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diff --git a/31679.txt b/31679.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..77cf1ff --- /dev/null +++ b/31679.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1684 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of North American Yellow Bats, 'Dasypterus,' +And a List of the Named Kinds Of the Genus Lasiurus Gray, by E. Raymond Hall and J. Knox Jones + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: North American Yellow Bats, 'Dasypterus,' And a List of the Named Kinds Of the Genus Lasiurus Gray + +Author: E. Raymond Hall + J. Knox Jones + +Release Date: March 17, 2010 [EBook #31679] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NORTH AMERICAN YELLOW BATS *** + + + + +Produced by Chris Curnow, Joseph Cooper and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + +UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS PUBLICATIONS +MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY + +Volume 14, No. 5, pp. 73-98, 4 figs. +December 29, 1961 + + + + +North American Yellow Bats, "Dasypterus," +And a List of the Named Kinds +Of the Genus Lasiurus Gray + +By + +E. RAYMOND HALL AND J. KNOX JONES, JR. + + +UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS +LAWRENCE +1961 + + + +UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS PUBLICATIONS, MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY + +Editors: E. Raymond Hall, Chairman, Henry S. Fitch, Theodore H. Eaton, +Jr. + +Volume 14, No. 5, pp. 73-98, 4 figs. +Published December 29, 1961 + +UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS +Lawrence, Kansas + +PRINTED BY +JEAN M. NEIBARGER, STATE PRINTER +TOPEKA, KANSAS +1961 + + + + +North American Yellow Bats, "Dasypterus," +And a List of the Named Kinds +Of the Genus Lasiurus Gray + +BY + +E. RAYMOND HALL AND J. KNOX JONES, JR. + + + + +INTRODUCTION + + +Yellow bats occur only in the New World and by most recent authors have +been referred to the genus _Dasypterus_ Peters. The red bats and the +hoary bat, all belonging to the genus _Lasiurus_ Gray, also occur only +in the New World except that the hoary bat has an endemic subspecies in +the Hawaiian Islands. + +The kind of yellow bat first to be given a distinctive name was the +smaller of the two species that occur in North America. It was named +_Nycticejus ega_ in 1856 (p. 73) by Gervais on the basis of material +from the state of Amazonas, Brazil, South America, but was early +recognized as occurring also in North America (in the sense that Mexico +and Central America, including Panama, are parts of North America). +More than 40 years elapsed before subspecific names were proposed for +the North American populations; Thomas named _Dasypterus ega xanthinus_ +in 1897 (p. 544) from Baja California, and _Dasypterus ega panamensis_ +in 1901 (p. 246) from Panama. + +The larger of the two North American species was named _Lasiurus +intermedius_ in 1862 (p. 246) by H. Allen on the basis of material from +extreme northeastern Mexico. Another alleged species, _Dasypterus +floridanus_, was named in 1902 (p. 392) by Miller from Florida, but as +set forth below it is only a subspecies of _L. intermedius_, a species +that is seemingly limited to parts of the North American mainland and +Cuba. + +A third species, _Atalapha egregia_, allegedly allied to the small +yellow bat, _L. ega_, was named in 1871 (p. 912) by Peters from Santa +Catarina, Brazil, but Handley (1960:473) thinks that _L. egregius_ is +allied instead to the red bats. The species _L. egregius_ has not been +studied in connection with the observations reported below. + +Bats of the genus concerned were given the generic name _Nycteris_ by +Borkhausen in 1797 (p. 66), and the name _Lasiurus_ by Gray in 1831 (p. +38). For much of the latter part of the 19th century the generic name +_Atalapha_ proposed by Rafinesque in 1814 (p. 12) was used because it +antedated the name _Lasiurus_. In this period Harrison Allen (1894:137) +raised to generic rank the name _Dasypterus_ that had been proposed by +Peters in 1871 (p. 912) only as a subgenus for the yellow bats. Since +1894 the yellow bats ordinarily have borne the generic name +_Dasypterus_. The red bats and the hoary bat continued to be referred +to as of the genus _Atalapha_ until early in the 20th century when it +was decided that a European bat of another genus was technically the +basis for the name _Atalapha_. Thereupon _Lasiurus_ was again used in +the belief that it was the earliest available name for the bats +concerned. But in 1909 (p. 90) Miller showed that the name _Lasiurus_ +was preoccupied by _Nycteris_ Borkhausen, 1797 (p. 66). From 1909 until +1914 in conformance with the Law of Priority _Nycteris_ was used for +the red bat and the hoary bat. + +At this point it is desirable to digress and indicate why and how the +Law of Priority came into being. In the 19th century different +technical names were used for the same kind of animal depending on the +opinions of individual authors. For example, one author used name A +because it was most descriptive of the morphology of the animal, +another author used name B because it had been used more often than any +other, another author used name C because it was more euphonious, etc. +In order to achieve uniformity and stability a set of rules was drawn +up in 1901 at the International Zoological Congress in Berlin. Those +rules were based principally on the rule, or law, of priority. In +effect, the law stated that the technical name first given to a kind of +animal (with starting date as of January 1, 1758, _Systema Naturae_ of +Linnaeus) would be the correct and official name. After the mentioned +rules were adopted, some zoologists, mostly non-taxonomists, objected +to the rules and in response to these objections a compromise was +adopted in 1913 at the International Zoological Congress in Monaco and +the International Committee on Zoological Nomenclature was authorized +to set aside, at its discretion, the Law of Priority. In 1913 it was +thought by everyone that the names conserved (_nomina conservanda_) by +setting aside the rules would be few. + +Returning now to the generic names applied to the bats concerned, it is +to be noted that from 1803 until 1909 _Nycteris_ had been used as the +generic name of an African bat on the erroneous assumption that the +name was first applied in a valid fashion to the African bat. With the +aim of conserving the name _Nycteris_ for the African bat, some +zoologists petitioned the International Committee on Zoological +Nomenclature to set aside the Law of Priority and petitioned also that +the name _Lasiurus_ be validated for use again as the generic name for +New World bats. This petition was granted in 1914 in the first lot of +names for which exception to the rules was made. As a result, since +1914 _Lasiurus_ has been used with increasing frequency, and _Nycteris_ +with decreasing frequency, for New World bats. + +The above explanation of the application of the generic names +_Nycteris_, _Atalapha_, and _Lasiurus_ is given for two reasons: First, +study of more abundant material than was available to Harrison