrary, Gl. Illustr. Chauc., thinks this questionable, and +refers to Barbazan's Gl. inv. _Adouber_, which is there derived from +the Lat. _adaptare_. Du Cange and Dr Merrick give it also a Latin +origin, from _Adoptare_, and by corruption _Adobare_." --M. The +etymology is discussed in Wedgwood, s.v. _Dub._ _See_ Note on l.2314. + +Duelle, _v._ S. to dwell, give attention, 4. + + A tale told Ysoude fre, + Thai _duelle_: + Tristrem that herd he. + + _Sir Tristr._ p.181. + +Cf. Sir Otuel, l. 3, and Sevyn Sages, 1. _Dwellen_, to dwell, remain, +1185; to delay, 1351. _Dwellen_, _pr. t. pl._ dwell, tarry, 1058. +_Dwelleden_, _pa. t. pl._ dwelt, tarried, 1189. + +Dwelling, _n._ delay, 1352 + +Dun. _See_ Adoun. + +Dungen. _See_ Dinge. + +Dunten, _pa. t. pl._ S. struck, beat, 2448. + +Dursten, _pa. t. pl._ S. durst, 1866. + + +Eie, _n._ S. eye, 2545. _Heie_, 1152. _Eyne_, _pl._ eyes, 680, 1273, +1364; _eyen_, 1340; _eyn_, 2171. + +Eir, _n._ Fr. Lat. heir, 410, 2539. _Eyr_, 110, 289, &c. Jam. gives it a +Northern etymology, inv. Ayr. + +Ek, _conj._ S. [_eac_] eke, also, 1025, 1038, 1066, &c. _Ok_ [Su.-G. +_och_, Du. _ook_] 187, 200, 879, 1081, &c. V. Jam. inv. Ac. + +Eld, _adj._ S. old, 546. _Helde_, 2472. _Heldeste_, sup. 1396. + +Elde, _n._ S. age, 2713. _Helde_, 128, 174, 387, 1435. + + _lde_ hfde heo na mare + Buten fihtene [gh]ere. + + _La[gh]am._ l. 25913. + +R. Br. In Sc. _Eild_. It was subsequently restricted to the sense of +_old age_, as in Chauc. + +Elles, _adv._ S. else, 1192, 2590. + +Em, S. uncle, 1326. Sir Tr. p.53. Properly, says Sir W. Scott, an uncle +by the father's side. It appears however to have been used indifferently +either on the father's or mother's side. _See_ Hearne's Gl. on R.Gl. +and R.Br., Web., Erle of Tol. 988; Chauc. Troil. 2, 162, and Nares. +Prov. Eng. _Eam_. + +Er, _adv._ S. before, 684. _Her_, 541. _Are_, Sir Tr. p.152. _Er_, +K.Horn, 130. _See_ Are, Or. + +Er, _conj._ S. before, 317, 1261, 2680. _Her_, 229. + +Erl, _n._ S. earl, 189, &c. _Erles_, _g. c._ 2898, earl's. _Herles_, +883. _Erldom_, earldom, 2909. + +Ern, _n._ S. eagle, 572. Rits. M. R. Octovian, 196; R. Gl. p.177; Will. +of Palerne. + +Ere, _n._ S. earth, 740; ground, 2657. + +Ere, _v._ S. to dwell, 739. A.S. _eardian._ + +Es, a plural pronoun signifying _them_, as in _don es on_ = put them on, +970. See _Gen. and Exod._ ed. Morris, pref. p.xix. + +Et, a singular pronoun, equivalent to _it_, used in _hauenet_ = _hauen +et_, 2005; _hauedet_ = _haued et_, 714. + +Ete, Eten, _v._ S. to eat, 791, 800, 911, &c. _Hete_, _Heten_, 146, 317, +457, 641. _Et_, _imp._ eat (thou), 925. _Et_, _Het_, _pa. t._ ate, 653, +656. _Etes_, _fut. 2 p._ thou shalt eat, 907. _Eteth_, _fut. 3 p._ shall +eat, 672. _Eten_, _part. pa._ eaten, 657. + +Een, _adv._ S. hence, 690. _Heen_, 683, 845, 1085, 2727. + +Eer. _See_ Ayer. + +Euere, Eure, _adv._ S. ever. 207, 424, 704, &c. _Heuere_, 17, 327, 830. + +Euereich, _adj._ S. every, 137. _Euere il_, 218, 1334, 1644. _Euere +ilc_, 1330. _Eueri_, 1070, 1176, 1383. _Eueril_, 1764, 2318, &c. +_Euerilk_, 2258, 2432. _Euerilkon_, every one, 1062, 1996, 2197. _See_ +Il. + +Euere-mar, _adv._ S. evermore, 1971. + +Eyen, Eyn, Eyne. _See_ Eie. + +Eyr. _See_ Eir. + + +Fader, _n._ S. Lat. father, 1224, 1403, 1416. Sir Tr. p.35; K.Horn, +114. The cognate words may be found in Jam. + +Faderles, _adj._ fatherless, 75. + +Fadmede, _pa. t._ S. fathomed, embraced, 1295. From _fthmian_, Utraque +manu extensa complecti, Cod. Exon., ed. Thorpe, p.334. It has the same +meaning in Sc. V. Jam. + +Falle, _v._ S. to fall, 39, &c. _Falles_, _imp. pl._ fall ye, 2302. +_Fel_, _pa. t._ fell, appertained. 1815, 2359. _Fellen_, _pa. t. pl._ +fell, 1303. + +Fals, _adj._ S. false, 2511. + +Falwes, _n. pl._ S. fallows, fields, 2509. Chauc. C. T. 6238, where +Tyrwh. explains it _harrowed lands_. + +Fare, _n._ S. journey, 1337, 2621. R. Gl. p.211; R. Br., Minot, p.2 +(left unexplained by Rits.); Barb. iv. 627. _Schip-fare_, a voyage, Sir +Tr. p.53. + +Faren, _v._ S. to go, 264. _Fare_, 1378, 1392, &c. _Fare_, _pr. t. 2 p._ +farest, behavest, 2705. _Fares_, _pr. t. 3 p._ goes, flies, 2690. +_Ferde_, _pa. t._ went, 447, 1678, &c.; behaved, 2411. _For_ (went), +2382, 2943. _Foren_, _pa. t. pl._ went, 2380, 2618. + +Faste, _adv._ S. attentively, earnestly, 2148. + + Tristrem as a man + _Fast_ he gan to fight. + + _Sir Tristr._ p.167. + + Bidde we [gh]eorne Ih[-u] Crist, and seint Albon wel _faste_, + That we moten to the Ioye come, that euere schal i-laste. + + _Vita S. Albani_, MS. Laud. 108. f. 47 b. + +Fastinde, _part. pr._ S. fasting, 865. + +Fauth. _See_ Fyht. + +Fawen, _adj._ S. fain, glad, 2160. _Fawe_, K. of Tars, 1058; Octovian, +307; R.Gl. p.150; Chauc. C.T. 5802. + +Fe, _n._ S. fee, possessions, or money, 386, 563, 1225, &c. _See_ Jam. +and Lynds. Gl. + +Feble, _adj._ Fr. feeble, poor, scanty, 323. + +Feblelike, _adv._ feebly, scantily, 418. _Febli_, Sir Tr. p.179, for +_meanly_. + +Feden, _v._ S. to feed, 906. _Feddes_, _pa. t. 2 p._ feddest, 2907. + +Fel. _See_ Bifalle, Falle. + +Felawes, _n. pl._ S. fellows, companions, 1338. + +Feld, _n._ S. field, 2634, 2685, 1291. + +Felde, Felede. _pa. t._ S. felled, 67, 1859, 2694. _Felden_ (? read _he +ne fellen_, they did not fall), 2698. _Feld_, _part. pa._ felled, 1824. +Sir F. Madden writes-- "in l.2698, I prefer reading _ne felden_, did +not fell, governed by _that_. In l.67, Garnett suggested _felede_, +pursued, from Swed. _fljade_." + +Fele, _adj._ S. many, often, 778, 1277, 1737, &c. Sir Tr. p.19. + +Fele, _adv._ S. very, 2442. + +Fend, _n._ S. fiend, 506, 1411, 2229. + +Fer, _adv._ S. far. 359, 1863, 2275, &c. _Ferne_, far, 1864; _pl. adj._ +foreign, 2031. + + a kingges buh stronge, + And of _ferrene_ lond. + + _La[gh]am._ l. 5528. + +Cf. Chauc. Prol. l. 14. + +Ferd, _n._ S. army, 2384, 2548, &c. _Ferde_, 2535. La[gh]am., R.Gl., +R.Br., Web. _Ferdes, pl._ 2683. + +Ferde. _See_ Fare. + +Fere, _n._ S. companion, wife, 1214. Sir Tr. p.157. K. Horn, Web., +R.Gl., R.Br., Minot, Chauc. _Feir_, Sc. V. Jam. and Gl. Lynds. + +Ferlike, _n._ S. wonder, 1258. _Ferlik_, 1849. Sir Tr. p.21. Originally +in all probability an _adj._ + +Fere, _adj._ S. fourth, 1810. + +Feste, _n._ Fr. feast, 2344, &c. + +Feste, _v._ Fr. to feast, 2938. + +Festen, _v._ S. to fasten, 1785; (used passively) 82. _Fest_, _pa. t._ +fastened, 144. + +Fet. _See_ Fot. + +Fete, _v._ S. to fetch, bring, 642, 912, 937, &c. Used passively, 316, +2037. _Fetes_, _pr. t. s._ fetch, 2341. V. Pegge's Anecd. of Engl. Lang. +p.135. + +Fetere, _v._ S. to fetter, chain, 2758. Used passively. + +Feteres, _n. pl._ S. fetters, 82, 2759. + +Fey, _n._ Fr. faith, 255, 1666. _Feyth_, 2853. + +Fiht, _n._ S. fight, 2668, 2716. + +Fikel, _adj._ S. fickle, inconstant, 1210, 2799. + +File, _n._ vile, worthless person, 2499. + + Men seth ofte a muche _file_, + They he serue boten a wile, + Bicomen swithe riche. + + _Hending the hende_, MS. Digb. 86. + +So in R. Br. p.237. + + David at that while was with Edward the kyng, + [Gh]it auanced he that _file_ vntille a faire thing. + +It is used for _coward_ by Minot, pp.31, 36. Cf. Du. _vuil_, foul, +malicious. + +Finden, _v._ S. to find, 1083. _Finde_, 220. _Fynde_, 42. _Funden_, _pa. +t. pl._ found, 602. _Funde_, _part. pa._ found, 2376. _Funden_, 1427. + +Fir, _n._ S. fire, 585, 1162, &c. _Fyr_, 915. + +Firrene, _adj._ S. made of fir, 2078. _Firron_, Doug. Virg. 47. 34. + +Flaunes, _n. pl._ Fr. custards, or pancakes, 644. _See_ Way's note in +Prompt. Parv. + +Fledden, _pa. t. pl._ S. fled, 2416. + +Flemen, _v._ S. to drive away, banish, 1160. R. Gl., R. Br., Chauc., +Rits. A.S. So in Sc. V. Jam. + +Flete, _pres. subj._ S. float, swim, 522. Sir Tr. p.27; K.Horn, 159; +Chauc. _Fleit_, Sc. V. Jam. + +Fleye, _v._ S. to fly, 1791, 1813, 1827, 2751. _Fley_, _pa. t._ flew, +1305. + +Flo, _v._ S. to flay, 612, 2495. K. Horn, 92. _Flow_, _pa. t._ flayed, +2502. _Flowe_, _pa. t. pl._ 2433. + +Flok, _n._ S. flock, troop, 24. _See_ Trome. + +Flote, _n._ S. boat, 738. A.S. _flta_, a ship; Icel. _floti_, (1)a +ship, (2)a fleet; cf. La[gh]am. 4530. + +Flour, _n._ Fr. flower, 2917. + +Fnaste, _v._ S. to breathe, 548. Cf. A.S. _Fnstia_, the wind-pipe, +_Fnstan_, puffs of wind. _Fnast_ = breath in _Owl and Nightingale_, +l.44. + +Fo, _n._ S. foe, 1363, 2849; _pl._ foos, 67. + +Fol, _n._ Fr. fool, 298. _Foles_, pl. 2100. + +Folc, Folk, _n._ S. men collectively, people, 89, 438, &c. + +Folwes, _imp._ S. follow ye, 1885, 2601. + +Fonge, _v._ S. to take, receive, 763; _2 p.pres. subj._ 856. In common +use from La[gh]am. to Chauc. and much later. + +For, _prep._ S. _For to_ is prefixed to the inf. of verbs in the same +manner as the Fr. _pour_, or Sp. _por_. It is so used in all the old +writers, and in the vulgar translation of the Scriptures, and is still +preserved in the North of England. Cf. 17, &c. _For_ = on account of, +1670. Sir Tr. p.62. + +For, Foren. _See_ Faren. + +Forbere, _v._ S. spare, abstain from, 352. Chauc. Rom. R. 4751. +_Forbar_, _pa. t._ spared, abstained from, 764, 2623. + +Forfaren, _v._ S. to perish, 1380. R. Br. _Forfard_ (_p. p._) Ly Beaus +Desc. 1484. The inf. is also used in Web., P.Plowm., Chauc. In Sc. +_Forfair_. V. Compl. of Scotl. p.100, and Gl. Lynds. + +Forgat, _pa. t._ S. forgot, 2636, &c. _Foryat_, 249. + +For-henge, _v._ to kill by hanging, 2724. Cf. Du. _verhangen zich_, to +hang one's self. + +Forlorn, _part. pa._ S. utterly lost, 770, 1424. _Forloren_, 580. +R.Br., Rits. M.R., Chauc. Used actively, Sir Tr. p.35. + +Fori, _adv._ S. on this account, therefore, because, 1194, 1431, 2043, +2500, 2578. Sir Tr. p.14, and in all the Gloss. + +Forthwar, _adv._ S. forthward; i.e. as we go on, 731. + +Forw, _n._ S. furrow, 1094. + +Forward, _n._ S. promise, word, covenant, 486. _Forwarde_, 554. +La[gh]am. l.4790. Sir Tr. p.13. Rits. M.R., Web., R.Gl., R.Br., +Minot, Chauc. + +Fostred, _part. pa._ S. nourished, 1434, 2239. + +Fot, _n._ S. _Euerilk fot_, 2432, every foot, or man. _Fet_, _pl._ 616, +1022, 1303, 2479. _Fote_, 1054, 1199. + +Fouhten. _See_ Fyht. + +Fourtenith, _n._ S. fortnight, 2284. + +Fremde, _adj._ (used as a _n._) S. stranger, 2277. + + Vor hine willeth sone uorgiete + Tho _fremde_ and tho sibbe. + + MS. Digb. 4. + + Ther ne myhte libbe + The _fremede_ ne the sibbe. + + _K. Horn_, 67. + +See also R. Gl. p.346; Chron. of Eng. 92; P.Plowm., Chau., Jam. and +Gl. Lynds. + +Freme, _v._ S. to perform, 441. + +Fri, _adj._ S. free, liberal, 1072. Chauc. + +Frie, _v._ to blame, 1998. Icel. _fryja_, to blame. Cf. _freles_, +blameless. _Allit. Poems_, ed. Morris, A. 431. + +Fro, _prep._ S. from, 265, &c. + +Frusshe. _See_ To-frusshe. + +Ful, _adv._ S. very, much, completely, 6, 82, &c. _Ful wo_, 2589, much +sorrow. + +Ful, Fule, _adj._ S. foul, 506, 555, 626, 965, &c. _Foule_, 1158. + +Fulike, _adv._ S. foully, shamefully, 2749. + +Fulde, _part. pa._ S. filled, complete, 355. + +Funde, Funden. _See_ Finde. + +Fyht, _v._ S. to fight, 2361. _Fauth_, _pa. t._ fought, 1990. _Fouhten_, +_pa. t. pl._ fought, 2661. + +Fyn, _n._ Fr. Lat. ending, 22. R. Br., Minot, Chauc., &c. + + +Ga, _v._ S. to go. _See_ Ouer-ga. + +Gad, _n._ S. goad, 279. _Gaddes_, _pl._ 1016. In Gl. lfr. among the +instruments of husbandry occur _Gad_, stimulus, and _Gadiron_, aculeus. +So in _The Fermeror and his Docter_, printed by Laing: + + Quhen Symkin standis quhisling with ane quhip and ane _gaid_, + Priking and [gh]arkand ane auld ox hide. + + V. Jam. in v. _Gade_, 4. and Nares. + +Gadred, _part. pa._ S. gathered, 2577. + +Gadeling, _n._ S. an idle vagabond, low man, 1121. + + a wes uer alc cheorl + Al swa bald alse an eorl, + & alle a _gadelinges_ + Alse heo weoren sunen kinges. + + _La[gh]am._ l. 12333. + +Cf. K. Alisaund. 1733, 4063. _Gadlyng_, Rob. of Cicyle, MS. Harl. 1701. +R.Gl. p.277, 310. Chauc. Rom. Rose, 938. The word originally meant +_Vir generosus_. _See_ Beowulf, l.5227. + +Gaf. _See_ Yeue. + +Galwe-tre, _n._ S. the gallows, 43, 335, 695. Le Bone Fl. 1726. Erle of +Tol. 657. _Galues_, _Galwes_, _Galewes_, 687, 1161, 2477, 2508. R.Br., +Chauc. Cf. Ihre Gl. Suiog. inv. _galge_, ab Isl. _gayl_, ramus arboris. + +Gamen, _n._ S. game, sport, 980, 1716, 2135, 2250, 2577; joy, 2935, +2963. _Gamyn_, Barb. iii. 465. V. Jam. + +Gan, _pa. t._ S. began, 2443. V. Jam. + +Gangen, _v._ S. to go, walk, 370, 845, &c. _Gange_, 796. _Gongen_, 855. +_Gonge_, 1185, 1739, &c. _Gonge_, _pr. t. 2 p._ goest, 690, 843. +_Gangande_, _part. pr._ on foot, walking, 2283. Wynt. V. Jam. + +Garte, _pa. t._ S. made, 189, 1857, &c. _Gart_, 1001, 1082. _Gert_, Sir +Tr. p.147. V. Jam. and Gl. Lynds. + +Gat, Gaten. _See_ Geten. + +Gate, _n._ S. (1) way, road, 846, 889. Sir Tr. p.27; (2) manner, +fashion (_see_ us-gate), 783, 2419, 2586. + +Genge, _n._ S. family, company, 786, 1735; retinue, 2353, 2362, 2383. + + e king of an londe + Mid muchelere _genge_. + + _La[gh]am._ l. 6156. + +Hence _Gang_. V. Todd's Johns. + +Gent, _adj._ Fr. neat, pretty, 2139. Sir Tr. p.87, R. Br., Chauc. + +Gere. _See_ Messe-gere. + +Gest, _n._ Fr. tale, adventure, 2984. _See_ Note in Warton's Hist. E. +P., V.I. p.69. Ed. 1840. + +Gete, _v._ to guard, watch, keep, 2762, 2960. Icel. _gta_, to guard. +Cf. _Ormulum_, 2079. [Suggested by Garnett.] + +Geten, _v._ S. to get, take, 792. _Gete_, 1393. _Gat_, _pa. t._ begot, +got, 495, 730. _Gaten_, _Geten_, _pa. t. pl._ begot, 2893, 2934, 2978. +_Getes_, _f. t. 2 p._ shalt get, 908. + +Ghod _for_ Good, 255. + +Gisarm, _n._ Fr. a bill, 2553. _See_ Gl. Rits. M. R., Spelm. inv., Jam. +Dict., and Merrick's Gl. inv. _Gesa_, _Gesum_. ["Distinguished from +other weapons of the axe kind by a spike rising from the back. There +were two kinds, viz. the _glaive-gisarme_, with a sabre-blade and spike; +and the _bill-gisarme_, in shape of a hedging-bill with a spike." +Godwin's Archol. Handbook, p.254.] + +Giue. _See_ Yeue. + +Giue, _n._ S. gift, 2880. _Gyue_, 357. _Yeft_, 2336. + +Giueled, piled up, 814. [The O.Fr. _gavel_ means piled up, heaped +together. To _gavel_ corn (_see_ Halliwell) is to put it into heaps, +and a _gavel_ is a heap of corn. But this may very well be derived from +_gable_, since a heap takes the shape of a peaked end of a house; and +the O.Fr. term is probably originally Teutonic, and connected, as +_gable_ is, with M[oe]so-Goth. _gibla_, a pinnacle, with which compare +German _giebel_, Du. _gevel_, and hence our word would be taken from a +verb _givelen_, to pile up. The fish in Havelok's basket would be what +the Dutch call _gevelvormig_, or formed like a gable, or like +the peaked end of a _stack_ of hay or corn, whence the author's +expression--_giueled als a stac_, piled up in the shape of a stack. +Other explanations are _flayed_, from Du. _villen_, to flay; or _filed_, +ranged in rows upon a stick, where _stick_ is represented by _stac_. But +the latter supposition would require the reading _on_ rather than _als_; +not to mention the fact that if fish are carried _in a pannier_ they +would not resemble fish carried _on a stick_. Nor is it quite +satisfactory to say that _giueled_ is put for _gefilled_, filled; for +this is not elucidated by the expression _als a stac_, any more than the +explanation _flayed_ is. _Gable_ is Icel. _gafl_, Sw. _gafvel_, Dan. +_gavl_, Du. _gevel_, Ger. _giebel_, _gipfel_, &c. Its forked shape seems +to give rise to Ger. _gabel_, Sw. _gaffel_, a fork; respecting which set +of words see _Gaff_ in Wedgwood.] + +Gladlike, _adv._ S. gladly, 805, 906, 1760. + +Glede, _n._ S. a burning coal, 91, 869. Rits. M. R., Web., R.Br., +Chauc. _See_ Note on l.91. + +Gleiue, Gleyue, Fr. a spear, lance, 1770, 1844, 1981. _Gleiues_, +_Gleyues_, _pl._ 267, 1748, 1864. Dr Merrick explains it, "A weapon +composed of a long cutting blade at the end of a staff." See R.Gl. +p.203; Guy of Warw. R.iii.; Chauc. Court of Love, 544; Percy, A. R. + +Glem, _n._ S. gleam, ray, 2122. _See_ Stem. + +Gleu, _n._ S. game, skill, 2332. Properly, says Sir W. Scott, the joyous +science of the minstrels. Cf. Sir Tr. p.24, 35, 150. + +Gleymen, _n. pl._ S. gleemen, 2329. _Glewemen_, Sir Tr. p.110. + + Whar bin thi _glewmen_ that schuld thi _glewe_, + With harp and fithel, and tabour bete. + + _Disp. betw. the bodi & saul_, ap. Leyd. Compl. of Scotl. + +Glotuns, _n. pl._ Fr. gluttons, wicked men, 2104. + + Va, _Glutun_, envers tei nostre lei se defent. + + _K. Horn_, 1633, MS. Douce. + +Cf. K. Horn, 1124, ap. Rits., Yw. and Gaw. 3247; R. C[oe]ur de L. 5953, +and Chauc. + +Gnede, _adj._ S. niggardly, frugal, 97. Nearly equivalent to _chinche_, +l.1763. Printed _guede_ in Sir Tr. p.169. [Cf. _Gnede_ in Halliwell, +and A.S. _gneadlcnes_, frugality.] + +God, _n._ S. gain, wealth, goods, 797, 2034; _pl._ gode, 1221. R.Gl., +R.Br., Chauc. + +God, Gode, _adj._ S. good, excellent, 7, &c. + +Goddot, Goddoth, _interj._ god wot! 606, 642, 796, 909, 1656, 2543; cf. +2527. It is formed probably in the same manner as _Goddil_, for God's +will, in Yorksh. and Lanc. V. Craven dialect, and View of Lanc. dialect, +1770, 8vo. The word before us appears to have been limited to +Lincolnshire or Lancashire, and does not appear in the Glossaries. Other +instances are in the _Cursor Mundi_, MS. Cott. Vesp. F.iii. fol. 87_b_, +and in MS. Cott. Galba E.ix. fol. 61. It also occurs in a translation +of a French Fabliau, written in the reign of Edw.I. + + _Goddot!_ so I wille, + And loke that thou hire tille, + And strek out hire thes. + + _La fablel & la cointise de dame Siriz_, MS. Digb. 86. + +Grundtvig told me (adds Sir F. Madden) that it is "undoubtedly the same +interjection spelled _Ioduth_ in the old Danish rime-chronicle." + +Gome, _n._ S. man, 7. + +Gon, _v._ S. to go, walk, 113, 1045. _Goth_, _imp._ go ye, 1780. _Gon_, +_part. pa._ gone, 2692. + +Gonge, Gongen. _See_ Gange. + +Gore, 2497. _See_ Grim. + +Gos, _n._ S. goose, 1240. _Gees_, _pl._ 702. + +Gouen. _See_ Yeue. + +Goulen, _pr. t. pl. 2 p._ S. howl, cry, 454. _Gouleden_, _pa. t. pl._ +howled, cried, 164. + + An _yollen_ mote thu so heye, + That ut berste bo thin ey. + + _Hule and Nihtingale_, l. 970. + +Used also by Wickliffe. In Scotland and the North it is still preserved, +but in the South _Yell_ is used as an equivalent. _See_ Jam. and Gl. +Lynds. + +Gram, _n._ S. grief, 2469. + +Graten, _v._ S. [_gr[]tan_] to weep, cry, cry out, 329. _Grede_, 96. +_Grete_, _pres. pl._ 454, 2703. _Gret_, _pa. t._ cried out, wept, 615, +1129, 2159. _Gredde_, 2417. _Greten_, _pa. t. pl._ wept, 164, 415, 2796. +_Grotinde_, _part. pr._ weeping, 1390. _Graten_, _part. pa._ wept, 241. +_Igroten_, 285. _See_ Jam. and Gl. Lynds. + +Graue, _v._ S. to bury, 613. _Grauen_, _part. pa._ buried, 2528. Web., +Sir Guy, Ii. iv., Chauc. + +Greme, _v._ S. to irritate, grieve, 442. In R. Br. _Gram_ is used as a +verb, in the same sense. + +Grene, _n._ desire, lust, 996. It is simply the M[oe]so-Goth. _gairuni_, +lust; Icel. _girni_, desire. V. Jam. inv. Grene. Halliwell suggests +_sport_, _play_, to which it is _opposed_. + +Gres, _n._ S. grass, 2698. + +Gret, _adj._ S. great, heavy, loud, 807, 1860. _Greth_, 1025; _pl._ +grete, 1437, 1862. _Grettere_, _comp._ greater, 1893. + +Grete. _See_ Graten. + +Greede, 2003. Explained as _greeted_, _accosted_, by Sir F. Madden; but +the use of (not th) renders this doubtful. May it not signify +_treated_, _handled_ (lit. _arrayed_), from the _vb._ greye? + +Grethet. _See_ Greye. + +Greting, _n._ S. weeping, 166. + +Grette, _pa. t._ S. accosted, greeted, 452, 1811, 2625. _Gret_, _part. +pa._ accosted, greeted, 2290. + +Greu, _pa. t._ S. grew, prospered, 2333; _pl._ grewe, 2975. + +Greue, _v._ S. to grieve, 2953. + +Greye, _v._ S. [ger[]dian] to prepare, 1762. _Greyede_, _pa. t._ +prepared, 706. _Greyed_, _part. pa._ prepared, made ready, 714. +_Grethet_, 2615. La[gh]am. l.4414. Sir Tr. p.33. Sc. _Graith_. V. Jam. +and Gl. Lynds. + +Greyue, _n._ S. [_gerfa_] greave, magistrate, 1771. _Greyues_, _g.c._ +greave's, 1749. _Greyues_, _pl._ 266. V. Spelm. inv. _Grafio_, and +Hickes, Diss. Epist. p.21, n. p.151. + +Grim, _adj._ S. cruel, savage, fierce, 155, 680, 2398, 2655, 2761. +R.Br., Rits. M.R. _See_ Beowulf, l.204. + +Grim, _n._ [smut, dirt, 2497. The explanation is that Godard, on being +flayed, did not bear his sentence as one of rank and blood would have +done, but began to roar out as if he were mere _dirt_ or _mud_, i.e. one +of the dregs of the common herd. This curious expression is ascertained +to have the meaning here assigned to it by observing (1) that _grim_ and +_gore_ must be substantives, and (2)that they must be of like +signification; but chiefly by comparing the line with others similar to +it. Now the context, in the couplet following, repeats that "men might +hear him roar, that _foul vile_ wretch, a mile off;" and in l.682, +Godard calls Grim "_a foul dirt_, a thrall, and a churl." The author +clearly uses _dirt_ and _churl_ as synonyms. The word _grim_ is the +Danish _grim_, soot, lampblack, smut, dirt, answering to the English +_grime_; see _grime_ in Atkinson's Glossary of the Cleveland dialect. +_Gore_ is the A.S. _gr_, wet mud, or clotted blood, in the latter of +which senses it is still used. See "_Gore. Limus_" in Prompt. Parv., and +Way's note.] + +Grip, _n._ griffin, 572. Web. _Graip_, Sc., V. Jam. The plural _gripes_ +is in La[gh]am. l.28062, and K.Alisaund. 4880. Swed. _grip_. + +Grip, _n._ S. [_grp_] ditch, trench, 2102. _Gripes_, _pl._ 1924. V. +Jam. inv. _Grape_; and Skinner, v. _Groop_. Cf. Swed. _grop_. + +Gripen, _pr. t. pl._ S. gripe, grasp, 1790. _Gripeth_, _imp._ gripe ye, +1882. _Grop_, _pa. t._ grasped, 1776, 1871, 1890, &c. + +Grith, _n._ S. peace, 61, 511. _Grith-sergeans_, 267, legal officers to +preserve the peace. These must not be confounded with the _Justitiarii +Pacis_ established in the beginning of Edw. III. reign, and called +_Gardiani Pacis_. V. Spelm. inv. Cf. Icel. _gri_. + +Grom, _n._ male child, youth, 790; young man, 2472. Belgic _grom_ has +the same sense of _boy_. Cf. Icel. _gromr_, homuncio. So in _Sir +Degore_, A.iv. + + He lyft up the shete anone + And loked upon the lytle _grome._ + +It generally elsewhere signifies _lad_, _page_. + +Gronge, _n._ Fr. grange, 764. [Halliwell says that, in _Lincolnshire_, a +lone farm-house is still called a _grange_. In old English it is +sometimes spelt _graunge_, which comes near the form here used. Cf. Fr. +_grange_; Ital. _grangia_ (Florio), a country-farm.] + +Grop. _See_ Gripen. + +Grotes, _n. pl._ S. [_grt_] small pieces, grit, dust, 472, 1414. + +Grotinde. _See_ Graten. + +Grund, _adj. used as adv._ 1027. _See_ Grundlike. + +Grunde, _n._ S. _dat. c._ ground, 1979, 2675. + +Grunden, _part. pa._ S. ground, 2503. Yw. and Gaw. 676. _Grounden_, +Chauc. + +Grundlike, _adv._ heartily, 651, 2659; deeply, 2013, 2268, 2307, where +it is equivalent to _Deplike_, q.v. The word is undoubtedly Saxon, but +in the Lexicons we only find _Grundlinga_, funditus, from lf. Gl. It is +used by La[gh]amon, l.9783. + + Cnihtes heom gereden + _Grundliche_ feire. + +Gyue. _See_ Giue. + + +Hal, all, 2370. [_Hal_, more probably, is shortened from _half_, like +_twel_ from _twelue_.] + +Halde, _v._ S. to hold, take part, 2308. _Holden_, to keep or observe, +29, 1171. _Haldes_, _pr. t. 3 p._ holds, 1382. _Hel_, _pa. t._ held, +109. _Helden_, _pa. t. pl._ held, 1201. _Halden_, _part. pa._ held, +holden, 2806. + +Hals, _n._ S. neck, 521, 670, 2510. Sir Tr. p.109. + +Halue, _n._ S. side, part; _bi bothe halue_, 2682. _See_ Bi-halue. + +Haluendel, _n._ S. the half part, 460. R. Gl. p.5; R. Br.; K.Alisaund. +7116; Emare, 444; Chron. of Engl. 515; R.Hood, i. 68. + +Handlen, _v._ S. to handle, 347. _Handel_, 586. + +Hangen, _v._ S. to hang, 335, 695. _Hengen_, 43, &c. _Honge_, 2807. +_Henged_, _part. pa._ hung, 1922, 2480. Cf. For-henge. + +Harum _for_ Harm, 1983, 2408. + +Hasard, _n._ Fr. game at dice, 2326. _See_ Note on l.2320. + +Hatede, _pa. t._ S. hated, 1188. + +Hauen, _v._ S. to have, 78, &c. _Hawe_, 1188. _Haue_, 1298. _Haues_, +_Hauest_, _pr. t. 2 p._ hast, 688, 848. _Haues_, _Haueth_, _pr. t. 3 p._ +haveth, hath, has, 1266, 1285, 1952, 1980, &c. _Hauet_, hath, 564. +_Hauen_, _pr. t. pl._ have, 1227. _Hauenet_, have it, 2005. _Hauede_, +_pa. t._ had, 649, 775, &c. _Hauedet_, 714, had it. _Haueden_, _pa. t. +pl._ had, 238, &c. _Aueden_, 163. _Haue_, _Hauede_, _Haueden_, _subj._ +would have, 1428, 1643, 1687, 2020, 2675. + +Haui _for_ Haue I, 2002. + +He, _pron._ S. Is often understood, as in ll. 869, 1428, 1777, and hence +might perhaps have been designedly omitted in ll. 135, 860, 1089, 2311, +though the metre seems to require _he_ in 135 and 1089. _He_, _pl._ +they, 54, &c. + +Heie, _n._ _See_ Eie. + +Heie, _adj._ S. tall, 987. _Hey_, 1071, 1083; high, 1289. _Heye se_, +719. _Heye curt_, 1685. _Heye and lowe_, 2431, 2471, &c. + +Hel, Helden. _See_ Halde. + +Helde, Heldeste. _See_ Eld. + +Helen, _v._ S. [_h[]lan_] to heal, 1836. _Hele_, 2058. _Holed_, _part. +pa._ healed, 2039. + +Helm, _n._ S. helmet, 379, 624, 1653, &c. _Helmes_, _pl._ 2612. + +Helpen, _v._ S. to help, 1712. _Helpes_, _imp. pl._ help ye, 2595. +_Holpen_, _part. pa._ helped, 901. + +Hem, _pron._ S. them, 367, &c. + +Hend. _See_ Hond. + +Hende _for_ Ende, 247. + +Hende, _n._ S. a duck, 1241. A.S. _ened_; Lat. _anas_ (_anat-is_); Du. +_eend_; Icel. _nd_. "Ende mete, for dookelyngys, _Lenticula_;" and +again, "Ende, dooke byrde, _Anas_." Prompt. Parv. + +Hende, _adj._ courteous, gentle, 1104, 1421, 1704, 2793, 2877, 2914; +skilful, 2628. It certainly is the same word with _hendi_, _hendy_. +_See_ Tyrwh. on C.T. 3199; Gl. R. Glouc.; Amis and Amil. 1393; Ly Beaus +Desc. 333; Morte Arthur, ap. Ellis, M.R. V.I. p.359, &c.; Dan. and +Sw. _hndig_, dexterous. + +Hende, _adv._ S. near, handy, 359, 2275. Web. + +Hendeleik, _n._ courtesy, 2793. Cf. _Allit. Poems_, ed. Morris, B.860. + +Henged, Hengen. _See_ Hangen. + +Henne, _adv._ S. hence, 843, 1780, 1799. In the same manner is formed +_Whenne_, K.Horn, 169, which Ritson thought a mistake for _whence_. + +Henne, _n_, S. hen, 1240. _Hennes_, _pl._ 702. + +Her. _See_ Er. + +Her, _adv._ S. here, 689, 1058, &c. _Her offe_, 2585, hereof. + +Her, _n._ S. hair, 1924. _Hor_, 235. + +Herboru, _n._ S. habitation, harbour, lodging, 742. _Herberowe_, Web.; +_Herbegerie_, R.Br.; _Harbroughe_, Sq. of Lowe Degre, 179; _Herberwe_, +Chauc.; _Herbry_, Wynt.; _Herberye_, Lynds. Gl. q.v. and Jam. + +Herborwed, _pa. t._ S. lodged, 742. La[gh]am., Chauc., V. Jam. inv. +_Herbery_. + +Here, _pron._ S. their, 52, 465, &c. + +Here, _n._ S. army, 346, 379, 2153, 2942. R. Br., K. Alisaund, 2101. + +Here, Heren, _v._ S. to hear, 4, 732, 1640, 2279, &c. _Y-here_, 11. +_Herd_, _Herde_, _pa. t._ heard, 286, 465, &c. _Herden_, _pa. t. pl._ +150. + +Herinne, _adv._ S. herein, 458. + +Herkne, _imp. s._ S. hearken, 1285. _Herknet_, _imp. pl._ hearken ye, 1. + +Herles. _See_ Erl. + +Hernes, _n._ Fr. armour, harness, 1917. R. Br., &c. + +Hernes, _n. pl._ S. brains, 1808. + +Hern-panne, _n._ S. skull, 1991. Yw. and Gaw. 660; R. C[oe]ur deL., +5293. _Hardynpan_, Compl. of Scotl. p.241; V. Gl. + +Hert, _n._ S. hart, deer, 1872. + +Herte, _n._ S. heart, 479, 2054, &c. _Herte blod_, 1819. La[gh]am. +l.15846; Sir Tr. p.98; Chauc. + +Hertelike, _adv._ S. heartily, 1347, 2748. + +Het, _part._ S. hight, named, 2348. _Hoten_, _part. pa._ called, named, +106, 284. + +Het, Hete, Heten. _See_ Ete. + +Hetelike, _adv._ S. hotly, furiously, 2655. + + And Guy hent his sword in hand, + And _hetelich_ smot to Colbrand. + + _Guy of Warw._ ap. Ellis, M. R. V. 2, p.82. + +In Sir Tr. p.172, _Hethelich_ is explained _Haughtily_ by the Editor, +and by Jam. _reproachfully_. Cf. _Hetterly_ in Gloss. to _Will. of +Palerne_. + +Hethede, _pa. t._ commanded, 551. A.S. _hetan_. The _th_ is here +pronounced like _t_, as elsewhere. + +Heen. _See_ Een. + +Heu, _n._ S. hue, colour, complexion, 2918. Very common. We may hence +explain the "inexplicable phrase" complained of by Mr Ellis, Spec. E. E. +P.V.I. p.109. "On _heu_ her hair is fair enough" --occasioned by +Ritson having inadvertently copied it _hen_, from the MS.; _see_ Anc. +Songs, p.25. + +Heued, _n._ S. head, 624, 1653, 1701, 1759, &c. _Heuedes_, _pl._ 1907. + +Heuere. _See_ Euere. + +Heui, _adj._ S. heavy, 808; laborious, 2456. + +Hew, _pa. t._ S. cut, 2729. Sir Tr. p.20. + +Hext, _adj. sup._ S. highest, tallest, 1080. _Haxt_, La[gh]amon; _Hext_, +K.Alisaund. 7961; R.Gl.; Chauc. + +Hey, Heye. _See_ Heie. + +Heye, _adv._ S. on high, 43, 335, 695, &c. + +Heylike, _adv._ S. highly, honourably, 2319. _Heyelike_, 1329. + +Heyman, _n._ S. nobleman, 1260. Sir Tr. p.82. _Heymen_, _Heyemen_, +_pl._ 231, 958. + +Hi, Hic. _See_ Ich. + +Hider, _adv._ S. hither, 868, 885, 1431. + +Hides, _n. pl._ S. hides, skins, 918. + +Hijs, _pron._ S. his, 47, 468. _Hise_, 34, &c. _Hyse_, 355. [The final +_e_ is most used with _plural_ nouns.] + +Hile, _v._ S. [_hlan_] to cover, hide, 2082. _Hele_, Sir Tr. p.19, +Web., Rits. M.R., Chauc. _Hilles_, Yw. and Gaw. 741. V. Jam. inv. +_Heild._ --Somersetsh. + +Him, _pron._ S. them, 257, 1169. + +Hine, _n. pl._ S. hinds, bondsmen, 620. Web. _Hinen_, R.Gl., V. Jam. +inv. + +Hinne. _See_ er-inne. + +Hire, _pron._ S. her, 127, &c. _Hire semes_, it beseems her, 2916. + +His _for_ Is, 279, 1973, 2692. + +Hise. _See_ Hijs. + +Hof _for_ Of, 1976. + +Hof, _pa. t._ S. heaved, 2750. + +Hok, _n._ S. hook, 1102. + +Hol, _adj._ whole, well, 2075. + +Holi, _adj._ S. holy, 1361. [_Printed_ hoh _in the former edition_.] + +Hold, _adj._ S. firm, faithful, 2781, 2816. + + Ant suore othes _holde_, + That huere non ne sholde + Horn never bytreye. + + _K. Horn_, 1259. + +Cf. R. Glouc. p.377, 383, 443; K. Alisaund. 2912; Chron. of Engl. 730. + +Hold, Holde, _adj._ S. old, 30, 192, 417, 956, &c.; former, 2460. + +Holden. _See_ Halde. + +Hole, _n._ S. socket of the eye, 1813. + +Holed. _See_ Helen. + +Holpen. _See_ Helpen. + +Hond, _n._ S. hand, 2446. _Hon_, 1342. _Dat. c._ hend, 505, 2069; _pl._ +hondes, 215, 636. _Hond-dede_, _n._ S. handiwork, 92. + +Honge. _See_ Hangen. + +Hor. _See_ Her, _n._ + +Hore, _n._ mercy, 153. _See_ Ore. + +Horn, _n._ S. 779. [This probably refers to the _shape_ of the simnel. +Halliwell says, a Simnel is "generally made in a _three-cornered_ form." +Cracknels are still made with pointed and turned up ends, not unlike +_horns_.] + +Hors, _n._ S. horse, 2283. _Horse-knaue_, groom, 1019. So in a curious +satirical poem, temp. Edw. II. + + Of rybaudz y ryme, + Ant rede o my rolle, + Of gedelynges, gromes, + Of Colyn, & of Colle; + Harlotes, _hors knaues_, + Bi pate & by polle. + + MS. Harl. 2253, f. 124 b. + +Used also by Gower, Conf. Am. _See_ Todd's Illustr. p.279. + +Hosen, _n. pl._ S. hose, stockings, 860, 969. In Sir Tr. p.94, trowsers +seem to be indicated. + +Hoslen, _v._ S. to administer or receive the sacrament, 212. _Hoslon_, +362. _Hosled_, _part. pa._ 364. _Hoseled_, 2598. Le Bone Flor. 776. +Chauc. + +Hoten. _See_ Het. + +Houes, _pr. t._ S. behoves, 582. [_Read_ bi-houes?] + +Hul, _n._ S. hollow, i.e. vale, 2687. A.S. _hole_. Cf. l.2439. + +Hund, _n._ S. hound, 1994, 2435. _Hundes_, _pl._ 2331. + +Hungred _for_ Hunger, 2454. + +Hungreth, _pr. t._ hunger, 455. _Hungrede_, _pa. t._ hungered, 654. + +Hure, _pron._ S. our, 338, 842, 1231, &c. + +Hus _for_ Us, 1217, 1409. + +Hus, _n._ S. house, 740. _Huse_, 2913. _Hws_, 1141. _Milne-hous_, +mill-house, 1967. + +Hyl, _n._ S. heap, 892. _Hil_, hill, 1287. + +Hw, W, _adv._ S. how, 120, 288, 827, 960, 1646, &c. _Hwou_, 2411, 2946, +2987, &c. + +Hwan, _adv._ S. when, 408, 474, &c. _See_ Quan. + +Hware, _adv._ S. where, 1881, 2240, 2579. _Hwar-of_, whereof, 2976. +_Hwere_, 549, 1083. + +Hwat, _pron._ S. what, 596, 635, 1137, 2547. _Wat_, 117, 541, &c. _Wat +is yw_, 453. _Hwat_ or _Wat is e_, 1951, 2704. + +Hwat. _See_ Quath. + +Hwel, _n._ S. whale, or grampus, 755. _Hwl_, balena, vel cete, vel +cetus. lf. Gl. _See_ Qual. + +Hweer, _adv._ S. whether, 294, 2098. + +Hwi, _adv._ S. why, 454. _See_ Qui. + +Hwil, _adv._ S. whilst, 301, 363, 538, 2437. + +Hwile, _n._ S. time, 722, 1830. + +Hwil-gat, _adv._ S. how, lit. which way, 838. _Howgates_, Skinner. + +Hwit, _adj._ S. white, 1729. + +Hwo, _pron._ S. who, 296, 300, 368, 2604, &c. _See_ Wo. + +Hwor, _adv._ S. whether, 1119. _Hwore-so_, wheresoever, 1349. + +Hwou. _See_ Hw. + +Hws. _See_ Hus. + +Hyse. _See_ Hijs. + + +Ich, _pron._ S. I, 167, &c. _Ihc_, 1377. _Hic_, 305. _Hi_, 487. _I_, +686. _Y_, 15, &c. + +Id _for_ It, 2424. + +I-gret, 163. _See_ Grette. + +I-groten. _See_ Graten. + +Il, _adj._ S. each, every, 818, 1740, 2112, 2483, 2514. _Ilc_, 1056, +1921. _Ilke_, 821, 1861, 2959, 2996; (= same), 1088, 1215, 2674, &c. +_Ilker_, each (of them), 2352. _Ilkan_, each one, 1770, 2357. _Ilkon_, +1842, 2108. _See_ Eueri. + +Ille, _adv._ S. _Likede hire swithe ille_, 1165, it displeased her much. +Sir Tr. p.78. A common phrase. _Ille maked_, ill treated, 1952. + +I-maked. _See_ Maken. + +Inne, _adv._ S. in, 762, 807. _See_ erinne. + +Inow, _adv._ S. enough, 706, 911, 931, &c. _Ynow_, 563, 1795. _Ynou_, +904. + +Intil, _prep._ S. into, 128, 251, &c. _See_ Til. + +Ioie, _n._ Fr. joy, 1209, 1237, 1278, &c. _Ioye_, 1315. + +Ioyinge, _n._ gladness, 2087. + +Ioupe, _n._ Fr. a doublet, 1767. Roquefort gives the form _Jupe_, but +_Jupon_ or _Gipoun_ is more usual. See _Jupon_ in Halliwell, and _Gipe_ +in Roquefort. + +Is _for_ His, 735, 2254, 2479. + +Iuele, _n._ S. evil, injury, 50, 1689. _Yuel_, 2221. _Yuele_, 994. +_Iuel_, sickness, 114. _Yuel_, 144, 155. + + a e he wes ald mon, + a com him _ufel_ on. + + _La[gh]am._ l. 19282. + +_Ful iuele o-bone_, very lean, 2505; cf. 2525. + +Iuele, _adv._ S. evilly, 2755. _Me yuele like_, displease me, 132. Cf. +Ille liken. + + +Kam. _See_ Komen. + +Kaske, _adj._ strong, vigorous, 1841. Sw. _karsk_. + +Kaym, _n. p._ Cain, 2045. _See_ note in loc. + +Kayn, _n._ 31, 1327. Evidently a provincial pronunciation of _Thayn_, +which in the MS. may elsewhere be read either _chayn_ or _thayn_. By the +same mutation of letters _make_ has been converted into _mate_, _cake_ +into _cate_, _wayke_ into _wayte_, _lake_ into _late_ (R.Hood, i. 106), +&c., or _vice vers_. _See_ Thayn. + +Kaysere. _See_ Cayser. + +Keft, _part. pa._ purchased, 2005. _Sure keft_ = sourly (bitterly) +purchased it. _See_ Sure _and_ Coupe. + +Keling, _n._ 757, cod of a large size, Jam. q.v. The _kelyng_ appears in +the first, course of Archb. Nevil's Feast, 6 Edw. IV. _See_ Warner's +_Antiq. Cul._ Cotgrave explains _Merlus_, A Melwall or _Keeling_, a kind +of small cod, whereof stockfish is made. + +Keme. _See_ Komen. + +Kempe, _n._ S. knight, champion, 1036. V. Jam. in v. + +Kene, _adj._ S. keen, bold, eager, 1832, 2115. A term of very extensive +use in old Engl. and Sc. poetry, and the usual epithet of a knight. + +Kesten, _v._ S. to cast in prison, or to overthrow, 81, 1785 (used +passively). _Casten_, cast, throw, 2101. _Keste_, _pa. t._ cast, 2449. +_Keste_, _part. pa._ cast, placed, 2611; [or it may be the infin. mood.] + +Keuel, _n._ S. a gag, 547. See _Kevel_ in Hall., _Kewl_ in. Jam. A.S. +_cfli_, a halter, headstall. + +Kid, _part. pa._ S. made known, discovered, 1060. Sir Tr. p.150; +R.Br.; Yw. and Gaw. 530; Minot, p.4; Chauc. From _can_, notum +facere. + +Kin, Kyn, _n._ S. kindred, 393, 414, 2045. + +Kines, _n._ S. _gen. c._ kind, 861, 1140, 2691. _None kines_ = of no +kind; _neuere kines_ = of never a kind. + +Kinneriche. _See_ Cunnriche. + +Kippe, _v._ S. [_cpan_] to take up hastily, 894. _Kipt_, _Kipte_, _pa. +t._ snatched up, 1050, 2407, 2638. + + Horn in is armes hire _kepte._ + + _K. Horn_, 1208. + + _Kypte_ heore longe knyues, and slowe faste to gronde. + + _Rob. Glouc._ p.125. + +_Kept up_, snatcht up, Gl. R. Br. Jamieson derives the word from Su.-G. +_kippa_, to take anything violently. V.inv. _Kip._ Ihre quotes the +Icel. _kipti up_ = snatched up. + +Kirke, _n._ S. church, 1132, 1355. _Kirkes_, _pl._ 2583. V. Gl. Lynds. +and Jam. + +Kiste. _See_ Chiste. + +Kiste, _pa. t. s._ kissed, 1279. _Kisten_, _pa. t. pl._ S. kissed, 2162. + +Kiwing, _n._ 1736. [Respecting this word I can only record my conviction +that it is not safe to quote it, as the MS. is indistinct. I read the +word as _kiling_, which I believe to be merely miswritten for _ilk +ing_ (which the scribe also spells _il ing_), and I suppose the sense +of the line to be-- "when they had there distributed _everything_."] + +Knaue, _n._ S. lad, 308, 409, 450, &c. Attendant, servant, 458. _Cokes +knaue_, scullion, 1123. + + Heore cokes & heore _cnaues_ + Alle heo duden of lif d[gh]en. + + _La[gh]am._ l. 13717. + +V. Jam. in v. Gl. Lynds. and Gl. Todd's Illustr. Chauc. + +Knawe, _v._ S. to know, 2785. _Knawe_, _pr. t. pl._ know, 2207. _Kneu_, +_pa. t._ knew, 2468. _Knawed_, _part. pa._ known, 2057. + +Knicth, Knith, _n._ S. knight, 77, 343, &c. _Knictes_, _pl._ 239. +_Knithes_, 1068. _Knihtes_, 2706. + +Kok, _n._ a cook, 873, 180, 891, 903, 921, 2898. _See_ Cok. + +Komen, _v._ S. to come, 1001. _Comes_, _Cometh_, _imp, pl._ come ye, +1798, 1885, 2247. _Kam_, _pa. t._ came, 766, 863. _Kom_, 1309. _Cam_, +2622. _Komen_, _pa. t, pl._ came, 1012, 1202. _Comen_, 2790. _Keme_, +1208. _Comen_, _part. pa._ come, 1714. + +Kope, _n._ Lat. cope, 429. _Copes_, _pl._ 1957. + +Koren, _n._ S. corn, 1879. + +Kouel. _See_ Couel. + +Kouen. _See_ Coue. + +Kradel-barnes, _n. pl._ S. children in the cradle, 1912. + +Kraken, _v._ S. to crack, break, 914. _Krake_, 1857. _Crake_, 1908. +_Crakede_, _pa. t._ cracked, broke, 568. _Kraked_, _part. pa._ 1238. + +Krike, _n._ S. creek, 708. + +Kunne. _See_ Canst. + +Kuneriche, Kunerike, Kunrik. _See_ Cunnriche. + +Kyne-merk, _n._ S. mark or sign of royalty, 604. In the same manner are +compounded _cine-helm_, _cine-stol_, &c. + + & Cador e kene + scal beren as _kinges marke_; + hbben ha[gh]e ene drake, + biforen issere du[gh]ee. + + _La[gh]am._ l. 19098. + + Thyll ther was of her body + A fayr chyld borne, and a godele, + Hadde a dowbyll _kynges marke_. + + _Emare_, 502. + + +Lac, _n._ S. fault, reproach, 191, 2219. Yw. and Gaw. 264, 1133. _Lak_, +R.Br., Rom. of Merlin, ap. Ellis, M.R. V.i. p.252. Sir Orpheo, +421. _Lakke_, P.Plowm. Chauc. So in Sc. V. Jam. and Gl. Lynds. v. +_Lak_, _Lack_. + +Ladde, _n._ S. lad, 1786. _Ladden_, _pl._ 1038. _Laddes_, 1015, &c. A +term subsequently applied to persons of low condition. "When _laddes_ +weddeth leuedis--" Prophecy of Tho. of Essedoune, MS. Harl. 2253, +f.127. + +Large, _adj._ Fr. Lat. liberal, bountiful, 97, 2941. R. Gl. Yw. and Gaw. +865. Sir Orpheo, 27. Sevyn Sages, 1251. Chauc. + +Late, _v._ S. [_l[]tan_] _pres. subj._ let, suffer, 486. _Late_, _pr. +t._ let, permit, 1741. _Late_, _imp._ let, suffer, 17, 1376, 2422. +_Leth_, _pa. t._ let, suffered, 2651; caused, 252. _Late_, _part. pa._ +or _inf._ put, 2611. + +Laten, _v._ S. [_l[]tan_] to leave, 328. _Late be_, _imp._ leave, +relinquish, 1265; _inf._ 1657. _Let_, _pa. t._ left, 2062. _Laten_, +_part. pa._ left, abated, 240, 1925. + +Lath, _n._ S. injury, 76. _Lathe_, 2718, 2976. + +Lauhwinde, _part. pr._ S. laughing, 946. + +Laute, _pa. t_. S. [_lccan, lhte_] received, took, 744. _Lauthe_, +1673. _Lauth_, _part. pa._ received, taken, 1988. _I-lahte_, La[gh]am. +l.29260. + + Horn in herte _la[gh]te_ + Al at he him ta[gh]te. + + _K. Horn_ (ed. Lumby), 243. + +_Laght_, Yw. and Gaw. 2025. _Laught_, K. Alisaund. 685, 1109. _Lauht_, +R.Br. (_See_ Hearne's blundering Gl. in voc.) Rits. A.S. p.46. +_Laucht_, Wall. ix. 1964. + +Laumprei, _n._ S. lamprey, 771. _Laumprees_, _pl._ 897. + +Lawe, Lowe, _adj._ S. low, 2431, 2471, 2767, &c. + +Lax, n. S. [lx] salmon, 754, 1727. _Laxes_, _pl._ 896. V. Spelm. and +Somn. inv. Jamieson says, it was "formerly the only name by which this +fish was known." Cf. Dan. Sw. Icel. _lax_. + +Layke, _v._ S. [_lcan_] to play, 1011. _Leyke_, _Leyken_, 469, 950, +997. _Leykeden_, _pa. t. pl._ played, 954. In the same sense the verb is +found in P.Plowman, and Sevyn Sages, 1212. So in Sc. and N.E. V. Jam. +v. _Laik_, Ray, Brockett, and Crav. Dial. v. _Lake_. + +Leche, _n._ S. physician, 1836, 2057. + +Led, a caldron, kettle, 924. Chauc. Prol. 202. + +Lede, Leden, _v._ S. to lead, 245, &c; _utlede_, 89. Cf. 346, 379. +_Ledes_, _pr. t. 3 p._ uses, carries, 2573. _Ledde_, _pa. t._ led, 1686. +_Ledden_, _pa. t. pl._ led, 2451. + +Lef, _adj._ S. agreeable, willing, _lef and loth_, 261, 440, 2273, 2313, +2379, 2775. A very usual phrase. _See_ Beowulf, l.1026. Chauc. C.T. +1839. R.Hood, i. 41. _Leue_, 431, 909. Sir Tr. p.187. K.Horn, 949, +&c. _Leuere_, _comp._ more agreeable, rather, 1193, 1423, 1671, &c. +_Lef_, used as adv. willingly, in the phrase "Ye! lef, ye!" = yes, +willingly, yes, 2606; cf. l.1888. + +Leidest. _See_ Leyn. + +Leite, _adj._ S. light, 2441. + +Leme, _n._ S. limb, 2555. _Lime_, 1409. _Limes_, pl. 86. + +Leman, _n._ S. mistress, lover, 1191. _Lemman_, 1283, 1312, 1322. Used +by all the old writers, and applied equally to either sex. + +Lende, _v._ S. to land, 733. Sir Tr. p.13. R. Br. _See_ Jam. inv. +_Leind_. + +Lene, _v._ S. [_leanian_] to lend, grant, 2072. + + I sal _lene_ the her mi ring. + + _Yw. and Gaw._ 737. + +Lenge, _n._ the fish called _ling_, 832. [_Asellus longus_, or +_Islandicus_, Ray.] It was a common dish formerly. Thus we have _Lynge +in jelly_, in Archb. Nevil's Feast, 6Edw. IV., and _Lyng in foyle_, in +Warham's Feast, 1504. _See_ Pegge's _Form of Cury_, p.177, 184, and MS. +Sloane, 1986. + +Lenge, _v._ S. to prolong, 1734, 2363. P.Plowm. + +Leoun, _n._ Lat. lion, 573. _Leun_, 1867. + +Lepe, _v._ S. escape from (?) 2009. _Loupe_, to leap, 1801. _Lep_, _pa. +t._ leapt, 891, 1777, 1942. _Lopen_, _pa. t. pl._ 1896, 2616. + +Lere, Leren, _v._ S. to learn, 797, 823; to teach, 2592. _Y-lere_, 12. + +Lese, v. S. _imp. s. 3 p._ loose, 333. Sir Tr. p.110. + +Leth. _See_ Late. + +Lette, _v._ S. [_l[]tan_, _lettan_] to hinder, retard, 1164, 2253, +2819; to stop, cease, 2445, 2627. _Let_, _pa. t._ stopped, stayed, 2447, +2500. _Leten_, _pa. t. pl._ stopped, delayed, 2379. + +Leue, _n._ S. leave, 1387, 1626, 2952, &c. + +Leue, _adj._ _See_ Lef. + +Leue, _v._ S. [_lfan_] _imp. s._ grant, 334, 406, 2807. K.Horn, 465, +MS.; R.Gl., Erle of Tol. 365. Guy of Warw. ap. Ellis, M.R. V.2, +p.77, where it is misprinted _lene_. It is very frequently used in the +old Engl. Metrical Lives of the Saints, MS. Laud, 108. [The true +distinction between _leue_ and _lene_ is, that the former is the A.S. +_lfan_, G. _erlauben_ = grant in the sense of _allow_, _permit_, and is +invariably intransitive; whilst _lene_ is the A.S. _lnan_, G. _leihen_ += grant in the sense of _give_. The confusion between the senses of +_grant_ has led to confusion between _lene_ and _leue_, and in at least +five passages of Chaucer (C.T. 7226, 13613; Tro. ii. 1212, iii. 56, +v.1749, ed. Tyrwhitt) many editions wrongly have _lene_. In the last +three instances Tyrwhitt rightly prints _leve_, but unnecessarily +corrects himself in his Glossary. Iregret to add that I have thrice +made a similar mistake. In Piers Plowman, A.v. 263, and in Pierce the +Ploughman's Crede, ll. 366 and 573, for _lene_ read _leue_. Halliwell's +remark, that "the [former] editor of Havelok absurdly prints _leue_" is +founded upon the same misconception, and he is wrong in his censure. +_See_ the use of _lefe_ in the Ormulum, ed. White.] + +Leued, _pa. t._ S. left, 225. + +Leuedi, _n._ S. lady, 171, &c. _Leuedyes_, _pl._ 239. V. Hickes, Diss. +Ep. p.52, n. + +Leuere. _See_ Lef. + +Leues, _pr. t. 3 p._ S. believes, 1781, 2105. From _lefan_. + +Leuin, _n._ S. lightning, 2690. R. Br. p.174. Yw. and Gaw. Chauc. C.T. +5858. Doug. Virg. 200, 53. + +Lewe, _adj._ S. warm, 498, 2921. + + A opened wes his breoste, + a blod com for _luke._ + + _La[gh]am._ l. 27556. + +Leyd, Leyde. _See_ Leyn. + +Leye, _n._ S. lie, falsehood, 2117. + +Leve, _v._ S. to lie, speak false, 2010. + +Leyke, Leyken. _See_ Layke. + +Leyk, _n._ S. game, 1021, 2326. So in Beowulf, l. 2084, _sweorda-gelc_, +and Sir Tr. p.118, _love-laike_. In the pl. _laykes_, Minot, p.10. In +Lanc. a player is still called a _laker_. + +Leyn, _v._ S. to lay, 718. _Leyde_, _pa. t._ laid, 50, 994, &c.; +stopped, 229. _Leidest_, _pa. t. 2 p._ laidest, 636. _Leyden_, _pa. t. +pl._ laid, 1907. _Leyd_, _part. pa._ laid, 1689, 1722, 2839. + +Lich, _adj._ like, 2155. + +Lict, Lith, _n._ S. light, 534, 576, 588, &c. + +Lift, _adj._ S. left (_lvus_), 2130. + +Ligge, Liggen, _v._ S. to lie down, 802, 876, 882, 1374. _See_ Lyen. + +Lime, Limes. _See_ Leme. + +Lite, _adj._ S. little, 276, 1730. _Litel_, 1858, &c. _Litle_, 2014. + +Lith. _See_ Lict. + +Lith, _imp._ S. light (thou), 585. + +Lith, _adv._ S. lightly, 1942. + +Lith, _n._ S. alleviation, comfort, peace, 1338. _Lye_, 147. It also +occurs as a sb. in La[gh]am. l.5213. As an adj. it occurs in La[gh]am. +l.7242. Sir Tr. p.43, 82. R.C[oe]ur deL. 2480, and Emare, 348, from +the v. _lian_, alleviare. Cf. Icel. _li_, sometimes used to mean +_help_. See _Leathe_ in Atkinson's Cleveland Glossary. + +Lith, _n._ S. 2515. This word is explained by Ritson _plains_, by Hearne +_tenements_, and by Jamieson a _ridge_ or _ascent_. Its real +signification seems unknown, but may be conjectured from the following +passages. + + No asked he lond no _lithe_. + + _Sir Tristr._ p.101. + + Ther wille not be went, ne lete ther lond ne _lith_. + + _R. Brunne_, p.194. + +where it answers to the Fr. Ne volent lesser tere ne _tenement_. + + Who schall us now geve londes or _lythe_. + + _Le Bone Flor._ 841. + + Here I gif Schir Galeron, quod Gaynour, withouten ony gile, + Al the londis and the _lithis_ fro laver to layre. + + _Sir Gaw. and Sir Gal._ ii. 27. + +[_See_ Glossary to _William of Palerne_, s.v. _Lud._] + +Lithes, _n. pl._ S. the extreme points of the toes, or articulations, +2163. _Fingres lith_, extremum digiti, Luc. 16, 24. + +Lies, _imp. pl._ S. listen, 1400, 2204. _Lyes_, 2576. The verb in the +Sax. is _hlystan_, but in Su.-G. _lyda_, and Isl. _hlyda_, which +approaches nearer to the form in the poem. So also in K.Horn, 2, _wilen +lithe_, MS.; R.Br. p.93; R.Hood, i. p.2; Minot, p.1. Still used in +Sc. and N.E. V. Jam. and Brockett. + +Littene, _part. pa._ [or _inf._?] 2701. "_Qu._ cut in pieces, from the +same root as to _lith_, divide the joints. V. Jam. Suppl." --M. [Or it +may mean disgraced, wounded, defeated. Cf. Su.-Goth. _lyta_, to wound; +Icel. _lyta_, to disgrace; Sw. _lyte_, a defect, _litt_, deformed; Dan. +_lyde_, a blemish.] + +Liue, _n._ S. _dat. c._ life, 232; _brouth of liue_, dead, 513, 2129. +K.Horn, 188. _Of liue do_, kill, 1805. _Liues_, _gen. c. as adv._ +alive, 509, 1003, 1307, 1919, 2854. _See_ On-liue. + +Liuen, _v._ S. to live, 355. _Liuede_, _Liueden_, _pa. t. pl._ lived, +1299, 2044. + +Lof, _n._ S. loaf, 653. + +Loke, Loken, _v._ S. to look after, take care of, to behold, 376, 2136. +_Lokes_, _pr. t. 2 p._ lookest, 2726. _Loke_, _imp._ look, 1680, 1712. +_Lokes_, _imp. pl._ look ye, 2240, 2292, 2300, 2579, 2812. _Lokede_, +_pa. t._ looked, 679, 1041. + +Loken, Lokene, _part. pa._ S. fastened, locked, closed, 429, 1957. So in +the Const. Othonis, Tit. _de habitu Clericorum_; "In mensura decenti +habeant vestes, et _cappis clausis_ utuntur in sacris ordinibus +constituti." V. Spelm. inv. _Cappa clausa_. So also in the _Ancren +Riwle_, fol. 17-- "gif he haues a wid hod and a _lokin_ cape, &c." [The +reference to the Ancren Riwle is to MS. Titus D18, fol. 17; cf. the +edition by Morton (Camd. Soc. 1853), p.56.] + +Lond, Londe, _n._ S. land, 64, 721, &c. _Lon_, 340. + +Long, _adj._ S. tall, 987, 1063. So K. Horn, 100. + +Longes, _pr. t. 3 p._ S. belongs, 396. R. Br., Chauc., &c. + +Lopen. _See_ Lepe. + +Loth, _adj._ S. loath, unwilling, 261, 440, &c. _See_ Lef. + +Louede, _pa. t._ S. loved, 71. _Loueden_, _pa. t. pl._ 955. + +Louerd, _n._ S. lord, master, 96, 483, &c. _Lowerd_, 621. + +Louerdinges, _n. pl._ S. lordings, masters, 515, 1401. _See_ Note in +Warton's Hist. Engl. Poet. V.I. p.19. Ed. 1840. + +Loupe. _See_ Lepe. + +Low, _pa. t._ S. laughed, 903. K. Horn, 1502. _Lowen_, _pa. t. pl._ +1056. + +Lowe, _n._ S. [_hlw_] hill, 1291, 1699. Rits. M. R., Web., &c. V. Jam. +and Brockett's Gl. v. _Lawe_. + +Luue, _n._ S. love, 195. [_Luue-drurye_ seems here to be a compound +word, meaning _love-courtship_. _Lufe-drowrie_ also = love-token, +_Lyndesay's Sq. Meldrum_, 1003. _See_ Drurye.] + +Lyen, _v._ S. to lie (in bed), 2134. _Leyen_, _pt. pl._ lay, 475. + +Lye. _See_ Lith. + + +Maght, Mait. _See_ Mowe. + +Make, _n._ S. mate, companion, wife, 1150. K. Horn, 1427. K.Alisaund. +3314. Le Bone Flor. 881. Chauc. Sc. _Maik._ V. Jam. + +Maken, _v._ S. to make, 29, &c. _Make_, 676. _Makeden_, _pa. t. pl._ +made, 554. _I-maked_, _part. pa._ made,5. + +Male, _n._ Fr. a budget, bag, wallet, 48. La[gh]amon, l. 3543. Web., +Chauc., R.Hood. + +Malisun, _n._ Fr. malediction, curse, 426. Sir Tr. p.179. + +Manred, Manrede, _n._ S. homage, fealty, 484, 2172, 2180, 2248, 2265, +2312, 2774, 2816, 2847, 2850. Leg. of S. Gregori, ap. Leyd. Compl. of +Scotl. _See_ Jam. for further examples. + +Marz, _n._ Lat. March, 2559. + +Maugre, Fr. in spite of, 1128, 1789. _See_ Tyrwh. Gl. to Chauc. and Jam. +inv. + +Maydnes, _n. pl._ S. maidens, 467, 2222. + +Mayster, _n._ Fr. master, 1135; chief, 2028, 2385. + +Mayt, Mayth. _See_ Mowe. + +Mede, _n._ S. reward, 102, 685, 1635, 2402. + +Mele, _n._ S. oat-meal, 780. + +Mele, _v._ Fr. to contend in battle, 2059. Gaw. and Gol. ii. 18. +_Mellay_, Wynt. viii. 15, 19. V. Jam. + +Meme, 2201, _probably miswritten for_ neme; _see_ Nime. + +Men (used with a sing. vb. like the Fr. _on_), men, people, 390, 647, +2610. + +Mene, _v._ S. to mean, signify, 2114. _Menes_, _pr. t. 3 p._ means, 597. + +Menie, _n._ Fr. family, 827. _Meynie_, 834. This word is to be found +from the time of La[gh]amon to Shakespeare. Jamieson attempts to derive +it from the North. V.inv. _Menzie_. See _maisnie_ in Roquefort. + +Mere, _n._ S. mare, 2449, 2478, 2504. + +Messe, _n._ Fr. Lat. the service of the mass, 243, 1176. _Messe-bok_, +mass-book, 186, 391, 2710. _Messe-gere_, all the apparel, &c., +pertaining to the service of the mass, 188, 389, 1078, 2217. + +Mest, _adj. sup._ S. greatest, 233. _Moste_, 1287; tallest, 983. + +Mester, _n._ Fr. trade, 823. K. Horn (ed. Lumby), 229. + +Met, _pp._ S. dreamt, 1285. + +Mete, _n._ S. meat, 459, &c. _Metes_, _pl._ 1733. + +Meynie. _See_ Menie. + +Michel, _adj._ S. much, 510, 660. _Mik_, 2342. _Mike_, 960 (cf. Horn +Childe, ap. Rits. V.3, 292), 1744, 1761, 2336. _Mikel_, 122, 478, &c. + +Micte, Micten, Micthe, Mithe, Mithest, Mithen. _See_ Mowe. + +Micth, _n._ S. might, power, 35. + +Middelerd, _n._ S. the earth, world, 2244. _Middelrd_, La[gh]am., +Rits., Web., R.Gl., Minot, &c. So in Sc. V. Jam. + +Mik, Mike, Mikel. _See_ Michel. + +Milce, _n._ S. [_mildse_] mercy, 1361. A! me do ine _milce_, La[gh]am. +l.4681; R.Gl. It is usually coupled with _ore_. + +Milne-hous. _See_ Hus. + +Mirke, _adj._ S. dark, 404. R. Br., Lynds.; _merke_, Chauc. Still used +in Sc. and N.E. V. Jam. + +Misdede, _pa. t._ S. did amiss, 337; injured, 992, 1371. _Misdo_, _part. +pa._ misdone, offended, 2798. + +Misferde, _pa. t._ S. behaved, or proceeded ill, 1869. _See_ Faren. + +Misgos, _pr. t. 2 p._ S. goest or behavest amiss, 2707. + +Misseyd, _part. pa._ S. spoken to reproachfully, 1688. + +Mithe, Mythe, _v._ S. [_mian_] to conceal, hide, dissemble, 652, 948, +1278. Sche might no lenger _mithe_. Horn Childe, ap. Rits. M.R. V.3, +p.310. + +Mixed, _adj._ vile, base, 2533. From S. _myx_, fimus. Cf. _Mix_ in +_William of Palerne_. + +Mo, _adj. comp._ S. more, 1742, 1846. + +Mod, _n._ S. mood, humour, 1703. + +Moder, _n._ S. mother, 974, 1388, &c. + +Mone, _n._ S. moon, 373, 403. + +Mone, _n._ S. mind, say, opinion, 816. Cf. A.S. _myne_, _monian_, +_monung_; Icel. _munr_. Hence, to _mone_, to _relate_, R.C[oe]ur deL. +4636, and to _animadvert_, in Barbour. It appears to express the Fr. +phrase _par le mien escient_, K.Horn, 467, MS. Douce. In nearly the +same sense _mone_ may be found in K.Alisaund. 1281, R.Gl. pp.281, +293. Cf. ll. 1711, 1972. + +Mone, _v. pl._ [Isl. _mun_] must, 840. _Maun_, Sc. _Mun_, Yorksh. Cumb. +V. Jam. + +Morwen, _n._ S. morning, 811, 1131, 2669, &c. _To-morwen_, 530, 810. +_Amorwe_, Sir Tr., K.Horn. + +Moste. _See_ Mest. + +Mote, _v._ S. may, 19, 406, 1743, 2545. _Moten_, _pl._ 18. + +Moun. _See_ Mowe. + +Mowe, _v._ S. _pres. sing._ may, be able, 175, 394, 675. _Mowen_, _pl._ +11. _Moun_, 460, 2587. _Mait_, _pr. t. 2 p._ mayest, 689. _Mayt_, 845, +852, 1219. _Mayth_, 641. _Maght_, _pa. t. 2 p.s._ mightest, 1348. +_Mithe_, _Mithest_, 855, 1218. _Micte_, _Micthe_, _Mithe_, _pa. t. 3 p._ +might, 42, 233, 1030, 1080. _Mouchte_, _Moucte_, _Moucthe_, _Mouthe_, +_Mowcte_, 145, 356, 376, &c. _Micte_, _Micten_, _Mithen_, _pl._ 232, +516, 1929, 2017. _Mouhte_, _Mouthe_, _Mouthen_, 1183, 2019, 2039, 2328, +2330, &c. V. Pegge's Anecd. of Engl. Lang. p.iii. + + +Na, _adv._ S. no, 2363, 2530. + +Nam. _See_ Nime. + +Nayles, _n. pl._ S. nails, 2163. + +Ne, _adv._ S. nor, 44, &c. + +Nede, _n._ S. need, necessity, 9, &c. _Nedes_, _pl._ 1092. + +Neme. _See_ Nime. + +Ner, _adv._ S. near, 990, 1949. + +Nese, _n._ S. nose, 2450. + +Nesh, _adj._ S. [_nesc_] soft, tender, 2743. _Neys_, 217. Web., Rits. +M.R., Rob. Br., Chauc. Still used in N.W. part of England. + +Neth, _n._ S. net, 752, 808, 1026; _pl._ _netes_, 783. + +Neth, _n._ S. neat, cattle, 700, 1222. _Netes_, _g.c._ neat's, 781. + +Neeles, _conj._ S. nevertheless, 1108, 1658. + +Neue, _n._ S. fist, 2405. _Neues_, _pl._ 1917. V. Jam. + +Neure, _adv._ S. not, never, 80, 672; _neuere a polk_, ne'er a pool, +2685. _Neuere kines_, of no kind, 2691. + +Ney. _adv._ nigh, near to, nearly, 464, 640, 2619. + +Neys. _See_ Nesh. + +Neyer, Nee, _pron._ S. neither, not either, 458, 764, 2970, &c. +_Noer_, 2623. _Noyer_, 2697. + +Newhen, _v._ S. [_nehwan_] to approach, 1866. In the more recent form to +_neigh_ it is used in several of the old Romances, Chauc., and Minot. + +Nicht, Nicth, _n._ S. night, 533, 575. _Niht_, 2669. _Nith_, 404, 1247, +1754. _Nithes_, _g.c._ of night, 2100. _Nihtes_, _nithes_, _pl._ 2353; +_nihtes_, 2999. + +Nime, _v._ S. _pr. s._ take, _or_ go, 1931. _Nim_, _imp._ take, 1336. +_Nam_, _pa. t._ took, 900; went, 2930. _Neme_, _pl._ went, 1207; cf. +l.2201. _Nomen_, took, 2790. _Nomen_, _Numen_, _part. pa._ taken, 2265, +2581. _Nimes_, _imp. pl._ go ye, 2594; _nime_, go we, 2600. In the first +sense this verb is common in all the Glossaries, but in the latter sense +_To go_ it occurs nowhere but in the Gl. to Rob. Brunne, who, from being +a Lincolnshire man, approaches nearer to the language of the present +poem than any other writer. [In N.E. to _nim_ is to walk with quick, +short steps.] + +Nis, _for_ Ne is, is not, 462, 1998, 2244. + +Nither-tale, _n._ S. night-time, 2025. _See_ Chaucer, Prol. l.97. + +Noblelike, _adv._ S. nobly, 2640. + +Nok, _n._ [Belg. _nock_] nook, corner, 820; _nouth a ferthinges nok_, +not the value of a farthing. The same phr. is in the _Manuel des Pechs_ +of Rob. of Brunne, MS. Harl. 1701, fol. 39. + +Nomen. _See_ Nime. + +Non, _adj._ S. no, 518, 685, 1019; no one, 934, 974. + +Note, _n._ S. a nut, 419. _Nouthe_, 1332. + +Noer. _See_ Neyer. + +Nou, _adv._ S. now, 328, 1362, &c. _Nu_, 2421, 2460, 2650, &c. + +Nout, Nouth, Nouht, _n._ or _adv._ S. not, naught, nothing, not at all, +249, 505, 566, 648, 1733, 2051, 2822. _Nowt_, _Nowth_, 770, 2168, 2737. + +Nouthe. _See_ Note. + +Noyer. _See_ Neyer. + +Nu. _See_ Nou. + +Numen. _See_ Nime. + +Nytte. _v._ S. make use of, require for use, 941. A.S. _nyttian_, +_neotan_, G. _ntzen_, Du. _nutten_. + + +O. _See_ On. + +Of, _prep._ S. off, 130, 216, 603, 857, 1850, 2444, 2626, 2676, 2751, +&c. _Of londe_, out of the land, 2599. Sir Tr. + +Offe, _prep._ S. of, 435. _Of_, 436. + +Offrende, Dan. Fr. offering, 1386. + +Ofte, _adv._ S. often, 226, &c. + +Ok. _See_ Ek. + +On, _adj._ S. one, 425, 1800, 2028, 2263, &c. + +On, _in_ But on. _See_ But. + +On, _prep._ S. in, on. _On liue_, 281, 363, 694, 793 &c. _Oliue_, 2865. +_On two_, 471, 1823, 2730, in two; _a two_, 1413, 2643. _Olonde_, 763, +on, _or_ in land. _On knes_, 1211, 1302, 2710, on knees; _o knes_, 2252, +2796. _On brenne_, 1239, in flame, on fire. _Onith_, 1251, in the +night. _On nithes_, 2048. _Oworde_, 1349, in the world (_see_ Werd). +_Omani wise_, 1713, in many a manner. _On gamen_, 1716, in sport. _On +lesse hwile_, 1830, in less time. _Obok_, 2307, 2311, on the book. _Wel +o bon_, 2355, 2525, 2571, strong of body. _Iuele o bone_, 2505, lean. +_On hunting_, 2382. _Ostede_, 2549, on steed. _Up-o the dogges_, 2596, +on the dogs. From these examples, added to those which occur in every +Glossary, it is evident the Sax. prep. _On_ was subsequently corrupted +to _O_ and _A._ _See_ Tyrwh. and Jam. _A nycht_ in Barb. xix. 657, +explained by the latter _one_ night, is according to the above rule _In +the night_, as confirmed by l.1251. Sir Tr. pp.47, 114. R. Glouc. + +One, _adj._ S. alone, singly, 815, 936, 1153, 1710, 1742, 1973, 2433. + + There hue wonede al _one._ + + _K. Horn_, 80. + +_See_ Tyrwh. Gl., Chauc. v. _On_. + +Ones, _adv._ S. once, 1295. + +Onfrest, _v._ delay, 1337. From Su.-G. _fresta_, to delay, A.S. +_firstan_, from Su.-Goth. _frest_ or _frist_, A.S. _fyrst_, a space of +time. Cf. Dan. and Sw. _first_, a truce. _Frest_, delay, Barb. vii. 447. + +Onlepi. _See_ Anilepi. + +Onne, _prep._ S. on, 347, 1940. + +Onon, _adv._ S. anon, speedily, 136, 447, 1964, 2790. + +Ontil, _prep._ S. unto, for, 761. + +Or, _adv._ S. previously, before, 728, 1043, 1356, 1688, &c. _Or outh +longe_, 1789, before any long time. + +Ore, _n._ S. favour, grace, mercy, 153, 211, 2443, 2797. Ich hadde of +hire milse an _ore_. Hule and Nihtingale, l.1081. Sir Tr. p.24. +K.Horn (ed. Lumby), 1509. _See_ Tyrwhitt's Note on Chauc. C.T. 3724, +and Ritson's Note, Metr. Rom. V.iii. p.263. A.S. _r_. + +Ore, _n._ S. oar, 718, 1871, &c. _Ores_, _pl._ 711. + +Osed _for_ Hosed, 971. + +Oth, _n._ S. oath, 2009, 2272, &c. _Oes_, _pl._ 2013, 2231, &c. + +Oe _for_ Oer, 861, 1986, 2970. + +Oer, _conj._ S. either, or, 94, 674, 787, &c. _See_ Ayther. + +Oer, _adj._ S. [_alter_] the other of two, second, 879. _e oer day_, +1755, the following day. + + Day hit is igon & _oer_, + Wiute sail & roer. + + _K. Horn_, ed. Lumby, 187. + +So also R. Br. p.169, and Wynt. + +Oer, _adj._ S. [_alius_] other, 2490. _Ore_, _pl._ others, 1784, 2413, +2416. + +Ouer-fare, _v._ S. to pass over, cease, 2063. _See_ Fare. + +Ouer-go, _v._ S. to be disregarded, 2220. + +Ouer-gange, _v._ S. to get the superiority over, 2587. + +Ouer-wert, _adv._ S. across, 2822. _Ouerthuert_, R.Br. p.241. +_Overtwert_, Ly Beaus Desc. 1017. _Overthwarte_, Syr Eglamore, B.iii. +Chauc. C.T. 1993. + +Oune, _adj._ S. own, 375, 2428. + +Oure, _n._ bank, shore, 321. G. _ufer_. A.S. _fer_. Cf. "to an castle +of Deoure on ere s _oure_." _La[gh]amon_, l.31117. + +Outh, _n._ S. [_awiht_] any space of time, aught, 1189; cf. l.1789; +anything, 703. [_Outh douthe_ = was worth anything, was of any value.] + + +Palefrey, _n._ Fr. saddle-horse, 2060. _See_ Gl. on Chauc. inv. Pegge's +Anec. Engl. Lang. p.289. + +Pappes, _n. pl._ Lat. breasts, 2132. + +Parred, _part. pa._ confined, fastened in, barred in, 2439. We have met +with this word only in one instance, where Ritson leaves it unexplained. + + Yn al this [tyme] was sir Ywayn + Ful straitly _parred_ with mekil payn. + + _Yw. and Gaw._ 3227. + +[It is undoubtedly equivalent to O.E. _sperre_, or _spere_. Halliwell, +s.v. _Parred_, quotes "[gh]e are _parred_ in ... [gh]e are so _spered_ +in." So, too, the Ital. _sbarra_ is the Fr. _barre_. Cf. A.S. _sparran_, +O.N. _sperra_, Sc. _spar_. Hence the derivation of _park_, O.E. +_parrock_, an enclosure.] + +Pastees, _n. pl._ Fr. pasties, pats, 644. + + Ther beth bowris and halles, + Al of _pasteiis_ beth the walles. + + _Land of Cokaygne_, MS. Harl. 913, f. 5. + +Pateyn, _n._ Lat. the Plate used in the service of the Mass, 187. + +Pae, _n._ S. path, road, 2381, 2390. _Paes_, _pl._ 268. + +Patriark, _n._ Lat. patriarch, 428. + +Payed, _part. pa._ Fr. satisfied, content, 184. Rits. M.R., Web., +R.Gl., R.Br. _Apaied_, Chauc. + +Pelle, _v._ drive forth (_intr._), hurry forth, 810. Deriv. uncertain, +unless it be connected with Lat. _pello_, Eng. _impel._ Cf. Eng. _pelt_. + +Peni, _n._ S. penny, 705, 2147. _Penies_, _pl._ 776, 1172. + +Per, _n._ Fr. peer, equal, 989, 2241, 2792. + +Pike, _v._ to pitch (used passively), 707. Teut. _pecken_, Lat. +_picare_. The verb in Saxon is not extant, but only the n. _pic_. + +Pine, _n._ S. pain, grief, 405, 540, 1374. Sir Tr. p.12. V. Jam. + +Pine, _v._ S. to grieve, 1958. + +Plat. _See_ Plette. + +Plattinde, _part. pr._ tramping along, moving noisily _or_ hurriedly, +2282. From the beating noise of the feet, like Sc. _platch_ (q.v. in +Jam.). _See_ Plette. + +Plawe, _v._ S. to play, 950. _Pleye_, 951. + +Playces, _n. pl._ plaice, 896. + +Pleinte, _n._ Fr. complaint, 134. _Pleynte_, 2961. + +Plette, _v._ S. [_plettian_] to strike, 2444. _Plat_, _pa. t._ struck, +2755. _Plette_, 2626; _pl. plette_, hurried, moved noisily, 2613. [Cf. +_Plattinde_, and note the double use of Sc. _skelp_, to beat, to hurry, +and O.E. _strike_, to beat, to move along.] + +Plith, _n._ S. [_pliht_] harm, 1370, 2002. La[gh]am. l.3897. + +Poke, _n._ S. a bag, 555, 769. _Pokes_, _pl._ 780. + +Poles, _n. pl._ S. pools, ponds of water, 2101. + +Polk, _n._ S. pool, puddle, 2685. _Pow_, Sir Tr. p.171. _Pulk_, +Somersetsh. + +Pouere, Poure, _adj._ Fr. poor, 58, 101, 2457, &c. + +Pourelike, _adv._ poorly, 323. + +Prangled, _part. pa._ compressed, 639. Cf. Du. _prangen_, to pinch; Dan. +_prange Seil_, to crowd sail. + +Preie, _pr. t._ S. pray, 1440. _Prey_, _imp._ pray (thou), 1343. +_Preide_, _pa. t._ prayed, 209. + +Prest, _n._ S. priest, 429, 1829. _Prestes_, _pl._ 2583. + +Priken, _v._ S. to spur a horse, ride briskly, 2639. + +Prud, _adj._ S. proud, 302. + +Pulten, _pa. t. pl._ so reads the MS. l. 1023, instead of _putten_. Both +have the same signification. So in the Romance of _Rob. of Cecyle_, +Harl. MS. 1701, f.94, c. 1, _pulte_ occurs for _put_, placed, and +_pylt_ in R.C[oe]ur deL. 4085; pelte, Sir Tr. p.95. In the _imp._ +_Pult_ for _put_, _place_, is used in _Hending the Hende_, MS. Digb. 86. +In the signification of _drove forward_, which is nearer to the sense we +require, we find _pylte_ in K.Horn, 1433, and R.Glouc. Hence the Engl. +word _pelt_. _See_ Putten. Cf. _Pult_ in Gl. to _Will. of Palerne_. + +Pund, _n. pl._ S. pounds, 1633. + +Put, _n._ cast, throw, 1055. _But_, 1040. + +Putten, _v._ to cast, throw, propel forward, 1033, 1044. _Puten_, 1051. +_Putte_, _pa. t._ cast, 1052. _Putten_, _pa. t. pl._ cast, threw, 1023, +1031, 1844. From the Fr. _bouter_, Teut. _buitten_, or Belg. _botten_, +to drive or propel forward, or, as others suggest, from the Br. +_pwtiaw_, which has the same meaning, or Isl. _potta_. From the same +root are derived both _Put_ and _But_. Thus to _butt_ in Sc. is to drive +at a stone in curling, and to _put_ in Yorksh. is to push with the +horns. In the passage before us it is applied to a particular game, +formerly in great repute. _See_ Note on l.1022. Cf. Ramsay's Poems, ii. +106. The word is still retained in the North, and Sc. V. Jam. and +Brockett. See _But_ and _Pulten_. + +Putting, Puttinge, _n._ casting, 1042, 1057, 2324. + +Pyment, _n._ B.L. spiced wine, 1728. _See_ Note on l.1726. + + +Qual, _n._ S. [_hwl_] whale or grampus, 753. _See_ Hwel. + +Quan, Quanne, _adv._ S. when, 134, 204, 240, &c. _See_ Hwan. + +Quath, _pa. t._ S. quoth, 606, 642, &c. _Hwat_, 1650, 1878. _Wat_, 595. +_Quod_, 1888. _Quodh_, 1801. _Quot_, 1954, 2808. _Couth_, 2606. + +Queme, _adj._ S. agreeable, 130, 393. Web., Rits. M. R., Rob. Br., R. +Glouc., Gower, Chauc. + +Quen, _n._ S. queen, 2760, 2783, &c. _Quenes_, _pl._ 2982. + +Qui. _See_ Hwi. + +Quic, Quik, _adj._ S. alive, 612, 613, 1405, 2210, 2476, &c., _quik and +ded_. This is the usual language of the Inquisitiones post mortem, which +commence at the early part of Henry III. reign. For the usage of the +term, _see_ Gl. to Sir Tr. p.98. Yw. and Gaw. 668. Chron. of Engl. 762, +&c. The word is preserved in the vulgar version of the Scriptures, and +Creed. _Quike_, quick, alert, 1348. _Al quic wede_, 2641. Cf. l.2387. + +Quiste, _n._ S. [_cwide_] bequest, will, 219, 365. _Quede_, K.Alisaund. +8020. + +Quod, Quodh, Quot. _See_ Quath. + + +Radde. _See_ Rede. + +Ran. _See_ Renne. + +Rang, _adj._ S. [_ranc_] perverse, rebellious, 2561. + +Rath, _n._ S. counsel; hence, an adviser, 75. _Dat. c. rathe_, in the +phrase _to rathe_, 2542; for the meaning of which, _see_ Red. + +Rae, _adv._ S. speedily, readily, quickly, 358, &c. (In l.1335, +Iprefer considering it as a verb.) + +Rathe, _v._ S. [_rdan_] to advise, 1335. A provincial pronunciation of +_Rede_. In l.2817, it is still broader, "Yif ye it wilen and ek +_rothe_." In the same manner _Rode_ is spelt, and was undoubtedly +pronounced _Rothe_, Ly Beaus Desc. 425, and _Abode_ is spelt _Abothe_, +ib. 1118. Cf. ll. 693, 1681, 2585, of the present poem, in all which +instances the _d_ in _rede_ has the sound of _th_. + +Recke, _pr. t. subj._ S. may reck, may care, 2047, 2511. Sir Tr. p.124, +&c. + +Red, _n._ S. advice, counsel, 180, 518, 826, 1194, 2871, &c. _To rede_, +lit. for a counsel, i.e. advisable, 118, 693; spelt _to rathe_, 2542. + +Rede, _v._ S. to direct, advise, 104, 148, 361, 687, &c. _Radde_, _pa. +t._ advised, 1353. V. Jam. inv. and Hearne's Gl. to R. Glouc. + +Reft, Refte, Reftes. _See_ Reue. + +Regne, _pr. t. pl._ Fr. Lat. reign, assume the superiority, 2586. +_Reng_, _Ring_, Sc. V. Jam. inv. + +Renne, _v._ S. to run, 1161, 1904. _Ran on blode_, _pa. t._ 432. So in +Sir Tr. p.176, _His heued ran on blod_; and in MS. Harl. 2253, f.128, + + Lutel wot hit any mon hou loue hym haueth y-bounden, + That for vs o the rode _ron_, ant bohte vs with is wounde. + +Reue, _n._ S. magistrate, 1627. _See_ Greyue. + +Reue, Reuen, _v._ S. [_reafian_] to take away, bereave, rob, 480, 2590, +2991. _Refte_, _pa. t._ took away, bereaved, 2223, 2485. _Reftes_, _pa. +t. 2 p._ tookest away, 2394. _Reft_, _part. pa._ taken away, bereaved, +1367, 1672, 2483; spoiled, 2004. Still used in the North. + +Reures, _n. pl._ S. robbers, bereavers, 2104. + + Alle bacbiteres wendet to helle, + Robberes & _reueres_ & the monquelle. + + _A lutel sermun_, MS. Cal. A. ix. f. 246, b. + +V. Jam. in v. _Reyffar_. + +Reunesse, Rewnesse, _n._ S. compassion, 502, 2227. + +Rewe, _v._ S. to have pity, to compassionate, 497, 967. _Rewede_, _pa. +t._ (_impersonal_) 503. + +Richelike, _adv._ S. richly, 421. + +Ricth, Ricthe. _See_ Rith, Rithe. + +Ricthwise, _adj._ S. [_rihtwis_] righteous, just, 37. Rits., Web. M.R., +Rob. Br., Minot, Lynds., R.Hood. [MS. _has_ rirth wise.] + +Riden, _v._ S. to ride, 10, &c. + +Rig, _n._ S. back, 1775. So in La[gh]am. l. 6718. Burne he warp on +_rigge_. + +Rike, _n._ S. kingdom, 290. _Heuene riche_, 133, 407. _See_ Cunnriche. + +Rim, Rym, _n._ S. Fr. rhyme, poem, 21, 2995, 2998. So Chauc. _Rime of +Sire Thopas._ [The modern false spelling _rhyme_ is due to confusion of +Eng. _rime_ with the Gk. _rhythm_.] + +Ringen, _v._ S. to ring, 242, 1106. _Ringes_, _pr. t. sing._ ring, 390. +_Rungen_, _part. pa._ rung, 1132. + +Ringes, _n. pl._ S. rings of mail, 2740. _See_ Brini. + +Rippe, _n._ fish-basket, 893. Hence a _Rippar_, B. Lat. _riparius_, is a +person who brings fish from the coast to sell in the interior. V. Spelm. +inv. Nares prefers the etymology of _ripa_, but without reason. _Rip_ +is still provincial for an osier basket. _See_ Jam. and Moore. So also +in a curious Latin and English Vocabulary, written out by Sire John +Mendames, Parson of Bromenstrope [Broomsthorp, Co. Norf.] in the middle +of the 15th cent., and now preserved in the valuable MSS. library of +T.W. Coke, Esq. _Cophinus_ is explained _A beryng lepe_, or _ryppe_, +terms still retained in the county. Jam. gives Icel. _hrip_, a basket. + +Rith, Ricth, _n._ S. right, justice, inheritance, 36, 395, 1099, 1383, +2717. + +Rith, _adj._ S. right (_dexter_), 604, 1812, 2140, 2545, 2725. + +Rithe, Ricthe, _adj._ S. right (_rectus_), 772, 846, 1201, 2235, 2473. + +Rith, Rithe, _adv._ S. rightly, 420, 1701, 2611, &c.; exactly, just, +872, 2494, 2506. + +Ritte, _v._ to rip, make an incision, 2495. + + The breche adoun he threst, + He _ritt_, and gan to right. + + _Sir Tristr._ p.33. + +[Cf. Sw. _rista_, Dan. _riste_, to slash, cut; G. _ritzen_. Perhaps +connected also with Du. _rijten_, G. _reissen_, to tear.] + +Robben, _v._ S. to rob, 1958. + +Rode, _n._ S. the rood, cross, 103, 431, 1357, &c. V. Todd's Gl. +Illustr. Chauc. + +Rof, _n._ S. roof, 2082. + +Rome, _v._ S. to roam, travel about, 64. + +Rore, _v._ S. to roar, 2496, &c. _Rorede_, _pa. t._ roared, 2438. + +Roser, _n._ Fr. rose-bush, 2919. Chauc., Pers. Tale, _De luxuria_. + +Rothe. _See_ Rathe. + +Rowte, _v._ S. [_hrutan_] to roar, 1911. R. C[oe]ur deL. 4304. V. Gl. +Lynds. and Jam. inv. Cf. Icel. _hrjota_, Sw. _ryte_. The word is still +retained in the provinces. V. Brockett and Wilbr. + +Runci, _n._ B. Lat. a horse of burden, 2569. V. Du Cange and Spelm. The +word is common both in Fr. and Engl. writers. Cf. Span. _Rozin-ante_. + +Rungen. _See_ Ringen. + +Rym. _See_ Rim. + + +Sal _for_ Shall, 628. + +Same _for_ Shame, 1941. V. Jam. + +Samen, _adv._ S. together, 467, 979, 1717, &c. Web., Rits. M.R., Rob. +Br. So also in Sc. V. Jam. + +Samened, _part. pa._ S. assembled, united, 2890. Web., R.Br. p.2. + +Sare, _adv._ S. sore, sorrowfully, 401. + +Sat, _pa. t._ S. opposed, 2567. _See_ Atsitte. In Sc. is _Sit_, _Sist_, +to stop, from Lat. _sistere_. V. Jam. + +Sautres, _n. pl._ Fr. Lat. Psalters, Hymns for the Office of the Dead, +244. + +Sawe, _written for_ sa we, i.e. say we, 338. + +Sawe, Sawen, Say. _See_ Se. + +Sayse, _v._ B. Lat. to seise, give seisin or livery of land, 251, 2518. +_Seysed_, _pa. t._ seised, 2931, _part. pa._ 2513. Horn Childe, ap. +Rits. M.R. V.3, p.309. + +Scabbed, Skabbed, _adj._ S. Lat. scabby, scurvy, 2449, 2505. + +Scae, _n._ S. harm, injury, 1352. _Scaes_, _pl._ 269. R.Br., V. Gl. +_Skaith_, Sc. V. Jam. + +Sche, Scho, Sho, _pron._ S. she, 112, 126, 649, 1721, &c. + +Schifte _for_ Shrift, absolution, 1829. + +Schoten, Shoten, _pa. t. pl._ S. shot, cast, 1838, 1864. _Scuten_, 2431. +[_Shoten_, in l. 1838, means _rushed_, _darted_, _flew_.] + +Schulle, _n._ a plaice, 759. Sw. _skolla_, a plaice. _See_ Coleridge's +Glossarial Index. + +Se (_the_ S. _art._) the, but perhaps a mistake of the scribe, l.534, +as it is not elsewhere used. + +Se, _n._ S. sea, 535, &c.; _gen._ seis, 321. + +Se, Sen, _v._ S. to see, 1021, 1273, &c. _Sest_, _pr. t. 2 p._ seest, +534. _Sen_, _pr. t. pl._ see, 168, 1217. _Sawe_, _Sowe_, _pa. t._ saw, +1182, 1323. _Say_, 881. _Sawen_, _Sowen_, _pa. t. pl._ 957, 1055, 2255. +_Sene_, _part. pa._ 656. + +Seckes, _n. pl._ S. sacks, 2019. + +Segges, _n. pl._ Fr. [_seches_] 896. In Cotgr. the _Seche_ is explained +the Sound, or Cuttle fish. The _Seches de Coutance_ were held in the +highest estimation. V. Le Grand. _See_ also Jam. v. _Sye_. + +Sei, _v._ _See_ Seyen. + +Seis. _See_ Se. + +Seken, _v._ S. to seek, 1629. The reading is confirmed by an old poem in +MS. Digb. 86. + + Sire, we ben knizttes fer i-fare, + For to _sechen_ wide-ware. + + _La vie seint Eustace, qui out noun Placidas._ + +Selcouth, _n._ S. wonder, strange thing, 124, 1059. _Selcuth_, 2119. It +was in all probability originally an _adj._ as _Selkuth_. Strange, +wonderful, 1284. + +Sele, _n._ S. seal, 755. + +Seli, _adj._ S. simple, harmless, 477, 499. R. Gl., Chauc. + +Selthe, _n._ S. success, 1338. A.S. _sl_. [Cf. _selehe_ in +_La[gh]am._ l.25136, and see _selehe_ in Stratmann's Dictionary of Old +English. The line seems to be a proverb, and the meaning is-- "Rest and +success are companions." Goldborough tells him to avoid delay, since +rest may accompany success, but cannot precede it.] + +Sembling, _n._ Fr. assembling, 1018. It may also be compared with the +Su.-G. _samlung_, conventus. + +Semes, _pr. t._ in the phrase, _hire semes_ = it beseems her, it becomes +her, 2916. _Semede_, _pa. t._ was suitable, was fit, 976. See _Seem_ in +Wedgwood. + +Sen, Sene. _See_ Se. + +Sendes, _pr. t._ sendeth, sends, 2392. _Sende_, _pa. t._ sent, 136, &c. + +Serf-borw, _n._ S. surety, pledge, 1667. In MS. Soc. Antiq. No. 60, +known by the name of _The Black Book of Peterborough_, is an instrument +in which many names both of Saxon and Danish origin appear as the +_Borhhanda_, or Sureties, otherwise called _Festermen_. See Jam. and the +Glossaries, for further examples. + +Serganz, _n. pl._ Fr. attendants, officers, 2088, 2091, 2116. +_Sergaunz_, 1929, 2361, 2371. _Seriaunz_, 2066. V. Spelm. inv. +_Servientes_, and Hickes, Thes. T.i. p.148. + +Serges. _See_ Cerges. + +Serk, _n._ S. shirt, 603. Emare, 501. R. Br. + +Seruen, _v._ S. to serve, 1230. + +Seruede, _pa. t._ S. deserved, 1914. Web. M. R. So in Sc. V. Jam. + +Sest. _See_ Se. + +Sette, _v._ S. to set, descend, 2671. + +Sette, _pa. t._ S. set, placed, 2405; appointed, 2571. _Setten_, _pa. t. +pl._ set, 1211. _Sette_, _part. pa._ set, placed, 2612. + +Seyen, _v._ S. to say, 2886. _Seyst_, _pr. t. 2 p._ sayest, 2008. +_Seyde_, _pa. t. 3 p._ said, 117, &c. _Seyden_, _pa. t. pl._ said, 376, +1213. _Seyden_, have said, 456. _Sey_, _part. pa._ said, 2993. + +Seysed. _See_ Sayse. + +Seyst. _See_ Seyen. + +Seyt, _pr. t. s._ put for _sey it_, i.e. say it; or else put for +_seyth_, i.e. say, 647. So in Sir Tr. p.117, + + For mani men _seyt_ ay whare. + +Shaltou, shalt thou, 1800. _Shaltow_, 1322. _Shaltu_, 2180, 2186, 2882, +2901. + +Shamelike, _adv._ S. shamefully, disgracefully, 2825. _Schamliche_, Sir +Tr. p.93. + +Shankes, _n. pl._ S. legs, 1903. _Sconke_, La[gh]am. l.15215. _See_ +Rits. A.S. p.16, and Diss. p.xxxi. _Schankis_, Sc. V. Jam. + +Shar, _pa. t._ S. share, cut, 1413. So in Am. and Amil. 2298, Her +throtes he _schar atvo_. + +Shauwe, Shawe, _v._ S. to shew, 2206, 2784. _Sheu_, 1401. + +Shel, Sheld, _n._ S. shield, 489, 624, 1653, &c. + +Shende, _v._ S. to ruin, destroy, 1422. Bevis of H. ap. Ellis, M.R. +V.2, p.99. Chauc. _Shent_, _pa. t._ shamed, disgraced, 2749; _part. +pa._ shend, 2845. The more common sense of this verb is the latter. V. +Jam. + +Shere. Clearly miswritten for _she were_, 1250. + +Sheu. _See_ Shauwe. + +Shides, _n. pl._ S. It here expresses pieces of wood cleft at the end, +917. In Doug. Virg. _Schide_ signifies a billet of wood, 223, 10; or a +chip, splinter, 207, 8. So in _Rauf Coilzear_, st. 39, Schaftes of +schene wode they scheueride in _schides_. So also in P.Pl. The word is +preserved in Lanc. This custom of skinning eels by inserting the head in +a cleft stick, is still practised, we are informed, in the fish markets. + +Shir, _adj._ S. bright, 588, 916, 1253, &c. + +Shireue, _n._ S. sheriff, 2286. _Shireues_, _pl._ 266. + +Sho, _pron._ _See_ Sche. + +Sho, _v._ S. to shoe, 1138. + +Shof, _pa. t._ S. shoved, pushed, 871, 892. + +Shol, _1 p.s._ (if I) shall, 1782. _Sal_, I shall, 628. _Shole_, _pl._ +shall, 562, 645, 1788. _Shul_, 328. _Sholen_, 621, 1127, 1230, &c. +_Shulen_, 731, 747, &c. _Shoren_ (so in MS.), 1640. _Sule_, shall ye, +will ye, 2419. _Shude_, I should, 1079. _Sholdest_, shouldst, 2712. +_Sholden_, _pl._ 1020, 1195. _Shulden_, 941. + +Sholdre, _n._ S. shoulder, 2738. _Shuldre_, 604, 1262. _Shudre-blade_, +2644. _Sholdres_, _pl._ shoulders, 1647, 1818. _Shuldren_, 982. + +Shon, _n. pl._ S. shoes, 860, 969. + +Shop, _qu._ Shok, shook, struck, destroyed, 1101. But Sewel gives Du. +_schoppen_, to strike. Cf. Eng. _chop_. + +Shotshipe, n. S. [_scot_, symbolum, _scipe_, societas] An assembly of +persons who pay pecuniary contribution or reckoning, 2099. + + For al Sikelines quiden + _Sotscipe_ heo heolden, + And swa longe swa beo uere, + Ne scal hit stonde nuere. + + _La[gh]am._ l. 23177. + +Cf. _sotschipes_, _pl._ in Leg. of St. Kath. MS. Cott. Tit. D 18, fol. +144_b_. _See_ Nares, _v._ _Shot-clog_. + +Shrede, _n._ S. a fragment, piece cut off, 99. [As it was given off the +"board," to "feed the poor," it must mean a piece of bread or meat. +Correct "_shrede_ = clothing" in Coleridge's Glossarial Index.] + +Shres, _n._ S. shears, 857. + +Shride, _v._ S. to clothe (himself), 963. _Shrid_, _part. pa._ clothed, +978. + +Shriue, Shriuen, _v._ S. to confess, make confession, 362, 2598. +_Shriue_, _Shriuen_, _part. pa._ 364, 2489. + +Shrud, _n._ S. clothing, 303. + +Shude, Shul, Shulen. _See_ Shol. + +Shuldre, Shuldren. _See_ Sholdre. + +Shuldreden, _pa. t. pl._ S. shouldered, 1056. + +Sibbe, _adj._ S. related, allied, 2277. Sir Tr. p.44. _See_ Fremde. + +Siden, _n. pl._ S. sides, 371. + +Sike, _v._ S. to sigh, 291. + +Siking, _n._ S. sighing, 234. + +Sikerlike, _adv._ S. surely, 422, 625, 2301, 2707, 2871. _Sikerly_, Sir +Tr. p.35, &c. + +Sikernesse, _n._ S. surety, security, 2856. R. Glouc., R.Br., Chauc. + +Simenels, _n. pl._ Fr. 779, a finer sort of bread, "q. a _simila_ h.e. +puriori farin parte." _Spelm._ Assis. pan. 51 Hen. III. _Symnellus_ +vero de quadrante ponderabit 2 sol. minus quam Wastellum. It elsewhere +appears to be a sort of cake, or cracknel. So in the _Crieries de +Paris_, v. 163, Chaudes tartes et _siminiaus_. V. Nares inv. + +Sinne, _n._ S. fault, 1976. _Ne for loue ne for sinne_, 2375. _Wolde he +nouth for sinne lette_, 2627. Traces of this phrase may be elsewhere +found: + + Neyther for _love_ nor yet for _awe_ + Lyuinge man none than they saw. + + _Sir Degore_, c. iv. + + Maboun and Lybeauus + Faste togedere hewes, + And stente _for no synne_. + + _Ly Beaus Desc._ 1957. + +Sire, Syre, _n._ Fr. The term in ll. 310, 1229, is used not only to +express respect, but command. A parallel passage is in R.C[oe]ur deL. +2247. It simply means _Sir_, ll. 909, 2009. + +Site, _v._ S. to sit, 2809. _Sittes_, _pr. t. 2 p._ sittest, 1316. +_Sitten_, _pr. t. pl._ sit, 2098. _Site on knes_, i.e. kneel, 2708. + +Sie, Sien, _adv._ S. then, afterwards, after, 399, 472, 1414, 1814, +1988, &c. + +Sie, _n._ S. time, 1052. _Sie_, _Sies_, _pl._ 213, 778, 1737, 2189. +_Sye_, _Syes_, 2162, 2843. Sir Tr. p.55, &c. + +Sket, _adv._ quickly, soon, 1926, 1960, 2303, 2493, 2513, 2574, 2736, +2839. Sir Tr. pp.36, 40, &c.; Ly Beaus Desc. 484; K.Alisaund. 3047; +R.C[oe]ur deL. 806; Rom. of Merlin, ap. Ellis, M.R. V.i. p.228. +[Icel. _skjtt_, quickly, from _skjtr_, quick, swift. The adj. is still +preserved in the surname Skeat _or_ Skeet.] + +Skirming, _n._ Fr. skirmishing, 2323. Web. M. R. _See_ Note on l.2320. + +Slawe, Slawen. _See_ Slo. + +Slenge, _v._ S. to sling, cast out, 2435. _Slenget_, _part. pa._ slung, +1923. + +Slepes, _pr. t. 2 p._ sleepest, 1283. + +Sleie, Sley, _adj._ skilful, expert, 1084, 2116. Sir Tr. pp.23, 28; +Horn Childe, ap. Rits. M.R. V.3, p.296; Emare, 67; R. Glouc. p.350; +Barb. xix. 179; Doug. 137, 12. Jamieson derives it from Su.-G. _slug_, +Isl. _slgr_. Cf. Sw. _slug_. + +Slike, _adv. or perhaps adj._ smoothly, or smooth, 1157. "_Slyke_, or +smothe. _Lenis_." Prompt. Parv. + +Slo, _n._ S. sloe, berry, 849, 2051. + +Slo, _v._ S. to slay, 512, 1364, 1412, &c. _Slou_, 2543. _Slos_, _pr. t. +2 p._ slayest, 2706. _Slos_, _imp. pl._ strike ye, 2596. _Slou_, _Slow_, +_pa. t._ slew, 501; struck, 2633. _Slowe_, _Slowen_, _pa. t. pl._ slew, +2414, 2427, 2432; struck, fought, 2683. _Slawe_, _Slawen_, _part. pa._ +slain, 1803, 1928, 2000, &c. In l.2747 (as in 2596, 2633, 2683) it has +only the sense of _struck_, wounded, agreeably to the signification of +the original word, _slen_, _slehan_, Cdere, ferire. + +Smerte, _adj. pl._ S. painful, 2055. + +Smerte, _v._ S. to smart, 2647. + +Smot, _pa. t._ S. smote, 2654. + +So, a large tub, 933. See _So_ in Halliwell. Dan. _saa_, a pail. + +So, _conj._ S. as, 279, 349, _et pass._ + +Softe, _adj._ S. of a mild disposition, 991. + +Softe, _adv._ S. gently, 2618. + +Somdel, _adj._ S. somewhat, in some measure, 240. _Sumdel_, 450, 497, +1054, 2306, 2950. Web., R.Gl., Chauc. + +Sond, _n._ S. sand, 708, 735. + +Sone, _n._ S. son, 660, 839. _Sones_, _pl._ 2980. + +Sone, _adv._ S. soon, 78, &c.; so soon as, 1354. + +Sor, _n._ S. sorrow, 234. _Sorwe_, 1374; pain, sore, 1988. + +Sor, _adj._ S. sore, detestable, 2229. [Perhaps it should be _sori_.] + +Sorful, _adj._ S. sorrowful, 151, 2541. + +Sori, _adj._ S. sorrowful, 151, 477. + +Soth, Sothe, _n._ S. truth, 36, 647, 2008, &c. + +Solike, _adv._ S. truly, 276. + +Soupe, _v._ Fr. to sup, 1766. + +Southe, _pa. t._ S. sought, 1085. + +Sowe, Sowen. _See_ Se. + +Sowel, _n._ victuals, 767, 1143, 2905. Properly, anything eaten with +bread as a relish. See _Sool_ in Halliwell. Dan. _suul_. + +Span-newe, _adj._ quite new, 968. This is the earliest instance on +record of the use of this word. For its disputed etymology see Jam., +Nares, Todd's Johns., and Thoms. Etymons; but especially Wedgwood's +Etym. Dict. _Span_ = chip; _Span-new_, chip-new. A.S. _spn_. It occurs +in Chauc. Troil. iii. 1671. + +Sparkede, _pa. t._ S. sparkled, 2144. + +Spede, _v._ S. to speed, prosper, 1634. + +Speke, _n._ S. speech, 946. + +Speke, Speken, _v._ S. to speak, 326, 369, 548, 1070, &c. _Spak_, _pa. +t._ spoke, 2389, 2968. _Speken_, _part. pa._ spoken, 2369. + +Spelle, _n._ S. story, relation, 338. K. Horn, 951. + +Spelle, _v._ S. to relate, tell forth, 15, 2530. + +Spen _for_ Spent, 1819. + +Sperd, Sperde, _part. pa._ S. barred, bolted, 414, 448. Still common in +the North. V. Brockett. + +Spille, _v._ S. to perish, 2422. _Of limes spille_, 86, suffer the loss +of limbs. K.Horn, 202. Web., Chauc. + +Spired, _part. pa._ S. speered, inquired, 2620. V. Jam. inv. + +Spore, _n._ S. spur, 2569. + +Sprauleden, _pa. t. pl._ S. sprawled, 475. + +Sprong, _pa. t._ S. sprung, 959. _See_ the Note. _Sprongen_, 869. +_Sprungen_, _part. pa._ risen, 1131. + +Sprote, _n._ S. sprout, 1142. A.S. _sprote_, a sprig, sprout. + +Spuse, Spusen, _v._ S. to espouse, marry, 1123, 1170, 2875. _Spusede_, +_pa. t. pl._ espoused, 2887. _Spused_, _part. pa._ 1175, 2928. _Spuset_, +1266. + +Spusing, _n._ S. espousals, marriage, 1164, 1177, 2886. + +Stac, _n._ S. 814. [This I believe to mean simply a stack, or heap, like +the Dan. _stak_, Sw. _stack_. I add Sir F. Madden's note in the edition +of 1828.] Astack, or, more properly, _stick_ of fish, a term applied to +eels when strung on a row, 'sic dicta, quod trajecta vimine (quod _stic_ +dicimus) connectebantur.' _Spelm._ A_stica_ consisted of 25 eels, and +10 _Stic_ made a _Binde_. Glanv. lib. 2, c. 9. + +Stalwori, Stalwore, Stalwrthe, adj. S. strong, valiant, courageous, +24, 904, 1027, &c. _Stalworeste_, _sup._ 25. + +Stan-ded, _adj._ S. dead as a stone, completely dead, 1815. _Stille als +a ston_, 928. Cf. K. of Tars, 549; Erle of Tol. 754; Launfal, 357. _See_ +Gl. to _Partenay_. + +Star, _n._ Icel. a species of sedge, 939. Icel. _str_; Sw. _starr_; +Dan. _str_. _See_ the Note. + +Stareden, _pt. t. pl._ 1037. _Probably miswritten for_ Stradden, +contended. Cf. Su.-Goth. and Sw. _strida_, to contend. + +Starinde, _part. pr._ staring, 508. + +Stark, _adj._ S. stiff, stout, strong, 341, 380, 608, &c. V. Jam. inv. + +Stede, _n._ S. steed, horse, 10, &c. + +Stede, _n._ S. place, 142, 744. _Stedes_, _pl._ 1846. + +Stem, _n._ S. a ray of light, beam, 591. It is equivalent to _Glem_, +l.2122. + + Therewith he blinded them so close, + A _stime_ they could not see. + + _R. Hood_, i. 112. + +Cf. Brockett's Gl. in v. _Stime_. + +Sternes, _n. pl._ stars, 1809. _Ageyn e sternes_ = exposed to the sky, +or to the open air. + +Stert, _n._ S. leap, 1873. Chaucer has _at a stert_ for immediately, +C.T. 1707. + +Stert, _n._ S. [_steort_, cauda] tail, 2323. _Start_ is still retained +in the North. + +Steuene, _n._ S. voice, 1275. + +Sti, _n._ S. road, way, 2618. Sir Tr. p.192; Yw. and Gaw. 599; Emare, +196; Sevyn Sages, 712; R.Br. Chaucer uses _stile_ in the same sense, +C.T. 12628, and Minot, p.5, in both which passages the respective +Editors have made the same mistake in explaining it. [Cf. G. _steg_, a +pass.] + +Stille, _adj._ S. quiet, 955, 2309. + +Stille, _adv._ S. in a low voice, secretly, 2997. Sir Tr. p.55; +K.Horn, 315. + +Stirt, Stirte, _pa. t._ S. started, leaped, 398, 566, 873, 1049, &c. +_Stirte_, _Stirten_, _pa. t. pl._ started, hurried, 599, 1964, 2609. +Derived by Skinner from S. _astirian_, movere, by Jam. from Teut. +_steerten_, volare. _See_ Astirte. Cf. G. _strzen_; and see _Start_ in +Wedgwood. + +Stith, _n._ S. anvil, 1877. Chauc. Still provincial. V. Moore, and +Brockett. + +Stiward, _n._ S. steward, 666. + +Stonden, _n._ S. to stand, 689. _Stondes_, _pr. t. 3 p._ standeth, +stands, 2240, 2983. _Stod_, _pa. t._ stood, 591, 679. _Stoden_, _pa. t. +pl._ 1037. + +Stor, _adj._ S. hardy, stout, 2383. La[gh]am. l. 9126; Yw. and Gaw. +1297; Chron. of Engl. 464; Sq. of Lowe D. 658; Ly Beaus Desc. 1766. +_Steir_, _Sture_, Sc. ap. Jam. Cf. Sw. _stor_. + +Stra, _n._ S. straw, 315, 466. A.S. _streow_, _streaw_. Cf. Strie. + +Strenes, _pr. t. 3 p._ S. begets, 2983. From _strenan_, gignere. Cf. +K.Alisaund. 7057. + +Strie, _n._ a straw, 998. _See_ Stra. + +Strout, _n._ dispute, contention, 1039. Cf. A.S. _strdan_, and +_Strother_ in Atkinson's Cleveland Glossary. + +Stroute, _v._ S. to make a disturbance, 1779. Bosworth explains A.S. +_strdan_, _strtian_, as having originally the sense to bustle about. + +Stunde, _n._ S. short space of time, 2614. V. Gl. to R. Glouc. _See_ +Vmbestonde. + +Sturgiun, Sturgun, _n._ sturgeon, 753, 1727. Cf. Sw. _str_, Dan. +_str_. + +Suere, Suereth. _See_ Sweren. + +Suete, _adj._ S. sweet, 1388. Cf. l. 2927. + +Sueyn, Sweyn, _n._ S. swain, villain, 343, 1328, &c. _Sweynes_, _pl._ +371, 2195. It is generally used in opposition to _knight_. + +Svich, _adj._ S. such, 60. + +Suilk, _adj._ such (things), 644. _See_ Swilk. + +Sule. _See_ Shol. + +Sumdel. _See_ Somdel. + +Sunne-bem, _n._ S. sun-beam, 592, 2123. + +Swerd, _n._ S. sword, 1759, &c. _Swerdes_, _pl._ 1769, 2659. + +Sweren, _v._ S. to swear, 494. _Suereth_, _pr. t. s._ swear, 647. +_Swor_, _pa. t._ swore, 398, 2367. _Suere_, _pr. subj. 2 p.s._ 388. + +Swike, _n._ S. deceiver, traitor, 423, 551, 626, 1158, 2401, 2451, &c. +_Swikes_, _pl._ 2834, 2990. La[gh]am. l.12942; R.Gl. p.105. + +Swikel, _adj._ S. deceitful, 1108. + + For alle ine witien + Beo swie _swikele_. + + _La[gh]am._ l. 15848. + + Hoe beth of _swikele_ kunne + Ther mide the witherwinne. + + _The sawe of Seint Bede_, MS. Digb. 86. + + He was _suikel_, fals, ant fel. + + _Chron. of Engl._ 791. + +Swilen, _v._ S. [_swilian_, Ps. vi. 6] to wash, 919. It occurs also in +Rob. of Brunne's _Handling Sinne_, l.5828. Still provincial. + +Swilk, _adj._ S. such, 1118, 1625, 2123, 2684, 2783. _Suilk_, 644. + +Swinge, _v._ S. to beat, chastise (used _passively_), 214. _Swngen_, +_part. pa._ beaten, 226. La[gh]am. l.21070. So in _Syr Bevys_, C.ii. +All at ones on him they _swonge_. In the North the verb retains the same +meaning; v. Brockett. + +Swink, _n._ S. labour, 770, 801, 2456. + +Swinken, _v._ S. to labour, 798. _Swank_, _pa. t._ laboured, 788. + +Swire, _n._ S. neck, 311. Formerly in universal use, and still preserved +in the provinces. + +Swie, Swye, _adv._ S. very, exceedingly, 110, 217, 341. Quickly, 140, +682, 690; _ful swithe_, 2436, appears a pleonasm. _Swithe forth and +rathe_, quickly forth, and soon, 2594. + +Swot, _n._ S. sweat, perspiration, 2662. The word has the same meaning +in Cdmon, f.24, ed. Thorpe, p.31, l.8, which seems to contradict Mr +Price's assertion to the contrary, in Warton's Hist. Engl. Poetr. +p.lxxi., ed. 1840. + +Swngen. _See_ Swinge. + +Syre. _See_ Sire. + +Sye, Syes. _See_ Sie. + +Sye, _n._ S. scythe, 2553, 2699. + + +Tabour, _n._ Fr. tabor, 2329. + +Tale, _n._ S. number, 2026. + +Taleuaces, _n. pl._ Fr. large shields, 2323. _See_ the Note on l.2320. + +Tarst (_so in_ MS.), 2688; almost certainly an error for _faste_, which +appears in the next line. Also, the movements of Godard are compared to +the course of lightning. + +Tauhte, _pt. s._ committed, 2214, probably an error for _bitauhte_. +_See_ Bitaken. + +Tel, _n._ S. deceit, reproach, 191, 2219. A.S. _tlu_. + +Telle, _v._ S. to count, number, 2615. _Told_, _part. pa._ numbered, +esteemed, 1036. + +Tene, _n._ S. grief, affliction, 729. + +Tere, _v._ S. to tar (used passively), 707. + +Teth, _n. pl._ S. teeth, 2406. + +Teyte, _adj._ S. 1841, 2331. [Explained "lively" by Coleridge, +Stratmann, and Morris, as if from Icel. _teitr_, hilaris. This I believe +to be completely wrong. The word occurs in Allit. Poems, ed. Morris, B. +871, with reference to _tight_ lasses, and in l.1841 of Havelok we have +a reference to _tight_ lads. In l.2331 it may also mean _flawless_, +staunch. "_Theet_, _adj._ water-tight. O.N. _iettr_ or _ttr_, densus, +solidus. O.Sw. _thter_, Sw. Dial, _tjett_ or _tjtt_, Dan. _ttt_, +Germ. _dicht_. Ihre gives .... _ett ttt fat_, a flawless vessel. +'_Thyht_, hool fro brekynge, not brokyn. _Integer_, _solidus_. Prompt. +Parv.'" Atkinson's Glossary of the Cleveland dialect.] [_Teyte_ may mean +_lively_. My explanation is not generally accepted.] + +a, _written for_ at, 175. + +an, anne, _adv._ S. then, 51, 1044, &c.; when, 226, 248, _et spius_; +than if (_qum_), 944, 1867. + +ar, _adv._ where (?) 130. _See_ the Note; and cf. _er_. + +are, _adv._ S. there, 2481, 2739. Cf. er, ore. + +arne, _v._ to lose, be deprived of, 2492, 2835. _arnes_, _pr. t._ +wants, is deprived of, 1913. _arned the ded_, 1687; [clearly miswritten +for _oled e ded_, suffered death. The scribe was thinking of _arned +e lif_; cf. l.2492.] The verb only exists in the Sax. in the pt.t. +_rnode_, Chron. Sax. p.222, ed. Gibs., which is derived by Lye from +the Cimbr. _At thuerna_, or _thorna_, diminui, privari. V. Hickes Thes. +I. p.152. [I.e. it is from the root of the Sw. _tarfva_, Icel. +_thurfa_, Goth. _thaurban_, with the _f_ dropped, and with the addition +of the _passive_ or _neuter_ infinitive-ending denoted by _-ne_, like +_-na_ in Sw., _-nan_ in M[oe]so-Gothic. See _arrnenn_ in Gl. to +Ormulum.] + +as, _read_ Was, 1129. [As at the beginning of a word is never put for +_t_, it is not = Sc. _tas_, takes, as some have suggested.] + +aue, v. S. [_afian_] to grant, 296; bear, sustain, 2696. Ormulum, +5457. + +Thayn, _n._ S. nobleman, 2184. _Thein_, 2466. _Thaynes_, _pl._ 2260. +_Theynes_, 2194. _See_ Kayn. + +e, _n._ S. thigh, 1950. _he_, 1984. _es_, _pl._ 1903. _hes_, 2289. + +e, _adv._ S. (_written for_ er), there, 142, 476, 863, 933. _e with_, +therewith, 639. _See_ er. + +e, _conj._ S. though, 1682. _ei_, 1966. _ey_, 807, 992, 1165, 2501. +_See_ ou. + +ede, _n._ S. country, dwelling, 105; place, 2890. Web., Le Bone Flor. +246. R.Br. p.18. V. Jam. + +ef, _n._ S. thief, 2434. _eues_, _pl._ 1780. + +ei, _pron._ S. they, 1020, 1195, &c. + +ei, ey, _conj._ though. _See_ e. + +enke, _pr. subj._ S. think, 2394. _enkeste_, _pr. t. 2 p._ thinkest +thou, 578. + +enne, _adv._ S. thence, 1185. [Perhaps in l. 777, we should put the +comma after _enne_; "when he came thence," &c.] + +er, _adv._ S. where, 318, 448, &c.; there, _passim_; the place whence, +1740. _erinne_, therein, 535, &c. _erhinne_, 322. _erof_, _eroffe_, +thereof, 372, 466, 1068, &c. _eroru_, by that means, 1098. _ertil_, +_erto_, thereto, 396, 1041, 1045. _erwit_, _erwith_, therewith, 1031, +1046. _See_ e, ore. + +ere, _pron._ S. their, 1350. + +erl _for_ e erl, the earl, 178. + +ertekene, 2878. [Coleridge's Glossarial Index has "Thertekene = mark +thereto. A.S. _tcnian_." But this is a very awkward phrase, and I +should prefer to suppose _er-tekene_ = by the token, i.e. in token. +_Tekene_ answers to the Sw. _tecken_, a token; and _er_ is found as a +prefix in _P.Plowman_ in the phr. _er-while_ = _e while_, i.e. in the +time that. The only difficulty is that _er_ is properly feminine (A.S. +_re_), whilst _tecken_ in Sw. and _tcen_ in A.S. are neuter. _In +tokne_ (= in token) occurs in Shoreham's poems, ed. Wright, 131.] + +et, _conj._ S. that (_qud_), 330. + +et, _pron._ S. that, 879. + +ee, een, _adv._ S. thence, 2498, 2629. + +eu, ewe, _n._ S. in a servile condition or station, 262, 2205. R.Gl. + +ewes, _n. pl._ S. manners, 282. La[gh]am., Rits. M. R., Web., +P.Plowm., Chauc., Gl. Lynds., Percy, A. R. + +i. _See_ Fori. + +i _for_ y, thy, 2725. + +ider, _adv._ S. thither, 850, 1012, 1021, &c. + +igge, v. S. [_icgan_] to beg, 1373. This word is chiefly preserved in +the Sc. writers. Wall. ii. 259; Doug. Virg. 182, 37; Evergreen, ii. 199; +Bannatyne Poems, p.120, V. Jam. inv., who derives it from Su.-G. +_tigga_, Alem. _thigen_, petere. [See _tigga_ in Ihre. "Thyggynge or +beggynge, _Mendicacio_." Prompt. Parv.] + +is _for_ ise, these, 1145. + +isternesse, _n._ S. darkness, 2191. + + Dalden from an fihte + Al bi _ustere_ nihte. + + _La[gh]am._ l. 7567; cf. _Gen. and Ex._, 58. + +Thit, _pp._ 2990. [The rime shews that the _i_ is long; and, whether the +_th_ is sounded like _t_, or (which is more likely) the word should have +been written _tiht_ or _tith_, we may be tolerably confident that it +is equivalent to the O.E. _tight_ or _ti[gh]t_, a pp.signifying +_intended_, _purposed_, _designed_, which is the exact sense here +required. Stratmann gives five instances of it, of which one is-- "To +brewe the Crystene mennys banys Hy hadden _tyght_;" Octovian, 1476.] + +o, _pron._ S. those, 1918, 2044. + +o, _pron._ thou. _See_ u. + +o, _adv._ S. then, 930; when, 1047. _Thow_, 1669. + +ore, _adv._ S. there, 741, 922, 1014, &c. _ortil_, thereto, 1443. +_orwit_, therewith, 100. _See_ e, er. + +oru, _adv._ S. through, 627, 774, 848, &c. _oruth_, 1065, 2786. +_orw_, 264, 367, 2646. _uruth_, 52. + +oruthlike, _adv._ S. throughly, 680. + +ou, _conj._ S. though, 124, 299, &c. _o_, 1020. _See_ e. + +oucte, _pa. t._ S. thought, 504, 507, &c. _outhte_, 1073. _owthe_, +1869. _outhe_, 1166. _at god thoucte_, 256, that seemed good. Cf. Sir +Tr. pp.30, 36. And so in MS. Vernon, Bodl. + + Riche metes was forth brouht + To all men _that gode thouht_. + + _Disp. betw. a Crystene mon and a Jew_, f. 301. + +[Or, if we read "at god _him_ oucte," this would mean "that seemed +good _to him_;" cf. l.197.] + +outh, _n._ S. thought, 122, 1190. + +ral, _n._ S. slave, villain, 527, 684, 1097, 1158, 2564, 2589. In an +opprobious sense, 1408. Sir Tr. p.175. + +rawe, _n._ S. space of time, moment, 276, 1215. Web., Rits. M.R., Rob. +Br., Doug. Virg. _row_, Chauc., Gower, &c. + +redde, ridde, _adj._ S. third, 867, 2633. + +rette, _pa. t._ S. threatened, 1163. + +rie, 730. [In the former edition it is glossed "trouble, affliction; +apparently the same as _Tray_ or _Treye_;" cf. A.S. _trga_. But this +renders the construction difficult, nor is it clear that _treye_ and +_rie_ can be identified. Without doubt, the usual meaning of _rie_ is +_thrice_, which is easily construed, only it remains to be shewn why +_thrice_ should be introduced; unless perhaps it signifies _in a +threefold degree._] + +rinne, _num._ S. three, 716, 761, 1977, 2091. + +rist, risten, _v._ S. to thrust, 1152, 2019, 2725. _rist_, _part. +pa._ thrust, 638. + +u, _pron._ S. thou, 527, &c. _ou_, 527, &c. _o_, 388. _w_ (_read_ +at w _instead of_ w that?), 1316. _Tow_, 1322. _Tu_, 2903. It is +often joined to the verb which precedes, as _Shaltow_, _Wiltu_, &c. The +_gen._ is _in_, 1128; the _acc._ is _e_, 529. + +urte, _pt. t. s._ need, might, 10. [It answers to the A.S. _urfan_, +_pt. t._ _ic orfte_, Icel. _urfa_, _pt. t._ _urfti_, M[oe]so-Goth. +_aurban_, _pt. t._ _aurfta_. _See_ Ormulum, l.16164, and Sir F. +Madden's note to _ort_ in Gl. to _Will. of Palerne_.] + +uruth. _See_ oru. + +us _for_ is, 785, 2586. (_In comp._ us-gate.) + +Tid, _n._ S. time, hour, 2100. + +Til, _prep._ S. to, 141, 762, 864, &c. _See_ Intil, ertil. + +Til, _v._ S. to tell, 1348. + +Tilled, _part. pa._ S. obtained, acquired (lit. drawn, taken), 438. V. +Gl. R.Br. inv. _tille_, and see quotation under _Goddot_. + +Tinte, _pa. t._ S. lost, 2023. Sir Tr. p.104. V. Jam. + +Tirneden, _pa. t. pl._ S. turned, 603. + +Tiandes, _n. pl._ Icel. tidings, 2279. + +To-, in composition with verbs, is usually augmentative, or has the +force of the Lat. _dis-_. _To-brised_, _part. pa._ very much bruised, +1950. (_See_ Brisen.) _To-cruhsse_, _inf._ crush in pieces, 1992. +_To-deyle_, _inf._ divide, 2099. (_See_ Deled.) _To-drawen_, _part. pa._ +dragged or pulled to death, 2001. (_See_ Drou.) _To-frusshe_, _inf._ +break in pieces, 1993. _To-hewen_, _part. pa._ hewn in pieces, 2001. +_To-riuen_, _part. pa._ torn _or_ riven in pieces, 1953. _To-rof_, _pa. +t._ burst open, 1792. _To-shiuere_, _inf._ shiver in pieces, 1993. +_To-shiuered_, _part. pa._ shivered to pieces, 2667. _To-tere_, _inf._ +tear in pieces, 1839. _To-torn_, _part. pa._ torn in pieces, 1948, 2021. +_To-tusede_, _part. pa._ entirely rumpled or tumbled, 1948. In one case +only we find it to be merely the prep. _to_ in composition; viz. in +_To-yede_, _pa. t._ went to, 765. (_See_ Yede.) [_See_ note on this +prefix in Gloss. to _William of Palerne_.] + +To, _adv._ S. too, 303, 689, 691, &c. + +To, _n._ S. toe, 1743, 1847, &c. _Tos_, _pl._ 898, 2163. + +To, _num._ S. two, 2664. + +To, _prep._ follows its case in ll. 197, 325, 526. + +To-frusshe, _v._ Fr. [_froisser_] to dash or break in pieces, 1993. + + The Sarezynes layde on with mace, + And al _to-frussched_ hym in the place. + + _R. C[oe]ur de L._ 5032. Cf. 5084. + + He suld sone be _to-fruschyt_ all. + + _Barb._ x. 597. + +So also Doug. Virg. 51, 53. V. Jam. in v. _Frusch_. + +Togidere, Togydere, _adv._ S. together, 1128, 1181, 2683, 2891. + +Tok, _pa. t._ S. took, 354, 467, 537. _Toke_, _pa. t. 2 p._ 1216. +_Token_, _pa. t. pl._ 1194, _Token under fote_, 1199. + +Told. _See_ Telle. + +Totede, _pa. t._ peeped, looked, 2106. This verb is thrice found in +P.Ploughman's Crede, ll. 142, 168, 339. Although it would appear a rare +word from its not appearing in Hearne, Ritson, or Weber, yet in later +times it, occurs often, and is instanced by Jamieson from Patten's +Account of Somerset's Expedicion, p.53, and by Nares from Hall, +Latimer, Spenser, and Fairfax. It also occurs four times in the _Ancren +Riwle_, ed. Morton, 1853. In Sc. it is pronounced _Tete_, which is +derived by Jam. from the same stock as Su.-G. _titt-a_, explained by +Ihre, "Per transennam veluti videre, ut solent curiosi, aut post tegmina +latentes." V. the authorities quoted, Todd's Johns. and Wilbr. Gl. [Cf. +Sw. _titta_; Dan. _titte_, to peep; Dan. _tittelege_, to play at +bopeep.] + +To-tusede, _part. pa._ entirely rumpled or tumbled, 1948. _See_ Nares, +inv. _Tose_, and _Tousle_, _Toozle_, in Jam., Brockett, &c. Cf. G. +_zausen_. + +Toun, _n._ S. town, 1750, &c. _Tun_, 764, 1001, &c. _Tunes_, _pl._ 1444, +2277. + +Tour, _n._ Fr. tower, 2073. + +Tre, _n._ S. a bar or staff of wood, 1022, 1821, 1843, 1882, &c. +_Dore-tre_, 1806, 1968, bar of the door. + +Trewe, _adj._ S. true. 1756. + +Tristen, _v._ to trust, 253. + +Tro. _See_ Trowe. + +Trome, _n._ S. [_truma_] a troop, company, 8. + + Heo makeden heore sceld-_trome_ + + _La[gh]am._ l. 9454. + + Bisydes stondeth a feondes _trume_, + And waileth hwenne the saules cume. + + _Les Unze peyne_, &c. MS. Coll. Jes. 29. + +The same mode of expression used above occurs lower down, l. 24, "A +stalwori man in a _flok_," which is also found in La[gh]amon, + + Cador ther wes c, + e kene wes on _flocke_. --l. 23824. + +And in _Sir Guy_, H. iii. + + Then came a knight that hight Sadock, + A doughty man in every _flock_. + +Trone, _n._ Lat. throne, 1316. + +Trowe, _n._ S. to believe, trust, 1656. _Tro_, 2862. _Trowede_, _pa. t._ +believed, 382. Sir Tr. p.41. + +Trusse, _v._ Fr. [_trousser_] to pack up, to truss, 2017. R.Gl. Hence +to _make ready_, K.Alisaund. 7006. Minot, p.50, which Ritson was +unable to explain. + +Tuenti, _num._ S. twenty, 259. + +Tumberel, _n._ a porpoise, 757. In Spelm. _Timberellus_ is explained, a +small whale, on the authority of Skene, Vocab. Jur. Scot. L. Forest, _Si +quis cetum_. In Cotgr. also we find "_Tumbe_, the great Sea-Dragon, or +Quadriver; also the Gurnard, called so at Roan." [But the Sw. _tumlare_, +a porpoise, _lit._ a tumbler, suggests that the name may be given from +its _tumbling_ or _rolling_. The Dan. _tumler_, however, is a dolphin.] + +Tun. _See_ Toun. + +Turues, _n. pl._ S. turf, peat, 939. Chauc. C. T. 10109. V. Spelm. inv. +and Jennings' Somersetsh. Gl. + +Twel _for_ Twelve, 2455. + + +Ueneysun, _n._ Fr. venison, 1726. + +Vmbestonde, _adv._ S. for a while, formerly, 2297. + + & heo seilede{n} forth, + t inne s heo comen, + a _vmbe stunde_ + ne sge heo noht of londe. + + _La[gh]am._ l. 11967. + +It is equivalent to _umbe-while_ or _vmwhile_, Sc. _umquhile_. _See_ +Stunde. + +Umbistode, _pa. t._ S. stood around, 1875. _See_ Bistode, Stonden. + +Vn-bi-yeden, _pa. t. pl._ S. surrounded, 1842. _See_ Yede. + +Vnblithe, _adj._ S. unhappy, 141. Sir Tr. p.171. + +Unbounden, _pa. t. pl._ S. unbound, 601. + +Underfong, _pa. t._ S. understood, 115. This sense of the verb is not +found elsewhere. It is in the present poem synonymous with _Understod_ +(as Lat. _accipere_, _percipere_). + +Understonde, _v._ S. to receive, 2814. _Understod_, _pa. t._ received, +1760. _Understonde_, _pr. subj._ receive, 1159. So in K.Horn, 245, ed. +Rits. + + Horn child thou _vnderstond_, + Tech him of harpe and song. + +where the MS. Laud 108 reads _vnderfonge_. See Lumby's ed. l.239. + +Unker, _pron. g. c. dual._ S. of you two, 1882. + +Vnkeueleden, _pa. t. pl._ S. ungagged, 601. _See_ Keuel. + +Unkyndelike, _adv._ S. unsuitably, 1250. + +Vnornelike, _adj._ S. basely, or degradingly, 1941. The only word in the +Sax. remaining to which it can be referred, is _unornlic_, tritus, Jos. +9. 5. The following instances also approach the same stock: + + Ne speke y nout with Horne, + Nis he nout so _vnorne._ + + _K. Horn_, 337. + + Mi stefne is bold & no[gh]t _vnorne_, + Ho is ilich one grete horne, + & in is ilich one pipe. + + _Hule and Ni[gh]tingale_, l. 317. + +[Ihre shews that Icel. and Su.-Goth. _orna_ mean to acquire vital heat, +to grow warm. Hence _unorne_ means unfervent, spiritless, feeble, old. +Thus, in the _Hule and Ni[gh]tingale_ it means _feeble_, _weak_; in Jos. +9.5, it is used of _old, worn-out_ shoes. In the Ormulum, _unnorne_ +occurs frequently, in the sense of _poor_, _mean_, _feeble_; see ll. +827, 3668; also _unnornelig_, meaning _meanly_, _humbly_, _obscurely_, +in ll. 3750, 4858, 7525, 8251.] + +Unride, _adj._ S. [_ungereod, ungerydu_] It is here used in various +significations, most of which, however, correspond to the senses given +by Somner. Large, cumbersome (of a garment), 964; unwieldy (of the bar +of a door), 1795; deep, wide (of a wound), 1981, 2673; numerous, +extensive (of the nobility), 2947. _Unrideste, sup._ deepest, widest, +1985. In the second sense we find it in Sir Tristr. p.167, + + Dartes wel _unride_ + Beliagog set gan. + +And in _Guy of Warwick_, ap. Ellis, M. R. V. 2, p.79. + + A targe he had ywrought full well, + Other metal was ther none but steel, + A mickle and _unrede_. + +In the fourth sense we have these examples: + + Opon Inglond for to were + With stout ost and _unride_. + + _Horn Childe_, ap. Rits. M. R. V. 3, p.283. + + Schir Rannald raugh to the renk ane rout wes _unryde_. + + _Sir Gaw. and Gol._ ii. 25. + + The soudan gederet an ost _unryde_. + + _K. of Tars_, 142. + +Cf. also _Sir Guy_, Ee. IV. in Garrick's Collect. 'Ameraunt drue out a +swerde _unryde_.' In the sense of huge, or unwieldy, we may also +understand it in Sir Tr. p.148, 164; Guy of Warw. ap. Ell. M.R. V.2, +p.78; Horn Childe, ap. Rits. V.3, p.295. In R. Brunne, p.174, it +expresses loud, tremendous. Sir W. Scott and Hearne are both at fault in +their Glossaries, and even Jamieson has done but little to set them +right, beyond giving the true derivation, and then, under the cognate +word _Unrude_, Doug. Virg. 167, 35, &c., errs from pure love of theory. + +Vnrith, _n._ S. injustice, 1369. + +Unwrast, Unwraste, _adj._ S. [_unwrste_] feeble, worthless, 2821; +rotten, 547. This word occurs in the Saxon Chron. 168,4 (ed. Thorpe, +p.321), applied to a rotten ship, and this appears to have been the +original meaning. The sense in which it was subsequently used may be +learnt by comparing La[gh]am. ll. 13943, 29609; R.Gl. p.586; Chron. of +Engl. 662, 921; Ly Beaus Desc. 2118 (not explained by Rits.); +K.Alisaund. 878; R.C[oe]ur deL. 872, and Sevyn Sages, 1917. It is not +found in Jam. Cf. A.S. _wrst_, firm. + +Uoyz, _n._ Lat. voice, 1264. + +Vre, _pron._ S. our, 13, 596, &c. + +Vt, _prep._ S. out, 89, 155, &c. _Uth_, 346, 1178. + +Ut-bidde. _See_ Bidd. + +Ut-drawe, Ut-drawen, Vt-drow, Ut-drowen. _See_ Drou. + +Uten, _prep._ S. out, exhausted, 842; without, foreign, as in +_Uten-laddes_, 2153, 2580, foreigners. + +Ut-lede. _See_ Lede. + +Utrage, _n._ S. outrage, 2837. + + +W. _See_ Hw. + +Wa, _n._ S. woe, wail, 465. + +Wade, _v._ S. Lat. to pass, go, 2645. _Wede_, 2387, 2641. Vid. Nares. + +Wagge, _v._ S. to wield, brandish, 89. + +Waiten, Wayte, Wayten, _v._ Fr. to watch, 512, 1754, 2070. Chauc. Cf. +O.Fr. _gaiter_. + +Waken, _v._ S. to watch, 630. _Waked_, _part. pa._ watched, kept awake, +2999. _See_ R.Br., Sq. of L. D. 852. Chauc. + +Wakne, _v._ S. to wake, awaken, 2164. + +Wan, _adv._ S. when, 1962. + +War, _adj._ S. aware, wary, 788, 2139. + +Warie, _v._ S. to curse, 433. _Waried_, _part. pa._ cursed, 434. Emare, +667. _Wery_, Minot, p.7. _Warrie_, Chauc. _See_ Gl. Lynds. + +Warp, _pa. t._ S. threw, cast, 1061. + + Al swa feor swa a mon + Mihte _werpe^n_ nne stan. + + _La[gh]am._ l. 17428. + +So in Sc. Doug. Virg. 432, and Barb. iii. 642. V. Jam. + +Washen, _v._ S. to wash, 1233. + +Waste _for_ Was e, 87. + +Wastel, _n._ Fr. cake, or loaf made of finer flour, 878. _Wastels_, +_pl._ 779. _See_ Todd's Illustr. of Chauc., who derives the name from +_wastell_, the vessel or basket in which the bread was carried. V. Du +Cange, Spelm. Jam. In Pegge's Form of Cury, p.72, 159, we meet with +_Wastels yfarced_. + +Wat, _pron._ _See_ Hwat. + +Wat, _v._ _See_ Quath. + +Wat, _pp._ known, 1674. _See_ Wot. + +Wawe, _n._ S. wall, 474, 2470. The phrase _bith wawe_, 474, is also +found in Rits. A.S. p.46, which is left unexplained by the Editor, and +is badly guessed at by Ellis. By the aid of Moor's Suffolk Gl. we are +enabled to ascertain the meaning of an expression which is not yet +obsolete. "By the walls." Dead and not buried. "A' lie bi' the walls" +--said, I believe, only of a human subject. [This remark only applies to +l.474. In ll. 1963, 2470, the phrase refers to the benches placed round +the walls in the great hall, whereon men slept at night, and sat in +council by day.] _Wowe_, 1963, 2078. Still so pronounced in Lanc., &c. + +Waxen. _See_ Wex. + +Wayke, _adj. pl._ S. weak, 1012. + +Wayte, Wayten. _See_ Waiten. + +We, 115, 287, 392, 772. Apparently an error of the scribe for _wel_, but +its frequent repetition may cause it to be doubted, whether the _l_ may +not have been purposely dropped. + +Wede, _v._ _See_ Wade. + +Wede, _n._ S. clothing, garments, 94, 323, 861. In very general use +formerly, and still preserved in the phrase, a widow's _weeds_. + +Weddeth _for_ Wedded, 1127. + +Wei, Weie, _n._ S. way, road, 772, 952. + +Weilawa, Weilawei, _interj._ S. woe! alas! 462, 570. _See_ Gl. Sir Tr., +Rits. M.R., and Chauc. [A.S. _w la w_, woe, lo! woe; now corrupted +into _wellaway_.] + +Wel, _adv._ S. full, _passim._ _Wel sixti_, 1747; _wel o-bon_. _See_ On. +_Wel with me_, 2878. _Wol_, 185. + +Wel, _n._ S. weal, wealth, prosperity (_for wel ne for wo_), 2777. + +Welde, _v._ S. to wield, govern (a kingdom), 129, 175; (a weapon), 1436; +(possessions), 2034. _Weldes_, _pr. t. 2 p._ wieldest, governest, 1359. + +Wende, _v._ S. to go, 1346, 1705, 2629. _Wenden_, _pr. t. pl. subj._ +1344. _Wende_, _pr. t. pl. 2 p._ go, 1440. _Wend_, _part. pa._ turned, +2138. + +Wene, _v._ S. _pres. sing_, ween, think, 655, 840, 1260, &c. _Wenes_, +_pr. t. 2 p._ thinkest, 598. _Wenestu_, 1787, thinkest thou. _Wend_, +_Wende_, _pa. t._ thought, 374, 524, 1091, 1803, &c. _Wenden_, _pa. t. +pl._ 1197, 2547. + +Wepen, _pr. t._ or _pa. t. pl._ S. weep, wept, 401. + +Wepne, _n._ S. weapon, 89, 490, 1436, &c. + +Wer _for_ Were, 1097. + +Werd, _n._ S. world, 1290, 2241, 2335, 2792, 2968. _O worde_, in the +world, 1349. Cf. _Ward_ = world, in _Lancelot of the Laik_, and _Gen. +and Exod._ ed. Morris, ll. 280, 591. + +Were, _v._ S. [_werian_] to defend, 2152, 2298. Sir Tr. p.156; Yw. and +Gaw. 2578; Horn Childe, ap. Rits. M.R., V.3, p.289; K. of Tars, 189; +Chauc. C.T. 2552, V. Note, p.182. _Werie_, K.Horn, ed. Lumby, 785, +Web., Minot, Gl. Lynds. + +Were, should be, 2782. _Weren_, _3 p.pl._ were, 156, &c. + +Weren, 784. Sir F. Madden says--Garnett conjectured _weirs_ or dams, +from Isl. _ver_. [If _weren_ be really a plural noun, I should prefer to +translate it by _pools_; cf. A.S. _wr_, Icel. _ver_, Su.