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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Glimpses of the Past, by W. O. Raymond
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Glimpses of the Past
+       History of the River St. John, A.D. 1604-1784
+
+Author: W. O. Raymond
+
+Release Date: February 23, 2010 [EBook #31368]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK GLIMPSES OF THE PAST ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Robin Monks, Dan Horwood and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This
+file was produced from images generously made available
+by The Internet Archive)
+
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+
+
+
+
+
+
+                  *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+    GLIMPSES OF THE PAST.
+
+           History
+           of the
+       River St. John
+
+      A. D. 1604-1784.
+
+             By
+  Rev. W. O. RAYMOND, LL.D.
+
+       St. John, N. B.
+            1905.
+
+
+
+
+                  *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: SAMUEL DE CHAMPLAIN.
+
+Discoverer of the River St. John. The Father of New
+France. Born at Brouage in 1567. Died at Quebec, Dec. 25, 1635.]
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE.
+
+
+Born and reared upon the banks of the River Saint John, I have always
+loved it, and have found a charm in the study of everything that
+pertains to the history of those who have dwelt beside its waters.
+
+In connection with the ter-centenary of the discovery of the river by
+de Monts and Champlain, on the memorable 24th of June, 1604, the
+chapters which follow were contributed, from time to time, to the
+Saturday edition of the Saint John _Daily Telegraph_. With the
+exception of a few minor corrections and additions, these chapters are
+reprinted as they originally appeared. Some that were hurriedly
+written, under pressure of other and more important work, might be
+revised with advantage. Little attempt at literary excellence has been
+practicable. I have been guided by an honest desire to get at the
+facts of history, and in so doing have often quoted the exact language
+of the writers by whom the facts were first recorded. The result of
+patient investigation, extending over several years, in the course of
+which a multitude of documents had to be consulted, is a more
+elaborate and reliable history of the Saint John River region than has
+yet appeared in print. The period covered extends from the discovery
+of the river in 1604 to the coming of the Loyalists in 1784. It is
+possible that the story may one day be continued in a second volume.
+
+At the conclusion of this self-appointed task, let me say to the
+reader, in the words of Montaigne, "I bring you a nosegay of culled
+flowers, and I have brought little of my own but the string that ties
+them."
+
+W. O. RAYMOND.
+
+ST JOHN, N. B., December, 1905.
+
+
+
+
+ERRATA.
+
+
+Page 36, line 8. After word "and," the rest of the line should
+read--"beautiful islands below the mouth of."
+
+Page 97, line 31. The last half of this line is inverted.
+
+
+
+
+GLIMPSES OF THE PAST.
+
+INCIDENTS IN THE HISTORY OF THE ST. JOHN RIVER.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER I.
+
+THE MALISEETS.
+
+
+The Indian period of our history possesses a charm peculiarly its own.
+When European explorers first visited our shores the Indian roamed at
+pleasure through his broad forest domain. Its wealth of attractions
+were as yet unknown to the hunter, the fisherman and the fur-trader.
+Rude as he was the red man could feel the charms of the wilderness in
+which he dwelt. The voice of nature was not meaningless to one who
+knew her haunts so well. The dark recesses of the forest, the sunny
+glades of the open woodland, the mossy dells, the sparkling streams
+and roaring mountain torrents, the quiet lakes, the noble river
+flowing onward to the sea with islands here and there embosomed by its
+tide--all were his. The smoke of his wigwam fire curled peacefully
+from Indian village and temporary encampment. He might wander where he
+pleased with none to say him nay.
+
+But before the inflowing tide of the white-man's civilization the
+Indian's supremacy vanished as the morning mist before the rising sun.
+The old hunting grounds are his no longer. His descendants have long
+ago been forced to look for situations more remote. The sites of the
+ancient villages on interval and island have long since been tilled by
+the thrifty farmer's hands.
+
+But on the sites of the old camping grounds the plough share still
+turns up relics that carry us back to the "stone age." A careful study
+of these relics will tell us something about the habits and customs of
+the aborigines before the coming of the whites. And we have another
+source of information in the quaint tales and legends that drift to us
+out of the dim shadows of the past, which will always have peculiar
+fascination for the student of Indian folk-lore.
+
+With the coming of the whites the scene changes and the simplicity of
+savage life grows more complicated. The change is not entirely for the
+better; the hardships of savage life are ameliorated, it is true, but
+the Indian learns the vices of civilization.
+
+The native races naturally play a leading part in early Acadian
+history, nor do they always appear in a very amiable light. The
+element of fierceness and barbarity, which seems inherent in all
+savage races, was not wanting in the Indians of the River St. John.
+They united with their neighbours in most of the wars waged with the
+whites and took their full share in those bloody forays which nearly
+annihilated many of the infant settlements of Maine and New Hampshire.