Allen in +1894 when he raised _Dasypterus_ to generic rank reveals, as set forth +beyond, that the yellow bats are not generically different from the red +bats and hoary bat and so will bear the same generic name that is +applied to the red bat and hoary bat; second, a choice of generic names +has to be made. Actually, the International Commission on Zoological +Nomenclature since 1913 has voted to make many, instead of only a few, +exceptions to the rules. The number of names resulting from these +exceptions is becoming so large that some zoologists fear that the +chaotic condition of nomenclature in the previous century will return. +Those who hold such fears maintain that adherence to the rules of 1901, +or to the Law of Priority, or at least to some rules, clearly is +desirable. Certainly there is much logic in that view. According to the +rules, _Nycteris_ is the correct name of the bats concerned. According +to the Commission, it is well to use instead the name _Lasiurus_. +Perhaps the time has come to follow the rules and use _Nycteris_. But, +because of the possibility that the Commission will return to its +policy of 1913 and recommend only a few instead of many exceptions to +the rules, the generic name _Lasiurus_ is tentatively used in the +following accounts. + + +Genus Lasiurus Gray + +Hairy-tailed Bats + + 1797. _Nycteris_ B[orkhause]n, Der Zoologe (Compendiose Bibliothek + gemeinnuetzigsten Kenntnisse fuer alle Staende, pt. 21), Heft 4-7, p. + 66. Type, _Vespertilio borealis_ Mueller [= _Lasiurus borealis_]. + _Nycteris_ Borkhausen is a homonym of _Nycteris_ G. Cuvier and E. + Geoffroy St.-Hilaire, 1795, type _Vespertilio hispidus_ Schreber, + 1774 [= _Nycteris hispida_], from Senegal. Although _Nycteris_ + Cuvier and Geoffroy St.-Hilaire is a _nomen nudum_, Opinion 111 of + the International Commission of Zoological Nomenclature establishes + the name as available for a genus of Old World bats. On this basis, + _Nycteris_ Borkhausen is not available for the New World genus. + _Nycteris_ E. Geoffroy St.-Hilaire, 1803, is a synonym of + _Nycteris_ Cuvier and Geoffroy St.-Hilaire, 1795, as given status + by the Commission. + + 1831. _Lasiurus_ Gray, Zool. Misc., No. 1, p. 38. Type, + _Vespertilio borealis_ Mueller. + + 1871. _Atalapha_ Peters, Monatsber. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss., Berlin, + p. 907, and other authors [_nec Atalapha_ Rafinesque, 1814]. + + _Type species._--_Vespertilio borealis_ Mueller. + + _Diagnosis._--Interfemoral membrane large and most of its upper + surface furred; mammae 4; third, fourth and fifth fingers + progressively shortened; ear short and rounded; skull short and + broad; nares and palatal emargination wide and shallow (width + transversely exceeding length anteroposteriorly); sternum + prominently keeled; i. 1/3, c. 1/1, p. 1/2 or 2/2, m. 3/3; when + two upper premolars present, anterior one minute, peglike, and + displaced lingually; M3 much reduced, area of its crown less than + a third that of M1. + + Members of this genus are notable for having three and even four + young (more than other bats). In North America at least _L. + borealis_ and _L. cinereus_, are migratory. + + +Provisional Key to the Recent Species of _Lasiurus_ + +1. Color reddish or grayish (not yellowish); normally two premolars on +each side of upper jaw. + + 2. Occurring on Antillean islands (color reddish). + + 3. Length of upper tooth-row less than 4.5 mm. (occurring on + Hispaniola and Bahamas) _L. minor_. + + 3'. Length of upper tooth-row more than 4.5 mm. (not occurring + on Hispaniola and Bahamas). + + 4. Greatest length of skull less than 13.9 mm. (occurring + on Cuba) _L. pfeifferi._ + + 4'. Greatest length of skull more than 13.9 mm. (occurring + on Jamaica) _L. degelidus._ + + 2'. Occurring on mainland and coastal islands of North and South + America; also on Galapagos and Hawaiian islands (color reddish or + grayish). + + 5. Total length more than 120 mm.; color grayish _L. + cinereus._ + + 5'. Total length less than 120 mm.; color reddish. + + 6. Upper parts brick red to rusty red, frequently washed with + white; lacrimal ridge present. + + 7. Not occurring on Galapagos Islands _L. borealis._ + + 7'. Known only from Galapagos Islands (both ear of 7.6 mm. + and thumb of 6.4 mm. allegedly shorter than in _L. borealis_ + of adjacent mainland; presence of lacrimal ridge not verified) + _L. brachyotis._ + + 6'. Upper parts not brick red to rusty red; lacrimal ridge not + developed. + + 8. Forearm more than 46.5 mm. (48 in only known specimen, + a male); dorsum bright rufous (absence of lacrimal ridge + not verified) _L. egregius._ + + 8'. Forearm less than 46.5 mm.; dorsum not bright rufous. + + 9. Upper parts mahogany brown washed with white; + forearm less than 43 mm _L. seminolus._ + + 9'. Upper parts deep chestnut; forearm more than 43 mm. + (44.8 in only known specimen, a female) _L. castaneus._ + +1'. Color yellowish; only one premolar on each side of upper jaw. + + 10. Total length more than 119 mm.; length of upper tooth-row 6.0 + mm. or more _L. intermedius._ + + 10'. Total length less than 119 mm.; length of upper tooth-row less + than 6.0 mm _L. ega._ + + +Lasiurus intermedius + +Northern Yellow Bat + + _Diagnosis._--Upper parts yellowish-orange, or yellowish brown, or + brownish-gray faintly washed with black to pale yellowish gray; + size large (forearm, 45.2-62.8; condylocanine length, 16.9-21.5). + +_Distribution and Geographic Variation_ + +_Lasiurus intermedius_ H. Allen, type from Matamoros, Tamaulipas, has +been reported from the Rio Grande Valley of Texas southward to Honduras +and in Cuba. _Lasiurus floridanus_ (Miller), type from Lake Kissimmee, +Florida, has been recorded from southeastern Texas, eastward along the +Gulf of Mexico to Florida, and thence northward along the Atlantic +Coast to extreme southeastern Virginia (see records of occurrence +beyond and Fig. 2). Specimens of _intermedius_ from the vicinity of the +type locality and from other localities in Mexico differ from specimens +of _floridanus_ (from Florida and southern Georgia) as follows: Larger, +both externally (especially forearm) and cranially (see measurements); +teeth larger and heavier; skull heavier and having more prominent +sagittal and lambdoidal crests; braincase less rounded, more elongate; +auditory bullae relatively smaller; upper parts averaging brighter +(yellowish to yellowish-orange in general aspect, rather than +yellowish-brown to brownish-gray). + +The differences mentioned above are of the magnitude of those that +ordinarily separate subspecies of a single species rather than two +species. Miller (1902:392-393), in the original description of +_floridanus_, noted that the differences between it and _intermedius_ +were slight and remarked (p. 393): "Indeed, it is probable that it +intergrades with the Texas animal." Lowery (1936:17) also has suggested +that intergradation might occur between _intermedius_ and _floridanus_ +"in southwestern Louisiana or eastern Texas"; later (1943:223-224) he +pointed out that specimens from Baton Rouge, Louisiana, averaged larger +in cranial dimensions than typical _floridanus_ and again mentioned +the possibility of intergradation between the two kinds. Sanborn +(1954:25-26) touched obliquely on the problem when he wrote: "In +Florida, _Dasypterus intermedius_ is referred to as a Florida yellow +bat (_Dasypterus floridanus_)." Handley (1960:478) wrote that certain +morphological similarities suggested "gene flow" between the two kinds. + +Specimens examined from Louisiana resemble _floridanus_ from Georgia +and Florida to the eastward in external dimensions. Some of those +specimens resemble _floridanus_ in size of skull, but two skulls from +Louisiana are inseparable from those of topotypes of _intermedius_. The +upper parts of specimens from Louisiana are generally like those of +animals to the east but average somewhat paler (less brownish). The +specimens seen from Louisiana seem to be intergrades between +_intermedius_ and _floridanus_ but clearly are assignable to the +latter. + +[Illustration: FIG. 1. Condylocanine length plotted against length of +forearm for specimens of the species _Lasiurus intermedius_.] + +The picture is less clear as regards bats from southeastern Texas (one +specimen each from Colorado and Travis counties, and four specimens +from Harris County). Five of the specimens have skulls (the Travis +County specimen is a skin only) and of these, four are clearly +assignable, on the basis of size and shape of the skull, to +_intermedius_. The fifth skull (specimen from Colorado County) is +intermediate in size between _floridanus_ and _intermedius_ and on +that basis alone could be assigned with equal propriety to either. All +these specimens from Texas more closely resemble _floridanus_ than +_intermedius_ in external size (forearms: 49.2, 49.6, 50.7, 49.9 +(approximate), 49.6, 49.1). The pale yellowish-gray upper parts of the +four adults, seemingly resulting from a dilution of the brownish color +found in _floridanus_, differ from the color of typical specimens of +both _intermedius_ and _floridanus_, but the average is nearer that of +_floridanus_ than that of _intermedius_. Color of pre-adult pelage in +the one July-taken young of the year resembles the color of adults. An +August-taken young of the year is in process of acquiring the adult +pelage but the hairs have not reached their full growth; it is pale +yellowish but not so grayish as the other specimens. All characters +considered, the specimens from eastern Texas resemble _floridanus_ +more than they do _intermedius_, and so are provisionally assigned to +_floridanus_ (as was done by Taylor and Davis, 1947:19; Eads, _et +al._, 1956:440; and, Davis, 1960:59). Additional material from +southeastern Texas is needed. It will be remembered that the type +locality of _intermedius_ is in the Rio Grande Valley; all specimens +seen, in the study here reported on, from the Texas side of the valley +are unquestionably referable to that subspecies. + +Intergradation, then, occurs between _L. intermedius_ and _L. +floridanus_ in some degree in southern Louisiana and in more marked +degree in southeastern Texas. Specimens from the area of intergradation +vary more individually in many features than do specimens from other +areas. In general the intergrades tend to resemble _floridanus_ in +small size externally and _intermedius_ in large size of skull. The +specimens from southeastern Texas differ from typical specimens of both +subspecies in color, being pale yellowish-gray (instead of yellowish to +yellowish-orange as in _intermedius_ or yellowish brown to +brownish-gray as in _floridanus_), and this difference is shared to +some extent with animals from Louisiana, the latter being somewhat +intermediate between bats from Texas and those from Florida and +Georgia, although nearer those from Florida and Georgia. + +An hypothesis to account for the variation noted is that in Wisconsin +Time, and perhaps in earlier Pleistocene times, this yellow bat was (as +it is now) a warmth-adapted animal as Blair (1959:461) would term it. +Some cool period forced the mainland populations of the two species +into two refugia--peninsular Florida and eastern Mexico--and the +present area of intergradation is, therefore, of a secondary rather +than a primary type. Possibly also the relatively treeless area of part +of southern Texas has made for a sparse population there of _Lasiurus +intermedius_ and gene flow now may be, and long may have been, slight +between the eastern and southern segments of the species. + +It could be contended that the peculiar coloration of specimens from +southeastern Texas, coupled with the tendency to have a large skull (as +has _intermedius_) and small external dimensions (as has _floridanus_), +justifies subspecific recognition for the animals that here are termed +intergrades. But, judging by the specimens now available, such +subspecific recognition would tend to obscure rather than clarify the +geographic variation noted. + + +_Life History_ + +Probably bats of the species _Lasiurus intermedius_ seek retreats +primarily in trees (see Moore, 1949_a_:59-60) but Baker and Dickerman +(1956:443) reported "approximately 45 yellow bats" concealed on July +22, 1955, "among dried corn stalks hanging from the sides of a large +open tobacco shed" in the state of Veracruz. Young are born in late +spring, three being the only number known except that Davis (1960:59) +was told that in the vicinity of Mission, Texas, two was the usual +number "born in May and June." Sherman (1945:194) reported a female +with young (number not given) taken on June 7, 1918, at Seven Oaks, +Florida, and another with three young taken on June 20, 1941, at Ocala, +Florida. Lowery (1936:17) recorded a female, having three young, +obtained on June 17, 1932, at Baton Rouge, Louisiana. A specimen taken +on May 19, 1940, at Baton Rouge contained three embryos. Baker and +Dickerman (_loc. cit._) reported four adult females from Veracruz as +lactating on July 22, 1955, but they were accompanied by flying young +of the year and probably were near the end of the lactation period. +Among specimens examined, juveniles are available by date as follows: 5 +mi. N Baton Rouge, Louisiana (June 26, 1953); Palm Beach, Florida (July +6, 1950); and Izamal, Yucatan ("taken with mother" on July 28, 1910). +Breeding probably takes place in autumn and winter; Sherman (_op. +cit._:196) reported males from Florida as sexually "mature" from the +beginning of September to mid-February. Late winter segregation of +sexes has been reported. + + +_Subspecies_ + +In the following accounts, localities of occurrence in each state are +listed from north to south; if two lie in the same latitude, the +westernmost is listed first. Localities that are italicized are not +shown on the distribution map (Fig. 2), either because undue crowding +of symbols would result or, in several cases, because we could not +precisely place the localities. Length of forearm is the average of +both forearms in individuals in which both forearms could be measured. + + +Lasiurus intermedius intermedius (H. Allen) + + 1862. _Lasiurus intermedius_ H. Allen, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. + Philadelphia, 