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diff --git a/31822.txt b/31822.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..dc2491e --- /dev/null +++ b/31822.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1576 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Atlanta, by Atlanta Chamber of Commerce + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Atlanta + A Twentieth-Century City + +Author: Atlanta Chamber of Commerce + +Release Date: March 29, 2010 [EBook #31822] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ATLANTA *** + + + + +Produced by Meredith Bach and the Online Distributed +Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net. (This file was +produced from images generously made available by The +Internet Archive/American Libraries.) + + + + + + + + + + ATLANTA + + A TWENTIETH-CENTURY + CITY + + The Illuminated Cover of + this Pamphlet is a reproduction + of the Famous Picture + "ATLANTA BY NIGHT" + published by Harper's Weekly + in the issue of October 10th, + 1903, and here presented by + courtesy of Harper & Bros. + + ISSUED BY THE + Atlanta Chamber of Commerce + 1904 + + THE BYRD PRINTING CO., ATLANTA + + + + +[Illustration: UNION PASSENGER STATION.] + + + + +How Atlanta Grew. + + +[Illustration: Coat of Arms] + +The Atlanta of to-day is a growth of thirty-eight years. Twice has the +upbuilding of a city on this site demonstrated its natural advantages. +Within a few years before the war Atlanta had become a bustling town of +11,000 inhabitants, and during the three years which intervened before its +destruction the place was the seat of varied and important industries, +whose principal object was to sustain the military operations of the +Confederacy. It was also a depot for the distribution of supplies to the +surrounding country and a forwarding station for the commissary department +of the army. + +After its baptism of fire in November, 1861, when the inhabitants had been +dispersed by the exigencies of war, and of more than 2,000 houses only 300 +remained, the city took a new start, and its great growth dates from that +time. It is therefore, a city of the new regime, erected on the ruins of +the old. + +The coat of arms of Atlanta fittingly typifies this remarkable history. No +city on the continent has survived such destruction. No city has twice +attained prominence with such rapidity. Atlanta's foundation reaches back +to the forties, and far-seeing men recognized it then as the place of +promise, destined to be an important railroad-center and a seat of +commerce. This conception of the new city had been accepted as a true one +when it was destroyed by fire, and since its new birth in reconstruction +days the old spirit arose and lighted the new path of Atlanta to a greater +destiny. + +The capital of the state was brought here from Milledgeville when the new +city was hardly out of the ashes of war, and this gave a great impetus to +its growth, which was further insured in 1877, when the people of Georgia +voted to make Atlanta their capital. Its rapidly developing business and +manufactures were brought to the attention of the whole country by the +Cotton Exposition of 1881 which was a point of departure for the +tremendous development of the Southeastern States during the decade +between 1880 and 1890. This development found a splendid illustration in +the great Cotton States and International Exposition of 1895. + +The rapidity of the growth of Atlanta is illustrated by the fact that, +since it was blotted from the map, the city has spread over twelve square +miles of ground. Starting with no business in 1865, it received in 1903 +four-tenths of the freight delivered in Georgia, and its post office +receipts were four-tenths of those of the State. Thirty-nine years ago +there was hardly a dollar to turn a trade; within the year just closed the +bank clearings aggregated $115,000,000. At the beginning of this period +there were only a few stragglers remaining in the wake of fire and sword. +To-day there is a great city of over 105,000 people, the business +headquarters of 125,000, with a floating population of many thousands +more. From bare ground covered with ashes and ruins in 1865, the city has +been built up to a value of $59,595,332, consisting largely of solid +masses of brick and mortar, stone and steel, which go to make up a +magnificent array of handsome business edifices. The number of houses has +increased from 300 to 22,600. + +[Illustration: STATE CAPITOL.] + +The question, wherefore Atlanta? naturally arises, for communities are not +effects without causes. Atlanta is the result of a combination of +advantages, on a commanding geographical location, turned to the best +account by a spirit of transcendent energy, which surmounts all obstacles +and builds even on disaster the fabric of success. The growth of this +unconquerable spirit has been promoted by a unity of purpose which has +prevented the domination of factions. Whatever local interests may clash, +the good of Atlanta is always a rallying cry. The Atlanta spirit, which +has accomplished so much in the upbuilding of the city itself, is happily +contagious, and has much to do with making Georgia the Empire State of the +South. The spirit of new life has spread from this to other Southern +States which are the most active in the development of their resources, +and the spirit of the Southeast is the spirit of Atlanta. + +For this moral and material eminence Atlanta is fortunately situated on a +ridge which divides the watershed of the Atlantic from that of the Gulf, +and at a point where the natural barrier of the Appalachian chain is +broken by great gaps in the mountains. This is the natural point of +intersection for railway lines from the West with lines from the East. + +This geographical vantage ground is accompanied by a topographical +eminence, from which the great climatic advantages of Atlanta are derived. +More than 1,000 feet above sea-level at its lowest point, and from eleven +to twelve hundred at other places, Atlanta enjoys a cool, bracing +atmosphere, with breezes that blow over the foot-hills of the Blue Ridge. +The exhilarating air is a kind of natural tonic, so different from that of +the coast and Gulf regions that an inhabitant of the low countries, coming +to Atlanta