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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Books of Chilan Balam, the Prophetic
+and Historic Records of the Mayas of Yucatan, by Daniel G. Brinton
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Books of Chilan Balam, the Prophetic and Historic Records of the Mayas of Yucatan
+
+Author: Daniel G. Brinton
+
+Release Date: March 12, 2010 [EBook #31610]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE BOOKS OF CHILAN BALAM ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Julia Miller and the Online Distributed
+Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was
+produced from images generously made available by The
+Internet Archive/American Libraries.)
+
+
+
+
+
+Transcriber's Note
+
+A number of typographical errors have been maintained in this version of
+this book. They have been marked with a [TN-#], which refers to a
+description in the complete list found at the end of the text.
+
+The following codes are used for characters not available in the
+character set used for this book:
+
+  +   dagger
+  ++  double dagger
+
+
+
+
+  THE BOOKS OF CHILAN BALAM,
+
+  The Prophetic and Historic Records
+  of the Mayas of Yucatan.
+
+  By DANIEL G. BRINTON, M. D.
+
+
+  VICE-PRESIDENT OF THE NUMISMATIC AND ANTIQUARIAN SOCIETY OF
+  PHILADELPHIA; MEMBER OF THE AMERICAN PHILOSOPHICAL
+  SOCIETY; THE AMERICAN ANTIQUARIAN SOCIETY;
+  DÉLÉGUÉ OF THE INSTITUTION
+  ETHNOGRAPHIQUE,
+  ETC., ETC.
+
+  [Illustration]
+
+  EDWARD STERN & CO.,
+  PHILADELPHIA.
+
+
+
+
+PREFATORY NOTE.
+
+
+The substance of the present pamphlet was presented as an address to the
+Numismatic and Antiquarian Society of Philadelphia, at its meeting in
+January, 1882, and was printed in the _Penn Monthly_, March, 1882. As
+the subject is one quite new in the field of American archæology and
+linguistics, it is believed that a republication in the present form
+will be welcomed by students of these branches.
+
+
+
+
+THE BOOKS OF CHILAN BALAM.[5-*]
+
+
+Civilization in ancient America rose to its highest level among the
+Mayas of Yucatan. Not to speak of the architectural monuments which
+still remain to attest this, we have the evidence of the earliest
+missionaries to the fact that they alone, of all the natives of the New
+World, possessed a literature written in "letters and characters,"
+preserved in volumes neatly bound, the paper manufactured from the bark
+of a tree and sized with a durable white varnish.[5-+]
+
+A few of these books still remain, preserved to us by accident in the
+great European libraries; but most of them were destroyed by the monks.
+Their contents were found to relate chiefly to the pagan ritual, to
+traditions of the heathen times, to astrological superstitions, and the
+like. Hence, they were considered deleterious, and were burned wherever
+discovered.
+
+This annihilation of their sacred books affected the natives most
+keenly, as we are pointedly informed by Bishop Landa, himself one of the
+most ruthless of Vandals in this respect.[5-++] But already some of the
+more intelligent had learned the Spanish alphabet, and the missionaries
+had added a sufficient number of signs to it to express with tolerable
+accuracy the phonetics of the Maya tongue. Relying on their memories,
+and, no doubt, aided by some manuscripts secretly preserved, many
+natives set to work to write out in this new alphabet the contents of
+their ancient records. Much was added which had been brought in by the
+Europeans, and much omitted which had become unintelligible or obsolete
+since the Conquest; while, of course, the different writers, varying in
+skill and knowledge, produced works of very various merit.
+
+Nevertheless, each of these books bore the same name. In whatever
+village it was written, or by whatever hand, it always was, and to-day
+still is, called "The Book of Chilan Balam." To distinguish them apart,
+the name of the village where a copy was found or written, is added.
+Probably, in the last century, almost every village had one, which was
+treasured with superstitious veneration. But the opposition of the
+_padres_ to this kind of literature, the decay of ancient sympathies,
+and especially the long war of races, which since 1847 has desolated so
+much of the peninsula, have destroyed most of them. There remain,
+however, either portions or descriptions of not less than sixteen of
+these curious records. They are known from the names of the villages
+respectively as the Book of Chilan Balam of Nabula, of Chumayel, of
+Káua, of Mani, of Oxkutzcab, of Ixil, of Tihosuco, of Tixcocob, etc.,
+these being the names of various native towns in the peninsula.
+
+When I add that not a single one of these has ever been printed, or even
+entirely translated into any European tongue, it will be evident to
+every archæologist and linguist what a rich and unexplored mine of
+information about this interesting people they may present. It is my
+intention in this article merely to touch upon a few salient points to
+illustrate this, leaving a thorough discussion of their origin and
+contents to the future editor who will bring them to the knowledge of
+the learned world.
+
+Turning first to the meaning of the name "_Chilan Balam_," it is not
+difficult to find its derivation. "_Chilan_," says Bishop Landa, the
+second bishop of Yucatan, whose description of the native customs is an
+invaluable source to us, "was the name of their priests, whose duty it
+was to teach the sciences, to appoint holy days, to treat the sick, to
+offer sacrifices, and especially to utter the oracles of the gods. They
+were so highly honored by the people that usually they were carried on
+litters on the shoulders of the devotees."[7-*] Strictly speaking, in
+Maya "_chilan_" means "interpreter," "mouth-piece," from "_chij_," "the
+mouth," and in this ordinary sense frequently occurs in other writings.
+The word, "_balam_"--literally, "tiger,"--was also applied to a class of
+priests, and is still in use among the natives of Yucatan as the
+designation of the protective spirits of fields and towns, as I have
+shown at length in a recent study of the word as it occurs in the the
+native myths of Guatemala.[7-+] "_Chilan Balam_," therefore, is not a
+proper name, but a title, and in ancient times designated the priest who
+announced the will of the gods and explained the sacred oracles. This
+accounts for the universality of the name and the sacredness of its
+associations.
+
+The dates of the books which have come down to us are various. One of
+them, "The Book of Chilan Balam of Mani," was undoubtedly composed not
+later than 1595, as is proved by internal evidence. Various passages in
+the works of Landa, Lizana, Sanchez Aguilar and Cogolludo--all early
+historians of Yucatan,--prove that many of these native manuscripts
+existed in the sixteenth century. Several rescripts date from the
+seventeenth century,--most from the latter half of the eighteenth.
+
+The names of the writers are generally not given, probably because the
+books, as we have them, are all copies of older manuscripts, with merely
+the occasional addition of current items of note by the copyist; as, for
+instance, a malignant epidemic which prevailed in the peninsula in 1673
+is mentioned as a present occurrence by the copyist of "The Book of
+Chilan Balam of Nabula."
+
+I come now to the contents of these curious works. What they contain may
+conveniently be classified under four headings:
+
+Astrological and prophetic matters;
+
+Ancient chronology and history;
+
+Medical recipes and directions;
+
+Later history and Christian teachings.
+
+The last-mentioned consist of translations of the "_Doctrina_," Bible
+stories, narratives of events after the Conquest, etc., which I shall
+dismiss as of least interest.
+
+The astrology appears partly to be reminiscences of that of their
+ancient heathendom, partly that borrowed from the European almanacs of
+the century 1550-1650. These, as is well known, were crammed with
+predictions and divinations. A careful analysis, based on a comparison
+with the Spanish almanacs of that time would doubtless reveal how much
+was taken from them, and it would be fair to presume that the remainder
+was a survival of ancient native theories.
+
+But there are not wanting actual prophecies of a much more striking
+character. These were attributed to the ancient priests and to a date
+long preceding the advent of Christianity. Some of them have been
+printed in translations in the "_Historias_" of Lizana and Cogolludo,
+and of some the originals were published by the late Abbé Brasseur de
+Bourbourg, in the second volume of the reports of the "_Mission
+Scientifique au Mexique et dans l'Amérique Centrale_." Their
+authenticity has been met with considerable skepticism by Waitz and
+others, particularly as they seem to predict the arrival of the
+Christians from the East and the introduction of the worship of the
+cross.
+
+It appears to me that this incredulity is uncalled for. It is known that
+at the close of each of their larger divisions of time (the so-called
+"_katuns_,") a "_chilan_," or inspired diviner, uttered a prediction of
+the character of the year or epoch which was about to begin. Like other
+would-be prophets, he had doubtless learned that it is wiser to predict
+evil than good, inasmuch as the probabilities of evil in this worried
+world of ours outweigh those of good; and when the evil comes his words
+are remembered to his credit, while, if, perchance, his gloomy forecasts
+are not realized, no one will bear him a grudge that he has been at
+fault. The temper of this people was, moreover, gloomy, and it suited
+them to hear of threatened danger and destruction by foreign foes. But,
+alas! for them. The worst that the boding words of the oracle foretold
+was as nothing to the dire event which overtook them,--the destruction
+of their nation, their temples and their freedom, 'neath the iron heel
+of the Spanish conqueror. As the wise Goethe says:
+
+    "_Seltsam ist Prophetenlied,
+    Doch mehr seltsam was geschieht._"
+
+As to the supposed reference to the cross and its worship, it may be
+remarked that the native word translated "cross," by the missionaries,
+simply means "a piece of wood set upright," and may well have had a
+different and special signification in the old days.
+
+By way of a specimen of these prophecies, I quote one from "The Book of
+Chilan Balam of Chumayel," saying at once that for the translation I
+have depended upon a comparison of the Spanish version of Lizana, who
+was blindly prejudiced, and that in French of the Abbé Brasseur de
+Bourbourg, who knew next to nothing about Maya, with the original. It
+will be easily understood, therefore, that it is rather a paraphrase
+than a literal rendering. The original is in short, aphoristic
+sentences, and was, no doubt, chanted with a rude rhythm:
+
+    "What time the sun shall brightest shine,
+    Tearful will be the eyes of the king.
+    Four ages yet shall be inscribed,
+    Then shall come the holy priest, the holy god.
+    With grief I speak what now I see.
+    Watch well the road, ye dwellers in Itza.
+    The master of the earth shall come to us.
+    Thus prophesies Nahau Pech, the seer,
+    In the days of the fourth age,
+    At the time of its beginning."
+
+Such are the obscure and ominous words of the ancient oracle. If the
+date is authentic, it would be about 1480--the "fourth age" in the Maya
+system of computing time being a period of either twenty or twenty-four
+years at the close of the fifteenth century.
+
+It is, however, of little importance whether these are accurate copies
+of the ancient prophecies; they remain, at least, faithful imitations of
+them, composed in the same spirit and form which the native priests were
+wont to employ. A number are given much longer than the above, and
+containing various curious references to ancient usages.
+
+Another value they have in common with all the rest of the text of these
+books, and it is one which will be properly appreciated by any student
+of languages. They are, by common consent of all competent authorities,
+the genuine productions of native minds, cast in the idiomatic forms of
+the native tongue by those born to its use. No matter how fluent a
+foreigner becomes in a language not his own, he can never use it as does
+one who has been familiar with it from childhood. This general maxim is
+ten-fold true when we apply it to a European learning an American
+language. The flow of thought, as exhibited in these two linguistic
+families, is in such different directions that no amount of practice can
+render one equally accurate in both. Hence the importance of studying a
+tongue as it is employed by natives; and hence the very high estimate I
+place on these "Books of Chilan Balam" as linguistic material,--an
+estimate much increased by the great rarity of independent compositions
+in their own tongues by members of the native races of this continent.
