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+Project Gutenberg's Genera of Leptodactylid Frogs in México, by John D. Lynch
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
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+
+Title: Genera of Leptodactylid Frogs in México
+
+Author: John D. Lynch
+
+Release Date: March 30, 2010 [EBook #31830]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK LEPTODACTYLID FROGS IN MEXICO ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Chris Curnow, Joseph Cooper, Diane Monico, and
+the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
+https://www.pgdp.net
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+
+UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS PUBLICATIONS
+MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY
+
+Volume 17, No. 11, pp. 503-515, 5 figs.
+March 20, 1968
+
+
+
+Genera of Leptodactylid Frogs in México
+
+
+BY
+
+JOHN D. LYNCH
+
+
+UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS
+LAWRENCE
+1968
+
+
+
+
+UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS PUBLICATIONS, MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY
+
+Editors: E. Raymond Hall, Chairman, Henry S. Fitch,
+Frank B. Cross
+
+
+Volume 17, No. 11, pp. 503-515, 5 figs.
+Published March 20, 1968
+
+
+UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS
+Lawrence, Kansas
+
+
+PRINTED BY
+ROBERT R. (BOB) SANDERS, STATE PRINTER
+TOPEKA, KANSAS
+1968
+
+31-9418
+
+
+
+
+Genera of Leptodactylid Frogs in México
+
+BY JOHN D. LYNCH
+
+
+INTRODUCTION
+
+According to the most recent review of the Mexican amphibian fauna
+(Smith and Taylor, 1948), six genera of leptodactylid frogs occur in
+México. One other genus, _Pleurodema_, occurs in Lower Central America.
+Smith and Taylor recognized one species of _Engystomops_, 28 of
+_Eleutherodactylus_, three of _Leptodactylus_, eight of
+_Microbatrachylus_, 12 of _Syrrhophus_, and five of _Tomodactylus_.
+Subsequent to the publication of their checklist of the Mexican
+amphibia (1948), numerous taxonomic changes have been proposed. Many
+species of _Eleutherodactylus_ have been added to the fauna, either
+through the extension of their recorded ranges into México from
+Guatemala or by the recognition of species unknown in 1948, whereas
+some nominal species have been synonymized. _Microbatrachylus_ has been
+regarded as synonymous with _Eleutherodactylus_ (Lynch, 1965); four
+species of _Microbatrachylus_ currently are regarded as valid
+(Duellman, 1961, Lynch, 1965). _Syrrhophus_ was revised in part by
+Duellman (1958) and Firschein (1954), and a species of _Tomodactylus_
+transferred to _Syrrhophus_ by Dixon (1957), who redefined
+_Tomodactylus_ and added more species to the genus.
+
+Since beginning my studies of the Mexican leptodactylids in 1962, I
+have become acutely aware of difficulties involved in defining the
+genera. A revision of _Eleutherodactylus_ and a review of _Syrrhophus_
+are nearing completion, but prior to their publication it is desirable
+to redefine the genera of the Mexican leptodactylids, and in so doing
+recognize an heretofore unnamed genus. The definitions of
+_Eleutherodactylus_ and _Leptodactylus_ may need to be altered in the
+future, since both are widespread in South America and occur in the
+West Indies. Their definitions as given here are as precise as present
+knowledge permits. _Syrrhophus_ and _Tomodactylus_ are small
+assemblages that occur only in southwestern United States, México, and
+Guatemala.
+
+Taylor (1952) synonymized _Engystomops_ with _Eupemphix_ which,
+although related, should be regarded as generically distinct (Gallardo,
+1965). Perhaps the most conservative classification is that of Myers
+(1962) who, without published evidence, combined _Eleutherodactylus_,
+_Syrrhophus_, and the South American _Lithodytes_ in a single genus.
+
+The major problem for students working with the Mexican leptodactylids
+has not been the separation of _Engystomops_ or _Leptodactylus_ from
+other genera but the separation and definition of the eleutherodactyline
+frogs currently placed in three genera, _Eleutherodactylus_,
+_Syrrhophus_, and _Tomodactylus_. As will be shown in this paper, these
+are more conveniently placed in four genera. Once a fourth genus is
+recognized, certain phylogenetic problems disappear and a reasonable
+zoogeographic interpretation is possible for Middle American
+leptodactylid distribution.