-Go. _wr_. +Ihre says-- "_Wr_, locus, ubi congregari amant pisces, ut solent inter +brevia et vada. Isl. _ver_, _fiskaver_. A.S. id. unde _ver-hurde_ apud +Bens. custos septi piscatorii, Angl. _wier_, _wear_, &c." See _wer_ in +Stratmann. In this case the line means-- "in the sea-pools he often set +them," and the note on the line (q.v.) is wrong.] + +Werewed, _part. pa._ S. worried, killed, 1915. [We should probably +insert a mark of interrogation, thus-- "Hwat dide he? ore were{n} he +werewed," i.e. "What did they effect? There were they slain." Spelt +_wirwed_, 1921. Cf. Du. _worgen_, and see Jam. s.v. _Wery_, and _Worry_ +in Atkinson's Gl. of Cleveland dialect.] + +Werne, v. S. to refuse, deny, 1345. _Werne_, _pr. t. 3 p.s. subj._ +refuses, forbids, 926. Sir Tr. p.88; K.Horn, 1420, &c. + +Wesseyl, _n._ S. wassail, 1246. + +Wesseylen, _pr. t. pl._ wassail, 2098. _Wosseyled_, _part. pa._ 1737. +_See_ Rits. A.S. Diss. p.xxxiii. n. Hearne's Gl. to R. Glouc. inv. +_Queme and Wasseyl_, Selden's Notes on Drayton's Polyolb. p.150, and +Nares. + +Wex, _pa. t._ S. waxed, grew, 281. _Waxen_, _part. pa._ grown, 302, 791. + +Wicke, Wike, Wikke, _adj._ S. wicked, vile, 66, 319, 425, 665, 688, &c. +_Swithe wicke_, 965, very mean. _Swie wikke cloes_, 2458, very mean +clothing. _Wicke wede_, 2825, mean clothing. + +Wicth, With, _n._ S. [_wiht_] whit, bit, small part, 97, 1763, 2500. +La[gh]am. l.15031; Sevyn Sages, 293. 'The loue of hire ne lesteth no +_wyht_ longe,' MS. Harl. 2253, f.128. + +Wicth, With, _adj._ courageous, stout, active, 344, 1008, 1064, 1651, +1692, &c. _Wicteste_, _sup._ 9. An epithet used universally by the +ancient poets, and to be found in every Gloss. merely differing in +orthography, as spelt _Waite_, _Wate_, _Wight_, _Wich_ &c. [Sir F. +Madden suggests a derivation from A.S. _hwt_ (Icel. _hvtr_), acute, +brave. Wedgwood suggests Sw. _vig_, nimble. Cf. Su.-Goth. _wig_, Icel. +_vigr_, fit for _war_ (A.S. _wig_).] + +Wider, _adv._ S. whither, where, 1139. + +Widuen, Wydues, _n. pl._ S. widows, 33, 79. + +Wif, _n._ S. wife, 2860; woman, 1713. _Wiues_, _pl._ 2855. + +Wike, Wikke. _See_ Wicke. + +Wil, _adv._ S. while, 6. + +Wil, _adj._ lost in error, uncertain how to proceed, 863; at a loss, +without experience, 1042. Wynt. vi. 13, 115. V. Jam. who derives it from +Su.-G. _wild_, Isl. _villr_. It is radically the same with _wild_. + +Wile, will, 352, 485, &c. _Wilte_, 528, 1135, wilt thou; _Wiltu_, 681, +905. _Wilen_, _pl._ 732, 920, 1345, 2817, &c. + +Wille, _n._ S. will, 528. + +Wimman, _n._ S. woman, 1139, 1168, &c. _Wman_, 281. _Wymman_, 1156. + +Win, _n._ S. wine, 1729. _Wyn_, 2341. + +Winan, _v._ S. to get to, arrive at, 174. V. Gl. to _Will. of Palerne_. + +Winne, _n._ S. joy, gain, 660, 2965. _Muchere winne_, La[gh]am. l. +10233. Horn Childe, ap. Rits. M.R., V.3, p.294. + +Wirchen, _v._ S. to work, cause, 510. + +Wirwed. _See_ Werewed. + +Wis, _adj._ S. wise, prudent, 180, 1421, 1635; skilled, 282. + +Wislike, _adv._ S. wisely, 274. + +Wisse, _v._ S. to direct, ordain, advice, 104, 361. Sir Tr. p.29; +K.Horn, Chron. of Engl. 499; Chauc., Gl. Lynds. + +Wissing, _n._ S. advice, or conduct, 2902. + +Wiste, _pa. t._ S. knew, 115, 358, 541, &c. _Wisten_, _pa. t. pl._ 1184, +1187, 1200, &c. + +Wit, _prep._ S. with, 52, 505, 701, 905, 1090, 2517, &c.; by, 2489. +_Wituten_, 179, 247, 2860, without. _Withuten_, 425, except. _With +than_, provided that, 532. _With that_, 1220. + +Wite, _v._ S. [_wtan_, decernere] _pres. subj. or imp._ decree, ordain, +19, 1316. + +Wite, _v._ S. _pres. subj. or imp._ preserve, guard, defend, 405, 559. +R.Gl. p.98, 102. So in the _Carmen inter Corpus & Animam_, MS. Digb. +86. + + The king that al this world shop thoru his holi mi[gh]tte, + He _wite_ houre soule from then heuele wi[gh]tte. + +And in the French Romance of Kyng Horn, MS. Harl. 527, f. 72, b. c. 2. + + Ben iurez _Wite God_, kant auerez beu tant, + Kant le vin uus eschaufe, si seez si iurant. + +Wite, Witen, _v._ S. [_witan_, cognoscere] to know, 367, 625, 2201, +2786; to recollect, 2708. _Wite_, _pr. t. pl. 2 p._ know, 2808; _imp. 3 +p.wite_, know, 517. _Wite_, _3 p.s. subj._ (if) he know, 694. _Witen_, +_pr. t. pl. 2 p._ know, 2208. _See_ Wot. + +With, _conj._ _See_ Wit. + +With, _n._ _See_ Wicth. + +With, _adj._ _See_ Wicth. + +With, _adj._ S. white, 48, 1144. + +With-sitten, _v._ S. to oppose, 1683. R. Br., Web. + +Wlf, _n._ S. wolf, 573. + +Wluine, _n._ S. she-wolf, 573. Dan. _ulfinde_, a she-wolf. + +Wman. _See_ Wimman. + +Wnden, _part. pa._ S. wound, 546. + +Wo, _pron._ S. who, whoso, 76, 79, &c. _See_ Hwo. + +Wo, _n._ S. woe, sorrow, 510, &c. + +Wod, _adj._ S. mad, 508, 1777, 1848, &c. _Wode_, _pl._ 1896, 2361. + +Wok, _pa. t._ S. awoke, 2093. + +Wol. _See_ Wel. + +Wole, will, 1150. _Wolde_, _would_, 354, 367, &c. _Wode_, 951, 2310. +_Wolden_, _pl._ 456, 514, 1057. + +Wombes, _n. pl._ S. bellies, 1911. + +Wom so, _pron._ S. whomso, 197. + +Won, Wone, great number, plenty, in phr. _ful god won_, in great +quantity (_in_ 1791 _it seems to mean_ with great force), 1024, 1791, +1837, 1907, 2325, 2617, 2729. R.Gl., Horn Childe, ap. Rits. M.R., +V.3, p.308, 314; R.C[oe]ur deL. 3747; K.Alisaund, 1468; K. of Tars, +635; Minot, p.14; Chauc. _Wane_, Yw. and Gaw. 1429; _Wayn_, Wall. viii. +947. Cf. Gl. to _Will. of Palerne_. + +Wone, _n._ S. (probably the same as _ween_, Sir Tr. p.59, 78), opinion, +conjecture, 1711, 1972. Cf. l.816, and the Glossaries, inv. _Wene_. + +Wone, _v._ S. to dwell, 247, 406. _Woneth_, _pr. t. 3 p._ dwelleth, 105. + +Wone, _part. pa._ wont, 2151, 2297. K. Horn, 36; R. Gl. Chron. of Engl. +632; Web., Chauc. [A.S. _wune_, a custom.] + +Wonges, _n. pl._ S. fields, plains, 397, 1444. Cf. l. 1360. Spelman +thinks arable land is meant by the term, rather than pasture. + +Wore, _2 and 3 p.s._ were, 504, 684, &c. _Wore_, _Woren_, _pl._ 237, +448, &c. It is not merely a licentious spelling, as conjectured by Sir +W. Scott. + +Wore, _v._ S. _imp._ may he be, 1102, 2873. _Wrth_, 434. _Wure_, 2221. +La[gh]am. l.28333. Sir Tr. p.49, and all the Gloss., including Lynds. + +Wosseyled. _See_ Wesseylen. + +Wot, Woth, _pr. t. 1 p._ S. know, 119, 213, 653, 1345, &c. _Wost_, _pr. +t. 2 p._ knowest, 527, 582, 1384, &c. _Woth_, _pr. t. 3 p._ knows, 2527. +_Wot_, _pl. 1 p._ know, 2803. _Wat_, _part. pa._ known, 1674. + +Wowe. _See_ Wawe. + +Wrathe, _n._ S. wrath, anger, 2719, 2977. _See_ Wroth. + +Wreieres, _n. pl._ S. betrayers, spoilers, 39. + + The _wraiers_ that weren in halle, + Schamly were thai schende. + + _Sir Tristr._ p.190. + +Wreken, _v._ S. to avenge, revenge, 327, 1901. _Wreke_, _imp._ revenge +(thou), 1363. _Wreken_ (_miswritten for_ wreke), _3 p.imp._ 544. +_Wreke_, _pr. pl. subj._ 1884. _Wreke_, _Wreken_, _part. pa._ revenged, +2368, 2849, 2992. Sir Tr. p.190, &c. + +Wringen, _v._ S. to wring, 1233. + +Writ, _n._ S. writing, 2486. _Writes_, _pl._ writs, letters, 136, 2275. +_See_ note to l.136. + +Wrobberes, _n. pl._ S. robbers, 39. + +Wros, _n. pl._ corners, 68. So in the _Leg. of S. Margrete_, quoted by +Dr Leyden: + + Sche sei[gh]e a wel fouler thing + Sitten in a _wro_; + +which Jamieson aptly derives from the Su.-G. _wraa_, angulus. Cf. Dan. +_vraa_, a nook, corner. + +Wroth, _adj._ S. wrath, angry, 1117. _Wroe_, 2973. _See_ Wrathe. + +Wrouht, _pa. t._ S. wrought, 2810. _Wrouth_, 1352. _Wrowht_, 2453. + +Wrth. _See_ Worthe. + +Wunde, _n._ S. wound, 1980, 2673, &c. _Wounde_, 1978. _Wundes_, _pl._ +1845, 1898, 1986. _Woundes_, 1977, &c. + +Wure. _See_ Wore. + + +Y, _pron._ I. _See_ Ich. + +Ya, _adv._ S. yea, yes, 1888, 2009, 2607. _Ye_, 2606. _See_ Rits. note +to Yw. and Gaw. l.43. In l.2009, we should probably have found _yis_ +in a more southern work. See the note to _[gh]is_ in Gl. to _Will. of +Palerne_. The distinction between _no_ (l.1800) and _nay_ (l.1136) is +rightly made. + +Yaf. _See_ Yeue. + +Yare, _adj._ S. ready, 1391, 2788, 2954. Sir Tr. p.28; Rits. M.R., +Web., Chauc., Gl. Lynds. + +Yaren, _v._ S. to make ready, 1350. This word in all the Gloss. has the +form of _Yarken_. + +Yede, _pa. t._ S. went, 6, 774, 821, &c. _Yeden_, _pa. t. pl._ 889, 952. + +Yeft. _See_ Giue. + +Yelde, _v._ S. to yield, 2712; _imp. 3 p._ requite, 803. Very common +formerly in this sense. _Yeld_, _imp._ yield (thou), 2717. + +Yeme, _v._ S. to take charge of, govern, 131, 172, 182, 324, &c. +_Yemede_, _pa. t._ governed, 975, 2276. Sir Tr. p.115, Rits. M.R., +Web., R.Gl., Chauc. + +Yen. _See_ Agen. + +Yerne, _adv._ S. eagerly, anxiously, 153, 211, 880, 925. Web., Rits. +M.R., Chauc. + +Yerne, _v._ S. to desire earnestly, 299. La[gh]am. l. 4427. K.Horn, +1419; R.Br., Chauc., Gl. Lynds. + +Yete, _adv._ S. yet, 495, 973, 996, 1043. + +Yeue, _v._ S. to give, 298, &c. _Yeueth_, _pr. t. 3 p._ giveth, 459. +_Yif_, _imp._ give (thou), 674; _3 p._ _yeue_, 22; _pl._ _yeue_, 911. +_Yaf_, _pa. t._ gave, _or_ gave heed, 315, 419, &c. _Gaf_, 218, 418, +1311, &c. _Gouen_, _pa. t. pl._ 164 (in phr. _gouen hem ille_, gave +themselves up to grief); Sir Tr. p.129. _Giue_, _part. pa._ 2488; +_gouen_, 220. _Youenet_ = _Youen it_, given it, 1643. For _yaf_ in +l.1174, see note on the line. + +Y-here. _See_ Here, _v._ + +Yif, _prep._ S. if, 126, 377, 1974, &c. _Yf_, 1189. + +Yif. _See_ Yeue. + +Y-lere. _See_ Lere. + +Ynow. _See_ Inow. + +Youenet. _See_ Yeue. + +Ys. _See_ note to l. 1174. + +Yuel, Yuele. _See_ Iuele. + +Yunge, _adj._ S. young, 368, &c. + +Yure, _pron._ S. your, 171. + + + + +INDEX OF NAMES TO "HAUELOK." + + [Transcriber's Note: + The following bracketed paragraph is in the original. This e-text + does not include page numbers, but listed names can easily be found + by a text search. For line references, note that printed line numbers + go by multiples of 4.] + +[In this Index, the references under words in large capitals are in +general to the _pages_ of the book; otherwise, the references are to the +_lines_ of the poem.] + + + ATHELWOLD (_spelt_ Aelwald, l. 1077), is king of England, and + governs wisely, pp.2, 3; + feels he is dying, p.4; + bequeaths his daughter to the care of Godrich, pp.6, 7; + dies, p.8. + (Mentioned again in ll. 2709, 2803.) + + Auelok, _another spelling of_ Hauelok, 1395, 1793. + + + BERNARD BRUN (i.e. Bernard Brown; so called in ll. 1751, 1945), + provides a supper for Havelok, p.48; + his house attacked by thieves, p.49; + fights against them, p.52; + tells Ubbe how well Havelok fought, p.54. + + BERTRAM (_named_ in l. 2898), + is cook to the Earl of Cornwall, and employs Havelok, pp.27, 28; + is made Earl of Cornwall, and marries Levive, Grim's daughter, + p.83. + + BIRKABEYN (spelt Bircabein, l. 494); + _gen._ Birkabeynes, 2150, 2209, 2296, + is king of Denmark, p.11; + commends his three children to Godard, p.12; + dies, p.13; + his son Havelok's resemblance to him, p.60. + + + Cestre (Chester), 2607, 2859, 2896. + + Cornwayle (Cornwall), 178, 2908; + Cornwalie, 884. + + Crist, 16, &c.; + --krist, 22; + _gen._ kristes, 2797. + + + Dauy, seint, 2863. + + Denemark (Denmark), 340, 381, 386, &c. + + Denshe, _sing. adj._ Danish, 1403; + _pl._ 2575, 2693, 2938. + Danshe, 2689. + + Douere (Dover), 139, 265. + Doure, 320. + + + Engelond (England), 59, 202, 250, &c.; + --Engellond, 1093; + --Engelonde, 208; + --Englond, 1270; + --Engeland, 108, 610; + --Hengelond, 999; + _gen._ Engelondes, 63. + + Englishe, _pl. adj._ (_followed by_ men), 2766, 2795; + --Englis (_used absolutely_), 254; + --Henglishe, 2945. + + + Giffin [_Qu._ Griffin] Galle, 2029. + + GODARD (_gen._ Godardes, l. 2415), + is made regent of Denmark, pp.12, 13; + shuts up Birkabeyn's children in a castle, p.13; + kills Swanborow and Helfled, p.15; + spares Havelok, p.16; + but afterwards hires Grim to drown Havelok, p.17; + is attacked by Havelok, p.67; + is taken prisoner, p.68; + condemned, flayed, drawn, and hung, pp.70, 71. + + GODRICH (_spelt_ Godrigh, l. 178), + is Earl of Cornwall, p.6; + is made regent of England, pp.7, 8, 9; + shuts Goldborough up in Dover castle, p.10; + makes Goldborough marry Havelok, p.33; + raises an army against Havelok, p.72; + excites his men, p.73; + marches to Grimsby, p.74; + fights with Ubbe, p.75; + fights with Havelok, pp.77, 78; + is taken prisoner, p.78; + taken to Lincoln, and burnt alive, pp.80, 81. + + GOLDEBORU (_or_ Goldeborw, l. 2985), + is daughter of King Athelwold, p.4; + is committed to the care of Godrich, pp.8, 9; + shut up in Dover castle, p.11; + is sent for to Lincoln, p.33; + is married to Havelok, p.36; + hears an angel's voice, p.39; + encourages Havelok to go to Denmark, p.41; + rejoices at Godrich's death, p.81; + is queen of England, p.85. + _See_ Havelok. + + GRIM, a fisher, is hired by Godard to drown Havelok, p.17; + discovers Havelok to be the right heir to the crown, p.19; + takes Havelok over to England, p.20; + founds Grimsby, p.23; + sends Havelok to Lincoln, p.26; + dies, p.37. + [In l. 2333, there seems to be an allusion to a spectacle, in which + the history of Grim is represented.] + + Grimes, _gen. c. of_ Grim, 1343, 1392, 2867. + + Grimesbi, 745, 2540, 2579, 2617, 2619; + --Grimesby, 1202. + + Gunnild (daughter of Grim, marries Earl Reyner of Chester), + 2866, 2896. + + Gunter (an English earl), 2606. + + + HAUELOK, son of king Birkabeyn of Denmark, p.13; + spared by Godard, p.16; + but given over by him to Grim to be drowned, p.17; + spared and fed by Grim, p.20; + goes to England, p.22; + sells fish, p.25; + works as a porter, p.27; + puts the stone, p.31; + marries Goldborough, p.35; + returns to Grimsby, p.36; + his dream, p.39; + returns to Denmark, p.43; + trades there, p.44; + is noticed by Ubbe, p.45; + defends Bernard's house against thieves, pp.48-53; + is known to be heir of Denmark by a miraculous light, p.60; + is dubbed knight by Ubbe, p.65; + is king of Denmark, p.66; + defeats Godard, p.68; + invades England, p.72; + defeats Godrich, p.77; + rewards Bertram and others, p.82; + lives to be a hundred years old, p.83; + is crowned king of England at London, p.84; + is king for sixty years, p.85. + [The story is called "e gest of Hauelok and of Goldeborw," + l.2985.] + + Helfled (Havelok's sister), 411. + + Hengelonde (England), 999. + + Henglishe (_pl._ English), 2945. + + Humber (the river), 733. + + Huwe Rauen (one of Grim's sons), 1398, 1868, 2349, 2636, 2677; + _spelt_ Hwe, 1878. + + + Iohan, seint; the patron saint to whom Havelok commits his Danes, + 2957; + bi seint Iohan! 1112, 2563. + _Spelt_ Ion, 177. + + Iudas, 319, 425, 1133. + + + Lazarun (= Lazarum, _acc._ of Lazarus), 331. + Cf. "Lord"--said Guy--"that reared _Lazaroun_," &c. + Guy of Warwick, in Ellis, Met. Rom. (ed. Halliwell), p.227. + + Leue (Grim's wife), 558, 576, 595, 642. + + Leuiue (Grim's daughter, married to Bertram), 2914. + + Lincolne, 773, 847, 862, 980, 1105, 2558, 2572, 2824. + + Lindeseye (N. part of Lincolnshire), 734. + + Lundone (London), 2943. + + + Marz (March), 2559. + + + Reyner (earl of Chester), 2607. + + Roberd e rede (Grim's eldest son), 1397, 1686, 1888, &c.; + --Robert, 2405, 2411, &c.; + _gen._ Roberdes, 1691. + + Rokesborw (explained by Prof. Morley to mean Rokeby, but it is surely + Roxburgh), 265; + --Rokesburw, 139. + Roxburgh is spelt _Rokesburgh_ in Walsingham, ed. Riley, i. 340, &c. + + + Sathanas (Satan), 1100, 1134, 2512. + + Swanborow (Havelok's sister), 411. + + + UBBE, a great Danish lord, p.44; + entertains Havelok, p.45; + takes him to his castle, p.57; + does homage to Havelok, p.63; + dubs him knight, p.65; + his combat with Godrich, p.75; + is sorely wounded, p.76. + + + Willam Wendut (one of Grim's sons), 1690, 1881, 1892, 2348, 2632; + --Wiliam Wenduth, 1398. + + Winchestre, 158, 318. + + + Yerk (York), 1178. + + Ynde, India, 1085. + + + + +JOHN CHILDS AND SON, PRINTERS. + + + * * * * * + * * * * + + +ERRORS AND INCONSISTENCIES: + +_Multiple Texts:_ + +This book exists in at least two forms, distinguished by minor +differences in the modern (1868) material. The title page(s), +verso and introduction give no hint that there were any changes or +additions; references to the "former" and "present" edition are to +Madden alone (Roxburghe, 1828) contrasted with Skeat (EETS, 1868). For +convenience the two 1868 variants will be called "preliminary" and +"final". The 1975 reprint used the "final" version. + +Anglo-Saxon diphthongs are written as e, e with stress on second +vowel. The form "hung" (with the meaning "hanged") is used consistently. + + +_Preface:_ + + 7: + 'Apres ceo vient [_open quote invisible_] + 9: + Seuene an tuenti fulle [gh]er.' / MS. Reg. 12. C. xii. + [_close quote printed after MS name_] + 13: + (the Latin text, viz. MSS. Harl. 655, Cott. Jul. E.8, Reg. 13 E. 1) + [_close parenthesis missing_] + 18: + In his MSS. collections ["In his...] + he proceeds: / "that Hauelocke did sometymes + [_in the original, the quoted passage begins at mid-paragraph + in smaller type_] + 22: + his five children are yet alive [_inconsistent tense in original_] + 27: + _Nouns._ ... _bleik_ + [_ conjectural: printed text unclear_] + 28: + Here the syllables _-nes and_ in l. 3, _of a_ in l.4, and _it wile_ + in l.5 [_printed as shown: errors for ll. 2, 3, 4_] + [Footnote 41] + _sawe_, _wowe_; _bee_, _rede_; _knaue_, _plawe_; _sawe_, _hawe_ + [_printed commas changed to semicolons for consistency_] + [Footnote 43] + 1083, 1289, 1685, 2431 [_comma after 1289 invisible_] + 29 + [Section C.1] + ... various grammatical inflexions:-- + [_paragraph break added by transcriber_] + [Section 3.d] + Observe hated = hated_e_, 40. [_final . missing_] + in cherls, in hin, 620; [_printed . for ;_] + each foot has _two_ or _three_ syllables in it [sylalbles] + +_Emendations:_ + + p.20, l. 640. For _ney_ ... [_text has 60 for 640_] + + p.24, l. 784. Perhaps we should, however, read _se-weren_, and the + note on the line (p.93) may be wrong. See _Weren_ in the Glossary. + [_The preliminary version of the Emendations reads:_ + ... Perhaps there should be no stop in the line, and ... + _There are no differences in the body text or Note._] + + Also, _Greting_ is wrongly placed before _Gres_. + [_This and the remainder of the Emendations-- _Hal_, _Shoten_ + (_Schoten_), _Teyte_, _Bise_-- are missing from the preliminary + version._] + +_HAVELOK:_ + + [_sidenote line numbers refer to their location in the e-text_] + + [307 sidenote] + My son shall have England." [_close quote missing_] + [452 sidenote] + [Fol. 206b, col. 1.] [col 1.] + [1377] + at ihc haue ther-offe douthe and kare, [_see Glossary_] + [2897 sidenote] + Havelok remembers Bertram, the earl's cook, + [_comma after "cook" missing_] + +_Notes:_ + + 31. ... Pinkerton's Scotish Poems Reprinted [_not an error_] + 939. ... "a coarse reedy shrub--like ours perhaps" + [_i.e. the kind we have in Suffolk (quoting Moor)_] + --. Isl. _staer_ [_unchanged: error for "str"?_] + 1838. ... Dogges, that wolden him to-tere. + [_text has superfluous closing bracket at end of line_] + 2927. _Hire that was ful swete in bedde._] + [_mismatched closing bracket in original_] + +_Glossary:_ + + [_A number of Glossary entries are missing the part of speech, + usually _n._ They have not been individually noted._] + + [Abbreviations] + Su. G. Suio-Gothic. + [_unchanged: Glossary always hyphenates "Su.-G." or "Su.-Goth."_] + + Al, _adv._ S. wholly, entirely, 34, 70, 139, 203, &c. + Al, _adj._ S. all, 203, 264, &c. + [_entries unchanged: "al" occurs only once in 203_] + Als, Also, Also + [_unchanged: error for two words "Al so"?_] + And, _conj._ if, 2862. [_"if" italicized_] + Aute, Awcte [_alphabetization may be intentional_] + Bise ... [_line number added from Emendations (final version only)_] + Datheit, _interj._ ... [from the O.F. _hait_, pleasure]. + [_In the preliminary version, the bracketed addition reads + "possibly from _har_, to hate"._] + Dunten, _pa. t. pl._ S. struck, beat, 2448. [_see Emendations_] + Greting, _n._ S. weeping, 166. + [_see Emendations (final version only)_] + Hal ... + [_bracketed text added from Emendations (final version only)_] + Halue ... _See_ Bi-halue. + [_cross-referenced entry is one word "Bihalue"_] + Hul, _n._ S. hollow, i.e. vale, 2687. [_. after 2687 invisible_] + Hwil-gat ... _Howgates_, Skinner. [_final . missing_] + Keft ... _See_ Sure _and_ Coupe. + [_no Glossary entry for "Sure" or similar_] + Ladde, _n._ S. lad, 1786. [_period after 1786 missing_] + Lene ... _Yw. and Gaw._ 737. [_final . missing_] + Liue ... _See_ On-liue. + [_entry is two words "On liue" under "On"_] + Loken ... [_bracketed text added from Emendations_] + Offrende, Dan. Fr. offering, 1386. [_final . missing_] + Pastees ... Al of _pasteiis_ beth the walles. + [_The preliminary version has the apparent error "_pastes_"._] + Pyment, _n._ B.L. [_unchanged: usual form is "B. Lat."_] + Rathe, _v._ S. [_rdan_] to advise [_text has "raedan"_] + Schoten, Shoten ... + [_bracketed text added from Emendations (final version only)_] + Seken ... Sire, we ben knizttes fer i-fare + [_unchanged: z error for [gh]?_] + Shamelike ... Sir Tr. p.93. [_final . missing_] + Spille ... _Of limes spille_ [_quoted "Of" not italicized_] + Teyte ... + [_second (shorter) bracketed section added from Emendations + (final version only)_] + Umbistode ... _See_ Bistode, Stonden. + [_no Glossary entry for "Bistode" or similar_] + Weren ... + [_The preliminary version is printed without brackets but is + otherwise identical._] + Wrathe ... _See_ Wroth. [_final . missing_] + +_Index of Names:_ + + BIRKABEYN (spelt Bircabein, l. 494); + _gen._ Birkabeynes, 2150, 2209, 2296, + [_closing parenthesis printed after 2296 in second line_] + + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Lay of Havelok the Dane, by Unknown + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE LAY OF HAVELOK THE DANE *** + +***** This file should be named 32049-8.txt or 32049-8.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/3/2/0/4/32049/ + +Produced by Louise Hope, Taavi Kalju and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This +book was produced from scanned images of public domain +material from the Google Print project.) + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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charset=UTF-8" /> + +<style type = "text/css"> + +div.intro {padding-top: 2em;} + +div.titlepage +{padding-top: 2em; padding-bottom: 3em; border-top: 3px double #666; +border-bottom: 4px double #666;} + +body {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%;} + +hr {width: 80%; margin-top: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em; +text-align: center;} +hr.small {width: 30%;} +hr.tiny {width: 20%;} + +sup {font-size: 75%; line-height: 50%;} + + +table.toc a, div.glossary a, div.havelok a {text-decoration: none;} + +a.tag {text-decoration: none; vertical-align: .3em; font-size: 75%; +padding-left: .25em; line-height: .1em;} +a.emend {vertical-align: .2em; font-size: 90%; +padding-left: .25em; line-height: .1em;} + + +h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6 {text-align: center; font-style: normal; +font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.5; margin: .5em 2em;} + +h1 {font-size: 200%;} +h2 {font-size: 175%;} +div.maintext h2 {margin-top: 3em; margin-bottom: 1em;} +h3 {font-size: 150%;} +div.maintext h3 {margin-top: 3em;} +h4 {font-size: 120%;} +div.endnote h4, div.endnote h5 {font-weight: bold;} +h5 {font-size: 100%;} +h5.left {text-align: left; 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padding: .5em 1em 1em;} +p.mynote {margin: 1em 5%; padding: 1em;} +div.mynote a {text-decoration: none;} + +span.mynote {float: right; clear: right; padding: .2em .5em; +width: auto;} + +div.endnote {padding: .5em 1em 1em; margin: 3em 1em; +border: 3px ridge #A9F; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 90%;} +div.endnote p.quotation {margin-left: 2em; font-family: serif;} + +</style> +</head> + +<body> + + +<pre> + +The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Lay of Havelok the Dane, by Unknown + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: The Lay of Havelok the Dane + +Author: Unknown + +Editor: Frederic Madden + Walter William Skeat + +Release Date: April 19, 2010 [EBook #32049] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: UTF-8 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE LAY OF HAVELOK THE DANE *** + + + + +Produced by Louise Hope, Taavi Kalju and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This +book was produced from scanned images of public domain +material from the Google Print project.) + + + + + + +</pre> + +<div class = "mynote"> +<p><a name = "start" id = "start">This text</a> includes characters that +require UTF-8 (Unicode) file encoding:</p> + +<p class = "inset"> +œ : “oe” ligature<br /> +Ȝȝ, ƿ, ſ, ǽ : yogh, wynn, long s, accented æ</p> + +<p>These characters, as well as a single Greek phrase, occur only in the +notes, not in the poem itself. If any of the characters do not display +properly, or if the apostrophes and quotation marks in this paragraph +appear as garbage, you may have an incompatible browser or unavailable +fonts. First, make sure that the browser’s “character set” or “file +encoding” is set to Unicode (UTF-8). You may also need to change your +browser’s default font.</p> + +<p>Corrections made by the transcriber are marked with <ins class = +"mycorr" title = "like this">mouse-hover popups</ins>; editorial +corrections from the Emendations section are <ins class = "edcorr" title += "like this">similarly marked</ins>. Anglo-Saxon diphthongs are written +as <b>eá</b>, <b>eó</b> with stress on second vowel. The form “hung” +(with the meaning “hanged”) is used consistently. A number of Glossary +entries are missing the part of speech, usually <i>n.</i> They have not +been individually noted.</p> + +<p>One minor typographic change was made in the modern material. Where +Roman (upright) type represents “double italics”, it is <i>shown instead +as <b>bold</b> within italics</i>.</p> + +<p>A few French passages in the Preface use a trailing tilde ~, as +in the word “q~”. In the original, the ~ was attached to the preceding +letter, but not directly above it.</p> + +<p>All square brackets [ ] are in the original.</p> + +<p class = "center"> +<a href = "#contents">Contents</a><br /> +<a href = "#havelok">Havelok the Dane</a></p> + +<p>The original book (EETS E.S. 4, 1868, ed. Skeat) exists in at least +two forms. See the <a href = "#endnote">end of the e-text</a> for +details.</p> +</div> + + + +<div class = "titlepage"> +<p class = "illustration"> +<img src = "images/title2.png" width = "431" height = "307" +alt = "The Lay of / Havelok the Dane. / +Early English Text Society. / Extra Series. No. IV. / 1868." +title = "The Lay of / Havelok the Dane. / +Early English Text Society. / Extra Series. No. IV. / 1868." /></p> +</div> + + +<table class = "smaller" summary = "list of publishers"> +<tr> +<td>DUBLIN:</td> +<td>WILLIAM M<sup>c</sup>GEE, 18, NASSAU STREET.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>EDINBURGH:</td> +<td>T. G. STEVENSON, 22, SOUTH FREDERICK STREET.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>GLASGOW:</td> +<td>OGLE & CO., 1, ROYAL EXCHANGE SQUARE.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>BERLIN:</td> +<td>ASHER & CO., UNTER DEN LINDEN, 20.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>NEW YORK:</td> +<td>C. SCRIBNER & CO.; LEYPOLDT & HOLT.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>PHILADELPHIA:</td> +<td>J. B. LIPPINCOTT & CO.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>BOSTON, U.S.:</td> +<td>DUTTON & CO.</td> +</tr> +</table> + + + +<div class = "titlepage"> +<a name = "titlepage" id = "titlepage"> </a><br /> + +<p class = "illustration"> +<img src = "images/titletext.png" width = "312" height = "99" +alt = "The Lay of / Havelok the Dane:" +title = "The Lay of / Havelok the Dane:" /></p> + +<p> </p> + +<h6>COMPOSED IN THE REIGN OF EDWARD I, ABOUT A.D. 1280.</h6> + +<h6>FORMERLY EDITED BY SIR F. MADDEN FOR THE ROXBURGHE CLUB,</h6> + +<h6>AND NOW RE-EDITED FROM THE UNIQUE MS. LAUD MISC. 108,<br /> +IN THE BODLEIAN LIBRARY, OXFORD;</h6> + +<h6>BY THE</h6> + +<h4>REV. WALTER W. SKEAT, M.A.,</h4> + +<h6>AUTHOR OF “A MŒSO-GOTHIC GLOSSARY,” EDITOR OF “PIERS PLOWMAN,”<br /> +“WILLIAM OF PALERNE,” &c.</h6> + +<p class = "illustration"> +<img src = "images/grimsby.png" width = "202" height = "201" +alt = "Seal of Great Grimsby" /></p> + +<h5>LONDON:<br /> +<span class = "smaller"> +PUBLISHED FOR THE EARLY ENGLISH TEXT SOCIETY,</span><br /> +BY N. TRÜBNER & CO., 60, PATERNOSTER ROW.</h5> + +<hr class = "tiny" /> + +<h6>MDCCCLXVIII.</h6> + +</div> + + +<!-- png 004 --> + +<p> <br /> </p> + +<h5><b>Extra Series,</b><br /> +IV.</h5> + +<hr class = "tiny" /> + +<h6>JOHN CHILDS AND SON, PRINTERS.</h6> + +<hr /> +<!-- png 005 --> + +<div class = "maintext"> + +<div class = "intro"> + +<h3><a name = "contents" id = "contents">CONTENTS.</a></h3> + +<hr class = "tiny" /> + +<table class = "toc" summary = "table of contents"> +<tr> +<td> +<p><a class = "smallcaps" href = "#titlepage">Titlepage.</a> The +engraving represents the seal of Great Grimsby, described in § 19 +of the Preface, p. xxi.</p></td> +<td></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> +<p><a class = "smallcaps" href = "#preface">Preface.</a> +<a href = "#pref_1">§ 1.</a> The former edition of 1828. +<a href = "#pref_2">§ 2.</a> The present edition. +<a href = "#pref_3">§ 3.</a> Plan of this edition. +<a href = "#pref_4">§ 4.</a> Notices of the story by Early +Writers: the longer French Version. +<a href = "#pref_5">§ 5.</a> The shorter French Version. +<a href = "#pref_6">§ 6.</a> Peter de Langtoft (1307). +<a href = "#pref_7">§ 7.</a> Rauf de Boun (1310). +<a href = "#pref_8">§ 8.</a> A Brief Genealogy, Herald’s +Coll. MS. (ab. 1310). +<a href = "#pref_9">§ 9.</a> Metrical Chronicle (ab. 1313). +<a href = "#pref_10">§ 10.</a> Robert of Brunne (1338); ed. +Hearne. +<a href = "#pref_11">§ 11.</a> Robert of Brunne; Lambeth MS. +<a href = "#pref_12">§ 12.</a> French Prose “Brute” (1332). +<a href = "#pref_13">§ 13.</a> English Prose “Brute,” MS. Harl. +2279. +<a href = "#pref_14">§ 14.</a> Gray’s Scala Cronica (ab. +1360). +<a href = "#pref_15">§ 15.</a> Eulogium Historiarum (1366). +<a href = "#pref_16">§ 16.</a> Henry de Knyghton (1395); +Warner (1586); Webster (1617). +<a href = "#pref_17">§ 17.</a> Danish traditions. +<a href = "#pref_18">§ 18.</a> Lincolnshire traditions. +<a href = "#pref_19">§ 19.</a> Seal of Great Grimsby. +<a href = "#pref_20">§ 20.</a> Sketch of the French “Lai.” +<a href = "#pref_21">§ 21.</a> Gaimar’s abridgment. +<a href = "#pref_22">§ 22.</a> Sketch of the English Lay. +<a href = "#pref_23">§ 23.</a> Possible date of Havelok’s +reign. +<a href = "#pref_24">§ 24.</a> Story of “Edwin of Deira.” +<a href = "#pref_25">§ 25.</a> On the names “Curan” and +“Havelok.” +<a href = "#pref_26">§ 26.</a> Description of the MS. +<a href = "#pref_27">§ 27.</a> Grammatical forms in the Poem. +<a href = "#pref_28">§ 28.</a> On the metre. +<a href = "#pref_29">§ 29.</a> On the final <i>-e</i>, +&c.</p> +</td> +<td class = "number">i</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> +<a class = "smallcaps" href = "#emendations">Emendations, +&c.</a></td> +<td class = "number">liv</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> +<a class = "smallcaps" href = "#havelok">The lay of Havelok</a></td> +<td class = "number">1</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> +<a class = "smallcaps" href = "#notes">Notes to “Havelok”</a></td> +<td class = "number">87</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> +<a class = "smallcaps" href = "#glossary">Glossarial Index</a></td> +<td class = "number">105</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> +<a class = "smallcaps" href = "#names">Index of Names</a></td> +<td class = "number">157</td> +</tr> + +</table> + + +<span class = "pagenum">i</span> +<a name = "intro1" id = "intro1"> </a> +<h2><a name = "preface" id = "preface">PREFACE.</a></h2> + + +<p class = "section"> +<a name = "pref_1" id = "pref_1">§ 1.</a> +<span class = "firstword">The</span> English version of the Lay of +Havelok, now here reprinted, is one of the few poems that have happily +been recovered, after having long been given up as lost. Tyrwhitt, in +his Essay on the Language and Versification of Chaucer, has a footnote +(No. 51) deploring the loss of the Rime concerning Gryme the Fisher, the +founder of Grymesby, Hanelok [<i>read</i> Havelok] the Dane, and his +wife Goldborough; and Ritson, in his Dissertation on Romance and +Minstrelsy—(vol. i. p. lxxxviii. of his Metrical +Romanceës)—makes remarks to the same effect. It was at length, +however, discovered by accident in a manuscript belonging to the +Bodleian library, which had been described in the old Catalogue merely +as <i>Vitæ Sanctorum</i>, a large portion of it being occupied by +metrical legends of the Saints. In 1828, it was edited for the Roxburghe +Club by Sir F. Madden, the title-page of the edition being as +follows:— “The Ancient English Romance of Havelok the Dane, +accompanied by the French Text: with an introduction, notes, and a +glossary, by Frederick Madden, Esq., F.A.S. F.R.S.L., Sub-Keeper of the +MSS. in the British Museum. Printed for the Roxburghe Club, London. +W. Nicol, Shakspeare Press, <span class = +"smallroman">MDCCCXXVIII</span>.” This volume contains a very complete +Introduction, pp. i-lvi; the English version of Havelok, +pp. 1-104; the French text of the Romance of Havelok, from a MS. in +the Heralds’ College, pp. 105-146; the French Romance of Havelok, +as abridged and altered by Geffrei Gaimar, pp. 147-180; notes to +the English text, pp. 181-207; notes to the French +<span class = "pagenum">ii</span> +<a name = "intro2" id = "intro2"> </a> +text, pp. 208-210; and a glossary, &c., pp. 211-263. But there are +sometimes bound up with it two pamphlets, viz. “Remarks on the Glossary +to Havelok,” by S. W. Singer, and an “Examination of the Remarks, +&c.,” by the Editor of Havelok. In explanation of this, it may +suffice to say, that the former contains some criticisms by Mr Singer +(executed in a manner suggestive of an officious wish to display +superior critical acumen), of which a few are correct, but others are +ludicrously false; whilst the latter is a vindication of the general +correctness of the explanations given, and contains, incidentally, some +valuable contributions to our general etymological knowledge, and +various remarks which have proved of service in rendering the glossary +in the present edition more exactly accurate.<a class = "tag" name = +"tag1" id = "tag1" href = "#note1">1</a></p> + + +<p class = "section"> +<a name = "pref_2" id = "pref_2">§ 2.</a> Owing to the scarcity of +copies of this former edition, the committee of the Early English Text +Society, having first obtained the approval of Sir Frederic Madden, +resolved upon issuing a reprint of it; and Sir Frederic having expressed +a wish that the duty of seeing it through the press should be entrusted +to myself, I gladly undertook that responsibility. He has kindly looked +over the revises of the whole work,<a class = "tag" name = "tag2" id = +"tag2" href = "#note2">2</a> but as it has undergone several +modifications, it will be the best plan to state in detail what these +are.</p> + + +<p class = "section"> +<a name = "pref_3" id = "pref_3">§ 3.</a> With respect to the text, the +greatest care has been taken to render it, as nearly as can be +represented in print, an exact copy of the MS. The text of the former +edition is exceedingly correct, and the alterations here made are few +and of slight importance. Sir F. Madden furnished me with some, the +results of a re-comparison, made by himself, of his printed copy with +the original; besides this, I have myself carefully read the proof +sheets with the MS. <i>twice</i>, and it may therefore be assumed that +the complete correctness of the text is established. It seems to me that +this is altogether the most important part of the work +<span class = "pagenum">iii</span> +<a name = "intro3" id = "intro3"> </a> +of a <i>Text</i> Society, in order that the student may never be +perplexed by the appearance of words having no real existence. For a +like reason the letters þ and ƿ (the latter of which I have represented +by an italic <i>w</i>) have now been inserted wherever they occur, and +the expansions of abbreviations are now denoted by italics. For further +remarks upon the text, see the description of the MS. below, § 26. +Sidenotes and headlines have been added, but the numbering of the lines +has not been altered. The French text of the romance, the title of which +is <i>Le Lai de Aveloc</i>, and the abridgment of the story by Geffrei +Gaimar, have not been here reprinted; the fact being, that the French +and English versions differ very widely, and that the passages of the +French which really correspond to the English are few and short. +<i>All</i> of these will be found in the Notes, in their proper places, +and it was also deemed the less necessary to print the French text, +because it is tolerably accessible; for it may be found either in +vol. i. of Monumenta Historica Britannica, ed. Petrie, 1848, in the +reprint by M. Michel (1833) entitled “Le Lai d’Havelok,” or in the +edition by Mr T. Wright for the Caxton Society, 1850. An abstract of it +is given at p. xxiii. The Notes are abridged from Sir F. Madden’s, +with but a very few additions by myself, which are distinguished by +being placed within square brackets. The Glossarial Index is, for the +most part, reprinted from Sir F. Madden’s Glossary, but contains a large +number of <i>slight</i> alterations, re-arrangements, and additions. The +references have nearly all been verified,<a class = "tag" name = "tag3" +id = "tag3" href = "#note3">3</a> and the few words formerly left +unexplained are now either wholly or partially solved. I have now only +to add that a large portion of the remainder of this preface, especially +that which concerns the historical and traditional evidences of the +story (§ 4 to § 18), is abridged or copied from Sir F. +Madden’s long Introduction, which fairly exhausts the subject.<a class = +"tag" name = "tag4" id = "tag4" href = "#note4">4</a> All extracts +included between marks of quotation are taken from it without +alteration. But I must be considered responsible for the +<span class = "pagenum">iv</span> +<a name = "intro4" id = "intro4"> </a> +rearrangement of the materials, and I have added a few remarks from +other sources.</p> + + +<p class = "section"> +<a name = "pref_4" id = "pref_4">§ 4.</a> <span class = +"smallcaps">Notices of the Story of Havelok by early writers.</span> +There can be little doubt that the tradition must have existed from +Anglo-Saxon times, but the earliest mention of it is presented to us in +the full account furnished by the French version of the Romance. Of this +there are two copies, one of which belongs to Sir T. Phillipps; the +other is known as the Arundel or Norfolk MS., and is preserved in the +Heralds’ College, where it is marked E. D. N. No. 14; the +various editions of the latter have been already enumerated in § 3. +This version was certainly composed within the first half of the twelfth +century. From the fact that it is entitled a <i>Lai</i>, and from the +assertion of the poet—“Qe vn <i>lai</i> en firent li +Breton”—“whereof the Britons made a lay”—we easily conclude +that it was drawn from a British source. From the evident connection of +the story with the Chronicle called the <i>Brut</i>, we may further +conclude that by <i>Breton</i> is not meant Armorican, but belonging to +<i>Britain</i>. The story is in no way connected with France; the +tradition is British or Welsh, and the French version was doubtless +written in England by a subject of an English king. That the language is +French is due merely to the accident that the Norman conquerors of +England had acquired that language during their temporary sojourn in +France. From every point of view, whether we regard the British +tradition, the Anglo-Norman version, or the version printed in the +present volume, the story is wholly English. It is not to be connected +too closely with the Armorican lays of Marie <i>de France</i>.<a class = +"tag" name = "tag5" id = "tag5" href = "#note5">5</a></p> + + +<p class = "section"> +<a name = "pref_5" id = "pref_5">§ 5.</a> We next come to the abridgment +of the same as made by Geffrei Gaimar, who wrote between the years 1141 +and 1151. In one place, Geffrei quotes Gildas as his authority, but no +conclusion can easily be drawn from this indefinite reference. In +another place, he mentions a feast given by Havelok after his defeat of +Hodulf— <i>si cum nus dit la verai estoire</i>— “as the true +<span class = "pagenum">v</span> +<a name = "intro5" id = "intro5"> </a> +history tells us.” As this feast is not mentioned in the fuller French +version, and yet reappears in the English text, we perceive that he had +some additional source of information; and this is confirmed by the fact +that he mentions several additional details, also not found in the +completer version. That the lay of Havelok, as found in Gaimar, is +really his, and not an interpolation by a later hand, may fairly be +inferred from his repeated allusions to the story in the body of his +work. There are three MS. copies containing Gaimar’s abridgment, of +which the best is the Royal MS. (Bibl. Reg. 13 A. xxi.) in the British +Museum; the two others belong respectively to the Dean and Chapter of +Durham (its mark being C. iv. 27) and to the Dean and Chapter of +Lincoln (its mark being H. 18). It is curious that the Norfolk MS. +contains not only the fuller French version of the story, but also the +Brut of Wace, and the continuation of it by Gaimar. Gaimar’s abridgment, +as printed in Sir F. Madden’s edition, is taken from the Royal MS., +supplemented by the Durham and Lincoln MSS. See also Monumenta Historica +Britannica, vol. i. p. 764. It is important to mention that +Gaimar speaks of the Danes as having been in Norfolk since the time that +Havelok was King, after he has been relating the combats between the +Britons and the Saxons under the command of Cerdic and Cynric. Another +allusion makes Havelok to have lived long before the year 800, according +to every system of chronology.</p> + + +<p class = "section"> +<a name = "pref_6" id = "pref_6">§ 6.</a> The next mention of Havelok is +in the French Chronicle of Peter de Langtoft, of Langtoft in Yorkshire, +who died early in the reign of Edward II., and whose Chronicle closes +with the death of Edward I. Here the only trace of the story is in +the mention of “Gountere le pere Hauelok, de Danays Ray +clamez”—Gunter, father of Havelok, called King of the Danes. The +allusion is almost valueless from its evident absurdity; for he +confounds Gunter with the Danish invader defeated by Alfred, and who is +variously called Godrum, Gudrum, Guthrum, or Gurmound. He must have been +thinking, at the moment, of a very different Gurmund, viz. the King of +the Africans, as he is curiously called, whose terrible devastations are +described very fully in Laȝamon, vol. iii. pp. 156-177, and who may +fairly be supposed to have lived much nearer to the time of Havelok; and +he must further +<span class = "pagenum">vi</span> +<a name = "intro6" id = "intro6"> </a> +have confounded this Gurmund with Gunter. For the account of Robert of +Brunne’s translation of Langtoft’s Chronicle, see below, § 10.</p> + + +<p class = "section"> +<a name = "pref_7" id = "pref_7">§ 7.</a> But soon after this, we come +to a most curious account. In MS. Harl. 902 is a late copy, on paper, of +a Chronicle called <i>Le Bruit Dengleterre</i>, or otherwise <i>Le Petit +Bruit</i>, compiled <span class = "smallroman">A.D.</span> 1310, by +Meistre Rauf de Boun, at the request of Henry de Lacy, earl of Lincoln. +It is a most worthless compilation, put together in defiance of all +chronology, but with respect to our present inquiry it is full of +interest, as it soon becomes obvious that one of his sources of +information is the very English version here printed, which he cites by +the name of <i>l’estorie de Grimesby</i>, and which is thus proved to +have been written before the year 1310. “The Chronicler,” says Sir F. +Madden, “commences, as usual, with Brute, <span class = +"smallroman">B.C.</span> 2000, and after taking us through the +succeeding reigns to the time of Cassibelin, who fought with Julius +Cæsar, informs us, that after Cassibelin’s death came Gurmound out of +Denmark, who claimed the throne as the son of the eldest daughter of +Belin, married to Thorand, King of Denmark. He occupies the kingdom 57 +years, and is at length slain at <i>Hunteton</i>, called afterwards from +him <i>Gurmoundcestre</i>. He is succeeded by his son Frederick, who +hated the English, and filled his court with Danish nobles, but who is +at last driven out of the country, after having held it for the short +space of 71 years. And then, adds this miserable History-monger: ‘Et si +entendrez vous, que par cel primer venue de auaunt dit Roy Gormound, et +puis par cele hountoux exil de son fitz Frederik, si fu le rancour de +Daneis vers nous enpendaunt, et le regne par cel primere accion vers +nous enchalangount plus de sept C auns apre, <i>iekis a la venue +Haneloke, fitz le Roy Birkenebayne de Dannemarche, q~ le regne par +mariage entra de sa femme</i>.’ —f. 2 b.</p> + +<p>“After a variety of equally credible stories, we come to Adelstan +II.<a class = "tag" name = "tag6" id = "tag6" href = "#note6">6</a> son +of Edward [the Elder], who corresponds with +<span class = "pagenum">vii</span> +<a name = "intro7" id = "intro7"> </a> +the real king of that name, <span class = "smallroman">A.D.</span> +925-941. He is succeeded by his son [brother] Edmund, who reigned four +years [<span class = "smallroman">A.D.</span> 941-946], and is said to +have been <i>poisoned</i> at Canterbury; after whom we have <span class += "smallcaps">Adelwold</span>, whose identity with the Athelwold of the +English Romance, will leave no doubt as to the source whence the writer +drew great part of his materials in the following passage:</p> + +<p class = "longquote"> +<ins class = "mycorr" title = "open quote invisible">‘Apres</ins> ceo +vient Adelwold son fitz q~ reigna <span class = "smallroman">XVJ</span> +et demie, si engendroit ij feiz et iij filis, dount trestoutz murrirent +frechement fors q~ sa pune file, le out a nom <i>Goldburgh</i>, del age +de <span class = "smallroman">VJ</span> aunz kaunt son pere Adelwold +morust. Cely Roy Adelwold quant il doit morir, comaunda sa file a garder +a vn Count de Cornewayle, al houre kaunt il quidou~ie (sic) hountousment +auoir deparagé, quaunt fit <i>Haueloke</i>, fitz le Roy Byrkenbayne de +Denmarche, esposer le, encountre sa volunté, q~ primis fuit Roy +Dengleterre et de Denmarch tout a vn foitz, par quele aliaunce leis +Daneis queillerunt g<sup>e</sup>ndr~ (sic) mestrie en Engleterre, et +long temps puise le tindrunt, <i>si cum vous nouncie l’estorie de +Grimesby</i>, come <i>Grime</i> primez nurist Haueloke en Engleterre, +depuis cel houre q’il feut chasé de Denmarche &c. deqis al houre +q’il vint au chastelle de Nichole, q~ cely auauntdit traitre +<i>Goudriche</i> out en garde, en quel chastel il auauntdit Haueloke +espousa l’auauntdit Goldeburgh, q~ fuit heir Dengleterre. Et par cel +reson tynt cely Haueloke la terre de Denmarche auxi comme son heritage, +et Engleterre auxi par mariage de sa femme; et si entendrez vous, q~ par +la reson q~ ly auauntdit Gryme ariua primez, kaunt il amena l’enfaunt +Haueloke hors de Denmarche, par meyme la reson reseut cele vile son nom, +de Grime, quel noun ly tint vnquore Grimisby. +</p> + +<p class = "longquote"> +‘Apres ceo regna meyme cely Haueloke, q~ mult fuit prodhomme, et +droiturelle, et bien demenoit son people en reson et ley. Cel Roy +Haueloke reigna xlj. aunz, si engendroit ix fitz et vij filis, dount +trestoutz murrerount ainz q~ furunt d’age, fors soulement iiij de ses +feitz, dont l’un out a noum Gurmound, cely q~ entendy auoir son heire en +Engleterre; le secound out a noun Knout, quen fitz feffoit son pere en +le regne de Denmarche, quant il estoit del age de xviij aunz, et ly +mesme se tynt a la coroune Dengleterre, quel terre il entendy al oeps +son ainez fitz Gurmound +<span class = "pagenum">viii</span> +<a name = "intro8" id = "intro8"> </a> +auoir gardé. Mes il debusa son col auxi comme il feu mounté vn cheval +testous q~ poindre volleyt, en l’an de son regne xxiij entrant. Le tiers +fitz ont a noun Godard, q~ son pere feffoit de la Seneschacie +Dengleterre, q~ n’auo~ut (sic) taunt come ore fait ly quart. Et le +puisnez fitz de toutz out a noum Thorand, q~ espousa la Countesse de +Hertouwe en Norwey. Et par la reson q~ cely Thorand feut enherité en la +terre de Norwey, ly et ses successours sont enheritez iekis en sa p~ce +(sic) toutdis, puis y auoit affinité de alliaunce entre ceulx de +Denmarche et ceulx de Norwey, a checun venue q~ vnkes firent en ceste +terre pur chalenge ou clayme mettre, iekis a taunt q~ lour accion feut +enseyne destrut par vn noble chevallere <i>Guy de Warwike</i>, &c. +Et tout en sy feffoit Haueloke sez quatre fitz: si gist a priorie de +<i>Grescherche</i> en Loundrez.’ —f. 6 b.</p> + +<p>“The <i>Estorie de Grimesby</i> therefore, referred to above, is the +identical English Romance before us, and it is no less worthy of remark, +that the whole of the passage just quoted, with one single variation of +import, has been literally translated by Henry de Knyghton, and inserted +in his Chronicle.<a class = "tag" name = "tag7" id = "tag7" href = +"#note7">7</a> Of the sources whence the information respecting +Havelok’s sons is derived, we are unable to offer any account, as no +trace of it occurs either in the French or English texts of the +story.”</p> + + +<p class = "section"> +<a name = "pref_8" id = "pref_8">§ 8.</a> “About the same time at which +Rauf de Boun composed his Chronicle, was written a brief Genealogy of +the British and Saxon Kings, from Brutus to Edward II., preserved in the +same MS. in the Heralds’ College which contains the French text of the +Romance. The following curious rubric is prefixed:— <i>La lignée +des Bretons et des Engleis, queus il furent, et de queus nons, et coment +Brut vint premerement en Engleterre, et combien de tens puis, et dont il +vint. Brut et Cornelius furent chevalers chacez de la bataille de Troie, +<span class = "smallroman">M. CCCC. XVII.</span> anz deuant qe dieus +nasquit, et vindrent en Engleterre, en Cornewaille, et riens ne fut +trouee en la terre fors qe geanz, Geomagog, Hastripoldius, Ruscalbundy, +et plusurs autres Geanz.</i> In this Genealogy no mention of Havelok +occurs under the reign of Constantine, but after the names of the Saxon +Kings Edbright and Edelwin, we read: ‘<span class = +"smallcaps">Athelwold</span> auoit vne fille <i>Goldeburgh</i>, et il +regna vi. anz. <span class = "smallcaps">Haueloc</span> esposa meisme +<span class = "pagenum">ix</span> +<a name = "intro9" id = "intro9"> </a> +cele Goldeburgh, et regna iij. anz. <span class = +"smallcaps">Alfred</span> le frere le Roi Athelwold enchaca Haueloc par +Hunehere, et il fut le primer Roi corone de l’apostoille, et il regna +xxx. anz.’ —fol. 148 b. By this account Athelwold is clearly +identified with Ethelbald, King of Wessex, who reigned from 855 to 860, +whilst Havelok is substituted in the place of Ethelbert and +Ethered.”</p> + + +<p class = "section"> +<a name = "pref_9" id = "pref_9">§ 9.</a> “Not long after the same +period was written a Metrical <i>Chronicle of England</i>, printed by +Ritson, Metr. Rom. V. ii. p. 270. Two copies are known to +exist,<a class = "tag" name = "tag8" id = "tag8" href = "#note8">8</a> +the first concluding with the death of Piers Gavestone, in 1313 (MS. +Reg. 12. C. xii.), and the other continued to the time of Edw. III. +(Auchinleck MS.). The period of Havelok’s descent into England is there +ascribed to the reign of King Ethelred (978-1016), which will very +nearly coincide with the period assigned by Rauf de Boun, viz. <span +class = "smallroman">A.D.</span> 963-1004.”</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p class = "outset">‘ <i>Haueloc</i> com tho to this lond,</p> +<p>With gret host & eke strong,</p> +<p>Ant sloh the Kyng Achelred,</p> +<p>At Westmustre he was ded,</p> +<p>Ah he heuede reigned her</p> +<p>Seuene an tuenti fulle ȝer<ins class = "mycorr" +title = "close qutoe printed after MS name">.’</ins></p> +</div> + +<p class = "author"> +MS. Reg. 12. C. xii.</p> + +<p>“This date differs from most of the others, and appears founded on +the general notion of the Danish invasions during that period.”</p> + + +<p class = "section"> +<a name = "pref_10" id = "pref_10">§ 10.</a> Before proceeding to +consider the <i>prose</i> Chronicle of the Brute, it is better to speak +first of the translation of Peter de Langtoft’s Chronicle by Robert of +Brunne, a translation which was completed <span class = +"smallroman">A.D.</span> 1338. At p. 25 of Hearne’s edition is the +following passage:</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p class = "outset">‘ Ȝit a nother Danes Kyng in the North gan +aryue.</p> +<p>Alfrid it herd, thidere gan he dryue.</p> +<p><i>Hauelok</i><a class = "tag" name = "tag9" id = "tag9" href = +"#note9">9</a> fader he was, <i>Gunter</i> was his name.</p> +<p>He brent citees & tounes, ouer alle did he schame.</p> +<p>Saynt Cutbertes clerkes tho Danes thei dred.</p> +<p>The toke the holy bones, about thei tham led.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">x</span> +<a name = "intro10" id = "intro10"> </a> +<p>Seuen ȝere thorgh the land wer thei born aboute,</p> +<p>It comforted the kyng mykelle, whan he was in doute</p> +<p>¶ Whan Alfrid & Gunter had werred long in ille,</p> +<p>Thorgh the grace of God, Gunter turned his wille.</p> +<p>Cristend wild he be, the kyng of fonte him lift,</p> +<p>& thritty of his knyghtes turnes, thorgh Godes gift.</p> +<p>Tho that first were foos, and com of paien lay,</p> +<p>Of Cristen men haf los, & so thei wend away.’</p> +</div> + +<p>“This is the whole that appears in the original, but after the above +lines immediately follows, in the language of Robert of Brunne himself +(as noted also by Hearne, Pref. p. lxvii.), the following curious, +and to our inquiry, very important passage:”</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p class = "outset">‘ Bot I haf grete ferly, that I fynd no man,</p> +<p>That has writen in story, how Hauelok this lond wan.</p> +<p>Noither <i>Gildas</i>, no Bede, no Henry of Huntynton,</p> +<p>No William of Malmesbiri, ne Pers of Bridlynton,</p> +<p>Writes not in ther bokes of no kyng Athelwold,</p> +<p>Ne Goldeburgh his douhtere, ne Hauelok not of told,</p> +<p>Whilk tyme the were kynges, long or now late,</p> +<p>Thei mak no menyng whan, no in what date.</p> +<p>Bot that thise <i>lowed men vpon Inglish tellis</i>,</p> +<p>Right story can me not ken, the certeynte what spellis.</p> +<p>Men sais in Lyncoln castelle ligges ȝit a stone,</p> +<p>That Hauelok kast wele forbi euer ilkone</p> +<p>& ȝit the chapelle standes, ther he weddid his wife,</p> +<p>Goldeburgh the kynges douhter, <i>that saw is ȝit rife</i>.</p> +<p>& of Gryme a fisshere, <i>men redes ȝit in ryme</i>,</p> +<p>That he bigged Grymesby Gryme that ilk tyme.</p> +<p>Of alle stories of honoure, that I haf thorgh souht,</p> +<p>I fynd that no compiloure of him tellis ouht.</p> +<p>Sen I fynd non redy, that tellis of Hauelok kynde</p> +<p>Turne we to that story, that we writen fynde.’</p> +</div> + +<p>“There cannot exist the smallest doubt, that by the ‘Ryme’ here +mentioned ‘that lowed men vpon Inglish tellis,’ the identical English +Romance, now before the reader, is referred to. It must therefore +certainly have been composed prior to the period at which Robert of +Brunne wrote,<a class = "tag" name = "tag10" id = "tag10" href = +"#note10">10</a> in whose time the traditions respecting Havelok at +Lincoln were so strongly preserved, as to +<span class = "pagenum">xi</span> +<a name = "intro11" id = "intro11"> </a> +point out various localities to which the story had affixed a name, and +similar traditions connected with the legend, as we shall find +hereafter, existed also at Grimsby. The doubts expressed by the +Chronicler, as to their authenticity, or the authority of the ‘Ryme,’ +are curious, but only of value so far as they prove he was ignorant of +the existence of a French Romance on the subject, or of its reception in +Gaimar’s historical poem.”</p> + + +<p class = "section"> +<a name = "pref_11" id = "pref_11">§ 11.</a> “But on consulting the +Lambeth copy of Rob. of Brunne, in order to verify the passage as +printed by Hearne from the Inner Temple MS. we were not a little +surprised to ascertain a fact hitherto overlooked, and indeed unknown, +viz. that the Lambeth MS. (which is a folio, written on paper, and +imperfect both at the beginning and close)<a class = "tag" name = +"tag11" id = "tag11" href = "#note11">11</a> does not correspond with +the Edition, but has evidently been revised by a later hand, which has +abridged the Prologues, omitted some passages, and inserted others. The +strongest proof of this exists in the passage before us, in which the +Lambeth MS. entirely omits the lines of Rob. of Brunne respecting the +authenticity of the story of Havelok, and in their place substitutes an +abridged outline of the story itself, copied apparently from the French +Chronicle of Gaimar. The interpolation is so curious, and so connected +with our inquiry, as to be a sufficient apology for introducing it +here.”</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p class = "outset">‘ ¶ Forth wente Gounter & his folk, al in to +Denemark,</p> +<p>Sone fel ther hym vpon, a werre styth & stark,</p> +<p>Thurgh a Breton kyng, th<sup>t</sup> out of Ingeland cam,</p> +<p>& asked the tribut of Denmark, th<sup>t</sup> Arthur whylom +nam.</p> +<p>They wythseide hit schortly, & non wolde they ȝelde,</p> +<p>But rather they wolde dereyne hit, wyth bataill y the felde.</p> +<p>Both partis on a day, to felde come they stronge,</p> +<p>Desconfit were the danes, Gounter his deth gan fonge.</p> +<p>When he was ded they schope brynge, al his blod to schame,</p> +<p>But Gatferes doughter the kyng, <i>Eleyne</i> was hure name,</p> +<p>Was kyng Gounteres wyf, and had a child hem bytwene,</p> +<p>Wyth wham scheo scapede vnethe, al to the se with tene.</p> +<p>The child hym highte <span class = "smallcaps">Hauelok</span>, +th<sup>t</sup> was his moder dere,</p> +<p>Scheo mette with grym atte hauene, a wel god marinere,</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">xii</span> +<a name = "intro12" id = "intro12"> </a> +<p>He hure knew & highte hure wel, to helpe hure with his might,</p> +<p>To bryng hure saf out of the lond, wythinne th<sup>t</sup> ilke +night.</p> +<p>When they come in myd se, a gret meschef gan falle,</p> +<p>They metten wyth a gret schip, lade wyth outlawes alle.</p> +<p>Anon they fullen hem apon, & dide hem Mikel peyne,</p> +<p>So th<sup>t</sup> wyth strengthe of their assaut, ded was quene +Eleyne.</p> +<p>But ȝyt ascapede from hem Grym, wyth Hauelok & other fyue,</p> +<p>& atte the hauene of Grymesby, ther they gon aryue.</p> +<p>Ther was brought forth child Hauelok, wyth Grym & his fere,</p> +<p>Right als hit hadde be ther own, for other wyste men nere.</p> +<p>Til he was mykel & mighti, & man of mykel cost,</p> +<p>Th<sup>t</sup> for his grete sustinaunce, nedly serue he most.</p> +<p>He tok leue of Grym & Seburc, as of his sire & dame,</p> +<p>And askede ther blessinge curteysly, ther was he nought to blame.</p> +<p>Thenne drow he forth northward, to kynges court Edelsie,</p> +<p>Th<sup>t</sup> held fro Humber to Rotland, the kyngdam of +Lyndesye.</p> +<p>Thys Edelsy of Breton kynde, had Orewayn his sister bright</p> +<p>Maried to a noble kyng, of Northfolk Egelbright.</p> +<p>Holly for his kyngdam, he held in his hand,</p> +<p>Al the lond fro Colchestre, right in til Holand.</p> +<p>Thys Egelbright th<sup>t</sup> was a Dane, & Orewayn the +quene,</p> +<p>Hadden gete on Argill, a doughter hem bytwene.</p> +<p>Sone then deyde Egelbright, & his wyf Orewayn,</p> +<p>& therfore was kyng Edelsye, bothe joyful & fayn.</p> +<p>Anon their doughter & here Eyr, his nece dame Argill,</p> +<p>& al the kyngdam he tok in hande, al at his owene will.</p> +<p>Ther serued Hauelok as quistron, & was y-cald Coraunt,</p> +<p>He was ful mykel & hardy, & strong as a Geaunt.</p> +<p>He was bold Curteys & fre, & fair & god of manere,</p> +<p>So th<sup>t</sup> alle folk hym louede, th<sup>t</sup> auewest hym +were.</p> +<p>But for couetise of desheraison, of damysele Argill,</p> +<p>& for a chere th<sup>t</sup> the kyng sey, scheo made Coraunt +till,</p> +<p>He dide hem arraye ful symplely, & wedde togydere bothe,</p> +<p>For he ne rewarded desparagyng, were manion ful wrothe.</p> +<p>A while they dwelt after in court, in ful pore degre,</p> +<p>The schame & sorewe th<sup>t</sup> Argill hadde, hit was a deol +to se.</p> +<p>Then seyde scheo til hure maister, of whenne sire be ȝe?</p> +<p>Haue ȝe no kyn ne frendes at hom, in ȝoure contre?</p> +<p>Leuer were me lyue in pore lyf, wythoute schame & tene,</p> +<p>Than in schame & sorewe, lede the astat of quene.</p> +<p>Thenne wente they forth to Grymesby, al by his wyues red,</p> +<p>& founde th<sup>t</sup> Grym & his wyf, weren bothe ded.</p> +<p>But he fond ther on Aunger, Grymes cosyn hend,</p> +<p>To wham th<sup>t</sup> Grym & his wyf, had teld word & +ende.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">xiii</span> +<a name = "intro13" id = "intro13"> </a> +<p>How th<sup>t</sup> hit stod wyth Hauelok, in all manere degre,</p> +<p>& they hit hym telde & conseilled, to drawe til his +contre,</p> +<p>Tasaye what grace he mighte fynde, among his frendes there,</p> +<p>& they wolde ordeyne for their schipynge, and al th<sup>t</sup> +hem nede were.</p> +<p>When Aunger hadde y-schiped hem, they seilled forth ful swythe,</p> +<p>Ful-but in til Denemark, wyth weder fair & lithe.</p> +<p>Ther fond he on sire Sykar, a man of gret pousté,</p> +<p>Th<sup>t</sup> hey styward somtyme was, of al his fader fe.</p> +<p>Ful fayn was he of his comyng, & god help him behight,</p> +<p>To recouere his heritage, of Edulf kyng & knyght.</p> +<p>Sone asembled they gret folk, of his sibmen & frendes,</p> +<p>Kyng Edulf gadered his power, & ageyn them wendes.</p> +<p>Desconfyt was ther kyng Edulf, & al his grete bataill,</p> +<p>& so conquered Hauelok, his heritage saunz faille.</p> +<p>Sone after he schop him gret power, in toward Ingelond,</p> +<p>His wyues heritage to wynne, ne wolde he nought wonde.</p> +<p>Th<sup>t</sup> herde the kyng of Lyndeseye, he was come on +th<sup>t</sup> cost,</p> +<p>& schop to fighte wyth hym sone, & gadered hym gret host.</p> +<p>But atte day of bataill, Edelsy was desconfit,</p> +<p>& after by tretys gaf Argentill, hure heritage al quit.</p> +<p>& for scheo was next of his blod, Hauelokes wyf so feyr,</p> +<p>He gaf hure Lyndesey after his day, & made hure his Eyr.</p> +<p>& atte last so byfel, th<sup>t</sup> vnder Hauelokes schelde,</p> +<p>Al Northfolk & Lyndeseye, holy of hym they helde.’</p> +</div> + +<p class = "author"> +MS. Lamb. 131. leaf 76.</p> + + +<p class = "section"> +<a name = "pref_12" id = "pref_12">§ 12.</a> We now come to the prose +Chronicle called The Brute, which became exceedingly popular, and was +the foundation of “Caxton’s Chronicle,” first printed by Caxton <span +class = "smallroman">A.D.</span> 1480, but of which Caxton was not the +author, though he may have added some of the last chapters. The original +is in French, and was probably compiled a few years <i>before</i> Robert +of Brunne’s translation of Langtoft was made, as it concludes with the +year 1331, or, in some copies, with 1332. The author of it is not known, +but it was probably only regarded as a compilation from the Chronicles +of the earlier Historians. “In this Chronicle, in all its various +shapes, is contained the Story of Havelock, <i>engrafted on the British +History of Geoffrey of Monmouth</i>, and in its detail, following +precisely the French text of the Romance. The only variation of +consequence is the substitution of the name of Birkabeyn (as in the +English text) for that of Gunter, and in some copies, both of the French +and English MSS. of the Chronicle, the name of +<span class = "pagenum">xiv</span> +<a name = "intro14" id = "intro14"> </a> +<i>Goldeburgh</i> is inserted instead of <i>Argentille</i>; which +variations are the more curious, as they prove the absolute identity of +the story. For the sake of a more complete illustration of what has been +advanced, we are induced to copy the passage at length, as it appears in +the French Chronicle, taken from a well-written MS. of the 14th century, +MS. Reg. 20 A 3, fol. 165 b.”<a class = "tag" name = "tag12" +id = "tag12" href = "#note12">12</a></p> + +<h5><i>‘Des Rois Adelbright & Edelfi</i>, Cap. <span class = +"smallroman">IIIJ</span><sup>xx.</sup> <span class = +"smallroman">XIX</span>.</h5> + +<p class = "longquote"> +Apres le Roi Constantin estoient deux Rois en graunt Brutaigne, dount li +vns out a noun Aldelbright, & fust Danois, & [tint] tut le pais +de Norff’ & de Suffolk, & ly altre out a noun Edelfi, q<i>e</i> +fust Brittone, & tint Nicol & Lindesey, & tote la terre +desqes a Humber, Ceux deux Rois soi entreguerroierent, [& moult +s’entrehaierent] mais puis furent il entre acordez & soi +entreamerent, taunt com s’il vssent estee freres de vn ventre neez. Le +Roi Edelfi out vne soer, Orewenne par noun, & la dona par grant +amour al Roi Aldelbright a femme. Et il engendra de ly vne fille +q<i>e</i> out a noun Argentille. En le tierez an apres vne greue Maladie +ly suruint, si deuereit morrir, & maunda par vn iour al Roi Edelfi, +soun frere en lei, q’il venist a ly parler, & cil ly emparla +volentiers. Donqe ly pria le Roi Aldelbright et ly coniura en le noun +[de] Dieu, q’il apres sa mort preist Argentille sa fille, & sa +terre, & q’il la feist honestement garder [& nurrir] en sa +chambre, & quant ele serreit de age, q’il la feist marier al plus +fort hom & plus vaillaunt q’il porroit trouer, & q<i>e</i> a +donqe ly rendist sa terre. Edelfi ceo graunta, & par serment afferma +sa priere. Et quant Adelbright fust mort, & enterree, Edelfi prist +la damoysele, & la norrist en sa chambre, si deuynt ele la plus +beale creature q<i>e</i> hom porreit trouer.</p> + +<h5><i>Coment le Roi Edelfi Maria la damoisele Argentille a vn quistroun +de sa quisine.</i> Cap<sup>m.</sup> C.</h5> + +<p class = "longquote"> +Le Roi Edelfi, q<i>e</i> fust vncle a la Damoysele Argentille, pensa +fausement coment il porreit la terre sa Nece auoir par touz iours, & +malueisement countre soun serment pensa a deceiure la pucelle, si la +maria a vn quistroun de sa quisyne q<i>e</i> fust apellée Curan, si +esteit il le plus haut, le plus fort, & le plus vaillaunt de corps, +q<i>e</i> hom sauoit nulle part a cel temps, & la quidoit +hountousement marier, pur auoir sa terre a remenaunt, Mais il fust +deceu. Car +<span class = "pagenum">xv</span> +<a name = "intro15" id = "intro15"> </a> +cest Curan fust [le Roi] Hauelok, filz le Roi Kirkebain de Denemarche, +& il conquist la terre sa femme [en Bretaigne], & occist le Roi +Edelfi, vncle sa femme, & conquist tote la terre, <i>si com aillours +est trouée plus pleinement</i> [<i>en l’estorie</i>], & il ne regna +q<i>e</i> treis aunz. Car Saxsouns & Danoys le occirent, & ceo +fust grant damage a tote la grant Brutaigne. Et les Brutouns le +porterent a Stonhenge, & illoeqes ly enterrerent a grant +honour.’</p> + + +<p class = "section"> +<a name = "pref_13" id = "pref_13">§ 13.</a> “With the above may be +compared the English version, as extant in MS. Harl. 2279, which agrees +with the Ed. of Caxton, except in the occasional substitution of one +word for another.”<a class = "tag" name = "tag13" id = "tag13" href = +"#note13">13</a></p> + +<h5>‘MS. Harl. 2279, f. 47.<i> Of the kinges Albright & of +Edelf.</i> Ca<sup>o</sup> <span class = +"smallroman">IIII</span><sup>xx.</sup> <span class = +"smallroman">XI</span><sup>o</sup>.</h5> + +<p class = "longquote"> +After kyng Constantinus deth, ther were .ij. kynges in Britaigne, that +one men callede Adelbright, that was a Danoys, and helde the cuntray of +Northfolk and Southfolk, that other hight Edelf, and was a Britoun & +helde Nichole, Lindeseye, and alle the lande vnto Humber. Thes ij. +kynges faste werred togeders, but afterward thei were acorded, and +louede togedere as thei had ben borne of o bodie. The kyng Edelf had a +suster that men callede Orewenne, and he yaf here thurghe grete +frenshipe to kyng Adelbright to wif, and he begate on here a doughter +that men callede Argentille, and in the .iij. yeer after him come vppon +a strong sekenesse that nedes he muste die, and he sent to kyng Edelf, +his brother in lawe, that he shulde come and speke with him, and he come +to him with good wille. Tho prayed he the kyng and coniurede also in the +name of God, that after whan he were dede, he shulde take Argentil his +doughter, and the lande, and that he kepte hir wel, and noreshed in his +chambre; and whan she were of age he shulde done here be mariede to the +strongest and worthiest man that he myȝt fynde, and than he shulde yelde +vp her lande ayen. Edelf hit grauntid, and bi othe hit confermede his +prayer. And whan Adelbright was dede and Enterede, Edelfe toke the +damesel Argentil, and noreshid her in his chambre, and she become the +fayrest creature th<sup>t</sup> myȝt lif, or eny man finde.</p> + +<h5><i>How kyng Edelf mariede the damysel Argentil to a knaue of his +kichyn.</i> Ca<sup>o</sup> <span class = +"smallroman">IIII<sup>xx.</sup> XII.</span></h5> + +<p class = "longquote"> +This kyng Edelf, that was vncle to the damesel Argentil, bithought how +that he myȝte falsliche haue the lande from his nece +<span class = "pagenum">xvi</span> +<a name = "intro16" id = "intro16"> </a> +for euermore, and falsly ayens his othe thouȝte to desceyue the damysel, +and marie here to a knave of his kichon, that men callede Curan, and he +become the worthiest and strengest man of bodie that eny man wist in eny +lande that tho leuede. And to him he thouȝt here shendfully haue +mariede, for to haue had here lande afterward; but he was clene +desceyuede. For this Curan that was Hauelokis son that was kyng of +Kirkelane in Denmark, and this Curan Conquerede his wifes landes, and +slow kyng Edelf, that was his wifes vncle, and had alle here lande, as +in a-nother stede hit [MS. but] telleth more oponly, and he ne regnede +but iij. yeer, for Saxones and Danoys him quelde, and that was grete +harme to al Britaigne, and Britouns bere him to Stonehenge, and ther +thei him interede with mochel honour and solempnite.’</p> + +<p>“It must not be concealed, that in some copies, viz. in MSS. Harl. +1337, 6251, Digby 185, Hatton 50, Ashmole 791 and 793, the story is +altogether omitted, and Conan made to succeed to Arthur. In those copies +also of the English Polychronicon, the latter part of which resembles +the above Chronicle, the passage is not found.” “Among the Harl. MSS. +(No. 63) is a copy of the same Chronicle in an abridged form, in which +the name of <i>Goldesburghe</i> is substituted for that of Argentille.” +Sir F. Madden now adds—that “the story occurs also in some +interpolated copies of Higden (the Latin text, viz. MSS. Harl. 655, +Cott. Jul. E. 8, Reg. 13 E. 1<ins class = "mycorr" title = +"close parenthesis missing">).</ins> In an earlier form it is found in a +Latin Chronicle of the 13th century, MS. Cott. Dom. A. 2, fol. +130.”</p> + + +<p class = "section"> +<a name = "pref_14" id = "pref_14">§ 14.</a> “It was, in all +probability, to this Chronicle also, in its original form, that Thomas +Gray, the author of the <i>Scala Cronica</i> (or <i>Scale Cronicon</i>), +a Chronicle in French prose, composed between the years 1355 and 1362, +is indebted for his knowledge of the tale.” The original MS. is No. 132 +in the library of Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, and was edited by +Stevenson for the Maitland Club in 1836. The passage relative to Havelok +is translated by Leland, <i>Collectanea</i>, vol. i. pt. 2, +p. 511. This account resembles the others, and involves no new +point of interest.</p> + + +<p class = "section"> +<a name = "pref_15" id = "pref_15">§ 15.</a> I may here introduce the +remark, that the story is also to be found in the <i>Eulogium +Historiarum</i>, ed. Haydon, 1860, vol. ii. p. 378. I here quote +the passage at length, as it is not referred to in Sir F. Madden’s +edition. The date of the Chronicle is about 1366. For various readings, +see Haydon’s edition.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">xvii</span> +<a name = "intro17" id = "intro17"> </a> +<p class = "longquote"> +Non enim est prætermittendum de quodam Dano generoso ætate juvenili +florente, qui tempore regis Edelfridi casualiter Angliam adiit, qui a +propria patria expulsus per quendam ducem falsissimum, cui pater ejus +illum commiserat ipso moriente et ducem rogavit ut puerum nutriret usque +dum posset Denemarchiæ regnum viriliter gubernare. Dux vero malitiam +machinans juvenem hæredem rectum, Hauelok nomine, voluit occidisse. Puer +vero comperiens aufugit per latibula usque dum quidam Anglicus et +mercator in illis partibus adventaret; nomen autem mercatoris Grym +vocitabatur. Hauelok autem, Grym rogans ut ipsum in Angliam +transvectaret, ipse autem annuens, puerum secum conduxit et cum eo per +aliquot tempus apud Grymesby morabatur. Tandem ipsum ad curiam regis +Edelfridi conduxit et ibi in coquina regis moratus est.</p> + +<p class = "longquote"> +Rex autem Edelfridus quamdam habuit sororem nomine Orwen et illam +maritavit regi Athelberto, quod conjugium inter duos reges vinculum +amoris catenavit. Rex autem Athelbert terram citra Trentam cum regio +diademate occupavit, cum terra de Northfolk’ et de Southfolk’ et eis +adjacentibus. Rex vero Edelfrid comitatum Lincolniæ et Lyndeseye et eis +spectantibus. Ante maritagium puellæ Orwen illi duo reges semper +debellabant, post matrimonium factum nulla fuit divisio, nec in familia +inter eos nec in dominio.</p> + +<p class = "longquote"> +Rex vero Ethelbert de uxore sua quamdam filiam genuit, nomine Argentile, +pulcherrimam valde. Athelberto obiente, vel ante mortem ejus, regem +rogavit Edelfridum ut filiam suam homini fortissimo ac validiori totius +sui regni in conjugium copularet, nihil doli vel mali machinans.</p> + +<p class = "longquote"> +Rex autem Adelfrid omnem malitiam ingeminans de conjugio puellæ +malitiose disponens, cogitans se habere unum lixam in coquina sua qui +omnes homines regni sui in vigore et fortitudine superabat, et juxta +votum patris puellæ ad illum hominem fortissimum illam generosam +juvenculam toro maritali copulavit, ob cupiditatem regni puellæ ipsam +ita enormiter maritabat. Hauelok in patria Danemarchiæ et Argentile in +Britannia æquali sorte ad custodiendum deputati sunt, totum tamen nutu +Divino cedebat eis in honorem. Nam Hauelok post paucos annos regnum +Britanniæ adoptus est, et a Saxonibus tandem occisus et apud le +Stonhenge est sepultus. Pater ejus Kirkeban vocabatur.</p> + +<p>This agrees closely with the accounts given above (§ 12 and +§ 13). The chief point to be noticed is that this account +identifies Edelfrid with the Æthelfrith son of Æthelric who was king of +the Northumbrians from <span class = "smallroman">A.D.</span> 593 to +617, according to the +<span class = "pagenum">xviii</span> +<a name = "intro18" id = "intro18"> </a> +computation of the A.S. Chronicle, and who was succeeded by Eadwine son +of Ælle, who drove out the æthelings or sons of Æthelfrith. It may be +remarked further, that the same Æthelfrith is called Æluric by Laȝamon, +who gives him a very bad character; see Laȝamon, ed. Madden, vol. iii. +p. 195.</p> + + +<p class = "section"> +<a name = "pref_16" id = "pref_16">§ 16.</a> The story is also mentioned +by Henry de Knyghton, a canon of Leicester abbey, whose history +concludes with the year 1395. But his is no fresh evidence, as it is +evidently borrowed from the French Chronicle of Rauf de Boun; see +§ 7. It is also alluded to in a blundering manner in a short +historical compilation extending from the time of Brutus to the reign of +Henry VI., and preserved in MS. Cotton Calig. A. 2. At fol. +107 <i>b</i> is the passage— “Ethelwolde, qui generavit +filiam de (<i>sic</i>) Haueloke de Denmarke, per quem Danes per cccc. +annos postea fecerunt clameum Anglie.” Some omission after the word +<i>de</i> has turned the passage into nonsense; but it is noteworthy as +expressing the claim of the Danes to the English crown by right of +descent from Havelok; a claim which is more clearly expressed in MS. +Harl. 63, in which the King of Denmark is represented as sending a +herald to Æthelstan (<span class = "smallroman">A.D.</span> 927)— +“to witte wheder he wold fynde a man to fight w<i>i</i>t<i>h</i> +Colbrande<a class = "tag" name = "tag14" id = "tag14" href = +"#note14">14</a> for the righ[t]e of the kyngdom Northumbr<i>e</i>, that +the Danes had claymed byfore by the title of kyng Haueloke, that wedded +Goldesburghe the kyngis daughter of Northumbr<i>e</i>” —fol. 19.<a +class = "tag" name = "tag15" id = "tag15" href = "#note15">15</a> Four +hundred years before this date would intimate some year early in the +sixth century. Finally, the story is found at a later period in Caxton’s +Chronicle (<span class = "smallroman">A.D.</span> 1480) as above +intimated in § 12; whence it was adopted by Warner, and inserted +into his poem entitled Albion’s England; book iv. chap. 20, published in +1586. Warner called it the tale of “Argentile and Curan;” and in this +ballad-shape it was reprinted in Percy’s Reliques of Ancient Poetry +(vol. ii. p. 261; ed. 1812) with the same title. Not long after, in +1617, another author, William Webster, published a larger poem in +six-line stanzas; but this is a mere paraphrase of Warner. The title +is— “The most +<span class = "pagenum">xix</span> +<a name = "intro19" id = "intro19"> </a> +pleasant and delightful historie of Curan, a prince of Danske, and the +fayre princesse Argentile,” &c. John Fabyan, in his Concordance of +Historyes, first printed in 1516, alludes to the two kings Adelbryght +and Edill, only to dismiss the “longe processe” concerning them, as not +supported by sufficient authority. See p. 82 of the reprint by +Ellis, 4to, 1811.</p> + + +<p class = "section"> +<a name = "pref_17" id = "pref_17">§ 17.</a> The only other two sources +whence any further light can be thrown upon our subject are the +traditions of Denmark and Grimsby. A letter addressed by Sir F. Madden +to Professor Rask elicited a reply which was equivalent to saying that +next to nothing is known about it in Denmark. This seems to be the right +place to mention a small book of 80 pages, published at Copenhagen in +the present year (1868), and entitled “Sagnet om Havelok Danske; fortalt +af Kristian Köster.” It contains (1) a version, in Danish +prose, of the English poem; (2) a version of the same story, +following the French texts of the Arundel and Royal MSS.; and +(3) some elucidations of the legend. The author proposes a theory +that Havelok is really the Danish king Amlet, i.e. Hamlet; but I have +not space here to state all his arguments. As far as I follow them, some +of the chief ones are these; that Havelok ought to be found in the list +of Danish kings;<a class = "tag" name = "tag16" id = "tag16" href = +"#note16">16</a> that Hamlet’s simulation of folly or madness is +paralleled by Havelok’s behaviour, as expressed in ll. 945-954 of our +poem; and that both Hamlet and Havelok succeeded in fulfilling the +revenge which they had long cherished secretly. But I am not much +persuaded by these considerations, for, even granting some resemblance +in the names,<a class = "tag" name = "tag17" id = "tag17" href = +"#note17">17</a> the resemblance in the stories is very slight. But I +must refer the reader to the book itself.</p> + + +<p class = "section"> +<a name = "pref_18" id = "pref_18">§ 18.</a> Turning however to local +traditions, we find that Camden briefly alludes to the story in a +contemptuous manner +<span class = "pagenum">xx</span> +<a name = "intro20" id = "intro20"> </a> +(p. 353; ed. 8vo, Lond. 1587); but Gervase Holles is far from being +disposed to regard it as fabulous. <ins class = "mycorr" +title = "text has superfluous open quote">In</ins> his MSS. collections for +Lincolnshire, preserved in MS. Harl. 6829, he thus speaks of the story +we are examining.<a class = "tag" name = "tag18" id = "tag18" href = +"#note18">18</a></p> + +<p class = "longquote"> +“And it will not be amisse, to say something concerning y<sup>e</sup> +Common tradition of her first founder Grime, as y<sup>e</sup> +inhabitants (with a Catholique faith) name him. The tradition it thus. +<i>Grime</i> (say they) a poore Fisherman (as he was launching into +y<sup>e</sup> Riuer for fish in his little boate vpon Humber) espyed not +far from him another little boate, empty (as he might conceaue) which by +y<sup>e</sup> fauour of y<sup>e</sup> wynde & tyde still approached +nearer & nearer vnto him. He betakes him to his oares, & meetes +itt, wherein he founde onely a Childe wrapt in swathing clothes, +purposely exposed (as it should seeme) to y<sup>e</sup> pittylesse +[rage] of y<sup>e</sup> wilde & wide Ocean. He moued with pitty, +takes itt home, & like a good foster-father carefully nourisht itt, +& endeauoured to nourishe it in his owne occupation: but +y<sup>e</sup> childe contrarily was wholy deuoted to exercises of +actiuity, & when he began to write man, to martiall sports, & at +length by his signall valour obteyned such renowne, y<sup>t</sup> he +marryed y<sup>e</sup> King of England’s daughter, & last of all +founde who was his true Father, & that he was Sonne to y<sup>e</sup> +King of Denmarke; & for y<sup>e</sup> comicke close of all; that +<i>Haueloke</i> (for such was his name) exceedingly aduanced & +enriched his foster-father Grime, who thus enriched, builded a fayre +Towne neare the place where Hauelocke was founde, & named it +Grimesby. Thus say some: others differ a little in y<sup>e</sup> +circumstances, as namely, that Grime was not a Fisherman, but a +Merchant, & that Hauelocke should be preferred to y<sup>e</sup> +King’s kitchin, & there liue a longe tyme as a Scullion: but however +y<sup>e</sup> circumstances differ, they all agree in y<sup>e</sup> +consequence, as concerning y<sup>e</sup> Towne’s foundation, to which +(sayth y<sup>e</sup> story) Hauelocke y<sup>e</sup> Danish prince, +afterward graunted many immunityes. This is y<sup>e</sup> famous +Tradition concerning Grimsby w<sup>c</sup>h learned Mr. Cambden gives so +little creditt to, that he thinkes it onely <i>illis dignissima, qui +anilibus fabulis noctem solent protrudere</i>.”</p> + +<p>And again, after shewing that <i>by</i> is the Danish for +<i>town</i>, and quoting a passage about Havelock’s father being named +Gunter, which may be found in Weever (Ancient Funeral Monuments, fol. +Lond. 1631, p. 749), he proceeds:</p> + +<p class = "longquote"> +<ins class = "mycorr" title = "printed inline with preceding text, in smaller type">“that</ins> +Hauelocke did sometymes reside in Grimsby, may be gathered from a great blew +<span class = "pagenum">xxi</span> +<a name = "intro21" id = "intro21"> </a> +Boundry-stone, lying at y<sup>e</sup> East ende of Briggowgate, which +retaines y<sup>e</sup> name of <i>Hauelock’s-Stone</i> to this day. +Agayne y<sup>e</sup> great priuiledges & immunityes, that this Towne +hath in Denmarke aboue any other in England (as freedome from Toll, +& y<sup>e</sup> rest) may fairely induce a Beleife, that some +preceding favour, or good turne called on this remuneration. But lastly +(which proofe I take to be <i>instar omnium</i>) the Common Seale of +y<sup>e</sup> Towne, & that a most auncient one,” &c. [Here +follows a description of the Seal.]</p> + +<p>“The singular fact,” adds Sir F. Madden, “alluded to by Holles, of +the Burgesses of Grimsby being free from toll at the Port of Elsineur, +in Denmark, is confirmed by the Rev. G. Oliver, in his Monumental +Antiquities of Grimsby, 8vo, Hull, 1825, who is inclined from that, and +other circumstances, to believe the story is not so totally without +foundation.” There is also an absurd local story that the church at +Grimsby, which has now but one turret, formerly had four, three of which +were kicked down by Grim in his anxiety to destroy some hostile vessels. +The first fell among the enemy’s fleet; the second dropped in +Wellowgate, and is now Havelock’s stone; the third fell within the +churchyard, but the fourth his strength failed to move. Perhaps amongst +the most interesting notices of the story are the following words by Sir +Henry Havelock, whose family seems to have originally resided in Durham. +His own account, however, is this. “My father, William Havelock, +descended from a family which formerly resided at Grimsby in +Lincolnshire, and was himself born at Guisborough in Yorkshire.”<a class += "tag" name = "tag19" id = "tag19" href = "#note19">19</a> And it may +at least be said with perfect truth, that if the name of <i>Havelock</i> +was not famous formerly, it is famous now.</p> + + +<p class = "section"> +<a name = "pref_19" id = "pref_19">§ 19.</a> The last evidence for the +legend is the still-existing seal of the corporation of Great Grimsby. +The engraving of this seal, as it appears in the present edition, was +made from a copy kindly furnished to the E.E.T.S. by the Mayor of +Grimsby, and I here subjoin a description of it, communicated to me by +J. Hopkin, Esq., Jun., of Grimsby, which was first printed, in a +slightly different form, in Notes and Queries, 2nd Series, vol. xi. +p. 41; see also p. 216.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">xxii</span> +<a name = "intro22" id = "intro22"> </a> +<p class = "longquote"> +“The ancient Town Seal of Great Grimsby is engraven on a circular piece +of brass not very thick; and on the back, which is rather arched, is a +small projecting piece of brass, placed as a substitute for a handle, in +order when taking an impression the more easily to detach the matrix +from the Wax. This seal is in an excellent state of preservation, and is +inscribed in Saxon characters ‘Sigillvm Comunitatis Grimebye’ and +represents thereon Gryme (‘Gryem’) who by tradition is reported to have +been a native of Souldburg in Denmark, where he gained a precarious +livelihood by fishing and piracy; but having, as is supposed, during the +reign of Ethelbert,<a class = "tag" name = "tag20" id = "tag20" href = +"#note20">20</a> been accidentally driven into the Humber by a furious +storm, he landed on the Lincolnshire Coast near Grimsby, he being at +this time miserably poor and almost destitute of the common necessaries +of life; for Leland represents this ‘poor fisschar’ as being so very +needy that he was not ‘able to kepe his sunne Cuaran for poverty.’ +Gryme, finding a capacious haven adapted to his pursuits, built himself +a house and commenced and soon succeeded in establishing a very +lucrative Trade with Norway, Sweden, and Denmark. Other Merchants having +in process of time settled near him, attracted by the commercial +advantages offered by this excellent Harbour, they jointly constructed +convenient appendages for extensive Trade, and the colony soon rose into +considerable importance, and became known at an early period by the name +of Grimsby. For not only was Grimsby constituted a borough so early as +the seventh century, but Peter of Langtoft speaks of it as a frontier +Town and the boundary of a Kingdom erected by the conquests of Egbert in +the year 827, which he states included all that portion of the Island +which lay between ‘the maritime Towns of Grymsby and Dover.’ So that +even at that period, Grimsby must have been a place of peculiar strength +and importance. Gryme is represented on the seal as a man of gigantic +stature with comparatively short hair, a shaven chin, and a moustache, +holding in his right hand a drawn sword and bearing on his left arm a +circular shield with an ornate boss and rim. The sleeveless tunic above +his under vest is most probably the panzar or panzara of the Danes. +Between his feet is a Conic object, possibly intended for a helmet, as +it resembles the chapelle-de-fer worn by William Rufus on his Great +Seal, and which in the laws of Gula is distinguished as the Steel hufe. +On the right hand of Gryme stands his protégé Haveloc (‘Habloc’), whom, +during one of his mercantile excursions soon after his arrival in +Lincolnshire, Gryme had the good fortune to save +<span class = "pagenum">xxiii</span> +<a name = "intro23" id = "intro23"> </a> +from imminent danger of Shipwreck, and who proved to be the Son of +Gunter, King of Denmark, and who was therefore conveyed to the British +Court, where he subsequently received in marriage Goldburgh, the +Daughter of the British Sovereign. Above Gryme is represented a hand, +being emblematical of the hand of providence by which Haveloc was +preserved, and near the hand is the star which marks the point where the +inscription begins and ends. Haveloc made such a favourable +representation of his preserver at the British and Danish Courts, that +he procured for him many honours and privileges. From the British +Monarch Gryme, who had already realised an abundance of wealth, received +a charter, and was made the chief governor of Grimsby; and the Danish +Sovereign granted to the Town an immunity (which is still possessed by +the Burgesses of Grimsby) from all Tolls at the Port of Elsineur. Gryme +afterwards lived in Grimsby like a petty prince in his Hereditary +Dominions. Above Haveloc is represented a crown and in his right hand is +a battle axe, the favourite weapon of the Northmen, and in his right +hand is a ring which he is presenting to the British Princess Goldburgh +(‘Goldebvrgh’), who stands on the left side of Gryme and whose right +hand is held towards the Ring. Over her head is a Regal Diadem, and in +her left hand is a Sceptre. Sir F. Madden states that it is certain that +this seal is at least as old as the time of Edward I. (and +therefore contemporaneous with the MS.) as the legend is written in a +character which after the year 1300 fell into disuse, and was succeeded +by the black letter, or <i>Gothic</i>.”</p> + + +<h5 class = "section"> +<a name = "pref_20" id = "pref_20">§ 20.</a> <span class = +"smallcaps">Sketch of the story of</span> “Le Lai d’Aueloc.”<a class = +"tag" name = "tag21" id = "tag21" href = "#note21">21</a></h5> + +<p>It is my intention to offer some remarks on the probable sources of +the legend, and to fix a conjectural date for the existence of Havelok. +But it is obviously convenient that a sketch of the story should first +be given. It appears, however, that the resemblance between the French +and English versions is by no means very close, and it will be necessary +to give separate abstracts of them. I begin with the French version, in +which I follow the Norfolk MS. rather than the abridgment by Gaimar. I +have already said that the former is printed in Sir F. Madden’s edition, +and that it was reprinted by M. Michel with the title “Lai d’Havelok le +Danois,” Paris, 1833, and by Mr Wright for the Caxton Society in +1850.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">xxiv</span> +<a name = "intro24" id = "intro24"> </a> +<p class = "longquote"> +The Britons made a lay concerning King Havelok, who is surnamed Cuaran. +His father was Gunter, King of the Danes. Arthur crossed the sea, and +invaded Denmark. Gunter perished by the treason of Hodulf, who gained +the kingdom, and held it of Arthur. Gunter had a fine castle, where his +wife and son were guarded, being committed to the protection of Grim. +The child was but seven years old; but ever as he slept, an odorous +flame issued from his mouth. Hodulf sought to kill him, but Grim +prepared a ship, and furnished it with provisions, wherein he placed the +queen and the child, and set sail from Denmark. On their voyage they +encountered pirates (“outlaghes”), who killed them all after a hard +fight, excepting Grim, who was an acquaintance of theirs, and Grim’s +wife and children. Havelok also was saved. They at last arrived at the +haven, afterwards named “Grimesbi” from Grim. Grim there resumed his old +trade, a fisherman’s, and a town grew up round his hut, which was called +Grimsby. The child grew up, and waxed strong. One day Grim said to him, +“Son, you will never thrive as a fisherman; take your brothers with you, +and seek service amongst the King’s servants.” He was soon well +apparelled, and repaired with his two foster-brothers to Nicole +[Lincoln].<a class = "tag" name = "tag22" id = "tag22" href = +"#note22">22</a> Now at that time there was a king named Alsi, who ruled +over all Nicole and Lindesie;<a class = "tag" name = "tag23" id = +"tag23" href = "#note23">23</a> but the country southward was governed +by another king, named Ekenbright, who had married Alsi’s sister Orewen. +These two had one only daughter, named Argentille. Ekenbright, falling +ill, committed Argentille to the care of Alsi, till she should be of age +to be married to the strongest man that can be found. At Ekenbright’s +death, Alsi reigned over both countries, holding his court at Nicole. +Havelok, on his arrival there, was employed to carry water and cut wood, +and to perform all menial offices requiring great strength. He was named +Cuaran, which means—in the British language—a scullion. +Argentille soon arrived at marriageable age, and Alsi determined to +marry her to Cuaran, which would sufficiently fulfil her father’s +wish—Cuaran being confessedly the strongest man in those parts. To +this marriage he compelled her to consent, hoping thereby to disgrace +her for ever. Havelok was unwilling that his wife should perceive the +marvellous flame, but soon forgot this, and ere long fell asleep. Then +had Argentille a strange vision—that a savage bear and some foxes +attacked Cuaran, but dogs and boars defended him. A boar having killed +the bear, the foxes cried for quarter from Cuaran, +<span class = "pagenum">xxv</span> +<a name = "intro25" id = "intro25"> </a> +who commanded them to be bound. Then he would have put to sea, but the +sea rose so high that he was terrified. Next she beheld two lions, at +seeing which she was frightened, and she and Cuaran climbed a tree to +avoid them; but the lions submitted themselves to him, and called him +their lord. Then a great cry was raised, whereat she awoke, and beheld +the miraculous flame. “Sir,” she exclaimed, “you burn!” But he reassured +her, and, having heard her dream, said that it would soon come true. The +next day, however, she again told her dream to a chamberlain, her +friend, who said that he well knew a holy hermit who could explain it. +The hermit explained to Argentille that Cuaran must be of royal lineage. +“He will be king,” he said, “and you a queen. Ask him concerning his +parentage. Remember also to repair to his native place.” On being +questioned, Cuaran replied that he was born at Grimsby; that Grim was +his father, and Saburc his mother. “Then let us go to Grimsby,” she +replied. Accompanied by his two foster-brothers, they came to Grimsby; +but Grim and Saburc were both dead. They found there, however, a +daughter of Grim’s, named Kelloc, who had married a tradesman of that +town. Up to this time Havelok had not known his true parentage, but +Kelloc thought it was now time to tell him, and said: “Your father was +Gunter, the King of the Danes, whom Hodulf slew. Hodulf obtained the +kingdom as a grant from Arthur. Grim fled with you, and saved your life; +but your mother perished at sea. Your name is <span class = +"smallcaps">Havelok</span>. My husband will convey you to Denmark, where +you must inquire for a lord named ‘Sigar l’estal;’ and take with you my +two brothers.” So Kelloc’s husband conveyed them to Denmark, and advised +Havelok to go to Sigar and show himself and his wife, as then he would +be asked who his wife is. They went to the city of the seneschal, the +before-named Sigar, where they craved a night’s lodging, and were +courteously entertained. But as they retired to a lodging for the night, +six men attacked them, who had been smitten with the beauty of +Argentille. Havelok defended himself with an axe which he found, and +slew five, whereupon the sixth fled. Havelok and his party fled away for +refuge to a monastery, which was soon attacked by the townsmen who had +heard of the combat. Havelok <i>mounted the tower</i>, and defended +himself bravely, <i>casting down a huge stone on his enemies</i>.<a +class = "tag" name = "tag24" id = "tag24" href = "#note24">24</a> The +news soon reached the ears of Sigar, who hastened to see what the uproar +was about. Beholding +<span class = "pagenum">xxvi</span> +<a name = "intro26" id = "intro26"> </a> +Havelok fixedly, he called to mind the form and appearance of Gunter, +and asked Havelok of his parentage. Havelok replied that Grim had told +him he was by birth a Dane, and that his mother perished at sea; and +ended by briefly relating his subsequent adventures. Then Sigar asked +him his name. “My name is Havelok,” he said, “and my other name is +Cuaran.” Then the seneschal took him home, and determined to watch for +the miraculous flame, which he soon perceived, and was assured that +Havelok was the true heir. Therefore he gathered a great host of his +friends, and sent for the horn which none but the true heir could sound, +promising a ring to any one who could blow it. When all had failed, it +was given to Havelok, who blew it loud and long, and was joyfully +recognized and acknowledged to be the true King. Then with a great army +he attacked Hodulf the usurper, whom he slew with his own hand. Thus was +Havelok made King of Denmark.</p> + +<p class = "longquote"> +But after he had reigned four years, his wife incited him to return to +England. With a great number of ships he sailed there, and arrived at +Carleflure;<a class = "tag" name = "tag25" id = "tag25" href = +"#note25">25</a> and sent messengers to Alsi, demanding the inheritance +of Argentille. Alsi was indeed astonished at such a demand as coming +from a scullion, and offered him battle. The hosts met at Theford,<a +class = "tag" name = "tag26" id = "tag26" href = "#note26">26</a> and +the battle endured till nightfall without a decisive result. But +Argentille craftily advised her lord to support his dead men by stakes, +to increase the apparent number of his army; and the next day Alsi, +deceived by this device, treated for peace, and yielded up to his former +ward all the land, from Holland<a class = "tag" name = "tag27" id = +"tag27" href = "#note27">27</a> to Gloucester. Alsi had been so sorely +wounded that he lived but fifteen days longer. Thus was Havelok king +over Lincoln and Lindsey, and reigned over them for twenty years. Such +is the lay of Cuaran.</p> + + +<p class = "section"> +<a name = "pref_21" id = "pref_21">§ 21.</a> The chief points to be +noticed in Gaimar’s abridgment are the few additional particulars to be +gleaned from it. We there find that Havelok’s mother was <i>Alvive</i>, +a daughter of King <i>Gaifer</i>; that the King of Nicole and Lindeseie +was a <i>Briton</i>, and was named Edelsie; that his sister, named +Orwain, was married to Adelbrit, a <i>Dane</i>, who ruled over Norfolk; +and that Edelsie and Adelbrit lived in the days of Costentin +(Constantine), who +<span class = "pagenum">xxvii</span> +<a name = "intro27" id = "intro27"> </a> +succeeded Arthur. It is also said that the usurper Hodulf was brother to +Aschis, who is the Achilles of Geoffrey of Monmouth. Another statement, +that Havelok’s kingdom extended from Holland to <i>Colchester</i>, seems +to be an improvement upon “from Holland to <i>Gloucester</i>.”</p> + +<p>The words of Mr Petrie, in his remarks upon the lay in Monumenta +Historica Britannica, vol. i., may be quoted here. “Although both +[French versions] have the same story in substance, and often contain +lines exactly alike, yet, besides the different order in which the +incidents are narrated, each has occasionally circumstances wanting in +the other, and such too, it should seem, as would leave the story +incomplete unless supplied from the other copy. Thus, the visit to the +hermit, which is omitted in Gaimar, was probably in the original +romance; for without it Argentille’s dream tells for nothing; and in the +Arundel copy there is a particular account of Haveloc’s defence of a +tower by hurling stones on his assailants, which in Gaimar is so +obscurely alluded to as to be hardly intelligible. On the other hand, +instead of the description of the extraordinary virtues of Sygar’s ring +in Gaimar, it is merely said in the Arundel copy that Sygar would give +his <i>anel d’or</i> to whoever could sound the horn; and, to omit other +instances, a festival is described in Gaimar on the authority of +<i>l’Estorie</i>, of which no notice whatever occurs in the Arundel +MS.”</p> + + +<h5 class = "section"> +<a name = "pref_22" id = "pref_22">§ 22.</a> <span class = +"smallcaps">Sketch of the English Poem.</span></h5> + +<p>The “Lay of Havelok” has been admirably paraphrased by Professor +Morley, in his “English Writers,” vol. i. pp. 459-467, a book +which should be in every reader’s hands, and which should by all means +be consulted. I only intend here to give a briefer outline, for the sake +of comparing the main features of our poem with those of the French +<i>Lai</i>.</p> + +<p class = "longquote"> +Hear the tale of Havelok! There was once a good king in England, named +Athelwold, renowned and beloved for his justice. He had but one child, a +daughter named Goldborough. Knowing that his end was approaching, he +sent for all his lords to assemble at Winchester, and there committed +Goldborough to the care of Godrich, the earl of Cornwall; directing him +to see her married +<span class = "pagenum">xxviii</span> +<a name = "intro28" id = "intro28"> </a> +to the strongest and fairest man whom he could find. But Godrich +imprisoned her at Dover, and resolved to seize her inheritance for his +own son. At that time there was also a King of Denmark, named Birkabeyn, +who had one son, Havelok, and two daughters, Swanborough and Helfled. At +the approach of death, he committed these to the care of Earl Godard. +But Godard killed the two girls, and only spared Havelok because he did +not like to kill him with his own hand. He therefore hired a fisherman, +named Grim, to drown Havelok at sea. But Grim perceived, as Havelok +slept, a miraculous light shining round the lad, whereby he knew that +the child was the true heir, and would one day be king. In order to +avoid Godard, Grim fitted up a ship, and provisioned it, and with his +wife Leve, his three sons, his two daughters, and Havelok, put out to +sea. They landed in Lindesey at the month of the Humber, at a place +afterwards named Grimsby after Grim. Grim worked at his old trade, a +fisherman’s, and Havelok carried about the fish for sale. Then arose a +great dearth in the land, and Havelok went out to seek his own +livelihood, walking to Lincoln barefoot. He was hired as a porter by the +earl of Cornwall’s cook, and drew water and cut wood for the earl’s +kitchen. One day some men met to contend in games and to “put the +stone.” At the cook’s command, Havelok also put the stone, hurling it +further than any of the rest.