+
+I now approach what I consider the peculiar value of these records,
+apart from the linguistic mould in which they are cast; and that is the
+light they throw upon the chronological system and ancient history of
+the Mayas. To a limited extent, this has already been brought before the
+public. The late Don Pio Perez gave to Mr. Stephens, when in Yucatan, an
+essay on the method of computing time among the ancient Mayas, and also
+a brief synopsis of Maya history, apparently going back to the third or
+fourth century of the Christian era. Both were published by Mr. Stephens
+in the appendix to his "Travels in Yucatan," and have appeared
+repeatedly since in English, Spanish and French.[10-*] They have, up to
+the present, constituted almost our sole sources of information on these
+interesting points. Don Pio Perez was rather vague as to whence he
+derived his knowledge. He refers to "ancient manuscripts," "old
+authorities," and the like; but, as the Abbé Brasseur de Bourbourg
+justly complains, he rarely quotes their words, and gives no
+descriptions as to what they were or how he gained access to them.[11-*]
+In fact, the whole of Señor Perez's information was derived from these
+"Books of Chilan Balam;" and, without wishing at all to detract from his
+reputation as an antiquary and a Maya scholar, I am obliged to say that
+he has dealt with them as scholars so often do with their authorities;
+that is, having framed his theories, he quoted what he found in their
+favor and neglected to refer to what he observed was against them.
+
+Thus, it is a cardinal question in Yucatecan archæology as to whether
+the epoch or age by which the great cycle (the _ahau katun_,) was
+reckoned, embraced twenty or twenty-four years. Contrary to all the
+Spanish authorities, Perez declared for twenty-four years, supporting
+himself by "the manuscripts." It is true there are three of the "Books
+of Chilan Balam"--those of Mani, Káua and Oxkutzcab,--which are
+distinctly in favor of twenty-four years; but, on the other hand, there
+are four or five others which are clearly for the period of twenty
+years, and of these Don Perez said nothing, although copies of more than
+one of them were in his library. So of the epochs, or _katuns_, of Maya
+history; there are three or more copies in these books which he does not
+seem to have compared with the one he furnished Stephens. His labor will
+have to be repeated according to the methods of modern criticism, and
+with the additional material obtained since he wrote.
+
+Another valuable feature in these records is the hints they furnish of
+the hieroglyphic system of the Mayas. Almost our only authority
+heretofore has been the essay of Landa. It has suffered somewhat in
+credit because we had no means of verifying his statements and comparing
+the characters he gives. Dr. Valentini has even gone so far as to attack
+some of his assertions as "fabrications." This is an amount of
+skepticism which exceeds both justice and probability.
+
+[Illustration: SIGNS OF THE MONTHS, FROM THE BOOK OF CHILAN BALAM OF
+CHUMAYEL.]
+
+The chronological portions of the "Books of Chilan Balam" re[TN-1]
+partly written with the ancient signs of the days, months and epochs,
+and they furnish us, also, delineations of the "wheels" which the
+natives used for computing time. The former are so important to the
+student of Maya hieroglyphics, that I have added photographic
+reproductions of them to this paper, giving also representations of
+those of Landa for comparison. It will be observed that the signs of the
+days are distinctly similar in the majority of cases, but that those of
+the months are hardly alike.
+
+[Illustration: SIGNS OF THE MONTHS, AS GIVEN BY BISHOP LANDA.]
+
+The hieroglyphs of the days taken from the "_Codex Troano_," an ancient
+Maya book written before the Conquest, probably about 1400, are also
+added to illustrate the variations which occurred in the hands of
+different scribes. Those from the "Books of Chilan Balam" are copied
+from a manuscript known to Maya scholars as the "_Codice Perez_," of
+undoubted authenticity and antiquity.[14-*]
+
+The result of the comparison I thus institute is a triumphant refutation
+of the doubts and slurs which have been cast on Bishop Landa's work and
+vindicate for it a very high degree of accuracy.
+
+The hieroglyphics for the months are quite complicated, and in the
+"Books of Chilan Balam" are rudely drawn; but, for all that, two or
+three of them are evidently identical with those in the calendar
+preserved by Landa. Some years ago, Professor de Rosny expressed himself
+in great doubt as to the fidelity in the tracing of these
+hierogylphs[TN-2] of the months, principally because he could not find
+them in the two codices at his command.[14-+] As he observes, they are
+_composite_ signs, and this goes to explain the discrepancy; for it may
+be regarded as established that the Maya script permitted the use of
+several signs for the same sound, and the sculptor or scribe was not
+obliged to represent the same word always by the same figure.
+
+In close relation to chronology is the system of numeration and the
+arithmetical signs. These are discussed with considerable fulness,
+especially in the "Book of Chilan Balam of Káua." The numerals are
+represented by exactly the same figures as we find in the Maya
+manuscripts of the libraries of Dresden, Pesth, Paris and Madrid; that
+is, by points or dots up to five, and the fives by single straight
+lines, which may be indiscriminately drawn vertically or horizontally.
+The same book contains a table of multiplication in Spanish and Maya
+which settles some disputed points in the use of the vigesimal system by
+the Mayas.
+
+A curious chapter in several of the books, especially those of Káua and
+Mani, is that on the thirteen _ahau katuns_, or epochs of the greater
+cycle of the Mayas. This cycle embraced thirteen periods, which, as I
+have before remarked, are computed by some at twenty years each, by
+others at twenty-four years each. Each of these _katuns_ was presided
+over by a chief or king, that being the meaning of the word _ahau_. The
+books above-mentioned give both the name and the portrait, drawn and
+colored by the rude hand of the native artist, of each of these kings,
+and they suggest several interesting analogies.
+
+They are, in the first place, identical, with one exception, with those
+on an ancient native painting, an engraving of which is given by Father
+Cogolludo in his "History of Yucatan," and explained by him as the
+representation of an occurrence which took place after the Spaniards
+arrived in the peninsula. Evidently, the native in whose hands the
+worthy father found it, fearing that he partook of the fanaticism which
+had led the missionaries to the destruction of so many records of the
+nation, deceived him as to its purport, and gave him an explanation
+which imported to the scroll the character of a harmless history.
+
+The one exception is the last or thirteenth chief. Cogolludo appends to
+this the name of an Indian who probably did fall a victim to his
+friendship to the Spaniards. This name, as a sort of guarantee for the
+rest of his story, the native scribe inserted in place of the genuine
+one. The peculiarity of the figure is that it has an arrow or dagger
+driven into its eye. Not only is this mentioned by Cogolludo's
+informant, but it is represented in the paintings in both the "Books of
+Chilan Balam" above noted, and also, by a fortunate coincidence, in one
+of the calendar-pages of the "_Codex Troano_," plate xxiii., in a
+remarkable cartouche, which, from a wholly independent course of
+reasoning, was some time since identified by my esteemed correspondent,
+Professor Cyrus Thomas, of Illinois, as a cartouche of one of the _ahau
+katuns_, and probably of the last of them. It gives me much pleasure to
+add such conclusive proof of the sagacity of his supposition.[15-*]
+
+[Illustration]
+
+[Illustration: SIGNS OF THE DAYS.
+
+The first column on the right is from Landa. The second is from the
+"_Codex Troano_." The remaining four are from the Book of Chilan Balam
+of Káua.]
+
+There is other evidence to show that the engraving in Cogolludo is a
+relic of the purest ancient Maya symbolism,--one of the most interesting
+which have been preserved to us; but to enter upon its explanation in
+this connection would be too far from my present topic.
+
+A favorite theme with the writers of the "Books of Chilan Balam" was the
+cure of diseases. Bishop Landa explains the "_chilanes_" as "sorcerers
+and doctors," and adds that one of their prominent duties was to
+diagnose diseases and point out their appropriate remedies.[18-*] As we
+might expect, therefore, considerable prominence is given to the
+description of symptoms and suggestions for their alleviation. Bleeding
+and the administration of preparations of native plants are the usual
+prescriptions; but there are others which have probably been borrowed
+from some domestic medicine-book of European origin.
+
+The late Don Pio Perez gave a great deal of attention to collecting
+these native recipes, and his manuscripts were carefully examined by Dr.
+Berendt, who combined all the necessary knowledge, botanical, linguistic
+and medical, and who has left a large manuscript, entitled "_Recetarios
+de Indios_," which presents the subject fully. He considers the
+scientific value of these remedies to be next to nothing, and the
+language in which they are recorded to be distinctly inferior to that of
+the remainder of the "Books of Chilan Balam." Hence, he believes that
+this portion of the ancient records was supplanted some time in the last
+century by medical notions introduced from European sources. Such, in
+fact, is the statement of the copyists of the books themselves, as these
+recipes, etc., are sometimes found in a separate volume, entitled "The
+Book of the Jew,"--"_El Libro del Judio_." Who this alleged Jewish
+physician was, who left so wide-spread and durable a renown among the
+Yucatecan natives, none of the archæologists has been able to find
+out.[18-+]
+
+The language and style of most of these books are aphoristic,
+elliptical and obscure. The Maya language has naturally undergone
+considerable alteration since they were written; therefore, even to
+competent readers of ordinary Maya, they are not readily understood.
+Fortunately, however, there are in existence excellent dictionaries of
+the Maya of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, which, were they
+published, would be sufficient for this purpose.
+
+A few persons in Yucatan have appreciated the desirability of collecting
+and preserving these works. Don Pio Perez was the first to do so, and of
+living Yucatecan scholars particular mention should be made of the Rev.
+Canon Don Crescencio Carrillo y An cona,[TN-3] who has written a good,
+and I believe the only, description of them which has yet appeared in
+print.[19-*] They attracted the earnest attention of that eminent
+naturalist and ethnologist, the late Dr. C. Hermann Berendt, and at a
+great expenditure of time and labor he visited various parts of Yucatan,
+and with remarkable skill made _fac-simile_ copies of the most important
+and complete specimens which he could anywhere find. This invaluable and
+unique collection has come into my hands since his death, and it is this
+which has prompted me to make known their character and contents to
+those interested in such subjects.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[5-*] Read before the Numismatic and Antiquarian Society of
+Philadelphia, at its twenty-fourth annual meeting, January 5th, 1882.
+
+[5-+] Of the numerous authorities which could be quoted on this point, I
+shall give the words of but one, Father Alonso Ponce, the Pope's
+Commissary-General, who travelled through Yucatan in 1586, when many
+natives were still living who had been born before the Conquest (1541).
