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diff --git a/31674.txt b/31674.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..761c79c --- /dev/null +++ b/31674.txt @@ -0,0 +1,839 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Comments on the Taxonomic Status of +Apodemus peninsulae, with Description of a New Subspecies from North China, by J. Knox Jones, Jr. + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Comments on the Taxonomic Status of Apodemus peninsulae, with Description of a New Subspecies from North China + +Author: J. Knox Jones, Jr. + +Release Date: March 17, 2010 [EBook #31674] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK APODEMUS PENINSULAE *** + + + + +Produced by Chris Curnow, Joseph Cooper, Joseph R. Hauser +and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +http://www.pgdp.net + + + + + +UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS PUBLICATIONS +MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY + +Volume 9, No. 8, pp. 337-346, 1 fig. in text, 1 table + +August 15, 1956 + + + + +Comments on the Taxonomic Status of +Apodemus peninsulae, with Description +of a New Subspecies from North China + +BY + +J. KNOX JONES, JR. + + + + +UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS +LAWRENCE +1956 + + + + +UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS PUBLICATIONS, MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY + +Editors: E. Raymond Hall, Chairman, A. Byron Leonard, +Robert W. Wilson + + +Volume 9, No. 8, pp. 337-346, 1 fig. in text, 1 table +Published August 15, 1956 + + + + +UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS +Lawrence, Kansas + + + + +PRINTED BY +FERD VOILAND, JR., STATE PRINTER +TOPEKA, KANSAS +1956 + +26-3854 + + + + +Comments on the Taxonomic Status of Apodemus peninsulae, with +Description of a New Subspecies from North China + +BY + +J. KNOX JONES, JR. + + +In the past several years the United States National Museum has received +a large number of mammals from central and southern Korea through the +auspices of the Commission on Hemorrhagic Fever of the Armed Forces +Epidemiological Board. Among these Korean collections are more than a +hundred specimens of a murine rodent originally described as "_Micromys +speciosus peninsulae_" by Oldfield Thomas but currently placed in the +genus _Apodemus_. In attempting to ascertain the specific relationships +of this mouse I have examined, through the generosity of Dr. David H. +Johnson, Acting Curator of Mammals, most of the other Oriental specimens +of the subgenus _Sylvaemus_ in the U. S. National Museum and it is on +this combined material that the following comments and description are +based. + +Three general groups of the genus _Apodemus_ are presently known to +occur on the mainland of northeast Asia. One is the distinctive +_Apodemus agrarius_, lone representative of the subgenus _Apodemus_. The +others, both in the subgenus _Sylvaemus_ and closely resembling each +other, are represented by a small animal that is currently regarded as +conspecific with _Apodemus sylvaticus_ and a larger animal of which the +Korean mouse, _peninsulae_, is representative. The oldest trivial name +applied to the large _Sylvaemus_ is _major_ of Radde, 1862, in the +combination [_Mus sylvaticus_] vrt. _major_. This is, however, twice +preoccupied (see Ellerman and Morrison-Scott, 1951:566). The next +available name is _peninsulae_ of Thomas, 1907, which was applied to +mice from central and southern Korea (type from Mun'gyong, 110 mi. SE +Seoul, Korea), and was originally proposed as a subspecies of the +insular Japanese species, _Apodemus speciosus_. G. M. Allen (1940:949), +who recognized _peninsulae_ as a monotypic species, was the first +investigator to make the important distinction that it was not +conspecific with the Japanese _speciosus_, although Hollister (1913:1-2) +and Miller (1914:89) had previously used the combination _Apodemus +peninsulae_, evidently with the same thought in mind. + +[Illustration: FIG. 1. Ventral views of skulls and left maxillary +tooth-rows of two species of the genus _Apodemus_. + +_a._ _Apodemus flavicollis flavicollis_ (Melchior), Lolland, Denmark, +adult [Male], No. 141691 USNM, x2. + +_b._ _Apodemus flavicollis flavicollis_ (Melchior), Mauseklippe, +Germany, young [Male], No. 112895 USNM, x10. + +_c._ _Apodemus peninsulae peninsulae_ (Thomas), Central Nat'l