<a class = "tag" name = "tag28" id = +"tag28" href = "#note28">28</a> Godrich, hearing the praises of +Havelok’s strength, at once resolved to perform his oath by causing him +to marry Goldborough; and carried his design into execution. As goon as +the pair were married, Havelok suddenly quitted Lincoln with his wife, +and returned to Grimsby, where he found that Grim was dead, but that his +five children <ins class = "mycorr" title = "inconsistent tense in original">are</ins> +yet alive. At night, Goldborough perceived a light +shining round about Havelok, and observed a cross upon his shoulder. At +the same time she heard an angel’s voice, telling her of good fortune to +come. Then he awoke, and told her a dream; how he had dreamt that all +Denmark and England became his own. She encouraged him, and urged him to +set sail for Denmark at once. He accordingly called to him Grim’s three +sons, and narrated to them his own history, and Godard’s treachery, +asking them to accompany him to Denmark. To this they assented, and +sailed with him and Goldborough to Denmark. There he sought out a former +friend of his father’s, Earl Ubbe, who invited him and his friends to a +sumptuous feast. After the feast, Havelok and Goldborough and Grim’s +sons went to the house of one Bernard Brown, whose house was that night +attacked by sixty thieves. By dint of +<span class = "pagenum">xxix</span> +<a name = "intro29" id = "intro29"> </a> +great prowess, the friends at length slew all their sixty assailants, +and Ubbe was so amazed at Havelok’s valour that he resolved to dub him a +knight, and invited him to sleep in his own castle. At night, he peeped +into Havelok’s chamber, and beheld the marvellous light, and saw a +bright cross on his neck. Rejoiced at heart, he did homage to Havelok, +and commanded all his friends and dependents to do the same. He also +dubbed him knight, and proclaimed him King. With six thousand men he set +out to attack Godard, whom he defeated and made prisoner, and afterwards +caused to be flayed, drawn, and hung. Then Havelok swore that he would +establish at Grimsby a priory of black monks, to pray for Grim’s soul; +and Godrich, having heard that Havelok has invaded England, raised a +great army against him. An indecisive combat took place between Ubbe and +Godrich, but a more decisive one between Godrich and Havelok; for +Havelok cut off his foe’s hand and made him prisoner. Then the English +submitted to Goldborough, and acknowledged her as queen; but Godrich was +condemned and burnt. Havelok rewarded both his own friends and the +English nobles; for he caused Earl Reyner of Chester to marry Gunild, +Grim’s daughter, and Bertram, formerly Godrich’s cook, to marry Levive, +another of Grim’s daughters; bestowing upon Bertram the earldom of +Cornwall. Then were Havelok and Goldborough crowned at London, and a +feast was given that lasted forty days. The kingdom of Denmark was +bestowed upon Ubbe, who held it of King Havelok. Havelok and Goldborough +lived to the age of a hundred years, and their reign lasted for sixty +years in England. They had fifteen children, who were all kings and +queens. Such is the <i>geste</i> of Havelok and Goldborough.</p> + + +<h5 class = "section"> +<a name = "pref_23" id = "pref_23">§ 23.</a> <span class = +"smallcaps">Possible date of Havelok’s reign.</span></h5> + +<p>The various allusions to the story of Havelok already cited naturally +lead us to consider the question as to what date we should refer such +circumstances of the story as may have some foundation in truth, or such +circumstances as may have originated the story. I do not look upon this +as altogether a hopeless or profitless inquiry, for it seems to me that +a theory may be constructed which will readily and easily fit in with +most of the statements of our authorities. In the first place, to place +Havelok’s father in the time of Alfred, as is done by Peter de Langtoft +and his translators, is absurd, and evidently due to the confusion +between the names of Gunter and Godrum or Guthrum. We +<span class = "pagenum">xxx</span> +<a name = "intro30" id = "intro30"> </a> +may even adduce Langtoft’s evidence against himself, as he alludes to +Grimsby as being the boundary of Egbert’s kingdom; and indeed, the mere +fact of its being a British lay points to a time before the +establishment of the Heptarchy. As already suggested in § 16, some +of the authorities point to the sixth century. But the evidence of the +French poem and of Gaimar points still more steadily to a similar early +date. There we find Gunter appearing as the enemy, not of Alfred, but of +Arthur. The French prose chronicle of the Brute places Adelbright and +Edelfi after the death of Constantine, and it is clear that there is +some close connection between the British lay of Havelok and the British +Chronicle. The <i>Godrich</i> of the English version is the <i>Alsi</i> +of the French poem, the <i>Edelsi</i> of Gaimar, the <i>Adelfrid</i><a +class = "tag" name = "tag29" id = "tag29" href = "#note29">29</a> or +<i>Edelfrid</i> of the Eulogium Historiarum, the <i>Elfroi</i> of Wace, +the <i>Æluric</i> of Laȝamon, the <i>Æthelfrith</i> who succeeded to the +throne of Northumbria <span class = "smallroman">A.D.</span> 593, +according to the Saxon Chronicle. The <i>Athelwold</i> of the English +version is the <i>Adelbrict</i> of Gaimar, the <i>Ekenbright</i> of the +French poem, the <i>Athelbert</i> of the Eulogium Historiarum, the +<i>Aldebar</i> of Wace, and the <i>Æthelbert</i> of Laȝamon, i.e. no +other than the celebrated <i>Æthelberht</i> of Kent, who was baptized by +St Augustine <span class = "smallroman">A.D.</span> 596, according to +the Saxon Chronicle. This is the right clue to the <i>names</i>, from +which, when once obtained, the rest follows easily. The variations +between the English and French versions are very great, and it is clear +that each poet proceeded much as poets are accustomed to do. Taking a +legend as the general guide or thread of a narrative, it is the simplest +and easiest plan to dress it up after one’s own fashion, and to draw +upon the materials that are supplied by the <i>general surroundings</i> +of the story. I feel confident that the narrators of the Lay of Havelok +must have used materials not much unlike those used by Laȝamon, and a +mere comparison of the French and English lays with Laȝamon will amply +suffice to elucidate this. Æluric is first mentioned at p. 195 of +vol. iii. of Laȝamon, as edited by Sir F. Madden; if we allow ourselves +a margin on both sides of this, we may find many things akin to the lay +of Havelok +<span class = "pagenum">xxxi</span> +<a name = "intro31" id = "intro31"> </a> +between pages 150 and 282 of that volume, as I will now shew. The +character of the good king Athelwold is taken from that of Æthelberht of +Kent, and his love of justice may remind us of the ancient collection of +laws which are still extant as having been made by that king. His +extensive rule, such as is also attributed to Godrich and Havelok, may +point to the title of <i>Bretwalda</i>, which Æthelberht so long +coveted, and at last obtained. Our poet, in describing Birkabeyn, +repeats this character so exactly, and makes the circumstances of the +deaths of Athelwold and Birkabeyn so similar, that they are almost +indistinguishable; a fault which he doubles by repeating the character +of Godrich in describing that of Godard. Both of these answer to +Laȝamon’s Æluric, who was “the wickedest of all kings” (Laȝ. iii. 195). +So far, perhaps, the connection of the various stories is not very +evident, but I will now mention an obvious coincidence. The quarrel and +reconciliation between Athelbert and Edelfrid, as told in the Eulogium +Historiarum, &c., exactly answers to the quarrel and reconciliation +between Cadwan and Æluric as told in Laȝamon (vol. iii. p. 205); +where Cadwan has come forward in place of Æthelbert, who has by this +time dropped out of Laȝamon’s narrative. Again, the Gunter or Gurmond +who was Havelok’s father reminds us of the Gurmund of Laȝamon +(p. 156), who is curiously described as king of Africa; but the +name is Danish. The character of Grim is fairly paralleled by that of +Brian, who makes sea-voyages, and goes about as a merchant (Laȝamon, +iii. 232). In several respects Havelok may have been drawn from +Cadwalan, whose gallant attempts to gain the king of Northumberland are +recorded in Laȝamon (iii. 216-254); his opponent being Edwin, who has +replaced Ethelfrid as Laȝamon’s narrative proceeds. At last he +overthrows him and slays him in the great battle of Heathfield or +Hatfield, which took place, according to the Saxon Chronicle, <span +class = "smallroman">A.D.</span> 633. This great battle resembles the +decisive one between Havelok and Godrich. As Cadwalan was well supported +by his liegeman Penda (Laȝamon, iii. 251), so was Havelok by Ubbe. +Again, Cadwalan marries Helen, whom he found at</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p class = "indent">—þan castle of Deoure</p> +<p>on þere sæ oure;</p> +</div> + +<p class = "author">(Laȝamon, iii. 250),</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">xxxii</span> +<a name = "intro32" id = "intro32"> </a> +<p>which reminds us of Havelok’s wife Goldborough, who was imprisoned +at</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p class = "indent3">—doure</p> +<p>þat standeth on þe seis oure;</p> +</div> + +<p class = "author">(l. 320).</p> + +<p>The very name Helen, though not the name of Havelok’s wife, was that +of his mother, who was killed by the pirates. For the connection between +Laȝamon’s Helen and pirates, see Sir F. Madden’s note, vol. iii. +p. 428. There is a most curious contradiction in the English lay +about Havelok’s religion; in l. 2520 he is a devout Christian, but +in l. 2580 Godrich speaks of him as being a cruel pagan. Now it was +just about this very time that Paulinus preached in Lindsey, “where the +first that believed was a powerful man called <i>Blecca</i>, with all +his followers” (A.S. Chron. ed. Thorpe, vol. ii. p. 21; <span class += "smallroman">A.D.</span> 627). Havelok, according to some, was buried +at Stonehenge; but so was Constantine (Laȝamon, iii. 151). A dearth in +mentioned in the English lay (l. 824); cf. Laȝamon, iii. 279. And I +may here add another coincidence, of an interesting but certainly of a +very circuitous nature. A close examination of the Lay of King Horn +shews that there is no real connection between the story therein +contained and that of Havelok. Yet there is a connection after a sort. +Though by different authors, and in different metre, both lays are found +in English in the same MS.; both versions belong to the same date; both +are from French versions, written by Englishmen from British sources; +and now, if we compare King Horn with the very part of Laȝamon now under +consideration, there is at once seen to be a most exact resemblance in +one point. The story of the ring given by Horn to Rymenhild +(K. Horn, ed. Lumby, ll. 1026-1210) is remarkably like that of the +ring whereby Brian is recognized by his sister (Laȝamon, iii. 234-238). +But it is hardly worth while to pursue the subject further. It may +suffice to suppose that the period of the existence of Havelok and Grim +may be referred to the times of Æthelberht of Kent and Æthelfrith and +Eadwine of Northumbria.<a class = "tag" name = "tag30" id = "tag30" href += "#note30">30</a> It is exceedingly probable that Havelok was never +more than a chief or a petty prince, and +<span class = "pagenum">xxxiii</span> +<a name = "intro33" id = "intro33"> </a> +whether he was a Danish or only a British enemy of the Angles is not of +very great importance. If, however, more exact dates be required, they +may be found in “The Conquest of Britain by the Saxons,” by Daniel P. +Haigh, London, 8vo, 1861, pp. 363-367; where the following dates +are suggested. Havelok’s father slain, <span class = +"smallroman">A.D.</span> 487; his expedition to Denmark, <span class = +"smallroman">A.D.</span> 507; his reign in England, <span class = +"smallroman">A.D.</span> 511-531, or a little later. These dates follow +a system which is here about 16 years earlier than the dates in the A.S. +Chronicle. His results are obtained from totally different +considerations. On the whole, let us place Havelok in the <i>sixth</i> +century, at <i>some</i> period of his life.</p> + + +<p class = "section"> +<a name = "pref_24" id = "pref_24">§ 24.</a> It is, perhaps, worthy of a +passing remark that some of the circumstances in the Lay may have been +suggested by the romantic story of Eadwine of Northumbria, who was also +born at the close of the sixth century. For he it was who really married +the <i>daughter of Æthelberht</i>, and it was the <i>archbishop of +York</i>, Paulinus, who performed the ceremony. The relation of how +Eadwine was persecuted by <i>Æthelfrith</i>, how he fled and was +protected by Rædwald, king of the East Angles, how he saw a vision of an +angel who promised his restoration to the throne and that his rule +should exceed that of his predecessors, how, with the assistance of +Rædwald, he overthrew and <i>slew Æthelfrith</i> in a terrible battle +beside the river Idle, may be found in Beda’s Ecclesiastical History, +bk. II. ch. 9-16.<a class = "tag" name = "tag31" id = "tag31" href = +"#note31">31</a> In the last of these chapters there is again mention of +<i>Blecca, the governor of the city of Lincoln</i>. Sir F. Madden, in +his note to l. 45, speaks of the extraordinary proofs of the +peaceable state of the country in the reign of Ælfred; but Beda uses +similar language in speaking of the reign of Eadwine; and the earlier +instance is even more remarkable. “It is reported that there was then +such perfect peace in Britain, wheresoever the dominion of King Edwin +extended, that, as <i>is still proverbially said</i>, a woman with her +new-born babe might walk throughout the island, from sea to sea, without +receiving any harm. That king took such care for the good of his nation, +that in several places where he had seen clear springs near the +highways, he caused stakes to be fixed, with brass dishes hanging +<span class = "pagenum">xxxiv</span> +<a name = "intro34" id = "intro34"> </a> +at them, for the conveniency of travellers; nor durst any man touch them +for any other purpose than that for which they were designed, either +through the dread they had of the king, or for the affection which they +bore him, &c.”<a class = "tag" name = "tag32" id = "tag32" href = +"#note32">32</a> Readers who are acquainted with the pleasing poem of +“Edwin of Deira,” by the late Alexander Smith, will remember his +adventures; and it may be noted, as an instance of the manner in which +poets alter names at pleasure, that Mr Smith gives to Æthelfrith the +name of Ethelbert, to Eadwine’s wife Æthelburh, that of Bertha, and to +his father Ælle, that of Egbert. My theory of the Lay of Havelok is then +simply this, that I look upon it as the general result of various +narratives connected with the history of Northumbria and Lindesey at the +close, or possibly the beginning, of the sixth century, gathered round +some favourite local (i.e. Lincolnshire) tradition as a nucleus. A +similar theory may be true of the Lay of Horn.</p> + + +<h5 class = "section"> +<a name = "pref_25" id = "pref_25">§ 25.</a> <span class = +"smallcaps">On the names “Curan” and “Havelok.”</span></h5> + +<p>The French version tells us that <i>Coaran</i>, <i>Cuaran</i>, or +<i>Cuheran</i> is the British word for a scullion. This etymology has +not hitherto been traced, but it may easily have been perfectly true. +A glance at Armstrong’s Gaelic Dictionary shews us that the Gaelic +<i>cearn</i> (which answers very well to the Old English <i>hirne</i>, a +corner) has the meaning of a <i>corner</i>, and, secondly, of a +<i>kitchen</i>; and that <i>cearnach</i> is an adjective meaning <i>of +or belonging to a kitchen</i>. But we may come even nearer than this; +for by adding the diminutive ending <i>-an</i> to the Gaelic +<i>cocaire</i>, a cook, we see that <i>Cuheran</i> may really have +conveyed the idea of <i>scullion</i> to a British ear, and this probably +further gave rise to the story of Havelok’s degradation. It is a common +custom—one which true etymologists must always deplore—to +invent a story to account for a derivation; and such a practice is +invariably carried out with greater boldness and to a greater extent if +the said derivation chances to be false. For it is possible that Curan +may be simply the Gaelic <i>curan</i>, a brave man, and the Irish +<i>curanta</i>, brave. The derivation of Havelok is certainly puzzling. +<span class = "pagenum">xxxv</span> +<a name = "intro35" id = "intro35"> </a> +Professor Rask declared it to have no meaning in Danish. It bears, +however, a remarkable resemblance to the Old English <i>gavelok</i>, +which occurs in Weber’s <i>Kyng Alisaunder</i>, l. 1620, and which +is the A.S. <i>gafeluc</i>, Icel. <i>gaflak</i>, Welsh <i>gaflach</i>, a +spear, dart, or javelin. This is an appropriate name for a warrior, and +possibly reappears in the instance of Hugh <i>Kevelock</i>, earl of +Chester (Bp. Percy’s Folio MS., ed. Hales and Furnivall, i. 128). It is +remarkable that the Gaelic and Irish <i>corran</i> has the same sense, +that of <i>a spear</i>, whilst <i>curan</i>, as above-mentioned, means +<i>a brave man</i>. It is best, perhaps, to stop here; for etymology, +when pursued too far, is wont to beguile the pursuer into every possible +quagmire of absurdity.</p> + + +<h5 class = "section"> +<a name = "pref_26" id = "pref_26">§ 26.</a> <span class = +"smallcaps">Description of the MS.</span>, &c.</h5> + +<p>The MS. from which the present poem is printed is in the Laudian +collection in the Bodleian Library, where its old mark is K 60, and +its present one Misc. 108. Being described in the old printed catalogue +merely as <i>Vitæ Sanctorum</i>, the romance was in consequence for a +long time overlooked. The Lives of the Saints occupy a large portion of +the volume, and are probably to be ascribed to the authorship of Robert +of Gloucester. “These Lives or Festivals,” says Sir F. Madden, “are +[here] 61 in number, written in long Alexandrine verse. Then succeed the +Sayings of St Bernard and the Visions of St Paul, both in six-line +stanzas; the <i>Disputatio inter Corpus et Animam</i>, the English +Romance of Havelok, the Romance of Kyng Horn, and some additions in a +hand of the 15th century, including the lives of St Blaise, St Cecilia, +and St Alexius, and an alliterative poem intitled <i>Somer Soneday</i>, +making in all the Contents of the Volume to amount to 70 pieces.” The +lays of Havelok and Horn are written out in the same handwriting, of an +early date, certainly not later than the end of the thirteenth century. +The Havelok begins on fol. 204, and is written in double columns, each +column containing 45 lines. A folio is lost between fol. 211 and 212, +but no notice of this has been taken in numbering the folios; hence the +catchword which should have been found at the bottom of fol. +215 <i>b</i>, appears at the bottom of fol. 214 <i>b</i> (see +l. 2164). The poem terminates at the +<span class = "pagenum">xxxvi</span> +<a name = "intro36" id = "intro36"> </a> +27th line on fol. 219 <i>b</i>, and is immediately followed by Kyng Horn +in the same column. The character of the handwriting is bold and square, +but the words are very close together. The initial letter of every line +is written a little way apart from the rest, as in William of Palerne, +and other MSS. Both the long and short <i>s</i> +(ſ <i>and</i> s) are used. The long <i>s</i> is in general +well distinguished from <i>f</i>, and on this account I have taken the +liberty of printing both <i>esses</i> alike, as my experience in +printing the Romans of Partenay proved that the difficulty of avoiding +misprints is greater than the gain of representing the difference +between them. The chief point of interest is that, as in <i>early</i> +MSS., the long <i>s</i> is sometimes found at the <i>end</i> of a word, +as in “uſ” in l. 22, and “iſ” in l. 23. The following are all +the examples of the use of this letter in the first 26 lines; ſo (4), +wicteſte (9), ſtede (10), criſt, ſchilde (16), Kriſt, ſo (17), ſo (19), +ſchal (21), Kriſt, uſ (22), iſ (23), ſtalworþi (24), ſtalworþeſte (25), +ſtede (26). With this exception, the present reprint is a faithful +representation of the original; for, as the exact fidelity of a text is +of the first importance, I have been careful to compare the proof-sheets +with the MS. twice throughout; besides which, the original edition is +itself exceedingly correct, and had been re-read by Sir F. Madden with +the MS. His list of errata (nearly all of them of minor importance) +agreed almost exactly with my own. A great difficulty is caused by the +use of the Saxon letter <i>w</i> (ƿ). This letter, the thorn-letter (þ), +and <i>y</i>, are all three made very nearly alike. In general, the +<i>y</i> is dotted, but the dot is occasionally omitted. Wherever the +letter really appears to be a <i>w</i>, I have denoted it by printing +the <i>w</i> as an italic letter. The following are, I believe, the +<i>only</i> examples of it. <i>W</i>it-drow = withdrew, l. 502; +<i>w</i>e, 1058; <i>w</i>as, 1129 (cf. “him was ful wa,” <i>Sir +Tristr.</i> f. iii. st. 43); ber<i>w</i>en, 1426 (written “berwen” in +l. 697); <i>w</i>at = known, 1674; <i>w</i>e, miswritten for +<i>w</i>o = who, 1914; to which perhaps we may add <i>w</i>it, 997. This +evidence is interesting as shewing that this letter was then fast going +out of use, and I think that we may safely date the final disappearance +of this letter from MSS. at about the year 1300. As regards the +<i>th</i>, we may remark that at the end of a word both þ and <i>th</i> +are used, as in “norþ and suth,” +<span class = "pagenum">xxxvii</span> +<a name = "intro37" id = "intro37"> </a> +l. 434; sometimes <i>th</i> occurs in the middle of a word, as “sithen,” +l. 1238, which is commonly written “siþen,” as in l. 399. The +words þe, þat, þer, &c., are hardly ever written otherwise. But the +reader will remark many instances in which <i>th</i> final seems to have +the hard sound of <i>t</i>, as in <i>brouth</i>, 57, <i>nouth</i>, 58, +<i>lith</i>, 534, <i>þouth</i>, 1190, &c.; cf. § 27. The letter +<i>t</i> is sometimes shortened so as nearly to resemble <i>c</i>, and +<i>c</i> is sometimes lengthened into <i>t</i>. The letters <i>n</i> and +<i>u</i> are occasionally alike, but the difference between them is +commonly well marked. The <i>i</i> has a long stroke over it when +written next to <i>m</i> or <i>n</i>. On the whole, the writing is very +clear and distinct, after a slight acquaintance with it. The poem is +marked out into paragraphs by the use of large letters. I have +introduced a slight space at the end of each paragraph, to shew this +more clearly.</p> + + +<h5 class = "section"> +<a name = "pref_27" id = "pref_27">§ 27.</a> <span class = +"smallcaps">On the grammatical forms occurring in the poem.</span></h5> + +<p>The following peculiarities of spelling may be first noted. We +frequently find <i>h</i> prefixed to words which it is usual to spell +without one. Examples are: <i>holde</i> for <i>old</i>, <i>hete</i> for +<i>ete</i> (eat), <i>het</i> for <i>et</i> (ate), <i>heuere</i> for +<i>euere</i>, <i>Henglishe</i> for <i>Englishe</i>, &c.; see the +Glossary, under the letter H. This enables us to explain some words +which at first appear puzzling; thus <i>her</i> = <i>er</i>, ere; +<i>hayse</i> = <i>ayse</i>, ease; <i>helde</i> = <i>elde</i>, old age; +<i>hore</i> = <i>ore</i>, grace; <i>hende</i> = <i>ende</i>, which in +one passage means <i>end</i>, but in another <i>a duck</i>. The forms +<i>hof</i>, <i>hus</i>, <i>hure</i>, for <i>of</i>, <i>us</i>, +<i>ure</i> are such as we should hardly have expected to find. On the +other hand, <i>h</i> is omitted in the words <i>auelok</i>, +<i>aueden</i>, <i>osed</i>, and in <i>is</i> for <i>his</i> +(l. 2254). These instances, and other examples such as follow, may +readily be found by help of the Glossarial Index. Again, <i>d</i> final +after <i>l</i> or <i>n</i> was so slightly sounded as to be omitted even +in writing. Examples are: <i>lon</i> for <i>lond</i>, <i>hel</i> for +<i>held</i>, <i>bihel</i> for <i>biheld</i>, <i>shel</i> for +<i>sheld</i>, <i>gol</i> for <i>gold</i>. But a more extraordinary +omission is that of <i>r</i> final in <i>the</i>, <i>neythe</i>, +<i>othe</i>, <i>douthe</i>, which does not seem to be satisfactorily +explained even by the supposition that the scribe may have omitted the +small upward curl which does duty for <i>er</i> so frequently in MSS. +For we further find the omission of <i>l</i> final, as in <i>mike</i> +for <i>mikel</i>, <i>we</i> for <i>wel</i>, and of <i>t</i> final, as in +<i>bes</i> for <i>best</i>; from which +<span class = "pagenum">xxxviii</span> +<a name = "intro38" id = "intro38"> </a> +instances we should rather infer some peculiarity of pronunciation +rendering final letters indistinct, of which there are numerous +examples, as <i>fiel</i> for <i>field</i>, in modern provincial English. +Cf. <i>il</i> for <i>ilk</i>, in ll. 818, 1740; and <i>twel</i> for +<i>twelf</i>. “From the same license,” says Sir F. Madden, “arises the +frequent repetition of such rhythm as <i>riden</i> and <i>side</i>, +where the final <i>n</i> seems to have been suppressed in pronunciation. +Cf. ll. 29, 254, 957, 1105, 1183, 2098, &c, and hence we perceive +how readily the infinitive verbal Saxon termination glided into its +subsequent form. The broad pronunciation of the dialect in which the +poem was written is also frequently discernible, as in <i>slawen</i>, +l. 2676, and <i>knaue</i>, l. 949, which rhyme to <i>Rauen</i> +and <i>plawe</i>.<a class = "tag" name = "tag33" id = "tag33" href = +"#note33">33</a> So likewise, <i>bothe</i> or <i>bethe</i> is, in sound, +equivalent to <i>rede</i>, ll. 360, 694, 1680.” Other peculiarities will +be noticed in discussing the Metre. Observe also the Anglo-Saxon +<i>hw</i> for the modern <i>wh</i>, exemplified by <i>hwo</i>, 368, +<i>hwan</i>, 474, <i>hweþer</i>, 294, <i>hwere</i>, 549, <i>hwil</i>, +301; compare also <i>qual</i>, <i>qui</i>, <i>quan</i>, meaning +<i>whale</i>, <i>why</i>, <i>when</i>.<a class = "tag" name = "tag34" id += "tag34" href = "#note34">34</a> The letter <i>w</i> (initial) is the +modern provincial <i>’oo</i>, as in <i>wlf</i>, <i>wluine</i>, +<i>wman</i>; cf. <i>hw</i>, <i>w</i>, both forms of <i>how</i>; and +<i>lowerd</i> for <i>louerd</i>. In particular, we should notice the +hard sound of <i>t</i> denoted by <i>th</i> in the words <i>with</i>, +<i>rithe</i>, <i>brouth</i>, <i>nouth</i>, <i>ricth</i>, <i>knicth</i>, +meaning <i>white</i>, <i>right</i>, <i>brought</i>, <i>naught</i>, +<i>right</i>, <i>knight</i>; so too <i>douther</i>, daughter, +<i>neth</i>, a net, <i>uth</i>, out, <i>woth</i>, wot, <i>leth</i>, let, +<i>lauthe</i> (<i>laught</i>), caught, <i>nither-tale</i> +(<i>nighter-tale</i>), night-time.<a class = "tag" name = "tag35" id = +"tag35" href = "#note35">35</a> On the other hand, <i>t</i> stands for +<i>th</i> in <i>hauet</i>, 564, <i>seyt</i>, 647, <i>herknet</i>, 1, +<i>wit</i>, 100. When <i>th</i> answers to the modern sound, it seems +equivalent to A.S. ð rather than to A.S. þ; examples are <i>mouth</i>, +433, <i>oth</i>, 260, <i>loth</i>, 261. <i>Y</i> and <i>g</i> are +interchangeable, as in <i>yaf</i>, <i>gaf</i>, <i>youen</i>, +<i>gouen</i>; <i>g</i> even occurs for <i>k</i>, as in <i>rang</i>, +2561. In MSS., <i>e</i> is not uncommonly written by +<span class = "pagenum">xxxix</span> +<a name = "intro39" id = "intro39"> </a> +mistake for <i>o</i>; this may perhaps account for <i>helde</i>, 2472, +<i>meste</i>, 233, <i>her</i>, 1924, which should rather be +<i>holde</i>, 30, <i>moste</i>, and <i>hor</i>, 235; there is a like +confusion of <i>weren</i> and <i>woren</i>; and perhaps <i>grotinde</i> +should be <i>gretinde</i>.<a class = "tag" name = "tag36" id = "tag36" +href = "#note36">36</a> The vowel <i>u</i> is replaced by the modern +<i>ou</i> in the words <i>prud</i>, 302, <i>suth</i>, 434, <i>but</i>, +1040, <i>hus</i>, 740, <i>spusen</i>, 1123; cf. <i>hws</i> in +l. 1141. Mr Ellis shews, in his Early English Pronunciation, +chap. v, that in pure specimens of the <i>thirteenth</i> century, +there is no <i>ou</i> in such words, and in the <i>fourteenth</i> +century, no simple <i>u</i>. This furnishes a ready explanation of the +otherwise difficult <i>sure</i>, in l. 2005; it is merely the +adverb of <i>sour</i>, <i>sourly</i> being used in the sense of +<i>bitterly</i>; to <i>bye it bitterly</i>, or <i>bye it bittre</i>, is +a common phrase in Piers Plowman. Other spellings worth notice occur in +<i>ouerga</i>, 314, <i>stra</i>, 315 (spelt <i>strie</i> in +l. 998), <i>hawe</i>, 1188, <i>plawe</i>, 950, <i>sal</i>, 628 +(commonly spelt <i>shal</i>). Note also <i>arum</i> for <i>arm</i>, +<i>harum</i> for <i>harm</i>, <i>boren</i> for <i>born</i>, 1878, and +<i>koren</i> for <i>corn</i>, 1879. There are several instances of words +joined together, as <i>haui</i>, 2002, <i>biddi</i>, 484; <i>shaltu</i>, +2186, <i>wiltu</i>, 905, <i>wenestu</i>, 1787; <i>wilte</i>, 528, +<i>thenkeste</i>, 578, <i>shaltou</i>, 1800; <i>thouthe</i>, 790, +<i>hauedet</i>, <i>youenet</i>, <i>hauenet</i>; <i>sawe</i>, 338; +<i>latus</i>, 1772; where the personal pronouns <i>i</i>, <i>þu</i>, +<i>he</i>, <i>it</i>, <i>we</i>, <i>us</i> are added to the verb. Hence, +in l. 745, it is very likely that <i>calleth</i> is written for +<i>callet</i>, i.e. call it; and on the same principle we can explain +<i>dones</i>; see <i>Es</i> in the Glossary. In like manner +<i>goddot</i> is contracted from <i>God wot</i>; and <i>þerl</i> from +<i>þe erl</i>.</p> + +<p><i>Nouns.</i> As regards the nouns employed, I may remark that the +final <i>e</i> is perhaps always sounded in the oblique cases, and +especially in the dative case; as in <i>nedè</i>, <i>stedè</i>, &c. +(see ll. 86-105), <i>willè</i>, 85, <i>gyuè</i>, 357, <i>blissè</i>, +2187, <i>cricè</i>, 2450; cf. the adjectives <i>longè</i>, 2299, +<i>wisè</i>, 1713; also the nominatives <i>rosè</i>, 2919, <i>newè</i>, +2974. <i>Frend</i> is a pl. form; cf. <i>hend</i>, which is both a +plural (2444) and a dat. sing. (505). In the plural, the final <i>e</i> +is fully pronounced in the adjectives <i>allè</i>, 2, <i>hardè</i>, 143, +<i>starkè</i>, 1015, <i>fremdè</i>, 2277, <ins class = "mycorr" title = +"è conjectural: printed text unclear"><i>bleikè</i></ins> 470, and in +many others; cf. the full form <i>boþen</i>, 2223. Not only does the +phrase <i>none kines</i>, of no kind, occur in ll. 861, 1140, but we +find the unusual phrase <i>neuere kines</i>, of +<span class = "pagenum">xl</span> +<a name = "intro40" id = "intro40"> </a> +never a kind, in l. 2691. Among the numerals, we find not only +<i>þre</i>, but <i>þrinne</i>.</p> + +<p><i>Pronouns.</i> The first personal pronoun occurs in many forms in +the nominative, as <i>i</i>, <i>y</i>, <i>hi</i>, <i>ich</i>, <i>ic</i>, +<i>hic</i>, and even <i>ihc</i>; the oblique cases take the form +<i>me</i>. For the second person, we have <i>þu</i>, <i>þou</i>, in the +nominative, and also <i>tu</i>, when preceded by <i>þat</i>, as in +l. 2903. We may notice also <i>hijs</i> for <i>his</i>, l. 47; +<i>he</i> for <i>they</i>; <i>sho</i>, 112, <i>scho</i>, 126, +<i>sche</i>, 1721, for <i>she</i>; and, in particular, the dual form +<i>unker</i>, of you two, 1882. The most noteworthy possessive pronouns +are <i>minè</i>, pl. 1365, <i>þinè</i>, pl. 620; <i>his</i> or +<i>hise</i>, pl. <i>hisè</i>, 34; <i>ure</i>, 606; <i>youres</i>, 2800; +<i>hirè</i>, 2918, with which cf. the dat. sing. <i>hirè</i> of the +personal pronoun, 85, 300. <i>þis</i> is plural, and means <i>these</i>, +in l. 1145. As in other old English works, <i>men</i> is frequently +an impersonal pronoun, answering to the French <i>on</i>, and is +followed by a singular verb; as in <i>men ringes</i>, 390, <i>men seyt +and suereth</i>, 647, <i>men fetes</i>, 2341, <i>men nam</i>, 900, +<i>men birþe</i>, 2101, <i>men dos</i>, 2434; cf. <i>folk sau</i>, 2410; +but there are a few instances of its use with a plural verb, as <i>men +haueden</i>, 901, <i>men shulen</i>, 747. The former is the more usual +construction.</p> + +<p><i>Verbs.</i> The infinitives of verbs rarely have <i>y-</i> +prefixed; two examples are <i>y-lere</i>, 12, <i>y-se</i>, 334. Nor is +the same prefix common before past participles; yet we find +<i>i-gret</i>, 163, <i>i-groten</i>, 285, and <i>i-maked</i>, 5, as well +as <i>maked</i>, 23. Infinitives end commonly in <i>-en</i> or +<i>-e</i>, as <i>riden</i>, 26, <i>y-lere</i>; also in <i>-n</i>, as +<i>don</i>, 117, <i>leyn</i>, 718; and even in <i>-o</i>, as <i>flo</i>, +612, <i>slo</i>, 1364. The present singular, 3rd person, of the +indicative, ends both in <i>-es</i> or <i>-s</i>, and <i>-eth</i> or +<i>-th</i>, the former being the more usual. Examples are <i>longes</i>, +396, <i>leues</i>, 1781, <i>haldes</i>, 1382, <i>fedes</i>, 1693, +<i>bes</i>, 1744, <i>comes</i>, 1767, <i>glides</i>, 1851, +<i>þarnes</i>, 1913, <i>haues</i>, 1952, <i>etes</i>, 2036, <i>dos</i>, +1913; also <i>eteth</i>, 672, <i>haueth</i>, 804, <i>bikenneth</i>, +1269, <i>doth</i>, 1876, <i>liþ</i>, 673. The full form of the 2nd +person is <i>-est</i>, as <i>louest</i>, 1663; but it is commonly cut +down to <i>-es</i>, as <i>weldes</i>, 1359, <i>slepes</i>, 1283, +<i>haues</i>, 688, <i>etes</i>, 907, <i>getes</i>, 908; cf. <i>dos</i>, +2390, <i>mis-gos</i>, 2707, <i>slos</i>, 2706. The same dropping of the +<i>t</i> is observable in the past tense, as in <i>reftes</i>, 2394, +<i>feddes and claddes</i>, 2907. Still more curious is the ending in +<i>t</i> only, as in <i>þu bi-hetet</i>, 677, <i>þou mait</i>, 689; cf. +ll. 852, 1348. In the subjunctive mood the <i>-st</i> disappears as in +Anglo-Saxon, +<span class = "pagenum">xli</span> +<a name = "intro41" id = "intro41"> </a> +and hence the forms <i>bute þou gonge</i>, 690, <i>þat þu fonge</i>, +856, &c.; cf. <i>bede</i>, 668. In the 3rd person, present tense, of +the same mood, we have the <i>-e</i> fully pronounced, as in +<i>shildè</i>, 16, <i>yeuè</i>, 22, <i>leuè</i>, 334, <i>redè</i>, 687; +and in l. 544, <i>wreken</i> should undoubtedly be <i>wrekè</i>, +since the <i>-en</i> belongs to the plural, as in <i>moten</i>, 18. The +plural of the indicative present ends in <i>-en</i>, as, <i>we +hauen</i>, 2798, <i>ye witen</i>, 2208, <i>þei taken</i>, 1833; or, very +rarely, in <i>-eth</i>, as <i>ye bringeth</i>, 2425, <i>he</i> (they) +<i>strangleth</i>, 2584. Sometimes the final <i>-n</i> is lost, as in +<i>we haue</i>, 2799, <i>ye do</i>, 2418, <i>he</i> (they) +<i>brenne</i>, 2583. There is even a trace of the plural in <i>-es</i>, +as in <i>haues</i>, 2581. The <i>present</i> tense has often a +<i>future</i> signification, as in <i>etes</i>, 907, <i>eteth</i>, 672, +<i>getes</i>, 908.</p> + +<p><i>Past tense.</i> Of the third person singular and plural of the +past tense the following are selected examples. <span class = +"smallcaps">Weak Verbs</span>: <i>hauede</i>, 770, <i>sparedè</i>, 898, +<i>yemedè</i>, 975, <i>semedè</i>, 976, <i>sparkëdè</i>, 2144, +<i>þankedè</i>, 2189; pl. <i>loueden</i>, 955, <i>leykeden</i>, 954, +<i>woundeden</i>, 2429, <i>stareden</i>, 1037, <i>yemede</i> (rather +read <i>yemeden</i>), 2277, <i>makeden</i>, 554, <i>sprauleden</i>, 475; +also <i>calde</i>, 2115, <i>gredde</i>, 2417, <i>herde</i>, 2410, +<i>kepte</i>, 879, <i>fedde</i>, 786, <i>ledde</i>, 785, <i>spedde</i>, +756, <i>clapte</i>, 1814, <i>kiste</i>, 1279; pl. <i>herden</i>, +<i>brenden</i>, 594, <i>kisten</i>, 2162, <i>ledden</i>, 1246; and, +thirdly, of the class which change the vowel, <i>aute</i>, 743, +<i>laute</i>, 744, <i>bitauhte</i>, 2212. Compare the past participles +<i>osed</i>, 971, <i>mixed</i>, 2533, <i>parred</i>, 2439, +<i>gadred</i>, 2577; <i>reft</i>, 1367, <i>wend</i>, 2138, <i>hyd</i>, +1059; <i>told</i>, 1036, <i>sold</i>, 1638, <i>wrouth</i> = +<i>wrout</i>, 1352. There are also at least two past participles in +<i>-et</i>, as <i>slenget</i>, 1923, <i>grethet</i>, 2615, to which add +<i>weddeth</i>, <i>beddeth</i>, 1127, In l. 2057, <i>knawed</i> +seems put for <i>knawen</i>, for the rime’s sake.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Strong Verbs</span>: third person singular, +past tense, <i>bar</i>, 815, <i>bad</i>, 1415, <i>yaf</i>, or +<i>gaf</i>, <i>spak</i>; <i>kam</i>, 766 (spelt <i>cham</i>, 1873), +<i>nam</i>, <i>kneu</i>, <i>hew</i>, 2729, <i>lep</i>, 1777, <i>let</i>, +2447 (spelt <i>leth</i>, 2651), <i>slep</i>, 1280, <i>wex</i>, 281: +<i>drou</i>, 705, <i>for</i>, 2943, <i>low</i>, 903, <i>slow</i>, 1807, +<i>hof</i>, 2750, <i>stod</i>, 986, <i>tok</i>; 751, <i>wok</i>, 2093; +pl. <i>beden</i>, 2774, <i>youen</i>, or <i>gouen</i>; <i>comen</i>, +1017 (spelt <i>keme</i>, 1208), <i>nomen</i>, 2790 (spelt <i>neme</i>, +1207), <i>knewen</i>, 2149, <i>lopen</i>, 1896, <i>slepen</i>, 2128; +<i>drowen</i>, 1837, <i>foren</i>, 2380, <i>lowen</i>, 1056, +<i>slowen</i>, 2414, &c. And secondly, of the class which more +usually change the vowel in the <i>plural</i> of the preterite, we find +the singular forms <i>bigan</i>, 1357, <i>barw</i>, 2022, <i>karf</i>, +471, <i>swank</i>, 788, <i>warp</i>, 1061, <i>shon</i>, 2144, +<i>clef</i>, 2643, <i>sau</i>, 2409, <i>grop</i>, 1965, <i>drof</i>, +725, <i>shof</i>, +<span class = "pagenum">xlii</span> +<a name = "intro42" id = "intro42"> </a> +892; pl. <i>bigunnen</i>, 1011, <i>sowen</i>, 1055, <i>gripen</i>, 1790, +<i>driue</i>, for <i>driuen</i>, 1966; also <i>bunden</i>, 2436, +<i>scuten</i>, 2431 (spelt <i>schoten</i>, 1864, <i>shoten</i>, 1838), +<i>leyen</i>, 2132, &c. Compare the past participles <i>boren</i>, +1878, <i>youen</i> or <i>gouen</i>, <i>cumen</i>, 1436, <i>nomen</i>, +2265 (spelt <i>numen</i>, 2581), <i>laten</i>, 1925, <i>waxen</i>, 302, +<i>drawen</i>, 1925, <i>slawen</i>, 2000, which two last become +<i>drawe</i>, <i>slawe</i> in ll. 1802, 1803.</p> + +<p>We should also observe the past tenses <i>spen</i>, 1819, +<i>stirt</i>, 812, <i>fauth</i> for <i>faut</i> or <i>fauht</i>, 1990, +<i>citte</i>, 942, <i>bere</i>, 974, <i>kipte</i>, 1050, <i>flow</i>, +2502, <i>plat</i>, 2755; and the past participles <i>demd</i> for +<i>demed</i>, 2488, <i>giue</i> for <i>giuen</i>, 2488, <i>henged</i>, +1429, <i>keft</i>, 2005.</p> + +<p><i>Imperative Mood.</i> Examples of the imperative mood singular, 2nd +person, are <i>et</i>, <i>sit</i>, 925, <i>nim</i>, 1336, <i>yif</i>, +674; in the plural, the usual ending is <i>-es</i>, as in <i>liþes</i>, +2204, <i>comes</i>, 1798, <i>folwes</i>, 1885, <i>lokes</i>, 2292, +<i>bes</i>, 2246, to which set belong <i>slos</i>, 2596, <i>dos</i>, +2592; but there are instances of the ending <i>-eth</i> also, as in +<i>cometh</i>, 1885, <i>yeueþ</i>, 911, to which add <i>doth</i>, 2037, +<i>goth</i>, 1780. Indeed both forms occur in one line, as in <i>Cometh +swiþe, and folwes me</i> (1885). Instead of <i>-eth</i> we even find +<i>-et</i>, as in <i>herknet</i>, 1. These variations afford a good +illustration of the unsettled state of the grammar in some parts of +England at this period; we need not suppose the scribe to be at fault in +all cases where there is a want of uniformity.</p> + +<p>Of reflexive verbs, we meet with <i>me dremede</i>, 1284, <i>me +met</i>, 1285, <i>me þinkes</i>, 2169, <i>him hungrede</i>, 654, <i>him +semede</i>, 1652, <i>him stondes</i>, 2983, <i>him rewede</i>, 503. The +present participles end most commonly in <i>-inde</i>, as +<i>fastinde</i>, 865, <i>grotinde</i> (? <i>gretinde</i>), 1390, +<i>lauhwinde</i>, 946, <i>plattinde</i>, 2282, <i>starinde</i>, 508; but +we also find <i>gangande</i>, 2283, <i>driuende</i>, 2702. Compare the +nouns <i>tiþande</i>, 2279, <i>offrende</i>, 1386, which are Norse +forms, <i>tíðindi</i> (pl.) being the Icelandic for <i>tidings</i>, and +<i>offrandi</i> the present participle of <i>offra</i>, to offer. But +the true Icelandic equivalent of the substantive <i>an offering</i> is +<i>offran</i>, and the old Swedish is <i>offer</i>; and hence we see at +how very early a date the confusion between the noun-ending and the +ending of the present participle arose; a confusion which has bewildered +many generations of Englishmen. Yet this very poem in other places has +<i>-ing</i> as a noun-ending <i>only</i>, never (that I remember) for +the present participle. Examples of it are +<span class = "pagenum">xliii</span> +<a name = "intro43" id = "intro43"> </a> +<i>greting</i>, 166, <i>dreping</i>, i.e. slaughter, 2684, +<i>buttinge</i>, <i>skirming</i>, <i>wrastling</i>, <i>putting</i>, +<i>harping</i>, <i>piping</i>, <i>reding</i>; see ll. 2322-2327. Such +words are frequently called <i>verbal nouns</i>, but the term is very +likely to mislead. I have found that many suppose it to imply <i>present +participles used as nouns</i>, instead of <i>nouns of verbal +derivation</i>. If such nouns could be called by some new name, such as +<i>nouns of action</i>, or by any other title that can be conventionally +restricted to signify them, it would, I think, be a gain. Amongst the +auxiliary verbs, may be noted the use of <i>cone</i>, 622, as the +subjunctive form of <i>canst</i>; <i>we mone</i>, 840, as the +subjunctive of <i>mowen</i>; cf. <i>ye mowen</i>, 11; but especially we +should observe the use of the comparatively rare verbs <i>birþe</i>, it +behoves, pt. t. <i>birde</i>, it behoved, and <i>þurte</i>, he +need, the latter of which is fully explained in the Glossary to William +of Palerne, s.v. <i>þort</i>.</p> + +<p>The prefix <i>to-</i> is employed in <i>both</i> senses, as explained +in the same Glossary, s.v. <i>To-</i>. In <i>to-brised</i>, +<i>to-deyle</i>, &c., it is equivalent to the German <i>zer-</i> and +Mœso-Gothic <i>dis-</i>; of its <i>other</i> and <i>rarer</i> use, +wherein it answers to the German <i>zu-</i> and Mœso-Gothic <i>du-</i>, +there is but <i>one</i> instance, viz. in the word <i>to-yede</i>, 765, +which signifies <i>went to</i>; cf. Germ. <i>zugehen</i>, to go to, +<i>zugang</i> (A.S. <i>to-gang</i>), access, approach. There are some +curious instances of a peculiar syntax, whereby the infinitive mood +active partakes of a passive signification, as in <i>he made him kesten, +and in feteres festen</i>, he caused him to be cast in prison (<i>or +perhaps</i>, overthrown), and to be fastened in fetters; l. 81. But +it is probable that this is to be explained by considering it as a +phrase in which we should <i>now</i> supply the word <i>men</i>, and +that we may interpret it by “he caused [men] to cast him in prison, and +to fasten him with fetters;” for in ll. 1784, 1785, the phrase is +repeated in a less ambiguous form. See also l. 86. So also, in ll. +2611, 2612, I consider <i>keste</i>, <i>late</i>, <i>sette</i>, to +be in the infinitive mood. Such a construction is at once understood by +comparing it with the German <i>er liess ihn binden</i>, he caused him +to be bound. In l. 2352, appears the most unusual form +<i>ilker</i>, which is literally <i>of each</i>, and hence, +<i>apiece</i>; cf. <i>unker</i>, which also is a genitive plural. It +will be observed that the verb following is in the plural, the real +nominative to it being <i>þei þre</i>. In l. 2404, the expression +<i>þat þer þrette</i>, “that there threat,” recalls a colloquialism +<span class = "pagenum">xliv</span> +<a name = "intro44" id = "intro44"> </a> +which is still common. The word <i>þrie</i>, 730, is, apparently, the +O.E. adverb <i>thrie</i>, thrice; <i>liues</i>, 509, is an adverb ending +in <i>-es</i>, originally a genitive case. <i>Þus-gate</i> is, according +to Mr Morris, unknown to the Southern dialect; it occurs in ll. 785, +2419, 2586. I may add that Havelok contains as many as five expressions, +which seem to refer to <i>proverbs</i> current at the time of writing +it. See ll. 307, 648, 1338, 1352, 2461.</p> + + +<h5 class = "section"> +<a name = "pref_28" id = "pref_28">§ 28.</a> <span class = +"smallcaps">On the Metre of Havelok.</span></h5> + +<p>The poem is written in the familiar rhythm of which I have already +spoken elsewhere, viz. at p. xxxvii of the Preface to Mr Morris’s +edition of Genesis and Exodus. The metre of Havelok is rather more +regular, but many of the remarks there made apply to it. The chief rule +is that every line shall contain four accents,<a class = "tag" name = +"tag37" id = "tag37" href = "#note37">37</a> the two principal types +being afforded (1) by the eight-syllable and nine-syllable +lines—</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>(<i>a</i>) For hém | ne yé|dë góld | ne fé, 44;</p> +<p>(<i>b</i>) It wás | a kíng | bi á|rë dáwës, 27;</p> +</div> + +<p>and (2) by the seven-syllable and eight-syllable lines—</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>(<i>c</i>) Hérk|net tó | me gó|dë men, 1;</p> +<p>(<i>d</i>) Al|lë thát | he mícth|ë fyndë, 42.</p> +</div> + +<p>To one of these four forms every line can be reduced, by the use of +that slighter utterance of less important syllables which is so very +common in English poetry. It is not the number of <i>syllables</i>, but +of <i>accents</i>, that is essential. In <i>every</i> line throughout +the poem there are four accents, with only two or three exceptions, +<span class = "pagenum">xlv</span> +<a name = "intro45" id = "intro45"> </a> +viz. ll. 1112, 1678, &c, which are defective. In a similar manner, +we may readily scan any of the lines, as e.g. ll. 2-4;</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>(<i>c</i>) Wi|uës, mayd|nës, and al|lë men</p> +<p>(<i>b</i>) Of a ta|lë þat | ich you | wile tellë<a class = "tag" name += "tag38" id = "tag38" href = "#note38">38</a></p> +<p>(<i>b</i>) Wo-so | ’t wil’ her’ | and þer|to duellë, &c.</p> +</div> + +<p>Here the syllables <i>-nes and</i> in <ins class = "mycorr" title = +"error for ‘l. 2’">l. 3</ins>, <i>of a</i> in <ins class = "mycorr" +title = "error for ‘l. 3’">l. 4</ins>, and <i>it wile</i> in <ins class += "mycorr" title = "error for ‘l. 4’">l. 5</ins>, are so rapidly +pronounced as to occupy only the room of one unaccented syllable in +lines of the strict type. However awkward this appears to be in theory, +it is very easy in practice, as the reciter readily manages his voice so +as to produce the right rhythmical effect; and, indeed, this variation +of arrangement is a real improvement, preventing the recitation from +becoming monotonous. Those who have a good ear for rhythm will readily +understand this, and it seems unnecessary to dwell upon it more at +length. But it may be remarked, that the three lines above quoted are +rather <i>more irregular than usual</i>, and that the metre is such as +to enable us to fix the instances in which the final <i>-e</i> is +pronounced with great accuracy, on which account I shall say more about +this presently. I would, however, first enumerate the rimes which seem +to be more or less inexact or peculiar, or otherwise instructive.</p> + +<p>I. <i>Repetitions.</i> Such are <i>men, men</i>; <i>holden, +holde</i>, 29;<a class = "tag" name = "tag39" id = "tag39" href = +"#note39">39</a> <i>erþe, erþe</i>, 739; <i>heren, heren</i>, 1640; +<i>nithes, knithes</i>, 2048; <i>youres, youres</i>, 2800. To this class +belong also <i>longe, londe</i>, 172, <i>heye, heie</i>, 1151, 2544; +where <i>longe, londe</i> is, however, only an assonance.</p> + +<p>II. <i>Assonant rimes.</i> Here the rime is in the vowel-sound; the +consonantal endings differ. Such are <i>rym, fyn</i>, 21; <i>yeme, +quene</i>, 182; <i>shop, hok</i>, 1101 (where <i>shop</i> is probably +corrupt); <i>odrat, bad</i>, 1153; <i>fet, ek</i>, 1303; <i>yer, +del</i>, 1333; <i>maked, shaped</i>, 1646; <i>beþe, rede</i>, 1680; +<i>riche, chinche</i>, 1763, 2940; <i>feld, swerd</i>, 1824, 2634; +<i>seruede, werewed</i>, 1914; <i>wend, gent</i>, 2138; <i>þank, +rang</i>, 2560; <i>boþen, ut-drowen</i>, 2658. To the same class belong +<i>name</i>, <i>rauen</i>, +<span class = "pagenum">xlvi</span> +<a name = "intro46" id = "intro46"> </a> +1397, <i>grauen, name</i>, 2528; <i>slawen, rauen</i>, 2676. <i>Henged, +slenget</i>, 1922, should rather be called an imperfect rime.<a class = +"tag" name = "tag40" id = "tag40" href = "#note40">40</a> There is also +found the exact opposite to this, viz., an agreement or +<i>consonance</i> at the end, preceded by an apparent diversity in the +vowel; as <i>longe, gange</i>, 795 (but see <i>longe, gonge</i>, 843), +<i>bidde, stede</i>, 2548, <i>open, drepen</i>, 1782, <i>gres, is</i>, +2698, <i>boþe, rathe</i>, 2936 (but see <i>rathe, bathe</i>, 1335, +2542), <i>fet</i> (long <i>e</i>), <i>gret</i>, 2158; and not unlike +these are some instances of loose rimes, as <i>beþe, rede</i>, 360, +<i>knaue, plawe</i>, 949, <i>sawe, hawe</i> (where <i>hawe</i> is +written for <i>haue</i>), 1187, <i>sawe, wowe</i>, 1962 (but see +<i>wowe, lowe</i>, 2078, <i>lowe, sawe</i>, 2142, <i>wawe, lowe</i>, +2470). Observe also <i>bouth, oft</i> (read <i>vt</i> or <i>ut</i> = +<i>out</i>?), 883, <i>tun, barun</i>, 1001 (cf. <i>toun, brun</i>, 1750, +<i>champiouns, barouns</i>, 1032); <i>plattinde, gangande</i>, 2282, +&c. <i>Eir, toþer</i>, 410, <i>harde, crakede</i>, 567, are probably +due to mistakes.<a class = "tag" name = "tag41" id = "tag41" href = +"#note41">41</a></p> + +<p>III. Rimes which shew that the final <i>-en</i> was pronounced so +slightly as to be nearly equivalent to <i>-e</i>. Examples: <i>holden, +holde</i>, 29; <i>gongen, fonge</i>, 855; <i>bringe, ringen</i>, 1105; +<i>mouthen, douthe</i>, 1183; <i>riden, side</i>, 1758; <i>wesseylen, +to-deyle</i>, 2098; <i>slawen, drawe</i>, 2476. In the same way +<i>hon</i> rimes to <i>lond</i>, 1341, owing to the slight pronunciation +of the final <i>d</i>.<a class = "tag" name = "tag42" id = "tag42" href += "#note42">42</a></p> + +<p>IV. Rimes which appear imperfect, but may be perfect. <i>Riche</i> +answers to <i>like</i>, 132, but the true spelling is <i>rike</i>, +answering to <i>sike</i>, 290. <i>Mithe</i>, 196, should probably be +<i>moucte</i>, as in l. 257, and it would thus rime with +<i>þoucte</i>. <i>Blinne</i>, 2670, should certainly be <i>blunne</i>; +cf. A.S. <i>blinnan</i>, pt. t. s. <i>ic blan</i>, pt. t. pl. <i>we +blunnon</i>; and thus it rimes to <i>sunne</i>. <i>Misdede</i>, 993, is +clearly an error for +<span class = "pagenum">xlvii</span> +<a name = "intro47" id = "intro47"> </a> +<i>misseyde</i>, as appears from the parallel passage in ll. 49, 50; and +it then rimes with <i>leyde</i>. So in l. 1736, for <i>deled</i> +read <i>deyled</i>, as in l. 2098. <i>Boþe</i>, 430, has no line +answering to it, and a line may have been lost. <i>Nicth, lict</i>, 575, +is a perfect rime. <i>Halde, bolde</i>, 2308, may also be perfect. +<i>For-sworen</i> answers to <i>for-lorn</i> (pronounced +<i>for-loren</i>), 1423; <i>bitawte</i> to <i>authe</i> (pronounced +<i>aute</i>), 1409; <i>yemede</i> (pronounced <i>yem-dè</i>) is not an +improper rime to <i>fremde</i>, 2276; <i>anon</i> rimes with +<i>iohan</i> (if pronounced <i>ion</i> or <i>John</i>, as indicated by +the spelling <i>ion</i> in l. 177), 2562, 2956. Yet in another +instance it seems to be two syllables, <i>Jo-han</i>; see <i>wimman, +iohan</i>, 1720.<a class = "tag" name = "tag43" id = "tag43" href = +"#note43">43</a> Speche should be <i>speke</i>, and thus rimes to +<i>meke</i>, 1065. <i>Stareden</i> should perhaps be <i>stradden</i>, or +some such form, rightly riming to <i>ladden</i>, 1037. Under this head +we may notice some rimes which throw, possibly, some light on the +pronunciation. Thus, for the sound of <i>ey, ei</i>, observe <i>hayse, +preyse</i>, 60; <i>leyke, bleike</i>, 469; <i>laumprei, wei</i>, 771; +<i>deye</i> rimes to <i>preye</i>, 168; <i>day</i> to <i>wey</i>, 663; +<i>seyd</i> to <i>brayd</i>, 1281; but we also find <i>hey, fri</i>, +1071; <i>hey, sley</i>, 1083, <i>heye, heie</i>, 1151; <i>heye, eie</i>, +2544; <i>leye, heye</i>, 2010; <i>heye, fleye</i>, 2750. <i>Fram</i> +rimes to <i>sham</i>, 55; yet the latter word is really <i>shame</i>, +83; <i>gange</i> is also spelt <i>gonge</i>, <i>halde</i> rimes with +<i>bolde</i>, 2308. The pronunciation of <i>ware</i>, <i>were</i>, or +<i>wore</i>, seems ambiguous; we find <i>sore, wore</i>, 236; <i>wore, +more</i>, 258; <i>ware, sare</i>, 400; <i>wore, sore</i>, 414; <i>were, +þere</i>, 741; <i>more, þore</i>, 921. For the sound of <i>e</i>, +observe <i>suere, gere</i>, 388; <i>suereth, dereth</i>, 648; <i>eten, +geten</i>, 930; <i>yet, fet</i>, 1319; <i>stem, bem</i>, 592; <i>glem, +bem</i>, 2122; also <i>yeue, liue</i>, 198; <i>liue, gyue</i>, 356; +<i>lyue, yeue</i>, 1217; <i>her, ther</i>, 1924; <i>fishere, swere</i>, +2230. For that of <i>i</i>, +<span class = "pagenum">xlviii</span> +<a name = "intro48" id = "intro48"> </a> +observe <i>cri, merci</i>, 270; <i>sire, swire</i>, 310; <i>swiþe, +vnbliþe</i>, 140; <i>fir, shir</i>, 587; <i>sire, hire</i>, 909; +<i>rise, bise</i>, 723; <i>fyr, shir</i>, 915; <i>lye, strie</i>, 997; +<i>hey, fri</i>, 1071; <i>for-þi, merci</i>, 2500. For that of <i>o</i>, +observe <i>two, so</i>, 350; <i>do, so</i>, 713; <i>shon, on</i>, 969; +<i>hom, grom</i>, 789; <i>lode, brode</i>, 895; <i>anon, ston</i>, 927; +<i>ston, won</i>, 1023; <i>do, sho</i> (shoe), 1137; <i>do, sho</i> +(she), 1231; <i>stod, mod</i>, 1702; <i>ilkon, ston</i>, 1842; +<i>shon</i> (shoon), <i>ston</i>, 2144; <i>croud, god</i>, 2338; <i>don, +bon</i>, 2354; <i>sone</i> (soon), <i>bone</i>, 2504; <i>bole, hole</i>, +2438.<a class = "tag" name = "tag44" id = "tag44" href = +"#note44">44</a> Only in a few of these instances would the words rime +in modern standard English. For the <i>ou</i> and <i>u</i> sounds, +observe <i>couþe, mouþe</i>, 112; <i>yow, now</i>, 160; <i>wolde, +fulde</i>, 354; <i>yw, nou</i>, 453; <i>bounden, wnden</i>, 545; +<i>sowel, couel</i>, 767; <i>low, ynow</i>, 903; <i>sowen, lowe</i>, +957; <i>strout, but</i>, 1039; <i>þou, nou</i>, 1283; <i>doun, tun</i>, +1630; <i>crus, hous</i>, 1966; <i>wounde, grunde</i>, 1978; <i>bowr, +tour</i>, 2072; <i>spuse, huse</i>, 2912. <i>Lowe</i>, 1291, 2431, 2471, +should rather be <i>lawe</i>, as in l. 2767. These hints will +probably suffice for the guidance of those who wish to follow up the +subject. It is evident that full dependence cannot be placed upon the +<i>exactness</i> of the rimes.</p> + + +<h5 class = "section"> +<a name = "pref_29" id = "pref_29">§ 29.</a> <span class = +"smallcaps">On the final -e</span>, &c.</h5> + +<p>There can be little doubt that the final <i>-e</i> is, in general, +fully pronounced in this poem wherever it is written, with but a very +few exceptions; but at the same time it is liable to be elided when +followed by a vowel or (sometimes) by the letter <i>h</i>, as is usual +in old English poetry. In the following remarks, I shall use an +apostrophe to signify that <i>e</i> is <i>written, but not +pronounced</i>; thus “wil’” signifies that “wile” is the MS. form, but +“wil” the apparent pronunciation. I shall use an italic <i>e</i> to +signify that the <i>e</i> is elided because followed by a vowel or +<i>h</i>, as “cupp<i>e</i>” (l. 14); and in the same way, +“rid<i>en</i>,” “lit<i>el</i>,” &c, signify that the syllables +<i>-en</i>, <i>-el</i> are slurred over in a like manner. It will be +seen that such syllables are, in general, slurred over when they occur +before a vowel or <i>h</i>; under the same circumstances, that is, as +the final <i>-e</i>. When I simply write the word in the form “gode” as +in the MS., I mean that the <i>-e</i> is <i>fully pronounced</i>; so +that “gode” stands for “godë.”</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">xlix</span> +<a name = "intro49" id = "intro49"> </a> +<p>The following, then, are instances. I follow the order in Mr Morris’s +Introduction to Chaucer’s Prologue, &c. (Clarendon Press +Series).</p> + +<p class = "inset1"> +(<i>A</i>) In nouns and adjectives (of A.S. origin) the final <i>-e</i> +represents one of the final vowels <i>a</i>, <i>u</i>, <i>e</i>, and +hence is fully sounded even in the nominative case in such instances. +Examples; gome (A.S. <i>goma</i>), 7, blome (A.S. <i>bloma</i>), 63, +trewe (A.S. <i>treowe</i>), 179, knaue (A.S. <i>cnafa</i>), 308, 450, +sone (A.S. <i>sunu</i>), 394.</p> + +<p class = "inset1"> +(<i>B</i>) In words of French origin it is sounded as in French verse. +Such words are scarce in Havelok. Examples: hayse, 59, beste, 279, +mirácle, 500, rose, 2919, curtesye (<i>miswritten</i> curteyse), 2876, +cf. 194, drurye, 195, male, 48, large, 97, noble, 1263.</p> + +<p class = "inset1"> +(<i>C</i>) It is a remnant of various grammatical inflexions:—</p> + +<p class = "inset2"> +<ins class = "mycorr" title = "paragraph break added by transcriber">(1)</ins> +it is a sign of the <i>dative</i> case in nouns; +as, nede, 9, stede, 10, trome, 8, wronge, 72, stede, 142, dede (not +elided, because of the cæsura), 167, arke, 222, erþe, 248, lite þrawe, +276. It also sometimes marks the accusative, or the genitive of feminine +nouns: <i>accusatives</i>, cupp<i>e</i>, 14, wede, 94, brede, 98, +shrede, 99, mede, 102, quiste, 219, sorwe, 238 (cf. sorw’ in +l. 240), son<i>e</i>, 308, knaue, 308, sone, 350, wille, 441: +<i>genitives</i>, messe, 186, 188, helle, 405.</p> + +<p class = "inset2"> +(2) In adjectives it marks—</p> + +<p class = "inset3"> +(<i>a</i>) the <i>definite form</i> of the adjective; as, þe meste, 233, +þe riche (not elided<a class = "tag" name = "tag45" id = "tag45" href = +"#note45">45</a>), 239, te beste, 87, þe hexte [man], 1080, þat wicke, +1158, þat foule, 1158, þe firste, 1333, þe rede, 1397. This rule is most +often violated in the case of <i>dissyllabic</i> superlatives; as, þe +wictest’, 8, þe fairest, þe strangest, 1081, 1110; cf. 199, 200.</p> + +<p class = "inset3"> +(<i>b</i>) the <i>plural</i> number. Examples abound, as, gode, 1, alle, +2, are, 27, yung = yung<i>e</i>, 30, holde, 30, gode, 34, 55, harde, +143, gren<i>e</i>, 470, bleike, 470, halte, 543, doumbe, 543, +&c.</p> + +<p class = "inset3 continue"> +The same use is often extended to possessive pronouns; we find the +plurals mine, 385, 514 (but min’, 392), þine, 620, hise, 34, 67, hure, +1231; and even the singulars hire, 84, 85, hure, 338, yure, 171. But the +personal pronoun feminine is often hir’, 172, 209; yet see +l. 316.</p> + +<p class = "inset3"> +(<i>c</i>) the <i>vocative</i> case, as, dere, 839, 2170; leue, 909.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">l</span> +<a name = "intro50" id = "intro50"> </a> +<p class = "inset2"> +(3) In verbs it marks—</p> + +<p class = "inset3"> +(<i>a</i>) the infinitive mood; as, telle, 3, duelle, 4, falle, 39, +bey<i>e</i>, 53, swere, 254, be-bedde, 421, ber<i>e</i>, 549, &c. On +this point there cannot be a moment’s doubt, for the form <i>-en</i> is +found quite as often, and they rime together, as in 254, 255, cf. 29, +30. But it is well worth remarking that <i>-en</i> is slurred over +exactly where <i>-e</i> would be, with much regularity. Examples are: +rid<i>en</i>, 10, biginn<i>en</i>, 21, mak<i>en</i>, 29, heng<i>en</i>, +43, lurk<i>en</i>, 68, crep<i>en</i>, 68, rid<i>en</i>, 88, +hau<i>en</i>, 270. Other examples are very numerous. But we sometimes +find <i>-en</i> not slurred over, as, drinken, 15; and the same is true +even of <i>-e</i>, but such cases are exceptional and rare.</p> + +<p class = "inset3"> +(<i>b</i>) the gerund; as, to preyse, 60.</p> + +<p class = "inset3"> +(<i>c</i>) the past participle of a strong verb; as, drawe, 1802, slawe, +1803. But these are rare, as they are commonly written drawen, slawen, +2224.</p> + +<p class = "inset3"> +(<i>d</i>) the past tense of weak verbs, where the <i>-e</i> follows +<i>-ed</i>, <i>-t</i>, or <i>-d</i>. Examples are very numerous; as, +louede = lov’de, 30, 35 (not elided), 37, hauede = hav’de, 343; cf. +haued = havd’, 336; þurte, 10, durst<i>e</i>, 65, reft<i>e</i>, 94; +dede, 29, sende, 136, seyde, 228, herde, 286. Observe hated = +hated<i>e</i>, <ins class = "mycorr" title = "period missing">40.</ins> +The plurals of these tenses are rarely in <i>-e</i>, generally in +<i>-en</i>, as, haueden, 241, ded<i>en</i>, 242, sprauleden = +spraul’den, 475.</p> + +<p class = "inset3"> +(<i>e</i>) the subjunctive or optative mood, or the 3rd person of the +imperative mood, which is really the 3rd person of the subjunctive. This +rule seems to be carefully observed. Examples are yeue, 22, thaue, 296, +yerne, 299, leue, 406, were, 513, wit<i>e</i>, 517, &c. So for the +<i>first</i> person, as, lat<i>e</i>, 509, lepe (not elided), 2009, +spek<i>e</i>, 2079; and for the <i>second</i> person, as, understonde, +1159, fare, 2705, cone, 622, 623.</p> + +<p class = "inset3"> +(<i>f</i>) other parts of a <i>few</i> verbs; thus, the 1st person +singular present, as, liue, 301, ete, 793, rede, 1660, wille, 388, where +<i>wille</i> is equivalent to <i>wish</i>.</p> + +<p class = "inset3"> +(<i>g</i>) present participles: thus, plattínde, 2282, is a half-rime to +gangánde. In other places, the author is careful to place them before a +vowel, as gretind<i>e</i>, 1390, lauhwind<i>e</i>, 946, starind<i>e</i>, +508, driuend<i>e</i>, 2702, fastind<i>e</i>, 865.</p> + +<p class = "inset2"> +(4) In adverbs the final <i>-e</i> denotes—</p> + +<p class = "inset3"> +(<i>a</i>) an older vowel-ending; as, son<i>e</i> (A.S. <i>sóna</i>), +136, sone, 218, +<span class = "pagenum">li</span> +<a name = "intro51" id = "intro51"> </a> +251, yete (A.S. <i>géta</i>, as well as <i>gét</i>), 495, ofte (Swed. +<i>ofta</i>, Dan. <i>ofte</i>), 227.</p> + +<p class = "inset3"> +(<i>b</i>) an adverb as distinguished from its corresponding adjective, +as, yerne, 153, loude, 96, longe, 241, more, 301, softe, 305, heye, 335, +swiþe, 455, harde, 639. Hence, in l. 640, we should read +<i>neye</i>.</p> + +<p class = "inset3"> +(<i>c</i>) an older termination in <i>-en</i> or <i>-an</i>; as, +þer-hinne, 322, 709, 712, henne, 843, inne, 855. Cf. A.S. <i>heonan</i>, +<i>innan</i>.</p> + +<p class = "inset3"> +(<i>d</i>) It is also sounded in the termination <i>-like</i>, as, +sikerlike, 422. Hence, in baldelike, 53, <i>both</i> the <i>ees</i> are +sounded; cf. feblelike, 418. When the final <i>-e</i> is slurred over +before an <i>h</i> in <i>Chaucer</i>, <i>h</i> is found commonly to +begin the pronoun <i>he</i>, or its cases, the possessive pronouns +<i>his</i>, <i>hire</i>, or their cases, a part of the verb to +<i>have</i>, or else the adverbs <i>how</i> or <i>heer</i>. The same +rule seems to hold in <i>Havelok</i>. Observe, that <i>e</i> often forms +a syllable in the <i>middle</i> of a word, as, bondeman, 32, engelondes, +63, pourelik<i>e</i>, 322.</p> + +<p>With regard to the final <i>-en</i>, it is most commonly slurred over +before a vowel or the <i>h</i> in <i>he</i> or <i>haue</i>, not only +when it is the termination of the infinitive mood, but in <i>many other +cases</i>. One striking example may suffice:</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>He gret<i>en</i> and gouled<i>en</i> and gou<i>en</i> hem ille, +164.</p> +</div> + +<p>A still more striking peculiarity is that <i>the same rule often +holds</i> for the ending <i>-es</i>. We find it, of course, forming a +distinct syllable in plurals; as, limes, 86; and in adverbs, as, liues, +509. But observe such instances as maydn<i>es</i>, 2, prest<i>es</i>, +33, vtlaw<i>es</i>, 41, siþ<i>es</i>, 213, &c.</p> + +<p>In the same way, when rapid final syllables such as <i>-el</i>, +<i>-er</i>, <i>-ere</i>, &c., are slurred over, it will +<i>generally</i> be found <i>that a vowel or</i> h <i>follows them</i>. +Examples: lit<i>el</i>, 6, won<i>eth</i>, 105, bed<i>els</i>, 266, +bod<i>i</i>, 345, deu<i>el</i>, 446, hung<i>er</i>, 449. Compare +ou<i>er</i>al, 38, 54. There are many other peculiarities which it would +take long to enumerate, such as, that <i>sworn</i> is pronounced +<i>sworen</i>, 204; that the final <i>-e</i> is sometimes preserved +before a vowel, as in <i>dedë am</i>, 167; that the word <i>ne</i> is +very frequently not counted, as it were, in the scansion, as in 57, 113, +220, 419, the second <i>ne</i> in l. 547, and in several other +places. But it must suffice to state merely, that when the above rules +(with allowance of a few exceptions) +<span class = "pagenum">lii</span> +<a name = "intro52" id = "intro52"> </a> +are carefully observed, it will be found that the metre of Havelok is +<i>very regular</i>, and <i>valuable on account of its +regularity</i>.</p> + +<p>It would therefore be easy to correct the text in many places by help +of an exact analysis of the rhythm. But this, except in a very few +places, has not been attempted, because the imperfect, but unique, MS. +copy is more instructive as it stands. In l. 19, e.g. <i>wit</i> +should be <i>wite</i>; in l. 47, <i>red</i> should be <i>rede</i>; +in l. 74, <i>his soule</i> should be <i>of his soule</i>, &c. +The importance of attending to the final <i>-e</i> may be exemplified by +the lines—</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>Allë greten swiþë sore, 236;</p> +<p>But sonë dedë hirë fetë, 317;</p> +<p>þinë cherlës, þinë hinë, 620<ins class = "mycorr" +title = "printed . for ;">; </ins></p> +<p>Grimës sonës allë þre, 1399;</p> +<p>Hisë sistres herë lif, 2395.</p> +</div> + +<p>Mr Ellis writes— “These final examples suggested to me to +compose the following German epitaph, which contains just as many final +<i>e</i>’s, and which I think no German would find to have anything +peculiar in the versification:</p> + +<h5 class = "left">GRABSCHRIFT.</h5> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>Diese alte reiche Frau</p> +<p>Hasste jede eitle Schau,</p> +<p>Preiste Gottes gute Gabe,</p> +<p>Mehrte stets die eig’ne Habe,</p> +<p>Liegt hier unbeweint im Grabe.</p> +</div> + +<p>I think Havelok may be well compared with Goethe’s ballad,</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>Es war ein Kön<i>ig in Thu</i>le,</p> +<p class = "indent">Gar treu bis an das Grab,</p> +<p>Dem, sterbend, seine Buhle</p> +<p class = "indent"><i>Einen gold</i>enen Becher gab.</p> + +<p class = "stanza"> +Es ging ihm nichts darüber,</p> +<p class = "indent">Er leert’ ihn jeden Schmaus,</p> +<p>Die Augen gin<i>gen ihm ü</i>ber</p> +<p class = "indent">So oft er trank daraus.</p> + +<p class = "stanza"> +Und als er kam zu sterben,</p> +<p class = "indent">Zählt’ er <i>seine Städt’</i> im Reich,</p> +<p>Gönnt’ alles seinem Erben,</p> +<p class = "indent">Den Becher nicht zugleich:—</p> +</div> + +<span class = "pagenum">liii</span> +<a name = "intro53" id = "intro53"> </a> +<p>and the end:—</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>Die Augen thä<i>ten ihm sin</i>ken,</p> +<p class = "indent">Trank nie <i>einen Trop</i>fen mehr.</p> +</div> + +<p>The <i>italicised</i> trisyllabic measures are fine. Observe also the +elisions of final <i>-e</i> before a following vowel (<i>Städt’</i> +being very unusual), and the omission of the dative <i>-e</i> in <i>im +Reich</i>, to rhyme with <i>zugleich</i>.”</p> + +<p>I have only to add that my special thanks are due to Sir F. Madden +for his permission to make use of his valuable notes, glossary, and +preface, and for his assistance; as also to Mr Ellis for his notes, +which, however, reached me only at the last moment, when much alteration +of the proofs was troublesome. There are many things probably which Mr +Ellis does not much approve of in this short popular sketch of the +metre, in which attention is drawn only to some of the <i>principal</i> +points. In particular, he disapproves of the term <i>slurring over</i>, +though I believe that I mean precisely the same thing aa he does, viz. +that these light syllables are really <i>fully pronounced</i>, and not +in any way forcibly suppressed; but that, owing to their being light +syllables, and occurring before vowel sounds, the full pronunciation of +them does not cause the verse to halt, but merely imparts to it an +agreeable vivacity. As I have already said elsewhere<a class = "tag" +name = "tag46" id = "tag46" href = "#note46">46</a>— “A poet’s +business is, in fact, to take care that the syllables which <i>are</i> +to be rapidly pronounced are such as easily <i>can</i> be so; and that +the syllables which are to be heavily accented are naturally those that +<i>ought</i> to be. If he gives attention to this, it does not much +matter whether each foot has <i>two</i> or <i>three</i> <ins class = +"mycorr" title = "text reads ‘sylalbles’">syllables</ins> in it.”</p> + +<hr class = "small" /> + +<h4 class = "smallcaps"><a name = "footnotes" id = "footnotes"> +Footnotes to Introduction</a></h4> + +<p class = "mynote center"> +Skip to <a href = "#emendations">Emendations</a></p> + +<div class = "footnote"> + +<p><a name = "note1" id = "note1" href = "#tag1">1.</a> +In particular, we find there a complete proof, supported by some fifty +examples, that, <i>as</i> can be traced, through the forms <i>ase</i>, +<i>als</i>, <i>alse</i>, <i>also</i>, to the A.S. <i>eall-swa</i>; a +proof, that in the difficult phrase <i>lond and lithe</i>, the word +<i>lithe</i> [also spelt <i>lede</i>, <i>lude</i>] is equivalent to the +French <i>tenement</i>, <i>rente</i>, or <i>fe</i>; and, thirdly, a +complete refutation of Mr Singer’s extraordinary notion that the adverb +<i>swithe</i> means <i>a sword</i>!</p> + +<p><a name = "note2" id = "note2" href = "#tag2">2.</a> +In the same way, <i>William of Palerne</i> was prepared by me for the +press, subject to his advice; see <i>William of Palerne</i>, +Introduction, p. ii.</p> + +<p><a name = "note3" id = "note3" href = "#tag3">3.</a> +I say <i>nearly</i>, because I have not been able to verify <i>every</i> +reference to <i>every</i> poem quoted. I have verified and critically +examined all the citations from the <i>poem itself</i>, from Ritson’s +Romances, Weber’s Romances, Laȝamon, Beowulf, Chaucer, Langland, and Sir +Walter Scott’s edition of Sir Tristrem (3rd edition, 1811).</p> + +<p><a name = "note4" id = "note4" href = "#tag4">4.</a> +To this, the reader is referred for fuller information.</p> + +<p><a name = "note5" id = "note5" href = "#tag5">5.</a> +“The word Breton, which some critics refer to Armorica, is here applied +to a story of mere English birth.” Hallam; Lit. of Europe, 6th ed. 1860; +vol. i. p. 36. See the whole passage.</p> + +<p><a name = "note6" id = "note6" href = "#tag6">6.</a> +“The Chronicler writes of him, f. 6. ‘Il feu le plus beau bacheleir +q<i>e</i> vnqes reigna en Engleterre, <i>ceo dit le Bruit</i>, par quoy +ly lays ly apellerunt <i>King Adelstane with gilden kroket</i>, pour ce +q’il feu si beaus.’ We have here notice of another of those curious +historical poems, the loss of which can never be sufficiently deplored. +The term <i>crocket</i> (derived by Skinner from the Fr. <i>crochet</i>, +uncinulus) points out the period of the poem’s composition, since the +fashion alluded to of wearing those large rolls of hair so called, only +arose at the latter end of Hen. III. reign, and continued through the +reign of Edw. I. and part of his successor’s.”</p> + +<p><a name = "note7" id = "note7" href = "#tag7">7.</a> +See below, § 16.</p> + +<p><a name = "note8" id = "note8" href = "#tag8">8.</a> +The poems in MSS. Camb. Univ. Lib. Ff. 5. 48 and Dd. 14. 2 resemble +this Chronicle, but do not mention Havelok’s name.</p> + +<p><a name = "note9" id = "note9" href = "#tag9">9.</a> +This proof is rendered unnecessary by the citations from it by Rauf de +Boun in 1310, and by the age of our MS. itself.</p> + +<p><a name = "note10" id = "note10" href = "#tag10">10.</a> +<i>Hanelok</i> in Hearne, throughout, but undoubtedly <i>contra +fidem</i> MSS.</p> + +<p><a name = "note11" id = "note11" href = "#tag11">11.</a> +The writing in the earlier portion (concerning Havelok) is hardly later +than <span class = "smallroman">A.D.</span> 1400.</p> + +<p><a name = "note12" id = "note12" href = "#tag12">12.</a> +Sir F. Madden adds— “collated with another of the same age, MS. +Cott. Dom. A. x, and a third, of the 15th century, MS. Harl. 200.” +I omit the collations; the words within square brackets are supplied +from these other copies.</p> + +<p><a name = "note13" id = "note13" href = "#tag13">13.</a> +I omit the collations with MSS. Harl. 24 and 753. Sir F. Madden proves +that this English version was made <span class = +"smallroman">A.D.</span> 1435, by <i>John Maundevile</i>, rector of +Burnham Thorp in Norfolk.</p> + +<p><a name = "note14" id = "note14" href = "#tag14">14.</a> +Colbrande is the giant defeated by Guy in the Ballad of “Guy and +Colebrande.” See <i>Percy Folio MS.</i>; ed. Hales and Furnivall, vol. +ii. p. 528, where <i>Auelocke</i> means <i>Anlaf</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note15" id = "note15" href = "#tag15">15.</a> +Quoted in a note in Sir F. Madden’s preface, p. xxiii.</p> + +<p><a name = "note16" id = "note16" href = "#tag16">16.</a> +So then ought Hamlet; but the editor of Saxo Grammaticus says, “in +antiquioribus regum Daniæ genealogiis Amlethus non occurrit.” See Saxo +Gram. ed. Müller, Havniæ, 1839; end of lib. iii. and beginning of lib. +iv.; also the note on p. 132 of the Notæ Uberiores. The idea that +Havelock is Amlet is to be found in Grundtvig, North. Myth. 1832, +p. 565.</p> + +<p><a name = "note17" id = "note17" href = "#tag17">17.</a> +Havelok [<i>or</i> Hanelock, as it is sometimes read] is quite as like +Anlaf, whence the blunder noticed in note 1, p. xviii. In the +form Hablok, it is not unlike <i>Blecca</i>, who was a great man in +<i>Lindesey</i> soon after the days of <i>Æthelberht</i> of Kent; see +Saxon Chronicle, An. <span class = "smallroman">DCXXVII</span>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note18" id = "note18" href = "#tag18">18.</a> +His account has been printed in the <i>Topographer</i>, V. i. +p. 241. sq. 8vo, 1789. We follow, as usual, the MS. itself, +p. 1.</p> + +<p><a name = "note19" id = "note19" href = "#tag19">19.</a> +Quoted in Brock’s Biography of Sir H. Havelock, 1858; p. 9.</p> + +<p><a name = "note20" id = "note20" href = "#tag20">20.</a> +Æthelberht of Kent reigned from <span class = "smallroman">A.D.</span> +560-616 (56 years).</p> + +<p><a name = "note21" id = "note21" href = "#tag21">21.</a> +For this latter portion of the Preface I am entirely responsible.</p> + +<p><a name = "note22" id = "note22" href = "#tag22">22.</a> +<i>Nicole</i> is a French inversion of Lincoln. It is not uncommon.</p> + +<p><a name = "note23" id = "note23" href = "#tag23">23.</a> +The northern part of Lincolnshire is called <i>Lindsey</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note24" id = "note24" href = "#tag24">24.</a> +Hence the obvious origin of the legend of “Havelok’s stone,” and the +local tradition about Grim’s casting down stones from the tower of +Grimsby church.</p> + +<p><a name = "note25" id = "note25" href = "#tag25">25.</a> +Possibly Saltfleet, suggests Mr Haigh. Such, at least, is the position +required by the circumstances.</p> + +<p><a name = "note26" id = "note26" href = "#tag26">26.</a> +In the Durham MS. it is Tiedfort, i.e. Tetford, not far from Horncastle, +in Lincolnshire.</p> + +<p><a name = "note27" id = "note27" href = "#tag27">27.</a> +A name given to the S.E. part of Lincolnshire.</p> + +<p><a name = "note28" id = "note28" href = "#tag28">28.</a> +Here again is an allusion to “Havelok’s stone.”</p> + +<p><a name = "note29" id = "note29" href = "#tag29">29.</a> +Hence, by confusion, the placing of Havelok’s father in the time of +<i>Ælfred</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note30" id = "note30" href = "#tag30">30.</a> +Or, as I should prefer to say, earlier than those times. The two kings +spoken of in the Lay may have had names somewhat similar to these, which +may have been replaced by the more familiar names here mentioned.</p> + +<p><a name = "note31" id = "note31" href = "#tag31">31.</a> +Cf. Lappenberg’s History of England, tr. by Thorpe, vol. i. +pp. 145-154.</p> + +<p><a name = "note32" id = "note32" href = "#tag32">32.</a> +See the same statement in Fabyan’s Chronicles, p. 112; ed. Ellis, +1811.</p> + +<p><a name = "note33" id = "note33" href = "#tag33">33.</a> +“Cf. K. Horn, 1005, where <i>haue</i> rhymes with plawe.” —M. Mr +A. J. Ellis would consider <i>slawen</i>, <i>knaue</i>, &c., as +assonances— “Do not think of the pronunciation of modern +<i>drawen</i>. Read <i>sla-wen</i>, <i>kna-ue</i>, an assonance. +<i>Beþe</i> does <i>not</i> rhyme to <i>reden</i>; it is only an +assonance.” —Ellis. On the other hand, we find the spellings +<i>rathe</i>, <i>rothe</i> instead of <i>rede</i> in ll. 1335 and +2817.</p> + +<p><a name = "note34" id = "note34" href = "#tag34">34.</a> +“<i>Qual</i> = <i>quhal</i>, the aspirate being omitted; and +<i>quhal</i> = <i>whal</i>.” —Ellis.</p> + +<p><a name = "note35" id = "note35" href = "#tag35">35.</a> +The use of <i>th</i> for <i>t</i> is not uncommon. In the <i>Romans of +Partenay</i>, we have <i>thown</i>, <i>thaken</i>, <i>thouchyng</i>, +&c., for <i>town</i>, <i>taken</i>, <i>touching</i>; see Preface, +p. xvi. In the copy of Piers Plowman in MS. Camb. Univ. Lib. Dd +l. 17, I have observed several similar examples. Cf. Eng. +<i>tea</i>, Ital. <i>tè</i>, Span. <i>té</i>, with Fr. <i>thé</i>, Swed. +<i>the</i>, G. Du. Dan. <i>thee</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note36" id = "note36" href = "#tag36">36.</a> +“Is <i>e</i> for <i>o</i> a mistake, or may it be compared with +<i>preue</i> for <i>prove</i>, &c.?” —Ellis. I would observe +that <i>greting</i> is the spelling of the <i>substantive</i> in +l. 166.</p> + +<p><a name = "note37" id = "note37" href = "#tag37">37.</a> +“This <i>four accents</i> I consider to be a wrong way of stating the +fact. . . The metre consists of four measures, each generally, +not always, of <i>two</i> syllables, the first often <i>one</i> +syllable, the others often of <i>three</i> syllables, and each measure +has generally more stress on the last than on any other, but the accents +or principal stresses in the verse are usually 2, sometimes 3, perhaps +never 4.” —A. J. Ellis. I need hardly add that such a +statement is more exact, and that I here merely use the word +<i>accent</i> in the loose sense it often bears, viz. as denoting the +“stress,” more or less heavy, and sometimes imperceptible, which is +popularly supposed to belong to the last syllable in a measure. I must +request the reader to remember that this present sketch of the metre is +very slight and imperfect, and worded in the usual not very correct +popular language. For more strict and careful statements the reader is +referred to Mr A. J. Ellis’s work on Early English Pronunciation. +Until readers have made themselves acquainted with that work, they will +readily understand what I <i>here</i> mean by “accents;” afterwards, +they can easily adopt a stricter idea of its meaning.</p> + +<p><a name = "note38" id = "note38" href = "#tag38">38.</a> +“You cannot scan this line in any way. This method of doing it is quite +impossible; it is a mere chopping to make a verse like this. The line is +corrupt. Omit <i>þat</i>, and you have</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>Of | a tal’ | ich you | wile telle</p> +</div> + +<p>or better,</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>Of | a tal’ | ich wil|e telle.”</p> +</div> + +<p class = "author"> +Ellis.</p> + +<p><a name = "note39" id = "note39" href = "#tag39">39.</a> +The number is that of the <i>first</i> line of the pair.</p> + +<p><a name = "note40" id = "note40" href = "#tag40">40.</a> +“You have omitted the curious <i>harde, krakede</i>, 567, here; it is +only an assonance, not a mistake, I believe.” —Ellis. But see +<a href = "#textnote567">note to l. 567</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note41" id = "note41" href = "#tag41">41.</a> +“On <i>i, e</i> rhymes, see p. 271, last line and following, of my Chap. +IV. The <i>o, a</i> depend on a provincialism, and this applies to +<i>sawe</i>, <i>wowe</i><ins class = "mycorr" title = "all ; changed from , for consistency">; +</ins><i>beþe</i>, <i>rede</i>; <i>knaue</i>, +<i>plawe</i>; <i>sawe</i>, <i>hawe</i>; &c. <i>Bouth, oft</i> is a +case of assonance, <i>bouth</i> being <i>bought</i>, where properly the +<i>ugh</i> is the voiced sound of Scotch <i>quh</i>, and easily passes +into <i>f</i>. The assonance is therefore nearly a rhyme. <i>Plattinde, +gangande</i> is probably a scribal error. <i>Eir, toþer</i> is certainly +a mistake; read</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>Swanborow, helfled, his sistres fair.”</p> +</div> + +<p class = "author"> +Ellis.</p> + +<p>We may then perhaps alter <i>gangande</i> to <i>ganginde</i>. I do +not quite like writing the modern form <i>fair</i> instead of the old +plural <i>fayre</i> in order to gain a rime to <i>eir</i>. Cf. ll. 1095, +2300, 2538, 2768.</p> + +<p><a name = "note42" id = "note42" href = "#tag42">42.</a> +“<i>Hon, lond</i> may arise from a Danism, or from an English custom at +that time of not pronouncing <i>d</i> after <i>n</i> in <i>nd</i> final; +Danish <i>Mand</i> and German <i>Mann</i> are identical.” —Ellis. +I prefer to call it Danish; we English, now at least, often <i>add</i> a +<i>d</i>, as in <i>sound, gownd</i>, from <i>soun, gown</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "note43" id = "note43" href = "#tag43">43.</a> +“<i>Johan</i> is almost <i>Jon</i> in Chaucer, however written, but +l. 177 wants a measure; read—</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>Bi [Jhesu] crist, and bi seint ion.</p> +</div> + +<p>In l. 1720 also the verse is defective; omit <i>al</i>, and +read—</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>In denemark nis wimman [non]</p> +<p>So fayr so sche, bi <i>seint</i> Johan,</p> +</div> + +<p>where <i>seint</i> is a dissyllable; see p. 264 of my Early +English Pronunciation. <i>Hey, fri</i>, 1071, is an error; read +<i>hy</i>, and see p. 285 of my book. The other instances of +<i>ei</i>, <i>ai</i> are all regular, the confusion of <i>ei</i>, +<i>ai</i> being perfect in the thirteenth century. <i>Shame</i>, +l. 88, is dative, and would prove nothing, but <i>shame</i> in +Orrmin is conclusive. Hence in <i>sham’</i>, 56, we have an <i>e</i> +omitted; compare p. 323 of my book, and the German <i>Ruh’</i>.” +—Ellis. In other places, the spelling <i>heye</i> occurs, rather +than <i>hy</i>: see ll. 719, 987, 1071, 1083, 1289<ins class = "mycorr" +title = "comma invisible">, </ins>1685, 2431, 2471, 2544, 2724, 2750, +2945, &c.</p> + +<p><a name = "note44" id = "note44" href = "#tag44">44.</a> +“The instances of <i>o</i> are all regular, except <i>croud, god</i>, +2338, which is a false rhyme altogether; <i>ou</i> = modern <i>oo</i>.” +—Ellis.</p> + +<p><a name = "note45" id = "note45" href = "#tag45">45.</a> +<i>Riche</i> being both <span class = "smallroman">A.S.</span> and +French, has the <i>e</i> even when indefinite; a riche king, 841; a +riche man, 373.</p> + +<p><a name = "note46" id = "note46" href = "#tag46">46.</a> +Preface to Mr Morris’s Genesis and Exodus, p. xxxviii.</p> + +</div> + + +<span class = "pagenum">liv</span> +<a name = "intro54" id = "intro54"> </a> +<h3><a name = "emendations" id = "emendations">EMENDATIONS, +ETC.</a></h3> + +<hr class = "tiny" /> + +<p class = "mynote"> +This section is shown as printed. The editor’s corrections were +variously handled. Minor changes to the primary text are shown in +brackets and marked with <ins class = "edcorr" title = "Corrected by author from ‘red’">mouse-hover popups</ins>. The more complicated or +tentative emendations are given as supple­mentary footnotes, +separately <span class = "addition">outlined</span>. Additions to the +Glossary are marked in the same way. The following paragraph is part of +the original text.</p> + +<p><span class = "firstword">Some</span> emendations have been made in +the text by inserting letters and words within square brackets. A few +more may be noticed here.</p> + +<p>p. 2, l. 47. The MS. has <i>red</i>; but it should be +<i>rede</i>.</p> + +<p>p. 3, l. 66. For the MS. reading <i>here</i> Mr Garnett proposed to +read <i>othere</i>, which is clearly right.</p> + +<p>p. 3, l. 74. For <i>his soule</i> (as in the MS.) we should probably +read <i>of his soule</i>.</p> + +<p>p. 3, l. 79. For <i>wo diden</i> (as in the MS.) we should read <i>wo +so dide</i>.</p> + +<p>p. 6, l. 177. <i>Read</i>— “Bi [ihesu] crist,” &c, to fill +up; but this is doubtful; see l. 1112.</p> + +<p>p. 18, l. 560. For <i>with</i>, Mr Garnett proposed to read +<i>wilt</i>.</p> + +<p>p. 20, l. <ins class = "mycorr" title = "text reads ‘60’">640</ins>. +For <i>ney</i> (as in MS.) read <i>neye</i>, the adverbial form.</p> + +<p>p. 21, l. 660. Perhaps there should be a comma after <i>Slep</i>, +making the sense to be <i>sleep, son</i>, not <i>sleep soon</i>.</p> + +<p>p. 23, l. 746. For <i>alle</i>, Mr Garnett proposed to read +<i>shalle</i>.</p> + +<p>p. 24, l. 784. Perhaps we should, however, read <i>se-weren</i>, and +the note on the line (p. 93) may be wrong. See <i>Weren</i> in the +Glossary. +<span class = "mynote"> +See <a href = "#endnote">Endnote</a>.</span></p> + +<p>p. 32, l. 1037. For <i>stareden</i> we should perhaps read +<i>stradden</i>; see the Glossary.</p> + +<p>p. 33, l. 1080. For <i>hexte</i> we should rather read <i>hexte</i> +[<i>man</i>]; cf. l. 199.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">lv</span> +<a name = "intro55" id = "intro55"> </a> + +<p>p. 38, l. 1233. Mr Garnett suggested that <i>cloþen</i> may mean +<i>clothes</i>. If so, dele the comma after it.</p> + +<p>p. 43, l. 1420. For <i>wolde</i> we should rather read [<i>he</i>] +<i>wolde</i>.</p> + +<p>p. 46, l. 1687. <i>þarned</i> is an error of the scribe for +<i>þoled</i>; see the Glossary.</p> + +<p>p. 47, l. 1720. Perhaps we should rather read—<i>is womman</i> +[<i>non</i>].</p> + +<p>p. 47, l. 1733. <i>Bidde</i> must mean <i>offer</i>, rather than +<i>bid</i> (as in the Glossary); unless it be miswritten for <i>bide</i> += tarry.</p> + +<p>p. 47, l. 1736. The MS. reading <i>deled</i> should be <i>deyled</i>; +cf. l. 2099.</p> + +<p>p. 76, l. 2670. The MS. reading <i>blinne</i> should clearly be +<i>blunne</i>. A few other suggestions of emendations will be found in +the Glossarial Index. See the words <i>Arwe</i>, <i>Birþe</i>, +<i>Felde</i>, <i>Sor</i>, <i>Tauhte</i>, <i>Þenne</i>, <i>Thit</i>, +<i>Werewed</i>, <i>Wreken</i>, &c. See also the suggestions in the +preface, pp. xxxix, xli, xlvi, xlvii.</p> + +<p>p. 132, s.v. <i>Loken</i>. The reference to the Ancren Riwle is to +MS. Titus D 18, fol. 17; cf. the edition by Morton (Camd. Soc. +1853), p. 56.</p> + +<p>In the Glossary, <i>Dunten</i> is wrongly placed after +<i>Dint</i>.</p> + +<p class = "mynote"> +See <a href = "#endnote">Endnote</a> for following items.</p> + +<p>Also, <i>Greting</i> is wrongly placed before <i>Gres</i>.</p> + +<p><i>Hal</i>, more probably, is shortened from <i>half</i>, like +<i>twel</i> from <i>twelue</i>.</p> + +<p><ins class = "mycorr" title = "spelled ‘Schoten’"><i>Shoten</i></ins>, +in l. 1838, means <i>rushed</i>, <i>darted</i>, <i>flew</i>.</p> + +<p><i>Teyte</i> may mean <i>lively</i>. My explanation is not generally +accepted.</p> + +<p><i>Bise</i> occurs in l. 724.</p> + +<a name = "intro56" id = "intro56"> </a> + +</div> + +<p> </p> + +<p class = "illustration"> +<span class = "pagenum">1</span> +<a name = "page1" id = "page1"> </a><br /> +<a name = "havelok" id = "havelok"> </a><br /> +<img src = "images/incipit.png" width = "364" height = "74" +alt = "Incipit vita Hauelok, quondam Rex Anglie et Denemarchie." +title = "Incipit vita Hauelok, quondam Rex Anglie et Denemarchie." +/></p> + +<hr class = "tiny" /> + +<div class = "havelok"> + + +<p class = "sidenote"> +[Fol. 204, col. 1.]<br /> +Hearken!</p> +<p class = "section"> +Herknet to me, gode men,</p> +<p>Wiues, maydnes, and alle men,</p> +<p>Of a tale þat ich you wile telle,</p> +<span class = "linenum">4</span> +<p>Wo so it wile here, and þer-to duelle.</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +I will tell you the tale of Havelok,</p> +<p>Þe tale is of hauelok i-maked;</p> +<p>Wil he was litel he yede ful naked:</p> +<p>Hauelok was a ful god gome,</p> +<span class = "linenum">8</span> +<p>He was ful god in eueri trome,</p> +<a class = "texttag ital" name = "texttag9" id = "texttag9" href = +"#textnote9">9</a> +<p class = "sidenote"> +a wight man at need.</p> +<p>He was þe wicteste ma<i>n</i> at nede,</p> +<p>Þat þurte ride<i>n</i> on ani stede.</p> +<p>Þat ye mowen nou y-here,</p> +<span class = "linenum">12</span> +<p>And þe tale ye mowen y-lere.</p> +<p>At the begi<i>n</i>ning<a class = "tag" name = "poem_tag1" id = +"poem_tag1" href = "#poem_note1">1</a> of vre tale,</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +First, fill me a cup of ale.</p> +<p>Fil me a cuppe of ful god ale;</p> +<a class = "texttag ital" name = "texttag15" id = "texttag15" href = +"#textnote15">15</a> +<p>And [y] wile dri<i>n</i>ken her y spelle,</p> +<span class = "linenum">16</span> +<p>Þat crist vs shilde alle fro helle!</p> +<p>Krist late vs heu<i>er</i>e so for to do,</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +Christ grant we may do right!</p> +<p>Þat we moten comen him to,</p> +<a class = "texttag ital" name = "texttag19" id = "texttag19" href = +"#textnote19">19</a> +<p>And wit[e]<a class = "tag" name = "poem_tag2" id = "poem_tag2" href = +"#poem_note2">2</a> þat it mote ben so!</p> +<span class = "linenum">20</span> +<p><i>Benedicamus domino!</i></p> +<p>Here y schal bigi<i>n</i>nen a rym,</p> +<p>Krist us yeue wel god fyn!</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">2</span> +<a name = "page2" id = "page2"> </a> +<p class = "sidenote"> +The rime is about Havelok.</p> +<p>The rym is maked of hauelok,</p> +<span class = "linenum">24</span> +<p>A stalworþi man i<i>n</i> a flok;</p> +<p>He was þe stalworþeste ma<i>n</i> at nede,</p> +<p>Þat may riden on ani stede.</p> + +<div class = "footnote"> +<p><a name = "poem_note1" id = "poem_note1" href = "#poem_tag1">1</a> +MS. Begi<i>n</i>nig.</p> + +<p><a name = "poem_note2" id = "poem_note2" href = "#poem_tag2">2</a> +<i>See</i> ll. 517, 1316.</p> +</div> + +<p class = "headnote"><span class = "headnote"> +THE GOOD KING ATHELWOLD   IS KING OVER ALL ENGLAND.</span></p> + +<p class = "sidenote"> +There was once a king who made good laws.</p> +<p class = "section"> +IT was a king bi are dawes,</p> +<span class = "linenum">28</span> +<p>That i<i>n</i> his time were gode lawes</p> +<p>He dede maken, an ful wel holden;</p> +<p>Hym louede yu<i>n</i>g, him louede holde,</p> +<a class = "texttag ital" name = "texttag31" id = "texttag31" href = +"#textnote31">31</a> +<p>Erl and barun, dreng and kayn,</p> +<span class = "linenum">32</span> +<p>Knict, bondema<i>n</i>, and swain,</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +All loved him.</p> +<p>Wydues, maydnes, p<i>re</i>stes and clerkes,</p> +<p>And al for hise gode werkes.</p> +<p>He louede god with al his micth,</p> +<span class = "linenum">36</span> +<p>And holi kirke, and soth, ant ricth;</p> +<p>Ricth-wise<a class = "tag" name = "poem_tag3" id = "poem_tag3" href = +"#poem_note3">3</a> man he louede alle,</p> +<p>And ou<i>er</i>al made hem forto calle;</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +He hated traitors and robbers.</p> +<p>Wreieres and wrobberes made he falle,</p> +<span class = "linenum">40</span> +<p>And hated he<i>m</i> so ma<i>n</i> doth galle;</p> +<p>Vtlawes and theues made he bynde,</p> +<p>Alle that he micthe fynde,</p> +<p>And heye he<i>n</i>gen on galwe-tre;</p> +<span class = "linenum">44</span> +<p>For hem ne yede gold ne fe.</p> +<a class = "texttag ital" name = "texttag45" id = "texttag45" href = +"#textnote45">45</a> +<p class = "sidenote"> +At that time, men could carry gold about safely,</p> +<p>In that time a man þat bore</p> +<p>[Wel fyfty pund, y woth, or more,]<a class = "tag" name = "poem_tag4" +id = "poem_tag4" href = "#poem_note4">4</a></p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +[Fol. 204, col. 2.]</p> +<p>Of <ins class = "edcorr" title = "corrected by editor from ‘red’">red[e]</ins> gold up-on hijs bac,</p> +<span class = "linenum">48</span> +<p>In a male with or blac,</p> +<p>Ne funde he non that him misseyde,</p> +<p>N[e] with iuele on [him] hond leyde.</p> +<p>Þa<i>n</i>ne micthe chapme<i>n</i> fare</p> +<span class = "linenum">52</span> +<p>Þuruth englond wit here ware,</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +and boldly buy and sell.</p> +<p>And baldelike beye and selle<i>n</i>,</p> +<p>Oueral þer he wilen dwellen,</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">3</span> +<a name = "page3" id = "page3"> </a> +<p>In gode burwes, and þer-fram</p> +<span class = "linenum">56</span> +<p>Ne funde<i>n</i> he non þat dede he<i>m</i> sham,</p> +<p>Þat he ne were<i>n</i> sone to sorwe brouth,</p> +<p>An pou<i>er</i>e maked, and browt to nouth.</p> +<p>Þa<i>n</i>ne was engelond at hayse;<a class = "tag" name = +"poem_tag5" id = "poem_tag5" href = "#poem_note5">5</a></p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +Then was England at ease.</p> +<span class = "linenum">60</span> +<p>Michel was svich a king to preyse,</p> +<p>Þat held so eng[e]lond in grith!</p> +<p>Krist of heuene was him with.</p> +<p>He was engelondes blome;</p> +<span class = "linenum">64</span> +<p>Was non so bold lond to rome,</p> +<p>Þat durste upon his [menie] bringhe</p> +<p>Hunger, ne here<a class = "emend" name = "poem_tag5a" id = +"poem_tag5a" href = "#poem_note5a">*</a> wicke þinghe.</p> +<p>Hwan he felede hise foos,</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +The king made his foes hide themselves.</p> +<span class = "linenum">68</span> +<p>He made he<i>m</i> lurken, and crepe<i>n</i> in wros:</p> +<p>Þe hidde<i>n</i> he<i>m</i> alle, and helde<i>n</i> he<i>m</i> +stille,</p> +<p>And diden al his herte wille.</p> +<p>Ricth he louede of alle þinge,</p> +<span class = "linenum">72</span> +<p>To wronge micht hi<i>m</i> no man bri<i>n</i>ge,</p> +<p>Ne for siluer, ne for gold:—</p> +<p>So was he his soule<a class = "emend" name = "poem_tag5b" id = +"poem_tag5b" href = "#poem_note5b">†</a> hold.</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +He befriended the fatherless.</p> +<p>To þe faderles was he rath,</p> +<span class = "linenum">76</span> +<p>Wo so dede hem wrong or lath,</p> +<p>Were it clerc, or were it knicth,</p> +<p>He dede hem sone to haue<i>n</i> ricth;</p> +<p>And wo [so] dide<i>n</i><a class = "emend" name = "poem_tag5c" id = +"poem_tag5c" href = "#poem_note5c">‡</a> widuen wrong,</p> +<span class = "linenum">80</span> +<p>Were he neure knicth so strong,</p> +<p>Þat he ne made hi<i>m</i> sone kesten,</p> +<p>And in fet<i>er</i>es ful faste festen;</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +Them who wrought shame he punished.</p> +<p>And wo so dide maydne shame</p> +<span class = "linenum">84</span> +<p>Of hire bodi, or brouth i<i>n</i> blame,</p> +<p>Bute it were bi hire wille,</p> +<p>He<a class = "tag" name = "poem_tag6" id = "poem_tag6" href = +"#poem_note6">6</a> made hi<i>m</i> sone of limes spille.</p> +<p>He was te<a class = "tag" name = "poem_tag7" id = "poem_tag7" href = +"#poem_note7">7</a> beste knith at nede,</p> +<span class = "linenum">88</span> +<p>Þat heuere micthe ride<i>n</i> on stede,</p> +<p>Or wepne wagge, or folc vt lede;</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">4</span> +<a name = "page4" id = "page4"> </a> +<p>Of knith ne hauede he neu<i>er</i>e drede,</p> +<a class = "texttag ital" name = "texttag91" id = "texttag91" href = +"#textnote91">91</a> +<p>Þat he ne spro<i>n</i>g forth so sparke of glede,</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +[Fol. 204<i>b</i>, col. 1.]</p> +<span class = "linenum">92</span> +<p>And lete him [knawe] of hise hand-dede,</p> +<p>Hw he couþe with wepne spede;</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +He made his foes cry for mercy.</p> +<p>And oþer he refte hi<i>m</i> hors or wede,</p> +<p>Or made him sone ha<i>n</i>des sprede,</p> +<span class = "linenum">96</span> +<p>And “louerd, me<i>r</i>ci!” loude grede.</p> +<p>He was large, and no wicth gnede;</p> +<p>Hauede he non so god brede,</p> +<p>Ne on his bord no<i>n</i> so god shrede,</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +He fed the poor.</p> +<span class = "linenum">100</span> +<p>Þat he ne wolde þorwit fede,</p> +<p>Poure þat on fote yede;</p> +<p>Forto haue<i>n</i> of him þe mede</p> +<p>Þat for vs wolde on rode blede,</p> +<span class = "linenum">104</span> +<p>Crist, that al kan wisse and rede,</p> +<p>Þat euere woneth i<i>n</i> ani þede.</p> + +<div class = "footnote"> +<p><a name = "poem_note3" id = "poem_note3" href = "#poem_tag3">3</a> +MS. “Rirth wise.”</p> + +<p><a name = "poem_note4" id = "poem_note4" href = "#poem_tag4">4</a> +Supplied from conjecture. Cf. v. 653, 787. A few more instances will be +found where a similar liberty has been taken, for the purpose of +completing the sense.</p> + +<p><a name = "poem_note5" id = "poem_note5" href = "#poem_tag5">5</a> +MS. athayse.</p> + +<p class = "addition"> +<a name = "poem_note5a" id = "poem_note5a" href = "#poem_tag5a">*</a> +For the MS. reading <i>here</i> Mr Garnett proposed to read +<i>othere</i>, which is clearly right.</p> + +<p class = "addition"> +<a name = "poem_note5b" id = "poem_note5b" href = "#poem_tag5b">†</a> +For <i>his soule</i> (as in the MS.) we should probably read <i>of his +soule</i>.</p> + +<p class = "addition"> +<a name = "poem_note5c" id = "poem_note5c" href = "#poem_tag5c">‡</a> +For <i>wo diden</i> (as in the MS.) we should read <i>wo so +dide</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "poem_note6" id = "poem_note6" href = "#poem_tag6">6</a> +MS. Ke.</p> + +<p><a name = "poem_note7" id = "poem_note7" href = "#poem_tag7">7</a> +MS. Ke waste.</p> +</div> + +<p class = "headnote"><span class = "headnote"> +ATHELWOLD IS ABOUT TO DIE.</span></p> + +<p class = "sidenote"> +His name was Athelwold.</p> +<p class = "space"> +¶ Þe ki<i>n</i>g was hoten aþelwold,</p> +<p>Of word, of wepne he was bold;</p> +<span class = "linenum">108</span> +<p>In engeland was neure knicth,</p> +<p>Þat bet<i>er</i>e hel þe lond to ricth.</p> +<a class = "texttag ital" name = "texttag110" id = "texttag110" href = +"#textnote110">110</a> +<p class = "sidenote"> +He had but a young daughter to succeed him.</p> +<p>Of his bodi ne hauede he eyr</p> +<p>Bute a mayden swiþe fayr,</p> +<span class = "linenum">112</span> +<p>Þat was so yung þat sho ne couþe</p> +<p>Gon on fote, ne speke wit mouþe.</p> +<p>Þan him tok an iuel strong,</p> +<p>Þat he we[l] wiste, and under-fong,</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +He feels he is dying, and says,</p> +<span class = "linenum">116</span> +<p>Þat his deth was come<i>n</i> him on:</p> +<p>And seyde, “c<i>ri</i>st, wat shal y don!</p> +<a class = "texttag ital" name = "texttag118" id = "texttag118" href = +"#textnote118">118</a> +<p>Louerd, wat shal me to rede!</p> +<p>I woth ful wel ich haue mi mede.</p> +<span class = "linenum">120</span> +<p>W shal nou mi douhter fare?</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +“I am in trouble about her.</p> +<p>Of hire haue ich michel kare;</p> +<p>Sho is mikel in mi þouth,</p> +<p>Of me self is me rith nowt.</p> +<span class = "linenum">124</span> +<p>No selcouth is, þou me be wo;<span class = "pagenum">5</span></p> +<a name = "page5" id = "page5"> </a> +<p>Sho ne ka<i>n</i> speke, ne sho kan go.</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +Were she but of age,</p> +<p>Yif scho couþe on horse ride,</p> +<p>And a thousa<i>n</i>de me<i>n</i> bi hire syde;</p> +<span class = "linenum">128</span> +<p>And sho were com<i>en</i> intil helde,</p> +<p>And engelond sho couþe welde;</p> +<a class = "texttag ital" name = "texttag130" id = "texttag130" href = +"#textnote130">130</a> +<p>And don hem of þar hire were q<i>ue</i>me,</p> +<p>An hire bodi couþe yeme;</p> +<a class = "texttag" name = "texttag132" id = "texttag132" href = +"#textnote132">132</a> +<p>No wolde me neu<i>er</i>e iuele like</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +I would not care for myself.”</p> +<p>Me þou ich were i<i>n</i> heuene-riche!”</p> + + +<p class = "headnote"><span class = "headnote"> +HE SUMMONS HIS LORDS TO WINCHESTER.</span></p> + +<p class = "section"> +Qua<i>n</i>ne he hauede þis plei<i>n</i>te maked,</p> +<p>Þer-after stro<i>n</i>glike [he] quaked.</p> +<a class = "texttag" name = "texttag136" id = "texttag136" href = +"#textnote136">136</a> +<p>He sende writes sone on-on</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +[Fol. 204<i>b</i>, col. 2.]</p> +<p>After his erles eu<i>er</i>e-ich on;</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +He summons his lords, from Roxburgh to Dover.</p> +<p>And after hise baru<i>n</i>s, riche and poure,</p> +<p>Fro rokesburw al i<i>n</i>to douere,</p> +<span class = "linenum">140</span> +<p>That he shulde<i>n</i> comen swiþe</p> +<p>Til him, that was ful vnbliþe;</p> +<p>To þat stede þe[r] he lay,</p> +<p>In harde bondes, nicth and day.</p> +<span class = "linenum">144</span> +<p>He was so faste wit yuel fest,</p> +<p>Þat he ne mouthe haue<i>n</i> no rest;</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +He can no longer eat.</p> +<p>He ne mouthe no mete hete,</p> +<p>Ne he ne mouchte no lyþe gete;</p> +<span class = "linenum">148</span> +<p>Ne non of his iuel þat couþe red;</p> +<p>Of him ne was nouth bute<i>n</i> ded.</p> + + +<p class = "sidenote"> +All sadly obey his summons.</p> +<p class = "section"> +Alle þat the writes herden,</p> +<p>Sorful an sori til him ferde<i>n</i>;</p> +<span class = "linenum">152</span> +<p>He wru<i>n</i>gen ho<i>n</i>des, and wepe<i>n</i> sore,</p> +<p>And yerne preyde<i>n</i> cristes hore,</p> +<p>Þat he [wolde] t<i>ur</i>nen him</p> +<p>Vt of þat yuel þat was so grim!</p> +<span class = "linenum">156</span> +<p>Þa<i>n</i>ne he weren comen alle</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +They come to Winchester.</p> +<p>Bifor þe king i<i>n</i>to the halle,</p> +<p>At wi<i>n</i>chestre þer he lay:</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">6</span> +<a name = "page6" id = "page6"> </a> +<p>“Welcome,” he seyde, “be ye ay!</p> +<span class = "linenum">160</span> +<p>Ful michel þank[e] kan [y] yow</p> +<p>That ye aren come<i>n</i> to me now!”</p> + + +<p class = "headnote"><span class = "headnote"> +ATHELWOLD SELECTS EARL GODRICH   TO BE HIS DAUGHTER’S +GUARDIAN.</span></p> + +<p class = "sidenote"> +They all mourn and lament.</p> +<p class = "section"> +Quanne he were<i>n</i> alle set,</p> +<p>And þe king aueden i-gret,</p> +<span class = "linenum">164</span> +<p>He grete<i>n</i>, and goulede<i>n</i>, and goue<i>n</i> he<i>m</i> +ille,</p> +<p>And he bad he<i>m</i> alle ben stille;</p> +<p>And seyde, “þat greti<i>n</i>g helpeth nouth,</p> +<p>For al to dede am ich brouth.</p> +<span class = "linenum">168</span> +<p>Bute nov ye sen þat i shal deye,</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +He prays them to tell him who can guard his daughter best.</p> +<p>Nou ich wille you alle preye</p> +<p>Of mi douther þat shal be</p> +<p>Yure leuedi after me,</p> +<span class = "linenum">172</span> +<p>Wo may yeme<i>n</i> hire so longe,</p> +<p>Boþen hire and engelonde,</p> +<p>Til þat she [mowe] winan of helde,</p> +<a class = "texttag ital" name = "texttag175" id = "texttag175" href = +"#textnote175">175</a> +<p>And þa she mowe yeme<i>n</i> and welde?”</p> +<span class = "linenum">176</span> +<p>He ansuered<i>en</i>, and seyd<i>en</i> an-on,</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +They answer, “Earl Godrich of Cornwall.”</p> +<p>Bi crist<a class = "emend" name = "poem_tag7a" id = "poem_tag7a" href += "#poem_note7a">*</a> and bi seint ion,</p> +<p>That þerl Godrigh of cornwayle</p> +<p>Was trewe ma<i>n</i>, wit-ute<i>n</i> faile;</p> +<span class = "linenum">180</span> +<p>Wis ma<i>n</i> of red, wis ma<i>n</i> of dede,</p> +<p>And me<i>n</i> hauede<i>n</i> of hi<i>m</i> mikel drede.</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +[Fol. 205, col. 1.]</p> +<p>“He may hire alþer-best[e] yeme,</p> +<p>Til þat she mowe wel be<i>n</i> quene.”</p> + +<div class = "footnote"> +<p class = "addition"> +<a name = "poem_note7a" id = "poem_note7a" href = "#poem_tag7a">*</a> +<i>Read</i>— “Bi [ihesu] crist,” &c, to fill up; but this is +doubtful; see l. 1112.</p> +</div> + +<span class = "linenum">184</span> +<p class = "section"> +Þe king was payed of that Rede;</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +The king sends for chalice and paten,</p> +<p>A wol fair cloth bri<i>n</i>ge<i>n</i> he dede,</p> +<p>And þer-on leyde þe messebok,</p> +<p>Þe caliz, and þe pateyn ok,</p> +<span class = "linenum">188</span> +<p>Þe corporaus, þe messe-gere;</p> +<a class = "texttag ital" name = "texttag189" id = "texttag189" href = +"#textnote189">189</a> +<p>Þer-on he garte þe erl suere,</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +for the earl to swear upon.</p> +<p>Þat he sholde yemen hire wel,</p> +<p>With-ute<i>n</i> lac, wit-ute<i>n</i> tel,</p> +<span class = "linenum">192</span> +<p>Til þat she were tuelf<a class = "tag" name = "poem_tag8" id = +"poem_tag8" href = "#poem_note8">8</a> wi<i>n</i>ter hold,<span class = +"pagenum">7</span></p> +<a name = "page7" id = "page7"> </a> +<p>And of speche were bold;</p> +<p>And þat she covþe of curteysye,</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +His daughter is to marry the best and fairest man that can be found.</p> +<p>Gon, and speken of luue-drurye;</p> +<span class = "linenum">196</span> +<p>And til þat she louen þoucte,<a class = "tag" name = "poem_tag9" id = +"poem_tag9" href = "#poem_note9">9</a></p> +<p>Wom so hire to gode thoucte;</p> +<p>And þat he shulde hire yeue</p> +<p>Þe beste ma<i>n</i> that micthe liue,</p> +<span class = "linenum">200</span> +<p>Þe beste, fayreste, the stra<i>n</i>gest ok:—</p> +<p>Þat dede he him sweren on þe bok.</p> +<p>And þa<i>n</i>ne shulde he engelond</p> +<p>Al bitechen in-to hire hond.</p> + +<div class = "footnote"> +<p><a name = "poem_note8" id = "poem_note8" href = "#poem_tag8">8</a> +<i>Qu.</i> tuenti. Cf. v. 259.</p> + +<p><a name = "poem_note9" id = "poem_note9" href = "#poem_tag9">9</a> +MS. mithe. But see l. 257.