+The early annals of Eastern New England tell many a sad story of the
+sacrifice of innocent lives, of women and children carried into
+captivity and homes made desolate by savage hands.
+
+And yet, it may be that with all his faults the red man has been more
+sinned against than sinning.
+
+Many years ago the provincial government sent commissioners to the
+Indian village of Medoctec on the St. John river, where the Indians
+from time immemorial had built their wigwams and tilled their
+cornfields and where their dead for many generations had been laid to
+rest in the little graveyard by the river side. The object of the
+commissioners was to arrange for the location of white settlers at
+Medoctec. The government claimed the right to dispossess the Indians
+on the ground that the lands surrounding their village were in the
+gift of the crown. The Indians, not unnaturally, were disinclined to
+part with the heritage of their forefathers.
+
+On their arrival at the historic camping ground the commissioners made
+known the object of their visit. Presently several stalwart captains,
+attired in their war paint and feathers and headed by their chief,
+appeared on the scene. After mutual salutations the commissioners
+asked: "By what right or title do you hold these lands?"
+
+The tall, powerful chief stood erect, and with the air of a plumed
+knight, pointing within the walk of the little enclosure beside the
+river, replied: "There are the graves of our grandfathers! There are
+graves of our fathers! There are the graves of our children!"
+
+To this simple native eloquence the commissioners felt they had no
+fitting reply, and for the time being the Maliseets remained
+undisturbed.
+
+It in not necessary to discuss at length the origin of the Indians who
+lived on the banks of the St. John at the time the country became
+known to Europeans. Whether or not the ancestors of our Indians were
+the first inhabitants of that region it is difficult to determine. The
+Indians now living on the St. John are Maliseets, but it is thought by
+many that the Micmacs at one time, possessed the valley of the river
+and gradually gave place to the Maliseets, as the latter advanced from
+the westward. There is a tradition among the St. John river Indians
+that the Micmacs and Maliseets were originally one people and that the
+Maliseets after a while "went off by themselves and picked up their
+own language." This the Micmacs regarded as a mongrel dialect and gave
+to the new tribe the name Maliseet (or Milicete), a word derived from
+Mal-i-see-jik--"he speaks badly." However, in such matters, tradition
+is not always a safe guide. It is more probable the two tribes had an
+independent origin, the Micmacs being the earlier inhabitants of
+Acadia, while the Maliseets, who are an offshoot of the Abenaki (or
+Wabenaki) nation, spread eastward from the Kennebec to the Penobscot
+and thence to the St. John. The Indians who are now scattered over
+this area very readily understand one another's speech, but the
+language of the Micmacs is unintelligible to them.
+
+The Micmacs seem to have permitted their neighbors to occupy the St.
+John river without opposition, their own preference inclining them to
+live near the coast. The opinion long prevailed in Acadia that the
+Maliseets, were a more powerful and ferocious tribe than the Micmacs;
+nevertheless there is no record or tradition of any conflict between
+them.
+
+That the Maliseets have for centuries inhabited the valley of the
+River St. John is indicated by the fact that the Indian names of
+rivers, lakes, islands and mountains, which have been retained by the
+whites, are nearly all of Maliseet origin. Nevertheless the Micmacs
+frequented the mouth of the St. John river after the arrival of
+Europeans, for we learn that the Jesuit missionary, Enemond Masse,
+passed the winter of 1611-2 at St. John in the family of Louis
+Membertou, a Micmac, in order to perfect himself in the Micmac
+language, which he had already studied to some extent at Port Royal.
+The elder Membertou, father of the Indian here named, was, perhaps,
+the most remarkable chieftain Acadia ever produced. His sway as grand
+sagamore of the Micmac nation extended from Gaspe to Cape Sable. In
+the year 1534 he had welcomed the great explorer Jacques Cartier to
+the shores of Eastern New Brunswick, as seventy years later he
+welcomed de Monts and Poutrincourt to Port Royal. The Jesuit
+missionary, Pierre Biard, describes Membertou as "the greatest, most
+renowned and most formidable savage within the memory of man; of
+splendid physique, taller and larger limbed than is usual among them;
+bearded like a Frenchmen, although scarcely any of the others have
+hair upon the chin; grave and reserved with a proper sense of the
+dignity of his position as commander." "In strength of mind, in
+knowledge of war, in the number of his followers, in power and in the
+renown of a glorious name among his countrymen, and even his enemies,
+he easily surpassed the sagamores who had flourished during many
+preceding ages."
+
+In the year 1605 Pennoniac, one of the chiefs of Acadia, went with de
+Monts and Champlain as guide on the occasion of their voyage along the
+shores of New England and was killed by some of the savages near Saco.
