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      Guide to Life and Literature of the Southwest, by J. Frank Dobie
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The Project Gutenberg EBook of Guide to Life and Literature of the
Southwest, by J. Frank Dobie

This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org


Title: Guide to Life and Literature of the Southwest

Author: J. Frank Dobie

Release Date: November 10, 2009 [EBook #314]
Last Updated: January 26, 2013

Language: English

Character set encoding: ASCII

*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK LIFE AND LITERATURE OF THE SOUTHWEST ***




Produced by Charles Keller, and David Widger






</pre>
    <p>
      <br /><br />
    </p>
    <h1>
      GUIDE TO LIFE AND LITERATURE OF THE SOUTHWEST
    </h1>
    <p>
      <br />
    </p>
    <h3>
      Revised And Enlarged In Both Knowledge And Wisdom
    </h3>
    <p>
      <br />
    </p>
    <h2>
      By J. Frank Dobie
    </h2>
    <p>
      <br />
    </p>
    <div class="mynote">
      <p>
        Dallas, 1952
      </p>
      <p>
        Southern Methodist University Press
      </p>
      <p>
        <i>Not copyright in 1942 Again not copyright in 1952</i>
      </p>
      <p>
        Anybody is welcome to help himself to any of it in any way
      </p>
      <p>
        LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOG CARD NUMBER: 52-11834
      </p>
      <p>
        S.M.U. PRESS
      </p>
      <br />
    </div>
    <p>
      <br /> <br />
    </p>
    <hr />
    <p>
      <br /> <br />
    </p>
    <blockquote>
      <p class="toc">
        <big><b>CONTENTS</b></big>
      </p>
      <p>
        <br />
      </p>
      <p class="toc">
        <a href="#link2H_4_0001"> A Preface With Some Revised Ideas </a>
      </p>
      <p class="toc">
        <a href="#link2H_4_0002"> 1. A Declaration </a>
      </p>
      <p class="toc">
        <a href="#link2H_4_0003"> 2. Interpreters of the Land </a>
      </p>
      <p class="toc">
        <a href="#link2H_4_0004"> 3. General Helps </a>
      </p>
      <p class="toc">
        <a href="#link2H_4_0005"> 4. Indian Culture; Pueblos and Navajos </a>
      </p>
      <p class="toc">
        <a href="#link2H_4_0006"> 5. Apaches, Comanches, and Other Plains
        Indians </a>
      </p>
      <p class="toc">
        <a href="#link2H_4_0007"> 6. Spanish-Mexican Strains </a>
      </p>
      <p class="toc">
        <a href="#link2H_4_0008"> 7. Flavor of France </a>
      </p>
      <p class="toc">
        <a href="#link2H_4_0009"> 8. Backwoods Life and Humor </a>
      </p>
      <p class="toc">
        <a href="#link2H_4_0010"> 9. How the Early Settlers Lived </a>
      </p>
      <p class="toc">
        <a href="#link2H_4_0011"> 10. Fighting Texians </a>
      </p>
      <p class="toc">
        <a href="#link2H_4_0012"> 11. Texas Rangers </a>
      </p>
      <p class="toc">
        <a href="#link2H_4_0013"> 12. Women Pioneers </a>
      </p>
      <p class="toc">
        <a href="#link2H_4_0014"> 13. Circuit Riders and Missionaries </a>
      </p>
      <p class="toc">
        <a href="#link2H_4_0015"> 14. Lawyers, Politicians, J. P.'s </a>
      </p>
      <p class="toc">
        <a href="#link2H_4_0016"> 15. Pioneer Doctors </a>
      </p>
      <p class="toc">
        <a href="#link2H_4_0017"> 16. Mountain Men </a>
      </p>
      <p class="toc">
        <a href="#link2H_4_0018"> 17. Santa Fe and the Santa Fe Trail </a>
      </p>
      <p class="toc">
        <a href="#link2H_4_0019"> 18. Stagecoaches, Freighting </a>
      </p>
      <p class="toc">
        <a href="#link2H_4_0020"> 19. Pony Express </a>
      </p>
      <p class="toc">
        <a href="#link2H_4_0021"> 20. Surge of Life in the West </a>
      </p>
      <p class="toc">
        <a href="#link2H_4_0022"> 21. Range Life: Cowboys, Cattle, Sheep </a>
      </p>
      <p class="toc">
        <a href="#link2H_4_0023"> 22. Cowboy Songs and Other Ballads </a>
      </p>
      <p class="toc">
        <a href="#link2H_4_0024"> 23. Horses: Mustangs and Cow Ponies </a>
      </p>
      <p class="toc">
        <a href="#link2H_4_0025"> 24. The Bad Man Tradition </a>
      </p>
      <p class="toc">
        <a href="#link2H_4_0026"> 25. Mining and Oil </a>
      </p>
      <p class="toc">
        <a href="#link2H_4_0027"> 26. Nature; Wild Life; Naturalists </a>
      </p>
      <p class="toc">
        <a href="#link2H_4_0028"> 27. Buffaloes and Buffalo Hunters </a>
      </p>
      <p class="toc">
        <a href="#link2H_4_0029"> 28. Bears and Bear Hunters </a>
      </p>
      <p class="toc">
        <a href="#link2H_4_0030"> 29. Coyotes, Lobos, and Panthers </a>
      </p>
      <p class="toc">
        <a href="#link2H_4_0031"> 30. Birds and Wild Flowers </a>
      </p>
      <p class="toc">
        <a href="#link2H_4_0032"> 31. Negro Folk Songs and Tales </a>
      </p>
      <p class="toc">
        <a href="#link2H_4_0033"> 32. Fiction&mdash;Including Folk Tales </a>
      </p>
      <p class="toc">
        <a href="#link2H_4_0034"> 33. Poetry and Drama </a>
      </p>
      <p class="toc">
        <a href="#link2H_4_0035"> 34. Miscellaneous Interpreters and
        Institutions </a>
      </p>
      <p class="toc">
        <a href="#link2H_4_0036"> 35. Subjects for Themes </a>
      </p>
    </blockquote>
    <p>
      <br /> <br />
    </p>
    <hr />
    <p>
      <br /> <br /> <a name="link2H_4_0001" id="link2H_4_0001">
      <!--  H2 anchor --> </a>
    </p>
    <h2>
      A Preface With Some Revised Ideas
    </h2>
    <p>
      IT HAS BEEN ten years since I wrote the prefatory "Declaration" to this
      now enlarged and altered book. Not to my generation alone have many things
      receded during that decade. To the intelligent young as well as to the
      intelligent elderly, efforts in the present atmosphere to opiate the
      public with mere pictures of frontier enterprise have a ghastly unreality.
      The Texas Rangers have come to seem as remote as the Foreign Legion in
      France fighting against the Kaiser. Yet this <i>Guide</i>, extensively
      added to and revised, is mainly concerned, apart from the land and its
      native life, with frontier backgrounds. If during a decade a man does not
      change his mind on some things and develop new points of view, it is a
      pretty good sign that his mind is petrified and need no longer be
      accounted among the living. I have an inclination to rewrite the
      "Declaration," but maybe I was just as wise on some matters ten years ago
      as I am now; so I let it stand.
    </p>
<pre xml:space="preserve">
          Do I contradict myself?
          Very well then I contradict myself.
</pre>
    <p>
      I have heard so much silly bragging by Texans that I now think it would be
      a blessing to themselves&mdash;and a relief to others&mdash;if the
      braggers did not know they lived in Texas. Yet the time is not likely to
      come when a human being will not be better adapted to his environments by
      knowing their nature; on the other hand, to study a provincial setting
      from a provincial point of view is restricting. Nobody should specialize
      on provincial writings before he has the perspective that only a good deal
      of good literature and wide history can give. I think it more important
      that a dweller in the Southwest read <i>The Trial and Death of Socrates</i>
      than all the books extant on killings by Billy the Kid. I think this
      dweller will fit his land better by understanding Thomas Jefferson's oath
      ("I have sworn upon the altar of God eternal hostility against every form
      of tyranny over the mind of man") than by reading all the books that have
      been written on ranch lands and people. For any dweller of the Southwest
      who would have the land soak into him, Wordsworth's "Tintern Abbey," "Ode:
      Intimations of Immortality," "The Solitary Reaper," "Expostulation and
      Reply," and a few other poems are more conducive to a "wise passiveness"
      than any native writing.
    </p>
    <p>
      There are no substitutes for nobility, beauty, and wisdom. One of the
      chief impediments to amplitude and intellectual freedom is provincial
      inbreeding. I am sorry to see writings of the Southwest substituted for
      noble and beautiful and wise literature to which all people everywhere are
      inheritors. When I began teaching "Life and Literature of the Southwest" I
      did not regard these writings as a substitute. To reread most of them
      would be boresome, though <i>Hamlet</i>, Boswell's <i>Johnson</i>, Lamb's
      <i>Essays</i>, and other genuine literature remain as quickening as ever.
    </p>
    <p>
      Very likely I shall not teach the course again. I am positive I shall
      never revise this <i>Guide</i> again. It is in nowise a bibliography. I
      have made more additions to the "Range Life" chapter than to any other. I
      am a collector of such books. A collector is a person who gathers unto
      himself the worthless as well as the worthy. Since I did not make a nickel
      out of the original printing of the <i>Guide</i> and hardly expect to make
      enough to buy a California "ranch" out of the present printing, I have
      added several items, with accompanying remarks, more for my own pleasure
      than for benefit to society.
    </p>
    <p>
      Were the listings halved, made more selective, the book might serve its
      purpose better. Anybody who wants to can slice it in any manner he
      pleases. I am as much against forced literary swallowings as I am against
      prohibitions on free tasting, chewing, and digestion. I rate censors,
      particularly those of church and state, as low as I rate character
      assassins; they often run together.
    </p>
    <p>
      I'd like to make a book on <i>Emancipators of the Human Mind</i>&mdash;Emerson,
      Jefferson, Thoreau, Tom Paine, Newton, Arnold, Voltaire, Goethe.... When I
      reflect how few writings connected with the wide open spaces of the West
      and Southwest are wide enough to enter into such a volume, I realize
      acutely how desirable is perspective in patriotism.
    </p>
    <p>
      Hundreds of the books listed in this <i>Guide</i> have given me pleasure
      as well as particles for the mosaic work of my own books; but, with minor
      exceptions, they increasingly seem to me to explore only the exteriors of
      life. There is in them much good humor but scant wit. The hunger for
      something afar is absent or battened down. Drought blasts the turf, but
      its unhealing blast to human hope is glossed over. The body's thirst for
      water is a recurring theme, but human thirst for love and just thinking is
      beyond consideration. Horses run with their riders to death or victory,
      but fleeting beauty haunts no soul to the "doorway of the dead." The land
      is often pictured as lonely, but the lone way of a human being's essential
      self is not for this extravert world. The banners of individualism are
      carried high, but the higher individualism that grows out of long looking
      for meanings in the human drama is negligible. Somebody is always riding
      around or into a "feudal domain." Nobody at all penetrates it or
      penetrates democracy with the wisdom that came to Lincoln in his
      loneliness: "As I would not be a SLAVE, so I would not be a MASTER. This
      expresses my idea of democracy. Whatever differs from this, to the extent
      of the difference, is no democracy." The mountains, the caves, the
      forests, the deserts have had no prophets to interpret either their
      silences or their voices. In short, these books are mostly only the stuff
      of literature, not literature itself, not the very stuff of life, not the
      distillations of mankind's "agony and bloody sweat."
    </p>
    <p>
      An ignorant person attaches more importance to the chatter of small voices
      around him than to the noble language of remote individuals. The more he
      listens to the small, the smaller he grows. The hope of regional
      literature lies in out-growing regionalism itself. On November 11, 1949, I
      gave a talk to the Texas Institute of Letters that was published in the
      Spring 1950 issue of the <i>Southwest Review</i>. The paragraphs that
      follow are taken therefrom.
    </p>
    <p>
      Good writing about any region is good only to the extent that it has
      universal appeal. Texans are the only "race of people" known to
      anthropologists who do not depend upon breeding for propagation. Like
      princes and lords, they can be made by "breath," plus a big white hat&mdash;which
      comparatively few Texans wear. A beef stew by a cook in San Antonio,
      Texas, may have a different flavor from that of a beef stew cooked in
      Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, but the essential substances of potatoes and
      onions, with some suggestion of beef, are about the same, and geography
      has no effect on their digestibility.
    </p>
    <p>
      A writer&mdash;a regional writer, if that term means anything&mdash;will
      whenever he matures exercise the critical faculty. I mean in the Matthew
      Arnold sense of appraisal rather than of praise, or, for that matter, of
      absolute condemnation. Understanding and sympathy are not eulogy. Mere
      glorification is on the same intellectual level as silver tongues and juke
      box music.
    </p>
    <p>
      In using that word INTELLECTUAL, one lays himself liable to the accusation
      of having forsaken democracy. For all that, "fundamental brainwork" is
      behind every respect-worthy piece of writing, whether it be a lightsome
      lyric that seems as careless as a redbird's flit or a formal epic, an
      impressionistic essay or a great novel that measures the depth of human
      destiny. Nonintellectual literature is as nonexistent as education without
      mental discipline, or as "character building" in a school that is slovenly
      in scholarship. Billboards along the highways of Texas advertise certain
      towns and cities as "cultural centers." Yet no chamber of commerce would
      consider advertising an intellectual center. The culture of a
      nineteenth-century finishing school for young ladies was divorced from
      intellect; genuine civilization is always informed by intellect. The
      American populace has been taught to believe that the more intellectual a
      professor is, the less common sense he has; nevertheless, if American
      democracy is preserved it will be preserved by thought and not by physics.
    </p>
    <p>
      Editors of all but a few magazines of the country and publishers of most
      of the daily newspapers cry out for brightness and vitality and at the
      same time shut out critical ideas. They want intellect, but want it
      petrified. Happily, the publishers of books have not yet reached that form
      of delusion. In an article entitled "What Ideas Are Safe?" in the <i>Saturday
      Review of Literature</i> for November 5, 1949, Henry Steele Commager says:
    </p>
    <p>
      If we establish a standard of safe thinking, we will end up with no
      thinking at all.... We cannot... have thought half slave and half free....
      A nation which, in the name of loyalty or of patriotism or of any sincere
      and high-sounding ideal, discourages criticism and dissent, and puts a
      premium on acquiescence and conformity, is headed for disaster.
    </p>
    <p>
      Unless a writer feels free, things will not come to him, he cannot burgeon
      on any subject whatsoever.
    </p>
    <p>
      In 1834 Davy Crockett's <i>Autobiography</i> was published. It is one of
      the primary social documents of America. It is as much Davy Crockett,
      whether going ahead after bears in a Tennessee canebrake or going ahead
      after General Andrew Jackson in Congress, as the equally plain but also
      urbane <i>Autobiography</i> of Franklin is Benjamin Franklin. It is
      undiluted regionalism. It is provincial not only in subject but in point
      of view.
    </p>
    <p>
      No provincial mind of this day could possibly write an autobiography or
      any other kind of book co-ordinate in value with Crockett's "classic in
      homespun." In his time, Crockett could exercise intelligence and still
      retain his provincial point of view. Provincialism was in the air over his
      land. In these changed times, something in the ambient air prevents any
      active intelligence from being unconscious of lands, peoples, struggles
      far beyond any province.
    </p>
    <p>
      Not long after the Civil War, in Harris County, Texas, my father heard a
      bayou-billy yell out:
    </p>
<pre xml:space="preserve">
 Whoopee! Raised in a canebrake and suckled by a she-bear!
 The click of a six-shooter is music to my ear!
 The further up the creek you go, the worse they git,
 And I come from the head of it! Whoopee!
</pre>
    <p>
      If it were now possible to find some section of country so far up above
      the forks of the creek that the owls mate there with the chickens, and if
      this section could send to Congress one of its provincials untainted by
      the outside world, he would, if at all intelligent, soon after arriving on
      Capitol Hill become aware of interdependencies between his remote province
      and the rest of the world.
    </p>
    <p>
      Biographies of regional characters, stories turning on local customs,
      novels based on an isolated society, books of history and fiction going
      back to provincial simplicity will go on being written and published. But
      I do not believe it possible that a good one will henceforth come from a
      mind that does not in outlook transcend the region on which it is focused.
      That is not to imply that the processes of evolution have brought all
      parts of the world into such interrelationships that a writer cannot
      depict the manners and morals of a community up Owl Hoot Creek without
      enmeshing them with the complexities of the Atlantic Pact. Awareness of
      other times and other wheres, not insistence on that awareness, is the
      requisite. James M. Barrie said that he could not write a play until he
      got his people off on a kind of island, but had he not known about the
      mainland he could never have delighted us with the islanders&mdash;islanders,
      after all, for the night only. Patriotism of the right kind is still a
      fine thing; but, despite all gulfs, canyons, and curtains that separate
      nations, those nations and their provinces are all increasingly
      interrelated.
    </p>
    <p>
      No sharp line of time or space, like that separating one century from
      another or the territory of one nation from that of another, can delimit
      the boundaries of any region to which any regionalist lays claim. Mastery,
      for instance, of certain locutions peculiar to the Southwest will take
      their user to the Aztecs, to Spain, and to the border of ballads and Sir
      Walter Scott's romances. I found that I could not comprehend the coyote as
      animal hero of Pueblo and Plains Indians apart from the Reynard of Aesop
      and Chaucer.
    </p>
    <p>
      In a noble opinion respecting censorship and freedom of the press, handed
      down on March 18, 1949, Judge Curtis Bok of Pennsylvania said:
    </p>
    <p>
      It is no longer possible that free speech be guaranteed Federally and
      denied locally; under modern methods of instantaneous communication such a
      discrepancy makes no sense.... What is said in Pennsylvania may clarify an
      issue in California, and what is suppressed in California may leave us the
      worse in Pennsylvania. Unless a restriction on free speech be of national
      validity, it can no longer have any local validity whatever.
    </p>
    <p>
      Among the qualities that any good regional writer has in common with other
      good writers of all places and times is intellectual integrity. Having it
      does not obligate him to speak out on all issues or, indeed, on any issue.
      He alone is to judge whether he will sport with Amaryllis in the shade or
      forsake her to write his own <i>Areopagitica</i>. Intellectual integrity
      expresses itself in the tune as well as argument, in choice of words&mdash;words
      honest and precise&mdash;as well as in ideas, in fidelity to human nature
      and the flowers of the fields as well as to principles, in facts reported
      more than in deductions proposed. Though a writer write on something as
      innocuous as the white snails that crawl up broomweed stalks and that
      roadrunners carry to certain rocks to crack and eat, his intellectual
      integrity, if he has it, will infuse the subject.
    </p>
    <p>
      Nothing is too trivial for art, but good art treats nothing in a trivial
      way. Nothing is too provincial for the regional writer, but he cannot be
      provincial-minded toward it. Being provincial-minded may make him a
      typical provincial; it will prevent him from being a representative or
      skilful interpreter. Horace Greeley said that when the rules of the
      English language got in his way, they did not stand a chance. We may be
      sure that if by violating the rules of syntax Horace Greeley sometimes
      added forcefulness to his editorials, he violated them deliberately and
      not in ignorance. Luminosity is not stumbled into. The richly savored and
      deliciously unlettered speech of Thomas Hardy's rustics was the creation
      of a master architect who had looked out over the ranges of fated mankind
      and looked also into hell. Thomas Hardy's ashes were placed in Westminster
      Abbey, but his heart, in accordance with a provision of his will, was
      buried in the churchyard of his own village.
    </p>
    <p>
      I have never tried to define regionalism. Its blanket has been put over a
      great deal of worthless writing. Robert Frost has approached a satisfying
      conception. "The land is always in my bones," he said&mdash;the land of
      rock fences. But, "I am not a regionalist. I am a realmist. I write about
      realms of democracy and realms of the spirit." Those realms include The
      Woodpile, The Grindstone, Blueberries, Birches, and many other features of
      the land North of Boston.
    </p>
    <p>
      To an extent, any writer anywhere must make his own world, no matter
      whether in fiction or nonfiction, prose or poetry. He must make something
      out of his subject. What he makes depends upon his creative power,
      integrated with a sense of form. The popular restriction of creative
      writing to fiction and verse is illogical. Carl Sandburg's life of Lincoln
      is immeasurably more creative in form and substance than his fanciful <i>Potato
      Face</i>. Intense exercise of his creative power sets, in a way, the
      writer apart from the life he is trying to sublimate. Becoming a
      Philistine will not enable a man to interpret Philistinism, though
      Philistines who own big presses think so. Sinclair Lewis knew Babbitt as
      Babbitt could never know either himself or Sinclair Lewis.
    </p>
<pre xml:space="preserve">
                              J. F. D.
</pre>
    <p>
      <i>The time of Mexican primroses</i> 1952
    </p>
    <p>
      <br /> <br />
    </p>
    <hr />
    <p>
      <br /> <br /> <a name="link2H_4_0002" id="link2H_4_0002">
      <!--  H2 anchor --> </a>
    </p>
    <h2>
      1. A Declaration
    </h2>
    <p>
      IN THE UNIVERSITY of Texas I teach a course called "Life and Literature of
      the Southwest." About 1929 I had a brief guide to books concerning the
      Southwest mimeographed; in 1931 it was included by John William Rogers in
      a booklet entitled <i>Finding Literature on the Texas Plains</i>. After
      that I revised and extended the guide three or four times, during the
      process distributing several thousand copies of the mimeographed forms.
      Now the guide has grown too long, and I trust that this printing of it
      will prevent my making further additions&mdash;though within a short time
      new books will come out that should be added.
    </p>
    <p>
      Yet the guide is fragmentary, incomplete, and in no sense a bibliography.
      Its emphases vary according to my own indifferences and ignorance as well
      as according to my own sympathies and knowledge. It is strong on the
      character and ways of life of the early settlers, on the growth of the
      soil, and on everything pertaining to the range; it is weak on information
      concerning politicians and on citations to studies which, in the manner of
      orthodox Ph.D. theses, merely transfer bones from one graveyard to
      another.
    </p>
    <p>
      It is designed primarily to help people of the Southwest see significances
      in the features of the land to which they belong, to make their
      environments more interesting to them, their past more alive, to bring
      them to a realization of the values of their own cultural inheritance, and
      to stimulate them to observe. It includes most of the books about the
      Southwest that people in general would agree on as making good reading.
    </p>
    <p>
      I have never had any idea of writing or teaching about my own section of
      the country merely as a patriotic duty. Without apologies, I would
      interpret it because I love it, because it interests me, talks to me,
      appeals to my imagination, warms my emotions; also because it seems to me
      that other people living in the Southwest will lead fuller and richer
      lives if they become aware of what it holds. I once thought that, so far
      as reading goes, I could live forever on the supernal beauty of Shelley's
      "The Cloud" and his soaring lines "To a Skylark," on the rich melancholy
      of Keats's "Ode to a Nightingale," on Cyrano de Bergerac's ideal of a free
      man, on Wordsworth's philosophy of nature&mdash;a philosophy that has
      illuminated for me the mesquite flats and oak-studded hills of Texas&mdash;on
      the adventures in Robert Louis Stevenson, the flavor and wit of Lamb's
      essays, the eloquent wisdom of Hazlitt, the dark mysteries of Conrad, the
      gaieties of Barrie, the melody of Sir Thomas Browne, the urbanity of
      Addison, the dash in Kipling, the mobility, the mightiness, the lightness,
      the humor, the humanity, the everything of Shakespeare, and a world of
      other delicious, high, beautiful, and inspiring things that English
      literature has bestowed upon us. That literature is still the richest of
      heritages; but literature is not enough.
    </p>
    <p>
      Here I am living on a soil that my people have been living and working and
      dying on for more than a hundred years&mdash;the soil, as it happens, of
      Texas. My roots go down into this soil as deep as mesquite roots go. This
      soil has nourished me as the banks of the lovely Guadalupe River nourish
      cypress trees, as the Brazos bottoms nourish the wild peach, as the gentle
      slopes of East Texas nourish the sweet-smelling pines, as the barren,
      rocky ridges along the Pecos nourish the daggered lechuguilla. I am at
      home here, and I want not only to know about my home land, I want to live
      intelligently on it. I want certain data that will enable me to
      accommodate myself to it. Knowledge helps sympathy to achieve harmony. I
      am made more resolute by Arthur Hugh Clough's picture of the dripping
      sailor on the reeling mast, "On stormy nights when wild northwesters
      rave," but the winds that have bit into me have been dry Texas northers;
      and fantastic yarns about them, along with a cowboy's story of a herd of
      Longhorns drifting to death in front of one of them, come home to me and
      illuminate those northers like forked lightning playing along the top of
      black clouds in the night.
    </p>
    <p>
      No informed person would hold that the Southwest can claim any
      considerable body of PURE LITERATURE as its own. At the same time, the
      region has a distinct cultural inheritance, full of life and drama, told
      variously in books so numerous that their very existence would surprise
      many people who depend on the Book-of-the-Month Club for literary
      guidance. Any people have a right to their own cultural inheritance,
      though sheeplike makers of textbooks and sheeplike pedagogues of American
      literature have until recently, either wilfully or ignorantly, denied that
      right to the Southwest. Tens of thousands of students of the Southwest
      have been assigned endless pages on and listened to dronings over Cotton
      Mather, Increase Mather, Jonathan Edwards, Anne Bradstreet, and other
      dreary creatures of colonial New England who are utterly foreign to the
      genius of the Southwest. If nothing in written form pertaining to the
      Southwest existed at all, it would be more profitable for an inhabitant to
      go out and listen to coyotes singing at night in the prickly pear than to
      tolerate the Increase Mather kind of thing. It is very profitable to
      listen to coyotes anyhow. I rebelled years ago at having the tradition,
      the spirit, the meaning of the soil to which I belong utterly disregarded
      by interpreters of literature and at the same time having the Increase
      Mather kind of stuff taught as if it were important to our part of
      America. Happily the disregard is disappearing, and so is Increase Mather.
    </p>
    <p>
      If they had to be rigorously classified into hard and fast categories,
      comparatively few of the books in the lists that follow would be rated as
      pure literature. Fewer would be rated as history. A majority of them are
      the stuff of history. The stuff out of which history is made is generally
      more vital than formalized history, especially the histories habitually
      forced on students in public schools, colleges, and universities. There is
      no essential opposition between history and literature. The attempt to
      study a people's literature apart from their social and, to a less extent,
      their political history is as illogical as the lady who said she had read
      Romeo but had not yet got to Juliet. Nearly any kind of history is more
      important than formal literary history showing how in a literary way
      Abraham begat Isaac and Isaac begat Jacob. Any man of any time who has
      ever written with vigor has been immeasurably nearer to the dunghill on
      which he sank his talons while crowing than to all literary ancestors.
    </p>
    <p>
      A great deal of chronicle writing that makes no pretense at being
      belles-lettres is really superior literature to much that is so
      classified. I will vote three times a day and all night for John C.
      Duval's <i>Adventures of Bigfoot Wallace</i>, Charlie Siringo's <i>Riata
      and Spurs</i>, James B. Gillett's <i>Six Years with the Texas Rangers</i>,
      and dozens of other straightaway chronicles of the Southwest in preference
      to "The Culprit Fay" and much other watery "literature" with which
      anthologies representing the earlier stages of American writing are
      padded. Ike Fridge's pamphlet story of his ridings for John Chisum&mdash;chief
      provider of cattle for Billy the Kid to steal&mdash;has more of the juice
      of reality in it and, therefore, more of literary virtue than some of
      James Fenimore Cooper's novels, and than some of James Russell Lowell's
      odes.
    </p>
    <p>
      The one thing essential to writing if it is to be read, to art if it is to
      be looked at, is vitality. No critic or professor can be hired to pump
      vitality into any kind of human expression, but professors and critics
      have taken it out of many a human being who in his attempts to say
      something decided to be correct at the expense of being himself&mdash;being
      natural, being alive. The priests of literary conformity never had a
      chance at the homemade chronicles of the Southwest.
    </p>
    <p>
      The orderly way in which to study the Southwest would be to take up first
      the land, its flora, fauna, climate, soils, rivers, etc., then the
      aborigines, next the exploring and settling Spaniards, and finally, after
      a hasty glance at the French, the English-speaking people who brought the
      Southwest to what it is today. We cannot proceed in this way, however.
      Neither the prairies nor the Indians who first hunted deer on them have
      left any records, other than hieroglyphic, as to their lives. Some
      late-coming men have written about them. Droughts and rains have had far
      more influence on all forms of life in the Southwest and on all forms of
      its development culturally and otherwise than all of the Coronado
      expeditions put together. I have emphasized the literature that reveals
      nature. My method has been to take up types and subjects rather than to
      follow chronology.
    </p>
    <p>
      Chronology is often an impediment to the acquiring of useful knowledge. I
      am not nearly so much interested in what happened in Abilene, Kansas, in
      1867&mdash;the year that the first herds of Texas Longhorns over the
      Chisholm Trail found a market at that place&mdash;as I am in picking out
      of Abilene in 1867 some thing that reveals the character of the men who
      went up the trail, some thing that will illuminate certain phenomena along
      the trail human beings of the Southwest are going up today, some thing to
      awaken observation and to enrich with added meaning this corner of the
      earth of which we are the temporary inheritors.
    </p>
    <p>
      By "literature of the Southwest" I mean writings that interpret the
      region, whether they have been produced by the Southwest or not. Many of
      them have not. What we are interested in is life in the Southwest, and any
      interpreter of that life, foreign or domestic, ancient or modern, is of
      value.
    </p>
    <p>
      The term Southwest is variable because the boundaries of the Southwest are
      themselves fluid, expanding and contracting according to the point of view
      from which the Southwest is viewed and according to whatever common
      denominator is taken for defining it. The Spanish Southwest includes
      California, but California regards itself as more closely akin to the
      Pacific Northwest than to Texas; California is Southwest more in an
      antiquarian way than other-wise. From the point of view of the most
      picturesque and imagination-influencing occupation of the Southwest, the
      occupation of ranching, the Southwest might be said to run up into
      Montana. Certainly one will have to go up the trail to Montana to finish
      out the story of the Texas cowboy. Early in the nineteenth century the
      Southwest meant Tennessee, Georgia, and other frontier territory now
      regarded as strictly South. The men and women who "redeemed Texas from the
      wilderness" came principally from that region. The code of conduct they
      gave Texas was largely the code of the booming West. Considering the
      character of the Anglo-American people who took over the Southwest, the
      region is closer to Missouri than to Kansas, which is not Southwest in any
      sense but which has had a strong influence on Oklahoma. Chihuahua is more
      southwestern than large parts of Oklahoma. In <i>Our Southwest</i>, Erna
      Fergusson has a whole chapter on "What is the Southwest?" She finds Fort
      Worth to be in the Southwest but Dallas, thirty miles east, to be facing
      north and east. The principal areas of the Southwest are, to have done
      with air-minded reservations, Arizona, New Mexico, most of Texas, some of
      Oklahoma, and anything else north, south, east, or west that anybody wants
      to bring in. The boundaries of cultures and rainfall never follow survey
      lines. In talking about the Southwest I naturally incline to emphasize the
      Texas part of it.
    </p>
    <p>
      Life is fluid, and definitions that would apprehend it must also be. Yet I
      will venture one definition&mdash;not the only one&mdash;of an educated
      person. An educated person is one who can view with interest and
      intelligence the phenomena of life about him. Like people elsewhere, the
      people of the Southwest find the features of the land on which they live
      blank or full of pictures according to the amount of interest and
      intelligence with which they view the features. Intelligence cannot be
      acquired, but interest can; and data for interest and intelligence to act
      upon are entirely acquirable.
    </p>
    <p>
      "Studies perfect nature," Bacon said. "Nature follows art" to the extent
      that most of us see principally what our attention has been called to. I
      might never have noticed rose-purple snow between shadows if I had not
      seen a picture of that kind of snow. I had thought white the only natural
      color of snow. I cannot think of yew trees, which I have never seen,
      without thinking of Wordsworth's poem on three yew trees.
    </p>
    <p>
      Nobody has written a memorable poem on the mesquite. Yet the mesquite has
      entered into the social, economic, and aesthetic life of the land; it has
      made history and has been painted by artists. In the homely chronicles of
      the Southwest its thorns stick, its roots burn into bright coals, its
      trunks make fence posts, its lovely leaves wave. To live beside this
      beautiful, often pernicious, always interesting and highly characteristic
      tree&mdash;or bush&mdash;and to know nothing of its significance is to be
      cheated out of a part of life. It is but one of a thousand factors
      peculiar to the Southwest and to the land's cultural inheritance.
    </p>
    <p>
      For a long time, as he tells in his <i>Narrative</i>, Cabeza de Vaca was a
      kind of prisoner to coastal Indians of Texas. Annually, during the season
      when prickly pear apples (<i>tunas</i>, or Indian figs, as they are called
      in books) were ripe, these Indians would go upland to feed on the fruit.
      During his sojourn with them Cabeza de Vaca went along. He describes how
      the Indians would dig a hole in the ground, squeeze the fruit out of <i>tunas</i>
      into the hole, and then swill up big drinks of it. Long ago the Indians
      vanished, but prickly pears still flourish over millions of acres of land.
      The prickly pear is one of the characteristic growths of the Southwest.
      Strangers look at it and regard it as odd. Painters look at it in bloom or
      in fruit and strive to capture the colors. During the droughts ranchmen
      singe the thorns off its leaves, using a flame-throwing machine, easily
      portable by a man on foot, fed from a small gasoline tank. From Central
      Texas on down into Central America prickly pear acts as host for the
      infinitesimal insect called cochineal, which supplied the famous dyes of
      Aztec civilization.
    </p>
    <p>
      A long essay might be written on prickly pear. It weaves in and out of
      many chronicles of the Southwest. A. J. Sowell, one of the best
      chroniclers of Texas pioneer life, tells in his life of Bigfoot Wallace
      how that picturesque ranger captain once took one of his wounded men away
      from an army surgeon because the surgeon would not apply prickly pear
      poultices to the wound. In <i>Rangers and Pioneers of Texas</i>, Sowell
      narrates how rattlesnakes were so large and numerous in a great prickly
      pear flat out from the Nueces River that rangers pursuing bandits had to
      turn back. Nobody has written a better description of a prickly pear flat
      than O. Henry in his story of "The Caballero's Way."
    </p>
    <p>
      People may look at prickly pear, and it will be just prickly pear and
      nothing more. Or they may look at it and find it full of significances;
      the mere sight of a prickly pear may call up a chain of incidents, facts,
      associations. A mind that can thus look out on the common phenomena of
      life is rich, and all of the years of the person whose mind is thus stored
      will be more interesting and full.
    </p>
    <p>
      Cabeza de Vaca's <i>Narrative</i>, the chronicles of A. J. Sowell, and O.
      Henry's story are just three samples of southwestern literature that bring
      in prickly pear. No active-minded person who reads any one of these three
      samples will ever again look at prickly pear in the same light that he
      looked at it before he read. Yet prickly pear is just one of hundreds of
      manifestations of life in the Southwest that writers have commented on,
      told stories about, dignified with significance.
    </p>
    <p>
      Cotton no longer has the economic importance to Texas that it once had.
      Still, it is mighty important. In the minds of millions of farm people of
      the South, cotton and the boll weevil are associated. The boll weevil was
      once a curse; then it came to be somewhat regarded as a disguised blessing&mdash;in
      limiting production.
    </p>
<pre xml:space="preserve">
     De first time I seen de boll weevil,
          He was a-settin' on de square.
     Next time I seen him, he had all his family dere&mdash;
          Jest a-lookin' foh a home, jest a-lookin' foh a home.
</pre>
    <p>
      A man dependent on cotton for a living and having that living threatened
      by the boll weevil will not be much interested in ballads, but for the
      generality of people this boll weevil ballad&mdash;the entirety of which
      is a kind of life history of the insect&mdash;is, while delightful in
      itself, a veritable story-book on the weevil. Without the ballad, the
      weevil's effect on economic history would be unchanged; but as respects
      mind and imagination, the ballad gives the weevil all sorts of
      significances. The ballad is a part of the literature of the Southwest.
    </p>
    <p>
      But I am assigning too many motives of self-improvement to reading. People
      read for fun, for pleasure. The literature of the Southwest affords bully
      reading.
    </p>
    <p>
      "If I had read as much as other men, I would know as little," Thomas
      Hobbes is credited with having said. A student in the presence of Bishop
      E. D. Mouzon was telling about the scores and scores of books he had read.
      At a pause the bishop shook his long, wise head and remarked, "My son,
      when DO you get time to think?" Two of the best educated men I have ever
      had the fortune of talking with were neither schooled nor widely read.
      They were extraordinary observers. One was a plainsman, Charles Goodnight;
      the other was a borderer, Don Alberto Guajardo, in part educated by an old
      Lipan Indian.
    </p>
    <p>
      But here are the books. I list them not so much to give knowledge as to
      direct people with intellectual curiosity and with interest in their own
      land to the sources of knowledge; not to create life directly, but to
      point out where it has been created or copied. On some of the books I have
      made brief observations. Those observations can never be nearly so
      important to a reader as the development of his own powers of observation.
      With something of an apologetic feeling I confess that I have read, in my
      way, most of the books. I should probably have been a wiser and better
      informed man had I spent more time out with the grasshoppers, horned
      toads, and coyotes. November 5, 1942 J. FRANK DOBIE
    </p>
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    <h2>
      2. Interpreters of the Land
    </h2>
    <p>
      "HE'S FOR A JIG or a tale of bawdry, or he sleeps." Thought employs ideas,
      but having an idea is not the same thing as thinking. A rooster in a pen
      of hens has an idea. Thought has never been so popular with mankind as
      horse opera, horse play, the main idea behind sheep's eyes. Far be it from
      me to feel contempt for people who cannot and do not want to think. The
      human species has not yet evolved to the stage at which thought is
      natural. I am far more at ease lying in grass and gazing without thought
      process at clouds than in sitting in a chair trying to be logical. Just
      the same, free play of mind upon life is the essence of good writing, and
      intellectual activity is synonymous with critical interpretations.
    </p>
    <p>
      To the constant disregard of thought, Americans of the mid-twentieth
      century have added positive opposition. Critical ideas are apt to make any
      critic suspected of being subversive. The Southwest, Texas especially, is
      more articulately aware of its land spaces than of any other feature
      pertaining to itself. Yet in the realm of government, the Southwest has
      not produced a single spacious thinker. So far as the cultural ancestry of
      the region goes, the South has been arid of thought since the time of
      Thomas Jefferson, the much talked-of mind of John C. Calhoun being
      principally casuistic; on another side, derivatives from the Spanish
      Inquisition could contribute to thought little more than tribal medicine
      men have contributed.
    </p>
    <p>
      Among historians of the Southwest the general rule has been to be careful
      with facts and equally careful in avoiding thought-provoking
      interpretations. In the multitudinous studies on Spanish-American history
      all padres are "good" and all conquistadores are "intrepid," and that is
      about as far as interpretation goes. The one state book of the Southwest
      that does not chloroform ideas is Erna Fergusson's <i>New Mexico: A
      Pageant of Three Peoples</i> (Knopf, New York, 1952). Essayical in form,
      it treats only of the consequential. It evaluates from the point of view
      of good taste, good sense, and an urbane comprehension of democracy. The
      subject is provincial, but the historian transcends all provincialism. Her
      sympathy does not stifle conclusions unusable in church or chamber of
      commerce propaganda. In brief, a cultivated mind can take pleasure in this
      interpretation of New Mexico&mdash;and that marks it as a solitary among
      the histories of neighboring states.
    </p>
    <p>
      The outstanding historical interpreter of the Southwest is Walter Prescott
      Webb, of the University of Texas. <i>The Great Plains</i> utilizes
      chronology to explain the presence of man on the plains; it is primarily a
      study in cause and effect, of water and drought, of adaptations and lack
      of adaptations, of the land's growth into human imagination as well as
      economic institutions. Webb uses facts to get at meanings. He fulfils
      Emerson's definition of Scholar: "Man Thinking." In <i>Divided We Stand</i>
      he goes into machinery, the feudalism of corporation-dominated economy,
      the economic supremacy of the North over the South and the West. In <i>The
      Great Frontier</i> (Houghton Mifilin, Boston, 1952) he considers the
      Western Hemisphere as a frontier for Europe&mdash;a frontier that brought
      about the rise of democracy and capitalism and that, now vanished as a
      frontier, foreshadows the vanishment of democracy and capitalism.
    </p>
    <p>
      In <i>Virgin Land: The American West as Symbol and a Myth</i> (Harvard
      University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1950) Henry Nash Smith plows
      deep. But the tools of this humanistic historian are of delicate finish
      rather than of horsepower. To him, thinking is a joyful process and
      lucidity out of complexity is natural. He compasses Parrington's <i>Main
      Currents in American Thought</i> and Beadle's Dime Novels along with
      agriculture and manufacturing. Excepting the powerful books by Walter
      Prescott Webb, not since Frederick Jackson Turner, in 1893, presented his
      famous thesis on "The Significance of the Frontier in American History"
      has such a revealing evaluation of frontier movements appeared As a matter
      of fact, Henry Nash Smith leaves Turner's ideas on the dependence of
      democracy upon farmers without more than one leg to stand upon. Not being
      a King Canute, he does not take sides for or against social evolution.
      With the clearest eyes imaginable, he looks into it. Turner's <i>The
      Frontier in American History</i> (1920) has been a fertile begetter of
      interpretations of history.
    </p>
    <p>
      Instead of being the usual kind of jokesmith book or concatenation of tall
      tales, <i>Folk Laughter on the American Frontier</i> by Mody C. Boatright
      (Macmillan, New York, 1949) goes into the human and social significances
      of humor. Of boastings, anecdotal exaggerations, hide-and-hair metaphors,
      stump and pulpit parables, tenderfoot baitings, and the like there is
      plenty, but thought plays upon them and arranges them into patterns of
      social history.
    </p>
    <p>
      Mary Austin (1868-1934) is an interpreter of nature, which for her
      includes naturally placed human beings as much as naturally placed
      antelopes and cacti. She wrote <i>The American Rhythm</i> on the theory
      that authentic poetry expresses the rhythms of that patch of earth to
      which the poet is rooted. Rhythm is experience passed into the
      subconscious and is "distinct from our intellectual perception of it."
      Before they can make true poetry, English-speaking Americans will be in
      accord with "the run of wind in tall grass" as were the Pueblo Indians
      when Europeans discovered them. But Mary Austin's primary importance is
      not as a theorist. Her spiritual depth is greater than her intellectual.
      She is a translator of nature through concrete observations. She
      interprets through character sketches, folk tales, novels. "Anybody can
      write facts about a country," she said. She infuses fact with
      understanding and imagination. In <i>Lost Borders</i>, <i>The Land of
      Little Rain</i>, <i>The Land of Journey's Ending</i>, and <i>The Flock</i>
      the land itself often seems to speak, but often she gets in its way. She
      sees "with an eye made quiet by the power of harmony." <i>Earth Horizons</i>,
      a stubborn book, is Mary Austin's inner autobiography. <i>The Beloved
      House</i>, by T. M. Pearce (Caxton, Caldwell, Idaho, 1940), is an
      understanding biography.
    </p>
    <p>
      Joseph Wood Krutch of Columbia University spent a year in Arizona, near
      Tucson. Instead of talking about his <i>The Desert Year</i> (Sloane, New
      York, 1952), I quote a representative paragraph:
    </p>
    <p>
      In New England the struggle for existence is visibly the struggle of plant
      with plant, each battling his neighbor for sunlight and for the spot of
      ground which, so far as moisture and nourishment are concerned, would
      support them all. Here, the contest is not so much of plant against plant
      as of plant against inanimate nature. The limiting factor is not the
      neighbor but water; and I wonder if this is, perhaps, one of the things
      which makes this country seem to enjoy a kind of peace one does not find
      elsewhere. The struggle of living thing against living thing can be
      distressing in a way that a mere battle with the elements is not. If some
      great clump of cactus dies this summer it will be because the cactus has
      grown beyond the capacity of its roots to get water, not because one green
      fellow creature has bested it in some limb-to-limb struggle. In my more
      familiar East the crowding of the countryside seems almost to parallel the
      crowding of the cities. Out here there is, even in nature, no congestion.
    </p>
    <p>
      <i>Southwest</i>, by Laura Adams Armer (New York, 1935, OP) came from long
      living and brooding in desert land. It says something beautiful.
    </p>
    <p>
      <i>Talking to the Moon</i>, by John Joseph Mathews (University of Chicago
      Press, 1945) is set in the blackjack country of eastern Oklahoma. This
      Oxford scholar of Osage blood built his ranch house around a fireplace,
      flanked by shelves of books. His observations are of the outside, but they
      are informed by reflections made beside a fire. They are not bookish at
      all, but the spirits of great writers mingle with echoes of coyote wailing
      and wood-thrush singing.
    </p>
    <p>
      <i>Sky Determines: An Interpretation of the Southwest</i>, by Ross Calvin
      (New York, 1934; republished by the University of New Mexico Press) lives
      up to its striking title. The introductory words suggest the essence of
      the book:
    </p>
    <p>
      In New Mexico whatever is both old and peculiar appears upon examination
      to have a connection with the arid climate. Peculiarities range from the
      striking adaptations of the flora onward to those of fauna, and on up to
      those of the human animal. Sky determines. And the writer once having
      picked up the trail followed it with certainty, and indeed almost
      inevitably, as it led from ecology to anthropology and economics.
    </p>
    <p>
      Cultivated intellect is the highest form of civilization. It is
      inseparable from the arts, literature, architecture. In any civilized
      land, birds, trees, flowers, animals, places, human contributors to life
      out of the past, all are richer and more significant because of
      representations through literature and art. No literate person can listen
      to a skylark over an English meadow without hearing in its notes the
      melodies of Chaucer and Shelley. As the Southwest advances in maturity of
      mind and civilization, the features of the land take on accretions from
      varied interpreters.
