diff options
| -rw-r--r-- | .gitattributes | 3 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | 32043-h.zip | bin | 0 -> 27892 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 32043-h/32043-h.htm | 1089 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | 32043-h/images/flower.jpg | bin | 0 -> 1987 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 32043.txt | 1051 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | 32043.zip | bin | 0 -> 24451 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | LICENSE.txt | 11 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | README.md | 2 |
8 files changed, 2156 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6833f05 --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +* text=auto +*.txt text +*.md text diff --git a/32043-h.zip b/32043-h.zip Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..b7fbcc2 --- /dev/null +++ b/32043-h.zip diff --git a/32043-h/32043-h.htm b/32043-h/32043-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..baed0cb --- /dev/null +++ b/32043-h/32043-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,1089 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" + "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> + +<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> + <head> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=iso-8859-1" /> + <title> + The Project Gutenberg eBook of Army of the Cumberland and the Battle of Stone's River, by Gilbert C. Kniffin. + </title> + <style type="text/css"> + + p {margin-top: .75em; text-align: justify; margin-bottom: .75em;} + + h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6 {text-align: center; clear: both;} + + hr {width: 33%; margin-top: 2em; margin-bottom: 2em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; clear: both;} + + body {margin-left: 12%; margin-right: 12%;} + + .pagenum {position: absolute; left: 92%; font-size: smaller; text-align: right; font-style: normal;} + + .smcap {font-variant: small-caps;} + + .figcenter {margin: auto; text-align: center;} + + ins.correction {text-decoration:none; border-bottom: thin solid gray;} + + .u {text-decoration: underline;} + + </style> + </head> +<body> + + +<pre> + +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Army of the Cumberland and the Battle of +Stone's River, by Gilbert C. Kniffin + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Army of the Cumberland and the Battle of Stone's River + +Author: Gilbert C. Kniffin + +Release Date: April 18, 2010 [EBook #32043] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BATTLE OF STONE'S RIVER *** + + + + +Produced by The Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images +generously made available by The Internet Archive/American +Libraries.) + + + + + + +</pre> + + + +<h3>Military Order of the Loyal Legion</h3> +<h4>of the</h4> +<h3>United States.</h3> +<p> </p> +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/flower.jpg" alt="" /></div> +<h4>COMMANDERY OF THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA</h4> +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/flower.jpg" alt="" /></div> +<p> </p> +<h4><span class="u">WAR PAPERS.</span><br />68</h4> +<p> </p> +<h3>Army of the Cumberland and the Battle of Stone’s River.</h3> +<p> </p> +<h5><span class="smcap">prepared by Companion</span><br /> +<span class="smcap">Lieutenant-Colonel</span> GILBERT C. KNIFFIN,<br /> +<span class="smcap">U. S. Volunteers</span>,<br /> +<br /> +AND READ AT THE STATED MEETING OF APRIL 3, 1907.</h5> + + +<p> </p><p> </p> +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[Pg 3]</a></span></p> +<h2>Army of the Cumberland and the Battle of Stone River.</h2> + +<p>The Army of the Ohio, after crowding into the space of six weeks more hard +marching and fighting than fell to the lot of any other army in the United +States during the summer of 1862, was, on the last of October, encamped in +the vicinity of Bowling Green, Kentucky. General Bragg and Kirby Smith, +turning Buell’s left flank, had invaded Kentucky, gained the rear of +Buell, threatened his base at Louisville, and but for the <i>vis inertia</i> +which always seemed to seize upon the Confederates when in sight of +complete victory, would have captured Louisville. The battle of Perryville +resulting in the hasty exit of the combined armies of Bragg and Smith +through Cumberland Gap into East Tennessee, the deliberate sweep of +Buell’s columns in their rear, the halt at Crab Orchard, and the return +march towards Nashville are part of the events of an earlier chapter in +the history of the rebellion. The occupation of East Tennessee by the +Union Army had from the commencement of hostilities been an object dear to +the great heart of President Lincoln. He had hoped for its accomplishment +under General Sherman. It had been included in the instructions to General +Buell, but eighteen months had passed and the Confederate flag still waved +in triumph from the spire of the court-house at Knoxville. The retreat of +the Confederate Army into East Tennessee in what was reported as a routed +and disorganized condition had seemed like a favorable opportunity to +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[Pg 4]</a></span>carry out the long-cherished design of the Government. The movement of +large armies across the country upon a map in the War Office, although +apparently practicable, bore so little relation to actual campaigning as +to have already caused the decapitation of more than one general.</p> + +<p>The positive refusal of General Buell to march 60,000 men into a sterile +and hostile country across a range of mountains in pursuit of an army of +equal strength with his own, when by simply turning southward he could +meet it around the western spur of the same range, although it has since +been upheld by every military authority, caused his prompt removal from +command of the army he had organized and led to victory. The army had been +slow to believe in the incapacity of General Buell, and had recognized the +wisdom of his change of front from Cumberland Gap towards Nashville, but +there were causes for dissatisfaction, which, in the absence of knowledge +as to the difficulties under which he labored were attributed to him. A +full knowledge of all the circumstances would have transferred them to the +War Department. Major-General William S. Rosecrans, the newly-appointed +commander of the Army of the Cumberland, graduated at West Point July 1, +1842, as brevet second lieutenant corps of engineers. He resigned from the +army April 1, 1854, and entered civil life at Cincinnati as a civil +engineer and architect. His energy and capability for large undertakings, +coupled with an inherent capacity for command, caused him to be selected +as superintendent of a cannel coal company in Virginia and president of +the Coal River Navigation Company.</p> + +<p>The discovery of coal oil at this period at once attracted his attention, +and he had embarked in its manufacture when the tocsin of war called him +into the field. His first duty was as volunteer aid to General McClellan, +where his military experience rendered him very efficient in the +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[Pg 5]</a></span>organization of troops. He became commander of Camp Chase, colonel on the +staff, chief engineer of the State of Ohio, and colonel Twenty-third Ohio +Volunteer Infantry, commanded later by Rutherford B. Hayes and Stanley +Matthews, and was appointed brigadier-general U. S. A., May 16, 1861. +After conducting the campaigns in West Virginia to a successful issue he +was ordered South and assigned to command of a division in the Army of the +Mississippi under General Pope. He participated creditably in the siege of +Corinth, and after its evacuation, and the transfer of General Pope to the +eastern army assumed command of the Army of the Mississippi and District +of Corinth. His heroic defense of that post and pursuit of Van Dorn’s +defeated army following closely upon his military record in West Virginia +again attracted the attention of the President and pointed him out as +eminently fitted to succeed General Buell. General Rosecrans ordered to +proceed to Cincinnati did not specify the command to which he was to be +assigned. His commission as major-general, dated September 16th, was of +much later date than the commissions of Buell, Thomas, McCook, and +Crittenden. General Thomas ranked him five months—McCook and Crittenden +two months. On opening his orders at Cincinnati he found an autograph +letter from General Halleck directing him to proceed to Louisville and +relieve General Buell in command of the Army of the Ohio. The usual method +has always been to issue simultaneous orders to both officers, thus +affording time to the officer to be relieved in which to arrange the +details of his office, but Halleck was a law unto himself, and in +relieving an army officer usually did it in a way to render it equivalent +to dismissal from the service. Rosecrans afterward referred to his visit +to Buell’s headquarters as more like that of a constable bearing a writ +for the ejectment of a tenant than as a general on his way to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[Pg 6]</a></span> relieve a +brother officer in command of an army. The difficulty of rank was bridged +over by antedating Rosecrans’ commission to March 16th. In a subsequent +interview with General Thomas, when that splendid soldier expressed the +pleasure it would give him to serve under a general who had given such +satisfactory evidence of fitness to command, but felt doubts as to his +right to do so on account of the disparity of their rank, General +Rosecrans frankly revealed the means by which his commission had been made +to date from the period of his operations in Western Virginia, and that as +it now stood, General Thomas need have no fears of compromising his +dignity as a United States officer. The explanation was entirely +satisfactory, and no question of the superior rank of the commanding +general was ever raised. After a rest and visit to his family of only +sixty hours, General Rosecrans proceeded to Louisville, and assumed +command of the army on the 28th of October, and on the 30th joined it at +Bowling Green.</p> + +<p>Here the first interview took place between the General and his corps +commanders. Major-General George H. Thomas, strong, grave, benignant, +majestic in deportment, had now been with the army a year; revered by the +entire army, loved by his old division, he was a man to be trusted. +Major-General Thomas L. Crittenden, a son of Senator Crittenden, of +Kentucky, bold, impetuous, and of knightly grace of manner, possessed of +that cheerful courage which finds its best expression on the battle field, +the idol of his old division, whose gallant conduct at Shiloh had won for +its brave commander promotion to the rank of major-general. Major-General +Alexander McD. McCook, the antipodes of Thomas, of never-failing good +humor and undoubted courage, apt to neglect proper precautions for the +safety of his command, but ever ready to assume all the responsibility of +failure,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[Pg 7]</a></span> over-confident, generous, yielding in his disposition, yet +enjoying the confidence of the men whose heroism at Shiloh had won the +eulogies of Sherman, added a second star upon his broad shoulders, and +saved him from reproach after the repulse upon the field at Perryville. In +physique the three corps commanders were as unlike as in personal +character. Thomas had a massive, full-rounded, erect and powerful figure, +six feet in stature. His features heavy but well carved, with a strong, +combative nose, his upper lip and square jaws and chin covered with a +growth of sandy beard slightly silvered, bushy brows set like a canopy +over clear blue eyes, a broad, white forehead, and curly golden hair in +luxuriant profusion, covering a large, well-formed head. Out of fifty-four +years of life he had worn the uniform of a United States officer +twenty-two years, and in all that time he had borne himself as an officer +and a gentleman. Altogether a soldier, simple and unaffected, honest, +truthful, patient, obedient to orders and requiring obedience, he never +swerved an iota from the path of duty; acting upon well-matured opinions, +he was a friend to be loved and an enemy to be feared.</p> + +<p>Crittenden was tall, slender, and straight as an arrow. His clean-cut +features were handsomely modeled, his eyes dark and full of expression, +were full of mirth when there was no cause for anger—then they shone with +a dangerous light—a thin black beard worn full and pointed at the end, +long flowing locks of raven hair falling nearly to his shoulders, beneath +a black felt hat turned up at the sides, booted and spurred, with sword +dangling at his side, and mounted upon his blooded horse, he was indeed a +knight “without fear and without reproach.” A long experience in the +diplomatic service and in refined society had imparted a high degree of +grace and polish of manner, which united to fair intellectual attainments +and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[Pg 8]</a></span> a magnetic smile which greeted all, from the simplest private soldier +to the highest officer in his command, won the admiration and boundless +affection of all who knew him.</p> + +<p>McCook, low in stature, was inclined to be fleshy, a full face innocent of +beard, with the exception of a slight mustache, a broad low forehead, +regular features easily wrought into a smile, light hair and a well-shaped +head gave him a boyish appearance. Closer observation revealed the +presence of more character. There was in the steadiness of gaze, the +massive jaws, and the respectful demeanor of his subordinate officers, +reason to believe that the youthful major-general had fairly won the twin +stars that shone upon his shoulder. He had graduated from West Point with +the brevet rank of second lieutenant, had served in several campaigns +against the Indians, been instructor in infantry tactics at West Point, +where the breaking out of the war found him at thirty years of age. +Ordered to Columbus, Ohio, as mustering and disbursing officer, he was +appointed colonel of the First Ohio Infantry, which he led in the first +battle of Bull Run, receiving commendation where so many failed to deserve +it. Reward came in the form of a commission as brigadier-general, with +orders to report for duty to General Buell. The heroic conduct of his +division at Shiloh added another star, and, but for the censure of General +Buell for bringing on the battle of Perryville without orders, there was +no reason why he should not be entrusted with the command to which his +rank entitled him.