+Father Ponce had travelled through Mexico, and, of course, had learned
+about the Aztec picture-writing, which he distinctly contrasts with the
+writing of the Mayas. Of the latter, he says: "_Son alabados de tres
+cosas entre todos los demas de la Nueva España, la una de que en su
+antiguedad tenian caracteres y letras, con que escribian sus historias y
+las ceremonias y orden de los sacrificios de sus idolos y su calendario,
+en libros hechos de corteza de cierto arbol, los cuales eran unas tiras
+muy largas de quarta ó tercia en ancho, que se doblaban y recogian, y
+venia á queder á manera de un libro encuardenada en cuartilla, poco mas
+ó menos. Estas letras y caracteres no las entendian, sino los sacerdotes
+de los idolos, (que en aquella lengua se llaman 'ahkines,') y algun
+indio principal. Despues las entendieron y supieron léer algunos frailos
+nuestros y aun las escribien._"--("_Relacion Breve y Verdadera de
+Algunas Cosas de las Muchas que Sucedieron al Padre Fray Alonso Ponce,
+Comisario-General en las Provincias de la Nueva España_," page 392). I
+know no other author who makes the interesting statement that these
+characters were actually used by the missionaries to impart instruction
+to the natives; but I learn through Mr. Gatschet, of the Bureau of
+Ethnology, Washington, that a manuscript written in this manner by one
+of the early _padres_ has recently been discovered.
+
+[5-++] "_Se les quemamos todos_," he writes, "_lo qual á maravilla
+sentian y les dava pena._"--"_Relacion de las Cosas de Yucatan_," page
+316.
+
+[7-*] "_Relacion de las Cosas de Yucatan_," page 160.
+
+[7-+] "The Names of the Gods in the Kiche Myths of Central America."
+Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, Vol. XIX., 1881. The
+terminal letter in both these words--"_chilan_," "_balam_,"--may be
+either "_n_" or "_m_," the change being one of dialect and local
+pronunciation. I have followed the older authorities in writing "_Chilan
+Balam_," the modern preferring "_Chilam Balam_." Señor Eligio Ancona, in
+his recently published "_Historia de Yucatan_," (Vol. I., page 240,
+note, Merida, 1878,) offers the absurd suggestion that the name
+"_balam_" was given to the native soothsayers by the early missionaries
+in ridicule, deriving it from the well-known personage in the Old
+Testament. It is surprising that Señor Ancona, writing in Merida, had
+never acquainted himself with the Perez manuscripts, nor with those in
+the possession of Canon Carrillo. Indeed, the most of his treatment of
+the ancient history of his country is disappointingly superficial.
+
+[10-*] For example, in the "_Registro Yucateco_," _Tome III._;
+"_Diccionario Universal de Historia y Geografia_," _Tome VIII._ (Mexico,
+1855); "_Diccionario Historico de Yucatan_," _Tome I._ (Merida, 1866);
+in the appendix to Landa's "_Cosas de Yucatan_" (Paris, 1864), etc. The
+epochs, or _katuns_, of Maya history have been recently again analyzed
+by Dr. Felipe Valentini, in an essay in the German and English
+languages, the latter in the "Proceedings of the American Antiquarian
+Society, 1880."
+
+[11-*] The Abbé's criticism occurs in the note to page 406 of his
+edition of Landa's "_Cosas de Yucatan_."
+
+[14-*] It is described at length by Don Crescencio Carrillo y Ancona, in
+his "_Disertacion sobre la Historia de la Lengua Maya_" (Merida, 1870).
+
+[14-+] "_Je dois déclarer que l'examen dans tous leurs détails du 'Codex
+Troano' et du 'Codex Peresianus' m'invite de la façon la plus sérieuse à
+n'accepter ces signes, tout au moins au point de vue de l'exactitude de
+leur tracé, qu'avec une certaine réserve._"--Leon de Rosny's "_Essai sur
+le Déchiffrement de l'Ecriture Hiératique de l'Amérique Centrale_," page
+21 (Paris, 1876). By the "_Codex Peresianus_," he does not mean the
+"_Codice Perez_," but the Maya manuscript in the Bibliothêque[TN-4]
+Nationale. The identity of the names is confusing and unfortunate.
+
+[15-*] "The Manuscript Troano," published in _The American Naturalist_,
+August, 1881, page 640. This manuscript or codex was published in
+chromo-lithograph, Paris, 1879, by the French Government.
+
+[18-*] "_Declarar las necesidades y sus remedios._"--"_Relation de las
+Cosas de Yucatan_," page 160. Like much of Landa's Spanish, this use of
+the word "_necesidad_" is colloquial, and not classical.
+
+[18-+] A "_Medicina Domestica_," under the name of "Don Ricardo Ossado,
+(alias, _el Judio_,)" was published at Merida in 1834; but this appears
+to have been merely a bookseller's device to aid the sale of the book by
+attributing it to the "great unknown."
+
+[19-*] In his "_Disertacion sobre la Historia de la Lengua Maya ó
+Yucateca_" (Merida, 1870).
+
+
+
+
+Transcriber's Note
+
+
+The following misspellings and typographical errors were maintained.
+
+        Page  Error
+  TN-1   11   re should read are
+  TN-2   13   hierogylphs should read hieroglyphs
+  TN-3   19   An cona should read Ancona
+  TN-4   fn. 14-+   Bibliothêque should read Bibliothèque
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Books of Chilan Balam, the
+Prophetic and Historic Records of the Mayas of Yucatan, by Daniel G. Brinton
+
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+      The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Books of Chilan Balam, The Prophetic and Historic Records of the Mayas of Yucatan, by Daniel G. Brinton.
+    </title>
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+<pre>
+
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Books of Chilan Balam, the Prophetic
+and Historic Records of the Mayas of Yuc, by Daniel G. Brinton
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Books of Chilan Balam, the Prophetic and Historic Records of the Mayas of Yucatan
+
+Author: Daniel G. Brinton
+
+Release Date: March 12, 2010 [EBook #31610]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: UTF-8
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE BOOKS OF CHILAN BALAM ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Julia Miller and the Online Distributed
+Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was
+produced from images generously made available by The
+Internet Archive/American Libraries.)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+
+<div class="tn">
+<p class="titlepage"><b>Transcriber’s Note</b></p>
+
+<p class="noindent">A number of typographical errors have been maintained in this version of
+this book. They are <ins class="correction" title="correction">marked</ins> and the corrected text is shown in the popup.
+A description of the errors is found in the <a href="#trans_note">list</a> at the end of the text.</p>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="chapbreak" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1">[1]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<h1 class="chapterhead"><span class="smcap">The Books of Chilan Balam</span>,<br />
+
+<span class="size70per">The Prophetic and Historic Records<br />
+of the Mayas of Yucatan.</span></h1>
+
+<p class="titlepage size120per">By <span class="smcap">Daniel G. Brinton, M. D.</span></p>
+
+
+<p class="titlepage size70per">VICE-PRESIDENT OF THE NUMISMATIC AND ANTIQUARIAN SOCIETY OF<br />
+PHILADELPHIA; MEMBER OF THE AMERICAN PHILOSOPHICAL<br />
+SOCIETY; THE AMERICAN ANTIQUARIAN SOCIETY;<br />
+DÉLÉGUÉ OF THE INSTITUTION<br />
+ETHNOGRAPHIQUE,<br />
+ETC., ETC.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 241px;">
+<img src="images/titlepage.png" width="241" height="216" alt="colophon" title="" />
+</div>
+
+<p class="titlepage">EDWARD STERN &amp; CO.,<br />
+PHILADELPHIA.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">[2]</a></span></p>
+
+
+
+<hr class="chapbreak" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[3]</a></span></p>
+
+<h2 class="chapterhead"><a name="PREFATORY_NOTE" id="PREFATORY_NOTE"></a>PREFATORY NOTE.</h2>
+
+<hr class="declong" />
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The</span> substance of the present pamphlet was presented as an address to the
+Numismatic and Antiquarian Society of Philadelphia, at its meeting in
+January, 1882, and was printed in the <i>Penn Monthly</i>, March, 1882. As
+the subject is one quite new in the field of American archæology and
+linguistics, it is believed that a republication in the present form
+will be welcomed by students of these branches.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[4]</a></span></p>
+
+<hr class="chapbreak" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[5]</a></span></p>
+
+<h2 class="chapterhead"><a name="THE_BOOKS_OF_CHILAN_BALAM5" id="THE_BOOKS_OF_CHILAN_BALAM5"></a>THE BOOKS OF CHILAN BALAM.<a name="FNanchor_5-1_1" id="FNanchor_5-1_1" href="#Footnote_5-1_1" class="fnanchor">5-*</a></h2>
+
+
+<p class="noindent"><span class="dropcap">C</span><span class="upper">ivilization</span> in ancient America rose to its highest level among the
+Mayas of Yucatan. Not to speak of the architectural monuments which
+still remain to attest this, we have the evidence of the earliest
+missionaries to the fact that they alone, of all the natives of the New
+World, possessed a literature written in “letters and characters,�
+preserved in volumes neatly bound, the paper manufactured from the bark
+of a tree and sized with a durable white varnish.<a name="FNanchor_5-2_2" id="FNanchor_5-2_2" href="#Footnote_5-2_2" class="fnanchor">5-†</a></p>
+
+<p>A few of these books still remain, preserved to us by accident in the
+great European libraries; but most of them were destroyed by the monks.
+Their contents were found to relate chiefly to the pagan ritual, to
+traditions of the heathen times, to astrological superstitions, and the
+like. Hence, they were considered deleterious, and were burned wherever
+discovered.</p>
+
+<p>This annihilation of their sacred books affected the natives most
+keenly, as we are pointedly informed by Bishop Landa, himself one of the
+most ruthless of Vandals in this respect.<a name="FNanchor_5-3_3" id="FNanchor_5-3_3" href="#Footnote_5-3_3" class="fnanchor">5-‡</a> But already <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[6]</a></span>some of the
+more intelligent had learned the Spanish alphabet, and the missionaries
+had added a sufficient number of signs to it to express with tolerable
+accuracy the phonetics of the Maya tongue. Relying on their memories,
+and, no doubt, aided by some manuscripts secretly preserved, many
+natives set to work to write out in this new alphabet the contents of
+their ancient records. Much was added which had been brought in by the
+Europeans, and much omitted which had become unintelligible or obsolete
+since the Conquest; while, of course, the different writers, varying in
+skill and knowledge, produced works of very various merit.</p>
+
+<p>Nevertheless, each of these books bore the same name. In whatever
+village it was written, or by whatever hand, it always was, and to-day
+still is, called “The Book of Chilan Balam.� To distinguish them apart,
+the name of the village where a copy was found or written, is added.