14:246, "April" (between May 27 and August 1), type + from Matamoros, Tamaulipas. + + _Geographic distribution._--Southern Mexico (Yucatan, Chiapas and + Oaxaca), northward along Gulf Coast to Rio Grande Valley of + southern Texas (see Fig. 2). + + _Diagnosis._--Size medium (see measurements); sagittal crest + present (height above braincase averaging 0.4 mm. in 12 from + Brownsville, Texas); interorbital region relatively broad; M3 + relatively broad (see comparisons in account of the Cuban + subspecies beyond); mesostyle of M1 and M2 and 2nd commissure and + cingulum of M3 large; pelage yellowish to yellowish-orange. + + _Comparisons._--See p. 79 and under accounts of _Lasiurus + intermedius floridanus_ and the Cuban subspecies. + + _External measurements._--Three adult males from the Sierra de + Tamaulipas in Tamaulipas: Total length, 146, 136, 142; length of + tail-vertebrae, 69, 67, 70; length of hind foot, 11, 11, 11; length + of ear from notch, 17, 16, 17; length of forearm (dry), 53.2, 51.8, + 51.9. Corresponding measurements for two adult females from 1 mi. + SW Catemaco, Veracruz: 149, 155; 64, 69; 11, 12; 17, 17; 51.8, + 55.2. Weight in grams of the Tamaulipan specimens, respectively: + 24, 21, 24. For cranial measurements see Table 1. + + _Records of occurrence._--Specimens examined, 45, as follows: + TEXAS: 5-5/8 mi. N Mission, 2 (Texas A & M); _Santa Ana National + Wildlife Refuge_, 1 (USNM); Brownsville, 13 (4 AMNH; 1 Texas A & M; + 8 USNM). TAMAULIPAS: _Matamoros_, 2 (USNM); Sierra de Tamaulipas, + 1200 ft., 10 mi. W, 2 mi. S Piedra, 1 (KU); _Sierra de Tamaulipas, + 1400 ft, 16 mi. W, 3 mi. S Piedra_, 2 (KU). VERACRUZ: 16 mi. SW + Catemaco, 15 (KU). OAXACA: Oaxaca, 1 (British Mus.). CHIAPAS: San + Bartolome, 1 (USNM). YUCATAN: Tekom, 1 (Chicago Mus.); Izamal, 5 + (USNM). HONDURAS: Rio Yeguare, between Tegucigalpa and Danli, 1 + (MCZ). + + Additional records: TEXAS: _Padre Island_ (Miller, 1897:118); + _Cameron County_ (_ibid._). OAXACA: Tehuantepec (Handley, + 1960:478). YUCATAN: _Yaxcach_ (not found, Gaumer, 1917:274). + + +Lasiurus intermedius floridanus (Miller) + + 1902. _Dasypterus floridanus_ Miller, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. + Philadelphia, 54:392, September 12, type from Lake Kissimmee, + Oceola Co., Florida. + + _Geographic distribution._--Extreme southeastern Virginia, south + along Atlantic Coast to and including peninsular Florida (except + possibly extreme southern tip), thence westward to southern + Louisiana and the southern part of eastern Texas (see Fig. 2). + + _Diagnosis._--Size small (see measurements); sagittal crest present + but low; interorbital region relatively broad; teeth essentially as + in _L. i. intermedius_ except averaging smaller; pelage + yellowish-brown to grayish-brown. For comparison with the Cuban + subspecies, see account of that subspecies. + + _Comparisons._--From _Lasiurus intermedius intermedius_, _L. i. + floridanus_ differs as follows: averaging smaller (see + measurements), especially in forearm and skull; teeth smaller; + skull having less prominent sagittal and lambdoidal crests; + braincase more nearly round; tympanic shields over petrosals + approximately same size and therefore relatively larger; pelage of + upper parts duller, yellowish-brown to brownish-gray instead of + yellowish to yellowish-orange. + + _External measurements._--Average (and extremes) of 14 + February-taken males from along the Aucilla River, Jefferson Co., + Florida: Total length, 126.8 (121-131.5); length of tail-vertebrae, + 54.2 (51-60); length of hind foot, 9.8 (8-11); length of ear from + notch (13 specimens), 16.3 (15-17); forearm (dry, 13 specimens), + 48.1 (46.7-50.0). Corresponding measurements of the holotype, an + adult female (after Miller, 1902:392): 129, 52, 9, 17, 49. Average + (and extremes) weight in grams of the series of males: 17.7 + (15.5-19.5). For cranial measurements see Table 1. + + _Records of occurrence._--Specimens examined, 65, as follows: + TEXAS: Austin, 1 (Texas U.); _4 mi. N Huffman_, 1 (Texas A & M); + Houston, 3 (1 KU; 2 MVZ); Eagle Lake, 1 (Texas A & M). LOUISIANA: 5 + mi. N Baton Rouge, 1 (LSU); _1 mi. W LSU Campus, Baton Rouge_, 1 + (LSU); _Baton Rouge_, 7 (1 AMNH; 5 LSU; 1 USNM); _1/2 mi. E Baton + Rouge_, 1 (LSU); North Island, Grand Lake, 1 (LSU); Lafayette, 2 + (USNM); Houma, 2 (USNM). GEORGIA: Beachton, 11 (6 Chicago Mus.; 5 + USNM). FLORIDA: _2 mi. S Tallahassee_, 1 (AMNH); 5 mi. W + Jacksonville, 1 (AMNH); Aucilla River, 15 mi. S Waukenna, 7 (Univ. + Fla.); _Aucilla River, at U.S. Hgy. 98_, 8 (Univ. Fla.); _W of + Gainesville_, 1 (Univ. Fla.); Gainesville, 3 (2 Univ. Fla.; 1 Univ. + Mich.); _near Gainesville_, 1 (Univ. Fla.); _Alachua County_, 1 + (Univ. Mich.); 2 mi. SW Deland, 2 (Univ. Fla.); head of + Chassahowitzka River, 1 (USNM); Lakeland, 2 (Univ. Fla.); Seven + Oaks [near present town of Safety Harbor], 2 (1 AMNH; 1 USNM); Lake + Kissimmee, 1 (USNM); Palm Beach, 1 (Univ. Fla.); _Mullet Lake_ (not + found), 1 (USNM). + + Additional records: VIRGINIA: Willoughby Beach (Rageot, 1955:456). + SOUTH CAROLINA: 5 mi. NW Charleston (Coleman, 1940:90). LOUISIANA: + New Orleans (Lowery, 1943:223). MISSISSIPPI: Hancock County + (Hamilton, 1943:107). Georgia: W edge Camilla (Constantine, + 1958:65). FLORIDA (Sherman, 1945:195, unless otherwise noted): _St. + Marys River_ [near Boulogue]; _vicinity Palm Valley_ (Ivey, + 1959:506); _6 mi. N Lake Geneva_ (Sherman, 1937:108); Old Town; + Welaka (Moore, 1949a:59); Bunnell; Ocala; _Davenport_; + _Hillsborough River State Park_; 1 mi. NE Punta Gorda (Frye, + 1948:182); Miami (Moore, 1949_b_:50). + + +Lasiurus intermedius insularis, new subspecies + + _Holotype._--Adult female, preserved in alcohol but having skull + removed, formerly in the Poey Museum, University of Havana, now No. + 81666, Museum of Natural History, University of Kansas, from + Cienfuegos, Las Villas Province, Cuba; obtained on January 23, + 1948, by D. Gonzales Munoz. + + _Geographic distribution._--Known only from the island of Cuba (see + Fig. 2). + + _Diagnosis._--Large throughout (see measurements); sagittal crest + enormously developed, especially posteriorly (height above + braincase averaging 1.7 mm. in 4 specimens); interorbital region + narrow; M3 narrow; mesostyle of M1 and M2 and 2nd commissure and + cingulum of M3 small; pelage yellowish to reddish-brown. + + _Comparisons._--From _Lasiurus intermedius intermedius_ of the + adjacent mainland of Mexico, _L. i. insularis_ differs as follows: + Larger, both externally and cranially; sagittal crest relatively + higher, especially posteriorly; interorbital region relatively + narrower; palate longer posterior to tooth-rows; teeth distinctly + larger throughout except M3, which is relatively (frequently + actually) narrower, averaging 66.1 (62.5-71.0) per cent width of M2 + in _insularis_ rather than 74.1 (66.6-79.3) per cent in 10 + _intermedius_ from Brownsville, Texas; mesostyle of M1 and M2 + relatively smaller as are second commissure and cingulum of M3; + coloration of No. 254714 USNM resembling that of _L. i. + intermedius_, but coloration of three specimens, preserved in + alcohol, averaging