+Bessabez, the sagamore of the Penobscot Indians, allowed the body of
+the dead chief to be taken home by his friends to Port Royal and its
+arrival was the signal of great lamentation. Membertou was at this
+time an old man, but although his hair was white with the frosts of a
+hundred winters, like Moses of old, his eye was not dim nor his
+natural force abated. He decided that the death of Pennoniac must be
+avenged. Messengers were sent to call the tribes of Acadia and in
+response to the summons 400 warriors assembled at Port Royal. The
+Maliseets joined in the expedition. The great flotilla of war canoes
+was arranged in divisions, each under its leader, the whole commanded
+by Membertou in person. As the morning sun reflected in the still
+waters of Port Royal the noiseless procession of canoes, crowned by
+the tawny faces and bodies of the savage warriors, smeared with
+pigments of various colors, the sight struck the French spectators
+with wonder and astonishment.
+
+Uniting with their allies of the River St. John, the great war party
+sped westward over the waters of the Bay of Fundy and along the coast
+till they reached the land of the Armouchiquois. Here they met and
+defeated their enemies after a hard-fought battle in which Bessabez
+and many of his captains were slain, and the allies returned in
+triumph to Acadia singing their songs of victory.
+
+The situation of the Maliseets on the River St. John was not without
+its advantages, and they probably obtained as good a living as any
+tribe of savages in Canada. Remote from the war paths of the fiercer
+tribes they hunted in safety. Their forests were filled with game, the
+rivers teemed with fish and the lakes with water fowl; the sea shore
+was easy of access, the intervals and islands were naturally adapted
+to the cultivation of Indian corn, wild grapes grew luxuriantly along
+the river banks, there were berries in the woods and the sagaabum (or
+Indian potato) was abundant. Communication with all arts of the
+surrounding country was easily had by means of the short portages that
+separated the sources of interlacing rivers and with his light bark
+canoe the Indian could travel in any direction his necessity or his
+caprice might dictate.
+
+The characteristics of the Indians of Acadia, whether Micmacs or
+Maliseets, were in the main identical; usually they were closely
+allied and not infrequently intermarried Their manners and habits have
+been described with much fidelity by Champlain, Lescarbot, Denys and
+other early explorers. Equally accurate and interesting is the graphic
+description of the savages contained in the narrative of the Jesuit
+missionary Pierre Biard, who came to America in 1611 and during his
+sojourn visited the St. John River and places adjacent making Port
+Royal his headquarters. His narrative, "A Relation of New France, of
+its Lands, Nature of the Country and of its Inhabitants," was printed
+at Lyons in 1616. A few extracts, taken from the splendid edition of
+the Jesuit Relations recently published at Cleveland, will suffice to
+show that Pierre Biard was not only an intelligent observer but that
+he handled the pen of a ready writer. "I have said before," he
+observes, "that the whole country is simply an interminable forest;
+for there are no open spaces except upon the margins of the sea, lakes
+and rivers. In several places we found the grapes and wild vines which
+ripened in their season. It was not always the best ground where found
+them, being full of sand and gravel like that of Bourdeaux. There are
+a great many of these grapes at St. John River in 46 degrees of
+latitude, where also are to be seen many walnut (or butternut), and
+hazel trees."
+
+This quotation will show how exact and conscientious the old French
+missionary was in his narration. Beamish Murdoch in Ibis History of
+Nova Scotia (Vol. 1, p. 21) ventures the observation, "It may perhaps
+be doubted if the French account about grapes is accurate, as they
+mention them to have been growing on the banks of the Saint John
+where, if wild grapes exist, they must be rare." But Biard is right
+and Murdoch is wrong. Wild grapes naturally grow in great abundance on
+the islands and intervals of the River St. John and, in spite of the
+interference of the farmers, are still to be found as far north at
+least in Woodstock. Biard visited the St. John River in October, 1611,
+and stayed a day or two at a small trading post on an island near Oak
+Point. One of the islands in that vicinity the early English settlers
+afterwards called "Isle of Vines," from the circumstance that wild
+grapes grew there in great profusion.
+
+We quote next Father Biard's description of the Indian method of
+encampment: "Arrived at a certain place, the first thing they do is to
+build a fire and arrange their camp, which they will have finished in
+an hour or two; often in half an hour. The women go into the woods and
+bring back some poles which are stuck into the ground in a circle
+around the fire and at the top are interlaced in the form of a
+pyramid, so that they come together directly over the fire, for there
+is the chimney. Upon the poles they throw some skins, matting or bark.
+At the foot of the poles under the skins they put their baggage. All
+the space around the fire is strewn with soft boughs of the fire tree,
+so they will not feel the dampness of the ground; over these boughs
+are thrown some mats or seal skins as soft as velvet; upon these they
+stretch themselves around the fire with their heads resting upon their
+baggage; and, what no one would believe, they are very warm in there
+around that little fire, even in the greatest rigors of the winter.
+They do not camp except near some good water, and in an attractive
+location."