+
+
+
+
+ANALYSIS OF CHARACTERS
+
+
+In México and northern Central America approximately 55 species of
+eleutherodactyline frogs (_Eleutherodactylus_, _Syrrhophus_, and
+_Tomodactylus_) are known. Four genera can be recognized on the basis
+of the nature of inguinal glands, morphology of the hands and feet, and
+certain osteological features.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 1. _Tomodactylus angustidigitorum_ (UMMZ 114305,
+× 4.5) illustrating the lumbo-inguinal gland typical of members of the
+genus. From a kodachrome by Wm. E. Duellman.]
+
+
+Glands
+
+Leptodactylids have a variety of glands that have been used as generic
+characters. Smith and Taylor (1948) regarded the so-called inguinal
+gland as a generic character in Mexican eleutherodaycty-lines. Lynch
+(1965) showed that _Eleutherodactylus_ and _Microbatrachylus_ cannot
+be separated by the nature of the gland or the condition of the
+prevomers (dentate or not). _Syrrhophus_ and _Tomodactylus_, as defined
+by Smith and Taylor (1948), are not generically distinct because of
+overlap in the condition of the prevomers and in the development of the
+gland. Firschein (1954) stated that _Syrrhophus_ differed from
+_Tomodactylus_ by having an axillary gland, but it is now known that
+one species of _Syrrhophus_ lacks the gland.
+
+The inguinal glands of _Eleutherodactylus_ and _Syrrhophus_, if
+present, are diffuse, irregular in outline, and generally not
+prominent; in _Tomodactylus_ the gland is higher on the body (a
+lumbo-inguinal gland), compact, oval in outline, and prominent (Fig.
+1). Axillary glands occur in most _Syrrhophus_ but are not known in
+_Tomodactylus_ or _Eleutherodactylus_.
+
+
+Hands and feet
+
+The tips of the digits are laterally expanded in most
+_Eleutherodactylus_, _Syrrhophus_, and _Tomodactylus_. Two species
+of _Eleutherodactylus_ (_augusti_ and _tarahumarensis_) and two
+_Tomodactylus_ (_angustidigitorum_ and _grandis_) lack any expansion
+of the digital tips. All but two of the species of eleutherodactyline
+frogs (_E. augusti_ and _E. tarahumarensis_) have a transverse groove
+across the tips of the digits (Fig. 2).
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 2. Palmar views of the hands and lateral views of
+the tip of the third digits of _Eleutherodactylus alfredi_ (left, KU
+93994, × 5) and _Hylactophryne augusti_ (right, KU 102594, × 3).]
+
+Supernumerary tubercles rarely are present on the feet of
+_Eleutherodactylus_, but are present and numerous in every species of
+_Syrrhophus_, _Tomodactylus_, and in the members of the _augusti_ group
+of _Eleutherodactylus_ (Fig. 3). The tubercles are small and numerous
+in _Syrrhophus_ and larger in _Tomodactylus_ and the _Eleutherodactylus
+augusti_ group. Most species of _Eleutherodactylus_ have no plantar
+supernumerary tubercles; a few species have such tubercles, which never
+extend between the metatarsal tubercles as in _Syrrhophus_ and
+_Tomodactylus_.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 3. Plantar views of feet of _Eleutherodactylus
+alfredi_ (left, KU 93994, × 4.5), _Syrrhophus pipilans nebulosus_
+(middle, KU 58900, × 7.5), and _Hylactophryne augusti_ (right, KU
+102594, × 3) showing differences in size and arrangement of
+supernumerary tubercles.]
+
+Tarsal folds and tubercles are lacking in _Syrrhophus_, _Tomodactylus_,
+and the _augusti_ group of _Eleutherodactylus_. Several species of
+_Eleutherodactylus_ lack tarsal folds and tubercles, but in nearly
+every species group, one or more species possess either an inner tarsal
+fold, inner tarsal tubercle(s), or outer tarsal tubercles.