somewhat darker (more reddish-brown) than in + _intermedius_. + +[Illustration: FIG. 2. Geographic distribution of the three +subspecies of _Lasiurus intermedius_. + + 1. _L. i. floridanus_ + 2. _L. i. intermedius_ + 3. _L. i. insularis_ + +Black dots represent localities of capture of specimens examined. +Hollow circles represent localities of capture of other specimens +recorded in the literature but not examined by us (Hall and Jones).] + + From _Lasiurus intermedius floridanus_ of the adjacent Floridan + mainland, _L. i. insularis_ differs in many of the same ways that + it differs from _L. i. intermedius_, except that the differences + are even more trenchant because _floridanus_ is smaller than + _intermedius_. Indeed, the difference in size between _floridanus_ + and _insularis_ is approximately the same as between _Lasiurus + borealis_ and _Lasiurus cinereus_. + + _Measurements._--External measurements (all taken from specimens + preserved in alcohol) of the holotype, followed by those of two + other females, one from Laguna La Deseada, San Cristobal, Pinar del + Rio Province, and the other from Bayate, Guantanamo, Oriente + Province, are, respectively: Total length, 164, 161, 150; length of + tail-vertebrae, 68, 76, 77; length of hind foot, 12, 12, 13; length + of ear from notch, 20, 17, 19; length of forearm, 61.2, 62.6, 61.8. + The length of forearm of a study skin from San German (that + otherwise lacks external measurements) having wings spread is + approximately 55.4. For cranial measurements see Table 1. + +_Remarks._--Four of the five specimens on which the name _L. i. +insularis_ is based differ to such a degree from mainland populations +of the species _L. intermedius_ that specific rather than subspecific +recognition for the Cuban bat might seem warranted. It is because of +the fifth specimen (USNM 254714) that we accord subspecific rank to +_insularis_. It is smaller than the other Cuban specimens and except +for longer condylocanine length, longer mandibular tooth-rows, narrower +interorbital region, and heavier dentition is indistinguishable in +measurements from the largest specimens of _L. i. intermedius_ from the +mainland. In addition, it appears not to have the enormously developed +sagittal crest of the other specimens of _insularis_ although +posteriorly the dorsal part of the skull (where the crest is most +prominent) is missing. USNM 254714 agrees with the other Cuban +specimens in having the mesostyle of M1 and M2 somewhat reduced and in +having a small M3 on which the cingulum and second commissure are +poorly developed, and this specimen is regarded as representative of +the lower size limits of the Cuban population. + +The skull from San Bias was found in an owl pellet (see de Beaufort, +1934:316). + + _Records of occurrence._--Specimens examined, 5, all from Cuba, as + follows: Pinar del Rio Prov.: Laguna La Deseada, San Cristobal, 1 + (Poey Museum). Las Villas Prov.: Cienfuegos, 1 (KU, the holotype). + Camaguey Prov.: San Bias, 1 (Amsterdam Zoological Museum). Oriente + Prov.: San German, 1 (USNM); Bayate, Guantanamo, 1 (Ramsdem Museum, + Univ. Oriente). + + +TABLE 1.--CRANIAL MEASUREMENTS (IN MILLIMETERS) OF THREE SUBSPECIES +OF LASIURUS INTERMEDIUS + +Table Legend: + +Col. A: Catalogue number or number of specimens averaged +Col. B: Museum +Col. C: Sex +Col. D: Locality +Col. E: Condylocanine length +Col. F: Zygomatic breadth +Col. G: Interorbital breadth +Col. H: Alveolar length C-M3 +Col. I: Breadth of rostrum (between anterior openings of intraorbital canals) +Col. J: Mastoid breadth +Col. K: Length of mandibular tooth-row (i-m3) + +============================================================================ + A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | +-------+-------+---+---------------------+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+ + _Lasiurus intermedius floridanus_ +-------+-------+---+---------------------+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+ +Ave. 10| UF |[M]|[1]Aucilla River, | | | | | | | | + | |[M]| Florida |17.6|12.8| 5.0| 6.2| 7.2|10.0| 8.0| + | | | | | | | | [2]| | + Min. | -- |-- | -- |17.0|12.6| 4.7| 6.0| 6.9| 9.6| 7.8| + Max. | -- |-- | -- |18.2|13.0| 5.3| 6.4| 7.5|10.2| 8.2| + | | | | | | | | | | | + 1788 | LSU |[F]|Baton Rouge, La. |18.7| -- | 5.1| 6.7| 7.7| -- | 8.8| + 1820 | LSU |[F]|Baton Rouge, La. |18.5| -- | -- | 6.7| 7.2|10.1| 8.7| + 1840 | LSU |[M]|Baton Rouge, La. |18.0|12.7| 5.0| 6.4| 7.1| 9.9| 8.0| + 6790 | LSU |[M]|Baton Rouge, La. |18.0|12.8| 4.9| 6.5| 7.2| 9.9| 8.2| + 3681 | LSU |[M]|7 mi. SE Baton | | | | | | | | + | | | Rouge, La. |17.7|12.6| 5.0| 6.4| 7.0| 9.8| 8.2| + 6791 | LSU |[F]|Grand Lake, La.[3] |17.9|12.6| 4.9| 6.3| 7.2| 9.9| 8.3| + | | | | | | | | | | | + 84218 | MVZ |[F]|Houston, Texas. |19.1|13.8| 5.1| 6.6| 7.5|10.3| 8.7| + 769 | TAMC |[F]|4 mi. N Huffman, | | | | | | | | + | | | Texas |18.8|13.4| 5.0| 6.7| 7.7| -- | 8.7| + 3805 | TAMC |[M]|Eagle Lake, Texas. |18.1|12.9| 4.8| 6.6| 7.2| 9.8| 8.5| +-------+-------+---+---------------------+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+ + + _Lasiurus intermedius intermedius_ +-------+-------+---+---------------------+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+ + 1437 | USNM | ? |Matamoros, Tamaulipas|18.9|13.6| 5.1| 6.6| 7.5|10.7| 8.9| + 1439 | USNM | ? |Matamoros, Tamaulipas|19.0|14.0| 5.3| 6.6| 7.8|10.7| 8.8| + | | | | | | | | | | | +Ave. 12|USNM | ? ||Brownsville, Texas |18.7|13.8| 5.2| 6.6| 7.7|10.4| 8.7| + | [4] |[5]| | [6]| [6]| | | | [6]| | +Min. | -- | --| -- |18.1|13.0| 4.9| 6.4| 7.4|10.0| 8.4| +Max. | -- | --| -- |19.2|14.7| 5.5| 7.0| 8.2|11.1| 9.0| + | | | | | | | | | | | + 55317 | KU |[M]|Sierra de Tamaulipas | | | | | | | | + | | | [7] |18.2|13.2| 5.5| 6.2| 7.6|10.3| 8.0| + 55322 | KU |[M]|Sierra de Tamaulipas | | | | | | | | + | | | [8] |18.4|13.7| 5.2| 6.5| 7.4|10.6| 8.4| + 55324 | KU |[M]|Sierra de Tamaulipas | | | | | | | | + | | | [8] |18.3|13.2| 5.1| 6.5| 7.6|10.3| 8.1| + 67549 | KU |[F]|Catemaco, Veracruz |19.0|13.5| 5.0| 6.5| 7.5|10.2| 8.8| + 67550 | KU |[F]|Catemaco, Veracruz |19.0|13.5| 4.7| 6.4| 7.6|10.3| 8.7| +-------+-------+---+---------------------+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+ + + _Lasiurus intermedius insularis_ (all from Cuba) +-------+-------+---+---------------------+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+ + 2395 | AZM | ? |Cave near San Bias |21.4|15.1| 4.8| 7.3| 8.4|11.9|9.5+| +254714 | USNM |[M]|San German, Oriente |19.5|14.1| 4.8| 6.9| 7.8|11.0| 9.3| + 81666 | KU |[F]|Cienfuegos, | | | | | | | | + | | | Las Villas |20.5|15.2| 4.6| 7.2| 8.2|11.9| 9.6| + | | | | | | | | | | | + |Poey | | | | | | | | | | + | Mus. |[F]|San Cristobal, | | | | | | | | + | | | Pinar del Rio |21.5|15.6| 4.7| 7.5| 8.9| 1.8| 9.7| + | | | | | | | | | | | + |Ramsdem| | | | | | | | | | + |Oriente| |Bayate, Guantanamo, | | | | | | | | + | Univ.