Forest, +near Pup'yong-ni, 200 m., Korea, subadult [Female], No. 300650 USNM, +x10. + +_d._ _Apodemus peninsulae peninsulae_ (Thomas), 6 mi. S Yongdongp'o, +Korea, adult [Male], No. 299554 USNM, x2. + +In comparing the ventral views of skulls note especially the size and +location of incisive foramina and posterior palatine foramina as well as +the breadth of mesopterygoid fossae. In comparing the left maxillary +tooth-rows note especially the size of M3 and the reduced +posterointernal cusp on Ml in _A. peninsulae_.] + +More recently, Ellerman (1949:32) and Ellerman and Morrison-Scott +(1951:566) have arranged _peninsulae_ as a subspecies of _Apodemus +flavicollis_ under the assumption that all the members of the subgenus +_Sylvaemus_ on the eastern Asiatic mainland are subspecies of one or +another of the species of western Europe, _A. flavicollis_ or _A. +sylvaticus_. Ellerman (in Ellerman and Morrison-Scott, 1951:564) states: +"The majority of the forms I distribute in a somewhat arbitrary manner +between _sylvaticus_, average smaller skull, and _flavicollis_, average +larger skull; occurring together nearly throughout the Palaearctic. I +feel fairly sure that there are some errors of judgment in my +arrangement, and equally sure that there is no other way to define +species in this very large and difficult group." I have compared the +specimens of _peninsulae_ available to me from central and southern +Korea with specimens of _A. f. flavicollis_ from Denmark, Germany and +Sweden and find, although the two are similar in many ways, that +_peninsulae_ differs from _flavicollis_ in several important characters: +Mammae 1-2=6 in _flavicollis_, and 2-2=8 in _peninsulae_; incisive +foramina reaching level of alveoli of M1, or nearly so, in +_flavicollis_, but ending conspicuously short of that level in +_peninsulae_; posterior palatine foramina large in _flavicollis_ and +opposite a point where M1 and M2 meet, but small in _peninsulae_ and +situated farther back on the palate, opposite M2. Moreover, _peninsulae_ +lacks the characteristic buffy throat patch of _flavicollis_, has a much +reduced posterointernal cusp on the M1, a relatively (frequently +actually) larger M3 and, on the average, a broader mesopterygoid fossa. +In view of these differences, all of which appear to be constant, I +consider _peninsulae_ specifically distinct from _flavicollis_. +Throughout its known geographic range (see below) _peninsulae_ is +evidently confined to wooded terrain, either scrub or brush types or +forested areas, and the vernacular name wood mouse, therefore, seems +appropriate for this species. + +The type specimens of _Apodemus praetor_ Miller (type from Sungari +River, 60 mi. SW Kirin, Manchuria) and _Apodemus nigritalus_ Hollister +(type from Tapucha, Altai Mountains, Siberia) agree with _peninsulae_ as +concerns the above characters and differ from it only in minor external +and cranial features. They are, therefore, here considered as subspecies +of the latter. + +Ellerman (1949:32) and Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951:567) regarded +_nigritalus_, like _peninsulae_, as a subspecies of _flavicollis_. The +subspecies _praetor_, on the other hand, has generally been regarded as +a synonym of _peninsulae_ by recent authors. Howell (1929:58) noted that +the holotype was, "... a phenomenally large specimen such as is +encountered occasionally in almost all groups of rodents." He ascribed +the color differences noted by Miller to "seasonal" variation. The +holotype of _praetor_ is undeniably larger than the other adult +specimens listed in the original description. These paratypes and other +specimens of _praetor_ available to me are approximately the same size +externally and average only slightly larger cranially than specimens of +_peninsulae_ from central and southern Korea. However, the dorsal +coloration of _praetor_ is somewhat darker and duller than that of +_peninsulae_, especially in summer pelage when _praetor_ lacks the +conspicuous bright ochraceous tinge of the Korean specimens. In +addition, _praetor_ has broader zygomatic plates with correspondingly +deeper zygomatic notches and the color on the face of the upper incisors +averages much more orange than in _peninsulae_. + +In the north then, wood mice range from Korea and Manchuria westward at +least as far as the Altai Mountains. For mice from the intervening +Siberian