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diff --git a/old/31816.txt b/old/31816.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 5709fa6..0000000 --- a/old/31816.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,6628 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of The History of the Medical Department of -Transylvania University, by Robert Peter - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org - - -Title: The History of the Medical Department of Transylvania University - -Author: Robert Peter - -Editor: Johanna Peter - -Release Date: March 29, 2010 [EBook #31816] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ASCII - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK TRANSYLVANIA UNIVERSITY *** - - - - -Produced by Irma Špehar, Larry B. Harrison and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This -file was produced from images from The Internet Archive: -American Libraries) - - - - - - - - - - FILSON CLUB PUBLICATIONS No. 20 - - THE HISTORY - OF - The Medical Department - OF - Transylvania University - - BY - DOCTOR ROBERT PETER - - Prepared for Publication by his Daughter, MISS JOHANNA PETER - Member of The Filson Club - - Illustrated - - [Illustration: Publisher's Symbol.] - - LOUISVILLE, KENTUCKY - JOHN P. MORTON & COMPANY - PRINTERS TO THE FILSON CLUB - 1905 - - - - - COPYRIGHTED BY - THE FILSON CLUB - and All Rights Reserved - 1905 - -[Illustration: DOCTOR ROBERT PETER.] - - - - -PREFACE - - -In preparing for publication the following sketch of the famous -Transylvania Medical Department and its professors, I have placed in -foot-notes, as far as practicable, my own additions to the text, so as -to avoid making any radical change in my father's manuscript. - -Portions of the history may seem fragmentary; some of the lives of the -professors may be incomplete; some, no doubt, are insufficiently -noticed, but this is easily understood when it is considered that my -father wrote this narrative at irregular intervals of leisure in the -years from 1873 to 1878, when some of the professors were still living; -and that the writing was left by him in a yet uncompleted state and -lacking those finishing touches which no other hand could so well give. -In what I have done I have striven for accuracy. My father's -reminiscences will have due weight as coming from one most intimately -associated with Transylvania and her medical teachers--from the one -colleague of all the brilliant company who could best transcribe them. -The notice of Doctor Eberle I have copied from the _Transylvania Journal -of Medicine_ of 1838, as the nearest I could get to the estimation in -which he was held in the Transylvania School. The sketch of Doctor Bruce -is gathered mainly from obituaries by his colleagues. That of Doctor -Chipley--oftenest described, by those who knew him, as nature's -nobleman--was written by his daughter, Mrs. Boykin Jones, in answer to -my letter to her. I have added a few words about Doctor Marshall, and -Doctor Skillman, "the beloved physician," the last survivor of the -Transylvania Medical Faculty. And I have given as best I could a -description of the last declining years of Transylvania, with some -account of the Medical Hall and its ultimate fate. Any biography of -Doctor Peter, I fear, must be unsatisfactory unless written at length. -The brief summary of his life introductory to _The History of -Transylvania University_, published by The Filson Club in 1896, was -called "insufficient," "far too modest," etc. Such the story of a life -so long, so full, and so many-sided must ever be unless a volume be -devoted to it. In what I now say of my father I feel, even more than I -did then, that I can not do justice. It is a mere itinerary of a -life-journey. The same thing is true in varying degree of all the -Transylvania professors, and I repeat here what I said of the former -_History of Transylvania_--that all errors or faults must be ascribed to -my own insufficiency to cope with the subject. - -Nevertheless, with all its shortcomings, this is a record not unworthy -of preservation, and while biographers point us to the fact that in -the United States Senate there sat at one and the same time no fewer -than _eight_ graduates of Transylvania University, including Jefferson -Davis, afterward President of the Southern Confederacy, the student of -these pages will remark that Transylvania's Medical Department had -already won as abundant laurels in the field of science. - -My grateful acknowledgments are due, first and for many kindnesses, to -our invaluable President, Colonel Reuben T. Durrett, through whose -unfailing interest, literary judgment, and tactful encouragement so -many gems of Kentucky history have been preserved which otherwise had -perished, and to the many friends of old Transylvania who have bid me -Godspeed in my undertaking. I am indebted to Mrs. Thomas H. Clay for -letters and documents bearing upon my subject; to Miss Mary Mason -Brown for a copy of Jouett's admirable portrait of Doctor Brown which -hangs in the old Brown homestead at Frankfort; to Mrs. Lawrence Dade -Fitzhugh for data and the permission to use the beautiful portrait by -Jouett of her ancestor, Doctor Richardson; to Mrs. Sallie Overton -Bullock for the picture of Doctor Overton; to Mrs. Anderson Berry for -the picture of Doctor Cooke; to Mr. William Short, of Louisville, for -valuable suggestions and the fine likeness of Doctor Short; and to -Doctor A. M. Peter for some of the illustrations. The several -descendants of Doctor Ridgely to whom I applied have, without -exception, aided me most courteously and patiently in my search for a -picture of Doctor Ridgely: a search which I abandoned with the utmost -reluctance and with the feeling that his portrait, could I have found -it, must have adorned this history as his life had adorned the times -to which it belonged, and therefore be sadly missed from its place -with Doctor Brown. To Doctor John W. Whitney, who was prosector of -Surgery and Anatomy in the Transylvania Medical School in 1854-55, and -is now the sole surviving representative of that school, I am indebted -for a number of facts and suggestions. - - JOHANNA PETER. - - - - -INTRODUCTION - - -The late Doctor Robert Peter, one of the most distinguished analytical -chemists of his times, was a member of the Medical Faculty of -Transylvania University from 1833 to the time of the dissolution of -that institution, and afterward occupied chairs in the different -colleges into which Transylvania was merged. He was one of the most -active of the professors, and did as much as any one else to raise the -university to the lofty heights it attained as a school of literature, -law, and medicine. It occurred to him after the merger of the -Transylvania into the Kentucky University that an institution which -had led the way and done so much for literature, law, and medicine -should not be permitted to vanish and leave nothing but a name and -memory behind. He, therefore, went to work, after the weight of years -was gathering fast upon him, to write the history of Transylvania -University, and got his work almost finished in 1894, when death, -which alone could have arrested him in his undertaking, relieved him -of the task at the age of eighty-nine. His daughter, Miss Johanna -Peter, with filial affection worthy of so excellent a father, and -public spirit equal to the occasion, rightly estimating so good a work -if it should be published and put into the hands of the public, -undertook to prepare his manuscripts for publication. One of these -manuscripts prepared by her embraced the literary department of -Transylvania, and was published by The Filson Club in 1896 as its -eleventh publication. When this publication was made, it was -intimated, if not promised, that it would be followed in the near -future by one of the medical department. Miss Peter, therefore, -prepared this second manuscript of her father for publication, and The -Filson Club now presents it in the pages which follow as the twentieth -number in its regular annual series. - -The medical department of the Transylvania University no longer -exists. Indeed, nothing of the Transylvania University exists except -its name. Its learned professors have gone the way of all flesh. The -last one of them recently went down to his grave. Its buildings have -been swept away by fire or have passed to other institutions with its -library and apparatus. Yet all of this renowned University has not -passed away. Its fame yet lives, and will not perish while the memory -of the living holds sacred the good deeds of predecessors. The -distinguished professors made Transylvania University famous, and -made history at the same time, and they themselves are now entitled to -a place in history. It is the purpose of The Filson Club, by this -publication, to assist in securing for them the place they deserve in -the memory of mankind. Doctor Peter, the author, was the fittest of -men to sketch these professors and to present life pictures of them. -His work, however, if it had remained in manuscript, as he left it, -would have been seen but by few, and could have done but little good. -In this twentieth publication of The Filson Club, the manuscript will -make its way to many and present them with likenesses of those who -devoted their lives to instructing the young of our land in the art of -administering to the sick and afflicted. The author knew all of his -contemporary professors, and the likeness which he has given of some -of them will be the ones by which they will be known in after years. -Pen pictures are sometimes as efficient as likenesses in oil, and the -characteristic of Doctor Peter's pictures is fidelity so executed that -they seem to be the originals standing in life before us. In a work -like this the essence of its history is biographic, and Doctor Peter -has made his work to consist chiefly of biographical sketches of those -who made Transylvania University what it was. He gives the leading -facts in the life of each of the professors he sketches, and -enumerates the other colleges in which they occupied chairs, and -gives the titles of the works they published either in book form or -magazine articles. He omits nothing in the sketch that is necessary in -forming a just idea of the character portrayed. - -In the long career of Transylvania University she did not fail to make -enemies, but she made more friends than enemies to remember her. A few -of the living students and the many descendants of the deceased -professors and graduates now scattered broadcast over the land will be -glad to read what is here said of old Transylvania, and the work will -thus be widely known and read. All who see it will be thankful to -Doctor Peter for his manuscript, and to Miss Johanna Peter for -preparing it for the press, and to The Filson Club for publishing it. - -There is in our nature something like the love of the relic which -makes us revere the memory of Transylvania University. Early in the -year 1799 a medical department was attached to this University which -was the first medical college in the great Mississippi Valley and the -second in the whole United States. The medical department of the -University of Pennsylvania antedated it, but it antedated all others -afterward established in any part of our vast domain. We can not, like -our English cousins, go back along the pathway of centuries to the -colleges of Oxford and Cambridge and revere them for their age; we -have nothing in our new country that partakes of such age. We are a -young people in a young country, and our Transylvania Medical College -was old enough from our standpoint to be crowned with hoary years. We -revere it as the first medical college on this side of the -Alleghanies. We revere it for the efforts it made to prepare our young -physicians to cope with the diseases that afflicted our people. We -revere it for the good name it gave our State in the fame it acquired. -We revere it for the success of Professor Brown in introducing -vaccination in advance of its discoverer, for the brilliant and -numerous operations in lithotomy by Professor Dudley, and for the -noble efforts of others of its professors in prolonging human life and -mitigating its pains. What it did in the day of its glory is set forth -in the pages which follow, and he who reads them will hardly doubt -that the medical department of Transylvania University is worthy of -the record here made for it. - - R. T. DURRETT, - - _President of The Filson Club_. - - - - -ILLUSTRATIONS - - - PAGE - - Doctor Robert Peter _Frontispiece_ - - Doctor Samuel Brown 8 - - Doctor Benjamin W. Dudley 16 - - Doctor James Overton 28 - - Doctor William H. Richardson 32 - - Daniel Drake, M. D. 40 - - Charles Caldwell, M. D. 48 - - Doctor John Esten Cooke 64 - - Doctor Charles Wilkins Short 80 - - Doctor Lunsford P. Yandell, Senior 84 - - Doctor James M. Bush 116 - - Doctor Ethelbert L. Dudley 132 - - Doctor Henry Martyn Skillman 144 - - Transylvania University--Medical Hall 156 - - Absolom Driver 162 - - - - -MEDICAL DEPARTMENT - -OF - -TRANSYLVANIA UNIVERSITY - - -The history of medicine and of the earliest medical men in Kentucky -clusters around the name of TRANSYLVANIA UNIVERSITY. - -The State of Virginia, in 1780--when "Kan-tuck-ee" or "Kentuckee," as -this country was then called, was only a little-explored portion of -that State--placed eight thousand acres of escheated lands within that -county into the hands of thirteen trustees "for the purposes of a -public school or _seminary of learning_," that they "might at a future -day be a valuable fund for the maintenance and education of youth; it -being the interest of this Commonwealth always to promote and -encourage every design which might tend to the improvement of the mind -and the diffusion of knowledge, even amongst the most remote citizens, -whose situation a barbarous neighborhood and a savage intercourse -might otherwise render unfriendly to science." - -Three years thereafter (1783), when Kentucky had become a _district_ -of Virginia, the General Assembly, by a new amendatory Act, re-endowed -this "public school" with twelve thousand acres more of escheated -lands and gave to it all the privileges, powers, and immunities of -"any college or university in the State," under the name of -"_Transylvania Seminary_." - -In the wild and sparsely settled country this seminary began a feeble -existence under the special fostering care and patronage of the -Presbyterians, who were then a leading religious body, aided by -individual subscriptions and by additional State endowments. - -The Reverend James Mitchel, a Presbyterian minister, was its first -"_Grammar Master_," in 1785. In 1789 it was placed under the charge of -Mr. Isaac Wilson and located in Lexington, with no more than thirteen -pupils all told. The Reverend James Moore, educated for the -Presbyterian ministry but subsequently an Episcopalian and first -Rector of Christ Church, Lexington, was appointed "Director," or the -first acting President of the Transylvania Seminary, in 1791.[1] He -taught in his own house for want of a proper seminary building, with -the aid of a small library and collection of philosophical apparatus. -This library and apparatus had been donated by the Reverend John -Todd, of Virginia, who, with other influential Presbyterians, had been -mainly instrumental in procuring the charters and endowments from the -General Assembly of Virginia. - -The offer of a lot of ground in the town of Lexington[2] to the -trustees of _Transylvania Seminary_, by a company of gentlemen calling -themselves the "_Transylvania Land Company_," induced the trustees to -permanently locate the seminary in that place in 1793. On that lot the -first school and college buildings were placed, and on it was -afterward erected the more commodious _University_ edifice in which -taught the learned and celebrated President, Doctor Horace Holley. -This first _University_ building was destroyed by fire May 9, 1829. In -later years (1879) this old "College lot" was beautified and improved -by tree-planting and otherwise by liberal citizens of Lexington, moved -by the efforts of Mr. H. H. Gratz, and designated first "Centennial -Park,"[3] and afterward "Gratz Park," in honor of Benjamin Gratz, -being not now utilized for special educational purposes. - -With limited success the first "_Director_ of Transylvania Seminary" -taught in Lexington until 1794, when he was superseded by the election -by the Board of Trustees of Mr. Harry Toulmin as first President of -the Seminary. - -This gentleman, a learned Unitarian minister of the school of Doctor -Priestly, and a native of England, resigned the Presidency in 1796, -and was Secretary of State of Kentucky under Governor Garrard. (See -_Collins' History of Kentucky_, volume 2, page 184.) - -Intense feeling at the election of Mr. Toulmin on the part of the -leading Presbyterians, who claimed the Seminary as their own peculiar -institution, caused them to obtain in 1796 a charter from the -Legislature of Kentucky--now a State--for a new institution of -learning which they could more exclusively control. This was the -"Kentucky Academy," of which the Reverend James Blythe, of their -communion, was made President.[4] - -On the establishment of the _Kentucky Academy_ by the dissatisfied -Presbyterians in 1796, an active rivalry between that school and -Transylvania Seminary operated to the injury of both institutions as -well as to the cause of education in general. Therefore, after two -years of separate existence these two institutions, with the consent -of the trustees of both, were united in 1798 by Act of the General -Assembly of Kentucky into one, "for the promotion of public good and -learning," under the title of _Transylvania University_. The -consolidation was made under the original laws which governed the -Transylvania Seminary as enacted by the General Assembly of Virginia. - - -TRANSYLVANIA UNIVERSITY. - -Under the act of consolidation of December 22, 1798, this University -was organized by the appointment of Reverend James Moore, of the -Episcopal Church, as first acting President, with a corps of -professors. And now, _for the first time_ in the Mississippi Valley, -was the effort made to establish a _medical college_. - -Early in 1799, at the first meeting of the trustees of the new -Transylvania University,[5] they instituted "The _Medical Department_" -or _College_ of Transylvania--which subsequently became so prosperous -and so celebrated--by the appointment of Doctor Samuel Brown as -Professor of Chemistry, Anatomy, and Surgery, and Doctor Frederick -Ridgely as Professor of Materia Medica, Midwifery, and Practice of -Physic. Doctor Brown qualified as Professor October 26, 1799, and -Doctor Ridgely the following November. - -Doctor Brown was authorized by the Board to import books and other -means of instruction for the use of the medical professors to the -amount of five hundred dollars[6]--a considerable sum in those -days--and he and his colleague were made salaried officers of the -University. - -A Law College was also organized at this time in the University by the -appointment of Colonel George Nicholas, soldier of the Revolution and -member of the Virginia Convention, as Professor of Law and Politics. - - -DOCTOR SAMUEL BROWN, - -The first Medical Professor of Transylvania University and of the great -Western country, was born in Augusta, or Rockbridge County, Virginia, -January 30, 1769, and died near Huntsville, Alabama, at the residence of -Colonel Thomas G. Percy, January 12, 1830. He was the son of Reverend -John Brown, a Presbyterian minister of great learning and piety, and -Margaret Preston--a woman of remarkable energy of character and vigor of -mind--second daughter of John Preston and Elizabeth Patton.[7] He was -the third of four distinguished brothers--Honorable John Brown, -Honorable James Brown, Doctor Samuel Brown, and Doctor Preston Brown. - -After graduating at Carlisle College, Pennsylvania, where he had been -sent by his elder brother, he studied medicine for two years in -Edinburgh, Scotland. Doctor Hosack, of New York, and Doctor E. -McDowell, of Danville, Kentucky, were of the same class. Returning to -the United States, he commenced practice in Bladensburg, but soon -removed to Lexington, Kentucky, where he was made Professor of -Chemistry, Anatomy, and Surgery in Transylvania University in 1799, as -above stated. In 1806, he removed to Fort Adams, Mississippi, where he -married Miss Percy, of Alabama.[8] Afterward returning to Lexington he -was re-appointed in 1819 to a chair in the Medical Department of -Transylvania, that of Theory and Practice. Here he was a distinguished -colleague of Professors B. W. Dudley, Charles Caldwell, Daniel Drake, -William Richardson, and James Blythe until 1825, when he finally left -Kentucky. - -Doctor Brown was a man of fine personal appearance and manners; an -accomplished scholar, gifted with a natural eloquence and humor that -made him one of the most fascinating lecturers of his day. Learned in -many branches, he was an enthusiast in his own profession, scrupulous -in regard to etiquette and exceedingly benevolent and liberal of his -time and services to the poor. Although active in scientific pursuits -he left no extensive work, and but a few detached writings to -perpetuate his fame. - -[Illustration: DOCTOR SAMUEL BROWN. - -From Jouett's Portrait at Frankfort.] - -His name appears among those of the contributors to the _American -Philosophical Transactions_, and to the medical and scientific -periodicals of the day, both in this country and in Europe. In those -_Transactions_ and in _Bruce's Journal of Mineralogy_, etc., he -described a remarkably large nitre cavern on Crooked Creek in Madison -County (now Rockcastle County), Kentucky. In this and in a subsequent -communication in Volume I of _Silliman's Journal_ he described the -process of nitre manufacture in caves, and gave the best theory of its -formation, according to the science of the day. In various other -journals he described several interesting cases which occurred in his -own practice, and in the renowned _Medical Logic_, by the -distinguished Gilbert Blane, of London, Doctor Samuel Brown, of -Lexington, is quoted as authority for a certain scientific fact. -"To him we are indebted for the first introduction in the West of the -prophylactic use of the cow-pox. As early as 1802 he had vaccinated -upwards of five hundred persons, when in New York and Philadelphia -physicians were only just making their first experimental attempts. -The virus he used was taken from its original source, the teats of the -cow, and used in Lexington even before Jenner could gain the -confidence of the people of his own country."[9] - -A curious anecdote, illustrating _progress_, was told of Doctor Samuel -Brown by his nephew, the late Orlando Brown, Esquire, of Frankfort, in -a letter to the present writer: - -"I remember once when talking of calomel, he said he never would -forget the first dose of it he gave a patient. It was looked upon as -'the Hercules,' and he used it accordingly. The case was desperate and -he resolved to venture upon calomel and give a _strong dose_. He -accordingly weighed out with scrupulous accuracy _four grains_--gave -it to his patient, _and sat up all night to watch its effects_. The -man got well and the Doctor afterwards used calomel more freely." - -What would he have thought of the heaping tablespoonful doses--quickly -repeated _pro re nata_--or the _pound of calomel_ taken in a day--and -survived--which characterized the cholera treatment of one of the -later Professors of Transylvania Medical School? - - -DOCTOR FREDERICK RIDGELY, - -Of a well-known family in Maryland,[10] and one of the most celebrated -of the early physicians of the West, studied medicine in Delaware, and -attended medical lectures in Philadelphia. - -He was appointed Surgeon to a rifle corps in Virginia when only -nineteen years of age, and served in different positions as Surgeon -throughout the Revolutionary War. He came to Kentucky in 1790, was -Surgeon-General in General Wayne's army in 1794, and after that -decisive campaign was ended returned to Kentucky in 1799 and was made -Professor of Materia Medica, Midwifery, and the Practice of Physic in -the same year in the Medical Department of Transylvania University at -the first organization of this department. - -Widely known as a successful practitioner and a gentleman of great -benevolence, disinterestedness, and affability, he was also one of the -medical preceptors of Kentucky's distinguished surgeon, Benjamin W. -Dudley, and for many years gave active support to Transylvania -University as a member of the Board of Trustees. In 1799-1800, he -delivered to the small class of medical students then in attendance a -course of public instruction which did him much credit--a fact of -peculiar interest, "as it proves him to have been," with his able -colleague, Doctor Samuel Brown, "_the first who taught medicine by -lecture in Western America_." He died at the age of sixty-eight at -Dayton, Ohio, December 21, 1824. - -These first medical professors in Transylvania University were no -doubt the first in the promotion of medical education in the West. -Medical and Law societies were soon established and were in active -operation--as we learn from the columns of the _Kentucky Gazette_, -published at the time. How many pupils they attracted and taught we -can not now definitely ascertain. - -In 1801, the meager existing records of the University show a -reorganization, in which the Reverend James Moore--who had been -replaced in 1799 by a Presbyterian clergyman, the Reverend James -Welsh--was restored to the Presidency. "Doctor Frederick Ridgely was -made Professor of Medicine, and Doctor Walter Warfield was made -Professor of Midwifery, in addition to Doctor Samuel Brown." Doctor -Warfield, a physician of Lexington, did not long occupy this chair, -and appears not to have lectured in it. - -In 1804, the Reverend James Blythe, D. D., of the Presbyterian church, -who had been President of _Kentucky Academy_, was made acting -President of _Transylvania University_, which position he held until -1816. He was subsequently, in 1817, under Doctor Holley's -administration, appointed Professor of Chemistry, etc., in the Medical -Department. This position he retained until, in 1831, he accepted the -Presidency of Hanover College, Indiana. - -Doctor Blythe died in 1842, aged seventy-seven, having devoted his -life mainly to religion; having been one of the pioneers of the -Presbyterian church in Kentucky. He made no distinguished reputation -as a chemical professor in the Medical School, for chemistry in those -days had few advocates, but he did good service in the University as a -teacher of what was called "Natural Philosophy" in early times. - -_The Medical College of Transylvania University_ seems not to have -attracted many students in this early period of its history, nor were -its means of instruction or its organization complete. - -In 1805, Doctor James Fishback, D. D., was made Professor of the -Theory and Practice of Physic in this department.[11] He was -characterized as an eloquent, learned, though erratic divine; an able -writer; a physician in good practice; an influential lawyer, and an -upright man. He was the son of Jacob Fishback,[12] who came to -Kentucky from Virginia in 1783. - -He resigned this chair in 1806, having given lectures to such small -medical classes as were present. In 1808, he was elected -Representative to the General Assembly of Kentucky. In 1813, he -published _The Philosophy of the Mind in Respect to Religion_, and, in -1834, _Essays and Dialogues on the Powers and Susceptibilities of the -Human Mind to Religion_. He was also preceptor in medicine, and for a -time partner in the practice, of the celebrated surgeon, Benjamin W. -Dudley. He died at an advanced age in 1854. - -An effort was again made to organize a full Faculty and establish a -medical school in Transylvania University in the year 1809, when -Doctor Benjamin W. Dudley was appointed to the chair of Anatomy and -Physiology, Doctor Elisha Warfield to Surgery and Obstetrics, Joseph -Buchanan, A. M., to the Institutes of Medicine, and Doctor James -Overton to Materia Medica and Botany.[13] But Doctor Warfield -resigned in the same year, and Doctor Buchanan in 1810. The late Lewis -Rogers, M. D., of Louisville, thus mentioned Doctor Buchanan in his -inaugural address as President of the Kentucky State Medical Society -in 1873: "He died in Louisville in 1829: and I call up from the -memories of my boyhood with great distinctness his slender form, -massive head, and thoughtful, intellectual face. He was a man of great -and varied powers of mind. He was a mechanical, medical, and political -philosopher. His 'spiral' steam-boiler--the prototype of the exploding -and exploded tubular boiler--and his steam land-carriage were among -the wonders of the day. As a physician his papers attracted -distinguished notice from the medical _savants_ of Philadelphia, then -the center of medical science." - -As a political writer he ably discussed the most weighty problems of the -times, he being editor of the _Louisville Focus_. Want of concentration -of his wonderful mind prevented him from becoming eminent in medicine as -in other pursuits which divided his mental powers.[14] - -No systematic medical instruction seems to have resulted from this -imperfect organization of the Medical School in 1809, although -occasional lectures may have been delivered and private instruction -given. - -Doctor Dudley, after having graduated in medicine in the University of -Pennsylvania, visited Europe in 1810, spending four years in Paris and -London in the arduous pursuit of medical and surgical information and -experience under the celebrated teachers of that day. Returning then -to Lexington he began a career as a practical surgeon and teacher, in -which his name became distinguished throughout the civilized world. - - -DOCTOR BENJAMIN WINSLOW DUDLEY - -Was born in Spottsylvania County, Virginia, April 12, 1785. His -father, a leading Baptist minister in Kentucky, Ambrose Dudley, had -commanded a company in the Revolutionary War, and removed to the -neighborhood of Lexington, Kentucky, when his son Benjamin was little -more than a year old, and to that city in 1797. Here, reared with such -tuition as the schools of the day and the country afforded, Benjamin -was placed while yet very young under the medical tutelage of Doctor -Frederick Ridgely, then an eminent physician in large practice in -Lexington, under whose instruction his ardent taste for medical -knowledge was largely gratified. In the autumn of 1804 he went to the -Medical Department of the University of Pennsylvania, and was there -fellow-student with Daniel Drake, John Esten Cooke, and William H. -Richardson, his subsequent colleagues in the Medical Department of -Transylvania University. - -Returning to Lexington at the close of the medical lectures at -Philadelphia, he engaged in the practice of physic and surgery with -Doctor Fishback during the spring and summer months of 1805. He returned -to the Medical Department of the University of Pennsylvania in the fall, -receiving the degree of Doctor of Medicine from that institution March, -1806, just two weeks before he was twenty-one years of age. - -Desirous of perfecting his medical education in Europe, after a few -years' further practice in Lexington he descended the Ohio River on a -flatboat to New Orleans in 1810, just one year before the first -experimental steamboat was launched upon those waters. At New Orleans he -purchased a cargo of flour and sailed on a prosperous voyage to -Gibraltar, and after advantageously disposing of his cargo at that place -and at Lisbon, he made his way through Spain to Paris. After four years -spent in Europe zealously and industriously employing all the great -facilities of the hospitals, dissecting-rooms, and eminent instructors -of Paris and London, and after traveling six months in Italy and -Switzerland, he finally returned to Lexington in the summer of 1814, -conscious of innate powers and ardently devoted to his profession. - -[Illustration: DOCTOR BENJAMIN W. DUDLEY. - -From a Portrait by Jouett owned by Mrs. Robert Peter.] - -Professor Dudley continued to lecture until 1850, when he resigned and -was appointed Professor Emeritus. Doctor James M. Bush succeeded him -in the chair of Anatomy, and Dudley's nephew, Ethelbert L. Dudley, -took that of Surgery, which he filled with great success. - -A schedule of the succession of the Professors of this Medical School -will best illustrate the changes which occurred since 1819. (See -Schedule A.) - -Professor B. W. Dudley remained in the regular performance of the -duties of his double chair--Anatomy and Surgery[15]--with the able -assistance of Doctor J. M. Bush, until 1844, when Doctor Bush was -regularly appointed Professor of Anatomy. Doctor Dudley, as above -mentioned, retained the chair of Surgery until 1850. In that year the -Medical Faculty intermitted the winter session in Lexington, with the -consent of the Trustees, in order to establish the "_Kentucky School -of Medicine_" in Louisville as a winter school, retaining the -Transylvania Medical College as a summer school. Doctor Dudley's last -course of lectures was delivered in the session of 1849-50. - -Simultaneously with the resignation of his professorship, he withdrew -from his extensive practice and retired to his beautiful suburban -residence, "Fairlawn," in the vicinity of Lexington.[16] His death -occurred in Lexington on the twentieth of January, 1870, in the -eighty-fifth year of his age. - -Doctor Dudley was an earnest and laborious practical man. His whole -time and energies were devoted to his profession, in which, like the -celebrated John Hunter--the one of his early preceptors Dudley most -admired--he sought instruction in the book of nature--in his -practice--rather than in the written archives of science. - -As a teacher and lecturer he was admirably clear and impressive. While -no attempt at eloquence was ever made by him, and no early training or -later readings in the classics gave ornament to his style, his terse -and impressive sentences, as they were delivered apparently without -the slightest effort or premeditation as also without hesitation or -interruption, were the embodiment of the ideas to be conveyed, in the -most lucid and concise language. It seemed impossible to use fewer or -more appropriate words to convey to the least appreciative student the -subject to be taught. - -This, with his great practical skill as a surgeon, his minute and -ready knowledge, his great experience, his unequaled success in his -numerous operations, his suavity and dignity of manner, the -magnanimity and liberality of his character, and his eminent -devotedness to his profession, made his students most earnest admirers -and followers and aided greatly in the establishment and maintenance -of our Medical College. - -Although possessed of the firmest nerves, so that his hand never -faltered in the severest operation,[17] his sensibility was so keen -that he sometimes suffered from nervous prostration after the strain -was over. Many of his pupils no doubt recollect with what -feeling--manifested even by tears--he recited the sufferings and -dangers of a patient of his who was the subject of obstinate secondary -hemorrhage. - -It was as a practical surgeon that Doctor Dudley justly attained a -world-wide reputation, and especially as a successful operator in -lithotomy. This operation he performed two hundred and twenty-five -times, without losing a single patient until after his one hundredth -operation, losing in the whole of his operations only about two per -cent. So celebrated had he become for this operation as early as 1827 -that the _Kentucky Gazette_ for April 11, of that year, records that -he operated three times for stone in one day. - -He always performed the lateral operation with the gorget, and never -until by previous preparation--by diet and medicine--he had brought -the system of his patient to a proper state.