</p> + +<p>Notwithstanding General Rosecrans was a stranger to the army, to the +command of which he had been assigned, his name had long been familiar to +both officers and men, for war literature had sounded his praises. They +had followed him through his campaigns in Western Virginia, had heard the +sharp volleys of his musketry on their left at the siege of Corinth, and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[Pg 9]</a></span> +more recently the country had been electrified by his brilliant victory +over Van Dorn. The contrast between Generals Buell and Rosecrans was not +more marked in personal appearance than in methods. The former was cold, +impassive, and polite; the latter boisterous, warm-hearted, and brusque. +The frigid dignity which hedged the person of Buell, enclosing department +headquarters as within a wall of ice, behind which silence reigned, and +through the guarded portals of which none ventured unbidden, was swept +away by General Rosecrans, who transformed its solemn precincts into a +busy workhouse, where chiefs of staff departments, surrounded by an army +of clerks, wrought at their respective vocations, placing the new +commander <i>en rapport</i> with the most minute details of his army. Most of +his staff accompanied him from the Army of the Mississippi. They had +proved themselves capable and trustworthy, and the general naturally +desired the presence of old friends in his military family. But there was +at least one officer of the old department staff with whom the entire army +parted with sincere regret—Colonel James B. Fry, Buell’s adjutant-general +and chief of staff. The kindness of manner, the inexhaustible patience and +good humor and never-failing knowledge of military affairs which this +officer possessed had gone far to soften the asperities and dispel the +chill which hung about department headquarters.</p> + +<p>Brigadier-General D. S. Stanley reported for duty as chief of cavalry +early in December, and at once assumed command.</p> + +<p>General Stanley graduated at West Point in the class of 1852, and was +assigned to the Second Dragoons with the rank of second lieutenant. After +three years’ service on the plains he was transferred to the First Cavalry +as first lieutenant, then under command of Colonel E. V. Sumner. Joe +Johnston was lieutenant-colonel, and John Sedgwick and William H. Emory<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[Pg 10]</a></span> +majors. In 1857 he accompanied Colonel Sumner on an expedition against the +Cheyenne Indians, in which he was engaged in a sharp fight on Solomon’s +Fork of the Kansas River, in which the Indians were defeated. In 1858 he +was engaged in the Utah Expedition, and in the same year he crossed the +plains to the northern boundary of Texas. In a sharp and decisive battle +with the Comanches Lieutenant Stanley displayed such courage and skill in +handling his command as to receive the complimentary orders of General +Scott. The opening of the rebellion found him stationed at Fort Scott, +Arkansas, where, in March, he received his commission as captain in the +Fourth Cavalry. His command was included in the surrender made by General +Twiggs, but the heart of the brave officer beat loyal to the flag of his +country, and he resolved upon a march northward to Kansas City, Mo. +Uniting his force with that at Fort Smith, the column moved through the +Indian country. A Confederate force sent against them was, on the eighth +of May, captured and paroled. On the fifteenth of June they occupied +Kansas City, and marched at once upon Independence, where Captain Stanley +was fired upon while carrying a flag of truce. He joined General Lyon in +his expedition against Springfield, which was occupied July twelfth. He +participated in the various engagements in Missouri in the summer of 1861, +displaying in an eminent degree the dash and conspicuous courage which so +distinguished him in his subsequent career, and in September he reported +with his regiment to General Fremont at St. Louis. He marched against +Price from Syracuse, and in November moved against Springfield. Captain +Stanley was appointed brigadier-general in November, 1861, and in March, +1862, was assigned to the command of the Second division of Pope’s army in +the expedition against New Madrid and Island No. 10, the Fort Pillow +Expedition,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[Pg 11]</a></span> and in the siege of Corinth. Here his acquaintance with +General Rosecrans began, ripening into sincere attachment under the fire +of Price’s guns at Iuka, and the yet fiercer blaze of Van Dorn’s +hard-fighting battalions at Corinth in October. His conspicuous gallantry +on this occasion added a second star to the insignia of his rank and +caused him to be selected by his old commander in arms to organize and +lead the cavalry of his new command. In person General Stanley was tall +and erect. A handsome face and long, flowing beard, slightly silvered, +engaging in manner and full of enthusiasm for the success of the cause in +which he held his own life as nothing in comparison, he soon impressed his +personality upon the cavalry of the Army of the Cumberland and made it a +reliable branch of the service.</p> + +<p>December, 1862, was a busy month. The year was fast drawing to a close, +and both Union and Confederate generals had little to report save plots +and counter-plots. On the part of each there was little that was +encouraging. The early spring had found Middle and West Tennessee in the +possession of the former. Two large armies occupied all prominent points, +and the beaten Confederates encamped in Mississippi were confronted by an +army too powerful for them to attack.</p> + +<p>Early autumn witnessed the enforced retirement of Buell’s army to the line +of the Ohio River, while the Confederates reaped the harvests in Kentucky +and Middle Tennessee.</p> + +<p>The tenth of October found Grant embarked upon his march southward to +Vicksburg, driving Pemberton before him. Sherman arranging for +co-operation by water, the Army of the Cumberland encamped near Nashville, +with Bragg’s twice defeated army in its front, and Hindman’s beaten troops +flying before the victorious divisions of Herron and Blunt from the battle +field of Prairie Grove.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[Pg 12]</a></span>East Tennessee being left comparatively free from molestation by the +abandonment of pursuit through Cumberland Gap, General Kirby Smith was at +liberty to reinforce points more strongly threatened. He had no sooner +succeeded in collecting his stragglers and reorganizing his army, +reinforcing it by several new regiments, than, in compliance with orders +from the Confederate War Department, he dispatched Stevenson’s division to +the relief of Pemberton at Grenada, and McCown, with his division, to +report to Bragg at Murfreesboro.</p> + +<p>Orders for a forward movement were issued by General Rosecrans on +Wednesday, the twenty-fourth of December, and on Christmas morning the +camps were alive with preparation. The day was spent in writing to loved +ones far away among the snow-covered hills of the great Northwest. Tattoo +found men discussing the chances of coming battle. Here and there was a +soldier giving the last finishing touch to the gleaming gun-barrel. The +surgeon, in his tent, sat before a table on which in glittering display +lay the implements of his craft. The long, keen knife, the saw, the probe, +were each in turn subjected to close inspection and carefully adjusted in +the case. Field officers paid a last visit to their faithful chargers and +exhorted grooms to feed early and not to forget to bring along an extra +feed lest perchance the following night would find the troops far in +advance of the wagons. Quartermasters, that hard-worked and +little-appreciated class of officers, toiling through the long night with +their loaded wagon trains getting into position for an orderly march; +commissaries, upon whose vigilance all depended, carrying out orders for +three days’ rations in haversacks and five days’ more in wagons. A busy +day was followed by a busy night. The clatter of horses’ hoofs upon the +turnpike roads leading out of Nashville to the encampments<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</a></span> sounded all +through the night. Now a solitary orderly galloped down from division +headquarters bearing a message to a brigade commander. Soon a group of +officers rode gaily by from a late carousal at the St. Cloud; then came a +corps commander with staff and escort from conference with the chief, his +last injunction ringing in his ears, “We move tomorrow, gentlemen. We +shall begin to skirmish probably as soon as we pass the outposts. Press +them hard. Drive them out of their nests. Make them fight or run. Strike +hard and fast; give them no rest. Fight them! fight them! fight them! I +say,” as the uplifted right hand emphasized each sentence upon the palm of +the left hand. Thomas received the orders with a grim smile of approval; +McCook’s sharp eyes twinkled with enjoyment; Crittenden straightened his +trim figure, and his eyes shone as he stalked out of the room, followed by +his aides, as if in haste to begin his part of the programme. There was +glorious assurance in the manly stride, the determined look, and in the +triple armor with which he is clad who hath his quarrel just; and his must +have been a dull ear, indeed, who did not note, in the merry jest and +tuneful song that floated along the ranks, the augury of victory.</p> + +<p>At the head of their respective columns rode Thomas, accompanied by his +staff officers, with the brave and accomplished Major George E. Flynt at +their head. There was Von Schroeder, Mack, Mackey, and the rest. McCook, +with Langdon, Nodine, Thruston, Campbell, and Williams. Crittenden, +followed by Starling, Loder, Mendenhall, Buford, John McCook, Knox, and +the writer of this chronicle. Brave hearts beat high that day. On the +right, far in advance of the infantry, rode Stanley, with trusty Sinclair +by his side, while his cavalry swept on out the Nolensville pike, driving +Wheeler’s pickets before them.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</a></span>Sturdy John Kennett, with a brigade of cavalry at his heels, advanced upon +the broad turnpike road straight toward the enemy, nor stopped until +nightfall, notwithstanding constant skirmishing, when, on reaching an +eminence that overlooked La Vergne, a large force was encountered. The +plain below was dotted with groups of cavalry. Suddenly a puff of smoke +and a shell well aimed along the line of the road, carried death in its +track. Another and another followed in quick succession, clearing the road +as fast as men’s legs could carry them. The head of Palmer’s infantry +column came up and halted at the side of the road. General Crittenden and +his staff rode forward to watch the artillery duel now in progress—for +Newell’s battery had unlimbered at the first shot and was firing rapidly. +Mr. Robert H. Crittenden (a brother of the general), and the writer, his +boon companion, riding side by side, advanced beyond their companions in +full view of the artillerists, presenting a conspicuous mark. Quick as +lightning a shell came hissing through the air and passed in the narrow +space of a yard between their horses. It is needless to add that, their +curiosity being gratified, they lost no time in seeking the friendly cover +of a log-house by the roadside. Newell planted his shots from two +three-inch Rodmans with such dexterity as to silence the enemy’s battery +of four guns. Colonel Enyart, with the First Kentucky and the Thirty-first +Indiana Infantry, supported on the right by Colonel W. C. Whitaker with +the Sixth Kentucky and the Thirty-first Indiana Infantry, supported on the +right by Colonel W. C. Whitaker with the Sixth Kentucky and Ninth Indiana, +preceded by Colonel Murray with the Third Kentucky Cavalry, now moved to +the left and advanced through the cedars towards Stony Creek, where they +were met by a force sent to intercept them. The order to charge with the +bayonet was followed by a swift<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[Pg 15]</a></span> rush across the creek, the routed +Confederates flying before the gleaming steel, and the army bivouacked for +the night before La Vergne.</p> + +<p>After five days’ fighting into position the army formed line of battle in +front of Murfreesboro. Summoning his corps commanders the General +promulgated his plan of battle. General McCook was to occupy the most +advantageous position, refusing his right as much as practicable and +necessary to secure it, to receive the attack of the enemy, or, if that +did not come, to attack sufficiently to hold all the forces in his front. +Generals Negley and Palmer to open with skirmishing, and engage the +enemy’s center and left as far as the river. Crittenden to cross Van +Cleve’s division at the lower ford, covered and supported by Morgan’s +pioneer corps, 1,700 strong, and to advance on Breckinridge. Wood’s +division to cross by brigades at the upper ford, and moving on Van Cleve’s +right, to carry everything before them to Murfreesboro. This movement +would, it was supposed, dislodge <ins class="correction" title="original reads 'Breckenridge'">Breckinridge</ins>, and gaining the high ground +east of Stones River, Wood’s batteries could obtain an enfilading fire +upon the heavy body of troops massed in front of Negley and Palmer. The +center and left, using Negley’s right as a pivote, were to swing around +through Murfreesboro and take the force confronting McCook in rear, +driving it into the country towards Salem. The successful execution of +General Rosecrans’ design depended not more upon the spirit and gallantry +of the assaulting column than upon the courage and obstinacy with which +the position held by the Right Wing was maintained. Having explained this +fact to General McCook, the commanding general asked him if, with a full +knowledge of the ground over which he had fought, he could hold his +position three hours—again alluding to his dissatisfaction with the +direction which his line had assumed, but, as before, leaving<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[Pg 16]</a></span> that to the +corps commander—“I think I can,” said McCook, and the conference ended.</p> + +<p>General Braxton Bragg, a graduate of West Point, a master in military +science, a commander whose endurance and hard fighting qualities in the +field were more conspicuous than his generalship in the management of +campaign, was in command of the Confederate army at Murfreesboro. He had +taken up the execution of the plan of battle where it had dropped from the +dying hand of Albert Sydney Johnston, and was advancing to carry it out at +Shiloh, when his brigades were recalled by Beauregard, sick in an +ambulance three miles in the rear. He had, by a brilliant flank movement +of three hundred miles through a mountainous region, gained Buell’s rear +in Kentucky, only to emerge from the farthest corner of the State without +a decisive battle. Recriminations had grown out of this campaign which +threatened to sap the influence of the commanding general. General Polk +had been threatened with court-martial, and Hardee expressed the opinion +that if Bragg persisted in bringing charges, Polk could, if he would, “rip +up the Kentucky campaign—tear Bragg to tatters.” These compliments, +however, passed only between prominent officers; the army was in good +state of discipline, although out of an aggregate 85,372 only 47,930 were +carried on the rolls as effectives, and 30,000 were absent, with and +without leave.