during the heated term, feels a stimulus as if he had been +drinking great draughts of aerial champagne. The rolling surface of the +country, which slopes in almost every direction from the city affords easy +drainage and keeps the surrounding region free from malaria. + +Atlanta's public buildings typify the solid character of her institutions. +Most conspicuous among them is the State capitol, which was erected at a +cost of $1,000,000. This stately structure, the hotels, office buildings, +theaters, churches, the custom-house, the county court-house, and other +public edifices, make up an aggregate of ten millions invested in public +buildings. + +Outside of public buildings, the architecture of Atlanta is of a pleasing +character and has steadily improved during the past thirty years. Few +cities in any part of the United States can show more attractive residence +streets or architectural designs indicating more culture and good taste. +Peachtree Street, the principal one for residences, has a number of +elegant homes which would be ornaments to any city. + +Atlanta is a city of homes, and this is apparent not only in the +appearance of the houses, but in the statistics of the United States +census, by which Atlanta is credited with a larger percentage of +home-owners than any city of its size in the Southern States. + +The water-supply for domestic and manufacturing purposes and for sanitary +use is hardly equaled in any city of Atlanta's size, and the rates per +thousand gallons for families or for manufacturing purposes are merely +nominal, and probably lower than any on record. + +[Illustration: KIMBALL HOUSE.] + +Conditions in Atlanta are highly favorable to manufacturing industries, +and this is attested by the great variety of articles made here. There +were in 1900 395 establishments, employing over 9,000 operatives at good +wages, and pouring into the channels of trade an annual pay-roll of +$3,100,000. The value of the raw material consumed was more than +$8,000,000 and the product between sixteen and seventeen millions. Since +then the product has increased to $27,000,000 and the number of wage +earners to 14,000. + +The manufacturers of Atlanta in their variety have a guaranty of stability +not to be found in those of any city where industry is confined to one +family, as of iron or cotton, however important that may be, and the +extent of this variety is to some degree indicated in the chapter on this +subject. Among the articles made are many specialties, for which there is +a demand in almost every State in the Union, and concerns making them have +enjoyed prosperity through a long series of years. + +The trade of Atlanta covers more or less all of the States between the +Ohio and Potomac rivers, the Gulf, the Atlantic ocean and the Mississippi +River, and in some lines extends to the far Southwestern States and into +Mexico, while in a few it covers the entire country. The tendency of the +jobbing trade of the Southeast is to concentrate in Atlanta, and little by +little the business of other centers gravitates to this city. + +Atlanta's commanding geographical and topographical situation was, at the +outset, one of the causes which led to the development of a great railroad +center, at which powerful systems from the East, the West and the +Southeast regularly compete. As a distributing point Atlanta enjoys +facilities hardly equaled elsewhere in the Southeastern States, and as an +accessible place of rendezvous for all kinds of organizations and +interests, it is a favorite, and has come to be known as the Convention +City. + +Atlanta's financial institutions are of the most solid character. + +Atlanta is the third city in the United States in the amount of insurance +written and reported to agencies. It is the Southern headquarters for a +number of fire and life insurance companies, and agencies of old-line and +every other type of insurance are numerous. + +[Illustration: ARAGON HOTEL.] + +[Illustration: PIEDMONT HOTEL.] + +The educational facilities of Atlanta are fully treated in a separate +chapter, in which it appears that this city is abreast of the times in +this as in other respects. Atlanta early established a system of public +schools, and before almost any city in the South, turned its attention to +technical education. The Technological School was established by the State +of Georgia upon inducements offered by the city of Atlanta, which bore +half of the cost of the original plant, and contributes regularly to the +support of the institution. There is ample opportunity here for technical +instruction of other kinds, and Atlanta has three medical colleges, whose +attendance averages 600, to say nothing of the students of the dental +colleges. Technical instruction in business methods is not neglected, and +several large and flourishing business colleges have maintained themselves +here for many years. + +The religious and social atmosphere of Atlanta is wholesome and +invigorating. It is a city of churches and the home of church-going +people, and the community is honey-combed with fraternal organizations. + +The social intercourse of the people, as well as the facility for doing +business, is greatly aided by an ideal system of rapid transit, not only +from the residence and suburban sections to the center, but from one +residence portion to another. The neighborly spirit is enhanced by the +nearness thus artificially created. + +With all these advantages, and many which appear more fully in subsequent +chapters. Atlanta has a wholesome and inspiring public spirit which never +fails to respond when the interests of the city are at stake. This is +perhaps the most distinctive thing about Atlanta. + +[Illustration: GRANT PARK.] + + + + +The New Atlanta. + + +Population, Area and Government. + +Atlanta's population is estimated at 105,600. By the census of 1900 it was +89,872. The census of 1880 gave Atlanta a population of 39,000, and by the +city assessment of the next year the real estate was valued at +$14,721,883, and the personal property at $7,474,258. By 1890 the +population had grown to 65,000 and real estate was valued at $39,729,894. +In the same period personal property grew to $11,906,605. The decade +between 1880 and 1890 was a period during which Atlanta made remarkable +advance, but during the great depression through which the whole country +has passed since 1890 the progress of this city has been astonishing. In +spite of a somewhat lower scale of valuation for suburban real estate, the +assessor's report for 1903 showed realty valued at $49,728,034, and +personalty $13,628,201. This value was created in thirty-nine years, for +Atlanta came out of the Civil War naked and desolate. + +By census taken in 1900 the population of Atlanta, by wards, was found to +be as follows: + + First Ward 15,596 + Second Ward 14,628 + Third Ward 12,943 + Fourth Ward 17,072 + Fifth Ward 12,415 + Sixth Ward 14,754 + Seventh Ward 2,464 + ------ + Total 89,872 + +Since then the population has increased to 105,600. + + +Area and Expansion. + +Atlanta is a city of magnificent distances, covering about eleven square +miles. With abundance of room and fresh air, the circular form of the city +makes it compact, and the residence portions are, as a rule, equidistant +from the business center. The corporate line is described by a radius of a +mile and three-quarters. In two places this circle is expanded to take in +suburban communities which had been formed with irregular boundaries +before the circular corporation line reached them. These are Inman Park +and West End, which extend from half a mile to a mile beyond the circle +which elsewhere forms the corporate limits. + +Atlanta is situated on rolling ground, which gives every facility for +drainage and contributes materially to the effectiveness of the elaborate +system of sewers. This rolling country extends in every direction, and +suburban communities are rapidly extending. The electric lines reach out +for six or eight miles on all sides of the city, and afford quick and +cheap access for the outlying towns. As a result of this elaborate system +of rapid transit, there has been a remarkable expansion of the city within +the past ten years, and the pressure on the center has been greatly +relieved. It is estimated that the suburban trains and street-car systems +of Atlanta bring in and carry out 30,000 people a day. + +[Illustration: CENTURY BUILDING.] + +[Illustration: PRUDENTIAL AND EMPIRE BUILDINGS.] + + +City Government. + +The city government of Atlanta is administered by a Mayor and General +Council and Executive Boards. The legislative body is composed of +councilmen from the different wards, elected by the whole city, and +aldermen who are elected in a like manner. The aldermen and councilmen +vote separately on matters involving the expenditure of money, and the +concurrence of both bodies is necessary to an appropriation. The Mayor has +the usual veto power. + +The tax rate is one and a quarter per cent. and the ratio of assessment +to real value of property is about sixty per cent. The assessed value of +real and personal property is $63,356,235. + +The city owns property valued at eleven millions, and has a bonded debt of +$3,481,500. Deducting the Sinking Fund of $274,997.68, the net debt is +$3,206,502.32. There is no floating debt, and the bonded debt is limited +by the State Constitution to seven per cent. on the taxable value of the +property. The net debt is therefore $1,000,000 under the limit. + +The Charter requires the Mayor and General Council to carry over a balance +of $175,000 in cash from year to year. This keeps the Treasury in good +condition and the city is able to float three and one-half per cent. bonds +at par and above. + +There is a Sinking Fund Commission, which was created by a special act of +the Legislature, and the Mayor and General Council are required to set +aside each year from the revenues of the city an amount sufficient to +retire the bonded debt within thirty years. + +The expenditures of the city for the year 1903 were $1,646,888.49. In the +same period, the revenues and other receipts, including bonds, the +proceeds of which were expended, were $2,036,548.32. The difference is +accounted for by a balance carried over from the previous year. + + +Police. + +Atlanta has a fine Police Department, divided into three watches of eight +hours each. It has valuable auxiliaries in the mounted men and the bicycle +corps, numbering forty men. + +There is a fine central station, which cost $100,000, and a Police signal +system with telephone connections. The expenditures of the Department +during 1903 amounted to $151,151.23. + + +Fire Protection. + +Atlanta has a model Fire Department, well equipped with modern apparatus, +and supplied with water at fire pressure from the pumping-station of the +waterworks. In 1903 the Department cost $123,235.00; the number of fires +was 502 and the value of buildings and contents at risk $3,070,777. The +damage was $142,050. + +The average fire loss for eighteen years was $123,647. + + +Sanitary Department. + +Atlanta spent $109,023.54 on sanitation in 1903, and about 250 men were +employed under the Board of Health in keeping the city clean. There are +the usual precautions in infectious and contagious diseases. The +sewer-system of the city was constructed on a plan designed by Rudolph +Hering, of New York. + + +[Illustration: EQUITABLE BUILDING.] + + +Mortuary Record. + +The deaths from diseases in Atlanta during 1903 were 1,941, of which 926 +were of white people and 1,015 of colored. The population within the +corporate limits in the census year was 89,872. In 1903 it was estimated +by the Sanitary Department at 110,000. This makes the rate of mortality +17.64. Of the population in 1903, it is estimated that 44,000 were colored +and 66,000 were white, which makes the rate of mortality 23.06 for colored +and 14.03 for white. + + +Waterworks. + +The Waterworks Department of Atlanta has one of the best plants in the +country and furnishes pure water at the nominal price of ten cents per +thousand gallons for domestic consumption. Liberal rates are made to +manufacturers, and even at the low prices charged, the Department pays a +handsome net revenue to the city. + +The works have a daily pumping capacity of 35,000,000 gallons, and the +actual consumption in 1903 was 9,136,277 gallons per day. The supply comes +from the Chattahoochee River, above the city, and above the mouth of +Peachtree Creek. The river flows down from the mountain section, which is +sparsely settled, and so far the