+
+The aboriginies of Acadia when the country became known to Europeans,
+no doubt lived as their ancestors had lived from time immemorial. A
+glimpse of the life of the Indian in prehistoric times is afforded us
+in the archaeological remains of the period. These are to be found at
+such places as Bocabec, in Charlotte county, at Grand Lake in Queens
+county, and at various points along the St. John river. Dr. L. W.
+Bailey, Dr. Geo. F. Matthew, Dr. W. F. Ganong, James Vroom, and others
+have given considerable attention to these relics and they were
+studied also to some extent by their predecessors in the field of
+science, Dr. Robb, Dr. Gesner and Moses H. Perley. The relics most
+commonly brought to light include stone implements, such as axes,
+hammers, arrow heads, lance and spear heads, gouges and chisels, celts
+or wedges, corn crushers, and pipes; also bone implements such as
+needles, fish hooks and harpoons, with specimens of rude pottery.
+
+When Champlain first visited our shores the savages had nothing better
+than stone axes to use in clearing their lands. It is to their credit
+that with such rude implements they contrived to hack down the trees
+and, after burning the branches and trunk, planted their corn among
+the stumps and in the course of time took out the roots. In
+cultivating the soil they used an implement of very hard wood, shaped
+like a spade, and their method of raising corn, as described by
+Champlain, was exactly the same as that of our farmers today. The corn
+fields at the old Medoctic Fort were cultivated by the Indians many
+years before the coming of the whites. Cadillac, writing in 1693,
+says: "The Maliseets are well shaped and tolerably warlike; they
+attend to the cultivation of the soil and grow the most beautiful
+Indian corn; their fort is at Medocktek." Many other choice spots
+along the St. John river were tilled in very early times, including,
+probably, the site of the old Government House at Fredericton, where
+there was an Indian encampment long before the place was dreamed of as
+the site of the seat of government of the province.
+
+Lescarbot, the historian, who wrote In 1610, tells us that the Indians
+were accustomed to pound their corn in a mortar (probably of wood) in
+order to reduce it to meal. Of this they afterwards made a paste,
+which was baked between two stones heated at the fire. Frequently the
+corn was roasted on the ear. Yet another method is thus described by
+the English captive, John Gyles, who lived as a captive with the St.
+John river Indians in 1689: "To dry the corn when in the milk, they
+gather it in large kettles and boil it on the ears till it is pretty
+hard, then shell it from the cob with clam shells and dry it on bark
+in the sun. When it is thoroughly dry a kernel is no bigger than a
+pea, and will keep years; and when it is boiled again it swells as
+large as when on the ear and tastes incomparably sweeter than other
+corn. When we had gathered our corn and dried it in the way described,
+we put some of it into Indian barns, that is into hole in the ground
+lined and covered with bark and then with earth. The rest we carried
+up the river upon our next winter's hunting."
+
+The Indians were a very improvident race, and in this respect the
+Maliseets were little better than the Micmacs, of whom Pierre Biard
+writes: "They care little about the future and are not urged on to
+work except by present necessity. As long as they have anything they
+are always celebrating feasts and having songs dances and speeches. If
+there is a crowd of them you certainly need not expect anything else.
+Nevertheless if they are by themselves and where they may safely
+listen to their wives, for women are everywhere the best managers,
+they will sometimes make storehouses for the winter where they will
+keep smoked meat, roots, shelled acorns, peas, beans, etc."
+
+Although the Indians living on the St. John paid some attention to the
+cultivation of the soil there can be no doubt that hunting and fishing
+were always their chief means of support. In Champlain's day the
+implements of the chase were very primitive. Yet they were able to
+hunt the largest game by taking advantage of the deep snow and making
+use of their snow-shoes. Champlain says. "They search for the track of
+animals, which, having found, they follow until they get sight of the
+creature, when they shoot at it with their bows or kill it by means of
+daggers attached to the end of a short pike. Then the women and
+children come up, erect a hut and they give themselves to feasting.
+Afterwards they proceed in search of other animals and thus they pass
+the winter. This is the mode of life of these people, which seems to
+me a very miserable one."
+
+There can be little doubt that wild game was vastly more abundant in
+this country, when it was discovered by Europeans, than it is today.
+In the days of La Tour and Charnisay as many as three thousand moose
+skins were collected on the St. John in a single year, and smaller
+game was even more abundant. Wild fowl ranged the coasts and marshes
+and frequented the rivers in incredible numbers. Biard says that at
+certain seasons they were so abundant on the islands that by the
+skilful use of a club right and left they could bring down birds as
+big as a duck with every blow. Denys speaks of immense flocks of wild
+pidgeons. But the Indian's food supply was not limited to these; the
+rivers abounded with salmon and other fish, turtles were common along
+the banks of the river, and their eggs, which they lay in the sand,
+were esteemed a great delicacy, as for the musquash it is regarded as
+the "Indian's turkey."