    </p>
    <p>
      It is not necessary for an interpreter to write a whole book about a
      feature to bring out its significance. We need more gossipy books&mdash;something
      in the manner of <i>Pinon Country</i> by Haniel Long (Duell, Sloan and
      Pearce, New York, 1941), in which one can get a swift slant on Billy the
      Kid, smell the pinon trees, feel the deeply religious attitude toward his
      corn patch of a Zuni Indian. Roy Bedichek's chapters on the mockingbird,
      in <i>Adventures with a Texas Naturalist</i>, are like rich talk under a
      tree on a pleasant patch of ground staked out for his claim by an
      April-voiced mockingbird. In <i>The Voice of the Coyote</i> I tried to
      compass the whole animal, and I should think that the "Father of
      Song-Making" chapter might make coyote music and the night more
      interesting and beautiful for any listener. Intelligent writers often
      interpret without set purpose, and many books under various categories in
      this <i>Guide</i> are interpretative.
    </p>
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    <h2>
      3. General Helps
    </h2>
    <p>
      THERE IS no chart to the Life and Literature of the Southwest. An attempt
      to put it all into an alphabetically arranged encyclopedia would be
      futile. All guides to knowledge are too long or too short. This one at the
      outset adds to its length&mdash;perhaps to its usefulness&mdash;by citing
      other general reference works and a few anthologies.
    </p>
    <p>
      <i>Books of the Southwest: A General Bibliography</i>, by Mary Tucker,
      published by J. J. Augustin, New York, 1937, is better on Indians and the
      Spanish period than on Anglo-American culture. <i>Southwest Heritage: A
      Literary History with Bibliography</i>, by Mabel Major, Rebecca W. Smith,
      and T. M. Pearce, University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque, 1938,
      revised 1948, takes up the written material under the time-established
      heads of Fiction, Poetry, Drama, etc., with due respect to chronological
      development. <i>A Treasury of Southern Folklore</i>, 1949, and <i>A
      Treasury of Western Folklore</i>, 1951, both edited by B. A. Botkin and
      both published by Crown, New York, are so liberal in the extensions of
      folklore and so voluminous that they amount to literary anthologies.
    </p>
    <p>
      Of possible use in working out certain phases of life and literature
      common to the Southwest as well as to the West and Middle West are the
      following academic treatises: <i>The Frontier in American Literature</i>,
      by Lucy Lockwood Hazard, New York, 1927; <i>The Literature of the Middle
      Western Frontier</i>, by Ralph Leslie Rusk, New York, 1925; <i>The Prairie
      and the Making of Middle America</i>, by Dorothy Anne Dondore, Cedar
      Rapids, Iowa, 1926; <i>The Literature of the Rocky Mountain West 1803-1903</i>,
      by L. J. Davidson and P. Bostwick, Caldwell, Idaho, 1939; and <i>The
      Rediscovery of the Frontier</i>, by Percy H. Boynton, Chicago, 1931.
      Anyone interested in vitality in any phase of American writing will find
      Vernon L. Parrington's <i>Main Currents in American Thought</i> (three
      vols.), New York, 1927-39, an opener-up of avenues.
    </p>
    <p>
      Perhaps the best anthology of southwestern narratives is <i>Golden Tales
      of the Southwest</i>, selected by Mary L. Becker, New York, 1939. Two
      anthologies of southwestern writings are <i>Southwesterners Write</i>,
      edited by T. M. Pearce and A. P. Thomason, University of New Mexico Press,
      Albuquerque, 1946, and <i>Roundup Time</i>, edited by George Sessions
      Perry, Whittlesey House, New York, 1943. Themes common to the Southwest
      are represented in <i>Western Prose and Poetry</i>, an anthology put
      together by Rufus A. Coleman, New York, 1932, and in <i>Mid Country:
      Writings from the Heart of America</i>, edited by Lowry C. Wimberly,
      University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, 1945.
    </p>
    <p>
      For the southern tradition that has flowed into the Southwest Franklin J.
      Meine's <i>Tall Tales of the Southwest</i>, New York, 1930, OP, is the
      best anthology published. It is the best anthology of any kind that I know
      of. <i>A Southern Treasury of Life and Literature</i>, selected by Stark
      Young, New York, 1937, brings in Texas.
    </p>
    <p>
      Anthologies of poetry are listed under the heading of "Poetry and Drama."
      The outstanding state bibliography of the region is <i>A Bibliography of
      Texas</i>, by C. W. Raines, Austin, 1896. Since this is half a century
      behind the times, its usefulness is limited. At that, it is more useful
      than the shiftless, hit-and-miss, ignorance-revealing <i>South of Forty:
      From the Mississippi to the Rio Grande: A Bibliography</i>, by Jesse L.
      Rader, Norman, Oklahoma, 1947. Henry R. Wagner's <i>The Plains and the
      Rockies</i>, "a contribution to the bibliography of original narratives of
      travel and adventure, 1800-1865," which came out 1920-21, was revised and
      extended by Charles L. Camp and reprinted in 1937. It is stronger on
      overland travel than on anything else, only in part covers the Southwest,
      and excludes a greater length of time than Raines's <i>Bibliography</i>.
      Now published by Long's College Book Co., Columbus, Ohio.
    </p>
    <p>
      Mary G. Boyer's <i>Arizona in Literature</i>, Glendale, California, 1934,
      is an anthology that runs toward six hundred pages. <i>Texas Prose
      Writings</i>, by Sister M. Agatha, Dallas, 1936, OP, is a meaty, critical
      survey. L. W. Payne's handbook-sized <i>A Survey of Texas Literature</i>,
      Chicago, 1928, is complemented by a chapter entitled "Literature and Art
      in Texas" by J. Frank Dobie in <i>The Book of Texas</i>, New York, 1929.
      OP.
    </p>
    <p>
      <i>A Guide to Materials Bearing on Cultural Relations in New Mexico</i>,
      University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque, 1944, is so logical and
      liberal-minded that in some respects it amounts to a bibliography of the
      whole Southwest; it recognizes the overriding of political boundaries by
      ideas, human types, and other forms of culture. The <i>New Mexico
      Quarterly</i>, published by the University of New Mexico, furnishes
      periodically a bibliographical record of contemporary literature of the
      Southwest. <i>New Mexico's Own Chronicle</i>, edited by Maurice G. Fulton
      and Paul Horgan (Dallas, 1937, OP), is an anthology strong on the
      historical side.
    </p>
    <p>
      In the lists that follow, the symbol OP indicates that the book is out of
      print. Many old books obviously out of print are not so tagged.
    </p>
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    <h2>
      4. Indian Culture; Pueblos and Navajos
    </h2>
    <p>
      THE LITERATURE on the subject of Indians is so extensive and ubiquitous
      that, unless a student of Americana is pursuing it, he may find it more
      troublesome to avoid than to get hold of. The average old-timer has for
      generations regarded Indian scares and fights as the most important theme
      for reminiscences. County-minded historians have taken the same point of
      view. The Bureau of American Ethnology of the Smithsonian Institution has
      buried records of Indian beliefs, ceremonies, mythology, and other
      folklore in hundreds of tomes; laborious, literal-minded scholars of other
      institutions have been as assiduous. In all this lore and tabulation of
      facts, the Indian folk themselves have generally been dried out.
    </p>
    <p>
      The Anglo-American's policy toward the Indian was to kill him and take his
      land, perhaps make a razor-strop out of his hide. The Spaniard's policy
      was to baptize him, take his land, enslave him, and appropriate his women.
      Any English-speaking frontiersman who took up with the Indians was dubbed
      "squaw man"&mdash;a term of sinister connotations. Despite pride in
      descending from Pocahontas and in the vaunted Indian blood of such
      individuals as Will Rogers, crossbreeding between Anglo-Americans and
      Indians has been restricted, as compared, for instance, with the
      interdicted crosses between white men and black women. The Spaniards, on
      the other hand, crossed in battalions with the Indians, generating <i>mestizo</i>
      (mixed-blooded) nations, of which Mexico is the chief example.
    </p>
    <p>
      As a result, the English-speaking occupiers of the land have in general
      absorbed directly only a minimum of Indian culture&mdash;nothing at all
      comparable to the Uncle Remus stories and characters and the spiritual
      songs and the blues music from the Negroes. Grandpa still tells how his
      own grandpa saved or lost his scalp during a Comanche horse-stealing raid
      in the light of the moon; Boy Scouts hunt for Indian arrowheads; every
      section of the country has a bluff called Lovers' Leap, where, according
      to legend, a pair of forlorn Indian lovers, or perhaps only one of the
      pair, dived to death; the maps all show Caddo Lake, Kiowa Peak, Squaw
      Creek, Tehuacana Hills, Nacogdoches town, Cherokee County, Indian Gap, and
      many another place name derived from Indian days. All such contacts with
      Indian life are exterior. Three forms of Indian culture are, however,
      weaving into the life patterns of America.
    </p>
    <p>
      (1) The Mexicans have naturally inherited and assimilated Indian lore
      about plants, animals, places, all kinds of human relationships with the
      land. Through the Mexican medium, with which he is becoming more
      sympathetic, the gringo is getting the ages-old Indian culture.
    </p>
    <p>
      (2) The Pueblo and Navajo Indians in particular are impressing their arts,
      crafts, and ways of life upon special groups of Americans living near
      them, and these special groups are transmitting some of their
      acquisitions. The special groups incline to be arty and worshipful, but
      they express a salutary revolt against machined existence and they have
      done much to revive dignity in Indian life. Offsetting dilettantism, the
      Museum of New Mexico and associated institutions and artists and other
      individuals have fostered Indian pottery, weaving, silversmithing,
      dancing, painting, and other arts and crafts. Superior craftsmanship can
      now depend upon a fairly reliable market; the taste of American buyers has
      been somewhat elevated.
    </p>
<pre xml:space="preserve">
          O mountains, pure and holy, give me
     a song, a strong and holy song to bless
     my flock and bring the rain!
</pre>
    <p>
      This is from "Navajo Holy Song," as rendered by Edith Hart Mason. It
      expresses a spiritual content in Indian life far removed from the We and
      God, Incorporated form of religion ordained by the National Association of
      Manufacturers.
    </p>
    <p>
      (3) The wild freedom, mobility, and fierce love of liberty of the mounted
      Indians of the Plains will perhaps always stir imaginations&mdash;something
      like the charging Cossacks, the camping Arabs, and the migrating Tartars.
      There is no romance in Indian fights east of the Mississippi. The mounted
      Plains Indians always made a big hit in Buffalo Bill's Wild West Show.
      Little boys still climb into their seats and cry out when red horsemen of
      the Plains ride across the screen.
    </p>
    <p>
      See "Apaches, Comanches, and Other Plains Indians," "Mountain Men."
    </p>
    <p>
      APPLEGATE, FRANK G. <i>Indian Stories from the Pueblos</i>, Philadelphia,
      1929. Charming. OP.
    </p>
    <p>
      ASTROV, MARGOT (editor), <i>The Winged Serpent</i>, John Day, New York,
      1946. An anthology of prose and poetry by American Indians. Here are
      singular expressions of beauty and dignity.
    </p>
    <p>
      AUSTIN, MARY. <i>The Trail Book</i>, 1918, OP; <i>One-Smoke Stories</i>,
      1934, Houghton Mifflin, Boston. Delightful folk tales, each leading to a
      vista.
    </p>
    <p>
      BANDELIER, A. F. <i>The Delight Makers</i>, 1918, Dodd, Mead, New York.
      Historical fiction on ancient pueblo life.
    </p>
    <p>
      COOLIDGE, DANE and MARY. <i>The Navajo Indians</i>, Boston, 1930.
      Readable; bibliography. OP.
    </p>
    <p>
      COOLIDGE, MARY ROBERTS. <i>The Rain-Makers</i>, Boston, 1929. OP. This
      thorough treatment of the Indians of Arizona and New Mexico contains an
      excellent account of the Hopi snake ceremony for bringing rain. During any
      severe drought numbers of Christians in the Southwest pray without snakes.
      It always rains eventually&mdash;and the prayer-makers naturally take the
      credit. The Hopis put on a more spectacular show. See Dr. Walter Hough's
      <i>The Hopi Indians</i>, Cedar Rapids, Iowa, 1915. OP.
    </p>
    <p>
      CUSHING, FRANK HAMILTON. <i>Zuni Folk Tales</i>, 1901; reprinted, 1931, by
      Knopf, New York. <i>My Adventures in Zuni</i>, Santa Fe, 1941. <i>Zuni
      Breadstuff</i>, Museum of the American Indian, New York, 1920. Cushing had
      rare imagination and sympathy. His retellings of tales are far superior to
      verbatim recordings. <i>Zuni Breadstuff</i> reveals more of Indian
      spirituality than any other book I can name. All OP.
    </p>
    <p>
      DEHUFF, ELIZABETH. <i>Tay Tay's Tales</i>, 1922; <i>Tay Tay's Memories</i>,
      1924. OP.
    </p>
    <p>
      DOUGLAS, FREDERIC H., and D HARNONCOURT, RENE. <i>Indian Art of the United
      States</i>, Simon and Schuster, New York, 1941.
    </p>
    <p>
      DYK, WALTER. <i>Son of Old Man Hat</i>, New York, 1938. OP.
    </p>
    <p>
      FERGUSSON, ERNA. <i>Dancing Gods</i>, Knopf, New York, 1931. Erna
      Fergusson is always illuminating.
    </p>
    <p>
      FOREMAN, GRANT. <i>Indians and Pioneers</i>, 1930, and <i>Advancing the
      Frontier</i>, University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, 1933. Grant Foreman is
      prime authority on the so-called "Civilized Tribes." University of
      Oklahoma Press has published a number of excellent volumes in "The
      Civilization of the American Indian" series.
    </p>
    <p>
      GILLMOR, FRANCES, and WETHERILL, LOUISA WADE. <i>Traders to the Navajos</i>,
      Boston, 1936; reprinted by University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque,
      1952. An account not only of the trading post Wetherills but of the
      Navajos as human beings, with emphasis on their spiritual qualities.
    </p>
    <p>
      GODDARD, P. E. <i>Indians of the Southwest</i>, New York, 1921. Excellent
      outline of exterior facts. OP.
    </p>
    <p>
      HAMILTON, CHARLES (editor). <i>Cry of the Thunderbird</i>, Macmillan, New
      York, 1951. An anthology of writings by Indians containing many
      interesting leads.
    </p>
    <p>
      HEWETT, EDGAR L. <i>Ancient Life in the American Southwest</i>,
      Indianapolis, 1930. OP. A master work in both archeology and Indian
      nature. (With Bertha P. Dretton) <i>The Pueblo Indian World</i>,
      University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque, 1945.
    </p>
    <p>
      HODGE, F. W. <i>Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico</i>,
      Washington, D. C., 1907. Indispensable encyclopedia, by a very great
      scholar and a very fine gentleman. OP.
    </p>
    <p>
      LABARRE, WESTON. <i>The Peyote Cult</i>, Yale University Press, New Haven,
      1938.
    </p>
    <p>
      LAFARGE, OLIVER. <i>Laughing Boy</i>, Boston, 1929. The Navajo in fiction.
    </p>
    <p>
      LUMMIS, C. F. <i>Mesa, Canon, and Pueblo</i>, New York, 1925; <i>Pueblo
      Indian Folk Tales</i>, New York, 1910. Lummis, though self-vaunting and
      opinionated, opens windows.
    </p>
    <p>
      MATTHEWS, WASHINGTON. <i>Navajo Legends</i>, Boston, 1897; <i>Navajo
      Myths, Prayers and Songs</i>, Berkeley, California, 1907.
    </p>
    <p>
      MOONEY, JAMES. <i>Myths of the Cherokees</i>, in Nineteenth Annual Report
      of the Bureau of Ethnology, Washington, 1902. Outstanding writing.
    </p>
    <p>
      NELSON, JOHN LOUW. <i>Rhythm for Rain</i>, Boston, 1937. Based on ten
      years spent with the Hopi Indians, this study of their life is a moving
      story of humanity. OP.
    </p>
    <p>
      PEARCE, J. E. <i>Tales That Dead Men Tell</i>, University of Texas Press,
      Austin, 1935. Eloquent, liberating to the human mind; something rare for
      Texas scholarship. Pearce was professor of anthropology at the University
      of Texas, an emancipator from prejudices and ignorance. It is a pity that
      all the college students who are forced by the bureaucrats of Education&mdash;Education
      spelled with a capital E&mdash;"the unctuous elaboration of the obvious"&mdash;do
      not take anthropology instead. Collegians would then stand a chance of
      becoming educated.
    </p>
    <p>
      PETRULLO, VICENZO. <i>The Diabolic Root: A Study of Peyotism, the New
      Indian Religion, among the Delawares</i>, University of Pennsylvania
      Press, Philadelphia, 1934. The use of peyote has now spread northwest into
      Canada. See Milly Peacock Stenberg's <i>The Peyote Culture among Wyoming
      Indians</i>, University of Wyoming Publications, Laramie, 1946, for
      bibliography.
    </p>
    <p>
      REICHARD, GLADYS A. <i>Spider Woman</i>, 1934, and <i>Dezba Woman of the
      Desert</i>, 1939. Both honest, both OP.
    </p>
    <p>
      SIMMONS, LEO W. (editor). <i>Sun Chief: The Autobiography of a Hopi Indian</i>,
      Yale University Press, New Haven, 1942. The clearest view into the mind
      and living ways, including sex life, of an Indian that has been published.
      Few autobiographers have been clearer; not one has been franker. A
      singular human document.
    </p>
    <p>
      {illust}
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    <h2>
      5. Apaches, Comanches, and Other Plains Indians
    </h2>
    <p>
      THE APACHES and the bareback Indians of the Plains were extraordinary <i>hombres
      del campo&mdash;</i>men of the outdoors, plainsmen, woodsmen, trailers,
      hunters, endurers. They knew some phases of nature with an intimacy that
      few civilized naturalists ever attain to. It is unfortunate that most of
      the literature about them is from their enemies. Yet an enemy often
      teaches a man more than his friends and makes him work harder.
    </p>
    <p>
      See "Indian Culture," "Texas Rangers."
    </p>
    <p>
      BOURKE, JOHN G. <i>On the Border with Crook</i>, London, 1892. Reprinted
      by Long's College Book Co., Columbus, Ohio. A truly great book, on both
      Apaches and Arizona frontier. Bourke had amplitude, and he knew.
    </p>
    <p>
      BUCKELEW, F. M. <i>The Indian Captive</i>, Bandera, Texas, 1925. Homely
      and realistic. OP.
    </p>
    <p>
      CATLIN, GEORGE. <i>Letters and Notes on the Manners, Customs and
      Conditions of the North American Indians, Written during Eight Years'
      Travel, 1832-39</i>, 1841. Despite many strictures, Catlin's two volumes
      remain standard. I am pleased to find Frank Roe, in <i>The North American
      Buffalo</i>, standing up for him. In <i>Pursuit of the Horizon: A Life of
      George Catlin, Painter and Recorder of the American Indian</i>, New York,
      1948, Loyd Haberly fails in evaluating evidence but brings out the man's
      career and character.
    </p>
    <p>
      CLUM, WOODWORTH. <i>Apache Agent</i>, Boston, 1936. Worthy autobiography
      of a noble understander of the Apache people. OP.
    </p>
    <p>
      COMFORT, WILL LEVINGTON. <i>Apache</i>, Dutton, New York, 1931. Noble;
      vivid; semifiction.
    </p>
    <p>
      DAVIS, BRITTON. <i>The Truth about Geronimo</i>, Yale University Press,
      New Haven, 1929. Davis helped run Geronimo down.
    </p>
    <p>
      DESHIELDS, JAMES T. <i>Cynthia Ann Parker</i>, St. Louis, 1886; reprinted
      1934. Good narrative of noted woman captive. OP.
    </p>
    <p>
      DOBIE, J. FRANK. <i>The Mustangs</i>, Little, Brown, Boston, 1952. The
      opening chapters of this book distil a great deal of research by scholars
      on Plains Indian acquisition of horses, riding, and raiding.
    </p>
    <p>
      GRINNELL, GEORGE BIRD. <i>The Cheyenne Indians</i>, New Haven, 1923. This
      two-volume work supersedes <i>The Fighting Cheyennes</i>, 1915. It is
      noble, ample, among the most select books on Plains Indians. <i>Blackfoot
      Lodge Tales: The Story of a Prairie People</i>, 1892, shows Grinnell's
      skill as storyteller at its best. <i>Pawnee Hero Stories and Folk Tales</i>,
      1893, is hardly an equal but it reveals the high values of life held by
      representatives of the original plainsmen. <i>The Story of the Indian</i>,
      1895, is a general survey. All OP. Grinnell's knowledge and power as a
      writer on Indians and animals has not been sufficiently recognized. He
      combined in a rare manner scholarship, plainsmanship, and the worldliness
      of publishing.
    </p>
    <p>
      {illust. caption = George Catlin, in <i>North American Indians</i> (1841)}
    </p>
    <p>
      HALEY, J. EVETTS. <i>Fort Concho and the Texas Frontier</i>, San Angelo
      Standard-Times, San Angelo, Texas, 1952. Mainly a history of military
      activities against Comanches and other tribes, laced with homilies on the
      free enterprise virtues of the conquerors.
    </p>
    <p>
      LEE, NELSON. <i>Three Years among the Comanches</i>, 1859.
    </p>
    <p>
      LEHMAN, HERMAN. <i>Nine Years with the Indians</i>, Bandera, Texas, 1927.
      Best captive narrative of the Southwest.
    </p>
    <p>
      LOCKWOOD, FRANK C. <i>The Apache Indians</i>, Macmillan, New York, 1938.
      Factual history.
    </p>
    <p>
      LONG LANCE, CHIEF BUFFALO CHILD. <i>Long Lance</i>, New York, 1928. OP.
      Long Lance was a Blackfoot only by adoption, but his imagination
      incorporated him into tribal life more powerfully than blood could have.
      He is said to have been a North Carolina mixture of Negro and Croatan
      Indian; he was a magnificent specimen of manhood with swart Indian
      complexion. He fought in the Canadian army during World War I and thus
      became acquainted with the Blackfeet. No matter what the facts of his
      life, he wrote a vivid and moving autobiography of a Blackfoot Indian in
      whom the spirit of the tribe and the natural life of the Plains during
      buffalo days were incorporated. In 1932 in the California home of Anita
      Baldwin, daughter of the spectacular "Lucky" Baldwin, he absented himself
      from this harsh world by a pistol shot.
    </p>
    <p>
      LOWIE, ROBERT H. <i>The Crow Indians</i>, New York, 1935. This scholar and
      anthropologist lived with the Crow Indians to obtain intimate knowledge
      and then wrote this authoritative book. OP.
    </p>
    <p>
      MCALLISTER, J. GILBERT. "Kiowa-Apache Tales," in <i>The Sky Is My Tipi</i>,
      edited by Mody C. Boatright (Texas Folklore Society Publication XXII),
      Southern Methodist University Press, Dallas, 1949. Wise in exposition;
      true-to-humanity and delightful in narrative.
    </p>
    <p>
      MCGILLICUDDY, JULIA B. <i>McGillicuddy Agent</i>, Stanford University
      Press, California, 1941. Dr. Valentine T. McGillicuddy, Scotch in
      stubbornness, honesty, efficiency, and individualism, was U.S. Indian
      agent to the Sioux and knew them to the bottom. In the end he was defeated
      by the army mind and the bloodsuckers known as the "Indian Ring." The
      elements of nobility that distinguish the man distinguish his wife's
      biography of him.
    </p>
    <p>
      MCLAUGHLIN, JAMES. My <i>Friend the Indian</i>, 1910, 1926. OP. McLaughlin
      was U.S. Indian agent and inspector for half a century. Despite
      priggishness, he had genuine sympathy for the Indians; he knew the Sioux,
      Nez Perces, and Cheyennes intimately, and few books on Indian plainsmen
      reveal so much as his.
    </p>
    <p>
      MARRIOTT, ALICE. <i>The Ten Grandmothers</i>, University of Oklahoma
      Press, Norman, 1945. Narratives of the Kiowas&mdash;a complement to James
      Mooney's <i>Calendar History of the Kiowa Indians</i>, in Seventeenth
      Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, Washington, 1893. Alice
      Marriott, author of other books on Indians, combines ethnological science
      with the art of writing.
    </p>
    <p>
      MATHEWS, JOHN JOSEPH. <i>Wah'Kon-Tah: The Osage and the White Man's Road</i>,
      University of Oklahoma Press, 1932. This book of essays on the character
      of and certain noble characters among the Great Osages, including their
      upright agent Leban J. Miles, has profound spiritual qualities.
    </p>
    <p>
      NEIHARDT, JOHN G. <i>Black Elk Speaks</i>, New York, 1932. OP. Black Elk
      was a holy man of the Ogalala Sioux. The story of his life as he told it
      to understanding John G. Neihardt is more of mysteries and spiritual
      matters than of mundane affairs.
    </p>
    <p>
      RICHARDSON, R. N. <i>The Comanche Barrier to the South Plains</i>,
      Glendale, California, 1933. Factual history.
    </p>
    <p>
      RISTER, CARL C. <i>Border Captives</i>, University of Oklahoma Press,
      Norman, 1940.
    </p>
    <p>
      RUXTON, GEORGE F. <i>Adventures in Mexico and the Rocky Mountains</i>,
      London, 1847. Vivid on Comanche raids. See Ruxton in "Surge of Life in the
      West."
    </p>
    <p>
      SCHULTZ, J. W. <i>My Life as an Indian</i>, 1907. OP. In this
      autobiographical narrative of the life of a white man with a Blackfoot
      woman, facts have probably been arranged, incidents added. Whatever his
      method, the author achieved a remarkable human document. It is true not
      only to Indian life in general but in particular to the life of a "squaw
      man" and his loved and loving mate. Among other authentic books by Schultz
      is <i>With the Indians of the Rockies</i>, Houghton Mifflin, Boston, 1912.
    </p>
    <p>
      SMITH, C. L. and J. D. <i>The Boy Captives</i>, Bandera, Texas, 1927. A
      kind of classic in homeliness. OP.
    </p>
    <p>
      VESTAL, STANLEY. <i>Sitting Bull</i>, Houghton Mifflin, Boston, 1932.
      Excellent biography. OP.
    </p>
    <p>
      WALLACE, ERNEST, and HOEBEL, E. ADAMSON. <i>The Comanches: Lords of the
      South Plains</i>, University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, 1952. A
      wide-compassing and interesting book on a powerful and interesting people.
    </p>
    <p>
      WELLMAN, PAUL I. <i>Death on the Prairie</i> (1934), <i>Death in the
      Desert</i> (1935); both reprinted in <i>Death on Horseback</i>, 1947. All
      OP. Graphic history, mostly in narrative, of the struggle of Plains and
      Apache Indians to hold their homelands against the whites.
    </p>
    <p>
      WILBARGER, J. W. <i>Indian Depredations in Texas</i>, 1889; reprinted by
      Steck, Austin, 1936. Its stirring narratives made this a household book
      among Texans of the late nineteenth century.
    </p>
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    <h2>
      6. Spanish-Mexican Strains
    </h2>
    <p>
      THE MEXICAN Revolution that began in 1910 resulted in a rich development
      of the native cultural elements of Mexico, the art of Diego Rivera being
      one of the highlights of this development. The native culture is closer to
      the Mexican earth and to the indigenes than to Spain, notwithstanding
      modern insistence on the Latin in Latin-American culture.
    </p>
    <p>
      The Spaniards, through Mexico, have had an abiding influence on the
      architecture and language of the Southwest. They gave us our most
      distinctive occupation, ranching on the open range. They influenced mining
      greatly, and our land titles and irrigation laws still go back to Spanish
      and Mexican sources. After more than a hundred years of occupation of
      Texas and almost that length of time in other parts of the Southwest, the
      English-speaking Americans still have the rich accumulations of lore
      pertaining to coyotes, mesquites, prickly pear, and many other plants and
      animals to learn from the Mexicans, who got their lore partly from
      intimate living with nature but largely through Indian ancestry.
    </p>
    <p>
      See "Fighting Texians," "Santa Fe and the Santa Fe Trail."
    </p>
    <p>
      AIKEN, RILEY. "A Pack Load of Mexican Tales," in <i>Puro Mexicano</i>,
      published by Texas Folklore Society, 1935. Now published by Southern
      Methodist University Press, Dallas. Delightful.
    </p>
    <p>
      ALEXANDER, FRANCES (and others). <i>Mother Goose on the Rio Grande</i>,
      Banks Upshaw, Dallas, 1944. Charming rhymes in both Spanish and English in
      charming form.
    </p>
    <p>
      APPLEGATE, FRANK G. <i>Native Tales of New Mexico</i>, Philadelphia, 1932.
      Delicious; the real thing. OP.
    </p>
    <p>
      ATHERTON, GERTRUDE. <i>The Splendid Idle Forties</i>, New York, 1902.
      Romance of Mexican California.
    </p>
    <p>
      AUSTIN, MARY. <i>One-Smoke Stories</i>, Boston, 1934. Short tales of
      Spanish-speaking New Mexicans, also of Indians.
    </p>
    <p>
      BANDELIER, A. F. <i>The Gilded Man</i>, New York, 1873. The dream of El
      Dorado.
    </p>
    <p>
      BARCA, MADAM CALDERON DE LA. <i>Life in Mexico</i>, 1843; reprinted by
      Dutton about 1930. Among books on Mexican life to be ranked first both in
      readability and revealing qualities.
    </p>
    <p>
      BELL, HORACE. <i>On the Old West Coast</i>, New York, 1930. A golden
      treasury of anecdotes. OP.
    </p>
    <p>
      BENTLEY, HAROLD W. <i>A Dictionary of Spanish Terms in English</i>, New
      York, 1932. In a special way this book reveals the Spanish-Mexican
      influence on life in the Southwest; it also guides to books in English
      that reflect this influence. OP.
    </p>
    <p>
      BISHOP, MORRIS. <i>The Odyssey of Cabeza de Vaca</i>, New York, 1933.
      Better written than Cabeza de Vaca's own narrative. OP.
    </p>
    <p>
      BLANCO, ANTONIO FIERRO DE. <i>The Journey of the Flame</i>, Boston, 1933.
      Bully and flavorsome; the Californias. OP.
    </p>
    <p>
      BOLTON, HERBERT E. <i>Spanish Exploration in the Southwest</i>, 1916. The
      cream of explorer narratives, well edited. <i>Coronado on the Turquoise
      Trail</i> (originally published in New York, 1949, under the title <i>Coronado:
      Knight of Pueblos and Plains</i>; now issued by University of New Mexico
      Press, Albuquerque). By his own work and by directing other scholars, Dr.
      Bolton has surpassed all other American historians of his time in output
      on Spanish-American history. <i>Coronado</i> is the climax of his many
      volumes. Its fault is being too worshipful of everything Spanish and too
      uncritical. A little essay on Coronado in Haniel Long's <i>Pinon Country</i>
      goes a good way to put this belegended figure into proper perspective.
    </p>
    <p>
      BRENNER, ANITA. <i>Idols Behind Altars</i>, 1929. OP. The pagan worship
      that endures among Mexican Indians. <i>The Wind that Swept Mexico: The
      History of the Mexican Revolution, 1910-1942</i>, 1943, OP. <i>Your
      Mexican Holiday</i>, revised 1947. No writer on modern Mexico has a
      clearer eye or clearer intellect than Anita Brenner; she maintains good
      humor in her realism and never lapses into phony romance.
    </p>
    <p>
      CABEZA DE VACA'S <i>Narrative</i>. Any translation procurable. One is
      included in <i>Spanish Explorers in the Southern United States</i>, edited
      by F. W. Hodge and T. H. Lewis, now published by Barnes &amp; Noble, New
      York.
    </p>
    <p>
      The most dramatic and important aftermath of Cabeza de Vaca's twisted walk
      across the continent was Coronado's search for the Seven Cities of Cibola.
      Coronado's precursor was Fray Marcos de Niza. <i>The Journey of Fray
      Marcos de Niza</i>, by Cleve Hallenbeck, with illustrations and
      decorations by Jose Cisneros, is one of the most beautiful books in format
      published in America. It was designed and printed by Carl Hertzog of El
      Paso, printer without peer between the Atlantic and the Pacific, and is
      issued by Southern Methodist University Press, Dallas.
    </p>
    <p>
      CASTANEDA'S narrative of Coronado's expedition. Winship's translation is
      preferred. It is included in <i>Spanish Explorers in the Southern United
      States</i>, cited above.
    </p>
    <p>
      CATHER, WILLA. <i>Death Comes for the Archbishop</i>, Knopf, New York,
      1927. Classical historical fiction on New Mexico.
    </p>
    <p>
      CUMBERLAND, CHARLES C. <i>Mexican Revolution: Genesis under Madero</i>,
      University of Texas Press, Austin, 1952. Bibliography. To know Mexico and
      Mexicans without knowing anything about Mexican revolutions is like
      knowing the United States in ignorance of frontiers, constitutions, and
      corporations. The Madero revolution that began in 1910 is still going on.
      Mr. Cumberland's solid book, independent in itself, is to be followed by
      two other volumes.
    </p>
    <p>
      DE SOTO. Hernando de Soto made his expedition from Florida north and west
      at the time Coronado was exploring north and east. <i>The Florida of the
      Inca</i>, by Garcilaso de la Vega, translated by John and Jeannette
      Varner, University of Texas Press, Austin, 1951, is the first complete
      publishing in English of this absorbing narrative.
    </p>
    <p>
      DIAZ, BERNAL. <i>History of the Conquest</i>. There are several
      translations. A book of gusto and humanity as enduring as the results of
      the Conquest itself.
    </p>
    <p>
      DOBIE, J. FRANK. <i>Coronado's Children</i>, 1930. Legendary tales of the
      Southwest, many of them derived from Mexican sources. <i>Tongues of the
      Monte</i>, 1935. A pattern of the soil of northern Mexico and its folk. <i>Apache
      Gold and Yaqui Silver</i>, 1939. Lost mines and money in Mexico and New
      Mexico. Last two books published by Little, Brown, Boston.
    </p>
    <p>
      DOMENECH, ABBE. <i>Missionary Adventures in Texas and Mexico</i>, London,
      1858. Delightful folklore, though Domenech would not have so designated
      his accounts.
    </p>
    <p>
      FERGUSSON, HARVEY. <i>Blood of the Conquerors</i>, 1921. Fiction. OP. <i>Rio
      Grande</i>, Knopf, New York, 1933. Best interpretations yet written of
      upper Mexican class.
    </p>
    <p>
      FLANDRAU, CHARLES M. <i>Viva Mexico!</i> New York, 1909; reissued, 1951.
      Delicious autobiographic narrative of life in Mexico.
    </p>
    <p>
      FULTON, MAURICE G., and HORGAN, PAUL (editors). <i>New Mexico's Own
      Chronicle</i>, Dallas, 1937. OP. Selections from writers about the New
      Mexico scene.
    </p>
    <p>
      GILPATRICK, WALLACE. <i>The Man Who Likes Mexico</i>, New York, 1911. OP.
      Bully reading.
    </p>
    <p>
      GONZALEZ, JOVITA. Tales about Texas-Mexican vaquero folk in <i>Texas and
      Southwestern Lore</i>, in <i>Man, Bird, and Beast</i>, and in <i>Mustangs
      and Cow Horses</i>, Publications VI, VIII, and XVI of Texas Folklore
      Society.
    </p>
    <p>
      {illust. caption = Jose Cisneros: Fray Marcos, in <i>The Journey of Fray
      Marcos de Niza</i> by Cleve Hallenbeck (1949)}
    </p>
    <p>
      GRAHAM, R. B. CUNNINGHAME. <i>Hernando De Soto</i>, London, 1912.
      Biography. OP.
    </p>
    <p>
      HARTE, BRET. <i>The Bell Ringer of Angels</i> and other legendary tales of
      California.
    </p>
    <p>
      LAUGHLIN, RUTH. <i>Caballeros</i>. When the book was published in 1931,
      the author was named Ruth Laughlin Barker; after she discarded the Barker
      part, it was reissued, in 1946, by Caxton, Caldwell, Idaho. Delightful
      picturings of Mexican&mdash;or Spanish, as many New Mexicans prefer&mdash;life
      around Santa Fe.
    </p>
    <p>
      LEA, TOM. <i>The Brave Bulls</i>. See under "Fiction."
    </p>
    <p>
      LUMMIS, C. F. <i>Flowers of Our Lost Romance</i>, Boston, 1929. Humanistic
      essays on Spanish contributions to southwestern civilization. OP. <i>The
      Land of Poco Tiempo</i>, New York, 1913 (reissued by University of New
      Mexico Press, 1952), in an easier style. <i>A New Mexico David</i>, 1891,
      1930. Folk tales and sketches. OP.
    </p>
    <p>
      MERRIAM, CHARLES. <i>Machete</i>, Dallas, 1932. Plain and true to the <i>gente</i>.
      OP.
    </p>
    <p>
      NIGGLI, JOSEPHINA. <i>Mexican Village</i>, University of North Carolina
      Press, Chapel Hill, 1945. A collection of skilfully told stories that
      reveal Mexican life.
    </p>
    <p>
      O'SHAUGHNESSY, EDITH. <i>A Diplomat s Wife in Mexico</i>, New York, 1916;
      <i>Diplomatic Days</i>, 1917; <i>Intimate Pages of Mexican History</i>,
      1920. Books of passion and power and high literary merit, interpretative
      of revolutionary Mexico. OP.
    </p>
    <p>
      OTERO, NINA. <i>Old Spain in Our Southwest</i>, New York, 1936. Genuine.
      OP.
    </p>
    <p>
      PORTER, KATHERINE ANNE. <i>Flowering Judas</i>. See under "Fiction."
    </p>
    <p>
      PRESCOTT, WILLIAM H. <i>Conquest of Mexico</i>. History that is
      literature.
    </p>
    <p>
      REMINGTON, FREDERIC W. <i>Pony Tracks</i>, New York, 1895. Includes
      sketches of Mexican ranch life.
    </p>
    <p>
      ROSS, PATRICIA FENT. <i>Made in Mexico: The Story of a Country's Arts and
      Crafts</i>, Knopf, New York, 1952. Picturesquely and instructively
      illustrated by Carlos Merida.
    </p>
    <p>
      TANNENBAUM, FRANK. <i>Peace by Revolution</i>, Columbia University Press,
      New York, 1933; <i>Mexico: The Struggle for Peace and Bread</i>, Knopf,
      New York, 1950. Tannenbaum dodges nothing, not even the church.
    </p>
    <p>
      <i>Terry's Guide to Mexico</i>. It has everything.
    </p>
    <p>
      Texas Folklore Society. Its publications are a storehouse of Mexican
      folklore in the Southwest and in Mexico also. Especially recommended are
      <i>Texas and Southwestern Lore</i> (VI), <i>Man, Bird, and Beast</i>
      (VIII), <i>Southwestern Lore</i> (IX), <i>Spur-of-the-Cock</i> (XI), <i>Puro
      Mexicano</i> (XII), <i>Texian Stomping Grounds</i> (XVII), <i>Mexican
      Border Ballads and Other Lore</i> (XXI), <i>The Healer of Los Olmos and
      Other Mexican Lore</i> (XXIV, 1951). All published by Southern Methodist
      University Press, Dallas.
    </p>
    <p>
      TOOR, FRANCES. A <i>Treasury of Mexican Folkways</i>, Crown, New York,
      1947. An anthology of life.
    </p>
    <p>
      TURNER, TIMOTHY G.<i> Bullets, Bottles and Gardenias</i>, Dallas, 1935.
      Obscurely published but one of the best books on Mexican life. OP.
    </p>
    <p>
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    <h2>
      7. Flavor of France
    </h2>
    <p>
      THERE IS little justification for including Louisiana as a part of the
      Southwest. Despite the fact that the French flag&mdash;tied to a pole in
      Louisiana&mdash;once waved over Texas, French influence on it and other
      parts of the Southwest has been minor.
    </p>
    <p>
      ARTHUR, STANLEY CLISBY. <i>Jean Laffite, Gentleman Rover</i> (1952) and <i>Audubon:
      An Intimate Life of the American Woodsman</i> (1937), both published by
      Harmanson&mdash;Publisher and Bookseller, 333 Royal St., New Orleans.
    </p>
    <p>
      CABLE, GEORGE W. <i>Old Creole Days: Strange True Stories of Louisiana</i>.
    </p>
    <p>
      CHOPIN, KATE. <i>Bayou Folk</i>.
    </p>
    <p>
      FORTIER, ALCEE. Any of his work on Louisiana.
    </p>
    <p>
      HEARN, LAFCADIO. <i>Chita</i>. A lovely story.
    </p>
    <p>
      JOUTEL. <i>Journal</i> of La Salle's career in Texas.
    </p>
    <p>
      KANE, HARNETT T. <i>Plantation Parade: The Grand Manner in Louisiana</i>
      (1945), <i>Natchez on the Mississippi</i> (1947), <i>Queen New Orleans</i>
      (1949), all published by Morrow, New York.
    </p>
    <p>
      KING, GRACE. <i>New Orleans: The Place and the People; Balcony Stories.</i>
    </p>
    <p>
      MCVOY, LIZZIE CARTER. <i>Louisiana in the Short Story</i>, Louisiana State
      University Press, 1940.
    </p>
    <p>
      SAXON, LYLE. <i>Fabulous New Orleans; Old Louisiana; Lafitte the Pirate</i>.
    </p>
    <p>
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      <br /><br /><br /><br />
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    <h2>
      8. Backwoods Life and Humor
    </h2>
    <p>
      THE SETTLERS who put their stamp on Texas were predominantly from the
      southern states&mdash;and far more of them came to Texas to work out of
      debt than came with riches in the form of slaves. The plantation owner
      came too, but the go-ahead Crockett kind of backwoodsman was typical. The
      southern type never became so prominent in New Mexico, Arizona, and
      California as in Texas. Nevertheless, the fact glares out that the code of
      conduct&mdash;the riding and shooting tradition, the eagerness to stand up
      and fight for one's rights, the readiness to back one's judgment with a
      gun, a bowie knife, money, life itself&mdash;that characterized the whole
      West as well as the Southwest was southern, hardly at all New England.
    </p>
    <p>
      The very qualities that made many of the Texas pioneers rebels to society
      and forced not a few of them to quit it between sun and sun without
      leaving new addresses fitted them to conquer the wilderness&mdash;qualities
      of daring, bravery, reckless abandon, heavy self-assertiveness. A lot of
      them were hell-raisers, for they had a lust for life and were maddened by
      tame respectability. Nobody but obsequious politicians and priggish
      "Daughters" wants to make them out as models of virtue and conformity. A
      smooth and settled society&mdash;a society shockingly tame&mdash;may
      accept Cardinal Newman's definition, "A gentleman is one who never gives
      offense." Under this definition a shaded violet, a butterfly, and a
      floating summer cloud are all gentlemen. "The art of war," said Napoleon,
      "is to make offense." Conquering the hostile Texas wilderness meant war
      with nature and against savages as well as against Mexicans. Go-ahead
      Crockett's ideal of a gentleman was one who looked in another direction
      while a visitor was pouring himself out a horn of whiskey.
    </p>
    <p>
      Laying aside climatic influences on occupations and manners, certain
      Spanish influences, and minor Pueblo Indian touches, the Southwest from
      the point of view of the bedrock Anglo-Saxon character that has made it
      might well include Arkansas and Missouri. The realism of southern folk and
      of a very considerable body of indigenous literature representing them has
      been too much overshadowed by a kind of <i>So Red the Rose</i>
      idealization of slave-holding aristocrats.
    </p>
    <p>
      ALLSOPP, FRED W. <i>Folklore of Romantic Arkansas</i>, 2 vols., Grolier
      Society, 1931. Allsopp assembled a rich and varied collection of materials
      in the tone of "The Arkansas Traveler." OP.
    </p>
    <p>
      ARRINGTON, ALFRED W. <i>The Rangers and Regulators of the Tanaha</i>, 18
      56. East Texas bloodletting.
    </p>
    <p>
      BALDWIN, JOSEPH G. <i>The Flush Times of Alabama and Mississippi</i>,
      1853.
    </p>
    <p>
      BLAIR, WALTER. <i>Horse Sense in American Humor from Benjamin Franklin to
      Ogden Nash</i>, 1942. OP. <i>Native American Humor</i>, 1937. OP. <i>Tall
      Tale America</i>, Coward-McCann, New York, 1944. Orderly analyses with
      many concrete examples. With Franklin J. Meine as co-author, <i>Mike Fink,
      King of Mississippi River Keelboatmen</i>, 1933. Biography of a folk type
      against pioneer and frontier background. OP.
    </p>
    <p>
      BOATRIGHT, MODY C. <i>Folk Laughter on the American Frontier</i>. See
      under "Interpreters."
    </p>
    <p>
      CLARK, THOMAS D. <i>The Rampaging Frontier</i>, 1939. OP. Historical
      picturization and analysis, fortified by incidents and tales of
      "Varmints," "Liars," "Quarter Horses," "Fiddlin'," "Foolin' with the
      Gals," etc.
    </p>
    <p>
      CROCKETT, DAVID. <i>Autobiography</i>. Reprinted many times. Scribner's
      edition in the "Modern Students' Library" includes <i>Colonel Crockett's
      Exploits and Adventures in</i> <i>Texas</i>. Crockett set the backwoods
      type. See treatment of him in Parrington's <i>Main Currents in American
      Thought</i>. Richard M. Dorson's <i>Davy Crockett, American Comic Legend</i>,
      1939, is a summation of the Crockett tradition.
    </p>
    <p>
      FEATHERSTONHAUGH, G. W. <i>Excursion through the Slave States</i>, London,
      1866. Refreshing on manners and characters.
    </p>
    <p>
      FLACK, CAPTAIN. <i>The Texas Ranger, or Real Life in the Backwoods</i>,
      London, 1866.
    </p>
    <p>
      GERSTAECKER, FREDERICK. <i>Wild Sports in the Far West</i>. Nothing better
      on backwoods life in the Mississippi Valley.
    </p>
    <p>
      HAMMETT, SAMUEL ADAMS (who wrote under the name of Philip Paxton), <i>Piney
      Woods Tavern; or Sam Slick in Texas</i> and <i>A Stray Yankee in Texas</i>.
      Humor on the roughneck element. For treatment of Hammett as man and writer
      see <i>Sam Slick in Texas</i>, by W. Stanley Hoole, Naylor, San Antonio,
      1945.
    </p>
    <p>
      HARRIS, GEORGE W. <i>Sut Lovingood</i>, New York, 1867. Prerealism.