supply is satisfactory. The water passes +through a settling basin, after which it is filtered, and comes to the +city as clear as crystal. + + +Sewers. + +In addition to the amount disbursed by the Sanitary Department, the city +spent $55,765.43 the same year in constructing sewers. + + +Streets. + +During 1903 Atlanta spent $70,913.08 on streets. Since 1880 the city has +spent $3,827,171 on streets, sewers and sidewalks. There are 64.34 miles +of paved streets, 233.04 miles of paved sidewalks, and 106.21 miles of +sewers. There are seven miles of asphalt streets and several miles of +vitrified brick. The rest is paved with granite blocks, chert and macadam. + + +Boulevards. + +Atlanta has some beautiful streets for driving. Peachtree, Washington, +Whitehall and Peters Streets and Capitol Avenue are paved with asphalt, +and this smooth surface makes a fine speedway. Whitehall and Peachtree +Streets, connecting at the viaduct, form a continuous asphalt boulevard +three and one-half miles long. This is connected north of the city with a +macadam pike to Buckhead, and south of the city with a chert road to +College Park, six miles beyond the city limits. This forms a continuous +boulevard fifteen miles long in a north and south line, with a smooth +surface, which is well adapted to carriages, bicycles and automobiles. + + +[Illustration: GRAND OPERA HOUSE.] + +Prominent Structures. + +Atlanta has many handsome buildings, notable among which are the State +Capitol, the new Court-House, the Carnegie Library, of white marble, the +Grand Opera House, the nine great fire-proof office buildings, and the +beautiful Piedmont Hotel, which is also a fire-proof structure. The +Federal Prison, three miles out, is one of the most important in the +United States. There are several other large hotels, notably the Kimball, +the Aragon, the Majestic and the Marion. + +The value of buildings erected in 1903 was reported by the City Building +Inspector as $3,161,445, and the number of permits issued was 3,441. A +marked increase in the average value of dwellings was noted. Following is +a list of the office-buildings for which Atlanta is famous. They make the +heart of Atlanta look like the lower part of Manhattan Island. Each has a +steel frame, with non-combustible partitions, every modern convenience, +and a costly interior finish of marble and hard-wood. The elevator and +janitor service is first-class, and lavatories, barber shops and +restaurants are well placed. The ground floor in a majority of these +buildings is occupied by banks, whose offices are superbly finished. The +population of these palatial hives of industry amounts to several +thousand, and the facilities they offer for doing business are unequalled +elsewhere in the Southern States. + + +List of Fire-Proof Office Buildings. + +Equitable Building, eight stories. + +English-American Building, eleven stories. + +Austell Building, nine stories. + +Prudential Building, ten stories. + +Empire Building, fourteen stories. + +Peters Building, eight stories. + +Century Building, twelve stories. + +[1]Fourth National Bank Building, sixteen stories. + +[1]Candler Building, seventeen stories. + +The aggregate cost of these nine structures, exclusive of the land on +which they rest, was $4,000,000. They are all occupied, except the two +under construction, in which space is being contracted for. + +The Building Inspector's record shows that in the nine years since the +Exposition of 1895, buildings to the value of $15,256,169 have been +erected. In the same period 4,666 dwellings built house a new population +of 20,000. Since the census of 1900 new dwellings number 2,663. + + +Car Wheel Works. + +The Atlanta Carwheel & Manufacturing Company has, on the Southern Railway +belt line near the waterworks pumping-station, an extensive plant for the +manufacture of steam-railroad and street-car wheels. + +The site covers ten acres and the main building is 230 by 118 feet, with +several annexes. The works employ 100 to 150 men, and this is one of the +largest establishments of its kind in the country. + + + + +Business. + +Atlanta's Business Grows Four Times as Fast as the Population, and the +Population Grows Twice as Fast as the Average of the United States. Posted +Receipts on its Newspapers Exceed those of Baltimore, Brooklyn, Buffalo, +Omaha, or New Orleans... + + +Atlanta is the business center of the Southeast. Almost all the great +concerns of national extent make this city their Southern headquarters, +and this has created the phenomenal demand for offices. As a result, +Atlanta has more tall fire-proof steel-frame office-buildings than any +other Southern City. + +Atlanta's business is indicated by the bank clearings, which were +$145,000,000 for the year 1903. In 1894 they were $56,000,000. This shows +more clearly than words the rapid growth of the city as a business center. + +From the latest available data, the trade of Atlanta is estimated as +follows: + + Wholesale $40,000,000 + Retail 20,000,000 + Manufactures 27,000,000 + Fuel 2,000,000 + Horses and Mules 6,250,000 + ---------- + Total $95,250,000 + + +Atlanta Manufactures in 1904. + +In April 1904 the Atlanta Chamber of Commerce sent letters to most of the +manufacturers of the city, asking for a statement of the capital invested, +the number of wage earners, the total wages paid, the value of raw +material used and the product; also the percentage of increase in each +item since June, 1900, when the U. S. Census was taken. The returns show +an average increase of 53 1-4 per cent. in capital, 52 1-3 per cent. in +wage earners, 55 per cent. in wages paid, 56.7 per cent. in raw material +used and 62 per cent. in the value of the product. Applying these +percentages of increase to the Census figures of 1900, gives the following +for April, 1904 in contrast with 1890 and 1900: + + Wage Total Raw Value + Capital. Earners. Wages. Material. Product. + + 1890. $9,508,962 7,957 $3,206,285 $5,914,571 $13,074,037 + 1900. 16,045,156 9,356 3,103,989 8,563,524 16,707,027 + 1904. 