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diff --git a/31418.txt b/31418.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..9a641d7 --- /dev/null +++ b/31418.txt @@ -0,0 +1,941 @@ +Project Gutenberg's The Battle and the Ruins of Cintla, by Daniel G. Brinton + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: The Battle and the Ruins of Cintla + +Author: Daniel G. Brinton + +Release Date: February 27, 2010 [EBook #31418] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE BATTLE AND THE RUINS OF CINTLA *** + + + + +Produced by Julia Miller and the Online Distributed +Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was +produced from images generously made available by The +Internet Archive/American Libraries.) + + + + + +Transcriber's Note + +A number of typographical errors have been maintained in this version of +this book. They have been marked with a [TN-#], which refers to a +description in the complete list found at the end of the text. +Inconsistent spelling, hyphenation, and capitalization have been +maintained. A list of inconsistently spelled words is found at the end +of the text. + + + + THE + BATTLE AND THE RUINS + OF CINTLA + + + BY + DANIEL G. BRINTON, M. D., LL. D., D. Sc. + + PROFESSOR OF + AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY AND LINGUISTICS IN THE UNIVERSITY + OF PENNSYLVANIA + + + [REPRINTED FROM THE _AMERICAN ANTIQUARIAN_, SEPTEMBER, 1896] + + CHICAGO + 1896 + + + + +THE BATTLE AND THE RUINS OF CINTLA. + +BY DANIEL G. BRINTON, M. D. + + +The first battle on the American continent in which horses were used was +that of Cintla in Tabasco, March, 1519, the European troops being under +the leadership of Hernando Cortes. + +This fact attaches something more than an ordinary historic interest to +the engagement, at least enough to make it desirable to ascertain its +precise locality and its proper name. Both of these are in doubt, as +well as the ethnic stock to which the native tribe belonged which +opposed the Spanish soldiery on the occasion. I propose to submit these +questions to a re-examination, and also to describe from unpublished +material the ruins which,--as I believe--, mark the spot of this first +important encounter of the two races on American soil. + +The engagement itself has been described by all the historians of +Cortes' famous conquest of Mexico, as it was the first brilliant +incident of that adventure. We have at least four accounts of it from +participants. One prepared under the eye of Cortes himself, one by the +anonymous historian of his expedition, a third by Cortes' +companion-in-arms, the redoubtable Bernal Diaz del Castillo, and a +fourth by Andres de Tapia.[3-1] + +The most satisfactory narrative, however, is given by the chaplain of +Cortes, Francisco de Gomara, and I shall briefly rehearse his story, +adding a few points from other contemporary writers.[3-2] + +Cortes with his armada cast anchor at the mouth of the River Grijalva in +March, 1519. The current being strong and the bar shallow, he with about +eighty men proceeded in boats up the river for about two miles, when +they descried on the bank a large Indian village. It was surrounded with +a wooden palisade, having turrets and loopholes from which to hurl +stones and darts. The houses within were built of tiles laid in mortar, +or of sun-dried brick (adobes), and were roofed with straw or split +trees. The chief temple had spacious rooms, and its dependences +surrounded a court yard. + +The interpreter Aguilar, a Spaniard who had lived with the Mayas in +Yucatan, could readily speak the tongue of the village, which was +therefore a Mayan dialect. The natives told him that the town was named +Potonchan, which Aguilar translated "the place that smells or stinks," +an etymology probably correct in a general way. + +The natives were distrustful, and opposed the landing of the Europeans +rather with words and gestures than with blows. Their warriors +approached Cortes in large boats, called in their tongue _tahucup_, and +refused him permission to land. + +After some parleying, Cortes withdrew to an island in the river near by, +and as night drew on, he sent to the ships for reinforcements, and +despatched some of the troops to look for a ford from the island to the +mainland; which they easily found. + +The next morning he landed some of his men by the boats, and attacked +the village on the water side, while another detachment crossed the ford +and making a circuit assaulted it in the rear. The Indians were +prepared, having sent their women and children away. They were in number +about four hundred, and made at first a brisk resistance, but being +surprised by the rear assault, soon fled in dismay. No Spaniard was +killed, though many were wounded. + +Cortes established himself in the village and landed most of his troops +and ten out of his thirteen horses. When his men were rested and the +injured had had their wounds dressed with fat taken from dead +Indians[4-1] (!) he sent out three detachments on foot to reconnoitre. + +After marching a distance which is not stated, but which could not have +been many miles, they came to an extensive plain covered with maize +fields, temples and houses. This was Cintla. There were many warriors +gathered there, and after a sharp skirmish the Spaniards fell back. + +Having thus learned the ground, Cortes prepared for a decisive battle, +as also did the natives. The latter gathered at Cintla in five divisions +of eight thousand men each, as the chroniclers aver. + +Cortes had about five hundred men including some Cuban Indians. The main +detachment proceeded on foot by the high road, the cavalry along a path +in the woods, and another detachment by a third route. The country was +swampy and cut with canals, offering serious obstacles to the horses. It +was not until the infantry had been for some time closely engaged with +the enemy on the plain of Cintla, and rather severely handled, that the +cavalry reached the spot. Their appearance, together with the noise and +fatal effect of the musketry, soon struck terror to the hearts of the +natives--their ranks broke and they fled. Gomara estimates that there +were about three hundred of them killed, which is likely enough; while +Bishop De las Casas puts the slain at thirty thousand![5-1] + +Such was the battle of Cintla. It broke the spirits of the natives, and +soon their chieftain, named Tabasco, from whom the river and the +province were later called, came in, and offered his submission. Cortes +took possession of the land in the name of the King of Spain, and +erected a large cross in the chief temple of Potonchan. He remained +there several days longer before proceeding on his voyage. + +_The Name Cintla._--Of the contemporary authorities, only two give the +name of the place at or near which the battle was fought. + +One of these is Bernal Diaz, who writes it twice, spelling it both times +_Cintia_.[5-2] The other is Gomara, who gives _Cintla_, the form which I +believe to be correct. Through following some less reliable authorities +a number of writers, among them Prescott and his editor Mr. J. F. Kirk, +Orozco y Berra, etc., and their copyists, have deformed this word into +_Ceutla_. + +The most obvious derivation of Cintla is from the Nahuatl language, in +which _Cintla_ means a dried ear of maize; _Cintlan_, a place where +dried ears are, a cornfield. Most of the places in Tabasco became known +to the Spaniards under their Nahuatl appellatives through interpreters +in that tongue, and because most of the territory had been subjected to +the powerful sway of the Montezumas. + +Still, Cintla may also be a Mayan word. It may be a nominal form from +the verb _tzen-tah_, and would then have the signification, "a built-up +place," or one well stocked with provisions; or, it may be a patronymic +from the Tzentals, the tribe which occupied this region at the time, as +I shall proceed to show. + +_The Native Tribe._--There is no question but that the native tribe +which took part in this combat belonged to the Mayan stock. All the +accounts agree that Aguilar, the Spaniard whom Cortes found in Yucatan +as a captive, and who had learned to speak the Mayan tongue, +communicated with the natives without difficulty. This is conclusive as +to their ethnic position. + +Further evidence, if needed, is offered by the native names and words +preserved in the accounts. The term for their large canoes, _tahucup_, +is from the Maya _tahal_, to swim, and _kop_, that which is hollow, or +hollowed out. The name _potonchan_, Aguilar translated as, "the place +that stinks" (lugar que hiede). He evidently understood it as derived +from the Maya verb _tunhal_, to stink, with the intensive prefix _pot_ +(which is not unusual in the tongue, as _pot-hokan_, very evident, +etc.). The historian Herrera, on some authority not known to me, further +explains this term as one of contempt applied to the people there, +meaning rude and barbarous;[6-1] as we should say, using the same +metaphor, "stinkards." + +_Tabasco_ is said by Bernal Diaz to have been the name of the principal +chief of the eight provinces or tribes, who together opposed the +Spaniards. For this reason I would reject the derivation from the +Nahuatl, proposed by Rovirosa,--_tlalli_, earth, _paltic_, wet or +swampy, _co_, in,[6-2]--however appropriate it would be geographically; +and also that from the Maya, _tazcoob_, "deceived," referring to the +deceptions practiced on the Spaniards,--which is defended by Orozco y +Berra[6-3]; and I should accept that which I find suggested by Dr. +Berendt in his manuscript work on Mayan geographical names. He reads +_Tabasco_ as a slightly corrupt form of the Maya _T'ah-uaxac-coh_, "our +(or the) master of the eight lions," referring to the eight districts or +gentes of the tribe. This is significant and appropriate, the jaguar, +the American lion, being a very common emblem in the ruins of Cintla. + +The branch of the Mayan stock which occupied the litoral of the province +of Tabasco at that time were those later known as the Tzentals +(otherwise spelled Zendal or Tzeltal). By some writers they have been +called the Chontals of Tobasco, _chontal_, as is well known, being +merely a common noun in Nahuatl to express foreigners or barbarians. +Their identity with the modern Tzentals of Chiapas has been established +by the researches of Dr. Berendt. + +The Tzental is a dialect closely akin to pure Maya, though it was +believed by Dr. Berendt to present nearer relations than the Maya proper +to the dialect of the Huastecas, a segregated idiom of the Mayan family, +spoken near Tampico. + +_The Locality._--Until M. Desire Charnay brought out the results of the +Lorillard expedition in his handsome work, "The Ancient Cities of the +New World,"[6-4] no one, so far as I know, had expressed any doubt that +Cintla was situated near the mouth of the great river, the Rio de +Tabasco, formed by the confluence of the Usumacinta and the Rio de +Grijalva, and emptying into the bay of Campeche, 18 deg. 35', north +latitude. + +M. Charnay did not visit the ruins of Cintla nor the site of Potonchan, +which I am about to describe; but he did make an examination of the +ruins of Comalcalco, about thirty miles west of Cintla; and as they are +of notable magnitude, he proceeds to argue that they represent the +ancient Cintla, of the victory of Cortes. + +The arguments on which he founds this contention may be briefly stated. +They are that the accounts refer to two entrances to the river (_dos +bocas_) while the Tabasco has but one; that the bar of Tabasco now +admits vessels of 300 tons, whereas Cortes speaks of it as too shallow +for his caravels; that Herrera says Cortes retired to a small island, +whereas there is none in the Rio de Tabasco; that Herrera further speaks +of a ford by which the soldiers of Cortes "crossed the river," which +would have been impossible in the Tabasco; and finally that the same +writer mentions cacao plantations, though at present none exist near +Frontera. For these reasons he thinks both Grijalva and Cortes entered +the embouchure now known as the Barra de Dos Bocas, some twenty-five +miles west of the mouth of the Rio de Tabasco. + +A slight examination dissipates these objections. Both Grijalva and +Cortes note the powerful current of the Rio de Tabasco, carrying fresh +water six miles out to sea, as is observed to-day,[7-1] and this is not +in the least applicable to the insignificant stream flowing out of the +Dos Bocas. M. Charnay was misinformed when he stated there is no island +at the mouth of the Rio de Tabasco. There are in fact two, one, long and +narrow, known as the Isla de Grijalva, the other quite small, close to +the plantation of Dolores (see the map). The latter was probably that to +which Cortes retired. None of the accounts say that the soldiers "forded +the river," but only the short distance between the island and the +mainland. These islands give to the entrance of the river the appearance +of two embouchures or mouths. The depth of the bar varies of course with +the seasons and with the tides. + +But what is conclusive is that in 1525 the Spaniards founded the city +Nuestra Senora de la Victoria, on the site of Potonchan. In 1646, it had +a cura and a vicar, and counted 2000 parishioners, and the abundance of +its cacao harvest is especially noted.