</p> + +<p>Bragg had in his army about the same proportion of raw troops to veterans +as were found in that in his front, and both armies were equally well +armed. Men who had tested each other’s metal at Pea Ridge, Shiloh, and +Perryville, and in innumerable skirmishes, were again arrayed for a final +conflict. Here was Bragg, sullen, hard-featured, unapproachable; Polk, +benignant, dignified, majestic; Hardee, the superb rider, the strict +disciplinarian, the steady, persistent fighter; Breckinridge,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[Pg 17]</a></span> elegant in +manner, eloquent in speech, courteous, courageous, the idol of the +Kentucky brigade, and, like the men who composed it, dimly conscious +possibly of the crime against his favorite dogma of States rights, and the +ingratitude of a people whose cause they had espoused against the +expressed will of their native State.</p> + +<p>Among the division commanders were Cheatham, whose headlong charges at +Shiloh and Perryville thousands of maimed soldiers both North and South +had cause to remember; Cleburne, stubborn and stout of heart, blunt, +impassive and heavy, who was destined two years later to pour out his +life’s blood upon the breastworks at Franklin; McCown and Withers of +lesser note, and a host of brigade and regimental commanders who had won +their rank under the eyes of their grim commander.</p> + +<p>General Rosecrans, having arranged his plan of battle, had risen early to +superintend its execution. General Crittenden, whose headquarters were a +few paces distant, mounted at 6 A. M., and with his staff rode to an +eminence, where the chief, surrounded by his staff officers, sat on their +horses listening to the opening guns on the right. The plan of General +Bragg was instantly divined, but no apprehension of danger was felt. +Suddenly the woods on the right in the rear of Negley, appeared to be +alive with men wandering aimlessly in the direction of the rear. The roar +of artillery grows more distinct, mingled with continuous volleys of +musketry. It can not be that the veteran brigades of the Right Wing are +being driven back. McCook is surely only falling back to secure a position +that he can hold for the promised three hours. The rear of a line of +battle always presents the pitiable spectacle of a horde of skulkers—men +who, when tried in the fierce flame of battle, find, often to their own +disgust, that they are<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[Pg 18]</a></span> lacking in the element of courage. But the sight +of whole regiments of soldiers flying in panic to the rear was a sight +never seen but on that solitary occasion, before or since, by the Army of +the Cumberland. Captain Otis, from his position on the extreme right, who +arrives breathless, his horse reeking with foam, to inform General +Rosecrans that the Right Wing is in rapid retreat. The astounding +intelligence is confirmed a moment later by a staff officer from General +McCook, calling for reinforcements. “Tell General McCook,” roared the +chief, “to contest every inch of ground. If he holds them, we will swing +into Murfreesboro and cut them off.” Then Rousseau, with his reserves, was +sent into the fight, and Van Cleve, at the head of Crittenden’s old Shiloh +division, came dashing across the fields, with water dripping from their +clothing, to take a hand in the fray. Harker’s brigade was withdrawn from +the left and sent in on Rousseau’s right, and the Pioneer brigade, +relieved at the ford by Price’s brigade, was posted on Harker’s right. The +remaining brigades of Van Cleve’s division, Beatty’s and Fyffe’s, formed +on the extreme right, and thus an improvised line half a mile in extent, +presented a new and unexpected front to the approaching enemy. It was a +trying position to Van Cleve’s men to stand in line, a living wall, while +the panic-stricken soldiers of McCook’s beaten regiments, flying in terror +through the woods, rushed past them, the sharp rattle of McCown’s musketry +behind them lending wings to their flight. The Union lines could not fire, +for their comrades were between them and the enemy. Rosecrans seemed +ubiquitous. All these dispositions had been made under his personal +direction. Finding Sheridan coming out of the cedars into which Rousseau +had just retired, he directed him to the ammunition train, with orders to +fill his cartridge boxes and return to the support of Hazen’s brigade on +the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[Pg 19]</a></span> edge of the Round Forrest. Captain Morton, with the Pioneers and the +Chicago Board of Trade Battery, pushed into the cedars, and disappeared +from view simultaneously with Harker. The general course of the tide of +stragglers toward the rear struck the turnpike at the point where Van +Cleve stood impatiently awaiting the order to advance. All along the line +men were falling, struck by the bullets of the enemy, who soon appeared at +the edge of the woods on Morton’s flank. The order to charge was given by +General Rosecrans in person, and, like hounds from the leash, the division +sprang forward, reserving their fire for close quarters. It was the crisis +in the battle. If this line was broken all was lost. Every man rose to the +occasion and proved himself a hero. Steadily, as a majestic river moves on +its resistless way, the line swept forward, sending a shower of bullets to +the front. The left was now exposed to attack, and, riding rapidly to the +ford, General Rosecrans inquired who commanded the brigade. “I do, sir,” +said Colonel Price. “Will you hold this ford?” “I will try, sir.” “Will +you hold this ford?” “I will die right here.” “Will you hold this ford?” +for the third time thundered the general. “Yes, sir,” said the colonel. +“That will do”; and away galloped the general to where Palmer was +contending against long odds for the possession of the Round Forrest in +the center of the line. All along the line from Van Cleve’s right to +Wood’s left, the space gradually narrowed between the contending hosts. +The weak had gone to the rear; no room now for any but brave men, and no +time given for new dispositions; every man who had a stomach for fighting +was engaged on the firing line. From a right angle the Confederate left +had been pressed back by Van Cleve and Harker and the Pioneers to an angle +of forty-five degrees in less than that number of minutes. This advance +brought Van Cleve within view<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[Pg 20]</a></span> of Rousseau, who at once requested him to +form on his right. Harker, entering the woods on the left of Van Cleve, +passed to his right, and now closed up on his flank. The enemy had fallen +back stubbornly fighting, and made a stand on the left of Cheatham. Brave +old Van Cleve, his white hair streaming in the wind, the blood flowing +from a gaping wound in his foot, rode gallantly along the line to where +Harker was stiffly holding his position, with his right “in the air.” +Bidding him to hold fast to every inch of ground, he rode to Swallow’s +Battery, which was working with the rapidity of a steam fire-engine, +“Don’t let them get your guns, Swallow!” he shouted, as he dashed by on +his way to the left, where Sam Beatty, heavy and impassive, was pounding +away with his minie rifles at a line of men who seemed always on the point +of advancing. The brigades of Stanley and Miller having fallen back, as +previously described, and the entire strength of Cheatham and three +brigades of Withers and Cleburne having fallen upon Rousseau, he had +fallen back into the open field, where he found Van Cleve. Loomis’s and +Guenthers’ batteries, double-shotted with canister, were posted on a +ridge, and as the Confederate line advanced, opened upon it with terrible +force. Men fell like ripened grain before a reaper, but the line moved +straight ahead. The field, swept by a storm of iron hail, was covered with +dead and wounded men. The deep bass of the artillery was mingled with the +higher notes of the minie rifles, while the brief pauses could be +distinguished the quickly-spoken orders of the commanding officers, and +the groans of the wounded. It was the full orchestra of battle. But there +is a limit of human endurance. The Confederate brigades, now melted to +three-fourths their original numbers, wavered and fell back; again and +again they reformed in the woods and advanced to the charge, only to meet +with a bloody repulse.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[Pg 21]</a></span> Four deliberate and sustained attempts were made +to carry the position, and each failed. While these events were following +each other in rapid succession, and some of them occurring simultaneously, +the Left Wing had not only held its position, but had furnished three +brigades to repel the advance of Bragg’s left upon the rear of the army.</p> + +<p>While Colonel Hazen was gallantly defending the left of the line from nine +o’clock in the morning until two in the afternoon, the fight raged no less +furiously on his immediate right. Here a line composed of two brigades of +Palmer’s division and one of Wood’s, filled out by the remains of +Sheridan’s divisions, who, after they had replenished their ammunition, +formed behind the railroad embankment at right angles with Hazen’s +brigade, which alone retained its position upon the original line. Farther +to the right was Rousseau, with Van Cleve and Harker on his right. I leave +to more graphic pens to describe the grand pyrotechnics of the battle +field at this supreme moment when victory hung evenly balanced. Past the +crowd of fugitives from the Right Wing the undaunted soldiers of the Left +and Center had swept “with the light of battle in their faces,” and now in +strong array they stood like a rock-bound coast beating back the tide +which threatened to engulf the rear. Along this line rode Rosecrans with +face illuminated by the light of exalted courage; Thomas, calm, inflexible +as a mighty judge, from whose gaze skulkers shrank abashed; Crittenden, +cheerful and full of hope, complimenting his men as he rode along the +lines; Rousseau, whose fiery impetuosity no disaster could quell; Palmer, +with a stock of cool courage and presence of mind equal to any emergency; +Wood, suffering from a wound in his heel, stayed in the saddle, but had +lost the jocularity which usually characterized him. “Good-bye, General, +‘we will all meet at the hatter’s’ as one<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[Pg 22]</a></span> coon said to another when the +dogs were after them,” he said to Crittenden early in the action, but at +ten o’clock a minie ball struck his boot and lacerated his heel—his good +humor was gone for the day. “Are we going about it right now, General?” +asked Morton, as he glanced along the blazing line of muskets to where the +Chicago battery quivered with the rapidity of its discharges. “All right, +fire low,” said the chief as he dashed by. Colonel Grose, always in his +place, had command of the Ammen brigade, the “glorious Tenth” of Shiloh +memory, with which, and, with Hazen’s and Cruft’s brigades, the gallant +and lamented Nelson had swept, like an avenging Nemesis, upon the right of +Beauregard’s victorious army, driving it back to its base at Corinth.</p> + +<p>After the formation of this line at noon it never receded; as has been +stated, the right swung around until, at two o’clock, about one-half of +the lost ground had been retaken. The artillery, more than fifty guns, was +massed in the open ground behind the angle in the line; twenty-eight guns +had been captured, when they poured a continuous torrent of iron missiles +upon the Confederate line. They could not fire amiss. The fire from Cox’s +Battery was directed upon Hanson’s brigade across the river, where Cobb, +with Napoleons, returned the compliment with zeal and precision. +Schaefer’s brigade having received a new stock of cartridges, formed on +Palmer’s right, where later the brave commander received his death wound, +the last of Sheridan’s brigade commanders who had fallen during the day.</p> + +<p>At four o’clock it became evident to the <ins class="correction" title="original reads 'Confedrate'">Confederate</ins> commander that his +only hope of success lay in a charge upon the Union left, which, by its +overpowering weight, should carry everything before it. The movement of +Cleburne to the left in support of McCown had deprived him of reserves;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[Pg 23]</a></span> +but Breckinridge had four brigades unemployed on the right, and these were +peremptorily ordered across the river to the support of General Polk. The +error made by General Polk in making an attack with the two brigades that +first arrived upon the field, instead of awaiting the arrival of General +Breckinridge with the remaining brigades, was so palpable as to render an +excuse for failure necessary. This was easily found in the tardy execution +of Bragg’s order by Breckinridge, and resulted in sharp criticism of the +latter. The Third Kentucky, now nearly annihilated, and its Colonel, Sam +McKee, killed, was relieved by the Fifty-eighth Indiana, Colonel George P. +Buell. The Sixth Ohio, with the gallant Colonel Nicholas L. Anderson at +its head, took position on the right of the Twenty-sixth Ohio, with its +right advanced so that its line of fire would sweep the front of the +regiments on its left. The Ninety-seventh Ohio and One Hundredth Illinois +came up and still further strengthened the right of Hazen’s position. They +had not long to wait for the attack. These dispositions had barely been +made when a long line of infantry emerged from behind the hill. Adam’s and +Jackson’s fresh brigades were on the right, and Donelson’s and Chalmers’s, +badly cut up but stout of heart, were on the left. Out they came in +splendid style, full six thousand strong. Estepp’s case-shot tore through +their ranks, but the gaps closed up. Parsons sent volley after volley of +grape shot against it, and the Sixth and Twenty-sixth Ohio, taking up the +refrain, added the sharp rattle of their minie rifles to the unearthly +din. Still the line pressed forward, firing as they came, nor wavered in +the onward march, until met by a simultaneous volley of musketry which +stretched hundreds of their number mangled upon the earth. They staggered +back, but, quickly reformed and reinforced by Preston and Palmer, +<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[Pg 24]</a></span>advanced again to the charge. The battle had hushed on the extreme right, +and the dreadful splendor of this advance is indescribable. The right was +even with the left of the Union line, and the left stretched way past the +point of woods from which Negley had retired. It was such a charge as this +that broke the lines of Wallace and Hurlbut at Shiloh, and enveloped +Prentice in its strong embrace. It had no sooner moved into the open field +from the cover of the river bank than it was saluted with such a roar of +artillery as shook the earth. Men plucked the cotton from the bolls at +their feet and stuffed it in their ears. No human force could withstand +the tornado of iron that swept against it. Huge gaps were torn in it at +every discharge. Men lay in heaps before and behind it. Shells exploding +sent showers of mangled forms into the air. They staggered forward half +the distance across the fields, when the infantry lines blazed in their +front, and a shower of minie balls was added to the fury of the storm. +They wavered and fell back. The field was won. Night fell upon a field +strewn with the mangled forms of men, who, but twenty-four hours before +were buoyant with life and hope, upon the faces of dead men turned upward +to the sky; upon long lines of infantry faint for lack of food and gasping +for water; upon a horde of panic-stricken men wending their way in solemn +procession to the rear, “where the subsequent proceedings interested them +no more,” and upon Walker’s and Shackelford’s brigades marching to the +front, Garesche, Schaefer, Sill, Roberts, McKee, and genial, happy hearted +Fred. Jones, and a host of others were dead or suffering mortal agony.