+Probably, in the last century, almost every village had one, which was
+treasured with superstitious veneration. But the opposition of the
+<i>padres</i> to this kind of literature, the decay of ancient sympathies,
+and especially the long war of races, which since 1847 has desolated so
+much of the peninsula, have destroyed most of them. There remain,
+however, either portions or descriptions of not less than sixteen of
+these curious records. They are known from the names of the villages
+respectively as the Book of Chilan Balam of Nabula, of Chumayel, of
+Káua, of Mani, of Oxkutzcab, of Ixil, of Tihosuco, of Tixcocob, etc.,
+these being the names of various native towns in the peninsula.</p>
+
+<p>When I add that not a single one of these has ever been printed, or even
+entirely translated into any European tongue, it will be evident to
+every archæologist and linguist what a rich and unexplored mine of
+information about this interesting people they may present. It is my
+intention in this article merely to touch upon a few salient points to
+illustrate this, leaving a thorough discussion of their origin and
+contents to the future editor who will bring them to the knowledge of
+the learned world.</p>
+
+<p>Turning first to the meaning of the name “<i>Chilan Balam</i>,� it is not
+difficult to find its derivation. “<i>Chilan</i>,� says Bishop Landa, the
+second bishop of Yucatan, whose description of the native customs is an
+invaluable source to us, “was the name of their priests, whose duty it
+was to teach the sciences, to appoint holy days, to treat the sick, to
+offer sacrifices, and especially to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[7]</a></span> utter the oracles of the gods. They
+were so highly honored by the people that usually they were carried on
+litters on the shoulders of the devotees.�<a name="FNanchor_7-1_4" id="FNanchor_7-1_4" href="#Footnote_7-1_4" class="fnanchor">7-*</a> Strictly speaking, in
+Maya “<i>chilan</i>� means “interpreter,� “mouth-piece,� from “<i>chij</i>,� “the
+mouth,� and in this ordinary sense frequently occurs in other writings.
+The word, “<i>balam</i>�&mdash;literally, “tiger,�&mdash;was also applied to a class of
+priests, and is still in use among the natives of Yucatan as the
+designation of the protective spirits of fields and towns, as I have
+shown at length in a recent study of the word as it occurs in the the
+native myths of Guatemala.<a name="FNanchor_7-2_5" id="FNanchor_7-2_5" href="#Footnote_7-2_5" class="fnanchor">7-†</a> “<i>Chilan Balam</i>,� therefore, is not a
+proper name, but a title, and in ancient times designated the priest who
+announced the will of the gods and explained the sacred oracles. This
+accounts for the universality of the name and the sacredness of its
+associations.</p>
+
+<p>The dates of the books which have come down to us are various. One of
+them, “The Book of Chilan Balam of Mani,� was undoubtedly composed not
+later than 1595, as is proved by internal evidence. Various passages in
+the works of Landa, Lizana, Sanchez Aguilar and Cogolludo&mdash;all early
+historians of Yucatan,&mdash;prove that many of these native manuscripts
+existed in the sixteenth century. Several rescripts date from the
+seventeenth century,&mdash;most from the latter half of the eighteenth.</p>
+
+<p>The names of the writers are generally not given, probably because the
+books, as we have them, are all copies of older manuscripts, with merely
+the occasional addition of current items of note by the copyist; as, for
+instance, a malignant epidemic which prevailed in the peninsula in 1673
+is mentioned as a present occurrence by the copyist of “The Book of
+Chilan Balam of Nabula.�</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[8]</a></span>I come now to the contents of these curious works. What they contain may
+conveniently be classified under four headings:</p>
+
+<p>Astrological and prophetic matters;</p>
+
+<p>Ancient chronology and history;</p>
+
+<p>Medical recipes and directions;</p>
+
+<p>Later history and Christian teachings.</p>
+
+<p>The last-mentioned consist of translations of the “<i>Doctrina</i>,� Bible
+stories, narratives of events after the Conquest, etc., which I shall
+dismiss as of least interest.</p>
+
+<p>The astrology appears partly to be reminiscences of that of their
+ancient heathendom, partly that borrowed from the European almanacs of
+the century 1550-1650. These, as is well known, were crammed with
+predictions and divinations. A careful analysis, based on a comparison
+with the Spanish almanacs of that time would doubtless reveal how much
+was taken from them, and it would be fair to presume that the remainder
+was a survival of ancient native theories.</p>
+
+<p>But there are not wanting actual prophecies of a much more striking
+character. These were attributed to the ancient priests and to a date
+long preceding the advent of Christianity. Some of them have been
+printed in translations in the “<i>Historias</i>� of Lizana and Cogolludo,
+and of some the originals were published by the late Abbé Brasseur de
+Bourbourg, in the second volume of the reports of the “<i>Mission
+Scientifique au Mexique et dans l’Amérique Centrale</i>.� Their
+authenticity has been met with considerable skepticism by Waitz and
+others, particularly as they seem to predict the arrival of the
+Christians from the East and the introduction of the worship of the
+cross.</p>
+
+<p>It appears to me that this incredulity is uncalled for. It is known that
+at the close of each of their larger divisions of time (the so-called
+“<i>katuns</i>,�) a “<i>chilan</i>,� or inspired diviner, uttered a prediction of
+the character of the year or epoch which was about to begin. Like other
+would-be prophets, he had doubtless learned that it is wiser to predict
+evil than good, inasmuch as the probabilities of evil in this worried
+world of ours outweigh those of good; and when the evil comes his words
+are remembered to his credit, while, if, perchance, his gloomy forecasts
+are not realized, no one will bear him a grudge that he has been at
+fault. The temper of this people was, moreover, gloomy, and it suited
+them to hear of threatened danger<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[9]</a></span> and destruction by foreign foes. But,
+alas! for them. The worst that the boding words of the oracle foretold
+was as nothing to the dire event which overtook them,&mdash;the destruction
+of their nation, their temples and their freedom, ’neath the iron heel
+of the Spanish conqueror. As the wise Goethe says:</p>
+
+<p class="poem">“<i>Seltsam ist Prophetenlied,</i><br />
+<i>Doch mehr seltsam was geschieht.</i>�</p>
+
+<p>As to the supposed reference to the cross and its worship, it may be
+remarked that the native word translated “cross,� by the missionaries,
+simply means “a piece of wood set upright,� and may well have had a
+different and special signification in the old days.</p>
+
+<p>By way of a specimen of these prophecies, I quote one from “The Book of
+Chilan Balam of Chumayel,� saying at once that for the translation I
+have depended upon a comparison of the Spanish version of Lizana, who
+was blindly prejudiced, and that in French of the Abbé Brasseur de
+Bourbourg, who knew next to nothing about Maya, with the original. It
+will be easily understood, therefore, that it is rather a paraphrase
+than a literal rendering. The original is in short, aphoristic
+sentences, and was, no doubt, chanted with a rude rhythm:</p>
+
+<p class="poem">“What time the sun shall brightest shine,<br />
+Tearful will be the eyes of the king.<br />
+Four ages yet shall be inscribed,<br />
+Then shall come the holy priest, the holy god.<br />
+With grief I speak what now I see.<br />
+Watch well the road, ye dwellers in Itza.<br />
+The master of the earth shall come to us.<br />
+Thus prophesies Nahau Pech, the seer,<br />
+In the days of the fourth age,<br />
+At the time of its beginning.�</p>
+
+<p>Such are the obscure and ominous words of the ancient oracle. If the
+date is authentic, it would be about 1480&mdash;the “fourth age� in the Maya
+system of computing time being a period of either twenty or twenty-four
+years at the close of the fifteenth century.</p>
+
+<p>It is, however, of little importance whether these are accurate copies
+of the ancient prophecies; they remain, at least, faithful imitations of
+them, composed in the same spirit and form which the native priests were
+wont to employ. A number are given much longer than the above, and
+containing various curious references to ancient usages.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[10]</a></span>Another value they have in common with all the rest of the text of these
+books, and it is one which will be properly appreciated by any student
+of languages. They are, by common consent of all competent authorities,
+the genuine productions of native minds, cast in the idiomatic forms of
+the native tongue by those born to its use. No matter how fluent a
+foreigner becomes in a language not his own, he can never use it as does
+one who has been familiar with it from childhood. This general maxim is
+ten-fold true when we apply it to a European learning an American
+language. The flow of thought, as exhibited in these two linguistic
+families, is in such different directions that no amount of practice can
+render one equally accurate in both. Hence the importance of studying a
+tongue as it is employed by natives; and hence the very high estimate I
+place on these “Books of Chilan Balam� as linguistic material,&mdash;an
+estimate much increased by the great rarity of independent compositions
+in their own tongues by members of the native races of this continent.</p>
+
+<p>I now approach what I consider the peculiar value of these records,
+apart from the linguistic mould in which they are cast; and that is the
+light they throw upon the chronological system and ancient history of
+the Mayas. To a limited extent, this has already been brought before the
+public. The late Don Pio Perez gave to Mr. Stephens, when in Yucatan, an
+essay on the method of computing time among the ancient Mayas, and also
+a brief synopsis of Maya history, apparently going back to the third or
+fourth century of the Christian era. Both were published by Mr. Stephens
+in the appendix to his “Travels in Yucatan,� and have appeared
+repeatedly since in English, Spanish and French.<a name="FNanchor_10-1_6" id="FNanchor_10-1_6" href="#Footnote_10-1_6" class="fnanchor">10-*</a> They have, up to
+the present, constituted almost our sole sources of information on these
+interesting points. Don Pio Perez was rather vague as to whence he
+derived his knowledge. He refers to “ancient manuscripts,� “old
+authorities,� and the like; but, as the Abbé Brasseur de Bourbourg
+justly complains, he rarely quotes their words,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[11]</a></span> and gives no
+descriptions as to what they were or how he gained access to them.<a name="FNanchor_11-1_7" id="FNanchor_11-1_7" href="#Footnote_11-1_7" class="fnanchor">11-*</a>
+In fact, the whole of Señor Perez’s information was derived from these
+“Books of Chilan Balam;� and, without wishing at all to detract from his
+reputation as an antiquary and a Maya scholar, I am obliged to say that
+he has dealt with them as scholars so often do with their authorities;
+that is, having framed his theories, he quoted what he found in their
+favor and neglected to refer to what he observed was against them.</p>
+
+<p>Thus, it is a cardinal question in Yucatecan archæology as to whether
+the epoch or age by which the great cycle (the <i>ahau katun</i>,) was
+reckoned, embraced twenty or twenty-four years. Contrary to all the
+Spanish authorities, Perez declared for twenty-four years, supporting
+himself by “the manuscripts.� It is true there are three of the “Books
+of Chilan Balam�&mdash;those of Mani, Káua and Oxkutzcab,&mdash;which are
+distinctly in favor of twenty-four years; but, on the other hand, there
+are four or five others which are clearly for the period of twenty
+years, and of these Don Perez said nothing, although copies of more than
+one of them were in his library. So of the epochs, or <i>katuns</i>, of Maya
+history; there are three or more copies in these books which he does not
+seem to have compared with the one he furnished Stephens. His labor will
+have to be repeated according to the methods of modern criticism, and
+with the additional material obtained since he wrote.</p>
+
+<p>Another valuable feature in these records is the hints they furnish of
+the hieroglyphic system of the Mayas. Almost our only authority
+heretofore has been the essay of Landa. It has suffered somewhat in
+credit because we had no means of verifying his statements and comparing
+the characters he gives. Dr. Valentini has even gone so far as to attack
+some of his assertions as “fabrications.� This is an amount of
+skepticism which exceeds both justice and probability.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 389px;">
+<a href="images/illus012-full.png"><img src="images/illus012.png" width="389" height="575" alt="Drawing of month signs" title="see caption" /></a>
+<span class="caption">SIGNS OF THE MONTHS, FROM THE BOOK OF CHILAN BALAM OF
+CHUMAYEL.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>The chronological portions of the “Books of Chilan Balam� <a name="corr1" id="corr1"></a><ins class="correction" title="are">re</ins>
+partly written with the ancient signs of the days, months and epochs,
+and they furnish us, also, delineations of the “wheels� which the
+natives used for computing time. The former are so important to the
+student of Maya hieroglyphics, that I have added photographic
+reproductions of them to this paper, giving also representations of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[14]</a></span><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[13]</a></span><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[12]</a></span>
+those of Landa for comparison. It will be observed that the signs of the
+days are distinctly similar in the majority of cases, but that those of
+the months are hardly alike.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 398px;">
+<a href="images/illus013-full.png"><img src="images/illus013.png" width="398" height="586" alt="Drawings of month signs" title="See caption." /></a>
+<span class="caption">SIGNS OF THE MONTHS, AS GIVEN BY BISHOP LANDA.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p>The hieroglyphs of the days taken from the “<i>Codex Troano</i>,� an ancient
+Maya book written before the Conquest, probably about 1400, are also
+added to illustrate the variations which occurred in the hands of
+different scribes. Those from the “Books of Chilan Balam� are copied
+from a manuscript known to Maya scholars as the “<i>Codice Perez</i>,� of
+undoubted authenticity and antiquity.<a name="FNanchor_14-1_8" id="FNanchor_14-1_8" href="#Footnote_14-1_8" class="fnanchor">14-*</a></p>
+
+<p>The result of the comparison I thus institute is a triumphant refutation
+of the doubts and slurs which have been cast on Bishop Landa’s work and
+vindicate for it a very high degree of accuracy.</p>
+
+<p>The hieroglyphics for the months are quite complicated, and in the
+“Books of Chilan Balam� are rudely drawn; but, for all that, two or
+three of them are evidently identical with those in the calendar
+preserved by Landa. Some years ago, Professor de Rosny expressed himself
+in great doubt as to the fidelity in the tracing of these
+<a name="corr2" id="corr2"></a><ins class="correction" title="hieroglyphs">hierogylphs</ins> of the months, principally because he could not find
+them in the two codices at his command.<a name="FNanchor_14-2_9" id="FNanchor_14-2_9" href="#Footnote_14-2_9" class="fnanchor">14-†</a> As he observes, they are
+<i>composite</i> signs, and this goes to explain the discrepancy; for it may
+be regarded as established that the Maya script permitted the use of
+several signs for the same sound, and the sculptor or scribe was not
+obliged to represent the same word always by the same figure.</p>
+
+<p>In close relation to chronology is the system of numeration and the
+arithmetical signs. These are discussed with considerable fulness,
+especially in the “Book of Chilan Balam of Káua.� The numerals are
+represented by exactly the same figures as we find in the Maya
+manuscripts of the libraries of Dresden, Pesth, Paris and Madrid; that
+is, by points or dots up to five, and the fives by single straight
+lines, which may be indiscriminately drawn vertically or horizontally.