[18] - -Then, with good nursing under his immediate direction in wholesome -private lodging, the incision healed up by the first intention. -Although the stone may have been so large that much effort was -required to withdraw it through the incision--sometimes even attended -with laceration--the patient was on his feet again in a surprisingly -short period of time. The Doctor justly attached great importance to -the preliminary constitutional preparation of his surgical patients. - -A notice of two of his earliest operations of this kind is given in -the _Kentucky Gazette_ for Saturday, November 19, 1817. The one--the -first he performed in Lexington--on Mr. S. Owen, of that place, and -the other, "some time ago," on a little boy in Paris, Kentucky, which, -according to Doctor C. C. Graham--who was his pupil at that time--was -the first operation for stone performed by Doctor Dudley. He never -used lithotrity or seemed to approve of that operation. - -Another surgical specialty was his great use of judicious and regulated -pressure by means of the roller bandage in the cure of abscesses, in the -control of inflammation, in the treatment of fractures, aneurisms, etc. -No surgeon probably ever used it so extensively or so successfully. Few, -even of his pupils, seemed to be able to apply it with the skill and -judgment which characterized their preceptor. - -He was also an earnest advocate of the patient use of hot water--as -hot as could be borne--in the control of inflammation. Where other -surgeons resorted to poultices he applied hot water. - -He was not ready with his pen; because, probably, of early neglect in -the practice of composition. What he wrote was mostly at the urgent -solicitation of his colleagues, and for the columns of _The -Transylvania Journal of Medicine_, a quarterly which first appeared in -Lexington February, 1828.[19] It was then edited by his colleagues, -Professors Cooke and Short; subsequently by Professor Yandell, then by -Professor Peter, more lately by Professor T. D. Mitchell, and lastly -by Professor Ethelbert L. Dudley. - -In the first volume of this Journal appeared Doctor Dudley's first -paper, a most remarkable article, showing by cases in his practice -that epilepsy may be caused by pressure on the brain, the consequence -of fracture of the skull, and, as demonstrated by five successive -operations, might be cured by trephining, a fact and experience in -surgery then entirely new, for which Doctor Dudley is entitled to the -honor of discovery and demonstration. - -In the same paper is communicated a novel and successful method of -treatment of _fungus cerebri_, by means of dried sponge compresses. -Doctor Dudley stated that by this means he had cured _fungus cerebri_ -within the space of five days. - -In a second paper, in the next number of this volume, he gives an -original and successful operation for hydrocele. In the fourth number -he began an extensive article on his peculiar uses of the roller -bandage in gunshot wounds, fractures, etc., which he continued through -several volumes of the Journal. In the second volume he had given an -interesting article on the use of the roller bandage in the treatment -of ulcers, contusions, lacerations, effusions, etc. In the fifth -volume he continued his remarks on epilepsy as treated by the -trephine. In volume sixth he published a record of his experience in -the treatment of Asiatic cholera in Lexington. In the ninth he -continued his observations on the bandage and its very successful -application in the treatment of fractures. A most interesting and -valuable article on _Calculous Diseases_ from his pen appeared in the -same volume, illustrating not only his great practical skill but his -courage and quick and clear judgment in cases of emergency. Volumes -ten and twelve contained reports of his operations in lithotomy; -volume eleven, a paper on _Fractures and Calculous Diseases_. - -In the elegant and generally correct Memoir of Doctor Benjamin W. -Dudley, published by the late Lunsford P. Yandell, M. D., in the -_American Practitioner_, 1870, these are stated to be the only -writings of our late distinguished surgeon; but Doctor Dudley -subsequently published three elaborate and highly valuable surgical -papers, to wit: - -1. _On the Treatment of Aneurism_, published in the _Transylvania -Journal of Medicine_, edited by Professor Ethelbert L. Dudley, July, -1849. - -2. _On the Treatment of Gunshot Wounds._ Ibid., December, 1849. - -3. _On the Treatment of Fractures by the Roller Bandage._ Ibid., 1850. - -This journal was a bi-weekly publication, the successor of the old -_Transylvania Medical Journal_ above mentioned. - -These were the latest productions of Doctor B. W. Dudley. Engaged as -he continually was in a daily round of engrossing surgical and medical -practice, lecturing twice a day in the Medical School during its -sessions, there was left to him but little time for the record or -promulgation of his ample experience by his pen. - -As a medical practitioner also he was original. He was among the first -to discard the lancet in his treatment of disease. He used instead -small doses of tartar emetic, or more recently, of ipecacuanha -frequently repeated, with low diet; or cholagogue purgatives combined -with ipecacuanha, etc. He confined himself to but few medicines, but -in the application of these, and of diet and regimen, his clear and -correct judgment was usually apparent. Polypharmacy he despised. New -remedies were looked upon by him with incredulity and suspicion. -Quinine, iodine, and other novelties in his time never were accorded -approbation by him. - -As a man and a citizen he was eminently liberal, charitable, -magnanimous, public-spirited, and energetic. He bound his friends to -him with the strongest ties and treated his hostile enemies--who were -few--with a cordial hatred. His sense of honor and personal dignity -was very delicate and high. No one so deeply despised a mean action. -No one so readily forgave an injury which was confessed. - -An exemplification of his character was given in 1817-18. A difficulty -having originated between himself and Doctor Drake, in relation to the -resignation of the latter and some matters connected with a post-mortem -examination of an Irishman who had been killed in a quarrel, sharp -pamphlets passed between them and a challenge to mortal combat from -Dudley to Drake, which the latter declined, but which was vicariously -accepted by his next friend, Doctor William H. Richardson. A duel -resulted in which, at the first fire, Richardson was seriously wounded -in the groin by the ball of Dudley, severing the inguinal artery. -Richardson would have speedily bled to death--as it could not be -controlled by the tourniquet--but for the ready skill and magnanimity of -Dudley. He immediately asked permission of his adversary to arrest the -hemorrhage, and by the pressure with his thumb over the ilium gave time -for the application of the ligature by the surgeon of Richardson--thus -converting his deadly antagonist into a lifelong friend. - -Notwithstanding Doctor Dudley had contributed tens of thousands to -public improvement and to private charities, and never regularly kept -accounts against his patients, he acquired a considerable fortune. His -latter days were passed in the society of his children and -grandchildren in the household of his son, the late William A. Dudley, -surrounded by all the comforts which a large competency and a devoted -family could provide. Thus, in the quiet of domestic retirement, -passed away the last days of a most active and eminently useful and -distinguished life.[20] - - * * * * * - -The annals of the earlier efforts to establish medical education and a -medical college in connection with Transylvania University--the first -in the whole West and the second in the United States--are meager and -unsatisfactory. - -As already stated, the first Medical Professors in this -University--Doctors Samuel Brown and Frederick Ridgely (1799)--no -doubt taught and lectured occasionally to such students as were -present. The files of the old _Kentucky Gazette_ show that Doctor -James Fishback, who was unanimously appointed to the chair of Theory -and Practice of Medicine in Transylvania in 1805, advertised to -lecture, and did probably lecture on these subjects. But he resigned -in 1806. Doctor James Overton, who had been appointed to the chair of -Materia Medica and Botany in 1809, said in his letter of acceptance -(on the occasion of his reappointment in the reorganization of the -Medical Faculty in 1817) that he "had engaged for some time in giving -lectures on Theory and Practice in this town," etc. - -According to the best recollection of the late Doctor Coleman -Rogers--for a long time before his death a resident in Louisville--the -Medical College of Transylvania University was reorganized in 1815 by -the appointment of the following Faculty: - -Doctor Benjamin W. Dudley, Professor of Anatomy and Surgery. - -Doctor Coleman Rogers, adjunct to this chair. - -Doctor James Overton, Theory and Practice. - -Doctor William H. Richardson, Obstetrics, etc. - -Doctor Thomas Cooper (Judge Cooper), of Pennsylvania, to the chair of -Chemistry, Mineralogy, etc. - -Doctor James Blythe, then acting President of the University, was to -give chemical instruction. Doctor Cooper and Doctor Rogers did not -accept this appointment. According to Doctor Rogers' recollection a -regular course of lectures was not delivered by this Faculty, although -Doctors Dudley and Overton probably both lectured or taught "as they -previously had done."[21] - -Doctor Dudley's own recollection, as detailed to the present writer, -was also that he and Doctor Overton, as well as Doctor Blythe, -lectured in 1815-16 to about twenty students, of whom the late Doctor -Ayres and the yet surviving Nestor of Transylvania graduates, Doctor -Christopher C. Graham, of Louisville--now almost a -centenarian[22]--were in attendance as pupils. Very little can now be -ascertained, from existing records, of the character of Professor -James Overton, M. D. Doctor Christopher C. Graham, in a recent letter -to the writer, gives some of his reminiscences of him in the following -language: "Doctor Overton was a small, black-eyed man, very -hypochondrical and sarcastic (notoriously so), and yet quite chatty, -humorous, and agreeable; telling his class many funny things.... He -was well educated for his day and plumed himself especially on his -Greek." Doctor Overton removed from Lexington to Nashville, Tennessee, -in 1818.[23] - -[Illustration: DOCTOR JAMES OVERTON. - -From a Portrait made in Philadelphia before 1815.] - -The late Doctor Ayres, of Danville, and latterly of Lexington, informed -the writer that, in 1815, Doctor Dudley, having recently returned from -Europe, was invited by himself and other medical students to demonstrate -to them in anatomy and surgery. Learning _that he would lecture to them -if a class were formed_, they made up one of from twenty to twenty-five, -and Doctor Dudley lectured to them on anatomy and surgery in "Trotter's -Warehouse,"[24] a house situated on the south-east corner of Main and -Mill streets, opposite the site[25] of the old original Lexington -block-house. In the next winter, he recounts, he lectured to about fifty -or sixty students, some of whom were from Ohio. Doctors Overton and -Blythe, one or both, also lectured in both winters. - -This may be said to be the real beginning of the successful career of -the Medical Department of Transylvania University, and of that of -Doctor Dudley as a medical professor. - -The _Kentucky Gazette_ of March 10, 1817, contains a card published by -a committee of the medical students of Transylvania, signed David J. -Ayres, Thomas J. Garden, and Charles H. Warfield (committee of the -medical class), headed a "Tribute of Gratitude," in which they return -grateful thanks to their professors, Doctors B. W. Dudley, James -Overton, and the Reverend Doctor Blythe, for the ability, fidelity, -and perseverance with which they had taught. A further proof that a -medical session was held in the Transylvania School in 1816-17. - -Many circumstances in these early times favored the establishment of a -medical college in Lexington. Not only had that city been recognized -for many years as a great center of public education for the whole -State--made so by the location in it of the State's University, -"Transylvania"--but it was also at that time the great metropolis of -the West. The country around it, though fast becoming settled and -improved by enterprising pioneers, had not as yet been provided with -roads, or good means of communication with older settlements. To -ascend the Ohio River and cross the Alleghany Mountains to -Philadelphia, where the only other medical school then existed, was a -tedious and laborious undertaking, not devoid of danger. - -The celebrated French botanist, F. A. Michaux, who visited this country -in 1802, was obliged to walk most of the way over the mountains to -Pittsburg. Descending the Ohio River in a canoe and landing at Limestone -(now Maysville), he consumed two days and a half on horseback on his -journey from that place to Lexington, having been obliged to leave his -baggage behind. The late Professor Charles Caldwell records, in his -remarkable _Autobiography_, that as late as 1820, when he set out from -Lexington for Europe to purchase books and apparatus for the Medical -Department of Transylvania, he was compelled to travel from Lexington to -Maysville on horseback, with his baggage on a pack-horse conducted by a -servant on a third horse. "The animals were all powerful and active," -but "so deep and adhesive was the mud that they did not reach -Maysville--only sixty miles distant--until an early hour on the fourth -day," although diligence on his part was not wanting. Students of this -region had to overcome very great difficulties when they set out in -search of instruction in the medical schools of Philadelphia. - -On March 2, 1816, one thousand dollars were appropriated by the -Trustees of Transylvania and placed in the hands of Doctor Blythe and -John D. Clifford for the immediate purchase of chemical apparatus. -Doctor Blythe, who had been acting President of the University up to -this time, resigned and accepted the position of Professor of -Chemistry in the Medical Department. - -In 1817 the Medical Faculty was further reorganized by the appointment -of the late celebrated, talented Doctor Daniel Drake to the chair of -Materia Medica and Medical Botany. The organization was then as follows: - -Doctor Benjamin W. Dudley, Professor of Anatomy and Surgery. - -Doctor James Overton, Professor of Theory and Practice. - -Doctor Daniel Drake, Professor of Materia Medica and Medical Botany. - -Doctor William H. Richardson, Professor of Obstetrics, etc. - -Doctor James Blythe, Professor of Chemistry, etc. - -Doctor Drake has stated that twenty pupils attended this course of -lectures, and the degree of M. D. was--for the first time in -Lexington--conferred on John Lawson McCullough of this city. - -[Illustration: DOCTOR WILLIAM H. RICHARDSON. - -From a Portrait by Jouett.] - -Each professor lectured three times a week, and his ticket was fifteen -dollars. During this session ill feelings arose between Doctors Dudley -and Drake, leading to the duel between Doctors Dudley and -Richardson already described.[26] - -Doctor Drake resigned his professorship and returned to Cincinnati at -the end of this session, returning subsequently in 1823 to occupy the -same chair, to resign it again in 1827. Professor Richardson did not -lecture this session. He, not having yet received the degree of M. D., -was allowed to be absent.[27] - - -PROFESSOR WILLIAM HALL RICHARDSON - -Taught in the Medical Department of Transylvania until the time of his -death in 1844, and was highly respected by his pupils as a practical -teacher in his especial chair, notwithstanding he had not the -advantage of early educational training. He was a man of great energy -and of many admirable traits of character. His pupil, the late Lewis -Rogers, M. D., in his address as President of the Kentucky State -Medical Society in 1873, thus spoke of his old preceptor and friend: - -"Few men ever had nobler traits of character. He was warm-hearted, -brave, and a sincere friend. I knew him from my earliest boyhood, and -have passed away many happy and instructive hours at his magnificent -home in Fayette County.[28] His hospitality was profuse and elegant. I -listened to his public teachings as a professor with interest and -care, because I knew he taught the truth as far as he possessed it. He -was not scholarly or graceful and fluent as a lecturer, but he was -ardent and impressive, sufficiently learned in his special branch, and -had at his command a large stock of ripe experience. I honor his -memory beyond most men I have known." - -In 1819, a new and brilliant era for the University, and for the -Medical Department of Transylvania, was inaugurated by the appointment -of Reverend Horace Holley, LL. D., to the Presidency of the -University. Doctor Samuel Brown was recalled to the chair of the -Theory and Practice of Medicine, which he retained until 1825. Doctor -Charles Caldwell was induced to remove from Philadelphia, where he had -an official connection with the University of Pennsylvania, and to -accept the chair of the Institutes of Medicine and Materia Medica -here, thus completing the organization with the existing professors, -Benjamin W. Dudley and William H. Richardson, and the election of -Reverend James Blythe to the chair of Chemistry. The celebrated -naturalist, C. S. Rafinesque, was advertised to lecture on Botany and -Natural History in this and the following year.[29] - - -CONSTANTINE SAMUEL RAFINESQUE,[30] - -A naturalist, antiquarian, etc., who stated in 1836 "that in knowledge -he had been a botanist, naturalist, conchologist, zoologist, -geographer, esentographer, physiologist, historian, antiquary, poet, -philosopher, economist, and philanthropist; and by profession a -traveler, merchant, manufacturer, collector, improver, professor, -teacher, surveyor, draftsman, architect, engineer, author, editor, -bookseller, librarian, secretary, chancellor, etc."--and believed he -could have been any thing, as he "always succeeded in whatever he -undertook." This statement gives a key to his life, which was one of -great and untiring activity, as well as to his mental character, which -enabled him to acquire the reputation of being one of the most learned -men of his day. Born in Galata, Constantinople, the son of a merchant, -in 1784, after living in France and Italy he came to America in 1802, -returning to France in 1805, with a very large botanical collection. -Spending ten years in Sicily in making natural history collections and -writing various essays, he published in 1815 his _Analysis of Nature_. -The same year he sailed for America, but was wrecked on Long Island, -losing most of his collections and effects. Induced to come West from -Philadelphia by John D. Clifford, of Lexington, in 1818, he was -elected Professor of Botany and Natural History in Transylvania -University in 1819, lectured to the students in the Medical College, -was librarian, and taught French, Spanish, and Italian.[31] He also -traveled and made collections in botany, natural history, etc., -publishing various papers and pamphlets and preparing materials for -his proposed great work, _Tellus, or the History of the Earth and -Mankind, Chiefly in America_, of which in ten years he had, he said, -prepared five thousand pages of manuscript and five hundred maps and -figures. An idea of what this work might have been may be gathered -from a remarkable essay--_Ancient History or Annals of -Kentucky_--which was published in 1824 as an introduction to -_Marshall's History of Kentucky_, in which, in twenty-eight small -octavo pages, he professes to give not only the migrations, changes, -filiations, annals, and descriptions of all the various tribes and -peoples which inhabited Kentucky since the creation of man, but gives -also a history of all the changes of geology and natural history, -according to his views and in accordance with Mosaic cosmogony, -substituting epochs for days, however. An essay which may be -characterized as a very terse and dry recital of numerous doubtful -statements, woven in a web of very audacious speculation. His success -as a teacher in Transylvania was not great. He died in Philadelphia -September 18, 1840, having published in 1836 his life, travels, and -researches in North America and Europe from 1802 to 1835, and several -small works on natural history, botany, etc. - -A project inaugurated by Rafinesque while professor in Transylvania was -that of a botanic garden at Lexington called "The Botanical Garden of -Transylvania University." A company was chartered by Act of Legislature -January 7, 1824, with a capital stock of twenty-five thousand dollars, -five hundred shares of fifty dollars each. William H. Richardson, -President; Thomas Smith, Joseph Ficklin, John M. McCalla, Thomas L. -Caldwell, Directors; William A. Leavy, Treasurer; C. S. Rafinesque, -Secretary. Other members were William Leavy, senior, Elisha Warfield, J. -Harper, James W. Palmer, Horace Holley, Charles Caldwell, Benjamin W. -Dudley, Charles Humphreys, Gabriel Slaughter, Thomas Wallace, John -Roche, Charles Wilkins, Benjamin Gratz, Richard Higgins, John W. Hunt, -B. R. McIlvaine, Joseph Boswell, Samuel Brown, and Daniel Drake. We -gather from the prospectus (1824) that this garden was intended to be a -charming resort for the elite of Lexington, who were expected to stroll -at eve, perchance, through sylvan bowers; it was also to benefit farmers -and "the whole Western country" by supplying "the best kinds of fruit -trees and grape vines, mountain rice, madder, senna, opium, ginseng, -rhubarb, castor oil, new kinds of grain and pulse, etc." It was to be -valuable especially to the medical students of Transylvania by affording -opportunity to study the plants used in medicine. The single product of -opium, it was judged, could be made to cover the annual expense of the -garden. There was to be "a small but elegant building, with a portico, -green-house, aviaries, bowers, museum, library, and many other suitable -ornaments." Lectures and "practical demonstrations" were to be given -there in Botany, Agriculture, Horticulture, Domestic Economy, etc. -"Every individual admitted in the garden to hear a course of lectures" -to pay "at least one dollar." To these ends a lot was procured on the -south side of East Main Street,[32] within the city limits, and -gardening operations commenced; but the garden was not a success. Though -patronized for a time, as in duty bound, by its influential shareholders -and diligently strolled in by the friends, principally, of the medical -students, it was, after the departure from Lexington of Rafinesque, -finally pronounced to be nothing more than a weed-patch and abandoned -before any building was erected on it. In fact, from the testimony of -old citizens, it would appear that no improvements were ever made there -except the laying out of wide walks and the planting of various shrubs -and wild flowers, chiefly such as were common upon the highways in -Kentucky, but which unquestionably seemed remarkable to Rafinesque, who -viewed them with the eye of a botanist exclusively. - -The organization of the Medical Faculty of 1819, already described, -remained unchanged until 1823, when Doctor Daniel Drake was recalled -to the chair of Materia Medica and Medical Botany, Doctor Caldwell -retaining that of the Institutes of Medicine. The chair of Chemistry -was also strengthened by the appointment of Doctor Robert Best[33] as -adjunct professor, who resigned, however, at the end of two years. -Doctor Drake was transferred in 1825 to the chair of Theory and -Practice on the resignation of Doctor Samuel Brown, and Doctor Charles -Wilkins Short was called to that vacated by Doctor Drake. Doctor Drake -resigned finally in 1826, to be replaced by Doctor John Esten Cooke. -We will not in this place note all the changes which occurred in the -Faculty up to the time of its dissolution, but will append them in the -form of a schedule. (See Schedule A.) - - -DANIEL DRAKE, M. D. - -Born at Plainfield, New Jersey, October 20, 1785, and brought to Mason -County, Kentucky, in 1788, was, in 1800, the first medical student in -Cincinnati. He began to practice in 1804, when he was only nineteen -years old. He spent the winter of 1805-6 as a student in Philadelphia, -and the succeeding year in practice at his old home in Mayslick, -removing for life to Cincinnati in 1807. - -[Illustration: DANIEL DRAKE, M. D.] - -He was made Professor of Materia Medica and Medical Botany in -Transylvania University in 1817, but returned to Cincinnati to found -the Medical College of Ohio in 1818, from which, however, his -connection was suddenly severed, after a bitter controversy, May, -1822. He resumed a professorship at Lexington 1823-27, being Dean of -the Faculty, and declined a chair in the University of Virginia in -1830. He accepted one in the Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, -1830-31, and again in the Medical College of Ohio in 1831-32. He -founded a new school as a department of Cincinnati College and taught -in it 1835-39; was professor in the Louisville Medical Institute -1839-49, and afterward accepted a chair in the Medical College again -in 1849-50. In 1827 he was editor of the _Western Medical and Physical -Journal_, etc., but his chief work is his _Treatise on the Principal -Diseases of the Interior Valley of America_, published in 1850--a -wonderful tribute to American medical science. His contributions to -scientific journals were numerous, and many of his medical lectures -and scientific and historical addresses have been published.[34] He -died at Cincinnati November 5, 1852, aged sixty-seven years.[35] - -Doctor David W. Yandell says: "As a lecturer Doctor Drake had few -equals. He was never dull. His was an alert and masculine mind. His -words are full of vitality. His manner was earnest and impressive. His -eloquence was fervid." Soon after Doctor Yandell had entered the -practice of medicine Doctor Drake told him: "I have never seen a great -and permanent practice the foundations of which were not laid in the -hearts of the poor. Therefore cultivate the poor. If you need another -though sordid reason, the poor of to-day are the rich of to-morrow in -this country. The poor will be the most grateful of all your patients. -Lend a willing ear to all their calls." - - * * * * * - -Such enthusiasm in the establishment of the Medical Department of -Transylvania existed at this time (1819) that liberal citizens of -Lexington freely subscribed money to the amount of more than three -thousand dollars to guarantee to Professors Caldwell and Brown each an -annual sum of a thousand dollars for three years, and this salary was -paid to them accordingly. Professor Caldwell visiting the Legislature of -Kentucky in 1820, induced that body to give five thousand dollars for -the express purpose of the purchase of books and apparatus for the -Medical College in Transylvania University, which, as declared in the -Act, was to remain "the property of the State of Kentucky." - -Moreover, the city of Lexington at the same time loaned to the -college, for the same specified purpose, six thousand dollars, -reserving a lien on the books. This loan subsequently became a -donation. In addition many physicians of the South, of Kentucky, and -of Lexington made further subscriptions, making altogether a gross sum -of about thirteen thousand dollars, with which Professor Caldwell was -enabled to purchase in Europe, in 1820, the foundation of the library, -apparatus, and museum of the Medical Department.[36] - -Again, in 1827, certain citizens of Lexington and medical professors, -forming a joint-stock company, furnished the means to build the first -Medical Hall for the special uses of this department, on which, until -1839, when a new Medical Hall was erected, the medical professors paid -an annual interest of six per cent on the cost. This old hall stood, -before it was destroyed by fire (in 1854, while being used as a City -Hall, etc.), on the site of the Lexington City Library, corner of -Market and Church streets. It is thus described in the _Transylvania -Journal of Medicine_, Volume I, 1828: "This building, a vignette view -of which is seen on the cover of this Journal, was erected by the -private munificence of citizens of Lexington during the last season. -The corner-stone was laid with Masonic ceremonies on the fifteenth day -of April, and the edifice was complete and in readiness for the -reception of the medical class at the commencement of the session the -first of November. - -"In an excavation made in the corner-stone was deposited a glass -bottle enclosing a parchment roll on which were written the name of -the President of the United States, those of the heads of departments, -the Trustees of Transylvania University, the medical professors, -trustees of the town, officers of the Grand Lodge who assisted at the -ceremony, building committee, architect, etc. On a marble tablet over -the front door of the house is the following inscription: - - COLL. TRANSYL. MEDIC. - FUND. A. D. MDCCCXVII. - -"Though plain and unostentatious, the style of its architecture is -chaste and neat, its execution is solid and substantial, and its -interior arrangements are of the most convenient, comfortable, and -commodious kind. - -"The basement story of the building is chiefly appropriated to the -chemical professorship and contains a lecture-room forty-five by fifty -feet in dimensions, in which the seats and lecturing stand are -arranged in the best manner for perfect vision, a lobby, an anti-room, -a chemical laboratory well supplied with all necessary apparatus, and -a dormitory for a resident pupil who acts as librarian. - -"These in connection with the very handsome and commodious anatomical -amphitheater which was built during the preceding season, together -with its preparing- and dissecting-rooms, present a suit of -lecture-rooms, apartments, etc., not surpassed in point of excellence -of light for demonstration, or in ease, comfort, and convenience to -the pupil by any similar institution in America. The whole is situated -in a pleasant and central part of the town, easily accessible from -the chief boarding-houses in the worst weather."[37][38] - -From the time of the reorganization in 1819, the classes in the -Medical College increased rapidly--from only twenty, with a single -graduate in 1817-18, to two hundred students and fifty-six graduates -in the session of 1823-24. A rapid increase in patronage almost -unparalleled in the history of medical schools, owing, no doubt, -largely to the great increasing demand for medical instruction in this -fast improving country and to the temporary extreme difficulty of the -journey to the great medical school of Philadelphia, but also to the -_eclat_ of the University under the administration of Doctor -Holley,[39] to the just fame of Doctor Dudley as a surgeon and medical -teacher, to the reputation of Doctor Samuel Brown as a popular and -cultivated physician and professor, and to the brilliant and popular -talents of Doctor Charles Caldwell. - - -DOCTOR CHARLES CALDWELL. - -The association of this distinguished professor with the fortunes of -the Medical Department of Transylvania, which extended from 1819 to -1837, marked the era of its most rapid development, and embraced a -large portion of the time of its greatest prosperity. - -The life, character, and writings of Doctor Caldwell are no doubt now -well known to the medical profession through the numerous biographical -notices which have appeared, especially those by the late Professor -Lunsford P. Yandell, M. D., in Lindley's _Medical Annals of -Tennessee_, and as amplified in the _Transactions_ of the Kentucky -State Medical Society in its twenty-first annual session in 1876, and -other published sketches. But it may also be studied in his somewhat -unfortunate _Autobiography_, which was published in Philadelphia in -1855, two years after his death, edited by the sister of his widow, -Miss Harriet W. Warner. - -It is said of Titian, that when in his old age he took it into his -head to _improve_ some of his best pictures by retouching them, his -judicious pupils mixed his paints with olive oil so they would not dry -and could be easily washed off again, thus restraining him from -marring or destroying his finest works and his fame together. -Fortunate would it have been for the venerable Doctor Caldwell had -much of this senile production--written only seven or eight years -before his death--been canceled by a friendly hand. The too harsh -criticisms in which he indulged, which placed some of his late -colleagues sharply on the defensive and which also gave them powerful -weapons of offense, as well as defense, had then been suppressed! - -On Page 315 of this autobiography he characterized the time-honored -maxim, "_De mortuis nil nisi bonum_," as "an ill-founded and dangerous -precept." Hence Doctor Yandell, whom he had denounced in this work in -the most opprobrious terms, felt justified in his notice of this -autobiography in his paper on the _Medical Literature of Kentucky_, -published in the _Transactions of the Kentucky State Medical Society_, -1876, Page 62, in the following terms: "It is not only egotistical and -vainglorious beyond anything, I believe, to be found in the English -language, but it is at the same time defamatory. The author holds -himself up to admiration on all occasions and everywhere from boyhood -to old age a very hero of romance." And literal quotations from the -unfortunate volume give support to these allegations. - -[Illustration: CHARLES CALDWELL, M. D.] - -Under the provocation of Doctor Caldwell's posthumous attack, Doctor -Yandell defended himself and retorted with the weapons which Doctor -Caldwell himself had supplied. But, in later years, not long before -his death, Doctor Yandell expressed to the writer, in a friendly -letter, something like regret that he had not in this case adhered -more closely to that maxim in relation to the dead, above quoted, -which Doctor Caldwell had condemned as "ill-founded and dangerous." It -must be admitted, however, that the provocation was great.