</p> + +<p>The first day’s fight was over.</p> + + + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Army of the Cumberland and the Battle +of Stone's River, by Gilbert C. Kniffin + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BATTLE OF STONE'S RIVER *** + +***** This file should be named 32043-h.htm or 32043-h.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/3/2/0/4/32043/ + +Produced by The Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images +generously made available by The Internet Archive/American +Libraries.) + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, +set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to +copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to +protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark. Project +Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you +charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission. If you +do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the +rules is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose +such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and +research. They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do +practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks. Redistribution is +subject to the trademark license, especially commercial +redistribution. + + + +*** START: FULL LICENSE *** + +THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE +PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK + +To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free +distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work +(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project +Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project +Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at +https://gutenberg.org/license). + + +Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic works + +1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to +and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property +(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all +the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy +all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession. +If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the +terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or +entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8. + +1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be +used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who +agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few +things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works +even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See +paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement +and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. See paragraph 1.E below. + +1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation" +or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the +collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an +individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are +located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from +copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative +works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg +are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project +Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by +freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of +this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with +the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by +keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project +Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others. + +1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern +what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in +a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check +the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement +before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or +creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project +Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning +the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United +States. + +1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: + +1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate +access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently +whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the +phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project +Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, +copied or distributed: + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + +1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived +from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is +posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied +and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees +or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work +with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the +work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 +through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the +Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or +1.E.9. + +1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted +with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution +must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional +terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked +to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the +permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work. + +1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this +work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. + +1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this +electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without +prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with +active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project +Gutenberg-tm License. + +1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, +compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any +word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or +distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than +"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version +posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org), +you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a +copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon +request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other +form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. + +1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, +performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works +unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. + +1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing +access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided +that + +- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from + the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method + you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is + owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he + has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the + Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments + must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you + prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax + returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and + sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the + address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to + the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation." + +- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies + you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he + does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm + License. You must require such a user to return or + destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium + and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of + Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any + money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the + electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days + of receipt of the work. + +- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free + distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set +forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from +both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael +Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark. Contact the +Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. + +1.F. + +1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable +effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread +public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm +collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain +"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or +corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual +property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a +computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by +your equipment. + +1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right +of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project +Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all +liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal +fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT +LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE +PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH F3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE +TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE +LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR +INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH +DAMAGE. + +1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a +defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can +receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a +written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you +received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with +your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with +the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a +refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity +providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to +receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy +is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further +opportunities to fix the problem. + +1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth +in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS' WITH NO OTHER +WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO +WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. + +1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied +warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. +If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the +law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be +interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by +the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any +provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions. + +1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the +trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone +providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance +with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production, +promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works, +harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, +that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do +or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm +work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any +Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause. + + +Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm + +Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of +electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers +including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists +because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from +people in all walks of life. + +Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the +assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's +goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will +remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure +and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations. +To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation +and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 +and the Foundation web page at https://www.pglaf.org. + + +Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive +Foundation + +The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit +501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the +state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal +Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification +number is 64-6221541. Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at +https://pglaf.org/fundraising. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent +permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. + +The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S. +Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered +throughout numerous locations. Its business office is located at +809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email +business@pglaf.org. Email contact links and up to date contact +information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official +page at https://pglaf.org + +For additional contact information: + Dr. Gregory B. Newby + Chief Executive and Director + gbnewby@pglaf.org + + +Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation + +Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide +spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of +increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be +freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest +array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations +($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt +status with the IRS. + +The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating +charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United +States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a +considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up +with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations +where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To +SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any +particular state visit https://pglaf.org + +While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we +have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition +against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who +approach us with offers to donate. + +International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make +any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from +outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. + +Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation +methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other +ways including including checks, online payments and credit card +donations. To donate, please visit: https://pglaf.org/donate + + +Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. + +Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm +concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared +with anyone. For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project +Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support. + + +Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed +editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S. +unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily +keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition. + + +Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility: + + https://www.gutenberg.org + +This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, +including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary +Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to +subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. + + +</pre> + +</body> +</html> + diff --git a/32043-h/images/flower.jpg b/32043-h/images/flower.