+The same book contains a table of multiplication in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[15]</a></span> Spanish and Maya
+which settles some disputed points in the use of the vigesimal system by
+the Mayas.</p>
+
+<p>A curious chapter in several of the books, especially those of Káua and
+Mani, is that on the thirteen <i>ahau katuns</i>, or epochs of the greater
+cycle of the Mayas. This cycle embraced thirteen periods, which, as I
+have before remarked, are computed by some at twenty years each, by
+others at twenty-four years each. Each of these <i>katuns</i> was presided
+over by a chief or king, that being the meaning of the word <i>ahau</i>. The
+books above-mentioned give both the name and the portrait, drawn and
+colored by the rude hand of the native artist, of each of these kings,
+and they suggest several interesting analogies.</p>
+
+<p>They are, in the first place, identical, with one exception, with those
+on an ancient native painting, an engraving of which is given by Father
+Cogolludo in his “History of Yucatan,� and explained by him as the
+representation of an occurrence which took place after the Spaniards
+arrived in the peninsula. Evidently, the native in whose hands the
+worthy father found it, fearing that he partook of the fanaticism which
+had led the missionaries to the destruction of so many records of the
+nation, deceived him as to its purport, and gave him an explanation
+which imported to the scroll the character of a harmless history.</p>
+
+<p>The one exception is the last or thirteenth chief. Cogolludo appends to
+this the name of an Indian who probably did fall a victim to his
+friendship to the Spaniards. This name, as a sort of guarantee for the
+rest of his story, the native scribe inserted in place of the genuine
+one. The peculiarity of the figure is that it has an arrow or dagger
+driven into its eye. Not only is this mentioned by Cogolludo’s
+informant, but it is represented in the paintings in both the “Books of
+Chilan Balam� above noted, and also, by a fortunate coincidence, in one
+of the calendar-pages of the “<i>Codex Troano</i>,� plate xxiii., in a
+remarkable cartouche, which, from a wholly independent course of
+reasoning, was some time since identified by my esteemed correspondent,
+Professor Cyrus Thomas, of Illinois, as a cartouche of one of the <i>ahau
+katuns</i>, and probably of the last of them. It gives me much pleasure to
+add such conclusive proof of the sagacity of his supposition.<a name="FNanchor_15-1_10" id="FNanchor_15-1_10" href="#Footnote_15-1_10" class="fnanchor">15-*</a></p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[16]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;">
+<img src="images/illus016.png" width="600" height="413" alt="Drawings of day signs" title="See caption of next illustration." />
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[17]</a></span></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 591px;">
+<img src="images/illus017.png" width="591" height="412" alt="Drawings of day signs" title="See caption." />
+<span class="caption">SIGNS OF THE DAYS.
+
+The first column on the right is from Landa. The second is from the
+“Codex Troano.� The remaining four are from the Book of Chilan Balam
+of Káua.</span>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[18]</a></span>There is other evidence to show that the engraving in Cogolludo is a
+relic of the purest ancient Maya symbolism,&mdash;one of the most interesting
+which have been preserved to us; but to enter upon its explanation in
+this connection would be too far from my present topic.</p>
+
+<p>A favorite theme with the writers of the “Books of Chilan Balam� was the
+cure of diseases. Bishop Landa explains the “<i>chilanes</i>� as “sorcerers
+and doctors,� and adds that one of their prominent duties was to
+diagnose diseases and point out their appropriate remedies.<a name="FNanchor_18-1_11" id="FNanchor_18-1_11" href="#Footnote_18-1_11" class="fnanchor">18-*</a> As we
+might expect, therefore, considerable prominence is given to the
+description of symptoms and suggestions for their alleviation. Bleeding
+and the administration of preparations of native plants are the usual
+prescriptions; but there are others which have probably been borrowed
+from some domestic medicine-book of European origin.</p>
+
+<p>The late Don Pio Perez gave a great deal of attention to collecting
+these native recipes, and his manuscripts were carefully examined by Dr.
+Berendt, who combined all the necessary knowledge, botanical, linguistic
+and medical, and who has left a large manuscript, entitled “<i>Recetarios
+de Indios</i>,� which presents the subject fully. He considers the
+scientific value of these remedies to be next to nothing, and the
+language in which they are recorded to be distinctly inferior to that of
+the remainder of the “Books of Chilan Balam.� Hence, he believes that
+this portion of the ancient records was supplanted some time in the last
+century by medical notions introduced from European sources. Such, in
+fact, is the statement of the copyists of the books themselves, as these
+recipes, etc., are sometimes found in a separate volume, entitled “The
+Book of the Jew,�&mdash;“<i>El Libro del Judio</i>.� Who this alleged Jewish
+physician was, who left so wide-spread and durable a renown among the
+Yucatecan natives, none of the archæologists has been able to find
+out.<a name="FNanchor_18-2_12" id="FNanchor_18-2_12" href="#Footnote_18-2_12" class="fnanchor">18-†</a></p>
+
+<p>The language and style of most of these books are aphoristic,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[19]</a></span>
+elliptical and obscure. The Maya language has naturally undergone
+considerable alteration since they were written; therefore, even to
+competent readers of ordinary Maya, they are not readily understood.
+Fortunately, however, there are in existence excellent dictionaries of
+the Maya of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, which, were they
+published, would be sufficient for this purpose.</p>
+
+<p>A few persons in Yucatan have appreciated the desirability of collecting
+and preserving these works. Don Pio Perez was the first to do so, and of
+living Yucatecan scholars particular mention should be made of the Rev.