25,309,937 15,267 5,079,385 14,185,935 28,985,476 + +[Illustration: CANDLER BUILDING.] + +[Illustration: GRADY HOSPITAL.] + +Atlanta's principal manufacturing establishments are in cotton, iron, +machinery, lumber, sheet metal, terra cotta, brick, fertilizer, wagons, +carriages, furniture, candy and crackers, cigars, coffins, chemicals, +printing, lithographing, electrotyping, stamping, paper and paper bags, +flour and meal, paints, varnish, cottonseed oil and cake, ice, harness, +belts, hosiery, underwear, neckwear, woolen goods, gins, engines, sash, +doors and blinds, mantels, iron beds, spring beds, trunks, desks, tables, +pickles, condiments, baking powder, bread and cakes, clothing, overalls, +millinery, suspenders, picture-frames and moulding. + +In money value, cotton goods and fertilizers lead the list. There are +three large cotton factories, and Atlanta is headquarters for the +Virginia-Carolina Chemical Company, the largest producer of fertilizers in +the South. It is also the headquarters of several large sawmill +companies. + + +[Illustration: FOURTH NATIONAL BANK BUILDING.] + +Atlanta Banks. + +The clearings and deposits of the associated banks of Atlanta are reported +as follows by Mr. Darwin G. Jones, manager of the Atlanta Clearing House +Association: + +CLEARINGS BY YEARS. + + 1894 $56,589,228.04 + 1895 65,318,254.71 + 1896 69,026,033.17 + 1897 72,005,161.52 + 1898 71,964,809.03 + 1899 83,058,397.11 + 1900 96,375,251.22 + 1901 111,755,849.98 + 1902 131,200,457.25 + 1903 144,992,037.59 + +These reports show that business has doubled in seven years. + + +Deposits December 1st Each Year. + +The deposits of the Clearing House banks of Atlanta at the end of the week +nearest December 1st of each year, are reported by Manager Jones as +follows: + + 1893 $3,977,930.98 + 1894 4,779,640.99 + 1895 6,672,006.87 + 1896 5,957,634.51 + 1897 6,385,336.51 + 1898 6,756,991.36 + 1899 7,764,990.85 + 1900 9,011,902.85 + 1901 11,080,127.68 + 1902 12,935,639.60 + 1903 13,080,098.35 + +[Illustration: SWIFT FERTILIZER WORKS.] + +[Illustration: JEWISH ORPHANAGE.] + + +Government Receipts in the Southeast. + +One of the facts indicating the greatness of the territory, of which +Atlanta is the center, is the Government receipts in the Southeast. + +The receipts of the Federal Government through internal revenue, customs, +duties and Presidential Post offices is stated as follows, in the latest +official reports: + + Alabama $ 1,039,341.83 + Florida 3,139,624.55 + Georgia 1,812,239.10 + Tennessee 2,942,593.17 + North Carolina 4,933,641.99 + South Carolina 1,063,063.17 + -------------- + Total $14,930,503.81 + + +Growth of Postal Business. + +The growth of business is strikingly shown by the postal receipts for the +year ending June 30th, 1890, 1894 and 1903: + + 1890 $159,262.61 + 1894 201,649.92 + 1903 477,047.45 + +Comparison with other cities, by various barometers of trade and industry, +indicates that Atlanta does more business than any city of 100,000 +population in the United States. As a newspaper center it is phenomenal. +The receipts from second-class mail matter at Atlanta were $55,658.83 +during the year ending June 30, 1903. This shows that on newspapers and +periodicals Atlanta pays the Government more than Brooklyn, Baltimore, +Buffalo, Washington, Omaha, New Orleans, Louisville, or Indianapolis. + +The receipts of the Atlanta Post-office for the year ending June 30, 1903, +were $477,047.45, an increase of fourteen and four-fifths per cent. over +the receipts of the preceding year. + + +Insurance. + +Atlanta is the third insurance center of the United States, and easily +first in the South. + +The receipts of premiums reported to agencies here are estimated at +$8,000,000, about equally divided between fire and life insurance. + +Atlanta is the headquarters of the Southeastern Tariff Association. There +are no burdensome insurance laws in this State and taxes are reasonable. + +[Illustration: JEWISH TEMPLE.] + +[Illustration: FIRST METHODIST CHURCH.] + + +Cotton. + +Atlanta is the center of large cotton operations, and receives about +115,000 bales annually. There are several large warehouses and compresses. +The 12 lines of railroads give ample facilities for collecting the crop +from adjoining territory and forwarding it overland to eastern mills or to +the coast for export. Both of the Round Bale Companies are represented in +this city. + + +Transportation. + +Atlanta is the railroad center of the Southeast. Twelve radiating lines +furnish ample facilities for distribution of manufactures and merchandise +from this point. Five of these lines belong to the Southern Railway. Here +is a list of the lines: + + Southern to Washington. + Southern to Knoxville. + Georgia Railroad to Augusta. + Southern to Birmingham. + Southern to Fort Valley. + Southern to Brunswick. + [2]Seaboard Air Line to Birmingham. + Seaboard Air Line to Portsmouth. + Western & Atlantic to Chattanooga. + Atlanta & West Point to Montgomery. + Central of Georgia Railway to Savannah. + Louisville & Nashville to Knoxville. + +[Illustration: CARNEGIE LIBRARY.] + +The connections of these make many more routes over which there are +through trains, as for example, to Columbus and Albany. + +The Southern Railway, Central of Georgia Railway, and Atlanta and West +Point Railway have let the contract for a union passenger station at the +corner of Mitchell and Madison streets, and will spend about a million +dollars on the structure. Altogether they will spend two millions on the +station and terminal facilities connected with it. + +Atlanta's hotel accommodations are superior to those of almost any other +city in the South. The Piedmont is a fire-proof building of the best +class, with steel frame. The Kimball, the Aragon, the Majestic, and the +Marion have long enjoyed an enviable reputation with the traveling public. +There are numerous smaller hotels and any number of boarding-houses. +Atlanta is the stop-over point for the Florida winter travel, both going +and coming, and is rapidly becoming a summer resort by reason of its +elevation, bracing atmosphere, and cool climate. + + +The Radius of Distribution. + +Atlanta's advantages as a distributing point are shown by the central +location with reference to Southeastern towns. There are seventy-nine +towns of exceeding 4,000 population in Alabama, North Carolina, South +Carolina, Georgia and Mississippi. The average distances of these towns by +States from Atlanta, Savannah and Nashville are as follows: + + ATLANTA SAVANNAH NASHVILLE + Alabama 195 miles 419 miles 269 