+
+A careful examination of the relics discovered at the sites of the old
+camping grounds suffices to confirm the universal testimony of early
+writers regarding the nomadic habits of the Indians. They were a
+restless race of people, for ever wandering from place to place as
+necessity or caprice impelled them. At one time they were attracted to
+the sea side where clams, fish and sea fowl abounded; at another they
+preferred the charms of the inland waters. Sometimes the mere love of
+change led them to forsake one camping place and remove to some other
+favorite spot. When game was scarce they were compelled by sheer
+necessity to seek new hunting grounds. At the proper season they made
+temporary encampments for salmon fishing with torch and spear. Anon
+they tilled their cornfields on the intervals and islands. They had a
+saying: "When the maple leaf is as big as a squirrel's foot it is time
+to plant corn." Occasionally the outbreak of some pestilence broke up
+their encampments and scattered them in all directions. In time of
+peace they moved leisurely, but in time of war their action was much
+more vigorous and flotillas of their bark canoes skimmed swiftly over
+the lakes and rivers bearing the dusky warriors against the enemies of
+their race. Many a peaceful New England hamlet was startled by their
+midnight war-whoop when danger was little looked for.
+
+It is a common belief in our day that the Indians were formerly more
+numerous than they now are. Exactly the same opinion seems to have
+prevailed when the country was first discovered, but it is really very
+doubtful whether there were ever many more Indians in the country than
+there are today. In the year 1611 Biard described them as so few in
+number that they might be said to roam over rather than to possess the
+country. He estimated the Maliseets, or Etchemins, as less than a
+thousand in number "scattered over wide spaces, as is natural for
+those who live by hunting and fishing." Today the Indians of Maine and
+New Brunswick living within the same area as the Etchemins of 1611,
+number considerably more than a thousand souls. There are, perhaps, as
+many Indians in the maritime provinces now as in the days of
+Champlain. As Hannay observes, in his History of Acadia, excellent
+reasons existed to prevent the Indians from ever becoming very
+numerous. A wilderness country can only support a limited population.
+The hunter must draw his sustenance from a very wide range of
+territory, and the life of toil and privation to which the Indian was
+exposed was fatal to all but the strongest and most hardy.
+
+One of the most striking Indian characteristics is the keenness of
+perception by which they are enabled to track their game or find their
+way through pathless forests without the aid of chart or compass. The
+Indian captive, Gyles, relates the following incident which may be
+mentioned in this connection:
+
+"I was once travelling a little way behind several Indians and,
+hearing them laugh merrily, when I came up I asked them the cause of
+their laughter. They showed me the track of a moose, and how a
+wolverene had climbed a tree, and where he had jumped off upon the
+moose. It so happened that after the moose had taken several large
+leaps it came under the branch of a tree, which, striking the
+wolverene, broke his hold and tore him off; and by his tracks in the
+snow it appeared he went off another way with short steps, as if he
+had been stunned by the blow that had broken his hold. The Indians
+were wonderfully pleased that the moose had thus outwitted the
+mischievous wolverene."
+
+The early French writers all notice the skill and ingenuity of the
+savages, in adapting their mode of life to their environment. Nicholas
+Denys, who came to Acadia in 1632, gives a very entertaining and
+detailed account of their ways of life and of their skillful
+handicraft. The snowshoe and the Indian bark canoe aroused his special
+admiration. He says they also made dishes of bark, both large and
+small, sewing them so nicely with slender rootlets of fir that they
+retained water. They used in their sewing a pointed bodkin of bone,
+and they sometimes adorned their handiwork with porcupine quills and
+pigments. Their kettles used to be of wood before the French supplied
+them with those of metal. In cooking, the water was readily heated to
+the boiling point by the use of red-hot stones which they put in and
+took out of their wooden kettle.
+
+Until the arrival of Europeans the natives were obliged to clothe
+themselves with skins of the beaver and other animals. The women made
+all the garments, but Champlain did not consider them very good
+tailoresses.
+
+Like most savage races the Indians were vain and consequential. Biard
+relates that a certain sagamore on hearing that the young King of
+France was unmarried, observed: "Perhaps I may let him marry my
+daughter, but the king must make me some handsome presents, namely,
+four or five barrels of bread, three of peas and beans, one of
+tobacco, four or five cloaks worth one hundred sous apiece, bows,
+arrows, harpoons, and such like articles."
+
+Courtship and marriage among the Maliseets is thus described by John
+Gyles: "If a young fellow determines to marry, his relations and the
+Jesuit advise him to a girl, he goes into the wigwam where she is and
+looks on her. If he likes her appearance, he tosses a stick or chip
+into her lap which she takes, and with a shy side-look views the
+person who sent it; yet handles the chip with admiration as though she
+wondered from whence it came. If she likes him she throws the chip to
+him with a smile, and then nothing is wanting but a ceremony with the
+Jesuit to consummate the marriage. But if she dislikes her suitor she
+with a surly countenance throws the chip aside and he comes no more
+there."