areas Russian workers have used the name _major_ which, as +noted above, is unavailable. The exact relationships of the mice of +these areas to previously named subspecies is unknown to me and I have +not seen specimens of "_Mus (Alsomys) major rufulus_" of Dukelsky, 1928, +the type locality of which is 75 versts (approximately 50 miles) SE +Vladivostok, Siberia. It appears to be of the same species as +_peninsulae_ and judging from the original description it closely +resembles _praetor_. Neither have I seen specimens of the Sakhalin +Island mouse, _giliacus_, which Ellerman (1949:32) regards as a +subspecies of _Apodemus sylvaticus_. I feel reasonably sure, however, +that it will prove to be a subspecies of _peninsulae_. In the original +description _giliacus_ was referred to as, "Most closely allied to the +Korean subspecies..." (Thomas, 1907:411). + +In China the extent of the distribution of _Apodemus peninsulae_ is also +uncertain. Allen (1940:949-50) reported its occurrence from Jehol and +Hopeh in the northeast, southwestward through Shansi, Shensi and eastern +Kansu to Szechuan and northwestern Yunnan. Throughout most of this +region it occurs with another mouse, currently regarded as conspecific +with _Apodemus sylvaticus_, and the two kinds have been confused by some +previous authors. Howell (1929:58), for instance, reported twelve +specimens of _peninsulae_ from 65-75 mi. NE Peking but my examination of +these mice indicates that only four are _peninsulae_ while the others +are referrable to what is currently regarded as _Apodemus sylvaticus +draco_. Another subspecies of _sylvaticus_, _A. s. orestes_, occurs in +Szechuan and Yunnan and it is certain that some records of distribution +ascribed to _peninsulae_ from those provinces actually represent +_orestes_ (see Allen, 1940:949-50). _A. sylvaticus_ is distinguishable +from _peninsulae_ by darker ears, blackish preauricular patches, dark +eye rings, a noticeably smaller skull, incisive foramina that reach the +level of Ml (or nearly so), much larger auditory bullae, and a more +fully developed posterointernal cusp on M1. Too, _sylvaticus_ typically +has 1-2=6 mammae although Allen reports finding a 2-2=8 formula in some +specimens. _Apodemus latronum_, regarded as a full species by Osgood +(1932:318) and G. M. Allen (1940:950) but as a subspecies of +_flavicollis_ by Ellerman (1949:32) and Ellerman and Morrison-Scott +(1951:567), also occurs in Szechuan and Yunnan. Its relatively dark +color, large feet and large ears, _flavicollis_-like skull and large +molar teeth immediately separate it from _peninsulae_ although the two +possibly have been confused in the earlier literature. Until a complete +revisionary study of the Asiatic members of the subgenus _Sylvaemus_ can +be undertaken the presence of _peninsulae_ in southwestern China must +remain in question. + +The western limits of the geographic range of _Apodemus peninsulae_ are +unknown. _Apodemus gurkha_ Thomas, 1924, from Nepal is said to have +2-2=8 mammae but the description is not otherwise suggestive of close +relationship to _peninsulae_. Farther to the west, _Apodemus flavicollis +rusiges_ Miller, 1913, from Kashmir seems to have been properly assigned +as a subspecies of _flavicollis_ (cotypes and large series in USNM). + +Wood mice almost certainly do not occur in the Gobi Desert. They are +known as far west as the Altai Mountains to the north of the Gobi and at +least as far west as Kansu (see below) to the south of it. Whether the +geographic range of the species skirts the western edge of the arid +regions of northern China is at present unknown; perhaps it does not. At +any rate, mice available to me from the North Chinese provinces of +Jehol, Shansi, Shensi and Kansu are notably different in certain +external and cranial features from other known races of _Apodemus +peninsulae_ and are here given subspecific recognition. All measurements +are in millimeters. Capitalized color terms are from Ridgway (1912). + + +Apodemus peninsulae sowerbyi, new subspecies + + _Type._--Adult female molting from winter to summer pelage, skin + and skull, U. S. National Museum no. 175523, from 30 miles west of + Kuei-hua-cheng, 7000 ft., northern Shansi, China; obtained on 23 + May 1912 by Arthur de Carle Sowerby, original no. 456. + + _Distribution._--Known presently from eastern Kansu eastward + through Shensi, Shansi and Hopeh