+Canon Don Crescencio Carrillo y <a name="corr3" id="corr3"></a><ins class="correction" title="Ancona">An cona,</ins> who has written a good,
+and I believe the only, description of them which has yet appeared in
+print.<a name="FNanchor_19-1_13" id="FNanchor_19-1_13" href="#Footnote_19-1_13" class="fnanchor">19-*</a> They attracted the earnest attention of that eminent
+naturalist and ethnologist, the late Dr. C. Hermann Berendt, and at a
+great expenditure of time and labor he visited various parts of Yucatan,
+and with remarkable skill made <i>fac-simile</i> copies of the most important
+and complete specimens which he could anywhere find. This invaluable and
+unique collection has come into my hands since his death, and it is this
+which has prompted me to make known their character and contents to
+those interested in such subjects.</p>
+
+
+<div class="footnotes">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_5-1_1" id="Footnote_5-1_1" href="#FNanchor_5-1_1" class="label">5-*</a> Read before the Numismatic and Antiquarian Society of
+Philadelphia, at its twenty-fourth annual meeting, January 5th, 1882.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_5-2_2" id="Footnote_5-2_2" href="#FNanchor_5-2_2" class="label">5-†</a> Of the numerous authorities which could be quoted on this
+point, I shall give the words of but one, Father Alonso Ponce, the
+Pope’s Commissary-General, who travelled through Yucatan in 1586, when
+many natives were still living who had been born before the Conquest
+(1541). Father Ponce had travelled through Mexico, and, of course, had
+learned about the Aztec picture-writing, which he distinctly contrasts
+with the writing of the Mayas. Of the latter, he says: “<i>Son alabados de
+tres cosas entre todos los demas de la Nueva España, la una de que en su
+antiguedad tenian caracteres y letras, con que escribian sus historias y
+las ceremonias y orden de los sacrificios de sus idolos y su calendario,
+en libros hechos de corteza de cierto arbol, los cuales eran unas tiras
+muy largas de quarta ó tercia en ancho, que se doblaban y recogian, y
+venia á queder á manera de un libro encuardenada en cuartilla, poco mas
+ó menos. Estas letras y caracteres no las entendian, sino los sacerdotes
+de los idolos, (que en aquella lengua se llaman ‘ahkines,’) y algun
+indio principal. Despues las entendieron y supieron léer algunos frailos
+nuestros y aun las escribien.</i>�&mdash;(“<i>Relacion Breve y Verdadera de
+Algunas Cosas de las Muchas que Sucedieron al Padre Fray Alonso Ponce,
+Comisario-General en las Provincias de la Nueva España</i>,� page 392). I
+know no other author who makes the interesting statement that these
+characters were actually used by the missionaries to impart instruction
+to the natives; but I learn through Mr. Gatschet, of the Bureau of
+Ethnology, Washington, that a manuscript written in this manner by one
+of the early <i>padres</i> has recently been discovered.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_5-3_3" id="Footnote_5-3_3" href="#FNanchor_5-3_3" class="label">5-‡</a> “<i>Se les quemamos todos</i>,� he writes, “<i>lo qual á
+maravilla sentian y les dava pena.</i>�&mdash;“<i>Relacion de las Cosas de
+Yucatan</i>,� page 316.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_7-1_4" id="Footnote_7-1_4" href="#FNanchor_7-1_4" class="label">7-*</a> “<i>Relacion de las Cosas de Yucatan</i>,� page 160.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_7-2_5" id="Footnote_7-2_5" href="#FNanchor_7-2_5" class="label">7-†</a> “The Names of the Gods in the Kiche Myths of Central
+America.� Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, Vol. XIX.,
+1881. The terminal letter in both these words&mdash;“<i>chilan</i>,�
+“<i>balam</i>,�&mdash;may be either “<i>n</i>� or “<i>m</i>,� the change being one of
+dialect and local pronunciation. I have followed the older authorities
+in writing “<i>Chilan Balam</i>,� the modern preferring “<i>Chilam Balam</i>.�
+Señor Eligio Ancona, in his recently published “<i>Historia de Yucatan</i>,�
+(Vol. I., page 240, note, Merida, 1878,) offers the absurd suggestion
+that the name “<i>balam</i>� was given to the native soothsayers by the early
+missionaries in ridicule, deriving it from the well-known personage in
+the Old Testament. It is surprising that Señor Ancona, writing in
+Merida, had never acquainted himself with the Perez manuscripts, nor
+with those in the possession of Canon Carrillo. Indeed, the most of his
+treatment of the ancient history of his country is disappointingly
+superficial.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_10-1_6" id="Footnote_10-1_6" href="#FNanchor_10-1_6" class="label">10-*</a> For example, in the “<i>Registro Yucateco</i>,� <i>Tome III.</i>;
+“<i>Diccionario Universal de Historia y Geografia</i>,� <i>Tome VIII.</i> (Mexico,
+1855); “<i>Diccionario Historico de Yucatan</i>,� <i>Tome I.</i> (Merida, 1866);
+in the appendix to Landa’s “<i>Cosas de Yucatan</i>� (Paris, 1864), etc. The
+epochs, or <i>katuns</i>, of Maya history have been recently again analyzed
+by Dr. Felipe Valentini, in an essay in the German and English
+languages, the latter in the “Proceedings of the American Antiquarian
+Society, 1880.�</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_11-1_7" id="Footnote_11-1_7" href="#FNanchor_11-1_7" class="label">11-*</a> The Abbé’s criticism occurs in the note to page 406 of
+his edition of Landa’s “<i>Cosas de Yucatan</i>.�</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_14-1_8" id="Footnote_14-1_8" href="#FNanchor_14-1_8" class="label">14-*</a> It is described at length by Don Crescencio Carrillo y
+Ancona, in his “<i>Disertacion sobre la Historia de la Lengua Maya</i>�
+(Merida, 1870).</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_14-2_9" id="Footnote_14-2_9" href="#FNanchor_14-2_9" class="label">14-†</a> “<i>Je dois déclarer que l’examen dans tous leurs détails
+du ‘Codex Troano’ et du ‘Codex Peresianus’ m’invite de la façon la plus
+sérieuse à n’accepter ces signes, tout au moins au point de vue de
+l’exactitude de leur tracé, qu’avec une certaine réserve.</i>�&mdash;Leon de
+Rosny’s “<i>Essai sur le Déchiffrement de l’Ecriture Hiératique de
+l’Amérique Centrale</i>,� page 21 (Paris, 1876). By the “<i>Codex
+Peresianus</i>,� he does not mean the “<i>Codice Perez</i>,� but the Maya
+manuscript in the <a name="corr4" id="corr4"></a><ins class="correction" title="Bibliothèque">Bibliothêque</ins> Nationale. The identity of the
+names is confusing and unfortunate.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_15-1_10" id="Footnote_15-1_10" href="#FNanchor_15-1_10" class="label">15-*</a> “The Manuscript Troano,� published in <i>The American
+Naturalist</i>, August, 1881, page 640. This manuscript or codex was
+published in chromo-lithograph, Paris, 1879, by the French Government.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_18-1_11" id="Footnote_18-1_11" href="#FNanchor_18-1_11" class="label">18-*</a> “<i>Declarar las necesidades y sus remedios.</i>�&mdash;“<i>Relation
+de las Cosas de Yucatan</i>,� page 160. Like much of Landa’s Spanish, this
+use of the word “<i>necesidad</i>� is colloquial, and not classical.</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_18-2_12" id="Footnote_18-2_12" href="#FNanchor_18-2_12" class="label">18-†</a> A “<i>Medicina Domestica</i>,� under the name of “Don Ricardo
+Ossado, (alias, <i>el Judio</i>,)� was published at Merida in 1834; but this
+appears to have been merely a bookseller’s device to aid the sale of the
+book by attributing it to the “great unknown.�</p>
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_19-1_13" id="Footnote_19-1_13" href="#FNanchor_19-1_13" class="label">19-*</a> In his “<i>Disertacion sobre la Historia de la Lengua Maya
+ó Yucateca</i>� (Merida, 1870).</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr class="chapbreak" />
+
+<div class="tn">
+<p class="titlepage"><a name="trans_note" id="trans_note"></a><b>Transcriber’s&nbsp;Note</b></p>
+
+<p class="noindent">The following errors have been maintained.</p>
+
+<table class="tntable" summary="typos">
+<tr>
+
+  <td class="tdr">Page</td>
+  <td>Error</td>
+  <td>Correction</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#corr1">11</a></td>
+  <td>re</td>
+  <td>are</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#corr2">13</a></td>
+  <td>hierogylphs</td>
+  <td>hieroglyphs</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#corr3">19</a></td>
+  <td>An cona</td>
+  <td>Ancona</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+  <td class="tdr"><a href="#corr4">fn. 14-†</a></td>
+  <td>Bibliothêque</td>
+  <td>Bibliothèque</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Books of Chilan Balam, the
+Prophetic and Historic Records, by Daniel G. Brinton
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Books of Chilan Balam, the Prophetic
+and Historic Records of the Mayas of Yucatan, by Daniel G. Brinton
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Books of Chilan Balam, the Prophetic and Historic Records of the Mayas of Yucatan
+
+Author: Daniel G. Brinton
+
+Release Date: March 12, 2010 [EBook #31610]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE BOOKS OF CHILAN BALAM ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Julia Miller and the Online Distributed
+Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was
+produced from images generously made available by The
+Internet Archive/American Libraries.)
+
+
+
+
+
+Transcriber's Note
+
+A number of typographical errors have been maintained in this version of
+this book. They have been marked with a [TN-#], which refers to a
+description in the complete list found at the end of the text.
+
+The following codes are used for characters not available in the
+character set used for this book:
+
+  +   dagger
+  ++  double dagger
+
+
+
+
+  THE BOOKS OF CHILAN BALAM,
+
+  The Prophetic and Historic Records
+  of the Mayas of Yucatan.
+
+  By DANIEL G. BRINTON, M. D.
+
+
+  VICE-PRESIDENT OF THE NUMISMATIC AND ANTIQUARIAN SOCIETY OF
+  PHILADELPHIA; MEMBER OF THE AMERICAN PHILOSOPHICAL
+  SOCIETY; THE AMERICAN ANTIQUARIAN SOCIETY;
+  DELEGUE OF THE INSTITUTION
+  ETHNOGRAPHIQUE,
+  ETC., ETC.
+
+  [Illustration]
+
+  EDWARD STERN & CO.,
+  PHILADELPHIA.
+
+
+
+
+PREFATORY NOTE.
+
+
+The substance of the present pamphlet was presented as an address to the
+Numismatic and Antiquarian Society of Philadelphia, at its meeting in
+January, 1882, and was printed in the _Penn Monthly_, March, 1882. As
+the subject is one quite new in the field of American archaeology and
+linguistics, it is believed that a republication in the present form
+will be welcomed by students of these branches.
+
+
+
+
+THE BOOKS OF CHILAN BALAM.[5-*]
+
+
+Civilization in ancient America rose to its highest level among the
+Mayas of Yucatan. Not to speak of the architectural monuments which
+still remain to attest this, we have the evidence of the earliest
+missionaries to the fact that they alone, of all the natives of the New
+World, possessed a literature written in "letters and characters,"
+preserved in volumes neatly bound, the paper manufactured from the bark
+of a tree and sized with a durable white varnish.[5-+]
+
+A few of these books still remain, preserved to us by accident in the
+great European libraries; but most of them were destroyed by the monks.
+Their contents were found to relate chiefly to the pagan ritual, to
+traditions of the heathen times, to astrological superstitions, and the
+like. Hence, they were considered deleterious, and were burned wherever
+discovered.
+
+This annihilation of their sacred books affected the natives most
+keenly, as we are pointedly informed by Bishop Landa, himself one of the
+most ruthless of Vandals in this respect.[5-++] But already some of the
+more intelligent had learned the Spanish alphabet, and the missionaries
+had added a sufficient number of signs to it to express with tolerable
+accuracy the phonetics of the Maya tongue. Relying on their memories,
+and, no doubt, aided by some manuscripts secretly preserved, many
+natives set to work to write out in this new alphabet the contents of
+their ancient records. Much was added which had been brought in by the
+Europeans, and much omitted which had become unintelligible or obsolete
+since the Conquest; while, of course, the different writers, varying in
+skill and knowledge, produced works of very various merit.
+
+Nevertheless, each of these books bore the same name. In whatever
+village it was written, or by whatever hand, it always was, and to-day
+still is, called "The Book of Chilan Balam." To distinguish them apart,
+the name of the village where a copy was found or written, is added.
+Probably, in the last century, almost every village had one, which was
+treasured with superstitious veneration. But the opposition of the
+_padres_ to this kind of literature, the decay of ancient sympathies,
+and especially the long war of races, which since 1847 has desolated so
+much of the peninsula, have destroyed most of them. There remain,
+however, either portions or descriptions of not less than sixteen of
+these curious records. They are known from the names of the villages
+respectively as the Book of Chilan Balam of Nabula, of Chumayel, of
+Kaua, of Mani, of Oxkutzcab, of Ixil, of Tihosuco, of Tixcocob, etc.,
+these being the names of various native towns in the peninsula.
+
+When I add that not a single one of these has ever been printed, or even
+entirely translated into any European tongue, it will be evident to
+every archaeologist and linguist what a rich and unexplored mine of
+information about this interesting people they may present. It is my
+intention in this article merely to touch upon a few salient points to
+illustrate this, leaving a thorough discussion of their origin and
+contents to the future editor who will bring them to the knowledge of
+the learned world.
+
+Turning first to the meaning of the name "_Chilan Balam_," it is not
+difficult to find its derivation. "_Chilan_," says Bishop Landa, the
+second bishop of Yucatan, whose description of the native customs is an
+invaluable source to us, "was the name of their priests, whose duty it
+was to teach the sciences, to appoint holy days, to treat the sick, to
+offer sacrifices, and especially to utter the oracles of the gods. They
+were so highly honored by the people that usually they were carried on
+litters on the shoulders of the devotees."[7-*] Strictly speaking, in
+Maya "_chilan_" means "interpreter," "mouth-piece," from "_chij_," "the
+mouth," and in this ordinary sense frequently occurs in other writings.