[40] - -Doctor Caldwell was born, the youngest son of a large family, May 14, -1772, in Caswell County, North Carolina, and died in Louisville July -9, 1853, in his eighty-third year. His parents had emigrated from -Ireland. His father--who was described by Doctor James Blythe, who -knew him, as "very poor, and very, very pious"--destined Charles for -the Presbyterian ministry. Accordingly he was measurably released from -the labor of the farm on which the family lived and was allowed to -pursue his studies in a solitary log hut which he had built for -himself for the purpose--"his books his chief companions." - -He says he commenced to learn the ancient languages at twelve, and was -already principal of a literary academy at eighteen. He says further of -himself: "From an early period of my life I was actuated by a form of -ambition and a love of disquisition and mental contest, which not only -marked in me somewhat of a peculiarity of native mind and spirit, but -tended also to strengthen them." In his subsequent life he delighted in -debates, discussions, and mental contests. He acknowledges (Page 53) an -early propensity to array himself in argument "on the wrong side of the -question under consideration, in order the more certainly to produce -discussion by my advocacy of a paradox, and to make a show of my -ingenuity and ability in defense of error." - -But, as he acknowledged, "this kind of gladiatorship began to blunt -his appreciation of truth as distinguished from error, and hence he -endeavored to restrain this impulse"--not always successfully, perhaps. - -Although his taste and talents inclined him to the legal profession he -was induced to study medicine, somewhat against his own judgment. His -medical education was obtained in Philadelphia, in the Medical -Department of the University of Pennsylvania, then the only medical -college in America, which he entered in 1792, and from which he -graduated. While there he industriously employed his time and -faculties in study, debate, and discussion, and his pen in numerous -publications, the principal of which was a translation of Blumenbach's -_Elements of Physiology_--which he completed before graduation. He -managed to antagonize, amongst many others, his medical preceptor, the -celebrated Doctor Rush, much to his own detriment, as he in his -autobiography acknowledges. - -In the following year, 1793, on the outbreak of the yellow fever in -Philadelphia, he distinguished himself by his courage and -self-sacrifice in voluntarily attending and nursing the sick. And -again, by his pen and otherwise, in theoretical discussions on the -origin of the pestilence. - -According to his own representations and the testimony of his friends, -he was exceedingly methodical in his habits, dividing his time with -rigorous system; but we may well feel a little skeptical as to his -assertion that he "rarely slept more than four hours," and at one time -but three hours and a half. His mental activity and labor, however, in -his youth, must have been very great. Apart from his necessary studies -and his active and constant participation in the discussions of the -Medical Society, he delivered more public addresses, for the Society -and on other occasions, "than all the other members of the institution -united" (Page 254), besides employing his pen in numerous ephemeral -productions for the press. - -In speaking of his early life in Philadelphia (Page 330) he says: "I was -a young man for the scenes in which I had acted; proud and ambitious -certainly, and probably not altogether untinctured with vanity.... In -truth it is hardly to be denied that, for a time at least, I was -somewhat spoiled [by the compliments paid him] on account of my -attributes and performances, both mental and corporal.... No wonder, -therefore, that I felt, or conceited I felt, a decided superiority to -most medical pupils, as well as the ordinary cast of young -physicians.... I certainly did both indulge and manifest it to the -extent, at times, of giving serious offense." This was not the worst. -His bold self-confidence and assertion having placed him in a position -of antagonism toward his friend and preceptor, Doctor Rush, as well as -toward other influential medical men of Philadelphia, defeated the great -ambition of his life--that of occupying the chair of the Institutes of -Medicine in the Medical College of the University of Pennsylvania. - -When informed by Doctor Rush (Page 290, autobiography) that although -his friends spoke in flattering terms of "your talents, attainments, -and powers in lecturing and instruction ... they are reluctant to -recommend you to the Board of Trustees in the light of a professor," -he indignantly declared that "if the door of the University of -Pennsylvania was thus closed to him he would soon occupy a chair -equally honorable with that of Doctor Rush in some other school." And -he shortly thereafter was induced to push his fortunes in the great -and growing West. - -Coming to Lexington with his shining and commanding talents, his -determination to conquer success, and the brilliant reputation he then -had as an independent writer and lecturer; to become associated with -the yet more brilliant President Holley, and the already well-known -and appreciated medical teachers, Doctors Dudley and Brown; at an -auspicious time when the rapidly improving country felt the want of -medical instruction at home--the rapid success of the Medical -Department of Transylvania (to which he materially contributed by his -able efforts before the public) might well excuse him in his -belief[41] that he had come to Lexington to be the "_premier of the -school_,"[42] that he had come to train and induct his colleagues ("a -most miserable Faculty," he calls them) into efficiency and fame, and -that the success of medical education in Lexington was due mainly to -his individual efforts. Candor obliges us to admit, however, that -there is some truth in the statement of the late Professor Yandell, in -the memoir above quoted. Doctor Yandell was a student in the Medical -Department of Transylvania in 1823, and a most ardent admirer of the -brilliant talents of Professor Caldwell, yet he found that both -Professors Dudley and Drake were more popular with the students, as -teachers, than he. He says (Page 56): "Students, in truth, generally -turned listlessly away from his polished discourses on Sympathy, -Phrenology,[43] the Vital Principle, and other kindred themes, and -hurried off to the lectures on Materia Medica and Anatomy."[44] - -In short, Doctor Caldwell excelled in the brilliant discussion of -speculative and theoretical subjects. The extent of his positive -knowledge, as remarked by Doctor Yandell, was greater in superficial -area than in depth; whilst in the terse and lucid exposition of -definite facts, which characterized the instruction of Professor -Dudley, the student felt he was acquiring knowledge which not only was -real but was of practical utility. - -The history of the _rise and fall_ of this school of medicine is -illustrated in the detailed list of its classes and graduates as shown -in the annexed _Schedule B_. - -The total number of students in the Medical School of Transylvania -during the term of its existence was, as far as can now be ascertained, -more than six thousand four hundred (6,456); the total number of its -medical graduates eighteen hundred and eighty-one (1,881).[45] During -the late civil war the commodious Medical Hall of Transylvania, built in -1839 by the munificence of the city of Lexington, and which had been -seized by the United States Government for use as a United States -General Hospital, was destroyed by fire while occupied for that -purpose.[46] But the medical library,[47] apparatus and museum, etc., -were mainly preserved, and are now in the custody of the Curators of -Kentucky University, with which institution old Transylvania University -was consolidated in 1865, "all the trusts and conditions" of her -property being preserved in the Act of Consolidation. - -The Medical Department may yet be resuscitated when in the course of -events our city again becomes an eligible site for modern medical -instruction, and when special means can be obtained properly to equip -and re-establish it on a basis suited to the existing times. - -The gradual decline of this school, like its rapid rise, was due -greatly to the changing conditions of the country. When, shortly after -1812, steamboat navigation began to manifest its superiority and -influence on the channels of commerce, population and business -deserted measurably the interior routes and locations and transferred -themselves to the river valleys and neighborhoods. Gradually during -this change--notwithstanding the talents, ability, and fame of our -Brown, Dudley, Caldwell, Cooke, Short, Yandell, Bartlett, Mitchell, -Smith, and others, and the generous support of the city--the school -declined; more especially because of the establishment of rival -colleges at more eligible points, in growing and populous cities. -Lexington lost its pre-eminence as the "_Metropolis of the Western -Country_," and Cincinnati, Louisville, St. Louis, and other places -which had been villages supplied with her manufactures, rapidly became -great cities; while she declined from a population of about eight -thousand in 1814, down to a little over four thousand in 1820, with an -immense loss to her citizens in the value of her property and the -destruction of her industries. In this year (1820) the population of -Cincinnati, which in 1810 had been only two thousand, three hundred -and twenty, had risen to nine thousand, six hundred and forty-four; -and in 1830, when the population of Lexington was yet only five -thousand, six hundred and sixty-two, that of Cincinnati was -twenty-four thousand, eight hundred and thirty-one. When the present -writer came to Lexington in 1832 the population had remained nearly -the same, and an era of decrepitude and decline of all her industries -still prevailed. Lexington had not yet finished her first railroad. - -This railroad, the "Lexington & Ohio," was begun in 1831 and completed -as far as Frankfort--twenty-eight miles--in 1835. It was composed of -stone sills laid side by side, with a dressed surface on the portion -upon which the wheels were to run. The cars resembled an old pattern -of street car and were drawn by horses. - -The imposing ceremony of laying the first "stone sill" took place on -Water Street, October 21, 1831, "amid a vast throng of people." Indeed, -it was made a very great occasion, which might have been marked with -still greater pomp and circumstance, as the newspapers inform us, had -"more notice been given beforehand." As it was, a large procession, -civic and military, was formed, marshaled by General Leslie Combs, the -renowned "boy-captain of 1812," assisted by handsome James B. Coleman. -Three military companies, including "Hunt's Artillery" and "Captain -Neet's Rifle Guards," were on parade with a fine military band playing -"Yankee Doodle," "Hail, Columbia," and other patriotic airs. -Major-General Pendleton and staff, on horseback, led the march. Governor -Metcalfe and Reverend Nathan H. Hall supported the orator of the day. -The Trustees of the town, the President and Directors of the railroad, -the President and all the officers and Trustees of Transylvania -University, and all the societies of the University and of the town, -were in line. "At eleven o'clock," says the _Lexington Reporter_, "the -three military companies which formed the escort marched from the place -of rendezvous to the college lawn, where they were met by the various -societies and individuals. For many years we have not witnessed such a -pageant, and never a more interesting. - -"The procession first moved in a circle around the lawn where it was -formed, at which time the bells in the various churches in town -commenced a merry peal which continued till the procession reached the -place where the ceremony was performed. The military escort then -formed a hollow square, within which the whole civic procession was -enclosed. Thousands of anxious and delighted spectators were on the -outside, among whom we were gratified to see a large concourse of -ladies, for whose accommodation the marshal had directed the adjacent -market-house to be appropriated. - -"Doctor Caldwell then delivered a highly interesting and appropriate -address. - -"A Federal salute was fired at sunrise, and seven guns when the first -stone sill was laid, indicating the seven sections of the road under -contract." - -Doctor Caldwell spoke in polished and eloquent phrase of the -advantages accruing to Lexington and the whole adjacent country from -the establishment of this road. He prophesied also great benefit to -Louisville therefrom. - -We learn from the same old newspaper that Doctor Caldwell was -announced to deliver a lecture, a few evenings later, at the first -meeting of the "Lexington Lyceum," at the court house. The subject of -the lecture was "The Moral and Incidental Influences of Railroads." -"Ladies and strangers" were invited to attend. - -But in later days, in competition with the steamboat, the newer and -swifter mode of transportation--the railroad--has been gradually but -surely restoring to the inland regions, and to Lexington, their lost -prosperity. Our city has steadily risen to about seventeen thousand -(1873), with a good prospect of a further increase of prosperity and -population as railroads centering here may be extended. Then may we -hope to put into active operation once more our time-honored Medical -College, and to attract to it a creditable number of students. More -particularly if, with the co-operation of the more enlightened members -of our profession, an effort be faithfully made in the renovated -college to bring about the much-needed reform in medical education, -the necessity for which is now generally recognized. So that the mere -fact of a student attending two courses of lectures, with other -somewhat easy requisitions, may not entitle him to the degree of -Doctor of Medicine, as has been too frequently the case amongst -competing medical colleges. That full preparation and training, in a -sufficient period of time, shall be required of the candidates into -whose hands the health and lives of communities are to be committed. -On such a basis--when our city may have acquired increased facilities -for clinical instruction, and when anatomical studies will not be -cramped for want of means of demonstration--the old Medical College of -Transylvania may revive under the wing of a people's educational -institution such as Transylvania is and always was--a "_State -University_." - -Difficulties in the procurement of a sufficient supply of material for -anatomical instruction, coupled with the demand for clinical teaching -which was beginning to be urged by the profession, forced themselves -on the attention of the Medical Faculty of Transylvania before the -year 1836-37. But in that year a determined effort was made, -engineered and led by Professor Caldwell, to remove the Medical -College to Louisville, that city having been induced by the earnest -and eloquent appeals of Caldwell to offer it a large bonus. But for -the early withdrawal of Doctor Dudley from this promising scheme, -toward which he was at first inclined--because mainly of his -difficulties in the supply of anatomical material--it would have been -successful. But Doctor Dudley finally declined to remove, much to the -mortification of Doctor Caldwell, who, in his last valedictory to the -graduates of 1837, indulged in a very bitter impersonal-personal -tirade against deception and mendacity, aimed at Doctor Dudley--not -saying openly to his colleague "thou art the man"--but hoping "the cap -would fit him" and find its place. The Trustees of the University, of -course, and influential citizens, violently opposed the proposed -change. Doctor Caldwell was arraigned before the Board on charges -preferred by Doctor Dudley, the principal of which was that he had -been engaged in the enterprise of originating a rival medical college -in Louisville while he was yet a professor in the Transylvania College -and under oath to support it. Doctor Caldwell, disdaining to answer -the summons of the Board, was, after a long and full investigation of -the evidence, dismissed from his chair in Transylvania. The Medical -Faculty was then dissolved and reorganized.[48] - -Doctors Cooke and Yandell, and finally Doctor Short, joined Doctor -Caldwell to aid in the establishment of the _Louisville Medical -Institute_. Professors Dudley and Richardson and the assistant -professors, Bush and Peter, remained in Lexington. The celebrated -Professor John Eberle was called to the chair of Theory and Practice, -but he died shortly after the delivery of his introductory lecture. -Professor Thomas D. Mitchell was appointed to the chair of Chemistry, -etc., and Doctor James C. Cross to that of the Institutes of -Medicine.[49] - - -DOCTOR JOHN ESTEN COOKE - -Removed from Virginia in 1827 to fill the chair of the Theory and -Practice of Medicine in Transylvania University, which had just been -vacated by Doctor Drake. He had already acquired a high reputation as -a practitioner of medicine; he had published an able essay on autumnal -fever in the _Medical Recorder_ for 1824, and had in the same year -produced the first volume of his very remarkable _Treatise on -Pathology and Therapeutics_, the second volume of which he published -in Lexington in 1828. The promised third volume, which was to complete -the work, never appeared. He remained in Transylvania Medical School -until 1837, when, under the leadership of Doctor Caldwell, he with -Doctor Yandell, removed to Louisville to engage in originating a new -medical college, the "_Louisville Medical Institute_." In this and in -its successor, the "_Medical Department of the Louisville -University_," he remained until a few years before his death, which -occurred on his farm on the Ohio River above Louisville, October 19, -1853, in the seventy-first year of his age. - -[Illustration: DOCTOR JOHN ESTEN COOKE. - -From a Photograph.] - -Doctor Cooke was in many respects a remarkable man, who acquired a -widespread reputation in this country, especially in the Mississippi -Valley. His fame was mainly built on his celebrated theory of the -universal origin of disease, which was, that disease was caused by -cold or malaria. That especially it commenced in weakened action of -the heart, resulting in _congestion of the vena cava_, its branches -and capillary distribution, and that fever was but the reaction of the -vital force to overcome this condition, which unrelieved would result -in death. According to him, all autumnal and malarial fevers were but -variations of one diseased condition, and even those fearful scourges -the plague, cholera, yellow fever, dysentery, etc., were simply varied -forms and conditions of congestion of the _vena cava_. - -To destroy this many-headed hydra--while he would use cold water to -reduce too great febrile excitement and even sometimes give antimonial -wine[50]--his main reliance was on blood-letting and cholagogue -purgatives, as he believed it was by increasing the secretion of the -liver and causing it to pour out consistent "black bile" that the -venous congestion was to be relieved and the patient cured. - -Amongst all these remedies calomel was his chief reliance, and was -given by him in doses not measured by the balance but by the effect -they produced; so that in the latter days of practice--notably during -the epidemic of cholera in Lexington in 1833--he absolutely resorted -to tablespoonful doses of this mercurial, repeated _pro re nata_; -actually giving about _one pound_ in one day to a young patient, -without fatal result. - -Two cases may be quoted from his own paper in the _Transylvania -Medical Journal_, and from Doctor Yandell's _Memoir of Doctor Cooke_ -in the _American Practitioner_ for July, 1875. "William Douglass, a -student of theology, nineteen years of age, took a tablespoonful -(about two ounces) every six hours for three days in succession, -having taken the same quantity the evening before; in all, thirteen -tablespoonfuls. He was in collapse when he took the first dose. On the -third morning after beginning this treatment his discharges were found -to have become thick and green, and Doctor Cooke thought he would have -recovered but for the indiscretion of his attendant, who had him to -walk across a large room from one bed to another more than once. -Hiccough came on, the patient became delirious, and died on the sixth -day. But another patient recovered about this time under similar -treatment, and still lives, I believe--a useful Episcopal clergyman, -and an illustration of the extent to which calomel may be employed in -some diseases without injury to health. Mr. Brittan, a young -theological student, took a tablespoonful of calomel soon after having -had several copious watery discharges. He was advised to repeat the -dose every six hours, until the watery discharges ceased. He took, -that day, four and on the next, three of these doses; the discharges -not ceasing until some time after the seventh dose had been taken. He -took, moreover, three similar doses during the same time--having -thrown up three. The _repeated doses_ were given immediately after the -regular ones were thrown up. Bilious discharges appeared on the -evening of the second day, and were kept up by tincture of aloes and -occasionally pills of aloes and rhubarb for a week. The patient was -somewhat salivated, but recovered. I saw him a number of years -afterwards in perfect health." - -Doctor Yandell asserts in this memoir that in this "extraordinary -practice, Doctor Cooke was not less successful in the treatment of -cholera than his medical brethren in Lexington." But the fact was that -none were very successful and that as many as fifty died in a day of a -population of a little over six thousand.[51] The writer recollects -that Doctor Cooke only practiced in the earlier period of this famous -epidemic, having been disabled by a fall in attempting, in his hurry -to attend a professional call, to put on his coat while running down -stairs. - -In another case of cholera which occurred at this time, as the present -writer was informed by the intelligent and truthful brother of the -young lady patient of Doctor Cooke, these large tablespoonful doses -passed through the bowels apparently unchanged, being discharged in -lumps as large as pullets' eggs, without being even dissolved. This -patient did not recover. - -Calomel is well known to be practically insoluble in pure water at the -common temperature. It is decomposed to a certain extent by the action -of light, or by a moderate heat in the presence of water, and -especially by the aid of acids of various kinds, and by certain salts -such as alkaline and other soluble chlorides--especially potassium, -sodium, and ammonium chlorides. - -In all these cases of partial decomposition some of the mercurous -chloride--the calomel--is changed into soluble mercuric chloride and -metallic mercury. This decomposition is supposed to result from the -action of the alkaline chlorides and the chloro-hydric and other acids -of the gastric juice when calomel is taken into the stomach under -ordinary circumstances. It is believed that the activity of the -calomel depends mainly on the amount of this decomposition which takes -place in the body. - -Especially does this partial decomposition of calomel into corrosive -sublimate occur, to a great extent, when it is mixed in water with -sal-ammoniac (ammonium chloride), as has been experienced in cases of -poisoning by the administration of even moderate doses of calomel -which had been mixed with this salt. In an experiment by the present -writer in which three tenths of a gram of calomel and one and two -tenths of a gram of sal-ammoniac with ten grams of water were allowed -to react at the common temperature for twenty-four hours, as much as -0.019 of a gram of corrosive sublimate was found. - -No doubt these facts throw much light on the very irregular action of -calomel in different persons and under various conditions, in doses -which may be very small or very large. We can easily understand how, -when the stomach secretes no gastric juice and when the salts of the -blood have been greatly reduced in quantity by watery purging as in -cholera, the calomel may pass through the alimentary canal unchanged, -insoluble and inactive, or exert a doubtful topical action only. - -The present writer's own experience--when he was a medical student, -and when fully impressed by the sincere and logical teachings of -Doctor Cooke, who, however halting and hesitating may have been his -manner or unadorned his style of lecturing, always commanded the fixed -attention and highest respect of his pupils--soon opened his eyes to -the faults in the theory of the professor. - -On one occasion, having been brought into a somewhat febrile condition -by fatigue in a botanical excursion in hot weather, and having full -faith in the statements of Doctor Cooke to the effect that calomel was -of all antifebrile remedies the best, and that while a small dose of -calomel might prove irritating _a good large dose_ "would sometimes -act like an opiate," he took a one drachm dose in full confidence. But -instead of the soothing, curative effect he had been led to expect, -vomiting and severe irritation of the stomach resulted, so much so -that no food but boiled milk could be tolerated for a week or so -afterward. Shaken in his faith by his first experience, but not yet -convinced of the error of the doctrine of his respected preceptor, the -second trial of a drachm dose on a similar occasion completely -satisfied him that something wrong had crept into the theory and -practice of the honored professor. - -Doctor Cooke's only fear in his heroic use of calomel was that it -would salivate. But for this untoward influence, he said, one might -do almost anything with it. That this substance which, in cases of -cholera, he administered so largely with no signs of irritation or -salivation, until the patient was in a convalescent state, should -sometimes in much smaller doses prove an irritant poison, he did not -understand. A quotation from Doctor Yandell's _Memoir_, Page 7, -illustrates this: "In some cases of fever Doctor Cooke administered a -drachm of calomel at a dose, and repeated it until the patient had -taken in twenty-four hours as much as two hundred and forty grains. A -young lady was thus treated in 1826. After this quantity had been -given she seemed much relieved, but to avert the danger of salivation -he thought it prudent to administer jalap and cream of tartar. At -night they were thrown up, without producing any purgative effect. She -then took a drachm of calomel, and repeated it until she had taken -five doses in the course of the night and morning, with the same fine -effect in producing abundant bilious discharges, and a remarkably good -effect on the symptoms generally." Still uneasy about ptyalism, he -gave her cream of tartar all day, but at night it was thrown up as -before, without moving the bowels. "My fears of the consequence of -giving the only medicine which offered any prospect of saving her," he -adds, "held my hand, and she continued to vomit till death relieved -her. I reproached myself on her account afterward, and felt conscious -that fear of a remote and uncertain evil had induced me to stand and -see her die without doing all I might have done. I was convinced she -would not have died had the calomel been continued." - -After she had thus taken more than an ounce of calomel he honestly -believed that he had not given her enough of this medicine! Entirely -ignoring the action of the cream of tartar in bringing this substance -partly into the condition of a soluble irritant poison! - -To convince myself of this decomposing action of cream of tartar on -calomel, I placed about a drachm of calomel in each of two small -beaker glasses. In the one I put pure distilled water, in the other I -added to the water about a drachm of cream of tartar. Heating them to -about blood heat and allowing them to stand for a few hours, I -filtered both liquids from the undissolved calomel. Ammonium sulphide, -added to the filtered fluids, threw down from that which contained the -cream of tartar a sensible amount of dark mercurial sulphide, while -that which contained pure water gave no notable reaction. Evidently -the cream of tartar had caused the decomposition of some of the -insoluble calomel and had produced a soluble mercurial compound. All -soluble compounds of mercury are active poisons in small doses, -while, as was fully proven by Doctor Cooke's extraordinary practice -with this substance, pure unchanged calomel is one of the most -insoluble substances. Consequently it sometimes proved harmless in -very large doses, as was the case when the copious watery discharges -of cholera had removed most of the salts of the blood. - -The Doctor took no note of possible agencies which might make his -master remedy occasionally poisonous, and scouted the careful practice -of some of the older physicians in causing their patients to abstain -from the use of common salt while taking calomel, a recommendation -based upon valid experience, no doubt, which science has verified. - -The Doctor rose to two ounces, or tablespoonful doses, during the -prevalence of Asiatic cholera in Lexington, but he did not confine -this treatment to that fearful disease. The present writer has -preserved one of the last of his mammoth doses--one of a dozen of the -same weight (about an ounce)--which he prescribed for a medical -student of the session of 1836-37, the subject of pneumonia, and who -took eleven such doses in regular succession before he died. - -In Doctor Cooke's earlier practice, and in the treatment of less -severe cases, he relied greatly on his famous pills--well known in the -region of Lexington as "Cooke's Pills"--composed of equal parts of -calomel, aloes, and rhubarb; or on tincture of aloes and the lancet, -with the occasional use of a few other remedies. These constituted his -sole armament with which to encounter disease. For he was a man of the -strictest and most earnest honesty, sincerity, and zeal, and withal so -wedded to his logical convictions that he would at any time have died -a martyr to his well-matured beliefs. Indeed, according to the -testimony of his friend, the late Lunsford P. Yandell, he seems thus -to have been to some extent a martyr to his own theory and practice. - -On Page 22 of Doctor Yandell's _Memoir of Doctor Cooke_, we are -informed that "his practice on himself was of the same heroic -character that he pursued with his patients. He bled himself at once -copiously and repeated the operation again and again as symptoms -appeared to him to demand it, at the same time keeping up purgation -with calomel. Exposed as he was on his farm, these attacks became -frequent and his constitution, naturally enfeebled by increasing -years, at length gave way under them." - -Again, on Page 27 of the same _Memoir_, Doctor Yandell says: "The -perfect sincerity with which he held his opinions was evinced by his -carrying out his practice in his own case. On one occasion this was -near costing him his life. He was seized with intermittent fever, on -his farm near Louisville in the fall of 1844, and for several days -took his pills--composed of calomel, rhubarb, and aloes--in the -confident belief that they would arrest the disease; but the chills -continued to recur with an increasing tendency to congestion until at -last his case became alarming. His old friend, General Mercer, of -Virginia, who happened to be on a visit to him at the time, called on -me and gave me an account of his situation, asking me to visit him. -Doctor Cooke was reluctant to take quinine, but finally consented and -was relieved, and afterward, I believe, used the remedy in his practice." - -A characteristic anecdote is recorded of him in _Collins' History of -Kentucky_. "One Sunday morning, waiting on some of his family to get -ready for church--the Methodist church, of which he and they were -members--he picked up a discourse by the Reverend Doctor Chapman, then -Episcopal clergyman of Lexington. The argument for the Old Church of -England attracted his attention. He perused and studied it fully, sent -for all the available authorities on the subject; studied them with -such effect that at once he changed his communion to the Episcopal -Church and was ever after a rigid and zealous pillar to that church, -and an industrious student of the writings of the theological fathers." - -His logic, on which he based his medical theory and practice, is most -elaborately set forth in his only large work, already mentioned--_A -Treatise of Pathology and Therapeutics_--and was tersely summed up by -a most zealous believer and pupil of his[52] as follows: "If all -diseases result from congestion of the _vena cava_, and if calomel is -the best and most reliable remedy, what is the use of applying to any -other means?" - -Because of its simplicity and its apparently logical basis, the system -of Doctor Cooke was very attractive to students of medicine. If -true--and they could not doubt it--it was a great new discovery of a -royal road to medical practice which avoided all the drudgery over -pathology, chemistry, the materia medica and therapeutics of the old -school. All ordinary diseases were a unit produced by a common cause, -and calomel was the principal panacea! - -But alas! the logical system of Doctor Cooke, like many other -beautiful and well-laid superstructures, failed in this essential -thing--_the foundation on which it was raised was not true_. - -Logical minds too often willingly lay down or accept assumptions, or -uncertain facts, as axioms, and are satisfied if the deductions from -these are logically accurate and perfect. Doctor Cooke, in a slow and -laborious way, took infinite pains to build up his logical -superstructure. The writer recollects his illustration of logical -connections, by means of certain pieces of wood united by strings; -and, notwithstanding his unadorned style and slow and hesitating -manner, his students--carried away by his well-known truthfulness, -sincerity, and earnest zeal, and incapable of judging for themselves -of the validity of his premises--accepted his doctrine as a new -revelation and were almost unanimously his ardent followers until -experience or more ample knowledge opened their eyes to its faults. - -Before he removed from Transylvania School to the new one in -Louisville in 1837, severe criticisms of his teachings had been -published. Indeed it had begun to be believed by some that these -teachings were marring the prosperity of that old college. Soon after -his removal to Louisville, we are told by Doctor Yandell, "the current -which from the first had set in against his theory and practice grew -every year more formidable" until "assailed on all sides, and from -within as well as from without, his theory steadily lost ground, his -practice grew more unpopular and his influence as a teacher visibly -declined from the day he began to lecture in Louisville."[53] So that -in 1843 he was, on petition of the students, retired on a three years' -pension of two thousand dollars per annum. - -Besides the two volumes of his _Pathology and Therapeutics_ he -published a small work on _Autumnal Diseases_, and a number of medical -papers in _The Transylvania Journal of Medicine_, of which he was one -of the original editors. The congestive theory of disease had its -short day, like many others which have floated like bubbles on the -stream of medical progress. We remember it as one of the curiosities -of medical literature.[54] - - -DOCTOR CHARLES WILKINS SHORT - -Was born in Woodford County, Kentucky, at "Greenfields," October 6, -1794. He connected himself with the Medical Department of Transylvania -University in 1825. He had been called by the Trustees in a previous -year to the chair of Materia Medica and Medical Botany, but did not at -once accept. - -Doctor Short was a most upright, conscientious, modest, undemonstrative -gentleman of great delicacy of feeling. He was a most zealous and -industrious botanist, and was possessed of artistic tastes and ability. - -One of his greatest pleasures was in his extensive herbarium, rich -with the native plants of Kentucky collected by himself, as well as -with those from other regions obtained by the exchange of specimens -with the various botanists of the world, with whom he corresponded -individually and extensively. He, in conjunction with Professors H. H. -Eaton, H. A. Griswold, and R. Peter, contributed to the _Transylvania -Journal of Medicine_ several papers on the plants of Kentucky,[55] and -wrote for that periodical several papers on this subject and on -medical topics, as well as numerous obituary notices of medical men. -He was not the author of any large treatise. - -In addition to his notices and catalogues of Kentucky plants he -published in the _Transylvania Medical Journal_: - -"Instructions for Gathering and Preservation of Plants in Herbaria." - -"Botanical Bibliography." 1835. - -"A Brief Historical Sketch of the Origin and Progress of Cholera -Asphyxia." 