+
+The terminal phalanges of _Syrrhophus_, _Tomodactylus_, and all
+_Eleutherodactylus_ (except the frogs of the _augusti_ group) are
+distinctly T-shaped. In the latter, the bones are knob-shaped distally
+(Fig. 4). T-shaped terminal phalanges also are present in _Lithodytes_
+and _Trachyphrynus_ but not in other leptodactylid genera. At least one
+species of _Eupsophus_ (_E. quixensis_) has terminal phalanges that
+resemble those of the _Eleutherodactylus augusti_ group. Several
+species of _Eleutherodactylus_, _Syrrhophus_, and _Tomodactylus_ with
+slender fingers have T-shaped terminal phalanges although the terminal
+dilations proportionately are only scarcely wider than the finger tips
+in the _Eleutherodactylus augusti_ group. The presence of a terminal
+groove at the tip of the finger is an external indicator of the
+T-shaped terminal phalanges.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 4. Terminal phalanges of four leptodactylid frogs
+(all × 13.5). (a) _Eleutherodactylus mexicanus_, KU 55593; (b)
+_Eupsophus roseus_, KU 84731; (c) _Eupsophus quixensis_, UIMNH 59643;
+and (d) _Hylactophryne augusti_, KU 56192.]
+
+
+Skull
+
+All Mexican eleutherodactyline frogs have quadratojugal-maxillary
+articulations, completely roofed skulls in adults, median contact of
+the nasals, separated occipital condyles, and large prevomers. The
+premaxillae of all species are visible when the skulls are viewed from
+directly above. The pterygoid lacks a medioventral flange and does not
+meet the palatine. In no species is the anterior arm of the squamosal
+in contact with the maxillary. Of the numerous species examined (30
+_Eleutherodactylus_, four _Syrrhophus_, and four _Tomodactylus_), the
+species in the _Eleutherodactylus augusti_ group are unique in having a
+sphenethmoid with a blunt anterior edge.
+
+
+Pectoral Girdle
+
+All species have large cartilaginous plates in the pectoral girdles;
+none possesses a bony style. No divergent modifications of the clavicle
+and coracoid bones are known in the family.
+
+
+
+
+GENERIC ACCOUNTS
+
+
+Genus ~Eleutherodactylus~ Dumeril and Bibron, 1841
+
+     _Type-species._--_Hylodes martinicensis_ Tschudi, 1838
+
+     _Diagnosis and definition._--Small to large frogs (12 to 110
+     mm. snout-vent length) having slightly to widely expanded
+     digital pads, each pad bearing a terminal transverse groove;
+     lumbo-inguinal, inguinal, and axillary glands absent, or if
+     present, diffuse, irregular in outline, not compact; plantar
+     supernumerary tubercles absent, or if present, six or fewer,
+     restricted to distal area of plantar surface, and not
+     extending between metatarsal tubercles; tarsus bearing inner
+     or outer tubercles or folds or not; toes free to one-half
+     webbed; terminal phalanges T-shaped; sternum cartilaginous,
+     lacking bony style; sphenethmoid not truncate anteriorly;
+     nasals in contact medially; maxillary and quadratojugal in
+     contact; anterior arm of squamosal not in contact with
+     maxillary; dermal cranial elements not involved in
+     integumentary-cranial co-ossification; prevomers large,
+     dentigerous processes present or not, dentate or not;
+     maxillary and premaxillary bones dentate; occipital condyles
+     separated; development direct.
+
+     _Composition._--About 420 names have been applied to frogs
+     of this genus; many of these names are synonyms, and many
+     other species remain undescribed and unnamed. Perhaps the
+     genus contains 350 species. Thirty-one species occur in
+     México and northern Central America.
+
+     _Distribution._--From Tamaulipas and Sinaloa, México,
+     exclusive of the Mexican Plateau, to at least Peru and
+     southernmost Brazil and throughout the West Indies.
+     Introduced into Florida.
+
+     _Etymology._--Greek (_eleuthero_ + _dactylus_) meaning
+     free-toed.
+
+
+Genus ~Engystomops~ Jiménez de la Espada, 1872
+
+     _Type species._--_Engystomops petersi_ Jiménez de la Espada,
+     1872
+
+     _Diagnosis and definition._--Small frogs (20 to 40 mm.