</p> +</div> + +<span class = "linenum">204</span> +<p class = "section"> +Quanne<a class = "tag" name = "poem_tag10" id = "poem_tag10" href = +"#poem_note10">10</a> þat was sworn on his wise,</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +He gives up all England to the earl, to keep for her.</p> +<p>Þe ki<i>n</i>g dede þe mayde<i>n</i> arise,</p> +<p>And þe erl hire bitaucte,</p> +<p>And al the lond he euere awcte;</p> +<span class = "linenum">208</span> +<p>Engelonde eueri del;</p> +<p>And preide, he shulde yeme hire wel.</p> + +<p class = "footnote"> +<a name = "poem_note10" id = "poem_note10" href = "#poem_tag10">10</a> +MS. Ouanne. And perhaps “his” should have been “þis.”</p> + + +<p class = "section"> +Þe king ne mowcte don no more,</p> +<p>But yerne preyede godes ore;</p> +<span class = "linenum">212</span> +<p>And dede him hosle<i>n</i> wel and shriue,</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +The king does penance.</p> +<p>I woth, fif hu<i>n</i>dred siþes and fiue;</p> +<p>An ofte dede him sore swinge,</p> +<p>And wit hondes smerte di<i>n</i>ge;</p> +<span class = "linenum">216</span> +<p>So þat þe blod ran of his fleys,</p> +<p>Þat tendre was, and swiþe neys.</p> +<p><a class = "tag" name = "poem_tag11" id = "poem_tag11" href = +"#poem_note11">11</a>And sone gaf it euere-il del;</p> +<p>He made his quiste swiþe wel.</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +He makes his will.</p> +<span class = "linenum">220</span> +<p>Wan it was goue<i>n</i>, ne micte me<i>n</i> finde</p> +<p>So mikel me<i>n</i> micte hi<i>m</i> in winde,</p> +<p>Of his i<i>n</i> arke, ne in chiste,</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">8</span> +<a name = "page8" id = "page8"> </a> +<p>In engelond þat noma<i>n</i> wiste:</p> +<span class = "linenum">224</span> +<p>For al was youe<i>n</i>, faire and wel,</p> +<p>Þat him was leued no catel.</p> + +<div class = "footnote"> +<p><a name = "poem_note11" id = "poem_note11" href = +"#poem_tag11">11</a> +Some lines appear to be wanting here, such as—</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>“He þoucte his quiste þan to make,</p> +<p>His catel muste he wel bitake,” &c.</p> +</div> +</div> + + +<p class = "headnote"><span class = "headnote"> +KING ATHELWOLD DIES.</span></p> + +<p class = "section"> +Þa<i>n</i>ne he hauede be<i>n</i> ofte swngen,</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +[Fol. 205, col. 2.]</p> +<p>Ofte shriue<i>n</i>, and ofte dungen,</p> +<span class = "linenum">228</span> +<p>“<i>In man</i>us <i>tuas</i>, lou[<i>er</i>]de,” he seyde,</p> +<p>Her þat he þe speche leyde.</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +The king dies.</p> +<p>To ihe<i>s</i>u crist bigan to calle,</p> +<p>And deyede biforn his heyme<i>n</i> alle.</p> +<span class = "linenum">232</span> +<p>Þan he was ded, þere micte me<i>n</i> se</p> +<p>Þe meste sorwe that micte be;</p> +<p>Þer was sobbing, siking, and sor,</p> +<p>Handes wri<i>n</i>gi<i>n</i>g, and drawi<i>n</i>g bi hor.</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +All mourn for him.</p> +<span class = "linenum">236</span> +<p>Alle greten swiþe sore,</p> +<p>Riche and poure þat þere wore;</p> +<p>An mikel sorwe hauede<i>n</i> alle,</p> +<p>Leuedyes i<i>n</i> boure, knictes i<i>n</i> halle.</p> + + +<span class = "linenum">240</span> +<p class = "section"> +Quan þat sorwe was somdel laten,</p> +<p>And he hauede<i>n</i> longe graten,</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +Masses are sung for him.</p> +<p>Belles dede<i>n</i> he sone ri<i>n</i>gen,</p> +<p>Monkes and p<i>re</i>stes messe singen;</p> +<span class = "linenum">244</span> +<p>And saut<i>er</i>es deden he manie reden,</p> +<p>Þat god self shulde his soule lede<i>n</i></p> +<p>Into heuene, biforn his sone,</p> +<p>And þer wit-uten hende wone.</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +He is buried and the earl takes possession,</p> +<span class = "linenum">248</span> +<p>Þan he was to þe erþe brouth,</p> +<p>Þe riche erl ne foryat nouth,</p> +<p>Þat he ne dede al engelond</p> +<p>Sone sayse i<i>n</i>til his hond;</p> +<span class = "linenum">252</span> +<p>And in þe castels leth he<a class = "tag" name = "poem_tag12" id = +"poem_tag12" href = "#poem_note12">12</a> do</p> +<p>Þe knictes he micte triste<i>n</i> to;</p> +<p>And alle þe englis dede he swere[<i>n</i>],</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">9</span> +<a name = "page9" id = "page9"> </a> +<p>Þat he shulde<i>n</i> him ghod fey baren;</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +till the maiden is twenty years old.</p> +<span class = "linenum">256</span> +<p>He yaf alle me<i>n</i>, þat god þoucte,</p> +<p>Liuen and deyen til þat him moucte,<a class = "tag" name = +"poem_tag13" id = "poem_tag13" href = "#poem_note13">13</a></p> +<p>Til þat þe kinges dowter wore</p> +<p>Tuenti wint<i>er</i> hold, and more.</p> + +<div class = "footnote"> +<p><a name = "poem_note12" id = "poem_note12" href = +"#poem_tag12">12</a> +Sir F. Madden printed “lechhe”; but the MS. may be read “leth he.”</p> + +<p><a name = "poem_note13" id = "poem_note13" href = +"#poem_tag13">13</a> +So in MS. But the sense requires</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>“He gaf alle men, þat god <i>him</i> þouchte,</p> +<p>Liuen and deyen til þat <i>he</i> mouete,” &c.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<p class = "headnote"><span class = "headnote"> +EARL GODRICH TAKES POSSESSION.</span></p> + +<span class = "linenum">260</span> +<p class = "section"> +Þa<i>n</i>ne he hauede take<i>n</i> þis oth</p> +<p>Of erles, baru<i>n</i>s, lef and loth,</p> +<p>Of knictes, cherles, fre and þewe,</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +Earl Godrich appoints justices, sheriffs, &c.</p> +<a class = "texttag ital" name = "texttag263" id = "texttag263" href = +"#textnote263">263</a> +<p>Justises dede he maken newe,</p> +<span class = "linenum">264</span> +<p>Al engelond to faren þorw,</p> +<p>Fro douere i<i>n</i>to rokesborw.</p> +<p>Schireues he sette, bedels, and g<i>re</i>yues,</p> +<p>Grith-sergea<i>n</i>s, wit lo<i>n</i>ge gleyues,</p> +<span class = "linenum">268</span> +<p>To yeme<i>n</i> wilde wodes and paþes</p> +<p>Fro wicke me<i>n</i>, that wolde don scaþes;</p> +<p>And forto haue<i>n</i> alle at his cri,</p> +<p>At his wille, at his merci;</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +[Fol. 205<i>b</i>, col. 1.]</p> +<span class = "linenum">272</span> +<p>Þat non durste be<i>n</i> him ageyn,</p> +<p>Erl ne baron, knict ne sweyn.</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +He grows very rich,</p> +<p>Wislike for soth, was him wel</p> +<p>Of folc, of wepne, of catel,</p> +<span class = "linenum">276</span> +<p>Soþlike, in a lite þrawe</p> +<p>Al engelond of him stod [in] awe;</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +and all England fears him.</p> +<p>Al engelond was of him adrad,<a class = "tag" name = "poem_tag14" id += "poem_tag14" href = "#poem_note14">14</a></p> +<p>So his þe beste fro þe gad.</p> + +<p class = "footnote"> +<a name = "poem_note14" id = "poem_note14" href = "#poem_tag14">14</a> +MS. “adred,” altered to “adrad.”</p> + + +<p class = "sidenote"> +The maiden grows up very fair.</p> +<a class = "texttag" name = "texttag280" id = "texttag280" href = +"#textnote280">280</a> +<p class = "section"> +Þe ki<i>n</i>ges douther bigan þriue,</p> +<p>And wex þe fayrest wma<i>n</i> on liue.</p> +<p>Of alle þewes w[as] she wis,</p> +<p>Þat gode weren, and of pris.</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +Her name is Goldborough.</p> +<span class = "linenum">284</span> +<p>Þe mayden Goldeboru was hoten;</p> +<p>For hire was mani a ter igroten.</p> + + +<span class = "pagenum">10</span> +<a name = "page10" id = "page10"> </a> + +<p class = "headnote"><span class = "headnote"> +GODRICH PLOTS AGAINST HIS WARD.</span></p> + +<p class = "section"> +Quanne the Erl godrich him herde</p> +<p>Of þat mayde<i>n</i>, hw we[l s]he ferde;</p> +<span class = "linenum">288</span> +<p>Hw wis sho was, w chaste, hw fayr,</p> +<p>And þat sho was þe rithe eyr</p> +<p>Of engelond, of al þe rike:—</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +Godrich is vexed.</p> +<p>Þo bigan godrich to sike,</p> +<span class = "linenum">292</span> +<p>And seyde, “weþer she sholde be</p> +<p>Quen and leuedi ouer me?</p> +<p>Hweþer sho sholde al engelond,</p> +<p>And me, and mine, haue<i>n</i> in hire hond?</p> +<span class = "linenum">296</span> +<p>Daþeit hwo it hire thaue!</p> +<p>Shal sho it neu<i>er</i>e more haue.</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +“Shall I give England to a fool, a girl?</p> +<p>Sholde ic yeue a fol, a þerne,</p> +<p>Engelond, þou sho it yerne?</p> +<span class = "linenum">300</span> +<p>Daþeit hwo it hire yeue,</p> +<p>Euere more hwil i liue!</p> +<p>Sho is waxen al to prud,</p> +<p>For gode metes, and noble shrud,</p> +<span class = "linenum">304</span> +<p>Þat hic haue youen hire to offte;</p> +<p>Hic haue yemed hire to softe.</p> +<p>Shal it nouth ben als sho þenkes,</p> +<p>‘Hope maketh fol ma<i>n</i> ofte ble<i>n</i>kes.’</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +My son shall have England<ins class = "mycorr" +title = "close quote missing">. </ins></p> +<span class = "linenum">308</span> +<p>Ich haue a sone, a ful fayr knaue,</p> +<p>He shal e<i>n</i>gelond al haue.</p> +<p>He shal [ben] ki<i>n</i>g, he shal ben sire,</p> +<p>So brouke i eu<i>er</i>e mi blake swire!”</p> + + +<span class = "linenum">312</span> +<p class = "section"> +Hwan þis t<i>r</i>ayson was al þouth,</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +He lets his oath go for nothing.</p> +<p>Of his oth ne was him nouth.</p> +<p>He let his oth al ouer-ga,</p> +<p>Þerof ne yaf he nouth a stra;</p> +<span class = "linenum">316</span> +<p>But sone dede hire fete,</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +[Fol. 205<i>b</i>, col. 2.]</p> +<p>Er he wolde hete<i>n</i> ani mete,</p> +<p>Fro wi<i>n</i>chestre þer sho was,</p> +<p>Also a wicke t<i>r</i>aytur iudas;</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +He sends the maiden to Dover.</p> +<span class = "linenum">320</span> +<p>And dede lede<i>n</i> hire to doure,<span class = +"pagenum">11</span></p> +<a name = "page11" id = "page11"> </a> +<p>Þat standeth on þe seis oure;</p> +<p>And þerhinne dede hire fede</p> +<p>Pourelike in feble wede,</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +He shuts her up in the castle.</p> +<span class = "linenum">324</span> +<p>Þe castel dede he yemen so,</p> +<p>Þat non ne micte come<i>n</i> hire to</p> +<p>Of hire frend, with [hire] to speke<i>n</i>,</p> +<p>Þat heuere micte hire bale wreke<i>n</i>.</p> + + +<span class = "linenum">328</span> +<p class = "section"> +Of Goldeb<i>oru</i> shul we nou laten,</p> +<p>Þat nouth ne bli<i>n</i>neth forto g<i>ra</i>te<i>n</i>,</p> +<p>Þet sho liggeth in p<i>ri</i>soun:</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +May Christ release Goldborough from prison!</p> +<p>Ihe<i>s</i>u c<i>r</i>ist, that lazarun</p> +<span class = "linenum">332</span> +<p>To liue broucte fro dede bondes,</p> +<p>He lese hire wit hise hondes;</p> +<p>And leue sho mo him y-se</p> +<p>Heye ha<i>n</i>gen on galwe tre,</p> +<span class = "linenum">336</span> +<p>Þat hire haued i<i>n</i> sorwe brouth,</p> +<p>So as sho ne misdede nouth!</p> + + +<p class = "headnote"><span class = "headnote"> +BIRKABEYN IS KING OF DENMARK.</span></p> + +<a class = "texttag ital" name = "texttag338" id = "texttag338" href = +"#textnote338">338</a> +<p class = "section"> +Sawe nou forth i<i>n</i> hure spelle;</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +At that time there was a king of Denmark, called Birkabeyn.</p> +<p>In þat time, so it bifelle,</p> +<span class = "linenum">340</span> +<p>Was in þe lon of denemark</p> +<p>A riche king, and swyþe stark.</p> +<p>Þ[e] name of him was birkabeyn,</p> +<p>He hauede mani knict and sueyn;</p> +<span class = "linenum">344</span> +<p>He was fayr man, and wicth,</p> +<p>Of bodi he was þe beste knicth</p> +<p>Þat eu<i>er</i>e micte lede<i>n</i> uth here,</p> +<p>Or stede onne ride, or ha<i>n</i>dlen spere,</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +He had three children.</p> +<span class = "linenum">348</span> +<p>Þre children he hauede bi his wif,</p> +<p>He hem louede so his lif.</p> +<p>He hauede a sone [and] douhtres two,</p> +<p>Swiþe fayre, as fel it so.</p> +<span class = "linenum">352</span> +<p>He þat wile non forbere,</p> +<p>Riche ne poure; king ne kaysere,</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +Death came upon him.</p> +<p>Deth him tok þa<i>n</i> he bes[t] wolde</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">12</span> +<a name = "page12" id = "page12"> </a> +<p>Liuen, but hyse dayes were fulde;</p> +<span class = "linenum">356</span> +<p>Þat he ne moucte no more liue,</p> +<p>For gol ne siluer, ne for no gyue.</p> + + +<p class = "sidenote"> +He sends for the priests.</p> +<p class = "section"> +Hwa<i>n</i> he þat wiste, raþe he sende</p> +<p>After p<i>re</i>stes fer an hende,</p> +<span class = "linenum">360</span> +<p>Chanounes gode, and mo<i>n</i>kes beþe,<a class = "tag" name = +"poem_tag15" id = "poem_tag15" href = "#poem_note15">15</a></p> +<p>Him for to<a class = "tag" name = "poem_tag16" id = "poem_tag16" href += "#poem_note16">16</a> wisse, and to Rede;</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +[Fol. 206, col. 1.]</p> +<p>Him for to hoslon, an forto shriue,</p> +<p>Hwil his bodi were on liue.</p> + +<div class = "footnote"> +<p><a name = "poem_note15" id = "poem_note15" href = +"#poem_tag15">15</a> +MS. “boþe.” But “beþe” rimes to “Rede”; see l. 694.</p> + +<p><a name = "poem_note16" id = "poem_note16" href = +"#poem_tag16">16</a> +MS. fort<i>hm</i> to, the <i>hm</i> being expuncted.</p> +</div> + +<p class = "headnote"><span class = "headnote"> +BIRKABEYN SELECTS EARL GODARD   TO BE GUARDIAN OF HIS THREE +CHILDREN.</span></p> + +<span class = "linenum">364</span> +<p class = "section"> +Hwa<i>n</i> he was hosled and shriue<i>n</i>,</p> +<a class = "texttag ital" name = "texttag365" id = "texttag365" href = +"#textnote365">365</a> +<p>His q<i>ui</i>ste maked, and for him gyue<i>n</i>,</p> +<p>His knictes dede he alle site,</p> +<p>For þorw hem he wolde wite,</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +He asks who will guard his children?</p> +<span class = "linenum">368</span> +<p>Hwo micte yeme hise childre<i>n</i> yunge,</p> +<p>Til þat he kouþen speke<i>n</i> wit tu<i>n</i>ge;</p> +<p>Speke<i>n</i> and gangen, on horse riden,</p> +<p>Knictes an sweynes bi here side<i>n</i>.</p> +<span class = "linenum">372</span> +<p>He spoken þer-offe, and chosen sone</p> +<p>A riche man was under mone,</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +He chooses Godard.</p> +<p>Was þe trewest þat he wende,</p> +<p>Godard, þe kinges oune frende;</p> +<span class = "linenum">376</span> +<p>And seyden, he Moucthe he<i>m</i> best loke,</p> +<p>Yif þat he hem vndertoke,</p> +<p>Til hise sone Mouthe bere</p> +<p>Helm on heued, and lede<i>n</i> vt here,</p> +<span class = "linenum">380</span> +<p>In his hand a sp<i>e</i>re stark,</p> +<p>And king ben maked of denemark.</p> +<p>He wel trowede þat he seyde,</p> +<p>And on Godard handes leyde;</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +He commends the children to Godard.</p> +<span class = "linenum">384</span> +<p>And seyde, “Here bi-teche i þe</p> +<p>Mine childre<i>n</i> alle þre,</p> +<p>Al denemark, and al mi fe,</p> +<p>Til þat mi sone of helde be;</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">13</span> +<a name = "page13" id = "page13"> </a> +<p class = "sidenote"> +He makes him swear to take care of them,</p> +<span class = "linenum">388</span> +<p>But þat ich wille, þat þo[u] suere</p> +<p>On auter, and on messe-gere,</p> +<p>On þe belles þat men ri<i>n</i>ges,</p> +<p>On messe-bok þe prest on singes,</p> +<span class = "linenum">392</span> +<p>Þat þou mine children shalt we[l] yeme,</p> +<p>Þat hire kin be ful wel queme,</p> +<p>Til mi sone mowe ben knicth,</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +and to give up the kingdom to the boy.</p> +<p>Þanne biteche him þo his Ricth,</p> +<span class = "linenum">396</span> +<p>Denemark, and þat þertil lo<i>n</i>ges,</p> +<p>Casteles and tunes, wodes and wo<i>n</i>ges.”</p> + + +<p class = "sidenote"> +Godard swears to do so.</p> +<p class = "section"> +Godard stirt up, an swor al þat</p> +<p>Þe king him bad, and siþen sat</p> +<span class = "linenum">400</span> +<p>Bi the knictes, þat þer ware,</p> +<p>Þat wepen alle swiþe sare</p> +<p>For þe king þat deide sone:</p> +<p>Ih<i>es</i>u c<i>ri</i>st, that makede mone</p> +<span class = "linenum">404</span> +<p>On þe mirke nith to shine,</p> +<p>Wite his soule fro helle pine;</p> +<p>And leue þat it mote wone</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +[Fol. 206, col. 2.]</p> +<p>In heuene-riche with godes sone!</p> + + +<p class = "headnote"><span class = "headnote"> +GODARD IMPRISONS THE THREE CHILDREN.</span></p> + +<p class = "sidenote"> +Godard shuts up the children, Havelok, Swanborough, and Helfled, in a +castle.</p> +<span class = "linenum">408</span> +<p class = "section"> +Hwan birkabeyn was leyd i<i>n</i> g<i>ra</i>ue,</p> +<p>Þe erl dede sone take þe knaue,</p> +<p>Hauelok, þat was þe eir,</p> +<p>Swanborow, his sister, helfled, þe toþer,<a class = "tag" name = +"poem_tag17" id = "poem_tag17" href = "#poem_note17">17</a></p> +<span class = "linenum">412</span> +<p>And in þe castel dede he hem do,</p> +<p>Þer non ne micte hem come<i>n</i> to</p> +<p>Of here kyn, þer þei sperd wore;<a class = "tag" name = "poem_tag18" +id = "poem_tag18" href = "#poem_note18">18</a></p> +<p>Þer he greten ofte sore,</p> +<span class = "linenum">416</span> +<p>Boþe for hunger and for kold,</p> +<p>Or he weren þre wint<i>er</i> hold.</p> +<p>Feblelike he gaf he<i>m</i> cloþes,</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +He cares not for his oaths.</p> +<p>He ne yaf a note of hise oþes;</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">14</span> +<a name = "page14" id = "page14"> </a> +<span class = "linenum">420</span> +<p>He hem [ne] cloþede rith, ne fedde,</p> +<p>Ne hem ne dede richelike be-bedde.</p> +<p>Þa<i>n</i>ne godard was sikerlike</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +He is a traitor.</p> +<p>Vnder god þe moste swike,</p> +<span class = "linenum">424</span> +<p>Þat eure in erþe shaped was,</p> +<p>With-uten on, þe wike Iudas.</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +May he be accursed!</p> +<p>Haue he þe malisun to-day</p> +<p>Of alle þat eure speke<i>n</i> may!</p> +<span class = "linenum">428</span> +<p>Of p<i>at</i>riark, and of pope!</p> +<p>And of prest with loke<i>n</i> kope!</p> +<p>Of monekes, and h<i>er</i>mites boþe!<a class = "tag" name = +"poem_tag19" id = "poem_tag19" href = "#poem_note19">19</a></p> +<p>And of þe leue holi rode,</p> +<span class = "linenum">432</span> +<p>Þat god him-selue ran on blode!</p> +<a class = "texttag ital" name = "texttag433" id = "texttag433" href = +"#textnote433">433</a> +<p class = "sidenote"> +Cursed be he by north and south!</p> +<p>Crist warie him with his mouth!</p> +<p>Waried wrthe he of norþ and suth!</p> +<p>Offe alle man, þat speke<i>n</i> kunne!</p> +<span class = "linenum">436</span> +<p>Of c<i>ri</i>st, þat made<a class = "tag" name = "poem_tag20" id = +"poem_tag20" href = "#poem_note20">20</a> mone and su<i>n</i>ne!</p> +<p>Þa<i>n</i>ne he hauede of al þe lond</p> +<p>Al þe folk tilled in-til his hond,</p> +<p>And alle haueden swore<i>n</i> him oth,</p> +<span class = "linenum">440</span> +<p>Riche and poure, lef and loth,</p> +<p>Þat he sholden hise wille freme,</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +He plots against the children.</p> +<p>And þat he shulde[<i>n</i>] him nouth g<i>re</i>me,</p> +<p>He þouthe a ful strong trechery,</p> +<span class = "linenum">444</span> +<p>A trayson, and a felony,</p> +<p>Of þe children forto make:</p> +<p>Þe deuel of helle him sone take!</p> + +<div class = "footnote"> +<p><a name = "poem_note17" id = "poem_note17" href = +"#poem_tag17">17</a> +Corrupt? Lines 410, 411 do not rime well together.</p> + +<p><a name = "poem_note18" id = "poem_note18" href = +"#poem_tag18">18</a> +MS. were. But see l. 237.</p> + +<p><a name = "poem_note19" id = "poem_note19" href = +"#poem_tag19">19</a> +Lines 430, 431, 432 rime together. NB. The words <i>holi rode</i> are +written over an erasure.</p> + +<p><a name = "poem_note20" id = "poem_note20" href = +"#poem_tag20">20</a> +MS. mande.</p> +</div> + +<p class = "sidenote"> +He goes to the tower where they are.</p> +<p class = "section"> +Hwa<i>n</i> þat was þouth, onon he ferde</p> +<span class = "linenum">448</span> +<p>To þe tour þer he wore<i>n</i> sp<i>er</i>de,</p> +<p>Þer he grete<i>n</i> for hunger and cold:</p> +<p>Þe knaue þat was su<i>m</i>del bold,</p> +<p>Ka<i>m</i> him ageyn, on knes him sette,</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +[Fol. 206<i>b</i>, col<ins class = "mycorr" title = "period missing">. +</ins>1.]</p> +<span class = "linenum">452</span> +<p>And godard ful feyre he fer grette;</p> +<p>And Godard seyde, “Wat is yw?</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">15</span> +<a name = "page15" id = "page15"> </a> +<p>Hwi grete ye and goulen nou?”</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +Havelok says they are hungry.</p> +<p>“For us hu<i>n</i>greth swiþe sore:”—</p> +<span class = "linenum">456</span> +<p>Seyden he wolde<i>n</i> [haue] more,</p> +<p>“We ne haue to hete, ne we ne haue</p> +<p>Herinne neyther knith ne knaue</p> +<p>Þat yeueth us drinke<i>n</i>, ne no mete,</p> +<span class = "linenum">460</span> +<p>Halue<i>n</i>del þat we moun ete.</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +“Alas, that we were born!”</p> +<p>Wo is us þat we weren born!</p> +<p>Weilawei! nis it no korn,</p> +<p>Þat men micte make<i>n</i> of bred?</p> +<span class = "linenum">464</span> +<p>Vs<a class = "tag" name = "poem_tag21" id = "poem_tag21" href = +"#poem_note21">21</a> hungreth, we aren ney ded.”</p> + +<p class = "footnote"> +<a name = "poem_note21" id = "poem_note21" href = "#poem_tag21">21</a> +MS. þs; of. l. 455.</p> + + +<p class = "headnote"><span class = "headnote"> +GODARD KILLS SWANBORGUGH AND HELFLED.</span></p> + +<p class = "sidenote"> +Godard cares not.</p> +<p class = "section"> +Godard herde here wa,</p> +<p>Ther-offe yaf he nouth a stra,</p> +<p>But tok þe maydnes bothe same<i>n</i>,</p> +<span class = "linenum">468</span> +<p>Al-so it were up-on hiis game<i>n</i>;</p> +<p>Al-so he wolde with he<i>m</i> leyke,</p> +<p>Þat were<i>n</i> for hunger g<i>re</i>ne and bleike.</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +He cuts the throats of the two girls.</p> +<p>Of boþen he karf on two here þrotes,</p> +<span class = "linenum">472</span> +<p>And siþen [karf] he<i>m</i> alto grotes.</p> +<p>Þer was sorwe, we so it sawe!</p> +<p>Hwan þe children bi þ[e]<a class = "tag" name = "poem_tag22" id = +"poem_tag22" href = "#poem_note22">22</a> wawe</p> +<p>Leyen and spraulede<i>n</i> in þe blod:</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +Havelok sees it, and is afraid.</p> +<span class = "linenum">476</span> +<p>Hauelok it saw, and þe[r] bi stod.</p> +<p>Ful sori was þat seli knaue,</p> +<p>Mikel dred he mouthe haue,</p> +<p>For at hise herte he saw a knif,</p> +<span class = "linenum">480</span> +<p>For to reuen him hise lyf.</p> +<p>But þe knaue,<a class = "tag" name = "poem_tag23" id = "poem_tag23" +href = "#poem_note23">23</a> þat litel was,</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +He begs Godard to spare him,</p> +<p>He knelede bifor þat iudas,</p> +<p>And seyde, “louerd, m<i>er</i>ci nov!</p> +<span class = "linenum">484</span> +<p>Ma<i>n</i>rede, louerd, biddi you!</p> +<p>Al denemark i wile you yeue,</p> +<p>To þat forward þu late me liue;</p> +<p>Here hi wile on boke swere,</p> +<span class = "linenum">488</span> +<p>Þat neure more ne shal i bere<span class = "pagenum">16</span></p> +<a name = "page16" id = "page16"> </a> + +<p class = "headnote"><span class = "headnote"> +GODARD SPARES HAVELOK FOR A TIME.</span></p> + +<p class = "sidenote"> +offering never to oppose him,</p> +<p>Ayen þe, louerd, shel ne spere,</p> +<p>Ne oþer wepne<a class = "tag" name = "poem_tag24" id = "poem_tag24" +href = "#poem_note24">24</a> that may you dere.</p> +<p>Louerd, haue m<i>er</i>ci of me!</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +and to flee from Denmark.</p> +<span class = "linenum">492</span> +<p>To-day i wile fro denemark fle,</p> +<p>Ne neu<i>er</i>e more comen ageyn:</p> +<p>Swere<i>n</i> y wole, þat bircabein</p> +<p>Neu<i>er</i>e yete me ne gat:”—</p> +<span class = "linenum">496</span> +<p>Hwan þe deuel he[r]de<a class = "tag" name = "poem_tag25" id = +"poem_tag25" href = "#poem_note25">25</a> that,</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +[Fol. 206<i>b</i>, col. 2.]</p> +<p>Sum-del bigan him forto rewe;</p> +<p>With-drow þe knif, þat was lewe</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +Godard has pity on him.</p> +<p>Of þe seli children blod;</p> +<span class = "linenum">500</span> +<p>Þer was miracle fair and god!</p> +<p>Þat he þe knaue nouth ne slou,</p> +<p>But fo[r] rewnesse him <i>w</i>it-drow.<a class = "tag" name = +"poem_tag26" id = "poem_tag26" href = "#poem_note26">26</a></p> +<p>Of auelok rewede him ful sore,</p> +<span class = "linenum">504</span> +<p>And þoucte, he wolde þat he ded wore,</p> +<p>But on þat he nouth wit his hend</p> +<a class = "texttag ital" name = "texttag506" id = "texttag506" href = +"#textnote506">506</a> +<p>Ne drepe him nouth,<a class = "tag" name = "poem_tag27" id = +"poem_tag27" href = "#poem_note27">27</a> þat fule fend!</p> +<p>Þoucte he, als he him bi stod,</p> +<span class = "linenum">508</span> +<p>Starinde als he were wod:</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +But he reflects</p> +<p>“Yif y late him liues go,</p> +<p>He micte me wirchen michel wo.</p> +<p>Grith ne get y neu<i>er</i>e mo,</p> +<span class = "linenum">512</span> +<p>He may [me] waite<i>n</i> for to slo;</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +that, were Havelok dead, his children would be the heirs.</p> +<p>And yf he were brouct of liue,</p> +<p>And mine childre<i>n</i> wolde<i>n</i> thriue,</p> +<p>Lou<i>er</i>di<i>n</i>ges after me</p> +<span class = "linenum">516</span> +<p>Of al denemark micten he be.</p> +<p>God it wite, he shal ben ded,</p> +<p>Wile i take<i>n</i> non oþer red;</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">17</span> +<a name = "page17" id = "page17"> </a> + +<p class = "headnote"><span class = "headnote"> +GODARD TELLS GRIM TO DROWN HAVELOK.</span></p> + +<p class = "sidenote"> +He determines to drown him.</p> +<p>I shal do caste<i>n</i> hi<i>m</i> in þe se,<a class = "tag" name = +"poem_tag28" id = "poem_tag28" href = "#poem_note28">28</a></p> +<span class = "linenum">520</span> +<p>Þer i wile þat he drench[ed] be;</p> +<p>Aboute<i>n</i> his hals an anker god,</p> +<p>Þat he ne flete in the flod.”</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +He sends for a fisherman, and says to him,</p> +<p>Þer anon he dede sende</p> +<span class = "linenum">524</span> +<p>After a fishere þat he wende,</p> +<p>Þat wolde al his wille do,</p> +<p>And sone anon he seyde him to:</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +“Grim, I will make you free.</p> +<p>“Grim, þou wost þu art mi þral,</p> +<span class = "linenum">528</span> +<p>Wilte don mi wille al,</p> +<p>Þat i wile bidde<i>n</i> þe,</p> +<p>To-morwen [i] shal make<i>n</i> þe fre,</p> +<p>And aucte þe yeuen, and riche make,</p> +<span class = "linenum">532</span> +<p>With-þa<i>n</i> þu wilt þis child[e] take,</p> +<p>And lede<i>n</i> him with þe to-nicht,</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +Throw this child into the sea”.</p> +<p>Þan þou sest se<a class = "tag" name = "poem_tag29" id = "poem_tag29" +href = "#poem_note29">29</a> Mone lith,</p> +<p>In-to þe se, and don him þer-i<i>n</i>ne,</p> +<span class = "linenum">536</span> +<p>Al wile [i] take<i>n</i> on me þe sinne.”</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +Grim binds the child.</p> +<p>Grim tok þe child, and bo<i>n</i>d hi<i>m</i> faste,</p> +<p>Hwil þe bondes micte laste;</p> +<p>Þat weren of ful stro<i>n</i>g line:—</p> +<span class = "linenum">540</span> +<p>Þo was hauelok i<i>n</i> ful stro<i>n</i>g pine.</p> +<p>Wiste he neu<i>er</i>e her wat was wo:</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +[Fol. 207, col. 1.]</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +Christ wreak thee of Godard, Havelok!</p> +<p>Ih<i>es</i>u c<i>ri</i>st, þat makede to go</p> +<p>Þe halte, and þe doumbe speke<i>n</i>,</p> +<span class = "linenum">544</span> +<p>Hauelok, þe of Godard wreken!</p> + +<div class = "footnote"> +<p><a name = "poem_note22" id = "poem_note22" href = +"#poem_tag22">22</a> +MS. biþ; of. l. 2470.</p> + +<p><a name = "poem_note23" id = "poem_note23" href = +"#poem_tag23">23</a> +MS. kaue.</p> + +<p><a name = "poem_note24" id = "poem_note24" href = +"#poem_tag24">24</a> +MS. “wepne bere,” where “bere” is redundant.</p> + +<p><a name = "poem_note25" id = "poem_note25" href = +"#poem_tag25">25</a> +MS. hede.</p> + +<p><a name = "poem_note26" id = "poem_note26" href = +"#poem_tag26">26</a> +Printed thus in the former edition:— “But to rewnesse him thit +drow.” But the MS. has <i>fo</i>, not <i>to</i>, where <i>fo</i> is +corruptly written for <i>for</i>, as in l. 1318; and the initial +letter of the last syllable but one may be read as a Saxon <i>w</i> (ƿ), +not a thorn-letter (þ). It merely repeats the idea in ll. 497, 498.</p> + +<p><a name = "poem_note27" id = "poem_note27" href = +"#poem_tag27">27</a> +Qu. mouth.</p> + +<p><a name = "poem_note28" id = "poem_note28" href = +"#poem_tag28">28</a> +MS. she.</p> + +<p><a name = "poem_note29" id = "poem_note29" href = +"#poem_tag29">29</a> +<i>So in</i> MS. <i>Qu.</i> þe.</p> +</div> + +<p class = "headnote"><span class = "headnote"> +HAVELOK IS TAKEN TO GRIM’S COTTAGE.</span></p> + +<p class = "section"> +Hwan grim hi<i>m</i> hauede faste bou<i>n</i>de<i>n</i>,</p> +<p>And siþe<i>n</i> in an eld cloth wnden</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +Grim gags the child.</p> +<p>A keuel of clutes, ful, un-wraste,</p> +<span class = "linenum">548</span> +<p>Þat he [ne] mouthe speke, ne fnaste,</p> +<p>Hwere he wolde him bere or lede.</p> +<a class = "texttag ital" name = "texttag550" id = "texttag550" href = +"#textnote550">550</a> +<p>Hwan he hauede don þat dede,</p> +<p>Hwa<i>n</i><a class = "tag" name = "poem_tag30" id = "poem_tag30" +href = "#poem_note30">30</a> þe swike him hauede hethede,<a class = +"tag" name = "poem_tag31" id = "poem_tag31" href = +"#poem_note31">31</a></p> + +<span class = "pagenum">18</span> +<a name = "page18" id = "page18"> </a> +<span class = "linenum">552</span> +<p>Þat he shulde him forth [lede]</p> +<p>And him drinchen in þe se;</p> +<p>Þat forwarde makeden he.</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +He puts him in a bag, and takes him on his back.</p> +<p>In a poke, ful and blac,</p> +<span class = "linenum">556</span> +<p>Sone he caste him on his bac,</p> +<p>Ant bar him hom to hise cleue,</p> +<p>And bi-taucte hi<i>m</i> dame leue,</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +He puts him in charge of his wife.</p> +<p>And seyde, “wite þou þis knaue,</p> +<a class = "texttag" name = "texttag560" id = "texttag560" href = +"#textnote560">560</a> +<p>Al-so thou with<a class = "emend" name = "poem_tag31a" id = +"poem_tag31a" href = "#poem_note31a">*</a> mi lif haue;</p> +<p>I shal dreinche<i>n</i> him i<i>n</i> þe se,</p> +<p>For him shole we ben maked fre,</p> +<p>Gold haue<i>n</i> ynou, and oþer fe;</p> +<span class = "linenum">564</span> +<p>Þat hauet mi louerd bihote<i>n</i> me.”</p> + +<div class = "footnote"> +<p><a name = "poem_note30" id = "poem_note30" href = +"#poem_tag30">30</a> +We should rather read “<i>þan</i>.”</p> + +<p><a name = "poem_note31" id = "poem_note31" href = +"#poem_tag31">31</a> +MS. he þede.</p> + +<p class = "addition"> +<a name = "poem_note31a" id = "poem_note31a" href = "#poem_tag31a">*</a> +For <i>with</i>, Mr Garnett proposed to read <i>wilt</i>.</p> +</div> + +<p class = "headnote"><span class = "headnote"> +GRIM SEES THAT HAVELOK IS THE KING’S SON.</span></p> + +<p class = "sidenote"> +She throws down Havelok violently.</p> +<p class = "section"> +Hwan dame [leue] herde þat,</p> +<p>Vp she stirte, and nouth ne sat,</p> +<a class = "texttag ital" name = "texttag567" id = "texttag567" href = +"#textnote567">567</a> +<p>And caste þe knaue adoun so harde,</p> +<span class = "linenum">568</span> +<p>Þat hise croune he þer crakede</p> +<p>Ageyn a gret ston, þer it lay:</p> +<p>Þo hauelok micte sei, “weilawei!</p> +<p>Þat eu<i>er</i>e was i kinges bern!”</p> +<span class = "linenum">572</span> +<p>Þat him ne hauede grip or ern,</p> +<p>Leoun or wlf, wluine or bere,</p> +<p>Or oþer best, þat wolde him dere.</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +The child lies there till midnight.</p> +<p>So lay þat child to middel nicth,</p> +<span class = "linenum">576</span> +<p>Þat grim bad leue bringe<i>n</i> lict,</p> +<p>For to don on [him] his cloþes:</p> +<p>“Ne the<i>n</i>keste nowt of mine oþes</p> +<p>Þat ich haue mi louerd swore<i>n</i>?</p> +<span class = "linenum">580</span> +<p>Ne wile i nouth be forloren.</p> +<p>I shal beren him to þe se,</p> +<p>Þou wost þat [bi-]houes me;</p> +<p>And i shal drenchen him þer-inne;</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +Grim tells his wife to light the fire and a candle.</p> +<span class = "linenum">584</span> +<p>Ris up swiþe, an go þu binne,</p> +<p>And blou þe fir, and lith a kandel:”</p> +<p>Als she shulde hise cloþes handel</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">19</span> +<a name = "page19" id = "page19"> </a> +<p class = "sidenote"> +[Fol. 207, col. 2.]</p> +<p>On forto don, and blawe þe<a class = "tag" name = "poem_tag32" id = +"poem_tag32" href = "#poem_note32">32</a> fir,</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +She sees a light shining round the lad.</p> +<span class = "linenum">588</span> +<p>She saw þer-inne a lith ful shir,</p> +<p>Also brith so it were day,</p> +<p>Aboute þe knaue þer he lay.</p> +<a class = "texttag ital" name = "texttag591" id = "texttag591" href = +"#textnote591">591</a> +<p>Of hise mouth it stod a stem,</p> +<span class = "linenum">592</span> +<p>Als it were a su<i>n</i>nebem;</p> +<p>Also lith was it þer-inne,</p> +<p>So þer brenden cerges i<i>n</i>ne:<a class = "tag" name = +"poem_tag33" id = "poem_tag33" href = "#poem_note33">33</a></p> +<p>“Ih<i>es</i>u cr<i>i</i>st!” wat dame leue,</p> +<span class = "linenum">596</span> +<p>“Hwat is þat lith in vre cleue!</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +She bids Grim come and see.</p> +<p>Sir<a class = "tag" name = "poem_tag34" id = "poem_tag34" href = +"#poem_note34">34</a> up grim, and loke wat it menes,</p> +<p>Hwat is þe lith as þou wenes?”</p> +<p>He stirte<i>n</i> boþe up to the knaue,</p> +<span class = "linenum">600</span> +<p>For ma<i>n</i> shal god wille haue,</p> +<p>Vnkeuelede<i>n</i> him, and swiþe unbou<i>n</i>de<i>n</i>,</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +They find a mark on his shoulder.</p> +<p>And sone anon [upon] him fu<i>n</i>den,</p> +<p>Als he tirnede<i>n</i> of his serk,</p> +<span class = "linenum">604</span> +<p>On his rith shuldre a kyne merk;</p> +<p>A swiþe brith, a swiþe fair:</p> +<p>“Goddot!” quath grim, “þis [is] ure eir</p> +<p>Þat shal [ben] louerd of denemark,</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +Grim says the lad is to be king.</p> +<span class = "linenum">608</span> +<p>He shal be<i>n</i> king strong and stark;</p> +<p>He shal haue<i>n</i> in his hand</p> +<p>A[l] denemark and engeland;</p> +<p>He shal do godard ful wo,</p> +<span class = "linenum">612</span> +<p>He shal him hangen, or quik flo;</p> +<p>Or he shal him al quic g<i>ra</i>ue,</p> +<p>Of him shal he no m<i>er</i>ci haue.”</p> +<p>Þus seide grim, and sore gret,</p> +<span class = "linenum">616</span> +<p>And sone fel him to þe fet,</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +He prays Havelok to forgive him.</p> +<p>And seide, “louerd, haue m<i>er</i>ci</p> +<p>Of me, and leue, that is me bi!</p> +<p>Louerd, we aren boþe þine,</p> +<span class = "linenum">620</span> +<p>Þine cherles, þine hine.<span class = "pagenum">20</span></p> +<a name = "page20" id = "page20"> </a> + +<p class = "headnote"><span class = "headnote"> +GRIM AND HIS WIFE FEED HAVELOK.</span></p> + +<p>Lowerd, we shole<i>n</i> þe wel fede,</p> +<p>Til þat þu cone ride<i>n</i> on stede,</p> +<p>Til þat þu cone ful wel bere</p> +<span class = "linenum">624</span> +<p>Helm on heued, sheld and sp<i>er</i>e.</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +Godard shall never know about this.</p> +<p>He ne shal neuere wite, sikerlike,</p> +<p>Godard, þat fule swike.</p> +<p>Þoru oþer ma<i>n</i>, louerd, tha<i>n</i> þoru þe,</p> +<span class = "linenum">628</span> +<p>Sal i neu<i>er</i>e frema<i>n</i> be.</p> +<p>Þou shalt me, louerd, fre make<i>n</i>,</p> +<p>For i shal yemen þe, and wake<i>n</i>;</p> +<p>Þoru þe wile i fredom haue:”</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +[Fol. 207<i>b</i>, col. 1.]</p> +<span class = "linenum">632</span> +<p>Þo was haueloc a bliþe knaue.</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +Havelok is glad, and asks for bread.</p> +<p>He sat him up, and crauede bred.</p> +<p>And seide, “ich am [wel] ney ded,</p> +<p>Hwat for hunger, wat for bondes</p> +<span class = "linenum">636</span> +<p>Þat þu leidest on min hondes;</p> +<p>And for [þe] keuel at þe laste,</p> +<p>Þat in mi mouth was þrist faste.</p> +<p>y was þe[r]-with so harde prangled,</p> +<span class = "linenum">640</span> +<p>Þat i was þe[r]-with <ins class = "edcorr" +title = "changed by editor from ‘ney’">ney[e]</ins> strangled.”</p> +<p>“Wel is me þat þu mayth hete:</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +Dame Leve brings him bread and cheese, butter, &c.</p> +<p>Goddoth!” quath leue, “y shal þe fete</p> +<p>Bred an chese, butere and milk,</p> +<span class = "linenum">644</span> +<p>Pastees and flaunes, al with suilk</p> +<p>Shole we sone þe wel fede,</p> +<p>Louerd, in þis mikel nede,</p> +<p>Soth it is, þ<i>a</i>t me<i>n</i> seyt and suereth:</p> +<span class = "linenum">648</span> +<p>‘Þer god wile helpe<i>n</i>, nouth no dereth.’”</p> + +<div class = "footnote"> +<p><a name = "poem_note32" id = "poem_note32" href = +"#poem_tag32">32</a> +MS. þer.</p> + +<p><a name = "poem_note33" id = "poem_note33" href = +"#poem_tag33">33</a> +<i>Qu.</i> þrinne. See ll. 716, 761, 2125.</p> + +<p><a name = "poem_note34" id = "poem_note34" href = +"#poem_tag34">34</a> +<i>Qu.</i> stir, <i>or</i> stirt.</p> +</div> + +<p class = "headnote"><span class = "headnote"> +GRIM SAYS HE HAS DROWNED HAVELOK.</span></p> + +<p class = "section"> +Þa<i>n</i>ne sho hauede brouth þe mete,</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +Havelok eats all up greedily.</p> +<p>Haueloc anon biga<i>n</i> to ete</p> +<p>Grundlike, and was ful bliþe;</p> +<span class = "linenum">652</span> +<p>Couþe he nouth his hunger Miþe.</p> +<p>A lof he het, y woth, and more,</p> +<p>For him hungrede swiþe sore.</p> +<p>Þre dayes þer-biforn, i wene,</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">21</span> +<a name = "page21" id = "page21"> </a> +<span class = "linenum">656</span> +<p>Et he no mete, þat was wel sene.</p> +<p>Hwan he hauede eten, and was fed,</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +Grim puts him to bed.</p> +<p>Grim dede make<i>n</i> a ful fayr bed;</p> +<p>Vncloþede him, and dede hi<i>m</i> þer-i<i>n</i>ne,</p> +<span class = "linenum">660</span> +<p>And seyde, “Slep<a class = "emend" name = "poem_tag34a" id = +"poem_tag34a" href = "#poem_note34a">*</a> sone, with michel +wi<i>n</i>ne;</p> +<p>Slep wel faste, and dred þe nouth,</p> +<p>Fro sorwe to ioie art þu brouth.”</p> +<p>Sone so it was lith of day,</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +Grim tells Godard he has killed Havelok,</p> +<span class = "linenum">664</span> +<p>Grim it under-tok þe wey</p> +<p>To þe wicke traitour godard,</p> +<p>Þat was denemak a<a class = "tag" name = "poem_tag35" id = +"poem_tag35" href = "#poem_note35">35</a> stiward,</p> +<p>And seyde, “louerd, don ich haue</p> +<span class = "linenum">668</span> +<p>Þat þou me bede of þe knaue;</p> +<p>He is drenched i<i>n</i> þe flod,</p> +<p>Aboute<i>n</i> his hals an anker god;</p> +<p>He is witer-like ded,</p> +<span class = "linenum">672</span> +<p>Eteth he neure more bred;</p> +<p>He liþ drenched in þe se:—</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +and asks for his reward.</p> +<p>Yif me gold [and] oþer fe,<a class = "tag" name = "poem_tag36" id = +"poem_tag36" href = "#poem_note36">36</a></p> +<p>Þat y mowe riche be;</p> +<a class = "texttag" name = "texttag676" id = "texttag676" href = +"#textnote676">676</a> +<p>And with þi chartre make [me] fre,</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +[Fol. 207<i>b</i>, col. 2.]</p> +<p>For þu ful wel bi-hetet me,</p> +<p>Þa<i>n</i>ne i last[e] spak with þe.”</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +Godard bids him go home, and remain a thrall;</p> +<p>Godard stod, and lokede on him</p> +<span class = "linenum">680</span> +<p>Þoruth-like, with eyne grim;</p> +<p>And seyde, “Wiltu [nou] ben erl?</p> +<p>Go hom swiþe, fule drit, cherl;</p> +<p>Go heþen, and be euere-more</p> +<span class = "linenum">684</span> +<p>Þral and cherl, als þou er wore.</p> +<p>Shal [þou] haue non oþer mede;</p> +<p>For litel i [shal]<a class = "tag" name = "poem_tag37" id = +"poem_tag37" href = "#poem_note37">37</a> do þe lede</p> +<p>To þe galues, so god me rede!</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">22</span> +<a name = "page22" id = "page22"> </a> +<p class = "sidenote"> +for he has done wickedly.</p> +<span class = "linenum">688</span> +<p>For þou haues don a wicke dede.</p> +<p>Þou Mait stonde<i>n</i> her to longe,</p> +<p>Bute þou swiþe eþen gonge.”</p> + +<div class = "footnote"> +<p class = "addition"> +<a name = "poem_note34a" id = "poem_note34a" href = "#poem_tag34a">*</a> +Perhaps there should be a comma after <i>Slep</i>, making the sense to +be <i>sleep, son</i>, not <i>sleep soon</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "poem_note35" id = "poem_note35" href = +"#poem_tag35">35</a> +<i>Qu.</i> Denemarkes.</p> + +<p><a name = "poem_note36" id = "poem_note36" href = +"#poem_tag36">36</a> +Cf. l. 1225.</p> + +<p><a name = "poem_note37" id = "poem_note37" href = +"#poem_tag37">37</a> +The MS. has “ig,” but the <i>g</i> is expuncted; and it omits +“shal.”</p> +</div> + +<p class = "headnote"><span class = "headnote"> +GRIM SETS SAIL FOR ENGLAND.</span></p> + +<p class = "section"> +Grim thoucte to late þat he ran</p> +<span class = "linenum">692</span> +<p>Fro þat t<i>ra</i>ytour, þa wicke man;</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +Grim fears that both himself and Havelok will be hung.</p> +<p>And þoucte, “wat shal me to rede?</p> +<a class = "texttag ital" name = "texttag694" id = "texttag694" href = +"#textnote694">694</a> +<p>Wite he him onliue, he wile beþe</p> +<p>Heye hangen on galwe-tre:</p> +<span class = "linenum">696</span> +<p>Betere us is of londe to fle,</p> +<p>And berwen boþen ure liues,</p> +<p>And mine childre<i>n</i>, and mine wiues.”</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +Grim sells his live stock.</p> +<p>Grim solde sone al his corn,</p> +<span class = "linenum">700</span> +<p>Shep wit wolle, neth wit horn,</p> +<a class = "texttag ital" name = "texttag701" id = "texttag701" href = +"#textnote701">701</a> +<p>Hors, and swin, [and gate] wit berd,</p> +<p>Þe gees, þe he<i>n</i>nes of þe yerd;</p> +<p>Al he solde, þat outh douthe,</p> +<span class = "linenum">704</span> +<p>That he eure selle moucte,</p> +<p>And al he to þe peni drou:</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +He fits up his ship carefully.</p> +<a class = "texttag ital" name = "texttag706" id = "texttag706" href = +"#textnote706">706</a> +<p>Hise ship he g<i>re</i>yþede wel inow,</p> +<p>He dede it tere, an ful wel pike,</p> +<span class = "linenum">708</span> +<p>Þat it ne doutede sond ne krike;</p> +<p>Þer-inne dide a ful god mast,</p> +<p>Stronge kables, and ful fast,</p> +<p>Ores god, an ful god seyl,</p> +<span class = "linenum">712</span> +<p>Þer-i<i>n</i>ne wantede nouth a nayl,</p> +<p>Þat eu<i>er</i>e he sholde þer-i<i>n</i>ne do:</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +He takes with him his wife, his three sons, his two daughters, and +Havelok.</p> +<p>Hwan he hauedet greyþed so,</p> +<a class = "texttag ital" name = "texttag715" id = "texttag715" href = +"#textnote715">715</a> +<p>Hauelok þe yunge he dide þer-inne,</p> +<span class = "linenum">716</span> +<p>Him and his wif, hise sones þrinne,</p> +<p>And hise two doutres, þat faire wore,</p> +<p>And sone dede he leyn in an ore,</p> +<p>And drou him to þe heye se,</p> +<span class = "linenum">720</span> +<p>Þere he mith alþer-best[e] fle.</p> +<p>Fro londe wore<i>n</i> he bote a mile,</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">23</span> +<a name = "page23" id = "page23"> </a> +<p class = "sidenote"> +[Fol. 208, col. 1.]</p> +<p>Ne were neuere but ane hwile,</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +A north wind arises, called the <i>bise</i>, and drives them to +England.</p> +<p>Þat it ne bigan a wind to Rise</p> +<span class = "linenum">724</span> +<p>Out of þe north, me<i>n</i> calleth ‘bise’</p> +<p>And drof he<i>m</i> intil engelond,</p> +<p>Þat al was siþen in his hond,</p> +<p>His, þat hauelok was þe name;</p> +<span class = "linenum">728</span> +<p>But or he hauede michel shame,</p> +<p>Michel sorwe, and michel tene,</p> +<p>And þrie he gat it al bidene;</p> +<p>Als ye shule<i>n</i> nou forthwar lere,<a class = "tag" name = +"poem_tag38" id = "poem_tag38" href = "#poem_note38">38</a></p> +<span class = "linenum">732</span> +<p>Yf that ye wile<i>n</i> þer-to here.</p> + +<p class = "footnote"> +<a name = "poem_note38" id = "poem_note38" href = "#poem_tag38">38</a> +MS. here; <i>read</i> lere. Cf. ll. 12, 1640.</p> + + +<p class = "headnote"><span class = "headnote"> +GRIM FOUNDS THE TOWN OF GRIMSBY.</span></p> + +<a class = "texttag ital" name = "texttag733" id = "texttag733" href = +"#textnote733">733</a> +<p class = "sidenote"> +Grim went up the Humber to Lindesey.</p> +<p class = "section"> +IN humb<i>er</i> grim biga<i>n</i> to lende,</p> +<p>In lindeseye, Rith at þe north ende.</p> +<p>Þer sat is ship up-on þe sond,</p> +<span class = "linenum">736</span> +<p>But grim it drou up to þe lond;</p> +<p>And þere he made a litel cote,</p> +<p>To him and to hise flote.</p> +<p>Biga<i>n</i> he þere for to erþe,</p> +<span class = "linenum">740</span> +<p>A litel hus to maken of erþe,</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +There he built a house.</p> +<p>So þat he wel þore were</p> +<p>Of here herboru h<i>er</i>borwed þere;</p> +<p>And for þat grim þat place aute,</p> +<span class = "linenum">744</span> +<p>Þe stede of grim þe name laute;</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +That place was called Grimsby, after Grim.</p> +<p>So þat [hit] grimesbi calleth alle</p> +<p>Þat þer-offe speken alle,<a class = "emend" name = "poem_tag38a" id = +"poem_tag38a" href = "#poem_note38a">*</a></p> +<p>And so shule<i>n</i> me<i>n</i> calle<i>n</i> it ay,</p> +<span class = "linenum">748</span> +<p>Bituene þis and domesday.</p> + +<div class = "footnote"> +<p class = "addition"> +<a name = "poem_note38a" id = "poem_note38a" href = "#poem_tag38a">*</a> +For <i>alle</i>, Mr Garnett proposed to read <i>shalle</i>.</p> +</div> + +<p class = "headnote"><span class = "headnote"> +HAVELOK DOES NOT LIKE BEING IDLE.</span></p> + +<p class = "sidenote"> +Grim was a good fisherman.</p> +<p class = "section"> +Grim was fishere swiþe god,</p> +<p>And mikel couþe on the flod;</p> +<p>Mani god fish þer-inne he tok,</p> +<span class = "linenum">752</span> +<p>Boþe with neth, and with hok.</p> +<a class = "texttag ital" name = "texttag753" id = "texttag753" href = +"#textnote753">753</a> +<p class = "sidenote"> +He caught sturgeons, turbot, &c.</p> +<p>He tok þe sturgiun, and þe qual,</p> +<p>And þe turbut, and lax with-al,</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">24</span> +<a name = "page24" id = "page24"> </a> +<p>He tok þe sele, and þe hwel;</p> +<span class = "linenum">756</span> +<p>He spedde ofte swiþe wel:</p> +<p>Keling he tok, and tu<i>m</i>berel,</p> +<p>Hering, and þe makerel,</p> +<p>Þe Butte, þe schulle, þe þornebake:</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +He had four panniers made for himself and his sons.</p> +<span class = "linenum">760</span> +<p>Gode paniers dede he make</p> +<p>Ontil him, and oþer þrinne,</p> +<p>Til hise sones to bere<i>n</i> fish inne,</p> +<p>Vp o-londe to selle and fonge;</p> +<span class = "linenum">764</span> +<p>Forbar he neyþe[r] tun, ne gronge,</p> +<p>Þat he ne to-yede with his ware;</p> +<p>Kam he neu<i>er</i>e hom hand-bare,</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +[Fol. 208, col. 2.]</p> +<p>Þat he ne broucte bred and sowel,</p> +<span class = "linenum">768</span> +<p>In his shirte, or in his couel;</p> +<p>In his poke benes and korn:—</p> +<p>Hise swink ne hauede he nowt forlorn.</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +He used to sell lampreys at Lincoln,</p> +<p>And hwan he tok þe grete laumprei,</p> +<span class = "linenum">772</span> +<p>Ful we[l] he couþe þe rithe wei</p> +<p>To lincolne, þe gode boru;</p> +<p>Ofte he yede it þoru and þoru,</p> +<p>Til he hauede wol<a class = "tag" name = "poem_tag39" id = +"poem_tag39" href = "#poem_note39">39</a> wel sold,</p> +<span class = "linenum">776</span> +<p>And þer-fore þe penies told.</p> +<p>Þa<i>n</i>ne he com, þe<i>n</i>ne he were bliþe,</p> +<p>For hom he brouthe fele siþe</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +and bring home simnels, meal, meat, and hemp.</p> +<p>Wastels, simenels with þe horn,</p> +<span class = "linenum">780</span> +<p>Hise pokes fulle of mele an korn,</p> +<p>Netes flesh, shepes, and swines,</p> +<p>And hemp to make<i>n</i> of gode lines;</p> +<p>And stronge ropes to hise netes,</p> +<a class = "texttag" name = "texttag784" id = "texttag784" href = +"#textnote784">784</a> +<p>In þe se were<i>n</i> he ofte setes.<a class = "tag" name = +"poem_tag40" id = "poem_tag40" href = "#poem_note40">40</a> +<a class = "emend" name = "poem_tag40a" id = "poem_tag40a" href = +"#poem_note40a">*</a></p> + +<div class = "footnote"> +<p><a name = "poem_note39" id = "poem_note39" href = +"#poem_tag39">39</a> +<i>Qu.</i> ful <i>or</i> al.</p> + +<p><a name = "poem_note40" id = "poem_note40" href = +"#poem_tag40">40</a> +<i>Sic</i> in MS.</p> + +<p class = "addition"> +<a name = "poem_note40a" id = "poem_note40a" href = "#poem_tag40a">*</a> +Perhaps we should, however, read <i>se-weren</i>, and the <a href = +"#textnote784">note</a> on the line (p. 93) may be wrong. See +<a href = "#gloss_Weren"><i>Weren</i></a> in the Glossary. +<span class = "mynote"> +See <a href = "#endnote">Endnote</a>.</span></p> +</div> + +<p class = "headnote"><span class = "headnote"> +HAVELOK SELLS FISH LIKE THE BEST.</span></p> + +<p class = "sidenote"> +Thus they lived for 12 years.</p> +<p class = "section"> +Þus-gate grim him fayre ledde.</p> +<p>Him and his genge wel he fedde</p> +<p>Wel twelf wint<i>er</i>, oþer more:</p> +<span class = "linenum">788</span> +<p>Hauelok was war þat gri<i>m</i> swa<i>n</i>k sore<span class = +"pagenum">25</span></p> +<a name = "page25" id = "page25"> </a> +<p class = "sidenote"> +Havelok thinks he eats too much to be idle.</p> +<p>For his mete, and he lay at hom:</p> +<p>Thouthe, “ich am nou no grom;</p> +<p>Ich am wel waxe<i>n</i>, and wel may ete<i>n</i></p> +<span class = "linenum">792</span> +<p>More þa<i>n</i> euere Grim may geten.</p> +<p>Ich ete more, bi god on liue,</p> +<p>Þan grim an hise children fiue!</p> +<p>It ne may nouth ben þus lo<i>n</i>ge,</p> +<span class = "linenum">796</span> +<p>Goddot! y wile with þe gange,</p> +<p>For to leren su<i>m</i> god to gete;</p> +<p>Swinken ich wolde for mi mete.</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +It is no shame for a man to work.</p> +<p>It is no shame forto swinken;</p> +<span class = "linenum">800</span> +<p>Þe ma<i>n</i> þat may wel ete<i>n</i> and dri<i>n</i>ke<i>n</i>,</p> +<p>Þat nouth ne haue but on swi<i>n</i>k lo<i>n</i>g,</p> +<p>To ligge<i>n</i> at hom it is ful strong.</p> +<p>God yelde him þer i ne<a class = "tag" name = "poem_tag41" id = +"poem_tag41" href = "#poem_note41">41</a> may,</p> +<span class = "linenum">804</span> +<p>Þat haueth me fed to þis day!</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +He determines to carry about panniers like the rest.</p> +<p>Gladlike i wile þe paniers bere;</p> +<p>Ich woth, ne shal it me nouth dere,</p> +<p>Þey þer be i<i>n</i>ne a birþene gret,</p> +<span class = "linenum">808</span> +<p>Al so heui als a neth.</p> +<p>Shal ich neuere lengere dwelle,</p> +<p>To morwe<i>n</i> shal ich forth pelle.”</p> + +<p class = "footnote"> +<a name = "poem_note41" id = "poem_note41" href = "#poem_tag41">41</a> +MS. ine.</p> + + +<p class = "headnote"><span class = "headnote"> +HAVELOK GOES TO LINCOLN TO GET WORK.</span></p> + +<p class = "section"> +On þe morwen, hwa<i>n</i> it was day,</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +[Fol. 208<i>b</i>, col. 1.]</p> +<span class = "linenum">812</span> +<p>He stirt up sone, and nouth ne lay;</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +He carries a pannier full of fish,</p> +<p>And cast a panier on his bac,</p> +<p>With fish giueled als a stac;</p> +<p>Also michel he bar him one,</p> +<span class = "linenum">816</span> +<p>So he foure, bi mine mone!<a class = "tag" name = "poem_tag42" id = +"poem_tag42" href = "#poem_note42">42</a></p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +and sells them.</p> +<p>Wel he it bar, and solde it wel,</p> +<p>Þe siluer he brouthe hom il del;</p> +<p>Al þat he þer-fore tok</p> +<span class = "linenum">820</span> +<p>With-held he nouth a ferþinges nok.</p> +<p>So yede he forth ilke day,</p> +<p>Þat he neuere at home lay.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">26</span> +<a name = "page26" id = "page26"> </a> +<p>So wolde he his mester lere;</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +A great dearth arises.</p> +<span class = "linenum">824</span> +<p>Bifel it so a strong dere</p> +<p>Bigan to rise of korn of bred,</p> +<p>That grim ne couþe no god red,</p> +<p>Hw he sholde his meine fede;</p> +<span class = "linenum">828</span> +<p>Of hauelok hauede he michel drede:</p> +<p>For he was strong, and wel mouthe ete</p> +<p>More þa<i>n</i>ne heuere mouthe he gete;</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +They have not enough to eat.</p> +<p>Ne he ne mouthe on þe se take</p> +<span class = "linenum">832</span> +<p>Neyþer le<i>n</i>ge, ne þorn[e]bake,<a class = "tag" name = +"poem_tag43" id = "poem_tag43" href = "#poem_note43">43</a></p> +<p>Ne non oþer fish þat douthe</p> +<p>His meyne fede<i>n</i> with he[r]<a class = "tag" name = "poem_tag44" +id = "poem_tag44" href = "#poem_note44">44</a> mouthe.</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +Grim is sorry for Havelok.</p> +<p>Of hauelok he hauede kare,</p> +<span class = "linenum">836</span> +<p>Hwilgat þat he micthe fare;</p> +<p>Of his childre<i>n</i> was him nouth,</p> +<p>On hauelok was al hise þouth,</p> +<a class = "texttag ital" name = "texttag839" id = "texttag839" href = +"#textnote839">839</a> +<p>And seyde, “hauelok, dere sone,</p> +<span class = "linenum">840</span> +<p>I wene that we deye mone</p> +<p>For hu<i>n</i>ger, þis dere is so strong,</p> +<p>And hure mete is uten long.</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +He advises him to go to Lincoln,</p> +<p>Betere is þat þu he<i>n</i>ne gonge,</p> +<span class = "linenum">844</span> +<p>Þan þu here dwelle longe;</p> +<p>Heþen þow mayt ga<i>n</i>ge<i>n</i> to late;</p> +<p>Thou canst ful wel þe ricthe gate</p> +<p>To lincolne, þe gode borw,</p> +<span class = "linenum">848</span> +<p>Þou hauest it gon ful ofte þoru;</p> +<p>Of me ne is me nouth a slo,</p> +<p>Bet<i>er</i>e is þat þu þider go,</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +and work there.</p> +<p>For þer is mani god ma<i>n</i> inne,</p> +<span class = "linenum">852</span> +<p>Þer þou mayt þi mete winne.</p> +<p>But wo is me! þou art so naked,</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +He makes him a coat of an old sail.</p> +<p>Of mi seyl y wolde þe were maked</p> +<p>A cloth, þou mithest i<i>n</i>ne gongen,</p> +<span class = "linenum">856</span> +<p>Sone, no cold þat þu ne fonge.”</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">27</span> +<a name = "page27" id = "page27"> </a> + +<p class = "headnote"><span class = "headnote"> +HE HELPS THE EARL OF CORNWALL’S COOK.</span></p> + +<p class = "sidenote"> +[Fol. 208<i>b</i>. col. 2.]</p> +<p class = "section"> +He tok þe sh[e]res<a class = "tag" name = "poem_tag45" id = "poem_tag45" +href = "#poem_note45">45</a> of þe nayl,</p> +<p>And made him a couel of þe sayl,</p> +<p>And hauelok dide it sone on;</p> +<span class = "linenum">860</span> +<p>Hauede neyþer hosen ne shon,</p> +<p>Ne none kines oþe[r] wede;</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +Havelok goes to Lincoln barefoot.</p> +<p>To lincolne barfot he yede.</p> +<p>Hwan he kam þe[r], he was ful wil,</p> +<span class = "linenum">864</span> +<p>Ne hauede he no frend to gange<i>n</i> til;</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +He fasts for two days.</p> +<p>Two dayes þer fastinde he yede,</p> +<p>Þat non for his werk wolde him fede;</p> +<p>Þe þridde day herde he calle:</p> +<span class = "linenum">868</span> +<p>“Bermen, bermen, hider forth alle!”</p> +<p>[Poure þat on fote yede]<a class = "tag" name = "poem_tag46" id = +"poem_tag46" href = "#poem_note46">46</a></p> +<p>Sprongen forth so sparke on glede.</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +Havelok becomes the earl’s cook’s porter.</p> +<p>Hauelok shof dun nyne or ten,</p> +<span class = "linenum">872</span> +<p>Rith amidewarde þe fen,</p> +<p>And stirte forth to þe kok,</p> +<p>[Þer the herles mete he tok,]</p> +<p>Þat he bouthe at þe brigge:</p> +<span class = "linenum">876</span> +<p>Þe berme<i>n</i> let he alle ligge,</p> +<p>And bar þe mete to þe castel,</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +He gets a farthing cake.</p> +<p>And gat him þere a ferþing wastel.</p> + +<div class = "footnote"> +<p><a name = "poem_note42" id = "poem_note42" href = +"#poem_tag42">42</a> +Cf. ll. 1711, 1972.</p> + +<p><a name = "poem_note43" id = "poem_note43" href = +"#poem_tag43">43</a> +See l. 759.</p> + +<p><a name = "poem_note44" id = "poem_note44" href = +"#poem_tag44">44</a> +<i>Qu.</i> her, <i>i.e.</i> their. MS. he.</p> + +<p><a name = "poem_note45" id = "poem_note45" href = +"#poem_tag45">45</a> +<i>Qu.</i> sheres. MS. shres.</p> + +<p><a name = "poem_note46" id = "poem_note46" href = +"#poem_tag46">46</a> +Cf. ll. 91, 101. Here and below an additional line seems requisite.</p> +</div> + +<p class = "headnote"><span class = "headnote"> +HAVELOK IS HIRED BY THE EARL’S COOK.</span></p> + +<p class = "sidenote"> +Another day, he watches the earl’s cook,</p> +<p class = "section"> +Þet oþer day kepte he ok</p> +<span class = "linenum">880</span> +<p>Swiþe yerne þe erles kok,</p> +<p>Til þat he say him on þe b[r]igge,</p> +<p>And bi him mani fishes ligge.</p> +<p>Þe herles mete hauede he bouth</p> +<span class = "linenum">884</span> +<p>Of cornwalie, and kalde oft:</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +who calls for a porter.</p> +<p>“Berme<i>n</i>, bermen, hider swiþe!”</p> +<p>Hauelok it herde, and was ful bliþe,</p> +<p>Þat he herde “berme<i>n</i>” calle;</p> +<span class = "linenum">888</span> +<p>Alle made he hem dun falle<span class = "pagenum">28</span></p> +<a name = "page28" id = "page28"> </a> +<p class = "sidenote"> +Havelok upsets 16 lads.</p> +<p>Þat in his gate yeden and stode,</p> +<p>Wel sixtene laddes gode.</p> +<p>Als he lep þe kok [vn-]til,</p> +<span class = "linenum">892</span> +<p>He shof hem alle upon an hyl;</p> +<p>Astirte til him with his rippe,</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +He catches up the cook’s fish,</p> +<p>And bigan þe fish to kippe.</p> +<p>He bar up wel a carte lode</p> +<span class = "linenum">896</span> +<p>Of segges, laxes, of playces brode,</p> +<p>Of grete laumprees, and of eles;</p> +<p>Sparede he neyþer tos ne heles,</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +and carries them to the castle.</p> +<p>Til þat he to þe castel cam,</p> +<span class = "linenum">900</span> +<p>Þat me<i>n</i> fro him his birþene nam.</p> +<p>Þan me<i>n</i> hauede<i>n</i> holpe<i>n</i> him doun</p> +<p>With þe birþene of his croun,</p> +<a class = "texttag ital" name = "texttag903" id = "texttag903" href = +"#textnote903">903</a> +<p>Þe kok [bi] stod, and on him low,</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +[Fol. 209, col. 1.]</p> +<span class = "linenum">904</span> +<p>And þoute him stalworþe ma<i>n</i> ynow,</p> +<p>And seyde, “wiltu ben wit me?</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +The cook takes him into his service.</p> +<p>Gladlike wile ich feden þe;</p> +<p>Wel is set þe mete þu etes,</p> +<span class = "linenum">908</span> +<p>And þe hire þat þu getes.”</p> + +<p class = "headnote"><span class = "headnote"> +HE CUTS WOOD, AND DRAWS WATER.</span></p> + +<p class = "section"> +“Goddot!”<a class = "tag" name = "poem_tag47" id = "poem_tag47" href = +"#poem_note47">47</a> quoth he, “leue sire,</p> +<p>Bidde ich you non oþer hire;</p> +<p>But yeueþ me inow to ete,</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +Havelok tells the cook what he can do.</p> +<span class = "linenum">912</span> +<p>Fir and wat<i>er</i> y wile yow fete,</p> +<p>Þe fir blowe, an ful wele make<i>n</i>;</p> +<p>Stickes kan ich breken and krake<i>n</i>,</p> +<p>And kindlen ful wel a fyr,</p> +<span class = "linenum">916</span> +<p>And make<i>n</i> it to brennen shir;</p> +<p>Ful wel kan ich cleue<i>n</i> shides,</p> +<p>Eles to-turnen<a class = "tag" name = "poem_tag48" id = "poem_tag48" +href = "#poem_note48">48</a> of here hides;</p> +<p>Ful wel kan ich dishes swilen,</p> +<span class = "linenum">920</span> +<p>And don al þat ye eu<i>er</i>e wilen.”</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +The cook is content to hire him.</p> +<p>Quoth þe kok, “wile i no more;</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">29</span> +<a name = "page29" id = "page29"> </a> +<p>Go þu yunder, and sit þore,</p> +<p>And y shal yeue þe ful fair bred,</p> +<span class = "linenum">924</span> +<p>And make þe broys i<i>n</i> þe led.</p> +<p>Sit now doun and et ful yerne:</p> +<p>Daþeit hwo þe mete werne!”</p> + +<div class = "footnote"> +<p><a name = "poem_note47" id = "poem_note47" href = +"#poem_tag47">47</a> +Soddot, MS.</p> + +<p><a name = "poem_note48" id = "poem_note48" href = +"#poem_tag48">48</a> +MS. to turuen; <i>but the <b>u</b> and <b>n</b> are almost +indistinguishable.</i> Cf. l. 603; and <i>William of Palerne</i>, +2590.</p> +</div> + +<p class = "headnote"><span class = "headnote"> +HAVELOK GROWS VERY TALL AND STRONG.</span></p> + +<p class = "sidenote"> +Havelok eats a good dinner.</p> +<p class = "section"> +Hauelok sette him dun anon,</p> +<span class = "linenum">928</span> +<p>Also stille als a ston,</p> +<p>Til he hauede ful wel eten;</p> +<p>Þo hauede hauelok fayre gete<i>n</i>.</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +He fills a large tub with water for the kitchen.</p> +<p>Hwa<i>n</i> he hauede ete<i>n</i> inow,</p> +<span class = "linenum">932</span> +<p>He ka<i>m</i> to þe welle, wat<i>er</i> up-drow,</p> +<p>And filde þe[r] a michel so;</p> +<p>Bad he non ageyn him go,</p> +<p>But bi-twen his hondes he bar it in,</p> +<span class = "linenum">936</span> +<p>A[l] him one to þe kichin.</p> +<p>Bad he non him wat<i>er</i> to fete,</p> +<p>Ne fro b[r]igge to bere þe mete,</p> +<a class = "texttag ital" name = "texttag939" id = "texttag939" href = +"#textnote939">939</a> +<p>He bar þe turues, he bar þe star,</p> +<span class = "linenum">940</span> +<p>Þe wode fro the brigge he bar;</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +He draws water, and cuts wood.</p> +<p>Al that euere shulde<i>n</i> he nytte,</p> +<p>Al he drow, and al he citte;</p> +<p>Wolde he neu<i>er</i>e haue<i>n</i> rest,</p> +<span class = "linenum">944</span> +<p>More þa<i>n</i> he were a best.</p> +<a class = "texttag ital" name = "texttag945" id = "texttag945" href = +"#textnote945">945</a> +<p class = "sidenote"> +He is always laughing and blithe.</p> +<p>Of alle me<i>n</i> was he mest meke,</p> +<p>Lauhwinde ay, and bliþe of speke;</p> +<p>Eu<i>er</i>e he was glad and bliþe,</p> +<span class = "linenum">948</span> +<p>His sorwe he couþe ful wel miþe.</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +[Fol. 209, col. 2.]</p> +<p>It ne was non so litel knaue,</p> +<p>For to leyken, ne forto plawe,</p> +<p>Þat he ne wo[l]de with him pleye:</p> +<span class = "linenum">952</span> +<p>Þe children that y[e]de<i>n</i> in þe weie</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +Children play with him.</p> +<p>Of him he deden al he[r] wille,</p> +<p>And with him leykeden here fille.</p> +<p>Him louede<i>n</i> alle, stille and bolde,</p> +<span class = "linenum">956</span> +<p>Knictes, childre<i>n</i>, yunge and holde;<span class = +"pagenum">30</span></p> +<a name = "page30" id = "page30"> </a> +<p class = "sidenote"> +All like him.</p> +<p>Alle him louede<i>n</i> þat him sowen,</p> +<p>Boþen heyemen and lowe.</p> +<a class = "texttag ital" name = "texttag959" id = "texttag959" href = +"#textnote959">959</a> +<p>Of him ful wide þe word sprong,</p> +<span class = "linenum">960</span> +<p>Hw he was mike, hw he was stro<i>n</i>g,</p> +<p>Hw fayr ma<i>n</i> god him hauede maked,</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +He has nothing to wear but the old sail.</p> +<p>But on þat he was almest naked:</p> +<p>For he ne hauede nouth to shride,</p> +<span class = "linenum">964</span> +<p>But a kouel ful unride,</p> +<p>Þat [was] ful, and swiþe wicke,</p> +<p>Was it nouth worth a fir sticke.</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +The cook buys him new clothes.</p> +<p>Þe cok biga<i>n</i> of him to rewe,</p> +<span class = "linenum">968</span> +<p>And bouthe him cloþes, al spa<i>n</i>newe;</p> +<p>He bouthe him boþe hose<i>n</i> and shon,</p> +<p>And sone dide him dones on.</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +He looks very well in his new suit.</p> +<p>Hwan he was cloþed, osed, and shod,</p> +<span class = "linenum">972</span> +<p>Was no<i>n</i> so fayr under god,</p> +<p>Þat euere yete in erþe were,</p> +<p>Non þat eu<i>er</i>e moder bere;</p> +<p>It was neu<i>er</i>e ma<i>n</i> þat yemede</p> +<span class = "linenum">976</span> +<p>In kinneriche, þat so wel semede</p> +<p>King or cayser forto be,</p> +<p>Þan he was shrid, so semede he;</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +Havelok is the tallest man in Lincoln,</p> +<p>For þa<i>n</i>ne he weren alle same<i>n</i></p> +<span class = "linenum">980</span> +<p>At lincolne, at þe game<i>n</i>,</p> +<p>And þe erles men woren al þore,</p> +<p>Þan was hauelok bi þe shuldre<i>n</i> more</p> +<p>Þan þe meste þat þer kam:</p> +<a class = "texttag" name = "texttag984" id = "texttag984" href = +"#textnote984">984</a> +<p>In armes him noma<i>n</i> [ne] nam,</p> +<p>Þat he doune sone ne caste;</p> +<p>Hauelok stod ouer he<i>m</i> als a mast.</p> +<p>Als he was heie, al<a class = "tag" name = "poem_tag49" id = +"poem_tag49" href = "#poem_note49">49</a> he was long,</p> +<span class = "linenum">988</span> +<p>He was boþe stark and strong;</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +and the strongest in England.</p> +<p>In engelond [was] non hise per</p> +<p>Of strengþe þat eu<i>er</i>e ka<i>m</i> him ner.</p> +<p>Als he was strong, so was he softe;</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">31</span> +<a name = "page31" id = "page31"> </a> + +<p class = "headnote"><span class = "headnote"> +HE SEES SOME MEN “PUTTING THE STONE.”</span></p> + +<span class = "linenum">992</span> +<p>Þey a man him misdede ofte,</p> +<p>Neuere more he him misdede,</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +[Fol. 209<i>b</i>, col. 1.]</p> +<p>Ne hond on him with yuele leyde.</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +He is good-natured and pure.</p> +<p>Of bodi was he mayden clene,</p> +<span class = "linenum">996</span> +<p>Neuere yete in game, ne in grene,</p> +<p>Þit<a class = "tag" name = "poem_tag50" id = "poem_tag50" href = +"#poem_note50">50</a> hire ne wolde leyke ne lye,</p> +<p>No more þan it were a strie.</p> +<p>In þat time al hengelond</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +Godrich summons a parliament at Lincoln.</p> +<span class = "linenum">1000</span> +<p>Þerl Godrich hauede in his hond,</p> +<p>And he gart kome<i>n</i> i<i>n</i>to þe tun</p> +<p>Mani erl, and mani barun;</p> +<p>And alle [men] þat liues were</p> +<span class = "linenum">1004</span> +<p>In eng[e]lond, þa<i>n</i>ne wer þere,</p> +<p>Þat þey haueden after sent,</p> +<a class = "texttag ital" name = "texttag1006" id = "texttag1006" href = +"#textnote1006">1006</a> +<p>To ben þer at þe parleme<i>n</i>t.</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +Some champions begin to contend in games.</p> +<p>With hem com mani cha<i>n</i>bioun,</p> +<span class = "linenum">1008</span> +<p>Mani with ladde, blac and brown;</p> +<p>An fel it so, þat yunge men,</p> +<p>Wel aboute<i>n</i> nine or ten,</p> +<p>Bigu<i>n</i>ne<i>n</i> þe[r] for to layke:</p> +<span class = "linenum">1012</span> +<p>Þider kome<i>n</i> bothe stro<i>n</i>ge and wayke;</p> +<p>Þider kome<i>n</i> lesse and more,</p> +<p>Þat in þe borw þa<i>n</i>ne were<i>n</i> þore;</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +Strong lads and bondmen are there.</p> +<p>Chaunpiouns, and starke laddes,</p> +<span class = "linenum">1016</span> +<p>Bondeme<i>n</i> with here gaddes,</p> +<p>Als he comen fro þe plow;</p> +<p>Þere was sembling i-now!</p> +<p>For it ne was non horse-knaue,</p> +<span class = "linenum">1020</span> +<p>Þo þei sholden in honde haue,</p> +<p>Þat he ne kam þider, þe leyk to se:</p> +<a class = "texttag ital" name = "texttag1022" id = "texttag1022" href = +"#textnote1022">1022</a> +<p>Biforn here fet þa<i>n</i>ne lay a tre,</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +They begin to “put the stone.”</p> +<p>And putte<i>n</i><a class = "tag" name = "poem_tag51" id = +"poem_tag51" href = "#poem_note51">51</a> with a mikel ston</p> +<span class = "linenum">1024</span> +<p>Þe starke laddes, ful god won.<span class = "pagenum">32</span></p> +<a name = "page32" id = "page32"> </a> + +<p class = "headnote"><span class = "headnote"> +HE “PUTS THE STONE” FURTHER THAN ANY.</span></p> + +<p>Þe ston was mikel, and ek greth,</p> +<p>And al so heui so a neth;</p> +<p>Grund stalwrthe ma<i>n</i> he sholde be,</p> +<span class = "linenum">1028</span> +<p>Þat mouthe lifte<i>n</i> it to his kne;</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +Few can lift it.</p> +<p>Was þer neyþer clerc, ne prest,</p> +<p>Þat mithe liften it to his brest:</p> +<p>Þerwit putte<i>n</i> the chaunpiouns,</p> +<span class = "linenum">1032</span> +<p>Þat þider come<i>n</i> with þe barouns.</p> +<p>Hwo so mithe putten þore</p> +<p>Biforn a-noþer, an inch or more,</p> +<p>Wore ye yung, [or] wore he hold,</p> +<span class = "linenum">1036</span> +<p>He was for a ke<i>m</i>pe told.</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +Whilst this is going on,</p> +<p>Al-so þe[i] stoden, an ofte starede<i>n</i>,<a class = "emend" name = +"poem_tag51a" id = "poem_tag51a" href = "#poem_note51a">*</a></p> +<p>Þe chaunpiouns, and ek the ladde<i>n</i>,</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +[Fol. 209<i>b</i>, col. 2.]</p> +<p>And he maden mikel strout</p> +<span class = "linenum">1040</span> +<p>Abouten þe alþerbeste but,</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +Havelok looks on at them.</p> +<p>Hauelok stod, and lokede þer-til;</p> +<p>And of putti<i>n</i>gge he was ful wil,</p> +<p>For neu<i>er</i>e yete ne saw he or</p> +<span class = "linenum">1044</span> +<p>Putte<i>n</i> the stone, or þa<i>n</i>ne þor.</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +His master tells him to try.</p> +<p>Hise mayst<i>er</i> bad him gon þer-to,</p> +<p>Als he couþe þer-with do.</p> +<p>Þo hise mayst<i>er</i> it him bad,</p> +<span class = "linenum">1048</span> +<p>He was of him sore adrad;</p> +<p>Þerto he stirte sone anon,</p> +<p>And kipte up þat heui ston,</p> +<p>Þat he sholde puten wiþe;</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +He puts the stone 12 feet beyond the rest.</p> +<span class = "linenum">1052</span> +<p>He putte at þe firste siþe,</p> +<p>Ouer alle þat þer wore,</p> +<p>Twel fote, and su<i>m</i>del more.</p> +<p>Þe chaunpiouns þat [þat] put sowen,</p> +<span class = "linenum">1056</span> +<p>Shuldrede<i>n</i> he ilc oþer, and lowen;</p> +<p>Wolde<i>n</i> he no more to putti<i>n</i>g gange,</p> +<p>But seyde, “<i>w</i>e<a class = "tag" name = "poem_tag52" id = +"poem_tag52" href = "#poem_note52">52</a> dwelle<i>n</i> her to +longe!”</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">33</span> +<a name = "page33" id = "page33"> </a> + +<p class = "headnote"><span class = "headnote"> +GODRICH HEARS OF HAVELOK’S STRENGTH.</span></p> + +<p class = "sidenote"> +This feat is everywhere talked about.</p> +<p>Þis selkouth mithe nouth be<i>n</i> hyd,</p> +<span class = "linenum">1060</span> +<p>Ful sone it was ful loude kid</p> +<p>Of hauelok, hw he warp þe ston</p> +<p>Ouer þe laddes euerilkon;</p> +<p>Hw he was fayr, hw he was long,</p> +<span class = "linenum">1064</span> +<p>Hw he was with, hw he was stro<i>n</i>g;</p> +<p>Þoruth england yede þe speke,<a class = "tag" name = "poem_tag53" id += "poem_tag53" href = "#poem_note53">53</a></p> +<p>Hw he was strong, and ek meke;</p> +<p>In the castel, up in þe halle,</p> +<span class = "linenum">1068</span> +<p>Þe knithes speke<i>n</i> þer-of alle,</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +Godrich hears the knights talking of it.</p> +<p>So that Godrich it herde wel</p> +<p>Þe[r] speke<i>n</i> of hauelok, eueri del,</p> +<p>Hw he was stro<i>n</i>g man and hey,</p> +<span class = "linenum">1072</span> +<p>Hw he was stro<i>n</i>g and ek fri,</p> +<p>And þouthte godrich, “þoru þis knaue</p> +<p>Shal ich engelond al haue,</p> +<p>And mi sone after me;</p> +<span class = "linenum">1076</span> +<p>For so i wile þat it be.</p> +<a class = "texttag ital" name = "texttag1077" id = "texttag1077" href = +"#textnote1077">1077</a> +<p class = "sidenote"> +“Athelwold said I was to marry his daughter to the strongest man +alive.</p> +<p>The king aþelwald me dide swere</p> +<p>Vpon al þe messe-gere,</p> +<p>Þat y shu[l]de his douthe[r] yeue</p> +<span class = "linenum">1080</span> +<p>Þe hexte <ins class = "edcorr" +title = "word added by editor">[man]</ins> þat mithe liue,</p> +<p>Þe beste, þe fairest, þe stra<i>n</i>gest ok;</p> +<p>Þat gart he me swere<i>n</i> on þe bok.</p> +<p>Hwere mithe i finden ani so hey</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +[Fol. 210, col. 1.]</p> +<span class = "linenum">1084</span> +<p>So hauelok is, or so sley?</p> +<p>Þou y southe heþen in-to ynde,</p> +<p>So fayr, so strong, ne mithe y finde.</p> +<p>Hauelok is þat ilke knaue,</p> +<span class = "linenum">1088</span> +<p>Þat shal goldeborw haue.”</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +That is Havelok.”</p> +<p>Þis þouthe [he] with trechery,</p> +<p>With t<i>ra</i>ysoun, and wit felony;</p> +<p>For he wende, þat hauelok wore</p> +<span class = "linenum">1092</span> +<p>Sum cherles sone, and no more;</p> +<p>Ne shulde he haue<i>n</i> of engellond</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">34</span> +<a name = "page34" id = "page34"> </a> +<p>Onlepi forw in his hond,</p> +<p>With hire, þat was þerof eyr,</p> +<span class = "linenum">1096</span> +<p>Þat boþe was god and swiþe fair.</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +He thought Havelok was only a thrall.</p> +<p>He wende, þat hauelok wer a þral,</p> +<p>Þer-þoru he we<i>n</i>de haue<i>n</i> al</p> +<p>In engelond, þat hire rith was;</p> +<span class = "linenum">1100</span> +<p>He was werse þan sathanas,</p> +<p>Þat ih<i>es</i>u c<i>ri</i>st in erþe shop:<a class = "tag" name = +"poem_tag54" id = "poem_tag54" href = "#poem_note54">54</a></p> +<p>Hanged worþe he on an hok!</p> + +<div class = "footnote"> +<p><a name = "poem_note49" id = "poem_note49" href = +"#poem_tag49">49</a> +<i>Qu.</i> so; see l. 991.</p> + +<p><a name = "poem_note50" id = "poem_note50" href = +"#poem_tag50">50</a> +<i>Qu.</i> wit = with: miswritten owing to confusion of þ with ƿ +(<i>w</i>)?</p> + +<p><a name = "poem_note51" id = "poem_note51" href = +"#poem_tag51">51</a> +MS. pulten. But see ll. 1031, 1033, 1044, 1051, &c.</p> + +<p class = "addition"> +<a name = "poem_note51a" id = "poem_note51a" href = "#poem_tag51a">*</a> +For <i>stareden</i> we should perhaps read <i>stradden</i>; see the +<a href = "#gloss_Stareden">Glossary</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "poem_note52" id = "poem_note52" href = +"#poem_tag52">52</a> +In the former edition— “ye”. But the <i>y</i> is not dotted, and +it may be “ƿe.”</p> + +<p><a name = "poem_note53" id = "poem_note53" href = +"#poem_tag53">53</a> +MS. speche. Read “speke,” as in l. 946.</p> + +<p><a name = "poem_note54" id = "poem_note54" href = +"#poem_tag54">54</a> +<i>Qu.</i> shok <i>or</i> strok.</p> +</div> + +<p class = "headnote"><span class = "headnote"> +GOLDBOROUGH IS SENT FOR TO LINCOLN.</span></p> + +<a class = "texttag ital" name = "texttag1103" id = "texttag1103" href = +"#textnote1103">1103</a> +<p class = "sidenote"> +He sends for Goldborough to Lincoln.</p> +<p class = "section"> +After goldebo[r]w sone he sende,</p> +<span class = "linenum">1104</span> +<p>Þat was boþe fayr and hende,</p> +<p>And dide hire to lincolne bringe,</p> +<p>Belles dede he ageyn hire ringen,</p> +<p>And ioie he made hire swiþe mikel,</p> +<span class = "linenum">1108</span> +<p>But neþeles he was ful swikel.</p> +<p>He seyde, þat he sholde hire yeue</p> +<p>Þe fayrest ma<i>n</i> that mithe liue.</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +She says she will marry none but a king.</p> +<p>She answerede, and seyde anon,</p> +<span class = "linenum">1112</span> +<p>Bi crist, and bi seint iohan,</p> +<p>Þat hire sholde noma<i>n</i> wedde,</p> +<p>Ne noma<i>n</i> bringen to hire<a class = "tag" name = "poem_tag55" +id = "poem_tag55" href = "#poem_note55">55</a> bedde,</p> +<p>But he were king, or ki<i>n</i>ges eyr,</p> +<span class = "linenum">1116</span> +<p>Were he neuere ma<i>n</i> so fayr.</p> + +<p class = "footnote"> +<a name = "poem_note55" id = "poem_note55" href = "#poem_tag55">55</a> +<i>Qu.</i> hise.</p> + + +<p class = "headnote"><span class = "headnote"> +GODRICH ASKS HAVELOK IF HE WILL MARRY.</span></p> + +<p class = "sidenote"> +Godrich is wrath at this.</p> +<p class = "section"> +Godrich þe erl was swiþe wroth,</p> +<p>Þat she swore swilk an oth,</p> +<p>And seyde, “hwor þou wilt be</p> +<span class = "linenum">1120</span> +<p>Quen and leuedi ouer me?</p> +<p>Þou shalt haue<i>n</i> a gadeling,</p> +<p>Ne shalt þou haue<i>n</i> non oþer ki<i>n</i>g;</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +He says she shall marry his cook’s servant.</p> +<p>Þe shal spusen mi cokes knaue,</p> +<span class = "linenum">1124</span> +<p>Ne shalt þou non oþer lou<i>er</i>d haue.</p> +<p>Daþeit þat þe oþer yeue</p> +<p>Eu<i>er</i>e more hwil i liue!</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">35</span> +<a name = "page35" id = "page35"> </a> +<p>To-mo[r]we ye shole<i>n</i> ben weddeth,</p> +<span class = "linenum">1128</span> +<p>And, maugre þin, to-gidere beddeth.”</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +[Fol. 210, col. 2.]</p> +<p>Goldeborw gret, and <i>w</i>as<a class = "tag" name = "poem_tag56" id += "poem_tag56" href = "#poem_note56">56</a> hire ille,</p> +<p>She wolde ben ded bi hire wille.</p> +<p>On the morwen, hwa<i>n</i> day was spru<i>n</i>ge<i>n</i>,</p> +<span class = "linenum">1132</span> +<p>And day-belle at kirke rungen,</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +He sends next day for Havelok, and says,</p> +<p>After hauelok sente þat iudas,</p> +<p>Þat werse was þa<i>n</i>ne sathanas:</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +“Master, wilt wive?”</p> +<p>And seyde, “mayst<i>er</i>, wilte wif?”</p> +<span class = "linenum">1136</span> +<p>“Nay,” quoth, hauelok, “bi my lif!</p> +<p>Hwat sholde ich with wif do?</p> +<p>I ne may hire fede, ne cloþe, ne sho.</p> +<p>Wider sholde ich wimma<i>n</i> bringe?</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +Havelok refuses.</p> +<span class = "linenum">1140</span> +<p>I ne haue none kines þinge.</p> +<p>I ne haue hws, y ne haue cote,</p> +<p>Ne i ne<a class = "tag" name = "poem_tag57" id = "poem_tag57" href = +"#poem_note57">57</a> haue stikke, y ne haue sprote,</p> +<p>I ne haue neyþer bred ne sowel,</p> +<span class = "linenum">1144</span> +<p>Ne cloth, but of an hold with couel.</p> +<p>Þis cloþes, þat ich onne haue,</p> +<p>Aren þe kokes, and ich his knaue.”</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +Godrich beats him, and threatens to hang him.</p> +<p>Godrich stirt up, and on him dong</p> +<span class = "linenum">1148</span> +<p>[With dintes swiþe hard and strong,]</p> +<p>And seyde, “But þou hire take,</p> +<p>Þat y wole yeue<i>n</i> þe to make,</p> +<p>I shal hange<i>n</i> þe ful heye,</p> +<span class = "linenum">1152</span> +<p>Or y shal þristen vth þin heie.”</p> +<p>Hauelok was one, and was odrat,</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +Havelok consents.</p> +<p>And grauntede hi<i>m</i> al þat he bad.</p> +<p>Þo sende he after hire sone,</p> +<span class = "linenum">1156</span> +<p>Þe fayrest wymman under mone;</p> +<p>And seyde til hire, [false]<a class = "tag" name = "poem_tag58" id = +"poem_tag58" href = "#poem_note58">58</a> and slike,</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +Godrich next threatens Goldborough.</p> +<p>Þat wicke þral, þat foule swike:</p> +<p>“But þu þis ma<i>n</i> under-stonde,</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">36</span> +<a name = "page36" id = "page36"> </a> +<span class = "linenum">1160</span> +<p>I shal fleme<i>n</i> þe of londe;</p> +<p>Or þou shal to þe galwes re<i>n</i>ne,</p> +<p>And þer þou shalt i<i>n</i> a fir bre<i>n</i>ne.”</p> +<p>Sho was adrad, for he so þrette,</p> +<span class = "linenum">1164</span> +<p>And durste nouth þe spusi<i>n</i>g lette,</p> +<p>But þey hire likede swiþe ille,</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +She consents, thinking it is God’s will.</p> +<p>Þouthe it was godes wille:</p> +<p>God, þat makes to growe<i>n</i> þe korn,</p> +<span class = "linenum">1168</span> +<p>Formede hire wi<i>m</i>ma<i>n</i> to be born.</p> +<p>Hwan he hauede don him for drede,</p> +<p>Þat he sholde hire spuse<i>n</i>, and fede,</p> +<p>And þat she sholde til him holde,</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +A dowry is given her.</p> +<span class = "linenum">1172</span> +<p>Þer were<i>n</i> penies þicke tolde,</p> +<p>Mikel plente upon þe bok:</p> +<a class = "texttag ital" name = "texttag1174" id = "texttag1174" href = +"#textnote1174">1174</a> +<p>He ys hire yaf, and she as tok.</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +[Fol. 210<i>b</i>, col. 1.]</p> +<p>He weren spused fayre and wel,</p> +<span class = "linenum">1176</span> +<p>Þe messe he deden eueridel,</p> +<p>Þat fel to spusing, and god cle[r]k,</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +The archbishop of York marries them.</p> +<p>Þe erchebishop uth of yerk,</p> +<p>Þat kam to þe p<i>ar</i>leme<i>n</i>t,</p> +<span class = "linenum">1180</span> +<p>Als god him hauede þider sent.</p> + +<div class = "footnote"> +<p><a name = "poem_note56" id = "poem_note56" href = +"#poem_tag56">56</a> +The first letter of this word is either <i>þ</i> or a Saxon <i>w</i> +(ƿ). I read it as the latter.</p> + +<p><a name = "poem_note57" id = "poem_note57" href = +"#poem_tag57">57</a> +MS. ine.</p> + +<p><a name = "poem_note58" id = "poem_note58" href = +"#poem_tag58">58</a> +Both sense and metre require this word.</p> +</div> + +<p class = "headnote"><span class = "headnote"> +HAVELOK RESOLVES TO GO TO GRIMSBY.</span></p> + +<p class = "section"> +Hwan he were<i>n</i> togydere i<i>n</i> godes lawe,</p> +<p>Þat þe folc ful wel it sawe,</p> +<p>He ne wiste<i>n</i> hwat he mouthe<i>n</i>,</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +Havelok knows not what to do.</p> +<span class = "linenum">1184</span> +<p>Ne he ne wiste<i>n</i> wat hem douthe;</p> +<p>Þer to dwelle<i>n</i>, or þe<i>n</i>ne to gonge,</p> +<p>Þer ne wolde<i>n</i> he dwelle<i>n</i> lo<i>n</i>ge,</p> +<p>For he wiste<i>n</i>, and ful wel sawe,</p> +<span class = "linenum">1188</span> +<p>Þat godrich he<i>m</i> hatede, þe deuel hi<i>m</i> hawe!</p> +<p>And yf he dwellede<i>n</i> þer outh—</p> +<p>Þat fel hauelok ful wel on þouth—</p> +<p>Men sholde don his leman shame,</p> +<span class = "linenum">1192</span> +<p>Or elles bringe<i>n</i> i<i>n</i> wicke blame.</p> +<p>Þat were him leuere to ben ded,</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +He determines to go to Grimsby.</p> +<p>For-þi he toke<i>n</i> anoþer red,</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">37</span> +<a name = "page37" id = "page37"> </a> + +<p class = "headnote"><span class = "headnote"> +GRIM’S CHILDREN WELCOME HAVELOK.</span></p> + +<p>Þat þei sholden þenne fle</p> +<span class = "linenum">1196</span> +<p>Til grim, and til hise sones þre;</p> +<p>Þer we<i>n</i>den he alþer-best to spede,</p> +<p>Hem forto cloþe, and for to fede.</p> +<p>Þe lond he token under fote,</p> +<span class = "linenum">1200</span> +<p>Ne wisten he non oþer bote,</p> +<p>And helden ay the riþe [sti]<a class = "tag" name = "poem_tag59" id = +"poem_tag59" href = "#poem_note59">59</a></p> +<p>Til he kome<i>n</i> to grimesby.</p> +<a class = "texttag ital" name = "texttag1203" id = "texttag1203" href = +"#textnote1203">1203</a> +<p class = "sidenote"> +He finds that Grim is dead, but his five children are alive.</p> +<p>Þanne he kome<i>n</i> þere, þanne was gri<i>m</i> ded,</p> +<span class = "linenum">1204</span> +<p>Of him ne hauede<i>n</i> he no red;</p> +<p>But hise childre<i>n</i> alle fyue</p> +<p>Alle weren yet on liue;</p> +<p>Þat ful fayre ayen he<i>m</i> neme,</p> +<span class = "linenum">1208</span> +<p>Hwan he wiste<i>n</i> þat he keme,</p> +<p>And made<i>n</i> ioie swiþe mikel,</p> +<p>Ne were<i>n</i> he neuere ayen he<i>m</i> fikel.</p> +<p>On knes ful fayre he hem setten,</p> +<span class = "linenum">1212</span> +<p>And hauelok swiþe fayre grette<i>n</i>,</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +They welcome Havelok very kindly.</p> +<p>And seyde<i>n</i>, “welkome, louerd dere!</p> +<p>And welkome be þi fayre fere!</p> +<p>Blessed be þat ilke þrawe,</p> +<span class = "linenum">1216</span> +<p>Þat þou hire toke in godes lawe!</p> +<p>Wel is hus we sen þe on lyue,</p> +<p>Þou mithe us boþe selle and yeue;</p> +<p>Þou mayt us boþe yeue and selle,</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +[Fol. 210<i>b</i>, col. 2.]</p> +<span class = "linenum">1220</span> +<p>With þat þou wilt here dwelle.</p> +<p>We haue<i>n</i>, louerd, alle gode,</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +They beg him to stay with them.</p> +<p>Hors, and neth, and ship on flode,</p> +<p>Gold, and siluer, and michel auchte,</p> +<span class = "linenum">1224</span> +<p>Þat grim ute fader us bitawchte.</p> +<p>Gold, and siluer, and oþer fe</p> +<p>Bad he us bi-taken þe.</p> +<p>We hauen shep, we hauen swin,</p> +<span class = "linenum">1228</span> +<p>Bi-leue her, louerd, and al be þin;</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +They will serve him and his wife.</p> +<p>Þo shalt ben louerd, þou shalt be<i>n</i> syre,</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">38</span> +<a name = "page38" id = "page38"> </a> +<p>And we sholen s<i>er</i>ue<i>n</i> þe and hire;</p> +<p>And hure sistres shole<i>n</i> do</p> +<span class = "linenum">1232</span> +<p>Al that euere biddes sho;</p> +<p>He shole<i>n</i> hire cloþe<i>n</i>,<a class = "emend" name = +"poem_tag59a" id = "poem_tag59a" href = "#poem_note59a">*</a> +washe<i>n</i>, and wri<i>n</i>ge<i>n</i>,</p> +<p>And to hondes water bringe<i>n</i>;</p> +<p>He sholen bedde<i>n</i> hire and þe,</p> +<span class = "linenum">1236</span> +<p>For leuedi wile we þat she be.”</p> +<p>Hwan he þis ioie hauede<i>n</i> maked,</p> +<p>Sithen stikes broke<i>n</i> and kraked,</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +They make a fire, and spare neither goose nor hen.</p> +<p>And þe fir brouth on bre<i>n</i>ne,</p> +<span class = "linenum">1240</span> +<p>Ne was þer spared gos ne he<i>n</i>ne,</p> +<p>Ne þe hende, ne þe drake,</p> +<p>Mete he deden plente make;</p> +<p>Ne wantede þere no god mete,</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +They fetch wine and ale.</p> +<span class = "linenum">1244</span> +<p>Wyn and ale dede<i>n</i> he fete,</p> +<p>And made[n] hem [ful] glade and bliþe,</p> +<p>Wesseyl ledde<i>n</i> he fele siþe.</p> + +<div class = "footnote"> +<p><a name = "poem_note59" id = "poem_note59" href = +"#poem_tag59">59</a> +A word is here erased; but see l. 2618.</p> + +<p class = "addition"> +<a name = "poem_note59a" id = "poem_note59a" href = "#poem_tag59a">*</a> +Mr Garnett suggested that <i>cloþen</i> may mean <i>clothes</i>. If so, +dele the comma after it.</p> +</div> + + +<p class = "headnote"><span class = "headnote"> +GOLDBOROUGH SEES THE WONDROUS LIGHT.</span></p> + +<a class = "texttag ital" name = "texttag1247" id = "texttag1247" href = +"#textnote1247">1247</a> +<p class = "sidenote"> +At night Goldborough lies down sorrowful.</p> +<p class = "section"> +On þe nith, als goldeborw lay,</p> +<span class = "linenum">1248</span> +<p>Sory and sorwful was she ay,</p> +<p>For she wende she were bi-swike,</p> +<p>Þat sh[e w]ere<a class = "tag" name = "poem_tag60" id = "poem_tag60" +href = "#poem_note60">60</a> yeue<i>n</i> un-kyndelike.</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +She sees a great light.</p> +<p>O nith saw she þer-inne a lith,</p> +<span class = "linenum">1252</span> +<p>A swiþe fayr, a swiþe bryth,</p> +<p>Al so brith, al so shir,</p> +<p>So it were a blase of fir.</p> +<p>She lokede no[r]þ,<a class = "tag" name = "poem_tag61" id = +"poem_tag61" href = "#poem_note61">61</a> and ek south,</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +It comes out of Havelok’s mouth.</p> +<span class = "linenum">1256</span> +<p>And saw it come<i>n</i> ut of his mouth,</p> +<p>Þat lay bi hire in þe bed:</p> +<p>No ferlike þou she were adred.</p> +<p>Þouthe she, “wat may this bi-mene!</p> +<a class = "texttag" name = "texttag1260" id = "texttag1260" href = +"#textnote1260">1260</a> +<p>He beth heyma<i>n</i> yet, als y wene,</p> +<p>He beth heyma<i>n</i> er he be ded:”—</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +She sees a red cross on his shoulder, and hears an angel, saying,</p> +<p>On hise shuldre, of gold red</p> +<p>She saw a swiþe noble croiz,</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">39</span> +<a name = "page39" id = "page39"> </a> +<span class = "linenum">1264</span> +<p>Of an angel she herde a uoyz:</p> + +<div class = "footnote"> +<p><a name = "poem_note60" id = "poem_note60" href = +"#poem_tag60">60</a> +MS. shere, <i>evidently miswritten for</i> she were.</p> + +<p><a name = "poem_note61" id = "poem_note61" href = +"#poem_tag61">61</a> +MS. noþ.</p> +</div> + +<p class = "headnote"><span class = "headnote"> +HAVELOK TELLS HER HIS STRANGE DREAM.</span></p> + +<p class = "sidenote"> +[Fol. 211, col. 1.]<br /> +“Goldborough, be not sad.</p> +<p class = "section"> +“Goldeborw, lat þi sorwe be,</p> +<p>For hauelok, þat haueþ spuset þe,</p> +<p>He<a class = "tag" name = "poem_tag62" id = "poem_tag62" href = +"#poem_note62">62</a> kinges sone, and ki<i>n</i>ges eyr,</p> +<span class = "linenum">1268</span> +<p>Þat bike<i>n</i>neth þat croiz so fayr.</p> +<p>It<a class = "tag" name = "poem_tag63" id = "poem_tag63" href = +"#poem_note63">63</a> bikenneth more, þat he shal</p> +<p>Denemark haue<i>n</i>, and englond al;</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +Havelok shall be a king,</p> +<p>He shal ben king strong and stark</p> +<span class = "linenum">1272</span> +<p>Of engelond and denemark;</p> +<p>Þat shal þu wit þin eyne sen,</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +and thou, queen.”</p> +<p>And þo shalt quen and leuedi ben!”</p> + +<div class = "footnote"> +<p><a name = "poem_note62" id = "poem_note62" href = +"#poem_tag62">62</a> +<i>Qu.</i> Is.</p> + +<p><a name = "poem_note63" id = "poem_note63" href = +"#poem_tag63">63</a> +MS. Iit.</p> +</div> + +<p class = "section"> +Þanne she hauede herd the steuene</p> +<span class = "linenum">1276</span> +<p>Of þe angel uth of heuene,</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +She rejoices, and kisses Havelok.</p> +<p>She was so fele siþes blithe,</p> +<p>Þat she ne mithe hire ioie mythe;</p> +<p>But hauelok sone anon she kiste,</p> +<span class = "linenum">1280</span> +<p>And he slep, and nouth ne wiste.</p> +<p>Hwan þat aungel hauede seyd,</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +He awakes, and says he has had a dream.</p> +<p>Of his slep a-non he brayd,</p> +<p>And seide, “le<i>m</i>ma<i>n</i>, slepes þou?</p> +<span class = "linenum">1284</span> +<p>A selkuth drem dremede me nou.</p> + +<p class = "headnote"><span class = "headnote"> +SHE SAYS HAVELOK WILL BE A GREAT KING.</span></p> + +<p class = "section"> +Herkne nou hwat me haueth met:</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +He dreamt he was on a high hill in Denmark,</p> +<p>Me þouthe y was i<i>n</i> denemark set,</p> +<p>But on on þe moste hil</p> +<span class = "linenum">1288</span> +<p>Þat eu<i>er</i>e yete kam i til.</p> +<p>It was so hey, þat y wel mouthe</p> +<p>Al þe werd se, als me þouthe.</p> +<p>Als i sat up-on þat lowe,</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +and began to possess all that country.</p> +<span class = "linenum">1292</span> +<p>I bigan denemark for to awe,</p> +<p>Þe borwes, and þe castles stronge;</p> +<p>And mine armes were<i>n</i> so lo<i>n</i>ge,</p> +<p>That i fadmede, al at ones,</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">40</span> +<a name = "page40" id = "page40"> </a> +<span class = "linenum">1296</span> +<p>denemark, with mine lo<i>n</i>ge bones;</p> +<p>And þa<i>n</i>ne y wolde mine armes drawe</p> +<p>Til me, and hom for to haue,</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +All things in Denmark cleaved to his arms.</p> +<p>Al that euere in denemark liueden</p> +<span class = "linenum">1300</span> +<p>On mine armes faste clyueden;</p> +<p>And þe stronge castles alle</p> +<p>On knes bigunne<i>n</i> for to falle,</p> +<p>Þe keyes felle<i>n</i> at mine fet:—</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +He also dreamt that he went to England,</p> +<span class = "linenum">1304</span> +<p>Anoþer drem dremede me ek,</p> +<p>Þat ich fley ouer þe salte se</p> +<p>Til engeland, and al with me</p> +<p>Þat euere was in denemark lyues,</p> +<span class = "linenum">1308</span> +<p>But bo<i>n</i>deme<i>n</i>, and here wiues,</p> +<p>And þat ich kom til engelond,</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +[Fol. 211, col. 2.]</p> +<p>Al closede it i<i>n</i>til min hond,</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +and that became his too.</p> +<p>And, goldeborw, y gaf [it] þe:—</p> +<span class = "linenum">1312</span> +<p>Deus! le<i>m</i>man, hwat may þis be?”</p> +<p>Sho answerede, and seyde sone:</p> +<p>“Ih<i>es</i>u c<i>ri</i>st, þat made mone,</p> +<p>Þine dremes t<i>ur</i>ne to ioye;</p> +<span class = "linenum">1316</span> +<p>Þat wite þw that sittes i<i>n</i> trone!</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +She says, he will be king of England and Denmark.</p> +<p>Ne non stro<i>n</i>g ki<i>n</i>g, ne caysere,</p> +<p>So þou shalt be, fo[r] þou shalt bere</p> +<p>In engelond corune yet;</p> +<span class = "linenum">1320</span> +<p>Denemark shal knele to þi fet;</p> +<p>Alle þe castles þat aren þer-inne,</p> +<p>Shal-tow, le<i>m</i>man, ful wel winne.</p> +<p>I woth, so wel so ich it sowe,</p> +<span class = "linenum">1324</span> +<p>To þe shole come<i>n</i> heye and lowe,</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +“All men in Denmark shall come to thee.</p> +<p>And alle þat in denemark wone,</p> +<p>Em and broþer, fader and sone,</p> +<p>Erl and baroun, dreng an kayn,</p> +<span class = "linenum">1328</span> +<p>Knithes, and burgeys, and sweyn;</p> +<p>And mad king heyelike and wel,</p> +<p>Denemark shal be þin euere-ilc del.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">41</span> +<a name = "page41" id = "page41"> </a> +<p>Haue þou nouth þer-offe douthe</p> +<span class = "linenum">1332</span> +<p>Nouth þe worth, of one nouthe;</p> +<p>Þer-offe with-i<i>n</i>ne þe firste yer</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +Thou shalt be king within the year.</p> +<a class = "texttag ital" name = "texttag1334" id = "texttag1334" href = +"#textnote1334">1334</a> +<p>Shalt þou ben king, of euere-il del.</p> +<p>But do nou als y wile rathe,</p> +<span class = "linenum">1336</span> +<p>Nim in with þe to denema[r]k baþe,</p> +<p>And do þou nouth onfrest þis fare,</p> +<p>Lith and selthe felawes are.</p> +<p>For shal ich neuere bliþe be</p> +<span class = "linenum">1340</span> +<p>Til i with eyen denemark se;</p> +<p>For ich woth, þat al þe lond</p> +<p>Shalt þou haue<i>n</i> in þin hon[d].</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +Pray Grim’s sons to go with you to Denmark.</p> +<p>Prey grimes sones alle þre,</p> +<span class = "linenum">1344</span> +<p>That he wenden forþ with þe;</p> +<p>I wot, he wilen þe nouth werne,</p> +<p>With þe wende shule<i>n</i> he yerne,</p> +<p>For he loue<i>n</i> þe herte-like,</p> +<span class = "linenum">1348</span> +<p>Þou maght til he aren quike,</p> +<p>Hwore so he o worde aren;</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +Go at once.</p> +<p>Þere ship þou do he<i>m</i> swithe yare<i>n</i>,</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +Delays are dangerous.”</p> +<p>And loke þat þou dwelle<i>n</i> nouth:</p> +<span class = "linenum">1352</span> +<p>Dwelling haueth ofte scaþe wrouth.”</p> + +<p class = "headnote"><span class = "headnote"> +HAVELOK PRAYS FOR VENGEANCE ON GODARD.</span></p> + +<p class = "section"> +Hwan Hauelok herde þat she radde,</p> +<p>Sone it was day, sone he him cladde,</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +[Fol. 211<i>b</i>, col. 1.]</p> +<p>And sone to þe kirke yede,</p> +<span class = "linenum">1356</span> +<p>Or he dide ani oþer dede,</p> +<p>And bifor þe rode biga<i>n</i> falle,</p> +<p>Croiz and crist bi[gan] to kalle,</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +Havelok prays for success,</p> +<p>And seyde, “louerd, þat al weldes,</p> +<span class = "linenum">1360</span> +<p>Wind and wat<i>er</i>, wodes and feldes,</p> +<p>For the holi milce of you,</p> +<p>Haue m<i>er</i>ci of me, louerd, nou!</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +and for vengeance on his foe,</p> +<p>And wreke me yet on mi fo,</p> +<span class = "linenum">1364</span> +<p>Þat ich saw biforn min eyne slo</p> +<p>Mine sistres, with a knif,</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">42</span> +<a name = "page42" id = "page42"> </a> +<p>And siþen wolde me mi lyf</p> +<p>Haue reft, for in the [depe] se</p> +<span class = "linenum">1368</span> +<p>Bad he grim haue drenched me.</p> +<p>He [hath] mi lond with mikel vn-Rith,</p> +<p>With michel wro<i>n</i>g, with mikel plith,</p> +<p>For i ne<a class = "tag" name = "poem_tag64" id = "poem_tag64" href = +"#poem_note64">64</a> misdede him neu<i>er</i>e nouth,</p> +<span class = "linenum">1372</span> +<p>And haued me to sorwe brouth.</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +who had caused him to be a beggar.</p> +<p>He haueth me do mi mete to þigge,</p> +<p>And ofte in sorwe and pine ligge.</p> +<p>Louerd, haue m<i>er</i>ci of me,</p> +<span class = "linenum">1376</span> +<p>And late [me] wel passe þe se,</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +He prays for a fair passage across the sea.</p> +<p>Þat <ins class = "mycorr" title = "see Glossary">ihc</ins> haue +ther-offe douthe and kare,</p> +<p>With-uten stormes ouer-fare,</p> +<p>Þat y ne dre<i>n</i>ched [be] þer-ine,</p> +<span class = "linenum">1380</span> +<p>Ne forfaren for no sinne.</p> +<p>And bringge me wel to þe lond,</p> +<p>Þat godard haldes in his hond;</p> +<p>Þat is mi Rith, eueri del:</p> +<span class = "linenum">1384</span> +<p>Ih<i>es</i>u c<i>ri</i>st, þou wost it wel!”</p> + +<p class = "footnote"> +<a name = "poem_note64" id = "poem_note64" href = "#poem_tag64">64</a> +MS. ine.</p> + + +<p class = "section"> +Þa<i>n</i>ne he hauede his bede seyd,</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +He leaves his offering on the altar.</p> +<p>His offrende on þe auter leyd,</p> +<p>His leue at ih<i>es</i>u c<i>ri</i>st he tok,</p> +<span class = "linenum">1388</span> +<p>And at his suete moder ok,</p> +<p>And at þe croiz, þat he biforn lay,</p> +<p>Siþe<i>n</i> yede sore grotinde awey.</p> + + +<p class = "headnote"><span class = "headnote"> +HAVELOK ADDRESSES GRIM’S THREE SONS.</span></p> + +<p class = "sidenote"> +He finds Grim’s sons ready to fish.</p> +<p class = "section"> +Hwa<i>n</i><a class = "tag" name = "poem_tag65" id = "poem_tag65" href = +"#poem_note65">65</a> he com hom, he wore yare,</p> +<span class = "linenum">1392</span> +<p>Grimes sones, forto fare</p> +<p>In-to þe se, fishes to gete,</p> +<p>Þat hauelok mithe wel of ete.</p> +<p>But auelok þouthe al anoþer,</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +Havelok calls Grim’s three sons.</p> +<span class = "linenum">1396</span> +<p>First he ka[l]de þe heldeste broþer,</p> +<p>Roberd þe rede, bi his name,</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">43</span> +<a name = "page43" id = "page43"> </a> + +<p class = "headnote"><span class = "headnote"> +HE ASKS THEM TO GO WITH HIM TO DENMARK.</span></p> + +<p>Wiliam wenduth, and h[uwe r]aue<i>n</i>,<a class = "tag" name = +"poem_tag66" id = "poem_tag66" href = "#poem_note66">66</a></p> +<p>Grimes sones alle þre,</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +[Fol. 211<i>b</i>, col. 2.]</p> +<span class = "linenum">1400</span> +<p>And sey[d]e, “liþes nou alle to me,</p> +<p>Lou<i>er</i>dinges, ich wile you sheue,</p> +<p>A þing of me þat ye wel knewe.</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +He says, “My father was king of Denmark.</p> +<p>Mi fader was king of denshe lond,</p> +<span class = "linenum">1404</span> +<p>Denemark was al in his hond</p> +<p>Þe day þat he was quik and ded;</p> +<p>But þa<i>n</i>ne hauede he wicke red,</p> +<p>Þat he me, and denemark al,</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +He left me and my sisters in charge of a foul fiend,</p> +<span class = "linenum">1408</span> +<p>And mine sistres bi-tawte a þral:</p> +<p>A deueles lime [he] hus bitawte,</p> +<p>And al his lond, and al hise authe.</p> +<p>For y saw that fule fend</p> +<span class = "linenum">1412</span> +<p>Mine sistres slo with hise hend;</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +who slew my sisters,</p> +<p>First he shar a-two here þrotes,</p> +<p>And siþen [karf] hem al to grotes,</p> +<p>And siþen bad [he] in þe se</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +and bade Grim drown me.</p> +<span class = "linenum">1416</span> +<p>Grim, youre fader, dre<i>n</i>che<i>n</i> me.</p> +<p>Deplike dede he him swere</p> +<p>On bok, þat he sholde me bere</p> +<p>Vnto þe se, an dre<i>n</i>chen ine,</p> +<span class = "linenum">1420</span> +<p>And <ins class = "edcorr" title = "word added by editor">[he]</ins> +wolde take<i>n</i> on him þe sinne.</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +But Grim was wise.</p> +<p>But grim was wis, and swiþe hende,</p> +<p>Wolde he nouth his soule shende;</p> +<p>Leuere was him to be for-sworen,</p> +<span class = "linenum">1424</span> +<p>Þan dre<i>n</i>chen me, and ben for-lorn;</p> +<p>But sone biga<i>n</i> he forto fle</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +He fled from Denmark with me,</p> +<p>Fro denemark, forto ber<i>w</i>en<a class = "tag" name = "poem_tag67" +id = "poem_tag67" href = "#poem_note67">67</a> me,</p> +<p>For yif<a class = "tag" name = "poem_tag68" id = "poem_tag68" href = +"#poem_note68">68</a> ich hauede þer ben fu<i>n</i>den,</p> +<span class = "linenum">1428</span> +<p>Hauede ben slayn, or harde bunde<i>n</i>,</p> +<p>And heye ben henged on a tre,</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">44</span> +<a name = "page44" id = "page44"> </a> +<a class = "texttag ital" name = "texttag1430" id = "texttag1430" href = +"#textnote1430">1430</a> +<p>Hauede go for him gold ne fe.</p> +<p>For-þi fro denemark hider he fledde,</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +and took care of me.</p> +<span class = "linenum">1432</span> +<p>And me ful fayre and ful wel fedde,</p> +<p>So þat vn-to þis [ilke] day,</p> +<p>Haue ich ben fed and fostred ay.