    </p>
    <p>
      HOGUE, WAYMAN. <i>Back Yonder</i>. Minton, Balch, New York, 1932. Ozark
      life. OP.
    </p>
    <p>
      HOOPER, J. J. <i>Adventures of Captain Simon Suggs</i>, 1845. OP.
      Downright realism. Like Longstreet, Hooper in maturity wanted his realism
      forgotten. An Alabama journalist, he got into the camp of respectable
      slave-holders and spent the later years of his life shouting against the
      "enemies of the institution of African slavery." His life partly explains
      the lack of intellectual honesty in most southern spokesmen today. <i>Alias
      Simon Suggs: The Life and Times of Johnson Jones Hooper</i>, by W. Stanley
      Hoole, University of Alabama Press, 1952, is a careful study of Hooper's
      career.
    </p>
    <p>
      HUDSON, A. P. <i>Humor of the Old Deep South</i>, New York, 1936. An
      anthology. OP.
    </p>
    <p>
      LONGSTREET, A. B. <i>Georgia Scenes</i>, 1835. Numerous reprints. Realism.
    </p>
    <p>
      MASTERSON, JAMES R. <i>Tall Tales of Arkansas</i>, Boston, 1943. OP. The
      title belies this excellent social history&mdash;by a scholar. It has
      become quite scarce on account of the fact that it contains unexpurgated
      versions of the notorious speech on "Change the Name of Arkansas"&mdash;which
      in 1919 in officers' barracks at Bordeaux, France, I heard a lusty
      individual recite with as many variations as Roxane of <i>Cyrano de
      Bergerac</i> wanted in love-making. When Fred W. Allsopp, newspaper
      publisher and pillar of Arkansas respectability, found that this book of
      unexpurgations had been dedicated to him by the author&mdash;a Harvard
      Ph.D. teaching in Michigan&mdash;he almost "had a colt."
    </p>
    <p>
      MEINE, FRANKLIN J. (editor). <i>Tall Tales of the Southwest</i>, Knopf,
      New York, 1930. A superbly edited and superbly selected anthology with
      appendices affording a guide to the whole field of early southern humor
      and realism. No cavalier idealism. The "Southwest" of this excellent book
      is South.
    </p>
    <p>
      OLMSTED, FREDERICK LAW. <i>A Journey in the Seaboard Slave States</i>,
      1856. <i>A Journey Through Texas</i>, 1857. Invaluable books on social
      history.
    </p>
    <p>
      POSTL, KARL ANTON (Charles Sealsfield or Francis Hardman, pseudonyms). <i>The
      Cabin Book; Frontier Life</i>. Translations all OP.
    </p>
    <p>
      RANDOLPH, VANCE. <i>We Always Lie to Strangers</i>, Columbia University
      Press, New York, 1951. A collection of tall tales of the adding machine
      variety. Fertile in invention but devoid of any yearning for the beautiful
      or suggestion that the human spirit hungers for something beyond horse
      play; in short, typical of American humor.
    </p>
    <p>
      ROURKE, CONSTANCE. <i>American Humor</i>, 1931; <i>Davy Crockett</i>,
      1934; <i>Roots of American Culture and Other Essays</i>, 1942, all
      published by Harcourt, Brace, New York.
    </p>
    <p>
      THOMPSON, WILLIAM T. <i>Major Jones's Courtship</i>, Philadelphia, 1844.
      Realism.
    </p>
    <p>
      THORPE, T. B. <i>The Hive of the Bee-Hunter</i>, New York, 1854. This
      excellent book should be reprinted.
    </p>
    <p>
      WATTERSON, HENRY. <i>Oddities in Southern Life and Character</i>, Boston,
      1882. An anthology with interpretative notes.
    </p>
    <p>
      WILSON, CHARLES MORROW. <i>Backwoods America</i>. University of North
      Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, 1935. Well ordered survey with excellent
      samplings.
    </p>
    <p>
      WOOD, RAY. <i>The American Mother Goose</i>, 1940; <i>Fun in American Folk
      Rhymes</i>, 1952; both published by Lippincott, Philadelphia.
    </p>
    <p>
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    <h2>
      9. How the Early Settlers Lived
    </h2>
    <p>
      DESPITE THE FACT that the tendency of a majority of early day rememberers
      has been to emphasize Indian fights, killings, and other sensational
      episodes, chronicles rich in the everyday manners and customs of the folk
      are plentiful. The classic of them all is Noah Smithwick's <i>The
      Evolution of a State</i>, listed below.
    </p>
    <p>
      See also "Backwoods Life and Humor," "Pioneer Doctors," "Women Pioneers,"
      "Fighting Texians."
    </p>
    <p>
      BARKER, E. C. <i>The Austin Papers</i>. Four volumes of sources for any
      theme in social history connected with colonial Texans.
    </p>
    <p>
      BATES, ED. F. <i>History and Reminiscences of Denton County</i>, Denton,
      Texas, 1918. A sample of much folk life found in county histories.
    </p>
    <p>
      BELL, HORACE. <i>On the Old West Coast</i>, New York, 1930. Social history
      by anecdote. California. OP.
    </p>
    <p>
      BRACHT, VIKTOR. <i>Texas in 1848</i>, translated from the German by C. F.
      Schmidt, San Antonio, 1931. Better on natural resources than on human
      inhabitants. OP.
    </p>
    <p>
      CARL, PRINCE OF SOLMS-BRAUNFELS. <i>Texas, 1844-1845</i>. Translation,
      Houston, 1936. OP.
    </p>
    <p>
      COX, C. C. "Reminiscences," in Vol. VI of <i>Southwestern Historical
      Quarterly</i>. One of the best of many pioneer recollections published by
      the Texas State Historical Association.
    </p>
    <p>
      CROCKETT, DAVID. Anything about him.
    </p>
    <p>
      DICK, EVERETT. <i>The Sod House Frontier</i> (1937) and <i>Vanguards of
      the Frontier</i> (1941). Both OP. Life on north-ern Plains into Rocky
      Mountains, but applicable to life southward.
    </p>
    <p>
      DOBIE, J. FRANK. <i>The Flavor of Texas</i>, 1936. OP. Considerable social
      history.
    </p>
    <p>
      FENLEY, FLORENCE. <i>Oldtimers: Their Own Stories</i>, Uvalde, Texas,
      1939. OP. Faithful reporting of realistic detail. Southwest Texas, mostly
      ranch life.
    </p>
    <p>
      FRANTZ, JOE B. <i>Gail Borden, Dairyman to a Nation</i>. University of
      Oklahoma Press, Norman, 1951. This biography of a newspaperman and
      inventor brings out sides of pioneer life that emphasis on fighting,
      farming, and ranching generally overlooks.
    </p>
    <p>
      GERSTAECKER, FREDERICK. <i>Wild Sports in the Far West</i>, 1860. Dances
      are among the sports.
    </p>
    <p>
      HARRIS, MRS. DILUE. "Reminiscences," edited by Mrs. A. B. Looscan, in
      Vols. IV and VII of <i>Southwestern Historical Quarterly</i>.
    </p>
    <p>
      HART, JOHN A. <i>History of Pioneer Days in Texas and Oklahoma</i>; no
      date. Extended and republished under the title of <i>Pioneer Days in the
      Southwest</i>, 1909. Much on frontier ways of living.
    </p>
    <p>
      HOFF, CAROL <i>Johnny Texas</i>, Wilcox and Follett, Chicago, 1950.
      Juvenile, historical fiction. Delightful in both text and illustrations.
    </p>
    <p>
      HOGAN, WILLIAM R. <i>The Texas Republic: A Social and Economic History</i>,
      University of Oklahoma Press, 1946. Long on facts, short on intellectual
      activity; that is, on interpretations from the perspective of time and
      civilization.
    </p>
    <p>
      HOLDEN, W. C. <i>Alkali Trails</i>, Dallas, 1930. Pioneer life in West
      Texas. OP.
    </p>
    <p>
      HOLLEY, MARY AUSTIN. <i>Texas... in a Series of Letters</i>, Baltimore,
      1833; reprinted under the title of <i>Letters of an American Traveler</i>,
      edited by Mattie Austin Hatcher, Dallas, 1933. First good book on Texas to
      be printed. OP.
    </p>
    <p>
      <i>Lamar Papers</i>. Six volumes of scrappy source material on Texas
      history and life, issued by Texas State Library, Austin. OP.
    </p>
    <p>
      LEWIS, WILLIE NEWBURY. <i>Between Sun and Sod</i>, Clarendon, Texas, 1938.
      OP. Again, want of perspective.
    </p>
    <p>
      LUBBOCK, F. R. Six <i>Decades in Texas</i>, Austin, 1900.
    </p>
    <p>
      MCCONNELL, H. H. <i>Five Years a Cavalryman</i>, Jacksboro, Texas, 1889.
      Bully.
    </p>
    <p>
      McDANFIELD, H. F., and TAYLOR, NATHANIEL A. <i>The Coming Empire, or 2000
      Miles in Texas on Horseback</i>, New York, 1878; privately reprinted,
      1937. Delightful travel narrative. OP.
    </p>
    <p>
      MCNEAL, T. A. <i>When Kansas Was Young</i>, New York, 1922. Episodes and
      characters of Plains country. OP.
    </p>
    <p>
      OLMSTED, FREDERICK LAW. <i>A Journey Through Texas</i>, New York, 1857.
      Olmsted journeyed in order to see. He saw.
    </p>
    <p>
      READ, OPIE. <i>An Arkansas Planter</i>, 1896. Pleasant fiction.
    </p>
    <p>
      RICHARDSON, ALBERT D. <i>Beyond the Mississippi</i>, Hartford, 1867. What
      a traveling journalist saw.
    </p>
    <p>
      RISTER, CARL C. <i>Southern Plainsmen</i>, University of Oklahoma Press,
      1938. Though pedestrian in style, good social data. Bibliography.
    </p>
    <p>
      ROEMER, DR. FERDINAND. <i>Texas</i>, translated from the German by Oswald
      Mueller, San Antonio, 1935. OP. Roemer, a geologist, rode through Texas in
      the forties and made acute observations on the land, its plants and
      animals, and the settlers.
    </p>
    <p>
      SCHMITZ, JOSEPH WILLIAM. <i>Thus They Lived</i>, Naylor, San Antonio,
      1935. This would have been a good social history of Texas had the writer
      devoted ten more years to the subject. Unsatisfactory bibliography.
    </p>
    <p>
      SHIPMAN, DANIEL. <i>Frontier Life, 58 Years in Texas</i>, n.p., 1879. One
      of the pioneer reminiscences that should be reprinted.
    </p>
    <p>
      SMITH, HENRY. "Reminiscences," in <i>Southwestern Historical Quarterly</i>,
      Vol. XIV. Telling details.
    </p>
    <p>
      SMITHWICK, NOAH. <i>The Evolution of a State</i>, Austin, 1900. Reprinted
      by Steck, Austin, 1935. Best of all books dealing with life in early
      Texas. Bully reading.
    </p>
    <p>
      <i>Southwestern Historical Quarterly</i>, published since 1897 by Texas
      State Historical Association, Austin. A depository of all kinds of
      history; the first twenty-five or thirty volumes are the more interesting.
    </p>
    <p>
      SWEET, ALEXANDER E., and KNOX, J. ARMOY. <i>On a Mexican Mustang Through
      Texas</i>, Hartford, 1883. Humorous satire, often penetrating and ruddy
      with actuality.
    </p>
    <p>
      WALLIS, JONNIE LOCKHART. <i>Sixty Years on the Brazos: The Life and
      Letters of Dr. John Washington Lockhart</i>, privately printed, Los
      Angeles, 1930. In notebook style, but as rare in essence as it is among
      dealers in out-of-print books.
    </p>
    <p>
      WAUGH, JULIA NOTT. <i>Castroville and Henry Castro</i>, San Antonio, 1934.
      OP. Best-written monograph dealing with any aspect of Texas history that I
      have read.
    </p>
    <p>
      WYNN, AFTON. "Pioneer Folk Ways," in <i>Straight Texas</i>, Texas Folklore
      Society Publication XIII, 1937.
    </p>
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    <h2>
      10. Fighting Texians
    </h2>
    <p>
      THE TEXAS PEOPLE belong to a fighting tradition that the majority of them
      are proud of. The footholds that the Spaniards and Mexicans held in Texas
      were maintained by virtue of fighting, irrespective of missionary
      baptizing. The purpose of the Anglo-American colonizer Stephen F. Austin
      to "redeem Texas from the wilderness" was accomplished only by fighting.
      The Texans bought their liberty with blood and maintained it for nine
      years as a republic with blood. It was fighting men who pushed back the
      frontiers and blazed trails.
    </p>
    <p>
      The fighting tradition is now giving way to the oil tradition. The Texas
      myth as imagined by non-Texans is coming to embody oil millionaires in
      airplanes instead of horsemen with six-shooters and rifles. See Edna
      Ferber's Giant (1952 novel). Nevertheless, many Texans who never rode a
      horse over three miles at a stretch wear cowboy boots, and a lot of Texans
      are under the delusion that bullets and atomic bombs can settle
      complexities that demand informed intelligence and the power to think.
    </p>
    <p>
      As I have pointed out in <i>The Flavor of Texas</i>, the chronicles of men
      who fought the Mexicans and were prisoners to them comprise a unique unit
      in the personal narratives and annals of America.
    </p>
    <p>
      Many of the books listed under the headings of "Texas Rangers," "How the
      Early Settlers Lived," and "Range Life" specify the fighting tradition.
    </p>
    <p>
      BEAN, PETER ELLIS. <i>Memoir</i>, published first in Vol. I of Yoakum's <i>History
      of Texas</i>; in 1930 printed as a small book by the Book Club of Texas,
      Dallas, now OP. A fascinating narrative.
    </p>
    <p>
      BECHDOLT, FREDERICK R. <i>Tales of the Old Timers</i>, New York, 1924.
      Forceful retelling of the story of the Mier Expedition and of other
      activities of the "fighting Texans." OP.
    </p>
    <p>
      CHABOT, FREDERICK C. <i>The Perote Prisoners</i>, San Antonio, 1934.
      Annotated diaries of Texas prisoners in Mexico. OP.
    </p>
    <p>
      DOBIE, J. FRANK. <i>The Flavor of Texas</i>, Dallas, 1936. OP. Chapters on
      Bean, Green, Duval, Kendall, and other representers of the fighting
      Texans.
    </p>
    <p>
      DUVAL, JOHN C. <i>Adventures of Bigfoot Wallace</i>, 1870; <i>Early Times
      in Texas</i>, 1892. Both books are kept in print by Steck, Austin. For
      biography and critical estimate, see <i>John C. Duval: First Texas Man of
      Letters</i>, by J. Frank Dobie (illustrated by Tom Lea), Dallas, 1939. OP.
      <i>Early Times in Texas</i>, called "the <i>Robinson Crusoe</i> of Texas,"
      is Duval's story of the Goliad Massacre and of his escape from it. Duval
      served as a Texas Ranger with Bigfoot Wallace, who was in the Mier
      Expedition. His narrative of Bigfoot's <i>Adventures</i> is the
      rollickiest and the most flavorsome that any American frontiersman has yet
      inspired. The tiresome thumping on the hero theme present in many
      biographies of frontiersmen is entirely absent. Stanley Vestal wrote <i>Bigfoot
      Wallace</i> also, Boston, 1942. OP.
    </p>
    <p>
      ERATH, MAJOR GEORGE G. <i>Memoirs</i>, Texas State Historical Association,
      Austin, 1923. Erath understood his fellow Texians. OP.
    </p>
    <p>
      GILLETT, JAMES B. <i>Six Years with the Texas Rangers</i>, 1921. OP.
    </p>
    <p>
      GREEN, THOMAS JEFFERSON. <i>Journal of the Texan Expedition against Mier</i>,
      1845; reprinted by Steck, Austin, 1936. Green was one of the leaders of
      the Mier Expedition. He lived in wrath and wrote with fire. For
      information on Green see <i>Recollections and Reflections</i> by his son,
      Wharton J. Green, 1906. OP.
    </p>
    <p>
      HOUSTON, SAM. <i>The Raven</i>, by Marquis James, 1929, is not the only
      biography of the Texan general, but it is the best, and embodies most of
      what has been written on Houston excepting the multivolumed <i>Houston
      Papers</i> issued by the University of Texas Press, Austin, under the
      editorship of E. C. Barker. Houston was an original character even after
      he became a respectable Baptist.
    </p>
    <p>
      KENDALL, GEORGE W. <i>Narrative of the Texan Santa Fe Expedition</i>,
      1844; reprinted by Steck, Austin, 1936. Two volumes. Kendall, a New
      Orleans journalist in search of copy, joined the Santa Fe Expedition sent
      by the Republic of Texas to annex New Mexico. Lost on the Staked Plains
      and then marched afoot as a prisoner to Mexico City, he found plenty of
      copy and wrote a narrative that if it were not so journalistically verbose
      might rank alongside Dana's <i>Two Years Before the Mast</i>. Fayette
      Copeland's <i>Kendall of the Picayune</i>, 1943 but OP, is a biography. An
      interesting parallel to Kendall's <i>Narrative is Letters and Notes on the
      Texan Santa Fe Expedition, 1841-1842</i>, by Thomas Falconer, with Notes
      and Introduction by F. W. Hodge, New York, 1930. OP. The route of the
      expedition is logged and otherwise illuminated in <i>The Texan Santa Fe
      Trail</i>, by H. Bailey Carroll, Panhandle-Plains Historical Society,
      Canyon, Texas, 1951.
    </p>
    <p>
      LEACH, JOSEPH. <i>The Typical Texan: Biography of an American Myth</i>,
      Southern Methodist University Press, Dallas, 1952. At the time Texas was
      emerging, the three main types of Americans were Yankees, southern
      aristocrats, Kentucky westerners embodied by Daniel Boone. Texas took over
      the Kentucky tradition. It was enlarged by Crockett, who stayed in Texas
      only long enough to get killed, Sam Houston, and Bigfoot Wallace. Novels,
      plays, stories, travel books, and the Texans themselves have kept the
      tradition going. This is the main thesis of the book. Mr. Leach fails to
      note that the best books concerning Texas have done little to keep the
      typical Texan alive and that a great part of the present Texas Brags
      spirit is as absurdly unrealistic as Mussolini's splurge at making
      twentieth-century Italians imagine themselves a {illust. caption = John W.
      Thomason, in his <i>Lone Star Preacher</i> (1941)} reincarnation of
      Caesar's Roman legions. Mr. Leach dissects the myth and then swallows it.
    </p>
    <p>
      LINN, JOHN J. <i>Reminiscences of Fifty Years in Texas</i>, 1883;
      reprinted by Steck, Austin, 1936. Mixture of personal narrative and
      historical notes, written with energy and prejudice.
    </p>
    <p>
      MAVERICK, MARY A. <i>Memoirs</i>, 1921. OP. Mrs. Maverick's husband, Sam
      Maverick, was among the citizens of San Antonio haled off to Mexico as
      prisoners in 1842.
    </p>
    <p>
      MORRELL, Z. N. <i>Fruits and Flowers in the Wilderness</i>, 1872. OP.
      Morrell, a circuit-riding Baptist preacher, fought the Indians and the
      Mexicans. See other books of this kind listed under "Circuit Riders and
      Missionaries."
    </p>
    <p>
      PERRY, GEORGE SESSIONS. Texas, A <i>World in Itself</i>, McGraw-Hill, New
      York, 1942. Especially good chapter on the Alamo.
    </p>
    <p>
      SMYTHE, H. <i>Historical Sketch of Parker County, Texas</i>, 1877. One of
      various good county histories of Texas replete with fighting. For
      bibliography of this extensive class of literature consult <i>Texas County
      Histories</i>, by H. Bailey Carroll, Texas State Historical Association,
      Austin, 1943. OP.
    </p>
    <p>
      SONNICHSEN, C. L. <i>I'll Die Before I'll Run: The Story of the Great
      Feuds of Texas</i>&mdash;and of some not great. Harper, New York, 1951.
    </p>
    <p>
      SOWELL, A. J. <i>Rangers and Pioneers of Texas</i>, 1884; <i>Life of
      Bigfoot Wallace</i>, 1899; <i>Early Settlers and Indian Fighters of
      Southwest Texas</i>, 1900. All OP; all meaty with the character of
      ready-to-fight but peace-seeking Texas pioneers. Sowell will some day be
      recognized as an extraordinary chronicler.
    </p>
    <p>
      STAPP, WILLIAM P. <i>The Prisoners of Perote</i>, 1845; reprinted by
      Steck, Austin, 1936. Journal of one of the Mier men who drew a white bean.
    </p>
    <p>
      THOMASON, JOHN W. <i>Lone Star Preacher</i>, Scribner's, New York, 1941.
      The cream, the essence, the spirit, and the body of the fighting tradition
      of Texas. Historical novel of Civil War.
    </p>
    <p>
      WEBB, WALTER PRESCOTT. <i>The Texas Rangers</i>, Houghton Mifflin, Boston,
      1935. See under "Texas Rangers."
    </p>
    <p>
      WILBARGER, J. W. <i>Indian Depredations in Texas</i>, 1889; reprinted by
      Steck, Austin, 1936. Narratives that have for generations been a household
      heritage among Texas families who fought for their land.
    </p>
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    <h2>
      11. Texas Rangers
    </h2>
    <p>
      THE TEXAS RANGERS were never more than a handful in number, but they were
      picked men who knew how to ride, shoot, and tell the truth. On the Mexican
      border and on the Indian frontier, a few rangers time and again proved
      themselves more effective than battalions of soldiers.
    </p>
<pre xml:space="preserve">
     Oh, pray for the ranger, you kind-hearted stranger,
          He has roamed over the prairies for many a year;
     He has kept the Comanches from off your ranches,
          And chased them far over the Texas frontier.
</pre>
    <p>
      BANTA, WILLIAM. <i>Twenty-seven Years on the Texas Frontier</i>, 1893;
      reprinted, 1933. OP.
    </p>
    <p>
      GAY, BEATRICE GRADY. <i>Into the Setting Sun</i>, Santa Anna, Texas, 1936.
      Coleman County scenes and characters, dominated by ranger character. OP.
    </p>
    <p>
      GILLETT, JAMES B. <i>Six Years with the Texas Rangers</i>, printed for the
      author at Austin, Texas, 1921. He paid the printer cash for either one or
      two thousand copies, as he told me, and sold them personally. Edited by
      Milo M. Quaife, the book was published by Yale University Press in 1925.
      This edition was reprinted, 1943, by the Lakeside Press, Chicago, in its
      "Lakeside Classics" series, which are given away by the publishers at
      Christmas annually and are not for sale&mdash;except through second-hand
      dealers. Meantime, in 1927, the narrative had appeared under title of <i>The
      Texas Ranger</i>, "in collaboration with Howard R. Driggs," a professional
      neutralizer for school readers of any writing not standardized, published
      by World Book Co., Yonkers-on-Hudson, New York. All editions OP. I regard
      Gillett as the strongest and straightest of all ranger narrators. He
      combined in his nature wild restlessness and loyal gentleness. He wrote in
      sunlight.
    </p>
    <p>
      GREER, JAMES K. <i>Buck Barry</i>, Dallas, 1932. OP. <i>Colonel Jack Hays,
      Texas Frontier Leader and California Builder</i>, Dutton, New York, 1952.
      Hays achieved more vividness in reputation than narratives about him have
      attained to.
    </p>
    <p>
      JENNINGS, N. A. <i>The Texas Ranger</i>, New York, 1899; reprinted 1930,
      with foreword by J. Frank Dobie. OP. Good narrative.
    </p>
    <p>
      MALTBY, W. JEFF. <i>Captain Jeff</i>, Colorado, Texas, 1906. Amorphous.
      OP.
    </p>
    <p>
      MARTIN, JACK. <i>Border Boss</i>, San Antonio, 1942. Mediocre biography of
      Captain John R. Hughes. OP.
    </p>
    <p>
      PAINE, ALBERT BIGELOW. <i>Captain Bill McDonald</i>, New York, 1909. Paine
      did not do so well by "Captain Bill" as he did in his rich biography of
      Mark Twain. OP.
    </p>
    <p>
      PIKE, JAMES. <i>Scout and Ranger</i>, 1865, reprinted 1932 by Princeton
      University Press. Pike drew a long bow; interesting. OP.
    </p>
    <p>
      RAYMOND, DORA NEILL. <i>Captain Lee Hall of Texas</i>, Norman, Oklahoma,
      1940. OP.
    </p>
    <p>
      REID, SAMUEL C. <i>Scouting Expeditions of the Texas Rangers</i>, 1859;
      reprinted by Steck, Austin, 1936. Texas Rangers in Mexican War.
    </p>
    <p>
      ROBERTS, DAN W. <i>Rangers and Sovereignty</i>, 1914. OP. Roberts was
      better as ranger than as writer.
    </p>
    <p>
      ROBERTS, MRS. D. W. (wife of Captain Dan W. Roberts). A <i>Woman's
      Reminiscences of Six Years in Camp with The Texas Rangers</i>, Austin,
      1928. OP. Mrs. Roberts was a sensible and charming woman with a seeing
      eye.
    </p>
    <p>
      SOWELL, A. J. <i>Rangers and Pioneers of Texas</i>, San Antonio, 1884. A
      graphic book down to bedrock. OP.
    </p>
    <p>
      WEBB, WALTER PRESCOTT. <i>The Texas Rangers</i>, Houghton Mifflin, Boston,
      1935. The beginning, middle, and end of the subject. Bibliography.
    </p>
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    <h2>
      12. Women Pioneers
    </h2>
    <p>
      ONE REASON for the ebullience of life and rollicky carelessness on the
      frontiers of the West was the lack&mdash;temporary&mdash;of women. The
      men, mostly young, had given no hostages to fortune. They were generally
      as free from family cares as the buccaneers. This was especially true of
      the first ranches on the Great Plains, of cattle trails, of mining camps,
      logging camps, and of trapping expeditions. It was not true of the
      colonial days in Texas, of ranch life in the southern part of Texas, of
      homesteading all over the West, of emigrant trails to California and
      Oregon, of backwoods life.
    </p>
    <p>
      Various items listed under "How the Early Settlers Lived" contain material
      on pioneer women.
    </p>
    <p>
      ALDERSON, NANNIE T., and SMITH, HELENA HUNTINGTON. A <i>Bride Goes West</i>,
      New York, 1942. Montana in the eighties. OP.
    </p>
    <p>
      BAKER, D. W. C. A <i>Texas Scrapbook</i>, 1875; reprinted, 1936, by Steck,
      Austin.
    </p>
    <p>
      BROTHERS, MARY HUDSON. A <i>Pecos Pioneer</i>, 1943. OP. The best part of
      this book is not about the writer's brother, who cowboyed with Chisum's
      Jinglebob outfit and ran into Billy the Kid, but is Mary Hudson's own
      life. Only Ross Santee has equaled her in description of drought and rain.
      The last chapters reveal a girl's inner life, amid outward experiences, as
      no other woman's chronicle of ranch ways&mdash;sheep ranch here.
    </p>
    <p>
      CALL, HUGHIE. <i>Golden Fleece</i>, Houghton Mifflin, Boston, 1942. Hughie
      Call became wife of a Montana sheepman early in this century. OP.
    </p>
    <p>
      CLEAVELAND, AGNES MORLEY. <i>No Life for a Lady</i>, Houghton Mifflin,
      Boston, 1941. Bright, witty, penetrating; anecdotal. Best account of
      frontier life from woman's point of view yet published. New Mexico is the
      setting, toward turn of the century. People who wished Mrs. Cleaveland
      would write another book were disappointed when her <i>Satan's Paradise</i>
      appeared in 1952.
    </p>
    <p>
      ELLIS, ANNE. <i>The Life of An Ordinary Woman</i>, 1929, and <i>Plain Anne
      Ellis</i>, 1931, both OP. Colorado country and town. Books of
      disillusioned observations, wit, and wisdom by a frank woman.
    </p>
    <p>
      FAUNCE, HILDA. <i>Desert Wife</i>, 1934. OP. Desert loneliness at a Navajo
      trading post.
    </p>
    <p>
      HARRIS, MRS. DILUE. Reminiscences, in <i>Southwestern Historical Quarterly</i>,
      Vols. IV and VII.
    </p>
    <p>
      KLEBERG, ROSA. "Early Experiences in Texas," in <i>Quarterly of the Texas
      State Historical Association</i> (initial title for <i>Southwestern
      Historical Quarterly</i>), Vols. I and II.
    </p>
    <p>
      MAGOFFIN, SUSAN SHELBY. <i>Down the Santa Fe Trail</i>, 1926. OP. She was
      juicy and a bride, and all life was bright to her.
    </p>
    <p>
      MATTHEWS, SALLIE REYNOLDS. <i>Interwoven</i>, Houston, 1936. Ranch life in
      the Texas frontier as a refined and intelligent woman saw it. OP.
    </p>
    <p>
      MAVERICK, MARY A. <i>Memoirs</i>, San Antonio, 1921. OP. Essential.
    </p>
    <p>
      PICKRELL, ANNIE DOOM. <i>Pioneer Women in Texas</i>, Austin, 1929. Too
      much lady business but valuable. OP.
    </p>
    <p>
      POE, SOPHIE A. <i>Buckboard Days</i>, edited by Eugene Cunningham,
      Caldwell, Idaho, 1936. Mrs. Poe was there&mdash;New Mexico.
    </p>
    <p>
      RAK, MARY KIDDER. <i>A Cowman's Wife</i>, Houghton Mifflin, Boston, 1934.
      The external experiences of an ex-teacher on a small Arizona ranch.
    </p>
    <p>
      RHODES, MAY D. <i>The Hired Man on Horseback</i>, 1938. Biography of
      Eugene Manlove Rhodes, but also warm-natured autobiography of the woman
      who ranched with "Gene" in New Mexico. OP.
    </p>
    <p>
      RICHARDS, CLARICE E. <i>A Tenderfoot Bride</i>, Garden City, N. Y., 1920.
      OP. Charming.
    </p>
    <p>
      STEWART, ELINOR P. <i>Letters of a Woman Homesteader</i>, Boston, 1914.
      OP.
    </p>
    <p>
      WHITE, OWEN P. <i>A Frontier Mother</i>, New York, 1929. OP. Overdone, as
      White overdid every subject he touched.
    </p>
    <p>
      WILBARGER, J. W. <i>Indian Depredations in Texas</i>, 1889; reprinted by
      Steck, Austin, 1936. A glimpse into the lives led by families that gave
      many women to savages&mdash;for death or for Cynthia Ann Parker captivity.
    </p>
    <p>
      WYNN, AFTON. "Pioneer Folk Ways," in <i>Straight Texas</i>, Texas Folklore
      Society Publication XIII, 1937. Excellent.
    </p>
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    <h2>
      13. Circuit Riders and Missionaries
    </h2>
    <p>
      NOTWITHSTANDING both the tradition and the facts of hardshooting,
      hard-riding cowboys, of bad men, of border lawlessness, of inhabitants who
      had left some other place under a cloud, of frontier towns "west of God,"
      hard layouts and conscienceless "courthouse crowds"&mdash;notwithstanding
      all this, the Southwest has been and is religious-minded. This is not to
      say that it is spiritual-natured. It belongs to H. L. Mencken's "Bible
      Belt." "Pass-the-Biscuits" Pappy O'Daniel got to be governor of Texas and
      then U.S. senator by advertising his piety. A politician as "ignorant as a
      Mexican hog" on foreign affairs and the complexities of political economy
      can run in favor of what he and the voters call religion and leave an
      informed man of intellect and sincerity in the shade. The biggest
      campmeeting in the Southwest, the Bloys Campmeeting near Fort Davis,
      Texas, is in the midst of an enormous range country away from all
      factories and farmers.
    </p>
    <p>
      Since about 1933 the United States Indian Service has not only allowed but
      rather encouraged the Indians to revert to their own religious ceremonies.
      They have always been religious. The Spanish colonists of the Southwest,
      as elsewhere, were zealously Catholic, and their descendants have
      generally remained Catholic. The first English-speaking settlers of the
      region&mdash;the colonists led by Stephen F. Austin to Texas&mdash;were
      overwhelmingly Protestant, though in order to establish Mexican
      citizenship and get titles to homestead land they had, technically, to
      declare themselves Catholics. One of the causes of the Texas Revolution as
      set forth by the Texans in their Declaration of Independence was the
      Mexican government's denial of "the right of worshipping the Almighty
      according to the dictates of our own conscience." A history of
      southwestern society that left out the Bible would be as badly gapped as
      one leaving out the horse or the six-shooter.
    </p>
    <p>
      See chapter entitled "On the Lord's Side" in Dobie's <i>The Flavor of
      Texas</i>. Most of the books listed under "How the Early Settlers Lived"
      contain information on religion and preachers. Church histories are about
      as numerous as state histories. Virtually all county histories take into
      account church development. The books listed below are strong on personal
      experiences.
    </p>
    <p>
      ASBURY, FRANCIS. Three or more lives have been written of this
      representative pioneer bishop.
    </p>
    <p>
      BOLTON, HERBERT E. <i>The Padre on Horseback</i>, 1932. Life of the Jesuit
      missionary Kino. OP.
    </p>
    <p>
      BROWNLOW, W. G. <i>Portrait and Biography of Parson Brownlow, the
      Tennessee Patriot</i>, 1862. Brownlow was a very representative figure.
      Under the title of <i>William G Brownlow, Fighting Parson of the Southern
      Highland</i>, E. M Coulter has brought out a thorough life of him,
      published by University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, 1937.
    </p>
    <p>
      BURLESON, RUFUS C. <i>Life and Writings</i>, 1901. OP. The
      autobiographical part of this amorphously arranged volume is a social
      document of the first rank.
    </p>
    <p>
      CARTWRIGHT, PETER. <i>Autobiography</i>, 1857. Out of Kentucky, into
      Indiana and then into Illinois, where he ran against Lincoln for Congress,
      Cartwright rode with saddlebags and Bible. Sandburg characterizes him as
      "an enemy of whisky, gambling, jewelry, fine clothes, and higher
      learning." He seems to me more unlovely in his intolerance and
      sectarianism than most circuit riders of the Southwest, but as a militant,
      rough-and-ready "soldier of the Lord" he represented southwestern
      frontiers as well as his own.
    </p>
    <p>
      CRANFILL, J. B. <i>Chronicle, A Story of Life in Texas</i>, 1916. Cranfill
      was a lot of things besides a Baptist preacher&mdash;trail driver,
      fiddler, publisher, always an observer. OP.
    </p>
    <p>
      DEVILBISS, JOHN WESLEY. <i>Reminiscences and Events</i> (compiled by H. A.
      Graves), 1886. The very essence of pioneering,
    </p>
    <p>
      DOMENECH, ABBE. <i>Missionary Adventures in Texas and Mexico</i>
      (translated from the French), London, 1858. OP. The Abbe always had eyes
      open for wonders. He saw them. Delicious narrative.
    </p>
    <p>
      EVANS, WILL G. <i>Border Skylines</i>, published in Dallas, 1940, for
      Bloys Campmeeting Association, Fort Davis, Texas. Chronicles of the men
      and women&mdash;cow people&mdash;and cow country responsible for the best
      known campmeeting, held annually, Texas has ever had. OP.
    </p>
    <p>
      GRAVIS, PETER W. <i>25 Years on the Outside Row of the Northwest Texas
      Annual Conference</i>, Comanche, Texas, 1892. Another one of those small
      personal records, privately printed but full of juice. OP.
    </p>
    <p>
      LIDE, ANNA A. <i>Robert Alexander and the Early Methodist Church in Texas</i>,
      La Grange, Texas, 1935. OP.
    </p>
    <p>
      MORRELL, Z. N. <i>Fruits and Flowers in the Wilderness</i>, 1872. Though
      reprinted three times, last in 1886, long OP. In many ways the best
      circuit rider's chronicle of the Southwest that has been published.
      Morrell fought Indians and Mexicans in Texas and was rich in other
      experiences.
    </p>
    <p>
      MORRIS, T. A. <i>Miscellany</i>, 1884. The "Notes of Travel"&mdash;particularly
      to Texas in 1841&mdash;are what makes this book interesting.
    </p>
    <p>
      PARISOT, P. F. <i>Reminiscences of a Texas Missionary</i>, 1899. Mostly
      the Texas-Mexican border.
    </p>
    <p>
      POTTER, ANDREW JACKSON, commonly called the Fighting Parson. <i>Life</i>
      of him by H. A. Graves, 1890, not nearly so good as Potter was himself.
    </p>
    <p>
      THOMASON, JOHN W. <i>Lone Star Preacher</i>, Scribner's, New York, 1941.
      Fiction, true to humanity. The moving story of a Texas chaplain who
      carried a Bible in one hand and a captain's sword in the other through the
      Civil War.
    </p>
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    <h2>
      14. Lawyers, Politicians, J. P.'s
    </h2>
    <p>
      STEPHEN F. AUSTIN wanted to exclude lawyers, along with roving
      frontiersmen, from his colonies in Texas, and hoped thus to promote a
      utopian society. The lawyers got in, however. Their wit, the anecdotes of
      which they were both subject and author, and the political stories they
      made traditional from the stump, have not been adequately set down. As
      criminal lawyers they stood as high in society as corporation lawyers
      stand now and were a good deal more popular, though less wealthy. The code
      of independence that fostered personal violence and justified killings&mdash;in
      contradistinction to murders&mdash;and that ran to excess in outlaws
      naturally fostered the criminal lawyer. His type is now virtually
      obsolete.
    </p>
    <p>
      Keen observers, richly stored in experience and delightful in talk, as
      many lawyers of the Southwest have been and are, very few of them have
      written on other than legal subjects. James D. Lynch's <i>The Bench and
      the Bar of Texas</i> (1885) is confined to the eminence of "eminent
      jurists" and to the mastery of "masters of jurisprudence." What we want is
      the flavor of life as represented by such characters as witty Three-Legged
      Willie (Judge R. M. Williamson) and mysterious Jonas Harrison. It takes a
      self-lover to write good autobiography. Lawyers are certainly as good at
      self-loving as preachers, but we have far better autobiographic records of
      circuit riders than of early-day lawyers.
    </p>
    <p>
      Like them, the pioneer justice of peace resides more in folk anecdotes
      than in chroniclings. Horace Bell's expansive <i>On the Old West Coast</i>
      so represents him. A continent away, David Crockett, in his <i>Autobiography</i>,
      confessed, "I was afraid some one would ask me what the judiciary was. If
      I knowed I wish I may be shot." Before this, however, Crockett had been a
      J. P. "I gave my decisions on the principles of common justice and honesty
      between man and man, and relied on natural born sense, and not on law
      learning to guide me; for I had never read a page in a law book in all my
      life."
    </p>
    <p>
      COOMBES, CHARLES E. <i>The Prairie Dog Lawyer</i>, Dallas, 1945. OP.
      Experiences and anecdotes by a lawyer better read in rough-and-ready
      humanity than in law. The prairie dogs have all been poisoned out from the
      West Texas country over which he ranged from court to court.
    </p>
    <p>
      HAWKINS, WALACE. <i>The Case of John C. Watrous, United States Judge for
      Texas: A Political Story of High Crimes and Misdemeanors</i>, Southern
      Methodist University Press, Dallas, 1950. More technical than social.
    </p>
    <p>
      KITTRELL, NORMAN G. <i>Governors Who Have Been and Other Public Men of
      Texas</i>, Houston, 1921. OP. Best collection of lawyer anecdotes of the
      Southwest.
    </p>
    <p>
      ROBINSON, DUNCAN W. <i>Judge Robert McAlpin Williamson, Texas'
      Three-Legged Willie</i>, Texas State Historical Association, Austin, 1948.
      This was the Republic of Texas judge who laid a Colt revolver across a
      Bowie knife and said: "Here is the constitution that overrides the law."
    </p>
    <p>
      SONNICHSEN, C. L. <i>Roy Bean, Law West of the Pecos</i>, Macmillan, New
      York, 1943. Roy Bean (1830-1903), justice of peace at Langtry, Texas,
      advertised himself as "Law West of the Pecos." He was more picaresque than
      picturesque; folk imagination gave him notoriety. The Texas State Highway
      Department maintains for popular edification the beer joint wherein he
      held court. Three books have been written about him, besides scores of
      newspaper and magazine articles. The only biography of validity is
      Sonnichsen's.
    </p>
    <p>
      SLOAN, RICHARD E. <i>Memories of an Arizona Judge</i>, Stanford,
      California, 1932. Full of humanity. OP.
    </p>
    <p>
      SMITH, E. F. <i>A Saga of Texas Law: A Factual Story of Texas Law,
      Lawyers, Judges and Famous Lawsuits</i>, Naylor, San Antonio, 1940.
      Interesting.
    </p>
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    <h2>
      15. Pioneer Doctors
    </h2>
    <p>
      BEFORE the family doctors came, frontiersmen sawed off legs with handsaws,
      tied up arteries with horsetail hair, cauterized them with branding irons.
      Before homemade surgery with steel tools was practiced, Mexican <i>curanderas</i>
      (herb women) supplied <i>remedios</i>, and they still know the medicinal
      properties of every weed and bush. Herb stores in San Antonio,
      Brownsville, and El Paso do a thriving business. Behind the <i>curanderas</i>
      were the medicine men of the tribes. Not all their lore was superstition,
      as any one who reads the delectable autobiography of Gideon Lincecum,
      published by the Mississippi Historical Society in 1904, will agree.
      Lincecum, learned in botany, a sharply-edged individual who later moved to
      Texas, went out to live with a Choctaw medicine man and wrote down all his
      lore about the virtues of native plants. The treatise has never been
      printed.
    </p>
    <p>
      The extraordinary life of Lincecum has, however, been interestingly
      delineated in Samuel Wood Geiser's <i>Naturalists of the Frontier</i>,
      Southern Methodist University Press, 1937, 1948, and in Pat Ireland
      Nixon's <i>The Medical Story of Early Texas</i>, listed below. No
      historical novelist could ask for a richer theme than Gideon Lincecum or
      Edmund Montgomery, the subject of I. K. Stephens' biography listed below.
    </p>
    <p>
      BUSH, I. J. <i>Gringo Doctor</i>, Caldwell, Idaho, 1939. OP. Dr. Bush
      represented frontier medicine and surgery on both sides of the Rio Grande.
      Living at El Paso, he was for a time with the Maderistas in the revolution
      against Diaz.
    </p>
    <p>
      COE, URLING C. <i>Frontier Doctor</i>, New York, 1939. OP. Not of the
      Southwest but representing other frontier doctors. Lusty autobiography
      full of characters and anecdotes.
    </p>
    <p>
      DODSON, RUTH. "Don Pedrito Jaramillo: The Curandero of Los Olmos," in <i>The
      Healer of Los Olmos and Other Mexican Lore</i> (Publication of the Texas
      Folklore Society XXIV), edited by Wilson M. Hudson, Southern Methodist
      University Press, Dallas, 1951. Don Pedrito was no more of a fraud than
      many an accredited psychiatrist, and he was the opposite of offensive.
    </p>
    <p>
      NIXON, PAT IRELAND. <i>A Century of Medicine in San Antonio</i>, published
      by the author, San Antonio, 1936. Rich in information, diverting in
      anecdote, and tonic in philosophy. Bibliography. <i>The Medical Story of
      Early Texas, 1528-1835</i> [San Antonio], 1946. Lightness of life with
      scholarly thoroughness; many character sketches.
    </p>
    <p>
      RED, MRS. GEORGE P. <i>The Medicine Man in Texas</i>, Houston, 1930.
      Biographical. OP.
    </p>
    <p>
      STEPHENS, I. K. <i>The Hermit Philosopher of Liendo</i>, Southern
      Methodist University Press, Dallas, 1951. Well-conceived and well-written
      biography of Edmund Montgomery&mdash;illegitimate son of a Scottish lord,
      husband of the sculptress Elisabet Ney&mdash;who, after being educated in
      Germany and becoming a member of the Royal College of Physicians of
      London, came to Texas with his wife and sons and settled on Liendo
      Plantation, near Hempstead, once known as Sixshooter Junction. Here, in
      utter isolation from people of cultivated minds, he conducted scientific
      experiments in his inadequate laboratory and thought out a philosophy said
      to be half a century ahead of his time. He died in 1911. His life was the
      drama of an elevated soul of complexities, far more tragic than any life
      associated with the lurid "killings" around him.
    </p>
    <p>
      WOODHULL, FROST. "Ranch Remedios," in <i>Man, Bird, and Beast</i>, Texas
      Folklore Society Publication VIII, 1930. The richest and most readable
      collection of pioneer remedies yet published.
    </p>
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    <h2>
      16. Mountain Men
    </h2>
    <p>
      AS USED HERE, the term "Mountain Men" applies to those trappers and
      traders who went into the Rocky Mountains before emigrants had even sought
      a pass through them to the west or cattle had beat out a trail on the
      plains east of them. Beaver fur was the lodestar for the Mountain Men.
      Their span of activity was brief, their number insignificant. Yet hardly
      any other distinct class of men, irrespective of number or permanence, has
      called forth so many excellent books as the Mountain Men. The books are
      not nearly so numerous as those connected with range life, but when one
      considers the writings of Stanley Vestal, Sabin, Ruxton, Fer gusson,
      Chittenden, Favour, Garrard, Inman, Irving, Reid, and White in this Seld,
      one doubts whether any other form of American life at all has been so well
      covered in ballad, fiction, biography, history.
    </p>
    <p>
      See James Hobbs, James O. Pattie, and Reuben Gold Thwaites under "Surge of
      Life in the West," also "Santa Fe and the Santa Fe Trail."
    </p>
    <p>
      ALTER, J. CECIL. <i>James Bridger</i>, Salt Lake City, 1925. A hogshead of
      life. Bibliography. OP. Republished by Long's College Book Co., Columbus,
      Ohio.
    </p>
    <p>
      BONNER, T. D. <i>The Life and Adventures of James P. Beckwourth, 1856</i>;
      reprinted in 1931, with an illuminating introduction by Bernard DeVoto.
      OP. Beckwourth was the champion of all western liars.
    </p>
    <p>
      BREWERTON, G. D. <i>Overland with Kit Carson</i>, New York, 1930. Good
      narrative. OP.