miles + North Carolina 400 miles 352 miles 629 miles + South Carolina 239 miles 193 miles 526 miles + Georgia 147 miles 233 miles 386 miles + Mississippi 423 miles 606 miles 440 miles + --------- --------- --------- + 1,404 miles 1,803 miles 2,250 miles + + Average distance + of towns in five + States 280.8 miles 360.6 miles 450 miles + +[Illustration: COURT HOUSE--FROM THE SOUTH.] + + +Street Railways. + +Atlanta has a fine system of street railways, with one hundred and +forty-two miles of track radiating from the heart of the city to the +residence portion and thence to the suburbs. In some directions they reach +out for eight miles, as in the case of College Park, Decatur and the +Chattahoochee River. + +The service is excellent, and there are one hundred miles of tracks within +the city limits. The uniform fare is five cents, but there are transfers +from incoming lines to any part of the city. Almost any spot on a car +line, within the city limits, can be reached from any other point inside +the city for one fare. + +There is ample service to all the parks and resorts, and an electric line +to Marietta is nearly completed. + + +Light and Power. + +Atlanta is well supplied with gas at a low figure--$1.00 per thousand +cubic feet. It is so economical that gas stoves are very largely used for +cooking purposes and not a few for heating. + +[Illustration: LAKE ABANA--GRANT PARK.] + +[Illustration: NORTH AVENUE PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH.] + +The Georgia Railway and Electric Company has two large plants for the +generation of electric current for light and power. The city is well +illuminated by arc lights and electricity is largely used by business +offices and residences. + +The same company has a steam-heating plant, and pipes have been laid in +the principal streets for this service. + + +Great Power Plant. + +The Atlanta Water and Electric Power Company has erected on a massive +masonry dam across the Chattahoochee River, at Bull Sluice shoals, fifteen +miles from Atlanta, and in a few months the plant will be completed and +equipped to deliver 11,000 horse-power of electric current in the city. +The total investment will be $2,000,000. The power plant will give a +tremendous stimulus to manufacturing. + +As the steam and electric powers already in existence furnish 45,000 +horse-power, which is in constant use, the addition of 11,000 horse-power +will increase the manufacturing industries of Atlanta by twenty-five per +cent. This is considered a very moderate estimate; for within the three +and three-fourths years following the census of June, 1900, the product of +Atlanta factories increased from $16,721,000 to $27,417,000, and the +number of wage earners from 9,368 to more than 14,000. + +[Illustration: SOUTHERN FEMALE COLLEGE.] + + +Rapid Growth of Business + +The business of Atlanta is growing four times as fast as its population, +although the population grows twice as fast as that of the country. The +rate of increase in population for the United States has been two per +cent. per annum during the past decade. In Atlanta, it has been +approximately four per cent. During the year 1903, the business of Atlanta +increased fifteen per cent. as measured by postal receipts. Since the +Exposition of 1895, bank clearings have more than doubled and bank +deposits have nearly trebled. + + +Chamber of Commerce. + +During the thirty years of their existence the Chamber of Commerce, and +its predecessor, the Board of Trade, have been active in protecting and +promoting the interests of Atlanta. Meetings in the public interest have +usually been called at the Chamber of Commerce, and it was there that the +first meeting to organize the Cotton States and International Exposition +was held. All important questions affecting business have been discussed +there and a score or so of standing committees have been constituted by +the Chamber to look after the interests of Atlanta. The Chamber of +Commerce is the open forum for the discussion of all matters which affect +the general welfare of the community, and in this way the organization has +exerted a powerful influence. + +The present officers are: + +Robert F. Maddox, President; Samuel D. Jones, Vice-President; Walter G. +Cooper, Secretary, and Joseph T. Orme, Treasurer. + + +Daily Newspapers. + +Atlanta has three daily newspapers. The Constitution, a morning paper, +acquired national reputation under the management of Henry W. Grady, and +has continued under the management of Clark Howell to hold a leading +position among the newspapers of America. + +The Atlanta Journal is a large afternoon paper which acquired national +reputation under the management of Hoke Smith, and has continued to grow +under the management of James R. Gray. + +The third daily newspaper is the Atlanta News, a penny afternoon paper +organized during the summer of 1902. It appeared August 4th and rapidly +acquired a large circulation. A bright future is predicted. Editors, John +Temple Graves and Charles Daniel; Business Manager, Chas. Daniel. + +[Illustration: WATER WORKS PUMPING STATION.] + + + + +[Illustration: TECHNOLOGICAL SCHOOL.] + +Educational Facilities. + + +Atlanta has an imposing array of educational institutions, extending from +the public school system to the great polytechnic institute known as the +Georgia Institute of Technology. There is a variety of technical schools, +including law, medicine, dentistry, handicrafts, business colleges, +industrial schools and divinity schools. + +There are sixteen white and six colored Grammar schools, a Girls' High +School, a Boys' High School, and a night school. The total expenditure for +these institutions during the year 1903 was $184,286.20. The cost per +pupil was $16.75, and the number of pupils 11,000. + +There is the usual organization of Superintendent, Assistant +Superintendent, principal and teachers, under a Board of Education. + +The teachers meet in normal class once a week, and many of them spend +their vacations at summer schools of the great universities. There is a +fine esprit de corps, and excellent work is done. + +Atlanta's great educational institution is the Georgia Institute of +Technology, supported by the State of Georgia, with an additional annual +appropriation from the city. It has about 500 