[7-2] At some later day it was +attacked and destroyed by filibusters; but the remains of the church and +the cemetery are still visible at Dolores, and pilgrimages are yet made +to them on certain holy days by the faithful of the parish of Frontera, +on the opposite shore. This record places the scene of the conflict +beyond all doubt. + +_Condition of the Natives._--The various accounts agree in describing +the province as highly cultivated and thickly settled. Maize and cacao +were the principal crops. Temples and edifices are repeatedly referred +to. A few years afterwards (1524) Cortes traversed Tabasco some miles +inland, and has left a description of its industries. The people were +active merchants, and the list of their commodities which he gives +includes cacao, maize, cotton, dye-stuffs, feathers, salt, wax, resins, +paints, gum copal, pottery, beads, shells, precious stones, woven stuffs +and gold of low alloy. The richer citizens had numerous wives and female +slaves, which accounted for the rapid increase in population.[8-1] The +chronicler Gomara furnished a long list of the native articles which +Grijalva brought back in 1519 from Potonchan and the neighboring coast. +They reveal a high degree of artistic culture, and leave no doubt but +that the tribes of the vicinity were as developed in the arts as any in +America. + +_Ruined Cities._--Writing about 1875, Mr. H. H. Bancroft says: "On the +immediate coast (of Tabasco) some large towns and temples were seen by +the early voyagers; but I have no information that relics of any kind +have been discovered in modern times."[8-2] + +In fact, although it is doubtful if there are any ruins directly on the +coast, there are many but a short distance inland. Those at +Comalcacalco[TN-1] have been figured and described by M. Charnay, and +his work is so well known that a reference to it is sufficient. + +At the locality called Pedrito, about fifteen miles from the mouth of +the Tabasco, there are many mounds, embankments, piles of pottery and +other signs of an ancient town. Among the relics is a large circular +stone, "like a round table," with figures in relief engraved on its +sides, and with holes drilled in its surface, in which pegs or wooden +nails are said to have been fitted.[8-3] About ten miles north of this +spot is another group of mounds on the left bank of the Rio de San Pablo +y San Pedro. Doubtless many others exist unknown in the dense forests. + +_The Ruins of Cintla._--The ruins of Cintla were visited and surveyed by +the late Dr. C. H. Berendt in March and April, 1869, and, so far as I +know, neither before nor since have they been seen by any archaeologist. +Nor can I learn that Dr. Berendt ever published the results of his +researches. The only reference I can find to them in any of his +published writings is in a paper which he read, July 10th, 1876, before +the American Geographical Society, and which was published in its +Bulletin, No. 2, for that year. The title of this address was, "Remarks +on the Centers of Ancient Civilization in Central America and their +Geographical Distribution." He certainly prepared a much more extended +paper especially on Cintla, with illustrations and maps, fragments of +which I have found among the documents left at his death; but if +published, I have been unable to trace it. Nor can I discover what +became of the considerable archaeological collection which he made at +Cintla and brought away with him, a memorandum about which is among his +papers. + +The passage in his address before the Geographical Society touching on +Cintla is as follows: + +"It was by mere chance that in the year 1869 I discovered the site of +ancient Cintla, buried in the thick and fever-haunted forests of the +marshy coast, and unknown until then to the Indians themselves. In the +course of the excavations which I caused to be made, antiquities of a +curious and interesting character were laid bare. + +"Prominent among these ruins, and presenting a peculiar feature of +workmanship, are the so-called _teocallis_, or mounds, which here are +built of earth, and covered at the top and on the sides with a thick +layer of mortar in imitation of stone work. On one of these mounds I +found not only the sides and the platform, but even two flights of +stairs, constructed of the same apparently fragile but yet enduring +material. One of the latter was perfectly well preserved. I likewise saw +clay figures of animals covered with a similar coating of mortar or +plaster, thus imitating sculptured stone and retaining traces of having +been painted in various colors. + +[Illustration: _Fig. 1.