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..aa346f1 --- /dev/null +++ b/32043-h/images/flower.jpg diff --git a/32043.txt b/32043.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ce282f4 --- /dev/null +++ b/32043.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1051 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Army of the Cumberland and the Battle of +Stone's River, by Gilbert C. Kniffin + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Army of the Cumberland and the Battle of Stone's River + +Author: Gilbert C. Kniffin + +Release Date: April 18, 2010 [EBook #32043] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BATTLE OF STONE'S RIVER *** + + + + +Produced by The Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images +generously made available by The Internet Archive/American +Libraries.) + + + + + + + + + + Military Order of the Loyal Legion + of the + United States. + + + COMMANDERY OF THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. + + + WAR PAPERS. + 68 + + Army of the Cumberland and the Battle of Stone's River. + + + PREPARED BY COMPANION + LIEUTENANT-COLONEL + GILBERT C. KNIFFIN, + U. S. VOLUNTEERS, + + AND + READ AT THE STATED MEETING OF APRIL 3, 1907. + + + + +Army of the Cumberland and the Battle of Stone River. + + +The Army of the Ohio, after crowding into the space of six weeks more hard +marching and fighting than fell to the lot of any other army in the United +States during the summer of 1862, was, on the last of October, encamped in +the vicinity of Bowling Green, Kentucky. General Bragg and Kirby Smith, +turning Buell's left flank, had invaded Kentucky, gained the rear of +Buell, threatened his base at Louisville, and but for the _vis inertia_ +which always seemed to seize upon the Confederates when in sight of +complete victory, would have captured Louisville. The battle of Perryville +resulting in the hasty exit of the combined armies of Bragg and Smith +through Cumberland Gap into East Tennessee, the deliberate sweep of +Buell's columns in their rear, the halt at Crab Orchard, and the return +march towards Nashville are part of the events of an earlier chapter in +the history of the rebellion. The occupation of East Tennessee by the +Union Army had from the commencement of hostilities been an object dear to +the great heart of President Lincoln. He had hoped for its accomplishment +under General Sherman. It had been included in the instructions to General +Buell, but eighteen months had passed and the Confederate flag still waved +in triumph from the spire of the court-house at Knoxville. The retreat of +the Confederate Army into East Tennessee in what was reported as a routed +and disorganized condition had seemed like a favorable opportunity to +carry out the long-cherished design of the Government. The movement of +large armies across the country upon a map in the War Office, although +apparently practicable, bore so little relation to actual campaigning as +to have already caused the decapitation of more than one general. + +The positive refusal of General Buell to march 60,000 men into a sterile +and hostile country across a range of mountains in pursuit of an army of +equal strength with his own, when by simply turning southward he could +meet it around the western spur of the same range, although it has since +been upheld by every military authority, caused his prompt removal from +command of the army he had organized and led to victory. The army had been +slow to believe in the incapacity of General Buell, and had recognized the +wisdom of his change of front from Cumberland Gap towards Nashville, but +there were causes for dissatisfaction, which, in the absence of knowledge +as to the difficulties under which he labored were attributed to him. A +full knowledge of all the circumstances would have transferred them to the +War Department. Major-General William S. Rosecrans, the newly-appointed +commander of the Army of the Cumberland, graduated at West Point July 1, +1842, as brevet second lieutenant corps of engineers. He resigned from the +army April 1, 1854, and entered civil life at Cincinnati as a civil +engineer and architect. His energy and capability for large undertakings, +coupled with an inherent capacity for command, caused him to be selected +as superintendent of a cannel coal company in Virginia and president of +the Coal River Navigation Company. + +The discovery of coal oil at this period at once attracted his attention, +and he had embarked in its manufacture when the tocsin of war called him +into the field. His first duty was as volunteer aid to General McClellan, +where his military experience rendered him very efficient in the +organization of troops. He became commander of Camp Chase, colonel on the +staff, chief engineer of the State of Ohio, and colonel Twenty-third Ohio +Volunteer Infantry, commanded later by Rutherford B. Hayes and Stanley +Matthews, and was appointed brigadier-general U. S. A., May 16, 1861. +After conducting the campaigns in West Virginia to a successful issue he +was ordered South and assigned to command of a division in the Army of the +Mississippi under General Pope. He participated creditably in the siege of +Corinth, and after its evacuation, and the transfer of General Pope to the +eastern army assumed command of the Army of the Mississippi and District +of Corinth. His heroic defense of that post and pursuit of Van Dorn's +defeated army following closely upon his military record in West Virginia +again attracted the attention of the President and pointed him out as +eminently fitted to succeed General Buell. General Rosecrans ordered to +proceed to Cincinnati did not specify the command to which he was to be +assigned. His commission as major-general, dated September 16th, was of +much later date than the commissions of Buell, Thomas, McCook, and +Crittenden. General Thomas ranked him five months--McCook and Crittenden +two months. On opening his orders at Cincinnati he found an autograph +letter from General Halleck directing him to proceed to Louisville and +relieve General Buell in command of the Army of the Ohio. The usual method +has always been to issue simultaneous orders to both officers, thus +affording time to the officer to be relieved in which to arrange the +details of his office, but Halleck was a law unto himself, and in +relieving an army officer usually did it in a way to render it equivalent +to dismissal from the service. Rosecrans afterward referred to his visit +to Buell's headquarters as more like that of a constable bearing a writ +for the ejectment of a tenant than as a general on his way to relieve a +brother officer in command of an army. The difficulty of rank was bridged +over by antedating Rosecrans' commission to March 16th. In a subsequent +interview with General Thomas, when that splendid soldier expressed the +pleasure it would give him to serve under a general who had given such +satisfactory evidence of fitness to command, but felt doubts as to his +right to do so on account of the disparity of their rank, General +Rosecrans frankly revealed the means by which his commission had been made +to date from the period of his operations in Western Virginia, and that as +it now stood, General Thomas need have no fears of compromising his +dignity as a United States officer. The explanation was entirely +satisfactory, and no question of the superior rank of the commanding +general was ever raised. After a rest and visit to his family of only +sixty hours, General Rosecrans proceeded to Louisville, and assumed +command of the army on the 28th of October, and on the 30th joined it at +Bowling Green. + +Here the first interview took place between the General and his corps +commanders. Major-General George H. Thomas, strong, grave, benignant, +majestic in deportment, had now been with the army a year; revered by the +entire army, loved by his old division, he was a man to be trusted. +Major-General Thomas L. Crittenden, a son of Senator Crittenden, of +Kentucky, bold, impetuous, and of knightly grace of manner, possessed of +that cheerful courage which finds its best expression on the battle field, +the idol of his old division, whose gallant conduct at Shiloh had won for +its brave commander promotion to the rank of major-general. Major-General +Alexander McD. McCook, the antipodes of Thomas, of never-failing good +humor and undoubted courage, apt to neglect proper precautions for the +safety of his command, but ever ready to assume all the responsibility of +failure, over-confident, generous, yielding in his disposition, yet +enjoying the confidence of the men whose heroism at Shiloh had won the +eulogies of Sherman, added a second star upon his broad shoulders, and +saved him from reproach after the repulse upon the field at Perryville. In +physique the three corps commanders were as unlike as in personal +character. Thomas had a massive, full-rounded, erect and powerful figure, +six feet in stature. His features heavy but well carved, with a strong, +combative nose, his upper lip and square jaws and chin covered with a +growth of sandy beard slightly silvered, bushy brows set like a canopy +over clear blue eyes, a broad, white forehead, and curly golden hair in +luxuriant profusion, covering a large, well-formed head. Out of fifty-four +years of life he had worn the uniform of a United States officer +twenty-two years, and in all that time he had borne himself as an officer +and a gentleman. Altogether a soldier, simple and unaffected, honest, +truthful, patient, obedient to orders and requiring obedience, he never +swerved an iota from the path of duty; acting upon well-matured opinions, +he was a friend to be loved and an enemy to be feared. + +Crittenden was tall, slender, and straight as an arrow. His clean-cut +features were handsomely modeled, his eyes dark and full of expression, +were full of mirth when there was no cause for anger--then they shone with +a dangerous light--a thin black beard worn full and pointed at the end, +long flowing locks of raven hair falling nearly to his shoulders, beneath +a black felt hat turned up at the sides, booted and spurred, with sword +dangling at his side, and mounted upon his blooded horse, he was indeed a +knight "without fear and without reproach." A long experience in the +diplomatic service and in refined society had imparted a high degree of +grace and polish of manner, which united to fair intellectual attainments +and a magnetic smile which greeted all, from the simplest private soldier +to the highest officer in his command, won the admiration and boundless +affection of all who knew him. + +McCook, low in stature, was inclined to be fleshy, a full face innocent of +beard, with the exception of a slight mustache, a broad low forehead, +regular features easily wrought into a smile, light hair and a well-shaped +head gave him a boyish appearance. Closer observation revealed the +presence of more character. There was in the steadiness of gaze, the +massive jaws, and the respectful demeanor of his subordinate officers, +reason to believe that the youthful major-general had fairly won the twin +stars that shone upon his shoulder. He had graduated from West Point with +the brevet rank of second lieutenant, had served in several campaigns +against the Indians, been instructor in infantry tactics at West Point, +where the breaking out of the war found him at thirty years of age. +Ordered to Columbus, Ohio, as mustering and disbursing officer, he was +appointed colonel of the First Ohio Infantry, which he led in the first +battle of Bull Run, receiving commendation where so many failed to deserve +it. Reward came in the form of a commission as brigadier-general, with +orders to report for duty to General Buell. The heroic conduct of his +division at Shiloh added another star, and, but for the censure of General +Buell for bringing on the battle of Perryville without orders, there was +no reason why he should not be entrusted with the command to which his +rank entitled him. + +Notwithstanding General Rosecrans was a stranger to the army, to the +command of which he had been assigned, his name had long been familiar to +both officers and men, for war literature had sounded his praises. They +had followed him through his campaigns in Western Virginia, had heard the +sharp volleys of his musketry on their left at the siege of Corinth, and +more recently the country had been electrified by his brilliant victory +over Van Dorn. The contrast between Generals Buell and Rosecrans was not +more marked in personal appearance than in methods. The former was cold, +impassive, and polite; the latter boisterous, warm-hearted, and brusque. +The frigid dignity which hedged the person of Buell, enclosing department +headquarters as within a wall of ice, behind which silence reigned, and +through the guarded portals of which none ventured unbidden, was swept +away by General Rosecrans, who transformed its solemn precincts into a +busy workhouse, where chiefs of staff departments, surrounded by an army +of clerks, wrought at their respective vocations, placing the new +commander _en rapport_ with the most minute details of his army. Most of +his staff accompanied him from the Army of the Mississippi. They had +proved themselves capable and trustworthy, and the general naturally +desired the presence of old friends in his military family. But there was +at least one officer of the old department staff with whom the entire army +parted with sincere regret--Colonel James B. Fry, Buell's adjutant-general +and chief of staff. The kindness of manner, the inexhaustible patience and +good humor and never-failing knowledge of military affairs which this +officer possessed had gone far to soften the asperities and dispel the +chill which hung about department headquarters. + +Brigadier-General