+     snout-vent length) having undilated digital tips lacking
+     transverse grooves; lumbo-inguinal or inguinal glands
+     absent; plantar supernumerary tubercles present, extending
+     between metatarsal tubercles; tarsus bearing spinelike
+     tubercle on inner edge; toes free; terminal phalanges
+     pointed; sternum bearing bony style; spenethmoid not
+     truncate anteriorly; nasals in contact medially; maxillary
+     and quadratojugal in articular contact; anterior arm of
+     squamosal not in contact with maxillary; dermal cranial
+     elements not involved in integumentary-cranial
+     co-ossification; prevomers moderate in size, lacking teeth;
+     maxillary and premaxillary bones edentate; occipital
+     condyles separated; tadpole free living.
+
+     _Composition._--Four nominal species (_E. petersi_, _E.
+     pustulatus_, _E. pustulosus_ and _E. schereri_).
+
+     _Distribution._--Central Veracruz and eastern Oaxaca,
+     México, to Trinidad, Bolivia, and Peru, east of the Andes.
+
+     _Etymology._--Greek (_engys_ + _stoma_) meaning narrow-mouthed.
+
+
+Genus ~Hylactophryne~ new genus
+
+     _Type-species._--_Hylodes augusti_ Dugés, 1879
+
+     _Diagnosis and definition._--Medium to large frogs (37 to 94
+     mm. snout-vent length) having undilated digital tips lacking
+     terminal grooves; lumbo-inguinal or inguinal glands absent;
+     plantar supernumerary tubercles present, prominent,
+     extending to but not between metatarsal tubercles; tarsus
+     lacking tubercles or folds; toes free of webbing; terminal
+     phalanges knob-shaped, lacking elongate lateral expansions;
+     sternum cartilaginous, lacking bony style; sphenethmoid
+     truncate anteriorly; nasals in contact medially; maxillary
+     and quadratojugal in articular contact; anterior arm of
+     squamosal not in contact with maxillary; dermal cranial
+     elements not involved in integumentary-cranial
+     co-ossification; prevomers large, bearing dentigerous
+     processes; maxillary and premaxillary bones dentate;
+     occipital condyles separated; development direct.
+
+     _Composition._--Two species, _H. augusti_ and _H.
+     tarahumarensis_, the former composed of four subspecies
+     (Zweifel, 1956).
+
+     _Distribution._--From Arizona, New Mexico, and Texas to
+     Guerrero and Puebla, México, and a relict population on
+     Cerro Quingola (just west of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec,
+     México).
+
+     _Etymology._--Greek (_hylactor_ + _phryne_) meaning barking
+     toad; in reference to the voice and common name.
+
+
+Genus ~Leptodactylus~ Fitzinger, 1826
+
+     _Type-species._--_Leptodactylus typhonia_ Fitzinger, 1826
+
+     _Diagnosis and definition._--Small to large frogs (30 to
+     about 200 m., snout-vent length) having undilated to
+     slightly expanded digital tips bearing pads, no transverse
+     groove at tips of digits; lumbo-inguinal, axillary, and/or
+     ventral glands present or not, low, diffuse; plantar
+     supernumerary tubercles generally absent, if present not
+     extending between metatarsal tubercles; tarsus bearing
+     tarsal folds or not; toes free of webbing, extensive lateral
+     fringes present in some species; terminal phalanges pointed,
+     not T-shaped; sternum bearing bony style; sphenethmoid not
+     truncate anteriorly; nasals in contact medially; maxillary
+     and quadratojugal in articular contact; anterior arm of
+     squamosal not in contact with maxillary; dermal cranial
+     elements not involved in integumentary-cranial
+     co-ossification; prevomers large, bearing dentigerous
+     processes; maxillary and premaxillary bones dentate;
+     occipital condyles separated; tadpole free living.
+
+     _Composition._--Sixty species according to Smith and Taylor
+     (1948); 54 according to Gorham (1963); Argentinian authors
+     have described several more in recent years.
+
+     _Distribution._--Southern Sonora, México, and southern Texas
+     throughout the Central and South American lowlands to
+     Argentina. Also known from Hispaniola and Puerto Rico in the
+     Greater Antilles and a few islands in the Lesser Antilles.