+
+An Indian maiden educated to make "monoodah," or Indian bags, birch
+dishes and moccasins, to lace snowshoes, string wampum belts, sew
+birch canoes and boil the kettle, was esteemed a lady of fine
+accomplishments. The women, however, endured many hardships. They were
+called upon to prepare and erect the cabins, supply them with fire,
+wood and water, prepare the food, go to bring the game from the place
+where it had been killed, sew and repair the canoes, mend and stretch
+the skins, curry them and make clothes and moccasins for the whole
+family. Biard says: "They go fishing and do the paddling, in short
+they undertake all the work except that alone of the grand chase.
+Their husbands sometimes beat them unmercifully and often for a very
+slight cause."
+
+Since the coming of the whites the Maliseets have had few quarrels
+with the neighboring tribes of Indians. They entertained, however,
+a dread of the Mohawks, and there are many legends that have been
+handed down to us which tell of their fights with these implacable
+foes. One of the most familiar--that of the destruction of the
+Mohawk war party at the Grand Falls--told by the Indians to the early
+settlers on the river soon after their arrival in the country and has
+since been rehearsed in verse by Roberts and Hannay and in prose by
+Lieut.-Governor Gordon in his "Wilderness Journeys," by Dr. Rand
+in his Indian legends and by other writers.
+
+John Gyles, the English captive at Medoctec village in 1689, relates
+the following ridiculous incident, which sufficiently shows the
+unreasonable terror inspired in the mind of the natives of the river
+in his day by the very name of Mohawk:
+
+"One very hot season a great number of Indians gathered at the
+village, and being a very droughty people they kept James Alexander
+and myself night and day fetching water from a cold spring that ran
+out of a rocky hill about three-quarters of a mile from the fort.[1]
+In going thither we crossed a large interval corn field and then a
+descent to a lower interval before we ascended the hill to the spring.
+James being almost dead as well as I with this continual fatigue
+contrived (a plan) to fright the Indians. He told me of it, but
+conjured me to secrecy. The next dark night James going for water set
+his kettle on the descent to the lowest interval, and ran back to the
+fort puffing and blowing as in the utmost surprise, and told his
+master that he saw something near the spring which looked like Mohawks
+(which he said were only stumps--aside): his master being a most
+courageous warrior went with James to make discovery, and when they
+came to the brow of the hill, James pointed to the stumps, and withal
+touched his kettle with his toe, which gave it motion down hill, and
+at every turn of the kettle the bail clattered, upon which James and
+his master could see a Mohawk in every stump in motion, and turned
+tail to and he was the best man who could run the fastest. This
+alarmed all the Indians in the village; they, though about thirty or
+forty in number, packed off bag and baggage, some up the river and
+others down, and did not return under fifteen days, and the heat of
+the weather being finally over our hard service abated for this
+season. I never heard that the Indians understood the occasion of the
+fright, but James and I had many a private laugh about it."
+
+    [1] The old Medoctec fort was on the west bank of the River St. John
+        about eight miles below the town of Woodstock. The spring is
+        readily identified; an apparently inexhaustible supply of pure
+        cold water flows from it even in the driest season.
+
+Until quite recently the word "Mohawk," suddenly uttered, was
+sufficient to startle a New Brunswick Indian. The late Edward Jack
+upon asking an Indian child, "What is a Mohawk?" received this reply,
+"A Mohawk is a bad Indian who kills people and eats them." Parkman
+describes the Mohawks as the fiercest, the boldest, yet most politic
+savages to whom the American forests ever gave birth and nurture. As
+soon as a canoe could float they were on the war path, and with the
+cry of the returning wild fowl mingled the yell of these human tigers.
+They burned, hacked and devoured, exterminating whole villages at
+once.
+
+A Mohawk war party once captured an Algonquin hunting party in which
+were three squaws who had each a child of a few weeks or months old.
+At the first halt the captors took the infants, tied them to wooden
+spits, roasted them alive before a fire and feasted on them before
+the eyes of the agonized mothers, whose shrieks, supplications and
+frantic efforts to break the cords that bound them, were met with
+mockery and laughter. "They are not men, they are wolves!" sobbed one
+of the wretched women, as she told what had befallen her to the Jesuit
+missionary.
+
+Fearful as the Maliseets were of the Mohawks they were in turn
+exceedingly cruel to their own captives and, strange as it may appear,
+the women were even more cruel than the men. In the course of the
+border wars English captives were exposed to the most revolting and
+barbarous outrages, some were even burned alive by our St. John river
+Indians.
+
+But while cruel to their enemies, and even at times cruel to their
+wives, the Indians were by no means without their redeeming features.