D. S. Stanley reported for duty as chief of cavalry +early in December, and at once assumed command. + +General Stanley graduated at West Point in the class of 1852, and was +assigned to the Second Dragoons with the rank of second lieutenant. After +three years' service on the plains he was transferred to the First Cavalry +as first lieutenant, then under command of Colonel E. V. Sumner. Joe +Johnston was lieutenant-colonel, and John Sedgwick and William H. Emory +majors. In 1857 he accompanied Colonel Sumner on an expedition against the +Cheyenne Indians, in which he was engaged in a sharp fight on Solomon's +Fork of the Kansas River, in which the Indians were defeated. In 1858 he +was engaged in the Utah Expedition, and in the same year he crossed the +plains to the northern boundary of Texas. In a sharp and decisive battle +with the Comanches Lieutenant Stanley displayed such courage and skill in +handling his command as to receive the complimentary orders of General +Scott. The opening of the rebellion found him stationed at Fort Scott, +Arkansas, where, in March, he received his commission as captain in the +Fourth Cavalry. His command was included in the surrender made by General +Twiggs, but the heart of the brave officer beat loyal to the flag of his +country, and he resolved upon a march northward to Kansas City, Mo. +Uniting his force with that at Fort Smith, the column moved through the +Indian country. A Confederate force sent against them was, on the eighth +of May, captured and paroled. On the fifteenth of June they occupied +Kansas City, and marched at once upon Independence, where Captain Stanley +was fired upon while carrying a flag of truce. He joined General Lyon in +his expedition against Springfield, which was occupied July twelfth. He +participated in the various engagements in Missouri in the summer of 1861, +displaying in an eminent degree the dash and conspicuous courage which so +distinguished him in his subsequent career, and in September he reported +with his regiment to General Fremont at St. Louis. He marched against +Price from Syracuse, and in November moved against Springfield. Captain +Stanley was appointed brigadier-general in November, 1861, and in March, +1862, was assigned to the command of the Second division of Pope's army in +the expedition against New Madrid and Island No. 10, the Fort Pillow +Expedition, and in the siege of Corinth. Here his acquaintance with +General Rosecrans began, ripening into sincere attachment under the fire +of Price's guns at Iuka, and the yet fiercer blaze of Van Dorn's +hard-fighting battalions at Corinth in October. His conspicuous gallantry +on this occasion added a second star to the insignia of his rank and +caused him to be selected by his old commander in arms to organize and +lead the cavalry of his new command. In person General Stanley was tall +and erect. A handsome face and long, flowing beard, slightly silvered, +engaging in manner and full of enthusiasm for the success of the cause in +which he held his own life as nothing in comparison, he soon impressed his +personality upon the cavalry of the Army of the Cumberland and made it a +reliable branch of the service. + +December, 1862, was a busy month. The year was fast drawing to a close, +and both Union and Confederate generals had little to report save plots +and counter-plots. On the part of each there was little that was +encouraging. The early spring had found Middle and West Tennessee in the +possession of the former. Two large armies occupied all prominent points, +and the beaten Confederates encamped in Mississippi were confronted by an +army too powerful for them to attack. + +Early autumn witnessed the enforced retirement of Buell's army to the line +of the Ohio River, while the Confederates reaped the harvests in Kentucky +and Middle Tennessee. + +The tenth of October found Grant embarked upon his march southward to +Vicksburg, driving Pemberton before him. Sherman arranging for +co-operation by water, the Army of the Cumberland encamped near Nashville, +with Bragg's twice defeated army in its front, and Hindman's beaten troops +flying before the victorious divisions of Herron and Blunt from the battle +field of Prairie Grove. + +East Tennessee being left comparatively free from molestation by the +abandonment of pursuit through Cumberland Gap, General Kirby Smith was at +liberty to reinforce points more strongly threatened. He had no sooner +succeeded in collecting his stragglers and reorganizing his army, +reinforcing it by several new regiments, than, in compliance with orders +from the Confederate War Department, he dispatched Stevenson's division to +the relief of Pemberton at Grenada, and McCown, with his division, to +report to Bragg at Murfreesboro. + +Orders for a forward movement were issued by General Rosecrans on +Wednesday, the twenty-fourth of December, and on Christmas morning the +camps were alive with preparation. The day was spent in writing to loved +ones far away among the snow-covered hills of the great Northwest. Tattoo +found men discussing the chances of coming battle. Here and there was a +soldier giving the last finishing touch to the gleaming gun-barrel. The +surgeon, in his tent, sat before a table on which in glittering display +lay the implements of his craft. The long, keen knife, the saw, the probe, +were each in turn subjected to close inspection and carefully adjusted in +the case. Field officers paid a last visit to their faithful chargers and +exhorted grooms to feed early and not to forget to bring along an extra +feed lest perchance the following night would find the troops far in +advance of the wagons. Quartermasters, that hard-worked and +little-appreciated class of officers, toiling through the long night with +their loaded wagon trains getting into position for an orderly march; +commissaries, upon whose vigilance all depended, carrying out orders for +three days' rations in haversacks and five days' more in wagons. A busy +day was followed by a busy night. The clatter of horses' hoofs upon the +turnpike roads leading out of Nashville to the encampments sounded all +through the night. Now a solitary orderly galloped down from division +headquarters bearing a message to a brigade commander. Soon a group of +officers rode gaily by from a late carousal at the St. Cloud; then came a +corps commander with staff and escort from conference with the chief, his +last injunction ringing in his ears, "We move tomorrow, gentlemen. We +shall begin to skirmish probably as soon as we pass the outposts. Press +them hard. Drive them out of their nests. Make them fight or run. Strike +hard and fast; give them no rest. Fight them! fight them! fight them! I +say," as the uplifted right hand emphasized each sentence upon the palm of +the left hand. Thomas received the orders with a grim smile of approval; +McCook's sharp eyes twinkled with enjoyment; Crittenden straightened his +trim figure, and his eyes shone as he stalked out of the room, followed by +his aides, as if in haste to begin his part of the programme. There was +glorious assurance in the manly stride, the determined look, and in the +triple armor with which he is clad who hath his quarrel just; and his must +have been a dull ear, indeed, who did not note, in the merry jest and +tuneful song that floated along the ranks, the augury of victory. + +At the head of their respective columns rode Thomas, accompanied by his +staff officers, with the brave and accomplished Major George E. Flynt at +their head. There was Von Schroeder, Mack, Mackey, and the rest. McCook, +with Langdon, Nodine, Thruston, Campbell, and Williams. Crittenden, +followed by Starling, Loder, Mendenhall, Buford, John McCook, Knox, and +the writer of this chronicle. Brave hearts beat high that day. On the +right, far in advance of the infantry, rode Stanley, with trusty Sinclair +by his side, while his cavalry swept on out the Nolensville pike, driving +Wheeler's pickets before them. + +Sturdy John Kennett, with a brigade of cavalry at his heels, advanced upon +the broad turnpike road straight toward the enemy, nor stopped until +nightfall, notwithstanding constant skirmishing, when, on reaching an +eminence that overlooked La Vergne, a large force was encountered. The +plain below was dotted with groups of cavalry. Suddenly a puff of smoke +and a shell well aimed along the line of the road, carried death in its +track. Another and another followed in quick succession, clearing the road +as fast as men's legs could carry them. The head of Palmer's infantry +column came up and halted at the side of the road. General Crittenden and +his staff rode forward to watch the artillery duel now in progress--for +Newell's battery had unlimbered at the first shot and was firing rapidly. +Mr. Robert H. Crittenden (a brother of the general), and the writer, his +boon companion, riding side by side, advanced beyond their companions in +full view of the artillerists, presenting a conspicuous mark. Quick as +lightning a shell came hissing through the air and passed in the narrow +space of a yard between their horses. It is needless to add that, their +curiosity being gratified, they lost no time in seeking the friendly cover +of a log-house by the roadside. Newell planted his shots from two +three-inch Rodmans with such dexterity as to silence the enemy's battery +of four guns. Colonel Enyart, with the First Kentucky and the Thirty-first +Indiana Infantry, supported on the right by Colonel W. C. Whitaker with +the Sixth Kentucky and the Thirty-first Indiana Infantry, supported on the +right by Colonel W. C. Whitaker with the Sixth Kentucky and Ninth Indiana, +preceded by Colonel Murray with the Third Kentucky Cavalry, now moved to +the left and advanced through the cedars towards Stony Creek, where they +were met by a force sent to intercept them. The order to charge with the +bayonet was followed by a swift rush across the creek, the routed +Confederates flying before the gleaming steel, and the army bivouacked for +the night before La Vergne. + +After five days' fighting into position the army formed line of battle in +front of Murfreesboro. Summoning his corps commanders the General +promulgated his plan of battle. General McCook was to occupy the most +advantageous position, refusing his right as much as practicable and +necessary to secure it, to receive the attack of the enemy, or, if that +did not come, to attack sufficiently to hold all the forces in his front. +Generals Negley and Palmer to open with skirmishing, and engage the +enemy's center and left as far as the river. Crittenden to cross Van +Cleve's division at the lower ford, covered and supported by Morgan's +pioneer corps, 1,700 strong, and to advance on Breckinridge. Wood's +division to cross by brigades at the upper ford, and moving on Van Cleve's +right, to carry everything before them to Murfreesboro. This movement +would, it was supposed, dislodge Breckinridge, and gaining the high ground +east of Stones River, Wood's batteries could obtain an enfilading fire +upon the heavy body of troops massed in front of Negley and Palmer. The +center and left, using Negley's right as a pivote, were to swing around +through Murfreesboro and take the force confronting McCook in rear, +driving it into the country towards Salem. The successful execution of +General Rosecrans' design depended not more upon the spirit and gallantry +of the assaulting column than upon the courage and obstinacy with which +the position held by the Right Wing was maintained. Having explained this +fact to General McCook, the commanding general asked him if, with a full +knowledge of the ground over which he had fought, he could hold his +position three hours--again alluding to his dissatisfaction with the +direction which his line had assumed, but, as before, leaving that to the +corps commander--"I think I can," said McCook, and the conference ended. + +General Braxton Bragg, a graduate of West Point, a master in military +science, a commander whose endurance and hard fighting qualities in the +field were more conspicuous than his generalship in the management of +campaign, was in command of the Confederate army at Murfreesboro. He had +taken up the execution of the plan of battle where it had dropped from the +dying hand of Albert Sydney Johnston, and was advancing to carry it out at +Shiloh, when his brigades were recalled by Beauregard, sick in an +ambulance three miles in the rear. He had, by a brilliant flank movement +of three hundred miles through a mountainous region, gained Buell's rear +in Kentucky, only to emerge from the farthest corner of the State without +a decisive battle. Recriminations had grown out of this campaign which +threatened to sap the influence of the commanding general. General Polk +had been threatened with court-martial, and Hardee expressed the opinion +that if Bragg persisted in bringing charges, Polk could, if he would, "rip +up the Kentucky campaign--tear Bragg to tatters." These compliments, +however, passed only between prominent officers; the army was in good +state of discipline, although out of an aggregate 85,372 only 47,930 were +carried on the rolls as effectives, and 30,000 were absent, with and +without leave. + +Bragg had in his army about the same proportion of raw troops to veterans +as were found in that in his front, and both armies were equally well +armed. Men who had tested each other's metal at Pea Ridge, Shiloh, and +Perryville, and in innumerable skirmishes, were again arrayed for a final +conflict. Here was Bragg, sullen, hard-featured, unapproachable; Polk, +benignant, dignified, majestic; Hardee, the superb rider, the strict +disciplinarian, the steady, persistent fighter; Breckinridge, elegant in +manner, eloquent in speech, courteous, courageous, the idol of the +Kentucky brigade, and, like the men who composed it, dimly conscious +possibly of the crime against his favorite dogma of States rights, and the +ingratitude of a people whose cause they had espoused against the +expressed will of their native State. + +Among the division commanders were Cheatham, whose headlong charges at +Shiloh and Perryville thousands of maimed soldiers both North and South +had cause to remember; Cleburne, stubborn and stout of heart, blunt, +impassive and heavy, who was destined two years later to pour out his +life's blood upon the breastworks at Franklin; McCown and Withers of +lesser note, and a host of brigade and regimental commanders who had won +their rank under the eyes of their grim commander. + +General Rosecrans, having arranged his plan of battle, had risen early to +superintend its execution. General Crittenden, whose headquarters were a +few paces distant, mounted at 6 A. M., and with his staff rode to an +eminence, where the chief, surrounded by his staff officers, sat on their +horses listening to the opening guns on the right. The plan of General +Bragg was instantly divined, but no apprehension of danger was felt. +Suddenly the woods on the right in the rear of Negley, appeared to be +alive with men wandering aimlessly in the direction of the rear. The roar +of artillery grows more distinct, mingled with continuous volleys of +musketry. It can not be that the veteran brigades of the Right Wing are +being driven back. McCook is surely only falling back to secure a position +that he can