+
+     _Entymology._--Greek (_leptos_ + _dactylus_) meaning slender
+     toes.
+
+
+Genus ~Syrrhophus~ Cope, 1878
+
+     _Type-species._--_Syrrhophus marnockii_ Cope, 1878
+
+     _Diagnosis and definition._--Small to medium sized frogs (18
+     to 40 mm. snout-vent) having slight to prominent digital
+     expansions with transverse groove at tip of each digit;
+     lumbo-inguinal and inguinal gland flattened, irregular in
+     outline, not compact and oval; axillary glands present or
+     not; plantar supernumerary tubercles numerous, more than
+     eight, usually extending between metatarsal tubercles;
+     tarsus lacking tubercles or folds; toes free or basally
+     webbed; terminal phalanges T-shaped; sternum cartilaginous,
+     lacking bony style; sphenethmoid not truncate anteriorly;
+     nasals in contact medially; maxillary and quadratojugal in
+     articular contact; anterior arm of squamosal not in contact
+     with maxillary; dermal cranial elements not involved in
+     integumentary-cranial co-ossification; prevomers large,
+     usually lacking dentigerous processes and teeth; maxillary
+     and premaxillary bones dentate; occipital condyles
+     separated; development direct.
+
+     _Composition._--Thirteen species; the species described as,
+     or later referred to, _Syrrhophus_ from Lower Central
+     America and South America are _Eleutherodactylus_ or
+     _Eupsophus_.
+
+     _Distribution._--Low to moderate elevations from Sinaloa,
+     México, to Guatemala on the Pacific versant; from the
+     Edwards and Stockton plateaus of Texas to British Honduras
+     on the Caribbean versant.
+
+     _Etymology._--Greek, emendation of _syrrhaptos_, meaning
+     sewn together in reference to the united outer metatarsals.
+
+
+Genus ~Tomodactylus~ Günther, 1900
+
+     _Type-species._--_Tomodactylus amulae_ Günther, 1900.
+
+     _Diagnosis and definition._--Small frogs (20 to 35 mm.
+     snout-vent length) having digital expansions or not, with
+     transverse groove across tip of each digit; lumbo-inguinal
+     gland prominently elevated, compact, oval, often patterned;
+     axillary glands absent; plantar supernumerary tubercles
+     numerous, more than eight, usually extending between
+     metatarsal tubercles; tarsus lacking tubercles or folds; toes
+     free; terminal phalanges T-shaped; sternum cartilaginous,
+     lacking bony style; sphenethmoid not truncate anteriorly;
+     nasals in contact medially; maxillary and quadratojugal in
+     articular contact; anterior arm of squamosal not in contact
+     with maxillary; dermal cranial elements not involved in
+     integumentary-cranial co-ossification; prevomers large,
+     usually bearing dentigerous processes; maxillary and
+     premaxillary bones dentate; occipital condyles separated;
+     development direct.
+
+     _Composition._--Ten species.
+
+     _Distribution._--The southern edge of the Mexican Plateau
+     from Sinaloa to Veracruuz and onto the Oaxaca highlands and
+     Sierra Madre del Sur.
+
+     _Etymology._--Greek (_tomis_ + _dactylus_) meaning knife
+     toe; in reference to either the sharp subarticular tubercles
+     or the unwebbed toes.
+
+
+
+
+DISCUSSION
+
+
+The preceding definitions only slightly alter the present generic
+limits of Mexican leptodactylids. Two species, previously regarded as
+_Eleutherodactylus_, are transferred to the new genus _Hylactophryne_.
+The arrangement of the species of _Syrrhophus_ and _Tomodactylus_
+remains the same as concluded by Dixon (1957), Duellman (1958), and
+Firschein (1954) in their reviews of the genera.
+
+Lumbo-inguinal glands are most prominent in the genera _Pleurodema_ and
+_Tomodactylus_. Various nondescript glands are present in many genera,
+but none is so well developed as those of _Pleurodema_ and
+_Tomodactylus_.