</p> +<p>But nou ich am up to þat helde</p> +<span class = "linenum">1436</span> +<p>Cume<i>n</i>, that ich may wepne welde,</p> +<p>And y may grete di<i>n</i>tes yeue,</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +And now, I must go to Denmark.</p> +<p>Shal i neuere hwil ich lyue</p> +<p>Ben glad, til that ich denemark se;</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +Go with me, and I will make you rich men.”</p> +<span class = "linenum">1440</span> +<p>I preie you þat ye wende with me,</p> +<p>And ich may mak you riche men,</p> +<p>Ilk of you shal haue castles ten,</p> +<p>And þe lond þat þor-til longes,</p> +<a class = "texttag" name = "texttag1444" id = "texttag1444" href = +"#textnote1444">1444</a> +<p>Borwes, tunes, wodes and wo<i>n</i>ges.”<a class = "tag" name = +"poem_tag69" id = "poem_tag69" href = "#poem_note69">69</a></p> +<p><span class = "gap"> *****</span></p> +<p><span class = "gap"> *****</span></p> + +<div class = "footnote"> +<p><a name = "poem_note65" id = "poem_note65" href = +"#poem_tag65">65</a> +In the MS. the Capital letter is prefixed to the next line.</p> + +<p><a name = "poem_note66" id = "poem_note66" href = +"#poem_tag66">66</a> +MS. haue<i>n</i>. Cf. ll. 1868, 2528. Only an assonance, not a rime, +seems intended.</p> + +<p><a name = "poem_note67" id = "poem_note67" href = +"#poem_tag67">67</a> +MS. berƿen, <i>the A.S. <b>w</b> being used here</i>. Cf. +l. 697.</p> + +<p><a name = "poem_note68" id = "poem_note68" href = +"#poem_tag68">68</a> +MS. yif.</p> + +<p><a name = "poem_note69" id = "poem_note69" href = +"#poem_tag69">69</a> +A folio has here been cut out of the MS., containing 180 lines. The +missing portion must have been to this effect. “To this they gladly +assented; and Havelok, accompanied by his wife Goldeborw and the sons of +Grim, set sail for Denmark. Disembarking, they travel till they reach +the castle of a great Danish earl, named Ubbe, who had formerly been a +close friend to king Birkabeyn. Havelok begs that he will allow him to +live in that part of the country, and to gain a livelihood by +trading.”</p> +</div> + +<p class = "headnote"><span class = "headnote"> +HAVELOK GIVES UBBE A GOLD RING.</span></p> + +<p class = "sidenote"> +[Fol. 212, col. 1.]</p> +<p>“With swilk als ich byen shal:</p> +<p>Þer-of bi-seche you nou leue;</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +Havelok asks Ubbe to give him leave to buy and sell there.</p> +<p>Wile ich speke with non oþer reue,</p> +<span class = "linenum">1628</span> +<p>But with þe, þat iustise are,</p> +<p>Þat y mithe seke<i>n</i><a class = "tag" name = "poem_tag70" id = +"poem_tag70" href = "#poem_note70">70</a> mi ware</p> +<p>In gode borwes up and doun,</p> +<p>And faren ich wile fro tun to tun.”</p> +<a class = "texttag" name = "texttag1632" id = "texttag1632" href = +"#textnote1632">1632</a> +<p>A gold ring drow he forth anon,</p> +<p>An hundred pu<i>n</i>d was worth þe ston,</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +He gives Ubbe a gold ring.</p> +<p>And yaf it ubbe for to spede:—</p> +<p>He was ful wis þat first yaf mede,</p> +<span class = "linenum">1636</span> +<p>And so was hauelok ful wis here,<span class = "pagenum">45</span></p> +<a name = "page45" id = "page45"> </a> +<p class = "sidenote"> +Dearly he sells it, all the same.</p> +<p>He solde his gold ring ful dere,</p> +<p>Was neuere non so dere sold,</p> +<p>For chapme<i>n</i>, neyþer yung ne old:</p> +<span class = "linenum">1640</span> +<p>Þat sholen<a class = "tag" name = "poem_tag71" id = "poem_tag71" href += "#poem_note71">71</a> ye forthward ful wel here<i>n</i>,</p> +<p>Yif þat ye wile þe storie heren.</p> + +<div class = "footnote"> +<p><a name = "poem_note70" id = "poem_note70" href = +"#poem_tag70">70</a> +<i>Qu.</i> sellen.</p> + +<p><a name = "poem_note71" id = "poem_note71" href = +"#poem_tag71">71</a> +MS. shoren.</p> +</div> + +<p class = "headnote"><span class = "headnote"> +UBBE INVITES HAVELOK TO A FEAST.</span></p> + +<p class = "sidenote"> +Ubbe takes the ring,</p> +<p class = "section"> +Hwa<i>n</i> ubbe hauede þe gold ring,</p> +<p>Hauede he youenet for no þing,</p> +<span class = "linenum">1644</span> +<p>Nouth for þe borw euere-il del:—</p> +<p>Hauelok bi-hel he swiþe wel,</p> +<a class = "texttag ital" name = "texttag1646" id = "texttag1646" href = +"#textnote1646">1646</a> +<p class = "sidenote"> +admires Havelok’s make and strength,</p> +<p>Hw he was wel of bones maked,</p> +<p>Brod in þe sholdres, ful wel schaped,</p> +<span class = "linenum">1648</span> +<p>Þicke in þe brest, of bodi long;</p> +<p>He semede wel to ben wel strong.</p> +<p>“Deus!” hwat ubbe, “qui ne were he knith?</p> +<p>I woth, þat he is swiþe with!</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +and thinks he ought to be a knight, not a pedlar.</p> +<span class = "linenum">1652</span> +<p>Bet<i>er</i>e semede him to bere</p> +<p>Helm on heued, sheld and sp<i>er</i>e,</p> +<p>Þa<i>n</i>ne to beye and selle ware.</p> +<p>Allas! þat he shal þer-with fare.</p> +<span class = "linenum">1656</span> +<p>Goddot! wile he trowe me,</p> +<p>Chaffare shal he late be.”</p> +<p>Neþeles he seyde sone:</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +“Havelok, bring your wife, and come and eat with me.”</p> +<p>“Hauelok, haue [þou] þi bone,</p> +<span class = "linenum">1660</span> +<p>And y ful wel rede þ[e]</p> +<p>Þat þou come, and ete with me</p> +<p>To-day, þou, and þi fayre wif,</p> +<p>Þat þou louest also þi lif.</p> +<span class = "linenum">1664</span> +<p>And haue þou of hire no drede,</p> +<p>Shal hire no man shame bede.</p> +<p>Bi þe fey that y owe to þe,</p> +<p>Þerof shal i me serf-borw be.”</p> + + +<p class = "headnote"><span class = "headnote"> +UBBE TAKES A GREAT FANCY TO HAVELOK.</span></p> + +<span class = "linenum">1668</span> +<p class = "section"> +Hauelok herde þat he bad,</p> +<p>And thow was he ful sore drad,</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +[Fol. 212, col. 2.]</p> +<p>With him to ete, for hise wif;</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">46</span> +<a name = "page46" id = "page46"> </a> +<p class = "sidenote"> +Havelok fears ill may come of it.</p> +<p>For him wore leuere þat his lif</p> +<span class = "linenum">1672</span> +<p>Him wore reft, þan she i<i>n</i> blame</p> +<p>Felle, or lauthe ani shame.</p> +<p>Hwa<i>n</i>ne he hauede his wille <i>w</i>at,<a class = "tag" name = +"poem_tag72" id = "poem_tag72" href = "#poem_note72">72</a></p> +<p>Þe stede, þat he onne sat,</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +But Ubbe rides away, saying,</p> +<span class = "linenum">1676</span> +<p>Smot ubbe with spures faste,</p> +<p>And forth awey, but at þe laste,</p> +<a class = "texttag ital" name = "texttag1678" id = "texttag1678" href = +"#textnote1678">1678</a> +<p>Or he fro him ferde,</p> +<p>Seyde he, þat his folk herde:</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +“Mind that you come.”</p> +<span class = "linenum">1680</span> +<p>“Loke þat ye come<i>n</i> beþe,</p> +<p>For ich it wile, and ich it rede.”</p> + +<p class = "footnote"> +<a name = "poem_note72" id = "poem_note72" href = "#poem_tag72">72</a> +MS. <i>either</i> þat <i>or</i> ƿat.</p> + + +<p class = "headnote"><span class = "headnote"> +UBBE SENDS HAVELOK TO BERNARD.</span></p> + +<p class = "sidenote"> +Havelok dares not refuse.</p> +<p class = "section"> +Hauelok ne durste, þe he were adrad,</p> +<p>Nouth with-sitte<i>n</i> þat ubbe bad;</p> +<span class = "linenum">1684</span> +<p>His wif he dide with him lede,</p> +<p>Vn-to þe heye curt he y[e]de.<a class = "tag" name = "poem_tag73" id += "poem_tag73" href = "#poem_note73">73</a></p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +Robert the Red leads Goldborough.</p> +<p>Roberd hire ledde, þat was red,</p> +<p>Þat hau[ed]e þarned<a class = "emend" name = "poem_tag73a" id = +"poem_tag73a" href = "#poem_note73a">*</a> for hire þe ded</p> +<span class = "linenum">1688</span> +<p>Or ani hauede hire misseyd,</p> +<p>Or hand with iuele onne leyd.</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +William Wendut is on the other side of her.</p> +<p>Willam wendut was þat oþer</p> +<p>Þat hire ledde, roberdes broþer,</p> +<span class = "linenum">1692</span> +<p>Þat was with at alle nedes:</p> +<p>Wel is him þat god ma<i>n</i> fedes!</p> +<p>Þan he were<i>n</i> come<i>n</i> to þe halle,</p> +<p>Biforen ubbe, and hise me<i>n</i> alle,</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +Ubbe starts up to welcome them.</p> +<span class = "linenum">1696</span> +<p>Vbbe stirte hem ageyn,</p> +<p>And mani a knith, and mani a sweyn,</p> +<p>Hem for to se, and forto shewe;</p> +<p>Þo stod hauelok als a lowe</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +Havelok is a head taller than any of them.</p> +<span class = "linenum">1700</span> +<p>Aboven [þo] þat þer-i<i>n</i>ne wore,</p> +<p>Rith al bi þe heued more</p> +<p>Þa<i>n</i>ne ani þat þer-inne stod:</p> +<p>Þo was ubbe bliþe of mod,</p> +<span class = "linenum">1704</span> +<p>Þat he saw him so fayr and he<i>n</i>de,<span class = +"pagenum">47</span></p> +<a name = "page47" id = "page47"> </a> +<p>Fro him ne mithe his herte we<i>n</i>de,</p> +<p>Ne fro him, ne fro his wif;</p> +<p>He louede hem sone so his lif.</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +Ubbe loves Havelok better than any one else.</p> +<span class = "linenum">1708</span> +<p>Were<i>n</i> non i<i>n</i> denemark, þat him þouthe,</p> +<p>Þat he so mikel loue mouthe;</p> +<p>More he louede hauelok one,</p> +<p>Þan al denemark, bi mine wone!</p> +<span class = "linenum">1712</span> +<p>Loke nou, hw god helpen kan</p> +<p>O mani wise wif and man.</p> + +<div class = "footnote"> +<p><a name = "poem_note73" id = "poem_note73" href = +"#poem_tag73">73</a> +MS. yde.</p> + +<p class = "addition"> +<a name = "poem_note73a" id = "poem_note73a" href = "#poem_tag73a">*</a> +<i>þarned</i> is an error of the scribe for <i>þoled</i>; see the +<a href = "#gloss_Tharne">Glossary</a>.</p> +</div> + + +<p class = "section"> +Hwan it was come<i>n</i> time to ete,</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +[Fol. 212<i>b</i>, col. 1.]</p> +<p>Hise wif dede ubbe sone in fete,</p> +<span class = "linenum">1716</span> +<p>And til hire seyde, al on game<i>n</i>:</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +Ubbe’s wife is to eat with Havelok, and Goldborough with Ubbe.</p> +<p>“Dame, þou and hauelok shule<i>n</i> ete same<i>n</i>,</p> +<p>And goldeboru shal ete wit me,</p> +<p>Þat is so fayr so flour on tre;</p> +<span class = "linenum">1720</span> +<p>In al denemark nis<a class = "tag" name = "poem_tag74" id = +"poem_tag74" href = "#poem_note74">74</a> +<a class = "emend" name = "poem_tag74a" id = "poem_tag74a" href = +"#poem_note74a">*</a> wimma<i>n</i></p> +<p>So fayr so sche, bi seint iohan!”</p> +<a class = "texttag ital" name = "texttag1722" id = "texttag1722" href = +"#textnote1722">1722</a> +<p>Þa<i>n</i>ne [he] were set, and bord leyd,</p> +<p>And þe beneysun was seyd,</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +There were cranes, swans, venison, fish, and wines.</p> +<span class = "linenum">1724</span> +<p>Biforn he<i>m</i> com þe beste mete</p> +<p>Þat king or cayser wolde ete;</p> +<a class = "texttag ital" name = "texttag1726" id = "texttag1726" href = +"#textnote1726">1726</a> +<p>Kranes, swa<i>n</i>nes, ueneysun,</p> +<p>Lax, lampreys, and god sturgun,</p> +<span class = "linenum">1728</span> +<p>Pyme<i>n</i>t to drinke, and god clare,</p> +<p>Win hwit and red, ful god plente.</p> +<p>Was þer-inne no page so lite,</p> +<p>Þat euere wolde ale bite.</p> +<span class = "linenum">1732</span> +<p>Of þe mete forto tel,</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +No need to tell it all.</p> +<p>Ne of þe metes<a class = "tag" name = "poem_tag75" id = "poem_tag75" +href = "#poem_note75">75</a> bidde<a class = "emend" name = +"poem_tag75a" id = "poem_tag75a" href = "#poem_note75a">†</a> i nout +dwelle;</p> +<p>Þat is þe storie for to lenge,</p> +<p>It wolde anuye þis fayre genge.</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +When the feast is over,</p> +<a class = "texttag" name = "texttag1736" id = "texttag1736" href = +"#textnote1736">1736</a> +<p>But hwan he haueden þe kiwing<a class = "tag" name = "poem_tag76" id += "poem_tag76" href = "#poem_note76">76</a> <ins class = "edcorr" title += "changed by editor from ‘deled’">de[y]led</ins>,</p> +<p>And fele siþes hauede<i>n</i> wosseyled,</p> +<p>And with gode drinkes sete<i>n</i> longe,</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">48</span> +<a name = "page48" id = "page48"> </a> + +<p>And it was time for to gonge,</p> +<span class = "linenum">1740</span> +<p>Il man to þer he cam fro,</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +Ubbe thinks he must let them have an escort.</p> +<p>Þouthe ubbe, “yf I late hem go,</p> +<p>Þus one foure, with-uten mo,</p> +<p>So mote ich brouke finger or to,</p> +<span class = "linenum">1744</span> +<p>For þis wi<i>m</i>ma<i>n</i> bes mike wo!</p> +<p>For hire shal me<i>n</i> hire louerd slo.”</p> +<p>He tok sone knithes ten,</p> +<p>And wel sixti oþer men,</p> +<span class = "linenum">1748</span> +<p>Wit gode bowes, and with gleiues,</p> +<a class = "texttag ital" name = "texttag1749" id = "texttag1749" href = +"#textnote1749">1749</a> +<p>And sende him unto þe greyues,</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +He sends them to Bernard Brown, and bids him take care of them till next +day.</p> +<p>Þe beste ma<i>n</i> of al þe toun,</p> +<p>Þat was named b<i>er</i>nard brun;</p> +<span class = "linenum">1752</span> +<p>And bad him, als he louede his lif,</p> +<p>Hauelok wel y[e]men,<a class = "tag" name = "poem_tag77" id = +"poem_tag77" href = "#poem_note77">77</a> and his wif,</p> +<p>And wel do wayten al þe nith,</p> +<p>Til þe oþer day, þat it were lith.</p> +<span class = "linenum">1756</span> +<p>Bernard was trewe, and swiþe with,</p> +<p>In al þe borw ne was no knith</p> +<p>Þat betere couþe on stede riden,</p> +<p>Helm on heued, ne swerd bi side.</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +[Fol. 212<i>b</i>, col. 2.]</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +Bernard provides a rich supper for Havelok.</p> +<span class = "linenum">1760</span> +<p>Hauelok he gladlike under-stod,</p> +<p>With mike loue, and herte god,</p> +<p>And dide greyþe a super riche,</p> +<p>Also he was no with chinche,</p> +<span class = "linenum">1764</span> +<p>To his bihoue euer-il del,</p> +<p>Þat he mithe supe swiþe wel.</p> + +<div class = "footnote"> +<p><a name = "poem_note74" id = "poem_note74" href = +"#poem_tag74">74</a> +MS. is.</p> + +<p class = "addition"> +<a name = "poem_note74a" id = "poem_note74a" href = "#poem_tag74a">*</a> +Perhaps we should rather read—<i>is womman</i> [<i>non</i>].</p> + +<p><a name = "poem_note75" id = "poem_note75" href = +"#poem_tag75">75</a> +<i>Qu.</i> win.</p> + +<p class = "addition"> +<a name = "poem_note75a" id = "poem_note75a" href = "#poem_tag75a">†</a> +<i>Bidde</i> must mean <i>offer</i>, rather than <i>bid</i> (as in the +<a href = "#gloss_Bidd">Glossary</a>); unless it be miswritten for +<i>bide</i> = tarry.</p> + +<p><a name = "poem_note76" id = "poem_note76" href = +"#poem_tag76">76</a> +Uncertain in MS. See <a href = "#textnote1736">note</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "poem_note77" id = "poem_note77" href = +"#poem_tag77">77</a> +MS. ymen.</p> +</div> + +<p class = "headnote"><span class = "headnote"> +A GANG OF THIEVES BESET BERNARD’S HOUSE.</span></p> + +<p class = "sidenote"> +At suppertime sixty-one thieves come to the house,</p> +<p class = "section"> +Also he seten, and sholde soupe,</p> +<p>So comes a ladde in a ioupe,</p> +<span class = "linenum">1768</span> +<p>And with him sixti oþer stronge,</p> +<p>With swerdes drawen, and kniues lo<i>n</i>ge,</p> +<p>Ilkan i<i>n</i> hande a ful god gleiue,</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +and bid Bernard open the door.</p> +<p>And seyde, “undo, b<i>er</i>nard þe greyue!</p> +<span class = "linenum">1772</span> +<p>Vndo swiþe, and latus<a class = "tag" name = "poem_tag78" id = +"poem_tag78" href = "#poem_note78">78</a> in,<span class = +"pagenum">49</span></p> +<a name = "page49" id = "page49"> </a> + +<p class = "headnote"><span class = "headnote"> +THREE OF THE THIEVES ATTACK HAVELOK.</span></p> + +<p>Or þu art ded, bi seint austin!”</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +Bernard starts up, arms himself,</p> +<p>Bernard stirt up, þat was ful big,</p> +<p>And caste a brinie up-on his rig,</p> +<span class = "linenum">1776</span> +<p>And grop an ax,<a class = "tag" name = "poem_tag79" id = "poem_tag79" +href = "#poem_note79">79</a> þat was ful god,</p> +<p>Lep to þe dore, so he wore wod,</p> +<p>And seyde, “hwat are ye, þat are þer-oute,</p> +<p>Þat þus bigi<i>n</i>ne<i>n</i> forto stroute?</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +and tells them to go away.</p> +<span class = "linenum">1780</span> +<p>Goth he<i>n</i>ne swiþe, fule þeues,</p> +<p>For, bi þe louerd, þat ma<i>n</i> on leues,</p> +<p>Shol ich casten þe dore open,</p> +<p>Su<i>m</i>me of you shal ich drepen!</p> +<span class = "linenum">1784</span> +<p>And þe oþre shal ich kesten</p> +<p>In fet<i>er</i>es, and ful faste festen!”</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +They defy him.</p> +<p>“Hwat haue ye seid,” quoth a ladde,</p> +<p>“Wenestu þat we ben adradde?</p> +<span class = "linenum">1788</span> +<p>We shole at þis dore gonge</p> +<p>Maugre þin, carl, or outh longe.”</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +They break the door open with a boulder.</p> +<p>He gripe<i>n</i> sone a bulder ston,</p> +<p>And let it fleye, ful god won,</p> +<span class = "linenum">1792</span> +<p>Agen þe dore, þat it to-rof:</p> +<p>Auelok it saw, and þider drof,</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +Havelok seizes the bar of the door, and says,</p> +<p>And þe barre sone vt-drow,</p> +<p>Þat was unride, and gret ynow,</p> +<span class = "linenum">1796</span> +<p>And caste þe dore open wide,</p> +<p>And seide, “her shal y now abide:</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +“Come here to me.”</p> +<p>Comes swiþe vn-to me!<a class = "tag" name = "poem_tag80" id = +"poem_tag80" href = "#poem_note80">80</a></p> +<p>Datheyt hwo you he<i>n</i>ne fle!”</p> +<span class = "linenum">1800</span> +<p>“No,” quodh on, “þat shaltou coupe,”</p> +<p>And bigan til him to loupe,</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +Three men attack Havelok.</p> +<p>In his hond is swerd ut-drawe,</p> +<p>Hauelok he wende þore haue slawe;</p> +<span class = "linenum">1804</span> +<p>And with [him] comen oþer two,</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +[Fol. 213, col. 1.]</p> +<p>Þat him wolde of liue haue do.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">50</span> +<a name = "page50" id = "page50"> </a> + +<p class = "headnote"><span class = "headnote"> +HAVELOK SLAYS SEVEN OF THE THIEVES.</span></p> + +<a class = "texttag ital" name = "texttag1806" id = "texttag1806" href = +"#textnote1806">1806</a> +<p>Hauelok lifte up þe dore-tre,</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +He kills them all.</p> +<p>And at a dint he slow he<i>m</i> þre;</p> +<span class = "linenum">1808</span> +<p>Was non of hem þat his h<i>er</i>nes</p> +<p>Ne lay þer-ute ageyn þe sternes.</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +A fourth he knocks down with a blow on the head.</p> +<p>Þe ferþe þat he siþen mette,</p> +<p>Wit þe barre so he him grette,</p> +<span class = "linenum">1812</span> +<p>Bifor þe heued, þat þe rith eye</p> +<p>Vt of þe hole made he fleye,</p> +<p>And siþe clapte him on þe crune,</p> +<p>So þat he stan-ded fel þor dune.</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +A fifth he hits between the shoulders.</p> +<span class = "linenum">1816</span> +<p>Þe fifte þat he ouer-tok,</p> +<p>Gaf he a ful sor dint[e] ok,</p> +<p>Bitwen þe sholdres, þer he stod,</p> +<p>Þat he spen his herte blod.</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +A sixth he smites on the neck.</p> +<span class = "linenum">1820</span> +<p>Þe sixte wende for to fle,</p> +<p>And he clapte him with þe tre</p> +<p>Rith in þe fule necke so,</p> +<p>Þat he smot hise necke on to.</p> +<span class = "linenum">1824</span> +<p>Þa<i>n</i>ne þe sixe weren doun feld,</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +A seventh aims at Havelok’s eye.</p> +<p>Þe seuenþe brayd ut his swerd,</p> +<a class = "texttag ital" name = "texttag1826" id = "texttag1826" href = +"#textnote1826">1826</a> +<p>And wolde hauelok Riht i<i>n</i> the eye;</p> +<p>And haue<i>lok</i> le[t þe]<a class = "tag" name = "poem_tag81" id = +"poem_tag81" href = "#poem_note81">81</a> barre fleye,</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +Havelok kills him.</p> +<span class = "linenum">1828</span> +<p>And smot him sone ageyn þe brest,</p> +<p>Þat hauede he neu<i>er</i>e sch[r]ifte of p<i>re</i>st;</p> +<p>For he was ded on lesse hwile,</p> +<p>Þan me<i>n</i> mouthe re<i>n</i>ne a mile.</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +The rest divide into two parties,</p> +<span class = "linenum">1832</span> +<p>Alle þe oþere were<i>n</i> ful kene,</p> +<p>A red þei taken hem bi-twene,</p> +<p>þat he sholde him bi-halue,</p> +<p>And brise<i>n</i> so, þat wit no salue</p> +<span class = "linenum">1836</span> +<p>Ne sholde him helen leche non:</p> +<p>Þey drowen ut swerdes, ful god won,</p> +<a class = "texttag ital" name = "texttag1838" id = "texttag1838" href = +"#textnote1838">1838</a> +<p class = "sidenote"> +and rush at him like dogs at a bear.</p> +<p>And shoten on him, so don on bere</p> +<p>Dogges, þat wolden him to-tere,</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">51</span> +<a name = "page51" id = "page51"> </a> +<span class = "linenum">1840</span> +<p>Þa<i>n</i>ne men doth þe bere beyte:</p> +<p>Þe laddes were kaske and teyte,</p> +<p>And vn-bi-yeden him ilkon,</p> +<p>Su<i>m</i> smot with tre, and su<i>m</i> wit ston;</p> +<span class = "linenum">1844</span> +<p>Su<i>m</i>me putte<i>n</i> with gleyue, i<i>n</i> bac and side,</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +They wound Havelok in twenty places.</p> +<p>And yeue<i>n</i> wundes longe and wide;</p> +<p>In twenti stedes, and wel mo,</p> +<p>Fro þe croune til the to.</p> +<span class = "linenum">1848</span> +<p>Hwan he saw þat, he was wod,</p> +<p>And was it ferlik hw he stod,</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +[Fol. 213, col. 2.]</p> +<p>For the blod ran of his sides</p> +<p>So water þat fro þe welle glides;</p> +<span class = "linenum">1852</span> +<p>But þa<i>n</i>ne bigan he for to mowe</p> +<p>With the barre, and let hem shewe,</p> +<p>Hw he cowþe sore smite,</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +He at last succeeds in killing twenty of them.</p> +<p>For was þer non, long ne lite,</p> +<span class = "linenum">1856</span> +<p>Þat he Mouthe ouer-take,</p> +<p>Þat he ne garte his croune krake;</p> +<p>So þat on a litel stund,</p> +<p>Felde he twenti to þe grund.</p> + +<div class = "footnote"> +<p><a name = "poem_note78" id = "poem_note78" href = +"#poem_tag78">78</a> +<i>Sic</i> in MS.</p> + +<p><a name = "poem_note79" id = "poem_note79" href = +"#poem_tag79">79</a> +MS. ar; <i>but see</i> l. 1894.</p> + +<p><a name = "poem_note80" id = "poem_note80" href = +"#poem_tag80">80</a> +MS. vnto me datheit,—evidently the repetition of the first word in +the succeeding line.</p> + +<p><a name = "poem_note81" id = "poem_note81" href = +"#poem_tag81">81</a> +<i>Qu.</i> Hauelok let the. MS. “haue le.”</p> +</div> + +<p class = "headnote"><span class = "headnote"> +THE THIEVES SHOOT AT HIM FROM A DISTANCE.</span></p> + +<span class = "linenum">1860</span> +<p class = "section"> +Þo bigan gret dine to rise,</p> +<p>For þe laddes on ilke wise</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +They throw stones at him.</p> +<p>Him asaylede<i>n</i> wit grete dintes,</p> +<p>Fro fer he stoden, him with flintes</p> +<span class = "linenum">1864</span> +<p>And gleyues schote<i>n</i> him fro ferne,</p> +<p>For drepen him he wolden yerne;</p> +<p>But durste<i>n</i> he newhe<i>n</i> him no more,</p> +<p>Þa<i>n</i>ne he bor or leu<i>n</i> wore.</p> + + +<p class = "headnote"><span class = "headnote"> +HUGH AND THE REST COME TO THE RESCUE.</span></p> + +<p class = "sidenote"> +Hugh Raven hears the noise,</p> +<span class = "linenum">1868</span> +<p class = "section"> +Huwe raue<i>n</i> þat dine herde,</p> +<p>And þowthe wel, þat me<i>n</i> mis-ferde</p> +<p>With his louerd, for his wif,</p> +<p>And grop an ore, and a long knif,</p> +<span class = "linenum">1872</span> +<p>And þider drof al so an hert,</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +and comes to help.</p> +<p>And cham þer on a litel stert,</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">52</span> +<a name = "page52" id = "page52"> </a> +<p>And saw how þe laddes wode</p> +<p>Hauelok his louerd umbistode,</p> +<span class = "linenum">1876</span> +<p>And bete<i>n</i> on him so doth þe smith</p> +<p>With þe hamer on þe stith.</p> + + +<p class = "section"> +“Allas!” hwat hwe, “þat y was bore<i>n</i>!</p> +<p>Þat eu<i>er</i>e et ich bred of koren!</p> +<span class = "linenum">1880</span> +<p>Þat ich here þis sorwe se!</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +Hugh calls out to Robert and William.</p> +<p>Roberd! willam! hware ar ye?</p> +<p>Gripeth eþer unker a god tre,</p> +<p>And late we nouth þise doges fle,</p> +<span class = "linenum">1884</span> +<p>Til ure louerd wreke [we];</p> +<p>Cometh swiþe, and folwes me!</p> +<p>Ich haue in honde a ful god ore:</p> +<p>Datheit wo ne smite sore!”</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +Robert comes to the rescue,</p> +<span class = "linenum">1888</span> +<p>“Ya! leue, ya!” quod roberd sone,</p> +<p>“We haue<i>n</i> ful god lith of þe mone.”</p> +<p>Roberd grop a staf, strong and gret,</p> +<p>Þat mouthe ful wel bere a net,</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +and William too, and Bernard.</p> +<span class = "linenum">1892</span> +<p>And willam wendut grop a tre</p> +<p>Mikel grettere þan his þe,<a class = "tag" name = "poem_tag82" id = +"poem_tag82" href = "#poem_note82">82</a></p> +<p>And b<i>er</i>nard held his ax ful faste;</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +[Fol. 213<i>b</i>, col. 1.]</p> +<p>I seye, was he nouth þe laste;</p> +<span class = "linenum">1896</span> +<p>And lopen forth so he weren wode</p> +<p>To þe laddes, þer he stode,</p> +<p>And yaf hem wundes swiþe grete;</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +They fight with the thieves.</p> +<p>Þer mithe men wel se boyes bete,</p> +<span class = "linenum">1900</span> +<p>And ribbes in here sides breke,</p> +<p>And hauelok on hem wel wreke.</p> +<p>He broken armes, he broken knes,</p> +<p>He broken shankes, he broke<i>n</i> thes.</p> +<span class = "linenum">1904</span> +<p>He dide þe blode þere re<i>n</i>ne dune</p> +<p>To þe fet rith fro the crune,</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +No head was spared.</p> +<p>For was þer spared heued non:</p> +<p>He leyden on heuedes, ful god won,</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">53</span> +<a name = "page53" id = "page53"> </a> +<span class = "linenum">1908</span> +<p>And made croune[s] breke and crake,</p> +<p>Of þe broune, and of þe blake;</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +He made their backs as soft as their bellies.</p> +<p>He made<i>n</i> here backes al so bloute</p> +<p>Als h[<i>er</i>]e<a class = "tag" name = "poem_tag83" id = +"poem_tag83" href = "#poem_note83">83</a> wombes, and made he<i>m</i> +rowte</p> +<span class = "linenum">1912</span> +<p>Als he weren kradelbarnes:</p> +<p>So dos þe child þat moder þarnes.</p> + +<div class = "footnote"> +<p><a name = "poem_note82" id = "poem_note82" href = +"#poem_tag82">82</a> +MS. þre, <i>the <b>r</b> being caught from the word above.</i> Cf. +l. 1903.</p> + +<p><a name = "poem_note83" id = "poem_note83" href = +"#poem_tag83">83</a> +<i>Qu.</i> here. MS. he.</p> +</div> + +<p class = "headnote"><span class = "headnote"> +ALL THE SIXTY THIEVES ARE SLAIN.</span></p> + +<a class = "texttag ital" name = "texttag1914" id = "texttag1914" href = +"#textnote1914">1914</a> +<p class = "section"> +Daþeit <i>w</i>o<a class = "tag" name = "poem_tag84" id = "poem_tag84" +href = "#poem_note84">84</a> recke! for he it s<i>er</i>uede,</p> +<p>Hwat dide he þore were<i>n</i> he werewed;</p> +<span class = "linenum">1916</span> +<p>So longe hauede<i>n</i> he but and bet</p> +<p>With neues under hernes set,</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +All sixty assailants are slain.</p> +<p>Þat of þo sixti men and on</p> +<p>Ne wente þer awey liues non.</p> + +<p class = "footnote"> +<a name = "poem_note84" id = "poem_note84" href = "#poem_tag84">84</a> +MS. “ƿe,” clearly miswritten for “ƿo” or “wo.” See ll. 2047, 296, 300, +&c.</p> + + +<p class = "headnote"><span class = "headnote"> +UBBE ASKS BERNARD WHAT HAS HAPPENED.</span></p> + +<p class = "sidenote"> +At morn, there they lay like dogs.</p> +<span class = "linenum">1920</span> +<p class = "section"> +ON þe morwe<i>n</i>, h<i>w</i>an<a class = "tag" name = "poem_tag85" id += "poem_tag85" href = "#poem_note85">85</a> it was day,</p> +<p>Ilc on other wirwed lay,</p> +<p>Als it were dogges þat were<i>n</i> he<i>n</i>ged,</p> +<p>And su<i>m</i>me leye i<i>n</i> dikes slenget,</p> +<span class = "linenum">1924</span> +<p>And su<i>m</i>me in gripes bi þe her</p> +<p>Drawen ware, and lat<i>en</i> ther.</p> +<a class = "texttag ital" name = "texttag1926" id = "texttag1926" href = +"#textnote1926">1926</a> +<p>Sket cam tiding intil ubbe,</p> +<p>Þat hauelok hauede with a clubbe</p> +<span class = "linenum">1928</span> +<p>Of hise slawen sixti and on</p> +<p>Sergaunz, þe beste þat mithe<i>n</i> gon.</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +Ubbe comes to see what is the matter.</p> +<p>“Deus!” quoth ubbe, “hwat may þis be!</p> +<p>Bet<i>er</i>e his i nime<a class = "tag" name = "poem_tag86" id = +"poem_tag86" href = "#poem_note86">86</a> miself and se,</p> +<a class = "texttag" name = "texttag1932" id = "texttag1932" href = +"#textnote1932">1932</a> +<p>Þat þis baret on hwat is wold,</p> +<p>Þa<i>n</i>ne i sende yunge or old.</p> +<p>For yif i sende him un-to,</p> +<p>I wene me<i>n</i> sholde him shame do,</p> +<span class = "linenum">1936</span> +<p>And þat ne wolde ich for no þing:<span class = +"pagenum">54</span></p> +<a name = "page54" id = "page54"> </a> +<p>I loue him wel, bi heuene king!</p> +<p>Me wore leuere i wore lame,</p> +<p>Þa<i>n</i>ne men dide him ani shame,</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +[Fol. 213<i>b</i>, col. 2.]</p> +<span class = "linenum">1940</span> +<p>Or tok, or onne handes leyde,</p> +<p>Vn-ornelike,<a class = "tag" name = "poem_tag87" id = "poem_tag87" +href = "#poem_note87">87</a> or same seyde.”</p> +<p>He lep up on a stede lith,</p> +<p>And with him mani a noble knith,</p> +<span class = "linenum">1944</span> +<p>And ferde forth un-to þe tun,</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +He calls for Bernard Brown.</p> +<p>And dide calle b<i>er</i>nard brun</p> +<p>Vt of his hus, wan he þer cam;</p> +<p>And b<i>er</i>nard sone ageyn [him] nam,</p> +<span class = "linenum">1948</span> +<p>Al to-tused and al to-torn,</p> +<p>Ner also naked so he was born,</p> +<p>And al to-brised, bac and þe:</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +Ubbe asks who has beaten him about so?</p> +<p>Quoth ubbe, “b<i>er</i>nard, hwat is þe?</p> +<span class = "linenum">1952</span> +<p>Hwo haues þe þus ille maked,</p> +<p>Þus to-riue<i>n</i>, and al mad naked?”</p> + +<div class = "footnote"> +<p><a name = "poem_note85" id = "poem_note85" href = +"#poem_tag85">85</a> +MS. “hhan,” miswritten for “hƿan,” from which it differs very +slightly.</p> + +<p><a name = "poem_note86" id = "poem_note86" href = +"#poem_tag86">86</a> +MS. inime.</p> + +<p><a name = "poem_note87" id = "poem_note87" href = +"#poem_tag87">87</a> +MS. Vn ornelſke; <i>but <b>ſ</b> should certainly be</i> i.</p> +</div> + +<p class = "headnote"><span class = "headnote"> +BERNARD RELATES HAVELOK’S PROWESS.</span></p> + +<p class = "section"> +“Louerd,<a class = "tag" name = "poem_tag88" id = "poem_tag88" href = +"#poem_note88">88</a> m<i>er</i>ci,” quot he sone,</p> +<p>“To-nicht also ros þe mone</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +“Sixty thieves attacked me last night.</p> +<span class = "linenum">1956</span> +<p>Come<i>n</i> her mo þan sixti þeues,</p> +<p>With lokene copes, and wide sleues,</p> +<p>Me forto robben, and to pine,</p> +<p>And for to drepe me and mine.</p> +<span class = "linenum">1960</span> +<p>Mi dore he broken up ful sket,</p> +<p>And wolde me binden hond and fet.</p> +<p>Wan þe godeme<i>n</i> þat sawe,</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +Havelok and his friends drove them off.</p> +<p>Hauelok, and he þat bi þe wowe</p> +<span class = "linenum">1964</span> +<p>Leye, he stirte<i>n</i> up sone on-on,</p> +<p>And su<i>m</i>me grop tre, and su<i>m</i> grop ston,</p> +<p>And driue he<i>m</i> ut, þei he were<i>n</i> crus,</p> +<p>So dogges ut of milne-hous.</p> +<span class = "linenum">1968</span> +<p>Hauelok grop þe dore-tre,</p> +<p>And [at] a dint he slow he<i>m</i> thre.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">55</span> +<a name = "page55" id = "page55"> </a> +<p>He is þe beste ma<i>n</i> at nede,</p> +<p>Þat eu<i>er</i>e mar shal ride stede!</p> +<span class = "linenum">1972</span> +<p>Als helpe god, bi mine wone,</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +He is worth a thousand men.</p> +<p>A þhousend of me<i>n</i> his he worth one!</p> +<p>Yif he ne were, ich were nou ded,</p> +<p>So haue ich don Mi soule red;</p> +<span class = "linenum">1976</span> +<p>But it is hof him mikel sinne;</p> +<p>He made<i>n</i> him swilke woundes þri<i>n</i>ne,</p> +<p>Þat of þe alþer-leste wounde</p> +<p>Were a stede brouht to grunde.</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +He has some bad wounds, more than twenty.</p> +<span class = "linenum">1980</span> +<p>He haues a wunde i<i>n</i> the side,</p> +<p>With a gleyue, ful un-ride,</p> +<p>And he haues on þoru his arum,</p> +<p>Þer-of is ful mikel haru<i>m</i>,</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +[Fol. 214, col. 1.]</p> +<span class = "linenum">1984</span> +<p>And he haues on þoru his þhe,</p> +<p>Þe vn-rideste þat men may se,</p> +<p>And oþe[r] wundes haues he stro<i>n</i>ge,</p> +<p>Mo than twenti swiþe longe.</p> +<span class = "linenum">1988</span> +<p>But siþen he hauede lauth þe sor</p> +<p>Of þe wundes, was neuere bor</p> +<p>Þat so fauth so he fauth þa<i>n</i>ne;</p> +<p>Was non þat hauede þe hern-panne</p> +<span class = "linenum">1992</span> +<p>So hard, þat he ne dede alto-cruhsse,</p> +<p>And alto-shiuere, and alto-frusshe.</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +He followed them like a dog does a hare.</p> +<p>He folwede he<i>m</i> so hund dos hare,</p> +<p>Daþeyt on he wolde spare,</p> +<span class = "linenum">1996</span> +<p>Þat [he] ne made he<i>m</i> euerilk on</p> +<p>Ligge stille so doth þe ston:</p> +<p>And þer nis he nouth to frie,</p> +<p>For oþer sholde he make hem lye</p> +<span class = "linenum">2000</span> +<p>Ded, or þei him hauede slawen,</p> +<p>Or alto-hewen, or al-to-drawen.</p> + +<p class = "footnote"> +<a name = "poem_note88" id = "poem_note88" href = "#poem_tag88">88</a> +MS. Iouerd.</p> + + +<p class = "section"> +Louerd, haui no more plith</p> +<p>Of þat ich was þus greþed to-nith.</p> +<span class = "linenum">2004</span> +<p>Þus wolde þe theues me haue reft,<span class = +"pagenum">56</span></p> +<a name = "page56" id = "page56"> </a> +<p>But god-þank, he hauenet sure keft.</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +But I fear Havelok is all but dead.”</p> +<p>But it is of him mikel scaþe:</p> +<p>I woth þat he bes ded ful raþe.”</p> + + +<p class = "headnote"><span class = "headnote"> +THE OTHERS CONFIRM BERNARD’S STORY.</span></p> + +<span class = "linenum">2008</span> +<p class = "section"> +Quoth ubbe, “b<i>er</i>nard, seyst þou soth?”</p> +<p>“Ya, sire, that i ne<a class = "tag" name = "poem_tag89" id = +"poem_tag89" href = "#poem_note89">89</a> lepe oth.</p> +<p>Yif y, louerd, a word leye,</p> +<p>To-morwen do me hengen heye.”</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +The rest confirm Bernard’s story.</p> +<span class = "linenum">2012</span> +<p>Þe burgeys þat þer-bi stode þore,</p> +<p>Grundlike and grete oþes swore,</p> +<p>Litle and mikle, yunge and holde,</p> +<p>Þat was soth, þat b<i>er</i>nard tolde.</p> +<span class = "linenum">2016</span> +<p>Soth was, þat he wolde<i>n</i> him bynde,</p> +<p>And trusse al þat he mithen fynde</p> +<p>Of hise, in arke or in kiste,</p> +<p>Þat he mouthe i<i>n</i> seckes þriste.</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +“The thieves wanted to steal all he had.</p> +<span class = "linenum">2020</span> +<p>“Louerd, he hauede<i>n</i> al awey born</p> +<p>His þing, and him-self alto-torn,</p> +<p>But als god self barw him wel,</p> +<p>Þat he ne tinte no catel.</p> +<span class = "linenum">2024</span> +<p>Hwo mithe so mani sto<i>n</i>de ageyn,</p> +<p>Bi nither-tale, knith or swein?</p> +<p>He were<i>n</i> bi tale sixti and ten,</p> +<p>Starke laddes, stalworþi men,</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +They were led on by one G[r]iffin Gall.”</p> +<span class = "linenum">2028</span> +<p>And on, þe mayster of he<i>m</i> alle,</p> +<p>Þat was þe name giffin<a class = "tag" name = "poem_tag90" id = +"poem_tag90" href = "#poem_note90">90</a> galle.</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +[Fol. 214, col. 2.]</p> +<p>Hwo mouthe agey[<i>n</i>]<a class = "tag" name = "poem_tag91" id = +"poem_tag91" href = "#poem_note91">91</a> so mani sto<i>n</i>de,</p> +<p>But als þis ma<i>n</i> of f<i>er</i>ne londe</p> +<span class = "linenum">2032</span> +<p>Haueth he<i>m</i> slawe<i>n</i> with a tre?</p> +<p>Mikel ioie haue he!</p> +<p>God yeue him mikel god to welde,</p> +<p>Boþe in tun, and ek in felde!</p> +<span class = "linenum">2036</span> +<p>We[l]<a class = "tag" name = "poem_tag92" id = "poem_tag92" href = +"#poem_note92">92</a> is set he etes mete.”</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +Ubbe sends for Havelok,</p> +<p>Quoth ubbe, “doth him swiþe fete,</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">57</span> +<a name = "page57" id = "page57"> </a> +<p>Þat y mouthe his woundes se,</p> +<p>Yf that he mouthe<i>n</i> heled<a class = "tag" name = "poem_tag93" +id = "poem_tag93" href = "#poem_note93">93</a> be.</p> +<span class = "linenum">2040</span> +<p>For yf he mouthe couere yet,</p> +<p>And gange<i>n</i> wel up-on hise fet,</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +to dub him knight.</p> +<p>Mi-self shal dubbe him to knith,</p> +<p>For-þi þat he is so with.</p> +<span class = "linenum">2044</span> +<p>And yif he liuede, þo foule theues,</p> +<a class = "texttag ital" name = "texttag2045" id = "texttag2045" href = +"#textnote2045">2045</a> +<p>Þat were<i>n</i> of kaym kin and eues,</p> +<p>He sholden hange bi þe necke;</p> +<p>Of here ded daþeit wo recke,</p> +<span class = "linenum">2048</span> +<p>Hwan he yeden þus on nithes</p> +<p>To binde boþe burgme<i>n</i> and knithes.</p> +<p>For bynderes loue ich neuere mo,</p> +<p>Of hem ne yeue ich nouht a slo.”</p> + +<div class = "footnote"> +<p><a name = "poem_note89" id = "poem_note89" href = +"#poem_tag89">89</a> +MS. ine.</p> + +<p><a name = "poem_note90" id = "poem_note90" href = +"#poem_tag90">90</a> +<i>Qu.</i> griffin.</p> + +<p><a name = "poem_note91" id = "poem_note91" href = +"#poem_tag91">91</a> +MS. agey.</p> + +<p><a name = "poem_note92" id = "poem_note92" href = +"#poem_tag92">92</a> +Cf. ll. 772, 907.</p> + +<p><a name = "poem_note93" id = "poem_note93" href = +"#poem_tag93">93</a> +MS. holed. See l. 2058.</p> +</div> + +<p class = "headnote"><span class = "headnote"> +UBBE SENDS FOR HAVELOK AND TAKES HIM TO HIS CASTLE.</span></p> + +<p class = "sidenote"> +Havelok is brought before Ubbe.</p> +<span class = "linenum">2052</span> +<p class = "section"> +Hauelok was bifore ubbe browth,</p> +<p>Þat hauede for him ful mikel þouth,</p> +<p>And mikel sorwe in his herte</p> +<p>For hise wundes, þat we[r] so smerte.</p> + + +<span class = "linenum">2056</span> +<p class = "section"> +But hwa<i>n</i> his wundes were<i>n</i> shewed,</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +A leech says he can be healed.</p> +<p>And a leche hauede knawed,</p> +<p>Þat he hem mouthe ful wel hele,</p> +<p>Wel make him gange, and ful wel mele,</p> +<span class = "linenum">2060</span> +<p>And wel a palefrey bistride,</p> +<p>And wel up-on a stede ride,</p> +<p>Þo let ubbe al his care</p> +<p>And al his sorwe ouer-fare;</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +Ubbe invites him and Goldborough to his own castle.</p> +<span class = "linenum">2064</span> +<p>And seyde, “cu<i>m</i> now forth with me,</p> +<p>And goldeboru, þi wif, with þe,</p> +<p>And þine seriaunz al þre,</p> +<p>For nou wile y youre warant be;</p> +<span class = "linenum">2068</span> +<p>Wile y non of here frend</p> +<p>Þat þu slowe with þin hend</p> +<p>Moucte wayte þe [to] slo,</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">58</span> +<a name = "page58" id = "page58"> </a> +<p>Also þou gange to and fro.</p> +<span class = "linenum">2072</span> +<p>I shal lene þe a bowr,</p> +<p>Þat is up in þe heye tour,</p> +<p>Til þou mowe ful wel go,</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +[Fol. 214<i>b</i>, col. 1.]</p> +<p>And wel ben hol of al þi wo.</p> +<a class = "texttag" name = "texttag2076" id = "texttag2076" href = +"#textnote2076">2076</a> +<p>It ne shal no þing be<i>n</i> bitwene</p> +<p>Þi bour and min, also y wene,</p> +<p>But a fayr firrene wowe;—</p> +<p>Speke y loude, or spek y lowe,</p> +<span class = "linenum">2080</span> +<p>Þou shalt<a class = "tag" name = "poem_tag94" id = "poem_tag94" href += "#poem_note94">94</a> ful wel heren me,</p> +<p>And þan þu wilt, þou shalt me se.</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +He promises to protect Goldborough.</p> +<p>A rof shal hile us boþe o-nith,</p> +<p>Þat none of mine, clerk ne knith,</p> +<span class = "linenum">2084</span> +<p>Ne sholen þi wif no shame bede,</p> +<p>No more þan min, so god me rede!”</p> + +<p class = "footnote"> +<a name = "poem_note94" id = "poem_note94" href = "#poem_tag94">94</a> +MS. sahalt; <i>and the second a is expuncted by mistake, instead of the +first</i>.</p> + + +<p class = "headnote"><span class = "headnote"> +UBBE SEES THE MIRACULOUS LIGHT   WHICH ISSUES FROM HAVELOK’S +MOUTH.</span></p> + +<p class = "section"> +HE dide un-to þe borw bringe</p> +<p>Sone anon, al with ioynge,</p> +<span class = "linenum">2088</span> +<p>His wif, and his serganz þre,</p> +<p>Þe beste men þat mouthe be.</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +The first night, about midnight,</p> +<p>Þe firste nith he lay þer-inne,</p> +<p>Hise wif, and his serganz þrinne,</p> +<a class = "texttag" name = "texttag2092" id = "texttag2092" href = +"#textnote2092">2092</a> +<p>Aboute þe middel of þe nith</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +Ubbe wakes and sees a great light.</p> +<p>Wok ubbe, and saw a mikel lith</p> +<p>In þe bour þat hauelok lay,</p> +<p>Also brith so it were day.</p> + + +<p class = "sidenote"> +Ubbe says he must go and see what it means.</p> +<span class = "linenum">2096</span> +<p class = "section"> +“Deus!” quoth ubbe, “hwat may þis be?</p> +<p>Bet<i>er</i>e is i go miself, and se:</p> +<p>Hweþer he sitte<i>n</i> nou, and wesseyle<i>n</i>,</p> +<p>Or of ani shotshipe to-deyle,</p> +<span class = "linenum">2100</span> +<p>Þis tid nithes, also foles;</p> +<p>Þan birþe men caste<i>n</i> hem i<i>n</i> poles,</p> +<p>Or in a grip, or in þe fen:</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">59</span> +<a name = "page59" id = "page59"> </a> +<p>Nou ne sitten none but wicke men,</p> +<span class = "linenum">2104</span> +<p>Glotuns, reu[e]res, or wicke þeues,</p> +<p>Bi c<i>ri</i>st, þat alle folk onne leues!”</p> + + +<p class = "sidenote"> +He peeps in, and sees them all asleep.</p> +<p class = "section"> +He stod, and totede i<i>n</i> at a bord,</p> +<p>Her he spak anilepi word,</p> +<span class = "linenum">2108</span> +<p>And saw hem slepen faste ilkon,</p> +<p>And lye stille so þe ston;</p> +<p>And saw al þat mikel lith</p> +<p>Fro hauelok cam, þat was so brith.</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +The light issues from Havelok’s mouth.</p> +<span class = "linenum">2112</span> +<p>Of his mouth it com il del,</p> +<p>Þat was he war ful swiþe wel.</p> +<p>“Deus!” quoth he, “hwat may þis mene!”</p> +<p>He calde boþe arwe me<i>n</i> and kene,</p> +<span class = "linenum">2116</span> +<p>Knithes, and serganz swiþe sleie,</p> +<p>Mo þan an hundred, with-ute<i>n</i> leye,</p> +<p>And bad hem alle come<i>n</i> and se,</p> +<p>Hwat þat selcuth mithe be.</p> + + +<p class = "headnote"><span class = "headnote"> +THE LIGHT SHOWS THAT HAVELOK IS THE HEIR.</span></p> + +<p class = "sidenote"> +[Fol. 214<i>b</i>, col. 2.]</p> +<span class = "linenum">2120</span> +<p class = "section"> +Als þe knithes were come<i>n</i> alle,</p> +<p>Þer hauelok lay, ut of þe halle,</p> +<p>So stod ut of his mouth a glem,</p> +<p>Rith al swilk so þe sunne-bem;</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +The light is like that of 107 candles.</p> +<span class = "linenum">2124</span> +<p>Þat al so lith wa[s] þare, bi heuene!</p> +<p>So þer brenden serges seuene,</p> +<p>And an hundred serges ok:</p> +<p>Þat durste hi sweren on a bok.</p> +<span class = "linenum">2128</span> +<p>He slepen faste alle fiue,</p> +<p>So he weren brouth of liue;</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +Havelok and Goldborough are fast asleep.</p> +<p>And hauelok lay on his lift side,</p> +<p>In his armes his brithe bride.</p> +<a class = "texttag" name = "texttag2132" id = "texttag2132" href = +"#textnote2132">2132</a> +<p>Bi þe pappes he leyen naked:</p> +<p>So faire two weren neuere maked</p> +<p>In a bed to lyen samen:—</p> +<p>Þe knithes þouth of hem god game<i>n</i>,</p> +<span class = "linenum">2136</span> +<p>Hem forto shewe, and loken to.<span class = "pagenum">60</span></p> +<a name = "page60" id = "page60"> </a> +<p>Rith also he stode<i>n</i> alle so,</p> +<p>And his bac was toward he<i>m</i> we<i>n</i>d,</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +They see a bright cross on his back, denoting kingship.</p> +<p>So were<i>n</i> he war of a croiz ful gent,</p> +<span class = "linenum">2140</span> +<p>On his rith shuldre sw[iþ]e<a class = "tag" name = "poem_tag95" id = +"poem_tag95" href = "#poem_note95">95</a> brith,</p> +<p>Brithter þan gold ageyn þe lith.</p> +<p>So þat he wiste heye and lowe,</p> +<p>Þat it was kunrik þat he sawe.</p> +<span class = "linenum">2144</span> +<p>It sparkede, and ful brith shon,</p> +<p>So doth þe gode charbucle ston,</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +It was light enough to choose a penny by.</p> +<p>Þat men Mouthe se by þe lith,</p> +<p>A peni chesen, so was it brith.</p> +<span class = "linenum">2148</span> +<p>Þa<i>n</i>ne bihelden he him faste,</p> +<p>So þat he knewe<i>n</i> at þe laste,</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +They know he is Birkabeyn’s son and heir.</p> +<p>Þat he was birkabeynes sone,</p> +<p>Þat was here king, þat was he<i>m</i> wone</p> +<span class = "linenum">2152</span> +<p>Wel to yeme, and wel were</p> +<p>Ageynes uten-laddes here.</p> +<p>“For it was neuere yet a broþer</p> +<p>In al denemark so lich anoþer,</p> +<span class = "linenum">2156</span> +<p>So þis man þat is so fayr</p> +<p>Als birkabeyn, he is hise eyr.”</p> + +<p class = "footnote"> +<a name = "poem_note95" id = "poem_note95" href = "#poem_tag95">95</a> +MS. swe, <i>for</i> swiþe. Cf. l. 1252.</p> + + +<p class = "section"> +He fellen sone at hise fet,</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +They weep for joy.</p> +<p>Was non of hem þat he ne gret,</p> +<span class = "linenum">2160</span> +<p>Of ioie he weren alle so fawen,</p> +<p>So he him haueden of erþe drawe<i>n</i>.</p> +<p>Hise fet he kisten an hundred syþes,</p> +<p>Þe tos, þe nayles, and þe lithes,</p> +<span class = "linenum">2164</span> +<p>So þat he bigan to wakne,<a class = "tag" name = "poem_tag96" id = +"poem_tag96" href = "#poem_note96">96</a></p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +[Fol. 215, col. 1.]</p> +<p>And wit he<i>m</i> ful sore to blakne,</p> +<p>For he wende he wolde<i>n</i> him slo,</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +Havelok wakes.</p> +<p>Or elles binde him, and do wo.</p> + +<p class = "footnote"> +<a name = "poem_note96" id = "poem_note96" href = "#poem_tag96">96</a> +Here follows the catchword— “And wit hem.”</p> + + +<p class = "headnote"><span class = "headnote"> +UBBE SAYS HAVELOK SHALL BE KING.</span></p> + +<span class = "linenum">2168</span> +<p class = "section"> +Quoth ubbe, “louerd, ne dred þe nowth,</p> +<p>Me þinkes that I se þi þouth.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">61</span> +<a name = "page61" id = "page61"> </a> +<p class = "sidenote"> +Ubbe offers homage to him,</p> +<p>Dere sone, wel is me,</p> +<p>Þat y þe with eyn[e]<a class = "tag" name = "poem_tag97" id = +"poem_tag97" href = "#poem_note97">97</a> se.</p> +<span class = "linenum">2172</span> +<p>Man-red, louerd, bede y þe,</p> +<p>Þi man auht i ful wel to be,</p> +<p>For þu art come<i>n</i> of birkabeyn,</p> +<p>Þat hauede mani knith and sweyn;</p> +<span class = "linenum">2176</span> +<p>And so shalt þou, louerd, haue,</p> +<p>Þou þu be yet a ful yung knaue.</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +and says he shall be king of Denmark.</p> +<p>Þou shalt be king of al denemark,</p> +<p>Was þer-inne neu<i>er</i>e non so stark.</p> +<span class = "linenum">2180</span> +<p>To-morwen shaltu manrede take</p> +<p>Of þe brune and of þe blake;</p> +<p>Of alle þat aren in þis tun,</p> +<p>Boþe of erl, and of barun,</p> +<span class = "linenum">2184</span> +<p>And of dreng, and of thayn,</p> +<p>And of knith, and of sweyn.</p> +<p>And so shaltu ben mad knith</p> +<p>Wit blisse, for þou art so with.”</p> + +<p class = "footnote"> +<a name = "poem_note97" id = "poem_note97" href = "#poem_tag97">97</a> +We find <i>eyne</i> in ll. 680, 1273, &c.</p> + + +<p class = "sidenote"> +Havelok is blithe, and thanks God.</p> +<span class = "linenum">2188</span> +<p class = "section"> +Þo was hauelok swiþe bliþe,</p> +<p>And þankede God ful fele siþe.</p> +<p>On þe morwen, wan it was lith,</p> +<p>And gon was þist<i>er</i>nesse of þe nith,</p> +<a class = "texttag" name = "texttag2192" id = "texttag2192" href = +"#textnote2192">2192</a> +<p>Vbbe dide up-on a stede</p> +<p>A ladde lepe, and þider bede</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +Ubbe summons all his lords.</p> +<p>Erles, barouns, drenges, theynes,</p> +<p>Klerkes, knithes, bu[r]geys,<a class = "tag" name = "poem_tag98" id = +"poem_tag98" href = "#poem_note98">98</a> sweynes,</p> +<span class = "linenum">2196</span> +<p>Þat he sholden comen a-non,</p> +<p>Biforen him sone euerilkon,</p> +<p>Also he loue<i>n</i> here liues,</p> +<p>And here children, and here wiues.</p> + +<p class = "footnote"> +<a name = "poem_note98" id = "poem_note98" href = "#poem_tag98">98</a> +MS. bugeyſ.</p> + + +<p class = "headnote"><span class = "headnote"> +UBBE RELATES HAVELOK’S HISTORY.</span></p> + +<p class = "sidenote"> +All come to receive his orders.</p> +<span class = "linenum">2200</span> +<p class = "section"> +Hise bode ne durste he non at-sitte,</p> +<a class = "texttag ital" name = "texttag2201" id = "texttag2201" href = +"#textnote2201">2201</a> +<p>Þat he ne neme<a class = "tag" name = "poem_tag99" id = "poem_tag99" +href = "#poem_note99">99</a> for to wite</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">62</span> +<a name = "page62" id = "page62"> </a> +<p>Sone, hwat wolde þe iustise:</p> +<p>And [he] bigan anon to rise,</p> +<span class = "linenum">2204</span> +<p>And seyde sone, “liþes me,</p> +<p>Alle samen, þeu and fre.</p> +<p>A þing ich wile you here shauwe,</p> +<p>Þat ye<a class = "tag" name = "poem_tag100" id = "poem_tag100" href = +"#poem_note100">100</a> alle ful wel knawe.</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +Ubbe tells them about Birkabeyn,</p> +<span class = "linenum">2208</span> +<p>Ye wite<i>n</i> wel, þat al þis lond</p> +<p>Was i<i>n</i> birkabeynes hond,</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +[Fol. 215, col. 2.]</p> +<p>Þe day þat he was quic and ded;</p> +<p>And how þat he, bi youre red,</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +who commended his children to Godard;</p> +<span class = "linenum">2212</span> +<p>Bitauhte hise children þre</p> +<p>Godard to yeme, and al his fe.</p> +<p>Hauelok his sone he him tauhte,</p> +<p>And hise two douhtres, and al his auhte,</p> +<span class = "linenum">2216</span> +<p>Alle herden ye him swere</p> +<p>On bok, and on messe-gere,</p> +<p>Þat he shulde yeme hem wel,</p> +<p>With-uten lac, with-uten tel.</p> + +<div class = "footnote"> +<p><a name = "poem_note99" id = "poem_note99" href = +"#poem_tag99">99</a> +MS. meme; <i>miswritten for</i> neme; <i>see</i> ll. 1207, 1931.</p> + +<p><a name = "poem_note100" id = "poem_note100" href = +"#poem_tag100">100</a> +MS. he.</p> +</div> + +<p class = "sidenote"> +and how Godard slew the two girls,</p> +<span class = "linenum">2220</span> +<p class = "section"> +He let his oth al ouer-go,</p> +<p>Euere wurþe him yuel and wo!</p> +<p>For<a class = "tag" name = "poem_tag101" id = "poem_tag101" href = +"#poem_note101">101</a> þe maydnes here lif</p> +<p>Refte he boþen, with a knif,</p> +<span class = "linenum">2224</span> +<p>And him shulde ok haue slawe<i>n</i>,</p> +<p>Þe knif was at his herte drawe<i>n</i>,</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +but had pity on the boy;</p> +<p>But god him wolde wel haue saue,</p> +<p>He hauede reunesse of þe knaue,</p> +<span class = "linenum">2228</span> +<p>So þat he with his hend</p> +<p>Ne drop him nouth, þat sor[i] fend,</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +but afterwards ordered Grim to drown him.</p> +<p>But sone dide he a fishere</p> +<p>Swiþe grete oþes swere,</p> +<span class = "linenum">2232</span> +<p>Þat he sholde drenchen him</p> +<p>In þe se, þat was ful brim.</p> + +<p class = "footnote"> +<a name = "poem_note101" id = "poem_note101" href = +"#poem_tag101">101</a> +<i>Qu.</i> Fro.</p> + + +<p class = "sidenote"> +But Grim fled with him to England.</p> +<p class = "section"> +Hwan grim saw þat he was so fayr,</p> +<p>And wiste he was þe Rith eir,</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">63</span> +<a name = "page63" id = "page63"> </a> +<span class = "linenum">2236</span> +<p>Fro denemark ful sone he fledde</p> +<p>In-til englond, and þer him fedde</p> +<p>Mani winter, þat til þis day</p> +<p>Haues he ben fed and fostred ay.</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +Then Ubbe shows Havelok to them all,</p> +<a class = "texttag" name = "texttag2240" id = "texttag2240" href = +"#textnote2240">2240</a> +<p>Lokes, hware he sto<i>n</i>des her:</p> +<p>In al þis werd ne haues he per;</p> +<p>Non so fayr, ne non so long,</p> +<p>Ne non so mikel, ne non so stro<i>n</i>g.</p> +<span class = "linenum">2244</span> +<p>In þis middelerd nis no knith</p> +<p>Half so strong, ne half so with.</p> +<p>Bes of him ful glad and bliþe,</p> +<p>And cometh alle hider swiþe,</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +and bids them swear fealty to him.</p> +<span class = "linenum">2248</span> +<p>Manrede youre louerd forto make,</p> +<p>Boþe brune and þe blake.</p> +<p>I shal mi-self do first þe gamen,</p> +<p>And ye siþen alle samen.”</p> + + +<p class = "headnote"><span class = "headnote"> +UBBE DOES HOMAGE TO HAVELOK.</span></p> + +<p class = "sidenote"> +Ubbe swears fealty first.</p> +<span class = "linenum">2252</span> +<p class = "section"> +Oknes ful fayre he him sette,</p> +<p>Mouthe noþing him þer-fro lette,</p> +<p>And bi-cam is man Rith þare,</p> +<p>Þat alle sawe<i>n</i> þat þere ware.</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +[Fol. 215<i>b</i>, col. 1.]</p> + + +<p class = "sidenote"> +All the rest do the same.</p> +<span class = "linenum">2256</span> +<p class = "section"> +After him stirt up laddes ten,</p> +<p>And bi-come<i>n</i> hise men;<a class = "tag" name = "poem_tag102" id += "poem_tag102" href = "#poem_note102">102</a></p> +<p>And siþen euerilk a baroun,</p> +<p>Þat euere weren i<i>n</i> al that toun;</p> +<span class = "linenum">2260</span> +<p>And siþen drenges, and siþe<i>n</i> thaynes,</p> +<p>And siþen knithes, and siþe<i>n</i> sweynes;</p> +<p>So þat, or þat day was gon,</p> +<p>In al þe tun ne was nouth on</p> +<span class = "linenum">2264</span> +<p>Þat it ne was his man bicomen:</p> +<p>Manrede of alle hauede he nomen.</p> + +<p class = "footnote"> +<a name = "poem_note102" id = "poem_note102" href = +"#poem_tag102">102</a> +A word is added in the MS. after <i>men</i>, apparently <i>beye</i>. +Perhaps we should read: <i>hise heye men</i>.</p> + + +<p class = "headnote"><span class = "headnote"> +ALL SWEAR TO BE FAITHFUL TO HAVELOK.</span></p> + +<p class = "sidenote"> +Havelok makes them swear to be faithful to him always.</p> +<p class = "section"> +Hwan he hauede of he<i>m</i> alle</p> +<p>Manrede taken, i<i>n</i> the halle,</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">64</span> +<a name = "page64" id = "page64"> </a> +<span class = "linenum">2268</span> +<p>Grundlike dide he hem swere,</p> +<p>Þat he sholden him god feyth bere</p> +<p>Ageynes alle þat woren on liue;</p> +<p>Þer-yen ne wolde neuer on striue,</p> +<span class = "linenum">2272</span> +<p>Þat he ne made<i>n</i> sone þat oth,</p> +<p>Riche and poure, lef and loth.</p> +<p>Hwan þat was maked, sone he se<i>n</i>de,</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +Ubbe sends for all the sheriffs and constables.</p> +<p>Vbbe, writes fer and hende,</p> +<span class = "linenum">2276</span> +<p>After alle þat castel yemede,</p> +<p>Burwes, tunes, sibbe an fremde,</p> +<p>Þat þider sholde<i>n</i> come<i>n</i> swiþe</p> +<p>Til him, and heren tiþandes bliþe,</p> +<span class = "linenum">2280</span> +<p>Þat he hem alle shulde telle:</p> +<p>Of hem ne wolde neu<i>er</i>e on dwelle,</p> +<p>Þat he ne come sone plattinde,</p> +<p>Hwo hors ne hauede, com ga<i>n</i>ga<i>n</i>de.</p> +<span class = "linenum">2284</span> +<p>So þat with-i<i>n</i>ne a fourtenith,</p> +<p>In al denemark ne was no knith,</p> +<p>Ne conestable, ne shireue,</p> +<p>Þat com of adam and of eue,</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +They all come.</p> +<span class = "linenum">2288</span> +<p>Þat he ne com biforn sire ubbe:</p> +<p>He dredde<i>n</i> him so þhes<a class = "tag" name = "poem_tag103" id += "poem_tag103" href = "#poem_note103">103</a> doth clubbe.</p> + +<p class = "footnote"> +<a name = "poem_note103" id = "poem_note103" href = +"#poem_tag103">103</a> +<i>Qu.</i> þes, <i>i.e.</i> thighs; or the spelling <i>þhes</i> may be +intentional; see l. 1984. But Sir F. Madden suggests +<i>þeues</i>.</p> + + +<p class = "section"> +Hwan he hauede<i>n</i> alle þe ki<i>n</i>g gret,</p> +<p>And he weren alle dun set,</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +Ubbe shows Havelok to them all.</p> +<span class = "linenum">2292</span> +<p>Þo seyde ubbe, “lokes here,</p> +<p>Vre louerd swiþe dere,</p> +<p>Þat shal ben king of al þe lond,</p> +<p>And haue us alle under hond.</p> +<span class = "linenum">2296</span> +<p>For he is birkabeynes sone,</p> +<p>Þe king þat was vmbe stonde wone</p> +<p>For to yeme, and wel were,</p> +<p>Wit sharp[e]<a class = "tag" name = "poem_tag104" id = "poem_tag104" +href = "#poem_note104">104</a> swerd, and lo<i>n</i>ge spere.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">65</span> +<a name = "page65" id = "page65"> </a> +<p class = "sidenote"> +[Fol. 215<i>b</i>, col. 2.]</p> +<span class = "linenum">2300</span> +<p>Lokes nou, hw he is fayr;</p> +<p>Sikerlike he is hise eyr.</p> +<p>Falles alle to hise fet,</p> +<p>Bicomes hise men ful sket.”</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +All swear to obey Havelok.</p> +<span class = "linenum">2304</span> +<p>He weren for ubbe swiþe adrad,</p> +<p>And dide sone al þat he bad,</p> +<p>And yet dede<i>n</i> he sumdel more,</p> +<p>O bok ful grundlike he swore,</p> +<span class = "linenum">2308</span> +<p>Þat he sholde with him halde</p> +<p>Boþe ageynes stille and bolde,</p> +<p>Þat euere wo[l]de his bodi dere:</p> +<p>Þat dide [he] hem o boke swere.</p> + +<p class = "footnote"> +<a name = "poem_note104" id = "poem_note104" href = +"#poem_tag104">104</a> +See l. 2645 for the final <i>e</i>.</p> + + +<p class = "headnote"><span class = "headnote"> +UBBE DUBS HAVELOK A KNIGHT.</span></p> + +<span class = "linenum">2312</span> +<p class = "section"> +Hwan he hauede ma<i>n</i>rede and oth</p> +<p>Taken of lef and of loth,</p> +<a class = "texttag ital" name = "texttag2314" id = "texttag2314" href = +"#textnote2314">2314</a> +<p class = "sidenote"> +Ubbe dubs Havelok a knight,</p> +<p>Vbbe dubbede him to knith,</p> +<p>With a swerd ful swiþe brith,</p> +<span class = "linenum">2316</span> +<p>And þe folk of al þe lond</p> +<p>Bitauhte him al in his hond,</p> +<p>Þe cunnriche eu<i>er</i>il del,</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +and makes him king.</p> +<p>And made him king heylike and wel.</p> +<a class = "texttag" name = "texttag2320" id = "texttag2320" href = +"#textnote2320">2320</a> +<p>Hwan he was king, þer mouthe me<i>n</i> se</p> +<p>Þe moste ioie þat mouhte be:</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +Great joy and many sports.</p> +<p>Buttinge with sharpe sp<i>er</i>es,</p> +<p>Skirming with taleuaces, þat me<i>n</i> beres,</p> +<span class = "linenum">2324</span> +<p>Wrastling with laddes, putti<i>n</i>g of ston,</p> +<p>Harping and piping, ful god won,</p> +<p>Leyk of mine, of hasard ok,</p> +<p>Romanz reding on þe bok;</p> +<span class = "linenum">2328</span> +<p>Þer mouthe men here þe gestes singe,</p> +<p>Þe gleymen on þe tabour dinge;</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +There is baiting of bulls and boars,</p> +<p>Þer mouhte men se þe boles beyte,</p> +<p>And þe bores, with hundes teyte;</p> +<span class = "linenum">2332</span> +<p>Þo mouthe men se eueril gleu,</p> +<p>Þer mouthe me<i>n</i> se hw grim greu;</p> +<p>Was neu<i>er</i>e yete ioie more</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">66</span> +<a name = "page66" id = "page66"> </a> +<p>In al þis werd, þan þo was þore.</p> +<span class = "linenum">2336</span> +<p>Þer was so mike<a class = "tag" name = "poem_tag105" id = +"poem_tag105" href = "#poem_note105">105</a> yeft of cloþes,</p> +<p>Þat þou i swore you grete othes,</p> +<p>I ne wore nouth þer-offe croud:</p> +<p>Þat may i ful wel swere, bi god!</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +and plenty of meat and wine.</p> +<span class = "linenum">2340</span> +<p>Þere was swiþe gode metes,</p> +<p>And of wyn, þat men fer fetes,</p> +<p>Rith al so mik and gret plente,</p> +<p>So it were water of þe se.</p> +<a class = "texttag" name = "texttag2344" id = "texttag2344" href = +"#textnote2344">2344</a> +<p>Þe feste fourti dawes sat,</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +[Fol. 216, col. 1.]</p> +<p>So riche was neu<i>er</i>e non so þat.</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +The king makes Robert, William, and Hugh all barons.</p> +<p>Þe king made Roberd þere knith,</p> +<p>Þat was ful strong, and ful with,</p> +<span class = "linenum">2348</span> +<p>And willa<i>m</i>, wendut het, his broþer,</p> +<p>And huwe raue<i>n</i>, þat was þat oþer,</p> +<p>And made hem barouns alle þre,</p> +<p>And yaf hem lond, and oþer fe,</p> +<span class = "linenum">2352</span> +<p>So mikel, þat ilker twent[i] knihtes</p> +<p>Hauede of genge, dayes and nithes.</p> + +<p class = "footnote"> +<a name = "poem_note105" id = "poem_note105" href = +"#poem_tag105">105</a> +See l. 2342.</p> + + +<p class = "headnote"><span class = "headnote"> +HAVELOK IS MADE KING OF DENMARK.</span></p> + +<p class = "section"> +Hwan þat feste was al don,</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +A thousand knights accompany the king.</p> +<p>A thusand knihtes ful wel o bon</p> +<span class = "linenum">2356</span> +<p>With-held þe king, with hi<i>m</i> to lede;</p> +<p>Þat ilkan hauede ful god stede,</p> +<p>Helm, and sheld, and brinie brith,</p> +<p>And al þe wepne þat fel to knith.</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +and five thousand sergeants.</p> +<span class = "linenum">2360</span> +<p>With he<i>m</i> fiue thusand gode</p> +<p>Sergaunz, þat were<i>n</i> to fyht wode,</p> +<p>With-held he al of his genge:</p> +<p>Wile I na more þe storie lenge.</p> +<span class = "linenum">2364</span> +<p>Yet hwan he hauede of al þe lond</p> +<p>Þe casteles alle i<i>n</i> his hond,</p> +<p>And conestables don þer-inne,</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +He swears to be avenged of Godard,</p> +<p>He swor, he ne sholde neuer bli<i>n</i>ne,</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">67</span> +<a name = "page67" id = "page67"> </a> +<span class = "linenum">2368</span> +<p>Til þat he were of godard wreke<i>n</i>,</p> +<p>Þat ich haue of ofte speken.</p> +<p>Hal hundred knithes dede he calle,</p> +<p>And hise fif thusand sergaunz alle,</p> +<span class = "linenum">2372</span> +<p>And dide swere<i>n</i> on the bok</p> +<p>Sone, and on þe auter ok,</p> +<p>Þat he ne sholde neuere blinne,</p> +<p>Ne for loue, ne for sinne,</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +and to find and bind him.</p> +<span class = "linenum">2376</span> +<p>Til þat he haueden godard funde,</p> +<p>And brouth biforn hi<i>m</i> faste bunde.</p> + + +<p class = "headnote"><span class = "headnote"> +HAVELOK GOES TO SEEK OUT GODARD.</span></p> + +<p class = "section"> +Þanne he hauede<i>n</i> swor þis oth,</p> +<p>Ne leten he nouth for lef ne loth,</p> +<span class = "linenum">2380</span> +<p>Þat he ne foren swiþe rathe,</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +He goes to meet Godard.</p> +<p>Þer he was unto þe paþe,</p> +<p>Þer he yet on hunti<i>n</i>g for,</p> +<p>With mikel genge, and swiþe stor.</p> +<a class = "texttag" name = "texttag2384" id = "texttag2384" href = +"#textnote2384">2384</a> +<p>Robert, þat was of al þe ferd</p> +<p>Mayster, was girt wit a swerd,</p> +<p>And sat up-on a ful god stede,</p> +<p>Þat vnder him Rith wolde wede;</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +Robert accosts Godard,</p> +<span class = "linenum">2388</span> +<p>He was þe firste þat with godard</p> +<p>Spak, and seyde, “hede<a class = "tag" name = "poem_tag106" id = +"poem_tag106" href = "#poem_note106">106</a> cauenard!</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +[Fol. 216, col. 2.]</p> +<p>Wat dos þu here at þis paþe?</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +and tells him to come to the king,</p> +<p>Cu<i>m</i> to þe king, swiþe and raþe.</p> +<span class = "linenum">2392</span> +<p>Þat sendes he þe word, and bedes,</p> +<p>Þat þu þenke hwat þu him dedes,</p> +<p>Hwan þu reftes with a knif</p> +<p>Hise sistres here lif,</p> +<span class = "linenum">2396</span> +<p>An siþen bede þu in þe se</p> +<p>Drenchen him, þat herde he.</p> +<p>He is to þe swiþe grim:</p> +<p>Cu<i>m</i> nu swiþe un-to him,</p> +<span class = "linenum">2400</span> +<p>Þat king is of þis kuneriche.</p> +<p>Þu fule man! þu wicke swike!</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">68</span> +<a name = "page68" id = "page68"> </a> +<p class = "sidenote"> +who will repay him.</p> +<p>And he shal yelde þe þi mede,</p> +<p>Bi c<i>ri</i>st þat wolde on rode blede!”</p> + +<p class = "footnote"> +<a name = "poem_note106" id = "poem_note106" href = +"#poem_tag106">106</a> +<i>Qu.</i> helde, <i>i.e.</i> old. Unless it means “heed!”</p> + + +<span class = "linenum">2404</span> +<p class = "section"> +Hwan godard herde þat þer þrette,</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +Godard and Robert strike each other.</p> +<p>With þe neue he robert sette</p> +<p>Biforn þe teth a dint ful strong.</p> +<p>And robert kipt ut a knif long,</p> +<span class = "linenum">2408</span> +<p>And smot him þoru þe rith arum:</p> +<p>Þer-of was ful litel harum.</p> + + +<p class = "headnote"><span class = "headnote"> +GODARD’S MEN ARE BEATEN.</span></p> + +<p class = "section"> +Hwan his folk þat sau and herde,</p> +<p>Hwou robert with here louerd ferde,</p> +<span class = "linenum">2412</span> +<p>He haueden him wel ner browt of liue,</p> +<p>Ne were<i>n</i> his two breþren and oþre fiue</p> +<p>Slowen of here laddes ten,</p> +<p>Of godardes alþer-beste men.</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +Godard’s men flee,</p> +<span class = "linenum">2416</span> +<p>Hwan þe oþre sawe<i>n</i> þat, he fledde<i>n</i>,</p> +<p>And godard swiþe loude gredde:</p> +<p>“Mine knithes, hwat do ye?</p> +<p>Sule ye þus-gate fro me fle?</p> +<span class = "linenum">2420</span> +<p>Ich haue you fed, and yet shal fede,</p> +<p>Helpe me nu in þis nede,</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +but Godard rallies them.</p> +<p>And late ye nouth mi bodi spille,</p> +<p>Ne hauelok don of me hise wille.</p> +<span class = "linenum">2424</span> +<p>Yif ye id<a class = "tag" name = "poem_tag107" id = "poem_tag107" +href = "#poem_note107">107</a> do, ye do you shame,</p> +<p>And bringeth you-self in mikel blame.”</p> +<p>Hwan he þat herden, he wenten ageyn,</p> +<p>And slowen a knit and<a class = "tag" name = "poem_tag108" id = +"poem_tag108" href = "#poem_note108">108</a> a sweyn</p> +<span class = "linenum">2428</span> +<p>Of þe kinges oune men,</p> +<p>And woundede<i>n</i> abute<i>n</i> ten.</p> + +<div class = "footnote"> +<p><a name = "poem_note107" id = "poem_note107" href = +"#poem_tag107">107</a> +<i>Qu.</i> it.</p> + +<p><a name = "poem_note108" id = "poem_note108" href = +"#poem_tag108">108</a> +MS. and and.</p> +</div> + +<p class = "headnote"><span class = "headnote"> +GODARD IS BOUND AND LED TO HAVELOK.</span></p> + +<p class = "sidenote"> +The king’s men kill all Godard’s men.</p> +<p class = "section"> +The kinges men hwan he þat sawe,</p> +<p>Scute<i>n</i> on hem, heye and lowe,</p> +<span class = "linenum">2432</span> +<p>And euerilk fot of hem slowe,</p> +<p>But godard one, þat he flowe,</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">69</span> +<a name = "page69" id = "page69"> </a> +<p>So þe þef men dos henge,</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +[Fol. 216<i>b</i>, col. 1.]</p> +<p>Or hund men shole i<i>n</i> dike slenge.</p> +<span class = "linenum">2436</span> +<p>He bunde<i>n</i> him ful swiþe faste,</p> +<p>Hwil þe bondes wolden laste,</p> +<p>Þat he rorede als a bole,</p> +<p>Þat he wore parred in an hole,</p> +<span class = "linenum">2440</span> +<p>With dogges forto bite and beite:</p> +<p>Were þe bondes nouth to leite.</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +They bind Godard,</p> +<p>He bounde<i>n</i> hi<i>m</i> so<a class = "tag" name = "poem_tag109" +id = "poem_tag109" href = "#poem_note109">109</a> fele sore,</p> +<p>Þat he gan crien godes ore,</p> +<span class = "linenum">2444</span> +<p>Þat he sholde of his hend plette,</p> +<p>Wolde<i>n</i> he nouht þer-fore lette,</p> +<p>Þat he ne bounde<i>n</i> hond and fet:</p> +<p>Daþeit þat on þat þer-fore let!</p> +<span class = "linenum">2448</span> +<p>But dunte<i>n</i> him so man doth bere,</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +and cast him on an old mare, to take him to Havelok.</p> +<p>And keste him on a scabbed mere,</p> +<a class = "texttag ital" name = "texttag2450" id = "texttag2450" href = +"#textnote2450">2450</a> +<p>Hise nese went un-to þe crice:</p> +<p>So ledde<i>n</i> he þat fule swike,</p> +<span class = "linenum">2452</span> +<p>Til he was biforn hauelok brouth,</p> +<p>Þat he haue[de] ful wo wrowht,</p> +<p>Boþe with hungre<a class = "tag" name = "poem_tag110" id = +"poem_tag110" href = "#poem_note110">110</a> and with cold,</p> +<p>Or he were twel winter old,</p> +<span class = "linenum">2456</span> +<p>And with mani heui swink,</p> +<p>With poure mete, and feble drink,</p> +<p>And [with] swiþe wikke cloþes,</p> +<p>For al hise manie grete othes.</p> +<span class = "linenum">2460</span> +<p>Nu beyes he his holde blame:</p> +<a class = "texttag ital" name = "texttag2461" id = "texttag2461" href = +"#textnote2461">2461</a> +<p class = "sidenote"> +“<i>Old sin makes new shame.</i>”</p> +<p>‘Old sinne makes newe shame:’</p> +<p>Wan he was [brouht] so shamelike</p> +<p>Biforn<a class = "tag" name = "poem_tag111" id = "poem_tag111" href = +"#poem_note111">111</a> þe king, þe fule swike,</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +The king summons Ubbe and the rest.</p> +<span class = "linenum">2464</span> +<p>Þe king dede ubbe swiþe calle</p> +<p>Hise erles, and hise barouns alle,</p> +<p>Dreng and thein, burgeis and knith,</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">70</span> +<a name = "page70" id = "page70"> </a> + +<p class = "headnote"><span class = "headnote"> +HE IS CONDEMNED TO BE HUNG.</span></p> + +<p>And bad he sholde<i>n</i> demen him rith:</p> +<span class = "linenum">2468</span> +<p>For he kneu, þe swike dam,</p> +<p>Euerildel god was him gram.</p> +<p>He sette<i>n</i> hem dun bi þe wawe,</p> +<p>Riche and pouere, heye and lowe,</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +They sit in judgment.</p> +<span class = "linenum">2472</span> +<p>Þe helde men, and ek þe grom,</p> +<p>And made þer þe rithe dom,</p> +<p>And seyde<i>n</i> unto þe king anon,</p> +<p>Þat stille sat [al] so þe ston:</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +“He is to be flayed, drawn, and hung.”</p> +<span class = "linenum">2476</span> +<p>“We deme, þat he be al quic slawen,<a class = "tag" name = +"poem_tag112" id = "poem_tag112" href = "#poem_note112">112</a></p> +<p>And siþen to þe galwes drawe[<i>n</i>],</p> +<p>At þis foule mere tayl;</p> +<p>Þoru is fet a ful stro<i>n</i>g nayl;</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +[Fol. 216<i>b</i>, col. 2.]</p> +<span class = "linenum">2480</span> +<p>And þore ben henged wit two feteres,</p> +<p>And þare be writen þise leteres:</p> +<p>‘Þis is þe swike þat wende wel,</p> +<p>Þe king haue reft þe lond il del,</p> +<span class = "linenum">2484</span> +<p>And hise sistres with a knif</p> +<p>Boþe refte here lif.’</p> +<p>Þis writ shal henge bi him þare;</p> +<p>Þe dom is demd, seye we na more.”</p> + +<div class = "footnote"> +<p><a name = "poem_note109" id = "poem_note109" href = +"#poem_tag109">109</a> +MS. fo.</p> + +<p><a name = "poem_note110" id = "poem_note110" href = +"#poem_tag110">110</a> +MS. hungred.</p> + +<p><a name = "poem_note111" id = "poem_note111" href = +"#poem_tag111">111</a> +MS. Brouht biforn; <i>but the word <b>brouht</b> clearly belongs to the +preceding line, in which, however, it is omitted</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "poem_note112" id = "poem_note112" href = +"#poem_tag112">112</a> +We should perhaps read <i>flawen</i>, as required by the sense. +<i>See</i> ll. 2495, 2502.</p> +</div> + +<p class = "headnote"><span class = "headnote"> +GODARD IS FLAYED ALIVE AND HUNG.</span></p> + +<p class = "sidenote"> +Godard is shriven.</p> +<span class = "linenum">2488</span> +<p class = "section"> +Hwan þe dom was demd and giue,</p> +<p>And he was wit þe p<i>re</i>stes shriue,</p> +<p>And it ne mouhte ben non oþer,</p> +<p>Ne for fader, ne for broþer,</p> +<span class = "linenum">2492</span> +<p>Þat he sholde þarne lif;</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +A lad flays him.</p> +<p>Sket cam a ladde with a knif,</p> +<p>And bigan Rith at þe to</p> +<p>For to ritte, and for to flo,</p> +<span class = "linenum">2496</span> +<p>And he bigan for to rore,</p> +<p>So it were grim or gore,</p> +<p>Þat men mithe þeþen a mile</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +He roars.</p> +<p>Here him rore, þat fule file.</p> +<span class = "linenum">2500</span> +<p>Þe ladde ne let no with for-þi,<span class = "pagenum">71</span></p> +<a name = "page71" id = "page71"> </a> +<p>Þey he criede ‘m<i>er</i>ci! m<i>er</i>ci!’</p> +<p>Þat [he] ne flow [him] eueril del</p> +<p>With knif mad of grunde<i>n</i> stel.</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +He is bound on an old mare,</p> +<span class = "linenum">2504</span> +<p>Þei garte bringe þe mere sone,</p> +<p>Skabbed<a class = "tag" name = "poem_tag113" id = "poem_tag113" href += "#poem_note113">113</a> and ful iuele o bone,</p> +<p>And bunde<i>n</i> him rith at hire tayl</p> +<p>With a rop of an old seyl,</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +drawn over rough ground,</p> +<span class = "linenum">2508</span> +<p>And drowe<i>n</i> him un-to þe galwes,</p> +<p>Nouth bi þe gate, But ouer þe falwes;</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +and hung.</p> +<p>And henge [him] þore Bi þe hals:</p> +<p>Daþeit hwo recke! he was fals.</p> + +<p class = "footnote"> +<a name = "poem_note113" id = "poem_note113" href = +"#poem_tag113">113</a> +MS. Skabbeb.</p> + + +<p class = "headnote"><span class = "headnote"> +GODRICH RAISES AN ARMY AGAINST HAVELOK.</span></p> + +<span class = "linenum">2512</span> +<p class = "section"> +Þa<i>n</i>ne he was ded, þat sathanas,</p> +<a class = "texttag ital" name = "texttag2513" id = "texttag2513" href = +"#textnote2513">2513</a> +<p>Sket was seysed al þat his was</p> +<p>In þe kinges hand il del,</p> +<p>Lond and lith, and oþer catel,</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +Havelok makes Ubbe his steward.</p> +<a class = "texttag" name = "texttag2516" id = "texttag2516" href = +"#textnote2516">2516</a> +<p>And þe king ful sone it yaf</p> +<p>Vbbe i<i>n</i> þe hond, wit a fayr staf,</p> +<p>And seyde, “her ich sayse þe</p> +<p>In al þe lo<i>n</i>d, in al þe fe.”</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +He founds a priory of black monks for Grim’s soul,</p> +<span class = "linenum">2520</span> +<p>Þo swor hauelok he sholde make,</p> +<a class = "texttag ital" name = "texttag2521" id = "texttag2521" href = +"#textnote2521">2521</a> +<p>Al for grim, of monekes blake</p> +<p>A p<i>ri</i>orie to s<i>er</i>uen inne ay</p> +<p>Ih<i>es</i>u c<i>ri</i>st, til domesday,</p> +<span class = "linenum">2524</span> +<p>For þe god he haueden him don,</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +[Fol. 217, col. 1.]</p> +<p>Hwil he was pou<i>er</i>e and iuel<a class = "tag" name = +"poem_tag114" id = "poem_tag114" href = "#poem_note114">114</a> o +bon.</p> +<p>And þer-of held he wel his oth,</p> +<p>For he it made, god it woth!</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +in the town of Grimsby.</p> +<span class = "linenum">2528</span> +<p>In þe tun þer grim was graue<i>n</i>,</p> +<p>Þat of grim yet haues þe name.</p> +<a class = "texttag ital" name = "texttag2530" id = "texttag2530" href = +"#textnote2530">2530</a> +<p>Of grim bidde ich na more spelle.<a class = "tag" name = +"poem_tag115" id = "poem_tag115" href = +"#poem_note115">115</a>—</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +Godrich, earl of Cornwall,</p> +<p>But wan godrich herde telle,</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">72</span> +<a name = "page72" id = "page72"> </a> +<span class = "linenum">2532</span> +<p>Of cornwayle þat was erl,</p> +<p>(Þat fule traytour, that mixed cherl!)</p> +<p>Þat hauelok was king of denemark,</p> +<p>And ferde with him strong and stark,</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +hears that Havelok has invaded England.</p> +<span class = "linenum">2536</span> +<p>Comen engelond with-inne,</p> +<p>Engelond al for to winne,</p> +<p>And þat she, þat was so fayr,</p> +<p>Þat was of engelond rith eir,</p> +<span class = "linenum">2540</span> +<p>Þat was comen up at grimesbi,</p> +<p>He was ful sorful and sori,</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +He says he will slay Havelok and his wife.</p> +<p>And seyde, “Hwat shal me to raþe?</p> +<p>Goddoth! i shal do slou hem baþe.</p> +<span class = "linenum">2544</span> +<p>I shal don hengen hem ful heye,</p> +<p>So mote ich brouke mi Rith eie!</p> +<p>But yif he of mi lond[e]<a class = "tag" name = "poem_tag116" id = +"poem_tag116" href = "#poem_note116">116</a> fle;</p> +<p>Hwat? wende<i>n</i> he to desherite me?”</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +He raises a great army.</p> +<span class = "linenum">2548</span> +<p>He dide sone ferd ut bidde,</p> +<p>Þat al þat euere mouhte o stede</p> +<p>Ride, or helm on heued bere,</p> +<p>Brini on bac, and sheld, and sp<i>er</i>e,</p> +<span class = "linenum">2552</span> +<p>Or ani oþer wepne bere,</p> +<p>Hand-ax, syþe, gisarm, or sp<i>er</i>e,</p> +<p>Or aunlaz,<a class = "tag" name = "poem_tag117" id = "poem_tag117" +href = "#poem_note117">117</a> and god long knif,</p> +<p>Þat als he louede leme or lif,</p> +<span class = "linenum">2556</span> +<p>Þat þey sholde<i>n</i> comen him to,</p> +<p>With ful god wepne ye ber so,</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +The army is to meet at Lincoln on the 17th of March.</p> +<p>To lincolne, þer he lay,</p> +<p>Of marz þe seue<i>n</i>tenþe day,</p> +<span class = "linenum">2560</span> +<p>So þat he couþe he<i>m</i> god þank;</p> +<p>And yif þat ani were so rang,</p> +<p>That he þa<i>n</i>ne ne come anon,</p> +<p>He swor bi crist, and [bi]<a class = "tag" name = "poem_tag118" id = +"poem_tag118" href = "#poem_note118">118</a> seint Iohan,</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">73</span> +<a name = "page73" id = "page73"> </a> +<span class = "linenum">2564</span> +<p>That he sholde maken him þral,</p> +<p>And al his of-spring forth with-al.</p> + +<div class = "footnote"> +<p><a name = "poem_note114" id = "poem_note114" href = +"#poem_tag114">114</a> +The MS. has “we,” which the scribe several times writes instead of +“wel.” But “wel” is a manifest blunder, since “iuel” is meant. Cf. +l. 2505.</p> + +<p><a name = "poem_note115" id = "poem_note115" href = +"#poem_tag115">115</a> +The author has here omitted to tell us that Havelok, at the desire of +his wife, invades England. See the note.</p> + +<p><a name = "poem_note116" id = "poem_note116" href = +"#poem_tag116">116</a> +Cf. l. 2599.</p> + +<p><a name = "poem_note117" id = "poem_note117" href = +"#poem_tag117">117</a> +Printed “alinlaz” in the former edition. The first stroke of the +<i>u</i> is longer than the second, and the tail of the <i>x</i> in the +line above converts the second downstroke of the <i>u</i> into an +apparent <i>i</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "poem_note118" id = "poem_note118" href = +"#poem_tag118">118</a> +Cf. l. 1112.</p> +</div> + +<p class = "headnote"><span class = "headnote"> +GODRICH EXCITES THE ENGLISH AGAINST HAVELOK.</span></p> + +<p class = "section"> +Þe englishe þat herde þat,</p> +<p>Was non þat euere his bode sat,</p> +<span class = "linenum">2568</span> +<p>For he him dredde swiþe sore,</p> +<p>So Runci spore, and mikle more.</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +[Fol. 217, col. 2.]</p> +<p>At þe day he come sone</p> +<p>Þat he hem sette, ful wel o bone,</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +All come to Lincoln on that day.</p> +<span class = "linenum">2572</span> +<p>To lincolne, with gode stedes,</p> +<p>And al þe wepne þat knith ledes.</p> +<p>Hwa<i>n</i> he wore come, sket was þe erl yare,<a class = "tag" name += "poem_tag119" id = "poem_tag119" href = "#poem_note119">119</a></p> +<p>Ageynes denshe men to fare,</p> +<span class = "linenum">2576</span> +<p>And seyde, “lyþes me<a class = "tag" name = "poem_tag120" id = +"poem_tag120" href = "#poem_note120">120</a> alle samen,</p> +<p>Haue ich gadred you for no game<i>n</i>,</p> +<p>But ich wile seyen you forþi;</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +Godrich tells them what Havelok is doing at Grimsby.</p> +<p>Lokes hware here at g<i>ri</i>mesbi,</p> +<span class = "linenum">2580</span> +<p>Hise uten-laddes here comen,</p> +<p>And haues nu þe p<i>ri</i>orie numen;</p> +<p>Al þat euere mithen he finde,</p> +<p>He bre<i>n</i>ne kirkes, and p<i>re</i>stes binde;</p> +<span class = "linenum">2584</span> +<p>He strangleth mo<i>n</i>kes, and nu<i>n</i>nes boþe:</p> +<p>Wat wile ye, frend, her-offe Rede?</p> +<p>Yif he regne þus-gate longe,</p> +<p>He Moun us alle ouer-gange,</p> +<span class = "linenum">2588</span> +<p>He moun vs alle quic henge or slo,</p> +<p>Or þral maken, and do ful wo,</p> +<p>Or elles reue us ure liues,</p> +<p>And ure children, and ure wiues.</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +He excites them to attack Havelok.</p> +<span class = "linenum">2592</span> +<p>But dos nu als ich wile you lere,</p> +<p>Als ye wile be with me dere;</p> +<p>Nimes nu swiþe forth and raþe,</p> +<p>And helpes me and yu-self baþe,</p> +<span class = "linenum">2596</span> +<p>And slos up-o[n] þe dogges swiþe:</p> +<p>For shal [i] neuere more be bliþe,</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">74</span> +<a name = "page74" id = "page74"> </a> + +<p class = "headnote"><span class = "headnote"> +THE ENGLISH MARCH TO GRIMSBY.</span></p> + +<p>Ne hoseled ben, ne of p<i>re</i>st shriuen,</p> +<p>Til þat he ben of londe driuen.</p> +<span class = "linenum">2600</span> +<p>Nime we swiþe, and do hem fle,</p> +<p>And folwes alle faste me,</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +He will lead them himself.</p> +<p>For ich am he, of al þe ferd,</p> +<p>Þat first shal slo with drawe<i>n</i> swerd.</p> +<span class = "linenum">2604</span> +<p>Daþeyt hwo ne stonde faste</p> +<p>Bi me, hwil hise armes laste!”</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +Earl Gunter and Earl Reyner of Chester support him.</p> +<p>“Ye! lef, ye!”<a class = "tag" name = "poem_tag121" id = +"poem_tag121" href = "#poem_note121">121</a> couth þe erl gunter;</p> +<p>“Ya!” quoth þe erl of cestre, reyner.</p> +<span class = "linenum">2608</span> +<p>And so dide alle þat þer stode,</p> +<p>And stirte forth so he were wode.</p> +<p>Þo mouthe me<i>n</i> se þe brinies brihte</p> +<p>On backes keste, and late rithe,</p> +<span class = "linenum">2612</span> +<p>Þe helmes heye on heued sette;</p> +<p>To armes al so swiþe plette,</p> +<p>Þat þei wore on a litel stunde</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +[Fol. 217<i>b</i>, col. 1.]</p> +<p>Grethet, als me<i>n</i> mithe telle a pund,</p> +<span class = "linenum">2616</span> +<p>And lopen on stedes sone anon,</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +They approach Grimsby.</p> +<p>And toward g<i>ri</i>mesbi, ful god won,</p> +<p>He foren softe bi þe sti,</p> +<p>Til he come ney at grimesbi.</p> + +<div class = "footnote"> +<p><a name = "poem_note119" id = "poem_note119" href = +"#poem_tag119">119</a> +<i>Or</i> þare; but see l. 2954.</p> + +<p><a name = "poem_note120" id = "poem_note120" href = +"#poem_tag120">120</a> +MS. mi. Cf. l. 2204.</p> + +<p><a name = "poem_note121" id = "poem_note121" href = +"#poem_tag121">121</a> +MS. <i>has <b>þe, ƿe</b>, or <b>ye</b> in both places.</i> But see +l. 1888.</p> +</div> + +<p class = "sidenote"> +Havelok meets them boldly,</p> +<span class = "linenum">2620</span> +<p class = "section"> +Hauelok, þat hauede spired wel</p> +<p>Of here fare, eueril del,</p> +<p>With al his ferd cam hem a-geyn,</p> +<p>For-bar he noþer knith ne sweyn.</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +and kills the foremost knight.</p> +<span class = "linenum">2624</span> +<p>Þe firste knith þat he þer mette,</p> +<p>With þe swerd so he him grette,</p> +<p>For his heued of he plette,</p> +<p>Wolde he nouth for sinne lette.</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +Robert kills a second.</p> +<span class = "linenum">2628</span> +<p>Roberd saw þat dint so hende,</p> +<p>Wolde he neuere þeþe[<i>n</i>] wende,</p> +<p>Til þat he hauede anoþer slawen,</p> +<p>With þe swerd he held ut-drawen.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">75</span> +<a name = "page75" id = "page75"> </a> +<p class = "sidenote"> +William disables a third.</p> +<span class = "linenum">2632</span> +<p>Willa<i>m</i> wendut his swerd vt-drow,</p> +<p>And þe þredde so sore he slow,</p> +<p>Þat he made up-on the feld</p> +<p>His lift arm fleye, with the swerd.<a class = "tag" name = +"poem_tag122" id = "poem_tag122" href = "#poem_note122">122</a></p> + +<p class = "footnote"> +<a name = "poem_note122" id = "poem_note122" href = +"#poem_tag122">122</a> +Cf. l. 1825. We should otherwise be tempted to read <i>sheld</i>; +especially as the <i>shield</i> is more appropriate to the <i>left</i> +arm.</p> + + +<p class = "headnote"><span class = "headnote"> +COMBAT BETWEEN UBBE AND GODRICH.</span></p> + +<p class = "sidenote"> +Hugh Raven seizes his sword,</p> +<span class = "linenum">2636</span> +<p class = "section"> +Huwe raue<i>n</i> ne forgat nouth</p> +<p>Þe swerd he hauede þider brouth,</p> +<p>He kipte it up, and smot ful sore</p> +<p>An erl, þat he saw priken þore,</p> +<span class = "linenum">2640</span> +<p>Ful noblelike upon a stede,</p> +<p>Þat with him wolde al quic wede.</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +and cleaves an earl’s head in two.</p> +<p>He smot him on þe heued so,</p> +<p>Þat he þe heued clef a-two,</p> +<span class = "linenum">2644</span> +<p>And þat bi þe shu[l]dre-blade</p> +<p>Þe sharpe swerd let [he] wade,</p> +<p>Þorw the brest unto þe herte;</p> +<p>Þe dint bigan ful sore to smerte,</p> +<span class = "linenum">2648</span> +<p>Þat þe erl fel dun a-non,</p> +<p>Al so ded so ani ston.</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +Ubbe attacks Godrich.</p> +<p>Quoth ubbe, “nu dwelle ich to lo<i>n</i>ge,”</p> +<p>And leth his stede sone gonge</p> +<span class = "linenum">2652</span> +<p>To godrich, with a god spere,</p> +<p>Þat he saw a-noþer bere,</p> +<p>And smoth godrich, and G<i>odrich</i> him,</p> +<p>Hetelike with h<i>er</i>te grim,</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +Both fall.</p> +<span class = "linenum">2656</span> +<p>So þat he boþe felle dune,</p> +<p>To þe erþe first þe croune.</p> +<p>Þa<i>n</i>ne he wore<i>n</i> falle<i>n</i> dun boþen,</p> +<p>Grundlike here swerdes ut-drowe<i>n</i>,</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +[Fol. 217<i>b</i>, col. 2.]</p> +<span class = "linenum">2660</span> +<p>Þat were<i>n</i> swiþe sharp and gode,</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +They fight on foot.</p> +<p>And fouhten so þei wore<i>n</i> wode,</p> +<p>Þat þe swot ran fro þe crune</p> +<p>[To the fet rith þere adune.]<a class = "tag" name = "poem_tag123" id += "poem_tag123" href = "#poem_note123">123</a></p> + +<span class = "pagenum">76</span> +<a name = "page76" id = "page76"> </a> + +<p class = "headnote"><span class = "headnote"> +GODRICH DISPLAYS GREAT PROWESS.</span></p> + +<span class = "linenum">2664</span> +<p>Þer mouthe men se to knithes bete</p> +<p>Ayþer on oþer dintes grete,</p> +<p>So þat with alþer-lest[e] dint</p> +<p>Were al to-shiuered a flint,</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +The fight lasts from morn to night.</p> +<span class = "linenum">2668</span> +<p>So was bi-twene<i>n</i> he<i>m</i> a fiht,</p> +<p>Fro þe morwen ner to þe niht,</p> +<p>So þat þei nouth ne <ins class = "edcorr" +title = "changed by editor from ’blinne’: see footnote">bl[u]nne</ins>,<a class = "tag" +name = "poem_tag123a" id = "poem_tag123a" href = "#poem_note123a">*</a></p> +<p>Til þat to sette bigan þe su<i>n</i>ne.</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +Godrich wounds Ubbe sorely.</p> +<span class = "linenum">2672</span> +<p>Þo yaf godrich þorw þe side</p> +<p>Vbbe a wunde ful un-ride,</p> +<p>So þat þorw þat ilke wounde</p> +<p>Hauede ben brouth to þe grunde,</p> +<span class = "linenum">2676</span> +<p>And his heued al of-slawen,</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +Hugh Raven rescues him.</p> +<p>Yif god ne were, and huwe rauen,</p> +<p>Þat drow him fro godrich awey,</p> +<p>And barw him so þat ilke day.</p> +<span class = "linenum">2680</span> +<p>But er he were fro godrich drawe<i>n</i>,</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +A thousand knights slain.</p> +<p>Þer were a þousind knihtes slawe<i>n</i></p> +<p>Bi boþe halue, and mo y-nowe,</p> +<p>Þer þe ferdes to-gidere slowe.</p> +<span class = "linenum">2684</span> +<p>Þer was swilk dreping of þe folk,</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +The pools are full of blood.</p> +<p>Þat on þe feld was neu<i>er</i>e a polk</p> +<p>Þat it ne stod of blod so ful,</p> +<p>Þat þe strem ran i<i>n</i>til þe hul.</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +Godrich attacks the Danes like lightning.</p> +<span class = "linenum">2688</span> +<p>Þo tarst<a class = "tag" name = "poem_tag124" id = "poem_tag124" href += "#poem_note124">124</a> bigan godrich to go</p> +<p>Vp-on þe danshe, and faste to slo,</p> +<p>And forth rith also leuin fares,</p> +<p>Þat neu<i>er</i>e kines best ne spares,</p> +<span class = "linenum">2692</span> +<p>Þa<i>n</i>ne his [he] gon, for he garte alle</p> +<p>Þe denshe men biforn him falle.</p> +<p>He felde browne, he felde blake,</p> +<p>Þat he mouthe ouer-take.</p> +<span class = "linenum">2696</span> +<p>Was neuere non þat mouhte þaue</p> +<p>Hise dintes, noyþer knith ne knaue,</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +He mows them down like grass.</p> +<p>Þat he felden so dos þe gres</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">77</span> +<a name = "page77" id = "page77"> </a> + +<p class = "headnote"><span class = "headnote"> +COMBAT BETWEEN GODRICH AND HAVELOK.</span></p> + +<p>Bi-forn þe syþe þat ful sharp is.</p> +<span class = "linenum">2700</span> +<p>Hwan hauelok saw his folk so brittene,</p> +<p>And his ferd so swiþe littene,</p> +<p>He cam driuende up-on a stede,</p> +<p>And bigan til him to grede,</p> +<span class = "linenum">2704</span> +<p>And seyde, “godrich, wat is þe</p> +<p>Þat þou fare þus with me?</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +[Fol. 218, col. 1.]</p> +<p>And mine gode knihtes slos,</p> +<p>Siker-like þou mis-gos.</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +Havelok reproves Godrich,</p> +<span class = "linenum">2708</span> +<p>Þou wost ful wel, yif þu wilt wite,</p> +<p>Þat aþelwold þe dide site</p> +<p>On knes, and sweren on messe-bok,</p> +<p>On caliz, and on [pateyn]<a class = "tag" name = "poem_tag125" id = +"poem_tag125" href = "#poem_note125">125</a> hok</p> +<span class = "linenum">2712</span> +<p>Þat þou hise douhter sholdest yelde,</p> +<p>Þan she were wi<i>n</i>na<i>n</i><a class = "tag" name = +"poem_tag126" id = "poem_tag126" href = "#poem_note126">126</a> of +elde,</p> +<p>Engelond eueril del:</p> +<p>Godrich þe erl, þou wost it wel.</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +and bids him perform his oaths.</p> +<span class = "linenum">2716</span> +<p>Do nu wel with-uten fiht,</p> +<p>Yeld hire þe lond, for þat is rith.</p> +<p>Wile ich forgiue þe þe lathe,</p> +<p>Al mi dede and al mi wrathe,</p> +<span class = "linenum">2720</span> +<p>For y se þu art so with,</p> +<p>And of þi bodi so god knith.”</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +Godrich refuses.</p> +<p>“Þat ne wile ich neu<i>er</i>e mo,”</p> +<p>Quoth erl godrich, “for ich shal slo</p> +<span class = "linenum">2724</span> +<p>Þe, and hire for-henge heye.</p> +<p>I shal þrist ut þi rith eye</p> +<p>Þat þou lokes with on me,</p> +<p>But þu swiþe heþen fle.”</p> +<span class = "linenum">2728</span> +<p>He grop þe swerd ut sone anon,</p> +<p>And hew on hauelok, ful god won,</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +He cleaves Havelok’s shield in two.</p> +<p>So þat he clef his sheld on two:</p> +<p>Hwan hauelok saw þat shame do</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">78</span> +<a name = "page78" id = "page78"> </a> + +<span class = "linenum">2732</span> +<p>His bodi þer bi-forn his ferd,</p> +<p>He drow ut sone his gode swerd,</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +Havelok smites him down.</p> +<p>And smot him so up-on þe crune,</p> +<p>Þat godrich fel to þe erþe adune.</p> +<span class = "linenum">2736</span> +<p>But godrich stirt up swiþe sket,</p> +<p>Lay he nowth longe at hise fet,</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +Godrich rises, and wounds Havelok in the shoulder.</p> +<p>And smot him on þe sholdre so,</p> +<p>Þat he dide þare undo</p> +<span class = "linenum">2740</span> +<p>Of his brinie ri<i>n</i>ges mo,</p> +<p>Þan þat ich kan tellen fro;</p> +<p>And woundede hi<i>m</i> rith i<i>n</i> þe flesh,</p> +<p>Þat tendre was, and swiþe nesh,</p> +<span class = "linenum">2744</span> +<p>So þat þe blod ran til his to:</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +Havelok is enraged,</p> +<p>Þo was hauelok swiþe wo,</p> +<p>Þat he hauede of him drawen</p> +<p>Blod, and so sore him slawen.</p> +<span class = "linenum">2748</span> +<p>Hertelike til him he wente,</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +and cuts off his foe’s hand.</p> +<p>And godrich þer fulike shente;</p> +<p>For his swerd he hof up heye,</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +[Fol. 218, col. 2.]</p> +<p>And þe hand he dide of fleye,</p> +<span class = "linenum">2752</span> +<p>Þat he smot him with so sore:</p> +<p>Hw mithe he don him shame more?</p> + +<div class = "footnote"> +<p><a name = "poem_note123" id = "poem_note123" href = +"#poem_tag123">123</a> +Cf. l. 1904.</p> + +<p class = "addition"> +<a name = "poem_note123a" id = "poem_note123a" href = +"#poem_tag123a">*</a> +The MS. reading <i>blinne</i> should clearly be <i>blunne</i>. A few +other suggestions of emendations will be found in the <a href = +"#glossary">Glossarial Index</a>. See the words <i>Arwe</i>, +<i>Birþe</i>, <i>Felde</i>, <i>Sor</i>, <i>Tauhte</i>, <i>Þenne</i>, +<i>Thit</i>, <i>Werewed</i>, <i>Wreken</i>, &c. See also the +suggestions in the preface, pp. xxxix, xli, xlvi, xlvii.</p> + +<p><a name = "poem_note124" id = "poem_note124" href = +"#poem_tag124">124</a> +So in MS. <i>Qu.</i> faste, as in next line.</p> + +<p><a name = "poem_note125" id = "poem_note125" href = +"#poem_tag125">125</a> +MS. <i>here repeats</i> messe, <i>by mistake. Read</i> pateyn. Cf. +l. 187.</p> + +<p><a name = "poem_note126" id = "poem_note126" href = +"#poem_tag126">126</a> +MS. wīman, <i>i.e.</i> wi<i>n</i>man <i>or</i> wi<i>m</i>man; <i>but we +are sure, from</i> l. 174, <i>that</i> wi<i>n</i>nan <i>is +meant</i>.</p> +</div> + +<p class = "headnote"><span class = "headnote"> +GODRICH IS BOUND AND FETTERED.</span></p> + +<p class = "section"> +Hwan he hauede him so shamed,</p> +<p>His hand of plat, and yuele lamed,</p> +<span class = "linenum">2756</span> +<p>He tok him sone bi þe necke</p> +<p>Als a t<i>ra</i>ytour, daþeyt wo recke!</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +He has him bound and fettered,</p> +<p>And dide him binde and fet<i>er</i>e wel</p> +<p>With gode feteres al of stel,</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +and sends him to the queen.</p> +<span class = "linenum">2760</span> +<p>And to þe quen he sende him,</p> +<p>Þat birde wel to him ben grim;</p> +<p>And Bad she sholde don him gete,</p> +<p>And þat non ne sholde him bete,</p> +<span class = "linenum">2764</span> +<p>Ne shame do, for he was knith,</p> +<p>Til knithes hauede<i>n</i> demd him Rith.</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +When the English find out that Goldborough is the heiress,</p> +<p>Þan þe englishe men þat sawe,</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">79</span> +<a name = "page79" id = "page79"> </a> +<p>Þat þei wisten, heye and lawe,</p> +<span class = "linenum">2768</span> +<p>Þat Goldeboru, þat was so fayr,</p> +<p>Was of engeland rith eyr,</p> +<p>And þat þe king hire hauede wedded,</p> +<p>And haueden ben samen bedded,</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +they submit to Havelok.</p> +<span class = "linenum">2772</span> +<p>He comen alle to crie m<i>er</i>ci,</p> +<p>Vnto þe king, at one cri,</p> +<p>And beden him sone manrede and oth,</p> +<p>Þat he ne sholde<i>n</i>, for lef ne loth,</p> +<span class = "linenum">2776</span> +<p>Neuere more ageyn him go,</p> +<p>Ne ride, for wel ne for wo.</p> + + +<p class = "headnote"><span class = "headnote"> +THE ENGLISH SUBMIT TO GOLDBOROUGH.</span></p> + +<p class = "section"> +Þe king ne wolde nouth for-sake,</p> +<p>Þat he ne shulde of hem take</p> +<span class = "linenum">2780</span> +<p>Manrede þat he beden, and ok</p> +<p>Hold oþes swere<i>n</i> on þe bok;</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +Havelok wishes to show Goldborough to the English.</p> +<p>But or bad he, þat þider were brouth</p> +<p>Þe quen, for hem, swilk was his þouth,</p> +<span class = "linenum">2784</span> +<p>For to se, and forto shawe,</p> +<p>Yif þat he hire wolde knawe.</p> +<p>Þoruth hem wite<i>n</i> wolde he,</p> +<p>Yif þat she aucte quen to be.</p> + + +<p class = "sidenote"> +Six earls fetch her in.</p> +<span class = "linenum">2788</span> +<p class = "section"> +Sixe erles weren sone yare,</p> +<p>After hire for to fare.</p> +<p>He nomen on-on, and come<i>n</i> sone,</p> +<p>And brouthe<i>n</i> hire, þat under mone</p> +<span class = "linenum">2792</span> +<p>In al þe werd ne hauede per,</p> +<p>Of hende-leik, fer ne ner.</p> +<p>Hwan she was come þider, alle</p> +<p>Þe englishe men bi-gu<i>n</i>ne to falle</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +[Fol. 218<i>b</i>, col. 1.]</p> +<span class = "linenum">2796</span> +<p>O knes, and grete<i>n</i> swiþe sore,</p> +<p>And seyden, “leuedi, k[r]istes ore,</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +The English ask her pardon.</p> +<p>And youres! we haue<i>n</i> misdo mikel,</p> +<p>Þat we ayen you haue be fikel,</p> +<span class = "linenum">2800</span> +<p>For englond auhte forto ben youres,<span class = +"pagenum">80</span></p> +<a name = "page80" id = "page80"> </a> +<p>And we youre me<i>n</i> and youres.</p> +<p>Is non of us, yung ne old,</p> +<p>Þat we ne wot, þat aþelwold</p> +<span class = "linenum">2804</span> +<p>Was king of þis kunerike,</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +They admit she is heiress.</p> +<p>And ye his eyr, and þat þe swike</p> +<p>Haues it halden with mikel wro<i>n</i>ge:</p> +<p>God leue him sone to honge!”</p> + + +<p class = "headnote"><span class = "headnote"> +GODRICH IS CONDEMNED TO BE BURNT.</span></p> + +<span class = "linenum">2808</span> +<p class = "section"> +Quot<a class = "tag" name = "poem_tag127" id = "poem_tag127" href = +"#poem_note127">127</a> hauelok, “hwan þat ye it wite.</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +Havelok says they must pass judgment on Godrich.</p> +<p>Nu wile ich þat ye doun site,</p> +<p>And after godrich haues wrouht,</p> +<p>Þat haues in sorwe him-self brouth,</p> +<span class = "linenum">2812</span> +<p>Lokes þat ye deme<i>n</i> him rith,</p> +<p>For dom ne spared<a class = "tag" name = "poem_tag128" id = +"poem_tag128" href = "#poem_note128">128</a> clerk ne knith,</p> +<p>And siþen shal ich under-stonde</p> +<p>Of you, after lawe of londe,</p> +<span class = "linenum">2816</span> +<p>Manrede, and holde oþes boþe,</p> +<p>Yif ye it wilen, and ek rothe.”</p> +<p>Anon þer dune he hem sette,</p> +<p>For non þe dom ne durste lette,</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +They say he is to be bound on an ass’s back,</p> +<span class = "linenum">2820</span> +<p>And demden him to binde<i>n</i> faste</p> +<p>Vp-on an asse swiþe un-wraste,</p> +<p>Andelong, nouht ouer-þwert,</p> +<p>His nose went unto þe stert;</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +taken to Lincoln,</p> +<span class = "linenum">2824</span> +<p>And so to lincolne lede,</p> +<p>Shamelike in wicke wede,</p> +<p>And hwan he cam un-to þe borw,</p> +<p>Shamelike ben led þer-þoru,</p> +<span class = "linenum">2828</span> +<p>Bisouþe þe borw, un-to a grene,</p> +<p>Þat þare is yet, als[o] y wene,</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +bound to a stake, and burnt.</p> +<p>And þere be bunde<i>n</i> til a stake,</p> +<p>Aboute<i>n</i> him ful gret fir make,</p> +<span class = "linenum">2832</span> +<p>And al to dust be brend Rith þere;</p> +<p>And yet demde<i>n</i> he þer more,</p> +<p>Oþer swikes for to warne,</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">81</span> +<a name = "page81" id = "page81"> </a> +<p>Þat hise childre<i>n</i> sulde þarne</p> +<span class = "linenum">2836</span> +<p>Euere more þat eritage,</p> +<p>Þat his was, for hise utrage.</p> + +<div class = "footnote"> +<p><a name = "poem_note127" id = "poem_note127" href = +"#poem_tag127">127</a> +MS. Guot. Cf. l. 1954.</p> + +<p><a name = "poem_note128" id = "poem_note128" href = +"#poem_tag128">128</a> +<i>Qu.</i> spares.</p> +</div> + +<p class = "section"> +Hwan þe dom was demd and seyd,</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +So he is laid on the ass, and burnt.</p> +<p>Sket was þe swike on þe asse leyd,</p> +<span class = "linenum">2840</span> +<p>And [led vn-]til<a class = "tag" name = "poem_tag129" id = +"poem_tag129" href = "#poem_note129">129</a> þat ilke grene,</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +[Fol. 218<i>b</i>, col. 2.]</p> +<p>And brend til asken al bidene.