--Map of the Ruins of Cintla._] + +"The reason for this singular use of cement probably is that in the +alluvial soil of this coast, no stones occur within a distance of fifty +miles and more from the sea shore; stone implements, such as axes, +chisels, grinding stones, obsidian flakes, etc., which are occasionally +found, can have been introduced solely by trade. The pottery and the +idols made of terra cotta show a high degree of perfection. + +"Regarding the period down to which such earthenware was made, a broken +vase disinterred from one of the mounds in my presence may give a clue. +Its two handles represent Spaniards, with their European features, +beard, Catalonian cap, and _polainas_, or gaiters." + +There is also among his papers the commencement of an address or essay +upon these ruins, written in Spanish, and this, when completed, may have +been printed in some Mexican periodical. I translate from it the +following passage, the remainder having been lost: + +"Having learned that in the forests of the coast between the _barras_ of +Chiltepec and Grijalva various mounds, idols and other remains of an +earlier population had been discovered, I proceeded to that part of the +country called _Del Cajete_, and devoted six weeks to its exploration. I +soon found numerous mounds and embankments from which the present +inhabitants had gathered fragments of idols and milling stones of a form +unknown now in the vicinity. + +"It very soon became apparent that these mounds were not such as those +isolated ones which are found in various parts of this country, but were +arranged in groups surrounding open spaces, _plazas_, and forming +streets, extending over an area three leagues in length by one in +breadth. + +[Illustration: _Fig. 2.--The Great Temple._] + +[Illustration: _Fig. 3.--Cross Section of Fig. 2, B._] + +"Not a single tradition, not a single native name survives to cast any +light upon these ruins. The whole of this coast was depopulated in the +seventeenth and eighteenth centuries owing to the slave-hunting +incursions of the filibusters and man-hunters. The Indians who are now +found in the neighborhood have removed there from the interior since the +beginning of the present century, and are absolutely ignorant of the +origin or builders of this city, hidden in the tropical forest." + +The locality referred to as _Del Cajete_ was a settlement (rancheria) of +Indians, now better known as San Jose de la Bellota, on a large pond +into which drains the Rio de la Bellota. It was founded in 1815 by a +cura who brought the Indians there from the other side of the river, +back of Frontera. + +The general position of the ruins will be seen from the above map. It is +drawn to the scale of the Mexican league, which contains 5000 yards +(varas) each 838 mm. One league is therefore approximately two and three +quarters of our miles. No ruins or mounds were located immediately on or +near the coast. + +Almost a continuous line of mounds, embankments and heaps of debris +extends from near Bellota for about nine miles in a general +west-south-west direction over a plain which is now densely covered by a +tropical forest. + +Dr. Berendt did not attempt to survey but a few of these numerous +monuments. The plan of one of the largest, called by the natives _El +Cuyo Grande_, "The Great Temple," is shown in the following, figure 2. + +The principal mound B is terraced about half way up and was 82 feet in +height. A cross section of it is shown in Fig. 3, A-B. + +A series of constructions is connected with this, the whole running in a +direction east-north-east to west-south-west. They consist of a +rectangular embankment six to eight feet high, Fig. 2, A; an isolated +circular mound, D; and two small mounds at the eastern corners of the +great mound, from which parallel embankments, E, extend easterly, +inclosing an open space, which at the extremity is terminated by a long +low mound, C. The total distance from A to C is 1140 feet. + +The great mound and most of the others in the vicinity are faced with +mortar made of sand and lime from burnt oyster shells. On one or both +sides are flights of steps which lead up to the summit. These are +constructed of layers of mortar, tiles and hard-pounded earth, +distributed in the manner represented in Fig. 4. + +[Illustration: _Fig. 4.--Construction of Stairways._] + +[Illustration: _Fig. 5.