hold for the promised three hours. The rear of a line of +battle always presents the pitiable spectacle of a horde of skulkers--men +who, when tried in the fierce flame of battle, find, often to their own +disgust, that they are lacking in the element of courage. But the sight +of whole regiments of soldiers flying in panic to the rear was a sight +never seen but on that solitary occasion, before or since, by the Army of +the Cumberland. Captain Otis, from his position on the extreme right, who +arrives breathless, his horse reeking with foam, to inform General +Rosecrans that the Right Wing is in rapid retreat. The astounding +intelligence is confirmed a moment later by a staff officer from General +McCook, calling for reinforcements. "Tell General McCook," roared the +chief, "to contest every inch of ground. If he holds them, we will swing +into Murfreesboro and cut them off." Then Rousseau, with his reserves, was +sent into the fight, and Van Cleve, at the head of Crittenden's old Shiloh +division, came dashing across the fields, with water dripping from their +clothing, to take a hand in the fray. Harker's brigade was withdrawn from +the left and sent in on Rousseau's right, and the Pioneer brigade, +relieved at the ford by Price's brigade, was posted on Harker's right. The +remaining brigades of Van Cleve's division, Beatty's and Fyffe's, formed +on the extreme right, and thus an improvised line half a mile in extent, +presented a new and unexpected front to the approaching enemy. It was a +trying position to Van Cleve's men to stand in line, a living wall, while +the panic-stricken soldiers of McCook's beaten regiments, flying in terror +through the woods, rushed past them, the sharp rattle of McCown's musketry +behind them lending wings to their flight. The Union lines could not fire, +for their comrades were between them and the enemy. Rosecrans seemed +ubiquitous. All these dispositions had been made under his personal +direction. Finding Sheridan coming out of the cedars into which Rousseau +had just retired, he directed him to the ammunition train, with orders to +fill his cartridge boxes and return to the support of Hazen's brigade on +the edge of the Round Forrest. Captain Morton, with the Pioneers and the +Chicago Board of Trade Battery, pushed into the cedars, and disappeared +from view simultaneously with Harker. The general course of the tide of +stragglers toward the rear struck the turnpike at the point where Van +Cleve stood impatiently awaiting the order to advance. All along the line +men were falling, struck by the bullets of the enemy, who soon appeared at +the edge of the woods on Morton's flank. The order to charge was given by +General Rosecrans in person, and, like hounds from the leash, the division +sprang forward, reserving their fire for close quarters. It was the crisis +in the battle. If this line was broken all was lost. Every man rose to the +occasion and proved himself a hero. Steadily, as a majestic river moves on +its resistless way, the line swept forward, sending a shower of bullets to +the front. The left was now exposed to attack, and, riding rapidly to the +ford, General Rosecrans inquired who commanded the brigade. "I do, sir," +said Colonel Price. "Will you hold this ford?" "I will try, sir." "Will +you hold this ford?" "I will die right here." "Will you hold this ford?" +for the third time thundered the general. "Yes, sir," said the colonel. +"That will do"; and away galloped the general to where Palmer was +contending against long odds for the possession of the Round Forrest in +the center of the line. All along the line from Van Cleve's right to +Wood's left, the space gradually narrowed between the contending hosts. +The weak had gone to the rear; no room now for any but brave men, and no +time given for new dispositions; every man who had a stomach for fighting +was engaged on the firing line. From a right angle the Confederate left +had been pressed back by Van Cleve and Harker and the Pioneers to an angle +of forty-five degrees in less than that number of minutes. This advance +brought Van Cleve within view of Rousseau, who at once requested him to +form on his right. Harker, entering the woods on the left of Van Cleve, +passed to his right, and now closed up on his flank. The enemy had fallen +back stubbornly fighting, and made a stand on the left of Cheatham. Brave +old Van Cleve, his white hair streaming in the wind, the blood flowing +from a gaping wound in his foot, rode gallantly along the line to where +Harker was stiffly holding his position, with his right "in the air." +Bidding him to hold fast to every inch of ground, he rode to Swallow's +Battery, which was working with the rapidity of a steam fire-engine, +"Don't let them get your guns, Swallow!" he shouted, as he dashed by on +his way to the left, where Sam Beatty, heavy and impassive, was pounding +away with his minie rifles at a line of men who seemed always on the point +of advancing. The brigades of Stanley and Miller having fallen back, as +previously described, and the entire strength of Cheatham and three +brigades of Withers and Cleburne having fallen upon Rousseau, he had +fallen back into the open field, where he found Van Cleve. Loomis's and +Guenthers' batteries, double-shotted with canister, were posted on a +ridge, and as the Confederate line advanced, opened upon it with terrible +force. Men fell like ripened grain before a reaper, but the line moved +straight ahead. The field, swept by a storm of iron hail, was covered with +dead and wounded men. The deep bass of the artillery was mingled with the +higher notes of the minie rifles, while the brief pauses could be +distinguished the quickly-spoken orders of the commanding officers, and +the groans of the wounded. It was the full orchestra of battle. But there +is a limit of human endurance. The Confederate brigades, now melted to +three-fourths their original numbers, wavered and fell back; again and +again they reformed in the woods and advanced to the charge, only to meet +with a bloody repulse. Four deliberate and sustained attempts were made +to carry the position, and each failed. While these events were following +each other in rapid succession, and some of them occurring simultaneously, +the Left Wing had not only held its position, but had furnished three +brigades to repel the advance of Bragg's left upon the rear of the army. + +While Colonel Hazen was gallantly defending the left of the line from nine +o'clock in the morning until two in the afternoon, the fight raged no less +furiously on his immediate right. Here a line composed of two brigades of +Palmer's division and one of Wood's, filled out by the remains of +Sheridan's divisions, who, after they had replenished their ammunition, +formed behind the railroad embankment at right angles with Hazen's +brigade, which alone retained its position upon the original line. Farther +to the right was Rousseau, with Van Cleve and Harker on his right. I leave +to more graphic pens to describe the grand pyrotechnics of the battle +field at this supreme moment when victory hung evenly balanced. Past the +crowd of fugitives from the Right Wing the undaunted soldiers of the Left +and Center had swept "with the light of battle in their faces," and now in +strong array they stood like a rock-bound coast beating back the tide +which threatened to engulf the rear. Along this line rode Rosecrans with +face illuminated by the light of exalted courage; Thomas, calm, inflexible +as a mighty judge, from whose gaze skulkers shrank abashed; Crittenden, +cheerful and full of hope, complimenting his men as he rode along the +lines; Rousseau, whose fiery impetuosity no disaster could quell; Palmer, +with a stock of cool courage and presence of mind equal to any emergency; +Wood, suffering from a wound in his heel, stayed in the saddle, but had +lost the jocularity which usually characterized him. "Good-bye, General, +'we will all meet at the hatter's' as one coon said to another when the +dogs were after them," he said to Crittenden early in the action, but at +ten o'clock a minie ball struck his boot and lacerated his heel--his good +humor was gone for the day. "Are we going about it right now, General?" +asked Morton, as he glanced along the blazing line of muskets to where the +Chicago battery quivered with the rapidity of its discharges. "All right, +fire low," said the chief as he dashed by. Colonel Grose, always in his +place, had command of the Ammen brigade, the "glorious Tenth" of Shiloh +memory, with which, and, with Hazen's and Cruft's brigades, the gallant +and lamented Nelson had swept, like an avenging Nemesis, upon the right of +Beauregard's victorious army, driving it back to its base at Corinth. + +After the formation of this line at noon it never receded; as has been +stated, the right swung around until, at two o'clock, about one-half of +the lost ground had been retaken. The artillery, more than fifty guns, was +massed in the open ground behind the angle in the line; twenty-eight guns +had been captured, when they poured a continuous torrent of iron missiles +upon the Confederate line. They could not fire amiss. The fire from Cox's +Battery was directed upon Hanson's brigade across the river, where Cobb, +with Napoleons, returned the compliment with zeal and precision. +Schaefer's brigade having received a new stock of cartridges, formed on +Palmer's right, where later the brave commander received his death wound, +the last of Sheridan's brigade commanders who had fallen during the day. + +At four o'clock it became evident to the Confederate commander that his +only hope of success lay in a charge upon the Union left, which, by its +overpowering weight, should carry everything before it. The movement of +Cleburne to the left in support of McCown had deprived him of reserves; +but Breckinridge had four brigades unemployed on the right, and these were +peremptorily ordered across the river to the support of General Polk. The +error made by General Polk in making an attack with the two brigades that +first arrived upon the field, instead of awaiting the arrival of General +Breckinridge with the remaining brigades, was so palpable as to render an +excuse for failure necessary. This was easily found in the tardy execution +of Bragg's order by Breckinridge, and resulted in sharp criticism of the +latter. The Third Kentucky, now nearly annihilated, and its Colonel, Sam +McKee, killed, was relieved by the Fifty-eighth Indiana, Colonel George P. +Buell. The Sixth Ohio, with the gallant Colonel Nicholas L. Anderson at +its head, took position on the right of the Twenty-sixth Ohio, with its +right advanced so that its line of fire would sweep the front of the +regiments on its left. The Ninety-seventh Ohio and One Hundredth Illinois +came up and still further strengthened the right of Hazen's position. They +had not long to wait for the attack. These dispositions had barely been +made when a long line of infantry emerged from behind the hill. Adam's and +Jackson's fresh brigades were on the right, and Donelson's and Chalmers's, +badly cut up but stout of heart, were on the left. Out they came in +splendid style, full six thousand strong. Estepp's case-shot tore through +their ranks, but the gaps closed up. Parsons sent volley after volley of +grape shot against it, and the Sixth and Twenty-sixth Ohio, taking up the +refrain, added the sharp rattle of their minie rifles to the unearthly +din. Still the line pressed forward, firing as they came, nor wavered in +the onward march, until met by a simultaneous volley of musketry which +stretched hundreds of their number mangled upon the earth. They staggered +back, but, quickly reformed and reinforced by Preston and Palmer, +advanced again to the charge. The battle had hushed on the extreme right, +and the dreadful splendor of this advance is indescribable. The right was +even with the left of the Union line, and the left stretched way past the +point of woods from which Negley had retired. It was such a charge as this +that broke the lines of Wallace and Hurlbut at Shiloh, and enveloped +Prentice in its strong embrace. It had no sooner moved into the open field +from the cover of the river bank than it was saluted with such a roar of +artillery as shook the earth. Men plucked the cotton from the bolls at +their feet and stuffed it in their ears. No human force could withstand +the tornado of iron that swept against it. Huge gaps were torn in it at +every discharge. Men lay in heaps before and behind it. Shells exploding +sent showers of mangled forms into the air. They staggered forward half +the distance across the fields, when the infantry lines blazed in their +front, and a shower of minie balls was added to the fury of the storm. +They wavered and fell back. The field was won. Night fell upon a field +strewn with the mangled forms of men, who, but twenty-four hours before +were buoyant with life and hope, upon the faces of dead men turned upward +to the sky; upon long lines of infantry faint for lack of food and gasping +for water; upon a horde of panic-stricken men wending their way in solemn +procession to the rear, "where the subsequent proceedings interested them +no more," and upon Walker's and Shackelford's brigades marching to the +front, Garesche, Schaefer, Sill, Roberts, McKee, and genial, happy hearted +Fred. Jones, and a host of others were dead or suffering mortal agony. + +The first day's fight was over. + + + + +Transcriber's Notes: + +Passages in italics are indicated by _underscore_. + +The following misprints have been corrected: + "Breckenridge" corrected to "Breckinridge" (page 15) + "Confedrate" corrected to "Confederate" (page 22) + + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Army of the Cumberland and the Battle +of Stone's River, by Gilbert C. Kniffin + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BATTLE OF STONE'S RIVER *** + +***** This file should be named 32043.txt or 32043.