|[F]| Oriente |20.9|14.8| 4.6| 7.3| 8.4|11.2| 9.7| +-------+-------+---+---------------------+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+ + + [1] "Rt. 98" and "15 mi. S Waukenna" both in Jefferson Co. + + [2] Only nine specimens. + + [3] "N Island, Grand Lake, Iberville Parish." + + [4] Some in Amer. Mus. Nat. History. + + [5] Females, 8; males, 3; unsexed, 1. + + [6] Only 11 specimens. + + [7] 10 mi. W, 2 mi. S Piedra, Tamaulipas. + + [8] 16 mi. W, 3 mi. S Piedra, Tamaulipas. + + +Lasiurus ega + +Southern Yellow Bat + + _Diagnosis._--Upper parts yellowish-brown (much as in _Lasiurus + intermedius floridanus_ from Louisiana) having overlay of grayish + or blackish anterior to shoulders; hair on basal half of + interfemoral membrane more yellowish than elsewhere; size medium + (forearm 42.7-52.2; condylocanine length 14.6-16.3). + +This species occurs from the southwestern United States (Palm Springs, +California, and Tucson, Arizona) southward into Uruguay and +northeastern Argentina. Of the six currently (see Handley, 1960) +recognized subspecies of _L. ega_, four occur only in South America, +and two occur only in North America. + +Cabrera (1958:115) regarded _Dasypterus ega fuscatus_ Thomas +(1901:246), based on three specimens from Rio Cauquete, Rio Cauca, +Colombia, as a synonym of _Dasypterus ega panamensis_ Thomas (_loc. +cit._) that was based on a specimen from Bogava, 250 meters elevation, +Chiriqui, Panama. The latter name has line priority over _fuscatus_. +Cabrera (1958:116) remarked that: "Las diferencias que Thomas senalo +entre el _Dasypterus_ de Panama y el de Colombia (_fuscatus_) nos +parecen estar dentro de los limites de la variacion individual, siendo +ademas muy raro que una especie de quiroptero este representada en +Colombia y en Panama por razas diferentes." + +On July 16, 1958, at the British Museum of Natural History, one of us +(Hall) examined the holotypes of _panamensis_ and _fuscatus_, as well +as other materials used by Thomas, and readily perceived the +differences that he pointed out. Thomas' description, although terse, +is accurate. _L. e. fuscatus_ is much more blackish than _panamensis_. +We are inclined to retain the two names as applicable to two +subspecies. Whether or not _fuscatus_ is synonymized under +_panamensis_, the holotype of _panamensis_ is an intergrade between the +almost black Colombian animal (_fuscatus_) and the paler individuals in +Central America and territory north thereof. Even so, the holotype of +_panamensis_ more closely resembles the blackish Colombian population +than the paler populations to the north and the name _panamensis_, +therefore, is correctly applicable to the bat from Panama, but not to +bats of the species _Lasiurus ega_ from farther north as most authors +(see, for example, Hall and Kelson, 1959:194, map 143; and Handley, +1960:474) suggested was the case. For the populations north of Panama +the name _Lasiurus ega xanthinus_ (Thomas) (1897:544) needs to be used. + + +Lasiurus ega xanthinus (Thomas) + + 1897. _Dasypterus ega xanthinus_ Thomas, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., + ser. 6, 20:544, December, type from Sierra Laguna, Baja California. + + 1953. _Lasiurus ega xanthinus_, Dalquest, Louisiana State + Univ. Studies, Biol. Ser., 1:61, December 28. + + _Geographic distribution._--Southern California, southern + Arizona, and northern Coahuila southward through Mexico to southern + Costa Rica. + + _Diagnosis._--Yellowish-brown with an overlay of grayish + anterior to the shoulders; forearm, 42.7-47.2. + + _Remarks._--Specimens from Baja California and the adjacent + western part of the mainland of Mexico average paler than specimens + from Veracruz and some places in Central America but the + differences are slight. + + _Records of occurrence._--Specimens examined, 21, as follows: + BAJA CALIFORNIA.--Comondu, 1 (USNM); Sierra Laguna, 4 (1 + USNM, 3 British Mus.). COAHUILA.--4 mi. W Hacienda La + Mariposa, 2300 ft., 2 (KU). ZACATECAS.--Concepcion del + Oro, 7680 ft., 4 (KU). TAMAULIPAS.--Sierra de Tamaulipas, + 1200 ft., 10 mi. W, 2 mi. S Piedra, 5 (KU); 16 mi. W, 3 mi. S + Piedra, 1 (KU). SINALOA.--1 mi. S Pericos, 1 (KU). + VERACRUZ.--Achotal, 1 (Chicago Mus.). + YUCATAN.--Yaxcach, 1 (USNM). COSTA RICA.--Lajas, + Villa Quesada, 1 (AMNH); San Jose, 1 (AMNH). + + _Additional records:_ CALIFORNIA: Palm Springs + (Constantine, 1946:107). ARIZONA: Tucson (Cockrum, + 1961:97). BAJA CALIFORNIA (Handley, 1960:474): Santa Ana; + Miraflores. SINALOA: Escuinapa (Handley, 1960:475). + DURANGO: Aguajequiroz, 12 mi. SSW Mapimi, 5000 ft. (Greer, + 1960:511). SAN LUIS POTOSI (Dalquest, 1953:62): 1-1/2 mi. + E Rio Verde; 19 km. SW Ebano; 4 mi. SSW Ajinche. QUINTANA + ROO: 7 mi. N, 37 mi. E Puerto de Morelos (Ingles, 1959:384). + HONDURAS: Tegucigalpa (Handley, 1960:474). + + +Lasiurus ega panamensis (Thomas) + + 1901. _Dasypterus ega panamensis_ Thomas, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., + ser. 7, 8:246, September, type from Bogava [= Bugaba], Chiriqui, + 250 meters, Panama. + + 1960. _Lasiurus ega panamensis_, Handley, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., + 112:474, October 6. + + _Geographic distribution._--Panama; also recorded by Handley + (1960:474) from Venezuela. + + _Diagnosis._--"General colour dark brownish clay-color, something + between Ridgway's 'raw-umber' and 'clay-color'. Fur black basally, + then dull brownish buffy, the extreme tips black. Center of face + similar to back, cheeks from eyes to lips contrasting black. Rump + and hairy part of interfemoral verging toward brownish fulvous. + Under surface similar to upper." (Thomas, 1901:246.) Forearm of + holotype, 46.5. + + _Remarks._--Notes taken down by one of us (Hall) on July 16, 1958, + at the British Museum, Natural History, contain the following: + "Color accurately described by Thomas. The blackish stands out. The + difference between the types of _D. e. panamensis_ and _D. e. + xanthinus_ is tremendous." + + _Record of occurrence._--Specimen examined, one, the type (British + Mus.). + + + + +RELATIONS BETWEEN THE SPECIES OF LASIURUS + + +As suggested by Dalquest in 1953 (p. 62) and by Handley in 1959 (p. +119) and 1960 (p. 473), the yellow bats, _Lasiurus ega_ (Gervais) and +_Lasiurus intermedius_ H. Allen, so closely resemble the hoary bat, +_Lasiurus cinereus_ (Palisot de Beauvois), and the red bats, _Lasiurus +borealis_ (Mueller) and the seven related species listed below, that +all are properly included in a single genus. Many of the common +characteristics are enumerated above in the diagnosis of the genus +(see also Handley, 1960:473). + +[Illustration: FIG. 3. Diagram of bones of right arm and third finger +(middle digit) including cartilage on distal end of terminal (3rd) +phalanx. Percentages are in terms of the over-all length of the arm and +third finger.] + +A listing of the differences between the species is less impressive +than a listing of the resemblances. The yellow bats differ less from +the red bats than does the hoary bat, _L. cinereus_, which differs from +all of the others as follows: talonid on m3 larger; p4 single-rooted +instead of double-rooted; hypocone on M1 and M2 smaller; coronoid +process lower; ossified part of tympanic ring, which shields the +petrosal, larger; humerus relatively shorter; forearm relatively +longer; first phalanx of middle finger relatively shorter; presternum +including keel