</p> +<p>Þo was Goldeboru ful bliþe,</p> +<p>She þa<i>n</i>ked god fele syþe,</p> +<span class = "linenum">2844</span> +<p>Þat þe fule swike was brend,</p> +<p>Þat wende wel hire bodi haue shend,</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +Goldborough rejoices.</p> +<p>And seyde, “nu is time to take</p> +<p>Manrede of brune and of blake,</p> +<span class = "linenum">2848</span> +<p>Þat ich se ride[<i>n</i>] and go:</p> +<p>Nu ich am wreke[<i>n</i>]<a class = "tag" name = "poem_tag130" id = +"poem_tag130" href = "#poem_note130">130</a> of mi fo.”</p> + +<div class = "footnote"> +<p><a name = "poem_note129" id = "poem_note129" href = +"#poem_tag129">129</a> +MS. “And him til,” which is nonsense. See l. 2827.</p> + +<p><a name = "poem_note130" id = "poem_note130" href = +"#poem_tag130">130</a> +See l. 2992.</p> +</div> + +<p class = "sidenote"> +Havelok makes the English swear fealty.</p> +<p class = "section"> +Hauelok anon ma<i>n</i>rede tok</p> +<p>Of alle englishe, on þe bok,</p> +<span class = "linenum">2852</span> +<p>And dide hem grete oþes swere,</p> +<p>Þat he sholde<i>n</i> him god feyth bere</p> +<p>Ageyn alle þat wore<i>n</i> liues,</p> +<p>And þat sholde ben born of wiues.</p> + + +<p class = "headnote"><span class = "headnote"> +THE EARL OF CHESTER MARRIES GUNILD.</span></p> + +<span class = "linenum">2856</span> +<p class = "section"> +Þa<i>n</i>ne he hauede<a class = "tag" name = "poem_tag131" id = +"poem_tag131" href = "#poem_note131">131</a> sikernesse</p> +<p>Taken of more and of lesse,</p> +<p>Al at hise wille, so dide he calle</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +He proposes that Earl Reyner of Chester</p> +<p>Þe erl of cestre, and hise men alle,</p> +<span class = "linenum">2860</span> +<p>Þat was yung knith wit-ute<i>n</i> wif,</p> +<p>And seyde, “sire erl, bi mi lif,</p> +<p>And þou wile mi <i>con</i>seyl tro,</p> +<p>Ful wel shal ich with þe do,</p> +<span class = "linenum">2864</span> +<p>For ich shal yeue þe to wiue</p> +<p>Þe fairest þing that is oliue.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">82</span> +<a name = "page82" id = "page82"> </a> + +<p class = "headnote"><span class = "headnote"> +HAVELOK REMEMBERS BERTRAM’S KINDNESS.</span></p> + +<p class = "sidenote"> +shall marry Gunild, Grim’s daughter;</p> +<p>Þat is gu<i>n</i>nild of grimesby,</p> +<p>Grimes douther, bi seint dauy!</p> +<span class = "linenum">2868</span> +<p>Þat me forth broute, and wel fedde,</p> +<p>And ut of denemark with me fledde,</p> +<p>Me for to burwe fro mi ded:</p> +<p>Sikerlike, þoru his red</p> +<span class = "linenum">2872</span> +<p>Haue ich liued in-to þis day,</p> +<p>Blissed worþe his soule ay!</p> +<p>I rede þat þu hire take,</p> +<p>And spuse, and curteyse make,</p> +<span class = "linenum">2876</span> +<p>For she is fayr, and she is fre,</p> +<p>And al so hende so she may be.</p> +<p>Þertekene she is wel with me,</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +and he will then always be his friend.</p> +<p>Þat shal ich ful wel shewe þe,</p> +<span class = "linenum">2880</span> +<p>For ich giue þe a giue,</p> +<p>Þat euere more hwil ich liue,</p> +<p>For hire shal-tu be with me dere,</p> +<p>Þat wile ich þat þis folc al here.”</p> +<span class = "linenum">2884</span> +<p>Þe erl ne wolde nouth ageyn</p> +<p>Þe king[e] be, for knith ne sweyn,</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +[Fol. 219, col. 1.]</p> +<p>Ne of þe spusing seyen nay,</p> +<p>But spusede [hire] þat ilke day.</p> +<span class = "linenum">2888</span> +<p>Þat spusinge was god time maked,</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +They are married,</p> +<p>For it ne were neuere clad ne naked,</p> +<p>In a þede samened two</p> +<p>Þat cam to-gidere, liuede so,</p> +<span class = "linenum">2892</span> +<p>So þey dide[<i>n</i>] al here liue:</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +and have five sons.</p> +<p>He geten same<i>n</i> sones fiue,</p> +<p>Þat were þe beste me<i>n</i> at nede,</p> +<p>Þat mouthe ride<i>n</i> on ani stede.</p> +<span class = "linenum">2896</span> +<p>Hwan gu<i>n</i>nild was to cestre brouth,</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +Havelok remembers Bertram, the earl’s cook<ins class = "mycorr" title = +"comma missing">, </ins></p> +<p>Hauelok þe gode ne for-gat nouth</p> +<p>Bertra<i>m</i>, þat was the erles kok,</p> +<p>Þat he ne dide calle<i>n</i> ok,</p> +<span class = "linenum">2900</span> +<p>And seyde, “frend, so god me rede!</p> +<p>Nu shaltu haue riche mede,</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">83</span> +<a name = "page83" id = "page83"> </a> + +<p class = "headnote"><span class = "headnote"> +BERTRAM MARRIES GRIM’S SECOND DAUGHTER.</span></p> + +<p>For wissing, and þi gode dede,</p> +<p>Þat tu me dides in ful gret nede.</p> +<span class = "linenum">2904</span> +<p>For þa<i>n</i>ne y yede in mi cuuel,</p> +<p>And ich ne haue[de] bred, ne sowel,</p> +<p>Ne y ne hauede no catel,</p> +<p>Þou feddes and claddes me ful wel.</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +and makes him Earl of Cornwall.</p> +<span class = "linenum">2908</span> +<p>Haue nu for-þi of cornwayle</p> +<p>Þe erldom ildel, with-uten fayle,</p> +<p>And al þe lond þat godrich held,</p> +<p>Boþe in towne, and ek in feld;</p> +<span class = "linenum">2912</span> +<p>And þerto wile ich, þat þu spuse,</p> +<p>And fayre bring hire un-til huse,</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +He is to marry Levive, Grim’s daughter,</p> +<p>Grimes douther, leuiue þe hende,</p> +<p>For þider shal she with þe wende.</p> +<span class = "linenum">2916</span> +<p>Hire semes curteys forto be,</p> +<p>For she is fayr so flour on tre;</p> +<p>Þe heu is swilk in hire ler</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +who is as fair as a rose.</p> +<p>So [is] þe rose in roser,</p> +<span class = "linenum">2920</span> +<p>Hwan it is fayr sprad ut newe</p> +<p>Ageyn þe su<i>n</i>ne, brith and lewe.”</p> +<p>And girde him sone with þe swerd</p> +<p>Of þe erldom, bi-forn his ferd,</p> +<span class = "linenum">2924</span> +<p>And with his hond he made hi<i>m</i> knith,</p> +<p>And yaf him armes, for þat was rith,</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +They are married.</p> +<p>And dide him þere sone wedde</p> +<a class = "texttag ital" name = "texttag2927" id = "texttag2927" href = +"#textnote2927">2927</a> +<p>Hire þat was ful swete in bedde.</p> + +<p class = "footnote"> +<a name = "poem_note131" id = "poem_note131" href = +"#poem_tag131">131</a> +MS. hauede<i>n</i>.</p> + + +<span class = "linenum">2928</span> +<p class = "section"> +After þat he spused wore,</p> +<p>Wolde þe erl nouth dwelle þore,</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +Havelok and Goldborough lived 100 years, and had many children.</p> +<p>But sone na<i>m</i> until his lond,</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +[Fol. 219, col. 2.]</p> +<p>And seysed it al in his hond,</p> +<span class = "linenum">2932</span> +<p>And liuede þer-i<i>n</i>ne, he and his wif,</p> +<p>An hundred winter in god lif,<a class = "tag" name = "poem_tag132" id += "poem_tag132" href = "#poem_note132">132</a></p> + +<span class = "pagenum">84</span> +<a name = "page84" id = "page84"> </a> +<p>And gaten mani childre<i>n</i> samen,</p> +<p>And liueden ay in blisse and game<i>n</i>.</p> +<span class = "linenum">2936</span> +<p>Hwa<i>n</i> þe maydens were spused boþe,</p> +<p>Hauelok anon bigan ful rathe</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +The Danes are enriched.</p> +<p>His denshe men to feste wel</p> +<p>Wit riche landes and catel,</p> +<span class = "linenum">2940</span> +<p>So þat he weren alle riche:</p> +<p>For he was large and nouth chinche.</p> + +<p class = "footnote"> +<a name = "poem_note132" id = "poem_note132" href = +"#poem_tag132">132</a> +Between this line and the next are inserted in the MS. the words: <i>For +he saw þat he</i>, which have been subsequently struck out by the same +hand, and the word <i>vacat</i> affixed.</p> + + +<p class = "headnote"><span class = "headnote"> +HAVELOK IS CROWNED KING OF ENGLAND.</span></p> + +<p class = "section"> +Þer-after sone, with his here,</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +Havelok is crowned at London.</p> +<p>For he to lundone, forto bere</p> +<span class = "linenum">2944</span> +<p>Corune, so þat [alle] it sawe,</p> +<p>Henglishe ant denshe, heye and lowe,</p> +<p>Hwou he it bar with mikel pride,</p> +<p>For his barnage þat was un-ride.</p> + + +<p class = "sidenote"> +The feast lasts 40 days.</p> +<span class = "linenum">2948</span> +<p class = "section"> +Þe feste of his coruni[<i>n</i>]g<a class = "tag" name = "poem_tag133" +id = "poem_tag133" href = "#poem_note133">133</a></p> +<p>Laste[de] with gret ioying</p> +<p>Fourti dawes, and sumdel mo;</p> +<p>Þo bigu<i>n</i>nen þe denshe to go</p> +<span class = "linenum">2952</span> +<p>Vn-to þe king, to aske leue,</p> +<p>And he ne wolde hem nouth g<i>re</i>ue,</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +The Danes return home.</p> +<p>For he saw þat he woren yare</p> +<p>In-to denemark for to fare,</p> +<span class = "linenum">2956</span> +<p>But gaf hem leue sone anon,</p> +<p>And bitauhte hem seint Johan;</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +Ubbe is to rule Denmark.</p> +<p>And bad ubbe, his iustise,</p> +<p>Þat he sholde on ilke wise</p> +<span class = "linenum">2960</span> +<p>Denemark yeme and gete so,</p> +<p>Þat no pleynte come him to.</p> + +<p class = "footnote"> +<a name = "poem_note133" id = "poem_note133" href = +"#poem_tag133">133</a> +MS. corunig.</p> + + +<p class = "sidenote"> +Havelok remained in England for sixty years.</p> +<p class = "section"> +Hwan he wore parted alle samen,</p> +<p>Hauelok bi-lefte wit ioie and game<i>n</i></p> + +<span class = "pagenum">85</span> +<a name = "page85" id = "page85"> </a> +<span class = "linenum">2964</span> +<p>In engelond, and was þer-i<i>n</i>ne</p> +<p>Sixti winter king with winne,</p> +<p>And Goldeboru quen, þat I wene:</p> +<p>So mikel loue was hem bitwene,</p> +<span class = "linenum">2968</span> +<p>Þat al þe werd spak of hem two:</p> +<p>He louede hire, and she him so,</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +He and Goldborough were never apart.</p> +<p>Þat neyþer oþe[r] mithe be</p> +<p>For<a class = "tag" name = "poem_tag134" id = "poem_tag134" href = +"#poem_note134">134</a> oþer, ne no ioie se,</p> +<span class = "linenum">2972</span> +<p>But yf he were to-gidere<a class = "tag" name = "poem_tag135" id = +"poem_tag135" href = "#poem_note135">135</a> boþe;</p> +<p>Neuere yete ne were<i>n</i> he wroþe,</p> +<p>For here loue was ay newe,</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +[Fol. 219<i>b</i>, col. 1.]</p> +<p>Neuere yete wordes ne grewe</p> +<span class = "linenum">2976</span> +<p>Bitwene hem, hwar-of ne lathe</p> +<p>Mithe rise, ne no wrathe.</p> + +<div class = "footnote"> +<p><a name = "poem_note134" id = "poem_note134" href = +"#poem_tag134">134</a> +<i>Qu.</i> Fro.</p> + +<p><a name = "poem_note135" id = "poem_note135" href = +"#poem_tag135">135</a> +MS. togidede.</p> +</div> + +<p class = "headnote"><span class = "headnote"> +SUCH IS THE “GESTE” OF HAVELOK.</span></p> + +<p class = "sidenote"> +They had 15 children, all kings and queens.</p> +<p class = "section"> +He geten childre<i>n</i> hem bi-twene</p> +<p>Sones and douthres rith fiuetene,</p> +<span class = "linenum">2980</span> +<p>Hwar-of þe sones were kinges alle,</p> +<p>So wolde god it sholde bifalle;</p> +<p>And þe douhtres alle q<i>ue</i>nes:</p> +<p>Him sto<i>n</i>des wel þat god child strenes.</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +Such is the <i>geste</i> of Havelok and Goldborough.</p> +<span class = "linenum">2984</span> +<p>Nu haue ye herd þe gest al þoru</p> +<p>Of hauelok and of goldeborw.</p> +<p>Hw he were<i>n</i> born, and hw fedde,</p> +<p>And hwou he wore<i>n</i> with wro<i>n</i>ge ledde</p> +<span class = "linenum">2988</span> +<p>In here youþe, with trecherie,</p> +<p>With tresoun, and with felounye,</p> +<a class = "texttag ital" name = "texttag2990" id = "texttag2990" href = +"#textnote2990">2990</a> +<p>And hwou þe swikes hauede<i>n</i> thit</p> +<p>Reuen hem þat was here rith,</p> +<span class = "linenum">2992</span> +<p>And hwou he were<i>n</i> wreken wel,</p> +<p>Haue ich sey you eu<i>er</i>ildel;</p> + +<p class = "headnote"><span class = "headnote"> +SAY A PATERNOSTER FOR THE AUTHOR.</span></p> + +<p>And forþi ich wolde biseken you,</p> +<p>Þat haue<i>n</i> herd þe rim[e] nu,</p> +<p class = "sidenote"> +Each of you say a <i>pater-noster</i> for the author.</p> +<span class = "linenum">2996</span> +<p>Þat ilke of you, with gode wille,<span class = +"pagenum">86</span></p> +<a name = "page86" id = "page86"> </a> +<p>Seye a pat<i>er</i>-nost<i>er</i> stille,</p> +<p>For him þat haueth þe rym[e] maked,</p> +<p>And þer-fore fele nihtes waked;</p> +<span class = "linenum">3000</span> +<p>Þat ih<i>es</i>u c<i>ri</i>st his soule bringe</p> +<p>Bi-forn his fader at his endinge.</p> + +<p class = "center"><b>Amen.</b></p> + +</div> + +<div class = "notes"> + +<span class = "pagenum">87</span> +<a name = "page87" id = "page87"> </a> +<h2><a name = "notes" id = "notes">NOTES.</a></h2> + + +<p class = "editor"> +[The following notes are abridged from the notes in Sir F. Madden’s +excellent edition, the abridgement being effected almost entirely by +occasional omissions, and with but very slight unimportant changes of a +few words, chiefly in the case of references to later editions of +various works than were existing in 1828. I have added one or two +short notes upon difficult constructions, but these are distinguished by +being enclosed within square brackets. —W. W. S.]</p> + +<p class = "spacer"> </p> + +<p class = "floathead"><a name = "textnote9" id = "textnote9" href = +"#texttag9">9.</a></p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p><i>He was the wicteste man at nede</i></p> +<p><i>That thurte riden on ani stede.</i></p> +</div> + +<p>This appears to have been a favourite expression of the poet, and to +have comprehended, in his idea, the perfection of those qualifications +required in a knight and hero. He repeats it, with some slight +variation, no less than five times, viz. in ll. 25, 87, 345, 1757, and +1970. The lines, however, are by no means original, but the common +property of all our early poetical writers. We find them in Laȝamon:</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>þis wes þe feiruste mon</p> +<p>þe æuere æhte ær þusne kinedom,</p> +<p>þa he mihte beren wepnen,</p> +<p>& his hors wel awilden.</p> +</div> + +<p class = "author"> +<i>Laȝamon</i>, vol. i. p. 174.</p> + +<p>So also in the Romance of <i>Guy of Warwick</i>:</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>He was the best knight at neede</p> +<p>That euer bestrode any stede.</p> +</div> + +<p class = "author"> +Coll. Garrick, K. 9. sign. Ll. ii.</p> + +<p>Again, in the <i>Continuation of Sir Gy</i>, in the Auchinleck MS., +(ed. for the Abbotsford Club, 1840, 4to; p. 266),</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>The best bodi he was at nede</p> +<p>That ever might bistriden stede,</p> +<p class = "indent">And freest founde in fight.</p> +</div> + +<p>And again, in the <i>Chronicle of England</i>, published by Ritson +from a copy in the British Museum, MS. Reg. 12. C. <span class = +"smallroman">XII</span>.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">88</span> +<a name = "page88" id = "page88"> </a> +<div class = "verse"> +<p>After him his sone Arthur</p> +<p>Hevede this lond thourh and thourh.</p> +<p>He was the beste kyng at nede</p> +<p>That ever mihte ride on stede,</p> +<p>Other wepne welde, other folk out-lede,</p> +<p>Of mon he hede he never drede.</p> +</div> + +<p class = "author"> +—l. 261.</p> + +<p>The very close resemblance of these lines to those in Havelok, ll. +87-90, would induce a belief that the writer of the <i>Chronicle</i> had +certainly read, and perhaps copied from, the Romance. The MS. followed +by Ritson was undoubtedly written soon after the death of Piers +Gaveston, in 1313, with the mention of which event it concludes; but in +the Auchinleck copy it is continued, by a later hand, to the minority of +Edward III. It only remains to be observed, that the poem in MS. Reg. +12. C. <span class = "smallroman">XII.</span> is written by the same +identical hand as the MS. Harl. 2253 (containing <i>Kyng Horn</i>, +&c.), whence some additional light is thrown on the real age of the +latter, respecting which our antiquaries so long differed.</p> + +<p>[<a name = "textnote15" id = "textnote15" href = "#texttag15">15.</a> +“And I will drink ere I tell my tale.” <i>Her</i> = ere.</p> + +<p><a name = "textnote19" id = "textnote19" href = "#texttag19">19.</a> +<i>And wite, &c.</i>, i.e. And ordain that it may be so; cf. ll. +517, 1316. Both metre and grammar require the final <i>e</i>.]</p> + +<p><a name = "textnote31" id = "textnote31" href = "#texttag31">31.</a> +<i>Erl and barun, <b>dreng</b> and kayn.</i> The appellation of +<i>Dreng</i>, and, in the plural, <i>Drenges</i>, which repeatedly +occurs in the course of this poem, is uniformly bestowed on a class of +men who hold a situation between the rank of <i>Baron</i> and +<i>Thayn</i>. We meet with the term more than once in Doomsday Book, as, +for instance, in Tit. Cestresc: “Hujus manerii [Neuton] aliam terram xv. +hom. quos <i>Drenches</i> vocabant, pro xv. maneriis tenebant.” And in a +Charter of that period we read: “Alger Prior, et totus Conventus +Ecclesiæ S. Cuthberti, Edwino, et omnibus Teignis et <i>Drengis</i>, +&c.” Hence Spelman infers, that the Drengs were military vassals, +and held land by knight’s service, which was called <i>Drengagium</i>. +This is confirmed by a document from the Chartulary of Welbeck, printed +in Dugdale, <i>Mon. Angl.</i> V. <span class = +"smallroman">II.</span> p. 598, and in Blount, <i>Jocular +Tenures</i>, p. 177, where it is stated, “In eadem villa [Cukeney, +co. Nottingh.] manebat quidam homo qui vocabatur Gamelbere, et fuit +vetus <i>Dreyinghe</i> ante Conquestum.” It appears from the same +document, that this person held two carucates of land of the King <i>in +capite</i>, and was bound to perform military service for the same, +whenever the army went into Wales. In the Epistle also from the Monks of +Canterbury to Henry II. printed by Somner, in his Treatise on Gavelkind, +p. 123, we find: “Quia vero non erant adhuc tempore Regis Willelmi +Milites in Anglia, sed <i>Threnges</i>, præcepit Rex, ut de eis Milites +fierent, ad terram defendendam.” In Laȝamon’s translation of Wace the +term is frequently used in the acceptation of thayn, and spelt either +<i>dringches</i>, <i>drenches</i>, <i>dranches</i>, or <i>dringes</i>. +[Cf. Sw. <i>dräng</i>, a man, servant; Dan. <i>dreng</i>, a boy.] In the +Isl. and Su. Goth. <i>Dreng</i> originally signified <i>vir fortis</i>, +<i>miles strenuus</i>, and hence Olaf, King of Norway, received the +epithet of <i>Goddreng</i>. See Wormii Lex. Run. p. 26. Ihre, Vet. +Cat. Reg. +<span class = "pagenum">89</span> +<a name = "page89" id = "page89"> </a> +p. 109. Langebek, Script. Rer. Danic. V. <span class = +"smallroman">I.</span> p. 156. The term subsequently was applied to +persons in a servile condition, and is so instanced by Spelman, as used +in Denmark. In this latter sense it may be found in Hickes, Diction. +Isl., and in Sir David Lyndsay’s Poems,</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>Quhilk is not ordanit for <i>dringis</i></p> +<p>But for Duikis, Empriouris, and Kingis.</p> +</div> + +<p class = "author"> +V. Pinkerton’s <ins class = "mycorr" +title = "not an error">Scotish</ins> Poems Reprinted, ii. 97.</p> + +<p>V. Jamieson, Dict. <i>in voce</i>.</p> + +<p class = "floathead"><a name = "textnote45" id = "textnote45" href = +"#texttag45">45.</a></p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p><i>In that time a man that bore</i></p> +<p>(<i>Wel fyfty pund, y woth, or more.</i>)</p> +</div> + +<p>This insertion receives additional authority from a similar passage +in the Romance of <i>Guy of Warwick</i>, where it is mentioned as a +proof of the rigorous system of justice pursued by Earl Sigard,</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>Though a man bore an hundred pound,</p> +<p>Upon him of gold so round,</p> +<p>There n’as man in all this land</p> +<p>That durst him do shame no schonde.</p> +</div> + +<p class = "author"> +Ellis, <i>Metr. Rom.</i> V. <span class = "smallroman">II.</span> p. 9. +Ed. 1811.</p> + +<p>Many of the traits here attributed to Athelwold appear to be borrowed +from the praises so universally bestowed by our ancient historians on +the character of King Alfred, in whose time, as Otterbourne writes, +p. 52, “armillas aureas in bivio stratas vel suspensas, nemo +abripere est ausus.” Cf. <i>Annal. Eccl. Roffens.</i> MS. Cott. Nero, D. +<span class = "smallroman">II.</span> The same anecdote is related of +Rollo, Duke of Normandy, by Guillaume de Jumieges, and Dudon de Saint +Quentin.</p> + +<p><a name = "textnote91" id = "textnote91" href = "#texttag91">91.</a> +<i>Sprong forth so sparke of glede.</i> Cf. l. 870. It is a very common +metaphor in early English poetry.</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>He sprong forð an stede,</p> +<p class = "indent">swa sparc ded of fure,</p> +</div> + +<p class = "author"> +<i>Laȝamon</i> v. ii. p. 565.</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>He sprange als any sparke one glede.</p> +</div> + +<p class = "author"> +<i>Sir Isumbras</i>, st. 39 (Camd. Soc. 1844)</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>He spronge as sparkle doth of glede,</p> +</div> + +<p class = "author"> +<i>K. of Tars</i>, l. 194.</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>And lepte out of the arsoun,</p> +<p class = "indent">As sperk thogh out of glede.</p> +</div> + +<p class = "author"> +<i>Ly Beaus Desconus</i>, l. 623.</p> + +<p>Cf. Chaucer, Cant. Tales, l. 13833, and Tyrwhitt’s note.</p> + +<p><a name = "textnote110" id = "textnote110" href = +"#texttag110">110.</a> <i>Of his bodi</i>, &c. Compare the French +text, l. 208.</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>Mes entre eus n’eurent enfant</p> +<p>Mes qe vne fille bele;</p> +<p>Argentille out non la pucele.</p> +<p>Rois Ekenbright fut enfermez,</p> +<p>Et de grant mal forment greuez;</p> +<p>Bien siet n’en poet garrir.</p> +</div> + +<span class = "pagenum">90</span> +<a name = "page90" id = "page90"> </a> +<p>[Here <i>Argentille</i> is <i>Goldborough</i>, and <i>Ekenbright</i> +answers to <i>Athelwold</i>. This quotation, and others below, shewing +the passages of the French text which most nearly resemble the English +poem, are from a MS. in the Herald’s College, marked E. D. N. No. 14. +See the Preface.]</p> + +<p>[<a name = "textnote118" id = "textnote118" href = +"#texttag118">118.</a> <i>Wat shal me to rede</i>, lit. what shall be +for a counsel to me. See <i>Rede</i> in the Glossary to <i>William of +Palerne</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "textnote130" id = "textnote130" href = +"#texttag130">130.</a> <i>And don hem of þar hire were queme</i>, lit. +and do them off where it should be agreeable to her; i.e. and keep men +at a distance as she pleased. Such seems to me the meaning of this +hitherto unexplained line.</p> + +<p><a name = "textnote132" id = "textnote132" href = +"#texttag132">132.</a> For <i>me</i> we ought probably to read +<i>hit</i>.]</p> + +<p><a name = "textnote136" id = "textnote136" href = +"#texttag136">136.</a> <i>He sende <b>writes</b> sone onon.</i> We must +here, and in l. 2275, simply understand <i>letters</i>, without any +reference to the official summonses of parliament, which subsequently +were so termed, <span class = "greek" title = "kat’ exochên">κατ’ +εξοχην</span>. The word <i>briefs</i> is used in the same sense by the +old French writers, and in Laȝamon we meet with some lines nearly +corresponding with the present; see ll. 6669-6678.</p> + +<p>[<a name = "textnote175" id = "textnote175" href = +"#texttag175">175.</a> <i>þa</i>. Frequently written for <i>þat</i>. See +<i>William of Palerne</i>.]</p> + +<p><a name = "textnote189" id = "textnote189" href = +"#texttag189">189-203.</a> <i>Ther-on he garte</i>, &c. Compare the +French Romance, ll. 215-228.</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>Sa fille li ad comandée,</p> +<p>Et sa terre tote liuerée.</p> +<p>Primerement li fet iurer,</p> +<p>Veiant sa gent & affier,</p> +<p>Qe leaument la nurrireit,</p> +<p>Et sa terre lui gardereit,</p> +<p>Tant q’ele fust de tiel age</p> +<p>Qe suffrir porroit mariage.</p> +<p>Quant la pucele seit granz,</p> +<p>Par le consail de ses tenanz,</p> +<p>Au plus fort home la dorroit</p> +<p>Qe el reaume troueroit;</p> +<p>Qu’il li baillast ses citez,</p> +<p>Ses chasteus & ses fermetez.</p> +</div> + +<p class = "spacer"> </p> + +<p class = "floathead"><a name = "textnote263" id = "textnote263" href = +"#texttag263">263.</a></p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p><i>Justises dede he maken newe,</i></p> +<p><i>Al Engelond to faren thorw.</i></p> +</div> + +<p>The earliest instance produced by Dugdale of the Justices Itinerant, +is in 23 Hen. II. 1176, when by the advice of the Council held at +Northampton, the realm was divided into six parts, and into each were +sent three Justices. <i>Orig. Judic.</i> p. 51. This is stated on +the authority of Hoveden. Dugdale admits however the custom to have been +older, and in Gervasius Dorobernensis, we find, in 1170, certain +persons, called <i>inquisitores</i>, appointed to perambulate England. +Gervase of Tilbury, or whoever was the author of the <i>Dialogus de +Scaccario</i>, calls them <i>deambulantes, vel perlustrantes +judices</i>. See Spelman, <i>in voc</i>. The office continued to the +time of Edward III., when it was superseded by that of the Justices of +Assize.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">91</span> +<a name = "page91" id = "page91"> </a> +<p><a name = "textnote280" id = "textnote280" href = +"#texttag280">280.</a> <i>The kinges douther</i>, &c. Comp. the Fr. +l. 283.</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p class = "indent3">Argentille,</p> +<p>La meschine qu’ert sa fille,</p> +<p>Que ia estoit creue & grant,</p> +<p>Et bien poeit auoir enfant.</p> +</div> + +<p>[<a name = "textnote338" id = "textnote338" href = +"#texttag338">338.</a> <i>Sawe</i>, put for “Say we.” Cf. <i>biddi</i> +for “bidde i,” l. 484; <i>hauedet</i> for “hauede it,” 714; +&c.</p> + +<p><a name = "textnote365" id = "textnote365" href = +"#texttag365">365.</a> <i>His quiste</i>, &c. “His bequest made, and +(things) distributed for him.”]</p> + +<p class = "floathead"><a name = "textnote433" id = "textnote433" href = +"#texttag433">433.</a></p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p><i>Crist warie him with his mouth!</i></p> +<p><i>Waried wrthe he of north and suth!</i></p> +</div> + +<p>So, in the Romance of Merlin, Bishop Brice curses the enemies of +Arthur,</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>Ac, for he is king, and king’s son,</p> +<p>Y curse alle, and y dom</p> +<p>His enemies with Christes mouth,</p> +<p>By East, by West, by North, and South!</p> +</div> + +<p class = "author"> +Ellis, <i>Metr. Rom.</i> V. <span class = "smallroman">I.</span> p. +260.</p> + +<p>[<a name = "textnote506" id = "textnote506" href = +"#texttag506">506.</a> For <i>nouth</i> we must read <i>mouth</i> or +<i>wolde</i>. The sense is— “He thought that he would he were +dead, except that he might not (<i>or</i> would not) slay him with his +(own) hand.”</p> + +<p><a name = "textnote550" id = "textnote550" href = +"#texttag550">550.</a> The sense is— “When he had done that deed +(i.e. gagged the child), <i>then</i> the deceiver had commanded him,” +&c.</p> + +<p><a name = "textnote560" id = "textnote560" href = +"#texttag560">560.</a> <i>with</i> may mean <i>knowest</i>, but this +hardly gives sense. Perhaps we should read <i>wilt</i>, i.e. “As thou +wilt have (preserve) my life.”</p> + +<p><a name = "textnote567" id = "textnote567" href = +"#texttag567">567.</a> Mr Morris suggests that the riming words are +<i>adoun</i> and <i>croune</i>. We might then read—</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>“And caste þe knaue so harde adoun,</p> +<p>þat he crakede þer hise croune.”]</p> +</div> + +<p><a name = "textnote591" id = "textnote591" href = +"#texttag591">591.</a> <i>Of hise mouth</i>, &c. Comp. the Fr. l. +71. sq.</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>Totes les houres q’il dormoit,</p> +<p>Vne flambe de lui issoit.</p> +<p>Par la bouche li venoit fors,</p> +<p>Si grant chalur auoit el cors.</p> +<p>La flambe rendoit tiel odour,</p> +<p>Onc ne sentit nul home meillour.</p> +</div> + +<p><a name = "textnote676" id = "textnote676" href = +"#texttag676">676.</a> <i>And with thi chartre make (me) fre.</i> +Instances of the manumission of villains or slaves by charter may be +found in Hickes, <i>Diss. Epistol.</i> p. 12, Lye’s Dict. <i>ad +calc.</i>, and Madox’s <i>Formulare Anglicanum</i>, p. 750. The +practice was common in the Saxon times, and existed so late as the reign +of Henry VIII.</p> + +<p>[<a name = "textnote694" id = "textnote694" href = +"#texttag694">694.</a> <i>Wite he him onliue</i>, if he knows him (to +be) alive.</p> + +<p><a name = "textnote701" id = "textnote701" href = +"#texttag701">701.</a> It is evident that the words <i>and gate</i> = +and goats, must be supplied. For the spelling <i>gate</i>, cf. <i>Pricke +of Conscience</i>, ed. Morris, l. 6134, where <i>gayte</i> is used +collectively as a plural.]</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">92</span> +<a name = "page92" id = "page92"> </a> +<p><a name = "textnote706" id = "textnote706" href = +"#texttag706">706.</a> <i>Hise ship</i>, &c. Comp. the Fr. l. +89.</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>Grim fet niefs apparailler,</p> +<p>Et de viande bien charger.</p> +</div> + +<p><a name = "textnote715" id = "textnote715" href = +"#texttag715">715-720.</a> <i>Hauelok the yunge</i>, &c. Comp. the +Fr. ll. 97-105.</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>Quant sa nief fut apparaillée,</p> +<p>Dedenz fist entrer sa meisnée,</p> +<p>Ses cheualers & ses serganz,</p> +<p>Sa femme demeine & ses enfanz:</p> +<p>La reyne mist el batel,</p> +<p>Haueloc tint souz son mantel.</p> +<p>Il meismes apres entra,</p> +<p>A Dieu del ciel se comanda,</p> +<p>Del hauene sont desancré,</p> +<p>Car il eurent bon orré.</p> +</div> + +<p>Instead of the storm, in the French text Grim’s ship is attacked by +pirates, who kill the whole of the crew, with the exception of himself +and family, whom they spare on the score of his being an old +acquaintance.</p> + +<p><a name = "textnote733" id = "textnote733" href = +"#texttag733">733-749.</a> <i>In Humber</i>, &c. So in the Fr. +<i>Ceo fut el north</i>, &c. Cf. ll. 122-135.</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>Tant out nagé & tant siglé,</p> +<p>Q’en vne hauene out parvenu,</p> +<p>Et de la nief a terre issu.</p> +<p>Ceo fut el North, a Grimesbi;</p> +<p>A icel tens qe ieo vus di,</p> +<p>Ni out onques home habité,</p> +<p>Ne cele hauene n’ert pas haunté.</p> +<p>Il i adresca primes maison,</p> +<p>De lui ad Grimesbi a non.</p> +<p>Quant Grim primes i ariua,</p> +<p>En .ii. moitez sa nief trencha,</p> +<p>Les chiefs en ad amont drescé,</p> +<p>Iloec dedenz s’est herbergé.</p> +<p>Pescher aloit sicome il soloit,</p> +<p>Siel vendoit & achatoit.</p> +</div> + +<p class = "spacer"> </p> + +<p class = "floathead"><a name = "textnote753" id = "textnote753" href = +"#texttag753">753.</a></p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p><i>He took the sturgiun and the qual,</i></p> +<p><i>And the turbut, and lax withal,</i></p> +<p><i>He tok the sele, and the hwel</i>, &c.</p> +</div> + +<p>The list of fish here enumerated may be increased from l. 896, and +presents us with a sufficiently accurate notion of the different species +eaten in the 13th century. Each of the names will be considered +separately in the Glossary, and it is only intended here to make a few +remarks on those, which in the present day appear rather strangely to +have found a place on the tables of our ancestors. The sturgeon is well +known to have been esteemed a dainty, both in England and France, and +specially appropriated to the King’s service, but that the whale, the +seal, and the porpoise +<span class = "pagenum">93</span> +<a name = "page93" id = "page93"> </a> +should have been rendered palatable, excites our astonishment. Yet that +the whale was caught for that purpose, appears not only from the present +passage, but also from the Fabliau intitled <i>Bataille de Charnage et +de Caresme</i>, written probably about the same period, and printed by +Barbazan. It is confirmed, as we learn from Le Grand, by the French +writers; and even Rabelais, near three centuries later, enumerates the +whale among the dishes eaten by the Gastrolatres. In the list of fish +also published by Le Grand from a MS. of the 13th century, and which +corresponds remarkably with the names in the Romance, we meet with the +<i>Baleigne</i>. See <i>Vie Privée des François</i>, T. <span class += "smallroman">II.</span> sect. 8.</p> + +<p>Among the articles at Archbishop Nevil’s Feast, 6 Edw. IV., we find, +<i>Porposes and Seales <span class = "smallroman">XII.</span></i> and at +that of Archbishop Warham, held in 1504, is an item: <i>De Seales & +Porposs. prec. in gross <span class = "smallroman">XXVI.</span> s. <span +class = "smallroman">VIII.</span> d.</i> Champier asserts that the Seal +was eaten at the Court of Francis I., so that the taste of the two +nations seems at this period to have been nearly the same. For the +courses of fish in England during the 14th and 15th centuries, see +Pegge’s <i>Form of Cury</i>, and Warner’s <i>Antiquitates Culinariæ</i>, +to which we may add MS. Sloane, 1986. [<i>Cf.</i> <i>Babees Book, +&c.</i>, ed. Furnivall, 1868, p. 153.]</p> + +<p>[<a name = "textnote784" id = "textnote784" href = +"#texttag784">784.</a> For <i>setes</i> we should probably read +<i>seten</i> or <i>sette</i>, which would be as good a rime as many +others. The scribe has probably made the rime more perfect than the +sense. It must mean, “In the sea were they oft set.” We cannot here +suppose <i>setes</i> = <i>set es</i> = set them.]</p> + +<p><a name = "textnote839" id = "textnote839" href = +"#texttag839">839.</a> <i>And seyde, Hauelok, dere sone.</i> In the +French, Grim sends Havelok away for quite a different reason, viz. +because he does not understand fishing.</p> + +<p><a name = "textnote903" id = "textnote903" href = +"#texttag903">903.</a> <i>The kok stod</i>, &c. Comp. the Fr. l. +242.</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>Et vn keu le roi le retint,</p> +<p>Purceo qe fort le vist & grant,</p> +<p>Et mult le vist de bon semblant.</p> +<p>Merueillous fes poeit leuer,</p> +<p>Busche tailler, ewe porter.</p> +</div> + +<p>The last line answers to l. 942 of the English version.</p> + +<p><a name = "textnote939" id = "textnote939" href = +"#texttag939">939.</a> <i>He bar the turues, he bar the star.</i> The +meaning of the latter term will be best illustrated by a passage in +Moor’s <i>Suffolk Words</i>, where, under the word <i>Bent</i>, he +writes, “<i>Bent</i> or <i>Starr</i>, on the N.W. coast of England, and +especially in Lancashire, is a coarse reedy shrub—like <ins class += "mycorr" title = "i.e. the kind we have in Suffolk (quoting Moor)">ours</ins> +perhaps—of some importance formerly, if not now, +on the sandy blowing lands of those counties. Its fibrous roots give +some cohesion to the silicious soil. By the 15 and 16 G. II. +c. 33, plucking up and carrying away <i>Starr</i> or Bent, or +having it in possession within five miles of the sand hills, was +punishable by fine, imprisonment, and whipping.” The use stated in the +Act to which the <i>Starr</i> was applied, is, “making of Mats, Brushes, +and Brooms or Besoms,” therefore it might very well be adapted to the +purposes of a kitchen, and from its being coupled with turves in the +poem, was perhaps sometimes burnt for fuel. The origin of the word is +Danish, and still exists in the Dan. <i>Stær</i>, Swed. <i>Starr</i>, +Isl. +<span class = "pagenum">94</span> +<a name = "page94" id = "page94"> </a> +<ins class = "mycorr" title = "error for ‘stær’?"><i>staer</i></ins>, +a species of sedge, or broom, called by Lightfoot, p. 560, +<i>carex cespitosa</i>. Perhaps it is this shrub alluded to in the +Romance of <i>Kyng Alisaunder</i>, and this circumstance will induce us +to assign its author to the district in which the Starr is found.</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>The speris craketh swithe thikke,</p> +<p>So doth on hegge <i>sterre-stike</i>.</p> +</div> + +<p class = "author"> +—l. 4438.</p> + +<p><a name = "textnote945" id = "textnote945" href = +"#texttag945">945.</a> <i>of alle men</i>, &c. Comp. the Fr. l. +254.</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>Tant estoit franc & deboneire,</p> +<p>Que tuz voloit lur pleisir fere,</p> +<p>Pur la franchise q’il out.</p> +</div> + +<p><a name = "textnote959" id = "textnote959" href = +"#texttag959">959.</a> <i>Of him ful wide the word sprong.</i> A phrase +which from the Saxon times occurs repeatedly in all our old writers. A +few examples may suffice.</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>Beowulf wæs breme,</p> +<p>Blæd wíde sprang.</p> +</div> + +<p class = "author"> +<i>Beowulf</i>, ed. Thorpe, p. 2.</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>Welle wide sprong þas eorles word.</p> +</div> + +<p class = "author"> +<i>Laȝamon</i>, l. 26242.</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>Of a knight is that y mene,</p> +<p>His name is sprong wel wide.</p> +</div> + +<p class = "author"> +<i>Sir Tristrem</i>, st. 2, p. 12.</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>The word of Horn wide sprong,</p> +<p>How he was bothe michel and long.</p> +</div> + +<p class = "author"> +<i>Horn Childe</i>, ap. Rits. <i>Metr. Rom.</i> V. iii. p. 291.</p> + +<p>See also the <i>Kyng of Tars</i>, ll. 19, 1007, <i>Emare</i>, +l. 256, <i>Roland and Ferragus</i>, as quoted by Ellis, <i>Ly beaus +Desconus</i>, l. 172, and <i>Chronicle of England</i>, +l. 71.</p> + +<p class = "floathead"><a name = "textnote984" id = "textnote984" href = +"#texttag984">984.</a></p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p><i>In armes him noman (ne) nam,</i></p> +<p><i>þat he doune sone ne caste.</i></p> +</div> + +<p>The same praise is bestowed on Havelok in the French text, +l. 265,—</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>Deuant eus liuter le fesoient</p> +<p>As plus forz homes q’il sauoient,</p> +<p>Et il trestouz les abatit—</p> +</div> + +<p>and it was doubtless in imitation or ridicule of the qualities +attributed to similar heroes, that Chaucer writes of Sir Thopas, “Of +wrastling was ther non his per.” Cant. Tales, l. 13670.</p> + +<p><a name = "textnote1006" id = "textnote1006" href = +"#texttag1006">1006.</a> <i>To ben þer at þe parlement.</i> Cf. l. 1178. +If we examine our historical records, we shall find that the only +parliament held at Lincoln was in the year 1300, 28 Edw. I., and +the writs to the <i>Archbishop of York</i>, and other Nobles, both +ecclesiastical and secular, are still extant. The proceedings are +detailed at some length by Robert of Brunne, Vol. <span class = +"smallroman">II.</span> p. 312, who might have been in Lincoln at +the time, or, at all events, was sufficiently informed of all that took +place, from his residence in the +<span class = "pagenum">95</span> +<a name = "page95" id = "page95"> </a> +county. If we could suppose that the author of the Romance alluded to +this very parliament, it would reduce the period of the poem’s +composition to a later date, than either the style or the writing of the +MS. will possibly admit of. It is therefore far more probable the writer +here makes use of a poetical, and very pardonable licence, in +transferring the parliament to the chief city of the county in which he +was evidently born, or brought up, without any reference whatever to +historical data.</p> + +<p class = "floathead"><a name = "textnote1022" id = "textnote1022" href += "#texttag1022">1022.</a></p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p><i>Biforn here fet þanne lay a tre,</i></p> +<p><i>And putten with a mikel ston</i>, &c.</p> +</div> + +<p>This game of <i>putting the stone</i>, is of the highest antiquity, +and seems to have been common at one period to the whole of England, +although subsequently confined to the Northern counties, and to +Scotland. Fitzstephen enumerates casting of stones among the amusements +of the Londoners in the 12th century, and Dr Pegge, in a note on the +passage, calls it “a Welch custom.” The same sport is mentioned by +Geoffrey of Monmouth, among the diversions pursued at King Arthur’s +feast, as will appear in a subsequent note (l. 2320). By an edict +of Edward III. the practice of casting stones, wood, and iron, was +forbidden, and the use of the bow substituted, yet this by no means +superseded the former amusement, which was still in common use in the +16th century, as appears from Strutt’s <i>Popular Pastimes</i>, Introd. +pp. xvii, xxxix, and p. 56, sq. In the Highlands this sport +appears to have been longer kept up than in any other part of Britain, +and Pennant, describing their games, writes, “Those retained are, +throwing the <i>putting-stone</i>, or stone of strength (<i>Cloch +neart</i>) as they call it, which occasions an emulation who can throw a +weighty one the farthest.” <i>Tour in Scotl.</i> p. 214. 4to. 1769. +See also <i>Statist. Account of Argyleshire</i>, xi. 287. In the French +Romance of Horn, preserved in MS. Harl. 527, is almost a similar +incident to the one in Havelok, and would nearly amount to a proof, that +Tomas, the writer of the French text of Horn, was an Englishman.</p> + +<p>In the Romance of <i>Octovian Imperator</i> it is said of +Florent,</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>At <i>wrestelyng</i>, and at <i>ston castynge</i></p> +<p>He wan the prys, without lesynge;</p> +<p>Ther n’as nother old ne yynge</p> +<p class = "indent">So mochell of strength,</p> +<p>That myght the ston to hys <i>but</i> bryng,</p> +<p class = "indent">Bi fedeme lengthe.</p> +</div> + +<p class = "author"> +—l. 895.</p> + +<p>It is singular enough, that the circumstance of Havelok’s throwing +the stone, mentioned in the Romance, should have been founded on, or +preserved in, a local tradition, as attested by Robert of Brunne, +p. 26.</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>Men sais in Lyncoln castelle ligges ȝit a stone,</p> +<p>That Hauelok kast wele forbi euerilkone.</p> +</div> + +<p><a name = "textnote1077" id = "textnote1077" href = +"#texttag1077">1077-1088.</a> <i>The king Athelwald</i>, &c. Comp. +the Fr. text, ll. 354-370.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">96</span> +<a name = "page96" id = "page96"> </a> +<div class = "verse"> +<p>Quant Ekenbright le roi fini,</p> +<p>En ma garde sa fille mist;</p> +<p>Vn serement iurer me fist,</p> +<p>Q’au plus fort home le dorroie,</p> +<p>Qe el reaume trouer porroie.</p> +<p>Assez ai quis & demandé,</p> +<p>Tant q’en ai vn fort troué;</p> +<p>Vn valet ai en ma quisine,</p> +<p>A qui ieo dorrai la meschine; &c.</p> +</div> + +<p><a name = "textnote1103" id = "textnote1103" href = +"#texttag1103">1103.</a> <i>After Goldeborw</i>, &c. Comp. the Fr. +l. 377.</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>Sa niece lur fet amener,</p> +<p>Et a Cuaran esposer;</p> +<p>Pur lui auiler & honir,</p> +<p>La fist la nuit lez lui gesir.</p> +</div> + +<p>The French Romance differs here very considerably from the English, +and in the latter, the dream of Argentille, her visit to the hermit, and +the conversation relative to Havelok’s parents, is entirely omitted.</p> + +<p>[<a name = "textnote1174" id = "textnote1174" href = +"#texttag1174">1174.</a> This may mean—“He (Havelok) is given to +her, and she has taken (him)”—but this makes <i>yaf</i> and +<i>tok</i> past participles, which they properly are not; or else we +must translate it—“He (Godard) gave them to her, and she took +them,” i.e. the pence. This alone is the grammatical construction, and +it suits the context best; observe, that the words <i>ys</i> and +<i>as</i> are equivalent to <i>es</i> = them. Cf. l. 970. See +Morris; <i>Gen. & Exod.</i>, Pref. p. xviii.]</p> + +<p><a name = "textnote1203" id = "textnote1203" href = +"#texttag1203">1203.</a> <i>Thanne he komen there</i>, &c. Comp. the +Fr. l. 556.</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>A Grimesby s’en alerent;</p> +<p>Mes li prodoms estoit finiz,</p> +<p>Et la Dame q’is out nurriz.</p> +<p>Kelloc sa fille i ont trouée,</p> +<p>Vn marchant l’out esposée.</p> +</div> + +<p>The marriage of Kelloc, Grim’s daughter, with a merchant is skilfully +intro­duced in the French, and naturally leads to the mention of +Denmark. The plot of the English story is wholly dissimilar in this +respect.</p> + +<p><a name = "textnote1247" id = "textnote1247" href = +"#texttag1247">1247.</a> <i>On the nith</i>, &c. Comp. the Fr. l. +381.</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>Quant couché furent ambedui,</p> +<p>Cele out grant honte de lui,</p> +<p>Et il assez greindre de li.</p> +<p>As deuz se geut, si se dormi.</p> +<p>Ne voloit pas q’ele veist</p> +<p>La flambe qe de lui issist.</p> +</div> + +<p>The voice of the angel is completely an invention of the English +author, and the dream (which is transferred from Argentille to Havelok) +is altogether different in its detail.</p> + +<p><a name = "textnote1260" id = "textnote1260" href = +"#texttag1260">1260.</a> <i>He beth heyman</i>, &c. Comp. the Fr. l. +521.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">97</span> +<a name = "page97" id = "page97"> </a> +<div class = "verse"> +<p>Il est né de real lignage,</p> +<p>Oncore auera grant heritage.</p> +<p>Grant gent fra vers li encline,</p> +<p>Il serra roi & tu reyne.</p> +</div> + +<p>[<a name = "textnote1334" id = "textnote1334" href = +"#texttag1334">1334.</a> The words <i>euere-il del</i> are corruptly +repeated from line 1330 above. Perhaps we should read <i>wit-uten +were</i>, i.e. without doubt.]</p> + +<p><a name = "textnote1430" id = "textnote1430" href = +"#texttag1430">1430.</a> <i>Hauede go for him gold ne fe.</i> Cf. l. 44. +So in Laȝamon:</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>Ne sculde him neoðer gon fore</p> +<p>Gold ne na gærsume, &c.;</p> +</div> + +<p class = "author"> +—vol. ii. p. 537.</p> + +<p>[<a name = "textnote1444" id = "textnote1444" href = +"#texttag1444">1444.</a> The French text helps but little to supply the +blank. It shows that Havelok and his wife sailed to Denmark, and, on +their arrival, sought out the castle belonging to Sigar, who answers to +the Ubbe of the English version.]</p> + +<p><a name = "textnote1632" id = "textnote1632" href = +"#texttag1632">1632.</a> <i>A gold ring drow he forth anon</i>, &c. +A similar incident, and in nearly the same words, occurs in Sir +Tristrem.</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>A ring he raught him tite,</p> +<p>The porter seyd nought nay,</p> +<p class = "indent3">In hand:</p> +<p>He was ful wis, y say,</p> +<p>That first yave yift in land.</p> +</div> + +<p class = "author"> +—fytte i. st. 57, p. 39.</p> + +<p>So also Wyntoun, who relates the subsidy of 40,000 moutons sent from +France to Scotland in 1353, and adds,</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>Qwha gyvis swilk gyftyis he is wyse.</p> +</div> + +<p>[See also <i>Piers Plowman</i>, Text A. iii. 202.]</p> + +<p><a name = "textnote1646" id = "textnote1646" href = +"#texttag1646">1646.</a> <i>Hw he was wel of bones</i>, &c. Comp. +the Fr. l. 743.</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>Gent cors & bele feture,</p> +<p>Lungs braz & grant furcheure</p> +<p>Ententiuement l’esgarda.</p> +</div> + +<p>[<a name = "textnote1678" id = "textnote1678" href = +"#texttag1678">1678.</a> This line has two syllables too little.]</p> + +<p><a name = "textnote1722" id = "textnote1722" href = +"#texttag1722">1722.</a> <i>Thanne he were set</i>, &c. This is an +amplification of the Fr. l. 677, sq.</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>Quant fut houre del manger,</p> +<p>Et qe tuz alerent lauer,</p> +<p>Li prodoms a manger s’assist,</p> +<p>Les .iii. valez seeir i fist,</p> +<p>Argentille lez son seignur;</p> +<p>Serui furent a grant honur.</p> +</div> + +<p><a name = "textnote1726" id = "textnote1726" href = +"#texttag1726">1726.</a> <i>Kranes, swannes, veneysun</i>, &c. We +have here the principal constituents of what formed the banquets of our +ancestors. The old Romances abound with descriptions of this nature, +which coincide exactly with the present. See <i>Richard Cœur de +Lion</i>, l. 4221; <i>Guy of Warwick; The Squyr of Lowe Degre</i>, +l. 317; and <i>Morte Arthure</i>, ed. Perry, p. 7.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">98</span> +<a name = "page98" id = "page98"> </a> +<p>“Wine is common,” says Dr Pegge, speaking of the entertainments of +the 14th century, “both red and white. This article they partly had of +their own growth, and partly by importation from France and Greece.” A +few examples will illustrate this:</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>He laid the cloth, and set forth bread,</p> +<p>And also wine, both <i>white and red</i>.</p> +</div> + +<p class = "author"> +<i>Sir Degore</i>, ap. Ellis, <i>Metr. Rom.</i> V. 3, p. 375.</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>And dronke wyn, and eke pyment,</p> +<p><i>Whyt and red</i>, al to talent.</p> +</div> + +<p class = "author"> +<i>Kyng Alisaunder</i>, l. 4178.</p> + +<p>[Cf. <i>Piers Plowman</i>, Text B, at the end of the +<i>Prologue</i>.]</p> + +<p>In the <i>Squyr of Lowe Degre</i> is a long list of these wines, +which has received considerable illustration in the curious work of Dr +Henderson.</p> + +<p>[<a name = "textnote1736" id = "textnote1736" href = +"#texttag1736">1736.</a> I print <i>kiwing</i>, as in Sir F. Madden’s +edition; but I quite give up the meaning of it, and doubt if it is put +for <i>kirving</i>. The word is obscurely written, and looks like +<i>kilþing</i>, and my impression is that it is miswritten for <i>ilk +þing</i>, the word <i>þe</i> being put for <i>þer</i>, as frequently +elsewhere. We should thus get <i>hwan he haueden þer ilk þing deled</i>, +when they had there distributed every thing. This is, at any rate, the +sense of the passage.]</p> + +<p><a name = "textnote1749" id = "textnote1749" href = +"#texttag1749">1749.</a> <i>And sende him unto the greyues.</i> In the +French, Havelok is simply sent to an <i>ostel</i>, and the <i>greyve</i> +does not appear in the story.</p> + +<p><a name = "textnote1806" id = "textnote1806" href = +"#texttag1806">1806.</a> <i>Hauelok lifte up</i>, &c. In the French, +all the amusing details relative to Robert and Huwe Raven are omitted, +and Havelok is made to retire to a monastery, where he defends himself +by throwing down the stones on his assailants.</p> + +<p>[<a name = "textnote1826" id = "textnote1826" href = +"#texttag1826">1826.</a> <i>wolde</i>, offered at, intended to hit, +<i>would</i> have hit.]</p> + +<p class = "floathead"><a name = "textnote1838" id = "textnote1838" href += "#texttag1838">1838.</a></p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p><i>And shoten on him, so don on bere</i></p> +<p><i>Dogges, that wolden him to-tere<ins class = "mycorr" +title = "text has superfluous closing bracket">. </ins></i></p> +</div> + +<p>The same comparison is made use of in the Romance of Horn Childe:</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>The Yrise folk about him yode,</p> +<p>As hondes do to bare.</p> +</div> + +<p class = "author"> +Rits. <i>Metr. Rom.</i> V. <span class = "smallroman">III.</span> p. +289.</p> + +<p>See <a href = "#textnote2320">Note on l. 2320</a>.</p> + +<p>[<a name = "textnote1914" id = "textnote1914" href = +"#texttag1914">1914.</a> “Cursed be he who cares! for they deserved it! +What did they? There were they worried.” A mark of interrogation seems +required after <i>dide he</i>.]</p> + +<p><a name = "textnote1926" id = "textnote1926" href = +"#texttag1926">1926-1930.</a> <i>Sket cam tiding</i>, &c. Comp. the +Fr. l. 719.</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>La nouele vint a chastel,</p> +<p>Au seneschal, qui n’est pas bel,</p> +<p>Qe cil qu’il auoit herbergé</p> +<p>Cinc de ses homes out tué.</p> +</div> + +<p>[<a name = "textnote1932" id = "textnote1932" href = +"#texttag1932">1932.</a> Apparently corrupt. Perhaps <i>is</i> should be +<i>it</i>. “That this strife—as to what it meant.”]</p> + +<p><a name = "textnote2045" id = "textnote2045" href = +"#texttag2045">2045.</a> <i>That weren of Kaym kin and Eues.</i> The +odium affixed to +<span class = "pagenum">99</span> +<a name = "page99" id = "page99"> </a> +the supposed progeny of Cain, and the fables engrafted on it, owe their +origin to the theological opinions of the Middle Ages, which it is not +worth while to trace to their authors. See <i>Beowulf</i>, ed. Thorpe, +p. 8; and <i>Piers Plowman</i>, A. <span class = +"smallroman">X.</span> 135-156; answering to p. 177 of Whitaker’s +edition. See also the Romance of <i>Kyng Alisaunder</i>:</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>And of Sab the duk Mauryn,</p> +<p>He was of <i>Kaymes kunrede</i>.</p> +</div> + +<p class = "author"> +—l. 1932.</p> + +<p>In <i>Ywaine and Gawaine</i>, l. 559, the Giant is called “the karl +of <i>Kaymes kyn</i>,” and so also in a poem printed by Percy, intitled +<i>Little John Nobody</i>, written about the year 1550.</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>Such caitives count to be come of Cain’s kind.</p> +</div> + +<p class = "author"> +<i>Anc. Reliq.</i> V. <span class = "smallroman">II.</span> p. 130. Ed. +1765.</p> + +<p class = "floathead"><a name = "textnote2076" id = "textnote2076" href += "#texttag2076">2076.</a></p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p><i>It ne shal no thing ben bitwene</i></p> +<p><i>Thi bour and min, also y wene,</i></p> +<p><i>But a fayr firrene wowe.</i></p> +</div> + +<p>These lines will receive some illustration from a passage in Sir +Tristrem, where it is said,</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>A borde he tok oway</p> +<p class = "indent">Of her bour.</p> +</div> + +<p class = "author"> +—p. 114.</p> + +<p>On which Sir W. Scott remarks, “The bed-chamber of the queen was +constructed of wooden boards or shingles, of which one could easily be +removed.” This will explain the line which occurs below, 2106, “He stod, +and totede in at a bord.”</p> + +<p><a name = "textnote2092" id = "textnote2092" href = +"#texttag2092">2092.</a> <i>Aboute the middel</i>, &c. In the +French, a person is placed by the Seneschal to watch, who first +discovers the light.</p> + +<p><a name = "textnote2132" id = "textnote2132" href = +"#texttag2132">2132.</a> <i>Bi the pappes he leyen naked.</i> “From the +latter end of the 13th to near the 16th century, all ranks, and both +sexes, were universally in the habit of sleeping quite naked. This +custom is often alluded to by Chaucer, Gower, Lydgate, and all our +ancient writers.” Ellis, <span class = "smallcaps">Spec. Metr. +Rom.</span> V. <span class = "smallroman">I.</span> p. 324, +4th Ed. In the <i>Squyr of Lowe Degre</i> is a remarkable instance of +this fact:</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>How she rose, that lady dere,</p> +<p>To take her leue of that squyer;</p> +<p>Al so naked as she was borne</p> +<p>She stod her chambre-dore beforne.</p> +</div> + +<p class = "author"> +—l. 671.</p> + +<p>The custom subsisted both in England and France to a very recent +period, and hence probably was derived the phrase <i>naked-bed</i>, +illustrated so copiously by Archdeacon Nares in his Glossary.</p> + +<p><a name = "textnote2192" id = "textnote2192" href = +"#texttag2192">2192.</a> Cf. the French, l. 843.</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>Ses chapeleins fet demander,</p> +<p>Ses briefs escriure & enseeler;</p> +<p>Par ses messages les manda,</p> +<p>Et pur ses amis enuoia;</p> +<p>Pur ses homes, pur ses parenz;</p> +<p>Mult i assembla granz genz.</p> +</div> + +<span class = "pagenum">100</span> +<a name = "page100" id = "page100"> </a> +<p>[<a name = "textnote2201" id = "textnote2201" href = +"#texttag2201">2201.</a> Read <i>ne neme</i> = took not, sc. their way, +just as in l. 1207.]</p> + +<p><a name = "textnote2240" id = "textnote2240" href = +"#texttag2240">2240-2265.</a> <i>Lokes, hware he stondes her</i>, +&c. Comp. the Fr. ll. 913-921.</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>“Veez ci nostre dreit heir,</p> +<p>Bien en deuom grant ioie aueir.”</p> +<p>Tut primerain se desafubla,</p> +<p>Par deuant lui s’agenuilla;</p> +<p>Sis homs deuint, si li iura</p> +<p>Qe leaument le seruira.</p> +<p>Li autre sont apres alé,</p> +<p>Chescuns de bone volenté;</p> +<p>Tuit si home sont deuenu.</p> +</div> + +<p class = "spacer"> </p> + +<p class = "floathead"><a name = "textnote2314" id = "textnote2314" href += "#texttag2314">2314.</a></p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p><i>Vbbe dubbede him to knith,</i></p> +<p><i>With a swerd ful swithe brith.</i></p> +</div> + +<p>So likewise in the Fr. l. 928, <i>A cheualier l’out adubbé</i>. The +ceremony of knighthood is described with greater minuteness in the +Romance of <i>Ly beaus Desconus</i>, l. 73; and see <i>Kyng +Horn</i>, ed. Lumby, ll. 495-504.</p> + +<p><a name = "textnote2320" id = "textnote2320" href = +"#texttag2320">2320.</a> <i>Hwan he was king, ther mouthe men se</i>, +&c. Ritson has justly remarked, Notes to <i>Ywaine and Gawaine</i>, +l. 15, that the elaborate description of Arthur’s feast at +Carlisle, given by Geoffrey of Monmouth, l. ix. c. 12, has served as a +model to all his successors. The original passage stands thus in a fine +MS. of the 13th century, MS. Harl. 3773. fol. 33 <i>b</i>. “Refecti +autem epulis diversos ludos acturi campos extra civitatem adeunt. Tunc +milites simulachra belli scientes <i>equestrem ludum</i> componunt, +mulieribus ab edito murorum aspicientibus. Alii <i>cum cestibus</i>, +alii <i>cum hastis</i>, alii <i>gravium lapidum jactu</i>, alii <i>cum +facis</i>, [<i>saxis</i>, Edd.] alii <i>cum aleis</i>, diversisque alii +alteriusmodi jocis contendentes.” In the translation of this description +by Wace we approach still nearer to the imitation of the Romance before +us.</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>A plusurs iuis se departirent,</p> +<p>Li vns alerent <i>buhurder</i>,</p> +<p>E lur ignels cheuals mustrer,</p> +<p>Li altre alerent <i>eskermir</i>,</p> +<p>V <i>pere geter</i>, v <i>saillir</i>;</p> +<p>Tels i-aueit ki <i>darz lanconent</i>,</p> +<p>E tels i-aueit ki <i>lutouent</i>:</p> +<p>Chescon del gru [geu?] s’entremetait</p> +<p>Dunt entremettre se saueit.</p> +</div> + +<p class = "author"> +MS. Reg. 13. A. xxi.</p> + +<p>The parallel versions, from the French, of Laȝamon, Robert of +Gloucester, and Robert of Brunne, may be read in Mr Ellis’s <i>Specimens +of Early English Poets</i>. At the feast of Olimpias, described in the +Romance of <i>Kyng Alisaunder</i>, we obtain an additional +imitation.</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>Withoute theo toun was mury,</p> +<p>Was reised ther al maner pley;</p> +<span class = "pagenum">101</span> +<a name = "page101" id = "page101"> </a> +<p>There was knyghtis <i>turnyng</i>,</p> +<p>There was maidenes carolyng,</p> +<p>There was champions <i>skyrmyng</i>,</p> +<p>Of heom and of other <i>wrastlyng</i>,</p> +<p>Of liouns chas, of <i>beore baityng</i>,</p> +<p>And <i>bay of bor</i>, of <i>bole slatyng</i>.</p> +</div> + +<p class = "author"> +—l. 193. Cf. l. 1045.</p> + +<p>Some additional illustrations on each of the amusements named in our +text may not be unacceptable:</p> + +<p class = "inset1"> +1. <i>Buttinge with sharpe speres.</i> This is tilting, or justing, +expressed in Wace by <i>buhurder</i>. See Strutt’s <i>Sports and +Pastimes</i>, p. 96, sq. 108.</p> + +<p class = "inset1"> +2. <i>Skirming with taleuaces.</i> This is described more at large by +Wace, in his account of the feast of Cassibelaunus. Cf. <i>Laȝamon</i>, +v. i. p. 347; l. 8144. In Strutt’s <i>Sports and +Pastimes</i> is a representation of this game, taken from MS. Bodl. 264, +illuminated between 1338 and 1344, in which the form of the +<i>talevas</i> is accurately defined. It appears to have been pursued to +such an excess, as to require the interference of the crown, for in 1286 +an edict was issued by Edward I. prohibiting all persons +<i>Eskirmer au bokeler</i>. This, however, had only a temporary effect +in restraining it, and in later times, under the appellation of <i>sword +and buckler play</i>, it again became universally popular.</p> + +<p class = "inset1"> +3. <i>Wrastling with laddes, puttinge of ston.</i> See the notes on ll. +984 and 1022.</p> + +<p class = "inset1"> +4. <i>Harping and piping.</i> This requires no illustration.</p> + +<p class = "inset1"> +5. <i>Leyk of mine, of hasard ok.</i> Among the games mentioned at the +marriage of Gawain, in the Fabliau of <i>Le Chevalier à l’Epée</i>, we +have:</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>Cil Chevalier jeuent as tables,</p> +<p>Et as eschés de l’autre part,</p> +<p>O à la <i>mine</i>, o à <i>hazart</i>.</p> +</div> + +<p class = "inset1 continue"> +Le Grand, in his note on this passage, T. i. p. 57, Ed. 1779, writes: +“Le Hasard était une sorte de jeu de dez. Je ne connais point la +<i>Mine</i>; j’ai trouvé seulement ailleurs un passage qui prouve que ce +jeu était tres-dangereux, et qu’on pouvait s’y ruiner en peu de tems.” +It appears however from the Fabliau of <i>Du Prestre et des deuz +Ribaus</i>, to have been certainly a species of <i>Tables</i>, or +<i>Backgammon</i>, and to have been played with dice, on a board called +<i>Minete</i>. The only passage we recollect in which any further detail +of this game is given, is that of Wace, in the account of Arthur’s +feast, Harl. MS. 6508, and MS. Cott. Vit. A. x., but it must be +remarked, that the older copy 13 A. xxi. does not contain it, nor is it +found in the translations of Laȝamon, or Robert of Gloucester.</p> + +<p class = "inset1"> +6. <i>Romanz reding.</i> See Sir W. Scott’s note on Sir Tristrem, +p. 290, [p. 306, ed. 1811]; and the Dissertations of Percy, +Ritson, and Ellis.</p> + +<p class = "floathead">7.</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p><i>Ther mouthe men se the boles beyte,</i></p> +<p><i>And the bores, with hundes teyte.</i></p> +</div> + +<p class = "inset1 continue"> +Cf. ll. 1838, 2438. Both these diversions are mentioned by Lucianus, in +his inedited tract <i>De laude Cestriæ</i>, MS. Bodl. 672, who is +supposed by +<span class = "pagenum">102</span> +<a name = "page102" id = "page102"> </a> +Tanner to have written about <span class = "smallroman">A.D.</span> +1100, but who must probably be placed near half a century later. They +formed also part of the amusements of the Londoners in the 12th century, +as we learn from Fitzstephen, p. 77, and are noticed in the passage +above quoted from the Romance of <i>Kyng Alisaunder</i>. In later times, +particularly during the 16th century, these cruel practices were in the +highest estimation, as we learn from Holinshed, Stowe, Laneham, &c. +See Strutt’s <i>Sports and Pastimes</i>, p. 192, and the plate from +MS. Reg. 2. B. vii. Also Pegge’s Dissertation on Bull-baiting, +inserted in Vol. ii. of Archæologia.</p> + +<p class = "inset1"> +8. <i>Ther mouthe men se hw Grim greu.</i> If this is to be understood +of scenic representation (and we can scarcely view it in any other +light), it will present one of the earliest instances on record of any +attempt to represent an historical event, or to depart from the +religious performances, which until a much later period were the chief, +and almost only, efforts towards the formation of the drama. Of course, +the words of the writer must be understood to refer to the period in +which he lived, i.e. according to our supposition, about the end of Hen. +III’s reign, or beginning of Edw. I. See Le Grand’s notes to the +<i>Lai de Courtois</i>, V. i. p. 329, and Strutt’s <i>Sports +and Pastimes</i>, B. 3, ch. 2.</p> + +<p><a name = "textnote2344" id = "textnote2344" href = +"#texttag2344">2344.</a> <i>The feste fourti dawes sat.</i> Cf. l. 2950. +This is borrowed also from Geoffrey, and is the usual term of duration +fixed in the Romances.</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>Fourty dayes hy helden feste,</p> +<p>Ryche, ryall, and oneste.</p> +</div> + +<p class = "author"> +<i>Octouian Imperator</i>, l. 73.</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>Fourty dayes leste the feste.</p> +</div> + +<p class = "author"> +<i>Launfal</i>, l. 631.</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>And certaynly, as the story sayes,</p> +<p>The revell lasted forty dayes.</p> +</div> + +<p class = "author"> +<i>Squyr of Lowe Degre</i>, l. 1113.</p> + +<p><a name = "textnote2384" id = "textnote2384" href = +"#texttag2384">2384.</a> The French story here differs wholly from the +English. Instead of the encounter of Robert and Godard, and the cruel +punishment inflicted on the latter, in the French is a regular battle +between the forces of Havelok and Hodulf (Godard). A single combat takes +place between the two leaders, in which Hodulf is slain.</p> + +<p><a name = "textnote2450" id = "textnote2450" href = +"#texttag2450">2450.</a> Cf. ll. 2505 and 2822. This appears to have +been a common, but barbarous, method in former times of leading traitors +or malefactors to execution. Thus in the Romance of Kyng Alisaunder, the +treatment of the murderers of Darius is described:</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>He dude quyk harnesche hors,</p> +<p>And sette theron heore cors,</p> +<p>Hyndeforth they seten, saun faile;</p> +<p>In heore hand they hulden theo tailes.</p> +</div> + +<p class = "author"> +—l. 4708.</p> + +<p><a name = "textnote2461" id = "textnote2461" href = +"#texttag2461">2461.</a> We find a similar proverb in the <i>Historie de +Melusine, tirée des Chroniques de Poitou</i>, &c. 12mo. Par. 1698, +in which (at p. 72) Thierry, Duke of Bretagne, says to +Raimondin;— “Vous autorisez par votre silence <i>notre +Proverbe</i>, qui dit, <i>Qu’un vieux peché fait nouvelle +vergogne</i>.”</p> + +<p><a name = "textnote2513" id = "textnote2513" href = +"#texttag2513">2513.</a> <i>Sket was seysed</i>, &c. Comp. the Fr. +l. 971.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">103</span> +<a name = "page103" id = "page103"> </a> +<div class = "verse"> +<p>Apres cest fet, ad receu</p> +<p>Le regne q’a son piere fu.</p> +</div> + +<p class = "spacer"> </p> + +<p class = "floathead"><a name = "textnote2516" id = "textnote2516" href += "#texttag2516">2516.</a></p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p><i>And the king ful sone it yaf</i></p> +<p><i>Vbbe in the hond, wit a fayr staf.</i></p> +</div> + +<p>So in <i>Sir Tristrem</i>:</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>Rohant he yaf <i>the wand</i>,</p> +<p>And bad him sitte him bi,</p> +<p class = "indent3">That fre;</p> +<p>‘Rohant lord mak y</p> +<p>To held this lond of me.’</p> +</div> + +<p class = "author"> +—fytte i. st. 83; p. 52.</p> + +<p>The editor is clearly mistaken in explaining the <i>wand</i> to be a +<i>truncheon</i>, or <i>symbol of power</i>. For the custom of giving +seisin or investiture <i>per fustim</i>, and <i>per baculum</i>, see +Madox’s <i>Formul. Anglican.</i> pref. p. ix. and Spelman, Gloss. +in v. <i>Investire</i>, and <i>Traditio</i>. The same usage existed +in France, <i>par rain et par baton</i>.</p> + +<p class = "floathead"><a name = "textnote2521" id = "textnote2521" href += "#texttag2521">2521.</a></p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>——<i>of monekes blake</i></p> +<p><i>A priorie to seruen inne ay.</i></p> +</div> + +<p>The allusion here may be made either to the Abbey of Wellow, in +Grimsby, which was a monastery of <i>Black Canons</i>, said to have been +built about <span class = "smallroman">A.D.</span> 1110, or (what is +more probable) to the Augustine Friary of Black Monks, which is stated +in the <i>Monumental Antiquities of Grimsby</i>, by the Rev. G. Oliver, +to have been “founded <i>about</i> the year 1280,” p. 110. No +notice of it occurs in Tanner till the year 1304. Pat. 33 Edw. I. +Some old walls of this edifice, which was dissolved in 1543, still +remain, and the site is still called “The Friars.” If the connection +between this foundation and the one recorded in the poem be considered +valid, the date of the composition must be referred to <i>rather</i> a +later period than we wish to admit.</p> + +<p><a name = "textnote2530" id = "textnote2530" href = +"#texttag2530">2530.</a> The French supplies what is here omitted, viz. +that Havelok sails to England by the persuasion of his wife.</p> + +<p>[Indeed, ll. 979-1006 of the French text may serve to fill up the +evident gap in the story; a translation of the passage is added, to shew +this more clearly.</p> + +<table class = "verse" summary = "parallel texts"> +<col /> +<col class = "half" /> +<tr> +<td> +<p>Quant Haueloc est rois pussanz,</p> +<p>Le regne tint plus de .iiii. anz;</p> +<p>Merueillos tresor i auna.</p> +<p>Argentille li commanda</p> +<p>Qu’il passast en Engleterre</p> +<p>Pur son heritage conquerre,</p> +<p>Dont son oncle l’out engettée,</p> +<p>[Et] A grant tort desheritée.</p> +</td> +<td> +<p>When Havelok is a mighty king,</p> +<p>He reigned more than 4 years,</p> +<p>Marvellous treasure he amassed.</p> +<p>Argentille (Goldborough) bade him</p> +<p>Pass into England</p> +<p>To conquer her heritage,</p> +<p>Whence her uncle had cast her out,</p> +<p>And very wrongly disinherited her.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +<p>Li rois li dist qu’il fera</p> +<p>Ceo qu’ele li comandera.</p> +<p>Sa nauie fet a-turner,</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">104</span> +<a name = "page104" id = "page104"> </a> +<p>Ses genz & ses ostz mander.</p> +<p>En mier se met quant orré a,</p> +<p>Et la reyne od lui mena.</p> +<p>Quatre vinz & quatre cenz</p> +<p>Out Haueloc, pleines de genz.</p> +<p>Tant out nagé & siglé,</p> +<p>Q’en Carleflure est ariué.</p> +<p>Sur le hauene se herbergerent,</p> +<p>Par le pais viande quierent.</p> +</td> +<td> +<p>The king told her that he would do</p> +<p>That which she should command him.</p> +<p>He got ready his fleet,</p> +<p>And sent for his men and his hosts.</p> +<p>He puts to sea when he has prayed,</p> +<p>And took the queen with him.</p> +<p>Four score and four hundred (ships)</p> +<p>Had Havelok, full of men.</p> +<p>So far has he steered and sailed</p> +<p>That he has arrived at Carleflure.</p> +<p>Hard by the haven they abode,</p> +<p>And sought food in the country round.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +<p>Puis enuoia li noble rois,</p> +<p>Par le consail de ses Danois,</p> +<p>A Alsi qu’il li rendist</p> +<p>La terre qe tint Ekenbright,</p> +<p>Q’a sa niece fut donée,</p> +<p>Dont il l’out desheritée;</p> +</td> +<td> +<p>Then sent the noble king,</p> +<p>By the advice of his Danes,</p> +<p>To Alsi (Godrich)—that he should restore to him</p> +<p>The land that Ekenbright (Athelwold) held,</p> +<p>Which was given to his niece,</p> +<p>And of which he had deprived her.</p> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +<p>Et, si rendre n’el voleit,</p> +<p>Mande qu’il le purchaceroit.</p> +<p>Av roi uindrent li messager—</p> +</td> +<td> +<p>And, if he would not give it up,</p> +<p>He sends word that he will take it.</p> +<p>To the king came the messengers.]</p> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>The remainder of the French poem altogether differs in its detail +from the English.</p> + +<p><a name = "textnote2927" id = "textnote2927" href = +"#texttag2927">2927.</a> <i>Hire that was ful swete in bedde.</i><ins +class = "mycorr" title = "mismatched closing bracket in original">] +</ins>Among Kelly’s Scotch Proverbs, p. 290, we find: “<i>Sweet in +the bed</i>, and sweir up in the morning, was never a good housewife;” +and in a ballad of the last century quoted by Laing, the editor of that +highly curious collection, the <i>Select pieces of Ancient Popular +Poetry of Scotland</i>, we meet with the same expression:</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>A Clown is a Clown both at home and abroad,</p> +<p>When a Rake he is comely, and <i>sweet in his bed</i>.</p> +</div> + +<p>[<a name = "textnote2990" id = "textnote2990" href = +"#texttag2990">2990.</a> The last word is written <i>thit</i> in the +MS., but, as it rimes to <i>rith</i>, we should suppose <i>tiht</i> to +be the word meant. <i>Thit</i> cannot be explained, but <i>tiht</i> (or +perhaps <i>tith</i>, according to our scribe’s spelling) is the +pp. of a verb signifying <i>to purpose</i>, which is the exact +meaning required. Cf.</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p class = "indent"> “And y to turne to þee have <i>tiȝt</i>;”</p> +<p>i.e. “I have resolved to turn to thee.”</p> +</div> + +<p><i>Political, Religious, and Love Poems</i>; ed. Furnivall, 1866; +p. 177.]</p> + +</div> + + +<div class = "glossary"> + +<span class = "pagenum">105</span> +<a name = "page105" id = "page105"> </a> +<h2><a name = "glossary" id = "glossary">GLOSSARIAL INDEX.</a></h2> + +<hr class = "small" /> + +<h4>ABBREVIATIONS.</h4> + +<p class = "editor"> +Barb. Barbour’s Bruce. —Chauc. Chaucer. —Doug. Gawin +Douglas’s Transl. of the Æneid. —Ellis, M. R. Ellis’s +Specimens of Metrical Romances. —Gl. Glossary. —Jam. +Jamieson’s Dictionary. —Laȝam. Laȝamon’s Transl. of Wace (ed. +Madden). —Lynds. Sir D. Lyndsay’s Works. —N.E. Northern +English. —Percy, A. R. Percy’s Reliques of Ancient English Poetry. +—P. Plowm. Piers Plowman. —R. Br. Robert of +Brunne. —R. Gl. Robert of Gloucester, ed. Hearne (2nd ed. +1810). —Rits. A. S. Ritson’s Ancient Songs. —Rits. +M. R. Ritson’s Metrical Romances. —Sc. Scotch, Scotland. +—Sir Tr. Sir Tristrem. —Wall. Wallace. —Web. Weber’s +Metrical Romances. —Wilb. Wilbraham’s Cheshire Glossary. +—Wynt. Wyntoun’s Chronicle. —B. Lat. Barbarous Latin. +—Belg. Belgic. —Fr. French. —Isl. Islandic. +—Lat. Latin. —S. Saxon. —Sibb. Sibbald’s Chronicle of +Scottish Poetry. —<ins class = "mycorr" title = "always ‘Su.-G.’ or ‘Su.-Goth.’ in text">Su. G. </ins> Suio-Gothic. —Teut. +Teutonic. —<i>q.v.</i> Quod vide. —The Romances separately +cited are sufficiently indicated by the Titles. The numbers refer to the +line of the Poem.</p> + +<p class = "editor"> +It may be useful to add that the names of the Romances edited by Ritson +are— vol. i. Ywaine and Gawin; Launfal. —vol. ii. +Lybeaus Disconus; King Horn; King of Tars; Emare; Sir Orpheo; Chronicle +of England. —vol. iii. Le bone Florence; Erle of Tolous; Squyr of +Lowe Degre; Knight of Curtesy. Those edited by Weber are— +vol. i. Kyng Alisaunder; Sir Cleges; Lai-le-freine. —vol. ii. +Richard Cœur de Lion; Ipomydon; Amis and Amiloun. —vol. iii. Seuyn +Sages; Octouian; Sir Amadas; Hunting of the Hare. Beowulf and the Codex +Exoniensis are quoted from Thorpe’s editions.</p> + +<div class = "mynote"> +<p>U and V are combined; J is not used. Þ (Thorn) is alphabetized as +Th.</p> + +<p class = "center"> +<a href = "#gloss_A"> A </a> +<a href = "#gloss_B"> B </a> +<a href = "#gloss_C"> C </a> +<a href = "#gloss_D"> D </a> +<a href = "#gloss_E"> E </a> +<a href = "#gloss_F"> F </a> +<a href = "#gloss_G"> G </a> +<a href = "#gloss_H"> H </a> +<a href = "#gloss_I"> I </a> +<a href = "#gloss_K"> K </a> +<a href = "#gloss_L"> L </a> +<a href = "#gloss_M"> M </a><br /> +<a href = "#gloss_N"> N </a> +<a href = "#gloss_O"> O </a> +<a href = "#gloss_P"> P </a> +<a href = "#gloss_Q"> Q </a> +<a href = "#gloss_R"> R </a> +<a href = "#gloss_S"> S </a> +<a href = "#gloss_T"> TÞ </a> +<a href = "#gloss_U"> UV </a> +<a href = "#gloss_W"> W </a> +<a href = "#gloss_Y"> Y </a> +  </p> +</div> + +<p class = "spacer"> </p> + +<a class = "glosslink" name = "gloss_A" id = "gloss_A" href = +"#glossary">A</a> + +<p class = "letter"> +A, 610, 936. Apparently an error of the scribe for <i>Al</i>, but +perhaps written as pronounced. N.E. and Sc. <i>aw</i>. V. Jam.</p> + +<p>A before a <i>noun</i> is commonly a corruption of the S. <i>on</i>, +as proved clearly by the examples in Tyrwhitt’s Gl., Jam., and Gl. +Lynds. <i>Adoun</i>, q.v. is an exception. <i>A-two</i>, 1413, 2643. +<i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_On">On</a>.</p> + +<p>Aboven, <i>prep.</i> S. above, 1700.</p> + +<p>Abouten, <i>prep.</i> S. [<i>on-bútan</i>] about, 521, 670, 1010, +&c. <i>Abuten</i>, 2429.</p> + +<p><a name = "gloss_Adoun" id = "gloss_Adoun">Adoun</a>, <i>adv.</i> S. +down, 567. <i>Adune</i>, 2735. <i>Doun</i>, 901, 925, &c. +<i>Dun</i>, 888, 927. <i>Dune</i>, 1815, 2656. A.S. <i>of-dúne</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "gloss_Adrad" id = "gloss_Adrad">Adrad</a>, <i>part. +pa.</i> S. afraid, 278, 1048, 1163, 1682, 2304. <i>Adradde</i>, 1787. +<i>Adred</i>, 1258. <i>Odrat</i>, 1153. Sir Tr. p. 174; +K. Horn, 124. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Dred">Dred</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "gloss_Agen" id = "gloss_Agen">Agen</a>, <i>prep.</i> S. +[<i>on-gean</i>] against, 1792. <i>Ageyn</i>, 493, 569, 2024, &c. +<i>Ageynes</i>, 2153, 2270, &c. <i>Ayen</i>, 489, 1210, 2799. +<i>Yen</i>, 2271. <i>Ageyn</i>, toward, 451, 1696, 1947; +<span class = "pagenum">106</span> +<a name = "page106" id = "page106"> </a> +opposite to, 1809; upon, on, 1828. <i>Ayen</i>, towards, 1207. <i>Ageyn +him go</i>, 934, opposite him, so as to bear an equal weight. <i>Ageyn +hire</i>, 1106, at her approach. <i>Ageyn þe lith</i>, 2141, opposed to +the light, on which the light shines. V. R. Gl., R. Br., +Chauc. &c.</p> + +<p>Ageyn, <i>adv.</i> S. again, 2426.</p> + +<p>Al, <i>adv.</i> S. wholly, entirely, 34, 70, 139, <ins class = +"mycorr" title = "printed as shown: ‘al’ occurs once in 203">203</ins>, +&c.</p> + +<p>Al, <i>adj.</i> S. all, <ins class = "mycorr" +title = "printed as shown: ‘al’ occurs once in 203">203</ins>, +264, &c.; every one, 104; every part, 224; <i>plu.</i> alle, 2, 150, +&c.</p> + +<p>Albidene, <i>adv.</i> <i>See</i> <a href = +"#gloss_Bidene">Bidene</a>.</p> + +<p>Als, Also, <ins class = "mycorr" title = "printed as shown: error for two words ‘Al so’?">Also</ins>, <i>conj.</i> S. [<i>eal-swá</i>] as, +like, so, 306, 319, &c. <i>Als</i>, 1912, as if. <i>Al so foles</i>, +like fools, 2100. <i>Als</i> is merely the abbreviation of <i>Al so</i>; +and the modern as is again shortened from <i>als</i>. In Laȝamon it is +often written <i>alse</i>, as in l. 4953.</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>And he hæfde a swithe god wif</p> +<p>& he heo leouede <i>alse</i> his lif.</p> +</div> + +<p class = "continue">Cf. Havelok, l. 1663. <i>Als</i> and <i>Also</i> +are used indifferently, and universally by the old English and Scotch +poets.</p> + +<p>Alþer-beste, <i>adj.</i> S. best of all, 182, 720, 1040, 1197, 2415. +<i>Alþer-lest</i>, <i>Alþer-leste</i>, 1978, 2666, least of all. It is +the gen. c. pl. of <i>Alle</i>, joined to an adj. in the superl. degree, +and is extensively employed. <i>Alre-leofust</i>, <i>Alre-heudest</i>, +<i>Alre-kenest</i>, Laȝamon, <i>Althe-werste</i>, K. Horn, MS. +<i>Alder-best</i>, <i>Alder-most</i>, R. Br. <i>Alther-best</i>, +<i>Alther-formest</i>, &c. Web. <i>Alther-furste</i>, +<i>Alther-next</i>, <i>Alther-last</i>, Rits. M. R. +<i>Alder-first</i>, <i>Alder-last</i>, <i>Alder-levest</i>, Chauc. +<i>Alder-liefest</i>, Shakesp.</p> + +<p>Amideward, <i>prep.</i> S. in the midst, 872. <i>Amiddewart</i>, +K. Horn, 556. <i>Amydward</i>, K. Alisaund. 690. <i>A +mydward</i>, Ly Beaus Desc. 852. <i>Amydwart</i>, Doug. Virg. 137, +35.</p> + +<p>An. <i>conj.</i> S. and, 29, 359, &c. So used by Laȝamon, and +still in Somersetsh. V. Jennings. <i>Ant</i>, 36, 557, K. Horn, 9, +&c.</p> + +<p>And, <i>conj.</i> <ins class = "mycorr" +title = "printed in italics">if</ins>, 2862.</p> + +<p>Andelong, <i>adv.</i> S. lengthways, i.e. from the head to the tail, +2822.</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>Ovyrtwart and <i>endelang</i></p> +<p>With strenges of wyr the stones hang.</p> +</div> + +<p class = "author"> +<i>R. Cœur de Lion</i>, 2649.</p> + +<p class = "continue">Chauc. <i>endelong</i>, C. T. 1993.</p> + +<p><a name = "gloss_Anilepi" id = "gloss_Anilepi">Anilepi</a>, +<i>adj.</i> S. [<i>ánlepig</i>] one, a single, 2107. <i>Onlepi</i>, +1094. In the very curious collection of poems in MS. Digb. 86 (written +in the Lincolnshire dialect, temp. Edw. I.) we meet with this +somewhat rare word:</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>A! quod the vox, ich wille the telle,</p> +<p><i>On alpi</i> word ich lie nelle.</p> +</div> + +<p class = "author"> +<i>Of the vox and of the wolf</i> (Rel. Ant. ii. 275).</p> + +<p class = "continue">It occurs also in the Ormulum.</p> + +<p>Anoþer, <i>adj.</i> S. <i>Al another</i>, 1395, in a different way, +on another project.</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>Ah al hit iwruth <i>on other</i></p> +<p>Sone ther after.</p> +</div> + +<p class = "author"> +<i>Laȝamon</i>, l. 21005.</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>Ac Florice thought <i>al another</i>.</p> +</div> + +<p class = "author"> +<i>Flor. and Blaunchefl.</i> ap. Ellis, M. R. V. 3, p. 125, ed. 1803. +(Cf. Horn, ed. Lumby, p. 52, l. 32.)</p> + +<p>Anuye, <i>v.</i> Fr. to trouble, weary, 1735; R. Gl., K. Alisaund. +876; Chauc. Melibeus. <i>Noye</i>, Lynds. Gl. q.v.</p> + +<p><a name = "gloss_Are" id = "gloss_Are">Are</a>, <i>adj.</i> S. +former, 27. Cf. are, <i>adv.</i>, Sir Tr. p. 32; Rits. M. R., +Web., R. Gl., R. Br., Minot. p. 31. <i>Air</i>, +<i>Ayr</i>, Sc. V. Jam. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Er">Er</a>, <a href += "#gloss_Or">Or</a>.</p> + +<p>Aren, <i>1 and 3 p. pl.</i> S. are, 619, 1321, &c. <i>Arn</i>, +Chauc.</p> + +<p>Arke, <i>n.</i> S. Lat. a chest <i>or</i> coffer, 2018. R. Br., +Jam.</p> + +<p>Armes, <i>n. pl.</i> Lat. arms, armor, 2605, 2613, 2925.</p> + +<p>Arum for Arm, 1982, 2408.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">107</span> +<a name = "page107" id = "page107"> </a> +<p>Arwe, S. [<i>earg</i>] timid, 2115. Alter the punctuation, and +read—</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>He calde boþe arwe me<i>n</i> and kene,</p> +<p>Knithes and serganz swiþe sleie.</p> +<p>“Arwe or ferefulle. <i>Timidus.</i>”</p> +</div> + +<p class = "author"> +Prompt. Parv.</p> + +<p class = "continue"> +Cf. Stille, q.v.</p> + +<p>As for Has, 1174.</p> + +<p>Asayleden, <i>pa. t. pl.</i> Fr. assailed, 1862.</p> + +<p>Asken, <i>n. pl.</i> S. ashes, 2841. <i>Aske</i>, R. Gl. +<i>Askes</i>, R. Br. <i>Ashen</i>, Chauc. <i>Assis</i>, Doug.</p> + +<p><a name = "gloss_Astirte" id = "gloss_Astirte">Astirte</a>, <i>pa. +t.</i> leaped, 893. <i>Astert</i>, King’s Quair, ap. Jam. <i>See</i> +<a href = "#gloss_Stirt">Stirt</a>.</p> + +<p>At, <i>prep.</i> S. of <i>or</i> to, 1387. Yw. and Gaw. (Rits.) 963. +Still existing in Scotland.</p> + +<p><a name = "gloss_At-sitte" id = "gloss_At-sitte">At-sitte</a>, +<i>v.</i> S. contradict, oppose, 2200. It corresponds with the term +<i>with-sitten</i>, 1683. In R. Gl. it is used synonymously with +<i>at-stonde</i>.</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>For ther nas so god knygt non no-wer a-boute France,</p> +<p>That in joustes scholde <i>at-sitte</i> the dynt of ys lance.</p> +</div> + +<p class = "author"> +—p. 137.</p> + +<p class = "continue"><i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Sat">Sat</a>.</p> + +<p>Aucte, Auchte, Auhte, Authe, <i>n.</i> S. possessions, 531, 1223, +1410, 2215.</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>And alle the <i>æhten</i> of mine londe.</p> +</div> + +<p class = "author"> +<i>Laȝamon</i>, l. 25173.</p> + +<p><i>Aughtte</i>, K. Alisaund. 6884. <i>Aucht</i>, Doug. Virg. 72, 4; +Lynds. Gl.</p> + +<p>Aucte, Auht, Auhte, <i>v. imp.</i> (originally <i>pa. t.</i> of Aw, +or Owe) S. [<i>ágan</i>, <i>áhte</i>] ought, 2173, 2787, 2800. +<i>Aught</i>, Sir Tr. p. 44. <i>Ohte</i>, K. Horn, 418. +<i>Aght</i>, Yw. and Gaw. 3229. <i>Aute</i>, R. Gl. <i>Aught</i>, +Chauc. Troil. 3, 1801. <i>Aucht</i>, Doug. Virg. 110, 33.</p> + +<p><ins class = "mycorr" title = "alphabetization may be intentional">Aute, Awcte</ins>, (<i>pa. t.</i> of the same verb), +possessed, 207, 743. <i>Aught</i>, Sir Tr. p. 182. Ly Beaus Desc. +1027. <i>Oght</i>, Le bone Flor. 650. <i>Auht</i>, R. Br. +p. 126; Wynt., Lynds. Gl.</p> + +<p>Aueden. <i>See</i> <a class = "error" href = "#gloss_Hauen" title = +"form of ‘Hauen’">Haueden</a>.</p> + +<p>Aunlaz, <i>n.</i> Anelace, 2554. “A kind of knife or dagger, usually +worn at the girdle.” Tyrw. note on Chauc. l. 359. So in Matth. +Paris, “Genus cultelli, quod vulgariter <i>Anelacius</i> dicitur.” V. +Gl. in voc. and Todd’s Gl. to Illustr. of Chauc. In <i>Sir Gawan and Sir +Galoran</i>, ii. 4, an <i>anlas</i> signifies a sharp spike fixed in the +chanfron of a horse. Probably from the Francic <i>Anelaz</i>, +<i>Analeze</i>. V. Jam.</p> + +<p>Auter, <i>n.</i> Fr. Lat. altar, 389, 1386, 2373. Sir Tr. p. 61, +Octovian, 1312, R. Br., Chauc. <i>Awter</i>, Barb.</p> + +<p>Ax, <i>n.</i> S. axe, 1776, 1894.</p> + +<p>Ay, <i>adv.</i> S. ever, aye, always, 159, 946, 1201, &c. +<i>Ae</i>, Sc. V. Jam.</p> + +<p>Ayen. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Agen">Agen</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "gloss_Ayther" id = "gloss_Ayther">Ayþer</a>, <i>pron.</i> +S. [<i>Ægþer</i>] either, each, 2665. <i>Eþer</i>, 1882. <i>Athir</i>, +Sc. V. Jam. <i>See</i> <a class = "error" href = "#gloss_Other" title = +"spelled ‘Oþer’">Other</a>.</p> + +<p>Awe, <i>v.</i> S. to owe, own, possess, 1292. It may also very +possibly be a corruption of <i>Have</i>. Cf. ll. 1188, 1298.</p> + + +<a class = "glosslink" name = "gloss_B" id = "gloss_B" href = +"#glossary">B</a> + +<p class = "letter"> +Bac, <i>n.</i> S. back, 1844, 1950, &c; <i>backes</i>, <i>pl.</i> +2611.</p> + +<p>Baldelike, <i>adv.</i> S. boldly, 53. <i>Baldeliche</i>, R. Glouc. +<i>Baldely</i>, R. Br., Minot, p. 20.</p> + +<p>Bale, <i>n.</i> S. sorrow, misery, 327.</p> + +<p>Bar. <i>See</i> <a class = "error" href = "#gloss_Bere" title = +"under ‘Bere’">Beren</a>.</p> + +<p>Baret, <i>n.</i> (O.Fr. <i>barat</i>, Isl. <i>baratta</i>) contest, +hostile contention, 1932.</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>Ther nis <i>baret</i>, nothir strif,</p> +<p>Nis ther no deth, ac euer lif.</p> +</div> + +<p class = "author"> +<i>Land of Cokaygne</i>, ap. Hickes, Thes. 1, p. 231.</p> + +<p class = "continue"> +In alle this <i>barette</i> the kynge and Sir Symon Tille a lokyng tham +sette, of the prince suld it be don.</p> + +<p class = "author"> +<i>R. Brunne</i>, p. 216. Cf. p. 274.</p> + +<p class = "continue"> +That mekill bale and <i>barete</i> till Ynglande sall brynge.</p> + +<p class = "author"> +<i>Awntyrs of Arthure</i>, st. 23.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">108</span> +<a name = "page108" id = "page108"> </a> +<p>Barfot, <i>adj.</i> S. barefoot, 862.</p> + +<p>Barnage, <i>n.</i> Fr. barons or noblemen collectively, baronage, +2947. Yw. and Gaw. 1258. Web. Doug. Virg. 314, 48.</p> + +<p>Barre, <i>n.</i> Fr. bar of a door, 1794, 1811, 1827. Synonymous with +Dore-tre, q.v. Chauc. C. T. 552.</p> + +<p>Barw. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Berwen">Berwen</a>.</p> + +<p>Baþe, <i>adj.</i> S. both, 1336, 2543. <i>Bethe</i>, 694, 1680.</p> + +<p>Be. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Ben">Ben</a>.</p> + +<p>Be-bedde, <i>v.</i> S. to provide with a bed, 421.</p> + +<p><a name = "gloss_Bede" id = "gloss_Bede">Bede</a>, <i>n.</i> S. +prayer, 1385.</p> + +<p>Bede, <i>v.</i> S. to order, to bid, 668, 2193, 2396; to offer, 1665, +2084, 2172. <i>Beden</i>, <i>pa. t. pl.</i> offered, 2774, 2780. +<i>Bedes</i>, bids, 2392. Of common occurrence in both senses. +<i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Bidd">Bidd</a>.</p> + +<p>Bedden, <i>v.</i> S. to bed, put to bed, 1235. <i>Bedded</i>, +<i>Beddeth</i>, <i>part. pa.</i> put to bed, 1128, 2771.</p> + +<p>Bedels, <i>n. pl.</i> S. beadles, 266. V. Spelm. in v. +<i>Bedellus</i>, and Blount, <i>Joc. Ten.</i> p. 120, ed. 1784.</p> + +<p>Beite, Beyte, <i>v.</i> to bait, to set dogs on, 1840, 2330, 2440. +<i>Bayte</i>, R. Br. From the Isl. Beita, incitare; Su. Goth. +<i>Beita biorn</i>, to bait the bear. V. Jam. and Thomson’s Etymons.</p> + +<p>Bem. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Sunne-bem">Sunne-bem</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "gloss_Ben" id = "gloss_Ben">Ben</a>, <i>v.</i> S. to be, +19, 905, 1006, &c. <i>Ben</i>, <i>pr. t. pl.</i> are, 1787, 2559. +<i>Be</i>, <i>Ben</i>, <i>part. pa.</i> been, 1428, 2799. <i>Bes</i>, +<i>Beth</i>, <i>imp.</i> and <i>fut.</i> be, shall be, 1261, 1744, 2007, +2246. <i>Lat be</i>, 1265, 1657, leave, relinquish, a common phrase in +the Old Romances. <i>Lat abee</i>, Sc. V. Jam.</p> + +<p>Benes, <i>n. pl.</i> S. beans, 769.</p> + +<p>Beneysun, <i>n.</i> Fr. blessing, benediction. 1723. R. Br., Web., +Chauc. C. T. 9239. Lynds. Gl.</p> + +<p><a name = "gloss_Bere" id = "gloss_Bere">Bere</a>, <i>n.</i> S. bear, +573, 1838, 1840, 2448.</p> + +<p>Bere, Beren, <i>v.</i> S. to bear, to carry, 581, 762, 805. +<i>Ber</i>, 2557; <i>Bar</i>, <i>pa. t.</i> bore, 557, 815, 877. +<i>Bere</i>, 974. <i>Beres</i>, <i>pr. t. pl.</i> bear. 2323.</p> + +<p>Bermen, <i>n. pl.</i> S. bar-men, porters to a kitchen, 868, 876, +885. The only author in which this term has been found is Laȝamon, in +the following passages:</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>Vs selve we habbet cokes,</p> +<p class = "indent">to quecchen to cuchene,</p> +<p>Vs sulue we habbet <i>bermen</i>,</p> +<p class = "indent">& birles inowe. —l. 3315.</p> + +<p class = "stanza"> +Weoren in þeos kinges cuchene</p> +<p class = "indent">twa hundred cokes,</p> +<p>& ne mæi na man tellen</p> +<p class = "indent">for alle þa <i>bermannen</i>.</p> +</div> + +<p class = "author"> +—l. 8101.</p> + +<p>Bern, <i>n.</i> S. child, 571. <i>Barn</i>, <i>bearne</i>, +R. Br. <i>Bairn</i>, Sc.</p> + +<p><a name = "gloss_Berwen" id = "gloss_Berwen">Berwen</a>, <i>v.</i> S. +[<i>beorgan</i>] to defend, preserve, guard, 697, 1426; <i>burwe</i>, +2870. <i>Barw</i>, <i>pa. t.</i> 2022, 2679. The original word is found +in Beowulf:</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>Scyld-weall gebearg</p> +<p>Líf and líce.</p> +<p>(The shield-wall defended</p> +<p>Life and body.)</p> +</div> + +<p class = "author"> +—l. 5134.</p> + +<p class = "continue">So in K. Horn, MS. Laud. 108.</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>At more ich wile the serue,</p> +<p>And fro sorwe the <i>berwe</i>.</p> +</div> + +<p class = "author"> +—f. 224<i>b</i>, c. 2.</p> + +<p>Bes. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Ben">Ben</a>.</p> + +<p>Bes for Best, 354.</p> + +<p>Best, Beste, <i>n.</i> Fr. beast, 279, 574, 944, 2691.</p> + +<p>Bete, <i>v.</i> S. [<i>beátan</i>] to beat, fight, 1899, 2664, 2763. +<i>Beten</i>, <i>pa. t. pl.</i> beat, struck, 1876. Chauc. C. T. +4206, to which Tyrwh. gives a Fr. derivation.</p> + +<p>Betere, <i>adv. comp.</i> S. better, 1758.</p> + +<p><a name = "gloss_Beye" id = "gloss_Beye">Beye</a>, <i>v.</i> S. to +buy, 53, 1654. <i>Byen</i>, 1625.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">109</span> +<a name = "page109" id = "page109"> </a> +<p>Beyes, <i>pr. t.</i> for Abeyes, S. suffers, or atones for, 2460.</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>His deth thou <i>bist</i> to night,</p> +<p class = "indent">Mi fo.</p> +</div> + +<p class = "author"> +<i>Sir Tristr.</i> p. 146.</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>We shulden alle deye</p> +<p>Thy fader deth to <i>beye</i>.</p> +</div> + +<p class = "author"> +<i>K. Horn</i>, 113.</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>An of yow schall <i>bye</i> thys blunder.</p> +</div> + +<p class = "author"> +<i>Le bone Flor.</i> 1330.</p> + +<p class = "continue">See Jam. in v. Aby. Web. Gl. and Lynds. Gl.; also +Nares, v. Bye.</p> + +<p>Bicomen, <i>pa. t. pl.</i> became, 2257; <i>part. pa.</i> become, +2264. <i>Bicomes</i>, <i>imp. pl.</i> become (ye), 2303.</p> + +<p><a name = "gloss_Bidd" id = "gloss_Bidd">Bidd</a>, Bidde, <i>v.</i> +S. offer, 484, 2530; order, bid, 529, 1733. <i>Ut bidde</i>, 2548, order +out. <i>Biddes</i>, <i>pr. t.</i> bids, orders, 1232. <i>Bidde</i>, to +ask, 910. R. Glouc., Lynds. Gl. <i>See</i> <a href = +"#gloss_Bede">Bede</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "gloss_Bidene" id = "gloss_Bidene">Bidene</a>, <i>adv.</i> +forthwith, 730, 2841.</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>“Rohand told anon</p> +<p>His aventours <i>al bidene</i>.”</p> +</div> + +<p class = "author"> +<i>Sir Tr.</i> p. 45.</p> + +<p class = "continue">From Du. <i>bij dien</i>, by that.</p> + +<p><a name = "gloss_Bifalle" id = "gloss_Bifalle">Bifalle</a>, <i>v.</i> +S. to happen, befall, 2981. Bifel, <i>pa. t.</i> 824. <i>Fel</i>, 1009; +appertained, 2359.</p> + +<p>Biforn, <i>prep.</i> S. (1) before, 1022, 1034, 1364, &c.; +<i>bifor</i>, 1357; <i>biforen</i>, 1695; (2) in front of, 2406; +<i>bifor</i>, 1812.</p> + +<p>Bigan, <i>pa. t.</i> began, 1357. <i>Bigunnen</i>, <i>pl.</i> 1011, +1302. <i>Biginnen</i>, <i>pr. t. pl.</i> begin, 1779.</p> + +<p><a name = "gloss_Bihalue" id = "gloss_Bihalue">Bihalue</a>, <i>v.</i> +S. to divide into two parts, or companies, 1834. <i>Halue</i> occurs as +a <i>noun</i> in Chauc. Troil. 4, 945.</p> + +<p>Bihel for Beheld, 1645. <i>Bihelden</i>, <i>pa. t. pl.</i> beheld, +2148.</p> + +<p>Bihetet, <i>pa. t.</i> S. promised, 677. <i>Bihight</i>, Sir Tr. +p. 105. <i>Behet</i>, <i>Bihet</i>, R. Gl. <i>Be-hette</i>, +R. Br. <i>Be-hete</i>, Web., Rits. M. R. <i>Behighte</i>, +Chauc.</p> + +<p>Bihoten, <i>part. pa.</i> promised, 564. <i>Behighte</i>, Chauc.</p> + +<p>Bihoue, <i>n.</i> S. behoof, advantage, 1764. R. Gl., R. Br., +Chauc.</p> + +<p>Bikenneth, <i>pa. t.</i> S. betokens, 1268. <i>Bikenne</i>, +R. Br.</p> + +<p>Bileue, <i>imp.</i> tarry, remain, 1228. Bilefte, <i>pa. t.</i> +remained, 2963. From <i>v.</i> S. <i>belifan</i>, to be left behind.</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>Winde thai hadde as thai wolde,</p> +<p>A lond <i>bilaft</i> he.</p> +</div> + +<p class = "author"> +<i>Sir Tristr.</i> p. 29. Cf. pp. 38, 60.</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>He schal wiþ me <i>bileue</i>,</p> +<p>Til hit beo nir eue.</p> +</div> + +<p class = "author"> +<i>K. Horn</i>, ed. Lumby, 363.</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>Horn than, withouten lesing,</p> +<p><i>Bilaft</i> at hom for blode-leteing.</p> +</div> + +<p class = "author"> +<i>Horn Childe</i>, ap. Rits. M. R. V. 3, p. 298.</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>Sojourn with us evermo,</p> +<p>I rede thee, son, that it be so.</p> +<p>Another year thou might over-fare,</p> +<p>But thou <i>bileve</i>, I die with care.</p> +</div> + +<p class = "author"> +<i>Guy of Warw.</i> ap. Ellis, M. R. V. 2, p. 23.</p> + +<p class = "continue">See also the Gl. to R. Gl., R. Br. and Web., to +which add <i>Emare</i>, 496, and Gower, Conf. Am. This is sufficient +authority for the reading adopted in the text, and it may hence be +reasonably questioned, whether <i>bilened</i> in Lye, and <i>belenes</i> +in <i>Sir Gawan and Sir Galoran</i>, i. 6, quoted by Jamieson in v. +Belene, be not the fault of the scribe, or of the Editors.</p> + +<p>Bimene, <i>v.</i> S. mean, 1259.</p> + +<p><a name = "gloss_Binden" id = "gloss_Binden">Binden</a>, <i>v.</i> S. +to bind, 1961. Used passively, 2820, as <i>Bynde</i>, 42. +<i>Bounden</i>, <i>pa. t. pl.</i> 2442. <i>Bunden</i>, 2506. +<i>Bounden</i>, <i>part. pa.</i> 545. <i>Bunden</i>, 1428.</p> + +<p>Binne, <i>adv.</i> S. within, 584. <i>Byn</i>, Rits. M. R. <i>But and +ben</i>, Doug., Virg., 123, 40; without and within. V. Jam., in v. +Ben.</p> + +<p>Birde. <i>See</i> Birþe.</p> + +<p>Birþe (<i>should rather be</i> birþ), <i>3 p. s. pres.</i> it +behoves, 2101. <i>Hence</i> birde, <i>3 p. s. pt. t.</i> +behoved, 2761. A.S. <i>býrian</i>, <i>gebýrian</i>, to fit, suit, be to +one’s taste. See <i>Buren</i> in Stratmann.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">110</span> +<a name = "page110" id = "page110"> </a> +<p>Birþene, <i>n.</i> S. burden, 900, 902.</p> + +<p>Bise, <i>n.</i> Fr. a north wind, <ins class = "edcorr" +title = "line number added by editor">724</ins>. <i>Bise traverse</i>, a north-west or +north-east wind. <i>Cotgr.</i></p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>Après grant joie vient grant ire,</p> +<p>Et après Noel <i>vent bise</i>.</p> +</div> + +<p class = "author"> +<i>Rom. de Renart</i>, 13648.</p> + +<p class = "continue">The term is still in common use.</p> + +<p>Biseken, <i>v.</i> S. to beseech, 2994.</p> + +<p>Biswike, <i>part. pa.</i> S. cheated, deceived, 1249.</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>Hu þu <i>biswikest</i></p> +<p>Monine mon.</p> +</div> + +<p class = "author"> +<i>Laȝam.</i> l. 3412.</p> + +<p class = "continue"><i>Byswuke</i>, K. Horn, 296; Yw. and Gaw. 2335. +<i>Bisuike</i>, R. Br. <i>Beswyke</i>, R. Cœur de L. +5918.</p> + +<p><a name = "gloss_Bitaken" id = "gloss_Bitaken">Bitaken</a>, <i>v.</i> +S. [<i>bitǽcan</i>, <i>tǽcan</i>] to commit, deliver, give in charge, +1226. <i>Bitechen</i>, 203, 384, 395. <i>Bi-teche</i>, <i>pr. sing.</i> +384; <i>imp. sing.</i> 395. Laȝam. 5316. <i>Bitake</i>, Sir Tr. +p. 87. <i>Byteche</i>, K. Horn, 577. <i>Biteche</i>, Web. +<i>Betake</i>, <i>Beteche</i>, Chauc., Barb., Wall. <i>Bitaucte</i>, +<i>pa. t.</i> delivered, 206, 558. <i>Bitauhte</i>, 2212, 2317, 2957. +<i>Bitawchte</i>, 1224. <i>Bitawte</i>, 1408. <i>Tauhte</i>, 2214. +<i>Bitæht</i>, <i>Bitachet</i>, Laȝam. <i>Bitaught</i>, Sir Tr. +p. 85. <i>Bitoke</i>, K. Horn, 1103. <i>Betok</i>, Ly Beaus +Desc. 82. <i>Betauht</i>, <i>bitauht</i>, <i>tauht</i>, <i>biteched</i>, +R. Br. Bitake, R. Gl. <i>Betake</i>, Sir Guy. <i>Betaught</i>, +Chauc. <i>Betaucht</i>, Doug., Lynds.</p> + +<p>Bite, <i>v.</i> S. to taste, drink, 1731.</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>Horn toc hit hise yfere,</p> +<p>Ant seide, Quene, so dere,</p> +<p>No beer nullich <i>bite</i>,</p> +<p>Bote of coppe white.</p> +</div> + +<p class = "author"> +<i>K. Horn</i> (Ritson), 1129.</p> + +<p>Biþ for By the, 474. Cf. l. 2470.</p> + +<p>Bituene, Bitwenen, Bitwene, <i>prep.</i> S. between, 748, 2668, +2967.</p> + +<p>Blac, <i>adj.</i> S. black, 555, 1008. <i>Pl.</i> <i>Blake</i>, 1909, +2181, &c.</p> + +<p>Blakne, <i>v.</i> S. to blacken in the face, grow angry, 2165.</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>And Arthur sæt ful stille,</p> +<p>ænne stunde he wes <i>blac</i>,</p> +<p>and on heuwe swithe wak,</p> +<p>ane while he wes reod.</p> +</div> + +<p class = "author"> +<i>Laȝam.</i> l. 19887.</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>Tho Normans were sorie, of contenance gan <i>blaken</i>.</p> +</div> + +<p class = "author"> +<i>R. Brunne</i>, p. 183.</p> + +<p>Blawe. <i>v.</i> S. to blow, 587. <i>Blou</i>, <i>imp.</i> blow, +585.</p> + +<p>Blede, <i>v.</i> S. to bleed, 2403.</p> + +<p>Bleike, <i>pl. adj.</i> bleak, pale, wan, 470. A.S. <i>blác</i>, +bleak, Su.-G. <i>blek</i>.</p> + +<p>Blenkes, <i>n. pl.</i> blinks, winks of the eye, in derision, 307. +R. Br. p. 270; Sc. V. Jam. Suppl. Derived from S. +<i>blican</i>, Su.-G. <i>blænka</i>, Belg. <i>blencken</i>, to glance. +<i>See</i> Gl. Lynds.</p> + +<p>Blinne, <i>v. n.</i> S. to cease, 2367, 2374. Sir Tr. p. 26; Rits. +M. R. Web., R. Gl., Chauc.; so in Sc. V. Jam. Gl. Lynds. +<i>Blinne</i>, <i>pa. t. pl.</i> ceased, 2670. <i>Blinneth</i>, <i>pr. +t.</i> ceases, 329.</p> + +<p>Blissed, <i>part pa.</i> S. blessed, 2873.</p> + +<p>Bliþe, <i>adj.</i> S. happy, 632, 651.</p> + +<p>Blome, <i>n.</i> S. bloom, flower, 63.</p> + +<p>Bloute, <i>adj.</i> soft, 1910. Sw. <i>blöt</i>, soft, pulpy.</p> + +<p>Bode, <i>n.</i> S. command, 2200, 2567. Sir Tr. p. 121, Web.</p> + +<p>Bok, <i>n.</i> S. book, 1173, 1418, &c. <i>See</i> <a class = +"error" href = "#gloss_Messe" title = "under ‘Messe’">Messe-bok</a>.</p> + +<p>Bole, <i>n.</i> [Isl. <i>bolli</i>, W. <i>bwla</i>. Cf. A.S. +<i>bulluca</i>] bull, 2438. <i>Boles</i>, <i>pl.</i> 2330.</p> + +<p>Bon, Bone. <i>See</i> <a class = "error" href = "#gloss_On" title = +"under ‘on’">O-bone</a>.</p> + +<p>Bondemen, <i>n. pl.</i> S. husbandmen, 1016, 1308. R. Gl.</p> + +<p>Bone, <i>n.</i> S. [<i>bén</i>] boon, request, 1659. Sir Tr. +p. 31, and all the Gloss.</p> + +<p>Bor, <i>n.</i> S. boar, 1867, 1989. <i>Bores</i>, <i>pl.</i> +2331.</p> + +<p>Bord, <i>n.</i> S. (1) table, 1722. K. Horn, 259; Rits. M. R., Web., +<span class = "pagenum">111</span> +<a name = "page111" id = "page111"> </a> +Chauc.; (2) a board, 2106. <i>See</i> the note on l. 2076.</p> + +<p>Boren, <i>part. pa.</i> S. born, 1878.</p> + +<p><a name = "gloss_Boru" id = "gloss_Boru">Boru</a>, <i>n.</i> S. +borough, 773, 847, 1014, 1757, 2086, 2826. <i>Borwes, pl.</i> 1293, +1444, 1630. <i>Burwes</i>, 55, 2277. Sir Tr. pp. 12, 99. Chalmers +is certainly mistaken when he says it does not signify <i>boroughs</i>, +but <i>castles</i>. Introd. Gl. p. 200. In Laȝamon the word is +always clearly distinguished from <i>castle</i>, as it is in many other +writers. V. Spelm. in v. <i>Burgus.</i></p> + +<p>Bote, <i>adv.</i> S. but, only, 721. <i>See</i> <a href = +"#gloss_But">But</a>.</p> + +<p>Bote, <i>n.</i> S. remedy, help, 1200. Laȝm., Sir Tr. p. 93; Web., +Rits. M. R., Rob. Gl., R. Br., Minot, Chauc., Doug., Lynds. +Gl.</p> + +<p>Boþen, <i>adj. pl.</i> S. both, 173, 697, 958; <i>g. c.</i> of both, +2223.</p> + +<p>Bounden, Bunden. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Binden">Binden</a>.</p> + +<p>Bour, Boure, Bowr, <i>n.</i> S. [<i>búr</i>] chamber, 239, 2072, +2076, &c. In Beowulf the apartment of the women is called +<i>Bryd-bur</i>; l. 1846.</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>Ygarne beh to <i>bure</i></p> +<p>& lætte bed him makien.</p> +</div> + +<p class = "author"> +<i>Laȝam.</i> l. 19042.</p> + +<p class = "continue">Honder hire <i>boures</i> wowe, <i>K. Horn</i>, +982, MS., where Rits. Ed. reads <i>chambre wowe</i>. Cf. Sir Tr. +p. 114; Rits. M. R., Web., R. Br., Doug., V. Jam. +<i>See</i> <a href = "#textnote2076">note on l. 2076</a>.</p> + +<p>Bouthe, <i>pa. t.</i> S. bought, 875, 968. Cf. Sir Tr. p. 104.</p> + +<p>Bouth, <i>part. pa.</i> bought, 883.</p> + +<p>Boyes, <i>n. pl.</i> S. boys, men, 1899.</p> + +<p>Brayd, <i>pa. t.</i> S. (1) started, 1282. Chauc., Gaw. and Gal. iii. +21; R. Hood, <span class = "smallroman">II.</span> p. 83; (2) +drew out, 1825, a word particularly applied to the action of drawing a +sword from the scabbard.</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>Sone his sweord he ut <i>abræid</i>.</p> +</div> + +<p class = "author"> +<i>Laȝam.</i> l. 26533.</p> + +<p class = "continue">Cf. Am. and Amil. 1163; Sir Ferumbras, ap. Ellis, +M. R. V. 2, p. 387. Rauf Coilzear, ap. Laing, and Wall. i. 223.</p> + +<p>Brede, <i>n.</i> S. bread, 98. <i>Bred</i>, 1879.</p> + +<p>Breken, <i>v.</i> S. to break, 914. <i>Broken</i>, <i>pa. t. pl.</i> +broke, 1238.</p> + +<p>Brennen, Brenne, <i>v.</i> S. to burn, 916, 1162; Rits. M. R., Rob. +Gl., R. Br., Chauc. <i>Brenden</i>, <i>pa. t. pl.</i> burnt, 594, +2125. <i>Brend</i>, <i>part. pa.</i> burnt, 2832, 2841, &c. Sir Tr. +p. 93.</p> + +<p>Brenne. <i>See</i> <a class = "error" href = "#gloss_On" title = +"under ‘On’">On brenne</a>.</p> + +<p>Brigge, <i>n.</i> S. bridge, 875. Sir Tr. p. 148. Still used in Sc. +and N.E.</p> + +<p>Brihte. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Brith">Brith</a>.</p> + +<p>Brim, <i>adj.</i> S. furious, raging, 2233; R. Br. p. 244; Chauc. +Rom. Rose, 1836. <i>Breme</i>, Rits. M. R. It originally signified +the sea itself, and was afterwards used for the raging of the sea, +Beowulf, l. 56; Compl. of Scotland, p. 62. V. Jam.</p> + +<p>Bringe, Bringen, <i>v.</i> S. to bring, 72, 185, &c.</p> + +<p><a name = "gloss_Brini" id = "gloss_Brini">Brini</a>, Brinie, +<i>n.</i> S. [Mœso-Goth. <i>brunjo</i>] cuirass, 1775, 2358, 2551. +<i>Brinies</i>, <i>pl.</i> 2610. Sir Tr. p. 20. <i>Burne</i>, +Laȝam. <i>Brenye</i>, K. Horn, 719, MS. <i>See</i> Merrick’s Gl. to +Ess. on Anc. Armor. The <i>Brini</i> then worn was of <i>mail</i>, as +appears from l. 2740, <i>Of his brinie ringes mo</i>. Hence in +Beowulf it is termed <i>Breostnet</i>, l. 3100; <i>Here-net</i>, +3110; <i>Hringedbyrne</i>, 2495. So in the French K. Horn, MS. +Douce, <i>Mes vnc de sun halberc maele ne falsa.</i> <i>See</i> Rits. +Gl. M. R.</p> + +<p><a name = "gloss_Brisen" id = "gloss_Brisen">Brisen</a>, <i>v.</i> S. +to bruise, beat, 1835. <i>See</i> <a class = "error" href = "#gloss_To-" +title = "under ‘To-’">To-Brised</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "gloss_Brith" id = "gloss_Brith">Brith</a>, <i>adj.</i> S. +bright, 589, 605, &c. <i>Brihte</i>, 2610. <i>Bryth</i>, 1252. +<i>Brithter</i>, <i>comp.</i> brighter, 2141.</p> + +<p>Brittene, <i>part. pa.</i> S. destroyed, 2700; R. Br. p. 244. +<i>Pistill of Sussan</i>, ap. Laing. In Doug., Virg. pp. 76, 5; +296, 1, the verb has the sense of <i>to kill</i>, which it +<span class = "pagenum">112</span> +<a name = "page112" id = "page112"> </a> +may also bear here. See <i>Bruten</i> in <i>Will. of Palerne</i>.</p> + +<p>Brod, <i>adj.</i> S. broad, 1647.