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/3/2/0/4/32043/ + +Produced by The Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images +generously made available by The Internet Archive/American +Libraries.) + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, +set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to +copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to +protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark. Project +Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you +charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission. If you +do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the +rules is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose +such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and +research. They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do +practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks. Redistribution is +subject to the trademark license, especially commercial +redistribution. + + + +*** START: FULL LICENSE *** + +THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE +PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK + +To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free +distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work +(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project +Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project +Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at +https://gutenberg.org/license). + + +Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic works + +1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to +and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property +(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all +the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy +all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession. +If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the +terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or +entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8. + +1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be +used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who +agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few +things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works +even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See +paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement +and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. See paragraph 1.E below. + +1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation" +or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the +collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an +individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are +located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from +copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative +works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg +are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project +Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by +freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of +this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with +the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by +keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project +Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others. + +1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern +what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in +a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check +the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement +before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or +creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project +Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning +the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United +States. + +1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: + +1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate +access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently +whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the +phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project +Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, +copied or distributed: + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + +1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived +from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is +posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied +and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees +or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work +with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the +work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 +through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the +Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or +1.E.9. + +1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted +with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution +must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional +terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked +to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the +permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work. + +1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this +work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. + +1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this +electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without +prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with +active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project +Gutenberg-tm License. + +1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, +compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any +word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or +distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than +"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version +posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org), +you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a +copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon +request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other +form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. + +1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, +performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works +unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. + +1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing +access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided +that + +- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from + the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method + you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is + owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he + has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the + Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments + must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you + prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax + returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and + sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the + address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to + the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation." + +- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies + you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he + does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm + License. You must require such a user to return or + destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium + and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of + Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any + money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the + electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days + of receipt of the work. + +- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free + distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set +forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from +both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael +Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark. Contact the +Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. + +1.F. + +1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable +effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread +public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm +collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain +"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or +corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual +property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a +computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by +your equipment. + +1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right +of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project +Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all +liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal +fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT +LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE +PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH F3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE +TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE +LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR +INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH +DAMAGE. + +1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a +defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can +receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a +written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you +received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with +your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with +the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a +refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity +providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to +receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy +is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further +opportunities to fix the problem. + +1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth +in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS' WITH NO OTHER +WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO +WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. + +1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied +warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. +If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the +law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be +interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by +the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any +provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions. + +1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the +trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone +providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance +with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production, +promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works, +harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, +that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do +or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm +work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any +Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause. + + +Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm + +Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of +electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers +including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists +because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from +people in all walks of life. + +Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the +assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's +goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will +remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure +and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations. +To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation +and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 +and the Foundation web page at https://www.pglaf.org. + + +Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive +Foundation + +The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit +501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the +state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal +Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification +number is 64-6221541. Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at +https://pglaf.org/fundraising. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent +permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. + +The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S. +Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered +throughout numerous locations. Its business office is located at +809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email +business@pglaf.org. Email contact links and up to date contact +information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official +page at https://pglaf.org + +For additional contact information: + Dr. Gregory B. Newby + Chief Executive and Director + gbnewby@pglaf.org + + +Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation + +Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide +spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of +increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be +freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest +array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations +($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt +status with the IRS. + +The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating +charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United +States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a +considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up +with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations +where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To +SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any +particular state visit https://pglaf.org + +While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we +have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition +against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who +approach us with offers to donate. + +International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make +any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from +outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. + +Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation +methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other +ways including including checks, online payments and credit card +donations. To donate, please visit: https://pglaf.org/donate + + +Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. + +Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm +concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared +with anyone. For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project +Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support. + + +Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed +editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S. +unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily +keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition. + + +Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility: + + https://www.gutenberg.org + +This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, +including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary +Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to +subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. diff --git a/32043.zip b/32043.zip Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..17f111b --- /dev/null +++ b/32043.zip diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6312041 --- /dev/null +++ b/LICENSE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements, +metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be +in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES. + +Procedures for determining public domain status are described in +the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org. + +No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in +jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize +this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright +status under the laws that apply to them. diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..9dce45b --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for +eBook #32043 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/32043) |