+The word, "_balam_"--literally, "tiger,"--was also applied to a class of
+priests, and is still in use among the natives of Yucatan as the
+designation of the protective spirits of fields and towns, as I have
+shown at length in a recent study of the word as it occurs in the the
+native myths of Guatemala.[7-+] "_Chilan Balam_," therefore, is not a
+proper name, but a title, and in ancient times designated the priest who
+announced the will of the gods and explained the sacred oracles. This
+accounts for the universality of the name and the sacredness of its
+associations.
+
+The dates of the books which have come down to us are various. One of
+them, "The Book of Chilan Balam of Mani," was undoubtedly composed not
+later than 1595, as is proved by internal evidence. Various passages in
+the works of Landa, Lizana, Sanchez Aguilar and Cogolludo--all early
+historians of Yucatan,--prove that many of these native manuscripts
+existed in the sixteenth century. Several rescripts date from the
+seventeenth century,--most from the latter half of the eighteenth.
+
+The names of the writers are generally not given, probably because the
+books, as we have them, are all copies of older manuscripts, with merely
+the occasional addition of current items of note by the copyist; as, for
+instance, a malignant epidemic which prevailed in the peninsula in 1673
+is mentioned as a present occurrence by the copyist of "The Book of
+Chilan Balam of Nabula."
+
+I come now to the contents of these curious works. What they contain may
+conveniently be classified under four headings:
+
+Astrological and prophetic matters;
+
+Ancient chronology and history;
+
+Medical recipes and directions;
+
+Later history and Christian teachings.
+
+The last-mentioned consist of translations of the "_Doctrina_," Bible
+stories, narratives of events after the Conquest, etc., which I shall
+dismiss as of least interest.
+
+The astrology appears partly to be reminiscences of that of their
+ancient heathendom, partly that borrowed from the European almanacs of
+the century 1550-1650. These, as is well known, were crammed with
+predictions and divinations. A careful analysis, based on a comparison
+with the Spanish almanacs of that time would doubtless reveal how much
+was taken from them, and it would be fair to presume that the remainder
+was a survival of ancient native theories.
+
+But there are not wanting actual prophecies of a much more striking
+character. These were attributed to the ancient priests and to a date
+long preceding the advent of Christianity. Some of them have been
+printed in translations in the "_Historias_" of Lizana and Cogolludo,
+and of some the originals were published by the late Abbe Brasseur de
+Bourbourg, in the second volume of the reports of the "_Mission
+Scientifique au Mexique et dans l'Amerique Centrale_." Their
+authenticity has been met with considerable skepticism by Waitz and
+others, particularly as they seem to predict the arrival of the
+Christians from the East and the introduction of the worship of the
+cross.
+
+It appears to me that this incredulity is uncalled for. It is known that
+at the close of each of their larger divisions of time (the so-called
+"_katuns_,") a "_chilan_," or inspired diviner, uttered a prediction of
+the character of the year or epoch which was about to begin. Like other
+would-be prophets, he had doubtless learned that it is wiser to predict
+evil than good, inasmuch as the probabilities of evil in this worried
+world of ours outweigh those of good; and when the evil comes his words
+are remembered to his credit, while, if, perchance, his gloomy forecasts
+are not realized, no one will bear him a grudge that he has been at
+fault. The temper of this people was, moreover, gloomy, and it suited
+them to hear of threatened danger and destruction by foreign foes. But,
+alas! for them. The worst that the boding words of the oracle foretold
+was as nothing to the dire event which overtook them,--the destruction
+of their nation, their temples and their freedom, 'neath the iron heel
+of the Spanish conqueror. As the wise Goethe says:
+
+    "_Seltsam ist Prophetenlied,
+    Doch mehr seltsam was geschieht._"
+
+As to the supposed reference to the cross and its worship, it may be
+remarked that the native word translated "cross," by the missionaries,
+simply means "a piece of wood set upright," and may well have had a
+different and special signification in the old days.
+
+By way of a specimen of these prophecies, I quote one from "The Book of
+Chilan Balam of Chumayel," saying at once that for the translation I
+have depended upon a comparison of the Spanish version of Lizana, who
+was blindly prejudiced, and that in French of the Abbe Brasseur de
+Bourbourg, who knew next to nothing about Maya, with the original. It
+will be easily understood, therefore, that it is rather a paraphrase
+than a literal rendering. The original is in short, aphoristic
+sentences, and was, no doubt, chanted with a rude rhythm:
+
+    "What time the sun shall brightest shine,
+    Tearful will be the eyes of the king.
+    Four ages yet shall be inscribed,
+    Then shall come the holy priest, the holy god.
+    With grief I speak what now I see.
+    Watch well the road, ye dwellers in Itza.
+    The master of the earth shall come to us.
+    Thus prophesies Nahau Pech, the seer,
+    In the days of the fourth age,
+    At the time of its beginning."
+
+Such are the obscure and ominous words of the ancient oracle. If the
+date is authentic, it would be about 1480--the "fourth age" in the Maya
+system of computing time being a period of either twenty or twenty-four
+years at the close of the fifteenth century.
+
+It is, however, of little importance whether these are accurate copies
+of the ancient prophecies; they remain, at least, faithful imitations of
+them, composed in the same spirit and form which the native priests were
+wont to employ. A number are given much longer than the above, and
+containing various curious references to ancient usages.
+
+Another value they have in common with all the rest of the text of these
+books, and it is one which will be properly appreciated by any student
+of languages. They are, by common consent of all competent authorities,
+the genuine productions of native minds, cast in the idiomatic forms of
+the native tongue by those born to its use. No matter how fluent a
+foreigner becomes in a language not his own, he can never use it as does
+one who has been familiar with it from childhood. This general maxim is
+ten-fold true when we apply it to a European learning an American
+language. The flow of thought, as exhibited in these two linguistic
+families, is in such different directions that no amount of practice can
+render one equally accurate in both. Hence the importance of studying a
+tongue as it is employed by natives; and hence the very high estimate I
+place on these "Books of Chilan Balam" as linguistic material,--an
+estimate much increased by the great rarity of independent compositions
+in their own tongues by members of the native races of this continent.
+
+I now approach what I consider the peculiar value of these records,
+apart from the linguistic mould in which they are cast; and that is the
+light they throw upon the chronological system and ancient history of
+the Mayas. To a limited extent, this has already been brought before the
+public. The late Don Pio Perez gave to Mr. Stephens, when in Yucatan, an
+essay on the method of computing time among the ancient Mayas, and also
+a brief synopsis of Maya history, apparently going back to the third or
+fourth century of the Christian era. Both were published by Mr. Stephens
+in the appendix to his "Travels in Yucatan," and have appeared
+repeatedly since in English, Spanish and French.[10-*] They have, up to
+the present, constituted almost our sole sources of information on these
+interesting points. Don Pio Perez was rather vague as to whence he
+derived his knowledge. He refers to "ancient manuscripts," "old
+authorities," and the like; but, as the Abbe Brasseur de Bourbourg
+justly complains, he rarely quotes their words, and gives no
+descriptions as to what they were or how he gained access to them.[11-*]
+In fact, the whole of Senor Perez's information was derived from these
+"Books of Chilan Balam;" and, without wishing at all to detract from his
+reputation as an antiquary and a Maya scholar, I am obliged to say that
+he has dealt with them as scholars so often do with their authorities;
+that is, having framed his theories, he quoted what he found in their
+favor and neglected to refer to what he observed was against them.
+
+Thus, it is a cardinal question in Yucatecan archaeology as to whether
+the epoch or age by which the great cycle (the _ahau katun_,) was
+reckoned, embraced twenty or twenty-four years. Contrary to all the
+Spanish authorities, Perez declared for twenty-four years, supporting
+himself by "the manuscripts." It is true there are three of the "Books
+of Chilan Balam"--those of Mani, Kaua and Oxkutzcab,--which are
+distinctly in favor of twenty-four years; but, on the other hand, there
+are four or five others which are clearly for the period of twenty
+years, and of these Don Perez said nothing, although copies of more than
+one of them were in his library. So of the epochs, or _katuns_, of Maya
+history; there are three or more copies in these books which he does not
+seem to have compared with the one he furnished Stephens. His labor will
+have to be repeated according to the methods of modern criticism, and
+with the additional material obtained since he wrote.
+
+Another valuable feature in these records is the hints they furnish of
+the hieroglyphic system of the Mayas. Almost our only authority
+heretofore has been the essay of Landa. It has suffered somewhat in
+credit because we had no means of verifying his statements and comparing
+the characters he gives. Dr. Valentini has even gone so far as to attack
+some of his assertions as "fabrications." This is an amount of
+skepticism which exceeds both justice and probability.
+
+[Illustration: SIGNS OF THE MONTHS, FROM THE BOOK OF CHILAN BALAM OF
+CHUMAYEL.]
+
+The chronological portions of the "Books of Chilan Balam" re[TN-1]
+partly written with the ancient signs of the days, months and epochs,
+and they furnish us, also, delineations of the "wheels" which the
+natives used for computing time. The former are so important to the
+student of Maya hieroglyphics, that I have added photographic
+reproductions of them to this paper, giving also representations of
+those of Landa for comparison. It will be observed that the signs of the
+days are distinctly similar in the majority of cases, but that those of
+the months are hardly alike.
+
+[Illustration: SIGNS OF THE MONTHS, AS GIVEN BY BISHOP LANDA.]
+
+The hieroglyphs of the days taken from the "_Codex Troano_," an ancient
+Maya book written before the Conquest, probably about 1400, are also
+added to illustrate the variations which occurred in the hands of
+different scribes. Those from the "Books of Chilan Balam" are copied
+from a manuscript known to Maya scholars as the "_Codice Perez_," of
+undoubted authenticity and antiquity.[14-*]
+
+The result of the comparison I thus institute is a triumphant refutation
+of the doubts and slurs which have been cast on Bishop Landa's work and
+vindicate for it a very high degree of accuracy.
+
+The hieroglyphics for the months are quite complicated, and in the
+"Books of Chilan Balam" are rudely drawn; but, for all that, two or
+three of them are evidently identical with those in the calendar
+preserved by Landa. Some years ago, Professor de Rosny expressed himself
+in great doubt as to the fidelity in the tracing of these
+hierogylphs[TN-2] of the months, principally because he could not find
+them in the two codices at his command.[14-+] As he observes, they are
+_composite_ signs, and this goes to explain the discrepancy; for it may
+be regarded as established that the Maya script permitted the use of
+several signs for the same sound, and the sculptor or scribe was not
+obliged to represent the same word always by the same figure.
+
+In close relation to chronology is the system of numeration and the
+arithmetical signs. These are discussed with considerable fulness,
+especially in the "Book of Chilan Balam of Kaua." The numerals are
+represented by exactly the same figures as we find in the Maya
+manuscripts of the libraries of Dresden, Pesth, Paris and Madrid; that
+is, by points or dots up to five, and the fives by single straight
+lines, which may be indiscriminately drawn vertically or horizontally.