    </p>
    <p>
      CHITTENDEN, <i>H. M. The American Fur Trade of the</i> <i>Far West</i>,
      New York, 1902. OP. Basic work. Bibliography.
    </p>
    <p>
      CLELAND, ROBERT GLASS. <i>This Reckless Breed of Men: The Trappers and Fur
      Traders of the Southwest</i>, Knopf, New York, 1950. Fresh emphasis on the
      California-Arizona-New Mexico region by a knowing scholar. Economical in
      style without loss of either humanity or history. Bibliography.
    </p>
    <p>
      CONRAD, HOWARD L. <i>Uncle Dick Wootton</i>, 1890. Primary source. OP.
    </p>
    <p>
      COYNER, D. H. <i>The Lost Trappers</i>, 1847.
    </p>
    <p>
      DAVIDSON, L. J., and BOSTWICK, P. <i>The Literature of the Rocky Mountain
      West 1803-1903</i>, Caxton, Caldwell, Idaho, 1939. Davidson and Forrester
      Blake, editors. <i>Rocky Mountain Tales</i>, University of Oklahoma Press,
      Norman, 1947.
    </p>
    <p>
      DEVOTO, BERNARD. <i>Across the Wide Missouri</i>, Houghton Mifflin,
      Boston, 1947. Superbly illustrated by reproductions of Alfred Jacob
      Miller. DeVoto has amplitude and is a master of his subject as well as of
      the craft of writing.
    </p>
    <p>
      FAVOUR, ALPHEUS H. <i>Old Bill Williams, Mountain Man</i>, University of
      North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, 1936. Flavor and facts both. Full
      bibliography.
    </p>
    <p>
      FERGUSSON, HARVEY. <i>Rio Grande</i>, 1933, republished by Tudor, New
      York. The drama and evolution of human life in New Mexico, written out of
      knowledge and with power. <i>Wolf Song</i>, New York, 1927. OP. Graphic
      historical novel of Mountain Men. It sings with life.
    </p>
    <p>
      GARRARD, LEWIS H. <i>Wah-toyah and the Taos Trail</i>, 1850. One of the
      basic works.
    </p>
    <p>
      GRANT, BLANCHE C. <i>When Old Trails Were New&mdash;The Story of Taos</i>,
      New York, 1934. OP. Taos was rendezvous town for the free trappers.
    </p>
    <p>
      GUTHRIE, A. B., JR. <i>The Big Sky</i>, Sloane, New York, 1947 (now
      published by Houghton Mifflin, Boston). "An unusually original novel,
      superb as historical fiction."&mdash;Bernard DeVoto. I still prefer Harvey
      Fergusson's <i>Wolf Song</i>.
    </p>
    <p>
      HAMILTON, W. T. <i>My Sixty Years on the Plains</i>, New York, 1905. Now
      published by Long's College Book Co., Columbus, Ohio.
    </p>
    <p>
      INMAN, HENRY. <i>The Old Santa Fe Trail</i>, 1897.
    </p>
    <p>
      IRVING, WASHINGTON. <i>The Adventures of Captain Bonneville</i> and <i>Astoria</i>.
      The latter book was founded on Robert Stuart's Narratives. In 1935 these
      were prepared for the press, with much illuminative material, by Philip
      Ashton Rollins and issued under the title of <i>The Discovery of the
      Oregon Trail</i>.
    </p>
    <p>
      LARPENTEUR, CHARLES. <i>Forty Years a Fur Trader on the Upper Missouri</i>,
      edited by Elliott Coues, New York, 1898. As Milo Milton Quaife shows in an
      edition of the narrative issued by the Lakeside Press, Chicago, 1933, the
      indefatigable Coues just about rewrote the old fur trader's narrative. It
      is immediate and vigorous.
    </p>
    <p>
      LAUT, A. C. <i>The Story of the Trapper</i>, New York, 1902. A popular
      survey, emphasizing types and characters.
    </p>
    <p>
      LEONARD, ZENAS. <i>Narrative of the Adventures of Zenas Leonard</i>,
      Clearfield, Pa., 1839. In 1833 the Leonard trappers reached San Francisco
      Bay, boarded a Boston ship anchored near shore, and for the first time in
      two years varied their meat diet by eating bread and drinking "Coneac."
      One of the trappers had a gun named Knock-him-stiff. Such earthy details
      abound in this narrative of adventures in a brand new world.
    </p>
    <p>
      LOCKWOOD, FRANK C. <i>Arizona Characters</i>, Los Angeles, 1928. Very
      readable biographic sketches. OP.
    </p>
    <p>
      MILLER, ALFRED JACOB. <i>The West of Alfred Jacob Miller</i>, with an
      account of the artist by Marvin C. Ross, University of Oklahoma Press,
      Norman, 1950. Although Miller painted the West during 1837-38, only now is
      he being discovered by the public. This is mainly a picture book, in the
      top rank.
    </p>
    <p>
      PATTIE, JAMES OHIO. <i>The Personal Narrative of James O. Pattie of
      Kentucky</i>, Cincinnati, 1831. Pattie and his small party went west in
      1824. For grizzlies, thirst, and other features of primitive adventure the
      narrative is primary.
    </p>
    <p>
      REID, MAYNE. <i>The Scalp Hunters</i>. An antiquated novel, but it has
      some deep-dyed pictures of Mountain Men.
    </p>
    <p>
      ROSS, ALEXANDER. <i>Adventures of the First Settlers on the Oregon or
      Columbia River</i> (1849) and <i>The Fur Hunters of the Far West</i>
      (1855). The trappers of the Southwest can no more be divorced from the
      trappers of the Hudson's Bay Company than can Texas cowboys from those of
      Montana.
    </p>
    <p>
      RUSSELL, OSBORNE. <i>Journal of a Trapper</i>, Boise, Idaho, 1921. In the
      winter of 1839, at Fort Hall on Snake River, Russell and three other
      trappers "had some few books to read, such as Byron, Shakespeare and
      Scott's works, the Bible and Clark's Commentary on it, and some small
      works on geology, chemistry and philosophy." Russell was wont to speculate
      on Life and Nature. In perspective he approaches Ruxton.
    </p>
    <p>
      RUXTON, GEORGE F. <i>Life in the Far West</i>, 1848; reprinted by the
      University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, 1951, edited by LeRoy R. Hafen. No
      other contemporary of the Mountain Men has been so much quoted as Ruxton.
      He remains supremely readable.
    </p>
    <p>
      SABIN, EDWIN L. <i>Kit Carson Days</i>, 1914. A work long standard, rich
      on rendezvous, bears, and many other associated subjects. Bibliography.
      Republished in rewritten form, 1935. OP.
    </p>
    <p>
      VESTAL, STANLEY (pseudonym for Walter S. Campbell). <i>Kit Carson</i>,
      1928. As a clean-running biographic narrative, it is not likely to be
      superseded. <i>Mountain Men</i>, 1937, OP; <i>The Old Santa Fe Trail</i>,
      1939. Vestal's "Fandango," a tale of the Mountain Men in Taos, is among
      the most spirited ballads America has produced. It and a few other
      Mountain Men ballads are contained in the slight collection, <i>Fandango</i>,
      1927. Houghton Mifflin, Boston, published the aforementioned titles. <i>James
      Bridger, Mountain Man</i>, Morrow, New York, 1946, is smoother than J.
      Cecil Alter's biography but not so savory. <i>Joe Meek, the Merry Mountain
      Man</i>, Caxton, Caldwell, Idaho, 1952.
    </p>
    <p>
      WHITE, STEWART EDWARD. <i>The Long Rifle</i>, 1932, and <i>Ranchero</i>,
      1933, Doubleday, Doran, Garden City, N. Y. Historical fiction.
    </p>
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    <h2>
      17. Santa Fe and the Santa Fe Trail
    </h2>
    <p>
      THERE WAS Independence on the Missouri River, then eight hundred miles of
      twisting trail across hills, plains, and mountains, all uninhabited save
      by a few wandering Indians and uncountable buffaloes. Then there was Santa
      Fe. On west of it lay nearly a thousand miles of wild broken lands before
      one came to the village of Los Angeles. But there was no trail to Los
      Angeles. At Santa Fe the trail turned south and after crawling over the
      Jornada del Muerto&mdash;Journey of the Dead Man&mdash;threading the great
      Pass of the North (El Paso) and crossing a vast desert, reached Chihuahua
      City.
    </p>
    <p>
      Looked at in one way, Santa Fe was a mud village. In another way, it was
      the solitary oasis of human picturesqueness in a continent of vacancy.
      Like that of Athens, though of an entirely different quality, its fame was
      out of all proportion to its size. In a strong chapter, entitled "A
      Caravan Enters Santa Fe," R. L. Duffus <i>(The Santa Fe Trail)</i>
      elaborates on how for all travelers the town always had "the lure of
      adventure." Josiah Gregg doubted whether "the first sight of the walls of
      Jerusalem were beheld with much more tumultuous and soul-enrapturing joy"
      than Santa Fe was by a caravan topping the last rise and, eight hundred
      miles of solitude behind it, looking down on the town's shining walls and
      cottonwoods.
    </p>
    <p>
      No other town of its size in America has been the subject of and focus for
      as much good literature as Santa Fe. Pittsburgh and dozens of other big
      cities all put together have not inspired one tenth of the imaginative
      play that Santa Fe has inspired. Some of the transcontinental railroads
      probably carry as much freight in a day as went over the Santa Fe Trail in
      all the wagons in all the years they pulled over the Santa Fe Trail. But
      the Santa Fe Trail is one of the three great trails of America that,
      though plowed under, fenced across, and cemented over, seem destined for
      perennial travel&mdash;by those happily able to go without tourist guides.
      To quote Robert Louis Stevenson, "The greatest adventures are not those we
      go to seek." The other two trails comparable to the Santa Fe are also of
      the West&mdash;the Oregon Trail for emigrants and the Chisholm Trail for
      cattle.
    </p>
    <p>
      For additional literature see "Mountain Men," "Stagecoaches, Freighting,"
      "Surge of Life in the West."
    </p>
    <p>
      CATHER, WILLA. <i>Death Comes for the Archbishop</i>, Knopf, New York,
      1927. Historical novel.
    </p>
    <p>
      CONNELLEY, W. E. (editor). <i>Donithan's Expedition</i>, 1907. Saga of the
      Mexican War. OP.
    </p>
    <p>
      DAVIS, W. W. H. <i>El Gringo, or New Mexico and Her People</i>, 1856;
      reprinted by Rydal, Santa Fe, 1938. OP. Excellent on manners and customs.
    </p>
    <p>
      DUFFUS, R. L. <i>The Santa Fe Trail</i>, New York, 1930. OP. Bibliography.
      Best book of this century on the subject.
    </p>
    <p>
      DUNBAR, SEYMOUR. <i>History of Travel in America</i>, 1915; revised
      edition issued by Tudor, New York, 1937.
    </p>
    <p>
      GREGG, JOSIAH. <i>Commerce of the Prairies</i>, two vols., 1844.
      Reprinted, but all OP. Gregg wrote as a man of experience and not as a
      professional writer. He wrote not only the classic of the Santa Fe trade
      and trail but one of the classics of bedrock Americana. It is a commentary
      on civilization in the Southwest that his work is not kept in print.
      Harvey Fergusson, in <i>Rio Grande</i>, has written a penetrating
      criticism of the man and his subject. In 1941 and 1944 the University of
      Oklahoma Press, Norman, issued two volumes of the <i>Diary and Letters of
      Josiah Gregg</i>, edited by Maurice G. Fulton with Introductions by Paul
      Horgan. These volumes, interesting in themselves, are a valuable
      complement to Gregg's major work.
    </p>
    <p>
      INMAN, HENRY. <i>The Old Santa Fe Trail</i>, 1897. A mine of lore.
    </p>
    <p>
      LAUGHLIN, RUTH (formerly Ruth Laughlin Barker). <i>Caballeros</i>, New
      York, 1931; republished by Caxton, Caldwell, Idaho, 1946. Essayical goings
      into the life of things. Especially delightful on burros. A book to be
      starred. <i>The Wind Leaves No Shadow</i>, New York, 1948; Caxton, 1951. A
      novel around Dona Tules Barcelo, the powerful, beautiful, and silvered
      mistress of Santa Fe's gambling <i>sala</i> in the 1830's and '40's.
    </p>
    <p>
      MAGOFFIN, SUSAN SHELBY. <i>Down the Santa Fe Trail</i>, Yale University
      Press, New Haven, 1926. Delectable diary.
    </p>
    <p>
      PILLSBURY, DOROTHY L. <i>No High Adobe</i>, University of New Mexico
      Press, Albuquerque, 1950. Sketches, pleasant to read, that make the <i>gente</i>
      very real.
    </p>
    <p>
      RUXTON, GEORGE FREDERICK. <i>Adventures in Mexico and the Rocky Mountains</i>,
      London, 1847. In 1924 the second half of this book was reprinted under
      title of <i>Wild Life in the Rocky Mountains</i>. In 1950, with additional
      Ruxton writings discovered by Clyde and Mae Reed Porter, the book, edited
      by LeRoy R. Hafen, was reissued under title of <i>Ruxton of the Rockies</i>,
      University of Oklahoma Press, Norman. Santa Fe is only one incident in it.
      Ruxton illuminates whatever he touches. He was in love with the wilderness
      and had a fire in his belly. Other writers add details, but Ruxton and
      Gregg embodied the whole Santa Fe world.
    </p>
    <p>
      VESTAL, STANLEY. <i>The Old Santa Fe Trail</i>, Houghton Mifflin, Boston,
      1939.
    </p>
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    <h2>
      18. Stagecoaches, Freighting
    </h2>
    <p>
      A GOOD INTRODUCTION to a treatment of the stagecoach of the West would be
      Thomas De Quincey's "The English Mail-Coach." The proper place to read
      about the coaches would be in Doctor Lyon's Pony Express Museum, out from
      Pasadena, California. May it never perish! Old Monte drives up now and
      then in Alfred Henry Lewis' <i>Wolfville</i> tales, and Bret Harte made
      Yuba Bill crack the Whip; but, somehow, considering all the excellent
      expositions and reminiscing of stage-coaching in western America, the
      proud, insolent, glorious figure of the driver has not been adequately
      pictured.
    </p>
    <p>
      Literature on "Santa Fe and the Santa Fe Trail" is pertinent. See also
      under "Pony Express."
    </p>
    <p>
      BANNING, WILLIAM, and BANNING, GEORGE HUGH. <i>Six Horses</i>, New York,
      1930. A combination of history and autobiography. Routes to and in
      California; much of Texas. Enjoyable reading. Excellent on drivers,
      travelers, stations, "pass the mustard, please." Bibliography. OP.
    </p>
    <p>
      CONKLING, ROSCOE P. and MARGARET B. <i>The Butterfield Overland Trail,
      1857-1869</i>, Arthur H. Clark Co., Glendage, California. Three volumes
      replete with facts from politics in Washington over mail contracts to
      Horsehead Crossing on the Pecos River.
    </p>
    <p>
      DOBBIE, J. FRANK. Chapter entitled "Pistols, Poker and the Petit
      Mademoiselle in a Stagecoach," in <i>The Flavor of Texas</i> 1936. OP.
    </p>
    <p>
      DUFFUS, R. L. <i>The Santa Fe Trail</i> New York, 1930. Swift reading.
      Well selected bibliography. OP.
    </p>
    <p>
      FREDERICK, J. V. <i>Ben Holladay, the Stage Coach King</i>, Clark,
      Glendale, California, 1940. Bibliography.
    </p>
    <p>
      HALEY, J. EVETTS. Chapter v, "The Stage-Coach Mail," in <i>Fort Concho and
      the Texas Frontier</i>, illustrated by Harold Bugbee, San Angelo
      Standard-Times, San Angelo, Texas, 1952. Strong on frontier crossed by
      stage line.
    </p>
    <p>
      HUNGERFORD, EDWARD. <i>Wells Fargo: Advancing the Frontier</i>, Random
      House, New York, 1949. Written without regard for the human beings that
      the all-swallowing corporation crushed. Facts on highwaymen.
    </p>
    <p>
      INMAN, HENRY. <i>The Old Santa Fe Trail</i>, New York, 1897. OP. <i>The
      Great Salt Lake Trail</i>, 1898. OP. Many first-hand incidents and
      characters.
    </p>
    <p>
      MAJORS, ALEXANDER. <i>Seventy Years on the Frontier</i>, Chicago, 1893.
      Reprinted by Long's College Book Co., Columbus, Ohio. Majors was the lead
      steer of all freighters.
    </p>
    <p>
      ORMSBY, W. L. <i>The Butterfield Overland Mail</i>, edited by Lyle H.
      Wright and Josephine M. Bynum, Huntington Library, San Marino, California,
      1942. Ormsby rode the stage from St. Louis to San Francisco in 1858 and
      contributed to the New York <i>Herald</i> the lively articles now made
      into this book.
    </p>
    <p>
      ROOT, FRANK A., and CONNELLEY, W. E. <i>The Overland Stage to California</i>,
      Topeka, Kansas, 1901. Reprinted by Long's College Book Co., Columbus,
      Ohio. A full storehouse. Basic.
    </p>
    <p>
      SANTLEBEN, AUGUST. <i>A Texas Pioneer</i>, edited by I. D. Affleck, New
      York, 1910. OP. Best treatise available on freighting on Chihuahua Trail.
    </p>
    <p>
      TWAIN, MARK. <i>Roughing It</i>, 1871. Mark Twain went west by stage.
    </p>
    <p>
      WINTHER, O. O. <i>Express and Stagecoach Days in California</i>, Stanford
      University Press, 1926. Compact, with bibliography. OP.
    </p>
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    <h2>
      19. Pony Express
    </h2>
    <h3>
      "PRESENTLY the driver exclaims, `Here he comes!'
    </h3>
    <p>
      "Every neck is stretched and every eye strained. Away across the endless
      dead level of the prairie a black speck appears against the sky. In a
      second or two it becomes a horse and rider, rising and falling, rising and
      falling sweeping towards us nearer and nearer&mdash;growing more and more
      distinct, more and more sharply defined&mdash;nearer and still nearer, and
      the flutter of the hoofs comes faintly to the ear&mdash;another instant a
      whoop and a hurrah from our upper deck [of the stagecoach], a wave of the
      rider's hand, but no reply, and man and horse burst past our excited
      faces, and go swinging away like a belated fragment of a storm."&mdash;Mark
      Twain, <i>Roughing It</i>.
    </p>
    <p>
      A word cannot be defined in its own terms; nor can a region, or a feature
      of that region. Analogy and perspective are necessary for comprehension.
      The sense of horseback motion has never been better realized than by
      Kipling in "The Ballad of East and West." See "Horses."
    </p>
    <p>
      BRADLEY, GLENN D.<i> The Story of the Pony Express</i>, Chicago, 1913.
      Nothing extra. OP.
    </p>
    <p>
      BREWERTON, G. D. <i>Overland with Kit Carson</i>, New York, 1930.
      Bibliography on West in general.
    </p>
    <p>
      CHAPMAN, ARTHUR. <i>The Pony Express</i>, Putnam's, New York, 1932. Good
      reading and bibliography.
    </p>
    <p>
      DOBIE, J. FRANK. Chapter on "Rides and Riders," in <i>On the Open Range</i>,
      published in 1931; reprinted by Banks Up shaw, Dallas. Chapter on "Under
      the Saddle" in <i>The Mustangs</i>.
    </p>
    <p>
      HAPEN, LEROY. <i>The Overland Mail</i>, Cleveland, 1926. Factual,
      bibliography. OP.
    </p>
    <p>
      ROOT, FRANK A., and CONNELLEY, W. E. <i>The Overland Stage to California</i>,
      Topeka, Kansas, 1901. Reprinted by Long's College Book Co., Columbus,
      Ohio. Basic work.
    </p>
    <p>
      VISSCHER, FRANK J. <i>A Thrilling and Truthful History of the Pony Express</i>,
      Chicago, 1908. OP. Not excessively "thrilling."
    </p>
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    <h2>
      20. Surge of Life in the West
    </h2>
    <p>
      THE WANDERINGS of Cabeza de Vaca, Coronado, De Soto, and La Salle had long
      been chronicled, although the chronicles had not been popularized in
      English, when in 1804 Captain Meriwether Lewis and Captain William Clark
      set out to explore not only the Louisiana Territory, which had just been
      purchased for the United States by President Thomas Jefferson, but on west
      to the Pacific. Their <i>Journals</i>, published in 1814, initiated a
      series of chronicles comparable in scope, vitality, and manhood adventure
      to the great collection known as <i>Hakluyt's Voyages</i>.
    </p>
    <p>
      Between 1904 and 1907 Reuben Gold Thwaites, one of the outstanding editors
      of the English-speaking world, brought out in thirty-two volumes his epic
      <i>Early Western Travels</i>. This work includes the Lewis and Clark <i>Journals</i>,
      every student of the West, whether Northwest or Southwest, goes to the
      collection sooner or later. It is a commentary on the values of life held
      by big rich boasters of patriotism in the West that virtually all the
      chronicles in the collection remain out of print.
    </p>
    <p>
      An important addendum to the Thwaites collection of <i>Early Western
      Travels</i> is "The Southwest Historical Series," edited by Ralph P.
      Bieber&mdash;twelve volumes, published 1931-43, by Clark, Glendale,
      California.
    </p>
    <p>
      The stampede to California that began in 1849 climaxed all migration
      orgies of the world in its lust for gold; but the lust for gold was merely
      one manifestation of a mighty population's lust for life. Railroads raced
      each other to cross the continent. Ten million Longhorns were going up the
      trails; from Texas while the last of a hundred million buffaloes, killed
      in herds&mdash;the greatest slaughter in history&mdash;were being skinned.
      Dodge City was the Cowboy Capital of the world, and Chicago was becoming
      "hog butcher of the world." Miller and Lux were expanding their ranges so
      that, as others boasted, their herds could trail from Oregon to Baja
      California and bed down every night on Miller and Lux's own grass.
    </p>
    <p>
      Hubert Howe Bancroft (1832-1918) was massing in San Francisco at his own
      expense the greatest assemblage of historical documents any one individual
      ever assembled. While his interviewers and note-takers sorted down tons of
      manuscript, he was employing a corps of historians to write what, at first
      designed as a history of the Pacific states, grew in twenty-eight volumes
      to embrace also Alaska, British Columbia, Texas, Mexico, and Central
      America, aside from five volumes on the Native Races and six volumes of
      essays. Meantime he was printing these volumes in sets of thousands and
      selling them through an army of agents that covered America.
    </p>
    <p>
      Collis P. Huntington (1821-1900) was building the Southern Pacific
      Railroad into a network, interlocked with other systems and steamship
      lines, not only enveloping California land but also the whole economic and
      political life of that and other states, with headquarters in the U.S.
      Congress. Then his nephew, Henry E. Huntington (1850-1927), taking over
      his wealth and power, was building gardens at San Marino, California,
      collecting art, books, and manuscripts to make, without benefit of any
      institution of learning and in defiance of all the slow processes of
      tradition found at Oxford and Harvard, a Huntington Library and a
      Huntington Art Gallery that, set down amid the most costly botanical
      profusion imaginable, now rival the world's finest.
    </p>
    <p>
      The dreams were of empire. Old men and young toiled as "terribly" as
      mighty Raleigh. The "spacious times" of Queen Elizabeth seemed, indeed, to
      be translated to another sphere, though here the elements that went into
      the mixture were less diverse. Boom methods of Gargantuan scale were
      applied to cultural factors as well as to the physical. Few men stopped to
      reflect that while objects of art may be bought by the wholesale, the
      development of genuine culture is too intimately personal and too
      chemically blended with the spiritual to be bartered for. The Huntingtons
      paid a quarter of a million dollars for Gainsborough's "The Blue Boy." It
      is very beautiful. Meanwhile the mustang grapevine waits for some artist
      to paint the strong and lovely grace of its drapery and thereby to enrich
      for land-dwellers every valley where it hangs over elm or oak.
    </p>
    <p>
      Most of the books in this section could be placed in other sections. Many
      have been. They represent the vigor, vitality, energy, and daring
      characteristic of our frontiers. To quote Harvey Fergusson's phrase, the
      adventures of mettle have always had "a tension that would not let them
      rest."
    </p>
    <p>
      BARKER, EUGENE C. <i>The Life of Stephen F. Austin</i>, Dallas, 1925.
      Republished by Texas State Historical Association, Austin. Iron-wrought
      biography of the leader in making Texas Anglo-American.
    </p>
    <p>
      BELL, HORACE. <i>Reminiscences of a Ranger, or Early Times in California</i>,
      Los Angeles, 1881; reprinted, but OP. In this book and in <i>On the Old
      West Coast</i>, Bell caught the lift and spiritedness of life-hungry men.
    </p>
    <p>
      BIDWELL, JOHN (1819-1900). <i>Echoes of the Past</i>, Chico, California
      (about 1900). Bidwell got to California several years before gold was
      discovered. He became foremost citizen and entertained scientists,
      writers, scholars, and artists at his ranch home. His brief accounts of
      the trip across the plains and of pioneer society in California are
      graphic, charming, telling. The book goes in and out of print but is not
      likely to die.
    </p>
    <p>
      BILLINGTON, RAY ALLEN. <i>Westward Expansion: A History of the American
      Frontier</i>, Macmillan, New York, 1949. This Alpha to Omega treatise
      concludes with a seventy-five-page, double-column, fine-print bibliography
      which not only lists but comments upon most books and articles of any
      consequence that have been published on frontier history.
    </p>
    <p>
      BOURKE, JOHN G. <i>On the Border with Crook</i>, New York, 1891. Now
      published by Long's College Book Co., Columbus, Ohio. Bourke had an eager,
      disciplined mind, at once scientific and humanistic; he had imagination
      and loyalty to truth and justice; he had a strong body and joyed in
      frontier exploring. He was a captain in the army but had nothing of the
      littleness of the army mind exhibited by Generals Nelson Miles and O. O.
      Howard in their egocentric reminiscences. I rank his book as the meatiest
      and richest of all books dealing with campaigns against Indians. In its
      amplitude it includes the whole frontier. General George Crook was a wise,
      generous, and noble man, but his <i>Autobiography</i> (edited by Martin F.
      Schmitt; University of Oklahoma Press) lacks that power in writing
      necessary to turn the best subject on earth into a good book and capable
      also, as Darwin demonstrated, of turning earthworms into a classic.
    </p>
    <p>
      BURNHAM, FREDERICK RUSSELL. <i>Scouting on Two Continents</i>, New York,
      1926; reprinted, Los Angeles, 1942. A brave book of enthralling interest.
      The technique of scouting in the Apache Country is illuminated by that of
      South Africa in the Boer War. Hunting for life, Major Burnham carried it
      with him. OP.
    </p>
    <p>
      DEVOTO, BERNARD. <i>The Year of Decision 1846</i>, Houghton Mifflin,
      Boston, 1943. Critical interpretation as well as depiction. The Mexican
      War, New Mexico, California, Mountain Men, etc. DeVoto's <i>Across the
      Wide Missouri</i> is wider in spirit, less bound to political
      complexities. See under "Mountain Men."
    </p>
    <p>
      EMORY, LIEUTENANT COLONEL WILLIAM H. <i>Notes of a Military Reconnaissance
      from Fort Leavenworth, in Missouri, to San Diego, in California, including
      Part of the Arkansas, Del Norte, and Gila Rivers</i>, Washington, 1848.
      Emory's own vivid report is only one item in <i>Executive Document No. 41</i>,
      30th Congress, 1st Session, with which it is bound. Lieutenant J. W.
      Albert's <i>Journal</i> and additional <i>Report on New Mexico</i>, St.
      George Cooke's Odyssey of his march from Santa Fe to San Diego, another <i>Journal</i>
      by Captain A. R. Johnson, the Torrey-Englemann report on botany,
      illustrated with engravings, all go to make this one of the meatiest of a
      number of meaty government publications. The Emory part of it has been
      reprinted by the University of New Mexico Press, under title of <i>Lieutenant
      Emory Reports</i>, Introduction and Notes by Ross Calvin, Albuquerque,
      1951.
    </p>
    <p>
      Emory's great two-volume <i>Report on United States and Mexican Boundary
      Survey</i>, Washington 1857 and 1859, is, aside from descriptions of
      borderlands and their inhabitants, a veritable encyclopedia, wonderfully
      illustrated, on western flora and fauna. United States Commissioner on
      this Boundary Survey (following the Mexican War) was John Russell
      Bartlett. While exploring from the Gulf of Mexico to the Pacific and far
      down into Mexico, he wrote <i>Personal Narrative of Explorations and
      Incidents in Texas, New Mexico, California, Sonora and Chihuahua</i>.
      published in two volumes, New York, 1854. For me very little rewritten
      history has the freshness and fascination of these strong, firsthand
      personal narratives, though I recognize many of them as being the stuff of
      literature rather than literature itself.
    </p>
    <p>
      FOWLER, JACOB. <i>The Journal of Jacob Fowler, 1821-1822</i>, edited by
      Elliott Coues, New York, 1898. Hardly another chronicle of the West is so
      Defoe-like in homemade realism, whether on Indians and Indian horses or
      Negro Paul's experience with the Mexican "Lady" at San Fernando de Taos.
      Should be reprinted.
    </p>
    <p>
      GAMBRELL, HERBERT. <i>Anson Jones: The Last President of Texas</i>, Garden
      City, New York, 1948; now distributed by Southern Methodist University
      Press, Dallas, Texas. Anson Jones was more surged over than surgent.
      Infused with a larger comprehension than that behind many a world figure,
      this biography of a provincial figure is perhaps the most artfully written
      that Texas has produced. It goes into the soul of the man.
    </p>
    <p>
      HOBBS, JAMES. <i>Wild Life in the Far West</i>, Hartford, 1872. Hobbs saw
      just about all the elephants and heard just about all the owls to be seen
      and heard in the Far West including western Mexico. Should be reprinted.
    </p>
    <p>
      HULBERT, ARCHER BUTLER. <i>Forty-Niners: The Chronicle of the California
      Trail</i>, Little, Brown, Boston, 1931. Hulbert read exhaustively in the
      exhausting literature by and about the gold hunters rushing to California.
      Then he wove into a synthetic diary the most interesting and illuminating
      records on happenings, characters, ambitions, talk, singing, the whole
      life of the emigrants.
    </p>
    <p>
      IRVING, WASHINGTON. Irving made his ride into what is now Oklahoma in
      1832. He had recently returned from a seventeen-year stay in Europe and
      was a mature literary man&mdash;as mature as a conforming romanticist
      could become Prairie life refreshed him. A <i>Tour on the Prairies</i>,
      published in 1835, remains refreshing. It is illuminated by <i>Washington
      Irving on the Prairie; or, A Narrative of the Southwest in the Year 1832</i>,
      by Henry Leavitt Ellsworth (who accompanied Irving), edited by Stanley T.
      Williams and Barbara D. Simison, New York, 1937; by <i>The Western
      Journals of Washington Irving</i>, excellently edited by John Francis
      McDermott, Norman, Oklahoma, 1944; and by Charles J. Latrobe's <i>The
      Rambler in North America, 1832-1833</i>, New York, 1835.
    </p>
    <p>
      JAMES, MARQUIS. <i>The Raven</i>, Bobbs-Merrill, Indianapolis, 1929.
      Graphic life of Sam Houston.
    </p>
    <p>
      KURZ, RUDOLPH FRIEDERICH. <i>Journal of Rudolph Friederich Kurz: ... His
      Experiences among Fur Traders and American Indians on the Mississippi and
      Upper Missouri Rivers, during the Years of 1846-1852</i>, U.S. Bureau of
      Ethnology Bulletin 115, Washington, 1937. The public has not had a chance
      at this book, which was printed rather than published. Kurz both saw and
      recorded with remarkable vitality. He was an artist and the volume
      contains many reproductions of his paintings and drawings. One of the most
      readable and illuminating of western journals.
    </p>
    <p>
      LEWIS, OSCAR. <i>The Big Four</i>, New York, 1938. Railroad magnates.
    </p>
    <p>
      LOCKWOOD, FRANK C. <i>Arizona Characters</i>, Los Angeles, California,
      1928. Fresh sketches of representative men. The book deserves to be better
      known than it is. OP.
    </p>
    <p>
      LYMAN, GEORGE D. <i>John Marsh Pioneer</i>, New York, 1930. Prime
      biography and prime romance. Laid mostly in California. This book almost
      heads the list of all biographies of western men. OP.
    </p>
    <p>
      PARKMAN, FRANCIS. <i>The Oregon Trail</i>, 1849. Parkman knew how to write
      but some other penetrators of the West put down about as much. School
      assignments have made his book a recognized classic.
    </p>
    <p>
      PATTIE, JAMES O. <i>Personal Narrative</i>, Cincinnati, 1831; reprinted,
      but OP. Positively gripping chronicle of life in New Mexico and the
      Californias during Mexican days.
    </p>
    <p>
      PIKE, ZEBULON M. <i>The Southwestern Expedition of Zebulon M. Pike</i>,
      Philadelphia, 1810. The 1895 edition edited by Elliott Coues is the most
      useful to students. No edition is in print. Pike's explorations of the
      Southwest (1806-7) began while the great Lewis and Clark expedition
      (1804-6) was ending. His journal is nothing like so informative as theirs
      but is just as readable. <i>The Lost Pathfinder</i> is a biography of Pike
      by W. Eugene Hollon, University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, 1949.
    </p>
    <p>
      TWAIN, MARK. <i>Roughing It</i>, 1872. Mark Twain was a man who wrote and
      not merely a writer in man-form. He was frontier American in all his
      fibers. He was drunk with western life at a time when both he and it were
      standing on tiptoe watching the sun rise over the misty mountain tops, and
      he wrote of what he had seen and lived before he became too sober. <i>Roughing
      It</i> comes nearer catching the energy, the youthfulness, the blooming
      optimism, the recklessness, the lust for the illimitable in western life
      than any other book. It deals largely with mining life, but the surging
      vitality of this life as reflected by Mark Twain has been the chief common
      denominator of all American frontiers and was as characteristic of Texas
      "cattle kings" when grass was free as of Virginia City "nabobs" in
      bonanza.
    </p>
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    <h2>
      21. Range Life: Cowboys, Cattle, Sheep
    </h2>
    <p>
      THE COWBOY ORIGINATED in Texas. The Texas cowboy, along with the Texas
      cowman, was an evolvement from and a blend of the riding, shooting,
      frontier-formed southerner, the Mexican-Indian horseback worker with
      livestock (the vaquero), and the Spanish open-range rancher. The blend was
      not in blood, but in occupational techniques. I have traced this genesis
      with more detail in <i>The Longhorns</i>. Compared with evolution in
      species, evolution in human affairs is meteor-swift. The driving of
      millions of cattle and horses from Texas to stock the whole plains area of
      North America while, following the Civil War, it was being denuded of
      buffaloes and secured from Indian domination, enabled the Texas cowboy to
      set his impress upon the whole ranching industry. The cowboy became the
      best-known occupational type that America has given the world. He exists
      still and will long exist, though much changed from the original. His fame
      derives from the past.
    </p>
    <p>
      Romance, both genuine and spurious, has obscured the realities of range
      and trail. The realities themselves have, however, been such that few
      riders really belonging to the range wished to lead any other existence.
      Only by force of circumstances have they changed "the grass beneath and
      the sky above" for a more settled, more confining, and more materially
      remunerative way of life. Some of the old-time cowboys were little more
      adaptable to change than the Plains Indians; few were less reluctant to
      plow or work in houses. Heaven in their dreams was a range better watered
      than the one they knew, with grass never stricken by drought, plenty of
      fat cattle, the best horses and comrades of their experience, more of
      women than they talked about in public, and nothing at all of golden
      streets, golden harps, angel wings, and thrones; it was a mere extension,
      somewhat improved, of the present. Bankers, manufacturers, merchants, and
      mechanics seldom so idealize their own occupations; they work fifty weeks
      a year to go free the other two.
    </p>
    <p>
      For every hired man on horseback there have been hundreds of plowmen in
      America, and tens of millions of acres of rangelands have been plowed
      under, but who can cite a single autobiography of a laborer in the fields
      of cotton, of corn, of wheat? Or do coal miners, steelmongers, workers in
      oil refineries, factory hands of any kind of factory, the employees of
      chain stores and department stores ever write autobiographies? Many scores
      of autobiographies have been written by range men, perhaps half of them by
      cowboys who never became owners at all. A high percentage of the
      autobiographies are in pamphlet form; many that were written have not been
      published. The trail drivers of open range days, nearly all dead now, felt
      the urge to record experiences more strongly than their successors. They
      realized that they had been a part of an epic life.
    </p>
    <p>
      The fact that the hired man on horseback has been as good a man as the
      owner and, on the average, has been a more spirited and eager man than the
      hand on foot may afford some explanation of the validity and vitality of
      his chroniclings, no matter how crude they be. On the other hand, the fact
      that the rich owner and the college-educated aspirant to be a cowboy soon
      learned, if they stayed on the range, that <i>a man's a man for a' that</i>
      may to some extent account for a certain generous amplitude of character
      inherent in their most representative reminiscences. Sympathy for the life
      biases my judgment; that judgment, nevertheless, is that some of the
      strongest and raciest autobiographic writing produced by America has been
      by range men.
    </p>
    <p>
      {illust. caption = Tom Lea, in <i>The Longhorns</i> by J. Frank Dobie
      (1941)}
    </p>
    <p>
      This is not to say that these chronicles are of a high literary order.
      Their writers have generally lacked the maturity of mind, the reflective
      wisdom, and the power of observation found in personal narratives of the
      highest order. No man who camped with a chuck wagon has written anything
      remotely comparable to Charles M. Doughty's <i>Arabia Deserta</i>, a
      chronicle at once personal and impersonal, restrainedly subjective and
      widely objective, of his life with nomadic Bedouins. Perspective is a
      concomitant of civilization. The chronicles of the range that show
      perspective have come mostly from educated New Englanders, Englishmen, and
      Scots. The great majority of the chronicles are limited in subject matter
      to physical activities. They make few concessions to "the desire of the
      moth for the star"; they hardly enter the complexities of life, including
      those of sex. In one section of the West at one time the outstanding
      differences among range men were between owners of sheep and owners of
      cattle, the ambition of both being to hog the whole country. On another
      area of the range at another time, the outstanding difference was between
      little ranchers, many of whom were stealing, and big ranchers, plenty of
      whom had stolen. Such differences are not exponents of the kind of
      individualism that burns itself into great human documents.
    </p>
    <p>
      Seldom deeper than the chronicles does range fiction go below physical
      surface into reflection, broodings, hungers&mdash;the smolderings deep
      down in a cowman oppressed by drought and mortgage sitting in a rocking
      chair on a ranch gallery looking at the dust devils and hoping for a
      cloud; the goings-on inside a silent cowboy riding away alone from an
      empty pen to which he will never return; the streams of consciousness in a
      silent man and a silent woman bedded together in a wind-lashed frame house
      away out on the lone prairie. The wide range of human interests leaves
      ample room for downright, straightaway narratives of the careers of strong
      men. If the literature of the range ever matures, however, it will include
      keener searchings for meanings and harder struggles for human truths by
      writers who strive in "the craft so long to lerne." For three-quarters of
      a century the output of fiction on the cowboy has been tremendous, and it
      shows little diminution. Mass production inundating the masses of readers
      has made it difficult for serious fictionists writing about range people
      to get a hearing.
    </p>
    <p>
      The code of the West was concentrated into the code of the range&mdash;and
      not all of it by any means depended upon the six-shooter. No one can
      comprehend this code without knowing something about the code of the Old
      South, whence the Texas cowboy came.
    </p>
    <p>
      Mexican goats make the best eating in Mexico and mohair has made good
      money for many ranchers of the Southwest. Goats, goat herders, goatskins,
      and wine in goatskins figure in the literature of Spain as prominently as
      six-shooters in Blazing Frontier fiction&mdash;and far more pleasantly.
      Read George Borrow's <i>The Bible in Spain</i>, one of the most delectable
      of travel books. Beyond a few notices of Mexican goat herders, there is on
      the subject of goats next to nothing readable in American writings. Where
      there is no competition, supremacy is small distinction; so I should
      offend no taste by saying that "The Man of Goats" in my own <i>Tongues of
      the Monte</i> is about the best there is so far as goats go.
    </p>
    <p>
      Although sheep are among the most salient facts of range life, they have,
      as compared with cattle and horses, been a dim item in the range
      tradition. Yet, of less than a dozen books on sheep and sheepmen, more
      than half of them are better written than hundreds of books concerning
      cowboy life. Mary Austin's <i>The Flock</i> is subtle and beautiful;
      Archer B. Gilfillan's <i>Sheep</i> is literature in addition to having
      much information; Hughie Call's <i>Golden Fleece</i> is delightful;
      Winifred Kupper's <i>The Golden Hoof</i> and <i>Texas Sheepman</i> have
      charm&mdash;a rare quality in most books on cows and cow people. Among
      furnishings in the cabin of Robert Maudslay, "the Texas Sheepman," were a
      set of Sir Walter Scott's works, Shakespeare, and a file of the <i>Illustrated
      London News</i>. "A man who read Shakespeare and the <i>Illustrated London
      News</i> had little to contribute to
    </p>
<pre xml:space="preserve">
     Come a ti yi yoopee
     Ti yi ya!"
</pre>
    <p>
      O. Henry's ranch experiences in Texas were largely confined to a sheep
      ranch. The setting of his "Last of the Troubadours" is a sheep ranch. I
      nominate it as the best range story in American fiction.
    </p>
    <p>
      "Cowboy Songs" and "Horses" are separate chapters following this. The
      literature cited in them is mostly range literature, although precious
      little in all the songs rises to the status of poetry. A considerable part
      of the literature listed under "Texas Rangers" and "The Bad Man Tradition"
      bears on range life.
    </p>
    <p>
      ABBOTT, E. C., and SMITH, HELENA HUNTINGTON. We <i>Pointed Them North</i>,
      New York, 1939. Abbott, better known as Teddy Blue, used to give his
      address as Three Duce Ranch, Gilt Edge, Montana. Helena Huntington Smith,
      who actually wrote and arranged his reminiscences, instead of currying him
      down and putting a checkrein on him, spurred him in the flanks and told
      him to swaller his head. He did. This book is franker about the women a
      rollicky cowboy was likely to meet in town than all the other range books
      put together. The fact that Teddy Blue's wife was a half-breed Indian,
      daughter of Granville Stuart, and that Indian women do not object to the
      truth about sex life may account in part for his frankness. The book is
      mighty good reading. OP.
    </p>
    <p>
      ADAMS, ANDY. <i>The Log of a Cowboy</i> (1903). In 1882, at the age of
      twenty-three, Andy Adams came to Texas from Indiana. For about ten years
      he traded horses and drove them up the trail. He knew cattle people and
      their ranges from Brownsville to Caldwell, Kansas. After mining for
      another decade, he began to write. If all other books on trail driving
      were destroyed, a reader could still get a just and authentic conception
      of trail men, trail work, range cattle, cow horses, and the cow country in
      general from <i>The Log of a Cowboy</i>. It is a novel without a plot, a
      woman, character development, or sustained dramatic incidents; yet it is
      the classic of the occupation. It is a simple, straightaway narrative that
      takes a trail herd from the Rio Grande to the Canadian line, the hands
      talking as naturally as cows chew cuds, every page illuminated by an easy
      intimacy with the life. Adams wrote six other books. <i>The Outlet, A
      Texas Matchmaker, Cattle Brands</i>, and <i>Reed Anthony, Cowman</i> all
      make good reading. <i>Wells Brothers</i> and <i>The Ranch on the Beaver</i>
      are stories for boys. I read them with pleasure long after I was grown.
      All but <i>The Log of a Cowboy</i> are OP, published by Houghton Mifflin,
      Boston.
    </p>
    <p>
      ADAMS, RAMON F. <i>Cowboy Lingo</i>, Boston, 1936. A dictionary of cowboy
      words, figures of speech, picturesque phraseology, slang, etc., with
      explanations of many factors peculiar to range life. OP. <i>Western Words</i>,
      University of Oklahoma Press, 1944. A companion book. <i>Come an' Get It</i>,
      University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, 1952. Informal exposition of chuck
      wagon cooks.
    </p>
    <p>
      ALDRIDGE, REGINALD. <i>Ranch Notes</i>, London, 1884. Aldridge, an
      educated Englishman, got into the cattle business before, in the late
      eighties, it boomed itself flat. His book is not important, but it is
      maybe a shade better than <i>Ranch Life in Southern Kansas and the Indian
      Territory</i> by Benjamin S. Miller, New York, 1896. Aldridge and Miller
      were partners, and each writes kindly about the other.
    </p>
    <p>
      ALLEN, JOHN HOUGHTON. <i>Southwest</i>, Lippincott, Philadelphia, 1952. A
      chemical compound of highly impressionistic autobiographic nonfiction and
      highly romantic fiction and folk tales. The setting is a ranch of Mexican
      tradition in the lower border country of Texas, also saloons and bawdy
      houses of border towns. Vaqueros and their work in the brush are intensely
      vivid. The author has a passion for superlatives and for "a joyous
      cruelty, a good cruelty, a young cruelty."
    </p>
    <p>
      ARNOLD, OREN, and HALE, J. P. <i>Hot Irons</i>, Macmillan, New York, 1940.
      Technique and lore of cattle brands. OP.
    </p>
    <p>
      AUSTIN, MARY. <i>The Flock</i>, Boston, 1906, OP. Mary Austin saw the
      meanings of things; she was a creator. Very quietly she sublimated life
      into the literature of pictures and emotions.
    </p>
    <p>
      Australian ranching is not foreign to American ranching. The best book on
      the subject that I have found is <i>Pastures New</i>, by R. V. Billis and
      A. S. Kenyon, London, 1930.
    </p>
    <p>
      BARNARD, EVAN G. ("Parson"). <i>A Rider of the Cherokee Strip</i>,
      Houghton Mifflin, Boston, 1936. Savory with little incidents and cowboy
      humor. OP.
    </p>
    <p>
      BARNES, WILL C. <i>Tales from the X-Bar Horse Camp</i>, Chicago, 1920. OP.
      Good simple narratives. <i>Apaches and Longhorns</i>, Los Angeles, 1941.