1835. - -"A Sketch of the Progress of Botany in Western America." - -In 1845, he wrote "Observations of the Botany of Illinois," published -in the _Western Journal of Medicine and Surgery_. - -In the early volumes of the _Transylvania Journal_ also appeared his -notices of two remarkable cases which occurred in Lexington. One, of -supposed _spontaneous combustion of the human body_, and the other of -_paralysis of the kidneys_. - -At his death his vast collection of botanical specimens, in the -formation of which he took such delight, and to which he had devoted -so great a portion of his life, was bequeathed to the Smithsonian -Institution at Washington, but there was no appropriate place there in -which to display so large a collection. It is now in possession of the -Academy of Natural Sciences at Philadelphia. During his life no less -than five of the distinguished botanists of the age honored his name -by attaching it to six new genera and species of plants. - -[Illustration: DOCTOR CHARLES WILKINS SHORT.] - -His lectures to the medical students on Materia Medica and Medical -Botany he always read from his manuscript, which detracted somewhat -from his impressiveness. He was too modest to trust himself to oral -discourses.[56] Yet his pupils were always closely attentive and -respectful, holding him and his teachings in high esteem.[57] - -He was Dean of the Medical Faculty in Transylvania for about ten years. - -For some years he was co-editor of the _Transylvania Journal of -Medicine_ with Doctor Cooke. This quarterly they founded in Lexington -in 1828. - -Doctor Short severed his connection with the Transylvania Medical -School in 1838 to be allied with Doctors Caldwell, Cooke, and Yandell -in the Medical Institute of Louisville,[58] in which he remained until -1849, when his colleagues elected him Emeritus Professor of Materia -Medica and Botany. He died at his beautiful country residence, -"Hayfield," near Louisville, on March 7, 1863, aged sixty-nine years. - -Doctor Short's father was Peyton Short, who came to Kentucky from -Surry County, Virginia, and whose mother was Elizabeth, daughter of -Sir William Skipwith, Baronet. His mother was Mary, daughter of John -Cleves Symmes, formerly of Long Island, who filled various offices of -honor and trust in Cincinnati. His sister was the wife of Doctor -Benjamin Winslow Dudley. His brother was the late Judge John Cleves -Short, of North Bend, Ohio. He married Mary Henry Churchill, only -daughter of Armistead and Jane Henry Churchill. Of his six -children--one son and five daughters--all were prosperous in life. - -The early education of Doctor Short was in the school of the celebrated -Joshua Fry, and, in 1810, he graduated with honor in the Academical -Department of Transylvania University, beginning soon afterward the -study of medicine with his uncle, Professor Frederick Ridgely. He -repaired to Philadelphia in 1813 and became a private pupil of Doctor -Casper Wistar, Professor of Anatomy in the University of Pennsylvania, -in which university Doctor Short received the degree of Doctor of -Medicine in the spring of 1815, returning shortly after to Kentucky. -Doctor Short was a consistent member of the Presbyterian church.[59] - - -PROFESSOR LUNSFORD PITTS YANDELL, SENIOR, M. D. - -Was called to the chair of Chemistry and Pharmacy in the Medical -Department of Transylvania University, March 16, 1831.[60] He had -attended the course of lectures in that school in 1822-23, having -previously acquired a good general and classical education in the -Bradley Academy, Murfreesboro, Tennessee, and having studied medicine -some time with his father, Doctor Wilson Yandell, a physician of high -standing. - -While attending the lectures in the Transylvania Medical College he -became favorably known as a young man of industry, good attainments, -and ability, and of popular manners. Especially was he a favorite -pupil of Professor Charles Caldwell, who became his ardent friend, and -through whose active influence, mainly, he was called in 1831--after -he had received the degree of M. D. from the University of -Maryland--to occupy the Chemical chair in the Transylvania School. - -Although he had been a good and apt scholar in his preliminary -education, he had never devoted especial attention to chemistry, -which at that time, notwithstanding the neglect or opposition of the -older medical teachers--notably the ridicule of Professor Caldwell and -others--was beginning to be recognized as an essential element of a -good medical education. - -This want of special training and experience in this branch of science -on his part naturally caused opposition to his appointment to this -chair, which was allayed by making the late Hezekiah Hulbert Eaton, A. -M., professor adjunct to the Chemical chair, and giving him one third -of the tuition fees. - -Professor Eaton was a young man of fine attainments and thorough -practical training in chemistry and natural science generally; a -graduate of Rensselaer Institute of Troy, New York, under the -administration of his father, the celebrated Amos Eaton.[61] - -Adjunct Professor Eaton died of consumption at the age of -twenty-three, before the end of the first year; but during the short -term of his service he had, by his industry and practical knowledge, -greatly improved the means of instruction in the Chemical Department -by a complete reorganization of the laboratory and the procurement of -much new apparatus, etc.[62] - -[Illustration: DOCTOR LUNSFORD P. YANDELL, SENIOR.] - -After the death of Professor Eaton, August 16, 1832, the present -writer, then residing in Pittsburg, Pennsylvania, who had also been a -student in the Rensselaer Institute and consequently known to -Professor Eaton, was persuaded by the late Reverend Benjamin Orr Peers -to visit Lexington, Kentucky, to deliver a course of chemical lectures -in the Eclectic Institute, of which Mr. Peers was principal and of -which young Professor Eaton had been a professor. During this course, -in 1832, the writer was induced by Professor Yandell, by private -arrangement, to assist him in his next course of lectures to the -medical students of Transylvania and to commence the regular study of -medicine with a view to graduation. - -Under this arrangement, which continued until the disruption of the -Medical Faculty in 1837, Doctor Yandell, in his usual able and -brilliant manner, delivered the chemical lectures to the students, -while to the writer was committed the preparation and performance of -the demonstrative experimental part. - -On his removal to Louisville in 1837, to join in the establishment of -the rival school, the Louisville Medical Institute, Doctor Yandell -taught in the combined chairs of Chemistry and Materia Medica, never -failing ably and impressively to perform this arduous duty. Not -having any particular taste for so severe a study as practical -chemistry, although no one was more impressed with the philosophical -beauty and wide practical value of the science, he naturally sought a -transfer to a chair more congenial with his tastes and the character -of his mind than that of chemistry. This, circumstances prevented -until, in 1849, the Trustees of the school--having come to the -conclusion that Professor Caldwell had become superannuated--placed -Doctor Yandell in the chair of Physiology, for which subject he had a -decided taste. This change procured him the animosity of his whilom -friend, Doctor Caldwell, who, in his rather unfortunate -_Autobiography_ written in his last declining years, indulged in much -bitter denunciation of his late colleague. It is much to the credit of -Doctor Yandell that, although when this angry publication was fresh -from the press he retaliated by showing in ample quotations from the -_Autobiography_ some of the weak points in Doctor Caldwell's -character, he was disposed in following years, as the writer knows, to -extend over these weaknesses the mantle of kindness. - -Doctor Yandell occupied this chair of Physiology with great credit until -he resigned, in 1859, to accept a chair in the Medical School of -Memphis, Tennessee. During the Civil War he devoted himself to hospital -service. In 1862, he was licensed to preach by the Presbytery of -Memphis, and in 1864 was ordained pastor of the Dancyville Presbyterian -church. He resigned his pastorship in 1867, and returned to Louisville -to resume the practice of medicine, which he had never entirely -abandoned during the whole of his professional life. - -While resident in Lexington he was for some years sole editor of the -_Transylvania Journal of Medicine_, to which he contributed several -able papers. In Louisville he was editor for some time of the _Western -Journal of Medicine and Surgery_, in both cases filling the editorial -chair with characteristic activity and ability. He was always a -contributor to the medical literature of his day in numerous papers, -especially in biographical sketches and obituary memoirs of medical -men of Kentucky and Tennessee, a more complete collection of which he -was said to be preparing at the time of his last illness. He held a -facile pen; few writers of our times have produced more classical and -graceful essays. As a public speaker and lecturer he was ever -impressive, graceful, and chaste. His social qualities made him always -welcome and prominent in all public assemblies of his medical -brethren. In 1872, he was elected President of the College of -Physicians and Surgeons of Louisville, and at the time of his death he -was President of the Medical Society of Kentucky. His decease -occurred February 4, 1878, in the seventy-third year of his age. - - -DOCTOR ROBERT PETER, - -Though of foreign birth, came of that same class of British ancestry -which has given the United States her representative Americans, -Virginia her great men, our own State her typical Kentuckians. Born at -Launceston, Cornwall, January 21, 1805, he was a member of the Peter -family of Devon and Essex, which produced in former times the -remarkable Sir William Peter or Petre, to which has been ascribed the -noted Hugh Peter or Peters, and from which collaterally are descended -the present Lords Bathurst and Petre. Robert Peter came to America -with his parents, Robert and Johanna Dawe Peter, and their six other -children, when twelve years old, landing at Baltimore and later -settling at Pittsburg, Pennsylvania. The father, it seems, succeeded -in none of his money-making enterprises in the new country, and Robert -had early to support himself and to contribute something to the -maintenance of the family. He was placed in Charles Avery's wholesale -drug store at Pittsburg and there received a first-rate business -education, while diligently cultivating his decided taste for -chemistry. In 1828, he became a naturalized citizen of the United -States. The same year, after attending one session (by especial -request) at the Rensselaer Institute Scientific School at Troy, New -York, he acquired the title of "Lecturer on the Natural Sciences,"[63] -and delivered a course of chemical lectures to a small class in -Pittsburg, was a member of the Hesperian Society and contributed to -its organ, _The Hesperus_, numerous papers, scientific, literary, and -poetical. In 1829, as member of the Pittsburg Philosophical Society, -he gave a course of lectures on the Natural Sciences before that -Society. In 1830-31, he lectured on Chemistry in the Western -University of Pennsylvania. In 1832, he came to Lexington, Kentucky, -somewhat reluctantly, at the urgent insistence of Reverend Benjamin O. -Peers, to be associated with him in the proprietorship of his -"Eclectic Institute," at that place, and to deliver a course of -lectures in the Institute.[64] - -While thus engaged, Professor Peter was induced by Doctor Yandell, -Professor of Chemistry, to accept the duties of adjunct to the chair -of Chemistry, a position made vacant by the death of Professor H. H. -Eaton, August 16, 1832. - -On March 16, 1833, he was unanimously elected to the chair of -Chemistry in Morrison College, Transylvania University, being -installed on the occasion of the dedication of that college, November -4, 1833, when the oath of office was administered to Mr. Peers as -Proctor of Morrison College and President _pro tem._ of the -University. Professor Peter then studied medicine in Transylvania, -receiving his diploma March 18, 1834. He was present during the -terrible epidemic of cholera in Lexington in 1833, and with Doctor -Yandell attended the first case--that of a Mr. Henry. Though a -successful practitioner, Doctor Peter, like Doctor Short, had a -distaste for the life of a physician, and soon retired to more -congenial scientific labors. On October 6, 1835, he married Frances -Paca, eldest daughter of Major William S. Dallam. In 1838,[65] he was -elected to the chair of Chemistry and Pharmacy in Transylvania Medical -Department, and, until the close of the school in 1857, was honorably -connected with it. From 1847 to the end, in 1857, he was chosen Dean -of the Faculty, being Librarian as well. In 1839, with Doctor James M. -Bush, Doctor Peter spent most of the summer in London and Paris -purchasing books, apparatus, and other means of instruction for the -Medical Department.[66] After hearing numerous lectures by famous -doctors, and after visiting the model hospitals, etc., of the day, he -writes to his wife (Paris, June 27, 1839): "We can have as great men -[in Lexington] as either of those cities [London and Paris], and -neither of them contains a man as eminent in surgery as Doctor -Dudley"; and from London, August 11, 1839: "We have bought a great -many fine books and a great deal of excellent apparatus and anatomical -and other models. Transylvania will shine. No other institution in our -part of the world will be able to compare with her in the means of -instruction. In fact, I have seen none in Europe that is more -completely prepared to teach _modern_ medicine."[67] - -Daguerre, in 1839, had just published the process of his wonderful -art, and it constituted perhaps the greatest novelty in Paris at the -time of the sojourn there of Doctor Bush and Doctor Peter; so along -with the apparatus for Transylvania was brought to Lexington a -daguerreotype outfit which surely must have been the first ever seen -in that city, if not the first ever used in the West. This primitive -camera and its accompaniments, which Doctor Peter showed to his -classes many years after, can still be found, it is supposed, among -the old Transylvania possessions preserved at the Kentucky University. - -On his return from Europe Doctor Peter engaged in much valuable -chemical research for the benefit of medical science, notably his -examinations of calculi, published in 1846.[68] He also, in 1846, -experimented with the then newly discovered explosive, gun-cotton, and -with pyroxyline made from paper and other materials. His chemical -research and teachings all were now and invariably along practical -lines. Leaving theory to others, his own endeavors were in -anticipation of useful results in practice. Quick to adopt new views -when properly sustained by facts, he was highly appreciative of -improved methods, a trait strikingly displayed when, in his old age, -the most radical changes revolutionized the methods of chemical work. -Laying aside the long-familiar doctrines, practiced since his -far-distant youth, he took up the new with an ease--even -alacrity--hardly excelled by contemporary chemists of a younger -generation. In his early days he experimented much with -electricity--then little understood. He gave much attention to -geology, mineralogy, zoology, and botany. Associated with Doctor -Charles W. Short and Professor Henry A. Griswold, he made important -botanical explorations.[69] His fine herbarium, including specimens -exchanged for with leading European botanists, he gave in after years -to the Kentucky State Agricultural and Mechanical College. Doctor -Lewis Rogers, in his address as President to the Kentucky State -Medical Society, 1878, says: "In the interesting departments of Botany -and Chemistry, Doctor Charles Wilkins Short and Doctor Peter are known -throughout the scientific world. As teachers, the modest, almost -shrinking manner, the seemingly acerb dignity, and Addisonian style of -the one and the lucid expositions and brilliant illustrations of the -other, must be remembered by all who ever listened to them." In -1850-53, Doctor Peter filled with distinction the chair of Chemistry -in the newly founded Kentucky School of Medicine at Louisville, since -so successful. On October 19, 1853, at the third meeting of the -Kentucky Medical Society at Lexington, he proposed to memorialize the -legislature in regard to the establishment of a Geological Survey of -Kentucky. Accordingly, he prepared such a memorial (in connection with -his "Report on the Relation of Forms of Disease to the Geological -Formation of a Region"), accompanied by a geological map, colored by -himself.[70] In consequence of this memorial, which was unanimously -sanctioned by the several agricultural societies of the State, the -first Geological Survey of Kentucky--which was also the first large -State enterprise of the kind undertaken in the West--was begun in -1854, under the able and experienced direction of Doctor David Dale -Owen. While chemist to this survey, Doctor Peter demonstrated what -previously he had sturdily maintained and ably argued--that by soil -analysis could be determined the elements necessary to increase and -preserve the fertility of soils.[71] He was probably the first in -America to apply quantitative and qualitative analysis in this -manner--certainly the first to apply it to any great extent. He proved -by numerous analyses that chemical analysis as practiced by him was -capable of showing the deterioration of soils by long cultivation. He -did this by comparing the composition of the virgin soil with that of -soil taken from a near-by old field.[72] The amount of chemical work -accomplished by Doctor Peter in the Kentucky Survey seems wellnigh -impossible when it is considered that at the same time he lectured -daily six times a week in two colleges--never omitting to prepare -experiments in illustration of his subject. Some Eastern chemists were -actually disposed to dispute the facts. One of these asserted that "no -chemist could make more than one soil analysis in less than a month." -Doctor Owen says in this regard: "Without a knowledge of the peculiar -circumstances under which the work was performed, the amount of Doctor -Peter's chemical labor during the last six years, as chemical -assistant to the Survey of Kentucky, might appear incredible, for he -has, in fact, performed a greater number of _reliable_, _detailed_, -_practically useful_ analyses of soils than any living -chemist"[73]--which comes with authority, for Doctor Owen, a man not -given to exaggeration, was in position to view the whole field, and as -Director fully and faithfully informed himself as to what was going on -all over the world in matters relating to his department. Doctor Owen -said no chemists in this country had thought proper to turn their -special attention to soil analysis, but that Doctor Peter, with the -help of only one assistant to do the more mechanical part of the work, -had in six years of the survey made one thousand, one hundred and -twenty-six quantitative analyses, three hundred and seventy-five of -which were of soils in which, on an average, twelve different -substances were determined. In addition to this and the preparation of -his own chemical report, Doctor Peter personally supervised the -publication of the four royal 8vo volumes of this Survey, reading and -correcting all proof and adding an obituary biographical sketch of his -friend Doctor Owen, whose death, November 13, 1860, had terminated the -survey. Before arrangements could be made to continue this important -public work the Civil War intervened, putting a stop to all such -beneficent pursuits. Doctor Peter unhesitatingly and warmly upheld his -adopted country against secession. Unable to take the field with his -friend, Ethelbert Dudley, he promptly fell into the ranks of Dudley's -Home Guards, shoulder to shoulder with Benjamin Gratz, Madison C. -Johnson, David A. Sayre, and other such fellow-citizens.[74] He was -appointed Acting Assistant Surgeon in charge of Military Hospitals at -Lexington, Kentucky, being most of the time senior surgeon in charge, -quickly bringing his hospitals to a high state of order and -efficiency. It was this gift of reducing to system, combined with -untiring energy and diligence, which in his long life tended to make -all his work both rapid and successful. Thus he carried on -simultaneously numbers of analyses with immense saving of time, while -other chemists went through each operation separately--making his -results almost beyond belief. When, after the war, the survey was -resumed under Professor N. S. Shaler, Doctor Peter prepared three -chemical reports of his analytical work, 1873-78. A total of four -hundred and seventy-seven pages, containing eight hundred and -seventy-one analyses. - -In the survey continued under the late John R. Procter, he prepared -six reports, five of which were published, covering five hundred and -eighty-eight pages, describing nine hundred and seventy-seven -analyses--a total of one thousand, eight hundred and forty-eight -published analyses. The sixth report--the ninth of the new -survey--made to Procter, was not published for the lack of funds, and -the manuscript seems to have been lost. The analyses, of which there -are about four hundred, will be published, however, by the present -able director of the newly resumed Geological Survey, Professor C. J. -Norwood, in as nearly the original form as can be restored from the -records. Thus, with the one assistant, Doctor Peter made for the new -survey about two thousand, two hundred and fifty analyses. Besides -which, during his active life in Lexington, he had at all times -considerable practice as consulting and analytical chemist, making for -individuals many analyses not included in the above. As a toxicologist -he had a high reputation, and his expert testimony usually carried the -day in cases wherein he was called. At the time of the First Kentucky -Survey, under Doctor Owen, Doctor Peter had also contributed to the -second report of a Geological Reconnoissance of the Southern and -Middle Counties of Arkansas, made during the years 1859 and 1860, an -octavo volume of four hundred and thirty-three pages, in which he -gives the history of two hundred and seventy-one chemical analyses -made by himself of soils, subsoils, under-clays, nitre-earths, etc., -of Arkansas, with remarks in one hundred and twenty-five pages of -report. At the same time he made chemical analyses of thirty-three -soils, subsoils, etc., of the State of Indiana for the survey of that -State begun by Doctor D. D. Owen and continued, on Doctor Owen's -death, by his brother, Colonel Richard Owen. It will be seen by -reference to the Kentucky Geological Reports that Doctor Peter was the -first, or among the first, to point out the fact that the lower -Silurian limestones always contain a notable quantity of phosphates, -and that this circumstance in part accounts for the richness of our -bluegrass soils[75]--facts which he brought to the attention of the -agricultural public as early as April, 1849, in the _Albany -Cultivator_, of New York. - -He was apparently the first to show that some of the upper layers of -the Trenton limestone are remarkably rich in phosphates, as shown by -his analyses published in the reports cited. - -In 1865, when in accordance with Honorable John B. Bowman's lofty -educational plans Kentucky University was removed to Lexington, was -united with Transylvania, and included the State Agricultural and -Mechanical College, Doctor Peter occupied the chair of Chemistry and -Experimental Philosophy in the new University, lecturing daily in two -colleges, having declined the Presidency of the Agricultural and -Mechanical College, which was offered him by Regent Bowman. At this -period he devoted his every energy of mind and body to assist in the -upbuilding of what he fondly hoped would be the great educational -institution of the West and South; for the training especially of -Kentucky's youth of every rank and creed, and for the benefit of all -men of all nations who sought knowledge.[76] He accepted and -accomplished, it was said at the time, the work of three average men. -On the separation of the State College from the Kentucky University, -after a bitter sectarian controversy in which he manfully defended the -Transylvania trusts--little understood by some of the -controversialists--he remained with the State College at the head of -the Chemical Department.[77] - -In 1887, Doctor Peter was made Emeritus Professor of Chemistry in the -State College. It would be of interest to give a detailed account of -Doctor Peter's writings, but this must of necessity be reserved for a -more extended biography. He was an easy, practical, and prolific -writer on a large range of subjects. Deeply interested in agriculture -and horticulture, he prepared many able treatises for journals of -these branches. He experimented for himself in the culture of fruits -and flowers--notably in grape-culture and wine-making. In 1867-68, he -assisted in editing the _Farmer's Home Journal_, a weekly published at -Lexington, Kentucky, and until its discontinuance--well in the -seventies--he contributed many articles. He was sole editor of the -tenth volume of the _Transylvania Journal of Medicine_, and in the -preceding and following volumes published a number of contributions on -medical and scientific themes. He took an active part with his pen in -the controversy which arose on the attempted removal to Louisville of -the Transylvania Medical School by some of the Transylvania professors -and the establishment at Louisville of the "Medical Institute" as a -rival school.[78] Like Doctor B. W. Dudley, Doctor Peter, under a -misapprehension of the facts, was at first inclined to sanction the -removal of the medical school to Louisville, for he says in a -"Narrative" of the controversy published in the _Lexington -Intelligencer_, July 7, 1837: "I was in favor of the removal of the -Transylvania Medical School when I believed it was to be done with the -consent of its legal guardians, and with the certainty of very liberal -endowments, which would increase its means of instruction; but when -the bubble burst--when it was found that the name of Transylvania, the -oath of office--_principle_, in fact, were all to be sacrificed to the -splendid scheme--I drew back." And from listening to Doctor Caldwell's -flattering offers of emoluments in Louisville--even to the promise -that Doctor Peter should have the superintendence of the erection of -the chemical laboratory--he joined Dudley in maintaining the -Transylvania School at Lexington, vigorously defending Dudley, and -himself also, against the attacks of the Caldwell faction. In the -midst of the general hostility, Doctor Peter became antagonistic to -his former friend, Doctor Yandell--indeed, bitter was the strife on -all hands. But in after years, when the better part of half a century -had rolled between, Doctor Peter, on the friendly advance of Doctor -Yandell, forgot the vindictive feeling of the past and a -correspondence both pleasant and profitable sprung up between the two -old men, which was maintained until the death of Doctor Yandell. -Doctor Yandell confessed that in the heat of contention he had said -much which afterward he fain would recall. And it is readily to be -credited that others felt the same when time was given for calm and -dispassionate reflection. - -Doctor Peter at all times wrote much on education, much on politics -and the questions of the day. Beside lectures to his classes, he gave -by request many public lectures on various topics. Possessing no -especial gift of voice or enunciation, he was not an orator, though as -a lecturer uniformly popular; never dry, though full of information; -sometimes humorous, but ever dignified. He never neglected, where -appropriate, to illustrate his subject with experiments, frequently -new and always skillfully performed. His rapidity and sureness of -manipulation were nearly that of the prestidigitator, and were the -boast and admiration of his pupils. But with this complete mastery of -science there was no corresponding lack of business ability. More than -once he was offered civic honors--vainly, however. Once he agreed to -act as City Councilman, but summarily resigned because the Council -unjustly denied to respectable colored citizens the right to establish -a public school for negroes in Lexington--a refusal we can not -understand to-day. He was ever ready to give time, labor, and money to -public education and improvement; ready instantly to take up his pen -on all questions affecting the welfare of the community in which he -lived, regardless of applause, yet valuing the approval of the wise -and good. His modesty was inherent. He utterly abhorred ostentation. -Yet no citizen was better known, or could more surely rely upon the -love and respect of his fellows--respect secured by thorough -truthfulness and honesty of purpose--the "courage of his convictions" -which never left him. He retained his activity of mind and body, his -youthful appearance, his cheerfulness of spirit, up to a very short -time before his death, which took place at "Winton," eight miles from -Lexington, in the eighty-ninth year of his age, April 26, 1894. He -had, as he had often wished, "worn out rather than rusted out." - -Perhaps the words of his colleague of more than twenty years make the -best summary of his life and character: "Intense devotion to physical -science and work of the laboratory, purity of speech and modesty of -manner, fidelity to all duties, domestic, professional, and civic, -fidelity to settled convictions and principles; above all, his long -and illustrious career in educating so many thousands of the young, -and in setting before them a model so worthy of their imitation and -remembrance; these were the traits, this was the service that crowned -his busy life of nearly ninety years with honor, admiration, and -renown." - - -PROFESSOR JAMES CONQUEST CROSS, M. D. - -Born in the vicinity of Lexington, Kentucky, was early distinguished -for superior natural energy and mental ability. He was a graduate of -Transylvania and most ambitious to take place as member of its -Faculty. Appointed to the chair of Institutes of Medicine in 1837, -having been called from the Medical College of Ohio, at Cincinnati, -where he held a professorship, he occupied the position in Lexington -until 1843-44, and died a few years thereafter. He was Dean of the -Medical Faculty in 1838. - -Doctor Cross contributed several papers to the medical journals, but -wrote no large work. He was distinguished for readiness and brilliancy -rather than for solidity. His strong ambition and self-confidence, -with his considerable abilities and extensive reading, gave promise of -a most distinguished career, which unhappily a certain want of mental -ballast measurably prevented.[79] - - -DOCTOR JOHN EBERLE[80] - -Was a native of Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, and was a little over -fifty years of age at the time of his decease. Born and educated among -the Germans of Lancaster, he retained the peculiar accent and idiom of -that people to the day of his death, as also their habits of industry -and perseverance in favorite pursuits. At an early period of his -history, Doctor Eberle was deeply involved in politics and for some -time conducted a German political paper. Prior to his removal to -Philadelphia, which occurred about the year 1818, he published several -interesting papers in the _New York Medical Repository_ and other -journals. Shortly after his settlement in Philadelphia, he became the -editor of the _American Medical Recorder_, known throughout the -country as one of our ablest periodicals. In 1822, his work on -_Therapeutics and Materia Medica_ first appeared, after having -encountered many obstacles that for a time seemed to preclude its -publication. The author assured the writer of this notice that he -failed in all his attempts to procure a publisher, who would give him -anything for the copyright, until the person who finally became its -proprietor offered two hundred and fifty dollars for the work. Being -the first book of the author, he accepted the offer in the hope of -being more successful in his subsequent undertakings. - -In 1824, on the establishment of Jefferson Medical College, Doctor -Eberle constituted one of its Faculty, and continued in the school -until his removal to Cincinnati in 1831. While in Jefferson he taught -the Theory and Practice, Materia Medica, and Obstetrics at different -periods, and was also engaged as editor of the _American Medical -Review_, a journal devoted especially to the interests of that school. -While in the Jefferson Faculty he published the first edition of his -work on _Practice_, which, it is well known, has passed through -several editions, and unlike its predecessor yielded a handsome -compensation to its author. - -In 1831, Doctor Eberle was invited (in connection with Doctors Thomas D. -Mitchell and George McClellan) by Doctor Drake, to unite in the -formation of a new medical school at Cincinnati. In the winter of -1831-32, the deceased gave his first course of lectures in the West as -Professor of Materia Medica and Medical Botany in the Medical College of -Ohio, in which school he remained until the fall of 1837, when he became -connected with the Medical Department of Transylvania. While in -Cincinnati, he prepared his work on the _Diseases of Children_, for -which the publishers gave him a fair compensation, and it is understood -that he was engaged a year ago in getting ready for the press _A System -of Midwifery_. That he was importuned by his publishers in Ohio to -prepare such a work is known to the writer of this notice. - -In addition to the publications of Doctor Eberle above named, there -were others of less magnitude. Among these we name a small work of a -botanical character, for young students; and it may be noticed here -that botany was a favorite study with the deceased. - -Doctor Eberle was not fond of the practice of his profession, or he -might have become rich in its pursuit. He was devoted especially to -books, and as a journalist he has not perhaps been equaled in the -United States of America. In his deportment he was plain, unassuming, -unostentatious; and his whole aspect was indicative of one who had -long been a companion of the midnight lamp. Few there are in our -profession whose labors have given them such extensive celebrity as -fell to the lot of Professor Eberle. His _Practice of Physic_ is in -almost every medical library in the West, and has been noticed with -high commendation by foreign journalists. His death has left a chasm -in the profession, and especially in the school of the West, that is -greatly lamented. - - * * * * * - -Doctor Eberle died at Lexington, Kentucky, February 2, 1838, while -filling the chair of the Theory and Practice of Medicine. - - -PROFESSOR THOMAS DUCHE MITCHELL, M. D., - -Was appointed from the Medical College of Ohio to the chair of -Chemistry and Pharmacy in the Medical Department of Transylvania in -1837. He was transferred to that of Materia Medica and Medical Botany -in the following year, Doctor Peter having been called to the chair of -Chemistry, etc. - -In consequence of the death of Professor John Eberle early in the -session of 1837-38, Doctor Mitchell was required to fill both this and -his own chair during the session, an arduous duty which he performed -faithfully and to the satisfaction of all parties.