+They were a modest and virtuous race, and it is quite remarkable that
+with all their bloodthirstiness in the New England wars there is no
+instance on record of the slightest rudeness to the person of any
+female captive. This fact should be remembered to their credit by
+those who most abhor their bloodthirstiness and cruelty. Nor were the
+savages without a certain sense of justice. This we learn from the
+following incident in the experience of the English captive John
+Gyles.
+
+"While at the Indian village (Medoctec) I had been cutting wood and
+was binding it up with an Indian rope in order to carry it to the
+wigwam when a stout ill-natured young fellow about 20 years of age
+threw me backward, sat on my breast and pulling out his knife said
+that he would kill me, for he had never yet killed an English person.
+I told him that he might go to war and that would be more manly than
+to kill a poor captive who was doing their drudgery for them.
+Notwithstanding all I could say he began to cut and stab me on my
+breast. I seized him by the hair and tumbled him from off me on his
+back and followed him with my fist and knee so that he presently said
+he had enough; but when I saw the blood run and felt the smart I at
+him again and bid him get up and not lie there like a dog--told him of
+his former abuses offered to me and other poor captives, and that if
+ever he offered the like to me again I would pay him double. I sent
+him before me, took up my burden of wood and came to the Indians and
+told them the whole truth and they commended me, and I don't remember
+that ever he offered me the least abuse afterward, though he was big
+enough to have dispatched two of me."
+
+The unfortunate conduct of some of the New England governors together
+with other circumstances that need not here be mentioned, led the
+Maliseets to be hostile to the English. Toward the French, however,
+they were from the very first disposed to be friendly, and when de
+Monts, Champlain and Poutrincourt arrived at the mouth of our noble
+river on the memorable 24th day of June, 1604, they found awaiting
+them the representatives of an aboriginal race of unknown antiquity,
+and of interesting language, traditions and customs, who welcomed them
+with outward manifestations of delight, and formed with them an
+alliance that remained unbroken throughout the prolonged struggle
+between the rival powers for supremacy in Acadia.
+
+[Illustration: Indian Encampment and Chief]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II.
+
+THE COMING OF THE WHITE MAN.
+
+
+There are yet to be found in New Brunswick forest clad regions, remote
+from the haunts of men, that serve to illustrate the general features
+of the country when it was discovered by European adventurers 300
+years ago. Who these first adventurers were we cannot with certainty
+tell. They were not ambitious of distinction, they were not even
+animated by religious zeal, for in Acadia, as elsewhere, the trader
+was the forerunner of the priest.
+
+The Basque, Breton, and Norman, fishermen are believed to have made
+their voyages as early as the year 1504, just 100 years before
+Champlain entered the mouth of the St. John river. But these early
+navigators were too intent upon their own immediate gain to think of
+much beside; they gave to the world no intelligent account of the
+coasts they visited, they wave not accurate observers, and in their
+tales of adventure fact and fiction were blended in equal proportion.
+Nevertheless, by the enterprise and resolution of these hardy mariners
+the shores of north-eastern America were fairly well known long before
+Acadia contained a single white inhabitant.
+
+Adventurers of Portugal, Spain and Italy vied with those of France and
+Britain in the quest of treasure beyond the sea. They scanned our
+shores with curious eyes and pushed their way into every bay and
+harbor. And thus, slowly but surely, the land that had lain hidden in
+the mists of antiquity began to disclose its outlines as the keen
+searchlight of discovery was turned upon it from a dozen different
+sources.
+
+While the first recorded exploration of the southern shores of New
+Brunswick is that of de Monts and Champlain in 1604, there can be
+little doubt that European fishers and traders had entered the Bay of
+Fundy before the close of the 16th century and had made the
+acquaintance of the savages, possibly they had ventured up the St.
+John river. The Indians seem to have greeted the new-comers in a very
+friendly fashion and were eager to barter their furs for knives and
+trinkets. The "pale-faces" and their white winged barks were viewed at
+first with wonder not unmixed with awe, but the keen-eyed savages
+quickly learned the value of the white man's wares; and readily
+exchanged the products of their own forests and streams for such
+articles as they needed. Trade with the savages had assumed
+considerable proportions even before the days of Champlain.
+
+But while it is probable that the coasts of Acadia were visited by
+Europeans some years before Champlain entered the Bay of Fundy, it is
+certain that the history of events previous to the coming of that
+intrepid navigator is a blank. The Indians gradually become familiar
+with the vanguard of civilization as represented by the rude fishermen
+and traders, that is all we know.
+
+The honor of the first attempt at colonization in Acadia belongs to
+the Sieur de Monts, a Huguenot noblemen who had rendered essential
+service to the French king. This nobleman, with the assistance of a
+company of merchants of Rouen and Rochelle, collected a band of 120
+emigrants, including artisans of all trades, laborers and soldiers,
+and in the month of April, 1604, set sail for the new world. Henry IV
+of France gave to the Sieur de Monts jurisdiction over Acadia, or New
+France, a region so vast that the sites of the modern cities of
+Montreal and Philadelphia lay within its borders. The Acadia of de
+Monts would today include the maritime provinces, the greater part of
+Quebec and half of New England.