students, and the work is +the best of its kind in the South. There are machine shops in wood and in +the metals, a blacksmith shop, a textile school, and department of +electrical engineering and mechanical engineering. In addition there is +excellent work in mathematics, chemistry, and the other scientific +schools, with a good education in English. + +Graduates of this institution have been distinguished for the thoroughness +and the practical value of their education, which has enabled them to go +from the shops and recitation-rooms directly into manufacturing and +engineering pursuits. + +A number of them hold very high and responsible positions in the +management of great enterprises, and almost without exception, the +graduates hold good positions in productive industry. + +There are 600 students attending the medical colleges of Atlanta. + +The Atlanta College of Physicians and Surgeons is one of the best equipped +in the country, and its course is very thorough. It has a very large +attendance from all parts of the Southern States, and some from beyond +that territory. + +The Eclectic College of Medicine and Surgery is also well attended. + +The Dental College holds a position of eminence among institutions of that +kind. + +The members of the Medical and Dental professions of the city rank high. + +There are several excellent institutions for the education of girls, +notably the Agnes Scott Institute, the Southern Female College and the +Washington Seminary. + +The Southern Military College is an excellent institution for boys, and +Hunter's School for boys has a fine reputation. + +In the institutions of higher education there are about 5,000 students, +nearly equally divided between whites and blacks. + +The people of Atlanta have raised $250,000 which has been tendered the +Synods of the Southern Presbyterian Church, to secure the location of a +$1,000,000 University in the city or its immediate suburbs. Commissioners +from the Synods of the Southern States met in Atlanta in December, 1903, +and voted to accept the tender. + +Of the amount subscribed, $150,000 comes from Presbyterians and $100,000 +from the public, including all classes and almost all religious +denominations. Of the $100,000 contributed by the public, about $25,000 +came from working men and salaried employees of business houses. In some +cases even domestic servants contributed. In all there are about 3,000 +subscribers for amounts ranging from 10 cents to $25,000. At a great mass +meeting held in the Grand Opera House, Monday evening, March 30th, $50,000 +was raised. + + +The Carnegie Library. + +The Carnegie Library of Atlanta was organized May 6th, 1899, and received +all of the property and books of the Young Men's Library, which had been a +subscription library, and had 15,000 books and property worth $40,000, +when the city received a gift of $100,000 from Mr. Andrew Carnegie for a +building. Mr. Carnegie subsequently added $25,000 to the original gift for +the building, and $20,000 for stock and furniture. Total cost of the +Library equipped was $145,000. The lot, which was a gift of the Young +Men's Library Association, cost $35,000. For the year 1904 the City of +Atlanta has appropriated $10,100 for the maintenance of the Library. + +There are in the Library 26,105 volumes classified and catalogued after +the most approved methods. There are 13,420 registered borrowers, and the +circulation for 1903 was 111,558 volumes for home use, about 400 volumes +daily being issued. + +The State Library has a large collection of law books, and a rare +collection of colonial history of this and other Southern States. + + +Institutions for Negro Education. + +Atlanta has some of the largest institutions for negro education in the +country. They are: Atlanta University, Clark University, Gammon +Theological Seminary, the Atlanta Baptist College, Morris Brown College, +and Spelman Seminary. + +The Spelman Seminary has a fine training school for nurses, and industrial +training for women. + +Clark University has industrial training for men. + + +Theatres. + +Atlanta has two fine theatres--the Grand and the Bijou. + +The Atlanta Lecture Association is one of the best in the United States, +and regularly brings the best talent of the country to the Atlanta +platform. Its membership is about 1,000. The Baptist Tabernacle has a +lyceum course. + +[Illustration: AGNES SCOTT INSTITUTE.] + + + + +Residential Advantages. + + +It is hard to enumerate the advantages of life in Atlanta. They are so +many that it is impossible to catalogue them all in brief space. The +climate is the best enjoyed by any city in the country, the spirit of the +people makes anyone welcome who is worthy of a welcome anywhere, and the +opportunities for business, education, culture, enjoyment and social +pleasure unsurpassed. The institutions for the preservation of order, +sanitation and public comfort are excellent. The fraternities are +numerously represented, and fraternity life is a feature of the city's +many attractions. + +[Illustration: W. P. INMAN'S RESIDENCE.] + +Visitors from a distance are always charmed with the residence streets of +Atlanta. The homes are made attractive by grassy lawns, which beautify the +scene and avoid the heat of those cities where solid blocks of flats rise +directly from the sidewalk. + +There are many beautiful suburbs which are easily and quickly reached by +the car lines, and these are constantly extending. Atlanta has a fine +market, supplied at all times with fish, game and vegetables, and an +abundance of fresh meats. The shops and stores are up-to-date, and +conducted in metropolitan style. + + +The Climate. + +Atlanta is on the crest of the ridge dividing the watershed of the +Atlantic Ocean from that of the Gulf of Mexico, and its elevation of 1,052 +feet gives a bracing atmosphere. The mean annual temperature, based on all +available records, is 60.8 degrees. The highest annual mean was 64.0 in +1871, preceded by the lowest, 56.9, in 1868. The mean temperature of the +winter months is 44.1, of the spring months, 60.5, of the summer, 77.0, +and of the autumn, 61.5. The highest monthly mean was 82.2, in July, 1875, +the lowest, 34.4, in February, 1895. The warmest winter month was +December, 1889, with a mean of 57.2; the coolest summer