[81] - -With equal ability and success he performed a similar double duty to -the full satisfaction of his classes in the winter of 1844-45, when, -in consequence of the death of Professor William H. Richardson, the -chair of Obstetrics and Diseases of Women and Children became vacant. -He was appointed to that chair. He was also Dean of the Faculty in the -Transylvania School from 1839 to 1846. - -Doctor Mitchell was born in Philadelphia in 1791, in which city for -three generations his ancestors resided. He died in the same city May -13, 1865, in his seventy-fourth year, having heroically performed his -duties as Professor almost up to the time of his death, although he -was a constant sufferer from painful neuralgic disease of the stomach, -at times almost unendurable. His early education was in Quaker -schools, the best in those times in that city, and in the University -of Pennsylvania. After a year spent in a drug store and chemical -laboratory he became office pupil of the late Doctor Parrish, and, -after attendance on three full courses of medical lectures in the -Medical Department of the University, he graduated in medicine. His -thesis "On Acidification and Combustion" was published in the Memoirs -of the Columbian Medical Society. His mind and pen always in active -operation, he published papers in _Coxe's Medical Museum_, _New York -Medical Repository_, _Duane's Portfolio_, and other periodicals. - -Early in 1812, he was appointed Professor of Vegetable and Animal -Physiology in Saint John's Lutheran College, and, in the following -year, as Lazaretto Physician, which office he held for three years. In -1819, he published a duodecimo volume on Medical Chemistry. From 1822 -to 1831, he was actively engaged in medical practice at Frankford, -near Philadelphia. In 1826, he founded a Total Abstinence Temperance -Society, to the tenets of which he rigidly adhered during the whole of -his life, deprecating the use of alcohol, even in the preparation of -the tinctures of the apothecary. He was also a strict Presbyterian. In -1826, the honorary degree of A. M. was conferred on him by the -Trustees of Princeton College, New Jersey. - -In the winter of 1830-31, he was called to the chair of Chemistry in -the Miami University, and in the following summer to the same chair -in the Medical College of Ohio, at Cincinnati, which was soon -thereafter amalgamated with the Miami School, where he remained until -called to the same chair in the Medical Department of Transylvania -University in 1837. He was transferred, as before mentioned, in the -following year to the chair of Materia Medica, Doctor Peter having -been called to that of Chemistry, etc. Here Doctor Mitchell continued -until the end of the session of 1848-49. - -In the summer of 1847, the Philadelphia College of Medicine held its -first session, and Doctor Mitchell filled in it the chair of Theory -and Practice, Obstetrics, and Medical Jurisprudence. In March, 1849, -resigning his chair in the Transylvania School, he joined himself with -the Philadelphia College with a view to a permanent connection. - -Declining tempting offers from medical schools in Missouri and -Tennessee, he, in 1852, resigned his chair in Philadelphia and -accepted that of Theory and Practice of Medicine in the Kentucky -School of Medicine at Louisville. He performed the duties of that -professorship to the satisfaction of all parties until 1854, when he -resigned on account of ill health and returned to his native city. -Recovering, in a measure, his health, he was chosen, without any -movement on his part, to fill the chair of Materia Medica and General -Therapeutics in Jefferson Medical School of Philadelphia. This chair -he occupied up to the year of his death. - -Doctor Mitchell was an able and indefatigable writer and author. -Without recurring to his earlier writings, he published in 1832 an -octavo volume of five hundred and fifty-three pages, _On Chemical -Philosophy_, on the basis of _The Elements of Chemistry_, by Doctor -Reid, of Edinburgh. In the same year he produced his _Hints to -Students_, and acted as co-editor of the _Western Medical Gazette_ -with Professors Eberle and Staughton; contributed papers to the _New -York Repository_, _Philadelphia Museum_, _Western Journal of Medicine -and Surgery_, _Western Medical Recorder_, _Western Lancet_, _American -Medical Recorder_, _American Review_, _North American Medical and -Surgical Journal_, _Transylvania Medical Journal_,[82] _New Orleans -Medical and Surgical Journal_, _Esculapian Register_, etc. - -In 1850, he published an octavo volume of seven hundred and fifty -pages _On Materia Medica_, also an edition of _Eberle on the Diseases -of Children_, to which he added notes and a sequel of some two hundred -pages. He also wrote a volume of six hundred pages _On the Fevers of -the United States_, which he did not publish. - -Doctor Mitchell was a clear and impressive lecturer, a most industrious -student even in his latter days, a learned, classical, and scientific -scholar and a most rigidly upright and conscientious gentleman.[83] - - -JAMES MILLS BUSH, M. D., - -A native of Kentucky,[84] born in Frankfort May, 1808, graduated as A. -B. in Centre College, Danville, Kentucky, and began the study of -medicine and surgery in the office of the celebrated Doctor Alban -Goldsmith, Louisville, Kentucky. He removed to Lexington in 1830-31, -to attend the medical lectures in Transylvania University, and to -become a private pupil of its renowned surgeon, Professor Benjamin W. -Dudley. To Doctor Dudley he became personally attached by sentiments -of affection and esteem, which were warmly returned by his eminent -preceptor; so that, when young Bush received the honor of the degree -of Doctor of Medicine in 1833, Doctor Dudley immediately appointed -him his demonstrator and prosector in Anatomy and Surgery, to which -branches of medical science and art Doctor Bush was ardently devoted. - -This responsible office he filled with eminent ability and success -until 1837, when he was officially made Adjunct Professor of Anatomy -and Surgery to his distinguished colleague and friend, Doctor Dudley. -He occupied this honorable position to the great satisfaction of all -concerned until the year 1844, when he became the Professor of -Anatomy, Doctor Dudley retaining the chair of Surgery. In the chair of -Anatomy he continued until the dissolution of the Transylvania Medical -School in 1857. - -In the meanwhile this school, in 1850, had been changed from a winter -to a summer school; Doctor Bush, with some of his colleagues and some -physicians of Louisville, having thought proper to establish the -Kentucky School of Medicine[85] in Louisville as a winter school. In -this latter college Doctor Bush remained for three sessions--giving -thus two full courses of lectures per annum--when he and his Lexington -colleagues, resigning from the Louisville school, returned to that of -Lexington, re-establishing a winter session.[86] - -Doctor Bush was ever a most conscientious and ardent laborer in his -profession, and, during the lifetime of his preceptor, Doctor Dudley, -was his constant associate and assistant as well in the medical school -as in his medical and surgical practice. On the retirement of that -distinguished surgeon and professor, his mantle fell upon Doctor Bush. -In the language of his friend, the late Doctor Lewis Rogers, in 1873: -"When Doctor Dudley retired from teaching, Doctor Bush was appointed -to the vacant chair. When Doctor Dudley retired from the field of his -brilliant achievements as a surgeon Doctor Bush had the rare courage -to take possession of it. No higher tribute can be paid to him than to -say that he has since held possession without a successful rival." - -[Illustration: DOCTOR JAMES M. BUSH. - -From a Photograph by Mullen.] - -Most ably and successfully did he thus maintain himself as one fit to -follow in the footsteps of our great surgeon. His sterling qualities -as a man, his most kind and endearing manners as a physician, his -great skill and experience in anatomy and surgery, which had been -as well the pleasure as the devoted labor of his life; his remarkable -accuracy of eye, the more acute because of congenital myopia, his -delicacy of hand and unswerving nerve in the use of instruments in the -most difficult operations, endeared him to his patients and won the -respect and admiration of his medical brethren. - -Doctor Bush was a lucid and impressive teacher of his peculiar branch -of medical art and science, and always attached his pupils strongly to -him as an honored preceptor and friend. - -During his active lifetime, spent chiefly in acquiring and putting in -practice the rare professional skill which distinguished him, he gave -but little time to the use of his pen. Hence he left no large book as -the record of his experience. His principal writings were published, -in 1837, in the tenth volume of the _Transylvania Journal of -Medicine_, and these were written for that journal on the solicitation -of the present writer, who edited that volume. They consist of: - -1. A short report of a case of epilepsy, produced in a negro girl by -blows of the windlass of a well on the parietal bone, which was -entirely and speedily cured under the preliminary treatment by Doctor -Dudley of mercurial purgatives and low diet, preparatory to the use -of the trephine, which, as is well known, had been used with great -success by Doctor Dudley in such cases. - -2. Report of a case of insidious inflammation of the pia mater, -complicated with pleuritis--with the autopsy. - -3. A more extended paper, entitled "Remarks on Mechanical Pressure -Applied by Means of the Bandage; Illustrated by a Variety of Cases." -In which the mode of application and _modus operandi_ are most clearly -given, and illustrated by many interesting cases, mostly from the -surgical practice of Doctor Dudley. - -4. "Dissection of an Idiot's Brain." The subject--a female twenty-five -years of age--had been born idiotic, blind, deaf, and dumb; the head -was very small, and the brain on dissection was found to weigh only -twenty ounces, and to have large serous cavities in the coronal -portions of the cerebral hemispheres. The anatomy of the eyes was -perfect, but there was no nervous connection between the optic nerve -and the _thalami nervorum opticorum_. - -5. A short notice of three operations of lithotomy, performed on May -31, 1837, by Doctor Dudley, with his assistance. - -6. "Interesting Autopsy." On the body of a negro man who had been the -subject of sudden falling fits, and was under treatment for disease of -the chest. The autopsy disclosed hypertrophy of the right side of the -heart, and a most remarkable course and lengthening of the colon. - -7. "Observations on the Operation of Lithotomy, Illustrated by Cases -from the Practice of Professor B. W. Dudley." An extensive and lucid -description of the method of operation and the remarkably successful -experience of Doctor Dudley in this part of his practice, giving -report of one hundred and fifty-two successful cases up to that time. - -In addition, the Doctor contributed an occasional bibliographical -review or notice. And these seem to be the whole of his published -professional writings. - -Doctor Bush was married, in 1835, to Miss Charlotte James, of -Chillicothe. Of their three children the eldest, Benjamin Dudley, was -a young man of remarkable promise as a surgeon and physician when he -was cut off, an event which cast a gloom over the remaining days of -the life of his father. Few young men of his age had ever attained -such proficiency or developed such sterling qualities.[87] - -The death of Doctor Bush, which took place on February 14, 1875, was -followed by general and unusual manifestations of respect and regret, -not only on the part of the members of the profession, but by the -people of the city at large. Few citizens were more extensively known, -loved, and honored in life or followed to the grave by a greater -concourse of mourning friends. - - -NATHAN RYNO SMITH, M. D., - -Was called from his residence in Baltimore, Maryland, to the chair of -Theory and Practice of Medicine in Transylvania in the year 1838. He -resigned the chair and returned to that city in 1840, having delivered -three annual courses of lectures here. He was succeeded in this chair -by Doctor Elisha Bartlett. - -Doctor Smith was born May 21, 1797, in the town of Cornish, New -Hampshire, where his father, Nathan Smith--afterward Professor of -Physic and Surgery in Yale College--had been for ten years in the -practice of his profession. In a brief sketch of his father, Doctor -Smith unconsciously drew the outlines of his own character. "In the -practice of surgery," he said, "Professor Smith displayed an original -and inventive mind. His friends claim for him the establishment of -scientific principles and the invention of resources in practice which -will stand as lasting monuments of a mind fertile in expedients and -unshackled by the dogmas of the schools." The father, at the age of -twenty-four, after an early life of industry and adventure in the then -new country, had been so impressed and attracted by witnessing a -surgical operation that he at once devoted himself to surgery and -medicine, and with such ardor and success that for forty years -succeeding he was a distinguished member and teacher in his -profession. The son, with much the same natural bent of mind, after -receiving his early education at Dartmouth and graduating at Yale in -1817--spending a year and a half in Virginia as a classical -tutor--began the study of medicine in Yale, where his father was -Professor of Physic and Surgery. He there received the degree of -Doctor of Medicine, in 1823. He began practice in Burlington, Vermont, -in 1824. In 1825, he was appointed Professor of Surgery and Anatomy in -the University of Vermont, the Medical Department of which was -organized principally by his exertions, aided by his father. - -In the winter of 1825-26, he attended the medical lectures in the -University of Pennsylvania, with a view to improvement in his profession -and in the art of teaching in it. While there he was invited by the late -celebrated surgeon, George McClellan--to whom he had become favorably -known--to take the chair of Anatomy in the new Jefferson Medical -College, which McClellan and other members of the profession were -engaged in organizing. This situation he occupied with success for two -years, leaving it then to accept the chair of Anatomy in the School of -Medicine of the University of Maryland in Baltimore, which had been -vacated by Professor Granville Sharpe Pattison, in 1827. In Baltimore he -soon acquired an extensive medical and surgical practice. On the death -of Professor John B. Davidge he was transferred to the chair of Surgery. -In the language of his biographer and colleague, Samuel C. Chew, M. D.: -"In Baltimore he found a congenial home and when, at the age of -fourscore, he was laid to rest among us, his name had been for a whole -lifetime a household word throughout our State." - -When, in 1838, he accepted the inducement offered him by the Medical -Faculty of Transylvania University to occupy the chair of the Theory -and Practice of Medicine in their college at Lexington, Kentucky,[88] -during the four months of the winter course of lectures, he did not -abandon his residence in Baltimore, but at the close of each session -returned to his professional work in that city. It was there -especially, as a professor and practitioner of surgery, that his -life-work was done. - -Doctor Smith was a man of remarkable mental activity, "acuteness of -perception and extraordinary power of adaptation to circumstances as -they might arise, promptness of action and untiring industry.... And -yet with his great gifts there was about him a remarkable simplicity -of character and a transparent ingenuousness which was as incapable of -affectation as of falsehood." - -His forte was Surgery, yet his lectures here on the Theory and -Practice of Medicine were exceedingly clear and instructive. One -little peculiarity of his may be noticed. He never lectured without a -small whalebone rod or pointer. Without this in his hand he seemed to -fear the loss of continuity of his ideas. As remarked by his -biographer, "his wand must always be at hand, for, like the magician's -divining-rod, it seemed to have some mystic connection with the -exercise of his powers." - -Early in his professional life he published his work on the _Anatomy -of the Arteries_, and, in his later days, his work on _Fractures of -the Lower Extremities_. He was engaged in the preparation of a work on -surgery at the time of his death. His inventive genius, which was -remarkable, was exhibited in several improvements of the instruments -and apparatus of surgery, especially in his lithotome. In the practice -of his son--Professor Alan P. Smith--in a series of fifty-two -consecutive cases, without a single death, he used his father's -lithotome in all but six cases. This great success he attributed -mainly to the instrument. Another valuable improvement was his -"anterior splint." - -Doctor Smith died on the third of July, 1877, a few weeks after the -completion of his eightieth year, full of honors. "He has left behind -him a record of a great surgeon, a brave and true citizen and -magnanimous gentleman." - - -ELISHA BARTLETT, M. D., ETC. - -Born in Smithfield, Rhode Island, October 6, 1804. His parents, Otis -and Waite Bartlett, were highly respectable members of the "Society of -Friends." Their son, whose early education was under the auspices of -this Society, possessed all the unostentatious virtues which -characterized that sect. At the "Friends' Institution" in New York, -under the celebrated teacher, Jacob Willett, he obtained a highly -finished classical education. He subsequently attended medical -lectures in Boston and Providence and graduated as M. D. at Brown -University, Providence, in 1826. Soon after graduation he spent a year -pursuing medical studies under distinguished professors in Paris, -France, and in classical Italy. - -In 1836, he was elected as the first mayor of the town of Lowell; was -re-elected at the end of his first term, and afterward, in 1840, was -honored by election to the Legislature of Massachusetts. A _statesman_ -and not a _politician_, he soon abandoned political life for the more -congenial one of a medical teacher. - -[89]"In 1828, he was offered the chair of Anatomy in the Medical -School at Woodstock, Vermont, which honor he declined. - -"In 1832, he was appointed to a Professorship in the Medical School at -Pittsfield, Massachusetts, which he held for several years. He also -held a chair one year in the Medical Department of Dartmouth College, -and for one year in Baltimore. - -"In 1841, he was called to the chair of Theory and Practice of -Medicine in the Medical Department of Transylvania University, which -he occupied for three years with ability and success."[90] - -After a visit to Europe he again returned, in 1846,[91] to the -Transylvania Medical College, teaching in the same chair for another -three years. - -"He subsequently delivered a course of medical lectures in the Medical -School at Louisville, giving also summer lectures at Woodstock, -Vermont, and other places--his instruction being highly appreciated -by his colleagues and most acceptable to his students. - -"At length he was called to an important professorship in the College -of Physicians and Surgeons of New York. Here he continued for three -years, when, compelled by failing health, he abandoned the position to -retire to his paternal acres in Smithfield--to die, after a long and -lingering illness, on July 19, 1855." - -His disease--partial paralysis of the lower extremities, with -torturing neuralgia and finally softening of the brain, the result of -lead poisoning, caused--as he believed, and as he informed the -writer--by the use of water which had passed for a considerable -distance through leaden pipes. - -The beautiful and sterling traits of the character of Doctor Bartlett -are most happily portrayed by the distinguished medical professor and -poet, Oliver Wendell Holmes, in the _Boston Medical and Surgical -Journal_, August 16, 1855, from which we make a few extracts, viz: - -"Hardly any American physician was more widely known to his -countrymen, or more favorably considered abroad, where his writings -had carried his name. His personal graces were known to a less -extensive circle of admiring friends.... To them it is easy to recall -his ever-welcome and gracious presence. On his expanded forehead no -one could fail to trace the impress of a large and calm -intelligence.... A man so full of life will rarely be found so gentle -and quiet in all his ways.... The same qualities which fitted him for -a public speaker naturally gave him signal success as a teacher. Had -he possessed nothing but his clearness and eloquence of language and -elocution, he could hardly have failed to find a popular welcome.... -He had a manner at once impressive and pleasing, a lucid order which -kept the attention and intelligence of the slowest hearer, and -attractions of a personal character always esteemed and beloved by -students.... Yet few suspected him of giving utterance in rhythmical -shape to his thoughts or feelings. It was only when his failing limbs -could bear him no longer, as conscious existence slowly retreated from -the palsied nerves, that he revealed himself freely in truest and -tenderest form of expression. We knew he was dying by slow degrees, -and we heard from him from time to time, or saw him always serene and -always hopeful while hope could have a place in his earthly future ... -when to the friends he loved there came, as a farewell gift, ... a -little book with a few songs in it--songs with his whole warm heart in -them--they knew that his hour was come, and their tears fell fast as -they read the loving thoughts that he had clothed in words of beauty -and melody. - -"Among the memorials of departed friendships we treasure the little -book of 'songs,' entitled _Simple Settings in Verse for Six Portraits -from Mr. Dickens' Gallery_, Boston, 1855--his last present, as it was -his last production." - - -DOCTOR LOTAN G. WATSON, - -Of North Carolina, filled the chair of Theory and Practice in -Transylvania in the sessions of 1844 and 1845 only. He came highly -recommended as a physician of extensive practice of not less than -twenty years. "A gentleman of undoubted talents. He has the reputation -of bringing to his cases a great affluence of resource and fertility -of expedient, regulated by a judgment discriminative and safe. He -writes with facility and elegance, and converses with fluency, -animation, and impressiveness. He thinks clearly and communicates his -ideas with facility and a corresponding clearness." Extract from -letter of Senator W. P. Mangum, of North Carolina. - - -LEONIDAS M. LAWSON, M. D., - -Who filled the chair of General and Pathological Anatomy and -Physiology in the Medical Department of Transylvania University from -1843 to 1846, inclusive, was born in Nicholas County, Kentucky, -September 10, 1812. He had received his medical degree from this same -department of Transylvania in 1837. - -He was engaged in Cincinnati in private practice, giving clinical -instruction in the hospital and editing his recently established -medical periodical, _The Western Lancet_--of which he was sole -originator and proprietor--when he was called to the newly established -chair of General and Pathological Anatomy and Physiology in the -Transylvania Medical Department, in which he had graduated. - -Here he taught with great success until called to the chair of Materia -Medica and General Pathology in the Ohio Medical College at Cincinnati -in 1847. During the vacation months of 1845, he spent seven months in -a visit to Europe, and especially in clinical studies in Guy's -Hospital, London, with great advantage to himself. - -Doctor Lawson continued to teach from this chair until the death of -Professor J. P. Harrison, whom he succeeded in that of the Principles -and Practice of Medicine and Clinical Medicine, in the same college in -1852. He was appointed Professor of the Theory and Practice of Medicine -in the Kentucky School of Medicine in Louisville in 1854, but accepted a -call to the same chair in the Medical College of Ohio, Cincinnati, in -1857. He filled the chair of Clinical Medicine in the University of -Louisiana, New Orleans, in 1860, but returned in consequence of the -Civil War to the Medical College of Ohio the following year, in which -college he remained until his death, January 21, 1864. - -He founded the _Western Lancet_, and was its sole editor and -proprietor from 1842 up to the time of his decease. He also edited -_Hope's Morbid Anatomy_, 1844, and published a treatise on the -_Practical Treatment of Phthisis Pulmonalis_ in 1861. - -Doctor Lawson was a lover of his profession and a most indefatigable -worker and student. Remarkably lucid and impressive in his oral -teachings, and methodical in his laborious professional and editorial -occupations, he was a modest but self-possessed, undemonstrative -gentleman of high probity and personal merit. The world at large did -not fully appreciate his value, or that of his labors. - -His daughter, Miss Louisa Lawson, studied sculpture as a profession, -and as an artist is well known. - - -ETHELBERT LUDLOW DUDLEY, M. D., - -Nephew of the late distinguished surgeon, Benjamin W. Dudley, was his -private pupil for many years. He graduated in the Medical Department -of Transylvania University with distinguished honor in 1842, after -having attended three full courses of instruction in that department. -His first course of medical lectures was in the winter of 1838-39. It -was the first session in which the present writer occupied the chair -of Chemistry and Pharmacy, and well he remembers the assiduous -attention of his pupil; his avidity in the acquisition of knowledge -and his unusual ability to retain it. Distrusting yet his own -attainments and desirous of more thorough training before taking upon -himself the responsible and arduous offices of a practitioner, he, -under the immediate charge of his uncle, then in active practice, -attended two other full courses of medical lectures (sessions 1842-43 -and 1843-44) as resident graduate. During this period he sometimes -officiated as prosector to his distinguished kinsman.[92] - -[Illustration: DOCTOR ETHELBERT L. DUDLEY. - -From a Photograph.] - -Before the next following session, Doctor Ethelbert L. Dudley was -appointed Demonstrator of Anatomy in the place of Doctor James M. -Bush, who had been promoted to the chair of Anatomy. This responsible -office he filled until called to the chair of General and Pathological -Anatomy in 1847-48. - -From the origin of this medical school Professor Benjamin W. Dudley -had taught in the combined chair of Anatomy and Surgery, blending the -two in a manner most instructive and practical.[93] In 1837, he -accepted Doctor James M. Bush as adjunct to the combined -professorship, and in 1844, Doctor Bush having been appointed -Professor of Anatomy, the elder Dudley restricted himself to the chair -of the Principles of Surgery. - -In the summer of 1846, Doctor Ethelbert L. Dudley was appointed to -deliver a course of lectures on Comparative Anatomy. This duty he -performed to the highest satisfaction of all concerned; and when, -almost at the beginning of the next regular session (1847-48), he was -called to the chair of Anatomy and Physiology, he successfully -encountered the great labor of preparing and delivering a new course -of lectures on these subjects. At the same time he also discharged the -arduous duties of Demonstrator of Anatomy--duties more onerous in this -school, in our small inland city, than in most other medical colleges. -No one in the whole school accomplished half the work which he -mastered. No task seemed too great for his young and ardent energies. - -In 1849, he originated and took upon himself the sole charge as editor -of the _Transylvania Medical Journal_, a new series of the old -_Transylvania Journal of Medicine_. He published three volumes in -three successive years, aided only occasionally by some of his -colleagues. In the spring of 1850, he visited Europe for professional -improvement, making many friends; amongst the distinguished medical -men of England particularly. Immediately on his return from Europe, in -the autumn of that year, the present writer announced to him, in the -city of New York, his appointment to the chair of Descriptive Anatomy -and Histology in the Kentucky School of Medicine. This was a new -school which some of the physicians of Louisville and professors of -the Lexington school were about to establish in the former city, to -which place students of medicine from the South and West were -beginning to flock, to the neglect somewhat of the time-honored -Transylvania school, in which it was proposed to continue medical -instruction in summer sessions. - -This appointment he accepted, joining in the preliminary October -course of lectures and aiding greatly by his talents and energy in -building up that institution. Transferred in the following year to the -chair of Surgery in the Transylvania summer school, on the retirement -of his uncle from active professional life, he continued to teach with -distinguished ability in the position made illustrious by his -predecessor, until the close of the school shortly before the outbreak -of our Civil War. - -In the second year of the Kentucky School of Medicine, he was -transferred to the chair of Surgical Anatomy and Operative Surgery, and -accordingly gave the surgical-clinical instruction in the Marine -Hospital of Louisville to the combined classes of the two medical -schools of that city during the session of 1851-52. A course which was a -decided success for the young professor and surgeon, and which helped to -place him at once on the elevated position as a professional man and a -gentleman which he maintained to the day of his death and to which few -men, of his age especially, ever are fortunate enough to attain.[94] - -After another successful session in this school he, with the other -Transylvania professors, resigned and returned permanently to -Lexington, resuming his practice there and his duties in the renewed -winter sessions of the Transylvania Medical Department. - -As a practitioner, especially of surgery, Doctor E. L. Dudley always -commanded the highest respect and admiration of his colleagues as well -as the confidence and affections of his patients. Singularly unselfish -and always willing to devote himself fully to his profession, his -patients and his friends, few men had the power so quickly and so -firmly to bind others to him with the ties of affection. - -With nerves as of steel, clear eye, quick judgment and answering hand, -combined with the kind feelings of a woman and a fullness of -professional knowledge rarely surpassed, his short career as a -surgeon--all too brief!--was yet a brilliant one. Had his life been -spared to him the name of Dudley had achieved a yet higher distinction -in the annals of surgery. - -At the outbreak of our Civil War, Doctor Dudley's loyal attachment to -the nation and his love of country caused him to take an active part -against the rebellion. While the fate of Kentucky hung yet in the -balance of a professed neutrality, he was actively instrumental in -organizing a battalion of "Home Guards," of which he was at once -appointed Commandant--an organization which greatly helped to prevent -the precipitation of our State into the war for secession.[95] - -Obtaining authority to organize a regiment of volunteers for active -service, of which he was Colonel, preferring this active position to -the less belligerent one of Medical Director which was proffered him, -he left Lexington with his command for the southern part of the State. -There, exhausted by the continued labors and exposures of his -combined offices of colonel, surgeon and physician to his men (which -he would not commit to another), he fell a victim to typhoid fever on -February 20, 1862, at the age of forty-four. His remains, brought to -Lexington, were received with public honors and were followed to the -cemetery by a long procession of sorrowing friends. - - -SAMUEL ANNAN, M. D., - -Was born at Philadelphia, Pa., in the year 1800--a descendant of -Scotch ancestors. He graduated as M. D. at the Edinburgh University in -1820. His thesis, entitled _De Appoplexia Sanguinia_, is in the -library of the Medical and Surgical Faculty of Maryland. He was -licentiate of the Medical and Chirurgical Faculty of Maryland in 1822, -being then ex-President of the Royal Physical Society of Edinburgh. - -From 1827 to 1834, he ably occupied the chair of Anatomy and -Physiology in the Medical Department of Washington University at -Baltimore, Maryland. From 1838 to 1845, he was physician to the -Baltimore Alms-house. In 1846, he was called to the chair of -Obstetrics and Diseases of Women and Children in the Medical -Department of Transylvania University, a position which he occupied -with great ability until, in 1849, he was transferred to the chair of -Theory and Practice of Medicine in the same institution, in which he -gave general satisfaction until 1854, when he resigned that position. - -During the years 1853-57, he was Superintendent to the Insane Asylum -at Hopkinsville, Kentucky. He became surgeon to the Confederate States -Army at the outbreak of our Civil War in 1861, maintaining that -position until 1864. In 1866, he was surgeon to the steamship -"Carroll" of the Liverpool line, from April to November. He died at -Baltimore, January 19, 1868. - -Doctor Annan was a person of great activity of mind and body, of high -intelligence and probity of character. In the course of his active -life and practice in his profession he found time to contribute many -valuable articles to the medical journals, of which we quote the -following, viz: - -"Cases of Bronchotomy." Maryland Medical Recorder, Vol. VII, p. 42. 1823. - -"On the Surgical Anatomy of Hernia." Ibid., Vol. III, p. 529. 1829. - -"On Polypus Nasi." Ibid., No. 3, p. 655. 1830. - -"On the Use of Wine in Fevers." Ibid., p. 279. 1831. - -"Address to the Graduates of Washington University." 1834. - -"New Views of Certain Dislocations." American Journal of Medical -Science, Vol. XVIII, p. 376. 1836. - -"On the Treatment of Prolapsus Ani." Ibid., p. 334. 1836. - -"On Spinal Irritation and Inflammation." Ibid., Vol. XX, p. 85. 1837. - -"On Cases in the Baltimore Alms-house." Ibid., Vol. XXII, p. 378. 1838. - -"On Wind Contusions." American Medical Journal, Vol. II, pp. 3, 133, -and 213. 1838. - -"On Cases in the Baltimore Alms-house." Journal of Medical Science, Vol. -XXIV, p. 316; and Journal of Medical Science, Vol. XXV, p. 32. 1839. - -"On Cases in the Baltimore Alms-house." Medical and Surgical Journal, -pp. 322 and 338. 1840. - -"Lecture at Opening of Kentucky School of Medicine." 1850. - -"On Fracture of the Skull." American Medical Record, No. 3, Vol. II, -p. 449. - -"Case of Laceration of the Ileum from External Injury." American -Journal of Medical Science, p. 287. 1838. - -For most of the facts contained in this brief sketch of the active -life of Doctor Annan we are indebted to the kindness of Doctor Oscar -J. Coskery, of Baltimore. - -NOTE.