</p> + +<p>Broucte, <i>pa. t. and pp.</i> brought, 767. <i>Brouht</i>, 1979. +<i>Broute</i>, 2868. <i>Brouth</i>, 336, 64. <i>Browt</i>, 2412. +<i>Browth</i>, 2052. <i>Brouct of liue</i>, 513, 2412, dead. +<i>Brouthen</i>, <i>pl.</i> brought, 2791.</p> + +<p>Brouke, <i>1 p. pres. sing.</i> S. brook, enjoy, use, 311, 1743, 2545 +(cf. Ch. <i>Non. Pr. Ta.</i> 480).</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>So <i>brouke</i> thou thi croune!</p> +</div> + +<p class = "author"> +<i>K. Horn</i>, 1041.</p> + +<p class = "continue">Cf. Rits. Gl. M. R., Rich. C. de Lion, 4578; +Chauc. C. T. 10182, 15306, R. Hood, V. <span class = +"smallroman">I.</span> 48, <span class = "smallroman">II.</span> 112; +Lynds. Gl. Percy, A. R. In Sc. <i>Bruike.</i> With these numerous +instances before him, it is inconceivable how Jamieson, except from a +mere love of his own system, should write: ‘There is no evidence that +the Engl. <i>brook</i> is used in this sense, signifying only to bear, +to endure.’</p> + +<p>Broys, <i>n.</i> S. broth, 924. <i>Brouwys</i>, R. Cœur de L. 3077; +Sc. V. Jam. and Brockett’s North country words, v. <i>Brewis</i>; also +Nares. Sc. <i>brose</i>.</p> + +<p>Brune, <i>adj. pl.</i> S. brown, 2181, 2249.</p> + +<p>Bulder, <i>adj.</i> or <i>n.</i> 1790. In the north a <i>Boother</i> +or <i>Boulder</i>, is a hard flinty stone, rounded like a bowl. +Brockett’s Gl. So also in Grose, <i>Boulder</i>, a large round stone. +<i>Bowlders</i>, Marsh. Midl. Count. Gl. The word has a common origin +with Isl. <i>ballaðr</i>, Fr. <i>boulet</i>, Sc. <i>boule</i>, in Doug. +V. Jam.</p> + +<p>Bunden. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Binden">Binden</a>.</p> + +<p>Burgeys, <i>n.</i> S. burgess, 1328. <i>Burgeis</i>, 2466, <i>pl.</i> +2012. <i>Burgmen</i>, 2049. <i>Burhmen</i>, <i>Borhmen</i>, Laȝamon., V. +Spelm. in v. <i>Burgarii</i>.</p> + +<p>Burwe. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Berwen">Berwen</a>.</p> + +<p>Burwes. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Boru">Boru</a>.</p> + +<p>But, Bute, <i>conj.</i> S. except, unless, 85, 690, 1149, 1159, 2022, +2031, 2727. <i>But on</i>, 535, 962, except. <i>Butand</i>, Sc. <i>But +yf</i>, 2972, unless. [It should be noted that <i>but on</i> should +properly be <i>one</i> word, being the A.S. <i>búton</i> or +<i>bútan</i>, except. But it is written as two words in the MS.]</p> + +<p><a name = "gloss_But" id = "gloss_But">But</a>, <i>n.</i> 1040. +Probably the same as <i>Put</i>, q.v. The word <i>Bout</i> is derived +from the same source.</p> + +<p>But, <i>part. pa.</i> contended, struggled with each other (<i>or +perhaps</i> struck, thrust, pushed), 1916. <i>Buttinge</i>, <i>part. +pr.</i> striking against with force, 2322. From the Fr. <i>Bouter</i>, +Belg. <i>Botten</i>, to impel, or drive forward. V. Jam. Suppl. +in v. <i>Butte</i>, and <i>Butt</i> in Wedgwood.</p> + +<p>Butte, <i>n.</i> a flounder or plaice, 759. Du. <i>bot</i>. +<i>See</i> Halliwell.</p> + +<p>Byen. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Beye">Beye</a>.</p> + +<p>Bynde. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Binden">Binden</a>.</p> + +<p>Bynderes, <i>n. pl.</i> S. binders, robbers who bind, 2050.</p> + + +<a class = "glosslink" name = "gloss_C" id = "gloss_C" href = +"#glossary">C</a> + +<p class = "letter"> +Caliz, <i>n.</i> S. chalice, 187, 2711.</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>Lunet than riche relikes toke,</p> +<p>The <i>chalis</i> and the mes boke.</p> +</div> + +<p class = "author"> +<i>Yw. and Gaw.</i> 3907.</p> + +<p>Callen, <i>v.</i> S. to call, 747, 2899.</p> + +<p>Cam. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Komen">Komen</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "gloss_Canst" id = "gloss_Canst">Canst</a>, <i>pr. t.</i> +S. knowest, 846. <i>Cone</i>, 622, canst. <i>Kunne</i>, <i>pl.</i> 435. +V. Gl. Chauc. in v. <i>Conne</i>. Jam. and Gl. Lynds. <i>See</i> +<a href = "#gloss_Couthe" title = "spelled ‘Couþe’">Couthe</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "gloss_Carl" id = "gloss_Carl">Carl</a>, <i>n.</i> S. +churl, slave, villain, 1789. <i>Cherl</i>, 682, 684, 2533. +<i>Cherles</i>, <i>g. c.</i> churl’s, 1092. <i>Cherles</i>, +<i>pl.</i> villains, bondsmen, 262, 620. Sir Tr. p. 39; V. Spelm. +in v. <i>Ceorlus</i>, and Jam. and Gl. Lynds.</p> + +<p>Casten. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Kesten">Kesten</a>.</p> + +<p>Catel, <i>n.</i> Fr. chattels, goods, 225, 2023, 2515, 2906, 2939. +Web. Gl., R. Br., P. Plowm., Chauc.</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>Nowe hath Beuis the treasure wone,</p> +<p>Through Arundell that wyll runne,</p> +</div> +<span class = "pagenum">113</span> +<a name = "page113" id = "page113"> </a> +<div class = "verse"> +<p>Wherefore with that and other <i>catel</i>,</p> +<p>He made the castle of Arundel.</p> +</div> + +<p class = "author"> +<i>Syr Bevys</i>, O. iii.</p> + +<p>Cauenard, <i>n.</i> Fr. [<i>cagnard caignard</i>] a term of reproach, +originally derived from the Lat. <i>canis</i>, 2389. V. Roquef. +Menage.</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>This crokede <i>caynard</i> sore he is adred.</p> +</div> + +<p class = "author"> +Rits. A. S. p. 36.</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>Sire <i>olde kaynard</i>, is this thin aray?</p> +</div> + +<p class = "author"> +Chauc. C. T. 5817.</p> + +<p><a name = "gloss_Cayser" id = "gloss_Cayser">Cayser</a>, Caysere, +<i>n.</i> Lat. emperor, 977, 1317, 1725. <i>Kaysere</i>, 353.</p> + +<p><a name = "gloss_Cerges" id = "gloss_Cerges">Cerges</a>, <i>n. +pl.</i> Fr. wax tapers, 594. <i>Serges</i>, 2125. Chauc. Rom. R. 6251; +V. Le Grand. <i>Vie privée des F.</i>; V. 3, p. 175.</p> + +<p>Chaffare, <i>n.</i> S. merchandise, 1657. R. Cœur de L. 2468, +R. Gl., Sir Ferumbras, ap. Ellis, M. R. V. 2, +p. 412, Chauc., R. Hood, <span class = "smallroman">I.</span> +87. <i>Chaffery</i>, Sc. V. Lynds. Gl.</p> + +<p>Cham for Came, 1873.</p> + +<p>Chanbioun, <i>n.</i> Fr. champion, 1007. Sir Tr. p. 97. +<i>Chaunpiouns</i>, <i>pl.</i> 1015, 1031, 1055; V. Spelm. in v. +<i>Campio</i>. Cf. A.S. <i>cempa</i>.</p> + +<p>Chapmen, <i>n. pl.</i> S. merchants, 51, 1639; R. Gl., R. Br., Chauc. +In Sc. pedlars. V. Jam., and Gl. Lynds.</p> + +<p>Charbucle, <i>n.</i> Fr. Lat. a carbuncle, 2145. <i>Charbocle</i>, +Syr Bevys. <i>Charbokull</i>, Le bone Flor. 390. <i>Charboucle</i>, +Chauc. C. T. 13800. <i>Charbukill</i>, Doug. Virg. 3, 10.</p> + +<p>Cherl. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Carl">Carl</a>.</p> + +<p>Chesen, <i>v.</i> S. to choose, select, 2147. Sir Tr. p. 27; +K. Horn, 666; Rits. M. R., Web., R. Br., Chauc., V. Jam. +in v. <i>Cheis</i>.</p> + +<p>Chinche, <i>adj.</i> Fr. niggardly, penurious, 1763, 2941.</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>Bothe he was scars, and <i>chinche</i>.</p> +</div> + +<p class = "author"> +<i>The Sevyn Sages</i>, 1244.</p> + +<p class = "continue">So in Chauc. Rom. Rose, 5998, and Gower, <i>Conf. +Am.</i> 109 b.</p> + +<p><a name = "gloss_Chiste" id = "gloss_Chiste">Chiste</a>, <i>n.</i> S. +Lat. chest, 222. <i>Kiste</i>, 2018. <i>Kist</i>, Yorksh. and Sc.; V. +Jam. and Lynds. Gl.</p> + +<p>Citte, <i>pa. t.</i> S. cut, 942. <i>Kit</i>, Web. M. R. <i>Kyt</i>, +Syr Eglam. B. iv. <i>Kette</i>, Syr Bevys, C. iii. So Chauc. +C. T. 6304.</p> + +<p>Claddes, <i>pa. t. 2 p.</i> S. claddest, 2907.</p> + +<p>Clapte, <i>pa. t.</i> S. struck, 1814, 1821.</p> + +<p>Clare, <i>n.</i> Fr. spiced wine, 1728. <i>See</i> Claret <i>in</i> +Prompt. Parv.</p> + +<p>Clef, <i>pa. t.</i> S. cleft, 2643, 2730.</p> + +<p>Cleue, <i>n.</i> S. dwelling, 557, 596. A.S. <i>cleofa</i>.</p> + +<p>Cleuen, <i>v.</i> S. to cleave, cut, 917.</p> + +<p>Clothe, Clothen, <i>v.</i> S. to clothe, 1138, 1233. In l. 1233, +Garnett suggests that <i>cloþen</i> may be a <i>nom. pl.</i> = clothes. +If so, <i>dele</i> the comma after it.</p> + +<p>Clutes, <i>n. pl.</i> S. clouts, shreds of cloth, 547. +<i>Clottys</i>, Huntyng of the hare, 92. Cf. Chauc. C. T. 9827, and +<i>Clut</i> in Bosworth.</p> + +<p>Clyueden, <i>pa. t. pl.</i> S. cleaved, fastened, 1300.</p> + +<p><a name = "gloss_Cok" id = "gloss_Cok">Cok</a>, <i>n.</i> Lat. cook, +967. <i>Kok</i>, 903, 921, 2898. <i>Cokes</i>, <i>Kokes</i>, +<i>g. c.</i> cook’s, 1123, 1146.</p> + +<p>Comen, Comes, Cometh. <i>See</i> <a href = +"#gloss_Komen">Komen</a>.</p> + +<p>Cone. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Canst">Canst</a>.</p> + +<p>Conestable, <i>n.</i> Fr. constable, 2286. <i>Conestables</i>, +<i>pl.</i> 2366.</p> + +<p>Conseyl, <i>n.</i> Fr. counsel, 2862.</p> + +<p>Copes. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Kope">Kope</a>.</p> + +<p>Corporaus, <i>n.</i> Fr. Lat. the fine linen wherein the sacrament is +put, 188; Cotgr. V. Du Cange, and Jam. in v. <i>Corperale</i>.</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p class = "indent">After the relics they send;</p> +<p>The <i>corporas</i>, and the mass-gear,</p> +<p>On the handom [halidom?] they gun swear,</p> +<p>With wordes free and hend.</p> +</div> + +<p class = "author"> +<i>Guy of Warw.</i> ap. Ellis, M. R. V. 2, p. 77.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">114</span> +<a name = "page114" id = "page114"> </a> +<p>Corune, <i>n.</i> Lat. crown, 1319, 2944.</p> + +<p>Coruning, <i>n.</i> Lat. coronation, 2948.</p> + +<p>Cote, <i>n.</i> S. cot, cottage, 737, 1141.</p> + +<p><a name = "gloss_Couel" id = "gloss_Couel">Couel</a>, <i>n.</i> coat, +garment, 768, 858, 1144. <i>Cuuel</i>, 2904. <i>Kouel</i>, 964. The word +is connected with A.S. <i>cufle</i>, <i>cugele</i>, a cowl.</p> + +<p>Couere, <i>v.</i> Fr. to recover, 2040.</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>And prayde to Marie bryght,</p> +<p><i>Kevere</i> hym of hys care.</p> +</div> + +<p class = "author"> +<i>Ly Beaus Desc.</i> 1983.</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>Hyt wolde <i>covyr</i> me of my care.</p> +</div> + +<p class = "author"> +<i>Erl of Tol.</i> 381.</p> + +<p><a name = "gloss_Coupe" id = "gloss_Coupe">Coupe</a>, <i>v.</i> buy, +buy dearly, get in exchange, 1800. Icel. <i>kaupa</i>.</p> + +<p>Couth. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Quath">Quath</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "gloss_Couthe" id = "gloss_Couthe">Couþe</a>, <i>pa. t.</i> +of Conne, <i>v. aux.</i> S. knew, was able, could, 93, 112, 194, 750, +772. <i>Kouþen</i>, <i>pl.</i> 369.</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>More he <i>couthe</i> of veneri,</p> +<p>Than <i>couthe</i> Manerious.</p> +</div> + +<p class = "author"> +<i>Sir Tristr.</i> p. 24.</p> + +<p class = "continue"><i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Canst">Canst</a>.</p> + +<p>Crake, Crakede. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Kraken">Kraken</a>.</p> + +<p>Crauede, <i>pa. t.</i> S. craved, asked, 633.</p> + +<p>Crice, <i>n.</i> explained to mean <i>rima podicis</i> in Coleridge’s +Glossarial Index, 2450. Cf. A.S. <i>crecca</i>. Icel. <i>kryki</i>, a +corner. In Barb. x. 602, <i>crykes</i> is used for <i>angles</i>, +corners. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Krike">Krike</a>.</p> + +<p>Crist, <i>n.</i> Lat. Gr. Christ, 16, &c. <i>Cristes</i>, +<i>g. c.</i> 153. <i>Kristes</i>, 2797.</p> + +<p>Croiz, <i>n.</i> Fr. Lat. cross, 1263, 1268, 1358, &c. +<i>Croice</i>, Sir Tr. p. 115.</p> + +<p>Croud, <i>part. pa.</i> crowded, oppressed (?) 2338. K. Alisaund, +609. Cf. A.S. <i>crydan</i>, p. p. <i>gecróden</i>.</p> + +<p>Croun, Croune, <i>n.</i> Fr. crown, head, 568, 902, 2657. +<i>Crune</i>, 1814, 2734.</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>Fykenildes <i>crowne</i></p> +<p>He fel ther doune.</p> +</div> + +<p class = "author"> +<i>K. Horn</i>, 1509.</p> + +<p class = "continue">Cf. K. of Tars, 631; Le bone Flor. 92, and Erle of +Tol. 72.</p> + +<p>Cruhsse. <i>See</i> <a class = "error" href = "#gloss_To-" title = +"under ‘To-’">To-cruhsse</a>.</p> + +<p>Crus, brisk, nimble, 1966. It is the Sw. <i>krus</i>, excitable, Sc. +<i>crouse</i>. See <i>Crouse</i> in Atkinson’s Cleveland Glossary.</p> + +<p><a name = "gloss_Cunnriche" id = "gloss_Cunnriche">Cunnriche</a>, +<i>n.</i> S. kingdom, 2318. <i>Kinneriche</i>, 976. <i>Kuneriche</i>, +2400. <i>Kunerike</i>, 2804. <i>Kunrik</i>, 2143. In the last instance +it means <i>a mark of royalty, or monarchy</i>. Web. <i>Kyngriche</i>, +<i>Kynryche.</i></p> + +<p>Curt, <i>n.</i> Fr. court, 1685.</p> + +<p>Curteys, Curteyse, <i>adj.</i> Fr. courteous, 2875, 2916.</p> + +<p>Cuuel. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Couel">Couel</a>.</p> + + +<a class = "glosslink" name = "gloss_D" id = "gloss_D" href = +"#glossary">D</a> + +<p class = "letter"> +Dam, <i>n.</i> 2468, here used in a reproachful sense, but apparently +from the same root as the Fr. <i>Dam</i>, <i>Damp</i>, <i>Dan</i>, and +<i>Don</i>, i.e. from <i>Dominus</i>.</p> + +<p>Dame, <i>n.</i> Fr. Lat. mistress, lady, 558, 1717. V. Gl. Chauc.</p> + +<p><a name = "gloss_Danshe" id = "gloss_Danshe">Danshe</a>, <i>n. +pl.</i> Danish men, 2689, 2945, &c. <i>See</i> <a href = +"#gloss_Denshe">Denshe</a>.</p> + +<p>Datheit, <i>interj.</i> 296, 300, 926, 1125, 1887, 1914, 2047, 2447, +2511. <i>Datheyt</i>, 1799, 1995, 2604, 2757. An interjection or +imprecation, derived from the Fr. <i>Deshait</i>, <i>dehait</i>, +<i>dehet</i>, explained by Barbazan and Roquefort, <i>affliction</i>, +<i>malheur</i>; [from the O.F. <i>hait</i>, pleasure]. It may be +considered equivalent to Cursed! Ill betide! In the old Fabliaux it is +used often in this sense:</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>Fils à putain, fet-il, lechiere,</p> +<p>Vo jouglerie m’est trop chiere,</p> +<p><i>Dehait</i> qui vous i aporta,</p> +<p>Par mon chief il le comparra.</p> +</div> + +<p class = "author"> +<i>De S. Pierre et du Jougleor</i>, 381.</p> + +<p class = "continue">The term was very early engrafted on the Saxon +phraseology. Thus in the <i>Disputation of Ane Hule and a +Niȝtingale</i>, l. 99.</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p><i>Dahet</i> habbe that ilke best,</p> +<p>That fuleth his owe nest!</p> +</div> + +<span class = "pagenum">115</span> +<a name = "page115" id = "page115"> </a> +<p class = "continue">It occurs also frequently in the Old English +Romances. <i>See</i> Sir Tristr. pp. 111, 191; Horn Childe, ap. +Rits. V. 3, p. 290; Amis and Amil. 1569; Sevyn Sages, 2395; +R. Brunne, where it is printed by Hearne <i>Dayet</i>. To this +word, in all probability, we are indebted for the modern imprecation of +<i>Dase you!</i> <i>Dise you!</i> <i>Dash you!</i> still preserved in +many counties, and in Scotland. V. Jam. Suppl. v. <i>Dash you.</i></p> + +<p>Dawes, <i>n. pl.</i> S. days, 27, 2344, 2950. <i>Dayes</i>, 2353.</p> + +<p>Ded, Dede, <i>n.</i> S. death, 149, 167, 332, 1687, 2719, &c.</p> + +<p>Ded, <i>part. pa.</i> S. dead, 2007.</p> + +<p>Dede, <i>n.</i> S. deed, action, 1356.</p> + +<p>Dede, Deden, Dedes. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Do">Do</a>.</p> + +<p>Deide. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Deye">Deye</a>.</p> + +<p>Del, <i>n.</i> S. deal, part, 218, 818, 1070, &c. Web., +R. Gl., R. Br., Chauc. <i>Deil</i>, Sc. V. Jam.</p> + +<p><a name = "gloss_Deled" id = "gloss_Deled">Deled</a>, <i>part. +pa.</i> S. distributed, 1736. <i>See</i> <a class = "error" href = +"#gloss_To-" title = "under ‘To-’">To-deyle</a>.</p> + +<p>Demen, <i>v.</i> S. to judge, pass judgment, 2467. <i>Deme</i>, +<i>Demen</i>, <i>pr. t. pl.</i> judge, 2476, 2812. <i>Demden</i>, <i>pa. +t. pl.</i> judged, 2820, 2833. <i>Demd</i>, <i>part. pa.</i> judged, +2488, 2765, 2838.</p> + +<p><a name = "gloss_Denshe" id = "gloss_Denshe">Denshe</a>, <i>adj.</i> +Danish, 1403, 2575, 2693. <i>See</i> <a href = +"#gloss_Danshe">Danshe</a>.</p> + +<p>Deplike, <i>adj.</i> S. deeply, 1417. Synonymous with +<i>Grundlike</i>, q.v.</p> + +<p>Dere, <i>n.</i> S. dearth, scarcity, 824, 841. R. GL. p. 416.</p> + +<p>Dere, <i>adv.</i> S. dearly, 1637, 1638.</p> + +<p>Dere, <i>v.</i> S. to harm, injure, 490, 574, 806, 2310. +<i>Dereth</i>, <i>pr. t.</i> injures, 648. K. Horn, 148; +R. Br. p. 107; K. of Tars, 192; Chauc. <i>Deir</i>, Sc. Doug. +Virg. 413, 52; Lynds. Gl.</p> + +<p>Dere, <i>adj.</i> S. dear, 1637, 2170, &c.</p> + +<p>Deuel, <i>n.</i> S. devil, 446, 496, 1188. <i>Deueles</i>, +<i>g. c.</i> devil’s, 1409.</p> + +<p>Deus. This is undoubtedly the vocative case of the Lat. <i>Deus</i>, +used as an interjection, 1312, 1650, 1930, 2096, 2114. “Its use was the +same in French as in English. Thus in King Horn:</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>Euuers Deu en sun quer a fait grant clamur,</p> +<p>Ohi, <i>Deus!</i> fait il, ki es uerrai creatur,</p> +<p>Par ki deuise, &c.</p> +</div> + +<p class = "author"> +<i>Harl.</i> MS. 527, f. 66 b. c. 2.</p> + +<p class = "continue">It was probably introduced into the English +language by the Normans, and its pronunciation remained the same as in +the French.</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>And gradde ‘as armes,’ for <i>Douce</i> Mahons!</p> +</div> + +<p class = "author"> +<i>K. Alisaunder</i>, 3674.</p> + +<p class = "continue">It is curious to remark, that we have here the +evident and simple etymology of the modern exclamation <i>Deuce!</i> for +the derivation of which even the best and latest Lexicographers have +sent us to the <i>Dusii</i> of St Augustine, the <i>Dues</i> of the +Gothic nations, <i>Diis</i> of the Persians, <i>Teus</i> of the +Armoricans, &c. Thomson very justly adds, that all these words, +‘seem, like dæmon, to have been once used in a good sense,’ and in fact +are probably all corruptions of the same root. Cf. R. Brunne, +p. 254, and Gl. in v. <i>Deus</i>. For the first suggestion of +this derivation the Editor is indebted to Mr Will. Nicol.” —M.</p> + +<p><a name = "gloss_Deye" id = "gloss_Deye">Deye</a>, <i>v.</i> S. to +die, 840. <i>Deide</i>, <i>pa. t. pl.</i> died, 402.</p> + +<p>Dide, Diden, Dides. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Do">Do</a>.</p> + +<p>Dike, <i>n.</i> S. ditch, 2435. <i>Dikes</i>, <i>pl.</i> 1923. N.E. +and Sc., V. Jam. and Brockett.</p> + +<p>Dine, <i>n.</i> S. din, noise, 1860, 1868.</p> + +<p><a name = "gloss_Dinge" id = "gloss_Dinge">Dinge</a>, <i>v.</i> S. to +strike, scourge, beat, 215, 2329. <i>Dong</i>, <i>pa. t.</i> struck, +1147. <i>Dungen</i>, <i>part. pa.</i> beaten, or scourged, 227. Sc. and +N.E. <i>See</i> Jam. Gl., Lynds., and Ray.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">116</span> +<a name = "page116" id = "page116"> </a> +<p>Dint, <i>n.</i> S. blow, stroke, 1807, 1817, 1969, &c. +<i>Dent</i>, Sir Tr. p. 92; Chauc. <i>Dynt</i>, R. Br. +<i>Dintes</i>, <i>pl.</i> 1437, 1862, 2665. <i>Duntes</i>, K. Horn, +865. <i>Dentys</i>, Rits. M. R. <i>Dyntes</i>, R. Gl. +<i>Dintes</i>, Minot, p. 23; V. Gl. Lynds.</p> + +<p><a name = "gloss_Do" id = "gloss_Do">Do</a>, Don, <i>v.</i> S. The +various uses of this verb in English and Scotch, in an auxiliary, +active, and passive sense, have been pointed out by Tyrwhitt, Essay on +Vers. of Chauc. Note (37), Chalmers, Gl. Lynds. and Jamieson. It +signifies: to do, <i>facere</i>, 117, 528, 1191; to cause, +<i>efficere</i>, 611; <i>do casten</i>, 519; <i>do hem fle</i>, 2600, to +put or place (used with <i>in</i> or <i>on</i>), 535, 577, &c. +<i>Dones on</i> = don es on = do them on, put them on (<i>see</i> +<a href = "#gloss_Es">Es</a>), 970. <i>Dos</i>, <i>pr. t. 2 p.</i> dost, +2390. <i>Dos</i>, <i>pr. t. 3 p.</i> does, 1994, 2434, 2698. +<i>Doth</i>, <i>Don</i>, <i>pr. t. pl.</i> do, 1838, 1840. <i>Doth</i>, +<i>imp.</i> do, cause (ye), 2037. <i>Dos</i>, <i>imp. pl.</i> do ye, +2592. <i>Dede</i>, <i>Dide</i>, <i>pa. t.</i> caused, 658, 970, &c. +<i>Dede</i>, <i>Dide</i>, <i>pa. t.</i> put, placed, 659, 709, 859. +<i>Dedes</i>, <i>Dides</i>, <i>pa. t. 2 p.</i> didest, 2393, 2903. +<i>Deden</i>, <i>Diden</i>, <i>pa. t. pl.</i> caused, 242; did, +performed, 953, 1176, 2306. <i>Don</i>, <i>part. pa.</i> caused, 1169. +<i>Don</i>, <i>part. pa.</i> done, 667. <i>Of liue haue do</i>, 1805, +have slain.</p> + +<p>Dom, <i>n.</i> S. doom, judgment, 2473, 2487, 2813, &c. Sir Tr. +p. 127.</p> + +<p>Dore, <i>n.</i> S. door, 1788.</p> + +<p>Dore-tre, <i>n.</i> S. bar of the door, 1806. <i>See</i> <a href = +"#gloss_Tre">Tre</a>.</p> + +<p>Douhter, <i>n.</i> S. daughter, 120, 2712. <i>Douthe</i>, 1079. +<i>Douther</i>, 2867, 2914. <i>Douhtres</i>, <i>pl.</i> 350, 2982. +<i>Douthres</i>, 2979. <i>Doutres</i>, 717.</p> + +<p>Doun. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Adoun">Adoun</a>.</p> + +<p>Doutede, <i>pa. t.</i> Fr. feared, 708.</p> + +<p>Douthe, <i>n.</i> Fr. fear, 1331, 1377.</p> + +<p>Douthe, <i>pa. t.</i> of Dow, <i>v. imp.</i> S. [<i>dugan</i>, +valere, prodesse] was worth, was sufficient, availed, 703, 833, 1184. It +is formed in the same manner as <i>Mouthe</i>, Might. <i>See</i> Sir Tr. +p. 77; Jam. and Gl. Lynds. in v. Dow.</p> + +<p>Drad. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Dred">Dred</a>.</p> + +<p>Drawe, Drawen. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Drou">Drou</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "gloss_Dred" id = "gloss_Dred">Dred</a>, <i>imp.</i> dread, +fear (thou), 2168. <i>Dredden</i>, <i>Dredde</i>, <i>pa. t. pl.</i> +dreaded, feared, 2289, 2568. <i>Drad</i>, <i>part. pa.</i> afraid, 1669. +<i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Adrad">Adrad</a>.</p> + +<p>Drede, <i>n.</i> S. dread, 1169; doubt, anxiety, care, 828, 1664. +Chauc.</p> + +<p>Dremede, <i>pa. t.</i> S. (used with <i>me</i>), dreamed, 1284, +1304.</p> + +<p><a name = "gloss_Dreinchen" id = "gloss_Dreinchen">Dreinchen</a>, +Drenchen, Drinchen, <i>v.</i> S. to drown, 553, 561, 583, 1416, 1424, +&c. <i>Drenched</i>, <i>part. pa.</i> drowned, 520, 669, 1368, 1379. +V. Gl. Web., R. Gl., Chauc.</p> + +<p>Dreng, <i>n.</i> <i>See</i> <a href = "#textnote31">note on l. +31</a>.</p> + +<p>Drepen, <i>v.</i> S. to kill, slay, 1783, 1865, &c. <i>Drepe</i>, +would slay, 506. <i>Drop</i>, <i>pa. t.</i> killed, slew, 2229. Bosworth +gives <i>drepan</i>, to slay. Cf. Sw. <i>dräpa</i>.</p> + +<p>Dreping, <i>n.</i> slaughter, 2684. Cf. A.S. <i>drepe</i>.</p> + +<p>Drinchen. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Dreinchen">Dreinchen</a>.</p> + +<p>Drinken, <i>v.</i> S. to drink, 459, 800.</p> + +<p>Drinkes, <i>n. pl.</i> S. drinks, liquors, 1738.</p> + +<p>Drit, <i>n.</i> [Icel. <i>drítr</i>, Du. <i>dreet</i>] dirt, 682. A +term expressing the highest contempt. K. Alisaund. 4718; Wickliffe. +So, in an ancient metrical invective against Grooms and Pages, written +about 1310,</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>Thah he ȝeue hem cattes <i>dryt</i> to huere companage,</p> +<p>Ȝet hym shulde arewen of the arrerage.</p> +</div> + +<p class = "author"> +MS. Harl. 2253, f. 125.</p> + +<p class = "continue">Cf. Jam. Suppl. in v. <i>Dryte</i>, and Gl. +Lynds.</p> + +<p>Driuende. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Drof">Drof</a>.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">117</span> +<a name = "page117" id = "page117"> </a> +<p><a name = "gloss_Drou" id = "gloss_Drou">Drou</a>, <i>pa. t.</i> S. +drew, 705, 719, &c. <i>Vt-drow</i>, <i>pa. t.</i> out-drew, 2632. +<i>With-drow</i>, withdrew, 498; (<i>spelt</i> wit-drow), 502. +<i>Drawe</i>, <i>Drawen</i>, <i>part. pa.</i> drawn, 1925, 2225, 2477, +2603, &c. <i>Ut-drawe</i>, <i>Ut-drawen</i>, out-drawn, 1802, 2631. +<i>See</i> <a class = "error" href = "#gloss_To-" +title = "under ‘To-’">To-Drawe</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "gloss_Drof" id = "gloss_Drof">Drof</a>, <i>pa. t.</i> S. +drove, 725; hastened, 1793, 1872. <i>Driuende</i>, <i>part. pr.</i> +driving, riding quickly, 2702.</p> + +<p><a name = "gloss_Drurye" id = "gloss_Drurye">Drurye</a>, <i>n.</i> +Fr. courtship, gallantry, 195. Web., Rits. M. R., P. Plowm., +Chauc., Lynds.</p> + +<p>Dubbe, <i>v.</i> Fr. S. to dub, create a knight, 2042. +<i>Dubbede</i>, <i>pa. t.</i> dubbed, 2314. <i>Dubban to ridere</i>, +Chron. Sax. An. 1085, [11086]. <i>To cnihte hine dubben</i>, Laȝam. +l. 22497. “Hickes, Hearne, Gl. R. Gl., and Tyrwhitt, Gl. +Chauc., all refer the word to the Saxon root, which primarily signified +<i>to strike</i>, the same as the Isl. <i>at dubba</i>. Todd on the +contrary, Gl. Illustr. Chauc., thinks this questionable, and refers to +Barbazan’s Gl. in v. <i>Adouber</i>, which is there derived from +the Lat. <i>adaptare</i>. Du Cange and Dr Merrick give it also a Latin +origin, from <i>Adoptare</i>, and by corruption <i>Adobare</i>.” +—M. The etymology is discussed in Wedgwood, s.v. <i>Dub.</i> +<i>See</i> <a href = "#textnote2314">Note on l. 2314</a>.</p> + +<p>Duelle, <i>v.</i> S. to dwell, give attention, 4.</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>A tale told Ysoude fre,</p> +<p class = "indent">Thai <i>duelle</i>:</p> +<p>Tristrem that herd he.</p> +</div> + +<p class = "author"> +<i>Sir Tristr.</i> p. 181.</p> + +<p class = "continue">Cf. Sir Otuel, l. 3, and Sevyn Sages, 1. +<i>Dwellen</i>, to dwell, remain, 1185; to delay, 1351. <i>Dwellen</i>, +<i>pr. t. pl.</i> dwell, tarry, 1058. <i>Dwelleden</i>, <i>pa. t. +pl.</i> dwelt, tarried, 1189.</p> + +<p><ins class = "edcorr" title = "entry moved by author from after ‘DInt’">Dunten</ins>, <i>pa. t. pl.</i> S. struck, beat, 2448.</p> + +<p>Dwelling, <i>n.</i> delay, 1352</p> + +<p>Dun. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Adoun">Adoun</a>.</p> + +<p>Dungen. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Dinge">Dinge</a>.</p> + +<p>Dursten, <i>pa. t. pl.</i> S. durst, 1866.</p> + + +<a class = "glosslink" name = "gloss_E" id = "gloss_E" href = +"#glossary">E</a> + +<p class = "letter"> +<a name = "gloss_Eie" id = "gloss_Eie">Eie</a>, <i>n.</i> S. eye, 2545. +<i>Heie</i>, 1152. <i>Eyne</i>, <i>pl.</i> eyes, 680, 1273, 1364; +<i>eyen</i>, 1340; <i>eyn</i>, 2171.</p> + +<p><a name = "gloss_Eir" id = "gloss_Eir">Eir</a>, <i>n.</i> Fr. Lat. +heir, 410, 2539. <i>Eyr</i>, 110, 289, &c. Jam. gives it a Northern +etymology, in v. Ayr.</p> + +<p><a name = "gloss_Ek" id = "gloss_Ek">Ek</a>, <i>conj.</i> S. +[<i>eac</i>] eke, also, 1025, 1038, 1066, &c. <i>Ok</i> [Su.-G. +<i>och</i>, Du. <i>ook</i>] 187, 200, 879, 1081, &c. V. Jam. +in v. Ac.</p> + +<p><a name = "gloss_Eld" id = "gloss_Eld">Eld</a>, <i>adj.</i> S. old, +546. <i>Helde</i>, 2472. <i>Heldeste</i>, sup. 1396.</p> + +<p>Elde, <i>n.</i> S. age, 2713. <i>Helde</i>, 128, 174, 387, 1435.</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p><i>Ælde</i> hæfde heo na mare</p> +<p>Buten fihtene ȝere.</p> +</div> + +<p class = "author"> +<i>Laȝam.</i> l. 25913.</p> + +<p class = "continue">R. Br. In Sc. <i>Eild</i>. It was subsequently +restricted to the sense of <i>old age</i>, as in Chauc.</p> + +<p>Elles, <i>adv.</i> S. else, 1192, 2590.</p> + +<p>Em, S. uncle, 1326. Sir Tr. p. 53. Properly, says Sir W. Scott, an +uncle by the father’s side. It appears however to have been used +indifferently either on the father’s or mother’s side. <i>See</i> +Hearne’s Gl. on R. Gl. and R. Br., Web., Erle of Tol. 988; +Chauc. Troil. 2, 162, and Nares. Prov. Eng. <i>Eam</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "gloss_Er" id = "gloss_Er">Er</a>, <i>adv.</i> S. before, +684. <i>Her</i>, 541. <i>Are</i>, Sir Tr. p. 152. <i>Er</i>, +K. Horn, 130. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Are">Are</a>, <a href = +"#gloss_Or">Or</a>.</p> + +<p>Er, <i>conj.</i> S. before, 317, 1261, 2680. <i>Her</i>, 229.</p> + +<p><a name = "gloss_Erl" id = "gloss_Erl">Erl</a>, <i>n.</i> S. earl, +189, &c. <i>Erles</i>, <i>g. c.</i> 2898, earl’s. <i>Herles</i>, +883. <i>Erldom</i>, earldom, 2909.</p> + +<p>Ern, <i>n.</i> S. eagle, 572. Rits. M. R. Octovian, 196; R. Gl. +p. 177; Will. of Palerne.</p> + +<p>Erþe, <i>n.</i> S. earth, 740; ground, 2657.</p> + +<p>Erþe, <i>v.</i> S. to dwell, 739. A.S. <i>eardian.</i></p> + +<span class = "pagenum">118</span> +<a name = "page118" id = "page118"> </a> +<p><a name = "gloss_Es" id = "gloss_Es">Es</a>, a plural pronoun +signifying <i>them</i>, as in <i>don es on</i> = put them on, 970. See +<i>Gen. and Exod.</i> ed. Morris, pref. p. xix.</p> + +<p>Et, a singular pronoun, equivalent to <i>it</i>, used in +<i>hauenet</i> = <i>hauen et</i>, 2005; <i>hauedet</i> = <i>haued +et</i>, 714.</p> + +<p><a name = "gloss_Ete" id = "gloss_Ete">Ete</a>, Eten, <i>v.</i> S. to +eat, 791, 800, 911, &c. <i>Hete</i>, <i>Heten</i>, 146, 317, 457, +641. <i>Et</i>, <i>imp.</i> eat (thou), 925. <i>Et</i>, <i>Het</i>, +<i>pa. t.</i> ate, 653, 656. <i>Etes</i>, <i>fut. 2 p.</i> thou shalt +eat, 907. <i>Eteth</i>, <i>fut. 3 p.</i> shall eat, 672. <i>Eten</i>, +<i>part. pa.</i> eaten, 657.</p> + +<p><a name = "gloss_Ethen" id = "gloss_Ethen">Eþen</a>, <i>adv.</i> S. +hence, 690. <i>Heþen</i>, 683, 845, 1085, 2727.</p> + +<p>Eþer. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Ayther">Ayþer</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "gloss_Euere" id = "gloss_Euere">Euere</a>, Eure, +<i>adv.</i> S. ever. 207, 424, 704, &c. <i>Heuere</i>, 17, 327, +830.</p> + +<p>Euereich, <i>adj.</i> S. every, 137. <i>Euere il</i>, 218, 1334, +1644. <i>Euere ilc</i>, 1330. <i>Eueri</i>, 1070, 1176, 1383. +<i>Eueril</i>, 1764, 2318, &c. <i>Euerilk</i>, 2258, 2432. +<i>Euerilkon</i>, every one, 1062, 1996, 2197. <i>See</i> <a href = +"#gloss_Il">Il</a>.</p> + +<p>Euere-mar, <i>adv.</i> S. evermore, 1971.</p> + +<p>Eyen, Eyn, Eyne. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Eie">Eie</a>.</p> + +<p>Eyr. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Eir">Eir</a>.</p> + + +<a class = "glosslink" name = "gloss_F" id = "gloss_F" href = +"#glossary">F</a> + +<p class = "letter"> +Fader, <i>n.</i> S. Lat. father, 1224, 1403, 1416. Sir Tr. p. 35; +K. Horn, 114. The cognate words may be found in Jam.</p> + +<p>Faderles, <i>adj.</i> fatherless, 75.</p> + +<p>Fadmede, <i>pa. t.</i> S. fathomed, embraced, 1295. From +<i>fæthmian</i>, Utraque manu extensa complecti, Cod. Exon., ed. Thorpe, +p. 334. It has the same meaning in Sc. V. Jam.</p> + +<p><a name = "gloss_Falle" id = "gloss_Falle">Falle</a>, <i>v.</i> S. to +fall, 39, &c. <i>Falles</i>, <i>imp. pl.</i> fall ye, 2302. +<i>Fel</i>, <i>pa. t.</i> fell, appertained. 1815, 2359. <i>Fellen</i>, +<i>pa. t. pl.</i> fell, 1303.</p> + +<p>Fals, <i>adj.</i> S. false, 2511.</p> + +<p>Falwes, <i>n. pl.</i> S. fallows, fields, 2509. Chauc. C. T. 6238, +where Tyrwh. explains it <i>harrowed lands</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "gloss_Fare" id = "gloss_Fare">Fare</a>, <i>n.</i> S. +journey, 1337, 2621. R. Gl. p. 211; R. Br., Minot, p. 2 (left +unexplained by Rits.); Barb. iv. 627. <i>Schip-fare</i>, a voyage, Sir +Tr. p. 53.</p> + +<p><a name = "gloss_Faren" id = "gloss_Faren">Faren</a>, <i>v.</i> S. to +go, 264. <i>Fare</i>, 1378, 1392, &c. <i>Fare</i>, <i>pr. t. 2 +p.</i> farest, behavest, 2705. <i>Fares</i>, <i>pr. t. 3 p.</i> goes, +flies, 2690. <i>Ferde</i>, <i>pa. t.</i> went, 447, 1678, &c.; +behaved, 2411. <i>For</i> (went), 2382, 2943. <i>Foren</i>, <i>pa. t. +pl.</i> went, 2380, 2618.</p> + +<p>Faste, <i>adv.</i> S. attentively, earnestly, 2148.</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>Tristrem as a man</p> +<p><i>Fast</i> he gan to fight.</p> +</div> + +<p class = "author"> +<i>Sir Tristr.</i> p. 167.</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>Bidde we ȝeorne Ihū Crist, and seint Albon wel <i>faste</i>,</p> +<p>That we moten to the Ioye come, that euere schal i-laste.</p> +</div> + +<p class = "author"> +<i>Vita S. Albani</i>, MS. Laud. 108. f. 47 b.</p> + +<p>Fastinde, <i>part. pr.</i> S. fasting, 865.</p> + +<p>Fauth. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Fyht">Fyht</a>.</p> + +<p>Fawen, <i>adj.</i> S. fain, glad, 2160. <i>Fawe</i>, K. of Tars, +1058; Octovian, 307; R. Gl. p. 150; Chauc. C. T. +5802.</p> + +<p>Fe, <i>n.</i> S. fee, possessions, or money, 386, 563, 1225, &c. +<i>See</i> Jam. and Lynds. Gl.</p> + +<p>Feble, <i>adj.</i> Fr. feeble, poor, scanty, 323.</p> + +<p>Feblelike, <i>adv.</i> feebly, scantily, 418. <i>Febli</i>, Sir Tr. +p. 179, for <i>meanly</i>.</p> + +<p>Feden, <i>v.</i> S. to feed, 906. <i>Feddes</i>, <i>pa. t. 2 p.</i> +feddest, 2907.</p> + +<p>Fel. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Bifalle">Bifalle</a>, <a href = +"#gloss_Falle">Falle</a>.</p> + +<p>Felawes, <i>n. pl.</i> S. fellows, companions, 1338.</p> + +<p>Feld, <i>n.</i> S. field, 2634, 2685, 1291.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">119</span> +<a name = "page119" id = "page119"> </a> +<p>Felde, Felede. <i>pa. t.</i> S. felled, 67, 1859, 2694. <i>Felden</i> +(? read <i>he ne fellen</i>, they did not fall), 2698. <i>Feld</i>, +<i>part. pa.</i> felled, 1824. Sir F. Madden writes— “in +l. 2698, I prefer reading <i>ne felden</i>, did not fell, governed +by <i>that</i>. In l. 67, Garnett suggested <i>felede</i>, pursued, +from Swed. <i>följade</i>.”</p> + +<p>Fele, <i>adj.</i> S. many, often, 778, 1277, 1737, &c. Sir Tr. +p. 19.</p> + +<p>Fele, <i>adv.</i> S. very, 2442.</p> + +<p>Fend, <i>n.</i> S. fiend, 506, 1411, 2229.</p> + +<p>Fer, <i>adv.</i> S. far. 359, 1863, 2275, &c. <i>Ferne</i>, far, +1864; <i>pl. adj.</i> foreign, 2031.</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>Þa kingges buh stronge,</p> +<p>And of <i>ferrene</i> lond.</p> +</div> + +<p class = "author"> +<i>Laȝam.</i> l. 5528.</p> + +<p class = "continue">Cf. Chauc. Prol. l. 14.</p> + +<p>Ferd, <i>n.</i> S. army, 2384, 2548, &c. <i>Ferde</i>, 2535. +Laȝam., R. Gl., R. Br., Web. <i>Ferdes, pl.</i> 2683.</p> + +<p>Ferde. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Fare">Fare</a>.</p> + +<p>Fere, <i>n.</i> S. companion, wife, 1214. Sir Tr. p. 157. K. Horn, +Web., R. Gl., R. Br., Minot, Chauc. <i>Feir</i>, Sc. V. Jam. +and Gl. Lynds.</p> + +<p>Ferlike, <i>n.</i> S. wonder, 1258. <i>Ferlik</i>, 1849. Sir Tr. +p. 21. Originally in all probability an <i>adj.</i></p> + +<p>Ferþe, <i>adj.</i> S. fourth, 1810.</p> + +<p>Feste, <i>n.</i> Fr. feast, 2344, &c.</p> + +<p>Feste, <i>v.</i> Fr. to feast, 2938.</p> + +<p>Festen, <i>v.</i> S. to fasten, 1785; (used passively) 82. +<i>Fest</i>, <i>pa. t.</i> fastened, 144.</p> + +<p>Fet. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Fot">Fot</a>.</p> + +<p>Fete, <i>v.</i> S. to fetch, bring, 642, 912, 937, &c. Used +passively, 316, 2037. <i>Fetes</i>, <i>pr. t. s.</i> fetch, 2341. V. +Pegge’s Anecd. of Engl. Lang. p. 135.</p> + +<p>Fetere, <i>v.</i> S. to fetter, chain, 2758. Used passively.</p> + +<p>Feteres, <i>n. pl.</i> S. fetters, 82, 2759.</p> + +<p>Fey, <i>n.</i> Fr. faith, 255, 1666. <i>Feyth</i>, 2853.</p> + +<p>Fiht, <i>n.</i> S. fight, 2668, 2716.</p> + +<p>Fikel, <i>adj.</i> S. fickle, inconstant, 1210, 2799.</p> + +<p>File, <i>n.</i> vile, worthless person, 2499.</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>Men seth ofte a muche <i>file</i>,</p> +<p>They he serue boten a wile,</p> +<p>Bicomen swithe riche.</p> +</div> + +<p class = "author"> +<i>Hending the hende</i>, MS. Digb. 86.</p> + +<p class = "continue">So in R. Br. p. 237.</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>David at that while was with Edward the kyng,</p> +<p>Ȝit auanced he that <i>file</i> vntille a faire thing.</p> +</div> + +<p class = "continue">It is used for <i>coward</i> by Minot, pp. 31, 36. +Cf. Du. <i>vuil</i>, foul, malicious.</p> + +<p><a name = "gloss_Finden" id = "gloss_Finden">Finden</a>, <i>v.</i> S. +to find, 1083. <i>Finde</i>, 220. <i>Fynde</i>, 42. <i>Funden</i>, +<i>pa. t. pl.</i> found, 602. <i>Funde</i>, <i>part. pa.</i> found, +2376. <i>Funden</i>, 1427.</p> + +<p>Fir, <i>n.</i> S. fire, 585, 1162, &c. <i>Fyr</i>, 915.</p> + +<p>Firrene, <i>adj.</i> S. made of fir, 2078. <i>Firron</i>, Doug. Virg. +47. 34.</p> + +<p>Flaunes, <i>n. pl.</i> Fr. custards, or pancakes, 644. <i>See</i> +Way’s note in Prompt. Parv.</p> + +<p>Fledden, <i>pa. t. pl.</i> S. fled, 2416.</p> + +<p>Flemen, <i>v.</i> S. to drive away, banish, 1160. R. Gl., R. Br., +Chauc., Rits. A. S. So in Sc. V. Jam.</p> + +<p>Flete, <i>pres. subj.</i> S. float, swim, 522. Sir Tr. p. 27; +K. Horn, 159; Chauc. <i>Fleit</i>, Sc. V. Jam.</p> + +<p>Fleye, <i>v.</i> S. to fly, 1791, 1813, 1827, 2751. <i>Fley</i>, +<i>pa. t.</i> flew, 1305.</p> + +<p>Flo, <i>v.</i> S. to flay, 612, 2495. K. Horn, 92. <i>Flow</i>, +<i>pa. t.</i> flayed, 2502. <i>Flowe</i>, <i>pa. t. pl.</i> 2433.</p> + +<p>Flok, <i>n.</i> S. flock, troop, 24. <i>See</i> <a href = +"#gloss_Trome">Trome</a>.</p> + +<p>Flote, <i>n.</i> S. boat, 738. A.S. <i>flóta</i>, a ship; Icel. +<i>floti</i>, (1) a ship, (2) a fleet; cf. Laȝam. 4530.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">120</span> +<a name = "page120" id = "page120"> </a> +<p>Flour, <i>n.</i> Fr. flower, 2917.</p> + +<p>Fnaste, <i>v.</i> S. to breathe, 548. Cf. A.S. <i>Fnæstiað</i>, the +wind-pipe, <i>Fnæstan</i>, puffs of wind. <i>Fnast</i> = breath in +<i>Owl and Nightingale</i>, l. 44.</p> + +<p>Fo, <i>n.</i> S. foe, 1363, 2849; <i>pl.</i> foos, 67.</p> + +<p>Fol, <i>n.</i> Fr. fool, 298. <i>Foles</i>, pl. 2100.</p> + +<p>Folc, Folk, <i>n.</i> S. men collectively, people, 89, 438, +&c.</p> + +<p>Folwes, <i>imp.</i> S. follow ye, 1885, 2601.</p> + +<p>Fonge, <i>v.</i> S. to take, receive, 763; <i>2 p. pres. subj.</i> +856. In common use from Laȝam. to Chauc. and much later.</p> + +<p>For, <i>prep.</i> S. <i>For to</i> is prefixed to the inf. of verbs +in the same manner as the Fr. <i>pour</i>, or Sp. <i>por</i>. It is so +used in all the old writers, and in the vulgar translation of the +Scriptures, and is still preserved in the North of England. Cf. 17, +&c. <i>For</i> = on account of, 1670. Sir Tr. p. 62.</p> + +<p>For, Foren. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Faren">Faren</a>.</p> + +<p>Forbere, <i>v.</i> S. spare, abstain from, 352. Chauc. Rom. R. 4751. +<i>Forbar</i>, <i>pa. t.</i> spared, abstained from, 764, 2623.</p> + +<p>Forfaren, <i>v.</i> S. to perish, 1380. R. Br. <i>Forfard</i> +(<i>p. p.</i>) Ly Beaus Desc. 1484. The inf. is also used in Web., +P. Plowm., Chauc. In Sc. <i>Forfair</i>. V. Compl. of Scotl. +p. 100, and Gl. Lynds.</p> + +<p>Forgat, <i>pa. t.</i> S. forgot, 2636, &c. <i>Foryat</i>, +249.</p> + +<p><a name = "gloss_For-henge" id = "gloss_For-henge">For-henge</a>, +<i>v.</i> to kill by hanging, 2724. Cf. Du. <i>verhangen zich</i>, to +hang one’s self.</p> + +<p>Forlorn, <i>part. pa.</i> S. utterly lost, 770, 1424. +<i>Forloren</i>, 580. R. Br., Rits. M. R., Chauc. Used +actively, Sir Tr. p. 35.</p> + +<p><a name = "gloss_Forthi" id = "gloss_Forthi">Forþi</a>, <i>adv.</i> +S. on this account, therefore, because, 1194, 1431, 2043, 2500, 2578. +Sir Tr. p. 14, and in all the Gloss.</p> + +<p>Forthwar, <i>adv.</i> S. forthward; i.e. as we go on, 731.</p> + +<p>Forw, <i>n.</i> S. furrow, 1094.</p> + +<p>Forward, <i>n.</i> S. promise, word, covenant, 486. <i>Forwarde</i>, +554. Laȝam. l. 4790. Sir Tr. p. 13. Rits. M. R., Web., +R. Gl., R. Br., Minot, Chauc.</p> + +<p>Fostred, <i>part. pa.</i> S. nourished, 1434, 2239.</p> + +<p><a name = "gloss_Fot" id = "gloss_Fot">Fot</a>, <i>n.</i> S. +<i>Euerilk fot</i>, 2432, every foot, or man. <i>Fet</i>, <i>pl.</i> +616, 1022, 1303, 2479. <i>Fote</i>, 1054, 1199.</p> + +<p>Fouhten. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Fyht">Fyht</a>.</p> + +<p>Fourtenith, <i>n.</i> S. fortnight, 2284.</p> + +<p><a name = "gloss_Fremde" id = "gloss_Fremde">Fremde</a>, <i>adj.</i> +(used as a <i>n.</i>) S. stranger, 2277.</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>Vor hine willeth sone uorgiete</p> +<p>Tho <i>fremde</i> and tho sibbe.</p> +</div> + +<p class = "author"> +MS. Digb. 4.</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>Ther ne myhte libbe</p> +<p>The <i>fremede</i> ne the sibbe.</p> +</div> + +<p class = "author"> +<i>K. Horn</i>, 67.</p> + +<p class = "continue">See also R. Gl. p. 346; Chron. of Eng. 92; P. +Plowm., Chau., Jam. and Gl. Lynds.</p> + +<p>Freme, <i>v.</i> S. to perform, 441.</p> + +<p>Fri, <i>adj.</i> S. free, liberal, 1072. Chauc.</p> + +<p>Frie, <i>v.</i> to blame, 1998. Icel. <i>fryja</i>, to blame. Cf. +<i>freles</i>, blameless. <i>Allit. Poems</i>, ed. Morris, A. 431.</p> + +<p>Fro, <i>prep.</i> S. from, 265, &c.</p> + +<p>Frusshe. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_To-frusshe">To-frusshe</a>.</p> + +<p>Ful, <i>adv.</i> S. very, much, completely, 6, 82, &c. <i>Ful +wo</i>, 2589, much sorrow.</p> + +<p>Ful, Fule, <i>adj.</i> S. foul, 506, 555, 626, 965, &c. +<i>Foule</i>, 1158.</p> + +<p>Fulike, <i>adv.</i> S. foully, shamefully, 2749.</p> + +<p>Fulde, <i>part. pa.</i> S. filled, complete, 355.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">121</span> +<a name = "page121" id = "page121"> </a> +<p>Funde, Funden. <i>See</i> <a class = "error" href = "#gloss_Finden" +title = "under ‘Finden’">Finde</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "gloss_Fyht" id = "gloss_Fyht">Fyht</a>, <i>v.</i> S. to +fight, 2361. <i>Fauth</i>, <i>pa. t.</i> fought, 1990. <i>Fouhten</i>, +<i>pa. t. pl.</i> fought, 2661.</p> + +<p>Fyn, <i>n.</i> Fr. Lat. ending, 22. R. Br., Minot, Chauc., +&c.</p> + + +<a class = "glosslink" name = "gloss_G" id = "gloss_G" href = +"#glossary">G</a> + +<p class = "letter"> +Ga, <i>v.</i> S. to go. <i>See</i> <a class = "error" href = +"#gloss_Ouer-go" title = "‘Ouer-go’ or ‘Ouer-gange’?">Ouer-ga</a>.</p> + +<p>Gad, <i>n.</i> S. goad, 279. <i>Gaddes</i>, <i>pl.</i> 1016. In Gl. +Ælfr. among the instruments of husbandry occur <i>Gad</i>, stimulus, and +<i>Gadiron</i>, aculeus. So in <i>The Fermeror and his Docter</i>, +printed by Laing:</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>Quhen Symkin standis quhisling with ane quhip and ane +<i>gaid</i>,</p> +<p>Priking and ȝarkand ane auld ox hide.</p> +</div> + +<p class = "author"> +V. Jam. in v. <i>Gade</i>, 4. and Nares.</p> + +<p>Gadred, <i>part. pa.</i> S. gathered, 2577.</p> + +<p>Gadeling, <i>n.</i> S. an idle vagabond, low man, 1121.</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>Þa wes æuer alc cheorl</p> +<p>Al swa bald alse an eorl,</p> +<p>& alle þa <i>gadelinges</i></p> +<p>Alse heo weoren sunen kinges.</p> +</div> + +<p class = "author"> +<i>Laȝam.</i> l. 12333.</p> + +<p class = "continue">Cf. K. Alisaund. 1733, 4063. <i>Gadlyng</i>, Rob. +of Cicyle, MS. Harl. 1701. R. Gl. p. 277, 310. Chauc. Rom. +Rose, 938. The word originally meant <i>Vir generosus</i>. <i>See</i> +Beowulf, l. 5227.</p> + +<p>Gaf. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Yeue">Yeue</a>.</p> + +<p>Galwe-tre, <i>n.</i> S. the gallows, 43, 335, 695. Le Bone Fl. 1726. +Erle of Tol. 657. <i>Galues</i>, <i>Galwes</i>, <i>Galewes</i>, 687, +1161, 2477, 2508. R. Br., Chauc. Cf. Ihre Gl. Suiog. in v. +<i>galge</i>, ab Isl. <i>gayl</i>, ramus arboris.</p> + +<p>Gamen, <i>n.</i> S. game, sport, 980, 1716, 2135, 2250, 2577; joy, +2935, 2963. <i>Gamyn</i>, Barb. iii. 465. V. Jam.</p> + +<p>Gan, <i>pa. t.</i> S. began, 2443. V. Jam.</p> + +<p><a name = "gloss_Gangen" id = "gloss_Gangen">Gangen</a>, <i>v.</i> S. +to go, walk, 370, 845, &c. <i>Gange</i>, 796. <i>Gongen</i>, 855. +<i>Gonge</i>, 1185, 1739, &c. <i>Gonge</i>, <i>pr. t. 2 p.</i> +goest, 690, 843. <i>Gangande</i>, <i>part. pr.</i> on foot, walking, +2283. Wynt. V. Jam.</p> + +<p>Garte, <i>pa. t.</i> S. made, 189, 1857, &c. <i>Gart</i>, 1001, +1082. <i>Gert</i>, Sir Tr. p. 147. V. Jam. and Gl. Lynds.</p> + +<p>Gat, Gaten. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Geten">Geten</a>.</p> + +<p>Gate, <i>n.</i> S. (1) way, road, 846, 889. Sir Tr. p. 27; (2) +manner, fashion (<i>see</i> <a class = "error" href = "#gloss_Thus" +title = "under ‘Þus’">þus-gate</a>), 783, 2419, 2586.</p> + +<p>Genge, <i>n.</i> S. family, company, 786, 1735; retinue, 2353, 2362, +2383.</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>þe king of þan londe</p> +<p>Mid muchelere <i>genge</i>.</p> +</div> + +<p class = "author"> +<i>Laȝam.</i> l. 6156.</p> + +<p class = "continue">Hence <i>Gang</i>. V. Todd’s Johns.</p> + +<p>Gent, <i>adj.</i> Fr. neat, pretty, 2139. Sir Tr. p. 87, R. Br., +Chauc.</p> + +<p>Gere. <i>See</i> <a class = "error" href = "#gloss_Messe" title = +"under ‘Messe’">Messe-gere</a>.</p> + +<p>Gest, <i>n.</i> Fr. tale, adventure, 2984. <i>See</i> Note in +Warton’s Hist. E. P., V. <span class = "smallroman">I.</span> +p. 69. Ed. 1840.</p> + +<p>Gete, <i>v.</i> to guard, watch, keep, 2762, 2960. Icel. <i>gæta</i>, +to guard. Cf. <i>Ormulum</i>, 2079. [Suggested by Garnett.]</p> + +<p><a name = "gloss_Geten" id = "gloss_Geten">Geten</a>, <i>v.</i> S. to +get, take, 792. <i>Gete</i>, 1393. <i>Gat</i>, <i>pa. t.</i> begot, got, +495, 730. <i>Gaten</i>, <i>Geten</i>, <i>pa. t. pl.</i> begot, 2893, +2934, 2978. <i>Getes</i>, <i>f. t. 2 p.</i> shalt get, 908.</p> + +<p>Ghod <i>for</i> Good, 255.</p> + +<p>Gisarm, <i>n.</i> Fr. a bill, 2553. <i>See</i> Gl. Rits. M. R., +Spelm. in v., Jam. Dict., and Merrick’s Gl. in v. <i>Gesa</i>, +<i>Gesum</i>. [“Distinguished from other weapons of the axe kind by a +spike rising from the back. There were two kinds, viz. the +<i>glaive-gisarme</i>, with a sabre-blade and spike; and the +<i>bill-gisarme</i>, in shape of a hedging-bill with a spike.” Godwin’s +Archæol. Handbook, p. 254.]</p> + +<p>Giue. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Yeue">Yeue</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "gloss_Giue" id = "gloss_Giue">Giue</a>, <i>n.</i> S. gift, +2880. <i>Gyue</i>, 357. <i>Yeft</i>, 2336.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">122</span> +<a name = "page122" id = "page122"> </a> +<p>Giueled, piled up, 814. [The O.Fr. <i>gavelé</i> means piled up, +heaped together. To <i>gavel</i> corn (<i>see</i> Halliwell) is to put +it into heaps, and a <i>gavel</i> is a heap of corn. But this may very +well be derived from <i>gable</i>, since a heap takes the shape of a +peaked end of a house; and the O.Fr. term is probably originally +Teutonic, and connected, as <i>gable</i> is, with Mœso-Goth. +<i>gibla</i>, a pinnacle, with which compare German <i>giebel</i>, Du. +<i>gevel</i>, and hence our word would be taken from a verb +<i>givelen</i>, to pile up. The fish in Havelok’s basket would be what +the Dutch call <i>gevelvormig</i>, or formed like a gable, or like the +peaked end of a <i>stack</i> of hay or corn, whence the author’s +expression—<i>giueled als a stac</i>, piled up in the shape of a +stack. Other explanations are <i>flayed</i>, from Du. <i>villen</i>, to +flay; or <i>filed</i>, ranged in rows upon a stick, where <i>stick</i> +is represented by <i>stac</i>. But the latter supposition would require +the reading <i>on</i> rather than <i>als</i>; not to mention the fact +that if fish are carried <i>in a pannier</i> they would not resemble +fish carried <i>on a stick</i>. Nor is it quite satisfactory to say that +<i>giueled</i> is put for <i>gefilled</i>, filled; for this is not +elucidated by the expression <i>als a stac</i>, any more than the +explanation <i>flayed</i> is. <i>Gable</i> is Icel. <i>gafl</i>, Sw. +<i>gafvel</i>, Dan. <i>gavl</i>, Du. <i>gevel</i>, Ger. <i>giebel</i>, +<i>gipfel</i>, &c. Its forked shape seems to give rise to Ger. +<i>gabel</i>, Sw. <i>gaffel</i>, a fork; respecting which set of words +see <i>Gaff</i> in Wedgwood.]</p> + +<p>Gladlike, <i>adv.</i> S. gladly, 805, 906, 1760.</p> + +<p>Glede, <i>n.</i> S. a burning coal, 91, 869. Rits. M. R., Web., +R. Br., Chauc. <i>See</i> <a href = "#textnote91">Note on +l. 91</a>.</p> + +<p>Gleiue, Gleyue, Fr. a spear, lance, 1770, 1844, 1981. <i>Gleiues</i>, +<i>Gleyues</i>, <i>pl.</i> 267, 1748, 1864. Dr Merrick explains it, “A +weapon composed of a long cutting blade at the end of a staff.” See +R. Gl. p. 203; Guy of Warw. R. iii.; Chauc. Court of +Love, 544; Percy, A. R.</p> + +<p>Glem, <i>n.</i> S. gleam, ray, 2122. <i>See</i> <a href = +"#gloss_Stem">Stem</a>.</p> + +<p>Gleu, <i>n.</i> S. game, skill, 2332. Properly, says Sir W. Scott, +the joyous science of the minstrels. Cf. Sir Tr. p. 24, 35, +150.</p> + +<p>Gleymen, <i>n. pl.</i> S. gleemen, 2329. <i>Glewemen</i>, Sir Tr. +p. 110.</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>Whar bin thi <i>glewmen</i> that schuld thi <i>glewe</i>,</p> +<p>With harp and fithel, and tabour bete.</p> +</div> + +<p class = "author"> +<i>Disp. betw. the bodi & saul</i>, ap. Leyd. Compl. of Scotl.</p> + +<p>Glotuns, <i>n. pl.</i> Fr. gluttons, wicked men, 2104.</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>Va, <i>Glutun</i>, envers tei nostre lei se defent.</p> +</div> + +<p class = "author"> +<i>K. Horn</i>, 1633, MS. Douce.</p> + +<p class = "continue">Cf. K. Horn, 1124, ap. Rits., Yw. and Gaw. 3247; +R. Cœur de L. 5953, and Chauc.</p> + +<p>Gnede, <i>adj.</i> S. niggardly, frugal, 97. Nearly equivalent to +<i>chinche</i>, l. 1763. Printed <i>guede</i> in Sir Tr. +p. 169. [Cf. <i>Gnede</i> in Halliwell, and A.S. +<i>gneadlícnes</i>, frugality.]</p> + +<p>God, <i>n.</i> S. gain, wealth, goods, 797, 2034; <i>pl.</i> gode, +1221. R. Gl., R. Br., Chauc.</p> + +<p>God, Gode, <i>adj.</i> S. good, excellent, 7, &c.</p> + +<p>Goddot, Goddoth, <i>interj.</i> god wot! 606, 642, 796, 909, 1656, +2543; cf. 2527. It is formed probably in the same manner as +<i>Goddil</i>, for God’s will, in Yorksh. and Lanc. V. Craven dialect, +and View of Lanc. dialect, 1770, 8vo. The word before us appears to have +been limited to Lincolnshire or Lancashire, and does not appear in the +Glossaries. Other instances are in the <i>Cursor Mundi</i>, MS. Cott. +Vesp. F. iii. fol. 87<i>b</i>, and in MS. Cott. Galba E. ix. +fol. 61. It also occurs in a translation of a French Fabliau, written in +the reign of Edw. I.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">123</span> +<a name = "page123" id = "page123"> </a> +<div class = "verse"> +<p><i>Goddot!</i> so I wille,</p> +<p>And loke that thou hire tille,</p> +<p>And strek out hire thes.</p> +</div> + +<p class = "author"> +<i>La fablel & la cointise de dame Siriz</i>, MS. Digb. 86.</p> + +<p class = "continue">Grundtvig told me (adds Sir F. Madden) that it is +“undoubtedly the same interjection spelled <i>Ioduth</i> in the old +Danish rime-chronicle.”</p> + +<p>Gome, <i>n.</i> S. man, 7.</p> + +<p>Gon, <i>v.</i> S. to go, walk, 113, 1045. <i>Goth</i>, <i>imp.</i> go +ye, 1780. <i>Gon</i>, <i>part. pa.</i> gone, 2692.</p> + +<p>Gonge, Gongen. <i>See</i> <a class = "error" href = "#gloss_Gangen" +title = "spelled ‘Gangen’">Gange</a>.</p> + +<p>Gore, 2497. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Grim">Grim</a>.</p> + +<p>Gos, <i>n.</i> S. goose, 1240. <i>Gees</i>, <i>pl.</i> 702.</p> + +<p>Gouen. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Yeue">Yeue</a>.</p> + +<p>Goulen, <i>pr. t. pl. 2 p.</i> S. howl, cry, 454. <i>Gouleden</i>, +<i>pa. t. pl.</i> howled, cried, 164.</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>An <i>yollen</i> mote thu so heye,</p> +<p>That ut berste bo thin ey.</p> +</div> + +<p class = "author"> +<i>Hule and Nihtingale</i>, l. 970.</p> + +<p class = "continue">Used also by Wickliffe. In Scotland and the North +it is still preserved, but in the South <i>Yell</i> is used as an +equivalent. <i>See</i> Jam. and Gl. Lynds.</p> + +<p>Gram, <i>n.</i> S. grief, 2469.</p> + +<p><a name = "gloss_Graten" id = "gloss_Graten">Graten</a>, <i>v.</i> S. +[<i>grǽtan</i>] to weep, cry, cry out, 329. <i>Grede</i>, 96. +<i>Grete</i>, <i>pres. pl.</i> 454, 2703. <i>Gret</i>, <i>pa. t.</i> +cried out, wept, 615, 1129, 2159. <i>Gredde</i>, 2417. <i>Greten</i>, +<i>pa. t. pl.</i> wept, 164, 415, 2796. <i>Grotinde</i>, <i>part. +pr.</i> weeping, 1390. <i>Graten</i>, <i>part. pa.</i> wept, 241. +<i>Igroten</i>, 285. <i>See</i> Jam. and Gl. Lynds.</p> + +<p>Graue, <i>v.</i> S. to bury, 613. <i>Grauen</i>, <i>part. pa.</i> +buried, 2528. Web., Sir Guy, Ii. iv., Chauc.</p> + +<p>Greme, <i>v.</i> S. to irritate, grieve, 442. In R. Br. <i>Gram</i> +is used as a verb, in the same sense.</p> + +<p>Grene, <i>n.</i> desire, lust, 996. It is simply the Mœso-Goth. +<i>gairuni</i>, lust; Icel. <i>girni</i>, desire. V. Jam. in v. +Grene. Halliwell suggests <i>sport</i>, <i>play</i>, to which it is +<i>opposed</i>.</p> + +<p>Gres, <i>n.</i> S. grass, 2698.</p> + +<p>Gret, <i>adj.</i> S. great, heavy, loud, 807, 1860. <i>Greth</i>, +1025; <i>pl.</i> grete, 1437, 1862. <i>Grettere</i>, <i>comp.</i> +greater, 1893.</p> + +<p>Grete. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Graten">Graten</a>.</p> + +<p>Greþede, 2003. Explained as <i>greeted</i>, <i>accosted</i>, by Sir +F. Madden; but the use of þ (not th) renders this doubtful. May it not +signify <i>treated</i>, <i>handled</i> (lit. <i>arrayed</i>), from the +<i>vb.</i> greyþe?</p> + +<p>Grethet. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Greythe">Greyþe</a>.</p> + +<p><ins class = "edcorr" title = "entry moved by author from before ‘Gres’">Greting</ins>, <i>n.</i> S. weeping, 166.</p> + +<p><a name = "gloss_Grette" id = "gloss_Grette">Grette</a>, <i>pa. +t.</i> S. accosted, greeted, 452, 1811, 2625. <i>Gret</i>, <i>part. +pa.</i> accosted, greeted, 2290.</p> + +<p>Greu, <i>pa. t.</i> S. grew, prospered, 2333; <i>pl.</i> grewe, +2975.</p> + +<p>Greue, <i>v.</i> S. to grieve, 2953.</p> + +<p><a name = "gloss_Greythe" id = "gloss_Greythe">Greyþe</a>, <i>v.</i> +S. [gerǽdian] to prepare, 1762. <i>Greyþede</i>, <i>pa. t.</i> prepared, +706. <i>Greyþed</i>, <i>part. pa.</i> prepared, made ready, 714. +<i>Grethet</i>, 2615. Laȝam. l. 4414. Sir Tr. p. 33. Sc. +<i>Graith</i>. V. Jam. and Gl. Lynds.</p> + +<p><a name = "gloss_Greyue" id = "gloss_Greyue">Greyue</a>, <i>n.</i> S. +[<i>geréfa</i>] greave, magistrate, 1771. <i>Greyues</i>, +<i>g. c.</i> greave’s, 1749. <i>Greyues</i>, <i>pl.</i> 266. V. +Spelm. in v. <i>Grafio</i>, and Hickes, Diss. Epist. p. 21, n. +p. 151.</p> + +<p><a name = "gloss_Grim" id = "gloss_Grim">Grim</a>, <i>adj.</i> S. +cruel, savage, fierce, 155, 680, 2398, 2655, 2761. R. Br., Rits. +M. R. <i>See</i> Beowulf, l. 204.</p> + +<p>Grim, <i>n.</i> [smut, dirt, 2497. The explanation is that Godard, on +being flayed, did not bear his sentence as one of rank and blood would +have done, but began to roar out as if he were mere <i>dirt</i> or +<i>mud</i>, i.e. one of the dregs of the common herd. This curious +expression is ascertained to have the meaning here +<span class = "pagenum">124</span> +<a name = "page124" id = "page124"> </a> +assigned to it by observing (1) that <i>grim</i> and <i>gore</i> must be +substantives, and (2) that they must be of like signification; but +chiefly by comparing the line with others similar to it. Now the +context, in the couplet following, repeats that “men might hear him +roar, that <i>foul vile</i> wretch, a mile off;” and in l. 682, +Godard calls Grim “<i>a foul dirt</i>, a thrall, and a churl.” The +author clearly uses <i>dirt</i> and <i>churl</i> as synonyms. The word +<i>grim</i> is the Danish <i>grim</i>, soot, lampblack, smut, dirt, +answering to the English <i>grime</i>; see <i>grime</i> in Atkinson’s +Glossary of the Cleveland dialect. <i>Gore</i> is the A.S. <i>gór</i>, +wet mud, or clotted blood, in the latter of which senses it is still +used. See “<i>Gore. Limus</i>” in Prompt. Parv., and Way’s note.]</p> + +<p>Grip, <i>n.</i> griffin, 572. Web. <i>Graip</i>, Sc., V. Jam. The +plural <i>gripes</i> is in Laȝam. l. 28062, and K. Alisaund. +4880. Swed. <i>grip</i>.</p> + +<p>Grip, <i>n.</i> S. [<i>græp</i>] ditch, trench, 2102. <i>Gripes</i>, +<i>pl.</i> 1924. V. Jam. in v. <i>Grape</i>; and Skinner, v. +<i>Groop</i>. Cf. Swed. <i>grop</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "gloss_Gripen" id = "gloss_Gripen">Gripen</a>, <i>pr. t. +pl.</i> S. gripe, grasp, 1790. <i>Gripeth</i>, <i>imp.</i> gripe ye, +1882. <i>Grop</i>, <i>pa. t.</i> grasped, 1776, 1871, 1890, &c.</p> + +<p>Grith, <i>n.</i> S. peace, 61, 511. <i>Grith-sergeans</i>, 267, legal +officers to preserve the peace. These must not be confounded with the +<i>Justitiarii Pacis</i> established in the beginning of Edw. III. +reign, and called <i>Gardiani Pacis</i>. V. Spelm. in v. Cf. Icel. +<i>grið</i>.</p> + +<p>Grom, <i>n.</i> male child, youth, 790; young man, 2472. Belgic +<i>grom</i> has the same sense of <i>boy</i>. Cf. Icel. <i>gromr</i>, +homuncio. So in <i>Sir Degore</i>, A. iv.</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>He lyft up the shete anone</p> +<p>And loked upon the lytle <i>grome.</i></p> +</div> + +<p class = "continue">It generally elsewhere signifies <i>lad</i>, +<i>page</i>.</p> + +<p>Gronge, <i>n.</i> Fr. grange, 764. [Halliwell says that, in +<i>Lincolnshire</i>, a lone farm-house is still called a <i>grange</i>. +In old English it is sometimes spelt <i>graunge</i>, which comes near +the form here used. Cf. Fr. <i>grange</i>; Ital. <i>grangia</i> +(Florio), a country-farm.]</p> + +<p>Grop. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Gripen">Gripen</a>.</p> + +<p>Grotes, <i>n. pl.</i> S. [<i>grót</i>] small pieces, grit, dust, 472, +1414.</p> + +<p>Grotinde. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Graten">Graten</a>.</p> + +<p>Grund, <i>adj. used as adv.</i> 1027. <i>See</i> <a href = +"#gloss_Grundlike">Grundlike</a>.</p> + +<p>Grunde, <i>n.</i> S. <i>dat. c.</i> ground, 1979, 2675.</p> + +<p>Grunden, <i>part. pa.</i> S. ground, 2503. Yw. and Gaw. 676. +<i>Grounden</i>, Chauc.</p> + +<p><a name = "gloss_Grundlike" id = "gloss_Grundlike">Grundlike</a>, +<i>adv.</i> heartily, 651, 2659; deeply, 2013, 2268, 2307, where it is +equivalent to <i>Deplike</i>, q.v. The word is undoubtedly Saxon, but in +the Lexicons we only find <i>Grundlinga</i>, funditus, from Ælf. Gl. It +is used by Laȝamon, l. 9783.</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>Cnihtes heom gereden</p> +<p><i>Grundliche</i> feire.</p> +</div> + +<p>Gyue. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Giue">Giue</a>.</p> + + +<a class = "glosslink" name = "gloss_H" id = "gloss_H" href = +"#glossary">H</a> + +<p class = "letter"> +Hal, all, 2370.</p> + +<p class = "addition"> +[<i>Hal</i>, more probably, is shortened from <i>half</i>, like +<i>twel</i> from <i>twelue</i>.]</p> + +<p><a name = "gloss_Halde" id = "gloss_Halde">Halde</a>, <i>v.</i> S. to +hold, take part, 2308. <i>Holden</i>, to keep or observe, 29, 1171. +<i>Haldes</i>, <i>pr. t. 3 p.</i> holds, 1382. <i>Hel</i>, <i>pa. t.</i> +held, 109. <i>Helden</i>, <i>pa. t. pl.</i> held, 1201. <i>Halden</i>, +<i>part. pa.</i> held, holden, 2806.</p> + +<p>Hals, <i>n.</i> S. neck, 521, 670, 2510. Sir Tr. p. 109.</p> + +<p>Halue, <i>n.</i> S. side, part; <i>bi bothe halue</i>, 2682. +<i>See</i> <a class = "error" href = "#gloss_Bihalue" +title = "one word ‘Bihalue’">Bi-halue</a>.</p> + +<p>Haluendel, <i>n.</i> S. the half part, 460. R. Gl. p. 5; R. Br.; +K. Alisaund. 7116; Emare, 444; Chron. of Engl. 515; R. Hood, +i. 68.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">125</span> +<a name = "page125" id = "page125"> </a> +<p>Handlen, <i>v.</i> S. to handle, 347. <i>Handel</i>, 586.</p> + +<p><a name = "gloss_Hangen" id = "gloss_Hangen">Hangen</a>, <i>v.</i> S. +to hang, 335, 695. <i>Hengen</i>, 43, &c. <i>Honge</i>, 2807. +<i>Henged</i>, <i>part. pa.</i> hung, 1922, 2480. Cf. <a href = +"#gloss_For-henge">For-henge</a>.</p> + +<p>Harum <i>for</i> Harm, 1983, 2408.</p> + +<p>Hasard, <i>n.</i> Fr. game at dice, 2326. <i>See</i> <a href = +"#textnote2320">Note on l. 2320</a>.</p> + +<p>Hatede, <i>pa. t.</i> S. hated, 1188.</p> + +<p><a name = "gloss_Hauen" id = "gloss_Hauen">Hauen</a>, <i>v.</i> S. to +have, 78, &c. <i>Hawe</i>, 1188. <i>Haue</i>, 1298. <i>Haues</i>, +<i>Hauest</i>, <i>pr. t. 2 p.</i> hast, 688, 848. <i>Haues</i>, +<i>Haueth</i>, <i>pr. t. 3 p.</i> haveth, hath, has, 1266, 1285, 1952, +1980, &c. <i>Hauet</i>, hath, 564. <i>Hauen</i>, <i>pr. t. pl.</i> +have, 1227. <i>Hauenet</i>, have it, 2005. <i>Hauede</i>, <i>pa. t.</i> +had, 649, 775, &c. <i>Hauedet</i>, 714, had it. <i>Haueden</i>, +<i>pa. t. pl.</i> had, 238, &c. <i>Aueden</i>, 163. <i>Haue</i>, +<i>Hauede</i>, <i>Haueden</i>, <i>subj.</i> would have, 1428, 1643, +1687, 2020, 2675.</p> + +<p>Haui <i>for</i> Haue I, 2002.</p> + +<p>He, <i>pron.</i> S. Is often understood, as in ll. 869, 1428, 1777, +and hence might perhaps have been designedly omitted in ll. 135, 860, +1089, 2311, though the metre seems to require <i>he</i> in 135 and 1089. +<i>He</i>, <i>pl.</i> they, 54, &c.</p> + +<p>Heie, <i>n.</i> <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Eie">Eie</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "gloss_Heie" id = "gloss_Heie">Heie</a>, <i>adj.</i> S. +tall, 987. <i>Hey</i>, 1071, 1083; high, 1289. <i>Heye se</i>, 719. +<i>Heye curt</i>, 1685. <i>Heye and lowe</i>, 2431, 2471, &c.</p> + +<p>Hel, Helden. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Halde">Halde</a>.</p> + +<p>Helde, Heldeste. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Eld">Eld</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "gloss_Helen" id = "gloss_Helen">Helen</a>, <i>v.</i> S. +[<i>hǽlan</i>] to heal, 1836. <i>Hele</i>, 2058. <i>Holed</i>, <i>part. +pa.</i> healed, 2039.</p> + +<p>Helm, <i>n.</i> S. helmet, 379, 624, 1653, &c. <i>Helmes</i>, +<i>pl.</i> 2612.</p> + +<p><a name = "gloss_Helpen" id = "gloss_Helpen">Helpen</a>, <i>v.</i> S. +to help, 1712. <i>Helpes</i>, <i>imp. pl.</i> help ye, 2595. +<i>Holpen</i>, <i>part. pa.</i> helped, 901.</p> + +<p>Hem, <i>pron.</i> S. them, 367, &c.</p> + +<p>Hend. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Hond">Hond</a>.</p> + +<p>Hende <i>for</i> Ende, 247.</p> + +<p>Hende, <i>n.</i> S. a duck, 1241. A.S. <i>ened</i>; Lat. <i>anas</i> +(<i>anat-is</i>); Du. <i>eend</i>; Icel. <i>önd</i>. “Ende mete, for +dookelyngys, <i>Lenticula</i>;” and again, “Ende, dooke byrde, +<i>Anas</i>.” Prompt. Parv.</p> + +<p>Hende, <i>adj.</i> courteous, gentle, 1104, 1421, 1704, 2793, 2877, +2914; skilful, 2628. It certainly is the same word with <i>hendi</i>, +<i>hendy</i>. <i>See</i> Tyrwh. on C. T. 3199; Gl. R. Glouc.; Amis +and Amil. 1393; Ly Beaus Desc. 333; Morte Arthur, ap. Ellis, M. R. +V. <span class = "smallroman">I.</span> p. 359, &c.; Dan. +and Sw. <i>händig</i>, dexterous.</p> + +<p>Hende, <i>adv.</i> S. near, handy, 359, 2275. Web.</p> + +<p>Hendeleik, <i>n.</i> courtesy, 2793. Cf. <i>Allit. Poems</i>, ed. +Morris, B. 860.</p> + +<p>Henged, Hengen. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Hangen">Hangen</a>.</p> + +<p>Henne, <i>adv.</i> S. hence, 843, 1780, 1799. In the same manner is +formed <i>Whenne</i>, K. Horn, 169, which Ritson thought a mistake +for <i>whence</i>.</p> + +<p>Henne, <i>n</i>, S. hen, 1240. <i>Hennes</i>, <i>pl.</i> 702.</p> + +<p>Her. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Er">Er</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "gloss_Her" id = "gloss_Her">Her</a>, <i>adv.</i> S. here, +689, 1058, &c. <i>Her offe</i>, 2585, hereof.</p> + +<p>Her, <i>n.</i> S. hair, 1924. <i>Hor</i>, 235.</p> + +<p>Herboru, <i>n.</i> S. habitation, harbour, lodging, 742. +<i>Herberowe</i>, Web.; <i>Herbegerie</i>, R. Br.; +<i>Harbroughe</i>, Sq. of Lowe Degre, 179; <i>Herberwe</i>, Chauc.; +<i>Herbry</i>, Wynt.; <i>Herberye</i>, Lynds. Gl. q.v. and Jam.</p> + +<p>Herborwed, <i>pa. t.</i> S. lodged, 742. Laȝam., Chauc., V. Jam. +in v. <i>Herbery</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "gloss_Here" id = "gloss_Here">Here</a>, <i>pron.</i> S. +their, 52, 465, &c.</p> + +<p>Here, <i>n.</i> S. army, 346, 379, 2153, 2942. R. Br., K. Alisaund, +2101.</p> + +<p>Here, Heren, <i>v.</i> S. to hear, 4, +<span class = "pagenum">126</span> +<a name = "page126" id = "page126"> </a> +732, 1640, 2279, &c. <i>Y-here</i>, 11. <i>Herd</i>, <i>Herde</i>, +<i>pa. t.</i> heard, 286, 465, &c. <i>Herden</i>, <i>pa. t. pl.</i> +150.</p> + +<p>Herinne, <i>adv.</i> S. herein, 458.</p> + +<p>Herkne, <i>imp. s.</i> S. hearken, 1285. <i>Herknet</i>, <i>imp. +pl.</i> hearken ye, 1.</p> + +<p>Herles. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Erl">Erl</a>.</p> + +<p>Hernes, <i>n.</i> Fr. armour, harness, 1917. R. Br., &c.</p> + +<p>Hernes, <i>n. pl.</i> S. brains, 1808.</p> + +<p>Hern-panne, <i>n.</i> S. skull, 1991. Yw. and Gaw. 660; R. Cœur +de L., 5293. <i>Hardynpan</i>, Compl. of Scotl. p. 241; V. +Gl.</p> + +<p>Hert, <i>n.</i> S. hart, deer, 1872.</p> + +<p>Herte, <i>n.</i> S. heart, 479, 2054, &c. <i>Herte blod</i>, +1819. Laȝam. l. 15846; Sir Tr. p. 98; Chauc.</p> + +<p>Hertelike, <i>adv.</i> S. heartily, 1347, 2748.</p> + +<p><a name = "gloss_Het" id = "gloss_Het">Het</a>, <i>part.</i> S. +hight, named, 2348. <i>Hoten</i>, <i>part. pa.</i> called, named, 106, +284.</p> + +<p>Het, Hete, Heten. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Ete">Ete</a>.</p> + +<p>Hetelike, <i>adv.</i> S. hotly, furiously, 2655.</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>And Guy hent his sword in hand,</p> +<p>And <i>hetelich</i> smot to Colbrand.</p> +</div> + +<p class = "author"> +<i>Guy of Warw.</i> ap. Ellis, M. R. V. 2, p. 82.</p> + +<p class = "continue">In Sir Tr. p. 172, <i>Hethelich</i> is explained +<i>Haughtily</i> by the Editor, and by Jam. <i>reproachfully</i>. Cf. +<i>Hetterly</i> in Gloss. to <i>Will. of Palerne</i>.</p> + +<p>Hethede, <i>pa. t.</i> commanded, 551. A.S. <i>hetan</i>. The +<i>th</i> is here pronounced like <i>t</i>, as elsewhere.</p> + +<p>Heþen. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Ethen">Eþen</a>.</p> + +<p>Heu, <i>n.</i> S. hue, colour, complexion, 2918. Very common. We may +hence explain the “inexplicable phrase” complained of by Mr Ellis, Spec. +E. E. P. V. <span class = "smallroman">I.</span> p. 109. “On +<i>heu</i> her hair is fair enough” —occasioned by Ritson having +inadvertently copied it <i>hen</i>, from the MS.; <i>see</i> Anc. Songs, +p. 25.</p> + +<p>Heued, <i>n.</i> S. head, 624, 1653, 1701, 1759, &c. +<i>Heuedes</i>, <i>pl.</i> 1907.</p> + +<p>Heuere. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Euere">Euere</a>.</p> + +<p>Heui, <i>adj.</i> S. heavy, 808; laborious, 2456.</p> + +<p>Hew, <i>pa. t.</i> S. cut, 2729. Sir Tr. p. 20.</p> + +<p>Hext, <i>adj. sup.</i> S. highest, tallest, 1080. <i>Haxt</i>, +Laȝamon; <i>Hext</i>, K. Alisaund. 7961; R. Gl.; Chauc.</p> + +<p>Hey, Heye. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Heie">Heie</a>.</p> + +<p>Heye, <i>adv.</i> S. on high, 43, 335, 695, &c.</p> + +<p>Heylike, <i>adv.</i> S. highly, honourably, 2319. <i>Heyelike</i>, +1329.</p> + +<p>Heyman, <i>n.</i> S. nobleman, 1260. Sir Tr. p. 82. <i>Heymen</i>, +<i>Heyemen</i>, <i>pl.</i> 231, 958.</p> + +<p>Hi, Hic. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Ich">Ich</a>.</p> + +<p>Hider, <i>adv.</i> S. hither, 868, 885, 1431.</p> + +<p>Hides, <i>n. pl.</i> S. hides, skins, 918.</p> + +<p><a name = "gloss_Hijs" id = "gloss_Hijs">Hijs</a>, <i>pron.</i> S. +his, 47, 468. <i>Hise</i>, 34, &c. <i>Hyse</i>, 355. [The final +<i>e</i> is most used with <i>plural</i> nouns.]</p> + +<p>Hile, <i>v.</i> S. [<i>hélan</i>] to cover, hide, 2082. <i>Hele</i>, +Sir Tr. p. 19, Web., Rits. M. R., Chauc. <i>Hilles</i>, Yw. +and Gaw. 741. V. Jam. in v. <i>Heild.</i> —Somersetsh.</p> + +<p>Him, <i>pron.</i> S. them, 257, 1169.</p> + +<p>Hine, <i>n. pl.</i> S. hinds, bondsmen, 620. Web. <i>Hinen</i>, +R. Gl., V. Jam. in v.</p> + +<p>Hinne. <i>See</i> <a class = "error" href = "#gloss_Ther" title = +"under ‘Þer’">Þer-inne</a>.</p> + +<p>Hire, <i>pron.</i> S. her, 127, &c. <i>Hire semes</i>, it beseems +her, 2916.</p> + +<p>His <i>for</i> Is, 279, 1973, 2692.</p> + +<p>Hise. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Hijs">Hijs</a>.</p> + +<p>Hof <i>for</i> Of, 1976.</p> + +<p>Hof, <i>pa. t.</i> S. heaved, 2750.</p> + +<p>Hok, <i>n.</i> S. hook, 1102.</p> + +<p>Hol, <i>adj.</i> whole, well, 2075.</p> + +<p>Holi, <i>adj.</i> S. holy, 1361. [<i>Printed</i> hoh <i>in the former +edition</i>.]</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">127</span> +<a name = "page127" id = "page127"> </a> +<p>Hold, <i>adj.</i> S. firm, faithful, 2781, 2816.</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>Ant suore othes <i>holde</i>,</p> +<p>That huere non ne sholde</p> +<p>Horn never bytreye.</p> +</div> + +<p class = "author"> +<i>K. Horn</i>, 1259.</p> + +<p class = "continue">Cf. R. Glouc. p. 377, 383, 443; K. Alisaund. 2912; +Chron. of Engl. 730.</p> + +<p>Hold, Holde, <i>adj.</i> S. old, 30, 192, 417, 956, &c.; former, +2460.</p> + +<p>Holden. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Halde">Halde</a>.</p> + +<p>Hole, <i>n.</i> S. socket of the eye, 1813.</p> + +<p>Holed. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Helen">Helen</a>.</p> + +<p>Holpen. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Helpen">Helpen</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "gloss_Hond" id = "gloss_Hond">Hond</a>, <i>n.</i> S. hand, +2446. <i>Hon</i>, 1342. <i>Dat. c.</i> hend, 505, 2069; <i>pl.</i> +hondes, 215, 636. <i>Hond-dede</i>, <i>n.</i> S. handiwork, 92.</p> + +<p>Honge. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Hangen">Hangen</a>.</p> + +<p>Hor. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Her">Her</a>, <i>n.</i></p> + +<p>Hore, <i>n.</i> mercy, 153. <i>See</i> <a href = +"#gloss_Ore">Ore</a>.</p> + +<p>Horn, <i>n.</i> S. 779. [This probably refers to the <i>shape</i> of +the simnel. Halliwell says, a Simnel is “generally made in a +<i>three-cornered</i> form.” Cracknels are still made with pointed and +turned up ends, not unlike <i>horns</i>.]</p> + +<p>Hors, <i>n.</i> S. horse, 2283. <i>Horse-knaue</i>, groom, 1019. So +in a curious satirical poem, temp. Edw. II.</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>Of rybaudz y ryme,</p> +<p>Ant rede o my rolle,</p> +<p>Of gedelynges, gromes,</p> +<p>Of Colyn, & of Colle;</p> +<p>Harlotes, <i>hors knaues</i>,</p> +<p>Bi pate & by polle.</p> +</div> + +<p class = "author"> +MS. Harl. 2253, f. 124 b.</p> + +<p class = "continue">Used also by Gower, Conf. Am. <i>See</i> Todd’s +Illustr. p. 279.</p> + +<p>Hosen, <i>n. pl.</i> S. hose, stockings, 860, 969. In Sir Tr. +p. 94, trowsers seem to be indicated.</p> + +<p>Hoslen, <i>v.</i> S. to administer or receive the sacrament, 212. +<i>Hoslon</i>, 362. <i>Hosled</i>, <i>part. pa.</i> 364. <i>Hoseled</i>, +2598. Le Bone Flor. 776. Chauc.</p> + +<p>Hoten. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Het">Het</a>.</p> + +<p>Houes, <i>pr. t.</i> S. behoves, 582. [<i>Read</i> bi-houes?]</p> + +<p>Hul, <i>n.</i> S. hollow, i.e. vale, 2687<ins class = "mycorr" title += "period invisible">. </ins>A.S. <i>hole</i>. Cf. l. 2439.</p> + +<p>Hund, <i>n.</i> S. hound, 1994, 2435. <i>Hundes</i>, <i>pl.</i> +2331.</p> + +<p>Hungred <i>for</i> Hunger, 2454.</p> + +<p>Hungreth, <i>pr. t.</i> hunger, 455. <i>Hungrede</i>, <i>pa. t.</i> +hungered, 654.</p> + +<p>Hure, <i>pron.</i> S. our, 338, 842, 1231, &c.</p> + +<p>Hus <i>for</i> Us, 1217, 1409.</p> + +<p><a name = "gloss_Hus" id = "gloss_Hus">Hus</a>, <i>n.</i> S. house, +740. <i>Huse</i>, 2913. <i>Hws</i>, 1141. <i>Milne-hous</i>, mill-house, +1967.</p> + +<p>Hyl, <i>n.</i> S. heap, 892. <i>Hil</i>, hill, 1287.</p> + +<p><a name = "gloss_Hw" id = "gloss_Hw">Hw</a>, W, <i>adv.</i> S. how, +120, 288, 827, 960, 1646, &c. <i>Hwou</i>, 2411, 2946, 2987, +&c.</p> + +<p><a name = "gloss_Hwan" id = "gloss_Hwan">Hwan</a>, <i>adv.</i> S. +when, 408, 474, &c. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Quan">Quan</a>.</p> + +<p>Hware, <i>adv.</i> S. where, 1881, 2240, 2579. <i>Hwar-of</i>, +whereof, 2976. <i>Hwere</i>, 549, 1083.</p> + +<p><a name = "gloss_Hwat" id = "gloss_Hwat">Hwat</a>, <i>pron.</i> S. +what, 596, 635, 1137, 2547. <i>Wat</i>, 117, 541, &c. <i>Wat is +yw</i>, 453. <i>Hwat</i> or <i>Wat is þe</i>, 1951, 2704.</p> + +<p>Hwat. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Quath">Quath</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "gloss_Hwel" id = "gloss_Hwel">Hwel</a>, <i>n.</i> S. +whale, or grampus, 755. <i>Hwæl</i>, balena, vel cete, vel cetus. Ælf. +Gl. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Qual">Qual</a>.</p> + +<p>Hweþer, <i>adv.</i> S. whether, 294, 2098.</p> + +<p><a name = "gloss_Hwi" id = "gloss_Hwi">Hwi</a>, <i>adv.</i> S. why, +454. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Qui">Qui</a>.</p> + +<p>Hwil, <i>adv.</i> S. whilst, 301, 363, 538, 2437.</p> + +<p>Hwile, <i>n.</i> S. time, 722, 1830.</p> + +<p>Hwil-gat, <i>adv.</i> S. how, lit. which way, 838. <i>Howgates</i>, +Skinner<ins class = "mycorr" title = "period missing">. </ins></p> + +<p>Hwit, <i>adj.</i> S. white, 1729.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">128</span> +<a name = "page128" id = "page128"> </a> +<p><a name = "gloss_Hwo" id = "gloss_Hwo">Hwo</a>, <i>pron.</i> S. who, +296, 300, 368, 2604, &c. <i>See</i> <a href = +"#gloss_Wo">Wo</a>.</p> + +<p>Hwor, <i>adv.</i> S. whether, 1119. <i>Hwore-so</i>, wheresoever, +1349.</p> + +<p>Hwou. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Hw">Hw</a>.</p> + +<p>Hws. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Hus">Hus</a>.</p> + +<p>Hyse. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Hijs">Hijs</a>.</p> + + +<a class = "glosslink" name = "gloss_I" id = "gloss_I" href = +"#glossary">I</a> + +<p class = "letter"> +<a name = "gloss_Ich" id = "gloss_Ich">Ich</a>, <i>pron.</i> S. I, 167, +&c. <i>Ihc</i>, 1377. <i>Hic</i>, 305. <i>Hi</i>, 487. <i>I</i>, +686. <i>Y</i>, 15, &c.</p> + +<p>Id <i>for</i> It, 2424.</p> + +<p>I-gret, 163. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Grette">Grette</a>.</p> + +<p>I-groten. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Graten">Graten</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "gloss_Il" id = "gloss_Il">Il</a>, <i>adj.</i> S. each, +every, 818, 1740, 2112, 2483, 2514. <i>Ilc</i>, 1056, 1921. <i>Ilke</i>, +821, 1861, 2959, 2996; (= same), 1088, 1215, 2674, &c. <i>Ilker</i>, +each (of them), 2352. <i>Ilkan</i>, each one, 1770, 2357. <i>Ilkon</i>, +1842, 2108. <i>See</i> <a class = "error" href = "#gloss_Euere" title = +"spelled ‘Euere’">Eueri</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "gloss_Ille" id = "gloss_Ille">Ille</a>, <i>adv.</i> S. +<i>Likede hire swithe ille</i>, 1165, it displeased her much. Sir Tr. +p. 78. A common phrase. <i>Ille maked</i>, ill treated, +1952.</p> + +<p>I-maked. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Maken">Maken</a>.</p> + +<p>Inne, <i>adv.</i> S. in, 762, 807. <i>See</i> <a class = "error" href += "#gloss_Ther" title = "under ‘Þer’">Þerinne</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "gloss_Inow" id = "gloss_Inow">Inow</a>, <i>adv.</i> S. +enough, 706, 911, 931, &c. <i>Ynow</i>, 563, 1795. <i>Ynou</i>, +904.</p> + +<p><a name = "gloss_Intil" id = "gloss_Intil">Intil</a>, <i>prep.</i> S. +into, 128, 251, &c. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Til">Til</a>.</p> + +<p>Ioie, <i>n.</i> Fr. joy, 1209, 1237, 1278, &c. <i>Ioye</i>, +1315.</p> + +<p>Ioyinge, <i>n.</i> gladness, 2087.</p> + +<p>Ioupe, <i>n.</i> Fr. a doublet, 1767. Roquefort gives the form +<i>Jupe</i>, but <i>Jupon</i> or <i>Gipoun</i> is more usual. See +<i>Jupon</i> in Halliwell, and <i>Gipe</i> in Roquefort.</p> + +<p>Is <i>for</i> His, 735, 2254, 2479.</p> + +<p><a name = "gloss_Iuele" id = "gloss_Iuele">Iuele</a>, <i>n.</i> S. +evil, injury, 50, 1689. <i>Yuel</i>, 2221. <i>Yuele</i>, 994. +<i>Iuel</i>, sickness, 114. <i>Yuel</i>, 144, 155.</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>þa þe he wes ald mon,</p> +<p>þa com him <i>ufel</i> on.</p> +</div> + +<p class = "author"> +<i>Laȝam.</i> l. 19282.</p> + +<p class = "continue"><i>Ful iuele o-bone</i>, very lean, 2505; cf. +2525.</p> + +<p>Iuele, <i>adv.</i> S. evilly, 2755. <i>Me yuele like</i>, displease +me, 132. Cf. <a class = "error" href = "#gloss_Ille" +title = "under ‘Ille’">Ille liken</a>.</p> + + +<a class = "glosslink" name = "gloss_K" id = "gloss_K" href = +"#glossary">K</a> + +<p class = "letter"> +Kam. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Komen">Komen</a>.</p> + +<p>Kaske, <i>adj.</i> strong, vigorous, 1841. Sw. <i>karsk</i>.</p> + +<p>Kaym, <i>n. p.</i> Cain, 2045. <i>See</i> <a href = +"#textnote2045">note in loc</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "gloss_Kayn" id = "gloss_Kayn">Kayn</a>, <i>n.</i> 31, +1327. Evidently a provincial pronunciation of <i>Thayn</i>, which in the +MS. may elsewhere be read either <i>chayn</i> or <i>thayn</i>. By the +same mutation of letters <i>make</i> has been converted into +<i>mate</i>, <i>cake</i> into <i>cate</i>, <i>wayke</i> into +<i>wayte</i>, <i>lake</i> into <i>late</i> (R. Hood, <span class = +"smallroman">I.</span> 106), &c., or <i>vice versâ</i>. <i>See</i> +<a href = "#gloss_Thayn">Thayn</a>.</p> + +<p>Kaysere. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Cayser">Cayser</a>.</p> + +<p>Keft, <i>part. pa.</i> purchased, 2005. <i>Sure keft</i> = sourly +(bitterly) purchased it. <i>See</i> <ins class = "mycorr" +title = "no Glossary entry">Sure</ins> <i>and</i> <a href = +"#gloss_Coupe">Coupe</a>.</p> + +<p>Keling, <i>n.</i> 757, cod of a large size, Jam. q.v. The +<i>kelyng</i> appears in the first, course of Archb. Nevil’s Feast, 6 +Edw. IV. <i>See</i> Warner’s <i>Antiq. Cul.</i> Cotgrave explains +<i>Merlus</i>, A Melwall or <i>Keeling</i>, a kind of small cod, whereof +stockfish is made.</p> + +<p>Keme. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Komen">Komen</a>.</p> + +<p>Kempe, <i>n.</i> S. knight, champion, 1036. V. Jam. in v.</p> + +<p>Kene, <i>adj.</i> S. keen, bold, eager, 1832, 2115. A term of very +extensive use in old Engl. and Sc. poetry, and the usual epithet of a +knight.</p> + +<p><a name = "gloss_Kesten" id = "gloss_Kesten">Kesten</a>, <i>v.</i> S. +to cast in prison, or to overthrow, 81, 1785 (used passively). +<i>Casten</i>, cast, throw, 2101. <i>Keste</i>, <i>pa. t.</i> cast, +2449. <i>Keste</i>, <i>part. pa.</i> cast, placed, 2611; [or it may be +the infin. mood.]</p> + +<p><a name = "gloss_Keuel" id = "gloss_Keuel">Keuel</a>, <i>n.</i> S. a +gag, 547. See <i>Kevel</i> in Hall., <i>Kewl</i> in. Jam. A.S. +<i>cæfli</i>, a halter, headstall.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">129</span> +<a name = "page129" id = "page129"> </a> +<p>Kid, <i>part. pa.</i> S. made known, discovered, 1060. Sir Tr. +p. 150; R. Br.; Yw. and Gaw. 530; Minot, p. 4; Chauc. +From <i>cýþan</i>, notum facere.</p> + +<p>Kin, Kyn, <i>n.</i> S. kindred, 393, 414, 2045.</p> + +<p>Kines, <i>n.</i> S. <i>gen. c.</i> kind, 861, 1140, 2691. <i>None +kines</i> = of no kind; <i>neuere kines</i> = of never a kind.</p> + +<p>Kinneriche. <i>See</i> <a href = +"#gloss_Cunnriche">Cunnriche</a>.</p> + +<p>Kippe, <i>v.</i> S. [<i>cépan</i>] to take up hastily, 894. +<i>Kipt</i>, <i>Kipte</i>, <i>pa. t.</i> snatched up, 1050, 2407, +2638.</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>Horn in is armes hire <i>kepte.</i></p> +</div> + +<p class = "author"> +<i>K. Horn</i>, 1208.</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p><i>Kypte</i> heore longe knyues, and slowe faste to gronde.</p> +</div> + +<p class = "author"> +<i>Rob. Glouc.</i> p. 125.</p> + +<p class = "continue"><i>Kept up</i>, snatcht up, Gl. R. Br. Jamieson +derives the word from Su.-G. <i>kippa</i>, to take anything violently. +V. in v. <i>Kip.</i> Ihre quotes the Icel. <i>kipti up</i> = +snatched up.</p> + +<p>Kirke, <i>n.</i> S. church, 1132, 1355. <i>Kirkes</i>, <i>pl.</i> +2583. V. Gl. Lynds. and Jam.</p> + +<p>Kiste. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Chiste">Chiste</a>.</p> + +<p>Kiste, <i>pa. t. s.</i> kissed, 1279. <i>Kisten</i>, <i>pa. t. +pl.</i> S. kissed, 2162.</p> + +<p>Kiwing, <i>n.</i> 1736. [Respecting this word I can only record my +conviction that it is not safe to quote it, as the MS. is indistinct. I +read the word as <i>kilþing</i>, which I believe to be merely miswritten +for <i>ilk þing</i> (which the scribe also spells <i>il þing</i>), and I +suppose the sense of the line to be— “when they had there +distributed <i>everything</i>.”]</p> + +<p>Knaue, <i>n.</i> S. lad, 308, 409, 450, &c. Attendant, servant, +458. <i>Cokes knaue</i>, scullion, 1123.</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>Heore cokes & heore <i>cnaues</i></p> +<p>Alle heo duden of lif dæȝen.</p> +</div> + +<p class = "author"> +<i>Laȝam.</i> l. 13717.</p> + +<p class = "continue">V. Jam. in v. Gl. Lynds. and Gl. Todd’s Illustr. +Chauc.</p> + +<p>Knawe, <i>v.</i> S. to know, 2785. <i>Knawe</i>, <i>pr. t. pl.</i> +know, 2207. <i>Kneu</i>, <i>pa. t.</i> knew, 2468. <i>Knawed</i>, +<i>part. pa.</i> known, 2057.</p> + +<p>Knicth, Knith, <i>n.</i> S. knight, 77, 343, &c. <i>Knictes</i>, +<i>pl.</i> 239. <i>Knithes</i>, 1068. <i>Knihtes</i>, 2706.</p> + +<p>Kok, <i>n.</i> a cook, 873, 180, 891, 903, 921, 2898. <i>See</i> +<a href = "#gloss_Cok">Cok</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "gloss_Komen" id = "gloss_Komen">Komen</a>, <i>v.</i> S. to +come, 1001. <i>Comes</i>, <i>Cometh</i>, <i>imp, pl.</i> come ye, 1798, +1885, 2247. <i>Kam</i>, <i>pa. t.</i> came, 766, 863. <i>Kom</i>, 1309. +<i>Cam</i>, 2622. <i>Komen</i>, <i>pa. t, pl.</i> came, 1012, 1202. +<i>Comen</i>, 2790. <i>Keme</i>, 1208. <i>Comen</i>, <i>part. pa.</i> +come, 1714.</p> + +<p><a name = "gloss_Kope" id = "gloss_Kope">Kope</a>, <i>n.</i> Lat. +cope, 429. <i>Copes</i>, <i>pl.</i> 1957.</p> + +<p>Koren, <i>n.</i> S. corn, 1879.</p> + +<p>Kouel. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Couel">Couel</a>.</p> + +<p>Kouþen. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Couthe">Couþe</a>.</p> + +<p>Kradel-barnes, <i>n. pl.</i> S. children in the cradle, 1912.</p> + +<p><a name = "gloss_Kraken" id = "gloss_Kraken">Kraken</a>, <i>v.</i> S. +to crack, break, 914. <i>Krake</i>, 1857. <i>Crake</i>, 1908. +<i>Crakede</i>, <i>pa. t.</i> cracked, broke, 568. <i>Kraked</i>, +<i>part. pa.</i> 1238.</p> + +<p><a name = "gloss_Krike" id = "gloss_Krike">Krike</a>, <i>n.</i> S. +creek, 708.</p> + +<p>Kunne. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Canst">Canst</a>.</p> + +<p>Kuneriche, Kunerike, Kunrik. <i>See</i> <a href = +"#gloss_Cunnriche">Cunnriche</a>.</p> + +<p>Kyne-merk, <i>n.</i> S. mark or sign of royalty, 604. In the same +manner are compounded <i>cine-helm</i>, <i>cine-stol</i>, &c.</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>& Cador þe kene</p> +<p>scal beren þas <i>kinges marke</i>;</p> +<p>hæbben haȝe þene drake,</p> +<p>biforen þissere duȝeðe.</p> +</div> + +<p class = "author"> +<i>Laȝam.</i> l. 19098.</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>Thyll ther was of her body</p> +<p>A fayr chyld borne, and a godele,</p> +<p>Hadde a dowbyll <i>kynges marke</i>.</p> +</div> + +<p class = "author"> +<i>Emare</i>, 502.</p> + + +<span class = "pagenum">130</span> +<a name = "page130" id = "page130"> </a> +<a class = "glosslink" name = "gloss_L" id = "gloss_L" href = +"#glossary">L</a> + +<p class = "letter"> +Lac, <i>n.</i> S. fault, reproach, 191, 2219. Yw. and Gaw. 264, 1133. +<i>Lak</i>, R. Br., Rom. of Merlin, ap. Ellis, M. R. +V. <span class = "smallroman">I.</span> p. 252. Sir Orpheo, +421. <i>Lakke</i>, P. Plowm. Chauc. So in Sc. V. Jam. and Gl. +Lynds. v. <i>Lak</i>, <i>Lack</i>.</p> + +<p>Ladde, <i>n.</i> S. lad, 1786<ins class = "mycorr" +title = "period missing">. </ins><i>Ladden</i>, <i>pl.</i> 1038. <i>Laddes</i>, 1015, +&c. A term subsequently applied to persons of low condition. “When +<i>laddes</i> weddeth leuedis—” Prophecy of Tho. of Essedoune, MS. +Harl. 2253, f. 127.</p> + +<p>Large, <i>adj.</i> Fr. Lat. liberal, bountiful, 97, 2941. R. Gl. Yw. +and Gaw. 865. Sir Orpheo, 27. Sevyn Sages, 1251. Chauc.</p> + +<p><a name = "gloss_Late" id = "gloss_Late">Late</a>, <i>v.</i> S. +[<i>lǽtan</i>] <i>pres. subj.</i> let, suffer, 486. <i>Late</i>, <i>pr. +t.</i> let, permit, 1741. <i>Late</i>, <i>imp.</i> let, suffer, 17, +1376, 2422. <i>Leth</i>, <i>pa. t.</i> let, suffered, 2651; caused, 252. +<i>Late</i>, <i>part. pa.</i> or <i>inf.</i> put, 2611.</p> + +<p>Laten, <i>v.</i> S. [<i>lǽtan</i>] to leave, 328. <i>Late be</i>, +<i>imp.</i> leave, relinquish, 1265; <i>inf.</i> 1657. <i>Let</i>, +<i>pa. t.</i> left, 2062. <i>Laten</i>, <i>part. pa.</i> left, abated, +240, 1925.</p> + +<p>Lath, <i>n.</i> S. injury, 76. <i>Lathe</i>, 2718, 2976.</p> + +<p>Lauhwinde, <i>part. pr.</i> S. laughing, 946.</p> + +<p>Laute, <i>pa. t</i>. S. [<i>læccan, læhte</i>] received, took, 744. +<i>Lauthe</i>, 1673. <i>Lauth</i>, <i>part. pa.</i> received, taken, +1988. <i>I-lahte</i>, Laȝam. l. 29260.</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>Horn in herte <i>laȝte</i></p> +<p>Al þat he him taȝte.</p> +</div> + +<p class = "author"> +<i>K. Horn</i> (ed. Lumby), 243.</p> + +<p class = "continue"><i>Laght</i>, Yw. and Gaw. 2025. <i>Laught</i>, K. +Alisaund. 685, 1109. <i>Lauht</i>, R. Br. (<i>See</i> Hearne’s +blundering Gl. in voc.) Rits. A. S. p. 46. <i>Laucht</i>, +Wall. ix. 1964.</p> + +<p>Laumprei, <i>n.</i> S. lamprey, 771. <i>Laumprees</i>, <i>pl.</i> +897.</p> + +<p>Lawe, Lowe, <i>adj.</i> S. low, 2431, 2471, 2767, &c.</p> + +<p>Lax, n. S. [læx] salmon, 754, 1727. <i>Laxes</i>, <i>pl.</i> 896. V. +Spelm. and Somn. in v. Jamieson says, it was “formerly the only +name by which this fish was known.” Cf. Dan. Sw. Icel. <i>lax</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "gloss_Layke" id = "gloss_Layke">Layke</a>, <i>v.</i> S. +[<i>lácan</i>] to play, 1011. <i>Leyke</i>, <i>Leyken</i>, 469, 950, +997. <i>Leykeden</i>, <i>pa. t. pl.</i> played, 954. In the same sense +the verb is found in P. Plowman, and Sevyn Sages, 1212. So in Sc. +and N.E. V. Jam. v. <i>Laik</i>, Ray, Brockett, and Crav. Dial. v. +<i>Lake</i>.</p> + +<p>Leche, <i>n.</i> S. physician, 1836, 2057.</p> + +<p>Led, a caldron, kettle, 924. Chauc. Prol. 202.</p> + +<p><a name = "gloss_Lede" id = "gloss_Lede">Lede</a>, Leden, <i>v.</i> +S. to lead, 245, &c; <i>utlede</i>, 89. Cf. 346, 379. <i>Ledes</i>, +<i>pr. t. 3 p.</i> uses, carries, 2573. <i>Ledde</i>, <i>pa. t.</i> led, +1686. <i>Ledden</i>, <i>pa. t. pl.</i> led, 2451.</p> + +<p><a name = "gloss_Lef" id = "gloss_Lef">Lef</a>, <i>adj.</i> S. +agreeable, willing, <i>lef and loth</i>, 261, 440, 2273, 2313, 2379, +2775. A very usual phrase. <i>See</i> Beowulf, l. 1026. Chauc. +C. T. 1839. R. Hood, <span class = "smallroman">I.</span> 41. +<i>Leue</i>, 431, 909. Sir Tr. p. 187. K. Horn, 949, &c. +<i>Leuere</i>, <i>comp.</i> more agreeable, rather, 1193, 1423, 1671, +&c. <i>Lef</i>, used as adv. willingly, in the phrase “Ye! lef, ye!” += yes, willingly, yes, 2606; cf. l. 1888.</p> + +<p>Leidest. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Leyn">Leyn</a>.</p> + +<p>Leite, <i>adj.</i> S. light, 2441.</p> + +<p><a name = "gloss_Leme" id = "gloss_Leme">Leme</a>, <i>n.</i> S. limb, +2555. <i>Lime</i>, 1409. <i>Limes</i>, pl. 86.</p> + +<p>Leman, <i>n.</i> S. mistress, lover, 1191. <i>Lemman</i>, 1283, 1312, +1322. Used by all the old writers, and applied equally to either +sex.</p> + +<p>Lende, <i>v.</i> S. to land, 733. Sir Tr. p. 13. R. Br. <i>See</i> +Jam. in v. <i>Leind</i>.</p> + +<p>Lene, <i>v.</i> S. [<i>leanian</i>] to lend, grant, 2072.</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>I sal <i>lene</i> the her mi ring.</p> +</div> + +<p class = "author"> +<i>Yw. and Gaw.</i> 737<ins class = "mycorr" title = "period missing">. </ins></p> + +<span class = "pagenum">131</span> +<a name = "page131" id = "page131"> </a> +<p>Lenge, <i>n.</i> the fish called <i>ling</i>, 832. [<i>Asellus +longus</i>, or <i>Islandicus</i>, Ray.] It was a common dish formerly. +Thus we have <i>Lynge in jelly</i>, in Archb. Nevil’s Feast, 6 Edw. +IV., and <i>Lyng in foyle</i>, in Warham’s Feast, 1504. <i>See</i> +Pegge’s <i>Form of Cury</i>, p. 177, 184, and MS. Sloane, 1986.</p> + +<p>Lenge, <i>v.</i> S. to prolong, 1734, 2363. P. Plowm.</p> + +<p>Leoun, <i>n.</i> Lat. lion, 573. <i>Leun</i>, 1867.</p> + +<p><a name = "gloss_Lepe" id = "gloss_Lepe">Lepe</a>, <i>v.</i> S. +escape from (?) 2009. <i>Loupe</i>, to leap, 1801. <i>Lep</i>, <i>pa. +t.</i> leapt, 891, 1777, 1942. <i>Lopen</i>, <i>pa. t. pl.</i> 1896, +2616.</p> + +<p><a name = "gloss_Lere" id = "gloss_Lere">Lere</a>, Leren, <i>v.</i> +S. to learn, 797, 823; to teach, 2592. <i>Y-lere</i>, 12.</p> + +<p>Lese, v. S. <i>imp. s. 3 p.</i> loose, 333. Sir Tr. p. 110.</p> + +<p>Leth. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Late">Late</a>.</p> + +<p>Lette, <i>v.</i> S. [<i>lǽtan</i>, <i>lettan</i>] to hinder, retard, +1164, 2253, 2819; to stop, cease, 2445, 2627. <i>Let</i>, <i>pa. t.</i> +stopped, stayed, 2447, 2500. <i>Leten</i>, <i>pa. t. pl.</i> stopped, +delayed, 2379.</p> + +<p>Leue, <i>n.</i> S. leave, 1387, 1626, 2952, &c.</p> + +<p>Leue, <i>adj.</i> <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Lef">Lef</a>.</p> + +<p>Leue, <i>v.</i> S. [<i>lýfan</i>] <i>imp. s.</i> grant, 334, 406, +2807. K. Horn, 465, MS.; R. Gl., Erle of Tol. 365. Guy of +Warw. ap. Ellis, M. R. V. 2, p. 77, where it is +misprinted <i>lene</i>. It is very frequently used in the old Engl. +Metrical Lives of the Saints, MS. Laud, 108. [The true distinction +between <i>leue</i> and <i>lene</i> is, that the former is the A.S. +<i>lýfan</i>, G. <i>erlauben</i> = grant in the sense of <i>allow</i>, +<i>permit</i>, and is invariably intransitive; whilst <i>lene</i> is the +A.S. <i>lænan</i>, G. <i>leihen</i> = grant in the sense of <i>give</i>. +The confusion between the senses of <i>grant</i> has led to confusion +between <i>lene</i> and <i>leue</i>, and in at least five passages of +Chaucer (C. T. 7226, 13613; Tro. ii. 1212, iii. 56, v. 1749, +ed. Tyrwhitt) many editions wrongly have <i>lene</i>. In the last three +instances Tyrwhitt rightly prints <i>leve</i>, but unnecessarily +corrects himself in his Glossary. I regret to add that I have +thrice made a similar mistake. In Piers Plowman, A. v. 263, and in +Pierce the Ploughman’s Crede, ll. 366 and 573, for <i>lene</i> read +<i>leue</i>. Halliwell’s remark, that “the [former] editor of Havelok +absurdly prints <i>leue</i>” is founded upon the same misconception, and +he is wrong in his censure. <i>See</i> the use of <i>lefe</i> in the +Ormulum, ed. White.]</p> + +<p>Leued, <i>pa. t.</i> S. left, 225.</p> + +<p>Leuedi, <i>n.</i> S. lady, 171, &c. <i>Leuedyes</i>, <i>pl.</i> +239. V. Hickes, Diss. Ep. p. 52, n.</p> + +<p>Leuere. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Lef">Lef</a>.</p> + +<p>Leues, <i>pr. t. 3 p.</i> S. believes, 1781, 2105. From +<i>lefan</i>.</p> + +<p>Leuin, <i>n.</i> S. lightning, 2690. R. Br. p. 174. Yw. and Gaw. +Chauc. C. T. 5858. Doug. Virg. 200, 53.</p> + +<p>Lewe, <i>adj.</i> S. warm, 498, 2921.</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>A opened wes his breoste,</p> +<p>þa blod com forð <i>luke.</i></p> +</div> + +<p class = "author"> +<i>Laȝam.</i> l. 27556.</p> + +<p>Leyd, Leyde. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Leyn">Leyn</a>.</p> + +<p>Leye, <i>n.</i> S. lie, falsehood, 2117.</p> + +<p>Leve, <i>v.</i> S. to lie, speak false, 2010.</p> + +<p>Leyke, Leyken. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Layke">Layke</a>.</p> + +<p>Leyk, <i>n.</i> S. game, 1021, 2326. So in Beowulf, l. 2084, +<i>sweorda-gelác</i>, and Sir Tr. p. 118, <i>love-laike</i>. In the +pl. <i>laykes</i>, Minot, p. 10. In Lanc. a player is still called +a <i>laker</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "gloss_Leyn" id = "gloss_Leyn">Leyn</a>, <i>v.</i> S. to +lay, 718. <i>Leyde</i>, <i>pa. t.</i> laid, 50, 994, &c.; stopped, +229. <i>Leidest</i>, <i>pa. t. 2 p.</i> laidest, 636. <i>Leyden</i>, +<i>pa. t. pl.</i> laid, 1907. <i>Leyd</i>, <i>part. pa.</i> laid, 1689, +1722, 2839.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">132</span> +<a name = "page132" id = "page132"> </a> +<p>Lich, <i>adj.</i> like, 2155.</p> + +<p><a name = "gloss_Lict" id = "gloss_Lict">Lict</a>, Lith, <i>n.</i> S. +light, 534, 576, 588, &c.</p> + +<p>Lift, <i>adj.</i> S. left (<i>lævus</i>), 2130.</p> + +<p>Ligge, Liggen, <i>v.</i> S. to lie down, 802, 876, 882, 1374. +<i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Lyen">Lyen</a>.</p> + +<p>Lime, Limes. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Leme">Leme</a>.</p> + +<p>Lite, <i>adj.</i> S. little, 276, 1730. <i>Litel</i>, 1858, &c. +<i>Litle</i>, 2014.</p> + +<p>Lith. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Lict">Lict</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "gloss_Lith" id = "gloss_Lith">Lith</a>, <i>imp.</i> S. +light (thou), 585.</p> + +<p>Lith, <i>adv.</i> S. lightly, 1942.</p> + +<p>Lith, <i>n.</i> S. alleviation, comfort, peace, 1338. <i>Lyþe</i>, +147. It also occurs as a sb. in Laȝam. l. 5213. As an adj. it +occurs in Laȝam. l. 7242. Sir Tr. p. 43, 82. R. Cœur +de L. 2480, and Emare, 348, from the v. <i>líðian</i>, alleviare. +Cf. Icel. <i>lið</i>, sometimes used to mean <i>help</i>. See +<i>Leathe</i> in Atkinson’s Cleveland Glossary.</p> + +<p>Lith, <i>n.</i> S. 2515. This word is explained by Ritson +<i>plains</i>, by Hearne <i>tenements</i>, and by Jamieson a +<i>ridge</i> or <i>ascent</i>. Its real signification seems unknown, but +may be conjectured from the following passages.</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>No asked he lond no <i>lithe</i>.</p> +</div> + +<p class = "author"> +<i>Sir Tristr.</i> p. 101.</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>Ther wille not be went, ne lete ther lond ne <i>lith</i>.</p> +</div> + +<p class = "author"> +<i>R. Brunne</i>, p. 194.</p> + +<p class = "continue"> +where it answers to the Fr. Ne volent lesser tere ne +<i>tenement</i>.</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>Who schall us now geve londes or <i>lythe</i>.</p> +</div> + +<p class = "author"> +<i>Le Bone Flor.</i> 841.</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>Here I gif Schir Galeron, quod Gaynour, withouten ony gile,</p> +<p>Al the londis and the <i>lithis</i> fro laver to layre.</p> +</div> + +<p class = "author"> +<i>Sir Gaw. and Sir Gal.</i> ii. 27.</p> + +<p class = "continue">[<i>See</i> Glossary to <i>William of Palerne</i>, +s.v. <i>Lud.</i>]</p> + +<p>Lithes, <i>n. pl.</i> S. the extreme points of the toes, or +articulations, 2163. <i>Fingres lith</i>, extremum digiti, Luc. 16, +24.</p> + +<p>Liþes, <i>imp. pl.</i> S. listen, 1400, 2204. <i>Lyþes</i>, 2576. The +verb in the Sax. is <i>hlystan</i>, but in Su.-G. <i>lyda</i>, and Isl. +<i>hlyda</i>, which approaches nearer to the form in the poem. So also +in K. Horn, 2, <i>wilen lithe</i>, MS.; R. Br. p. 93; +R. Hood, <span class = "smallroman">I.</span> p. 2; Minot, +p. 1. Still used in Sc. and N.E. V. Jam. and Brockett.</p> + +<p>Littene, <i>part. pa.</i> [or <i>inf.</i>?] 2701. “<i>Qu.</i> cut in +pieces, from the same root as to <i>lith</i>, divide the joints. V. Jam. +Suppl.” —M. [Or it may mean disgraced, wounded, defeated. Cf. +Su.-Goth. <i>lyta</i>, to wound; Icel. <i>lyta</i>, to disgrace; Sw. +<i>lyte</i>, a defect, <i>litt</i>, deformed; Dan. <i>lyde</i>, a +blemish.]</p> + +<p>Liue, <i>n.</i> S. <i>dat. c.</i> life, 232; <i>brouth of liue</i>, +dead, 513, 2129. K. Horn, 188. <i>Of liue do</i>, kill, 1805. +<i>Liues</i>, <i>gen. c. as adv.</i> alive, 509, 1003, 1307, 1919, 2854. +<i>See</i> <a class = "error" href = "#gloss_On" +title = "under ‘On’">On-liue</a>.</p> + +<p>Liuen, <i>v.</i> S. to live, 355. <i>Liuede</i>, <i>Liueden</i>, +<i>pa. t. pl.</i> lived, 1299, 2044.</p> + +<p>Lof, <i>n.</i> S. loaf, 653.</p> + +<p>Loke, Loken, <i>v.</i> S. to look after, take care of, to behold, +376, 2136. <i>Lokes</i>, <i>pr. t. 2 p.</i> lookest, 2726. <i>Loke</i>, +<i>imp.</i> look, 1680, 1712. <i>Lokes</i>, <i>imp. pl.</i> look ye, +2240, 2292, 2300, 2579, 2812. <i>Lokede</i>, <i>pa. t.</i> looked, 679, +1041.</p> + +<p>Loken, Lokene, <i>part. pa.</i> S. fastened, locked, closed, 429, +1957. So in the Const. Othonis, Tit. <i>de habitu Clericorum</i>; “In +mensura decenti habeant vestes, et <i>cappis clausis</i> utuntur in +sacris ordinibus constituti.” V. Spelm. in v. <i>Cappa clausa</i>. +So also in the <i>Ancren Riwle</i>, fol. 17— “gif he haues a wid +hod and a <i>lokin</i> cape, &c.”</p> + +<p class = "addition"> +The reference to the Ancren Riwle is to MS. Titus D 18, fol. 17; +cf. the edition by Morton (Camd. Soc. 1853), p. 56.</p> + +<p>Lond, Londe, <i>n.</i> S. land, 64, 721, &c. <i>Lon</i>, 340.</p> + +<p>Long, <i>adj.</i> S. tall, 987, 1063. So K. Horn, 100.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">133</span> +<a name = "page133" id = "page133"> </a> +<p>Longes, <i>pr. t. 3 p.</i> S. belongs, 396. R. Br., Chauc., +&c.</p> + +<p>Lopen. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Lepe">Lepe</a>.</p> + +<p>Loth, <i>adj.</i> S. loath, unwilling, 261, 440, &c. <i>See</i> +<a href = "#gloss_Lef">Lef</a>.</p> + +<p>Louede, <i>pa. t.</i> S. loved, 71. <i>Loueden</i>, <i>pa. t. pl.</i> +955.</p> + +<p>Louerd, <i>n.</i> S. lord, master, 96, 483, &c. <i>Lowerd</i>, +621.</p> + +<p>Louerdinges, <i>n. pl.</i> S. lordings, masters, 515, 1401. +<i>See</i> Note in Warton’s Hist. Engl. Poet. V. <span class = +"smallroman">I.</span> p. 19. Ed. 1840.</p> + +<p>Loupe. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Lepe">Lepe</a>.</p> + +<p>Low, <i>pa. t.</i> S. laughed, 903. K. Horn, 1502. <i>Lowen</i>, +<i>pa. t. pl.</i> 1056.</p> + +<p>Lowe, <i>n.</i> S. [<i>hlæw</i>] hill, 1291, 1699. Rits. M. R., Web., +&c. V. Jam. and Brockett’s Gl. v. <i>Lawe</i>.</p> + +<p>Luue, <i>n.</i> S. love, 195. [<i>Luue-drurye</i> seems here to be a +compound word, meaning <i>love-courtship</i>. <i>Lufe-drowrie</i> also = +love-token, <i>Lyndesay’s Sq. Meldrum</i>, 1003. <i>See</i> <a href = +"#gloss_Drurye">Drurye</a>.]</p> + +<p><a name = "gloss_Lyen" id = "gloss_Lyen">Lyen</a>, <i>v.</i> S. to +lie (in bed), 2134. <i>Leyen</i>, <i>pt. pl.</i> lay, 475.</p> + +<p>Lyþe. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Lith">Lith</a>.</p> + + +<a class = "glosslink" name = "gloss_M" id = "gloss_M" href = +"#glossary">M</a> + +<p class = "letter"> +Maght, Mait. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Mowe">Mowe</a>.</p> + +<p>Make, <i>n.</i> S. mate, companion, wife, 1150. K. Horn, 1427. +K. Alisaund. 3314. Le Bone Flor. 881. Chauc. Sc. <i>Maik.</i> V. +Jam.</p> + +<p><a name = "gloss_Maken" id = "gloss_Maken">Maken</a>, <i>v.</i> S. to +make, 29, &c. <i>Make</i>, 676. <i>Makeden</i>, <i>pa. t. pl.</i> +made, 554. <i>I-maked</i>, <i>part. pa.</i> made, 5.</p> + +<p>Male, <i>n.</i> Fr. a budget, bag, wallet, 48. Laȝamon, l. 3543. +Web., Chauc., R. Hood.</p> + +<p>Malisun, <i>n.</i> Fr. malediction, curse, 426. Sir Tr. p. 179.</p> + +<p>Manred, Manrede, <i>n.</i> S. homage, fealty, 484, 2172, 2180, 2248, +2265, 2312, 2774, 2816, 2847, 2850. Leg. of S. Gregori, ap. Leyd. Compl. +of Scotl. <i>See</i> Jam. for further examples.</p> + +<p>Marz, <i>n.</i> Lat. March, 2559.</p> + +<p>Maugre, Fr. in spite of, 1128, 1789. <i>See</i> Tyrwh. Gl. to Chauc. +and Jam. in v.</p> + +<p>Maydnes, <i>n. pl.</i> S. maidens, 467, 2222.</p> + +<p>Mayster, <i>n.</i> Fr. master, 1135; chief, 2028, 2385.</p> + +<p>Mayt, Mayth. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Mowe">Mowe</a>.</p> + +<p>Mede, <i>n.</i> S. reward, 102, 685, 1635, 2402.</p> + +<p>Mele, <i>n.</i> S. oat-meal, 780.</p> + +<p>Mele, <i>v.</i> Fr. to contend in battle, 2059. Gaw. and Gol. ii. 18. +<i>Mellay</i>, Wynt. viii. 15, 19. V. Jam.</p> + +<p>Meme, 2201, <i>probably miswritten for</i> neme; <i>see</i> <a href = +"#gloss_Nime">Nime</a>.</p> + +<p>Men (used with a sing. vb. like the Fr. <i>on</i>), men, people, 390, +647, 2610.</p> + +<p>Mene, <i>v.</i> S. to mean, signify, 2114. <i>Menes</i>, <i>pr. t. 3 +p.</i> means, 597.</p> + +<p><a name = "gloss_Menie" id = "gloss_Menie">Menie</a>, <i>n.</i> Fr. +family, 827. <i>Meynie</i>, 834. This word is to be found from the time +of Laȝamon to Shakespeare. Jamieson attempts to derive it from the +North. V. in v. <i>Menzie</i>. See <i>maisnie</i> in +Roquefort.</p> + +<p>Mere, <i>n.</i> S. mare, 2449, 2478, 2504.</p> + +<p><a name = "gloss_Messe" id = "gloss_Messe">Messe</a>, <i>n.</i> Fr. +Lat. the service of the mass, 243, 1176. <i>Messe-bok</i>, mass-book, +186, 391, 2710. <i>Messe-gere</i>, all the apparel, &c., pertaining +to the service of the mass, 188, 389, 1078, 2217.</p> + +<p><a name = "gloss_Mest" id = "gloss_Mest">Mest</a>, <i>adj. sup.</i> +S. greatest, 233. <i>Moste</i>, 1287; tallest, 983.</p> + +<p>Mester, <i>n.</i> Fr. trade, 823. K. Horn (ed. Lumby), 229.</p> + +<p>Met, <i>pp.</i> S. dreamt, 1285.</p> + +<p>Mete, <i>n.</i> S. meat, 459, &c. <i>Metes</i>, <i>pl.</i> +1733.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">134</span> +<a name = "page134" id = "page134"> </a> +<p>Meynie. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Menie">Menie</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "gloss_Michel" id = "gloss_Michel">Michel</a>, <i>adj.</i> +S. much, 510, 660. <i>Mik</i>, 2342. <i>Mike</i>, 960 (cf. Horn Childe, +ap. Rits. V. 3, 292), 1744, 1761, 2336. <i>Mikel</i>, 122, 478, +&c.</p> + +<p>Micte, Micten, Micthe, Mithe, Mithest, Mithen. <i>See</i> <a href = +"#gloss_Mowe">Mowe</a>.</p> + +<p>Micth, <i>n.</i> S. might, power, 35.</p> + +<p>Middelerd, <i>n.</i> S. the earth, world, 2244. <i>Middelærd</i>, +Laȝam., Rits., Web., R. Gl., Minot, &c. So in Sc. V. Jam.</p> + +<p>Mik, Mike, Mikel. <i>See</i> <a href = +"#gloss_Michel">Michel</a>.</p> + +<p>Milce, <i>n.</i> S. [<i>mildse</i>] mercy, 1361. A! me do þine +<i>milce</i>, Laȝam. l. 4681; R. Gl. It is usually coupled +with <i>ore</i>.</p> + +<p>Milne-hous. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Hus">Hus</a>.</p> + +<p>Mirke, <i>adj.</i> S. dark, 404. R. Br., Lynds.; <i>merke</i>, Chauc. +Still used in Sc. and N.E. V. Jam.</p> + +<p>Misdede, <i>pa. t.</i> S. did amiss, 337; injured, 992, 1371. +<i>Misdo</i>, <i>part. pa.</i> misdone, offended, 2798.</p> + +<p>Misferde, <i>pa. t.</i> S. behaved, or proceeded ill, 1869. +<i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Faren">Faren</a>.</p> + +<p>Misgos, <i>pr. t. 2 p.</i> S. goest or behavest amiss, 2707.</p> + +<p>Misseyd, <i>part. pa.</i> S. spoken to reproachfully, 1688.</p> + +<p>Mithe, Mythe, <i>v.</i> S. [<i>miðan</i>] to conceal, hide, +dissemble, 652, 948, 1278. Sche might no lenger <i>mithe</i>. Horn +Childe, ap. Rits. M. R. V. 3, p. 310.</p> + +<p>Mixed, <i>adj.</i> vile, base, 2533. From S. <i>myx</i>, fimus. Cf. +<i>Mix</i> in <i>William of Palerne</i>.</p> + +<p>Mo, <i>adj. comp.</i> S. more, 1742, 1846.</p> + +<p>Mod, <i>n.</i> S. mood, humour, 1703.</p> + +<p>Moder, <i>n.</i> S. mother, 974, 1388, &c.</p> + +<p>Mone, <i>n.</i> S. moon, 373, 403.</p> + +<p>Mone, <i>n.</i> S. mind, say, opinion, 816. Cf. A.S. <i>myne</i>, +<i>monian</i>, <i>monung</i>; Icel. <i>munr</i>. Hence, to <i>mone</i>, +to <i>relate</i>, R. Cœur de L. 4636, and to +<i>animadvert</i>, in Barbour. It appears to express the Fr. phrase +<i>par le mien escient</i>, K. Horn, 467, MS. Douce. In nearly the +same sense <i>mone</i> may be found in K. Alisaund. 1281, +R. Gl. pp. 281, 293. Cf. ll. 1711, 1972.</p> + +<p>Mone, <i>v. pl.</i> [Isl. <i>mun</i>] must, 840. <i>Maun</i>, Sc. +<i>Mun</i>, Yorksh. Cumb. V. Jam.</p> + +<p>Morwen, <i>n.</i> S. morning, 811, 1131, 2669, &c. +<i>To-morwen</i>, 530, 810. <i>Amorwe</i>, Sir Tr., K. Horn.</p> + +<p>Moste. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Mest">Mest</a>.</p> + +<p>Mote, <i>v.</i> S. may, 19, 406, 1743, 2545. <i>Moten</i>, <i>pl.</i> +18.</p> + +<p>Moun. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Mowe">Mowe</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "gloss_Mowe" id = "gloss_Mowe">Mowe</a>, <i>v.</i> S. +<i>pres. sing.</i> may, be able, 175, 394, 675. <i>Mowen</i>, <i>pl.</i> +11. <i>Moun</i>, 460, 2587. <i>Mait</i>, <i>pr. t. 2 p.</i> mayest, 689. +<i>Mayt</i>, 845, 852, 1219. <i>Mayth</i>, 641. <i>Maght</i>, <i>pa. t. +2 p. s.</i> mightest, 1348. <i>Mithe</i>, <i>Mithest</i>, 855, +1218. <i>Micte</i>, <i>Micthe</i>, <i>Mithe</i>, <i>pa. t. 3 p.</i> +might, 42, 233, 1030, 1080. <i>Mouchte</i>, <i>Moucte</i>, +<i>Moucthe</i>, <i>Mouthe</i>, <i>Mowcte</i>, 145, 356, 376, &c. +<i>Micte</i>, <i>Micten</i>, <i>Mithen</i>, <i>pl.</i> 232, 516, 1929, +2017. <i>Mouhte</i>, <i>Mouthe</i>, <i>Mouthen</i>, 1183, 2019, 2039, +2328, 2330, &c. V. Pegge’s Anecd. of Engl. Lang. p. iii.</p> + + +<a class = "glosslink" name = "gloss_N" id = "gloss_N" href = +"#glossary">N</a> + +<p class = "letter"> +Na, <i>adv.</i> S. no, 2363, 2530.</p> + +<p>Nam. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Nime">Nime</a>.</p> + +<p>Nayles, <i>n. pl.</i> S. nails, 2163.</p> + +<p>Ne, <i>adv.</i> S. nor, 44, &c.</p> + +<p>Nede, <i>n.</i> S. need, necessity, 9, &c. <i>Nedes</i>, +<i>pl.</i> 1092.</p> + +<p>Neme. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Nime">Nime</a>.</p> + +<p>Ner, <i>adv.</i> S. near, 990, 1949.</p> + +<p>Nese, <i>n.</i> S. nose, 2450.</p> + +<p><a name = "gloss_Nesh" id = "gloss_Nesh">Nesh</a>, <i>adj.</i> S. +[<i>nesc</i>] soft, tender, 2743. <i>Neys</i>, 217. Web., Rits. +M. R., Rob. Br., Chauc. Still used in N.W. part of England.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">135</span> +<a name = "page135" id = "page135"> </a> +<p>Neth, <i>n.</i> S. net, 752, 808, 1026; <i>pl.</i> <i>netes</i>, +783.</p> + +<p>Neth, <i>n.</i> S. neat, cattle, 700, 1222. <i>Netes</i>, +<i>g. c.</i> neat’s, 781.</p> + +<p>Neþeles, <i>conj.</i> S. nevertheless, 1108, 1658.</p> + +<p>Neue, <i>n.</i> S. fist, 2405. <i>Neues</i>, <i>pl.</i> 1917. V. +Jam.</p> + +<p>Neure, <i>adv.</i> S. not, never, 80, 672; <i>neuere a polk</i>, +ne’er a pool, 2685. <i>Neuere kines</i>, of no kind, 2691.</p> + +<p>Ney. <i>adv.</i> nigh, near to, nearly, 464, 640, 2619.</p> + +<p>Neys. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Nesh">Nesh</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "gloss_Neyther" id = "gloss_Neyther">Neyþer</a>, Neþe, +<i>pron.</i> S. neither, not either, 458, 764, 2970, &c. +<i>Noþer</i>, 2623. <i>Noyþer</i>, 2697.</p> + +<p>Newhen, <i>v.</i> S. [<i>nehwan</i>] to approach, 1866. In the more +recent form to <i>neigh</i> it is used in several of the old Romances, +Chauc., and Minot.