to southern Jehol, probably also + in northeastern Szechuan, exact limits of range unknown. + + _Diagnosis._--Size small for species (see measurements). Color: + Upper parts (fresh summer pelage) averaging near (15'_a_) + Ochraceous-Buff, suffused with blackish (especially mid-dorsally); + winter pelage much paler; underparts grayish-white, individual + hairs plumbeous at base, tipped with white; ears pale brownish; + feet whitish above, darker below; tail bicolor, pale brownish + above, whitish below. Skull: Small (see measurements); rostrum + somewhat shortened and conspicuously down-curved; zygomatic notches + relatively shallow; zygomatic plates narrow; braincase + proportionally more inflated than in other subspecies of the + species; auditory bullae moderately inflated; upper incisors + slender, their faces averaging bright yellowish-orange. + + _Measurements._--External measurements of the holotype, followed by + those of an adult male and female from the type locality, are, + respectively: Length of head and body, 101, 102, 100; length of + tail, 93, ----, 102; length of hind foot (_su_), 21, 21.5, 23; + length of ear from notch, 14, 16, 15.5. Corresponding measurements + for an adult female from 20 mi. E Taiyuan, Shansi, are: 91, 99, 23, + 16. For cranial measurements see Table 1. + + +Table Key: + +A: Occipitonasal length +B: Zygomatic breadth +C: Mastoid breadth +D: Interorbital length +E: Frontonasal length +F: Nasal length +G: Depth of skull +H: Alveolar length of maxiary tooth-row + + +TABLE 1.--CRANIAL MEASUREMENTS OF ADULTS OF SEVERAL SUBSPECIES OF +APODEMUS PENINSULAE +============================================================================ + Sex | | | | | | | | | + and catalogue | A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | +number or number of | | | | | | | | | +individuals averaged | | | | | | | | | +---------------------------------------------------------------------------- + + _Apodemus peninsulae peninsulae_, various localities in central Korea +Average 10 (4M, 6F) | 29.2 | 14.2 | 11.8 | 4.7 | 20.1 | 11.4 | 10.2 | 4.3 | +Minimum | 28.3 | 13.8 | 11.5 | 4.6 | 19.2 | 10.8 | 9.9 | 4.1 | +Maximum | 29.8 | 14.6 | 12.2 | 5.1 | 20.7 | 12.0 | 10.5 | 4.4 | + + _Apodemus peninsulae nigritalus_, Tapucha, Altai Mts., Siberia +USNM 175164, M (type) | 28.8 | 14.8 | 12.4 | 4.5 | 20.8 | 11.7 | 11.0 | 4.4 | +USNM 175171, F | 28.2 | 13.7 | 11.8 | 4.5 | 19.8 | 11.2 | 10.3 | 4.5 | + + _Apodemus peninsulae praetor_, Sungari River, 60 mi. SW Kirin, Manchuria +USNM 197792, M (type) | 30.5 | .... | 12.5 | 4.7 | 21.5 | 12.5 | 10.3 | 4.6 | +USNM 197798, F | 30.2 | 14.4 | 11.8 | 4.6 | 21.6 | 12.7 | 10.6 | 4.6 | + + Mukden, Manchuria +USNM 197782, M | 29.5 | 14.8 | 12.4 | 4.8 | 20.6 | 12.2 | 10.5 | 4.2 | + + _Apodemus peninsulae sowerbyi_, Kuei-hau-cheng, Shansi +USNM 175523, F (type) | 27.9 | 13.3 | 11.7 | 4.5 | 19.6 | 11.4 | 9.9 | 4.0 | +USNM 175521, M | 27.6 | .... | 11.5 | 4.6 | 18.9 | 11.4 | 9.7 | 4.1 | +USNM 175522, F | 27.9 | .... | 11.8 | 4.6 | 19.4 | 11.3 | 9.8 | 4.2 | + + 20 mi. E Taiyuan, Shansi +USNM 172558, F | 27.4 | 13.8 | 11.5 | 4.6 | 19.4 | 11.6 | 10.1 | 4.4 | + + 12 mi. S Yenan, Shensi +USNM 155072, M | 27.8 | 14.1 | .... | 4.4 | 19.5 | 11.0 | .... | 4.3 | +USNM 155073, F | 27.7 | 13.3 | 11.5 | 4.5 | 19.4 | 11.0 | 10.0 | 4.2 | +USNM 155075, M | 27.9 | 13.5 | 11.4 | 4.5 | 19.2 | 11.0 | 10.0 | 4.3 | + + Hsin-lung-shan, 65 mi. NE Peking, Jehol +USNM 219229, M | 27.7 | 13.8 | 11.4 | 4.5 | 19.0 | 10.9 | 10.4 | 4.4 | + +15 mi. S Lanchow, Kansu +USNM 155171, M | 27.7 | 13.6 | 11.7 | 4.6 | 19.0 | 11.3 | 9.9 | 4.5 | + +_Comparisons._--From _Apodemus peninsulae peninsulae_ (specimens from +various localities in central Korea), _A. p. sowerbyi_ differs in: +External size smaller throughout, especially hind foot; upper parts, +especially in summer pelage, and dorsal aspect of tail paler; skull +smaller and less massive; braincase proportionally more inflated; +rostrum shorter and noticeably down-curved. From _Apodemus peninsulae +praetor_ of Manchuria (holotype and paratypes), _A. p. sowerbyi_ differs +in most of the same ways in which it does from _peninsulae_ as well as +in having more shallow zygomatic notches, narrower zygomatic plates and +smaller, more slender, upper incisors. From _Apodemus peninsulae +nigritalus_ of the Altai Mountains of Siberia (holotype and paratypes), +_A. p. sowerbyi_ differs in: Smaller size, both