--In 1850, Doctor Annan accepted the chair of Pathology and -Practice of Medicine in the new Kentucky School of Medicine in -Louisville, which position he occupied for two years with great -ability, when he resigned to return to his native city. - -In 1849, when Doctor Annan was transferred to the chair of Theory and -Practice, the chair of Obstetrics was filled by Doctor William M. -Boling, of Montgomery, Alabama, for one session. Doctor Boling had -taught in the Memphis Medical School of Tennessee, and was "favorably -known in the South as a good practitioner, an able medical writer, and -an excellent teacher." - - -PROFESSOR HENRY M. BULLITT - -Occupied the chair of Materia Medica and Medical Botany with ability -during the session of 1849-50, after which, with the aid of some of -his Transylvania associates, he established the "Kentucky School of -Medicine," which still maintains a prosperous condition. - -"Doctor Bullitt commenced the study of medicine at seventeen years of -age, in the office of Doctor Coleman Rogers, senior, of Louisville, -entering the Medical Department of the University of Pennsylvania as a -pupil, and graduating with high honor in 1838. Returning to -Louisville, he began the practice of medicine in partnership with -Doctor Joshua B. Flint, thus continuing for many years, their office -being the headquarters of the prominent physicians of this city. - -"Doctor Bullitt passed the year 1845 in Europe, where he took -advantage of every opportunity of advancing in medical knowledge. He -returned liberally equipped with the good fruits of his sojourn -abroad. In 1846, he was elected a professor in the St. Louis Medical -College and lectured there in 1846-47 and 1847-48. In 1849, he was -elected to the chair of Materia Medica, etc., in Transylvania -University.... In 1850, he was mainly instrumental in the -establishment of the Kentucky School of Medicine in Louisville, aided -by 'prominent members of the Faculty of Transylvania.' - -"In 1866, he was elected to the chair of Theory and Practice in the -University of Louisville, and, in 1867, was transferred to that of -Physiology. In 1868, he established the Louisville Medical College, -with which he remained during the several years of his professional -life, his increasing deafness greatly marring his social and -professional enjoyments. - -"Doctor Bullitt was an able writer on professional subjects.... He -held, successively, chairs in five medical schools," in all with great -ability. - -"In 1866, he was elected Health Officer of the city of Louisville," -which office he most ably filled.... "Doctor Bullitt was one of the -ablest Health Officers the city ever possessed," and was author of -many papers of "great merit in numerous medical journals. His great -affliction, deafness, was all that prevented him from taking the -foremost position among medical practitioners, teachers, and writers. -But he bore the misfortune with singular equanimity and fortitude." - -Doctor Bullitt died on the seventh of January, 1880, after a number of -weeks' confinement to his bed with Bright's disease. - - * * * * * - -The greater part of this brief sketch of the life of Doctor Bullitt is -copied from an able obituary notice published in the _Louisville -Journal_ at the time of his death. - - -HENRY MARTYN SKILLMAN, M. D., - -Youngest child of Thomas T. and Elizabeth Farrar Skillman, born -September 4, 1824, at Lexington, Kentucky, was educated in -Transylvania University. He spent two or three years in the drug and -apothecary business in Lexington, and commenced the study of medicine -and surgery in 1844, graduating as Doctor of Medicine, etc., in 1847. -He was appointed Demonstrator of Anatomy in the Medical Department of -Transylvania University in 1848. In 1851, he was appointed Professor -of General and Pathological Anatomy and Physiology, which position he -occupied with skill and success until the close of the Medical College -in 1857. Since that time he has devoted himself to the duties of his -profession in medicine and surgery, being "one of the most skillful, -successful, and accomplished physicians in Kentucky," and "having -inherited the admirable qualities of his parents, is one of the most -honorable and useful citizens of Lexington."[96] - -Since the above was written, the gentle and busy life of this last -surviving member of the Transylvania Medical Faculty came suddenly to -a close at his home in Lexington, March 21, 1902, at a quarter past -four o'clock in the afternoon, apparently without warning. Only two -hours previously, handsome and smiling and dignified as usual, he had -visited a patient, and he expected in a few hours to resume his -professional rounds when the last summons came. - -[Illustration: DOCTOR HENRY MARTYN SKILLMAN. - -From a Photograph by Mullen.] - -It is hardly possible for a man to depart this life without leaving an -enemy, but if Doctor Skillman, in his fifty-four years of active -professional life, had made even a few enemies they hesitated to -declare themselves. His own nature was to see good in others; their -defects were not made prominent by him. As he spoke no evil, so -nothing but good was said of him. But with his amiable, benevolent, -compromising disposition there was no trace of weakness. Strict in -professional etiquette, immovable in principle, he repelled with -gentle but irresistible firmness every effort to shake his integrity. -The loveliness of his character and personality is best portrayed in -"Luke, the Beloved Physician," a tribute paid, on his death, -editorially in the _Lexington Herald_ by Kentucky's favorite orator -and statesman, every word of which is as true as it is well-chosen and -beautiful. Doctor Skillman held numerous offices of trust; was -elected, in 1869, President of Kentucky State Medical Society and, in -1889, the first President of Lexington and Fayette County Medical -Society, and was at the time of his death the oldest practicing -physician in Lexington, having seen that city grow from eight thousand -to thirty thousand inhabitants. It is claimed that he was the first -physician to administer chloroform there. For two years during the -Civil War he was contract surgeon for the Government. - -Doctor Skillman's father, Thomas T. Skillman, a native of New Jersey, -came to Lexington in 1809, and soon founded there the largest -publishing house in the Mississippi Valley, the name of T. T. Skillman -on the title page of a work being a guarantee of its excellence and -fitness for the family circle. In 1823, an edition of several thousand -copies of the entire Bible was published by Mr. Skillman from -stereotype plates sent from New York by the American Bible Society. He -founded the _Evangelical Recorder and Western Review_, afterward -edited by Reverend John Breckinridge, the young and talented pastor of -"the McChord Church"; also the _Western Luminary_, in 1824, the first -religious paper issued in the West. - -Doctor Skillman married, October 30, 1851, Margaret, daughter of -Matthew T. Scott, President of the Northern Bank of Kentucky. Of their -children only one is living, Henry Martyn Skillman, of the Lexington -Security Trust and Safety Vault Company. - - -SAMUEL M. LETCHER, M. D., - -Of a prominent Kentucky family, also a graduate of the Medical -Department of Transylvania University who had won distinction in his -profession in Lexington, was called to the chair of Professor of -Obstetrics and Diseases of Women and Children in that school in 1851, -and performed the duties of that chair with ability and success until -the close of the Medical College in Lexington in 1857. During the -Civil War he was placed in charge of a United States General Hospital -in Lexington, a position which he held for some time, giving great -satisfaction. He died February 1, 1863, in Lexington, Kentucky. - - -JOHN ROWAN ALLEN, M. D., - -Who was Superintendent of the Eastern Lunatic Asylum at Lexington,[97] -Kentucky, and who first introduced there the moral treatment of the -insane instead of forcible means, was appointed Professor of Materia -Medica and Botany in 1851, and performed the duties of this chair with -great ability until the end of the session of 1855, when he resigned -that position. - - -DOCTOR WILLIAM STOUT CHIPLEY - -Was born in Lexington, Kentucky, October 18, 1810, the only son of -Reverend Stephen and Amelia Stout Chipley, the forefathers of both of -whom were pioneers of Lexington. Doctor Chipley was graduated at -Transylvania in 1832, with marked honor. Not a great while after his -graduation he took issue with Doctor Benjamin Dudley, the oldest and -most renowned practitioner of the State--or indeed of the whole -country. Doctor Dudley had published a treatise upon the treatment of -a special disease. Doctor Chipley took an opposite view, expressing -himself most boldly and brilliantly. His article was published in an -advanced medical journal and copied widely. Chipley received -widespread encomiums. Indeed, he came off with raised banner, and his -colors have never since been furled. His success was progressive this -article exemplifying his determination when convinced he was right. -Later he went to Columbus, Georgia, feeling assured it was a fine -opening for a young practitioner, and so it proved. He was soon -launched into an almost phenomenal practice, extending across the -Chattahoochee River into Alabama to the Indian nation, where his -wonderful magnetism was felt to such a degree that he won the -confidence--even friendship--of these savages. He would be detained -days at a time ministering to them--a tribe, too, by no means regarded -as friendly to the whites. In April, 1837, he married in Columbus, -Georgia, Elizabeth Fanning, niece and adopted daughter of Colonel -James Fanning, of Alamo fame. Doctor Chipley was at one time Mayor of -Columbus, and made a brilliant reputation as an executive officer. At -the entreaties of his mother and father, who were quite advanced in -age, he turned a deaf ear to the opposition of his legion of friends -in Columbus and returned to Lexington, Kentucky, where it seemed a -flourishing practice did but await him. He was a very successful -Professor of Transylvania in the chair of Theory and Practice of -Medicine, from 1854 to 1857, inclusive. As a lecturer he had a -wonderful flow of language. The possessor of a perfect voice and -delivery, he chained the attention of all listeners. Often have I -heard his patients say his sunshiny presence, his gentle, sympathetic -touch in the sick-room, dulled pain and was better than drugs. He was -a brilliant and forceful writer, the author of many medical works and -the writer of numerous articles published in medical journals of the -highest note. One small book of his gave him much notoriety. Chief -Justice George Robertson, of Lexington, regarded it of such high worth -that he gave fifteen hundred dollars to have it published and placed -as a healthful guide in certain schools for boys. It was in 1855 that -he took charge of the Eastern Kentucky Lunatic Asylum at Lexington. -This proved a wide field for the development of the most astonishing -tact and management of individuals. The attendants greatly admired him -and yielded without question to his dictation. Gentle as a woman, -adamantine after a decision, never acting hastily, maturing a subject -before deciding--these characteristics were shown on all occasions -where it pertained to the comfort of the poor creatures under his -care. During his fifteen or sixteen years of most successful -management of this institution, he made many radical changes for the -amelioration of the condition of these unfortunates. Winter after -winter he haunted the legislative halls in behalf of the Asylum, -spending his own personal means most lavishly to meet this -end--presenting one bill after another, which sooner or later were -always honored. His enthusiasm and faithfulness carried conviction -with them. When he took charge of the Asylum he found it a -conglomerate mass--many from other States there--incurables, -epileptics, idiots--all huddled together. He went carefully over the -records and proceeded to institute a thorough weeding. First he -notified the governors of the respective States to send for their own -insane, giving them a stated time of grace, and telling them that if -the call was not honored he would send the patients to their doors by -one of his own attendants, which he did in several instances. This -systematizing was a great step forward. The next thing he did was to -induce the State to erect an institution for idiots, believing there -were few born who were not capable of receiving some degree of -cultivation. In time a home was built at Frankfort, the result proving -his great wisdom. It was a matter of wonderment to see these poor -creatures developing from a driveling state of nonentity into some -capacity for the enjoyment of life, and even to a degree of -usefulness. There were but few incapable of being taught some -employment which rendered their life more than a mere existence, akin -alone to the lower animals. To have succeeded in this was enough to -mark any man's life. His philanthropy never slept. Then, through his -direct intervention, the Asylum at Anchorage for incurables was -erected; all these changes making room for those who stood a chance of -being cured instead of their being turned, for the lack of room, from -the sheltering care which might restore them. I think his influence -was brought to bear upon the advisability of an institution for the -deaf and dumb, which culminated in the home made for them in Danville. -I think it was in or about the year 1857 he went to Europe, absolutely -for the purpose of gaining an insight into better ways and means of -the treatment of the insane and the construction of the buildings -which were their homes. Though there was such an emptying of the old -Eastern Kentucky Lunatic Asylum building, it soon became altogether -insufficient to meet the demands. Applications poured in, and soon, -after a hard-fought battle, the legislature made an appropriation to -add to the old building, and promptly there was under construction a -building which, when finished, for comfort and in a sanitary way was -unequaled. This, years after his death, was destroyed by fire, and -when rebuilt, I understand, was modeled after the old plan. He was his -own architect, his whole heart and being merged in a desire to have -all as nearly perfect as possible, developing thus a new talent. He -always had in view a private asylum of his own. This purpose was -crystallized when it became apparent that politics would govern the -State institutions, though in opposition to all that was humane. He -resigned December, 1869. He purchased "Duncannon," the beautiful -Duncan home near Lexington. The site selected, lumber on the place, -all plans formulated, having gained such advanced ideas from his long -and successful experience he hoped to have an ideal shelter for those -who preferred private treatment. On December 9, 1871, at eleven -o'clock at night, snow on the ground, standing with his family and -several whom even then he had under his charge around him, after -barely escaping with their lives, he saw the "Duncannon" mansion -reduced to ashes. This disaster crippled his efforts to the degree -that he was forced to forego that which if carried through would have -proven a monument to his memory of no small magnitude. He then rented -a house in Lexington, where he had some patients under his charge, -with a private attendant who had won many laurels in this capacity. -Doctor Chipley was frequently called upon, even in other States, to -decide in the courts as a specialist in insanity. He had a great -number under his private treatment in their own homes, of whom the -world never knew. He had innumerable offers of positions, but none -seemed to appeal to him so much as one at College Hill, near -Cincinnati, Ohio. He accepted this offer. His success here proved a -very decided one, redeeming the institution from great financial -stress and opening up astonishing possibilities. He had four -sons--only one now living (1903)--and one daughter (the present -writer). He left many friends in Lexington who were ever beckoning him -back, and to the last he hoped to return where his heart was. But -after only a few years of service at College Hill he contracted a cold -from which he never recovered. He died February 11, 1880. Invitations -had been issued for a reunion in honor of his aged mother, who was -ninety-seven the day he died. A train was to be chartered and -Lexington friends were to come. He has left a memory of his gathered -laurels and honored name more precious than the gems of the universe. - - EMILY CHIPLEY JONES. - - -DOCTOR JAMES MORRISON BRUCE - -Was a son[98] of John Bruce, a Scottish gentleman associated with -Colonel James Morrison and Benjamin Gratz in the manufacture of hemp -at Lexington, Kentucky, and was born at that place in 1822. After -completing a collegiate education, he studied medicine with Doctor -Benjamin W. Dudley, taking the degree of M. D. in Transylvania in -1843. He then spent three years in France, studying in the principal -hospitals at Paris under the most eminent instructors. In 1846, he -returned to Lexington to begin the practice of his profession. He was -elected to the chair of Demonstrator of Anatomy in Transylvania -Medical Department in 1850, continuing therein until the cessation of -the school in 1857. Doctor Bruce's intrinsic merit was fully -appreciated by his colleagues, who had great affection for him, but -his excessively shrinking nature withheld him from taking the -prominent position with the public to which his ability and learning -entitled him. In truth, his chief characteristic was his modest, -amiable, and retiring disposition. His specialty in medicine was -eruptive disease. In the treatment of smallpox his professional -brethren conceded him the highest place. For many years he was -continuously elected City Physician, and holding this office he died, -January 31, 1881, the sudden ending of his useful and kindly life -being largely due to the exposure he so constantly and bravely -encountered in his visits to the suffering poor during an unusually -severe and trying winter. Says a fellow-physician,[99] "It was then -that the great and good qualities of our friend and co-laborer, Doctor -Bruce, shone pre-eminently. It was at a time when poverty and distress -appealed to him that his great-heartedness, his forgetfulness of self, -and his proficient medical skill forced itself before that public -attention from which at all other times it timidly shrunk." Doctor -Bruce married, in 1847, Miss Elizabeth Norton. Of his children Miss -Elizabeth Bruce and Mrs. Charlotte B. Davis, of Lexington, survive him. - - -DOCTOR ALEXANDER KEITH MARSHALL, - -Born February 11, 1808, performed the duties of the chair of Materia -Medica in 1856. He had received a classical education from his father, -the celebrated Doctor Louis Marshall, of "Buck Pond"; studied medicine -with Doctor Ephraim McDowell, and completed his medical course at -Transylvania. He was a handsome man, a forcible speaker, a prominent -politician and Odd Fellow, and a member of Congress in 1855. He died -at the home of his son, Louis, near Lexington, April, 28, 1884.[100] - - -BENJAMIN P. DRAKE, M. D., - -A graduate of Transylvania Medical Department in 1830, occupied the -chair of Materia Medica in the last year of the school in 1857. - - * * * * * - -During the last two years of the Medical Department of Transylvania -University the Faculty were: - -Ethelbert L. Dudley, Surgery. - -James M. Bush, Anatomy. - -William S. Chipley, Theory and Practice. - -Samuel M. Letcher, Obstetrics, etc. - -Henry M. Skillman, Physiology and Institutes of Medicine. - -Alexander K. Marshall, Materia Medica and Botany, 1856. - -Benjamin P. Drake, Materia Medica and Botany, 1857. - -Robert Peter, Chemistry and Pharmacy; Dean. - -[Illustration: TRANSYLVANIA UNIVERSITY--MEDICAL HALL. - -Built in 1839--Burned in 1863.] - -From 1850 until the end in 1857, the existence of the school seems to -have been an heroic struggle against fate. In spite of the fine Medical -Hall, alluded to on the day of its dedication (November 2, 1840) by -President Robert Davidson,[101] as "colossal in size and surpassing in -architectural beauty," in spite of liberal endowments and "costly and -complete apparatus, superior to any in the valley of the Mississippi, -and not surpassed, if equaled, by any on the continent,"[102] the school -languished. Notwithstanding the efforts of zealous Trustees and generous -citizens, notwithstanding the diligence of an able Faculty, the classes -steadily decreased from year to year until, in 1857, with only nine -graduates, the Faculty in despair disbanded, and the time-honored -Medical Department of Transylvania University was no more. - -Two factors more than all else (except as before mentioned, the -impossibility of securing sufficient material for clinical -instruction) had contributed to its demise--the retirement of Doctor -Dudley in 1850, and the difficulty that existed in establishing the -needed railroads throughout the State. The latter cause had been -operating unfavorably and with increasing effect almost ever since the -introduction of steam transportation. - -Enlightened thinkers had early recognized and urged the vital -importance of railroads for Kentucky, and especially for Lexington and -Transylvania, and had bravely advanced to conquer the difficulties of -the situation, but with only discouragement and pecuniary loss for -many years. The peculiar topography of the State, the constant -alternation of hill and valley, the numerous streams, the hardness of -the rock to be penetrated, made the building of railways very -expensive, and capital was wanting. The wealth of Central Kentucky was -in the soil, not in the purse, and without communication with the -markets of the world this wealth was unavailable. In this manner -enterprise was checked and Lexington sank into an apathetic state. It -is true she had secured the distinction of having the first railroad -in the West and the second in the United States,[103] but for years it -only led to Frankfort, an interior town but twenty-eight miles -distant. It was not until 1851 that it connected with Louisville. - -Of Doctor Dudley's influence upon the medical school Doctor David W. -Yandell truly says:[104] "The history of the Medical Department of -Transylvania University--its rise, its success, its decline, its -disappearance from the list of medical colleges--would practically -cover Doctor Dudley's career, and would form a most interesting chapter -in the development of medical teaching in the Southwest. But it must -suffice me here to say that Doctor Dudley created the medical department -of the institution and directed its policy. Its students regarded him -from the beginning as the foremost man in the Faculty. That he had -colleagues whose mental endowments were superior to his he himself at -all times freely admitted. He is said to have laid no claim to either -oratorical power or professional erudition. He was not a logician, he -was not brilliant, and his deliverances were spiced with neither humor -nor wit. And yet, says one of his biographers, in ability to enchain the -students' attention, to impress them with the value of his instructions -and his greatness as a teacher, he bore off the palm from all the gifted -men who at various periods taught at his side." - -But although these two would appear to be the more obvious reasons for -the decline of the Medical Department of Transylvania, we can by no -means ignore the injurious effect of rival medical colleges growing up -at points more accessible and more progressive than Lexington could -possibly be without rapid transit of some sort to make her own -peculiar advantages available. Nor can we overlook the evil -consequences of the opposition systematically shown to the -Transylvania Medical School by the faction originating in the attempt -to disorganize the institution in 1837. - -However, in reviewing all these influences, the prosperity of -Lexington to-day (1904), her rapid growth, her increasing enterprise, -her vigorous trade, the flourishing condition of her colleges and -seminaries--all of which has come to her since the completion of the -railroads centering in her--abundantly prove that this communication, -above everything else, was her indispensable requirement. - -While the medical school was closed in 1857, the Academical Department -of Transylvania University continued to be conducted at the Morrison -College as a State Normal School,[105] under the Presidency of the -distinguished Doctor Lewis W. Green, D. D., but was soon to be -disorganized, after only two years of usefulness, on account of a -supposed unconstitutionality. Thus Transylvania was again humbled to a -low estate in educational distinction. Lexington herself was suffering -an era of banishment, as we may say, for without proper railroad -connections she was excluded from progress and rendered inaccessible -to both labor and capital. The financial prosperity of her citizens -was not such as to warrant the lavish hospitality formerly shown to -strangers within her gates, and especially to the students in -Transylvania. The enterprising individuals who remained to her were -not sufficient in numbers to dispel by their most strenuous exertions -the lethargy which had fallen upon the place. - -Such was the state of affairs immediately preceding the Civil War. The -immense Medical Hall had reverted to the city and was deserted, save -the laboratory in which was still being busily conducted the chemical -work of the first Geological Survey of Kentucky; and save perhaps one -of the smaller rooms, rented to a lodger. The survey had just received -a sudden check in the death of the lamented Doctor Owen when the war -still further darkened the prospect, during which, as a matter of -course, the resumption of the survey was out of the question. The -Morrison College was almost immediately appropriated by the United -States Government for a general hospital, and, some time after, the -Medical Hall, which as before mentioned was utterly destroyed by -fire[106] during its occupation by the sick soldiers. The -conflagration originated, it appeared, from a defective flue of a -temporary frame kitchen, built adjoining.[107] - -The corner-stone of this Medical Hall had been laid July 4, 1839; -Robert Wickliffe, junior, the well-beloved, making the address. It was -dedicated November 2, 1840. Of Grecian architecture, massive and -without ornamentation, it contained three great lecture rooms, with -ample provision for light and ventilation. The amphitheatre was -immediately below the cupola, being by this means lighted from above. -There were three other large apartments--for the library, the -anatomical museum, and for other medical teaching. Smaller rooms -accommodated the laboratory, Faculty room, janitor's room, etc. -Besides which were long halls or galleries utilized for natural -history collections, museums of zoology, ornithology, geology, etc., -as also for apparatus of divers sorts. The costly and complete -chemical apparatus was well displayed and conveniently arranged in the -immense lecture room for that department. - -[Illustration: ABSOLOM DRIVER. - -For many years Janitor at the Medical Hall of Transylvania -University.] - -In the spacious lecture-room in the front of the building many -fashionable and distinguished audiences had assembled on various -occasions, not only to hear the gifted incumbent professors in due -discourse of introductory or valedictory, but to be charmed with -concerts by Ole Bull, Strakosch, Adelina Patti--who sang there on her -first tour in this country--and other celebrities of the period. There -the learned Guyot had instructed in geology; there unique "Tom -Marshall" had uniquely delivered a unique course of lectures on -History. Over the rostrum hung the portrait of Doctor Samuel -Brown--the first medical professor. This lecture hall was lighted for -evening assemblages, from the sides mostly, by "scounches," as they -were called by the "ole Virginny" negro janitor. This factotum, -"Absolom Driver," is unforgotten by any whose path some time ran -parallel with his. For many years the keeper of the Medical Hall, his -zeal and vigilance were unimpeachable, his dignified solemnity on -state occasions unsurpassed. Contemptuous of letters--except for -doctors--and with unshakable prejudice against "book learnin' for -niggers," he was faithful in trusts with the matchless fidelity of the -dog. "Bad boys"--the problem of philosophers and ordinary folk in all -ages--was one of easy solution by "Uncle Absolom" with a bent nail at -the end of a long pole. Charged upon with _elan_ with this -unprecedented weapon, accompanied by an ominous war-cry, no truant -could withstand, even though the artfully strewn broken bottles on -the high back fence had been successfully outflanked. "Robbers" had -their everlasting antidote at hand in the peculiarly uncanny, long, -"one-barreled shotgun" with curious lock, which stood in the corner of -the Faculty room. Nobody ever heard it "go off," but the mystery of it -was what appalled one. Happily "Uncle Absolom's" death was nearly -coeval with the closing of the medical school. To have witnessed the -burning of his sacred temple, the Medical Hall, after all his "keer," -would have broken his heart indeed. - -And now, bidding adieu to the shades of the grand old Transylvania -Medical Department, conjured from the past by one now numbered with -them, may the earnest wish be permitted with hope of realization, that -some other hand with cunning in such craft will unveil to us the -portraits of that bygone throng of brilliant men which constituted and -which were the exponents of the honored Transylvania Law School. - - - - -APPENDIX - - -SCHEDULE A. - -SUCCESSION OF THE MEDICAL PROFESSORS IN THE MEDICAL DEPARTMENT OF -TRANSYLVANIA UNIVERSITY, FROM 1799 TO 1857, INCLUSIVE. - - ------------------------------------------------------------------- - -----+--------------------+-------------+------------+------------+ - | | |Theory and |Institutes, | | - Year.|Surgery.| Anatomy. |Practice of |Physiology, |Obstretics, | - | | |Medicine. | etc. | etc. | - -----+--------------------+-------------+------------+------------+ - 1799 | Samuel | Samuel | Fred'ck | | Fred'ck | - | Brown | Brown | Ridgely | | Ridgely | - 1805 | | | James | | | - | | | Fishback | | | - 1809 | B. W. | B. W. | James |J. Buchanan | | - | Dudley | Dudley | Overton | | | - 1815 | " | " | " | | W. H. | - | | | | |Richardson | - 1817 | " | " | | | " | - 1818 | " | " | " | | " | - 1819 | " | " |Saumel Brown | Chas. | " | - | | | | Caldwell | | - 1820 | " | " | " | " | " | - 1821 | " | " | " | " | " | - 1822 | " | " | " | " | " | - 1823 | " | " | " | " | " | - 1824 | " | " | " | " | " | - 1825 | " | " |Daniel Drake | " | " | - 1826 | " | " | " | " | " | - 1827 | " | " | J. E. Cooke | " | " | - 1828 | " | " | " | " | " | - 1829 | " | " | " | " | " | - 1830 | " | " | " | " | " | - 1831 | " | " | " | " | " | - | | | | | | - 1832 | " | " | " | " | " | - 1833 | " | " | " | " | " | - 1834 | " | " | " | " | " | - 1835 | " | " | " | " | " | - 1836 | " | " | " | " | " | - 1837 | " | " |John Eberle |J. C. Cross | " | - | | | | | | - 1838 |[A]" | " |N. R. Smith | " | " | - | | | | | | - 1839 |[A]" | " | " | " | " | - 1840 |[A]" | " | " | " | " | - 1841 |[A]" | " | Elisha | " | " | - | | | Bartlett | | | - 1842 |[A]" | " | " | " | " | - 1843 |[A]" | " | " |L. M. Lawson| " | - 1844 | " |J. M. Bush | L. Watson | " | " | - 1845 | " | " | " | " | T. D. | - | | | | | Mitchell | - 1846 | " | " | Elisha | " | Samuel | - | | | Bartlett | " | Annan | - 1847 | " | " | " |E. L. Dudley| " | - 1848 | " | " | " | " | " | - 1849 | " | " |Samuel Annan | " |W. M. Boling| - 1850 |No winte|r session | of the Medi |cal College.| | - 1851 | E. L. |J. M. Bush |Samuel Annan | H. M. | S. M. | - | Dudley | | | Skillman | Letcher | - 1852 | " | " | " | " | " | - 1853 | " | " | " | " | " | - 1854 | " | " |W. S. Chipley| " | " | - 1855 | " | " | " | " | " | - 1856 | " | " | " | " | " | - | | | | | | - 1857 | " | " | " | " | " | - ------------------------------------------------------------------- - -[Footnote A: J. M. Bush, adjunct.] - -[Footnote B: R. Best, adjunct.] - -[Footnote C: H. H. Eaton, adjunct.] - -[Footnote D: R. Peter, assistant.] - - -SCHEDULE A. (Continued) - -SUCCESSION OF THE MEDICAL PROFESSORS IN THE MEDICAL DEPARTMENT OF -TRANSYLVANIA UNIVERSITY, FROM 1799 TO 1857, INCLUSIVE. - - ----------------------------------------- - -----+------------+---------+------------ - | Materia |Chemistry|Demonstrator - Year.| Medica, | and | of - |Botany, etc.|Pharmacy.| Anatomy. - -----+------------+---------+------------ - 1799 | | Samuel | - | | Brown | - 1805 | | | - | | | - 1809 | | | - | | | - 1815 | | James | - | | Blythe | - 1817 |Daniel Drake| " | - 1818 | | " | - 1819 | Chas. | " | - | Caldwell | | - 1820 | " | " | - 1821 | " | " | - 1822 | " | " | - 1823 |Daniel Drake|[B] " | - 1824 | " |[B] " | - 1825 | " |[B] " | - 1826 | C. W. Short| | - 1827 | " | | - 1828 | " | | - 1829 | " | | - 1830 | " | | - 1831 | " |[C] L. P.