      Autobiography. OP. <i>Western Grazing Grounds and Forest Ranges</i>,
      Chicago, 1913. OP. Governmentally factual. Barnes was in the U.S. Forest
      Service and was informed.
    </p>
    <p>
      BARROWS, JOHN R. <i>Ubet</i>, Caldwell, Idaho, 1934. Excellent on
      Northwest; autobiographical. OP.
    </p>
    <p>
      BECHDOLT, FREDERICK R. <i>Tales of the Old Timers</i>, New York, 1924.
      Vivid, economical stories of "The Warriors of the Pecos" (Billy the Kid
      and the troubles on John Chisum's ranch-empire), of Butch Cassidy and his
      Wild Bunch in their Wyoming hide-outs, of the way frontier Texans fought
      Mexicans and Comanches over the open ranges. Research clogs the style of
      many historians; perhaps it is just as well that Bechdolt did not search
      more extensively into the arcana of footnotes. OP.
    </p>
    <p>
      BOATRIGHT, MODY C. <i>Tall Tales from Texas Cow Camps</i>, Dallas, 1934.
      The tales are tall all right and true to cows that never saw a milk
      bucket. OP. Reprinted 1946 by Haldeman-Julius, Girard, Kansas.
    </p>
    <p>
      BOREIN, EDWARD. <i>Etchings of the West</i>, edited by Edward S.
      Spaulding, Santa Barbara, California, 1950. OP. A very handsome folio;
      primarily a reproduction of sketches, many of which are on range subjects.
      Ed Borein tells more in them than hundreds of windbags have told in tens
      of thousands of pages. They are beautiful and authentic, even if they are
      what post-impressionists call "documentary." Believers in the True Faith
      say now that Leonardo da Vinci is documentary in his painting of the
      Lord's Supper. Ed Borein was a great friend of Charlie Russell's but not
      an imitator. <i>Etchings of the West</i> will soon be among the rarities
      of Western books.
    </p>
    <p>
      BOWER, B. M. <i>Chip of the Flying U</i>, New York, 1904. Charles Russell
      illustrated this and three other Bower novels. Contrary to his denial, he
      is supposed to have been the prototype for Chip. A long time ago I read <i>Chit
      of the Flying U</i> and <i>The Lure of the Dim Trails</i> and thought them
      as good as Eugene Manlove Rhodes's stories. That they have faded almost
      completely out of memory is a commentary on my memory; just the same, a
      character as well named as Chip should, if he have substance beyond his
      name, leave an impression even on weak memories. B. M. Bower was a woman,
      Bower being the name of her first husband. A Montana cowpuncher named
      "Fiddle Back" Sinclair was her second, and Robert Ellsworth Cowan became
      the third. Under the name of Bud Cowan he published a book of
      reminiscences entitled <i>Range Rider</i> (Garden City, N. Y., 1930). B.
      M. Bower wrote a slight introduction to it; neither he nor she says
      anything about being married to the other. In the best of her fiction she
      is truer to life than he is in a good part of his nonfiction. Her chaste
      English is partly explained in an autobiographic note contributed to <i>Adventure</i>
      magazine, December 10, 1924. Her restless father had moved the family from
      Minnesota to Montana. There, she wrote, he "taught me music and how to
      draw plans of houses (he was an architect among other things) and to read
      <i>Paradise Lost</i> and Dante and H. Rider Haggard and the Bible and the
      Constitution&mdash;and my taste has been extremely catholic ever since."
    </p>
    <p>
      BRANCH, E. DOUGLAS. <i>The Cowboy and His Interpreters</i>, New York,
      1926. Useful bibliography on range matters, and excellent criticism of two
      kinds of fiction writers. OP.
    </p>
    <p>
      BRATT, JOHN. <i>Trails of Yesterday</i>, Chicago, 1921. John Bratt,
      twenty-two years old, came to America from England in 1864, went west, and
      by 1870 was ranching on the Platte. He became a big operator, but his
      reminiscences, beautifully printed, are stronger on camp cooks and other
      hired hands than on cattle "kings." Nobody ever heard a cowman call
      himself or another cowman a king. "Cattle king" is journalese.
    </p>
    <p>
      BRISBIN, GENERAL JAMES S. <i>The Beef Bonanza; or, How to Get Rich on the
      Plains</i>, Philadelphia, 1881. One of several books of its decade
      designed to appeal to eastern and European interest in ranching as an
      investment. Figureless and with more human interest is <i>Prairie
      Experiences in Handling Cattle and Sheep</i>, by Major W. Shepherd (of
      England), London? 1884.
    </p>
    <p>
      BRONSON, EDGAR BEECHER. <i>Cowboy Life on the Western Plains</i>, Chicago,
      1910. <i>The Red Blooded</i>, Chicago, 1910. Freewheeling nonfiction.
    </p>
    <p>
      BROOKS, BRYANT B. <i>Memoirs</i>, Gardendale, California, 1939. The book
      never was published; it was merely printed to satisfy the senescent vanity
      of a property-worshiping, cliche-parroting reactionary who made money
      ranching before he became governor of Wyoming. He tells a few good
      anecdotes of range days. Numerous better books pertaining to the range are
      NOT listed here; this mediocrity represents a particular type.
    </p>
    <p>
      BROTHERS, MARY HUDSON. A <i>Pecos Pioneer</i>, University of New Mexico
      Press, Albuquerque, 1943. Superior to numerous better-known books. See
      comment under "Women Pioneers."
    </p>
    <p>
      BROWN, DEE, and SCHMITT, MARTIN F. <i>Trail Driving Days</i>, Scribner's,
      New York, 1952. Primarily a pictorial record, more on the side of action
      than of realism, except for post-trailing period. Excellent bibliography.
    </p>
    <p>
      BURTON, HARLEY TRUE. A <i>History of the J A Ranch</i>, Austin, 1928.
      Facts about one of the greatest ranches of Texas and its founder, Charles
      Goodnight. OP.
    </p>
    <p>
      CALL, HUGHIE. <i>Golden Fleece</i>, Boston, 1942. Hughie married a
      sheepman, and after mothering the range as well as children with him for a
      quarter of a century, concluded that Montana is still rather masculine.
      Especially good on domestic life and on sheepherders. OP.
    </p>
    <p>
      CANTON, FRANK M. <i>Frontier Trails</i>, edited by E. E. Dale, Boston,
      1930. OP. Good on tough hombres.
    </p>
    <p>
      CLAY, JOHN. My <i>Life on the Range</i>, privately printed, Chicago, 1924.
      OP. John Clay, an educated Scot, came to Canada in 1879 and in time
      managed some of the largest British-owned ranches of North America. His
      book is the best of all sources on British-owned ranches. It is just as
      good on cowboys and sheepherders. Clay was a fine gentleman in addition to
      being a canny businessman in the realm of cattle and land. He appreciated
      the beautiful and had a sense of style.
    </p>
    <p>
      CLELAND, ROBERT GLASS. <i>The Cattle on a Thousand Hills</i>, Huntington
      Library, San Marino, California, 1941 (revised, 1951). Scholarly work on
      Spanish-Mexican ranching in California.
    </p>
    <p>
      CLEAVELAND, AGNES MORLEY. <i>No Life for a Lady</i>, Houghton Mifflin,
      Boston, 1941. Best book on range life from a woman's point of view ever
      published. The setting is New Mexico; humor and humanity prevail.
    </p>
    <p>
      COLLINGS, ELLSWORTH. <i>The 101 Ranch</i>, University of Oklahoma Press,
      Norman, 1937. The 101 Ranch was far more than a ranch; it was a unique
      institution. The 101 Ranch Wild West Show is emphasized in this book. OP.
    </p>
    <p>
      COLLINS, DENNIS. <i>The Indians' Last Fight or the Dull Knife Raid</i>,
      Press of the Appeal to Reason, Girard, Kansas, n.d. Nearly half of this
      very scarce book deals autobiographically with frontier range life.
      Realistic, strong, written from the perspective of a man who "wanted
      something to read" in camp.
    </p>
    <p>
      COLLINS, HUBERT E. <i>Warpath and Cattle Trail</i>, New York, 1928. The
      pageant of trail life as it passed by a stage stand in Oklahoma;
      autobiographical. Beautifully printed and illustrated. Far better than
      numerous other out-of-print books that bring much higher prices in the
      second-hand market.
    </p>
    <p>
      CONN, WILLIAM (translator). <i>Cow-Boys and Colonels: Narrative of a
      Journey across the Prairie and over the Black Hills of Dakota</i>, London,
      1887; New York (1888?). More of a curiosity than an illuminator, the book
      is a sparsely annotated translation of <i>Dans les Montagnes Rocheuses</i>,
      by Le Baron E. de Mandat-Grancey, Paris, October, 1884. (The only copy I
      have examined is of 1889 printing.) It is a gossipy account of an
      excursion made in 1883-84; cowboys and ranching are viewed pretty much as
      a sophisticated Parisian views a zoo. The author must have felt more at
      home with the fantastic Marquis de Mores of Medora, North Dakota. The book
      appeared at a time when European capital was being invested in western
      ranches. It was followed by <i>La Breche aux Buffles: Un Ranch Francais
      dans le Dakota</i>, Paris, 1889. Not translated so far as I know.
    </p>
    <p>
      COOK, JAMES H. <i>Fifty Years on the Old Frontier</i>, 1923. Cook came to
      Texas soon after the close of the Civil War and became a brush popper on
      the Frio River. Nothing better on cow work in the brush country and trail
      driving in the seventies has appeared. OP. A good deal of the same
      material was put into Cook's <i>Longhorn Cowboy</i> (Putnam's, 1942), to
      which the pushing Mr. Howard R. Driggs attached his name.
    </p>
    <p>
      COOLIDGE, DANE. <i>Texas Cowboys</i>, 1937. Thin, but genuine. <i>Arizona
      Cowboys</i>, 1938. <i>Old California Cowboys</i>, 1939. All well
      illustrated by photographs and all OP.
    </p>
    <p>
      Cox, JAMES. <i>The Cattle Industry of Texas and Adjacent Territory</i>,
      St. Louis, 1895. Contains many important biographies and much good
      history. In 1928 I traded a pair of store-bought boots to my uncle Neville
      Dobie for his copy of this book. A man would have to throw in a young
      Santa Gertrudis bull now to get a copy.
    </p>
    <p>
      CRAIG, JOHN R. <i>Ranching with lords and Commons</i>, Toronto, 1903.
      During the great boom of the early 1880'S in the range business, Craig
      promoted a cattle company in London and then managed a ranch in western
      Canada. His book is good on mismanaged range business and it is good on
      people, especially lords, and the land. He attributes to De Quincey a
      Latin quotation that properly, I think, belongs to Thackeray. He quotes
      Hamlin Garland: "The trail is poetry; a wagon road is prose; the railroad,
      arithmetic." He was probably not so good at ranching as at writing. His
      book supplements <i>From Home to Home</i>, by Alex. Staveley Hill, New
      York, 1885. Hill was a major investor in the Oxley Ranch, and was, I
      judge, the pompous cheat and scoundrel that Craig said he was.
    </p>
    <p>
      CRAWFORD, LEWIS F. <i>Rekindling Camp Fires: The Exploits of Ben Arnold
      (Connor)</i>, Bismarck, North Dakota, 1926. OP. The skill of Lewis F.
      Crawford of the North Dakota Historical Society made this a richer
      autobiography than if Arnold had been unaided. He was squaw man, scout,
      trapper, soldier, deserter, prospector, and actor in other occupations as
      well as cowboy. He had a fierce sense of justice that extended to Indians.
      His outlook was wider than that of the average ranch hand. <i>Badlands and
      Broncho Trails</i>, Bismarck, 1922, is a slight book of simple narratives
      that catches the tune of the Badlands life. OP. <i>Ranching Days in Dakota</i>,
      Wirth Brothers, Baltimore, 1950, is good on horse-raising and the terrible
      winter of 1886-87.
    </p>
    <p>
      CULLEY, JOHN. <i>Cattle, Horses, and Men</i>, Los Angeles, 1940. Much
      about the noted Bell Ranch of New Mexico. Especially good on horses.
      Culley was educated at Oxford. When I visited him in California, he had on
      his table a presentation copy of a book by Walter Pater. His book has the
      luminosity that comes from cultivated intelligence. OP.
    </p>
    <p>
      DACY, GEORGE F. <i>Four Centuries of Florida Ranching</i>, St. Louis,
      1940. OP. In <i>Crooked Trails</i>, Frederic Remington has a chapter
      (illustrated) on "Cracker Cowboys of Florida," and <i>Lake Okeechobee</i>,
      by A. J. Hanna and Kathryn Abbey, Indianapolis, 1948, treats of modern
      ranching in Florida, but the range people of that state have been too
      lethargic-minded to write about themselves and no Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings
      has settled in their midst to interpret them.
    </p>
    <p>
      DALE, E. E. <i>The Range Cattle Industry</i>, Norman, Oklahoma, 1930.
      Economic aspects. Bibliography. <i>Cow Country,</i> Norman, Oklahoma,
      1942. Bully tales and easy history. Both books are OP.
    </p>
    <p>
      DANA, RICHARD HENRY. <i>Two Years Before the Mast</i>, 1841. This
      transcript of reality has been reprinted many times. It is the classic of
      the hide and tallow trade of California.
    </p>
    <p>
      DAVID, ROBERT D. <i>Malcolm Campbell, Sheriff</i>, Casper, Wyoming, 1932.
      Much of the "Johnson County War" between cowmen and thieving nesters. OP.
    </p>
    <p>
      DAYTON, EDSON C. <i>Dakota Days</i>. Privately printed by the author at
      Clifton Springs, New York, 1937&mdash;three hundred copies only. Dayton
      was more sheepman than cowman. He had a spiritual content. His very use of
      the word <i>intellectual</i> on the second page of his book; his estimate
      of Milton and Gladstone, adjacent to talk about a frontier saloon; his
      consciousness of his own inner growth&mdash;something no extravert cowboy
      ever noticed, usually because he did not have it; his quotation to express
      harmony with nature:
    </p>
<pre xml:space="preserve">
          I have some kinship to the bee,
          I am boon brother with the tree;
          The breathing earth is part of me&mdash;
</pre>
    <p>
      all indicate a refinement that any gambler could safely bet originated in
      the East and not in Texas or the South.
    </p>
    <p>
      DOBIE, J. FRANK. <i>A Vaquero of the Brush Country</i>, 1929. Much on
      border troubles over cattle, the "skinning war," running wild cattle in
      the brush, mustanging, trail driving; John Young's narrative, told in the
      first person, against range backgrounds. <i>The Longhorns</i>, illustrated
      by Tom Lea, 1941. History of the Longhorn breed, psychology of stampedes;
      days of maverickers and mavericks; stories of individual lead steers and
      outlaws of the range; stories about rawhide and many other related
      subjects. The book attempts to reveal the blend made by man, beast, and
      range. Both books published by Little, Brown, Boston. <i>The Mustangs</i>,
      1952. See under "Horses."
    </p>
    <p>
      FORD, GUS L. <i>Texas Cattle Brands</i>, Dallas, 1936. A catalogue of
      brands. OP.
    </p>
    <p>
      FRENCH, WILLIAM. <i>Some Recollections of a Western Ranchman</i>, London,
      1927. A civilized Englishman remembers. OP.
    </p>
    <p>
      GANN, WALTER. <i>The Trail Boss</i>, Boston, 1937. Faithful fiction, with
      a steer that Charlie Russell should have painted. OP.
    </p>
    <p>
      GARD, WAYNE. <i>Frontier Justice</i>, University of Oklahoma Press,
      Norman, 1949. This book could be classified under "The Bad Man Tradition,"
      but it has authentic chapters on fence-cutting, the so-called "Johnson
      County Cattlemen's War" of Wyoming, and other range "difficulties."
      Clearly written from an equable point of view. Useful bibliography of
      range books.
    </p>
    <p>
      GIBSON, J. W. (Watt). <i>Recollections of a Pioneer</i>, St. Joseph,
      Missouri (about 1912). Like many another book concerned only incidentally
      with range life, this contains essential information on the subject. Here
      it is trailing cattle from Missouri to California in the 1840's and
      1850's. Cattle driving from the East to California was not economically
      important. The outstanding account on the subject is <i>A Log of the
      Texas-California Cattle Trail, 1854</i>, by James G. Bell, edited by J.
      Evetts Haley, published in the <i>Southwestern Historical Quarterly</i>,
      1932 (Vols. XXXV and XXXVI). Also reprinted as a separate.
    </p>
    <p>
      {illust. caption = Tom Lea, in <i>The Longhorns</i> by J. Frank Dobie
      (1941)}
    </p>
    <p>
      GILFILLAN, ARCHER B. <i>Sheep</i>, Boston, 1929. With humor and grace,
      this sheepherder, who collected books on Samuel Pepys, tells more about
      sheep dogs, sheep nature, and sheepherder life than any other writer I
      know. OP.
    </p>
    <p>
      GIPSON, FRED. <i>Fabulous Empire</i>, Houghton Mifflin, Boston, 1946.
      Biography of Zack Miller of the 101 Ranch and 101 Wild West Show.
    </p>
    <p>
      GOODWYN, FRANK. <i>Life on the King Ranch</i>, Crowell, New York, 1951.
      The author was reared on the King Ranch. He is especially refreshing on
      the vaqueros, their techniques and tales.
    </p>
    <p>
      GRAY, FRANK S. <i>Pioneer Adventures</i>, 1948, and <i>Pioneering in
      Southwest Texas</i>, 1949, both printed by the author, Copperas Cove,
      Texas. These books are listed because the author has the perspective of a
      civilized gentleman and integrates home life on frontier ranches with
      range work.
    </p>
    <p>
      GREER, JAMES K. <i>Bois d'Arc to Barbed Wire</i>, Dallas, 1936.
      Outstanding horse lore. OP.
    </p>
    <p>
      HAGEDORN, HERMANN. <i>Roosevelt in the Bad Lands</i>, Boston, 1921. A
      better book than Roosevelt's own <i>Ranch Life and the Hunting Trail</i>.
      OP.
    </p>
    <p>
      HALEY, J. EVETTS. <i>The XIT Ranch of Texas</i>, Chicago, 1929. As county
      and town afford the basis for historical treatment of many areas, ranches
      have afforded bases for various range country histories. Of such this is
      tops. A lawsuit for libel brought by one or more individuals mentioned in
      the book put a stop to the selling of copies by the publishers and made it
      very "rare." <i>Charles Goodnight, Cowman and Plainsman</i>, Boston, 1936,
      reissued by University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, 1949. Goodnight,
      powerful individual and extraordinary observer, summed up in himself the
      whole life of range and trail. Haley's book, packed with realities of
      incident and character, paints him against a mighty background. <i>George
      W. Littlefield, Texan</i>, University of Oklahoma Presss Norman, Okla.,
      1943, is a lesser biography of a lesser man.
    </p>
    <p>
      HAMILTON, W. H. <i>Autobiography of a Cowman</i>, in <i>South Dakota
      Historical Collections</i>, XIX (1938), 475-637. A first-rate narrative of
      life on the Dakota range.
    </p>
    <p>
      HAMNER, LAURA V. <i>Short Grass and Longhorns</i>, Norman, Oklahoma, 1943.
      Sketches of Panhandle ranches and ranch people. OP.
    </p>
    <p>
      HARRIS, FRANK. <i>My Reminiscences as a Cowboy</i>, 1930. A blatant
      farrago of lies, included in this list because of its supreme
      worthlessness. However, some judges might regard the debilitated and
      puerile lying in <i>The Autobiography of Frank Tarbeaux</i>, as told to
      Donald H. Clarke, New York, 1930, as equally worthless.
    </p>
    <p>
      HART, JOHN A., and Others. <i>History of Pioneer Days in Texas and
      Oklahoma</i>. No date or place of publication; no table of contents. This
      slight book was enlarged into <i>Pioneer Days in the Southwest from 1850
      to 1879</i>, "Contributions by Charles Goodnight, Emanuel Dubbs, John A.
      Hart and Others," Guthrie, Oklahoma, 1909. Good on the way frontier ranch
      families lived. The writers show no sense of humor and no idea of being
      literary.
    </p>
    <p>
      HASTINGS, FRANK S. <i>A Ranchman's Recollections</i>, Chicago, 1921. OP.
      Hastings was urbane, which means he had perspective; "Old Gran'pa" is the
      most pulling cowhorse story I know.
    </p>
    <p>
      HENRY, O. <i>Heart of the West</i>. Interpretative stories of Texas range
      life, which O. Henry for a time lived. His range stories are scattered
      through several volumes. "The Last of the Troubadours" is a classic.
    </p>
    <p>
      HENRY, STUART. <i>Our Great American Plains</i>, New York, 1930. OP. An
      unworshipful, anti-Philistinic picture of Abilene, Kansas, when it was at
      the end of the Chisholm Trail. While not a primary range book, this is
      absolutely unique in its analysis of cow-town society, both citizens and
      drovers. Stuart Henry came to Abilene as a boy in 1868. His brother was
      the first mayor of the town. After graduating from the University of
      Kansas in 1881, he in time acquired "the habit of authorship." He had
      written a book on London and <i>French Essays and Profiles</i> and <i>Hours
      with Famous Parisians</i> before he returned to Kansas for a subject. Some
      of his non-complimentary characterizations of westerners aroused a mighty
      roar among panegyrists of the West. They did not try to refute his
      anecdote about the sign of the Bull Head Saloon. This sign showed the
      whole of a great red bull. The citizens of Abilene were used to seeing
      bulls driven through town and they could go out any day and see bulls with
      cows on the prairie. Nature might be good, but any art suggesting nature's
      virility was indecent. There was such an uprising of Victorian taste that
      what distinguishes a bull from a cow had to be painted out. A similar
      artistic operation had to be performed on the bull signifying Bull Durham
      tobacco&mdash;once the range favorite for making cigarettes.
    </p>
    <p>
      HILL, J. L. <i>The End of the Cattle Trail</i>, Long Beach, California
      [May, 1924]. Rare and meaty pamphlet.
    </p>
    <p>
      HOLDEN, W. C. <i>Rollie Burns</i>, Dallas, 1932. Biography of a Plains
      cowman. OP. <i>The Spur Ranch</i>, Boston, 1934. History of a great Texas
      ranch. OP.
    </p>
    <p>
      HORN, TOM. <i>Life of Tom Horn... Written by Himself, together with His
      Letters and Statements by His Friends, A Vindication</i>. Published (for
      John C. Coble) by the Louthan Book Company, Denver, 1904. Who wrote the
      book has been somewhat in debate. John C. Coble's name is signed to the
      preface attributing full authorship to Horn. Of Pennsylvania background,
      wealthy and educated, he had employed Horn as a stock detective on his
      Wyoming ranch. He had the means and ability to see the book through the
      press. A letter from his wife to me, from Cheyenne, June 21,1926, says
      that Horn wrote the book. Charles H. Coe, who succeeded Horn as stock
      detective in Wyoming, says in <i>Juggling a Rope</i> (Pendleton, Oregon,
      1927, P. 108), that Horn wrote it. I have a copy, bought from Fred
      Rosenstock of the Bargain Book Store in Denver, who got it from Hattie
      Horner Louthan, of Denver also. For years she taught English in the
      University of Denver, College of Commerce, and is the author of more than
      one textbook. The Louthan Book Company of Denver was owned by her family.
      This copy of <i>Tom Horn</i> contains her bookplate. On top of the first
      page of the preface is written in pencil: "I wrote this&mdash;`Ghost
      wrote.' H. H. L." Then, penciled at the top of the first page of "Closing
      Word," is "I wrote this."
    </p>
    <p>
      Glendolene Myrtle Kimmell was a schoolteacher in the country where Tom
      Horn operated. As her picture shows, she was lush and beautiful. Pages
      287-309 print "Miss Kimmell's Statement." She did her best to keep Tom
      Horn from hanging. She frankly admired him and, it seems to me, loved him.
      Jay Monaghan, <i>The Legend of Tom Horn, Last of the Bad Men</i>,
      Indianapolis and New York, 1946, says (p. 267), without discussion or
      proof, that after Horn was hanged and buried Miss Kimmell was "writing a
      long manuscript about a Sir Galahad horseman who was `crushed between the
      grinding stones of two civilizations,' but she never found a publisher who
      thought her book would sell. It was entitled <i>The True Life of Tom Horn</i>."
    </p>
    <p>
      The main debate has been over Horn himself. The books about him are not
      highly important, but they contribute to a spectacular and highly
      controversial phase of range history, the so-called Johnson County War of
      Wyoming. Mercer's <i>Banditti of the Plains</i>, Mokler's <i>History of
      Natrona County, Wyoming</i>, Canton's <i>Frontier Trails</i>, and David's
      <i>Malcolm Campbell, Sheriff</i> (all listed in this chapter) are primary
      sources on the subject.
    </p>
    <p>
      HOUGH, EMERSON. <i>The Story of the Cowboy</i>, New York, 1897. Exposition
      not nearly so good as Philip Ashton Rollins' <i>The Cowboy. North of 36</i>,
      New York, 1923. Historical novel of the Chisholm Trail. The best character
      in it is Old Alamo, lead steer. A young woman owner of the herd trails
      with it. The success of the romance caused Emerson Hough to advise his
      friend Andy Adams to put a woman in a novel about trail driving&mdash;so
      Andy Adams told me. Adams replied that a woman with a trail herd would be
      as useless as a fifth wheel on a wagon and that he would not violate
      reality by having her. For a devastation of Hough's use of history in <i>North
      of 36</i> see the Appendix in Stuart Henry's <i>Conquering Our Great
      American Plains</i>. Yet the novel does have the right temper.
    </p>
    <p>
      HOYT, HENRY F. <i>A Frontier Doctor</i>, Boston, 1929. Texas Panhandle and
      New Mexico during Billy the Kid days. Reminiscences.
    </p>
    <p>
      HUNT, FRAZIER. <i>Cat Mossman: Last of the Great Cowmen</i>, illustrated
      by Ross Santee, Hastings House, New York, 1951. Few full-length
      biographies of big operators among cowmen have been written. This reveals
      not only Cap Mossman's operations on enormous ranges, but the man.
    </p>
    <p>
      HUNTER, J. MARVIN (compiler). <i>The Trail Drivers of Texas</i>, two
      volumes, Bandera, Texas, 1920, 1923. Reprinted in one volume, 1925. All
      OP. George W. Saunders, founder of the Old Time Trail Drivers Association
      and for many years president, prevailed on hundreds of old-time range and
      trail men to write autobiographic sketches. He used to refer to Volume II
      as the "second edition"; just the same, he was not ignorant, and he had a
      passion for the history of his people. The chronicles, though chaotic in
      arrangement, comprise basic source material. An index to the one-volume
      edition of <i>The Trail Drivers of Texas</i> is printed as an appendix to
      <i>The Chisholm Trail and Other Routes</i>, by T. U. Taylor, San Antonio,
      1936&mdash;a hodgepodge.
    </p>
    <p>
      JAMES, WILL. <i>Cowboys North and South</i>, New York, 1924. <i>The
      Drifting Cowboy</i>, 1925. <i>Smoky</i>&mdash;a cowhorse story&mdash;1930.
      Several other books, mostly repetitious. Will James knew his frijoles, but
      burned them up before he died, in 1942. He illustrated all his books. The
      best one is his first, written before he became sophisticated with life&mdash;without
      becoming in the right way more sophisticated in the arts of drawing and
      writing. <i>Lone Cowboy: My Life Story</i> (1930) is without a date or a
      geographical location less generalized than the space between Canada and
      Mexico.
    </p>
    <p>
      JAMES, W. S. <i>Cowboy Life in Texas</i>, Chicago, 1893. A genuine cowboy
      who became a genuine preacher and wrote a book of validity. This is the
      best of several books of reminiscences by cowboy preachers, some of whom
      are as lacking in the real thing as certain cowboy artists. Next to <i>Cowboy
      Life in Texas</i>, in its genre, might come <i>From the Plains to the
      Pulpit</i>, by J. W. Anderson, Houston, 1907. The second edition (reset)
      has six added chapters. The third, and final, edition, Goose Creek, Texas,
      1922, again reset, has another added chapter. J. B. Cranfill was a trail
      driver from a rough range before he became a Baptist preacher and
      publisher. His bulky <i>Chronicle, A Story of Life in Texas</i>, 1916, is
      downright and concrete.
    </p>
    <p>
      KELEHER, WILLIAM A. <i>Maxwell Land Grant: A New Mexico Item</i>, Santa
      Fe, 1942. The Maxwell grant of 1,714,764 acres on the Cimarron River was
      at one time perhaps the most famous tract of land in the West. This
      history brings in ranching only incidentally; it focuses on the land
      business, including grabs by Catron, Dorsey, and other affluent
      politicians. Perhaps stronger on characters involved during long
      litigation over the land, and containing more documentary evidence, is <i>The
      Grant That Maxwell Bought</i>, by F. Stanley, The World Press, Denver,
      1952 (a folio of 256 pages in an edition of 250 copies at $15.00). Keleher
      is a lawyer; Stanley is a priest. Harvey Fergusson in his historical novel
      <i>Grant of Kingdom</i>, New York, 1950, vividly supplements both.
      Keleher's second book, <i>The Fabulous Frontier</i>, Rydal, Santa Fe,
      1945, illuminates connections between ranch lands and politicians;
      principally it sketches the careers of A. B. Fall, John Chisum, Pat
      Garrett, Oliver Lee, Jack Thorp, Gene Rhodes, and other New Mexico
      notables.
    </p>
    <p>
      KENT, WILLIAM. <i>Reminiscences of Outdoor Life</i>, San Francisco, 1929.
      OP. This is far from being a straight-out range book. It is the easy talk
      of an urbane man associated with ranches and ranch people who was equally
      at home in a Chicago office and among fellow congressmen. He had a
      country-going nature and gusto for character.
    </p>
    <p>
      KING, FRANK M. <i>Wranglin' the Past</i>, Los Angeles, 1935. King went all
      the way from Texas to California, listening and looking. OP. His second
      book, <i>Longhorn Trail Drivers</i> (1940), is worthless. His <i>Pioneer
      Western Empire Builders</i> (1946) and <i>Mavericks</i> (1947) are no
      better. Most of the contents of these books appeared in <i>Western
      Livestock Journal</i>, Los Angeles.
    </p>
    <p>
      KUPPER, WINIFRED. <i>The Golden Hoof</i>, New York, 1945. Story of the
      sheep and sheep people of the Southwest. Facts, but, above that, truth
      that comes only through imagination and sympathy. OP. <i>Texas Sheepman</i>,
      University of Texas Press, Austin, 1951. The edited reminiscences of
      Robert Maudslay. He drove sheep all over the West, and lived up to the
      ideals of an honest Englishman in writing as well as in ranching. He had a
      sense of humor.
    </p>
    <p>
      LAMPMAN, CLINTON PARKS. <i>The Great Western Trail</i>, New York, 1939.
      OP. In the upper bracket of autobiographic chronicles, by a sensitive man
      who never had the provincial point of view. Lampman contemplated as well
      as observed He felt the pathos of human destiny.
    </p>
    <p>
      LANG, LINCOLN A. <i>Ranching with Roosevelt</i>, Philadelphia, 1926.
      Civilized. OP.
    </p>
    <p>
      LEWIS, ALFRED HENRY. <i>Wolfville</i> (1897) and other Wolfville books.
      All OP. Sketches and rambling stories faithful to cattle backgrounds;
      flavor and humanity through fictionized anecdote. "The Old Cattleman," who
      tells all the Wolfville stories, is a substantial and flavorsome creation.
    </p>
    <p>
      LOCKWOOD, FRANK C. <i>Arizona Characters</i>, Los Angeles, 1928. Skilfully
      written biographies. OP.
    </p>
    <p>
      MCCARTY, JOHN L. <i>Maverick Town</i>, University of Oklahoma Press, 1946.
      Tascosa, Texas, on the Canadian River, with emphasis on the guns.
    </p>
    <p>
      MCCAULEY, JAMES EMMIT. <i>A Stove-up Cowboy's Story</i>, with Introduction
      by John A. Lomas and Illustrations by Tom Lea, Austin, 1943. OP. "My
      parents be poor like Job's turkey," McCauley wrote. He was a common
      cowhand with uncommon saltiness of speech. He wrote as he talked. "God
      pity the wight for whom this vivid, honest story has no interest," John
      Lomax pronounced. It is one of several brief books of reminiscences
      brought out in small editions in the "Range Life Series," under the
      editorship of J. Frank Dobie, by the Texas Folklore Society. The two
      others worth having are <i>A Tenderfoot Kid on Gyp Water</i>, by Carl
      Peters Benedict (1943) and <i>Ed Nichols Rode a Horse</i>, as told to Ruby
      Nichols Cutbirth (1943).
    </p>
    <p>
      MCCOY, JOSEPH G. <i>Historic Sketches of the Cattle Trade of the West and
      Southwest</i>, Kansas City, 1874. In 1867, McCoy established at Abilene,
      Kansas, terminus of the Chisholm Trail, the first market upon which Texas
      drovers could depend. He went broke and thereupon put his sense,
      information, and vinegar into the first of all range histories. It is a
      landmark. Of the several reprinted editions, the one preferred is that
      edited by Ralph P. Bieber, with an information-packed introduction and
      many illuminating notes, Glendale, California, 1940. This is Volume VIII
      in the "Southwest Historical Series," edited by Bieber, and the index to
      it is included in the general index to the whole series. Available is an
      edition published by Long's College Book Co., Columbus, Ohio. About the
      best of original sources on McCoy is <i>Twenty Years of Kansas City's Live
      Stock and Traders</i>, by Cuthbert Powell, Kansas City, 1893&mdash;one of
      the rarities.
    </p>
    <p>
      MACKAY, MALCOLM S. <i>Cow Range and Hunting Trail</i>, New York, 1925.
      Among the best of civilized range books. Fresh observations and something
      besides ordinary narrative. OP. Illustrations by Russell.
    </p>
    <p>
      MANDAT-GRANCEY, BARON E. DE. See Conn, William.
    </p>
    <p>
      MERCER, A. S. <i>Banditti of the Plains, or The Cattlemen's Invasion of
      Wyoming in 1892</i>, Cheyenne, 1894; reprinted at Chicago in 1923 under
      title of <i>Powder River Invasion, War on the Rustlers in 1892</i>,
      "Rewritten by John Mercer Boots." Reprinted 1935, with Foreword by James
      Mitchell Clarke, by the Grabhorn Press, San Francisco. All editions OP.
      Bloody troubles between cowmen and nesters in Wyoming, the "Johnson County
      War." For more literature on the subject, consult the entry under Tom Horn
      in this chapter.
    </p>
    <p>
      MILLER, LEWIS B. <i>Saddles and Lariats</i>, Boston, 1912. A fictional
      chronicle, based almost entirely on facts, of a trail herd that tried to
      get to California in the fifties. The author was a Texan. OP.
    </p>
    <p>
      MOKLER, ALFRED JAMES. <i>History of Natrona County, Wyoming, 1888-1922</i>,
      Chicago, 1923. Contains some good material on the "Johnson County War."
      This book is listed as an illustration of many county histories of western
      states containing concrete information on ranching. Other examples of such
      county histories are S. D. Butcher's <i>Pioneer History of Custer County</i>
      (Nebraska), Broken Bow, Nebraska, 1901; <i>History of Jack County</i>
      (Texas), Jacksboro, Texas (about 1935); <i>Historical Sketch of Parker
      County and Weatherford, Texas</i>, St. Louis, 1877.
    </p>
    <p>
      MORA, JO. <i>Trail Dust and Saddle Leather</i>, Scribner's, New York,
      1946. No better exposition anywhere, and here tellingly illustrated, of
      reatas, spurs, bits, saddles, and other gear. <i>Californios</i>,
      Doubleday, Garden City, N. Y., 1949. Profusely illustrated. Largely on
      vaquero techniques. Jo Mora knew the California vaquero, but did not know
      the range history of other regions and, therefore, judged as unique what
      was widespread.
    </p>
    <p>
      NIMMO, JOSEPH, JR. <i>The Range and Ranch Cattle Traffic in the Western
      States and Territories</i>, Executive Document No. 267, House of
      Representatives, 48th Congress, 2nd Session, Washington, D. C., 1885.
      Printed also in one or more other government documents. A statistical
      record concerning grazing lands, trail driving, railroad shipping of
      cattle, markets, foreign investments in ranches, etc. This document is the
      outstanding example of factual material to be found in various government
      publications, Volume III of the <i>Tenth Census of the United States</i>
      (1880) being another. <i>The Western Range: Letter from the Secretary of
      Agriculture</i>, etc (a "letter" 620 pages long), United States Government
      Printing Office, Washington, 1936, lists many government publications both
      state and national.
    </p>
    <p>
      NORDYKE, LEWIS. <i>Cattle Empire</i>, Morrow, New York, 1949. History,
      largely political, of the XIT Ranch. Not so careful in documentation as
      Haley's <i>XIT Ranch of Texas</i>, and not so detailed on ranch
      operations, but thoroughly illuminative on the not-heroic side of big
      businessmen in big land deals. The two histories complement each other.
    </p>
    <p>
      O'NEIL, JAMES B. <i>They Die But Once</i>, New York, 1935. The
      biographical narrative of a Tejano who vigorously swings a very big loop;
      fine illustration of the fact that a man can lie authentically. OP.
    </p>
    <p>
      OSGOOD, E. S. <i>The Day of the Cattleman</i>, Minneapolis, 1929.
      Excellent history and excellent bibliography. Northwest. OP.
    </p>
    <p>
      PEAKE, ORA BROOKS. <i>The Colorado Range Cattle Industry</i>, Clark,
      Glendale, California, 1937. Dry on facts, but sound in scholarship.
      Bibliography.
    </p>
    <p>
      PELZER, LOUIS. <i>The Cattlemen's Frontier</i>, Clark, Glendale,
      California, 1936. Economic treatment, faithful but static. Bibliography.
    </p>
    <p>
      PENDER, ROSE. A <i>Lady's Experiences in the Wild West in 1883</i>, London
      (1883?); second printing with a new preface, 1888. Rose Pender and two
      fellow-Englishmen went through Wyoming ranch country, stopping on ranches,
      and she, a very intelligent, spirited woman, saw realities that few other
      chroniclers suggest. This is a valuable bit of social history.
    </p>
    <p>
      PERKINS, CHARLES E. <i>The Pinto Horse</i>, Santa Barbara, California,
      1927. <i>The Phantom Bull</i>, Boston, 1932. Fictional narratives of
      veracity; literature. OP.
    </p>
    <p>
      PILGRIM, THOMAS (under pseudonym of Arthur Morecamp). <i>Live Boys; or
      Charley and Nasho in Texas</i>, Boston, 1878. The chronicle, little
      fictionized, of a trail drive to Kansas. So far as I know, this is the
      first narrative printed on cattle trailing or cowboy life that is to be
      accounted authentic. The book is dated from Kerrville, Texas.
    </p>
    <p>
      PONTING, TOM CANDY. <i>The Life of Tom Candy Ponting</i>, Decatur,
      Illinois 1907 reprinted, with Notes and Introduction by Herbert O. Brayer,
      by Branding Iron Press, Evanston, Illinois, 1952. An account of buying
      cattle in Texas in 1853, driving them to Illinois, and later shipping some
      to New York. Accounts of trail driving before about 1870 have been few and
      obscurely printed. The stark diary kept by George C. Duffield of a drive
      from San Saba County, Texas, to southern Iowa in 1866 is as realistic&mdash;often
      agonizing&mdash;as anything extant on this much romanticized subject. It
      is published in <i>Annals of Iowa</i>, Des Moines, IV (April, 1924),
      243-62.
    </p>
    <p>
      POTTER, JACK. Born in 1864, son of the noted "fighting parson," Andrew
      Jackson Potter, Jack became a far-known trail boss and ranch manager. His
      first published piece, "Coming Down the Trail," appeared in <i>The Trail
      Drivers of Texas</i>, compiled by J. Marvin Hunter, and is about the
      livest thing in that monumental collection. Jack Potter wrote for various
      Western magazines and newspapers. He was more interested in cow nature
      than in gun fights; he had humor and imagination as well as mastery of
      facts and a tangy language, though small command over form. His privately
      printed booklets are: <i>Lead Steer</i> (with Introduction by J. Frank
      Dobie), Clayton, N. M., 1939; <i>Cattle Trails of the Old West</i> (with
      map), Clayton, N.M., 1935; <i>Cattle Trails of the Old West</i> (virtually
      a new booklet), Clayton, N. M., 1939. All OP.
    </p>
    <p>
      <i>Prose and Poetry of the Live Stock Industry of the United States</i>,
      Denver, 1905. Biographies of big cowmen and history based on genuine
      research. The richest in matter of all the hundred-dollar-and-up rare
      books in its field.
    </p>
    <p>
      RAINE, WILLIAM MCLEOD, and BARNES, WILL C. <i>Cattle</i>, Garden City, N.
      Y., 1930. A succinct and vivid focusing of much scattered history. OP.
    </p>
    <p>
      RAK, MARY KIDDER. <i>A Cowman s Wife</i>, Houghton Mifflin, Boston, 1934.
      Unglossed, impersonal realism about life on a small modern Arizona ranch.
      <i>Mountain Cattle</i>, 1936, and OP, is an extension of the first book.
    </p>
    <p>
      REMINGTON, FREDERIC. <i>Pony Tracks</i>, New York, 1895 (now published by
      Long's College Book Co., Columbus, Ohio); <i>Crooked Trails</i>, New York,
      1898. Sketches and pictures.
    </p>
    <p>
      RHODES, EUGENE MANLOVE. <i>West Is West, Once in the Saddle, Good Men and
      True, Stepsons of Light</i>, and other novels. "Gene" Rhodes had the
      "right tune." He achieved a style that can be called literary. <i>The
      Hired Man on Horseback</i>, by May D. Rhodes, is a biography of the
      writer. Perhaps "Paso Por Aqui" will endure as his masterpiece. Rhodes had
      an intense loyalty to his land and people; he was as gay, gallant, and
      witty as he was earnest. More than most Western writers, Rhodes was
      conscious of art. He had the common touch and also he was a writer for
      writing men. The elements of simplicity and the right kind of
      sophistication, always with generosity and with an unflagging zeal for the
      rights of human beings, were mixed in him. The reach of any ample-natured
      man exceeds his grasp. Rhodes was ample-natured, but he cannot be classed
      as great because his grasp was too often disproportionately short of the
      long reach. His fiction becomes increasingly dated.
    </p>
    <p>
      <i>The Best Novels and, Stories of Eugene Manlove Rhodes</i>, edited by
      Frank V. Dearing, Houghton Mifflin, Boston, 1949, contains an
      introduction, with plenty of anecdotes and too much enthusiasm, by J.
      Frank Dobie.
    </p>
    <p>
      RICHARDS, CLARICE E. A <i>Tenderfoot Bride</i>, Garden City, N. Y., 1920.
      The experiences of a ranchman's wife in Colorado. The telling has charm,
      warmth, and flexibility. In the way that art is always truer than a
      literal report, <i>A Tenderfoot Bride</i> brings out truths of life that
      the literalistic <i>A Cowman's Wife</i> by Mary Kidder Rak misses.
    </p>
    <p>
      RICHTER, CONRAD. <i>The Sea of Grass</i>, Knopf, New York, 1937. A poetic
      portrait in fiction, with psychological values, of a big cowman and his
      wife.
    </p>
    <p>
      RICKETTS, W. P. <i>50 Years in the Saddle</i>, Sheridan, Wyoming, 1942.
      OP. A natural book with much interesting information. It contains the best
      account of trailing cattle from Oregon to Wyoming that I have seen.
    </p>
    <p>
      RIDINGS, SAM P. <i>The Chisholm Trail</i>, 1926. Sam P. Ridings, a lawyer,
      published this book himself from Medford, Oklahoma. He had gone over the
      land, lived with range men, studied history. A noble book, rich in
      anecdote and character. The subtitle reads: "A History of the World's
      Greatest Cattle Trail, together with a Description of the Persons, a
      Narrative of the Events, and Reminiscences associated with the Same." OP.
    </p>
    <p>
      ROBINSON, FRANK C. <i>A Ram in a Thicket</i>, Abelard Press, New York,
      1950. Robinson is the author of many Westerns, none of which I have read.
      This is an autobiography, here noted because it reveals a maturity of mind
      and an awareness of political economy and social evolution hardly
      suggested by other writers of Western fiction.
    </p>
    <p>
      ROLLINS, ALICE WELLINGTON. <i>The Story of a Ranch</i>, New York, 1885.
      Philip Ashton Rollins (no relation that I know of to Alice Wellington
      Rollins) went into Charlie Everitt's bookstore in New York one day and
      said, "I want every book with the word <i>cowboy</i> printed in it." <i>The
      Story of a Ranch</i> is listed here to illustrate how titles often have
      nothing to do with subject. It is without either story or ranch; it is
      about some dilettanteish people who go out to a Kansas sheep farm, talk
      Chopin, and wash their fingers in finger bowls.
    </p>
    <p>
      ROLLINS, PHILIP ASHTON. <i>The Cowboy</i>, Scribner's, New York, 1924.
      Revised, 1936. A scientific exposition; full. Rollins wrote two Western
      novels, not important. A wealthy man with ranch experience, he collected
      one of the finest libraries of Western books ever assembled by any
      individual and presented it to Princeton University.
    </p>
    <p>
      ROLLINSON, JOHN K. <i>Pony Trails in Wyoming</i>, Caldwell, Idaho, 1941.
      Not inspired and not indispensable, but honest autobiography. OP. <i>Wyoming
      Cattle Trails</i>, Caxton, Caldwell, Idaho, 1948. A more significant book
      than the autobiography. Good on trailing cattle from Oregon.
    </p>
    <p>
      ROOSEVELT, THEODORE. <i>Ranch Life and the Hunting Trail</i>, New York,
      1888. Roosevelt understood the West. He became the peg upon which several
      range books were hung, Hagedorn's <i>Roosevelt in the Bad Lands</i> and
      Lang's <i>Ranching with Roosevelt</i> in particular. A good summing up,
      with bibliography, is <i>Roosevelt and the Stockman's Association</i>, by
      Ray H. Mattison, pamphlet issued by the State Historical Society of North
      Dakota, Bismarck, 1950.