+
+At least nine leptodactylid genera are either known or thought to be
+terrestrial breeders lacking a free-living tadpole stage
+(_Eleutherodactylus_, _Euparkerella_, _Hylactophryne_, _Niceforonia_,
+_Noblella_, _Sminthillus_, _Syrrhophus_, _Tomodactylus_ and
+_Trachyphrynus_). _Niceforonia_ and _Trachyphrynus_, and probably
+_Hylactophryne_, are not closely related to the other genera. Direct
+development probably is an adaptation to adverse environmental
+conditions since many of the species occur in semi-arid or cold (Andean
+páramos) areas. _Eleutherodactylus_ is generally thought to be the
+stock from which _Euparkerella_, _Noblella_, and _Sminthillus_ evolved
+(Griffiths, 1959) and from which _Syrrhophus_ and _Tomodactylus_ are
+derived (Firschein, 1954).
+
+The present distribution of _Hylactophryne_ (isolated on the Mexican
+Plateau) and its digital form (like that of Papuan and many primitive
+South American leptodactylids) suggest that the genus was isolated in
+México throughout the Tertiary, whereas the other Central American
+genera are either post-Pliocene derivatives of _Eleutherodactylus_ or
+invaders of Central America from South America since the mid-Pliocene
+land bridge was formed (Lloyd, 1963).
+
+Piatt (1934) presented arguments against assigning _Eleutherodactylus
+latrans_ to the genus _Lithodytes_ and concluded that it was a "true"
+_Eleutherodactylus_. Contrary to his arguments, _latrans_ (= _augusti_
+of Zweifel) and _E. tarahumarensis_ Taylor differ from all other
+_Eleutherodactylus_ (and _Syrrhophus_ and _Tomodactylus_) in the nature
+of the tips of the digits (external and skeletal). The digits of
+_Hylactophryne_ are like those of _Eupsophus_. My study of nearly all
+genera of leptodactylids indicates that Noble (1925) was correct in
+suggesting that _Borborocoetes_ (= _Eupsophus_) is a close relative of
+_Eleutherodactylus latrans_, although Noble's arguments were based in
+part upon false evidence concerning the breeding habits of _E.
+latrans_, then thought to have a free-living tadpole.
+
+Kellogg (1932) and Piatt (1934) argued that the terminal phalanges of
+_E. latrans_ were typically eleutherodactyline. The variation of this
+character in _Eupsophus_ (see Fig. 4) ranges from knobbed to bifurcate
+or Y-shaped (T-shaped in _Eleutherodactylus_, _Syrrhophus_ and
+_Tomodactylus_) and encompasses the nature of the character represented
+in _Hylactophryne_. _Eupsophus_ differs from _Hylactophryne_ in
+possessing a frontoparietal fontanelle, in generally having a
+maxillary-quadratojugal gap, and in having a free swimming tadpole
+stage.
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 5. Outline drawings of _Leptodactylus melanonotus_
+(left, KU 65704, × 2) and _Eleutherodactylus alfredi_ (right, KU 93994,
+× 2).]
+
+
+
+
+KEY TO MEXICAN LEPTODACTYLID GENERA
+
+
+1. Small (20-40 mm.), pustular, toadlike frogs;
+   maxillary and premaxillary bones not bearing teeth    _Engystomops_
+
+   Large (20-110 mm.), smooth skinned and non-toadlike
+   frogs; maxillary and premaxillary bones bearing teeth            2
+
+2. No conspicuous waist (Fig. 5); sternum bearing
+   bony style,                                         _Leptodactylus_
+
+   Constrictions at waist (Fig. 5); sternum
+   cartilaginous, no bony style                                     3
+
+3. Few (less than six), if any, supernumerary
+   tubercles on plantar surface                    _Eleutherodactylus_
+
+   Many (more than 8) supernumerary tubercles on
+   plantar surfaces                                                 4
+
+4. Terminal, transverse groove across tip of
+   digits, especially outer two fingers, digits
+   expanded or not; small frogs (18 to 40 mm.)                      5
+
+   Tips of digits lacking transverse groove;
+   digits unexpanded; medium-sized to large frogs
+   (37 to 94 mm.)                                      _Hylactophryne_
+
+5. Lumbo-inguinal gland compact, oval                   _Tomodactylus_
+
+   Lumbo-inguinal or inguinal gland absent or
+   diffuse and irregular in outline                       _Syrrhophus_
+
+
+
+
+LITERATURE CITED
+
+
+DIXON, J. R.