| - | | Yandell | - 1832 | " |[D] " | - 1833 | " |[D] " | - 1834 | " |[D] " | - 1835 | " |[D] " | - 1836 | " |[D] " | - 1837 | " | T. D. | - | | Mitchell| - 1838 | T. D. | Robert | - | Mitchell | Peter | - 1839 | " | " | - 1840 | " | " | - 1841 | " | " | - | | | - 1842 | " | " | - 1843 | " | " | - 1844 | " | " | - 1845 | " | " | - | | | - 1846 | " | " | - | | | - 1847 | " | " | - 1848 | " | " | - 1849 |H.M. Bullitt| " | - 1850 | | | - 1851 |J. R. Allen | Robert |J. M. Bruce - | | Peter | " - 1852 | " | " | " - 1853 | " | " | " - 1854 | " | " | " - 1855 | " | " | " - 1856 | A. K. | " | " - | Marshall | | - 1857 | B. P. Drake| " | " - ----------------------------------------- - -[Footnote A: J. M. Bush, adjunct.] - -[Footnote B: R. Best, adjunct.] - -[Footnote C: H. H. Eaton, adjunct.] - -[Footnote D: R. Peter, assistant.] - - -SCHEDULE B - -OF THE MEDICAL DEPARTMENT OF TRANSYLVANIA UNIVERSITY FOR THIRTY-NINE -YEARS. - - ----------------------------------- - -----------+-----------+----------- - Year. | Pupils. | Graduates. - 1817-18 | 20 | 1 - 1819-20 | 37 | 7 - 1820-21 | 93 | 14 - 1821-22 | 138 | 37 - 1822-23 | 171 | 51 - 1823-24 | 200 | 46 - 1824-25 | 234 | 56 - 1825-26 | 281 | 65 - 1826-27 | 190 | 53 - 1827-28 | 152 | 53 - 1828-29 | 206 | 40 - 1829-30 | 199 | 72 - 1830-31 | 210 | 54 - 1831-32 | 215 | 74 - 1832-33 | 222 | 69 - 1833-34 | 262 | 66 - 1834-35 | 259 | 83 - 1835-36 | 262 | 75 - 1836-37 | 242 | 78 - 1837-38 | 227 | 84 - 1838-39 | 211 | 51 - 1839-40 | 257 | 62 - 1840-41 | 254 | 64 - 1841-42 | 271 | 57 - 1842-43 | 204 | 60 - 1843-44 | 214 | 59 - 1844-45 | 156 | 38 - 1845-46 | 171 | 64 - 1846-47 | 205 | 68 - 1847-48 | 169 | 53 - 1848-49 | 120 | 49 - 1849-50 | 92 | 35 - 1850-[E]51 | 50 | 21 - [F]1851-52 | 50 | 23 - [F]1853 | 51 | 19 - [F]1854 | 53 | 31 - [G]1855 | 38 | 29 - [H]1855-56 | 38 | 11 - [H]1856-57 | 32 | 9 - +-----------+----------- - Totals | 6,456 | 1,881 - ----------------------------------- - -[Footnote E: Doctor Dudley resigned at the end of this session.] - -[Footnote F: Spring and summer session.] - -[Footnote G: Summer and winter session.] - -[Footnote H: Winter session.] - -Thus the records show that in thirty-nine years of the existence of -the Medical Department of Transylvania University it taught six -thousand four hundred and fifty-six pupils and conferred the degree of -Doctor of Medicine on one thousand eight hundred and eighty-one of -that number. The late Professor Thomas D. Mitchell, in speaking of its -record, made the following remark: "That for its vigorous prosperity -and the rapid increase of its classes, the medical school of -Transylvania is without a parallel. Certainly in the United States -there is nothing comparable to it. This is the highest eulogy the -institution can receive. The most eloquent and forcible language in -praise of it would be spiritless and feeble contrasted with the power -of the foregoing figures." - - -SCHEDULE OF THE SEVERAL ENDOWMENTS OF TRANSYLVANIA UNIVERSITY. - - ======================================================================== - Date of | | | - Donation| |Character of | Conditions Under - or | |Donations or | Which they - Grant. |Donors. |Grants. | were Given. - --------+------------------+----------------------+--------------------- - | | | - 1780 |State of Virginia |8,000 acres escheated |For the purposes - | | lands in Kentucky, | of a "Public - | | value unknown | School" or seminary - | | | of learning in - | | | Kentucky. - | | | - 1783 |State of Virginia |12,000 acres escheated|For the purposes - | | lands in Kentucky, | of a "Public - | | value unknown | School" or seminary - | | | of learning in - | | | Kentucky. - | | | - 1783 |Individuals |Books, etc., value not|For the purposes - | | known | of a "Public - | | | School" or seminary - | | | of learning in - | | | Kentucky. - | | | - 1784 |Reverend John Todd|Small library and |"As an encouragement - | | apparatus | to science." - | | | - 1787 |State of Virginia |One sixth surveyors' |For the public - | | fees in Kentucky | school, etc. - | | | - 1791 |State of Virginia |A lottery grant to |To establish - | | raise money | the school. - | | | - 1792-3 |Transylvania Land |Lot in Lexington |For the permanent - | Co. | (5 acres) | site of the - | | | Seminary. - | | | - 1795-8 |State of Kentucky |12,000 acres of land, | - | | 6,000 acres to | - | | Kentucky Academy and| - | | 6,000 acres to the | - | | Seminary | - | | | - 1794-5 |Individuals in |$14,000 in money and |Promotion of science, - | various parts | books and apparatus | learning, and - | and States | | virtue. - | | | - 1804 |State of Kentucky |A lottery grant |To build a Medical - | | | College. - | | | - 1819 |State of Kentucky |Bonus of F. & M. Bank,|To aid the - | | $3,000 | University. - | | | - 1820 |State of Kentucky |$5,000 in paper |To Medical College - | | | for library, etc. - | | | - 1820 |City of Lexington |$6,000 in paper |To Medical College - | | | for library, etc. - | | | - 1820 |State of Kentucky |Half profits of | - | | Commercial Bank, | - | | $20,000 in paper, 2 | - | | per cent on auction |To aid the - | | sales to law library| University. - | | | - 1822 |Citizens of |$4,832 |To aid the Medical - | Lexington | | Department. - | | | - 1823 |Colonel James |$20,000 in money |To found a "Morrison" - | Morrison | | professorship or - | | | library. - | | | - 1823 |Colonel James |$50,000 residuary |To erect a "Morrison - | Morrison | estate | College." - | | | - 1823 |State of Kentucky |A lottery grant |To build a medical - | | |college at Lexington. - | | | - 1827 |Citizens and city |$3,000 per annum, the |To pay salaries of - to 1829 | of Lexington | city giving $500 | President and - | | | professors of the - | | | University. - | | | - 1827 |Citizens and city |Insurance policy for | | - to 1829 | of Lexington | $10,000 on the | - | | burned University | - | | edifice | - | | | - 1830 |W. C. C. Claiborne|$50 |To help build the - | | | above. - | | | - 1839 |City of Lexington |$70,000 to build new |On condition to elect - | | medical college, | Trustees and send - | | enlarge library, | free scholarships. - | | etc. | - | | | - 1839 |Transylvania |About $35,000 |To endow Morrison - | Institute | | College, etc. - | | | - 1839 |Citizens of |$3000 |To purchase a lot - | Lexington | | for the site of the - | | | Medical College. - | | | - 1839 | | | - to 1850 |Medical professors|Residuary debt on new | - | | Medical College in | - | | lieu of rent | - | | | - 1855-6 |State of Kentucky |$12,000 per annum for |Support of Normal - | | two years | College in - | | | Transylvania - | | | University. - | | | - 1834 |His Britannic |Numerous old legal | - | majesty | record books | - --------+------------------+----------------------+--------------------- - -Many other persons, as Honorable Edward Everett, Mr. Swan, of France, -etc., have at various times made valuable contributions to the -Library. - - - - -INDEX - - - * Before figures means that the reference is to a foot-note on - the pages indicated. - - PAGE - - Academical Department of Transylvania in 1857 160 - - Account rendered of books, etc., purchased by Doctors Bush - and Peter *91 - - Act endowing Transylvania University 1 - - Allen, Doctor John Rowan *147 - - Allen, Doctor John R., notice of 147 - - Allen, Doctor John R., in Transylvania Medical School 147 - - Allen, Reverend R. T. P. *133 - - Anderson, Reverend W. H. *133 - - Anecdote of Doctor Samuel Brown 9 - - Anecdote of Doctor E. L. Dudley *137 - - Anecdote of Doctor John Esten Cooke 75 - - Anecdote illustrating progress 9 - - Anecdote of Titian 47 - - Annan, Doctor Samuel *115 - Biographical sketch of 138 - At Baltimore Alms-house 138 - At Hopkinsville Asylum 139 - At Washington University 138 - Born 138 - Character of 139 - Degree of M. D. 138 - Honors conferred upon 138 - In the Civil War 139 - In Kentucky School of Medicine 141 - Professor in Transylvania 138, 139 - Resigns from Transylvania 139 - Surgeon on steamship 139 - Writings of 139, 140 - - Apparatus, purchase of by Doctors Peter and Bush 90, 91 - - Appropriation for purchase of apparatus 31 - - Attractive logic of Doctor Cooke 76 - - Avery, Charles 88 - - Ayres, David J., M. D. 29, 30 - - - Bartlett, Doctor Elisha 57, 120, *132 - Biographical sketch of 125 - As a poet 129 - At Baltimore 126 - At Dartmouth 126 - At Transylvania 126 - At Woodstock Medical School 126 - Beautiful character of 127, 128, 129 - Born 125 - Death of 128 - Degree of M. D. 125 - Early education of 125 - Goes to the Legislature 125 - In College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York 127 - In Medical School at Louisville 126 - Letter of resignation *126 - Mayor of Lowell 125 - Poisoned by lead 127 - Studies in Europe 125 - - Bartlett, Doctor John *115 - - Bartlett, Otis 125 - - Bartlett, Waite 125 - - Barry, Honorable William T. *35 - - Bascom, Reverend H. B. *132 - - Beginning of success of the Medical Department 29 - - Best, Doctor Robert 40 - - Best, Doctor Robert, died *40 - - Biographical sketch of Doctor Samuel Annan 138 - Doctor Elisha Bartlett 125 - Doctor Samuel Brown 6 - Doctor J. M. Bruce 154 - Doctor H. M. Bullitt 141 - Doctor Joseph Buchanan 14 - Doctor J. M. Bush 114 - Doctor Charles Caldwell 47 - Doctor W. S. Chipley 147 - Doctor J. E. Cooke 64 - Doctor James C. Cross 105 - Doctor B. W. Dudley 15 - Doctor E. L. Dudley 132 - Doctor Daniel Drake 40 - Doctor John Eberle 106 - Doctor Leonidas Lawson 130 - Doctor S. M. Letcher 146 - Doctor A. K. Marshall 155 - Doctor T. D. Mitchell 109 - Doctor Robert Peter 88 - Doctor William H. Richardson 33 - Doctor Frederick Ridgely 10 - Doctor Charles W. Short 78 - Doctor H. M. Skillman 143 - Doctor Nathan R. Smith 120 - Doctor Lunsford P. Yandell 83 - - Bishop, Reverend Robert H. *35 - - Blane, Gilbert 8 - - Blythe, Reverend James 4, 7, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 35 - Acting President of Transylvania University 12 - Appointed Professor of Chemistry in Medical Department 12 - Died 12 - President of Kentucky Academy 4 - Resigns 12 - - Bodley, Thomas *46 - - Boling, Doctor William M. 141 - - Boswell, Joseph 38 - - Botanic Garden Company, stockholders 38 - - Bowman, Honorable John B. 99, 100, *100 - - Bradford, John 4, *46 - - Breckinridge, Lieutenant Ethelbert D. *137 - - Breckinridge, Reverend John 146 - - Breckinridge, Ensign J. Cabell *137 - - Breckinridge, General Joseph C. *137 - - Breckinridge, Doctor Robert J. *160 - - Brilliant era for Transylvania Medical School 34 - - Brittan, Mr., case of 67 - - Bronston, Honorable C. J. *160 - - Brown, Honorable John 7 - - Brown, Reverend John 6 - - Brown, John Mason *7 - - Brown, Orlando 9 - - Brown, Doctor Preston 7 - - Brown, Doctor Samuel 4, 7, 26, 34, 35, 38, 43, 46, 57, 163 - Biographical sketch of 6 - Anecdote of 9 - Born 6 - Died 6 - Introduces cow-pox 9 - Imports books, etc., for Transylvania 6 - Personal appearance 8 - Vaccination introduced by 4 - Writings of 8 - - Bruce, Benjamin Gratz *154 - - Bruce, James M., biographical sketch of 154 - Character of 154, 155 - Children of 155 - Degree of M. D. 155 - Demonstrator of Anatomy in Transylvania 154 - Education of 154 - Parentage of 154 - Studies in Europe 154 - - Bruce, Colonel Saunders D. *154 - - Bruce, William Wallace *154 - - Bull, Ole 163 - - Bullitt, Doctor Henry M. *115 - Biographical sketch of 141 - As Health Officer 143 - As writer 142 - Death of 143 - Education of 141, 142 - Establishes Kentucky School of Medicine 141, 142 - Goes to Europe 142 - Founds Louisville Medical College 142 - In University of Louisville 142 - In St. Louis Medical College 142 - In Transylvania Medical School 141, 142 - - Bullock, Mrs. Waller O. *28 - - Buchanan, Doctor Joseph 13 - In politics 14 - Sketch of 14 - Resigns 14 - - Burning of first University building 3 - - Burning of New Medical Hall 55, 161 - - Burning of Old Medical Hall 44 - - Bush, Benjamin Dudley 119 - - Bush, Doctor James M. 17, 63, 90, *91, 92, *115, 163 - Biographical sketch of 114 - As a teacher 117 - Born 114 - Character in his profession 116 - Children of 119 - Death of 119, 120 - Degree of A. B. 114 - Degree of M. D. 114 - In Kentucky School of Medicine 115 - Parentage of *114 - Married 119 - Opinion of Doctor Rogers on 116 - Professor of Anatomy 17 - Professor Adjunct in Transylvania 115 - Removed to Lexington 114 - Writings of 117, 118, 119 - - Bush, Miss Nannie M. *119 - - Bush, Captain Thomas J. *119 - - - Caldwell, Doctor Charles 7, 31, 34, 35, 38, 40, 43, 46, 57, - 64, 81, *82, 83, 84, 86, 87, 102 - Biographical sketch of 47 - Address on the L. & O. R. R. 60 - Address at Lexington Lyceum 60 - Antagonizes Doctor Rush 50, 51 - At University of Pennsylvania 50 - Born 49 - Compares Transylvania with Philadelphia school 55 - Dean of Faculty 53 - Described by Doctor Gross *54 - Died 49 - Dismissed from Transylvania 62, 53 - Early life in Philadelphia 51, 52 - Effort to remove school to Louisville 61, 62 - Extracts from autobiography of 49, 50, 51, 52, 53 - Induces Legislature to give money 43 - Mental activity of 51 - Parentage of 49 - Sets out for Europe 31 - Yellow fever in Philadelphia 51 - - Caldwell, Thomas L. 38 - - Calomel, experience of Doctor Peter 69, 70 - Experiment with, by Doctor Peter 72, 73 - Irregular action of 69 - Mammoth dose of Doctor Cooke 73 - Properties of 68, 69 - - Calvert, Doctor William Jeptha *123 - - Causes of the decline of the Medical Department 57, 157 - - "Captain Neet's Rifle Guards" 58 - - Centenary of Lexington *3 - - Centennial Park 3 - - Ceremonies on laying the first "stone sill" of - L. & O. R. R. 58, 59, 60 - - Chapman, George T. *46 - - Chapman, Reverend Doctor 75 - - Chemical work of Doctor Peter 95, 96 - - Chew, Doctor Samuel C. 122 - - Chipley, Amelia Stout 147 - - Chipley, Doctor William S. 156 - Biographical sketch of 147 - Advocates Deaf and Dumb Asylum 151 - As a lecturer 149 - As a specialist 153 - As a writer 149 - Asylum burnt 152 - At College Hill 153 - Burning of "Duncannon" 152 - Death of 153 - Establishes asylum at Anchorage 151 - Goes to Columbus, Georgia 148 - Goes to Europe 151 - Graduates in Transylvania 147, 148 - Marries 148 - Mayor of Columbus 148, 149 - Parentage of 147 - Practices among Indians 148 - Private asylum at Lexington 153 - Professor in Transylvania 149 - Purchases "Duncannon" 152 - Return to Lexington 149 - Takes charge of Lunatic Asylum 149 - Takes issue with Doctor Dudley 148 - Work for idiots 150, 151 - Work for Lunatic Asylum 149, 150 - - Chipley, Reverend Stephen 147 - - Cholera of 1833 66, 67, *67, 73 - - Cholera of 1833, number of deaths *67 - - Churchill, Armistead 82 - - Churchill, Jane Henry 82 - - Churchill, Mary Henry 82 - - Citizens of Lexington subscribe to Medical Department 42 - - Clifford, John D. 31 - - Coit, Reverend Thomas W. *83 - - Coleman, James B. 58 - - Coleman, Nicholas D. *35 - - Combs, General Leslie 58 - - Completion of Lexington & Ohio Railroad 58 - - Consolidation of the Transylvania and Kentucky Universities 56 - - Consolidation of the Transylvania Seminary and Kentucky - Academy 5 - - Cooke, Doctor John Esten 15, 21, 40, 57 - Biographical sketch of 64 - As a lecturer 77 - Cases from the practice of 66, 67, 68, 71 - Character, by Doctor Yandell *78 - Characteristic anecdote of 75 - "Cooke's pills" 73, 74 - Died 64, 65 - In cholera of 1833 66, 67 - In Louisville 77, 78 - In Transylvania Medical School 64 - Fame of 64 - Logic of 76 - Mammoth doses of calomel 73 - Method of making antimonial wine *65 - Only fear of calomel 70, 71 - Removed to Louisville 64 - Removal from Virginia 64 - Retired on pension 78 - Sincerity of opinions 74, 75 - Universal theory of disease 76 - Use of calomel 65, 66 - Writings of 64, 78 - - Cooper, Doctor Thomas 27 - - Cow-pox introduced 9 - - Criticism of Doctor Caldwell by Doctor Yandell 48 - - Cross, Doctor James Conquest 106, *132 - Biographical sketch of 105 - Born 105 - Character of 106 - Dean of the Faculty 105 - Dismissed from Transylvania 105 - Made medical professor 63 - Professor in Transylvania 105 - Writings of 105 - - Daguerre's wonderful discovery 91 - - Dallam, Major William S. 90 - - Dallam, Frances Paca 90 - - Davidge, Professor John B. 122 - - Davidson, Reverend Robert 157 - - Decline of the Transylvania Medical Department 157 - Causes of 57 - - Dedication of Morrison College 90 - - Description of New Medical Hall 162, 163 - - Description of Old Medical Hall 44 - - Difficulty of travel in early times 31 - - Difficulty of procuring anatomical material 61 - - Director, first, of Transylvania Seminary 3 - - Donation of Reverend John Todd 2, 3 - - Donations of physicians of Lexington, etc. 43 - - Douglass, William, case of 66 - - Driver, Absolom 163, 164 - - Drake, Doctor B. P. 156 - - Drake, Doctor Daniel 7, 15, 32, 38, 107 - Biographical sketch of 40 - Advice to young practitioners 42 - Born 40 - Died 42 - Founds school in Cincinnati 41 - Gross's description of *42, 54 - In Louisville Medical Institute 41 - In Medical College of Ohio 41 - In Philadelphia 41 - Professor in Transylvania 41 - Resigns 33 - Resigns from Transylvania 41 - Writings of 41 - Yandell's description of 42 - - Dudley, Ambrose 15 - - Dudley, Doctor Benjamin W. 7, 11, 13, 27, 29, 30, 32, 35, *35, - 38, 46, 53, 54, 57, 82, *82, 91, 102, - 114, 115, *115, 117, 118, 119, *132, - *133, 156, 157, 158, 159 - Biographical sketch of 15 - Appointed Professor of Anatomy and Physiology 13 - As citizen 24 - As medical practitioner 24 - As surgeon 19 - As a teacher 18 - As a writer 21 - Born 15 - Character of 18 - Contracts poison *26 - Death of 18, *26 - Duel with Richardson 25 - Elected President _pro tem._ of Transylvania University 21 - Exemplification of character 24 - Influence on Medical Department 158, 159 - First papers of 21 - Last lectures of 17 - Last productions of 23 - Liberality of 25 - Made Emeritus 17 - Memoir of, by Yandell 23 - Notice of two operations 20 - Operations for lithotomy 19 - Papers in _Journal of Medicine_ 22 - Preparation of patients 20 - Receives degree of M. D. 16 - Recollections of school of 1815 27 - Removal of Medical Department to Louisville 62 - Removes to Lexington 15 - Resigns 17 - Roller bandage 20 - Sensibility of 19 - Studies in Europe 15, 16 - Treatment for _fungus cerebri_ 22 - Use of hot water 21 - Withdraws from practice 17 - - Dudley, Ethelbert L. 17, 21, 23, 96, *115 - Biographical sketch of 132 - As editor 134 - As medical student 132 - As practitioner 136 - Death of 138 - Degree of M. D. 132 - Demonstrator of Anatomy 133 - Endearing attributes of 136 - Energy of 133, 134 - In the Civil War 137 - Incident of Civil War *137 - In Kentucky School of Medicine 134, 135 - Raises regiment 137 - Resigns from Kentucky School of Medicine 136 - Teaches at Marine Hospital 135 - Visits Europe 134 - - Dudley, Scott *137 - - Dudley, Reverend Thomas P. *26 - - Dudley, William A. 25 - - Duncan, General *110 - - - Early advantages of Lexington 30 - - Eaton, Amos 84 - - Eaton, A. M., Hezekiah Hulbert 79, *79, 84, 89, *89 - Character of 84 - Death of 85 - - Eaton, General William *84 - - Eberle, Doctor John 109, *110, 113 - Biographical sketch of 106 - Appearance and character of 108 - As practitioner 108 - Botanical work of 108 - Called to Transylvania 63 - Death of 63, 109 - Difficulties as author 106, 107 - Early education and birth 106 - Founds Medical School in Cincinnati, Ohio 107 - Professor in Jefferson Medical College 107 - Professor in Medical College of Ohio 108 - Professor in Transylvania Medical Department 108 - Writings of 106, 107, 108 - - Eclectic Institute 89, *89 - - Editors of _Transylvania Journal of Medicine_ 21 - - Effort to remove Medical School to Louisville 61, 62 - - End of Transylvania Medical Department 157 - - Epilepsy, cause of 21 - - Epilepsy, cure by Doctor Dudley 21, 22 - - Era of depression in Lexington 160, 161 - - Everett, Edward *46, 168 - - - Faculty, first, of Kentucky School of Medicine *115 - - Faculty of Transylvania University in 1821 *35 - - Faculty of Transylvania University under the Methodists, - 1842 *132 - - Fanning, Elizabeth 148 - - Fanning, Colonel James 148 - - Ficklin, Joseph 38 - - Final dispersion of Medical Faculty 157 - - First acting President of Transylvania Seminary 2 - - First Faculty of Kentucky School of Medicine *115 - - First Medical College in the Mississippi Valley 5 - - First meeting of Trustees of Transylvania University 5 - - First "Director" of Transylvania Seminary 3 - - First effort to establish a Medical College 5 - - First geological survey of Kentucky 94 - - First Grammar Master of Transylvania Seminary 2 - - First lecture room of Medical Department 29 - - First medical graduate 32 - - First medical lectures 29 - - First Medical Professors in Transylvania University 6, 26 - - First newspaper in the West 4 - - First operation of lithotomy by Doctor Dudley 20 - - First President of Transylvania Seminary 4 - - First railroad in United States *158 - - First Rector of Christ Church 2 - - First site of Transylvania University *97 - - First University building burned 3 - - Fishback, Jacob 13 - - Fishback, Doctor James 16, 26, 46 - Appointed Professor in Medical Department 12 - Character of 13 - Death of 13 - Legislator 13 - Trustee in Transylvania *13 - Writings of 13 - - Flint, Doctor Joshua B. *115, 142 - - Fry, Joshua 82 - - - Garden, botanic 38 - - Garden, Thomas J. 30 - - Garrard, Governor 4 - - Geological survey of Kentucky begun 94 - - Geological survey resumed 98 - - Goldsmith, Doctor Alban 114 - - Government appropriation for rents and destruction of - Transylvania University property *162 - - Graham, Doctor Christopher C. *17, 20, *27, 28, *133 - Adventures as medical student *33 - Reminiscences of 28 - - Gratz, Benjamin 3, 38, 46, 97, *109 - - Gratz, H. H. 3 - - Gratz Park 3 - - Green, Doctor Lewis W. 160 - - Griswold, Henry A. 79, *89, 93 - - Gross, Doctor S. D. *42, *54, *81 - - Guyot, Professor 163 - - - Hall, Reverend Nathan H. 59, *106 - - Hall, Doctor William *76 - - Harkness, L. V. *34 - - Harper, J. 38 - - Harrison, Professor J. P. 130 - - Hesperian Society 89 - - Higgins, Richard 38 - - Holley, Doctor Horace 3, 34, *35, 38, 46, *46, 53, 97 - - Holmes, Doctor Oliver Wendell, on Doctor Bartlett 127 - - Home Guard 96, 97, *97, 137 - - Hosack, Doctor 7 - - Humphreys, Charles 38, *46 - - Hunt's Artillery 58 - - Hunt, John W. 38, 46 - - Hunter, John 18 - - Huntingdon, Doctor, extracts from address of 126 - - - Influence of rival schools on Transylvania Medical - Department 159 - - Influence of Doctor Dudley on Transylvania Medical - Department 158, 159 - - Inoculation for smallpox 4 - Great hazard in 4 - - Ill feeling between Doctors Dudley and Richardson 32 - - - Jackson, President 29 - - James, Miss Charlotte 119 - - Janitor of Medical Hall 163 - - Jenkins, John F. *35 - - Jenner, Doctor 9 - - Johnson, Honorable Madison C. 97, *97 - - Joint stock company to build first Medical Hall 43 - - Journey to Philadelphia, difficulty of 31 - - - Kemp, Reverend J. L. *133 - - Kentucky Academy 4, 12 - Rivalry with Transylvania Seminary 5 - United with Transylvania Seminary 5 - - _Kentucky Gazette_ *4, 11, 19, 20, 26, 30 - - Kentucky School of Medicine 17, 134, 135 - - Kentucky School of Medicine as winter school 115 - - Kentucky School of Medicine, first Faculty of *115 - - Kentucky University controversy 100 - - Kentucky University removed to Lexington 99 - - Kentucky University united with Transylvania University 99, 100 - - - Law College established 6 - - Lawrence, Mr. Byrem *94 - - Lawson, Doctor Leonidas, biographical sketch of 130 - As practitioner 131 - Graduate in Transylvania 130 - In Kentucky School of Medicine 131 - In University of Louisiana 131 - Practice in Cincinnati 130 - Professor in Ohio Medical College 130, 131 - Professor in Transylvania 130 - Writings of 130, 131 - - Lawson, Miss Louisa 131 - - Leavy, William 38, *46 - - Leavy, William A. 38 - - Letcher, Doctor Samuel M. 156 - Biographical sketch of 146 - Death of 147 - In Civil War 147 - Professor in Transylvania Medical Department 146 - - Letter of Doctor Mitchell to Benjamin Gratz 109, *110 - - Lexington & Ohio Railroad begun 58 - - Lexington & Ohio Railroad completed 58 - - Lexington, early advantages of 30 - - Lexington endows Transylvania University with $70,000 *56 - - Lexington, population of 57, 58 - - _Lexington Reporter_ *43, 59 - - Light, George C. *46 - - Loan, city of Lexington to Medical College 43 - - Location of Botanic Garden *39 - - Lofty aims of John B. Bowman *100 - - Lynch, Reverend Thomas H. *133 - - - Mangum, Senator W. P. 129 - - Marshall, Doctor Alexander K., biographical sketch of 155 - Education of 155 - Death of 156 - - Marshall, Honorable Thomas A. *133 - - "Marshall, Tom" 163 - - Marshall, Doctor Louis 155 - - McCalla, John M. 38 - - McClellan, Doctor George 107, 121, 122 - - McCoun, Reverend B. H. *133 - - McCullough, John Lawson 32 - - McDowell, Doctor Ephraim 7, 155 - - McIlvaine, B. R. 38 - - Medical Class of 1815 29 - - Medical College established 5 - - Medical Department of Transylvania University, Causes of - decline 57, 157 - - Medical Department of Transylvania University first - instituted 5 - - Medical Faculty of Transylvania University intermits - winter session in Lexington 17 - - Medical Faculty of Transylvania University of 1815 27 - - Medical Faculty of Transylvania University in 1856-57 156 - - Medical Hall, New, burned 55, 161 - - Medical Hall, Old, burned 44 - - Medical Hall deserted 161 - - Medical Hall taken for United States Hospital 161 - - Medical Institute 102 - - Medical School of Transylvania University as a summer - school 115 - - Medical School of Transylvania University in 1809 13 - - Megowan, Joseph *29 - - Memorial of Doctor Peter to Legislature *94 - - Mercer, General 75 - - Merrick, Reverend Wright *133 - - Metcalfe, Governor 59 - - Michaux, F. A. 31 - - Mitchel, Reverend James 2 - - Mitchell, Doctor Thomas D. 21, 57, 63, 107, *133, 167 - Biographical sketch of 109 - As a lecturer 114, *114 - At Frankford, Pa. 111 - Born 110 - Called to Transylvania 112 - Dean of Faculty 110 - Death of 110 - Degree of A. M. 111 - Degree of M. D. 109 - Describes Medical School *63 - Early education of 110 - Fills two chairs 109, 110 - Fortitude of 110 - Founds total abstinence society 111 - Lazaretto physician *109 - Leaves Transylvania 112 - Letter to Benjamin Gratz 109 - Professor in Jefferson Medical School 113 - Professor in Kentucky School of Medicine 112 - Professor in Medical College of Ohio 112 - Professor in Philadelphia College of Medicine 112 - Professor in St. John's Lutheran College 111 - Professor in Transylvania Medical Department 109 - Resigns from Kentucky School of Medicine 112 - Writings of 111 - Yellow fever *109 - - Moore, Reverend James 2 - Appointed president of Transylvania University 5 - Restored to presidency of Transylvania University 11 - - Morehead, Charles D. *35 - - "Morgan's Rifles" *97 - - Morrison College, dedication of 90 - Taken for United States Hospital 161 - - Morrison, Colonel James 154 - - - New Medical Hall burned 55, 161 - Corner-stone laid 162 - Dedicated 162 - Description of 162, 163 - Erected 44 - Purchase of lot for *56 - Reverts to city *56 - Used as United States Hospital 55 - - Nicholas, Colonel George 6 - - Norwood, C. J. 98 - - - Old Medical Hall burned 44 - Corner-stone laid 44 44 - Description of 44 - - Opposition to Transylvania Medical Department 160 - - Organization of Medical Faculty in 1809 13 - In 1817 32 - - Origin of Transylvania Seminary 2 - - Origin of Transylvania University 1 - - Owen, Doctor David Dale 94, 99, 161 - Death of 96 - Describes Doctor Peter's laboratory *95 - On Doctor Peter's chemical work 95 - Owen, Colonel Richard 99 - - Overton, Doctor James 26, 27, 29, 30, 32 - Education of *28 - Professor of Materia Medica and Botany 13 - Removed from Lexington 28 - Sketch of, by Mrs. Bullock *28 - - - Palmer, James W. 38 - - Parrish, Doctor 111 - - Patti, Adelina 163 - - Pattison, Professor Granville Sharpe 122 - - Patton, Elizabeth 7 - - Paxton, W. M. *156 - - Peers, Reverend B. O. *83, 85, 89, *89 - - Pendleton, Major-General 59 - - Percy, Thomas G. 6 - - Permanent location of Transylvania Seminary 3 - - Peter, Doctor Robert 21, 63, 79, 109, 112, *115, *133, 156 - Biographical sketch of 88 - Ancestry 88 - Analyses in new geological survey 98 - Analyses in survey of Arkansas 99 - Analyses in survey of Indiana 99 - Analyses of Trenton limestone 99 - Antagonistic to Doctor Yandell 102, 103 - Appearance of 104 - As army surgeon 97 - As botanist 93 - As city councilman 104 - As editor 101 - As experimental chemist 103, 104 - As lecturer 103 - As practitioner 90 - As teacher 93 - As toxicologist 98 - As writer 101 - Assists Doctor Yandell 89 - At Rensselaer School 89, *89 - Attacked by Louisville controversialists *102 - Born 88 - Brings first daguerreotype outfit to Lexington 92 - Comes to America 88 - Comes to Lexington 89 - Character, by a colleague 104 - Character of his teachings 92 - Cholera of 1833 90 - Controversy on the removal of the school to - Louisville 101, 102 - Dean of the Faculty 90 - Degree of M. D. 90 - Death of 104 - Discovery of phosphates 99 - Donates apparatus *90 - Early education 88 - Emeritus Professor 101 - Examination of calculi 92 - Experiments with gun-cotton, etc. 92 - Extracts from letters of 91 - Herbarium 93 - In agriculture and horticulture 101 - In Arkansas geological survey 98, 99 - Inaugurates the Kentucky Geological Survey 94 - In Civil War 96, 97 - In the Eclectic Institute 89 - In the Kentucky Geological Survey 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99 - Lectures at Pittsburg 89 - Marries 90 - Naturalized 88, 89 - Professor in Kentucky University 100 - Professor in Kentucky School of Medicine 93 - Professor in Transylvania Medical Department 90 - Proves the importance of soil analysis 94, 95 - Purchases apparatus in Europe 90, 91 - Reconciliation with Doctor Yandell 103 - Religious views 100, *101 - Retires from medical practice 90 - Unanimously elected to chair in Morrison College 90 - Views on Louisville controversy 102 - - Petre, Sir William 88 - - Population of Lexington, fluctuation in 57, 58 - - Powell, Doctor Llewellyn *115 - - Preliminary preparation of patients by Doctor Dudley 19, 20 - - Present prosperity of Lexington 160 - - Present whereabouts of medical library and apparatus 56 - - Presbyterian patronage of Transylvania Seminary 2 - - President of Kentucky Academy 4 - - Preston family, memoranda of *7 - - Preston, John 7 - - Preston, Margaret 7 - - Priestly, Doctor 4 - - Primitive daguerreotype apparatus 91, 92 - - Procter, John R. 97, 98 - - Purchase of lot for New Medical Hall *56 - - - Qualifications of medical students of 1838 63 - - - Rafinesque, Professor C. S. *35, 38 - Biographical sketch of 35 - Born 36 - Botanic Garden 37 - Comes to Lexington 36 - His estimation of himself 35 - Professor in Transylvania University 36 - Writings of 37 - - Railroads in Kentucky, difficulty in obtaining 158 - - Railroads, effect on Lexington 61, 62 - - Railroad, first in the West 158 - - Ranck, G. W. *29 - - Rapid increase of classes 46 - - Remains of the medical library *56 - - Reid, Doctor, of Edinburgh 113 - - Reorganization of Medical Faculty in 1815 27 - In 1817 27 - In 1823 40 - In 1837 63 - - Richardson, Doctor William H. 7, 16, 27, 32, 35, *35, - 38, 63, 110, 132 - Biographical sketch of 33 - Character of 33, 34 - Death of 33 - Duel with Doctor Dudley 25 - Home of 34 - - Ridgely, Doctor Frederick 15, 26, 82 - Biographical sketch 10 - As army surgeon 10 - Born *10 - Character of 10 - Death of 11 - First lectures 11 - First professor in Transylvania Medical Department 6 - Made Professor in Transylvania Medical Department 11 - - Robertson, Honorable George *133, 149 - - Roche, John P. *35, 38 - - Rogers, Doctor Coleman 27, 141 - - Rogers, Doctor Lewis 14, 33, 116 - On Doctors Short and Peter 93 - - Roller bandage, use of by Dudley 20 - - Rush, Doctor 51, 52, 53, *110 - - - Sayre, David A. 97, *97 - - Scott, Sir Walter *46 - - Second geological survey of Kentucky 97 - - Shaler, Professor N. S. 97 - - Short, Doctor Charles W. 21, 40, 57, *79, 93 - Biographical sketch of 78 - As church member 82 - As a lecturer 80, 81 - As a teacher 93 - Born 78 - Character of 78, 79 - Dean of Faculty 81 - Death of 81 - Description of, by Doctor Gross *81 - Description of, by Professor Miller *80 - Early education of 82 - Editor of _Transylvania Journal of Medicine_ 81 - Emeritus Professor 81 - His herbarium 79, 80 - Honored by botanists 80 - Influence on Kentucky Medical Institute *81 - Leaves Transylvania 81 - Marries 82 - Parentage of 81, 82 - President _pro tem._ of Transylvania *82 - Professor in Medical Institute 81, *82 - Professor in Transylvania 78 - Received degree of M. D. 82 - Two remarkable cases 80 - Writings of 79, 80 - - Short, John Cleves 82 - - Short, Peyton 81 - - Skillman, Doctor Henry M. 156 - Biographical sketch of 143 - Character of 144, 145 - Death of 144 - Degree of M. D. 143, 144 - Early education 143 - In Civil War 145 - Marries 146 - Offices of trust 145 - Professor in Transylvania 144 - - Skillman, Elizabeth Farrar 143 - - Skillman, Thomas T. 143 - Sketch of 145, 146 - - Skipwith, Sir William, baronet 82 - - Slaughter, Gabriel 38 - - Smallpox, notice of inoculation for 4 - - Smith, Doctor Alan P. 124 - - Smith, Doctor Nathan R. 57 - Biographical sketch of 120 - As a lecturer 124 - As a surgeon 124 - As a teacher 124 - At University of Pennsylvania 121, 122 - Born 120 - Called to Transylvania 120 - Early education 121 - Estimation in which he was held 122 - Letter of resignation *122, *123 - Letter of Transylvania Faculty *123 - Mental gifts 123 - Professor in Transylvania Medical Department 122, 123 - Professor in University of Maryland 122 - Professor in University of Vermont 121 - Resigned 120 - Sketch of his father 120, 121 - Writings and inventions 124 - - Smith, Thomas 38 - - Staughton, Professor 113 - - Stockholders of the Botanic Garden 38 - - Strakosch, Maurice 163 - - Students in Medical Department, total number of 55 - - Superior apparatus of Transylvania Medical Department 157 - - Superiority of library of Transylvania Medical Department *91 - - Swan, Mr. 168 - - Symmes, John Cleves 82 - - - Table of students, graduates of Medical Department - (1819-34) *55 - - "The Botanical Garden" of Transylvania University 38 - - Theobalds, Doctor Samuel *147 - - Thomas, Doctor Philip *10 - - Thornbury, Doctor Philip *115 - - Titian, anecdote of 47 - - Todd, Reverend John 3 - - Todd, Doctor L. B. *136, 155 - - Total number of students in Medical Department 55 - - Total number of graduates in Medical Department 55 - - Toulmin, Mr. Harry, first President of Transylvania - University 4 - Opposition to 4 - - Transylvania the best-endowed medical school in America *122 - - Transylvania Faculty in 1842 *132 - - Transylvania Institute *56 - - Transylvania _Journal of Medicine_, editors of 21 - - Transylvania _Journal of Medicine_, first appearance of 21 - - Transylvania Land Company 3 - - Transylvania Medical Library *91 - - Transylvania Medical School in 1809 13 - - Transylvania merged into Kentucky University 99, 100 - - Transylvania Seminary 2 - First "Director" 3 - First President 4 - Presbyterian patronage of 2 - Rivalry with Kentucky Academy 5 - United with Kentucky Academy 5 - - Transylvania University 5 - First meeting of Trustees of 5 - Medical department established 5 - Origin of 1 - - Tribute of thanks, 1817 30 - - Trotter, James *46 - - "Trotter's Warehouse" 29 - - Trustees of Transylvania University in 1828 *46 - - - Unparalleled growth of Transylvania University Medical - School 167 - - - Vaccination introduced by Doctor Brown 9 - - - Wallace, Thomas 38 - - Warfield, Charles H. 30 - - Warfield, Doctor Elisha 13, 38, *46 - Resigns 14 - - Warfield, Doctor Walter 11 - - Warner, Miss Harriot 47 - - Watson, Doctor Lotan G. *126 - Sketch of 129 - Character of 129 - Professor in Transylvania Medical Department 129 - - Welsh, Reverend James 11 - - Wickliffe, Robert, junior 162 - - Wilkins, Charles 38, *46 - - Willett, Jacob 125 - - Wilson, Mr. Isaac 2 - - Winter, Elisha I. *46 - - Wistar, Doctor Caspar 82 - - Woods, Reverend Alva, D. D. 21 - Installed as President 46 - - Woolley, Honorable A. K. *133 - - - Yandell, Doctor Lunsford P. 21, 23, 47, 48, 53, - 57, 63, 64, 66, 77, - 89, 90, 158 - Biographical sketch of 83 - As editor and writer 87 - Called to Chemical Chair in Transylvania 83 - Character of 83 - Character of Doctor Cooke, by *78 - Criticises Doctor Caldwell 48 - Death of 88 - During Civil War 86 - Early education 83 - Forgives Doctor Caldwell 49 - Goes to Memphis 86 - Ordained Presbyterian minister 87 - President of College Physicians and Surgeons 87 - President of Medical Society 87, 88 - Professor in Medical Institute 85, 86 - Professor in Transylvania 83 - Removes to Louisville 85 - Succeeds Doctor Caldwell 86 - Resigns from Louisville school 86 - - Yandell, Doctor Wilson 83 - - - - -Footnotes - - -[Footnote 1: April 11, 1791. See Records of Transylvania University.] - -[Footnote 2: Out lot No. 6.] - -[Footnote 3: In honor of the Centenary of Lexington, celebrated April -2, 1879.] - -[Footnote 4: An interesting notice of "_Inoculation for Smallpox_," in -1794, is to be found in the files of the old _Kentucky Gazette_, a -paper published by John Bradford, in Lexington, August 11, 1787--the -first newspaper published west of the Alleghany mountains. This notice -appeared in that paper January 4, 1794, as follows: "On Thursday last -the inhabitants of this place began the inoculation of smallpox and -have agreed to continue until the fifteenth, after which they are -determined to cease. They have appointed a committee to draw up a -remonstrance to the court of Fayette County requesting that the order -of that court granting liberty to the inhabitants of said county to -inoculate may be rescinded, so far as respects the town of Lexington, -after that date." The _Gazette_ for the first of February following -has this significant statement, illustrating the great hazard of this -primitive operation, viz: "That the smallpox had been very fatal -within the three weeks past in the town and vicinity under -inoculation, that at least _one out of fifteen died_ who had been -inoculated, and very few children had recovered." Vaccination was -introduced here by Professor Samuel Brown, M. D., at quite an early -period, as we shall see further on.] - -[Footnote 5: Lexington, January 8, 1799. (See Records of Transylvania -University, Volume 1.)] - -[Footnote 6: December 11, 1799. (See Records of Transylvania -University.)] - -[Footnote 7: "Memoranda of the Preston Family," by John Mason Brown, -Page 20.] - -[Footnote 8: See "Memoranda of the Preston Family," Page 37, for his -descendants.] - -[Footnote 9: Quoted from an introductory lecture to the winter course -in the Medical Department of Transylvania University, delivered by the -present writer (Doctor Robert Peter) November 5, 1854.] - -[Footnote 10: Doctor Ridgely was born on Elkridge, Anne Arundel -County, Maryland, May 25, 1757, and studied medicine under Doctor -Philip Thomas, of almost unrivaled reputation. (Doctor C. W. Short.)] - -[Footnote 11: Doctor James Fishback resigned as Trustee and qualified -as Medical Professor November 4, 1805. (See Records.)] - -[Footnote 12: Jacob Fishback was a Trustee of Transylvania in 1801 and -up to 1807. (See Records.)] - -[Footnote 13: See Records of Transylvania University, 1809.] - -[Footnote 14: An able biographical sketch of him by his son, Joseph -Buchanan, also celebrated, was published in _Collins' History of -Kentucky_, first edition.] - -[Footnote 15: According to Doctor C. C. Graham he held that these two -chairs should be inseparable.] - -[Footnote 16: Now the site of the golf links at the termination of -North Broadway.] - -[Footnote 17: This was before the use of anesthetics in surgery, it -must be remembered.] - -[Footnote 18: Did he not, in this preliminary preparation of his -surgical patients, unwittingly render them safe from the microbes of -disease, thus practically securing for them the benefits of more -modern scientific discovery?] - -[Footnote 19: March 28, 1828, Doctor Dudley was elected President, _pro -tem._, in the interval between the unanimous election of Reverend