    </p>
    <p>
      RUSH, OSCAR. <i>The Open Range</i>, Salt Lake City, 1930. Reprinted 1936
      by Caxton, Caldwell, Idaho. A sensitive range man's response to natural
      things. The subtitle, <i>Bunk House Philosophy</i>, characterizes the
      book.
    </p>
    <p>
      RUSSELL, CHARLES M. <i>Trails Plowed Under</i>, 1927, with introduction by
      Will Rogers. Russell was the greatest painter that ever painted a range
      man, a range cow, a range horse or a Plains Indian. He savvied the cow,
      the grass, the blizzard, the drought, the wolf, the young puncher in love
      with his own shadow, the old waddie remembering rides and thirsts of far
      away and long ago. He was a wonderful storyteller, and most of his
      pictures tell stories. He never generalized, painting "a man," "a horse,"
      "a buffalo" in the abstract. His subjects are warm with life, whether
      awake or asleep, at a particular instant, under particular conditions. <i>Trails
      Plowed Under</i>, prodigally illustrated, is a collection of yarns and
      anecdotes saturated with humor and humanity. It incorporates the materials
      in two Rawhide Rawlins pamphlets. <i>Good Medicine</i>, published
      posthumously, is a collection of Russell's letters, illustrations saying
      more than written words.
    </p>
    <p>
      Russell's illustrations have enriched numerous range books, B. M. Bower's
      novels, Malcolm S. Mackay's <i>Cow Range and Hunting Trail</i>, and
      Patrick T. Tucker's <i>Riding the High Country</i> being outstanding among
      them. Tucker's book, autobiography, has a bully chapter on Charlie
      Russell. <i>Charles M. Russell, the Cowboy Artist: A Bibliography</i>, by
      Karl Yost, Pasadena, California, 1948, is better composed than its
      companion biography, <i>Charles M. Russell the Cowboy Artist</i>, by Ramon
      F. Adams and Homer E. Britzman. (Both OP.) One of the most concrete pieces
      of writing on Russell is a chapter in <i>In the Land of Chinook</i>, by
      Al. J. Noyes, Helena, Montana, 1917. "Memories of Charlie Russell," in <i>Memories
      of Old Montana</i>, by Con Price, Hollywood, 1945, is also good. All right
      as far as it goes, about a rock's throw away, is "The Conservatism of
      Charles M. Russell," by J. Frank Dobie, in a portfolio reproduction of <i>Seven
      Drawings by Charles M. Russell, with an Additional Drawing by Tom Lea</i>,
      printed by Carl Hertzog, El Paso 1950.
    </p>
    <p>
      SANTEE, ROSS. <i>Cowboy</i>, 1928. OP. The plotless narrative, reading
      like autobiography, of a kid who ran away from a farm in East Texas to be
      a cowboy in Arizona. His cowpuncher teachers are the kind "who know what a
      cow is thinking of before she knows herself." Passages in <i>Cowboy</i>
      combine reality and elemental melody in a way that almost no other range
      writer excepting Charles M. Russell has achieved. Santee is a pen-and-ink
      artist also. Among his other books, <i>Men and Horses</i> is about the
      best.
    </p>
    <p>
      SHAW, JAMES C. <i>North from Texas: Incidents in the Early Life of a Range
      Man in Texas, Dakota and Wyoming, 1852-1883</i>, edited by Herbert O.
      Brayer. Branding Iron Press, Evanston, Illinois, 1952. Edition limited to
      750 copies. I first met this honest autobiography by long quotations from
      it in Virginia Cole Trenholm's <i>Footprints on the Frontier</i> (Douglas,
      Wyoming, 1945), wherein I learned that Shaw's narrative had been privately
      printed in Cheyenne in 1931, in pamphlet form, for gifts to a few friends
      and members of the author's family. I tried to buy a copy but could find
      none for sale at any price. This reprint is in a format suitable to the
      economical prose, replete with telling incidents and homely details. It
      will soon be only a little less scarce than the original.
    </p>
    <p>
      SHEEDY, DENNIS. <i>The Autobiography of Dennis Sheedy</i>. Privately
      printed in Denver, 1922 or 1923. Sixty pages bound in leather and as
      scarce as psalm-singing in "fancy houses." The item is not very important
      in the realm of range literature but it exemplifies the successful
      businessman that the judicious cowman of open range days frequently
      became.
    </p>
    <p>
      SHEFFY, L. F. <i>The Life and Times of Timothy Dwight Hobart, 1855-1935</i>,
      Panhandle-Plains Historical Society, Canyon, Texas, 1950. Hobart was
      manager for the large J A Ranch, established by Charles Goodnight. He had
      a sense of history. This mature biography treats of important developments
      pertaining to ranching in the Texas Panhandle.
    </p>
    <p>
      SIRINGO, CHARLES A. A <i>Texas Cowboy, or Fifteen Years on the Hurricane
      Deck of a Spanish Cow Pony</i>, 1885. The first in time of all cowboy
      autobiographies and first, also, in plain rollickiness. Siringo later told
      the same story with additions under the titles of <i>A Lone Star Cowboy, A
      Cowboy Detective</i>, etc., all out of print. Finally, there appeared his
      <i>Riata and Spurs</i>, Boston, 1927, a summation and extension of
      previous autobiographies. Because of a threatened lawsuit, half of it had
      to be cut and additional material provided for a "Revised Edition." No
      other cowboy ever talked about himself so much in print; few had more to
      talk about. I have said my full say on him in an introduction, which
      includes a bibliography, to <i>A Texas Cowboy</i>, published with Tom Lea
      illustrations by Sloane, New York, 1950. OP.
    </p>
    <p>
      SMITH, ERWIN E., and HALEY, J. EVETTS. <i>Life on the Texas Range</i>,
      photographs by Smith and text by Haley, University of Texas Press, Austin,
      1952. Erwin Smith yearned and studied to be a sculptor. Early in this
      century he went with camera to photograph the life of land, cattle,
      horses, and men on the big ranches of West Texas. In him feeling and
      perspective of artist were fused with technical mastership. "I don't
      mean," wrote Tom Lea, "that he made just the best photographs I ever saw
      on the subject. I mean the best pictures. That includes paintings,
      drawings, prints." On 9 by 12 pages of 100-pound antique finish paper, the
      photographs are superbly reproduced. Evetts Haley's introduction
      interprets as well as chronicles the life of a strange and tragic man. The
      book is easily the finest range book in the realm of the pictorial ever
      published.
    </p>
    <p>
      SMITH, WALLACE. <i>Garden of the Sun</i>, Los Angeles, 1939. OP. Despite
      the banal title, this is a scholarly work with first-rate chapters on
      California horses and ranching in the San Joaquin Valley.
    </p>
    <p>
      SNYDER, A. B., as told to Nellie Snyder Yost. <i>Pinnacle Jake</i>,
      Caxton, Caldwell, Idaho, 1951. The setting is Nebraska, Wyoming, and
      Montana from the 1880's on. Had Pinnacle Jake kept a diary, his accounts
      of range characters, especially camp cooks and range horses, with emphasis
      on night horses and outlaws, could not have been fresher or more precise
      in detail. Reading this book will not give a new interpretation of open
      range work with big outfits, but the aliveness of it in both narrative and
      sketch makes it among the best of old-time cowboy reminiscences.
    </p>
    <p>
      SONNICHSEN, C. L. <i>Cowboys and Cattle Kings: Life on the Range Today</i>,
      University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, 1950. An interviewer's findings
      without the historical criticism exemplified by Bernard DeVoto on the
      subject of federal-owned ranges (in essays in <i>Harper's Magazine</i>
      during the late 1940'S).
    </p>
    <p>
      STANLEY, CLARK, "better known as the Rattlesnake King." <i>The Life and
      Adventures of the American Cow-Boy</i>, published by the author at
      Providence, Rhode Island, 1897. This pamphlet of forty-one pages, plus
      about twenty pages of Snake Oil Liniment advertisements, is one of the
      curiosities of cowboy literature. It includes a collection of cowboy
      songs, the earliest I know of in time of printing, antedating by eleven
      years Jack Thorp's booklet of cowboy songs printed at Estancia, New
      Mexico, in 1908. Clark Stanley no doubt used the contents of his pamphlet
      in medicine show harangues, thus adding to the cowboy myth. As time went
      on, he added scraps of anecdotes and western history, along with
      testimonials, to the pamphlet, the latest edition I have seen being about
      1906, printed in Worcester, Massachusetts.
    </p>
    <p>
      STEEDMAN, CHARLES J. <i>Bucking the Sagebrush</i>, New York, 1904. OP.
      Charming; much of nature. Illustrated by Russell.
    </p>
    <p>
      {illust. caption = Charles M. Russell, in <i>The Virginian</i> by Owen
      Wister}
    </p>
    <p>
      STEVENS, MONTAGUE. <i>Meet Mr. Grizzly</i>, University of New Mexico
      Press, Albuquerque, 1943. Stevens, a Cambridge Englishman, ranched,
      hunted, and made deductions. See characterization under "Bears and Bear
      Hunters."
    </p>
    <p>
      STREETER, FLOYD B. <i>Prairie Trails and Cow Towns</i>, Boston, 1936. OP.
      This brings together considerable information on Kansas cow towns. Primary
      books on the subject, besides those by Stuart Henry, McCoy, Vestal, and
      Wright herewith listed, are <i>The Oklahoma Scout</i>, by Theodore
      Baughman, Chicago, 1886; <i>Midnight and Noonday</i>, by G. D. Freeman,
      Caldwell, Kansas, 1892; biographies of Wild Bill Hickok, town marshal;
      Stuart N. Lake's biography of Wyatt Earp, another noted marshal; <i>Hard
      Knocks</i>, by Harry Young, Chicago, 1915, not too prudish to notice dance
      hall girls but too Victorian to say much. Many Texas trail drivers had
      trouble as well as fun in the cow towns. <i>Life and Adventures of Ben
      Thompson</i>, by W. M. Walton, 1884, reprinted at Bandera, Texas, 1926,
      gives samples. Thompson was more gambler than cowboy; various other men
      who rode from cow camps into town and found themselves in their element
      were gamblers and gunmen first and cowboys only in passing.
    </p>
    <p>
      STUART, GRANVILLE. <i>Forty Years on the Frontier</i>, two volumes,
      Cleveland, 1925. Nothing better on the cowboy has ever been written than
      the chapter entitled "Cattle Business" in Volume II. A prime work
      throughout. OP.
    </p>
    <p>
      THORP, JACK (N. Howard) has a secure place in range literature because of
      his contribution in cowboy songs. (See entry under "Cowboy Songs and Other
      Ballads.") In 1926 he had printed at Santa Fe a paper-backed book of 123
      pages entitled <i>Tales of the Chuck Wagon</i>, but "didn't sell more than
      two or three million copies." Some of the tales are in his posthumously
      published reminiscences, <i>Pardner of the Wind</i> (as told to Neil
      McCullough Clark, Caxton, Caldwell, Idaho, 1945). This book is richest on
      range horses, and will be found listed in the section on "Horses."
    </p>
    <p>
      TOWNE, CHARLES WAYLAND, and WENTWORTH, EDWARD NORRIS. <i>Shepherd's Empire</i>,
      University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, 1945. Not firsthand in the manner of
      Gilfillan's <i>Sheep</i>, nor charming and light in the manner of Kupper's
      <i>The Golden Hoof</i>, but an essayical history, based on research. The
      deference paid to Mary Austin's <i>The Flock</i> marks the author as
      civilized. Towne wrote the book; Wentworth supplied the information.
      Wentworth's own book, <i>America's Sheep Trails</i>, Iowa State College
      Press, Ames, 1948, is ponderous, amorphous, and in part, only a eulogistic
      "mugbook."
    </p>
    <p>
      TOWNSHEND, R. B. <i>A Tenderfoot in Colorado</i>, London, 1923; <i>The
      Tenderfoot in New Mexico</i>, 1924. Delightful as well as faithful.
      Literature by an Englishman who translated Tacitus under the spires of
      Oxford after he retired from the range.
    </p>
    <p>
      TREADWELL, EDWARD F. <i>The Cattle King</i>, New York, 1931; reissued by
      Christopher, Boston. A strong biography of a very strong man&mdash;Henry
      Miller of California.
    </p>
    <p>
      TRENHOLM, VIRGINIA COLE. <i>Footprints on the Frontier</i>, Douglas,
      Wyoming, 1945. OP. The best range material in this book is a reprint of
      parts of James C. Shaw's <i>Pioneering in Texas and Wyoming</i>, privately
      printed at Cheyenne in 1931.
    </p>
    <p>
      TRUETT, VELMA STEVENS. <i>On the Hoof in Nevada</i>, Gehrett-Truett-Hall,
      Los Angeles, 1950. A 613-page album of cattle brands&mdash;priced at
      $10.00. The introduction is one of the sparse items on Nevada ranching.
    </p>
    <p>
      TUCKER, PATRICK T. <i>Riding the High Country</i>, Caldwell, Idaho, 1933.
      A brave book with much of Charlie Russell in it. OP.
    </p>
    <p>
      VESTAL, STANLEY (pen name for Walter S. Campbell). <i>Queen of Cow Towns,
      Dodge City</i>, Harper, New York, 1952. "Bibulous Babylon," "Killing of
      Dora Hand," and "Marshals for Breakfast" are chapter titles suggesting the
      tenor of the book.
    </p>
    <p>
      <i>Vocabulario y Refranero Criollo</i>, text and illustrations by Tito
      Saudibet, Guillermo Kraft Ltda., Buenos Aires, 1945. North American ranges
      have called forth nothing to compare with this fully illustrated,
      thorough, magnificent history-dictionary of the gaucho world. It stands
      out in contrast to American slapdash, puerile-minded pretenses at
      dictionary treatises on cowboy life.
    </p>
    <p>
      "He who knows only the history of his own country does not know it." The
      cowboy is not a singular type. He was no better rider than the Cossack of
      Asia. His counterpart in South America, developed also from Spanish
      cattle, Spanish horses, and Spanish techniques, is the gaucho. Literature
      on the gaucho is extensive, some of it of a high order. Primary is <i>Martin
      Fierro</i>, the epic by Jose Hernandez (published 1872-79). A translation
      by Walter Owen was published in the United States in 1936. No combination
      of knowledge, sympathy, imagination, and craftsmanship has produced
      stories and sketches about the cowboy equal to those on the gaucho by W.
      H. Hudson, especially in <i>Tales of the Pampas</i> and <i>Far Away and
      Long Ago</i>, and by R. B. Cunninghame Graham, whose writings are
      dispersed and difficult to come by.
    </p>
    <p>
      WEBB, WALTER PRESCOTT. <i>The Great Plains</i>, Ginn, Boston, 1931. While
      this landmark in historical interpretation of the West is by no means
      limited to the subject of grazing, it contains a long and penetrating
      chapter entitled "The Cattle Kingdom." The book is an analysis of land,
      climate, barbed wire, dry farming, wells and windmills, native animal
      life, etc. No other work on the plains country goes so meatily into causes
      and effects.
    </p>
    <p>
      WELLMAN, PAUL I. <i>The Trampling Herd</i>, Doubleday, Garden City, N. Y.,
      1939; reissued, 1951. An attempt to sum up the story of the cattle range
      in America.
    </p>
    <p>
      WHITE, STEWART EDWARD. <i>Arizona Nights</i>, 1902. "Rawhide," one of the
      stories in this excellent collection, utilizes folk motifs about rawhide
      with much skill.
    </p>
    <p>
      WILLIAMS, J. R. <i>Cowboys Out Our Way</i>, with an Introduction by J.
      Frank Dobie, Scribner's, New York, 1951. An album reproducing about two
      hundred of the realistic, humorous, and human J. R. Williams syndicated
      cartoons. This book was preceded by <i>Out Our Way</i>, New York, 1943,
      and includes numerous cartoons therein printed. There was an earlier and
      less extensive collection. Modest Jim Williams has been progressively
      dissatisfied with all his cartoon books&mdash;and with cartoons not in
      books. I like them and in my Introduction say why.
    </p>
    <p>
      WISTER, OWEN. <i>The Virginian</i>, 1902. Wister was an outsider looking
      in. His hero, "The Virginian," is a cowboy without cows&mdash;like the
      cowboys of Eugene Manlove Rhodes; but this hero does not even smell of
      cows, whereas Rhodes's men do. Nevertheless, the novel authentically
      realizes the code of the range, and it makes such absorbing reading that
      in fifty years (1902-52) it sold over 1,600,000 copies, not counting
      foreign translations and paper reprints.
    </p>
    <p>
      Wister was an urbane Harvard man, of clubs and travels. In 1952 the
      University of Wyoming celebrated the fiftieth anniversary of the
      publication of <i>The Virginian</i>. To mark the event, Frances K. W.
      Stokes wrote <i>My Father Owen Wister</i>, a biographical pamphlet
      including "ten letters written to his mother during his trip to Wyoming in
      1885"&mdash;a trip that prepared him to write the novel. The pamphlet is
      published at Laramie, Wyoming, name of publisher not printed on it.
    </p>
    <p>
      WRIGHT, PETER. <i>A Three-Foot Stool</i>, New York and London, 1909. Like
      several other Englishmen who went west, Wright had the perspective that
      enabled him to comprehend some aspects of ranch life more fully than many
      range men who knew nothing but their own environment and times. He
      compares the cowboy to the cowherd described by Queen Elizabeth's Spenser.
      Into exposition of ranching on the Gila, he interweaves talk on Arabian
      afreets, Stevenson's philosophy of adventure, and German imperialism.
    </p>
    <p>
      WRIGHT, ROBERT M. <i>Dodge City, Cowboy Capital</i>, Wichita, Kansas,
      1913; reprinted. Good on the most cowboyish of all the cow towns.
    </p>
    <p>
      PAMPHLETS
    </p>
    <p>
      Pamphlets are an important source of knowledge in all fields. No
      first-class library is without them. Most of them become difficult to
      obtain, and some bring higher prices than whole sets of books. Of numerous
      pamphlets pertaining to the range, only a few are listed here. <i>History
      of the Chisum War, or Life of Ike Fridge</i>, by Ike Fridge, Electra,
      Texas (undated), is as compact as jerked beef and as laconic as
      conversation in alkali dust. James F. Hinkle, in his <i>Early Days of a
      Cowboy on the Pecos</i>, Roswell, New Mexico, 1937, says: "One noticeable
      characteristic of the cowpunchers was that they did not talk much." Some
      people don't have to talk to say plenty. Hinkle was one of them. At a
      reunion of trail drivers in San Antonio in October, 1928, Fred S. Millard
      showed me his laboriously written reminiscences. He wanted them printed. I
      introduced him to J. Marvin Hunter of Bandera, Texas, publisher of <i>Frontier
      Times</i>. I told Hunter not to ruin the English by trying to correct it,
      as he had processed many of the earth-born reminiscences in <i>The Trail
      Drivers of Texas</i>. He printed Millard's <i>A Cowpuncher of the Pecos</i>
      in pamphlet form shortly thereafter. It begins: "This is a piece I wrote
      for the Trail Drivers." They would understand some things on which he was
      not explicit.
    </p>
    <p>
      About 1940, as he told me, Bob Beverly of Lovington, New Mexico, made a
      contract with the proprietor of the town's weekly newspaper to print his
      reminiscences. By the time the contractor had set eighty-seven pages of
      type he saw that he would lose money if he set any more. He gave Bob
      Beverly back more manuscript than he had used and stapled a pamphlet
      entitled <i>Hobo of the Rangeland</i>. The philosophy in it is more
      interesting to me than the incidents. "The cowboy of the old West worked
      in a land that seemed to be grieving over something&mdash;a kind of
      sadness, loneliness in a deathly quiet. One not acquainted with the plains
      could not understand what effect it had on the mind. It produced a
      heartache and a sense of exile."
    </p>
    <p>
      Crudely printed, but printed as the author talked, is <i>The End of the
      Long Horn Trail</i>, by A. P. (Ott) Black, Selfridge, North Dakota
      (August, 1939). As I know from a letter from his <i>compadre</i>, Black
      was blind and sixty-nine years old when he dictated his memoirs to a
      college graduate who had sense enough to retain the flavor. Black's
      history is badly botched, but reading him is like listening. "It took two
      coons and an alligator to spend the summer on that cotton plantation....
      Cowpunchers were superstitious about owls. One who rode into my camp one
      night had killed a man somewhere and was on the dodge. He was lying down
      by the side of the campfire when an owl flew over into some hackberry
      trees close by and started hooting. He got up from there right now, got
      his horse in, saddled up and rode off into the night."
    </p>
    <p>
      John Alley is&mdash;or was&mdash;a teacher. His <i>Memories of Roundup
      Days</i>, University of Oklahoma Press, 1934 (just twenty small pages), is
      an appraisal of range men, a criticism of life seldom found in old-timers
      who look back. On the other hand, some pamphlets prized by collectors had
      as well not have been written. Here is the full title of an example: <i>An
      Aged Wanderer, A Life Sketch of J. M. Parker, A Cowboy of the Western
      Plains in the Early Days</i>. "Price 40 cents. Headquarters, Elkhorn Wagon
      Yard, San Angelo, Texas." It was printed about 1923. When Parker wrote it
      he was senile, and there is no evidence that he was ever possessed of
      intelligence. The itching to get into print does not guarantee that the
      itcher has anything worth printing.
    </p>
    <p>
      Some of the best reminiscences have been pried out of range men. In 1914
      the Wyoming Stock Growers Association resolved a Historical Commission
      into existence. A committee was appointed and, naturally, one man did the
      work. In 1923 a fifty-five-page pamphlet entitled <i>Letters from Old
      Friends and Members of the Wyoming Stock Growers Association</i> was
      printed at Cheyenne. It is made up of unusually informing and pungent
      recollections by intelligent cowmen.
    </p>
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    <h2>
      22. Cowboy Songs and Other Ballads
    </h2>
    <p>
      {illust. Lyrics = Kind friends, if you will listen, A story I will tell
      A-bout a final bust-up, That happened down in Dell.}
    </p>
    <p>
      COWBOY SONGS and ballads are generally ranked alongside Negro spirituals
      as being the most important of America's contributions to folk song. As
      compared with the old English and Scottish ballads, the cowboy and all
      other ballads of the American frontiers generally sound cheap and shoddy.
      Since John A. Lomax brought out his collection in 1910, cowboy songs have
      found their way into scores of songbooks, have been recorded on hundreds
      of records, and have been popularized, often&mdash;and naturally&mdash;without
      any semblance to cowboy style, by thousands of radio singers. Two general
      anthologies are recommended especially for the cowboy songs they contain:
      <i>American Ballads and Folk Songs</i>, by John A. and Alan Lomax,
      Macmillan, New York, 1934; <i>The American Songbag</i>, by Carl Sandburg,
      Harcourt, Brace, New York, 1927.
    </p>
    <p>
      LARRIN, MARGARET. <i>Singing Cowboy</i> (with music), New York, 1931. OP.
    </p>
    <p>
      LOMAX, JOHN A., and LOMAX, ALAN. <i>Cowboy Songs and Other Frontier
      Ballads</i>, Macmillan, New York, 1938. This is a much added-to and
      revised form of Lomax's 1910 collection, under the same title. It is the
      most complete of all anthologies. More than any other man, John A. Lomax
      is responsible for having made cowboy songs a part of the common heritage
      of America. His autobiographic <i>Adventures of a Ballad Hunter</i>
      (Macmillan, 1947) is in quality far above the jingles that most cowboy
      songs are.
    </p>
    <p>
      Missouri, as no other state, gave to the West and Southwest. Much of
      Missouri is still more southwestern in character than much of Oklahoma.
      For a full collection, with full treatment, of the ballads and songs,
      including bad-man and cowboy songs, sung in the Southwest there is nothing
      better than <i>Ozark Folksongs</i>, collected and edited by Vance
      Randolph, State Historical Society of Missouri, Columbia, 1946-50. An
      unsurpassed work in four handsome volumes.
    </p>
    <p>
      OWENS, WILLIAM A. <i>Texas Folk Songs</i>, Southern Methodist University
      Press, Dallas, 1950. A miscellany of British ballads, American ballads,
      "songs of doleful love," etc. collected in Texas mostly from country
      people of Anglo-American stock. Musical scores for all the songs.
    </p>
    <p>
      The Texas Folklore Society has published many cowboy songs. Its
      publications <i>Texas and Southwestern Lore</i> (1927) and <i>Follow de
      Drinkin' Gou'd</i> (1928) contain scores, with music and anecdotal
      interpretations. Other volumes contain other kinds of songs, including
      Mexican.
    </p>
    <p>
      THORP, JACK (N. Howard). <i>Songs of the Cowboys</i>, Boston, 1921. OP.
      Good, though limited, anthology, without music and with illuminating
      comments. A pamphlet collection that Thorp privately printed at Estancia,
      New Mexico, in 1908, was one of the first to be published. Thorp had the
      perspective of both range and civilization. He was a kind of troubadour
      himself. The opening chapter, "Banjo in the Cow Camps," of his posthumous
      reminiscences, <i>Pardner of the Wind, is</i> delicious.
    </p>
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    <h2>
      23. Horses: Mustangs and Cow Ponies
    </h2>
    <p>
      THE WEST WAS DISCOVERED, battled over, and won by men on horseback.
      Spanish conquistadores saddled their horses in Vera Cruz and rode until
      they had mapped the continents from the Horn to Montana and from the
      Floridas to the harbors of the Californias. The padres with them rode on
      horseback, too, and made every mission a horse ranch. The national dance
      of Mexico, the Jarabe, is an interpretation of the clicking of hoofs and
      the pawing and prancing of spirited horses that the Aztecs noted when the
      Spaniards came. Likewise, the chief contribution made by white men of
      America to the folk songs of the world&mdash;the cowboy songs&mdash;are
      rhythmed to the walk of horses.
    </p>
    <p>
      Astride horses introduced by the conquistadores to the Americas, the
      Plains Indians became almost a separate race from the foot-moving tribes
      of the East and the stationary Pueblos of the Rockies. The men that later
      conquered and corralled these wild-riding Plains Indians were plainsmen on
      horses and cavalrymen. The earliest American explorers and trappers of
      both Plains and Rocky Mountains went out in the saddle. The first
      industrial link between the East and the West was a mounted pack train
      beating out the Santa Fe Trail. On west beyond the end of this trail, in
      Spanish California, even the drivers of oxen rode horseback. The first
      transcontinental express was the Pony Express.
    </p>
    <p>
      Outlaws and bad men were called "long riders." The Texas Ranger who
      followed them was, according to his own proverb, "no better than his
      horse." Booted sheriffs from Brownsville on the Rio Grande to the Hole in
      the Wall in the Big Horn Mountains lived in the saddle. Climactic of all
      the riders rode the cowboy, who lived with horse and herd.
    </p>
    <p>
      In the Old West the phrase "left afoot" meant nothing short of being left
      flat on your back. "A man on foot is no man at all," the saying went. If
      an enemy could not take a man's life, the next best thing was to take his
      horse. Where cow thieves went scot free, horse thieves were hanged, and to
      say that a man was "as common as a horse thief" was to express the nadir
      of commonness. The pillow of the frontiersmen who slept with a six-shooter
      under it was a saddle, and hitched to the horn was the loose end of a
      stake rope. Just as "Colonel Colt" made all men equal in a fight, the
      horse made all men equal in swiftness and mobility.
    </p>
    <p>
      The proudest names of civilized languages when literally translated mean
      "horseman": eques, caballero, chevalier, cavalier. Until just yesterday
      the Man on Horseback had been for centuries the symbol of power and pride.
      The advent of the horse, from Spanish sources, so changed the ways and
      psychology of the Plains Indians that they entered into what historians
      call the Age of Horse Culture. Almost until the automobile came, the whole
      West and Southwest were dominated by a Horse Culture.
    </p>
    <p>
      Material on range horses is scattered through the books listed under
      "Range Life," "Stagecoaches, Freighting," "Pony Express."
    </p>
    <p>
      No thorough comprehension of the Spanish horse of the Americas is possible
      without consideration of this horse's antecedents, and that involves a
      good deal of the horse history of the world.
    </p>
    <p>
      BROWN, WILLIAM ROBINSON. <i>The Horse of the Desert</i> (no publisher or
      place on title page), 1936; reprinted by Macmillan, New York. A noble,
      beautiful, and informing book.
    </p>
    <p>
      CABRERA, ANGEL. <i>Caballos de America</i>, Buenos Aires, 1945. The
      authority on Argentine horses.
    </p>
    <p>
      CARTER, WILLIAM H. <i>The Horses of the World</i>, National Geographic
      Society, Washington, D. C., 1923. A concentrated survey.
    </p>
    <p>
      <i>Cattleman</i>. Published at Fort Worth, this monthly magazine of the
      Texas and Southwestern Cattle Raisers Association began in 1939 to issue,
      for September, a horse number. It has published a vast amount of material
      both scientific and popular on range horses. Another monthly magazine
      worth knowing about is the <i>Western Horseman</i>, Colorado Springs,
      Colorado.
    </p>
    <p>
      DENHARDT, ROBERT MOORMAN. <i>The Horse of the Americas</i>, University of
      Oklahoma Press, Norman, 1947. This historical treatment of the Spanish
      horse could be better ordered; some sections of the book are little more
      than miscellanies.
    </p>
    <p>
      DOBIE, J. FRANK. <i>The Mustangs</i>, illustrated by Charles Banks Wilson,
      Little, Brown, Boston, 1952. Before this handsome book arrives at the wild
      horses of North America, a third of it has been spent on the Arabian
      progenitors of the Spanish horse, the acquisition of the Spanish horse by
      western Indians, and the nature of Indian horses. There are many
      narratives of mustangs and mustangers and of Spanish-blooded horses under
      the saddle. The author has tried to compass the natural history of the
      animal and to blend vividness with learning. The book incorporates his <i>Tales
      of the Mustang</i>, a slight volume published in an edition of only three
      hundred copies in 1936. It also incorporates a large part of <i>Mustangs
      and Cow Horses</i>, edited by Dobie, Boatright, and Ransom, and issued by
      the Texas Folklore Society, Austin, 1940&mdash;a volume that went out of
      print not long after it was published.
    </p>
    <p>
      DODGE, THEODORE A. <i>Riders of Many Lands</i>, New York, 1893.
      Illustrations by Remington. Wide and informed views.
    </p>
    <p>
      GRAHAM, R. B. CUNNINGHAME. <i>The Horses of the Conquest</i>, London,
      1930. Graham was both historian and horseman, as much at home on the
      pampas as in his ancient Scottish home. This excellent book on the Spanish
      horses introduced to the Western Hemisphere is in a pasture to itself.
      Reprinted in 1949 by the University of Oklahoma Press, with introduction
      and notes by Robert Moorman Denhardt.
    </p>
    <p>
      {illust. caption = Charles Banks Wilson, in <i>The Mustangs</i> by J.
      Frank Dobie (1952)}
    </p>
    <p>
      GREER, JAMES K. <i>Bois d'Arc to Barbed Wire</i>, Dallas, 1936. OP.
    </p>
    <p>
      HASTINGS, FRANK. <i>A Ranchman's Recollections</i>, Chicago, 1921. "Old
      Gran'pa" is close to the best American horse story I have ever read. OP.
    </p>
    <p>
      HAYES, M. HORACE. <i>Points of the Horse</i>, London, 1904. This and
      subsequent editions are superior in treatment and illustrations to earlier
      editions. Hayes was a far traveler and scholar as well as horseman. One of
      the less than a dozen best books on the horse.
    </p>
    <p>
      JAMES, WILL. <i>Smoky</i>, Scribner's, New York, 1930. Perhaps the best of
      several books that Will James&mdash;always with illustrations&mdash;has
      woven around horse heroes.
    </p>
    <p>
      LEIGH, WILLIAM R. <i>The Western Pony</i>, New York, 1933. One of the most
      beautifully printed books on the West; beautiful illustrations;
      illuminating text. OP.
    </p>
    <p>
      MULLER, DAN. <i>Horses</i>, Reilly and Lee, Chicago, 1936. Interesting
      illustrations.
    </p>
    <p>
      PATTULLO, GEORGE. <i>The Untamed</i>, New York, 1911. A collection of
      short stories, among which "Corazon" and "Neutria" are excellent on
      horses. OP.
    </p>
    <p>
      PERKINS, CHARLES ELLIOTT. <i>The Pinto Horse</i>, Santa Barbara,
      California, 1927. A fine narrative, illustrated by Edward Borein. OP.
    </p>
    <p>
      RIDGEWAY, W. <i>The Origin and Influence of the Thoroughbred Horse</i>,
      Cambridge, England, 1905. A standard work, though many of its conclusions
      are disputed, especially by Lady Wentworth in her <i>Thoroughbred Racing
      Stock and Its Ancestors</i>, London, 1938.
    </p>
    <p>
      SANTEE, ROSS. <i>Men and Horses</i>, New York, 1926. Three chapters of
      this book, "A Fool About a Horse," "The Horse Wrangler," and "The Rough
      String," are especially recommended. <i>Cowboy</i>, New York, 1928,
      reveals in a fine way the rapport between the cowboy and his horse. <i>Sleepy
      Black,</i> New York, 1933, is a story of a horse designed for younger
      readers; being good on the subject, it is good for any reader. All OP.
    </p>
    <p>
      SIMPSON, GEORGE GAYLOR. <i>Horses: The Story of the Horse Family in the
      Modern World and through Sixty Million Years of History</i>, Oxford
      University Press, New York, 1951. In the realm of paleontology this work
      supplants all predecessors. Bibliography.
    </p>
    <p>
      STEELE, RUFUS. <i>Mustangs of the Mesas</i>, Hollywood, California, 1941.
      OP. Modern mustanging in Nevada; excellently written narratives of
      outstanding mustangs.
    </p>
    <p>
      STONG, PHIL. <i>Horses and Americans</i>, New York, 1939. A survey and a
      miscellany combined. OP.
    </p>
    <p>
      {illust. caption = Charles M. Russell, in <i>The Untamed</i> by George
      Pattullo (1911)}
    </p>
    <p>
      THORP, JACK (N. Howard) as told to Neil McCullough Clark. <i>Pardner of
      the Wind</i>, Caxton, Caldwell, Idaho, 1945. Two chapters in this book
      make the "Spanish thunderbolts," as Jack Thorp called the mustangs and
      Spanish cow horses, graze, run, pitch, and go gentle ways as free as the
      wind. "Five Hundred Mile Horse Race" is a great story. No other range man
      excepting Ross Santee has put down so much everyday horse lore in such a
      fresh way.
    </p>
    <p>
      TWEEDIE, MAJOR GENERAL W. <i>The Arabian Horse: His Country and People</i>,
      Edinburgh and London, 1894. One of the few horse books to be classified as
      literature. Wise in the blend of horse, land, and people.
    </p>
    <p>
      WENTWORTH, LADY. <i>The Authentic Arabian Horse and His Descendants</i>,
      London, 1945. Rich in knowledge and both magnificent and munificent in
      illustrations. Almost immediately after publication, this noble volume
      entered the rare book class.
    </p>
    <p>
      WYMAN, WALKER D. <i>The Wild Horse of the West</i>, Caxton, Caldwell,
      Idaho, 1945. A scholarly sifting of virtually all available material on
      mustangs. Readable. Only thorough bibliography on subject so far
      published.
    </p>
    <p>
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    <h2>
      24. The Bad Man Tradition
    </h2>
    <p>
      PLENTY of six-shooter play is to be found in most of the books about
      old-time cowboys; yet hardly one of the professional bad men was a
      representative cowboy. Bad men of the West and cowboys alike wore
      six-shooters and spurs; they drank each other's coffee; they had a
      fanatical passion for liberty&mdash;for themselves. But the representative
      cowboy was a reliable hand, hanging through drought, blizzard, and high
      water to his herd, whereas the bona fide bad man lived on the dodge.
      Between the killer and the cowboy standing up for his rights or merely
      shooting out the lights for fun, there was as much difference as between
      Adolf Hitler and Winston Churchill. Of course, the elements were mixed in
      the worst of the bad men, as they are in the best of all good men. No
      matter what deductions analysis may lead to, the fact remains that the
      western bad men of open range days have become a part of the American
      tradition. They represent six-shooter culture at its zenith&mdash;the wild
      and woolly side of the West&mdash;a stage between receding bowie knife
      individualism of the backwoods and blackguard, machine-gun gangsterism of
      the city.
    </p>
    <p>
      The songs about Sam Bass, Jesse James, and Billy the Kid reflect popular
      attitude toward the hard-riding outlaws. Sam Bass, Jesse James, Billy the
      Kid, the Daltons, Cole Younger, Joaquin Murrieta, John Wesley Hardin, Al
      Jennings, Belle Starr, and other "long riders" with their guns in their
      hands have had their biographies written over and over. They were not
      nearly as immoral as certain newspaper columnists lying under the cloak of
      piety. As time goes on, they, like antique Robin Hood and the late Pancho
      Villa, recede from all realistic judgment. If the picture show finds in
      them models for generosity, gallantry, and fidelity to a code of liberty,
      and if the public finds them picturesque, then philosophers may well be
      thankful that they lived, rode, and shot.
    </p>
    <p>
      {illust. caption = Tom Lea: Pancho Villa, in <i>Southwest Review</i>
      (1951)}
    </p>
    <p>
      "The long-tailed heroes of the revolver," to pick a phrase from Mark
      Twain's unreverential treatment of them in <i>Roughing It</i>, often did
      society a service in shooting each other&mdash;aside from providing
      entertainment to future generations. As "The Old Cattleman" of Alfred
      Henry Lewis' <i>Wolfville</i> stories says, "A heap of people need a heap
      of killing." Nor can the bad men be logically segregated from the
      long-haired killers on the side of the law like Wild Bill Hickok and Wyatt
      Earp. W. H. Hudson once advanced the theory that bloodshed and morality go
      together. If American civilization proceeds, the rage for collecting books
      on bad men will probably subside until a copy of Miguel Antonio Otero's <i>The
      Real Billy the Kid</i> will bring no higher price than a first edition of
      A. Edward Newton's <i>The Amenities of Book-Collecting</i>.
    </p>
    <p>
      See "Fighting Texians," "Texas Rangers," "Range Life," "Cowboy Songs and
      Other Ballads."
    </p>
    <p>
      AIKMAN, DUNCAN. <i>Calamity Jane and the Lady Wildcats</i>, 1927. OP.
      Patronizing in the H. L. Mencken style.
    </p>
    <p>
      BILLY THE KID. We ve got to take him seriously, not so much for what he
      was&mdash;
    </p>
<pre xml:space="preserve">
     There are twenty-one men I have put bullets through,
     And Sheriff Pat Garrett must make twenty-two&mdash;
</pre>
    <p>
      as for his provocations. Popular imagination, represented by writers of
      all degrees, goes on playing on him with cumulative effect. As a figure in
      literature the Kid has come to lead the whole field of western bad men.
      The <i>Saturday Review</i>, for October 11, 1952, features a philosophical
      essay entitled "Billy the Kid: Faust in America&mdash;The Making of a
      Legend." The growth of this legend is minutely traced through a period of
      seventy-one years (1881-1952) by J. C. Dykes in <i>Billy the Kid: The
      Bibliography of a Legend</i>, University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque,
      1952 (186 pages). It lists 437 titles, including magazine pieces,
      mimeographed plays, motion pictures, verses, pamphlets, fiction. In a
      blend of casualness and scholarship, it gives the substance and character
      of each item. Indeed, this bibliography reads like a continued story, with
      constant references to both antecedent and subsequent action. Pat Garrett,
      John Chisum, and other related characters weave all through it. A
      first-class bibliography that is also readable is almost a new genre.
    </p>
    <p>
      Pat F. Garrett, sheriff of Lincoln County, New Mexico, killed the Kid
      about midnight, July 14, 1881. The next spring his <i>Authentic Life of
      Billy the Kid</i> was published at Santa Fe, at least partly written,
      according to good evidence, by a newspaperman named Ash Upton. This
      biography is one of the rarities in Western Americana. In 1927 it was
      republished by Macmillan, New York, under title of <i>Pat F. Garrett's
      Authentic Life of Billy the Kid</i>, edited by Maurice G. Fulton. This is
      now OP but remains basic. The most widely circulated biography has been <i>The
      Saga of Billy the Kid</i> by Walter Noble Burns, New York, 1926. It
      contains a deal of fictional conversation and it has no doubt contributed
      to the Robin-Hoodizing of the lethal character baptized as William H.
      Bonney, who was born in New York in 1859 and now lives with undiminished
      vigor as Billy the Kid. Walter Noble Burns was not so successful with <i>The
      Robin Hood of El Dorado: The Saga of Joaquin Murrieta</i> (1932), or,
      despite hogsheads of blood, with <i>Tombstone</i> (1927).
    </p>
    <p>
      CANTON, FRANK M. <i>Frontier Trails</i>, Boston, 1930.
    </p>
    <p>
      COE, GEORGE W. <i>Frontier Fighter</i>, Boston, 1934; reprinted by
      University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque. The autobiography of one of
      Billy the Kid's men as recorded by Nan Hillary Harrison.
    </p>
    <p>
      COOLIDGE, DANE. <i>Fighting Men of the West</i>, New York, 1932.
      Biographical sketches. OP.
    </p>
    <p>
      CUNNINGHAM, EUGENE. <i>Triggernometry</i>, 1934; reprinted by Caxton,
      Caldwell, Idaho. Excellent survey of codes and characters. Written by a
      man of intelligence and knowledge. Bibliography.
    </p>
    <p>
      FORREST, E. R. <i>Arizona's Dark and Bloody Ground</i>, Caxton, Caldwell,
      Idaho, 1936.
    </p>
    <p>
      GARD, WAYNE. <i>Sam Bass</i>, Boston, 1936. Most of the whole truth. OP.
    </p>
    <p>
      HALEY, J. EVETTS. <i>Jeff Milton&mdash;A Good Man with a Gun</i>,
      University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, 1949. Jeff Milton the whole man as
      well as the queller of bad men.
    </p>
    <p>
      HENDRICKS, GEORGE. <i>The Bad Man of the West</i>, Naylor, San Antonio,
      1941. Analyses and classifications go far toward making this treatment of
      old subjects original. Excellent bibliographical guide.
    </p>
    <p>
      HOUGH, EMERSON. <i>The Story of the Outlaw</i>, 1907. OP. An omnibus
      carelessly put together with many holes in it.
    </p>
    <p>
      LAKE, STUART. <i>Wyatt Earp</i>, Boston, 1931. Best written of all gunmen
      biographies. Earp happened to be on the side of the law.
    </p>
    <p>
      LANKFORD, N. P. <i>Vigilante Days and Ways</i>, 1890, 1912. OP. Full
      treatment of lawlessness in the Northwest.
    </p>
    <p>
      LOVE, ROBERTUS. <i>The Rise and Fall of Jesse James</i>, New York, 1926.
      Excellently written. OP.
    </p>
    <p>
      RAINE, WILLIAM MCLEOD. <i>Famous s and Western Outlaws</i>, Doubleday,
      Garden City, N. Y., 1929. A rogues' gallery. <i>Guns of the Frontier</i>,
      Boston, 1940. Another miscellany. OP.
    </p>
    <p>
      RASCOE, BURTON. <i>Belle Starr</i>, New York, 1941. OP.
    </p>
    <p>
      RIPLEY, THOMAS. <i>They Died with Their Boots On</i>, 1935. Mostly about
      John Wesley Hardin. OP.
    </p>
    <p>
      SABIN, EDWIN L. <i>Wild Men of the Wild West</i>, New York, 1929.
      Biographic survey of killers from the Mississippi to the Pacific. OP.
    </p>
    <p>
      WILD BILL HICKOK. The subject of various biographies, among them those by
      Frank J. Wilstach (1926) and William E. Connelley (1933). The <i>Nebraska
      History Magazine</i> (Volume X) for April-June 1927 is devoted to Wild
      Bill and contains a "descriptive bibliography" on him by Addison E.
      Sheldon.
    </p>
    <p>
      WOODHULL, FROST. Folk-Lore Shooting, in <i>Southwestern Lore</i>,
      Publication IX of the Texas Folklore Society, 1931. Rich. Humor.
    </p>
    <p>
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    <h2>
      25. Mining and Oil
    </h2>
    <p>
      DURING the twentieth century oil has brought so much money to the
      Southwest that the proceeds from cattle have come to look like tips. This
      statement is not based on statistics, though statistics no doubt exist&mdash;even
      on the cost of catching sun perch. Geological, legal, and economic
      writings on oil are mountainous in quantity, but the human drama of oil
      yet remains, for the most part, to be written. It is odd to find such a
      modern book as Erna Fergusson's <i>Our Southwest</i> not mentioning oil.
      It is odd that no book of national reputation comes off the presses about
      any aspect of oil. The nearest to national notice on oil is the daily
      report of transactions on the New York Stock Exchange. Oil companies
      subsidize histories of themselves, endow universities with money to train
      technicians they want, control state legislatures and senates, and dictate
      to Congress what they want for themselves in income tax laws; but so far
      they have not been able to hire anybody to write a book about oil that
      anybody but the hirers themselves wants to read. Probably they don't read
      them. The first thing an oilman does after amassing a few millions is buy
      a ranch on which he can get away from oil&mdash;and on which he can spend
      some of his oil money.
    </p>
    <p>
      People live a good deal by tradition and fight a good deal by tradition
      also, voting more by prejudice. When one considers the stream of cow
      country books and the romance of mining living on in legends of lost mines
      and, then, the desert of oil books, one realizes that it takes something
      more than money to make the mare of romance run. Geology and economics are
      beyond the aim of this <i>Guide</i>, but if oil money keeps on buying up
      ranch land, the history of modern ranching will be resolved into the
      biographies of a comparatively few oilmen.
    </p>
    <p>
      BOATRIGHT, MODY C. <i>Gib Morgan: Minstrel of the Oil Fields</i>. Texas
      Folklore Society, Austin, 1945. Folk tales about Gib rather than
      minstrelsy. OP.
    </p>
    <p>
      BOONE, LALIA PHIPPS. <i>The Petroleum Dictionary</i>, University of
      Oklahoma Press, Norman, 1952. "More than 6,000 entries: definitions of
      technical terms and everyday expressions, a comprehensive guide to the
      language of the oil industry."