+
+     1957. Geographic variation and distribution of the genus
+           _Tomodactylus_ in Mexico. Texas Jour. Sci., 9:379-409,
+           December.
+
+DUELLMAN, W. E.
+
+     1958. A review of the frogs of the genus Syrrhophus in
+           western Mexico. Occas. Papers Mus. Zool. Univ.
+           Michigan, 594:1-15, June 6.
+
+     1961. The amphibians and reptiles of Michoacan, Mexico. Univ.
+           Kansas Publ. Mus. Nat. Hist., 15:1-148, December 20.
+
+FIRSCHEIN, I. L.
+
+     1954. Definition of some little understood members of the
+           leptodactylid genus _Syrrhophus_, with a description
+           of a new species. Copeia, 1:48-58, February 19.
+
+GALLARDO, J. M.
+
+     1965. A proposito de los Leptodactylidae (Amphibia Anura).
+           Papeis Avulsos, 17:77-87, January 30.
+
+GORHAM, S. W.
+
+     1963. The comparative number of species of amphibians in
+           Canada and other countries. III. Summary of species
+           of anurans. Canadian Field-Nat., 77:13-48, March.
+
+GRIFFITHS, I.
+
+     1959. The phylogeny of Sminthillus limbatus and the status of
+           the Brachycephalidae (Amphibia Salientia). Proc. Zool.
+           Soc. London, 132:457-87, May.
+
+KELLOGG, R.
+
+     1932. Mexican tailless amphibians in the United States
+           National Museum. Bull. U. S. Natl. Mus., 160:224 pp.,
+           March 31.
+
+LLOYD, J. J.
+
+     1963. Tectonic history of the south Central-American orogen,
+           _in_ Childs and Beebe eds., Backbone of the Americas.
+           Amer. Assoc. Petroleum Geol., pp. 88-100.
+
+LYNCH, J. D.
+
+     1965. A review of the eleutherodactylid frog genus
+           _Microbatrachylus_ (Leptodactylidae). Nat. Hist. Misc.,
+           182:1-12, December 15.
+
+MYERS, G. S.
+
+     1962. The American leptodactylid frog genus _Eleutherodactylus_,
+           _Hylodes_ (= _Elosia_), and _Caudiverbera_
+           (= _Calytocephalus_). Copeia, 1:195-202, April 11.
+
+NOBLE, G. K.
+
+     1925. An outline of the relation of the ontogeny to
+           phylogeny within the Amphibia. I. Amer. Mus. Nov.,
+           165:1-17, April 16.
+
+PIATT, J.
+
+     1934. The systematic status of Eleutherodactylus latrans
+           (Cope). Amer. Midl. Nat., 15:89-91, February 15.
+
+SMITH, H. M. and TAYLOR, E. H.
+
+     1948. An annotated checklist and key to the Amphibia of
+           Mexico. Bull. U. S. Natl. Mus., 194:1-118. June 7.
+
+TAYLOR, E. H.
+
+     1952. A review of the frogs and toads of Costa Rica. Univ.
+           Kansas Sci. Bull., 35:577-942, July 1.
+
+ZWEIFEL, R. G.
+
+     1956. A survey of the frogs of the _augusti_ group, genus
+           _Eleutherodactylus_. Amer. Mus. Novitates, 1813:1-35,
+           December 23.
+
+
+_Transmitted July 11, 1967._
+
+
+31-9418
+
+
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Transcriber's Notes
+
+
+Bold text is shown within ~tildes~.
+
+Italicized text is shown within _underscores_.
+
+Illustrations have been moved to avoid breaking up paragraphs of text.
+
+Page 507: Changed know to known (are not know in Tomodactylus).
+
+Page 507: Added closing parenthesis in Fig. 2 caption after × 3.
+
+Page 509: Changed compeltely to completely (compeltely roofed skulls).
+
+Page 512: Veracruuz may be a typo for Veracruz (Sinaloa to Veracruuz).
+
+Page 514: Changed two occurrences of Hylatophryne to Hylactophryne.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Genera of Leptodactylid Frogs in México, by 
+John D. Lynch
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