Alva -Woods, D. D., February 7, 1828, and his installation October 13, 1828.] - -[Footnote 20: "He contracted poison in performing a surgical -operation, from which he suffered greatly and never recovered. He died -suddenly after about two hours of illness, at a quarter to one on -Thursday morning, January 20, 1870, of apoplexy. In his relations of -son, husband, father, master and friend it is believed he has left no -better man." (Extract from a short obituary by his brother, Reverend -Thomas P. Dudley.)] - -[Footnote 21: Doctor C. C. Graham says: "What few private students -there were in Lexington went from shop to shop (at that day so called) -and got three only, Dudley, Richardson, and eccentric Overton to give -us a talk." (Letter to Doctor Peter.)] - -[Footnote 22: Since dead as more than a centenarian.] - -[Footnote 23: His great niece, Mrs. Waller O. Bullock, in speaking of -the portrait of Doctor Overton, the only one extant, says: "It was -done in Philadelphia just as he was completing his medical course, and -I think it must have been soon after that he entered upon his work at -Transylvania. He took a post-graduate course at Paris, France, and was -considered one of the most brilliant men of his day. He had great -command of language and his conversation sparkled with wit and humor, -nor was he less happy with his pen. On one occasion the city of -Nashville offered a handsome prize for the best essay on some disputed -medical point; no one was barred; doctors of all ages entered the -lists, and Uncle James--though an old man--bore off the honors. In -cultivated elegant society he was at his best, and when distinguished -foreigners visited President Jackson at the Hermitage it always -devolved on Doctor Overton to do the agreeable, his command of French -peculiarly fitting him for this post. He early left Kentucky to make -his home in Tennessee, where he practiced his profession for many -years, dying at an advanced age."] - -[Footnote 24: "When the first medical lectures were delivered in our -city a room was rented for the purpose on Main Street. At the time of -the reorganization in 1819 a commodious apartment in the upper story -of the large building (on Short Street) now occupied (1854) by the -Branch Bank of Kentucky, then as a tavern, was temporarily fitted up -as a lecture-room, and Doctor Dudley lectured in his own rooms back of -his office ... (on Mill Street, east side, a little above Church -Street). The rapid increase of the class soon induced Doctor Dudley to -enlarge his accommodation by the erection of a very commodious -amphitheatre, in which he lectured until 1839-40, when the new hall -was built (corner of Broadway and Second)." (Lecture of Doctor Peter -to Medical Department, November 6, 1854.)] - -[Footnote 25: According to G. W. Ranck's _History of Lexington_.] - -[Footnote 26: Doctor C. C. Graham relates, in reference to student -life about this time: "Dead bodies at that day were not articles of -commerce, so we, the students, had to disinter them; and we once had a -battle, so published in the newspapers, at the old Baptist -graveyard--the Battle of the Graveyard, so-called--when taking up the -Irishman that caused the duel (between Dudley and Richardson). We were -taken prisoners by an armed guard and hauled up to the court-house for -trial, but there was no law to make the dead private property, so the -declaration of Scripture that from dust we came and unto dust we must -return let us off by paying one cent damages for taking that much clay -or soil. At another time, near Nicholasville, we were pursued when -making our way to our horses hitched outside an orchard fence, and one -ball of several fired lodged in the subject, on my back." (Letter of -Doctor Graham.)] - -[Footnote 27: It seems Doctor Drake had obtained an honorary degree -for Richardson.] - -[Footnote 28: "Caneland," which now forms a beautiful portion of L. V. -Harkness' Walnut Hall Stock Farm, where the old house still stands, -with Richardson's name on the brass knocker of the front door.] - -[Footnote 29: The full Faculty of Transylvania, published 1821, was: -President, Reverend Horace Holley, A. M., A. A. S.; Honorable William T. -Barry, LL. D., Professor of Law; Charles Caldwell, M. D., Dean, -Professor of the Institutes of Medicine and teacher of Materia Medica, -with a private class in Medical Jurisprudence; Samuel Brown, M. D., -Theory and Practice; Benjamin W. Dudley, M. D., Anatomy and Surgery; -William H. Richardson, M. D., Obstetrics and Diseases of Women and -Children; Reverend James Blythe, D. D., Professor of Chemistry; Reverend -Robert H. Bishop, A. M., Natural Philosophy, Geography, Chronology, and -History, giving with the President instruction in the voluntary -theological class; John Roche, A. M., Ancient Languages and secretary of -Faculty; John F. Jenkins, A. B., Professor of Mathematics and Librarian; -Constantine S. Rafinesque, Professor of Natural History and Botany and -teacher of the Modern Languages; Nicholas D. Coleman, A. B., and Charles -S. Morehead, A. B., tutors of the Preparatory Department.] - -[Footnote 30: For Rafinesque see _Life of Rafinesque_, by R. Ellsworth -Call, published by The Filson Club, 1895.] - -[Footnote 31: We find the announcement in a local newspaper of -November 19, 1819, that the inauguration of the medical professors and -Professors Rafinesque and Bradford took place "at the Episcopal -Meeting House on yesterday" with music, etc.] - -[Footnote 32: "A fine lot of nine and three quarters acres belonging -to Mr. Joseph Megowan, at the rate of one hundred dollars in specie -per acre, with a small rent of two dollars and fifty cents per acre -until paid."] - -[Footnote 33: Doctor Best, a graduate of Transylvania Medical -Department in 1826, died at Lexington, Kentucky, September, 1830, aged -about forty-five years.] - -[Footnote 34: Of Doctor Drake, Doctor S. D. Gross says: "Emphatically -a self-made man, he possessed genius of a superior order and -successfully coped with his colleagues for the highest place in the -school (Transylvania). Of all the medical teachers I have ever known -he was, all things considered, one of the most able, captivating, and -impressive. There was an earnestness, a fiery zeal about him in the -lecture-room which encircled him, as it were, with a halo of glory." -(Autobiographical sketch of Doctor Short, Page 10.)] - -[Footnote 35: Mostly from _Collins' History of Kentucky_, second -edition.] - -[Footnote 36: _Lexington Reporter_, March 5, 1821: "$17,000 are to be -expended in Europe this year for the Medical Department. Doctor -Caldwell (the agent) is already on his way. $5,000 only is the gift of -the Legislature, while $6,000 rest upon the responsibility of -Lexington alone and $6,000 upon that of _six individuals_ in the town -who have generously stepped forward in this manner to anticipate the -too cautious bounty of the Legislature."] - -[Footnote 37: The oration at the laying of the corner-stone was made -by William T. Barry. The Trustees of Transylvania at that time were -John Bradford, Thomas Bodley, Charles Humphreys, Benjamin Gratz, -Elisha Warfield, James Fishback, John W. Hunt, James Trotter, Elisha -I. Winter, George T. Chapman, William Leavy, Charles Wilkins, and -George C. Light.] - -[Footnote 38: The same year, October 13, 1828: "The Board joined in a -procession to the Episcopal Church, where the Reverend Alva Woods, D. -D., was publicly installed as President of the Transylvania -University." One thousand copies of his inaugural address to be -printed for the Board.] - -[Footnote 39: Edward Everett, in a letter of introduction to Sir -Walter Scott presented to Mr. Holley when intending to visit Europe, -says of him: "As a philosopher, a scholar, and a gentleman he has left -no superior in America."] - -[Footnote 40: See Pages 405-7, Autobiography of Doctor Charles Caldwell.] - -[Footnote 41: See Autobiography.] - -[Footnote 42: He was Dean of the Faculty.] - -[Footnote 43: It has been said that Doctor Caldwell was the first -person of note to take up the study of Phrenology in this country.] - -[Footnote 44: Of Doctor Caldwell, Doctor Gross says: "A more majestic -figure on the rostrum could hardly be imagined. Tall and erect in -person, with a noble head and a piercing black eye, he was the _beau -ideal_ of an elegant, entertaining, and accomplished lecturer. He was -eloquent, but too artificial, for he had cultivated elocution too much -before the mirror." (Autobiographical sketch of Doctor C. W. Short, -Page 10.)] - -[Footnote 45: Doctor Caldwell says (1834): "This institution has been -in operation _fourteen_ years.... According to its record book its -classes and the degrees conferred by it have been as follows: - - Years. Number of Number of - Pupils. Degrees. - 1819-20 37 7 - 1820-1 93 13 - 1821-2 138 37 - 1822-3 171 51 - 1823-4 200 47 - 1824-5 234 57 - 1825-6 281 65 - 1826-7 190 53 - 1827-8 152 53 - 1828-9 206 40 - 1829-30 199 81 - 1830-1 210 52 - 1831-2 215 74 - 1832-3 222 69 - 1833-4 262 - ----- --- - Total 2,810 699 - -"It is believed from this view of it that for its vigorous prosperity -and the rapid increase of its classes, the Medical School of -Transylvania is without a parallel. Certainly in the United States -there is nothing comparable to it. At the commencement of the present -century, when the Medical School of Philadelphia had been in operation -about forty years, it did not number more, we believe, than 200 -pupils. It now contains about 400--rumor says a few more. In -_thirty-three_ years, then, that school has added about 200 to its -classes, while _in less than half that time_ the school of -Transylvania has _formed_ a class of 262. This is the highest eulogy -the institution can receive." (Doctor Caldwell to Lexington Medical -Society, 1834, "On the Impolicy of Multiplying Schools of Medicine.")] - -[Footnote 46: At the time of the formation of the "Transylvania -Institute" (February 20, 1839), under articles of agreement between -the city of Lexington and the Trustees of Transylvania University (see -Deed Book No. 17, Page 42, office Fayette County Court), the city -endowed the University with seventy thousand dollars; forty-five -thousand dollars was to build a new medical hall and provide -additional library and apparatus for the same, five thousand dollars -for the Law Department, and twenty thousand dollars for Morrison -College, securing permanent scholarships in each college. In -consequence of a want of harmony in the Board of Trustees as to the -location of the proposed medical hall, the medical professors and -their friends felt obliged to purchase a lot (corner of Broadway and -Second Street, where Doctor Bush's residence was afterward built) at a -cost of five thousand dollars, although there was abundant space on -the University grounds. This lot, to purchase which citizens -contributed three thousand dollars of the five thousand, was given in -trust to the University--but, by an unauthorized clause in the deed of -conveyance, the lot and the medical hall erected on it at a cost of -about thirty-five thousand dollars reverted to the city about 1860. On -this building, which was burned during the Civil War, the medical -professors also paid out of their own incomes the surplus cost over -thirty thousand dollars which had been provided by the city. The -medical professors also each contributed annually to the medical -library, etc., ten dollars.] - -[Footnote 47: There remain of this library five thousand, six hundred -and eighty-four volumes; pamphlets and medical journals, seven hundred -and fifty-four; bound volumes of theses, one hundred and thirty-eight, -at Kentucky University.] - -[Footnote 48: In the session following this disintegration of the -school Doctor Thomas D. Mitchell says, in his Historical Catalogue of -the Medical School, 1838: "Notwithstanding the great pecuniary -embarrassments of the country and the peculiar circumstances -accompanying the late disorganization, the number of pupils fell short -but fifteen of the previous session."] - -[Footnote 49: Doctor Mitchell at this time says: "The entire course of -lectures in this school costs the sum of _one hundred and five -dollars_. In addition the matriculation fee, which entitles the pupil -to use of the very extensive library, is _five dollars_. The -dissecting ticket is _ten dollars_, and may be taken or omitted at -pleasure." The qualifications for candidates for the degree of Doctor -of Medicine: "The persons offering must be 21 years of age and must -have been engaged in the study of medicine during three years. Two -full courses of lectures in a chartered medical school (the last of -which in this institution) are also requisite. But persons who exhibit -satisfactory proof of having been engaged in reputable practice for -the space of four years may be candidates by attending one course of -lectures, which must be in this school. Each candidate is required to -exhibit all his tickets to the Dean before his name can be enrolled. -The fee for graduation is $20." (See Doctor Mitchell's Historical -Catalogue, 1838.)] - -[Footnote 50: This, with a strange prejudice against novelties, he -recommended to be made by putting an indefinite quantity of glass of -antimony in a bottle with wine, to digest for an uncertain period, -adding more wine as the contents were withdrawn for use.] - -[Footnote 51: "From June 1 to August 1, 502 died." (_Collins' History -of Kentucky._)] - -[Footnote 52: The late William Hall, M. D., for a long time editor of -_Hall's Journal of Health_, of New York.] - -[Footnote 53: Memoir, Page 21.] - -[Footnote 54: Doctor L. P. Yandell, senior, says of Doctor Cooke in -his biography: "Dr. Cooke was one of the few men who might have been -safely trusted to write his autobiography. He would have reviewed his -career with a truthfulness, a modesty, a candor that would have -exalted his character in the eyes of men. His works will be read by -the curious for a long time to come, and will always be read with -advantage by the earnest student."] - -[Footnote 55: _Notices of Western Botany and Conchology_, by Doctor C. -W. Short and H. H. Eaton, A. M., published in _Transylvania Journal of -Medicine_, 1831.] - -[Footnote 56: Professor Henry Miller, of Louisville, says of Doctor -Short: "As a lecturer Dr. Short's style was chaste, concise, and -classical, and his manner always grave and dignified. His lectures -were always carefully and fully written and read in the lecture room -with a good voice and correct emphasis. He never made the least -attempt at display nor set a clap-trap in all his life."] - -[Footnote 57: Doctor Gross says: "In stature Dr. Short was of medium -height, well proportioned, with light hair and complexion, blue eyes, -and an ample forehead. His features when lighted up by a smile were -radiant with goodness and beneficence. In manner he was graceful, -calm, and dignified; so much so that one coming into his presence for -the first time might have supposed him to be haughty and ascetic; -such, however, was not the case."] - -[Footnote 58: Doctor David W. Yandell thus writes of Doctor Short as -connected with the Medical Institute of Louisville: "Dr. Short was a -most valuable officer. His high scientific attainment, the soundness -of his judgment, high dignity and urbanity of manner, his amiable -temper and blameless life added character and weight to the -institution. Botany was his favorite pursuit. He found the flora of -this region (Louisville) virgin and unknown, and so collected, -arranged, and classified it that his successors in this field have -been able to change nothing and to add but little to his work."] - -[Footnote 59: We see in the records of the Trustees of Transylvania -University that on March 17, 1832, Doctor Short was elected President -_pro tem._ of Transylvania University "during the pleasure of the -Board," but there is no mention of his acceptance. The fact is, -Professors Short, Caldwell, and Dudley acted alternately as President -_pro tem._ on public occasions and in signing diplomas, etc., until a -President could be elected. The Reverend B. O. Peers was inaugurated -President _pro tem._, 1833, and the Reverend Thomas W. Coit, an -eminent Episcopalian divine from New England, was installed as -President in 1835.] - -[Footnote 60: The resignation of his predecessor, Doctor Blythe, took -place March 16, 1831. (See Records of Transylvania University.)] - -[Footnote 61: One of his ancestors was General William Eaton, the hero -of Derne.] - -[Footnote 62: In the chemical course of lectures the subject of -Electricity was given up to him entirely. He lectured on it as well as -performed the experiments.] - -[Footnote 63: In the catalogue of the Rensselaer School, 1828, appears -in the list of undergraduates, "Robert Peter, Pittsburg, Pa., Lecturer -on the Experimental and Demonstrative Sciences, Druggist."] - -[Footnote 64: This "Eclectic Institute" occupied the "colonial" -residence on Second Street, now forming a part of the Hagerman Female -College. Mr. Peers, H. A. Griswold, and H. H. Eaton were already -associated.] - -[Footnote 65: Doctor Mitchell says (1838): "Dr. Peter added to the -Chemical Department several powerful galvanic batteries and a fine -collection of apparatus recently procured from the East, making the -laboratory more complete than it ever has been before." (Historical -Catalogue, 1838.)] - -[Footnote 66: Of the books, apparatus, etc., purchased in Europe by -Doctor Peter we find the following account rendered on March 25, 1839: -"Books and plates, six thousand dollars; chemical apparatus, two -thousand five hundred dollars; preparations for anatomy and surgery, -one thousand five hundred dollars; models for obstetrics, five hundred -dollars; specimens for materia medica and therapeutics and drawing, -five hundred dollars. A total of eleven thousand dollars."] - -[Footnote 67: "A very large addition was made to library, museum, and -apparatus by extensive purchases in Europe (selected by Dr. Bush and -myself), bringing the former collection up to 8,000 volumes and making -the latter equal, if not superior, to any in the United States." -(Introductory lecture of Doctor Peter to Medical Department, 1854.)] - -[Footnote 68: See _Western Lancet_, Volume V, 1846.] - -[Footnote 69: See _Transylvania Journal of Medicine_, Volumes VI and -VII.] - -[Footnote 70: The memorial was written entirely by Doctor Peter, the -map was mostly copied from one published about that time by a Mr. -Byrem Lawrence, who traveled and lectured on Geology in Kentucky and -who subsequently went to Arkansas and made observations on its -Geology, etc., and, as the writer believes, died there.] - -[Footnote 71: See _Kentucky Geological Survey_, Volume I, N. S., Page -143.] - -[Footnote 72: See Volume I, N. S., Page 143.] - -[Footnote 73: Doctor Owen says: "The principal operating room in which -Dr. P. made his analyses is 15 feet square, the working and balance -tables stand within three feet of each other, and the furnace, sand, -and water baths three feet from the former, so that one or two steps -suffice to reach all important parts of the different operations in -their various stages of progression. The reagents constantly in use -... in a case resting on the working table within arm's reach of the -operator, and his recording desk in a drawer of the same table." This -laboratory was in the north-west corner of the Medical Hall, corner -of Broadway and Second Street. Doctor Owen, zealous to defend Doctor -Peter, explains further that the latter was aided by a more than -common physical as well as mental aptitude. Doctor Peter took no part -in this defense save to extend to the skeptics an invitation to visit -his laboratory and examine his manner of working.] - -[Footnote 74: I must acknowledge that the expression "shoulder to -shoulder" is a mere figure of speech as regards "Uncle Davy" Sayre, -for he usually attended the drills in a buggy in subservience to his -gout, being thereby rendered immune from the consequences suffered by -his dignified compatriots of sundry knots tied, by youthful humorists, -in the long grass of the classic "little college lot," the favorite -drill ground of the Home Guard, as it had been of Morgan's Rifles and -other military companies. This "college lot" was none other than the -original "out lot No. 6," the first seat of Transylvania, and was the -identical spot whereon had taught the immortal Holley. Madison C. -Johnson was "conspicuous" for his sky-blue blouse of fine material, -which stood forth in the ranks of common dark blue cotton, and must -have been a mark for the enemy had the celebrated battle for the arms -hereinafter mentioned ever taken place.] - -[Footnote 75: See _Kentucky Geological Survey_, Volume IV, N. S., -Pages 18, 65, and 66; also Volume III, N. S., Page 391.] - -[Footnote 76: Mr. Bowman says, in a letter to Doctor Peter, April 20, -1876: "If my life is spared I will work on until by national and State -aid, if not denominational, I will lay broad and deep the -_foundations_ of a great, free, liberal, unsectarian university for -all classes and professions of this people and abreast with the -advanced curriculum of the best institutions of our century."] - -[Footnote 77: In the heat of contest Doctor Peter's adversaries did -not hesitate to call him an infidel and an atheist. It was the worst -they could say, but not strictly in conformity with the facts. He was -not a church member. He had been baptized in the Church of England, -always kept a pew in the Episcopal Church, and as a young man taught -in the Episcopal Sunday-school. The spectacle, in so many instances, -of the impediment to educational progress by narrowness and bigotry in -churches had given him an indifference--not disguised--to _sectarian_ -religion. He never molested the religious tenets of others. He -constantly declared that education should be free to _all_ men, -irrespective of creed.] - -[Footnote 78: Antagonists in this controversy, powerless to assail him -as a scientist and teacher, characterized him as a person of low -origin and brutal manners. He ignored this attack, it being his custom -never to lean upon ancestors--to look forward rather than back, -holding to the homely but truly American saying that "every tub must -stand on its own bottom." But in truth he was of excellent English -family and a descendant of that powerful "Arundel" who in the days of -the Conquest was master of twenty-eight lordships. His manners passed -muster among old-fashioned Kentucky gentlemen.] - -[Footnote 79: Doctor Cross was appointed to a chair in the Transylvania -Medical Faculty by the influence of Reverend Nathan H. Hall, a trustee, -and against the judgment of other members of the Board.] - -[Footnote 80: From the _Transylvania Journal of Medicine_, Volume XI, -1838.] - -[Footnote 81: Letter of Doctor Mitchell to Benjamin Gratz, February 7, -1838: " ... I graduated in 1812. In 1813 was appointed by the Governor -of Pa. to the office of Lazaretto Physician of the Port of Phila, which -post I held until 1816, when indisposition compelled me to resign. I -then had opportunity of becoming acquainted with the Southern fevers, -particularly the yellow fever of N. Orleans and the West Indies. For 17 -years after I was actively engaged in practice, and may refer to -Eberle's _Therapeutics_ for his opinion of me as a medical man, at a -time when I was not personally acquainted with him. The journals of -those times contain many medical papers furnished by me, as examination -will show. In 1831 my name was before the Trustees of Jefferson Medical -College for the chair of Materia Medica vacated by the resignation of -Dr. Eberle, and I would have been appointed, as I have since been -informed by Gen. Duncan, one of the Trustees, if I had not agreed to -join with Dr. Eberle a new faculty at Cincinnati. If any object that a -Prof'r of Chemistry can not make a good Prof'r of Theory and Practice, I -have only to refer to the case of the celebrated Dr. Rush, who passed -directly from Chemistry to Theory and Practice, as the published records -of the University of Penna. will show."] - -[Footnote 82: He was sole editor of this journal in the latter years -of its existence.] - -[Footnote 83: Doctor Mitchell was an exceedingly rapid speaker. With -difficulty could those unused to this peculiarity follow his swift -flow of language and ideas. But once accustomed, his pupils liked this -better than the more deliberate speech of other professors. He never -failed to impress upon students the importance of a not too hasty -diagnosis, the _premonitory_ symptoms of widely differing diseases -being nearly identical; whereas treatment proper for one disease might -result fatally if applied to another.] - -[Footnote 84: Doctor Bush's mother was Miss Palmer, sister of the wife -of Governor Adair. His grandparents, Philip and Mary Bush, came to -America from Germany and settled at Winchester, Virginia, 1750.] - -[Footnote 85: The first Faculty of the Kentucky School of Medicine at -Louisville: Benjamin W. Dudley, M. D., Emeritus Professor of Anatomy -and Surgery; Robert Peter, M. D., Medical Chemistry and Toxicology; -Samuel Annan, M. D., Pathology and Practice of Medicine; Joshua B. -Flint, M. D., Principles and Practice of Surgery; Ethelbert L. Dudley, -M. D., Descriptive Anatomy and Histology; Llewellyn Powell, Obstetrics -and Diseases of Women and Children; James M. Bush, M. D., Surgical -Anatomy and Operative Surgery; Henry M. Bullitt, Physiology and -Materia Medica; Philip Thornbury, M. D., and John Bartlett, M. D., -Demonstrators of Anatomy.] - -[Footnote 86: That this arrangement met with much opposition among -citizens of Lexington will be seen by a perusal of the _Kentucky -Statesman_ and other Lexington newspapers of the day. A hand-bill was -also issued February 1, 1850, calling a "public meeting" in order to -discuss more "fairly" the various aspects of the question.] - -[Footnote 87: Doctor Bush's other children are Captain Thomas J. Bush -and Miss Nannie M. Bush, of Lexington, Kentucky.] - -[Footnote 88: Extract from Doctor Smith's letter of resignation, January -7, 1841: " ... By the influence of the reputation and efficient -exertions of the present Faculty and by the munificence of the citizens -of Lexington, the Medical Department of Transylvania is now placed upon -a foundation which renders its position perfectly secure. Its friends -may, without fear of contradiction, pronounce it to be decidedly the -best endowed medical school in America. Its patronage and the emoluments -of its chairs are second to those of but one, and there are none to be -associated with which I should consider it a higher honor. Under these -circumstances my resignation can not exercise the least injurious -influence upon its prosperity. The chair will immediately command the -services of some one whose labors will be more efficient than mine. You -will please, dear sir, convey to the members of the Faculty assurance of -my great respect and affectionate consideration. - - "Yours most truly, N. R. SMITH." - -Letter to Doctor Smith from the Faculty: "Dear Sir: The receipt of -your communication informing us that circumstances beyond your control -would oblige you to resign the chair of the Theory and Practice of -Medicine in the Medical Department of Transylvania University at the -end of the present session, renders some expression of sentiment on -our part both just and appropriate. Permit us, therefore, to assure -you that we receive the information of your intended resignation with -regret, and that nothing would have afforded us more gratification -than the certainty of your continuance among us as a fellow-citizen -and colleague. The intercourse which has existed between us for the -three years during which we have been associated has been of the most -harmonious and pleasant character, and the ability with which you have -performed the duties of your chair increases the reluctance with which -we give up the expectations of a longer co-operation with you under -the auspices of Transylvania University. With the most sincere wishes -for your continued increase in fame and prosperity, we remain your -friends and colleagues. - - THE MEDICAL FACULTY OF TRANSYLVANIA UNIVERSITY. - - "ROBERT PETER, _Dean_." - -(From _History of Medical Department of Transylvania University and -its Faculty_, by William Jeptha Calvert, M. D.)] - -[Footnote 89: Extracts from Doctor Huntington's address to the -Middlesex North District Medical Society, 1856.] - -[Footnote 90: Extract from the letter of resignation of Professor -Bartlett, Lowell, Massachusetts, April 5, 1844: "It is unnecessary for -me to go now into the considerations which lead me to this step any -further than to say that they are connected _wholly_ with motives of a -domestic character and with the strong desire which I have long -cherished and expressed of being settled in one of the Eastern cities. -The only pain which the step costs me being occasioned by my -separation from my present colleagues which it involves, and the -dissolution of the professional and social relationship, to myself of -the most amicable and agreeable character."] - -[Footnote 91: During the absence of Doctor Bartlett his chair was -filled by Doctor Lotan G. Watson, of North Carolina.] - -[Footnote 92: In 1842 the Transylvania University had been placed -under the patronage of the Methodist Episcopal Church, with a Faculty -as follows: Reverend H. B. Bascom, D. D., Acting President and -Morrison Professor of Intellectual and Moral Philosophy; Benjamin W. -Dudley, M. D., Professor of Anatomy and Surgery; James C. Cross, M. -D., Professor of Institutes and Medical Jurisprudence; Elisha -Bartlett, M. D., Professor of Theory and Practice; William H. -Richardson, M. D., Professor of Obstetrics and Diseases of Women and -Children; Thomas D. Mitchell, M. D., Professor of Materia Medica and -Therapeutics; Robert Peter, M. D., Professor of Chemistry and -Pharmacy; James M. Bush, M. D., Adjunct Professor of Anatomy and -Surgery; Honorable George Robertson, LL. D., Professor of -Constitutional Law, Equity, and the Law of Comity; Honorable Thomas A. -Marshall, LL. D., Law of Pleading, Evidence, and Contract; Honorable -A. K. Woolley, LL. D., Professor of Elementary Principles of Common -Law, National and Commercial Law; Reverend R. T. P. Allen, A. M., -Professor of Mathematics, Natural Philosophy, and Civil Engineering; -Reverend B. H. McCoun, A. M., Professor of Ancient Languages and -Literature; Reverend W. H. Anderson, A. M., Professor of English -Literature; Reverend J. L. Kemp, A. M., Adjunct Professor of -Mathematics, Preparatory Department; Reverend Thomas H. Lynch, A. M., -Adjunct Professor of Languages, Preparatory Department; ----, Principal -of the Junior Section of the Preparatory Department. - -N. B.--The Reverend Wright Merrick was appointed to the above -vacancy.] - -[Footnote 93: Doctor C. C. Graham said that Doctor Dudley tenaciously -held that these two chairs should always be combined.] - -[Footnote 94: Doctor L. B. Todd calls him "that knightly Bayard of -Kentucky Surgery."] - -[Footnote 95: An incident well told by his son-in-law, General Joseph -C. Breckinridge, is characteristic of Dudley. When, during the Civil -War, a struggle was imminent between the secessionists and the Home -Guard for possession of a large shipment of arms and ammunition sent -into Kentucky by the United States Government for the arming of Union -soldiers and citizens, Dudley, fearing the Home Guard at Lexington -would be overpowered and the munitions captured on arrival, sent as a -trusty messenger to General Nelson, at Camp Dick Robinson, to ask for -troops--a midnight journey of twenty miles through a hostile -country--his only son, Scott Dudley, a youth scarcely seventeen. He -saddled the horse and armed the boy himself, at dead of night, the -better to insure secrecy, for in his own household were foes. This -mission was successful. (See speech of General Joseph C. Breckinridge, -United States Army, at the reunion of the Army of the Cumberland, -Chattanooga, October 10, 1900.) Ensign J. Cabell Breckinridge, United -States Navy, the first life lost on the threshold of the Spanish War, -and Lieutenant Ethelbert D. Breckinridge, seriously wounded almost at -the very instant that his General, the well-beloved Lawton, fell -beside him in the Philippines, were grandsons of Doctor Dudley.] - -[Footnote 96: Quoted from the _Biographical Encyclopedia of Kentucky_, -etc., of 1878.] - -[Footnote 97: We learn from old announcements, etc., that, as early as -1830, the Medical Faculty of Transylvania University offered their -services gratuitously to the Eastern Kentucky Lunatic Asylum, through -Samuel Theobalds, M. D., and that, in 1845, Doctor John R. Allen was -to deliver clinical lectures to the medical class, at the Lunatic -Asylum every Saturday.] - -[Footnote 98: Other sons were William Wallace, Benjamin Gratz, and -Colonel Saunders D. Bruce.] - -[Footnote 99: Doctor L. B. Todd.] - -[Footnote 100: See _The Marshall Family_, by W. M. Paxton, 1885.] - -[Footnote 101: Address at Morrison College on being inaugurated -President of Transylvania University.] - -[Footnote 102: Doctor Peter's introductory lecture to the Medical -Class, November, 1842.] - -[Footnote 103: The first railroad was the Baltimore & Ohio, chartered -March, 1827, but not completed to the Ohio until 1853--twenty-six years.] - -[Footnote 104: _Pioneer Surgery in Kentucky._] - -[Footnote 105: "In 1856, the Trustees of Morrison College came to the -legislature of Kentucky and offered all the buildings, the library, -the apparatus, and grounds, which were valued at over two hundred -thousand dollars, if the State would take it and establish a Normal -School." ... Speech of Honorable C. J. Bronston on the Agricultural -and Mechanical College tax. The idea of a Normal School originated -with Doctor Robert J. Breckinridge several years before.] - -[Footnote 106: May 22, 1863. _Collins' History of Kentucky._] - -[Footnote 107: From the report of the Treasurer of the University, -1871, it is gathered that after long and persistent effort on his part -while in Washington there was secured from the Government the sum of -twenty-five thousand dollars "for the rents and damages to the medical -college and other Transylvania property during the war," nearly one -half of which was claimed and recovered from the University by the -city of Lexington on the plea that the Medical Hall had been abandoned.] - - - - -[Transcriber's Note: - - -* The footnotes have been moved to the end of the book with the exception -of the footnotes for tables. - -* Footnote 19: Added period after "_tem_" in "elected President, _pro -tem_". - -* Footnote 88: Added period after "prosperity" in "influence upon its -prosperity". - -* Pg 148 "His success was progressive this article exemplifying" -retained as printed. - -* Pg 173 Added comma after "117" in "Writings of 117". - -* Pg 173 Removed comma after "Charles," in "Caldwell, Doctor Charles,". - -* Pg 174 Added comma after "51" in "autobiography of 49, 50, 51". - -* Pg 174 Added comma after "69" in "experience of Doctor Peter 69 70". - -* Pg 177 Removed comma after "W," in "Dudley, Doctor Benjamin W,". - -* Pg 180 Removed comma after "1842," in "University under the -Methodists, 1842,". - -* Pg 184 Removed comma after "instituted," in "Transylvania University -first instituted,". - -* Pg 186 Added comma after "94" in "Owen, Doctor David Dale 94". - -* Pg 193 Added comma after "Winter" in "Winter Elisha I". - -* Pg 193 Removed comma after "P.," in "Yandell, Doctor Lunsford P.,". - -* Otherwise, archaic and inconsistent spelling and hyphenation retained.] - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The History of the Medical Department -of Transylvania University, by Robert Peter - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK TRANSYLVANIA UNIVERSITY *** - -***** This file should be named 31816.txt or 31816.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/3/1/8/1/31816/ - -Produced by Irma Špehar, Larry B. 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