    </p>
    <p>
      CAUGHEY, JOHN WALTON. <i>Gold Is the Cornerstone</i> (1948). Adequate
      treatment of the discovery of California gold and of the miners. <i>Rushing
      for Gold</i> (1949). Twelve essays by twelve writers, with emphasis on
      travel to California. Both books published by University of California
      Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles.
    </p>
    <p>
      CENDRARS, BLAISE. <i>Sutter's Gold</i>, London, 1926. OP.
    </p>
    <p>
      CLARK, JAMES A., and HALBOUTY, MICHEL T. <i>Spindletop</i>, Random House,
      New York, 1952. On January 10, 1901, the Spindletop gusher, near Beaumont,
      Texas, roared in the oil age. This book, while it presumes to record what
      Pat Higgins was thinking as he sat in front of a country store, seems to
      be "the true story." The bare facts in it make drama.
    </p>
    <p>
      DE QUILLE, DAN (pseudonym for William Wright). <i>The Big Bonanza</i>,
      Hartford, 1876. Reprinted, 1947. OP.
    </p>
    <p>
      DOBIE, J. FRANK. <i>Coronado's Children</i>, Dallas, 1930; reprinted by
      Grosset and Dunlap, New York. Legendary tales of lost mines and buried
      treasures of the Southwest. <i>Apache Gold and Yaqui Silver</i>, Little,
      Brown, Boston, 1939. More of the same thing.
    </p>
    <p>
      EMRICH, DUNCAN, editor. <i>Comstock Bonanza</i>, Vanguard, New York, 1950.
      A collection of writings, garnered mostly from West Coast magazines and
      newspapers, bearing on mining in Nevada during the boom days of Mark
      Twain's.
    </p>
    <p>
      {illust. caption = Tom Lea, in <i>Santa Rita</i> by Martin W. Schwettmann
      (1943)}
    </p>
    <p>
      <i>Roughing It</i>. James G. Gally's writing is a major discovery in a
      minor field.
    </p>
    <p>
      FORBES, GERALD. <i>Flush Production: The Epic of Oil in the Gulf-Southwest</i>,
      University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, 1942.
    </p>
    <p>
      GILLIS, WILLIAM R. <i>Goldrush Days with Mark Twain</i>, New York, 1930.
      OP.
    </p>
    <p>
      GLASSCOCK, LUCILLE. <i>A Texas Wildcatter</i>, Naylor, San Antonio, 1952.
      The wildcatter is Mrs. Glasscock's husband. She chronicles this player's
      main moves in the game and gives an insight into his energy-driven
      ambition.
    </p>
    <p>
      HOUSE, BOYCE. <i>Oil Boom</i>, Caxton, Caldwell, Idaho, 1941. With Boyce
      House's earlier <i>Were You in Ranger?</i>, this book gives a contemporary
      picture of the gushing days of oil, money, and humanity.
    </p>
    <p>
      LYMAN, GEORGE T. <i>The Saga of the Comstock Lode</i>, 1934, and <i>Ralston's
      Ring</i>, 1937. Both published by Scribner's, New York.
    </p>
    <p>
      MCKENNA, JAMES <i>A. Black Range Tales</i>, New York, 1936. Reminiscences
      of prospecting life. OP.
    </p>
    <p>
      MATHEWS, JOHN JOSEPH. <i>Life and Death of an Oilman: The Career of E. W.
      Marland</i>, University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, 1951. Mature in style
      and in interpretative power, John Joseph Mathews goes into the very life
      of an oilman who was something else.
    </p>
    <p>
      RISTER, C. C. <i>Oil! Titan of the Southwest</i>, University of Oklahoma
      Press, Norman, 1949. Facts in factual form. Plenty of oil wealth and
      taxes; nothing on oil government.
    </p>
    <p>
      SHINN, CHARLES H. <i>Mining Camps</i>, 1885, reprinted by Knopf, New York,
      1948. Perhaps the most competent analysis extant on the behavior of the
      gold hunters, with emphasis on their self-government. <i>The Story of the
      Mine as Illustrated by the Great Comstock Lode of Nevada</i>, New York,
      1896. OP. Shinn knew and he knew also how to combine into form.
    </p>
    <p>
      STUART, GRANVILLE. <i>Forty Years on the Frontier</i>, Cleveland, 1925.
      Superb on California and Montana hunger for precious metals. OP.
    </p>
    <p>
      TAIT, SAMUEL W. <i>Wildcatters: An Informal History of Oil-Hunting in
      America</i>, Princeton University Press, 1946. OP.
    </p>
    <p>
      TWAIN, MARK. <i>Roughing It</i>. The mining boom itself.
    </p>
    <p>
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    <h2>
      26. Nature; Wild Life; Naturalists
    </h2>
    <p>
      "NO MAN," says Mary Austin, "has ever really entered into the heart of any
      country until he has adopted or made up myths about its familiar objects."
      A man might reject the myths but he would have to know many facts about
      its natural life and have imagination as well as knowledge before entering
      into a country's heart. The history of any land begins with nature, and
      all histories must end with nature.
    </p>
    <p>
      "The character of a country is the destiny of its people," wrote Harvey
      Fergusson in <i>Rio Grande</i>. Ross Calvin, also of New Mexico, had the
      same idea in mind when he entitled his book <i>Sky Determines</i>.
      "Culture mocks at the boundaries set up by politics," Clark Wissler said.
      "It approaches geographical boundaries with its hat in its hand." The
      engineering of water across mountains, electric translation of sounds,
      refrigeration of air and foods, and other technical developments carry
      human beings a certain distance across some of nature's boundaries, but no
      cleverness of science can escape nature. The inhabitants of Yuma, Arizona,
      are destined forever to face a desert devoid of graciousness. Technology
      does not create matter; it merely uses matter in a skilful way&mdash;uses
      it up.
    </p>
    <p>
      Man advances by learning the secrets of nature and taking advantage of his
      knowledge. He is deeply happy only when in harmony with his work and
      environments. The backwoodsman, early settler, pioneer plainsman, mountain
      man were all like some infuriated beast of Promethean capabilities tearing
      at its own vitals. Driven by an irrational energy, they seemed intent on
      destroying not only the growth of the soil but the power of the soil to
      reproduce. Davy Crockett, the great bear killer, was "wrathy to kill a
      bear," and as respects bears and other wild life, one may search the
      chronicles of his kind in vain for anything beyond the incidents of chase
      and slaughter. To quote T. B. Thorpe's blusterous bear hunter, the whole
      matter may be summed up in one sentence: "A bear is started and he is
      killed." For the average American of the soil, whether wearing out a farm,
      shotgunning with a headlight the last doe of a woodland, shooting the last
      buffalo on the range, trapping the last howling lobo, winging the last
      prairie chicken, running down in an automobile the last antelope, making a
      killer's target of any hooting owl or flying heron that comes within
      range, poisoning the last eagle to fly over a sheep pasture for him the
      circumstances of the killing have expressed his chief intellectual
      interest in nature.
    </p>
    <p>
      A sure sign of advancing civilization has been the rapidly changing
      popular attitude toward nature during recent years. People are becoming
      increasingly interested not merely in conserving game for sportsmen to
      shoot, but in preserving all wild life, in observing animals, in
      cultivating native flora, in building houses that harmonize with climate
      and landscape. Roger Tory Peterson's <i>Field Guide to the Birds</i> has
      become one of the popular standard works of America.
    </p>
    <p>
      The story of the American Indian is&mdash;despite taboos and squalor&mdash;a
      story of harmonizations with nature. "Wolf Brother," in <i>Long Lance</i>,
      by Chief Buffalo Child Long Lance, is a poetic concretion of this harmony.
      As much at ease with the wilderness as any Blackfoot Indian was George
      Frederick Ruxton, educated English officer and gentleman, who rode
      horseback from Vera Cruz to the Missouri River and wrote <i>Adventures in
      Mexico and the Rocky Mountains</i>. In this book he tells how a lobo
      followed him for days from camp to camp, waiting each evening for his
      share of fresh meat and sometimes coming close to the fire at night. Any
      orthodox American would have shot the lobo at first appearance. Ruxton had
      the civilized perspective on nature represented by Thoreau and Saint
      Francis of Assisi. Primitive harmony was run over by frontier wrath to
      kill, a wrath no less barbaric than primitive superstitions.
    </p>
    <p>
      But the coyote's howl is more tonic than all theories about nature; the
      buck's whistle more invigorating; the bull's bellow in the canyon more
      musical; the call of the bobwhite more serene; the rattling of the
      rattlesnake more logical; the scream of the panther more arousing to the
      imagination; the odor from the skunk more lingering; the sweep of the
      buzzard in the air more majestical; the wariness of the wild turkey
      brighter; the bark of the prairie dog lighter; the guesses of the
      armadillo more comical; the upward dartings and dippings of the
      scissortail more lovely; the flight of the sandhill cranes more fraught
      with mystery.
    </p>
    <p>
      There is an abundance of printed information on the animal life of
      America, to the west as well as to the east. Much of it cannot be
      segregated; the earthworm, on which Darwin wrote a book, knows nothing of
      regionalism. The best books on nature come from and lead to the
      Grasshopper's Library, which is free to all consultants. I advise the
      consultant to listen to the owl's hoot for wisdom, plant nine bean rows
      for peace, and, with Wordsworth, sit on an old gray stone listening for
      "authentic tidings of invisible things." Studies are only to "perfect
      nature." In the words of Mary Austin, "They that make the sun noise shall
      not fail of the sun's full recompense."
    </p>
    <p>
      Like knowledge in any other department of life, that on nature never comes
      to a stand so long as it has vitality. A continuing interest in natural
      history is nurtured by <i>Natural History</i>, published by the American
      Museum of Natural History, New York; <i>Nature</i>, published in
      Washington, D. C.; <i>The Living Wilderness</i>, also from Washington; <i>Journal
      of Mammalogy</i>, a quarterly, Baltimore, Maryland; <i>Audubon Magazine</i>
      (formerly <i>Bird Lore</i>), published by the National Audubon Society,
      New York; <i>American Forests</i>, Washington, D. C., and various other
      publications.
    </p>
    <p>
      In addition to books of natural history interest listed below, others are
      listed under "Buffaloes and Buffalo Hunters," "Bears and Bear Hunters,"
      "Coyotes, Lobos, and Panthers," "Birds and Wild Flowers," and
      "Interpreters." Perhaps a majority of worthy books pertaining to the
      western half of America look on the outdoors.
    </p>
    <p>
      ADAMS, W. H. DAVENPORT (from the French of Benedict Revoil). <i>The Hunter
      and the Trapper of North America</i>, London, 1875. A strange book.
    </p>
    <p>
      ARNOLD, OREN. <i>Wild Life in the Southwest</i>, Dallas, 1936. Helpful
      chapters on various characteristic animals and plants. OP.
    </p>
    <p>
      BAILEY, VERNON. <i>Mammals of New Mexico</i>, United States Department of
      Agriculture, Bureau of Biological Survey, Washington, D. C., 1931. <i>Biological
      Survey of Texas</i>, 1905. OP. The "North American Fauna Series," to which
      these two books belong, contains or points to the basic facts covering
      most of the mammals of the Southwest.
    </p>
    <p>
      BAILLIE-GROHMAN, WILLIAM A. <i>Camps in the Rockies</i>, 1882. A true
      sportsman, Baillie-Grohman was more interested in living animals than in
      just killing. OP.
    </p>
    <p>
      BEDICHEK, ROY. <i>Adventures with a Texas Naturalist</i>, Doubleday,
      Garden City, N. Y., 1947. To be personal, Roy Bedichek has the most richly
      stored mind I have ever met; it is as active as it is full. Liberal in the
      true sense of the word, it frees other minds. Here, using facts as a
      means, it gives meanings to the hackberry tree, limestone, mockingbird,
      Inca dove, Mexican primrose, golden eagle, the Davis Mountains, cedar
      cutters, and many another natural phenomenon. <i>Adventures with a Texas
      Naturalist</i> is regarded by some good judges as the wisest book in the
      realm of natural history produced in America since Thoreau wrote.
    </p>
    <p>
      The title of Bedichek's second book, <i>Karankaway Country</i> (Garden
      City, 1950), is misleading. The Karankawa Indians start it off, but it
      goes to coon inquisitiveness, prairie chicken dances, the extinction of
      species to which the whooping crane is approaching, browsing goats,
      dignified skunks, swifts in love flight, a camp in the brush, dust,
      erosion, silt&mdash;always with thinking added to seeing. The foremost
      naturalist of the Southwest, Bedichek constantly relates nature to
      civilization and human values.
    </p>
    <p>
      BROWNING, MESHACH. <i>Forty-Four Years of the Life of a Hunter</i>, 1859;
      reprinted, Philadelphia, 1928. Prodigal on bear and deer.
    </p>
    <p>
      CAHALANE, VICTOR H. <i>Mammals of North America</i>, Macmillan, New York,
      1947. The author is a scientist with an open mind on the relationships
      between predators and game animals. His thick, delightfully illustrated
      book is the best dragnet on American mammals extant. It contains excellent
      lists of references.
    </p>
    <p>
      CATON, JUDGE JOHN DEAN. <i>Antelope and Deer of America</i>, 1877.
      Standard work. OP.
    </p>
    <p>
      DOBIE, J. FRANK. <i>The Longhorns</i> (1941) and <i>The Mustangs</i>
      (1952), while hardly to be catalogued as natural history books, go farther
      into natural history than most books on cattle and horses go. <i>On the
      Open Range</i> (1931; reprinted by Banks Upshaw, Dallas) contains a number
      of animal stories more or less true. Ben Lilly of <i>The Ben Lilly Legend</i>
      (Boston, 1950) thought that God had called him to hunt. He spent his life,
      therefore, in hunting. He saw some things in nature beyond targets.
    </p>
    <p>
      DODGE, RICHARD I. <i>The Hunting Grounds of the Great West</i>, London,
      1877. Published in New York the same year under title of <i>The Plains of
      the Great West and Their Inhabitants</i>. Outstanding survey of
      outstanding wild creatures.
    </p>
    <p>
      DUNRAVEN, EARL OF. <i>The Great Divide</i>, London, 1876; reprinted under
      title of <i>Hunting in the Yellowstone</i>, 1925. OP.
    </p>
    <p>
      ELLIOTT, CHARLES (editor). <i>Fading Trails</i>, New York, 1942.
      Humanistic review of characteristic American wild life. OP.
    </p>
    <p>
      FLACK, CAPTAIN. <i>The Texas Ranger, or Real Life in the Backwoods</i>,
      1866; another form of <i>A Hunter's Experience in the Southern States of
      America</i>, by Captain Flack, "The Ranger," London, 1866.
    </p>
    <p>
      GANSON, EVE. <i>Desert Mavericks</i>, Santa Barbara, California, 1928.
      Illustrated; delightful. OP.
    </p>
    <p>
      GEISER, SAMUEL WOOD. <i>Naturalists of the Frontier</i>, Southern
      Methodist University Press, Dallas, 1937; revised and enlarged edition,
      1948. Biographies of men who were characters as well as scientists,
      generally in environments alien to their interests.
    </p>
    <p>
      GERSTAECKER, FREDERICK. <i>Wild Sports in the Far West</i>, 1854. A
      translation from the German. Delightful reading and revealing picture of
      how backwoodsmen of the Mississippi Valley "lived off the country."
    </p>
    <p>
      GRAHAM, GID. <i>Animal Outlaws</i>, Collinsville, Oklahoma, 1938. OP. A
      remarkable collection of animal stories. Privately printed.
    </p>
    <p>
      GRINNELL, GEORGE BIRD. Between 1893 and 1913, Grinnell, partly in
      collaboration with Theodore Roosevelt, edited five volumes for The Boone
      and Crockett Club that contain an extraordinary amount of information,
      written mostly by men of civilized perspective, on bears, deer, mountain
      sheep, buffaloes, cougars, elk, wolves, moose, mountains, and forests. The
      series, long out of print, is a storehouse of knowledge not to be
      overlooked by any student of wild life in the West. The titles are: <i>American
      Big-Game Hunting</i>, 1893; <i>Hunting in Many Lands</i>, 1895; <i>Trail
      and Camp-Fire</i>, 1897; <i>American Big Game in Its Haunts</i>, 1904; <i>Hunting
      at High Altitudes</i>, 1913.
    </p>
    <p>
      GRINNELL, JOSEPH; DIXON, JOSEPH S.; and LINSDALE, JEAN M. <i>Fur-Bearing
      Mammals of California: Their Natural History, Systematic Status, and
      Relation to Man</i>, two volumes, University of California Press,
      Berkeley, 1937. The king, so far, of all state natural histories.
    </p>
    <p>
      HALL, E. RAYMOND. <i>Mammals of Nevada</i>, University of California
      Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1946. So far as my knowledge goes, this
      is the only respect-worthy book extant pertaining to the state whose
      economy is based on fees from divorces and gambling and whose best-known
      citizen is Senator Pat McCarran.
    </p>
    <p>
      HARTMAN, CARL G. <i>Possum</i>, University of Texas Press, Austin, 1952.
      This richly illustrated book comprehends everything pertaining to the
      subject from prehistoric marsupium to baking with sweet potatoes in a
      Negro cabin. It is the outcome of a lifetime's scientific investigation
      not only of possums but of libraries and popular talk. Thus, in addition
      to its biographical and natural history aspects, it is a study in the
      evolution of man's knowledge about one of the world's folkiest creatures.
    </p>
    <p>
      {illust. caption = Charles M. Russell, in <i>The Blazed Trail of the Old
      Frontier</i> by Agnes C. Laut (1926)}
    </p>
    <p>
      HORNADAY, WILLIAM T. <i>Camp Fires on Desert and Lava</i>, London, n.d.
      OP. Dr. Hornaday, who died in 1937, was the first director of the New York
      Zoological Park. He was a great conservationist and an authority on the
      wild life of America.
    </p>
    <p>
      HUDSON, W. H. <i>The Naturalist in La Plata</i>, New York, 1892. Not about
      the Southwest or even North America, but Hudson's chapters on "The Puma,"
      "Some Curious Animal Weapons," "The Mephitic Skunk," "Humming Birds," "The
      Strange Instincts of Cattle," "Horse and Man," etc. come home to the
      Southwest. Few writers tend to make readers so aware; no other has written
      so delightfully of the lands of grass.
    </p>
    <p>
      INGERSOLL, ERNEST. <i>Wild Neighbors</i>, New York, 1897. OP. A superior
      work. Chapter II, "The Father of Game," is on the cougar; Chapter IV, "The
      Hound of the Plains," is on the coyote; there is an excellent essay on the
      badger. Each chapter is provided with a list of books affording more
      extended treatment of the subject.
    </p>
    <p>
      JAEGER, EDMUND C. <i>Denizens of the Desert</i>, Boston, 1922. OP. "Don
      Coyote," the roadrunner, and other characteristic animals. <i>Our Desert
      Neighbors</i>, Stanford University Press, California, 1950.
    </p>
    <p>
      LOCKE, LUCIE H. <i>Naturally Yours, Texas</i>, Naylor, San Antonio, 1949.
      Charm must never be discounted; it is far rarer than facts, and often does
      more to lead to truth. This slight book is in verse and drawings, type
      integrated with delectable black-and-white representations of the prairie
      dog, armadillo, sanderling, mesquite, whirlwind, sand dune, mirage, and
      dozens of other natural phenomena. The only other book in this list to
      which it is akin is Eve Ganson's <i>Desert Mavericks</i>.
    </p>
    <p>
      LUMHOLTZ, CARL. <i>Unknown Mexico</i>, New York, 1902. Nearly anything
      about animals as well as about Indians and mountains of Mexico may be
      found in this extraordinary two-volume work. OP.
    </p>
    <p>
      MCILHENNY, EDWARD A. <i>The Alligator s Life History</i>, Boston, 1935.
      OP. The alligator got farther west than is generally known&mdash;at least
      within reach of Laredo and Eagle Pass on the Rio Grande. McIlhenny's book
      treats&mdash;engagingly, intimately, and with precision&mdash;of the
      animal in Louisiana. Hungerers for anatomical biology are referred to <i>The
      Alligator and Its Allies</i> by A. M. Reese, New York, 1915. I have more
      to say about McIlhenny in Chapter 30.
    </p>
    <p>
      MARCY, COLONEL R. B. <i>Thirty Years of Army Life on the Border</i>, New
      York, 1866. Marcy had a scientific mind and a high sense of values. He
      knew how to write and what he wrote remains informing and pleasant.
    </p>
    <p>
      MARTIN, HORACE T. <i>Castorologia, or The History and Traditions of the
      Canadian Beaver</i>, London, 1892. OP. The beaver is a beaver, whether on
      Hudson's Bay or the Mexican side of the Rio Grande. Much has been written
      on this animal, the propeller of the trappers of the West, but this famous
      book remains the most comprehensive on facts and the amplest in
      conception. The author was humorist as well as scientist.
    </p>
    <p>
      MENGER, RUDOLPH. <i>Texas Nature Observations and Reminiscences</i>, San
      Antonio, 1913. OP. Being of an educated German family, Dr. Menger found
      many things in nature more interesting than two-headed calves.
    </p>
    <p>
      MILLS, ENOS. <i>The Rocky Mountain Wonderland, Wild Life on the Rockies,
      Waiting in the Wilderness</i>, and other books. Some naturalists have
      taken exception to some observations recorded by Mills; nevertheless, he
      enlarges and freshens mountain life.
    </p>
    <p>
      MUIR, JOHN. <i>The Mountains of California, Our National Parks</i>, and
      other books. Muir, a great naturalist, had the power to convey his wise
      sympathies and brooded-over knowledge.
    </p>
    <p>
      MURPHY, JOHN MORTIMER. <i>Sporting Adventures in the Far West</i>, London,
      1879. One of the earliest roundups of game animals of the West.
    </p>
    <p>
      NEWSOME, WILLIAM M. <i>The Whitetailed Deer</i>, New York, 1926. OP.
      Standard work.
    </p>
    <p>
      PALLISER, JOHN. <i>The Solitary Hunter; or Storting Adventures in the
      Prairies</i>, London, 1857.
    </p>
    <p>
      ROOSEVELT, THEODORE. <i>Outdoor Pastimes of an American Hunter</i>, with a
      chapter entitled "Books on Big Game"; <i>Hunting Adventures in the West;
      The Wilderness Hunter; Ranch Life and the Hunting Trail; A Book Lover's
      Holiday in the Open; The Deer Family</i> (in collaboration).
    </p>
    <p>
      SEARS, PAUL B. <i>Deserts on the March</i>, University of Oklahoma Press,
      Norman, 1935. Dramatic picturization of the forces of nature operating in
      what droughts of the 1930's caused to be called "the Dust Bowl." "Drought
      and Wind and Man" might be another title.
    </p>
    <p>
      SETON, ERNEST THOMPSON. <i>Wild Animals I Have Known; Lives of the Hunted</i>.
      Probably no other writer of America has aroused so many people, young
      people especially, to an interest in our wild animals. Natural history
      encyclopedias he has authored are <i>Life Histories of Northern Animals</i>,
      New York, 1920, and <i>Lives of Game Animals</i>, New York, 1929. Seton's
      final testament, <i>Trail of an Artist Naturalist</i> (Scribner's, New
      York, 1941), has a deal on wild life of the Southwest.
    </p>
    <p>
      THORPE, T. B. <i>The Hive of the Bee-Hunter</i>, New York, 1854. OP.
      Juicy.
    </p>
    <p>
      WARREN, EDWARD ROYAL. <i>The Mammals of Colorado</i>, University of
      Oklahoma Press, Norman, 1942. OP.
    </p>
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    <h2>
      27. Buffaloes and Buffalo Hunters
    </h2>
    <p>
      THE LITERATURE on the American bison, more popularly called buffalo, is
      enormous. Nearly everything of consequence pertaining to the Plains
      Indians touches the animal. The relationship of the Indian to the buffalo
      has nowhere been better stated than in Note 49 to the Benavides <i>Memorial</i>,
      edited by Hodge and Lummis. "The Great Buffalo Hunt at Standing Rock," a
      chapter in <i>My Friend the Indian</i> by James McLaughlin, sums up the
      hunting procedure; other outstanding treatments of the buffalo in Indian
      books are to be found in <i>Long Lance</i> by Chief Buffalo Child Long
      Lance; <i>Letters and Notes on... the North American Indians</i> by George
      Catlin; <i>Forty Years a Fur Trader</i> by Charles Larpenteur. Floyd B.
      Streeter's chapter on "The Buffalo Range" in <i>Prairie Trails and Cow
      Towns</i> lists twenty-five sources of information.
    </p>
    <p>
      The bibliography that supersedes all other bibliographies is in the book
      that supersedes all other books on the subject&mdash;Frank Gilbert Roe's
      <i>The North American Buffalo</i>. More about it in the list that follows.
    </p>
    <p>
      Nearly all men who got out on the plains were "wrathy to kill" buffaloes
      above all else. The Indians killed in great numbers but seldom wastefully.
      The Spaniards were restrained by Indian hostility. Mountain men, emigrants
      crossing the plains, Santa Fe traders, railroad builders, Indian fighters,
      settlers on the edge of the plains, European sportsmen, all slaughtered
      and slew. Some observed, but the average American hunter's observations on
      game animals are about as illuminating as the trophy-stuffed den of a rich
      oilman or the lockers of a packing house. Lawrence of Arabia won his name
      through knowledge and understanding of Arabian life and through power to
      lead and to write. Buffalo Bill won his name through power to exterminate
      buffaloes. He was a buffalo man in the way that Hitler was a Polish Jew
      man.
    </p>
    <p>
      {illust. caption = Harold D. Bugbee: Buffaloes
    </p>
    <p>
      It is a pleasure to note the writings of sportsmen with inquiring minds
      and of scientists and artists who hunted. Three examples are: <i>The
      English Sportsman in the Western Prairies</i>, by the Hon. Grantley F.
      Berkeley, London, 1861; <i>Travels in the Interior of North America,
      1833-1834</i>, by Maximilian, Prince of Wied (original edition, 1843),
      included in that "incomparable storehouse of buffalo lore from early
      eye-witnesses," <i>Early Western Travels</i>, edited by Reuben Gold
      Thwaites; George Catlin's <i>Letters and Notes on the Manners, Customs and
      Conditions of the North American Indians</i>, London, 1841.
    </p>
    <p>
      Three aspects of the buffalo stand out: the natural history of the great
      American animal; the interrelationship between Indian and buffalo; the
      white hunter&mdash;and exterminator.
    </p>
    <p>
      ALLEN, J. A. <i>The American Bison, Living and Extinct</i>, Cambridge,
      Mass., 1876. Reprinted in 9th Annual Report of the United States
      Geological and Geographical Survey, Washington, 1877. Basic and rich work,
      much of it appropriated by Hornaday.
    </p>
    <p>
      BRANCH, E. DOUGLAS. <i>The Hunting of the Buffalo</i>, New York, 1925.
      Interpretative as well as factual. OP.
    </p>
    <p>
      COOK, JOHN R. <i>The Border and the Buffalo</i>. Topeka, Kansas, 1907.
      Personal narrative.
    </p>
    <p>
      DIXON, OLIVE. <i>Billy Dixon</i>, Guthrie, Oklahoma, 1914; reprinted,
      Dallas, 1927. Bully autobiography; excellent on the buffalo hunter as a
      type. OP.
    </p>
    <p>
      DODGE, R. I. <i>The Plains of the Great West and Their Inhabitants</i>,
      New York, 1877. One of the best chapters of this source book is on the
      buffalo.
    </p>
    <p>
      GARRETSON, MARTIN S. <i>The American Bison</i>, New York Zoological
      Society, New York, 1938. Not thorough, but informing. Limited
      bibliography. OP.
    </p>
    <p>
      GRINNELL, GEORGE BIRD (1849-1938) may be classed next to J. A. Allen and
      W. T. Hornaday as historian of the buffalo. His primary sources were the
      buffaloed plains and the Plains Indians, whom he knew intimately. "In
      Buffalo Days" is a long and excellent essay by him in <i>American Big-Game
      Hunting</i>, edited by Theodore Roosevelt and George Bird Grinnell, New
      York, 1893. He has another long essay, "The Bison," in <i>Musk-Ox, Bison,
      Sheep and Goat</i> by Caspar Whitney, George Bird Grinnell, and Owen
      Wister, New York, 1904. His noble and beautifully simple <i>When Buffalo
      Ran</i>, New Haven, 1920, is specific on work from a buffalo horse. Again
      in his noble two-volume work on <i>The Cheyenne Indians</i> (1923)
      Grinnell is rich not only on the animal but on the Plains Indian
      relationship to it. All OP.
    </p>
    <p>
      HALEY, J. EVETTS. <i>Charles Goodnight, Cowman and Plainsman</i>, 1936.
      Goodnight killed and also helped save the buffalo. Haley has preserved his
      observations.
    </p>
    <p>
      HORNADAY, W. T. <i>Extermination of the American Bison</i> (Smithsonian
      Reports for 1887, published in 1889, Part II). Hornaday was a good
      zoologist but inferior in research.
    </p>
    <p>
      INMAN, HENRY. <i>Buffalo Jones Forty Years of Adventure</i>, Topeka,
      Kansas, 1899. A book rich in observations as well as experience, though
      Jones was a poser. OP.
    </p>
    <p>
      LAKE, STUART N. <i>Wyatt Earp</i>, Boston, 1931. Early chapters excellent
      on buffalo hunting.
    </p>
    <p>
      MCCREIGHT, M. I. <i>Buffalo Bone Days</i>, Sykesville, Pa., 1939. OP. A
      pamphlet strong on buffalo bones, for fertilizer.
    </p>
    <p>
      PALLISER, JOHN (and others). <i>Journals, Detailed Reports, and
      Observations, relative to Palliser's Exploration of British North America,
      1857-1860</i>, London, 1863. According to Frank Gilbert Roe, "a mine of
      inestimable information" on the buffalo.
    </p>
    <p>
      <i>Panhandle-Plains Historical Review</i>, Canyon, Texas. Articles and
      reminiscences, <i>passim</i>.
    </p>
    <p>
      PARKMAN, FRANCIS. <i>The Oregon Trail</i>, 1847. Available in various
      editions, this book contains superb descriptions of buffaloes and
      prairies.
    </p>
    <p>
      POE, SOPHIE A. <i>Buckboard Days</i> (edited by Eugene Cunningham),
      Caldwell, Idaho, 1936. Early chapters. OP.
    </p>
    <p>
      ROE, FRANK GILBERT. <i>The North American Buffalo</i>, University of
      Toronto Press, 1951. A monumental work comprising and critically reviewing
      virtually all that has been written on the subject and supplanting much of
      it. No other scholar dealing with the buffalo has gone so fully into the
      subject or viewed it from so many angles, brought out so many aspects of
      natural history and human history. In a field where ignorance has often
      prevailed, Roe has to be iconoclastic in order to be constructive. If his
      words are sometimes sharp, his mind is sharper. The one indispensable book
      on the subject.
    </p>
    <p>
      RYE, EDGAR. <i>The Quirt and the Spur</i>, Chicago, 1909. Rye was in the
      Fort Griffin, Texas, country when buffalo hunters dominated it. OP.
    </p>
    <p>
      SCHULTZ, JAMES WILLARD. <i>Apauk, Caller of Buffalo</i>, New York, 1916.
      OP. Whether fiction or nonfiction, as claimed by the author, this book
      realizes the relationships between Plains Indian and buffalo.
    </p>
    <p>
      WEEKES, MARY. <i>The Last Buffalo Hunter</i> (as told by Norbert Welsh),
      New York, 1939. OP. The old days recalled with upspringing sympathy.
      Canada&mdash;but buffaloes and buffalo hunters were pretty much the same
      everywhere.
    </p>
    <p>
      West Texas Historical Association (Abilene, Texas) <i>Year Books</i>.
      Reminiscences and articles, <i>passim</i>.
    </p>
    <p>
      WILLIAMS, O. W. A privately printed letter of eight unnumbered pages,
      dated from Fort Stockton, Texas, June 30, 1930, containing the best
      description of a buffalo stampede that I have encountered. It is
      reproduced in Dobie's <i>On the Open Range</i>.
    </p>
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    <h2>
      28. Bears and Bear Hunters
    </h2>
    <p>
      THE BEAR, whether black or grizzly, is a great American citizen. Think of
      how many children have been put to sleep with bear stories! Facts about
      the animal are fascinating; the effect he has had on the minds of human
      beings associated with him transcends naturalistic facts. The tree on
      which Daniel Boone carved the naked fact that here he "Killed A. Bar In
      the YEAR 1760" will never die. Davy Crockett killed 105 bars in one
      season, and his reputation as a bar hunter, plus ability to tell about his
      exploits, sent him to Congress. He had no other reason for going. The
      grizzly was the hero of western tribes of Indians from Alaska on down into
      the Sierra Madre. Among western white men who met him, occasionally in
      death, the grizzly inspired a mighty saga, the cantos of which lie
      dispersed in homely chronicles and unrecorded memories as well as in
      certain vivid narratives by Ernest Thompson Seton, Hittell's John Capen
      Adams, John G. Neihardt, and others.
    </p>
    <p>
      For all that, neither the black bear nor the grizzly has been amply
      conceived of as an American character. The conception must include a vast
      amount of folklore. In a chapter on "Bars and Bar Hunters" in <i>On the
      Open Range</i> and in "Juan Oso" and "Under the Sign of Ursa Major,"
      chapters of <i>Tongues of the Monte</i>, I have indicated the nature of
      this dispersed epic in folk tales.
    </p>
    <p>
      In many of the books listed under "Nature; Wild Life; Naturalists" and
      "Mountain Men" the bear "walks like a man."
    </p>
    <p>
      ALTER, J. CECIL. <i>James Bridger</i>, Salt Lake City, 1922 reprinted by
      Long's College Book Co., Columbus, Ohio. Contains several versions of the
      famous Hugh Glass bear story.
    </p>
    <p>
      HITTELL, THEODORE H. <i>The Adventures of John Capen Adams</i>, 1860;
      reprinted 1911, New York. OP. Perhaps no man has lived who knew grizzlies
      better than Adams. A rare personal narrative.
    </p>
    <p>
      MILLER, JOAQUIN. <i>True Bear Stories</i>, Chicago, 1900. OP. Truth
      questionable in places; interest guaranteed.
    </p>
    <p>
      MILLER, LEWIS B. <i>Saddles and Lariats</i>, Boston, 1909. OP. The chapter
      "In a Grizzly's Jaws" is a wonderful bear story.
    </p>
    <p>
      MILLS, ENOS A. <i>The Grizzly, Our Greatest Wild Animal</i>, Houghton
      Mifflin, Boston, 1919. Some naturalists have accused Mills of having too
      much imagination. He saw much and wrote vividly.
    </p>
    <p>
      NEIHARDT, JOHN G. <i>The Song of Hugh Glass</i>, New York, 1915. An epic
      in vigorous verse of the West's most famous man-and-bear story. This
      imagination-rousing story has been told over and over, by J. Cecil Alter
      in <i>James Bridger</i>, by Stanley Vestal in <i>Mountain Men</i>, and by
      other writers.
    </p>
    <p>
      ROOSEVELT, THEODORE. <i>Hunting Adventures</i> in the {illust. caption =
      Charles M. Russell, in <i>Fifteen Thousand Miles by Stage</i> by Carrie
      Adell Strahorn (1915 ) <i>West</i> (1885) and <i>The Wilderness Hunter</i>
      (1893)&mdash;books reprinted in parts or wholly under varying titles.
      Several narratives of hunts intermixed with baldfaced facts.
    </p>
    <p>
      SETON, ERNEST THOMPSON. <i>The Biography of a Grizzly</i>, 1900; now
      published by Appleton-Century-Crofts, New York. <i>Monarch, the Big Bear
      of Tallac</i>, 1904. Graphic narratives.
    </p>
    <p>
      SKINNER, M. P. <i>Bears in the Yellowstone</i>, Chicago, 1925. OP. A
      naturalist's rounded knowledge, pleasantly told.
    </p>
    <p>
      STEVENS, MONTAGUE. <i>Meet Mr. Grizzly</i>, University of New Mexico
      Press, Albuquerque, 1943. Montague Stevens graduated from Trinity College,
      Cambridge, in 1881 and came to New Mexico to ranch. As respects deductions
      on observed data, his book is about the most mature yet published by a
      ranchman. Goodnight experienced more, had a more ample nature, but he
      lacked the perspective, the mental training, to know what to make of his
      observations. Another English rancher, R. B. Townshend, had perspective
      and charm but was not a scientific observer. So far as sense of smell
      goes, <i>Meet Mr. Grizzly</i> is as good as W. H. Hudson's <i>A Hind in
      Richmond Park</i>. On the nature and habits of grizzly bears, it is better
      than <i>The Grizzly</i> by Enos Mills.
    </p>
    <p>
      WRIGHT, WILLIAM H. <i>The Grizzly Bear: The Narrative of a
      Hunter-Naturalist, Historical, Scientific and Adventurous</i>, New York,
      1928. OP. This is not only the richest and justest book published on the
      grizzly; it is among the best books of the language on specific mammals.
      Wright had a passion for bears, for their preservation, and for arousing
      informed sympathy in other people. Yet he did not descend to propaganda.
      <i>His The Black Bear</i>, London, n.d., is good but no peer to his work
      on the grizzly. Also OP.
    </p>
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    <h2>
      29. Coyotes, Lobos, and Panthers
    </h2>
    <p>
      I SEPARATE COYOTES, lobos, and panthers from the mass of animals because
      they, along with bears, have made such an imprint on human imagination.
      White-tailed deer are far more common and more widely dispersed. Men,
      women also, by the tens of thousands go out with rifles every fall in
      efforts to get near them; but the night-piercing howl and the cunning ways
      of the coyote, the panther's track and the rumor of his scream have
      inspired more folk tales than all the deer.
    </p>
    <p>
      Lore and facts about these animals are dispersed in many books not
      classifiable under natural history. Lewis and Clark and nearly all the
      other chroniclers of Trans-Mississippi America set down much on wild life.
      James Pike's <i>Scout and Ranger</i> details the manner in which, he says,
      a panther covered him up alive, duplicating a fanciful and delightful tale
      in Gerstaecker's <i>Wild Sports in the Far West</i>. James B. O'Neil
      concludes <i>They Die but Once</i> with some "Bedtime Stories" that&mdash;almost
      necessarily&mdash;bring in a man-hungry panther.
    </p>
    <p>
      COYOTES AND LOBOS
    </p>
    <p>
      The two full-length books on Brother Coyote listed below specify most of
      the printed literature on the animal. (He is "Brother" in Mexican tales
      and I feel much more brotherly toward him than I feel toward character
      assassins in political power.) It would require another book to catalogue
      in detail all the writings that include folk tales about Don Coyote.
      Ethnologists and scientific folklorists recognize what they call "the
      Coyote Circle" in the folklore of many tribes of Indians. Morris Edward
      Opler in <i>Myths and Legends of the Lipan Apache Indians</i>, 1940, and
      in <i>Myths and Tales of the Chiricahua Apache Indians</i>, 1942 (both
      issued by the American Folklore Society, New York) treats fully of this
      cycle. Numerous tales that belong to the cycle are included by J. Gilbert
      McAllister, an anthropologist who writes as a humanist, in his extended
      collection, "Kiowa-Apache Tales," in <i>The Sky Is My Tipi</i>, edited by
      Mody C. Boatright for the Texas Folklore Society (Publication XXII),
      Southern Methodist University Press, Dallas, 1949.
    </p>
    <p>
      Literary retellers of Indian coyote folk tales have been many. The
      majority of retellers from western Indians include Coyote. One of the very
      best is Frank B. Linderman, in <i>Indian Why Stories</i> and <i>Indian
      Old-Man Stories</i>. These titles are substantive: <i>Old Man Coyote</i>
      by Clara Kern Bayliss (New York, 1908, OP), <i>Coyote Stories</i> by
      Mourning Dove (Caldwell, Idaho, 1934, OP); <i>Don Coyote</i> by Leigh Peck
      (Boston, 1941) gets farther away from the Indian, is more juvenile. The <i>Journal
      of American Folklore</i> and numerous Mexican books have published
      hundreds of coyote folk tales from Mexico. Among the most pleasingly told
      are <i>Picture Tales frown Mexico</i> by Dan Storm, 1941 (Lippincott,
      Philadelphia). The first two writers listed below bring in folklore.
    </p>
    <p>
      CUSHING, FRANK HAMILTON. <i>Zuni Breadstuff</i>, Museum of the American
      Indian, Heye Foundation, New York, 1920. This extraordinary book, one of
      the most extraordinary ever written on a particular people, is not made up
      of coyote lore alone. In it the coyote becomes a character of dignity and
      destiny, and the telling is epic in dignity as well as in prolongation.
      Frank Hamilton Cushing was a genius; his sympathy, insight, knowledge, and
      mastery of the art of writing enabled him to reveal the spirit of the Zuni
      Indians as almost no other writer has revealed the spirit of any other
      tribe. Their attitude toward Coyote is beautifully developed. Cushing's <i>Zuni
      Folk Tales</i> (Knopf, New York, 1901, 1931) is climactic on "tellings"
      about Coyote.
    </p>
    <p>
      DOBIE, J. FRANK. <i>The Voice of the Coyote</i>, Little, Brown, Boston,
      1949. Not only the coyote but his effect on human imagination and
      ecological relationships. Natural history and folklore; many tales from
      factual trappers as well as from Mexican and Indian folk. This is a
      strange book in some ways. If the author had quit at the end of the first
      chapter, which is on coyote voicings and their meaning to varied
      listeners, he would still have said something. The book includes some, but
      by no means all, of the material on the subject in <i>Coyote Wisdom</i>
      (Publication XIV of the Texas Folklore Society, 1938) edited by J. Frank
      Dobie and now distributed by Southern Methodist University Press, Dallas.
    </p>
    <p>
      GRINNELL, GEORGE BIRD. Wolves and Wolf Nature, in <i>Trail and Camp-Fire</i>,
      New York, 1897. This long chapter is richer in facts about the coyote than
      anything published prior to <i>The Voice of the Coyote</i>, which borrows
      from it extensively.
    </p>
    <p>
      LOFBERG, LILA, and MALCOLMSON, DAVID. <i>Sierra Outpost</i>, Duell, Sloan
      and Pearce, New York, 1941. An extraordinary detailment of the friendship
      between two people, isolated by snow high in the California Sierras, and
      three coyotes. Written with fine sympathy, minute in observations.
    </p>
    <p>
      MATHEWS, JOHN JOSEPH. <i>Talking to the Moon</i>, University of Chicago
      Press, 1945. A wise and spiritual interpretation of the black-jack country
      of eastern Oklahoma, close to the Osages, in which John Joseph Mathews
      lives. Not primarily about coyotes, the book illuminates them more than
      numerous books on particular animals illuminate their subjects.
    </p>
    <p>
      MURIE, ADOLPH. <i>Ecology of the Coyote in the Yellowstone</i>, United
      States Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C., 1940. An example of
      strict science informed by civilized humanity. <i>The Wolves of Mount
      McKinley</i>, United States Government Printing Of ice, Washington, D. C.,
      1944. Murie's combination of prolonged patience, science, and sympathy
      behind the observations has never been common. His ecological point of
      view is steady. Highly interesting reading.
    </p>
    <p>
      YOUNG, STANLEY PAUL (with Edward A. Goldman). <i>The Wolves of North
      America</i>, American Wildlife Institute, Washington, D. C., 1944. Full
      information, full bibliography, without narrative power. <i>Sketches of
      American Wildlife</i>, Monumental Press, Baltimore, 1946. This slight book
      contains pleasant chapters on the Puma, Wolf, Coyote, Antelope and other
      animals characteristic of the West. (With Hartley H. T. Jackson) <i>The
      Clever Coyote</i>, Stackpole, Harrisburg, Pa., and Wildlife Management
      Institute, Washington, D. C., 1951. Emphasis upon the economic status and
      control of the species, an extended classification of subspecies, and a
      full bibliography make this book and Dobie's <i>The Voice of the Coyote</i>
      complemental to each other rather than duplicative.
    </p>
    <p>
      PANTHERS
    </p>
    <p>
      Anybody who so wishes may call them mountain lions. Where there were Negro
      mammies, white children were likely to be haunted in the night by fear of
      ghosts. Otherwise, for some children of the South and West, no imagined
      terror of the night equaled the panther's scream. The Anglo-American lore
      pertaining to the panther is replete with stories of attacks on human
      beings. Indian and Spanish lore, clear down to where W. H. Hudson of the
      pampas heard it, views the animal as <i>un amigo de los cristianos</i>&mdash;a
      friend of man. The panther is another animal as interesting for what
      people associated with him have taken to be facts as for the facts
      themselves.
    </p>
    <p>
      BARKER, ELLIOTT S. <i>When the Dogs Barked `Treed'</i>, University of New
      Mexico Press, Albuquerque, 1946. Mainly on mountain lions, but firsthand
      observations on other predatory animals also. Before he became state game
      warden, the author was for years with the United States Forest Service.
    </p>
    <p>
      HIBBEN, FRANK C. <i>Hunting American Lions</i>, New York, 1948; reprinted
      by University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque. Mr. Hibben considers
      hunting panthers and bears a terribly dangerous business that only
      intrepid heroes like him-self would undertake. Sometimes in this book, but
      more awesomely in <i>Hunting American Bears</i>, he manages to out-zane
      Zane Grey, who had to warn his boy scout readers and puerile-minded
      readers of added years that <i>Roping Lions in the Grand Canyon</i> is
      true in contrast to the fictional <i>Young Lion Hunter</i>, which uses
      some of the same material.
    </p>
    <p>
      HUDSON, W. H. <i>The Naturalist in La Plata</i>, New York, 1892. A chapter
      in this book entitled "The Puma, or Lion of America" provoked an attack
      from Theodore Roosevelt (in <i>Outdoor Pastimes of an American Hunter</i>);
      but it remains the most delightful narrative-essay yet written on the
      subject.
    </p>
    <p>
      YOUNG, STANLEY PAUL, and GOLDMAN, EDWARD A. <i>The Puma, Mysterious
      American Cat</i>, American Wildlife Institute, Washington, D. C., 1946.
      Scientific, liberal with information of human interest, bibliography. We
      get an analysis of the panther's scream but it does not curdle the blood.