+The same book contains a table of multiplication in Spanish and Maya
+which settles some disputed points in the use of the vigesimal system by
+the Mayas.
+
+A curious chapter in several of the books, especially those of Kaua and
+Mani, is that on the thirteen _ahau katuns_, or epochs of the greater
+cycle of the Mayas. This cycle embraced thirteen periods, which, as I
+have before remarked, are computed by some at twenty years each, by
+others at twenty-four years each. Each of these _katuns_ was presided
+over by a chief or king, that being the meaning of the word _ahau_. The
+books above-mentioned give both the name and the portrait, drawn and
+colored by the rude hand of the native artist, of each of these kings,
+and they suggest several interesting analogies.
+
+They are, in the first place, identical, with one exception, with those
+on an ancient native painting, an engraving of which is given by Father
+Cogolludo in his "History of Yucatan," and explained by him as the
+representation of an occurrence which took place after the Spaniards
+arrived in the peninsula. Evidently, the native in whose hands the
+worthy father found it, fearing that he partook of the fanaticism which
+had led the missionaries to the destruction of so many records of the
+nation, deceived him as to its purport, and gave him an explanation
+which imported to the scroll the character of a harmless history.
+
+The one exception is the last or thirteenth chief. Cogolludo appends to
+this the name of an Indian who probably did fall a victim to his
+friendship to the Spaniards. This name, as a sort of guarantee for the
+rest of his story, the native scribe inserted in place of the genuine
+one. The peculiarity of the figure is that it has an arrow or dagger
+driven into its eye. Not only is this mentioned by Cogolludo's
+informant, but it is represented in the paintings in both the "Books of
+Chilan Balam" above noted, and also, by a fortunate coincidence, in one
+of the calendar-pages of the "_Codex Troano_," plate xxiii., in a
+remarkable cartouche, which, from a wholly independent course of
+reasoning, was some time since identified by my esteemed correspondent,
+Professor Cyrus Thomas, of Illinois, as a cartouche of one of the _ahau
+katuns_, and probably of the last of them. It gives me much pleasure to
+add such conclusive proof of the sagacity of his supposition.[15-*]
+
+[Illustration]
+
+[Illustration: SIGNS OF THE DAYS.
+
+The first column on the right is from Landa. The second is from the
+"_Codex Troano_." The remaining four are from the Book of Chilan Balam
+of Kaua.]
+
+There is other evidence to show that the engraving in Cogolludo is a
+relic of the purest ancient Maya symbolism,--one of the most interesting
+which have been preserved to us; but to enter upon its explanation in
+this connection would be too far from my present topic.
+
+A favorite theme with the writers of the "Books of Chilan Balam" was the
+cure of diseases. Bishop Landa explains the "_chilanes_" as "sorcerers
+and doctors," and adds that one of their prominent duties was to
+diagnose diseases and point out their appropriate remedies.[18-*] As we
+might expect, therefore, considerable prominence is given to the
+description of symptoms and suggestions for their alleviation. Bleeding
+and the administration of preparations of native plants are the usual
+prescriptions; but there are others which have probably been borrowed
+from some domestic medicine-book of European origin.
+
+The late Don Pio Perez gave a great deal of attention to collecting
+these native recipes, and his manuscripts were carefully examined by Dr.
+Berendt, who combined all the necessary knowledge, botanical, linguistic
+and medical, and who has left a large manuscript, entitled "_Recetarios
+de Indios_," which presents the subject fully. He considers the
+scientific value of these remedies to be next to nothing, and the
+language in which they are recorded to be distinctly inferior to that of
+the remainder of the "Books of Chilan Balam." Hence, he believes that
+this portion of the ancient records was supplanted some time in the last
+century by medical notions introduced from European sources. Such, in
+fact, is the statement of the copyists of the books themselves, as these
+recipes, etc., are sometimes found in a separate volume, entitled "The
+Book of the Jew,"--"_El Libro del Judio_." Who this alleged Jewish
+physician was, who left so wide-spread and durable a renown among the
+Yucatecan natives, none of the archaeologists has been able to find
+out.[18-+]
+
+The language and style of most of these books are aphoristic,
+elliptical and obscure. The Maya language has naturally undergone
+considerable alteration since they were written; therefore, even to
+competent readers of ordinary Maya, they are not readily understood.
+Fortunately, however, there are in existence excellent dictionaries of
+the Maya of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, which, were they
+published, would be sufficient for this purpose.
+
+A few persons in Yucatan have appreciated the desirability of collecting
+and preserving these works. Don Pio Perez was the first to do so, and of
+living Yucatecan scholars particular mention should be made of the Rev.
+Canon Don Crescencio Carrillo y An cona,[TN-3] who has written a good,
+and I believe the only, description of them which has yet appeared in
+print.[19-*] They attracted the earnest attention of that eminent
+naturalist and ethnologist, the late Dr. C. Hermann Berendt, and at a
+great expenditure of time and labor he visited various parts of Yucatan,
+and with remarkable skill made _fac-simile_ copies of the most important
+and complete specimens which he could anywhere find. This invaluable and
+unique collection has come into my hands since his death, and it is this
+which has prompted me to make known their character and contents to
+those interested in such subjects.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[5-*] Read before the Numismatic and Antiquarian Society of
+Philadelphia, at its twenty-fourth annual meeting, January 5th, 1882.
+
+[5-+] Of the numerous authorities which could be quoted on this point, I
+shall give the words of but one, Father Alonso Ponce, the Pope's
+Commissary-General, who travelled through Yucatan in 1586, when many
+natives were still living who had been born before the Conquest (1541).
+Father Ponce had travelled through Mexico, and, of course, had learned
+about the Aztec picture-writing, which he distinctly contrasts with the
+writing of the Mayas. Of the latter, he says: "_Son alabados de tres
+cosas entre todos los demas de la Nueva Espana, la una de que en su
+antiguedad tenian caracteres y letras, con que escribian sus historias y
+las ceremonias y orden de los sacrificios de sus idolos y su calendario,
+en libros hechos de corteza de cierto arbol, los cuales eran unas tiras
+muy largas de quarta o tercia en ancho, que se doblaban y recogian, y
+venia a queder a manera de un libro encuardenada en cuartilla, poco mas
+o menos. Estas letras y caracteres no las entendian, sino los sacerdotes
+de los idolos, (que en aquella lengua se llaman 'ahkines,') y algun
+indio principal. Despues las entendieron y supieron leer algunos frailos
+nuestros y aun las escribien._"--("_Relacion Breve y Verdadera de
+Algunas Cosas de las Muchas que Sucedieron al Padre Fray Alonso Ponce,
+Comisario-General en las Provincias de la Nueva Espana_," page 392). I
+know no other author who makes the interesting statement that these
+characters were actually used by the missionaries to impart instruction
+to the natives; but I learn through Mr. Gatschet, of the Bureau of
+Ethnology, Washington, that a manuscript written in this manner by one
+of the early _padres_ has recently been discovered.
+
+[5-++] "_Se les quemamos todos_," he writes, "_lo qual a maravilla
+sentian y les dava pena._"--"_Relacion de las Cosas de Yucatan_," page
+316.
+
+[7-*] "_Relacion de las Cosas de Yucatan_," page 160.
+
+[7-+] "The Names of the Gods in the Kiche Myths of Central America."
+Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, Vol. XIX., 1881. The
+terminal letter in both these words--"_chilan_," "_balam_,"--may be
+either "_n_" or "_m_," the change being one of dialect and local
+pronunciation. I have followed the older authorities in writing "_Chilan
+Balam_," the modern preferring "_Chilam Balam_." Senor Eligio Ancona, in
+his recently published "_Historia de Yucatan_," (Vol. I., page 240,
+note, Merida, 1878,) offers the absurd suggestion that the name
+"_balam_" was given to the native soothsayers by the early missionaries
+in ridicule, deriving it from the well-known personage in the Old
+Testament. It is surprising that Senor Ancona, writing in Merida, had
+never acquainted himself with the Perez manuscripts, nor with those in
+the possession of Canon Carrillo. Indeed, the most of his treatment of
+the ancient history of his country is disappointingly superficial.
+
+[10-*] For example, in the "_Registro Yucateco_," _Tome III._;
+"_Diccionario Universal de Historia y Geografia_," _Tome VIII._ (Mexico,
+1855); "_Diccionario Historico de Yucatan_," _Tome I._ (Merida, 1866);
+in the appendix to Landa's "_Cosas de Yucatan_" (Paris, 1864), etc. The
+epochs, or _katuns_, of Maya history have been recently again analyzed
+by Dr. Felipe Valentini, in an essay in the German and English
+languages, the latter in the "Proceedings of the American Antiquarian
+Society, 1880."
+
+[11-*] The Abbe's criticism occurs in the note to page 406 of his
+edition of Landa's "_Cosas de Yucatan_."
+
+[14-*] It is described at length by Don Crescencio Carrillo y Ancona, in
+his "_Disertacion sobre la Historia de la Lengua Maya_" (Merida, 1870).
+
+[14-+] "_Je dois declarer que l'examen dans tous leurs details du 'Codex
+Troano' et du 'Codex Peresianus' m'invite de la facon la plus serieuse a
+n'accepter ces signes, tout au moins au point de vue de l'exactitude de
+leur trace, qu'avec une certaine reserve._"--Leon de Rosny's "_Essai sur
+le Dechiffrement de l'Ecriture Hieratique de l'Amerique Centrale_," page
+21 (Paris, 1876). By the "_Codex Peresianus_," he does not mean the
+"_Codice Perez_," but the Maya manuscript in the Bibliotheque[TN-4]
+Nationale. The identity of the names is confusing and unfortunate.
+
+[15-*] "The Manuscript Troano," published in _The American Naturalist_,
+August, 1881, page 640. This manuscript or codex was published in
+chromo-lithograph, Paris, 1879, by the French Government.
+
+[18-*] "_Declarar las necesidades y sus remedios._"--"_Relation de las
+Cosas de Yucatan_," page 160. Like much of Landa's Spanish, this use of
+the word "_necesidad_" is colloquial, and not classical.
+
+[18-+] A "_Medicina Domestica_," under the name of "Don Ricardo Ossado,
+(alias, _el Judio_,)" was published at Merida in 1834; but this appears
+to have been merely a bookseller's device to aid the sale of the book by
+attributing it to the "great unknown."
+
+[19-*] In his "_Disertacion sobre la Historia de la Lengua Maya o
+Yucateca_" (Merida, 1870).
+
+
+
+
+Transcriber's Note
+
+
+The following misspellings and typographical errors were maintained.
+
+        Page  Error
+  TN-1   11   re should read are
+  TN-2   13   hierogylphs should read hieroglyphs
+  TN-3   19   An cona should read Ancona
+  TN-4   fn. 14-+   Bibliotheque should read Bibliotheque
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Books of Chilan Balam, the
+Prophetic and Historic Records of the Mayas of Yucatan, by Daniel G. Brinton
+
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