--Los Cuyos de la Canada._] + +The earth is either black or red, and is mixed with sand from the coast +to give it consistency. The tiles or bricks are rectangular in shape, +well made and regular in outline, and laid one against another as in a +pavement. + +Another group is called _Los Cuyos de la Canada_, Fig. 5. It consists of +two mounds on a low platform, adjoining each other. The larger, _a_, is +twenty feet in height, the lower, _b_, about fifteen feet. Their sides +are oriented exactly to the true north. A section is shown in Fig. 5, +_g_. Two small oblong mounds, _c_ and _d_, about six feet high, and a +square altar-like heap, _f_, appear to be in relation to the group. +Numerous pieces of mortar and terra cotta occur in the vicinity, and +1500 feet directly west there is a large mound of moderate height. + +Almost anywhere in the area of this ancient city, the soil abounds in +fragments of mortar, pottery and images of earthenware. Very frequently +the latter are represented seated on a bell-shaped support, apparently +that they might be stood up upon a flat surface. Two of these are shown +from Dr. Berendt's drawings in Figs. 6 and 7. The handles of utensils +were often decorated in fantastic forms as that shown in Fig. 8. + +[Illustration: _Fig. 6[TN-2]--Image with Bell-shaped Bottom and +Handle._] + +[Illustration: _Fig. 7.--Image of a Warrior on Bell-shaped Support._] + +[Illustration: _Fig. 8.--Decorated Handle of Utensil._] + +An abundance of _metates_, or corn-stones, of a shape not now usual in +the neighborhood were exhibited. Some of these were quite graceful, +having several feet and highly ornamented. The vases of pottery were +occasionally noteworthy for their symmetry and beauty, as that shown in +Fig. 9. + +[Illustration: _Fig. 9.--Jar of Pottery._] + +At the foot of the stairways to the summit of the mounds on each side +were frequently the remains of tigers' heads, well moulded in burnt +clay. + +Here and there the remains of wells were discovered, or of excavations +which apparently were intended for the purpose of obtaining water. + +Dr. Berendt mentions several tombs, but unfortunately does not specify +their location or construction. He states that they usually contained +several bodies, in a sitting posture, placed side by side with their +arms and ornaments. + +No trace of metal whatever was discovered, neither copper nor gold, +which is rather unexpected, as the natives in the time of Grijalva were +acquainted with both these substances. + +Such is the brief account I am able to give of these extensive and +interesting ruins from the fragmentary papers of their explorer. If any +reader of these notes can inform this journal of the disposition Dr. +Berendt made of his collection and the full memoranda of his surveys and +excavations, the cause of American archaeology will be further benefited. + +MEDIA, PENNA. + + +FOOTNOTES: + +[3-1] The authorities are: + +_Carta de la Justicia de la Rica Villa de la Vera Cruz_, July 10, 1519. +This is sometimes referred to as Cortes' first letter. + +Bernal Diaz del Castillo, _Historia de la Conquista de la Nueva Espana_. + +Andres de Tapia.[TN-3] _Relacion Sobre la Conquista de la Nueva Espana._ + +_Relacion Anonyma de la Conquista de la Nueva Espana._ + +[3-2] Francisco Lopez de Gomara, _Conquista de Mexico_. I follow the +Madrid edition of 1852. + +[4-1] This delectable surgical item is added by Captain Bernal Diaz. + +[5-1] _Historia de las Indias._ Lib. XIV. + +[5-2] I have consulted both the original edition (1632) and the Madrid +reprint of 1852. It is thus spelled in both, though Dr. Jourdanet, in +his excellent French translation (Paris, 1877) gives _Cintla_. + +[6-1] Herrera, _Historia de las Indias Occidentales_. Dec. III, lib. +vii, cap. iii. + +[6-2] Jose N. Rovirosa, _Nombres Geographicos de Tabasco_, (Mexico, +1888). + +[6-3] Orozco y Berra, _Historia Antigua de Mexico_, Tom. XIV, Lib. I, +cap. V. + +[6-4] I use the French edition, _Les Anciennes Villes du Nouveau Monde_, +pp. 159, 160 (Paris, 1885). + +[7-1] Requena says the current from the river is visible "from ten to +twelve leagues from the shore in every season and in high water much +further." Pedro Requena, _Informe sobre Tabasco_, p. 52 (S. Juan +Bautista, 1847. Imprenta del Gobierno). + +[7-2] These facts are given in the _Memoria_ of Diaz de la Calle, +printed at Madrid, 1646, extracts from which I find in Dr. Berendt's +manuscripts. + +[8-1] Cortes' description is given in his "fourth letter." His route is +extremely difficult to locate accurately. + +[8-2] _The Native Races of the Pacific States_, Vol. IV, p. 287. + +[8-3] MSS, Notes of Dr. C. H. Berendt. + + + + +Transcriber's Note + + +The following misspellings and typographical errors were maintained. + + Page Error + TN-1 8 Comalcacalco should read Comalcalco + TN-2 12 Fig. 6 should read Fig. 6. + TN-3 fn. 3-1 Tapia. should read Tapia, + +The following words were inconsistently spelled. + + Jose / Jose + Rio / Rio + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Battle and the Ruins of Cintla, by +Daniel G. 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