    </p>
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    <h2>
      30. Birds and Wild Flowers
    </h2>
    <p>
      NEARLY EVERYBODY ENJOYS to an extent the singing of birds and the colors
      of flowers; to the majority, however, the enjoyment is casual,
      generalized, vague, in the same category as that derived from a short
      spell of prattling by a healthy baby. Individuals who study birds and
      native flora experience an almost daily refreshment of the spirit and
      growth of the intellect. For them the world is an unending Garden of
      Delight and a hundred-yard walk down a creek that runs through town or
      pasture is an exploration. Hardly anything beyond good books, good
      pictures and music, and good talk is so contributory to the enrichment of
      life as a sympathetic knowledge of the birds, wild flowers, and other
      native fauna and flora around us.
    </p>
    <p>
      The books listed are dominantly scientific. Some include keys to
      identification. Once a person has learned to use the key for identifying
      botanical or ornithological species, he can spend the remainder of his
      life adding to his stature.
    </p>
    <p>
      BIRDS
    </p>
    <p>
      BAILEY, FLORENCE MERRIAM. <i>Birds of New Mexico</i>, 1928. OP. Said by
      those who know to be at the top of all state bird books. Much on habits.
    </p>
    <p>
      BEDICHEK, ROY. <i>Adventures with a Texas Naturalist</i> (1947) and <i>Karankaway
      Country</i> (1950), Doubleday, Garden City, N. Y. These are books of
      essays on various aspects of nature, but nowhere else can one find an
      equal amount of penetrating observation on chimney swifts, Inca doves,
      swallows, golden eagles, mockingbirds, herons, prairie chickens, whooping
      cranes, swifts, scissortails, and some other birds. As Bedichek writes of
      them they become integrated with all life.
    </p>
    <p>
      BRANDT, HERBERT. <i>Arizona and Its Bird Life</i>, Bird Research
      Foundation, Cleveland, 1951. This beautiful, richly illustrated volume of
      525 pages lives up to its title; the birds belong to the Arizona country,
      and with them we get pines, mesquites, cottonwoods, John Slaughter's
      ranch, the northward-flowing San Pedro, and many other features of the
      land. Herbert Brandt's <i>Texas Bird Adventures</i>, illustrated by George
      Miksch Sutton (Cleveland, 1940), is more on the Big Bend country and ranch
      country to the north than on birds, though birds are here.
    </p>
    <p>
      DAWSON, WILLIAM LEON. <i>The Birds of California</i>, San Diego, etc.,
      California, 1923. OP. Four magnificent volumes, full in illustrations,
      special observations on birds, and scientific data.
    </p>
    <p>
      DOBIE, J. FRANK, who is no more of an ornithologist than he is a
      geologist, specialized on an especially characteristic bird of the
      Southwest and gathered its history, habits, and folklore into a long
      article: "The Roadrunner in Fact and Folklore," in <i>In the Shadow of
      History</i>, Publication XV of the Texas Folklore Society, Austin, 1939.
      OP. "Bob More: Man and Bird Man," <i>Southwest Review</i>, Dallas, Vol.
      XXVII, No. 1 (Autumn, 1941).
    </p>
    <p>
      NICE, MARGARET MORSE. <i>The Birds of Oklahoma</i>, Norman, 1931. OP.
      United States Biological Survey publication.
    </p>
    <p>
      OBERHOLSER, HARRY CHURCH. The Birds of Texas in manuscript form. "A
      stupendous work, the greatest of its genre, by the nation's outstanding
      ornithologist, who has been fifty years making it." The quotation is
      condensed from an essay by Roy Bedichek in the <i>Southwest Review</i>,
      Dallas, Vol. XXXVIII, No. 1 (Winter, 1953). Maybe some day some man or
      woman with means will see the light of civilized patriotism and underwrite
      the publication of these great volumes. Patriotism that does not act to
      promote the beautiful, the true, and the good had better pipe down.
    </p>
    <p>
      PETERSON, ROGER TORY. <i>A Field Guide to Western Birds</i> (1941) and <i>A
      Field Guide to the Birds</i> (birds of the eastern United States, revised
      1947), Houghton Mifflin, Boston. These are standard guides for
      identification. The range, habits, and characteristics of each bird are
      summarized.
    </p>
    <p>
      SIMMONS, GEORGE FINLEY. <i>Birds of the Austin Region</i>, University of
      Texas Press, Austin, 1925. A very thorough work, including migratory as
      well as nesting species.
    </p>
    <p>
      SUTTON, GEORGE MIKSCH. <i>Mexican Birds</i>, illustrated with water-color
      and pen-and-ink drawings by the author, University of Oklahoma Press,
      Norman, 1951. The main part of this handsome book is a personal narrative&mdash;pleasant
      to read even by one who is not a bird man&mdash;of discovery in Mexico. To
      it is appended a resume of Mexican bird life for the use of other seekers.
      Sutton's <i>Birds in the Wilderness: Adventures of an Ornithologist</i>
      (Macmillan, New York, 1936) contains essays on pet roadrunners, screech
      owls, and other congenial folk of the Big Bend of Texas. <i>The Birds of
      Brewster County, Texas</i>, in collaboration with Josselyn Van Tyne, is a
      publication of the Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, University
      of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor, 1937.
    </p>
    <p>
      <i>Wild Turkey</i>. Literature on this national bird is enormous. Among
      books I name first <i>The Wild Turkey and Its Hunting</i>, by Edward A.
      McIlhenny, New York, 1914. OP. McIlhenny was a singular man. His family
      settled on Avery Island, Louisiana, in 1832; he made it into a famous
      refuge for wild fowls. The memories of individuals of a family long
      established on a country estate go back several lifetimes. In two books of
      Negro folklore and in <i>The Alligator's Life History</i>, McIlhenny wrote
      as an inheritor. Initially, he was a hunter-naturalist, but scientific
      enough to publish in the <i>Auk</i> and the <i>Journal of Heredity</i>.
      Age, desire for knowledge, and practice in the art of living dimmed his
      lust for hunting and sharpened his interest in natural history. His book
      on the wild turkey, an extension into publishable form of a manuscript
      from a civilized Alabama hunter, is delightful and illuminative reading.
    </p>
    <p>
      <i>The Wild Turkey of Virginia</i>, by Henry S. Mosby and Charles O.
      Handley, published by the Commission of Game and Inland Fisheries of
      Virginia, Richmond, 1943, is written from the point of view of wild life
      management. It contains an extensive bibliography. Less technical is <i>The
      American Wild Turkey</i>, by Henry E. Davis, Small Arms Technical Company,
      Georgetown, South Carolina, 1949. No strain, or subspecies, of the wild
      turkey is foreign to any other, but human blends in J. Stokley Ligon,
      naturalist, are unique. The title of his much-in-little book is <i>History
      and Management of Merriam's Wild Turkey</i>, New Mexico Game and Fish
      Commission, through the University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque, 1946.
    </p>
    <p>
      WILD FLOWERS AND GRASSES
    </p>
    <p>
      The scientific literature on botany of western America is extensive. The
      list that follows is for laymen as much as for botanists.
    </p>
    <p>
      BENSON, LYMAN, and DARROW, ROBERT A. <i>A Manual of Southwestern Desert
      Trees and Shrubs</i>, Biological Science Bulletin No. 6, University of
      Arizona, Tucson, 1944. A thorough work of 411 pages, richly illustrated,
      with general information added to scientific description.
    </p>
    <p>
      CARR, WILLIAM HENRY. <i>Desert Parade: A Guide to Southwestern Desert
      Plants and Wildlife</i>, Viking, New York, 1947.
    </p>
    <p>
      CLEMENTS, FREDERIC E. and EDITH S. <i>Rocky Mountain Flowers</i>, H. W.
      Wilson, New York, 1928. Scientific description, with glossary of terms and
      key for identification.
    </p>
    <p>
      COULTER, JOHN M. <i>Botany of Western Texas</i>, United States Department
      of Agriculture, Washington, 1891-94. OP. Nothing has appeared during the
      past sixty years to take the place of this master opus.
    </p>
    <p>
      GEISER, SAMUEL WOOD. <i>Horticulture and Horticulturists in Early Texas</i>,
      Southern Methodist University Press, Dallas, 1945. Historical-scientific,
      more technical than the author's <i>Naturalists of the Frontier</i>.
    </p>
    <p>
      JAEGER, EDMUND C. <i>Desert Wild Flowers</i>, Stanford University Press,
      California, 1940, revised 1947. Scientific but designed for use by any
      intelligent inquirer.
    </p>
    <p>
      LUNDELL, CYRUS L., and collaborators. <i>Flora of Texas</i>, Southern
      Methodist University Press, Dallas, 1942-. A "monumental" work, highly
      technical, being published part by part.
    </p>
    <p>
      MCKELVEY, SUSAN DELANO. <i>Yuccas of the Southwestern United States</i>,
      Harvard University Press, Cambridge, 1938. Definitive work in two volumes.
    </p>
    <p>
      <i>Range Plant Handbook</i>, prepared by the Forest Service of the United
      States Department of Agriculture. United States Government Printing
      Office, Washington, 1937. A veritable encyclopedia, illustrated.
    </p>
    <p>
      SCHULZ, ELLEN D. <i>Texas Wild Flowers</i>, Chicago, 1928. Good as a
      botanical guide and also for human uses; includes lore on many plants. OP.
      <i>Cactus Culture</i>, Orange Judd, New York, 1932. Now in revised
      edition.
    </p>
    <p>
      SILVIUS, W. A. <i>Texas Grasses</i>, published by the author, San Antonio,
      1933. A monument, of 782 illustrated pages, to a lifetime's disinterested
      following of knowledge "like a star."
    </p>
    <p>
      STEVENS, WILLIAM CHASE. <i>Kansas Wild Flowers</i>, University of Kansas
      Press, Lawrence, 1948. This is more than a state book, and the integration
      of knowledge, wisdom, and appreciation of flower life with botanical
      science makes it appeal to layman as well as to botanist. 463 pages, 774
      illustrations. Applicable to the whole plains area.
    </p>
    <p>
      STOCKWELL, WILLIAM PALMER, and BREAZEALE, LUCRETIA. <i>Arizona Cacti</i>,
      Biological Science Bulletin No. 1, University of Arizona, Tucson, 1933.
      Beautifully illustrated.
    </p>
    <p>
      THORNBER, JOHN JAMES, and BONKER, FRANCES. <i>The Fantastic Clan: The
      Cactus Family</i>, New York, 1932. OP.
    </p>
    <p>
      THORP, BENJAMIN CARROLL. <i>Texas Range Grasses</i>, University of Texas
      Press, Austin, 1952. A survey of 168 species of grasses, their
      adaptability to soils and regions, and their values for grazing.
      Beautifully illustrated and printed, but no index.
    </p>
    <p>
      WHITEHOUSE, EULA. <i>Texas Wild Flowers in Natural Colors</i>, 1936;
      republished 1948 in Dallas. OP. Toward 200 flowers are pictured in colors,
      each in conjunction with descriptive material. The finding lists are
      designed to enable novices to identify flowers. A charming book.
    </p>
    <p>
      {illust. caption = Paisano (roadrunner) means fellow-countryman}
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    <h2>
      31. Negro Folk Songs and Tales
    </h2>
    <p>
      WEST OF A WAVERING line along the western edge of the central parts of
      Texas and Oklahoma the Negro is not an important social or cultural
      element of the Southwest, just as the modern Indian hardly enters into
      Texas life at all and the Mexican recedes to the east. Negro folk songs
      and tales of the Southwest have in treatment been blended with those of
      the South. Dorothy Scarborough's <i>On the Trail of Negro Folk-Songs</i>
      (1925, OP) derives mainly from Texas, but in making up the body of a Negro
      song, Miss Scarborough says, "You may find one bone in Texas, one in
      Virginia and one in Mississippi." Leadbelly, a guitar player equally at
      home in the penitentiaries of Texas and Louisiana, furnished John A. and
      Alan Lomax with <i>Negro Folk Songs as Sung by Leadbelly</i>, New York,
      1936 (OP). The Lomax anthologies, <i>American Ballads and Folk Songs</i>,
      1934, and <i>Our Singing Country</i>, 1941 (Macmillan, New York) and Carl
      Sandburg's <i>American Songbag</i> (Harcourt, Brace, New York, 1927) all
      give the Negro of the Southwest full representation.
    </p>
    <p>
      Three books of loveliness by R. Emmett Kennedy, <i>Black Cameos</i>
      (1924), <i>Mellows</i> (1925), and <i>More Mellows</i> (1931) represent
      Louisiana Negroes. All are OP. An excellent all-American collection is
      James Weldon Johnson's <i>Book of American Negro Spirituals</i>, Viking,
      New York, 1940. Bibliographies and lists of other books will be found in
      <i>The Negro and His Songs</i> (1925, OP) and <i>Negro Workaday Songs</i>,
      by Howard W. Odum and Guy B. Johnson, University of North Carolina Press,
      Chapel Hill, 1926, and in <i>American Negro Folk-Songs</i>, by Newman I.
      White, Cambridge, 1928.
    </p>
    <p>
      A succinct guide to Negro lore is <i>American Folk Song and Folk Lore: A
      Regional Bibliography</i>, by Alan Lomax and Sidney R. Crowell, New York,
      1942. OP.
    </p>
    <p>
      Narrowing the field down to Texas, J. Mason Brewer's "Juneteenth," in <i>Tone
      the Bell Easy</i>, Publication X of the Texas Folklore Society, Austin,
      1932, is outstanding as a collection of tales. In volume after volume the
      Texas Folklore Society has published collections of Negro songs and tales
      A. W. Eddins, Martha Emmons, Gates Thomas, and H. B. Parks being principal
      contributors.
    </p>
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    <h2>
      32. Fiction&mdash;Including Folk Tales
    </h2>
    <p>
      FROM THE DAYS of the first innocent sensations in Beadle's Dime Novel
      series, on through Zane Grey's mass production and up to any present-day
      newsstand's crowded shelf of <i>Ace High</i> and <i>Flaming Guns</i>
      magazines, the Southwest, along with all the rest of the West, has been
      represented in a fictional output quantitatively stupendous. Most of it
      has betrayed rather than revealed life, though not with the contemptible
      contempt for both audience and subject that characterizes most of
      Hollywood's pictures on the same times, people, and places. Certain
      historical aspects of the fictional betrayal of the West may be found in
      E. Douglas Branch's <i>The Cowboy and His Interpreters</i>, in <i>The
      House of Beadle and Adams and Its Dime and Nickel Novels</i>, by Albert
      Johannsen in two magnificent volumes, and in Jay Monaghan's <i>The Great
      Rascal: The Life and Adventures of Ned Buntline</i> Buntline having been
      perhaps the most prolific of all Wild West fictionists.
    </p>
    <p>
      Some "Westerns" have a kind of validity. If a serious reader went through
      the hundreds of titles produced by William McLeod Raine, Dane Coolidge,
      Eugene Cunningham,. B. M. Bower, the late Ernest Haycox, and other
      manufacturers of range novels who have known their West at firsthand, he
      would find, spottedly, a surprising amount of truth about land and men, a
      fluency in genuine cowboy lingo, and a respect for the code of conduct.
      Yet even these novels have added to the difficulty that serious writing in
      the Western field has in getting a hearing on literary, rather than merely
      Western, grounds. Any writer of Westerns must, like all other creators, be
      judged on his own intellectual development. "The Western and Ernest
      Haycox," by James Fargo, in <i>Prairie Schooner</i>, XXVI (Summer, 1952)
      has something on this subject.
    </p>
    <p>
      Actualities in the Southwest seem to have stifled fictional creation. No
      historical novel dealing with Texas history has achieved the drama of the
      fall of the Alamo or the drawing of the black beans, has presented a
      character with half the reality of Sam Houston, Jim Bowie, or Sallie
      Skull, or has captured the flavor inherent in the talk on many a ranch
      gallery.
    </p>
    <p>
      Historical fiction dealing with early day Texas is, however, distinctly
      maturing. As a dramatization of Jim Bowie and the bowie knife, <i>The Iron
      Mistress</i>, by Paul Wellman (Doubleday, Garden City, New York, 1951), is
      the best novel published so far dealing with a figure of the Texas
      revolution. In <i>Divine Average</i> (Little, Brown, Boston, 1952), Elithe
      Hamilton Kirkland weaves from her seasoned knowledge of life and from
      "realities of those violent years in Texas history between 1838 and 1858"
      a story of human destiny. She reveals the essential nature of Range
      Templeton more distinctly, more mordantly, than history has revealed the
      essential nature of Sam Houston or any of his contemporaries. The wife and
      daughter of Range Templeton are the most plausible women in any historical
      novel of Texas that I have read. The created world here is more real than
      the actual.
    </p>
    <p>
      Among the early tale-tellers of the Southwest are Jeremiah Clemens, who
      wrote <i>Mustang Gray</i>, Mollie E. Moore Davis, of plantation tradition,
      Mayne Reid, who dared convey real information in his romances, Charles W.
      Webber, a naturalist, and T. B. Thorpe, creator of "The Big Bear of
      Arkansas."
    </p>
    <p>
      Fiction that appeared before World War I can hardly be called modern. No
      fiction is likely to appear, however, that will do better by certain types
      of western character and certain stages of development in western society
      than that produced by Bret Harte, with his gamblers; stage drivers, and
      mining camps; O. Henry with his "Heart of the West" types; Alfred Henry
      Lewis with his "Wolfville" anecdotes and characters; Owen Wister, whose <i>Virginian</i>
      remains the classic of cowboy novels without cows; and Andy Adams, whose
      <i>Log of a Cowboy</i> will be read as long as people want a narrative of
      cowboys sweating with herds.
    </p>
    <p>
      The authors listed below are in alphabetical order. Those who seem to me
      to have a chance to survive are not exactly in that order.
    </p>
    <p>
      FRANK APPLEGATE (died 1932) wrote only two books, <i>Native Tales of New
      Mexico</i> and <i>Indian Stories from the Pueblos</i>, but as a delighted
      and delightful teller of folk tales his place is secure.
    </p>
    <p>
      MARY AUSTIN seems to be settling down as primarily an expositor. Her
      novels are no longer read, but the simple tales in <i>One-Smoke Stories</i>
      (her last book, 1934) and in some nonfiction collections, notably <i>Lost
      Borders</i> and <i>The Flock</i>, do not recede with time.
    </p>
    <p>
      While the Southwest can hardly claim Willa Cather, of Nebraska, her <i>Death
      Comes for the Archbishop</i> (1927), which is made out of New Mexican
      life, is not only the best-known novel concerned with the Southwest but
      one of the finest of America.
    </p>
    <p>
      Despite the fact that it is not on the literary map, Will Levington
      Comfort's <i>Apache</i> (1931) remains for me the most moving and incisive
      piece of writing on Indians of the Southwest that I have found.
    </p>
    <p>
      If a teller of folk tales and plotless narratives belongs in this chapter,
      then J. Frank Dobie should be mentioned for the folk tales in <i>Coronado's
      Children, Apache Gold and Yaqui Silver</i>, and <i>Tongues of the Monte</i>,
      also for some of his animal tales in <i>The Voice of the Coyote</i>,
      outlaw and maverick narratives in <i>The Longhorns</i>, and "The Pacing
      White Steed of the Prairies" and other horse stories in <i>The Mustangs</i>.
    </p>
    <p>
      The characters in Harvey Fergusson's <i>Wolf Song</i> (1927) are the
      Mountain Men of Kit Carson's time, and the city of their soul is rollicky
      Taos. It is a lusty, swift song of the pristine earth. Fergusson's <i>The
      Blood of the Conquerors</i> (1931) tackles the juxtaposition of
      Spanish-Mexican and Anglo-American elements in New Mexico, of which state
      he is a native. <i>Grant of Kingdom</i> (1850) is strong in wisdom life,
      vitality of character, and historical values.
    </p>
    <p>
      FRED GIPSON'S <i>Hound-Dog Man</i> and <i>The Home Place</i> lack the
      critical attitude toward life present in great fiction but they are as
      honest and tonic as creek bottom soil and the people in them are genuine.
    </p>
    <p>
      FRANK GOODWYN'S <i>The Magic of Limping John</i> (New York, 1944, OP) is a
      coherence of Mexican characters, folk tales, beliefs, and ways in the
      ranch country of South Texas. There is something of magic in the telling,
      but Frank Goodwyn has not achieved objective control over imagination or
      sufficiently stressed the art of writing.
    </p>
    <p>
      PAUL HORGAN of New Mexico has in <i>The Return of the Weed</i> (short
      stories), <i>Far from Cibola</i>, and other fiction coped with modern life
      in the past-haunted New Mexico.
    </p>
    <p>
      OLIVER LAFARGE'S <i>Laughing Boy</i> (1929) grew out of the author's
      ethnological knowledge of the Navajo Indians. He achieves character.
    </p>
    <p>
      TOM LEA'S <i>The Brave Bulls</i> (1949) has, although it is a sublimation
      of the Mexican bullfighting world, Death and Fear of Death for its
      dominant theme. It may be compared in theme with Stephen Crane's <i>The
      Red Badge of Courage</i>. It is written with the utmost of economy, and is
      beautiful in its power. <i>The Wonderful Country</i> (1952), a historical
      novel of the frontier, but emphatically not a "Western," recognizes more
      complexities of society. Its economy and directness parallel the style of
      Tom Lea's drawings and paintings, with which both books are illustrated.
    </p>
    <p>
      <i>Sundown</i>, by John Joseph Mathews (1934), goes more profoundly than
      <i>Laughing Boy</i> into the soul of a young Indian (an Osage) and his
      people. Its translation of the "long, long thoughts" of the boy and then
      of "shades of the prison house" closing down upon him is superb writing.
      The "shades of the prison house" come from oil, with all of the world's
      coarse thumbs that go with oil.
    </p>
    <p>
      GEORGE SESSIONS PERRY'S <i>Hold Autumn in Your Hand</i> (1941) incarnates
      a Texas farm hand too poor "to flag a gut-wagon," but with the good
      nature, dignity, and independence of the earth itself. <i>Walls Rise Up</i>
      (1939) is a kind of <i>Crock of Gold</i>, both whimsical and earthy, laid
      on the Brazos River.
    </p>
    <p>
      KATHERINE ANNE PORTER is as dedicated to artistic perfection as was A. E.
      Housman. Her output has, therefore, been limited: <i>Flowering Judas</i>
      (1930, enlarged 1935); <i>Pale Horse, Pale Rider</i> (1939), <i>The
      Leaning Tower</i> (1944). Her stories penetrate psychology, especially the
      psychology of a Mexican hacienda, with rare finesse. Her small canvases
      sublimate the inner realities of men and women. She appeals only to
      cultivated taste, and to some tastes no other fiction writer in America
      today is her peer in subtlety.
    </p>
    <p>
      EUGENE MANLOVE RHODES died in 1934. Most of his novels&mdash;distinguished
      by intricate plots and bright dialogue&mdash;had appeared in the <i>Saturday
      Evening Post</i>. His finest story is "Paso Por Aqui," published in the
      volume entitled <i>Once in the Saddle</i> (1927). Gene Rhodes, who has a
      canyon&mdash;on which he ranched&mdash;named for him in New Mexico, was an
      artist; at the same time, he was a man akin to his land and its men. He is
      the only writer of the range country who has been accorded a biography&mdash;<i>The
      Hired Man on Horseback</i>, by May D. Rhodes, his wife. See under "Range
      Life."
    </p>
    <p>
      CONRAD RICHTER'S <i>The Sea of Grass</i> (1937) is a kind of prose poem,
      beautiful and tragic. Lutie, wife of the owner of the grass, is perhaps
      the most successful creation of a ranch woman that fiction has so far
      achieved.
    </p>
    <p>
      DOROTHY SCARBOROUGH'S <i>The Wind</i> (1925) excited the wrath of chambers
      of commerce and other boosters in West Texas&mdash;a tribute to its
      realism.
    </p>
    <p>
      <i>The Grapes of Wrath</i>, by John Steinbeck (1939), made Okies a word in
      the American language. Although dated by the Great Depression, its
      humanity and realism are beyond date. It is among the few good novels
      produced by America in the first half of the twentieth century.
    </p>
    <p>
      JOHN W. THOMASON, after fighting as a marine in World War I, wrote <i>Fix
      Bayonets</i> (1926), followed by <i>Jeb Stuart</i> (1930). A native Texan,
      he followed the southern tradition rather than the western. <i>Lone Star
      Preacher</i> (1941) is a strong and sympathetic characterization of
      Confederate fighting men woven into fictional form.
    </p>
    <p>
      In <i>High John the Conqueror</i> (Macmillan, 1948) John W. Wilson conveys
      real feeling for the tragic life of Negro sharecroppers in the Brazos
      bottoms. He represents the critical awareness of life that has come to
      modern fiction of the Southwest, in contrast to the sterile action,
      without creation of character, in most older fiction of the region.
    </p>
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    <h2>
      33. Poetry and Drama
    </h2>
    <p>
      "KNOWLEDGE itself is power," Sir Francis Bacon wrote in classical Latin,
      and in abbreviated form the proverb became a familiar in households and
      universities alike. But knowledge of what? There is no power in knowledge
      of mediocre verse.
    </p>
<pre xml:space="preserve">
     I had rather flunk my Wasserman test
     Than read a poem by Edgar A. Guest.
</pre>
    <p>
      The power of great poetry lies not in knowledge of it but in assimilation
      of it. Most talk about poetry is vacuous. Poetry can pass no power into
      any human being unless it itself has power&mdash;power of beauty, truth,
      wit, humor, pathos, satire, worship, and other attributes, always through
      form. No poor poetry is worth reading. Taste for the best makes the other
      kind insipid.
    </p>
    <p>
      Compared with America's best poetry, most poetry of the Southwest is as
      mediocre as American poetry in the mass is as compared with the great body
      of English poetry between Chaucer and Masefield. Yet mediocre poetry is
      not so bad as mediocre sculpture. The mediocre in poetry is merely
      fatuous; in sculpture, it is ugly. Generations to come will have to look
      at Coppini's monstrosity in front of the Alamo; it can't rot down or burn
      up. Volumes of worthless verse, most of it printed at the expense of the
      versifiers, hardly come to sight, and before long they disappear from
      existence except for copies religiously preserved in public libraries.
    </p>
    <p>
      Weak fiction goes the same way. But a good deal of very bad prose in the
      nonfiction field has some value. In an otherwise dull book there may be a
      solitary anecdote, an isolated observation on a skunk, a single gesture of
      some human being otherwise highly unimportant, one salty phrase, a side
      glimpse into the human comedy. If poetry is not good, it is positively
      nothing.
    </p>
    <p>
      The earliest poet of historical consequence the only form of his poetical
      consequence&mdash;of the Southwest was Mirabeau Buonaparte Lamar. He led
      the Texas cavalry at San Jacinto, became president of the Republic of
      Texas, organized the futile Santa Fe Expedition, gathered up six volumes
      of notes and letters for a history of Texas that might have been as
      raw-meat realistic as anything in Zola or Tolstoy. Then as a poet he
      reached his climax in "The Daughter of Mendoza"&mdash;a graceful but
      moonshiny imitation of Tom Moore and Lord Byron. Perhaps it is better for
      the weak to imitate than to try to be original.
    </p>
    <p>
      It would not take one more than an hour to read aloud all the poetry of
      the Southwest that could stand rereading. At the top of all I should place
      Fay Yauger's "Planter's Charm," published in a volume of the same title.
      With it belongs "The Hired Man on Horseback," by Eugene Manlove Rhodes, a
      long poem of passionate fidelity to his own decent kind of men, with power
      to ennoble the reader, and with the form necessary to all beautiful
      composition. This is the sole and solitary piece of poetry to be found in
      all the myriads of rhymes classed as "cowboy poetry." I'd want Stanley
      Vestal's "Fandango," in a volume of the same title. Margaret Bell
      Houston's "Song from the Traffic," which takes one to the feathered
      mesquites and the bluebonnets, might come next. Begging pardon of the
      perpetually palpitating New Mexico lyricists, I would skip most of them,
      except for bits of Mary Austin, Witter Bynner, Haniel Long, and maybe
      somebody I don't know, and go to George Sterling's "Father Coyote"&mdash;in
      California. Probably I would come back to gallant Phil LeNoir's "Finger of
      Billy the Kid," written while he was dying of tuberculosis in New Mexico.
      I wouldn't leave without the swift, brilliantly economical stanzas that
      open the ballad of "Sam Bass," and a single line, "He came of a solitary
      race," in the ballad of "Jesse James."
    </p>
    <p>
      Several other poets have, of course, achieved something for mortals to
      enjoy and be lifted by. Their work has been sifted into various
      anthologies. The best one is<i> Signature of the Sun: Southwest Verse,
      1900-1950</i>, selected and edited by Mabel Major and T. M. Pearce,
      University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque, 1950. Two other anthologies
      are <i>Songs of the Cattle Trail and Cow Camp</i>, by John A. Lomax, 1919,
      reprinted in 1950 by Duell, Sloan and Pearce, New York; <i>The Road to
      Texas</i>, by Whitney Montgomery, Kaleidograph, Dallas, 1940. Montgomery's
      Kaleidograph Press has published many volumes by southwestern poets.
      Somebody who has read them all and has read all the poets represented,
      without enough of distillation, in <i>Signature of the Sun</i> could no
      doubt be juster on the subject than I am.
    </p>
    <p>
      Like historical fiction, drama of the Southwest has been less dramatic
      than actuality and less realistic than real characters. Lynn Riggs of
      Oklahoma, author of <i>Green Grow the Lilacs</i>, has so far been the most
      successful dramatist.
    </p>
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    <h2>
      34. Miscellaneous Interpreters and Institutions
    </h2>
    <p>
      ARTISTS
    </p>
    <p>
      ART MAY BE SUBSTANTIVE, but more than being its own excuse for being, it
      lights up the land it depicts, shows people what is significant,
      cherishable in their own lives and environments. Thus Peter Hurd of New
      Mexico has revealed windmills, Thomas Hart Benton of Missouri has elevated
      mules. Nature may not literally follow art, but human eyes follow art and
      literature in recognizing nature.
    </p>
    <p>
      The history of art in the Southwest, if it is ever rightly written, will
      not bother with the Italian "Holy Families" imported by agent-guided
      millionaires trying to buy exclusiveness. It will begin with clay (Indian
      pottery), horse hair (vaquero weaving), hide (vaquero plaiting), and horn
      (backwoods carving). It will note Navajo sand painting and designs in
      blankets.
    </p>
    <p>
      Charles M. Russell's art has been characterized in the chapter on "Range
      Life." He had to paint, and the Old West was his life. More versatile was
      his contemporary Frederic Remington, author of <i>Pony Tracks, Crooked
      Trails</i>, and other books, and prolific illustrator of Owen Wister,
      Theodore Roosevelt, Alfred Henry Lewis, and numerous other writers of the
      West. Not so well known as these two, but rising in estimation, was
      Charles Schreyvogle. He did not write; his best-known pictures are
      reproduced in a folio entitled <i>My Bunkie and Others</i>. Remington,
      Russell, and Schreyvogle all did superb sculptoring in bronze. One of the
      finest pieces of sculpture in the Southwest is "The Seven Mustangs" by A.
      Phimister Proctor, in front of the Texas Memorial Museum at Austin.
    </p>
    <p>
      Among contemporary artists, Ross Santee and Will James (died, 1942) have
      illustrated their own cow country books, some of which are listed under
      "Range Life" and "Horses." William R. Leigh, author of <i>The Western Pony</i>,
      is a significant painter of the range. Edward Borein of Santa Barbara,
      California, has in scores of etchings and a limited amount of book
      illustrations "documented" many phases of western life. Buck Dunton of
      Taos illustrated also. His lithographs and paintings of wild animals,
      trappers, cowboys, and Indians seem secure.
    </p>
    <p>
      I cannot name and evaluate modern artists of the Southwest. They are many,
      and the excellence of numbers of them is nationally recognized. Many
      articles have been written about the artists who during this century have
      lived around Taos and painted that region of the Southwest. Some of the
      better-known names are Ernest L. Blumenschein, Oscar Berninghaus, Ward
      Lockwood, B. J. O. Nordfeldt, Georgia O'Keeffe, Ila McAfee, Barbara Latham
      Cook, Howard Cook. Artists thrive in Arizona, Oklahoma, and Texas as well
      as in New Mexico. Tom Lea, of El Paso, may be quitting painting and
      drawing to spend the remainder of his life in writing. Perhaps he himself
      does not know. Jerry Bywaters, who is at work on the history of art in the
      Southwest, has about quit producing to direct the Dallas Museum of Fine
      Arts. Alexandre Hogue gives his strength to teaching art in Tulsa
      University. Exhibitions, not commentators, are the revealers of art.
    </p>
    <p>
      A few books, all expensive, reproduce the art of certain depicters of the
      West and Southwest. <i>Etchings of the West</i>, by Edward Borein, and <i>The
      West of Alfred Jacob Miller</i> have been noted in other chapters (consult
      Index). Other recent art works are: <i>Peter Hurd: Portfolio of Landscapes
      and Portraits</i>, University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque, 1950; <i>Gallery
      of Western Paintings</i>, edited by Raymond Carlson, McGraw-Hill, New
      York, 1951 (unsatisfactory reproduction); <i>Frederic Remington, Artist of
      the Old West</i>, by Harold McCracken, Lippincott, Philadelphia, 1947
      (biography and check list with many reproductions); <i>Portrait of the Old
      West</i>, by Harold McCracken, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1952 (samplings of
      numerous artists).
    </p>
    <p>
      In February, 1946, Robert Taft of the University of Kansas began
      publishing in the <i>Kansas Historical Quarterly</i> chapters, richly
      illustrated in black and white, in "The Pictorial Record of the Old West."
      The book to be made from these chapters will have a historical validity
      missing in most picture books.
    </p>
    <p>
      MAGAZINES
    </p>
    <p>
      The leading literary magazine of the region is the <i>Southwest Review</i>,
      published quarterly at Southern Methodist University, Dallas. The <i>New
      Mexico Quarterly</i>, published by the University of New Mexico at
      Albuquerque, the <i>Arizona Quarterly</i>, published by the University of
      Arizona at Tucson the <i>Colorado Quarterly</i>, published by the
      University of Colorado at Boulder, and <i>Prairie Schooner</i>, University
      of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, are excellent exponents of current writing in
      the Southwest and West. All these magazines are liberated from
      provincialism.
    </p>
    <p>
      HISTORICAL SOCIETIES
    </p>
    <p>
      Every state in the Southwest has a state historical organization that
      publishes. The oldest and most productive of these, outside of California,
      is the Texas State Historical Association, with headquarters at Austin.
    </p>
    <p>
      HISTORIES
    </p>
    <p>
      A majority of the state histories of the Southwest have been written with
      the hope of securing an adoption for school use. It would require a
      blacksnake whip to make most juve-niles, or adults either, read these
      productions, as devoid of picturesqueness, life-blood, and intellectual
      content as so many concrete slabs. No genuinely humanistic history of the
      Southwest has ever been printed. There are good factual histories&mdash;and
      a history not based on facts can't possibly be good&mdash;but the lack of
      synthesis, of intelligent evaluations, of imagination, of the seeing eye
      and portraying hand is too evident. The stuff out of which history is
      woven&mdash;diaries, personal narratives, county histories, chronicles of
      ranches and trails, etc.&mdash;has been better done than history itself.
    </p>
    <p>
      FOLKLORE
    </p>
    <p>
      Considered scientifically, folklore belongs to science and not to the
      humanities. When folk and fun are not scienced out of it, it is song and
      story and in literature is mingled with other ingredients of life and art,
      as exampled by the folklore in <i>Hamlet</i> and <i>A Midsummer Night's
      Dream</i>. In "Indian Culture," "Spanish-Mexican Strains," "Backwoods Life
      and Humor," "Cowboy Songs," "The Bad Man Tradition," "Bears," "Coyotes,"
      "Negro Folk Songs and Tales," and other chapters of this <i>Guide</i>
      numerous books charged with folklore have been listed.
    </p>
    <p>
      The most active state society of its kind in America has been the Texas
      Folklore Society, with headquarters at the University of Texas, Austin.
      Volume XXIV of its Publications appeared in 1951, and it has published and
      distributed other books. Its Publications are now distributed by Southern
      Methodist University Press in Dallas. J. Frank Dobie, with constant help,
      was editor from 1922 to 1943, when he resigned. Since 1943 Mody C.
      Boatright has been editor.
    </p>
    <p>
      In 1947 the New Mexico Folklore Society began publishing yearly the <i>New
      Mexico Folklore Record</i>. It is printed by the University of New Mexico
      Press. The University of Arizona, Tucson, has published several folklore
      bulletins. The California Folklore Society publishes, through the
      University of California Press, Berkeley, <i>Western Folklore</i>, a
      quarterly. In co-operation with the Southeastern Folklore Society, the
      University of Florida, Gainesville, publishes the <i>Southern Folklore
      Quarterly</i>. Levette J. Davidson of the University of Denver, author of
      <i>A Guide to American Folklore</i>, University of Denver Press, 1951,
      directs the Western Folklore Conference. The <i>Journal of American
      Folklore</i> has published a good deal from the Southwest and Mexico. The
      Sociedad Folklorica de Mexico publishes its own <i>Anurio</i>. Between
      1929 and 1932, B. A. Botkin, editor of <i>A Treasury of Southern Folklore</i>,
      1949, and A <i>Treasury of Western Folklore</i>, 1951 (Crown, New York),
      brought out four volumes entitled <i>Folk-Say</i>, University of Oklahoma
      Press. OP. The volumes are significant for literary utilizations of
      folklore and interpretations of folks.
    </p>
    <p>
      MUSEUMS
    </p>
    <p>
      Museums do not belong to the DAR. Their perspective on the past is
      constructive. The growing museums in Santa Fe, Tucson, Phoenix, Tulsa,
      Oklahoma City, Houston, San Antonio, Dallas, Austin, Denver, and on west
      into California represent the art, fauna, flora, geology, archeology,
      occupations, transportation, architecture, and other phases of the
      Southwest in a way that may be more informing than many printed volumes.
    </p>
    <p>
      <a name="link2H_4_0036" id="link2H_4_0036">
      <!--  H2 anchor --> </a>
    </p>
    <div style="height: 4em;">
      <br /><br /><br /><br />
    </div>
    <h2>
      35. Subjects for Themes
    </h2>
    <p>
      THE OBJECT OF THEME-WRITING is to make a student observe, to become aware,
      to evaluate, to enrich himself. Any phase of life or literature named or
      suggested in the foregoing chapters could be taken as a subject for an
      essay. The most immature essay must be more than a summary; a mere summary
      is never an essay. The writer must synthesize, make his own combination of
      thoughts, facts, incidents, characteristics, anecdotes, interpretations,
      illustrations, according to his own pattern. A writer is a weaver, weaving
      various threads of various hues and textures into a design that is his
      own.
    </p>
    <p>
      "Look into thy heart and write." "Write what you know about." All this is
      good advice in a way&mdash;but students have to write themes whether they
      have anything to write or not. The way to get full of a subject, to
      generate a conveyable interest, is to fill up on the subject. As clouds
      are but transient forms of matter that "change but cannot die," so most
      writing, even the best, is but a variation in form of experiences, ideas,
      observations, emotions that have been recorded over and over.
    </p>
    <p>
      In general, the materials a student weaves are derived from three sources:
      what he has read, what he has heard, what he has observed and experienced
      himself. If he chooses to sketch an interesting character, he will make
      his sketch richer and more interesting if he reads all he can find that
      illuminates his subject's background. If he sets out to tell a legend or a
      series of related folk tales or anecdotes, he will improve his telling by
      reading what he can on the subjects that his proposed narratives treat of
      and by reading similar narratives already written by others. If he wishes
      to tell what he knows about rattlesnakes, buzzards, pet coyotes, Brahma
      cattle, prickly pear, cottonwoods, Caddo Lake, the Brazos River, Santa Fe
      adobes, or other features of the land, let him bolster and put into
      perspective his own knowledge by reading what others have said on the
      matter. Knowledge fosters originality. Reading gives ideas.
    </p>
    <p>
      The list of subjects that follows is meant to be suggestive, and must not
      be regarded as inclusive. The best subject for any writer is one that he
      is interested in. A single name or category may afford scores of subjects.
      For example, take Andy Adams, the writer about cowboys and range life. His
      campfire yarns, the attitude of his cowboys toward their horses, what he
      has to say about cows, the metaphor of the range as he has recorded it,
      the placidity of his cowboys as opposed to Zane Grey sensationalism, etc.,
      are a few of the subjects to be derived from a study of his books. Or take
      a category like "How the Early Settlers Lived." Pioneer food,
      transportation, sociables, houses, neighborliness, loneliness, living on
      game meat, etc., make subjects. Almost every subject listed below will
      suggest either variations or associated subjects.
    </p>
    <p>
      The Humor of the Southwest Similes from Nature (Crockett is rich in them)
      The Code of Individualism The Code of the Range Six-shooter Ethics The
      Right to Kill The Tradition of Cowboy Gallantry (read Owen Wister's
    </p>
<pre xml:space="preserve">
 <i>The Virginian</i> and <i>A Journey in Search
 of Christmas;</i> also novels by
 Eugene Manlove Rhodes)
</pre>
    <p>
      Frontier Hospitality Amusements
    </p>
<pre xml:space="preserve">
 (shooting matches, tournaments, play parties, dances,
 poker, horse races, quiltings,
 house-raisings)
</pre>
    <p>
      The Western Gambler
    </p>
<pre xml:space="preserve">
 (Bret Harte and Alfred Henry Lewis have
 idealized him in fiction; he might
 be contrasted with the Mississippi
 River gambler)
</pre>
    <p>
      Indian Captives The Age of Horse Culture
    </p>
<pre xml:space="preserve">
 (Spanish, Indian, Anglo-American; the
 horse was important enough to
 any one of these classes to
 warrant extended study)
</pre>
    <p>
      The Cowboy's Horse The Cowboy Myth
    </p>
<pre xml:space="preserve">
 (Mody Boatright is writing a book
  on the subject)
</pre>
    <p>
      Evolution of the Frontier Criminal Lawyer
    </p>
    <p>
      The Frontier Intellect in the Atomic Age
    </p>
    <p>
      British Chroniclers of the West Civilized
    </p>
    <p>
      Perspective in Writings on the Old West
    </p>
    <p>
      The Indian in Fiction
    </p>
    <p>
      Fictional Betrayal of the West
    </p>
    <p>
      The West in Reality and the West on the Screen
    </p>
    <p>
      Around the Chuck Wagon: Cowboy Yarns Stretching the Blanket
    </p>
    <p>
      Authentic Liars
    </p>
    <p>
      Recent Fiction of the Southwest (any writer worth writing about)
    </p>
<pre xml:space="preserve">
Literary Magazines of the Southwest Ranch Women Mexican Labor (on ranch,
farm, or in town)

Mexican Folk Tales Backwoods Life in Frederick Gerstaecker "The Old
Catdeman" in Alfred Henry Lewis' <i>Wolfville</i> Books
</pre>
    <p>
      Mayne Reid as an Exponent of the Southwest (see estimate of him in <i>Mesa,
      Canon and Pueblo</i>, by Charles F. Lummis)
    </p>
    <p>
      The Gunman in Fiction and Reality
    </p>
<pre xml:space="preserve">
 (O. Henry, Bret Harte, Alfred
 Henry Lewis; <i>The Saga of Billy
 the Kid</i>, by Walter Noble Burns;
 Gillett's <i>Six Years with the Texas
 Rangers;</i> Webb's <i>The Texas
 Rangers;</i> Lake's <i>Wyatt Earp)</i>
</pre>
    <p>
      Character of the Trail Drivers Cowboy's Life as Reflected in His Songs
      "Wrathy to Kill a Bear" (the frontiersman as a destroyer of wild life "I
      Thought I Might See Something to Shoot at" Anecdotes of the Stump Speaker
      Exempla of Revivalists and Campmeeting Preachers The Campmeeting
      Stagecoaching Life on the Santa Fe Trail The Rendezvous of the Mountain
      Men In the Covered Wagon Squatter Life No Shade From Grass to Wheat From
      Wheat to Dust Brush (a special study of prickly pear, the mesquite, or
      some other form of flora could be made)
    </p>
    <p>
      Cotton (whole books are suggested here, the tenant farmer being one of the
      subjects)
    </p>
    <p>
      Oil Booms Longhorns Coyote Stories Deer Nature, or Whitetails and Their
      Rattlesnakes, or Rattlesnake Stories Panther Stories Tarantula Lore
      Grasshopper Plagues The Javelina in Fact and in Folk Tale The Roadrunner
      (Paisano) Wild Turkeys The Poisoned-Out Prairie Dog Sheep Vanishing Sheep
      Herders The Bee Hunter Pot Hunters Buffalo Hunters The Bar Hunter and Bar
      Stories Indian Fighter Indian Hater Scalps Squaw Men Mountain Men and
      Grizzlies Scouts and Guides Stage Drivers Fiddlers and Fiddle Tunes
      Frontier Justices of the Peace (Roy Bean set the example) Horse Traders
      Horse Racers Newspapermen Frontier Schoolteacher Circuit Rider Pony
      Express Rider Folk Tales of My Community Flavorsome Characters of My
      Community Stanley Vestal Harvey Fergusson Kansas Cow Towns Drought and
      Thirst Washington Irving on the West Witty Repartee in Eugene Manlove
      Rhodes Bigfoot Wallace's Humor Charles M. Russell as Artist of the West
      (or any other western artist) Learning to See Life Around Me Features of
      My Own Cultural Inheritance I Heard It Back Home Family Traditions My
      Family's Interesting Character Doodlebugs in the Sand Bobwhites Blue Quail
      Coachwhips and Other Good Snakes Mockingbird Habits Jack Rabbit Lore
      Catfish Lore Herb Remedies
    </p>
    <p>
      "Criticism of Life" in Southwestern Fiction
    </p>
    <p>
      Intellectual Integrity in________________ (Name of writer or writers or
      some locally prominent newspaper to be supplied)
    </p>
    <p>
      {pages 197 - 222 are an Index &mdash; not included}
    </p>
    <p>
      <br /><br /><br /><br />
    </p>
<pre xml:space="preserve">





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