</p> + +<p>Nicht, Nicth, <i>n.</i> S. night, 533, 575. <i>Niht</i>, 2669. +<i>Nith</i>, 404, 1247, 1754. <i>Nithes</i>, <i>g. c.</i> of night, +2100. <i>Nihtes</i>, <i>nithes</i>, <i>pl.</i> 2353; <i>nihtes</i>, +2999.</p> + +<p><a name = "gloss_Nime" id = "gloss_Nime">Nime</a>, <i>v.</i> S. +<i>pr. s.</i> take, <i>or</i> go, 1931. <i>Nim</i>, <i>imp.</i> take, +1336. <i>Nam</i>, <i>pa. t.</i> took, 900; went, 2930. <i>Neme</i>, +<i>pl.</i> went, 1207; cf. l. 2201. <i>Nomen</i>, took, 2790. +<i>Nomen</i>, <i>Numen</i>, <i>part. pa.</i> taken, 2265, 2581. +<i>Nimes</i>, <i>imp. pl.</i> go ye, 2594; <i>nime</i>, go we, 2600. In +the first sense this verb is common in all the Glossaries, but in the +latter sense <i>To go</i> it occurs nowhere but in the Gl. to Rob. +Brunne, who, from being a Lincolnshire man, approaches nearer to the +language of the present poem than any other writer. [In N.E. to +<i>nim</i> is to walk with quick, short steps.]</p> + +<p>Nis, <i>for</i> Ne is, is not, 462, 1998, 2244.</p> + +<p>Nither-tale, <i>n.</i> S. night-time, 2025. <i>See</i> Chaucer, Prol. +l. 97.</p> + +<p>Noblelike, <i>adv.</i> S. nobly, 2640.</p> + +<p>Nok, <i>n.</i> [Belg. <i>nock</i>] nook, corner, 820; <i>nouth a +ferthinges nok</i>, not the value of a farthing. The same phr. is in the +<i>Manuel des Pechés</i> of Rob. of Brunne, MS. Harl. 1701, fol. 39.</p> + +<p>Nomen. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Nime">Nime</a>.</p> + +<p>Non, <i>adj.</i> S. no, 518, 685, 1019; no one, 934, 974.</p> + +<p><a name = "gloss_Note" id = "gloss_Note">Note</a>, <i>n.</i> S. a +nut, 419. <i>Nouthe</i>, 1332.</p> + +<p>Noþer. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Neyther">Neyþer</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "gloss_Nou" id = "gloss_Nou">Nou</a>, <i>adv.</i> S. now, +328, 1362, &c. <i>Nu</i>, 2421, 2460, 2650, &c.</p> + +<p>Nout, Nouth, Nouht, <i>n.</i> or <i>adv.</i> S. not, naught, nothing, +not at all, 249, 505, 566, 648, 1733, 2051, 2822. <i>Nowt</i>, +<i>Nowth</i>, 770, 2168, 2737.</p> + +<p>Nouthe. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Note">Note</a>.</p> + +<p>Noyþer. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Neyther">Neyþer</a>.</p> + +<p>Nu. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Nou">Nou</a>.</p> + +<p>Numen. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Nime">Nime</a>.</p> + +<p>Nytte. <i>v.</i> S. make use of, require for use, 941. A.S. +<i>nyttian</i>, <i>neotan</i>, G. <i>nützen</i>, Du. <i>nutten</i>.</p> + + +<a class = "glosslink" name = "gloss_O" id = "gloss_O" href = +"#glossary">O</a> + +<p class = "letter"> +O. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_On">On</a>.</p> + +<p>Of, <i>prep.</i> S. off, 130, 216, 603, 857, 1850, 2444, 2626, 2676, +2751, &c. <i>Of londe</i>, out of the land, 2599. Sir Tr.</p> + +<p>Offe, <i>prep.</i> S. of, 435. <i>Of</i>, 436.</p> + +<p>Offrende, Dan. Fr. offering, 1386<ins class = "mycorr" title = +"period missing">. </ins></p> + +<p>Ofte, <i>adv.</i> S. often, 226, &c.</p> + +<p>Ok. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Ek">Ek</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "gloss_On" id = "gloss_On">On</a>, <i>adj.</i> S. one, 425, +1800, 2028, 2263, &c.</p> + +<p>On, <i>in</i> But on. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_But">But</a>.</p> + +<p>On, <i>prep.</i> S. in, on. <i>On liue</i>, 281, 363, 694, 793 +&c. <i>O liue</i>, 2865. <i>On two</i>, 471, 1823, 2730, in +two; <i>a two</i>, 1413, 2643. <i>O londe</i>, 763, on, <i>or</i> +in land. <i>On knes</i>, 1211, +<span class = "pagenum">136</span> +<a name = "page136" id = "page136"> </a> +1302, 2710, on knees; <i>o knes</i>, 2252, 2796. <i>On brenne</i>, 1239, +in flame, on fire. <i>O nith</i>, 1251, in the night. <i>On +nithes</i>, 2048. <i>O worde</i>, 1349, in the world (<i>see</i> +<a href = "#gloss_Werd">Werd</a>). <i>O mani wise</i>, 1713, in many a +manner. <i>On gamen</i>, 1716, in sport. <i>On lesse hwile</i>, 1830, in +less time. <i>O bok</i>, 2307, 2311, on the book. <i>Wel o bon</i>, +2355, 2525, 2571, strong of body. <i>Iuele o bone</i>, 2505, lean. <i>On +hunting</i>, 2382. <i>O stede</i>, 2549, on steed. <i>Up-o the +dogges</i>, 2596, on the dogs. From these examples, added to those which +occur in every Glossary, it is evident the Sax. prep. <i>On</i> was +subsequently corrupted to <i>O</i> and <i>A.</i> <i>See</i> Tyrwh. and +Jam. <i>A nycht</i> in Barb. xix. 657, explained by the latter +<i>one</i> night, is according to the above rule <i>In the night</i>, as +confirmed by l. 1251. Sir Tr. pp. 47, 114. R. Glouc.</p> + +<p>One, <i>adj.</i> S. alone, singly, 815, 936, 1153, 1710, 1742, 1973, +2433.</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>There hue wonede al <i>one.</i></p> +</div> + +<p class = "author"> +<i>K. Horn</i>, 80.</p> + +<p class = "continue"><i>See</i> Tyrwh. Gl., Chauc. v. <i>On</i>.</p> + +<p>Ones, <i>adv.</i> S. once, 1295.</p> + +<p>Onfrest, <i>v.</i> delay, 1337. From Su.-G. <i>fresta</i>, to delay, +A.S. <i>firstan</i>, from Su.-Goth. <i>frest</i> or <i>frist</i>, A.S. +<i>fyrst</i>, a space of time. Cf. Dan. and Sw. <i>first</i>, a truce. +<i>Frest</i>, delay, Barb. vii. 447.</p> + +<p>Onlepi. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Anilepi">Anilepi</a>.</p> + +<p>Onne, <i>prep.</i> S. on, 347, 1940.</p> + +<p>Onon, <i>adv.</i> S. anon, speedily, 136, 447, 1964, 2790.</p> + +<p>Ontil, <i>prep.</i> S. unto, for, 761.</p> + +<p><a name = "gloss_Or" id = "gloss_Or">Or</a>, <i>adv.</i> S. +previously, before, 728, 1043, 1356, 1688, &c. <i>Or outh longe</i>, +1789, before any long time.</p> + +<p><a name = "gloss_Ore" id = "gloss_Ore">Ore</a>, <i>n.</i> S. favour, +grace, mercy, 153, 211, 2443, 2797. Ich hadde of hire milse an +<i>ore</i>. Hule and Nihtingale, l. 1081. Sir Tr. p. 24. +K. Horn (ed. Lumby), 1509. <i>See</i> Tyrwhitt’s Note on Chauc. +C. T. 3724, and Ritson’s Note, Metr. Rom. V. iii. p. 263. +A.S. <i>ár</i>.</p> + +<p>Ore, <i>n.</i> S. oar, 718, 1871, &c. <i>Ores</i>, <i>pl.</i> +711.</p> + +<p>Osed <i>for</i> Hosed, 971.</p> + +<p>Oth, <i>n.</i> S. oath, 2009, 2272, &c. <i>Oþes</i>, <i>pl.</i> +2013, 2231, &c.</p> + +<p>Oþe <i>for</i> Oþer, 861, 1986, 2970.</p> + +<p><a name = "gloss_Other" id = "gloss_Other">Oþer</a>, <i>conj.</i> S. +either, or, 94, 674, 787, &c. <i>See</i> <a class = "error" href = +"#gloss_Ayther" title = "spelled ‘Ayþer’">Ayther</a>.</p> + +<p>Oþer, <i>adj.</i> S. [<i>alter</i>] the other of two, second, 879. +<i>þe oþer day</i>, 1755, the following day.</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>Day hit is igon & <i>oþer</i>,</p> +<p>Wiþute sail & roþer.</p> +</div> + +<p class = "author"> +<i>K. Horn</i>, ed. Lumby, 187.</p> + +<p class = "continue">So also R. Br. p. 169, and Wynt.</p> + +<p>Oþer, <i>adj.</i> S. [<i>alius</i>] other, 2490. <i>Oþre</i>, +<i>pl.</i> others, 1784, 2413, 2416.</p> + +<p>Ouer-fare, <i>v.</i> S. to pass over, cease, 2063. <i>See</i> <a href += "#gloss_Fare">Fare</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "gloss_Ouer-go" id = "gloss_Ouer-go">Ouer-go</a>, <i>v.</i> +S. to be disregarded, 2220.</p> + +<p>Ouer-gange, <i>v.</i> S. to get the superiority over, 2587.</p> + +<p>Ouer-þwert, <i>adv.</i> S. across, 2822. <i>Ouerthuert</i>, +R. Br. p. 241. <i>Overtwert</i>, Ly Beaus Desc. 1017. +<i>Overthwarte</i>, Syr Eglamore, B. iii. Chauc. C. T. +1993.</p> + +<p>Oune, <i>adj.</i> S. own, 375, 2428.</p> + +<p>Oure, <i>n.</i> bank, shore, 321. G. <i>ufer</i>. A.S. <i>ófer</i>. +Cf. “to þan castle of Deoure on þere sæ <i>oure</i>.” <i>Laȝamon</i>, +l. 31117.</p> + +<p>Outh, <i>n.</i> S. [<i>awiht</i>] any space of time, aught, 1189; cf. +l. 1789; anything, 703. [<i>Outh douthe</i> = was worth anything, +was of any value.]</p> + + +<a class = "glosslink" name = "gloss_P" id = "gloss_P" href = +"#glossary">P</a> + +<p class = "letter"> +Palefrey, <i>n.</i> Fr. saddle-horse, 2060. <i>See</i> Gl. on Chauc. +in v. Pegge’s Anec. Engl. Lang. p. 289.</p> + +<p>Pappes, <i>n. pl.</i> Lat. breasts, 2132.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">137</span> +<a name = "page137" id = "page137"> </a> +<p>Parred, <i>part. pa.</i> confined, fastened in, barred in, 2439. We +have met with this word only in one instance, where Ritson leaves it +unexplained.</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>Yn al this [tyme] was sir Ywayn</p> +<p>Ful straitly <i>parred</i> with mekil payn.</p> +</div> + +<p class = "author"> +<i>Yw. and Gaw.</i> 3227.</p> + +<p class = "continue">[It is undoubtedly equivalent to O.E. +<i>sperre</i>, or <i>spere</i>. Halliwell, s.v. <i>Parred</i>, quotes +“ȝe are <i>parred</i> in . . . ȝe are so <i>spered</i> in.” +So, too, the Ital. <i>sbarra</i> is the Fr. <i>barre</i>. Cf. A.S. +<i>sparran</i>, O.N. <i>sperra</i>, Sc. <i>spar</i>. Hence the +derivation of <i>park</i>, O.E. <i>parrock</i>, an enclosure.]</p> + +<p>Pastees, <i>n. pl.</i> Fr. pasties, patés, 644.</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>Ther beth bowris and halles,</p> +<p>Al of <i>pasteiis</i> beth the walles.</p> +</div> + +<p class = "author"> +<i>Land of Cokaygne</i>, MS. Harl. 913, f. 5.</p> + +<p>Pateyn, <i>n.</i> Lat. the Plate used in the service of the Mass, +187.</p> + +<p>Paþe, <i>n.</i> S. path, road, 2381, 2390. <i>Paþes</i>, <i>pl.</i> +268.</p> + +<p>Patriark, <i>n.</i> Lat. patriarch, 428.</p> + +<p>Payed, <i>part. pa.</i> Fr. satisfied, content, 184. Rits. +M. R., Web., R. Gl., R. Br. <i>Apaied</i>, Chauc.</p> + +<p>Pelle, <i>v.</i> drive forth (<i>intr.</i>), hurry forth, 810. Deriv. +uncertain, unless it be connected with Lat. <i>pello</i>, Eng. +<i>impel.</i> Cf. Eng. <i>pelt</i>.</p> + +<p>Peni, <i>n.</i> S. penny, 705, 2147. <i>Penies</i>, <i>pl.</i> 776, +1172.</p> + +<p>Per, <i>n.</i> Fr. peer, equal, 989, 2241, 2792.</p> + +<p>Pike, <i>v.</i> to pitch (used passively), 707. Teut. <i>pecken</i>, +Lat. <i>picare</i>. The verb in Saxon is not extant, but only the n. +<i>pic</i>.</p> + +<p>Pine, <i>n.</i> S. pain, grief, 405, 540, 1374. Sir Tr. p. 12. V. +Jam.</p> + +<p>Pine, <i>v.</i> S. to grieve, 1958.</p> + +<p>Plat. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Plette">Plette</a>.</p> + +<p>Plattinde, <i>part. pr.</i> tramping along, moving noisily <i>or</i> +hurriedly, 2282. From the beating noise of the feet, like Sc. +<i>platch</i> (q.v. in Jam.). <i>See</i> <a href = +"#gloss_Plette">Plette</a>.</p> + +<p>Plawe, <i>v.</i> S. to play, 950. <i>Pleye</i>, 951.</p> + +<p>Playces, <i>n. pl.</i> plaice, 896.</p> + +<p>Pleinte, <i>n.</i> Fr. complaint, 134. <i>Pleynte</i>, 2961.</p> + +<p><a name = "gloss_Plette" id = "gloss_Plette">Plette</a>, <i>v.</i> S. +[<i>plæettian</i>] to strike, 2444. <i>Plat</i>, <i>pa. t.</i> struck, +2755. <i>Plette</i>, 2626; <i>pl. plette</i>, hurried, moved noisily, +2613. [Cf. <i>Plattinde</i>, and note the double use of Sc. +<i>skelp</i>, to beat, to hurry, and O.E. <i>strike</i>, to beat, to +move along.]</p> + +<p>Plith, <i>n.</i> S. [<i>pliht</i>] harm, 1370, 2002. Laȝam. +l. 3897.</p> + +<p>Poke, <i>n.</i> S. a bag, 555, 769. <i>Pokes</i>, <i>pl.</i> 780.</p> + +<p>Poles, <i>n. pl.</i> S. pools, ponds of water, 2101.</p> + +<p>Polk, <i>n.</i> S. pool, puddle, 2685. <i>Pow</i>, Sir Tr. +p. 171. <i>Pulk</i>, Somersetsh.</p> + +<p>Pouere, Poure, <i>adj.</i> Fr. poor, 58, 101, 2457, &c.</p> + +<p>Pourelike, <i>adv.</i> poorly, 323.</p> + +<p>Prangled, <i>part. pa.</i> compressed, 639. Cf. Du. <i>prangen</i>, +to pinch; Dan. <i>prange Seil</i>, to crowd sail.</p> + +<p>Preie, <i>pr. t.</i> S. pray, 1440. <i>Prey</i>, <i>imp.</i> pray +(thou), 1343. <i>Preide</i>, <i>pa. t.</i> prayed, 209.</p> + +<p>Prest, <i>n.</i> S. priest, 429, 1829. <i>Prestes</i>, <i>pl.</i> +2583.</p> + +<p>Priken, <i>v.</i> S. to spur a horse, ride briskly, 2639.</p> + +<p>Prud, <i>adj.</i> S. proud, 302.</p> + +<p>Pulten, <i>pa. t. pl.</i> so reads the MS. l. 1023, instead of +<i>putten</i>. Both have the same signification. So in the Romance of +<i>Rob. of Cecyle</i>, Harl. MS. 1701, f. 94, c. 1, <i>pulte</i> +occurs for <i>put</i>, placed, and <i>pylt</i> in R. Cœur +de L. 4085; pelte, Sir Tr. p. 95. In the <i>imp.</i> +<i>Pult</i> +<span class = "pagenum">138</span> +<a name = "page138" id = "page138"> </a> +for <i>put</i>, <i>place</i>, is used in <i>Hending the Hende</i>, MS. +Digb. 86. In the signification of <i>drove forward</i>, which is nearer +to the sense we require, we find <i>pylte</i> in K. Horn, 1433, and +R. Glouc. Hence the Engl. word <i>pelt</i>. <i>See</i> Putten. Cf. +<i>Pult</i> in Gl. to <i>Will. of Palerne</i>.</p> + +<p>Pund, <i>n. pl.</i> S. pounds, 1633.</p> + +<p>Put, <i>n.</i> cast, throw, 1055. <i>But</i>, 1040.</p> + +<p>Putten, <i>v.</i> to cast, throw, propel forward, 1033, 1044. +<i>Puten</i>, 1051. <i>Putte</i>, <i>pa. t.</i> cast, 1052. +<i>Putten</i>, <i>pa. t. pl.</i> cast, threw, 1023, 1031, 1844. From the +Fr. <i>bouter</i>, Teut. <i>buitten</i>, or Belg. <i>botten</i>, to +drive or propel forward, or, as others suggest, from the Br. +<i>pwtiaw</i>, which has the same meaning, or Isl. <i>potta</i>. From +the same root are derived both <i>Put</i> and <i>But</i>. Thus to +<i>butt</i> in Sc. is to drive at a stone in curling, and to <i>put</i> +in Yorksh. is to push with the horns. In the passage before us it is +applied to a particular game, formerly in great repute. <i>See</i> +<a href = "#textnote1022">Note on l. 1022</a>. Cf. Ramsay’s Poems, ii. +106. The word is still retained in the North, and Sc. V. Jam. and +Brockett. See <i>But</i> and <i>Pulten</i>.</p> + +<p>Putting, Puttinge, <i>n.</i> casting, 1042, 1057, 2324.</p> + +<p>Pyment, <i>n.</i> <ins class = "mycorr" title = "text unchanged: usual form is ‘B. Lat.’">B.L.</ins> spiced wine, 1728. <i>See</i> +<a href = "#textnote1726">Note on l. 1726</a>.</p> + + +<a class = "glosslink" name = "gloss_Q" id = "gloss_Q" href = +"#glossary">Q</a> + +<p class = "letter"> +<a name = "gloss_Qual" id = "gloss_Qual">Qual</a>, <i>n.</i> S. +[<i>hwæl</i>] whale or grampus, 753. <i>See</i> <a href = +"#gloss_Hwel">Hwel</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "gloss_Quan" id = "gloss_Quan">Quan</a>, Quanne, +<i>adv.</i> S. when, 134, 204, 240, &c. <i>See</i> <a href = +"#gloss_Hwan">Hwan</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "gloss_Quath" id = "gloss_Quath">Quath</a>, <i>pa. t.</i> +S. quoth, 606, 642, &c. <i>Hwat</i>, 1650, 1878. <i>Wat</i>, 595. +<i>Quod</i>, 1888. <i>Quodh</i>, 1801. <i>Quot</i>, 1954, 2808. +<i>Couth</i>, 2606.</p> + +<p>Queme, <i>adj.</i> S. agreeable, 130, 393. Web., Rits. M. R., Rob. +Br., R. Glouc., Gower, Chauc.</p> + +<p>Quen, <i>n.</i> S. queen, 2760, 2783, &c. <i>Quenes</i>, +<i>pl.</i> 2982.</p> + +<p><a name = "gloss_Qui" id = "gloss_Qui">Qui</a>. <i>See</i> <a href = +"#gloss_Hwi">Hwi</a>.</p> + +<p>Quic, Quik, <i>adj.</i> S. alive, 612, 613, 1405, 2210, 2476, +&c., <i>quik and ded</i>. This is the usual language of the +Inquisitiones post mortem, which commence at the early part of Henry +III. reign. For the usage of the term, <i>see</i> Gl. to Sir Tr. +p. 98. Yw. and Gaw. 668. Chron. of Engl. 762, &c. The word is +preserved in the vulgar version of the Scriptures, and Creed. +<i>Quike</i>, quick, alert, 1348. <i>Al quic wede</i>, 2641. Cf. +l. 2387.</p> + +<p>Quiste, <i>n.</i> S. [<i>cwide</i>] bequest, will, 219, 365. +<i>Quede</i>, K. Alisaund. 8020.</p> + +<p>Quod, Quodh, Quot. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Quath">Quath</a>.</p> + + +<a class = "glosslink" name = "gloss_R" id = "gloss_R" href = +"#glossary">R</a> + +<p class = "letter"> +Radde. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Rede">Rede</a>.</p> + +<p>Ran. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Renne">Renne</a>.</p> + +<p>Rang, <i>adj.</i> S. [<i>ranc</i>] perverse, rebellious, 2561.</p> + +<p>Rath, <i>n.</i> S. counsel; hence, an adviser, 75. <i>Dat. c. +rathe</i>, in the phrase <i>to rathe</i>, 2542; for the meaning of +which, <i>see</i> <a href = "#gloss_Red">Red</a>.</p> + +<p>Raþe, <i>adv.</i> S. speedily, readily, quickly, 358, &c. (In +l. 1335, I prefer considering it as a verb.)</p> + +<p><a name = "gloss_Rathe" id = "gloss_Rathe">Rathe</a>, <i>v.</i> S. +[<ins class = "mycorr" title = "text reads ‘raedan’"><i>rædan</i></ins>] +to advise, 1335. A provincial pronunciation of <i>Rede</i>. In +l. 2817, it is still broader, “Yif ye it wilen and ek +<i>rothe</i>.” In the same manner <i>Rode</i> is spelt, and was +undoubtedly pronounced <i>Rothe</i>, Ly Beaus Desc. 425, and +<i>Abode</i> is spelt <i>Abothe</i>, ib. 1118. Cf. ll. 693, 1681, 2585, +of the present poem, in all which instances the <i>d</i> in <i>rede</i> +has the sound of <i>th</i>.</p> + +<p>Recke, <i>pr. t. subj.</i> S. may reck, may care, 2047, 2511. Sir Tr. +p. 124, &c.</p> + +<p><a name = "gloss_Red" id = "gloss_Red">Red</a>, <i>n.</i> S. advice, +counsel, 180, 518, 826, 1194, 2871, &c. <i>To rede</i>, lit. for a +counsel, i.e. advisable, 118, 693; spelt <i>to rathe</i>, 2542.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">139</span> +<a name = "page139" id = "page139"> </a> +<p><a name = "gloss_Rede" id = "gloss_Rede">Rede</a>, <i>v.</i> S. to +direct, advise, 104, 148, 361, 687, &c. <i>Radde</i>, <i>pa. t.</i> +advised, 1353. V. Jam. in v. and Hearne’s Gl. to R. Glouc.</p> + +<p>Reft, Refte, Reftes. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Reue">Reue</a>.</p> + +<p>Regne, <i>pr. t. pl.</i> Fr. Lat. reign, assume the superiority, +2586. <i>Reng</i>, <i>Ring</i>, Sc. V. Jam. in v.</p> + +<p><a name = "gloss_Renne" id = "gloss_Renne">Renne</a>, <i>v.</i> S. to +run, 1161, 1904. <i>Ran on blode</i>, <i>pa. t.</i> 432. So in Sir Tr. +p. 176, <i>His heued ran on blod</i>; and in MS. Harl. 2253, +f. 128,</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>Lutel wot hit any mon hou loue hym haueth y-bounden,</p> +<p>That for vs o the rode <i>ron</i>, ant bohte vs with is wounde.</p> +</div> + +<p><a name = "gloss_Reue" id = "gloss_Reue">Reue</a>, <i>n.</i> S. +magistrate, 1627. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Greyue">Greyue</a>.</p> + +<p>Reue, Reuen, <i>v.</i> S. [<i>reafian</i>] to take away, bereave, +rob, 480, 2590, 2991. <i>Refte</i>, <i>pa. t.</i> took away, bereaved, +2223, 2485. <i>Reftes</i>, <i>pa. t. 2 p.</i> tookest away, 2394. +<i>Reft</i>, <i>part. pa.</i> taken away, bereaved, 1367, 1672, 2483; +spoiled, 2004. Still used in the North.</p> + +<p>Reures, <i>n. pl.</i> S. robbers, bereavers, 2104.</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>Alle bacbiteres wendet to helle,</p> +<p>Robberes & <i>reueres</i> & the monquelle.</p> +</div> + +<p class = "author"> +<i>A lutel sermun</i>, MS. Cal. A. ix. f. 246, b.</p> + +<p class = "continue">V. Jam. in v. <i>Reyffar</i>.</p> + +<p>Reunesse, Rewnesse, <i>n.</i> S. compassion, 502, 2227.</p> + +<p>Rewe, <i>v.</i> S. to have pity, to compassionate, 497, 967. +<i>Rewede</i>, <i>pa. t.</i> (<i>impersonal</i>) 503.</p> + +<p>Richelike, <i>adv.</i> S. richly, 421.</p> + +<p>Ricth, Ricthe. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Rith">Rith</a>, <a href = +"#gloss_Rithe">Rithe</a>.</p> + +<p>Ricthwise, <i>adj.</i> S. [<i>rihtwis</i>] righteous, just, 37. +Rits., Web. M. R., Rob. Br., Minot, Lynds., R. Hood. [MS. +<i>has</i> rirth wise.]</p> + +<p>Riden, <i>v.</i> S. to ride, 10, &c.</p> + +<p>Rig, <i>n.</i> S. back, 1775. So in Laȝam. l. 6718. Burne he warp on +<i>rigge</i>.</p> + +<p>Rike, <i>n.</i> S. kingdom, 290. <i>Heuene riche</i>, 133, 407. +<i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Cunnriche">Cunnriche</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "gloss_Rim" id = "gloss_Rim">Rim</a>, Rym, <i>n.</i> S. Fr. +rhyme, poem, 21, 2995, 2998. So Chauc. <i>Rime of Sire Thopas.</i> [The +modern false spelling <i>rhyme</i> is due to confusion of Eng. +<i>rime</i> with the Gk. <i>rhythm</i>.]</p> + +<p><a name = "gloss_Ringen" id = "gloss_Ringen">Ringen</a>, <i>v.</i> S. +to ring, 242, 1106. <i>Ringes</i>, <i>pr. t. sing.</i> ring, 390. +<i>Rungen</i>, <i>part. pa.</i> rung, 1132.</p> + +<p>Ringes, <i>n. pl.</i> S. rings of mail, 2740. <i>See</i> <a href = +"#gloss_Brini">Brini</a>.</p> + +<p>Rippe, <i>n.</i> fish-basket, 893. Hence a <i>Rippar</i>, B. Lat. +<i>riparius</i>, is a person who brings fish from the coast to sell in +the interior. V. Spelm. in v. Nares prefers the etymology of +<i>ripa</i>, but without reason. <i>Rip</i> is still provincial for an +osier basket. <i>See</i> Jam. and Moore. So also in a curious Latin and +English Vocabulary, written out by Sire John Mendames, Parson of +Bromenstrope [Broomsthorp, Co. Norf.] in the middle of the 15th cent., +and now preserved in the valuable MSS. library of T. W. Coke, Esq. +<i>Cophinus</i> is explained <i>A beryng lepe</i>, or <i>ryppe</i>, +terms still retained in the county. Jam. gives Icel. <i>hrip</i>, a +basket.</p> + +<p>Rith, Ricth, <i>n.</i> S. right, justice, inheritance, 36, 395, 1099, +1383, 2717.</p> + +<p><a name = "gloss_Rith" id = "gloss_Rith">Rith</a>, <i>adj.</i> S. +right (<i>dexter</i>), 604, 1812, 2140, 2545, 2725.</p> + +<p><a name = "gloss_Rithe" id = "gloss_Rithe">Rithe</a>, Ricthe, +<i>adj.</i> S. right (<i>rectus</i>), 772, 846, 1201, 2235, 2473.</p> + +<p>Rith, Rithe, <i>adv.</i> S. rightly, 420, 1701, 2611, &c.; +exactly, just, 872, 2494, 2506.</p> + +<p>Ritte, <i>v.</i> to rip, make an incision, 2495.</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>The breche adoun he threst,</p> +<p>He <i>ritt</i>, and gan to right.</p> +</div> + +<p class = "author"> +<i>Sir Tristr.</i> p. 33.</p> + +<p class = "continue">[Cf. Sw. <i>rista</i>, Dan. <i>riste</i>, to +slash, cut; G. <i>ritzen</i>. Perhaps connected also with Du. +<i>rijten</i>, G. <i>reissen</i>, to tear.]</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">140</span> +<a name = "page140" id = "page140"> </a> +<p>Robben, <i>v.</i> S. to rob, 1958.</p> + +<p>Rode, <i>n.</i> S. the rood, cross, 103, 431, 1357, &c. V. Todd’s +Gl. Illustr. Chauc.</p> + +<p>Rof, <i>n.</i> S. roof, 2082.</p> + +<p>Rome, <i>v.</i> S. to roam, travel about, 64.</p> + +<p>Rore, <i>v.</i> S. to roar, 2496, &c. <i>Rorede</i>, <i>pa. +t.</i> roared, 2438.</p> + +<p>Roser, <i>n.</i> Fr. rose-bush, 2919. Chauc., Pers. Tale, <i>De +luxuria</i>.</p> + +<p>Rothe. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Rathe">Rathe</a>.</p> + +<p>Rowte, <i>v.</i> S. [<i>hrutan</i>] to roar, 1911. R. Cœur de L. +4304. V. Gl. Lynds. and Jam. in v. Cf. Icel. <i>hrjota</i>, Sw. +<i>ryte</i>. The word is still retained in the provinces. V. Brockett +and Wilbr.</p> + +<p>Runci, <i>n.</i> B. Lat. a horse of burden, 2569. V. Du Cange and +Spelm. The word is common both in Fr. and Engl. writers. Cf. Span. +<i>Rozin-ante</i>.</p> + +<p>Rungen. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Ringen">Ringen</a>.</p> + +<p>Rym. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Rim">Rim</a>.</p> + + +<a class = "glosslink" name = "gloss_S" id = "gloss_S" href = +"#glossary">S</a> + +<p class = "letter"> +Sal <i>for</i> Shall, 628.</p> + +<p>Same <i>for</i> Shame, 1941. V. Jam.</p> + +<p>Samen, <i>adv.</i> S. together, 467, 979, 1717, &c. Web., Rits. +M. R., Rob. Br. So also in Sc. V. Jam.</p> + +<p>Samened, <i>part. pa.</i> S. assembled, united, 2890. Web., +R. Br. p. 2.</p> + +<p>Sare, <i>adv.</i> S. sore, sorrowfully, 401.</p> + +<p><a name = "gloss_Sat" id = "gloss_Sat">Sat</a>, <i>pa. t.</i> S. +opposed, 2567. <i>See</i> <a class = "error" href = "#gloss_At-sitte" +title = "spelled ‘At-sitte’">Atsitte</a>. In Sc. is <i>Sit</i>, +<i>Sist</i>, to stop, from Lat. <i>sistere</i>. V. Jam.</p> + +<p>Sautres, <i>n. pl.</i> Fr. Lat. Psalters, Hymns for the Office of the +Dead, 244.</p> + +<p>Sawe, <i>written for</i> sa we, i.e. say we, 338.</p> + +<p>Sawe, Sawen, Say. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Se">Se</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "gloss_Sayse" id = "gloss_Sayse">Sayse</a>, <i>v.</i> B. +Lat. to seise, give seisin or livery of land, 251, 2518. <i>Seysed</i>, +<i>pa. t.</i> seised, 2931, <i>part. pa.</i> 2513. Horn Childe, ap. +Rits. M. R. V. 3, p. 309.</p> + +<p>Scabbed, Skabbed, <i>adj.</i> S. Lat. scabby, scurvy, 2449, 2505.</p> + +<p>Scaþe, <i>n.</i> S. harm, injury, 1352. <i>Scaþes</i>, <i>pl.</i> +269. R. Br., V. Gl. <i>Skaith</i>, Sc. V. Jam.</p> + +<p><a name = "gloss_Sche" id = "gloss_Sche">Sche</a>, Scho, Sho, +<i>pron.</i> S. she, 112, 126, 649, 1721, &c.</p> + +<p>Schifte <i>for</i> Shrift, absolution, 1829.</p> + +<p>Schoten, Shoten, <i>pa. t. pl.</i> S. shot, cast, 1838, 1864. +<i>Scuten</i>, 2431.</p> + +<p class = "addition"> +[<i>Shoten</i>, in l. 1838, means <i>rushed</i>, <i>darted</i>, +<i>flew</i>.]</p> + +<p>Schulle, <i>n.</i> a plaice, 759. Sw. <i>skolla</i>, a plaice. +<i>See</i> Coleridge’s Glossarial Index.</p> + +<p>Se (<i>the <b>S.</b> art.</i>) the, but perhaps a mistake of the +scribe, l. 534, as it is not elsewhere used.</p> + +<p><a name = "gloss_Se" id = "gloss_Se">Se</a>, <i>n.</i> S. sea, 535, +&c.; <i>gen.</i> seis, 321.</p> + +<p>Se, Sen, <i>v.</i> S. to see, 1021, 1273, &c. <i>Sest</i>, <i>pr. +t. 2 p.</i> seest, 534. <i>Sen</i>, <i>pr. t. pl.</i> see, 168, 1217. +<i>Sawe</i>, <i>Sowe</i>, <i>pa. t.</i> saw, 1182, 1323. <i>Say</i>, +881. <i>Sawen</i>, <i>Sowen</i>, <i>pa. t. pl.</i> 957, 1055, 2255. +<i>Sene</i>, <i>part. pa.</i> 656.</p> + +<p>Seckes, <i>n. pl.</i> S. sacks, 2019.</p> + +<p>Segges, <i>n. pl.</i> Fr. [<i>seches</i>] 896. In Cotgr. the +<i>Seche</i> is explained the Sound, or Cuttle fish. The <i>Seches de +Coutance</i> were held in the highest estimation. V. Le Grand. +<i>See</i> also Jam. v. <i>Sye</i>.</p> + +<p>Sei, <i>v.</i> <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Seyen">Seyen</a>.</p> + +<p>Seis. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Se">Se</a>.</p> + +<p>Seken, <i>v.</i> S. to seek, 1629. The reading is confirmed by an old +poem in MS. Digb. 86.</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>Sire, we ben <ins class = "mycorr" +title = "text unchanged: z for ȝ (yogh)?">knizttes</ins> fer i-fare,</p> +<p>For to <i>sechen</i> wide-ware.</p> +</div> + +<p class = "author"> +<i>La vie seint Eustace, qui out noun Placidas.</i></p> + +<p>Selcouth, <i>n.</i> S. wonder, strange thing, 124, 1059. +<i>Selcuth</i>, 2119. It was in all probability originally +<span class = "pagenum">141</span> +<a name = "page141" id = "page141"> </a> +an <i>adj.</i> as <i>Selkuth</i>. Strange, wonderful, 1284.</p> + +<p>Sele, <i>n.</i> S. seal, 755.</p> + +<p>Seli, <i>adj.</i> S. simple, harmless, 477, 499. R. Gl., Chauc.</p> + +<p>Selthe, <i>n.</i> S. success, 1338. A.S. <i>sélð</i>. [Cf. +<i>selehðe</i> in <i>Laȝam.</i> l. 25136, and see <i>selehðe</i> in +Stratmann’s Dictionary of Old English. The line seems to be a proverb, +and the meaning is— “Rest and success are companions.” Goldborough +tells him to avoid delay, since rest may accompany success, but cannot +precede it.]</p> + +<p>Sembling, <i>n.</i> Fr. assembling, 1018. It may also be compared +with the Su.-G. <i>samlung</i>, conventus.</p> + +<p>Semes, <i>pr. t.</i> in the phrase, <i>hire semes</i> = it beseems +her, it becomes her, 2916. <i>Semede</i>, <i>pa. t.</i> was suitable, +was fit, 976. See <i>Seem</i> in Wedgwood.</p> + +<p>Sen, Sene. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Se">Se</a>.</p> + +<p>Sendes, <i>pr. t.</i> sendeth, sends, 2392. <i>Sende</i>, <i>pa. +t.</i> sent, 136, &c.</p> + +<p>Serf-borw, <i>n.</i> S. surety, pledge, 1667. In MS. Soc. Antiq. No. +60, known by the name of <i>The Black Book of Peterborough</i>, is an +instrument in which many names both of Saxon and Danish origin appear as +the <i>Borhhanda</i>, or Sureties, otherwise called <i>Festermen</i>. +See Jam. and the Glossaries, for further examples.</p> + +<p>Serganz, <i>n. pl.</i> Fr. attendants, officers, 2088, 2091, 2116. +<i>Sergaunz</i>, 1929, 2361, 2371. <i>Seriaunz</i>, 2066. V. Spelm. +in v. <i>Servientes</i>, and Hickes, Thes. T. i. +p. 148.</p> + +<p>Serges. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Cerges">Cerges</a>.</p> + +<p>Serk, <i>n.</i> S. shirt, 603. Emare, 501. R. Br.</p> + +<p>Seruen, <i>v.</i> S. to serve, 1230.</p> + +<p>Seruede, <i>pa. t.</i> S. deserved, 1914. Web. M. R. So in Sc. V. +Jam.</p> + +<p>Sest. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Se">Se</a>.</p> + +<p>Sette, <i>v.</i> S. to set, descend, 2671.</p> + +<p>Sette, <i>pa. t.</i> S. set, placed, 2405; appointed, 2571. +<i>Setten</i>, <i>pa. t. pl.</i> set, 1211. <i>Sette</i>, <i>part. +pa.</i> set, placed, 2612.</p> + +<p><a name = "gloss_Seyen" id = "gloss_Seyen">Seyen</a>, <i>v.</i> S. to +say, 2886. <i>Seyst</i>, <i>pr. t. 2 p.</i> sayest, 2008. <i>Seyde</i>, +<i>pa. t. 3 p.</i> said, 117, &c. <i>Seyden</i>, <i>pa. t. pl.</i> +said, 376, 1213. <i>Seyden</i>, have said, 456. <i>Sey</i>, <i>part. +pa.</i> said, 2993.</p> + +<p>Seysed. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Sayse">Sayse</a>.</p> + +<p>Seyst. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Seyen">Seyen</a>.</p> + +<p>Seyt, <i>pr. t. s.</i> put for <i>sey it</i>, i.e. say it; or else +put for <i>seyth</i>, i.e. say, 647. So in Sir Tr. p. 117,</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>For mani men <i>seyt</i> ay whare.</p> +</div> + +<p>Shaltou, shalt thou, 1800. <i>Shaltow</i>, 1322. <i>Shaltu</i>, 2180, +2186, 2882, 2901.</p> + +<p>Shamelike, <i>adv.</i> S. shamefully, disgracefully, 2825. +<i>Schamliche</i>, Sir Tr. p. 93<ins class = "mycorr" title = +"period missing">. </ins></p> + +<p>Shankes, <i>n. pl.</i> S. legs, 1903. <i>Sconke</i>, Laȝam. +l. 15215. <i>See</i> Rits. A. S. p. 16, and Diss. +p. xxxi. <i>Schankis</i>, Sc. V. Jam.</p> + +<p>Shar, <i>pa. t.</i> S. share, cut, 1413. So in Am. and Amil. 2298, +Her throtes he <i>schar atvo</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "gloss_Shauwe" id = "gloss_Shauwe">Shauwe</a>, Shawe, +<i>v.</i> S. to shew, 2206, 2784. <i>Sheu</i>, 1401.</p> + +<p>Shel, Sheld, <i>n.</i> S. shield, 489, 624, 1653, &c.</p> + +<p>Shende, <i>v.</i> S. to ruin, destroy, 1422. Bevis of H. ap. Ellis, +M. R. V. 2, p. 99. Chauc. <i>Shent</i>, <i>pa. t.</i> +shamed, disgraced, 2749; <i>part. pa.</i> shend, 2845. The more common +sense of this verb is the latter. V. Jam.</p> + +<p>Shere. Clearly miswritten for <i>she were</i>, 1250.</p> + +<p>Sheu. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Shauwe">Shauwe</a>.</p> + +<p>Shides, <i>n. pl.</i> S. It here expresses pieces of wood cleft at +the end, 917. In Doug. Virg. <i>Schide</i> signifies a billet of wood, +223, 10; +<span class = "pagenum">142</span> +<a name = "page142" id = "page142"> </a> +or a chip, splinter, 207, 8. So in <i>Rauf Coilzear</i>, st. 39, +Schaftes of schene wode they scheueride in <i>schides</i>. So also in +P. Pl. The word is preserved in Lanc. This custom of skinning eels +by inserting the head in a cleft stick, is still practised, we are +informed, in the fish markets.</p> + +<p>Shir, <i>adj.</i> S. bright, 588, 916, 1253, &c.</p> + +<p>Shireue, <i>n.</i> S. sheriff, 2286. <i>Shireues</i>, <i>pl.</i> +266.</p> + +<p>Sho, <i>pron.</i> <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Sche">Sche</a>.</p> + +<p>Sho, <i>v.</i> S. to shoe, 1138.</p> + +<p>Shof, <i>pa. t.</i> S. shoved, pushed, 871, 892.</p> + +<p><a name = "gloss_Shol" id = "gloss_Shol">Shol</a>, <i>1 p. s.</i> (if +I) shall, 1782. <i>Sal</i>, I shall, 628. <i>Shole</i>, <i>pl.</i> +shall, 562, 645, 1788. <i>Shul</i>, 328. <i>Sholen</i>, 621, 1127, 1230, +&c. <i>Shulen</i>, 731, 747, &c. <i>Shoren</i> (so in MS.), +1640. <i>Sule</i>, shall ye, will ye, 2419. <i>Shude</i>, I should, +1079. <i>Sholdest</i>, shouldst, 2712. <i>Sholden</i>, <i>pl.</i> 1020, +1195. <i>Shulden</i>, 941.</p> + +<p><a name = "gloss_Sholdre" id = "gloss_Sholdre">Sholdre</a>, <i>n.</i> +S. shoulder, 2738. <i>Shuldre</i>, 604, 1262. <i>Shudre-blade</i>, 2644. +<i>Sholdres</i>, <i>pl.</i> shoulders, 1647, 1818. <i>Shuldren</i>, +982.</p> + +<p>Shon, <i>n. pl.</i> S. shoes, 860, 969.</p> + +<p>Shop, <i>qu.</i> Shok, shook, struck, destroyed, 1101. But Sewel +gives Du. <i>schoppen</i>, to strike. Cf. Eng. <i>chop</i>.</p> + +<p>Shotshipe, n. S. [<i>scot</i>, symbolum, <i>scipe</i>, societas] An +assembly of persons who pay pecuniary contribution or reckoning, +2099.</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>For al Sikelines quiden</p> +<p><i>Sotscipe</i> heo heolden,</p> +<p>And swa longe swa beoð æuere,</p> +<p>Ne scal hit stonde næuere.</p> +</div> + +<p class = "author"> +<i>Laȝam.</i> l. 23177.</p> + +<p class = "continue">Cf. <i>sotschipes</i>, <i>pl.</i> in Leg. of St. +Kath. MS. Cott. Tit. D 18, fol. 144 <i>b</i>. <i>See</i> Nares, +<i>v.</i> <i>Shot-clog</i>.</p> + +<p>Shrede, <i>n.</i> S. a fragment, piece cut off, 99. [As it was given +off the “board,” to “feed the poor,” it must mean a piece of bread or +meat. Correct “<i>shrede</i> = clothing” in Coleridge’s Glossarial +Index.]</p> + +<p>Shres, <i>n.</i> S. shears, 857.</p> + +<p>Shride, <i>v.</i> S. to clothe (himself), 963. <i>Shrid</i>, <i>part. +pa.</i> clothed, 978.</p> + +<p>Shriue, Shriuen, <i>v.</i> S. to confess, make confession, 362, 2598. +<i>Shriue</i>, <i>Shriuen</i>, <i>part. pa.</i> 364, 2489.</p> + +<p>Shrud, <i>n.</i> S. clothing, 303.</p> + +<p>Shude, Shul, Shulen. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Shol">Shol</a>.</p> + +<p>Shuldre, Shuldren. <i>See</i> <a href = +"#gloss_Sholdre">Sholdre</a>.</p> + +<p>Shuldreden, <i>pa. t. pl.</i> S. shouldered, 1056.</p> + +<p>Sibbe, <i>adj.</i> S. related, allied, 2277. Sir Tr. p. 44. +<i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Fremde">Fremde</a>.</p> + +<p>Siden, <i>n. pl.</i> S. sides, 371.</p> + +<p>Sike, <i>v.</i> S. to sigh, 291.</p> + +<p>Siking, <i>n.</i> S. sighing, 234.</p> + +<p>Sikerlike, <i>adv.</i> S. surely, 422, 625, 2301, 2707, 2871. +<i>Sikerly</i>, Sir Tr. p. 35, &c.</p> + +<p>Sikernesse, <i>n.</i> S. surety, security, 2856. R. Glouc., +R. Br., Chauc.</p> + +<p>Simenels, <i>n. pl.</i> Fr. 779, a finer sort of bread, “q. a +<i>simila</i> h. e. puriori farinæ parte.” <i>Spelm.</i> Assis. +pan. 51 Hen. III. <i>Symnellus</i> vero de quadrante ponderabit 2 sol. +minus quam Wastellum. It elsewhere appears to be a sort of cake, or +cracknel. So in the <i>Crieries de Paris</i>, v. 163, Chaudes tartes et +<i>siminiaus</i>. V. Nares in v.</p> + +<p>Sinne, <i>n.</i> S. fault, 1976. <i>Ne for loue ne for sinne</i>, +2375. <i>Wolde he nouth for sinne lette</i>, 2627. Traces of this phrase +may be elsewhere found:</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>Neyther for <i>love</i> nor yet for <i>awe</i></p> +<p>Lyuinge man none than they saw.</p> +</div> + +<p class = "author"> +<i>Sir Degore</i>, c. iv.</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>Maboun and Lybeauus</p> +<p>Faste togedere hewes,</p> +<p class = "indent">And stente <i>for no synne</i>.</p> +</div> + +<p class = "author"> +<i>Ly Beaus Desc.</i> 1957.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">143</span> +<a name = "page143" id = "page143"> </a> +<p><a name = "gloss_Sire" id = "gloss_Sire">Sire</a>, Syre, <i>n.</i> +Fr. The term in ll. 310, 1229, is used not only to express respect, but +command. A parallel passage is in R. Cœur de L. 2247. It +simply means <i>Sir</i>, ll. 909, 2009.</p> + +<p>Site, <i>v.</i> S. to sit, 2809. <i>Sittes</i>, <i>pr. t. 2 p.</i> +sittest, 1316. <i>Sitten</i>, <i>pr. t. pl.</i> sit, 2098. <i>Site on +knes</i>, i.e. kneel, 2708.</p> + +<p>Siþe, Siþen, <i>adv.</i> S. then, afterwards, after, 399, 472, 1414, +1814, 1988, &c.</p> + +<p><a name = "gloss_Sithe" id = "gloss_Sithe">Siþe</a>, <i>n.</i> S. +time, 1052. <i>Siþe</i>, <i>Siþes</i>, <i>pl.</i> 213, 778, 1737, 2189. +<i>Syþe</i>, <i>Syþes</i>, 2162, 2843. Sir Tr. p. 55, &c.</p> + +<p>Sket, <i>adv.</i> quickly, soon, 1926, 1960, 2303, 2493, 2513, 2574, +2736, 2839. Sir Tr. pp. 36, 40, &c.; Ly Beaus Desc. 484; +K. Alisaund. 3047; R. Cœur de L. 806; Rom. of Merlin, ap. +Ellis, M. R. V. i. p. 228. [Icel. <i>skjótt</i>, quickly, +from <i>skjótr</i>, quick, swift. The adj. is still preserved in the +surname Skeat <i>or</i> Skeet.]</p> + +<p>Skirming, <i>n.</i> Fr. skirmishing, 2323. Web. M. R. <i>See</i> +<a href = "#textnote2320">Note on l. 2320</a>.</p> + +<p>Slawe, Slawen. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Slo">Slo</a>.</p> + +<p>Slenge, <i>v.</i> S. to sling, cast out, 2435. <i>Slenget</i>, +<i>part. pa.</i> slung, 1923.</p> + +<p>Slepes, <i>pr. t. 2 p.</i> sleepest, 1283.</p> + +<p>Sleie, Sley, <i>adj.</i> skilful, expert, 1084, 2116. Sir Tr. +pp. 23, 28; Horn Childe, ap. Rits. M. R. V. 3, +p. 296; Emare, 67; R. Glouc. p. 350; Barb. xix. 179; Doug. +137, 12. Jamieson derives it from Su.-G. <i>slug</i>, Isl. <i>slægr</i>. +Cf. Sw. <i>slug</i>.</p> + +<p>Slike, <i>adv. or perhaps adj.</i> smoothly, or smooth, 1157. +“<i>Slyke</i>, or smothe. <i>Lenis</i>.” Prompt. Parv.</p> + +<p><a name = "gloss_Slo" id = "gloss_Slo">Slo</a>, <i>n.</i> S. sloe, +berry, 849, 2051.</p> + +<p>Slo, <i>v.</i> S. to slay, 512, 1364, 1412, &c. <i>Slou</i>, +2543. <i>Slos</i>, <i>pr. t. 2 p.</i> slayest, 2706. <i>Slos</i>, +<i>imp. pl.</i> strike ye, 2596. <i>Slou</i>, <i>Slow</i>, <i>pa. t.</i> +slew, 501; struck, 2633. <i>Slowe</i>, <i>Slowen</i>, <i>pa. t. pl.</i> +slew, 2414, 2427, 2432; struck, fought, 2683. <i>Slawe</i>, +<i>Slawen</i>, <i>part. pa.</i> slain, 1803, 1928, 2000, &c. In +l. 2747 (as in 2596, 2633, 2683) it has only the sense of +<i>struck</i>, wounded, agreeably to the signification of the original +word, <i>sleán</i>, <i>sleáhan</i>, Cædere, ferire.</p> + +<p>Smerte, <i>adj. pl.</i> S. painful, 2055.</p> + +<p>Smerte, <i>v.</i> S. to smart, 2647.</p> + +<p>Smot, <i>pa. t.</i> S. smote, 2654.</p> + +<p>So, a large tub, 933. See <i>So</i> in Halliwell. Dan. <i>saa</i>, a +pail.</p> + +<p>So, <i>conj.</i> S. as, 279, 349, <i>et pass.</i></p> + +<p>Softe, <i>adj.</i> S. of a mild disposition, 991.</p> + +<p>Softe, <i>adv.</i> S. gently, 2618.</p> + +<p><a name = "gloss_Somdel" id = "gloss_Somdel">Somdel</a>, <i>adj.</i> +S. somewhat, in some measure, 240. <i>Sumdel</i>, 450, 497, 1054, 2306, +2950. Web., R. Gl., Chauc.</p> + +<p>Sond, <i>n.</i> S. sand, 708, 735.</p> + +<p>Sone, <i>n.</i> S. son, 660, 839. <i>Sones</i>, <i>pl.</i> 2980.</p> + +<p>Sone, <i>adv.</i> S. soon, 78, &c.; so soon as, 1354.</p> + +<p>Sor, <i>n.</i> S. sorrow, 234. <i>Sorwe</i>, 1374; pain, sore, +1988.</p> + +<p>Sor, <i>adj.</i> S. sore, detestable, 2229. [Perhaps it should be +<i>sori</i>.]</p> + +<p>Sorful, <i>adj.</i> S. sorrowful, 151, 2541.</p> + +<p>Sori, <i>adj.</i> S. sorrowful, 151, 477.</p> + +<p>Soth, Sothe, <i>n.</i> S. truth, 36, 647, 2008, &c.</p> + +<p>Soþlike, <i>adv.</i> S. truly, 276.</p> + +<p>Soupe, <i>v.</i> Fr. to sup, 1766.</p> + +<p>Southe, <i>pa. t.</i> S. sought, 1085.</p> + +<p>Sowe, Sowen. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Se">Se</a>.</p> + +<p>Sowel, <i>n.</i> victuals, 767, 1143, 2905. Properly, anything eaten +with bread as a relish. See <i>Sool</i> in Halliwell. Dan. +<i>suul</i>.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">144</span> +<a name = "page144" id = "page144"> </a> +<p>Span-newe, <i>adj.</i> quite new, 968. This is the earliest instance +on record of the use of this word. For its disputed etymology see Jam., +Nares, Todd’s Johns., and Thoms. Etymons; but especially Wedgwood’s +Etym. Dict. <i>Span</i> = chip; <i>Span-new</i>, chip-new. A.S. +<i>spón</i>. It occurs in Chauc. Troil. iii. 1671.</p> + +<p>Sparkede, <i>pa. t.</i> S. sparkled, 2144.</p> + +<p>Spede, <i>v.</i> S. to speed, prosper, 1634.</p> + +<p>Speke, <i>n.</i> S. speech, 946.</p> + +<p>Speke, Speken, <i>v.</i> S. to speak, 326, 369, 548, 1070, &c. +<i>Spak</i>, <i>pa. t.</i> spoke, 2389, 2968. <i>Speken</i>, <i>part. +pa.</i> spoken, 2369.</p> + +<p>Spelle, <i>n.</i> S. story, relation, 338. K. Horn, 951.</p> + +<p>Spelle, <i>v.</i> S. to relate, tell forth, 15, 2530.</p> + +<p>Spen <i>for</i> Spent, 1819.</p> + +<p>Sperd, Sperde, <i>part. pa.</i> S. barred, bolted, 414, 448. Still +common in the North. V. Brockett.</p> + +<p>Spille, <i>v.</i> S. to perish, 2422. <i><ins class = "mycorr" title += "printed as roman (non-italic)">Of</ins> limes spille</i>, 86, suffer +the loss of limbs. K. Horn, 202. Web., Chauc.</p> + +<p>Spired, <i>part. pa.</i> S. speered, inquired, 2620. V. Jam. +in v.</p> + +<p>Spore, <i>n.</i> S. spur, 2569.</p> + +<p>Sprauleden, <i>pa. t. pl.</i> S. sprawled, 475.</p> + +<p>Sprong, <i>pa. t.</i> S. sprung, 959. <i>See</i> the Note. +<i>Sprongen</i>, 869. <i>Sprungen</i>, <i>part. pa.</i> risen, 1131.</p> + +<p>Sprote, <i>n.</i> S. sprout, 1142. A.S. <i>sprote</i>, a sprig, +sprout.</p> + +<p>Spuse, Spusen, <i>v.</i> S. to espouse, marry, 1123, 1170, 2875. +<i>Spusede</i>, <i>pa. t. pl.</i> espoused, 2887. <i>Spused</i>, +<i>part. pa.</i> 1175, 2928. <i>Spuset</i>, 1266.</p> + +<p>Spusing, <i>n.</i> S. espousals, marriage, 1164, 1177, 2886.</p> + +<p>Stac, <i>n.</i> S. 814. [This I believe to mean simply a stack, or +heap, like the Dan. <i>stak</i>, Sw. <i>stack</i>. I add Sir F. Madden’s +note in the edition of 1828.] A stack, or, more properly, +<i>stick</i> of fish, a term applied to eels when strung on a row, ‘sic +dicta, quod trajecta vimine (quod <i>stic</i> dicimus) connectebantur.’ +<i>Spelm.</i> A <i>stica</i> consisted of 25 eels, and 10 +<i>Sticæ</i> made a <i>Binde</i>. Glanv. lib. 2, c. 9.</p> + +<p>Stalworþi, Stalworþe, Stalwrthe, adj. S. strong, valiant, courageous, +24, 904, 1027, &c. <i>Stalworþeste</i>, <i>sup.</i> 25.</p> + +<p>Stan-ded, <i>adj.</i> S. dead as a stone, completely dead, 1815. +<i>Stille als a ston</i>, 928. Cf. K. of Tars, 549; Erle of Tol. 754; +Launfal, 357. <i>See</i> Gl. to <i>Partenay</i>.</p> + +<p>Star, <i>n.</i> Icel. a species of sedge, 939. Icel. <i>stör</i>; Sw. +<i>starr</i>; Dan. <i>stær</i>. <i>See</i> the Note.</p> + +<p><a name = "gloss_Stareden" id = "gloss_Stareden">Stareden</a>, <i>pt. +t. pl.</i> 1037. <i>Probably miswritten for</i> Stradden, contended. Cf. +Su.-Goth. and Sw. <i>strida</i>, to contend.</p> + +<p>Starinde, <i>part. pr.</i> staring, 508.</p> + +<p>Stark, <i>adj.</i> S. stiff, stout, strong, 341, 380, 608, &c. V. +Jam. in v.</p> + +<p>Stede, <i>n.</i> S. steed, horse, 10, &c.</p> + +<p>Stede, <i>n.</i> S. place, 142, 744. <i>Stedes</i>, <i>pl.</i> +1846.</p> + +<p><a name = "gloss_Stem" id = "gloss_Stem">Stem</a>, <i>n.</i> S. a ray +of light, beam, 591. It is equivalent to <i>Glem</i>, l. 2122.</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>Therewith he blinded them so close,</p> +<p>A <i>stime</i> they could not see.</p> +</div> + +<p class = "author"> +<i>R. Hood</i>, <span class = "smallroman">I.</span> 112.</p> + +<p class = "continue">Cf. Brockett’s Gl. in v. <i>Stime</i>.</p> + +<p>Sternes, <i>n. pl.</i> stars, 1809. <i>Ageyn þe sternes</i> = exposed +to the sky, or to the open air.</p> + +<p>Stert, <i>n.</i> S. leap, 1873. Chaucer has <i>at a stert</i> for +immediately, C. T. 1707.</p> + +<p>Stert, <i>n.</i> S. [<i>steort</i>, cauda] tail, 2323. <i>Start</i> +is still retained in the North.</p> + +<p>Steuene, <i>n.</i> S. voice, 1275.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">145</span> +<a name = "page145" id = "page145"> </a> +<p>Sti, <i>n.</i> S. road, way, 2618. Sir Tr. p. 192; Yw. and Gaw. 599; +Emare, 196; Sevyn Sages, 712; R. Br. Chaucer uses <i>stile</i> in +the same sense, C. T. 12628, and Minot, p. 5, in both which +passages the respective Editors have made the same mistake in explaining +it. [Cf. G. <i>steg</i>, a pass.]</p> + +<p>Stille, <i>adj.</i> S. quiet, 955, 2309.</p> + +<p>Stille, <i>adv.</i> S. in a low voice, secretly, 2997. Sir Tr. +p. 55; K. Horn, 315.</p> + +<p><a name = "gloss_Stirt" id = "gloss_Stirt">Stirt</a>, Stirte, <i>pa. +t.</i> S. started, leaped, 398, 566, 873, 1049, &c. <i>Stirte</i>, +<i>Stirten</i>, <i>pa. t. pl.</i> started, hurried, 599, 1964, 2609. +Derived by Skinner from S. <i>astirian</i>, movere, by Jam. from Teut. +<i>steerten</i>, volare. <i>See</i> <a href = +"#gloss_Astirte">Astirte</a>. Cf. G. <i>stürzen</i>; and see +<i>Start</i> in Wedgwood.</p> + +<p>Stith, <i>n.</i> S. anvil, 1877. Chauc. Still provincial. V. Moore, +and Brockett.</p> + +<p>Stiward, <i>n.</i> S. steward, 666.</p> + +<p><a name = "gloss_Stonden" id = "gloss_Stonden">Stonden</a>, <i>n.</i> +S. to stand, 689. <i>Stondes</i>, <i>pr. t. 3 p.</i> standeth, stands, +2240, 2983. <i>Stod</i>, <i>pa. t.</i> stood, 591, 679. <i>Stoden</i>, +<i>pa. t. pl.</i> 1037.</p> + +<p>Stor, <i>adj.</i> S. hardy, stout, 2383. Laȝam. l. 9126; Yw. and Gaw. +1297; Chron. of Engl. 464; Sq. of Lowe D. 658; Ly Beaus Desc. 1766. +<i>Steir</i>, <i>Sture</i>, Sc. ap. Jam. Cf. Sw. <i>stor</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "gloss_Stra" id = "gloss_Stra">Stra</a>, <i>n.</i> S. +straw, 315, 466. A.S. <i>streow</i>, <i>streaw</i>. Cf. <a href = +"#gloss_Strie">Strie</a>.</p> + +<p>Strenes, <i>pr. t. 3 p.</i> S. begets, 2983. From <i>streónan</i>, +gignere. Cf. K. Alisaund. 7057.</p> + +<p><a name = "gloss_Strie" id = "gloss_Strie">Strie</a>, <i>n.</i> a +straw, 998. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Stra">Stra</a>.</p> + +<p>Strout, <i>n.</i> dispute, contention, 1039. Cf. A.S. <i>strúdan</i>, +and <i>Strother</i> in Atkinson’s Cleveland Glossary.</p> + +<p>Stroute, <i>v.</i> S. to make a disturbance, 1779. Bosworth explains +A.S. <i>strúdan</i>, <i>strútian</i>, as having originally the sense to +bustle about.</p> + +<p><a name = "gloss_Stunde" id = "gloss_Stunde">Stunde</a>, <i>n.</i> S. +short space of time, 2614. V. Gl. to R. Glouc. <i>See</i> <a href = +"#gloss_Vmbestonde">Vmbestonde</a>.</p> + +<p>Sturgiun, Sturgun, <i>n.</i> sturgeon, 753, 1727. Cf. Sw. +<i>stör</i>, Dan. <i>stör</i>.</p> + +<p>Suere, Suereth. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Sweren">Sweren</a>.</p> + +<p>Suete, <i>adj.</i> S. sweet, 1388. Cf. l. 2927.</p> + +<p>Sueyn, Sweyn, <i>n.</i> S. swain, villain, 343, 1328, &c. +<i>Sweynes</i>, <i>pl.</i> 371, 2195. It is generally used in opposition +to <i>knight</i>.</p> + +<p>Svich, <i>adj.</i> S. such, 60.</p> + +<p>Suilk, <i>adj.</i> such (things), 644. <i>See</i> <a href = +"#gloss_Swilk">Swilk</a>.</p> + +<p>Sule. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Shol">Shol</a>.</p> + +<p>Sumdel. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Somdel">Somdel</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "gloss_Sunne-bem" id = "gloss_Sunne-bem">Sunne-bem</a>, +<i>n.</i> S. sun-beam, 592, 2123.</p> + +<p>Swerd, <i>n.</i> S. sword, 1759, &c. <i>Swerdes</i>, <i>pl.</i> +1769, 2659.</p> + +<p><a name = "gloss_Sweren" id = "gloss_Sweren">Sweren</a>, <i>v.</i> S. +to swear, 494. <i>Suereth</i>, <i>pr. t. s.</i> swear, 647. <i>Swor</i>, +<i>pa. t.</i> swore, 398, 2367. <i>Suere</i>, <i>pr. subj. 2 +p. s.</i> 388.</p> + +<p>Swike, <i>n.</i> S. deceiver, traitor, 423, 551, 626, 1158, 2401, +2451, &c. <i>Swikes</i>, <i>pl.</i> 2834, 2990. Laȝam. +l. 12942; R. Gl. p. 105.</p> + +<p>Swikel, <i>adj.</i> S. deceitful, 1108.</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>For alle þine witien</p> +<p>Beoð swiðe <i>swikele</i>.</p> +</div> + +<p class = "author"> +<i>Laȝam.</i> l. 15848.</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>Hoe beth of <i>swikele</i> kunne</p> +<p>Ther mide the witherwinne.</p> +</div> + +<p class = "author"> +<i>The sawe of Seint Bede</i>, MS. Digb. 86.</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>He was <i>suikel</i>, fals, ant fel.</p> +</div> + +<p class = "author"> +<i>Chron. of Engl.</i> 791.</p> + +<p>Swilen, <i>v.</i> S. [<i>swilian</i>, Ps. vi. 6] to wash, 919. It +occurs also in Rob. of Brunne’s <i>Handling Sinne</i>, l. 5828. +Still provincial.</p> + +<p><a name = "gloss_Swilk" id = "gloss_Swilk">Swilk</a>, <i>adj.</i> S. +such, 1118, 1625, 2123, 2684, 2783. <i>Suilk</i>, 644.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">146</span> +<a name = "page146" id = "page146"> </a> +<p><a name = "gloss_Swinge" id = "gloss_Swinge">Swinge</a>, <i>v.</i> S. +to beat, chastise (used <i>passively</i>), 214. <i>Swngen</i>, <i>part. +pa.</i> beaten, 226. Laȝam. l. 21070. So in <i>Syr Bevys</i>, +C. ii. All at ones on him they <i>swonge</i>. In the North the verb +retains the same meaning; v. Brockett.</p> + +<p>Swink, <i>n.</i> S. labour, 770, 801, 2456.</p> + +<p>Swinken, <i>v.</i> S. to labour, 798. <i>Swank</i>, <i>pa. t.</i> +laboured, 788.</p> + +<p>Swire, <i>n.</i> S. neck, 311. Formerly in universal use, and still +preserved in the provinces.</p> + +<p>Swiþe, Swyþe, <i>adv.</i> S. very, exceedingly, 110, 217, 341. +Quickly, 140, 682, 690; <i>ful swithe</i>, 2436, appears a pleonasm. +<i>Swithe forth and rathe</i>, quickly forth, and soon, 2594.</p> + +<p>Swot, <i>n.</i> S. sweat, perspiration, 2662. The word has the same +meaning in Cædmon, f. 24, ed. Thorpe, p. 31, l. 8, which +seems to contradict Mr Price’s assertion to the contrary, in Warton’s +Hist. Engl. Poetr. p. lxxi., ed. 1840.</p> + +<p>Swngen. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Swinge">Swinge</a>.</p> + +<p>Syre. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Sire">Sire</a>.</p> + +<p>Syþe, Syþes. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Sithe">Siþe</a>.</p> + +<p>Syþe, <i>n.</i> S. scythe, 2553, 2699.</p> + + +<a class = "glosslink" name = "gloss_T" id = "gloss_T" href = +"#glossary">T</a> + +<p class = "letter"> +Tabour, <i>n.</i> Fr. tabor, 2329.</p> + +<p>Tale, <i>n.</i> S. number, 2026.</p> + +<p>Taleuaces, <i>n. pl.</i> Fr. large shields, 2323. <i>See</i> the Note +on l. 2320.</p> + +<p>Tarst (<i>so in</i> MS.), 2688; almost certainly an error for +<i>faste</i>, which appears in the next line. Also, the movements of +Godard are compared to the course of lightning.</p> + +<p>Tauhte, <i>pt. s.</i> committed, 2214, probably an error for +<i>bitauhte</i>. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Bitaken">Bitaken</a>.</p> + +<p>Tel, <i>n.</i> S. deceit, reproach, 191, 2219. A.S. <i>tálu</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "gloss_Telle" id = "gloss_Telle">Telle</a>, <i>v.</i> S. to +count, number, 2615. <i>Told</i>, <i>part. pa.</i> numbered, esteemed, +1036.</p> + +<p>Tene, <i>n.</i> S. grief, affliction, 729.</p> + +<p>Tere, <i>v.</i> S. to tar (used passively), 707.</p> + +<p>Teth, <i>n. pl.</i> S. teeth, 2406.</p> + +<p><a name = "gloss_Teyte" id = "gloss_Teyte">Teyte</a>, <i>adj.</i> S. +1841, 2331. [Explained “lively” by Coleridge, Stratmann, and Morris, as +if from Icel. <i>teitr</i>, hilaris. This I believe to be completely +wrong. The word occurs in Allit. Poems, ed. Morris, B. 871, with +reference to <i>tight</i> lasses, and in l. 1841 of Havelok we have +a reference to <i>tight</i> lads. In l. 2331 it may also mean +<i>flawless</i>, staunch. “<i>Theet</i>, <i>adj.</i> water-tight. O.N. +<i>þiettr</i> or <i>þéttr</i>, densus, solidus. O.Sw. <i>thæter</i>, Sw. +Dial, <i>tjett</i> or <i>tjætt</i>, Dan. <i>tætt</i>, Germ. +<i>dicht</i>. Ihre gives . . . . <i>ett tätt fat</i>, a +flawless vessel. ‘<i>Thyht</i>, hool fro brekynge, not brokyn. +<i>Integer</i>, <i>solidus</i>. Prompt. Parv.’” Atkinson’s Glossary of +the Cleveland dialect.]</p> + +<p class = "addition"> +[<i>Teyte</i> may mean <i>lively</i>. My explanation is not generally +accepted.] +<span class = "mynote"> +See <a href = "#endnote">Endnote</a>.</span></p> + +<!-- Skeat is backing down --> + +<p>Þa, <i>written for</i> þat, 175.</p> + +<p>Þan, Þanne, <i>adv.</i> S. then, 51, 1044, &c.; when, 226, 248, +<i>et sæpius</i>; than if (<i>quàm</i>), 944, 1867.</p> + +<p>Þar, <i>adv.</i> where (?) 130. <i>See</i> the Note; and cf. <a href += "#gloss_Ther"><i>Þer</i></a>.</p> + +<p>Þare, <i>adv.</i> S. there, 2481, 2739. Cf. þer, þore.</p> + +<p><a name = "gloss_Tharne" id = "gloss_Tharne">Þarne</a>, <i>v.</i> to +lose, be deprived of, 2492, 2835. <i>Þarnes</i>, <i>pr. t.</i> wants, is +deprived of, 1913. <i>Þarned the ded</i>, 1687; [clearly miswritten for +<i>þoled þe ded</i>, suffered death. The scribe was thinking of +<i>þarned þe lif</i>; cf. l. 2492.] The verb only exists in the +Sax. in the pt. t. <i>þærnode</i>, Chron. Sax. p. 222, ed. +Gibs., which is derived by Lye from the Cimbr. <i>At thuerna</i>, or +<i>thorna</i>, diminui, privari. V. Hickes Thes. <span class = +"smallroman">I.</span> p. 152. [I.e. it is from the root of the Sw. +<i>tarfva</i>, Icel. <i>thurfa</i>, Goth. <i>thaurban</i>, with the +<i>f</i> dropped, and +<span class = "pagenum">147</span> +<a name = "page147" id = "page147"> </a> +with the addition of the <i>passive</i> or <i>neuter</i> +infinitive-ending denoted by <i>-ne</i>, like <i>-na</i> in Sw., +<i>-nan</i> in Mœso-Gothic. See <i>þarrnenn</i> in Gl. to Ormulum.]</p> + +<p>Þas, <i>read</i> Was, 1129. [As þ at the beginning of a word is never +put for <i>t</i>, it is not = Sc. <i>tas</i>, takes, as some have +suggested.]</p> + +<p>Þaue, v. S. [<i>þafian</i>] to grant, 296; bear, sustain, 2696. +Ormulum, 5457.</p> + +<p><a name = "gloss_Thayn" id = "gloss_Thayn">Thayn</a>, <i>n.</i> S. +nobleman, 2184. <i>Thein</i>, 2466. <i>Thaynes</i>, <i>pl.</i> 2260. +<i>Theynes</i>, 2194. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Kayn">Kayn</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "gloss_The" id = "gloss_The">Þe</a>, <i>n.</i> S. thigh, +1950. <i>Þhe</i>, 1984. <i>Þes</i>, <i>pl.</i> 1903. <i>Þhes</i>, +2289.</p> + +<p>Þe, <i>adv.</i> S. (<i>written for</i> þer), there, 142, 476, 863, +933. <i>Þe with</i>, therewith, 639. <i>See</i> <a href = +"#gloss_Ther">Þer</a>.</p> + +<p>Þe, <i>conj.</i> S. though, 1682. <i>Þei</i>, 1966. <i>Þey</i>, 807, +992, 1165, 2501. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Thou">Þou</a>.</p> + +<p>Þede, <i>n.</i> S. country, dwelling, 105; place, 2890. Web., Le Bone +Flor. 246. R. Br. p. 18. V. Jam.</p> + +<p>Þef, <i>n.</i> S. thief, 2434. <i>Þeues</i>, <i>pl.</i> 1780.</p> + +<p>Þei, <i>pron.</i> S. they, 1020, 1195, &c.</p> + +<p>Þei, Þey, <i>conj.</i> though. <i>See</i> <a href = +"#gloss_The">Þe</a>.</p> + +<p>Þenke, <i>pr. subj.</i> S. think, 2394. <i>Þenkeste</i>, <i>pr. t. 2 +p.</i> thinkest thou, 578.</p> + +<p>Þenne, <i>adv.</i> S. thence, 1185. [Perhaps in l. 777, we should put +the comma after <i>þenne</i>; “when he came thence,” &c.]</p> + +<p><a name = "gloss_Ther" id = "gloss_Ther">Þer</a>, <i>adv.</i> S. +where, 318, 448, &c.; there, <i>passim</i>; the place whence, 1740. +<i>Þerinne</i>, therein, 535, &c. <i>Þerhinne</i>, 322. +<i>Þerof</i>, <i>Þeroffe</i>, thereof, 372, 466, 1068, &c. +<i>Þerþoru</i>, by that means, 1098. <i>Þertil</i>, <i>Þerto</i>, +thereto, 396, 1041, 1045. <i>Þerwit</i>, <i>Þerwith</i>, therewith, +1031, 1046. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_The">Þe</a>, <a href = +"#gloss_Thore">Þore</a>.</p> + +<p>Þere, <i>pron.</i> S. their, 1350.</p> + +<p>Þerl <i>for</i> Þe erl, the earl, 178.</p> + +<p>Þertekene, 2878. [Coleridge’s Glossarial Index has “Thertekene = mark +thereto. A.S. <i>tácnian</i>.” But this is a very awkward phrase, and I +should prefer to suppose <i>þer-tekene</i> = by the token, i.e. in +token. <i>Tekene</i> answers to the Sw. <i>tecken</i>, a token; and +<i>þer</i> is found as a prefix in <i>P. Plowman</i> in the phr. +<i>þer-while</i> = <i>þe while</i>, i.e. in the time that. The only +difficulty is that <i>þer</i> is properly feminine (A.S. <i>þære</i>), +whilst <i>tecken</i> in Sw. and <i>tácen</i> in A.S. are neuter. <i>In +tokne</i> (= in token) occurs in Shoreham’s poems, ed. Wright, 131.]</p> + +<p>Þet, <i>conj.</i> S. that (<i>quòd</i>), 330.</p> + +<p>Þet, <i>pron.</i> S. that, 879.</p> + +<p>Þeþe, Þeþen, <i>adv.</i> S. thence, 2498, 2629.</p> + +<p>Þeu, Þewe, <i>n.</i> S. in a servile condition or station, 262, 2205. +R. Gl.</p> + +<p>Þewes, <i>n. pl.</i> S. manners, 282. Laȝam., Rits. M. R., Web., +P. Plowm., Chauc., Gl. Lynds., Percy, A. R.</p> + +<p>Þi. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Forthi">Forþi</a>.</p> + +<p>Þi <i>for</i> Þy, thy, 2725.</p> + +<p>Þider, <i>adv.</i> S. thither, 850, 1012, 1021, &c.</p> + +<p>Þigge, v. S. [<i>þicgan</i>] to beg, 1373. This word is chiefly +preserved in the Sc. writers. Wall. ii. 259; Doug. Virg. 182, 37; +Evergreen, ii. 199; Bannatyne Poems, p. 120, V. Jam. in v., +who derives it from Su.-G. <i>tigga</i>, Alem. <i>thigen</i>, petere. +[See <i>tigga</i> in Ihre. “Thyggynge or beggynge, <i>Mendicacio</i>.” +Prompt. Parv.]</p> + +<p>Þis <i>for</i> þise, these, 1145.</p> + +<p>Þisternesse, <i>n.</i> S. darkness, 2191.</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>Dalden from þan fihte</p> +<p>Al bi <i>þustere</i> nihte.</p> +</div> + +<p class = "author"> +<i>Laȝam.</i> l. 7567; cf. <i>Gen. and Ex.</i>, 58.</p> + +<p>Thit, <i>pp.</i> 2990. [The rime shews that the <i>i</i> is long; +and, whether +<span class = "pagenum">148</span> +<a name = "page148" id = "page148"> </a> +the <i>th</i> is sounded like <i>t</i>, or (which is more likely) the +word should have been written <i>tiht</i> or <i>tith</i>, we may be +tolerably confident that it is equivalent to the O.E. <i>tight</i> or +<i>tiȝt</i>, a pp. signifying <i>intended</i>, <i>purposed</i>, +<i>designed</i>, which is the exact sense here required. Stratmann gives +five instances of it, of which one is— “To brewe the Crystene +mennys banys Hy hadden <i>tyght</i>;” Octovian, 1476.]</p> + +<p>Þo, <i>pron.</i> S. those, 1918, 2044.</p> + +<p>Þo, <i>pron.</i> thou. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Thu">Þu</a>.</p> + +<p>Þo, <i>adv.</i> S. then, 930; when, 1047. <i>Thow</i>, 1669.</p> + +<p><a name = "gloss_Thore" id = "gloss_Thore">Þore</a>, <i>adv.</i> S. +there, 741, 922, 1014, &c. <i>Þortil</i>, thereto, 1443. +<i>Þorwit</i>, therewith, 100. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_The">Þe</a>, +<a href = "#gloss_Ther">Þer</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "gloss_Thoru" id = "gloss_Thoru">Þoru</a>, <i>adv.</i> S. +through, 627, 774, 848, &c. <i>Þoruth</i>, 1065, 2786. <i>Þorw</i>, +264, 367, 2646. <i>Þuruth</i>, 52.</p> + +<p>Þoruthlike, <i>adv.</i> S. throughly, 680.</p> + +<p><a name = "gloss_Thou" id = "gloss_Thou">Þou</a>, <i>conj.</i> S. +though, 124, 299, &c. <i>Þo</i>, 1020. <i>See</i> <a href = +"#gloss_The">Þe</a>.</p> + +<p>Þoucte, <i>pa. t.</i> S. thought, 504, 507, &c. <i>Þouthte</i>, +1073. <i>Þowthe</i>, 1869. <i>Þouthe</i>, 1166. <i>Þat god thoucte</i>, +256, that seemed good. Cf. Sir Tr. pp. 30, 36. And so in MS. +Vernon, Bodl.</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>Riche metes was forth brouht</p> +<p>To all men <i>that gode thouht</i>.</p> +</div> + +<p class = "author"> +<i>Disp. betw. a Crystene mon and a Jew</i>, f. 301.</p> + +<p class = "continue">[Or, if we read “þat god <i>him</i> þoucte,” this +would mean “that seemed good <i>to him</i>;” cf. l. 197.]</p> + +<p>Þouth, <i>n.</i> S. thought, 122, 1190.</p> + +<p>Þral, <i>n.</i> S. slave, villain, 527, 684, 1097, 1158, 2564, 2589. +In an opprobious sense, 1408. Sir Tr. p. 175.</p> + +<p>Þrawe, <i>n.</i> S. space of time, moment, 276, 1215. Web., Rits. +M. R., Rob. Br., Doug. Virg. <i>Þrow</i>, Chauc., Gower, +&c.</p> + +<p>Þredde, Þridde, <i>adj.</i> S. third, 867, 2633.</p> + +<p>Þrette, <i>pa. t.</i> S. threatened, 1163.</p> + +<p>Þrie, 730. [In the former edition it is glossed “trouble, affliction; +apparently the same as <i>Tray</i> or <i>Treye</i>;” cf. A.S. +<i>tréga</i>. But this renders the construction difficult, nor is it +clear that <i>treye</i> and <i>þrie</i> can be identified. Without +doubt, the usual meaning of <i>þrie</i> is <i>thrice</i>, which is +easily construed, only it remains to be shewn why <i>thrice</i> should +be introduced; unless perhaps it signifies <i>in a threefold +degree.</i>]</p> + +<p>Þrinne, <i>num.</i> S. three, 716, 761, 1977, 2091.</p> + +<p>Þrist, Þristen, <i>v.</i> S. to thrust, 1152, 2019, 2725. +<i>Þrist</i>, <i>part. pa.</i> thrust, 638.</p> + +<p><a name = "gloss_Thu" id = "gloss_Thu">Þu</a>, <i>pron.</i> S. thou, +527, &c. <i>Þou</i>, 527, &c. <i>Þo</i>, 388. <i>Þw</i> +(<i>read</i> þat þw <i>instead of</i> þw that?), 1316. <i>Tow</i>, 1322. +<i>Tu</i>, 2903. It is often joined to the verb which precedes, as +<i>Shaltow</i>, <i>Wiltu</i>, &c. The <i>gen.</i> is <i>þin</i>, +1128; the <i>acc.</i> is <i>þe</i>, 529.</p> + +<p>Þurte, <i>pt. t. s.</i> need, might, 10. [It answers to the A.S. +<i>þurfan</i>, <i>pt. t.</i> <i>ic þorfte</i>, Icel. <i>þurfa</i>, +<i>pt. t.</i> <i>þurfti</i>, Mœso-Goth. <i>þaurban</i>, <i>pt. t.</i> +<i>þaurfta</i>. <i>See</i> Ormulum, l. 16164, and Sir F. Madden’s +note to <i>þort</i> in Gl. to <i>Will. of Palerne</i>.]</p> + +<p>Þuruth. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Thoru">Þoru</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "gloss_Thus" id = "gloss_Thus">Þus</a> <i>for</i> Þis, 785, +2586. (<i>In comp.</i> þus-gate.)</p> + +<p>Tid, <i>n.</i> S. time, hour, 2100.</p> + +<p><a name = "gloss_Til" id = "gloss_Til">Til</a>, <i>prep.</i> S. to, +141, 762, 864, &c. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Intil">Intil</a>, +<a class = "error" href = "#gloss_Ther" +title = "under ‘Þer’">Þertil</a>.</p> + +<p>Til, <i>v.</i> S. to tell, 1348.</p> + +<p>Tilled, <i>part. pa.</i> S. obtained, acquired (lit. drawn, taken), +438. V. Gl. R. Br. in v. <i>tille</i>, and see quotation under +<i>Goddot</i>.</p> + +<p>Tinte, <i>pa. t.</i> S. lost, 2023. Sir Tr. p. 104. V. Jam.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">149</span> +<a name = "page149" id = "page149"> </a> +<p>Tirneden, <i>pa. t. pl.</i> S. turned, 603.</p> + +<p>Tiþandes, <i>n. pl.</i> Icel. tidings, 2279.</p> + +<p><a name = "gloss_To-" id = "gloss_To-">To-</a>, in composition with +verbs, is usually augmentative, or has the force of the Lat. +<i>dis-</i>. <i>To-brised</i>, <i>part. pa.</i> very much bruised, 1950. +(<i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Brisen">Brisen</a>.) <i>To-cruhsse</i>, +<i>inf.</i> crush in pieces, 1992. <i>To-deyle</i>, <i>inf.</i> divide, +2099. (<i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Deled">Deled</a>.) <i>To-drawen</i>, +<i>part. pa.</i> dragged or pulled to death, 2001. (<i>See</i> <a href = +"#gloss_Drou">Drou</a>.) <i>To-frusshe</i>, <i>inf.</i> break in pieces, +1993. <i>To-hewen</i>, <i>part. pa.</i> hewn in pieces, 2001. +<i>To-riuen</i>, <i>part. pa.</i> torn <i>or</i> riven in pieces, 1953. +<i>To-rof</i>, <i>pa. t.</i> burst open, 1792. <i>To-shiuere</i>, +<i>inf.</i> shiver in pieces, 1993. <i>To-shiuered</i>, <i>part. pa.</i> +shivered to pieces, 2667. <i>To-tere</i>, <i>inf.</i> tear in pieces, +1839. <i>To-torn</i>, <i>part. pa.</i> torn in pieces, 1948, 2021. +<i>To-tusede</i>, <i>part. pa.</i> entirely rumpled or tumbled, 1948. In +one case only we find it to be merely the prep. <i>to</i> in +composition; viz. in <i>To-yede</i>, <i>pa. t.</i> went to, 765. +(<i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Yede">Yede</a>.) [<i>See</i> note on this +prefix in Gloss. to <i>William of Palerne</i>.]</p> + +<p>To, <i>adv.</i> S. too, 303, 689, 691, &c.</p> + +<p>To, <i>n.</i> S. toe, 1743, 1847, &c. <i>Tos</i>, <i>pl.</i> 898, +2163.</p> + +<p>To, <i>num.</i> S. two, 2664.</p> + +<p>To, <i>prep.</i> follows its case in ll. 197, 325, 526.</p> + +<p><a name = "gloss_To-frusshe" id = "gloss_To-frusshe">To-frusshe</a>, +<i>v.</i> Fr. [<i>froisser</i>] to dash or break in pieces, 1993.</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>The Sarezynes layde on with mace,</p> +<p>And al <i>to-frussched</i> hym in the place.</p> +</div> + +<p class = "author"> +<i>R. Cœur de L.</i> 5032. Cf. 5084.</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>He suld sone be <i>to-fruschyt</i> all.</p> +</div> + +<p class = "author"> +<i>Barb.</i> x. 597.</p> + +<p class = "continue">So also Doug. Virg. 51, 53. V. Jam. in v. +<i>Frusch</i>.</p> + +<p>Togidere, Togydere, <i>adv.</i> S. together, 1128, 1181, 2683, +2891.</p> + +<p>Tok, <i>pa. t.</i> S. took, 354, 467, 537. <i>Toke</i>, <i>pa. t. 2 +p.</i> 1216. <i>Token</i>, <i>pa. t. pl.</i> 1194, <i>Token under +fote</i>, 1199.</p> + +<p>Told. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Telle">Telle</a>.</p> + +<p>Totede, <i>pa. t.</i> peeped, looked, 2106. This verb is thrice found +in P. Ploughman’s Crede, ll. 142, 168, 339. Although it would +appear a rare word from its not appearing in Hearne, Ritson, or Weber, +yet in later times it, occurs often, and is instanced by Jamieson from +Patten’s Account of Somerset’s Expedicion, p. 53, and by Nares from +Hall, Latimer, Spenser, and Fairfax. It also occurs four times in the +<i>Ancren Riwle</i>, ed. Morton, 1853. In Sc. it is pronounced +<i>Tete</i>, which is derived by Jam. from the same stock as Su.-G. +<i>titt-a</i>, explained by Ihre, “Per transennam veluti videre, ut +solent curiosi, aut post tegmina latentes.” V. the authorities quoted, +Todd’s Johns. and Wilbr. Gl. [Cf. Sw. <i>titta</i>; Dan. <i>titte</i>, +to peep; Dan. <i>tittelege</i>, to play at bopeep.]</p> + +<p>To-tusede, <i>part. pa.</i> entirely rumpled or tumbled, 1948. +<i>See</i> Nares, in v. <i>Tose</i>, and <i>Tousle</i>, +<i>Toozle</i>, in Jam., Brockett, &c. Cf. G. <i>zausen</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "gloss_Toun" id = "gloss_Toun">Toun</a>, <i>n.</i> S. town, +1750, &c. <i>Tun</i>, 764, 1001, &c. <i>Tunes</i>, <i>pl.</i> +1444, 2277.</p> + +<p>Tour, <i>n.</i> Fr. tower, 2073.</p> + +<p><a name = "gloss_Tre" id = "gloss_Tre">Tre</a>, <i>n.</i> S. a bar or +staff of wood, 1022, 1821, 1843, 1882, &c. <i>Dore-tre</i>, 1806, +1968, bar of the door.</p> + +<p>Trewe, <i>adj.</i> S. true. 1756.</p> + +<p>Tristen, <i>v.</i> to trust, 253.</p> + +<p>Tro. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Trowe">Trowe</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "gloss_Trome" id = "gloss_Trome">Trome</a>, <i>n.</i> S. +[<i>truma</i>] a troop, company, 8.</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>Heo makeden heore sceld-<i>trome</i></p> +</div> + +<p class = "author"> +<i>Laȝam.</i> l. 9454.</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>Bisydes stondeth a feondes <i>trume</i>,</p> +<p>And waileth hwenne the saules cume.</p> +</div> + +<p class = "author"> +<i>Les Unze peyne</i>, &c. MS. Coll. Jes. 29.</p> + +<p class = "continue">The same mode of expression used above occurs +lower down, l. 24, +<span class = "pagenum">150</span> +<a name = "page150" id = "page150"> </a> +“A stalworþi man in a <i>flok</i>,” which is also found in Laȝamon,</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>Cador ther wes æc,</p> +<p>þe kene wes on <i>flocke</i>.</p> +</div> + +<p class = "author"> +—l. 23824.</p> + +<p class = "continue">And in <i>Sir Guy</i>, H. iii.</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>Then came a knight that hight Sadock,</p> +<p>A doughty man in every <i>flock</i>.</p> +</div> + +<p>Trone, <i>n.</i> Lat. throne, 1316.</p> + +<p><a name = "gloss_Trowe" id = "gloss_Trowe">Trowe</a>, <i>n.</i> S. to +believe, trust, 1656. <i>Tro</i>, 2862. <i>Trowede</i>, <i>pa. t.</i> +believed, 382. Sir Tr. p. 41.</p> + +<p>Trusse, <i>v.</i> Fr. [<i>trousser</i>] to pack up, to truss, 2017. +R. Gl. Hence to <i>make ready</i>, K. Alisaund. 7006. Minot, +p. 50, which Ritson was unable to explain.</p> + +<p>Tuenti, <i>num.</i> S. twenty, 259.</p> + +<p>Tumberel, <i>n.</i> a porpoise, 757. In Spelm. <i>Timberellus</i> is +explained, a small whale, on the authority of Skene, Vocab. Jur. Scot. +L. Forest, <i>Si quis cetum</i>. In Cotgr. also we find “<i>Tumbe</i>, +the great Sea-Dragon, or Quadriver; also the Gurnard, called so at +Roan.” [But the Sw. <i>tumlare</i>, a porpoise, <i>lit.</i> a tumbler, +suggests that the name may be given from its <i>tumbling</i> or +<i>rolling</i>. The Dan. <i>tumler</i>, however, is a dolphin.]</p> + +<p>Tun. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Toun">Toun</a>.</p> + +<p>Turues, <i>n. pl.</i> S. turf, peat, 939. Chauc. C. T. 10109. V. +Spelm. in v. and Jennings’ Somersetsh. Gl.</p> + +<p>Twel <i>for</i> Twelve, 2455.</p> + + +<a class = "glosslink" name = "gloss_U" id = "gloss_U" href = +"#glossary">U</a> + +<p class = "letter"> +Ueneysun, <i>n.</i> Fr. venison, 1726.</p> + +<p><a name = "gloss_Vmbestonde" id = "gloss_Vmbestonde">Vmbestonde</a>, +<i>adv.</i> S. for a while, formerly, 2297.</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>& heo seilede<i>n</i> forth,</p> +<p>þæt inne sæ heo comen,</p> +<p>þa <i>vmbe stunde</i></p> +<p>ne sæge heo noht of londe.</p> +</div> + +<p class = "author"> +<i>Laȝam.</i> l. 11967.</p> + +<p class = "continue">It is equivalent to <i>umbe-while</i> or +<i>vmwhile</i>, Sc. <i>umquhile</i>. <i>See</i> <a href = +"#gloss_Stunde">Stunde</a>.</p> + +<p>Umbistode, <i>pa. t.</i> S. stood around, 1875. <i>See</i> <ins class += "mycorr" title = "no Glossary entry">Bistode</ins>, <a href = +"#gloss_Stonden">Stonden</a>.</p> + +<p>Vn-bi-yeden, <i>pa. t. pl.</i> S. surrounded, 1842. <i>See</i> +<a href = "#gloss_Yede">Yede</a>.</p> + +<p>Vnblithe, <i>adj.</i> S. unhappy, 141. Sir Tr. p. 171.</p> + +<p>Unbounden, <i>pa. t. pl.</i> S. unbound, 601.</p> + +<p>Underfong, <i>pa. t.</i> S. understood, 115. This sense of the verb +is not found elsewhere. It is in the present poem synonymous with +<i>Understod</i> (as Lat. <i>accipere</i>, <i>percipere</i>).</p> + +<p>Understonde, <i>v.</i> S. to receive, 2814. <i>Understod</i>, <i>pa. +t.</i> received, 1760. <i>Understonde</i>, <i>pr. subj.</i> receive, +1159. So in K. Horn, 245, ed. Rits.</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>Horn child thou <i>vnderstond</i>,</p> +<p>Tech him of harpe and song.</p> +</div> + +<p class = "continue">where the MS. Laud 108 reads <i>vnderfonge</i>. +See Lumby’s ed. l. 239.</p> + +<p>Unker, <i>pron. g. c. dual.</i> S. of you two, 1882.</p> + +<p>Vnkeueleden, <i>pa. t. pl.</i> S. ungagged, 601. <i>See</i> <a href = +"#gloss_Keuel">Keuel</a>.</p> + +<p>Unkyndelike, <i>adv.</i> S. unsuitably, 1250.</p> + +<p>Vnornelike, <i>adj.</i> S. basely, or degradingly, 1941. The only +word in the Sax. remaining to which it can be referred, is +<i>unornlic</i>, tritus, Jos. 9. 5. The following instances also +approach the same stock:</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>Ne speke y nout with Horne,</p> +<p>Nis he nout so <i>vnorne.</i></p> +</div> + +<p class = "author"> +<i>K. Horn</i>, 337.</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>Mi stefne is bold & noȝt <i>vnorne</i>,</p> +<p>Ho is ilich one grete horne,</p> +<p>& þin is ilich one pipe.</p> +</div> + +<p class = "author"> +<i>Hule and Niȝtingale</i>, l. 317.</p> + +<p class = "continue">[Ihre shews that Icel. and Su.-Goth. <i>orna</i> +mean to acquire vital heat, to grow warm. Hence <i>unorne</i> means +unfervent, spiritless, feeble, old. Thus, in the <i>Hule and +Niȝtingale</i> it means <i>feeble</i>, <i>weak</i>; in Jos. 9. 5, +it is used of <i>old, worn-out</i> shoes. In the Ormulum, <i>unnorne</i> +occurs frequently, in the sense +<span class = "pagenum">151</span> +<a name = "page151" id = "page151"> </a> +of <i>poor</i>, <i>mean</i>, <i>feeble</i>; see ll. 827, 3668; also +<i>unnornelig</i>, meaning <i>meanly</i>, <i>humbly</i>, +<i>obscurely</i>, in ll. 3750, 4858, 7525, 8251.]</p> + +<p>Unride, <i>adj.</i> S. [<i>ungereod, ungerydu</i>] It is here used in +various significations, most of which, however, correspond to the senses +given by Somner. Large, cumbersome (of a garment), 964; unwieldy (of the +bar of a door), 1795; deep, wide (of a wound), 1981, 2673; numerous, +extensive (of the nobility), 2947. <i>Unrideste, sup.</i> deepest, +widest, 1985. In the second sense we find it in Sir Tristr. +p. 167,</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>Dartes wel <i>unride</i></p> +<p>Beliagog set gan.</p> +</div> + +<p class = "continue">And in <i>Guy of Warwick</i>, ap. Ellis, M. R. V. +2, p. 79.</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>A targe he had ywrought full well,</p> +<p>Other metal was ther none but steel,</p> +<p class = "indent">A mickle and <i>unrede</i>.</p> +</div> + +<p class = "continue">In the fourth sense we have these examples:</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>Opon Inglond for to were</p> +<p>With stout ost and <i>unride</i>.</p> +</div> + +<p class = "author"> +<i>Horn Childe</i>, ap. Rits. M. R. V. 3, p. 283.</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>Schir Rannald raugh to the renk ane rout wes <i>unryde</i>.</p> +</div> + +<p class = "author"> +<i>Sir Gaw. and Gol.</i> ii. 25.</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>The soudan gederet an ost <i>unryde</i>.</p> +</div> + +<p class = "author"> +<i>K. of Tars</i>, 142.</p> + +<p class = "continue">Cf. also <i>Sir Guy</i>, Ee. <span class = +"smallroman">IV.</span> in Garrick’s Collect. ‘Ameraunt drue out a +swerde <i>unryde</i>.’ In the sense of huge, or unwieldy, we may also +understand it in Sir Tr. p. 148, 164; Guy of Warw. ap. Ell. +M. R. V. 2, p. 78; Horn Childe, ap. Rits. V. 3, +p. 295. In R. Brunne, p. 174, it expresses loud, tremendous. +Sir W. Scott and Hearne are both at fault in their Glossaries, and even +Jamieson has done but little to set them right, beyond giving the true +derivation, and then, under the cognate word <i>Unrude</i>, Doug. Virg. +167, 35, &c., errs from pure love of theory.</p> + +<p>Vnrith, <i>n.</i> S. injustice, 1369.</p> + +<p>Unwrast, Unwraste, <i>adj.</i> S. [<i>unwræste</i>] feeble, +worthless, 2821; rotten, 547. This word occurs in the Saxon Chron. +168, 4 (ed. Thorpe, p. 321), applied to a rotten ship, and +this appears to have been the original meaning. The sense in which it +was subsequently used may be learnt by comparing Laȝam. ll. 13943, +29609; R. Gl. p. 586; Chron. of Engl. 662, 921; Ly Beaus Desc. +2118 (not explained by Rits.); K. Alisaund. 878; R. Cœur +de L. 872, and Sevyn Sages, 1917. It is not found in Jam. Cf. A.S. +<i>wræst</i>, firm.</p> + +<p>Uoyz, <i>n.</i> Lat. voice, 1264.</p> + +<p>Vre, <i>pron.</i> S. our, 13, 596, &c.</p> + +<p>Vt, <i>prep.</i> S. out, 89, 155, &c. <i>Uth</i>, 346, 1178.</p> + +<p>Ut-bidde. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Bidd">Bidd</a>.</p> + +<p>Ut-drawe, Ut-drawen, Vt-drow, Ut-drowen. <i>See</i> <a href = +"#gloss_Drou">Drou</a>.</p> + +<p>Uten, <i>prep.</i> S. out, exhausted, 842; without, foreign, as in +<i>Uten-laddes</i>, 2153, 2580, foreigners.</p> + +<p>Ut-lede. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Lede">Lede</a>.</p> + +<p>Utrage, <i>n.</i> S. outrage, 2837.</p> + + +<a class = "glosslink" name = "gloss_W" id = "gloss_W" href = +"#glossary">W</a> + +<p class = "letter"> +W. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Hw">Hw</a>.</p> + +<p>Wa, <i>n.</i> S. woe, wail, 465.</p> + +<p><a name = "gloss_Wade" id = "gloss_Wade">Wade</a>, <i>v.</i> S. Lat. +to pass, go, 2645. <i>Wede</i>, 2387, 2641. Vid. Nares.</p> + +<p>Wagge, <i>v.</i> S. to wield, brandish, 89.</p> + +<p><a name = "gloss_Waiten" id = "gloss_Waiten">Waiten</a>, Wayte, +Wayten, <i>v.</i> Fr. to watch, 512, 1754, 2070. Chauc. Cf. O.Fr. +<i>gaiter</i>.</p> + +<p>Waken, <i>v.</i> S. to watch, 630. <i>Waked</i>, <i>part. pa.</i> +watched, kept awake, 2999. <i>See</i> R. Br., Sq. of L. D. 852. +Chauc.</p> + +<p>Wakne, <i>v.</i> S. to wake, awaken, 2164.</p> + +<p>Wan, <i>adv.</i> S. when, 1962.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">152</span> +<a name = "page152" id = "page152"> </a> +<p>War, <i>adj.</i> S. aware, wary, 788, 2139.</p> + +<p>Warie, <i>v.</i> S. to curse, 433. <i>Waried</i>, <i>part. pa.</i> +cursed, 434. Emare, 667. <i>Wery</i>, Minot, p. 7. <i>Warrie</i>, +Chauc. <i>See</i> Gl. Lynds.</p> + +<p>Warp, <i>pa. t.</i> S. threw, cast, 1061.</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>Al swa feor swa a mon</p> +<p>Mihte <i>werpe<sup>n</sup></i> ænne stan.</p> +</div> + +<p class = "author"> +<i>Laȝam.</i> l. 17428.</p> + +<p class = "continue">So in Sc. Doug. Virg. 432, and Barb. iii. 642. V. +Jam.</p> + +<p>Washen, <i>v.</i> S. to wash, 1233.</p> + +<p>Waste <i>for</i> Was þe, 87.</p> + +<p>Wastel, <i>n.</i> Fr. cake, or loaf made of finer flour, 878. +<i>Wastels</i>, <i>pl.</i> 779. <i>See</i> Todd’s Illustr. of Chauc., +who derives the name from <i>wastell</i>, the vessel or basket in which +the bread was carried. V. Du Cange, Spelm. Jam. In Pegge’s Form of Cury, +p. 72, 159, we meet with <i>Wastels yfarced</i>.</p> + +<p>Wat, <i>pron.</i> <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Hwat">Hwat</a>.</p> + +<p>Wat, <i>v.</i> <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Quath">Quath</a>.</p> + +<p>Wat, <i>pp.</i> known, 1674. <i>See</i> <a href = +"#gloss_Wot">Wot</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "gloss_Wawe" id = "gloss_Wawe">Wawe</a>, <i>n.</i> S. wall, +474, 2470. The phrase <i>bith wawe</i>, 474, is also found in Rits. +A. S. p. 46, which is left unexplained by the Editor, and is +badly guessed at by Ellis. By the aid of Moor’s Suffolk Gl. we are +enabled to ascertain the meaning of an expression which is not yet +obsolete. “By the walls.” Dead and not buried. “A’ lie bi’ the walls” +—said, I believe, only of a human subject. [This remark only +applies to l. 474. In ll. 1963, 2470, the phrase refers to the +benches placed round the walls in the great hall, whereon men slept at +night, and sat in council by day.] <i>Wowe</i>, 1963, 2078. Still so +pronounced in Lanc., &c.</p> + +<p>Waxen. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Wex">Wex</a>.</p> + +<p>Wayke, <i>adj. pl.</i> S. weak, 1012.</p> + +<p>Wayte, Wayten. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Waiten">Waiten</a>.</p> + +<p>We, 115, 287, 392, 772. Apparently an error of the scribe for +<i>wel</i>, but its frequent repetition may cause it to be doubted, +whether the <i>l</i> may not have been purposely dropped.</p> + +<p>Wede, <i>v.</i> <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Wade">Wade</a>.</p> + +<p>Wede, <i>n.</i> S. clothing, garments, 94, 323, 861. In very general +use formerly, and still preserved in the phrase, a widow’s +<i>weeds</i>.</p> + +<p>Weddeth <i>for</i> Wedded, 1127.</p> + +<p>Wei, Weie, <i>n.</i> S. way, road, 772, 952.</p> + +<p>Weilawa, Weilawei, <i>interj.</i> S. woe! alas! 462, 570. <i>See</i> +Gl. Sir Tr., Rits. M. R., and Chauc. [A.S. <i>wá la wá</i>, woe, +lo! woe; now corrupted into <i>wellaway</i>.]</p> + +<p><a name = "gloss_Wel" id = "gloss_Wel">Wel</a>, <i>adv.</i> S. full, +<i>passim.</i> <i>Wel sixti</i>, 1747; <i>wel o-bon</i>. <i>See</i> On. +<i>Wel with me</i>, 2878. <i>Wol</i>, 185.</p> + +<p>Wel, <i>n.</i> S. weal, wealth, prosperity (<i>for wel ne for +wo</i>), 2777.</p> + +<p>Welde, <i>v.</i> S. to wield, govern (a kingdom), 129, 175; (a +weapon), 1436; (possessions), 2034. <i>Weldes</i>, <i>pr. t. 2 p.</i> +wieldest, governest, 1359.</p> + +<p>Wende, <i>v.</i> S. to go, 1346, 1705, 2629. <i>Wenden</i>, <i>pr. t. +pl. subj.</i> 1344. <i>Wende</i>, <i>pr. t. pl. 2 p.</i> go, 1440. +<i>Wend</i>, <i>part. pa.</i> turned, 2138.</p> + +<p>Wene, <i>v.</i> S. <i>pres. sing</i>, ween, think, 655, 840, 1260, +&c. <i>Wenes</i>, <i>pr. t. 2 p.</i> thinkest, 598. <i>Wenestu</i>, +1787, thinkest thou. <i>Wend</i>, <i>Wende</i>, <i>pa. t.</i> thought, +374, 524, 1091, 1803, &c. <i>Wenden</i>, <i>pa. t. pl.</i> 1197, +2547.</p> + +<p>Wepen, <i>pr. t.</i> or <i>pa. t. pl.</i> S. weep, wept, 401.</p> + +<p>Wepne, <i>n.</i> S. weapon, 89, 490, 1436, &c.</p> + +<p>Wer <i>for</i> Were, 1097.</p> + +<p><a name = "gloss_Werd" id = "gloss_Werd">Werd</a>, <i>n.</i> S. +world, 1290, 2241, 2335, 2792, 2968. <i>O worde</i>, in the +<span class = "pagenum">153</span> +<a name = "page153" id = "page153"> </a> +world, 1349. Cf. <i>Ward</i> = world, in <i>Lancelot of the Laik</i>, +and <i>Gen. and Exod.</i> ed. Morris, ll. 280, 591.</p> + +<p>Were, <i>v.</i> S. [<i>werian</i>] to defend, 2152, 2298. Sir Tr. +p. 156; Yw. and Gaw. 2578; Horn Childe, ap. Rits. M. R., +V. 3, p. 289; K. of Tars, 189; Chauc. C. T. 2552, V. +Note, p. 182. <i>Werie</i>, K. Horn, ed. Lumby, 785, Web., +Minot, Gl. Lynds.</p> + +<p>Were, should be, 2782. <i>Weren</i>, <i>3 p. pl.</i> were, 156, +&c.</p> + +<p><a name = "gloss_Weren" id = "gloss_Weren">Weren</a>, 784. Sir F. +Madden says—Garnett conjectured <i>weirs</i> or dams, from Isl. +<i>ver</i>. [If <i>weren</i> be really a plural noun, I should prefer to +translate it by <i>pools</i>; cf. A.S. <i>wær</i>, Icel. <i>ver</i>, +Su.-Go. <i>wär</i>. Ihre says— “<i>Wär</i>, locus, ubi congregari +amant pisces, ut solent inter brevia et vada. Isl. <i>ver</i>, +<i>fiskaver</i>. A.S. id. unde <i>ver-hurde</i> apud Bens. custos septi +piscatorii, Angl. <i>wier</i>, <i>wear</i>, &c.” See <i>wer</i> in +Stratmann. In this case the line means— “in the sea-pools he often +set them,” and the note on the line (q.v.) is wrong.]</p> + +<p><a name = "gloss_Werewed" id = "gloss_Werewed">Werewed</a>, <i>part. +pa.</i> S. worried, killed, 1915. [We should probably insert a mark of +interrogation, thus— “Hwat dide he? þore were<i>n</i> he werewed,” +i.e. “What did they effect? There were they slain.” Spelt <i>wirwed</i>, +1921. Cf. Du. <i>worgen</i>, and see Jam. s.v. <i>Wery</i>, and +<i>Worry</i> in Atkinson’s Gl. of Cleveland dialect.]</p> + +<p>Werne, v. S. to refuse, deny, 1345. <i>Werne</i>, <i>pr. t. 3 p. s. +subj.</i> refuses, forbids, 926. Sir Tr. p. 88; K. Horn, 1420, +&c.</p> + +<p>Wesseyl, <i>n.</i> S. wassail, 1246.</p> + +<p><a name = "gloss_Wesseylen" id = "gloss_Wesseylen">Wesseylen</a>, +<i>pr. t. pl.</i> wassail, 2098. <i>Wosseyled</i>, <i>part. pa.</i> +1737. <i>See</i> Rits. A. S. Diss. p. xxxiii. n. Hearne’s Gl. +to R. Glouc. in v. <i>Queme and Wasseyl</i>, Selden’s Notes on +Drayton’s Polyolb. p. 150, and Nares.</p> + +<p><a name = "gloss_Wex" id = "gloss_Wex">Wex</a>, <i>pa. t.</i> S. +waxed, grew, 281. <i>Waxen</i>, <i>part. pa.</i> grown, 302, 791.</p> + +<p><a name = "gloss_Wicke" id = "gloss_Wicke">Wicke</a>, Wike, Wikke, +<i>adj.</i> S. wicked, vile, 66, 319, 425, 665, 688, &c. <i>Swithe +wicke</i>, 965, very mean. <i>Swiþe wikke cloþes</i>, 2458, very mean +clothing. <i>Wicke wede</i>, 2825, mean clothing.</p> + +<p><a name = "gloss_Wicth" id = "gloss_Wicth">Wicth</a>, With, <i>n.</i> +S. [<i>wiht</i>] whit, bit, small part, 97, 1763, 2500. Laȝam. +l. 15031; Sevyn Sages, 293. ‘The loue of hire ne lesteth no +<i>wyht</i> longe,’ MS. Harl. 2253, f. 128.</p> + +<p>Wicth, With, <i>adj.</i> courageous, stout, active, 344, 1008, 1064, +1651, 1692, &c. <i>Wicteste</i>, <i>sup.</i> 9. An epithet used +universally by the ancient poets, and to be found in every Gloss. merely +differing in orthography, as spelt <i>Waite</i>, <i>Wate</i>, +<i>Wight</i>, <i>Wich</i> &c. [Sir F. Madden suggests a derivation +from A.S. <i>hwæt</i> (Icel. <i>hvátr</i>), acute, brave. Wedgwood +suggests Sw. <i>vig</i>, nimble. Cf. Su.-Goth. <i>wig</i>, Icel. +<i>vigr</i>, fit for <i>war</i> (A.S. <i>wig</i>).]</p> + +<p>Wider, <i>adv.</i> S. whither, where, 1139.</p> + +<p>Widuen, Wydues, <i>n. pl.</i> S. widows, 33, 79.</p> + +<p>Wif, <i>n.</i> S. wife, 2860; woman, 1713. <i>Wiues</i>, <i>pl.</i> +2855.</p> + +<p>Wike, Wikke. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Wicke">Wicke</a>.</p> + +<p>Wil, <i>adv.</i> S. while, 6.</p> + +<p>Wil, <i>adj.</i> lost in error, uncertain how to proceed, 863; at a +loss, without experience, 1042. Wynt. vi. 13, 115. V. Jam. who derives +it from Su.-G. <i>wild</i>, Isl. <i>villr</i>. It is radically the same +with <i>wild</i>.</p> + +<p>Wile, will, 352, 485, &c. <i>Wilte</i>, 528, 1135, wilt thou; +<i>Wiltu</i>, 681, 905. <i>Wilen</i>, <i>pl.</i> 732, 920, 1345, 2817, +&c.</p> + +<p>Wille, <i>n.</i> S. will, 528.</p> + +<p><a name = "gloss_Wimman" id = "gloss_Wimman">Wimman</a>, <i>n.</i> S. +woman, 1139, 1168, &c. <i>Wman</i>, 281. <i>Wymman</i>, 1156.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">154</span> +<a name = "page154" id = "page154"> </a> +<p>Win, <i>n.</i> S. wine, 1729. <i>Wyn</i>, 2341.</p> + +<p>Winan, <i>v.</i> S. to get to, arrive at, 174. V. Gl. to <i>Will. of +Palerne</i>.</p> + +<p>Winne, <i>n.</i> S. joy, gain, 660, 2965. <i>Muchere winne</i>, +Laȝam. l. 10233. Horn Childe, ap. Rits. M. R., V. 3, +p. 294.</p> + +<p>Wirchen, <i>v.</i> S. to work, cause, 510.</p> + +<p>Wirwed. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Werewed">Werewed</a>.</p> + +<p>Wis, <i>adj.</i> S. wise, prudent, 180, 1421, 1635; skilled, 282.</p> + +<p>Wislike, <i>adv.</i> S. wisely, 274.</p> + +<p>Wisse, <i>v.</i> S. to direct, ordain, advice, 104, 361. Sir Tr. +p. 29; K. Horn, Chron. of Engl. 499; Chauc., Gl. Lynds.</p> + +<p>Wissing, <i>n.</i> S. advice, or conduct, 2902.</p> + +<p>Wiste, <i>pa. t.</i> S. knew, 115, 358, 541, &c. <i>Wisten</i>, +<i>pa. t. pl.</i> 1184, 1187, 1200, &c.</p> + +<p><a name = "gloss_Wit" id = "gloss_Wit">Wit</a>, <i>prep.</i> S. with, +52, 505, 701, 905, 1090, 2517, &c.; by, 2489. <i>Wituten</i>, 179, +247, 2860, without. <i>Withuten</i>, 425, except. <i>With than</i>, +provided that, 532. <i>With that</i>, 1220.</p> + +<p>Wite, <i>v.</i> S. [<i>wítan</i>, decernere] <i>pres. subj. or +imp.</i> decree, ordain, 19, 1316.</p> + +<p>Wite, <i>v.</i> S. <i>pres. subj. or imp.</i> preserve, guard, +defend, 405, 559. R. Gl. p. 98, 102. So in the <i>Carmen inter +Corpus & Animam</i>, MS. Digb. 86.</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>The king that al this world shop thoru his holi miȝtte,</p> +<p>He <i>wite</i> houre soule from then heuele wiȝtte.</p> +</div> + +<p class = "continue">And in the French Romance of Kyng Horn, MS. Harl. +527, f. 72, b. c. 2.</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>Ben iurez <i>Wite God</i>, kant auerez beu tant,</p> +<p>Kant le vin uus eschaufe, si seez si iurant.</p> +</div> + +<p>Wite, Witen, <i>v.</i> S. [<i>witan</i>, cognoscere] to know, 367, +625, 2201, 2786; to recollect, 2708. <i>Wite</i>, <i>pr. t. pl. +2 p.</i> know, 2808; <i>imp. 3 p. wite</i>, know, 517. <i>Wite</i>, +<i>3 p. s. subj.</i> (if) he know, 694. <i>Witen</i>, +<i>pr. t. pl. 2 p.</i> know, 2208. <i>See</i> <a href = +"#gloss_Wot">Wot</a>.</p> + +<p>With, <i>conj.</i> <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Wit">Wit</a>.</p> + +<p>With, <i>n.</i> <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Wicth">Wicth</a>.</p> + +<p>With, <i>adj.</i> <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Wicth">Wicth</a>.</p> + +<p>With, <i>adj.</i> S. white, 48, 1144.</p> + +<p>With-sitten, <i>v.</i> S. to oppose, 1683. R. Br., Web.</p> + +<p>Wlf, <i>n.</i> S. wolf, 573.</p> + +<p>Wluine, <i>n.</i> S. she-wolf, 573. Dan. <i>ulfinde</i>, a +she-wolf.</p> + +<p>Wman. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Wimman">Wimman</a>.</p> + +<p>Wnden, <i>part. pa.</i> S. wound, 546.</p> + +<p><a name = "gloss_Wo" id = "gloss_Wo">Wo</a>, <i>pron.</i> S. who, +whoso, 76, 79, &c. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Hwo">Hwo</a>.</p> + +<p>Wo, <i>n.</i> S. woe, sorrow, 510, &c.</p> + +<p>Wod, <i>adj.</i> S. mad, 508, 1777, 1848, &c. <i>Wode</i>, +<i>pl.</i> 1896, 2361.</p> + +<p>Wok, <i>pa. t.</i> S. awoke, 2093.</p> + +<p>Wol. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Wel">Wel</a>.</p> + +<p>Wole, will, 1150. <i>Wolde</i>, <i>would</i>, 354, 367, &c. +<i>Wode</i>, 951, 2310. <i>Wolden</i>, <i>pl.</i> 456, 514, 1057.</p> + +<p>Wombes, <i>n. pl.</i> S. bellies, 1911.</p> + +<p>Wom so, <i>pron.</i> S. whomso, 197.</p> + +<p>Won, Wone, great number, plenty, in phr. <i>ful god won</i>, in great +quantity (<i>in</i> 1791 <i>it seems to mean</i> with great force), +1024, 1791, 1837, 1907, 2325, 2617, 2729. R. Gl., Horn Childe, ap. +Rits. M. R., V. 3, p. 308, 314; R. Cœur de L. +3747; K. Alisaund, 1468; K. of Tars, 635; Minot, p. 14; Chauc. +<i>Wane</i>, Yw. and Gaw. 1429; <i>Wayn</i>, Wall. viii. 947. Cf. Gl. to +<i>Will. of Palerne</i>.</p> + +<p>Wone, <i>n.</i> S. (probably the same as <i>ween</i>, Sir Tr. +p. 59, 78), opinion, conjecture, 1711, 1972. Cf. l. 816, and +the Glossaries, in v. <i>Wene</i>.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">155</span> +<a name = "page155" id = "page155"> </a> +<p>Wone, <i>v.</i> S. to dwell, 247, 406. <i>Woneth</i>, <i>pr. t. 3 +p.</i> dwelleth, 105.</p> + +<p>Wone, <i>part. pa.</i> wont, 2151, 2297. K. Horn, 36; R. Gl. Chron. +of Engl. 632; Web., Chauc. [A.S. <i>wune</i>, a custom.]</p> + +<p>Wonges, <i>n. pl.</i> S. fields, plains, 397, 1444. Cf. l. 1360. +Spelman thinks arable land is meant by the term, rather than +pasture.</p> + +<p>Wore, <i>2 and 3 p. s.</i> were, 504, 684, &c. <i>Wore</i>, +<i>Woren</i>, <i>pl.</i> 237, 448, &c. It is not merely a licentious +spelling, as conjectured by Sir W. Scott.</p> + +<p><a name = "gloss_Worthe" id = "gloss_Worthe">Worþe</a>, <i>v.</i> S. +<i>imp.</i> may he be, 1102, 2873. <i>Wrth</i>, 434. <i>Wurþe</i>, 2221. +Laȝam. l. 28333. Sir Tr. p. 49, and all the Gloss., including +Lynds.</p> + +<p>Wosseyled. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Wesseylen">Wesseylen</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "gloss_Wot" id = "gloss_Wot">Wot</a>, Woth, <i>pr. t. 1 +p.</i> S. know, 119, 213, 653, 1345, &c. <i>Wost</i>, <i>pr. t. 2 +p.</i> knowest, 527, 582, 1384, &c. <i>Woth</i>, <i>pr. t. 3 p.</i> +knows, 2527. <i>Wot</i>, <i>pl. 1 p.</i> know, 2803. <i>Wat</i>, +<i>part. pa.</i> known, 1674.</p> + +<p>Wowe. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Wawe">Wawe</a>.</p> + +<p><a name = "gloss_Wrathe" id = "gloss_Wrathe">Wrathe</a>, <i>n.</i> S. +wrath, anger, 2719, 2977. <i>See</i> <a href = +"#gloss_Wroth">Wroth</a><ins class = "mycorr" +title = "period missing">. </ins></p> + +<p>Wreieres, <i>n. pl.</i> S. betrayers, spoilers, 39.</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>The <i>wraiers</i> that weren in halle,</p> +<p>Schamly were thai schende.</p> +</div> + +<p class = "author"> +<i>Sir Tristr.</i> p. 190.</p> + +<p>Wreken, <i>v.</i> S. to avenge, revenge, 327, 1901. <i>Wreke</i>, +<i>imp.</i> revenge (thou), 1363. <i>Wreken</i> (<i>miswritten for</i> +wreke), <i>3 p. imp.</i> 544. <i>Wreke</i>, <i>pr. pl. subj.</i> +1884. <i>Wreke</i>, <i>Wreken</i>, <i>part. pa.</i> revenged, 2368, +2849, 2992. Sir Tr. p. 190, &c.</p> + +<p>Wringen, <i>v.</i> S. to wring, 1233.</p> + +<p>Writ, <i>n.</i> S. writing, 2486. <i>Writes</i>, <i>pl.</i> writs, +letters, 136, 2275. <i>See</i> <a href = "#textnote136">note to +l. 136</a>.</p> + +<p>Wrobberes, <i>n. pl.</i> S. robbers, 39.</p> + +<p>Wros, <i>n. pl.</i> corners, 68. So in the <i>Leg. of S. +Margrete</i>, quoted by Dr Leyden:</p> + +<div class = "verse"> +<p>Sche seiȝe a wel fouler thing</p> +<p>Sitten in a <i>wro</i>;</p> +</div> + +<p class = "continue">which Jamieson aptly derives from the Su.-G. +<i>wraa</i>, angulus. Cf. Dan. <i>vraa</i>, a nook, corner.</p> + +<p><a name = "gloss_Wroth" id = "gloss_Wroth">Wroth</a>, <i>adj.</i> S. +wrath, angry, 1117. <i>Wroþe</i>, 2973. <i>See</i> <a href = +"#gloss_Wrathe">Wrathe</a>.</p> + +<p>Wrouht, <i>pa. t.</i> S. wrought, 2810. <i>Wrouth</i>, 1352. +<i>Wrowht</i>, 2453.</p> + +<p>Wrth. <i>See</i> <a class = "error" href = "#gloss_Worthe" title = +"spelled ‘Worþe’">Worthe</a>.</p> + +<p>Wunde, <i>n.</i> S. wound, 1980, 2673, &c. <i>Wounde</i>, 1978. +<i>Wundes</i>, <i>pl.</i> 1845, 1898, 1986. <i>Woundes</i>, 1977, +&c.</p> + +<p>Wurþe. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Worthe">Worþe</a>.</p> + + +<a class = "glosslink" name = "gloss_Y" id = "gloss_Y" href = +"#glossary">Y</a> + +<p class = "letter"> +Y, <i>pron.</i> I. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Ich">Ich</a>.</p> + +<p>Ya, <i>adv.</i> S. yea, yes, 1888, 2009, 2607. <i>Ye</i>, 2606. +<i>See</i> Rits. note to Yw. and Gaw. l. 43. In l. 2009, we +should probably have found <i>yis</i> in a more southern work. See the +note to <i>ȝis</i> in Gl. to <i>Will. of Palerne</i>. The distinction +between <i>no</i> (l. 1800) and <i>nay</i> (l. 1136) is +rightly made.</p> + +<p>Yaf. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Yeue">Yeue</a>.</p> + +<p>Yare, <i>adj.</i> S. ready, 1391, 2788, 2954. Sir Tr. p. 28; Rits. +M. R., Web., Chauc., Gl. Lynds.</p> + +<p>Yaren, <i>v.</i> S. to make ready, 1350. This word in all the Gloss. +has the form of <i>Yarken</i>.</p> + +<p><a name = "gloss_Yede" id = "gloss_Yede">Yede</a>, <i>pa. t.</i> S. +went, 6, 774, 821, &c. <i>Yeden</i>, <i>pa. t. pl.</i> 889, 952.</p> + +<p>Yeft. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Giue">Giue</a>.</p> + +<p>Yelde, <i>v.</i> S. to yield, 2712; <i>imp. 3 p.</i> requite, 803. +Very common formerly in this sense. <i>Yeld</i>, <i>imp.</i> yield +(thou), 2717.</p> + +<p>Yeme, <i>v.</i> S. to take charge of, govern, 131, 172, 182, 324, +&c. <i>Yemede</i>, <i>pa. t.</i> governed, 975, 2276. Sir Tr. +p. 115, Rits. M. R., Web., R. Gl., Chauc.</p> + +<p>Yen. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Agen">Agen</a>.</p> + +<span class = "pagenum">156</span> +<a name = "page156" id = "page156"> </a> +<p>Yerne, <i>adv.</i> S. eagerly, anxiously, 153, 211, 880, 925. Web., +Rits. M. R., Chauc.</p> + +<p>Yerne, <i>v.</i> S. to desire earnestly, 299. Laȝam. l. 4427. +K. Horn, 1419; R. Br., Chauc., Gl. Lynds.</p> + +<p>Yete, <i>adv.</i> S. yet, 495, 973, 996, 1043.</p> + +<p><a name = "gloss_Yeue" id = "gloss_Yeue">Yeue</a>, <i>v.</i> S. to +give, 298, &c. <i>Yeueth</i>, <i>pr. t. 3 p.</i> giveth, 459. +<i>Yif</i>, <i>imp.</i> give (thou), 674; <i>3 p.</i> <i>yeue</i>, 22; +<i>pl.</i> <i>yeueþ</i>, 911. <i>Yaf</i>, <i>pa. t.</i> gave, <i>or</i> +gave heed, 315, 419, &c. <i>Gaf</i>, 218, 418, 1311, &c. +<i>Gouen</i>, <i>pa. t. pl.</i> 164 (in phr. <i>gouen hem ille</i>, gave +themselves up to grief); Sir Tr. p. 129. <i>Giue</i>, <i>part. +pa.</i> 2488; <i>gouen</i>, 220. <i>Youenet</i> = <i>Youen it</i>, given +it, 1643. For <i>yaf</i> in l. 1174, see <a href = +"#textnote1174">note on the line</a>.</p> + +<p>Y-here. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Here">Here</a>, <i>v.</i></p> + +<p>Yif, <i>prep.</i> S. if, 126, 377, 1974, &c. <i>Yf</i>, 1189.</p> + +<p>Yif. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Yeue">Yeue</a>.</p> + +<p>Y-lere. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Lere">Lere</a>.</p> + +<p>Ynow. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Inow">Inow</a>.</p> + +<p>Youenet. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Yeue">Yeue</a>.</p> + +<p>Ys. <i>See</i> <a href = "#textnote1174">note to l. 1174</a>.</p> + +<p>Yuel, Yuele. <i>See</i> <a href = "#gloss_Iuele">Iuele</a>.</p> + +<p>Yunge, <i>adj.</i> S. young, 368, &c.</p> + +<p>Yure, <i>pron.</i> S. your, 171.</p> + +</div> + + +<div class = "names"> + +<span class = "pagenum">157</span> +<a name = "page157" id = "page157"> </a> + +<h3><a name = "names" id = "names">INDEX OF NAMES TO “HAUELOK.”</a></h3> + +<hr class = "small" /> + +<p class = "editor"> +[In this Index, the references under words in large capitals are in +general to the <i>pages</i> of the book; otherwise, the references are +to the <i>lines</i> of the poem.]</p> + + +<p class = "letter"> +<span class = "smallcaps">Athelwold</span> (<i>spelt</i> Aþelwald, l. +1077), is king of England, and governs wisely, pp. 2, 3;</p> +<div class = "inset"> +<p>feels he is dying, p. 4;</p> +<p>bequeaths his daughter to the care of Godrich, pp. 6, 7;</p> +<p>dies, p. 8.</p> +<p>Mentioned again in ll. 2709, 2803.)</p> +</div> + +<p>Auelok, <i>another spelling of</i> Hauelok, 1395, 1793.</p> + + +<p class = "letter"> +<span class = "smallcaps">Bernard Brun</span> (i.e. Bernard Brown; so +called in ll. 1751, 1945),</p> +<div class = "inset"> +<p>provides a supper for Havelok, p. 48;</p> +<p>his house attacked by thieves, p. 49;</p> +<p>fights against them, p. 52;</p> +<p>tells Ubbe how well Havelok fought, p. 54.</p> +</div> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Bertram</span> (<i>named</i> in l. +2898),</p> +<div class = "inset"> +<p>is cook to the Earl of Cornwall, and employs Havelok, pp. 27, 28;</p> +<p>is made Earl of Cornwall, and marries Levive, Grim’s daughter, +p. 83.</p> +</div> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Birkabeyn</span> (spelt Bircabein, l. +494<ins class = "mycorr" title = "close parenthesis printed after ‘2296’">);</ins></p> +<div class = "inset"> +<p><i>gen.</i> Birkabeynes, 2150, 2209, 2296,</p> +<p>is king of Denmark, p. 11;</p> +<p>commends his three children to Godard, p. 12;</p> +<p>dies, p. 13;</p> +<p>his son Havelok’s resemblance to him, p. 60.</p> +</div> + + +<p class = "letter"> +Cestre (Chester), 2607, 2859, 2896.</p> + +<p>Cornwayle (Cornwall), 178, 2908;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +Cornwalie, 884.</p> + +<p>Crist, 16, &c.;</p> +<div class = "inset"> +<p>—krist, 22;</p> +<p><i>gen.</i> kristes, 2797.</p> +</div> + + +<p class = "letter"> +Dauy, seint, 2863.</p> + +<p>Denemark (Denmark), 340, 381, 386, &c.</p> + +<p>Denshe, <i>sing. adj.</i> Danish, 1403;</p> +<div class = "inset"> +<p><i>pl.</i> 2575, 2693, 2938.</p> +<p>Danshe, 2689.</p> +</div> + +<p>Douere (Dover), 139, 265.</p> +<p class = "inset"> +Doure, 320.</p> + + +<p class = "letter"> +Engelond (England), 59, 202, 250, &c.;</p> +<div class = "inset"> +<p>—Engellond, 1093;</p> +<p>—Engelonde, 208;</p> +<p>—Englond, 1270;</p> +<p>—Engeland, 108, 610;</p> +<p>—Hengelond, 999;</p> +<p><i>gen.</i> Engelondes, 63.</p> +</div> + +<p>Englishe, <i>pl. adj.</i> (<i>followed by</i> men), 2766, 2795;</p> +<div class = "inset"> +<p>—Englis (<i>used absolutely</i>), 254;</p> +<p>—Henglishe, 2945.</p> +</div> + + +<p class = "letter"> +Giffin [<i>Qu.</i> Griffin] Galle, 2029.</p> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Godard</span> (<i>gen.</i> Godardes, l. +2415),</p> +<div class = "inset"> +<p>is made regent of Denmark, pp. 12, 13;</p> +<p>shuts up Birkabeyn’s children in a castle, p. 13;</p> +<p>kills Swanborow and Helfled, p. 15;</p> +<p>spares Havelok, p. 16;</p> +<p>but afterwards hires Grim to drown Havelok, p. 17;</p> +<p>is attacked by Havelok, p. 67;</p> +<p>is taken prisoner, p. 68;</p> +<p>condemned, flayed, drawn, and hung, pp. 70, 71.</p> +</div> + +<span class = "pagenum">158</span> +<a name = "page158" id = "page158"> </a> +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Godrich</span> (<i>spelt</i> Godrigh, l. +178),</p> +<div class = "inset"> +<p>is Earl of Cornwall, p. 6;</p> +<p>is made regent of England, pp. 7, 8, 9;</p> +<p>shuts Goldborough up in Dover castle, p. 10;</p> +<p>makes Goldborough marry Havelok, p. 33;</p> +<p>raises an army against Havelok, p. 72;</p> +<p>excites his men, p. 73;</p> +<p>marches to Grimsby, p. 74;</p> +<p>fights with Ubbe, p. 75;</p> +<p>fights with Havelok, pp. 77, 78;</p> +<p>is taken prisoner, p. 78;</p> +<p>taken to Lincoln, and burnt alive, pp. 80, 81.</p> +</div> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Goldeboru</span> (<i>or</i> Goldeborw, l. +2985),</p> +<div class = "inset"> +<p>is daughter of King Athelwold, p. 4;</p> +<p>is committed to the care of Godrich, pp. 8, 9;</p> +<p>shut up in Dover castle, p. 11;</p> +<p>is sent for to Lincoln, p. 33;</p> +<p>is married to Havelok, p. 36;</p> +<p>hears an angel’s voice, p. 39;</p> +<p>encourages Havelok to go to Denmark, p. 41;</p> +<p>rejoices at Godrich’s death, p. 81;</p> +<p>is queen of England, p. 85.</p> +<p><i>See</i> <a href = "#names_havelok">Havelok</a>.</p> +</div> + +<p><span class = "smallcaps">Grim</span>, a fisher, is hired by Godard +to drown Havelok, p. 17;</p> +<div class = "inset"> +<p>discovers Havelok to be the right heir to the crown, p. 19;</p> +<p>takes Havelok over to England, p. 20;</p> +<p>founds Grimsby, p. 23;</p> +<p>sends Havelok to Lincoln, p. 26;</p> +<p>dies, p. 37.</p> +</div> +<p class = "editor"> +[In l. 2333, there seems to be an allusion to a spectacle, in which the +history of Grim is represented.]</p> + +<p>Grimes, <i>gen. c. of</i> Grim, 1343, 1392, 2867.</p> + +<p>Grimesbi, 745, 2540, 2579, 2617, 2619;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +—Grimesby, 1202.</p> + +<p>Gunnild (daughter of Grim, marries Earl Reyner of Chester), 2866, +2896.</p> + +<p>Gunter (an English earl), 2606.</p> + + +<p class = "letter"> +<a class = "smallcaps" name = "names_havelok" id = +"names_havelok">Hauelok</a>, son of king Birkabeyn of Denmark, p. +13;</p> +<div class = "inset"> +<p>spared by Godard, p. 16;</p> +<p>but given over by him to Grim to be drowned, p. 17;</p> +<p>spared and fed by Grim, p. 20;</p> +<p>goes to England, p. 22;</p> +<p>sells fish, p. 25;</p> +<p>works as a porter, p. 27;</p> +<p>puts the stone, p. 31;</p> +<p>marries Goldborough, p. 35;</p> +<p>returns to Grimsby, p. 36;</p> +<p>his dream, p. 39;</p> +<p>returns to Denmark, p. 43;</p> +<p>trades there, p. 44;</p> +<p>is noticed by Ubbe, p. 45;</p> +<p>defends Bernard’s house against thieves, pp. 48-53;</p> +<p>is known to be heir of Denmark by a miraculous light, p. 60;</p> +<p>is dubbed knight by Ubbe, p. 65;</p> +<p>is king of Denmark, p. 66;</p> +<p>defeats Godard, p. 68;</p> +<p>invades England, p. 72;</p> +<p>defeats Godrich, p. 77;</p> +<p>rewards Bertram and others, p. 82;</p> +<p>lives to be a hundred years old, p. 83;</p> +<p>is crowned king of England at London, p. 84;</p> +<p>is king for sixty years, p. 85.</p> +</div> +<p class = "editor"> +[The story is called “þe gest of Hauelok and of Goldeborw,” +l. 2985.]</p> + +<p>Helfled (Havelok’s sister), 411.</p> + +<p>Hengelonde (England), 999.</p> + +<p>Henglishe (<i>pl.</i> English), 2945.</p> + +<p>Humber (the river), 733.</p> + +<p>Huwe Rauen (one of Grim’s sons), 1398, 1868, 2349, 2636, 2677;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +<i>spelt</i> Hwe, 1878.</p> + + +<p class = "letter"> +Iohan, seint; the patron saint to whom Havelok commits his Danes, +2957;</p> +<div class = "inset"> +<p>bi seint Iohan! 1112, 2563.</p> +<p><i>Spelt</i> Ion, 177.</p> +</div> + +<p>Iudas, 319, 425, 1133.</p> + + +<p class = "letter"> +Lazarun (= Lazarum, <i>acc.</i> of Lazarus), 331.</p> +<p class = "editor"> +Cf. “Lord” —said Guy— “that reared <i>Lazaroun</i>,” &c. +Guy of Warwick, in Ellis, Met. Rom. (ed. Halliwell), p. 227.</p> + +<p>Leue (Grim’s wife), 558, 576, 595, 642.</p> + +<p>Leuiue (Grim’s daughter, married to Bertram), 2914.</p> + +<p>Lincolne, 773, 847, 862, 980, 1105, 2558, 2572, 2824.</p> + +<p>Lindeseye (N. part of Lincolnshire), 734.</p> + +<p>Lundone (London), 2943.</p> + + +<span class = "pagenum">159</span> +<a name = "page159" id = "page159"> </a> +<p class = "letter"> +Marz (March), 2559.</p> + + +<p class = "letter"> +Reyner (earl of Chester), 2607.</p> + +<p>Roberd þe rede (Grim’s eldest son), 1397, 1686, 1888, &c.;</p> +<div class = "inset"> +<p>—Robert, 2405, 2411, &c.;</p> +<p><i>gen.</i> Roberdes, 1691.</p> +</div> + +<p>Rokesborw (explained by Prof. Morley to mean Rokeby, but it is surely +Roxburgh), 265;</p> +<div class = "inset"> +<p>—Rokesburw, 139.</p> +<p>Roxburgh is spelt <i>Rokesburgh</i> in Walsingham, ed. Riley, i. 340, +&c.</p> +</div> + + +<p class = "letter"> +Sathanas (Satan), 1100, 1134, 2512.</p> + +<p>Swanborow (Havelok’s sister), 411.</p> + + +<p class = "letter"> +<span class = "smallcaps">Ubbe</span>, a great Danish lord, p. 44;</p> +<div class = "inset"> +<p>entertains Havelok, p. 45;</p> +<p>takes him to his castle, p. 57;</p> +<p>does homage to Havelok, p. 63;</p> +<p>dubs him knight, p. 65;</p> +<p>his combat with Godrich, p. 75;</p> +<p>is sorely wounded, p. 76.</p> +</div> + + +<p class = "letter"> +Willam Wendut (one of Grim’s sons), 1690, 1881, 1892, 2348, 2632;</p> +<p class = "inset"> +—Wiliam Wenduth, 1398.</p> + +<p>Winchestre, 158, 318.</p> + + +<p class = "letter"> +Yerk (York), 1178.</p> + +<p>Ynde, India, 1085.</p> + +</div> +<!-- end div names --> + +</div> +<!-- end div maintext --> + +<p> <br /> </p> + +<h6>JOHN CHILDS AND SON, PRINTERS.</h6> + +<div class = "endnote"> + +<h4><a name = "endnote" id = "endnote"> +Transcriber’s Note on Texts:</a></h4> + +<p>This book exists in at least two forms, distinguished by minor +differences in the modern (1868) material. The title page(s), verso and +introduction give no hint that there were any changes or additions; +references to the “former” and “present” edition are to Madden alone +(Roxburghe, 1828) contrasted with Skeat (EETS, 1868). For convenience +the two 1868 variants will be called “preliminary” and “final”. The 1975 +reprint used the “final” version.</p> + +<h5>Emendations:</h5> + +<p class = "quotation"> +p. 24, <a href = "#texttag784">l. 784</a>. Perhaps we should, however, +read <i>se-weren</i>, and the note on the line (p. 93) may be +wrong. See <i>Weren</i> in the Glossary.</p> +<p>The preliminary version of the Emendations reads:</p> +<p class = "quotation"> +... Perhaps there should be no stop in the line, and ...</p> +<p>There are no differences in the body text or Note.</p> + +<p class = "letter"> +The last five Emendations— changes to glossary items +<i>Greting</i>, <i>Hal</i>, <i>Shoten</i> (<i>Schoten</i>), <a href = +"#gloss_Teyte"><i>Teyte</i></a>, <i>Bise</i>— are missing from the +preliminary version.</p> + +<h5>Glossary:</h5> + +<p class = "quotation"> +Datheit, <i>interj.</i> ... [from the O.F. <i>hait</i>, pleasure].</p> +<p>In the preliminary version, the bracketed addition reads “possibly +from <i>haïr</i>, to hate”.</p> + +<p class = "quotation"> +Pastees ... Al of <i>pasteiis</i> beth the walles.</p> +<p>The preliminary version has the apparent error <i>pasteüs</i>.</p> + +<p class = "quotation"> +Weren ...</p> +<p>The preliminary version is printed without brackets but is otherwise +identical.</p> + +</div> + + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Lay of Havelok the Dane, by Unknown + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE LAY OF HAVELOK THE DANE *** + +***** This file should be named 32049-h.htm or 32049-h.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/3/2/0/4/32049/ + +Produced by Louise Hope, Taavi Kalju and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This +book was produced from scanned images of public domain +material from the Google Print project.) + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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