month was June, +1866, mean, 68.9. The highest temperature on record is 100, which +occurred on July 19, 1887, and is the only instance of its kind. The +lowest temperature on record is -8.5, on February 13, 1899. The +temperature has registered at zero, or below, but on three other dates in +the last twenty-six years, viz.:-- -1, January 6, 1884; -2, January 11, +1886, and zero February 8, 1895. + +Summer nights are cool and the low percentage of humidity makes the days +comfortable. The average date of first killing frost is November 4th, and +of the last in spring, March 29th, leaving an average growing season of +219 days. + + +Monthly Mean Temperature. + +The average monthly temperature for each month, as shown by the record of +many years, is given below: + + January 42.6 July 78.6 + February 45.7 August 76.9 + March 51.7 September 71.7 + April 60.9 October 61.5 + May 69.0 November 51.4 + June 75.6 December 44.1 + + Annual average 60.8 + +[Illustration: WASHINGTON STREET.] + +[Illustration: CENTRAL PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH.] + + +Rainfall by Months. + +The normal precipitation by months by the Weather Bureau: + +January, 5.10 inches; February, 5.23; March, 5.65; April, 4.23; May, 3.38; +June, 4.04; July, 4.22; August, 4.58; September, 3.51; October, 2.36; +November, 3.49; December, 4.29. + +The annual average rainfall is 50.08. + + +Parks. + +Atlanta has several fine parks and places of resort. + +The L. P. Grant Park, on the edge of the city near a battle-field of 1864, +is a sylvan retreat of rare beauty, with a Zoo and Cyclorama added to the +attractions of nature. It is the resort of picnic parties from the +surrounding towns for many miles. + +Piedmont Park, the site of fairs and expositions, is in the suburbs, half +a mile beyond the city limits, on one of the battle-grounds of the Civil +War. It has a lake and a picturesque site, with a number of large +buildings. + +Lakewood, as its name suggests, affords opportunity for aquatic sports. +The same is true of East Lake, where there is elaborate provision for +bathing. Ponce de Leon Springs, within the city limits, and the +Chattahoochee River, eight miles out, are places of resort. + +The Kirkwood Land Company has in preparation one of the most beautiful +residence parks in America, and Atkins Park will be another place of +loveliness. + +To all these parks and places of resort there is an excellent street-car +service. The exposition grounds at Piedmont Park also have connection with +the city by the Southern Railway. + + +Department of the Gulf. + +In 1903 the Department of the Gulf, U. S. Army, was re-established and +headquarters located at Atlanta, and the following officers are in +command: Brigadier-General Thomas H. Berry, commanding; Major Millard F. +Waltz, Adjutant General; Major Lewis E. Goodier, Judge-Advocate; +Lieut.-Colonel Samuel R. Jones, Chief Quartermaster; Lieut.-Colonel Henry +B. Osgood, Chief Commissary; Lieut.-Colonel Edwin F. Gardiner, Chief +Surgeon; Major Elijah W. Halford, Chief Paymaster; Captain Manly B. Curry, +Paymaster; Lieut. H. H. Sheen, A. D. C.; Lieut. A. M. Ferguson, A. D. C. + + +Fort McPherson. + +An Army post is always an attraction because of the parades and the music, +and its disbursements add materially to a city's income. Fort McPherson, +four miles out on the Central of Georgia Railway and two car lines, is one +of the best-constructed posts in the United States and much visited by +citizens. + +It is a community in itself, with an independent waterworks system and a +complete system of sewerage. There are permanent barracks, ample for one +regiment, and during the Spanish War several thousand soldiers were +quartered here at one time by using wooden barracks in addition. The +officers' quarters are unusually good, and there is a well-appointed +hospital. + +[Illustration: CAPITOL AVENUE--VIEW FROM WOODWARD AVENUE.] + +[Illustration: RESIDENCE OF ASA G. CANDLER.] + + +Hospitals. + +In the Grady Hospital Atlanta has a large and well-equipped institution +supported by the city. There are in addition, St. Joseph's Infirmary and +the Presbyterian Hospital, besides a number of excellent sanatoriums +conducted by physicians, notably those of Drs. Elkin and Cooper, Dr. Noble +and Dr. Robinson, the Halcyon and the National Surgical Institute. + + +Churches. + +Atlanta has 141 churches and the attendance on religious services is one +of the noticeable features of the city's life. This city is headquarters +for several important denominational organizations, especially those of +missionary work. It is the home of the Bishop of Georgia, Right Reverend +C. K. Nelson (Episcopal), and of Bishop W. A. Candler of the Methodist +Church. + +The Baptist Home Mission Board is located here, and there is a similar +organization of the Presbyterian Church represented. The Catholic Marist +College and a convent are located near the two leading churches of that +faith. + +The colored people have two Bishops in Atlanta, Bishop W. J. Gaines and +Bishop H. M. Turner. + + +Orphan Asylums. + +Atlanta has four orphan asylums. The Methodist Orphan Asylum is located at +Decatur, several miles east of the city, and the Baptist Orphan Asylum is +at Hapeville, nine miles south of Atlanta. The Jewish Orphan Asylum is +within the city limits. + +The Carrie Steele Orphans' Home is an institution for colored children +about three miles east of the city. + + +Other Asylums. + +The Home for the Friendless and the Florence Crittenden Home for +unfortunate women are charities of a high order, carefully managed under +the direction of some of the best women in Atlanta. + +In addition there are numerous free kindergartens. + +[Illustration: "REQUIESCAT IN PACE." GATE OF WEST VIEW CEMETERY.] + + + + +Footnotes: + +[1] Now under construction. + +[2] Under construction--nearly completed. + + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Atlanta, by Atlanta Chamber of Commerce + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ATLANTA *** + +***** This file should be named 31822.txt or 31822.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/3/1/8/2/31822/ + +Produced by Meredith Bach and the Online Distributed +Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net. 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