longer than wide instead of _vice versa_. The +differences in the sternum and proportions of the forelimb reflect the +more rapid flight of the hoary bat. The yellow bats differ from the red +bats and hoary bat in long rostrum, pronounced sagittal crest, high +coronoid process, absence of the first upper premolar, long first +phalanx of the third digit and short terminal (3rd) phalanx of the same +digit. Features in which the red bats are extreme in the genus are +short rostrum, short forearm, and relatively longer second phalanx of +the third finger. The red bats differ only slightly one from another. + +Next to nothing is known of extinct Tertiary ancestors of species of +the genus _Lasiurus_. Also relatively little is known about _Lasiurus_ +in the Pleistocene. Consequently, evolution of the living species has +to be inferred almost entirely from what is known about their +structure, habits, and geographic distribution. Figure 4 presents some +ideas concerning relationships. + +[Illustration: FIG. 4. Postulated relationships of species of the genus +_Lasiurus_.] + + + + +LIST OF NAMED KINDS OF THE GENUS LASIURUS + + +The words "type from" indicate that a specimen or specimens served as +basis for the name. The words "type locality" signify lack of knowledge +as to whether a specimen was preserved. + + +Red Bats + +_Lasiurus borealis borealis_ (Mueller), 1776, type from New York. + + [_Vespertilio_] _noveboracensis_ Erxleben, 1777, based, in part, + on "Der Neujorker" of Mueller (_ante_). + + _Vespertilio lasiurus_ Schreber, 1781, type locality, North + America. + + _Vespertilio rubellus_ Palisot de Beauvois, 1796, type locality + unknown. + + _Vespertilio rubra_ Ord, 1815, based on the red bat of Wilson, + Amer. Ornith., 6:60. + + _Vespertilio tesselatus_ Rafinesque, 1818, type locality unknown. + + _Vespertilio monachus_ Rafinesque, 1818, type locality unknown. + + _Vespertilio rufus_ Warden, 1820, based on the red bat of Wilson, + _ibid._ + + _Lasiurus funebris_ Fitzinger, 1870, type locality, Tennessee. + + _Myotis quebecensis_ Yourans, 1930, type from Anse-a-Wolfe, + Quebec. + +_Lasiurus borealis frantzii_ (Peters), 1871, type from Costa Rica. + +_Lasiurus borealis teliotis_ (H. Allen), 1891, type probably from +California. + + _Lasiurus borealis ornatus_ Hall, 1951, type from Penuela, + Veracruz. + +_Lasiurus borealis varius_ (Poeppig), 1835, type from Antuco, +Provincia de Bio-Bio, Chile. + + _Nycticeus poepingii_ Lesson, 1836, type from Chile. + + _Lasiurus borealis salinae_ Thomas, 1902, type from Cruz del Eje, + Cordoba, Argentina. + +_Lasiurus borealis blossevillii_ Lesson and Garnot, 1826, type from +Montevideo, Uruguay. + + _Vespertilio bonariensis_ Lesson, 1827, type from Buenos Aires, + Argentina. + + _Lasiurus enslenii_ Lima, 1926, type from Sao Lourenco, Rio Grande + do Sul, Brazil. + +_Lasiurus pfeifferi_ (Gundlach), 1861, type from Cuba. + +_Lasiurus degelidus_ Miller, 1931, type from Sutton's, District of +Vere, Jamaica. + +_Lasiurus minor_ Miller, 1931, type from "Voute l'Eglise," 1350 ft., a +cave near the Jacmel road a few kilometers N Trouin, Haiti. + +_Lasiurus seminolus_ (Rhoads), 1895, type from Tarpon Springs, +Pinellas Co., Florida. + +_Lasiurus castaneus_ Handley, 1960, type from Tacarcuna Village, 3200 +ft., Rio Pucro, Darien, Panama. + +_Lasiurus egregius_ (Peters), 1871, type from Santa Catarina, Brazil. + +_Lasiurus brachyotis_ (J. A. Allen), 1892, type from San Cristobal +Island, Galapagos Islands. + + +Yellow Bats + +_Lasiurus golliheri_ (Hibbard and Taylor), Contributions Mus. Paleo., +Univ. Michigan, 16:162, fig. 10F, July 1, 1960 [an extinct species], +type from [a stratum of Late Pleistocene Age] "Below the caliche bed +in the Kingsdown formation; Cragin Quarry local fauna, locality 1 +(Sangamon age); Big Springs Ranch, SW 1/4 sec. 17, T. 32 S., R. 28 W. +(Kansas University Locality 6), Meade County, Kansas." + +_Lasiurus ega xanthinus_ (Thomas), 1897, type from Sierra Laguna, Baja +California. + +_Lasiurus ega panamensis_ (Thomas), 1901, type from Bugaba, Chiriqui, +Panama. + +_Lasiurus ega fuscatus_ (Thomas), 1901, type from Rio Cauquete, +Colombia. + +_Dasypterus ega punensis_ J. A. Allen, 1914, type from Isla de Puna, +Ecuador. + +_Lasiurus ega ega_ (Gervais), 1856, type from Ega, Estado de Amazonas, +Brazil. + + _Lasiurus caudatus_ Tomes, 1857, type from Pernambuco, Brazil. + +_Lasiurus ega argentinus_ (Thomas), 1901, type from Goya, Province of +Corrientes, Argentina. + +_Lasiurus intermedius intermedius_ H. Allen, 1862, type from +Matamoros, Tamaulipas, Mexico. + +_Lasiurus intermedius floridanus_ (Miller), 1902, type from Lake +Kissimmee, Osceola Co., Florida. + +_Lasiurus intermedius insularis_ Hall and Jones, 1961, type from +Cienfuegos, Las Villas Province, Cuba. + + +Hoary Bats + +_Lasiurus fossilis_ Hibbard, Contributions Mus. Paleo., Univ. Michigan, +8(No.6): 134, fig. 5, June 20, 1950 [an extinct species], type from [an +early Pleistocene or a late Pliocene deposit] "Rexroad formation, +Rexroad fauna. Locality UM-K1-47, Fox Canyon, XI Ranch, Meade County, +Kansas." + +_Lasiurus cinereus cinereus_ (Palisot de Beauvois), 1796, type from +Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Known from Late Pleistocene time as well as +from Recent time (see Hibbard and Taylor, Contributions Mus. Paleo., +Univ. Michigan, 16:159, fig. 10A, July 1, 1960, for occurrence in +Cragin Quarry local fauna, Sangamon Age, Meade County, Kansas). + + _Vespertilio pruinosus_ Say, 1823, type from Engineer Cantonment, + Washington Co., Nebraska. + + _A[talapha]. mexicana_ Saussure, 1861, type from an unknown + locality, probably from Veracruz, Puebla, or Oaxaca. + +_Lasiurus cinereus villosissimus_ E. Geoffroy St.-Hilaire, 1806, type +locality, Asuncion, Paraguay. + + _Lasiurus grayi_ Tomes, 1857, type from Chile. + + _Atalapha pallescens_ Peters, 1871, type from Paramo de la Culata, + Andes de Merida, Venezuela. + + _Atalapha cinerea brasiliensis_ Pira, 1905, type from Ignape, Sao + Paulo, Brazil. + +_Lasiurus cinereus semotus_ (H. Allen), 1890, type from Hawaii. + + + + +EXPLANATION AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS + + +Hall and Jones are jointly responsible for the accounts of the two +species of yellow bats, but Hall alone assumes responsibility for the +other parts of the paper. Thanks are extended to the National Science +Foundation for financial support (Grant No. 56 G 103) of the study here +reported on. We are grateful also to the following persons for the loan +of specimens in their care: S. B. Benson, Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, +University of California (MVZ); W. F. Blair, Department of Zoology, +University of Texas (Univ. Texas); W. B. Davis, Dept. Wildlife +Management, Agricultural and Mechanical College of Texas (TAMC or Texas +A & M); D. H. Johnson, C. O. Handley, Jr., and W. H. Setzer, U.S. +National Museum (USNM); Barbara Lawrence, Museum of Comparative Zoology +at Harvard College (MCZ); J. N. Layne, Department of Biology, +University of Florida (UF); G. H. Lowery, Jr., Museum of Natural +History, Louisiana State University (LSU); P. J. H. van Bree, +Department of Mammals, Zoologisch Museum, Amsterdam (AZM); and R. G. +Van Gelder, American Museum of Natural History (AMNH). Thanks are +extended also to E. T. Hooper and W. H. Burt, Mus. Zoology, University +of Michigan (Univ. Mich.), to Philip Hershkovitz, Chicago Natural +History Museum (Chicago Mus.), and to Peter Crowcroft, British Museum, +Natural History, for permission to examine specimens there. Mr. +Gilberto Silva Taboada arranged the loan of specimens from the Poey +Museum, University of Havana and from the Ramsdem Museum, University of +Oriente, both in Cuba. Mr. Silva Taboada and Dr. Carlos G. Aguayo of +the Poey Museum graciously arranged an exchange of specimens whereby +the holotype of _L. i. insularis_ became the property of the Museum of +Natural History, University of Kansas. Specimens in the last mentioned +institution are identified with the symbol KU. + + + + +LITERATURE CITED + + +ALLEN, H. + +1862. Descriptions of two new species of Vespertilionidae, and some +remarks on the genus Antrozous. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, pp. +246-248, "April" but between May 27 and August 1. + +1894. A monograph of the bats of North America. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., +43:i-ix + 1-198, pls. 1-38, March 14. + +BAKER, R. H., and DICKERMAN, R. W. + +1956. Daytime roost of the yellow bat in Veracruz. Jour. Mamm., 37:443, +September 11. + +BLAIR, W. F. + +1959. Distributional patterns of vertebrates in the southern United +States in relation to past and present environments. Pp. 443-468, _in_ +Hubbs, C. L. (ed.), Zoogeography, Amer. Assoc. Adv. Sci. Publ. 51:x + +509, January 16. + +BORKHAUSEN, M. B. + +1797. Der Zoologe (Compendiose Bibliothek gemeinnuetzigsten Kenntnisse +fuer alle Staende, pt. xxi), Heft iv-vii [including page 66; original not +seen]. + +CABRERA, A. + +1958. Catalogo de los mamiferos de America del Sur. Rev. Mus. Argentino +Cienc., Nat. Cienc., Zool., 4(1):l-307, March 27. + +COCKRUM, E. L. + +1960. Southern yellow bat from Arizona. Jour. Mamm., 42:97, February +20. + +COLEMAN, R. H. + +1940. Dasypterus floridanus in South Carolina. Jour. Mamm., 21:90, +February 15. + +CONSTANTINE, D. G. + +1946. A record of Dasypterus ega xanthinus from Palm Springs, +California. Bull. Southern California Acad. Sci., Los Angeles, 45:107, +September 20. + +1958. Ecological observations on lasiurine bats in Georgia. Jour. +Mamm., 39:64-70, 1 fig., February 20. + +DALQUEST, W. W. + +1953. Mammals of the Mexican state of San Luis Potosi. Louisiana State +Univ. Studies, Biol. Ser., 1:1-229, 1 fig., December 28. + +DAVIS, W. B. + +1960. The mammals of Texas. Game and Fish Comm., Bull. 41:1-252, 73 +figs., 64 maps. + +DE BEAUFORT, L. F. + +1934. Dasypterus intermedius H. Allen in Cuba. Jour. Mamm., 15:316, +November 15. + +EADS, R. B., MENZIES, G. C., and WISEMAN, J. S. + +1956. New locality records for Texas bats. Jour. Mamm., 37:440, +September 11. + +FRYE, O. E., JR. + +1948. Extension of range of two species of bats in Florida. Jour. +Mamm., 29:182, May 14. + +GAUMER, G. F. + +1917. Monografia de los mamiferos de Yucatan. Dept. Talleres Graficos +Secretaria Fomento, Mexico, xli + 331 pp., 57 pls., 2 photographs, 1 +map. + +GERVAIS, P. + +1856. _In_ Castelnau, F. L. de Laporte. Expedition dans les parties +centrales de l'Amerique du Sud ... pendant ... 1843 a 1847..., vol. for +1855 [part], pp. 25-88, pls. 7-15. + +GRAY, J. E. + +1831. Descriptions of some new genera and species of bats. Zoological +Miscellany, No. 1, pp. 37-38. + +GREER, J. K. + +1960. Southern yellow bat from Durango, Mexico. Jour. Mamm., 41:511, +November 11. + +HALL, E. R., and KELSON, K. R. + +1959. The mammals of North America. The Ronald Press Co., New York, +1280 pp., 1231 illustrations, March 31. + +HAMILTON, W. J., JR. + +1943. The mammals of eastern United States. Comstock Publ. Co., Ithaca, +New York, 432 pp., illustrated. + +HANDLEY, C. O., JR. + +1959. A revision of American bats of the genera Euderma and Plecotus. +Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 110:95-246, 27 figs., September 3. + +1960. Descriptions of new bats from Panama. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., +112:459-479, October 6. + +INGLES, L. G. + +1959. Notas acerca de los mamiferos Mexicanos. An. Inst. Biol., +29:379-408, March 31. + +IVEY, R. D. + +1959. The mammals of Palm Valley, Florida. Jour. Mamm., 40:585-591, +November 20. + +LOWERY, G. H., JR. + +1936. A preliminary report on the distribution of the mammals of +Louisiana. Proc. Louisiana Acad. Sci., 3:11-39, 2 text figs., 4 pls., +March. + +1943. Check-list of the mammals of Louisiana and adjacent waters. +Occas. Papers Mus. Zool., Louisiana State Univ., 13:213-257, 5 figs., +November 22. + +MILLER, G. S., JR. + +1897. Revision of the North American bats of the family +Vespertilionidae. N. Amer. Fauna, 13:1-140, 3 pls., 40 figs., October +16. + +1902. Twenty new American bats. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, +54:389-412, September 12. + +1909. The generic name _Nycteris_. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 22:90, +April 17. + +MOORE, J. C. + +1949_a_. Putnam County and other Florida mammal notes. Jour. Mamm., +30:57-66, February 14. + +1949_b_. Range extensions of two bats in Florida. Quart. Jour. Florida +Acad. Sci., 11:50, March 22. + +PETERS, W. + +1871. "22 December Gesammtsitzung der Akademie ... eine monographische +Uebersicht der Chiropterengattungen _Nycteris_ und _Atalapha_." +Monatsberichte d. Konig. Preuss. Akad. d. Wiss. zu Berlin (for 1870), +pp. 900-914, 1 pl. + +RAFINESQUE, C. S. + +1814. Precis des decouvertes et travaux somiologiques. Palerme, pp. +1-55 + 3. + +RAGEOT, R. H. + +1955. A new northeasternmost record of the yellow bat, _Dasypterus +floridanus_. Jour. Mamm., 36:456, August 30. + +SANBORN, C. C. + +1954. Bats of the United States. Public Health Reports, 69(1):17-28, +illustrated, January. + +SHERMAN, H. B. + +1937. A list of the Recent land mammals of Florida. Proc. Florida Acad. +Sci. (for 1936), 1:102-128. + +1945. The Florida yellow bat, _Dasypterus floridanus_. Proc. Florida +Acad. Sci. (for 1944), 7:193-197, January 20. + +TAYLOR, W. P., and DAVIS, W. B. + +1947. The mammals of Texas. Bull. Texas Game, Fish and Oyster Comm., +27:1-79, illustrated, August. + +THOMAS, O. + +1897. _Descriptions of new bats and rodents from America._ Ann. Mag. +Nat. Hist., ser. 6, 20:544-553, December. + +1901. _New Neotropical mammals, with a note on the species of_ +Reithrodon. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7, 8:246-254, September. + + +_Transmitted June 30, 1961._ + + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of North American Yellow Bats, +'Dasypterus,' And a List of the Named Kinds Of the Genus Lasiurus Gray, by E. Raymond Hall and J. Knox Jones + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NORTH AMERICAN YELLOW BATS *** + +***** This file should be named 31679.txt or 31679.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/3/1/6/7/31679/ + +Produced by Chris Curnow, Joseph Cooper and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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