external and cranial; +paler dorsal coloration; less convex cranial outline in lateral view; +smaller auditory bullae. + +_Remarks._--_Apodemus peninsulae sowerbyi_ is named in honor of the late +Arthur de Carle Sowerby whose collections of mammals from North China +and Manchuria have added so much to our meager knowledge of that part of +the world. + +Four specimens from Hsin-lung-shan, 65 mi. NE Peking, here assigned to +_sowerbyi_, are darker dorsally than mice from farther to the west and +in this respect may show approach to _A. p. praetor_. In all other +features, however, they closely resemble the new subspecies. + +All of the specimens of _sowerbyi_ available to me are from altitudes of +3000 feet or higher. At lower elevations in North China, destruction of +wooded habitats owing to intense land-use practices has probably +restricted the distribution of _sowerbyi_ primarily to hilly and +mountainous areas where brushy, scrub and forest habitats still prevail. + + _Specimens examined._--Thirty-three, all from North China, as + follows: JEHOL: Hsin-lung-shan, 65 mi. NE Peking, 3000 ft., 4. + KANSU: 15 mi. S Lanchow, 7400 ft., 1. SHANSI: Chiao-cheng-shan, 90 + mi. W Taiyuan, 7000-8000 ft., 4; 30 mi. W Kuei-hau-cheng, 7000 ft., + 5; Lung-wang-shan, 20 mi. E Taiyuan, 4000 ft., 10; 18 mi. W + Taiyuan, 5000 ft., 1; 50 mi. NW Taiyuan, 5500 ft., 4. SHENSI: 12 + mi. S Yenan, 4000 ft., 4. + +_Apodemus peninsulae_, then, is known or suspected to occur over much of +southeastern Siberia, Manchuria, Korea and North China. The western +limits of its geographic range are unknown. Over this vast area only +four subspecies, one newly named, can be ascribed with certainty to +_peninsulae_ whereas only two other kinds, _giliacus_ of Thomas from +Sakhalin and _rufulus_ of Dukelsky from extreme southeastern Siberia are +probably conspecific with it, the latter possibly a synonym of +_praetor_. These considerations underscore the preliminary nature of the +present paper. The mammalian fauna of northeastern Asia is scarcely +better known today than was that of North America in 1885 when Dr. C. +Hart Merriam organized what was later to become the U. S. Biological +Survey. + +It seems to me that the correct names of four kinds of wood mice +discussed above are as follows: + +_Apodemus peninsulae peninsulae_ (Thomas, 1907) +_Apodemus peninsulae nigritalus_ Hollister, 1913 +_Apodemus peninsulae praetor_ Miller, 1914 +_Apodemus peninsulae sowerbyi_ Jones, 1956 + + +LITERATURE CITED + +ALLEN, G. M. + 1940. The mammals of China and Mongolia. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., New + York, 2:XXVI + 621-1350, September 3. + +ELLERMAN, J. R. + 1949. The families and genera of living rodents. British Mus., + London, 3:V + 1-210, March. + +ELLERMAN, J. R., and T. C. S. MORRISON-SCOTT. + 1951. Checklist of Palaearctic and Indian mammals, 1758 to 1946. + British Mus., London, 810 p., November 19. + +HOLLISTER, N. + 1913. Two new mammals from the Siberian Altai. Smith. Misc. Coll., + 60:1-3, March 13. + +HOWELL, A. B. + 1929. Mammals from China in the collections of the United States + National Museum. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 75:1-82, June 7. + +MILLER, G. S., JR. + 1914. Two new murine rodents from eastern Asia. Proc. Biol. Soc. + Washington, 27:89-92, May 11. + +OSGOOD, W. H. + 1932. Mammals of the Kelley-Roosevelts and Delacour Asiatic + expeditions. Field Columb. Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Series, + 18:193-339, August 19. + +RIDGWAY, R. + 1912. Color standards and color nomenclature. Washington, D. C., + published by the author. + +THOMAS, O. + 1907. The Duke of Bedford's zoological explorations in eastern + Asia.--IV. A list of small mammals from the islands of Saghalien + and Hokkaido. Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1907:404-414, August 1. + + +_Transmitted May 12, 1956._ + + +26-3854 + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Comments on the Taxonomic Status of +Apodemus peninsulae, with Description of a New Subspecies from North China, by J. Knox Jones, Jr. + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK APODEMUS PENINSULAE *** + +***** This file should be named 31674.txt or 31674.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/3/1/6/7/31674/ + +Produced by Chris Curnow, Joseph Cooper, Joseph R. 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