+
+The colonists embarked in two small vessels, the one of 120, the other
+of 150 tons burden; a month later they reached the southern coast of
+Nova Scotia. They proceeded to explore the coast and entered the Bay
+of Fundy, to which the Sieur de Monts gave the name of La Baye
+Francaise. Champlain has left us a graphic account of the voyage of
+exploration around the shores of the bay. In this, however, we need
+not follow him. Suffice it to say that on the 24th day of June there
+crept cautiously into the harbor of St. John a little French ship; she
+was a paltry craft, smaller than many of our coasting schooners, but
+she carried the germ of an empire for de Monts, Champlain and
+Poutrincourt, the founders of New France, were on her deck.
+
+There is in Champlain's published "voyages" an excellent plan of St.
+John harbor which, he says, lay "at the mouth of the largest and
+deepest river we had yet seen which we named the River Saint John,
+because it was on this saint's day that we arrived there."
+
+Champlain did not ascend the river far but Ralleau, the secretary of
+the Sieur de Monts, went there sometime afterwards to see Secoudon (or
+Chkoudun), the chief of the river, who reported that it was beautiful,
+large and extensive with many meadows and fine trees such as oaks,
+beeches, walnut trees and also wild grape vines. In Champlain's plan
+of St. John harbor a cabin is placed on Navy Island, which he
+describes as a "cabin where the savages fortify themselves." This was
+no doubt the site of a very ancient encampment.
+
+Lescarbot, the historian, who accompanied de Monts, says they visited
+the cabin of Chkoudun, with whom they bartered for furs. According to
+his description: "The town of Ouigoudy, the residence of the said
+Chkoudun, was a great enclosure upon a rising ground, enclosed with
+high and small tress, tied one against another; and within the
+enclosure were several cabins great and small, one of which was as
+large as a market hall, wherein many households resided." In the large
+cabin which served as a council chamber, they saw some 80 or 100
+savages all nearly naked. They were having a feast, which they called
+"Tabagie." The chief Chkoudun made his warriors pass in review before
+his guests.
+
+Lescarbot describes the Indian sagamore as a man of great influence
+who loved the French and admired their civilization. He even attended
+their religious services on Sundays and listened attentively to the
+admonitions of their spiritual guides, although he did not understand
+a word. "Moreover," adds Lescarbot, "he wore the sign of the cross
+upon his bosom, which he also had his servants wear; and he had in
+imitation of us a great cross erected in the public place called
+Oigoudi at the port of the River Saint John." This sagamore
+accompanied Poutrincourt on his tour of exploration to the westward
+and offered single handed to oppose a hostile band who attacked the
+French.
+
+According to Champlain's plan of St. John harbor, the channel on the
+west, or Carleton, side of Navy Island was much narrower in his day
+than it is now. The name Ouygoudy (or Wigoudi), applied by the
+Indians to Chkoudun's village on Navy Island, is nearly identical with
+the modern word "We-go-dic," used by the Maliseets to designate any
+Indian village or encampment. They have always called the St. John
+river "Woolastook," but their name for the place on which the city of
+St. John is built is "Men-ah-quesk," which is readily identified with
+"Menagoueche," the name generally applied to St. John harbor by
+Villebon and other French commanders in Acadia.
+
+[Illustration: CHAMPLAIN'S PLAN OF ST. JOHN HARBOR.
+
+The figures indicate fathoms of water. A. Islands above
+the falls. B. Mountains two leagues from the river. D. Shoals or flats.
+E. Cabin where the savages fortify themselves. F. A pebbly point where
+there is a cross (Sand Point). G. Partridge Island. H. A., small river
+coming from a little pond (mill pond and its outlet). I. Arm of the sea,
+dry at low tide (Courtenay Bay and the Marsh Creek). P. Way by which the
+savages carry their canoes in passing the falls.]
+
+Navy Island assumes a historic interest in our eyes as the first
+inhabited spot, so far as we know, within the confines of the city of
+St. John. In Champlain's plans the principal channel is correctly
+given as on the east side of Partridge Island. Sand Point is shown,
+and the cross at its extremity was probably erected by the explorers
+in honor of their discovery. Groups of savages are seen on either side
+of the harbor, and a moose is feeding near the present Haymarket
+Square. A little ship rests on the flats, the site of the new dry
+dock.
+
+De Monts and Champlain passed their first winter in America on an
+island in the St. Croix river. Their experience was disastrous in the
+extreme. Nearly half of their party died of "mal de la terre," or
+scurvy, and others were at the point of death. Pierre Biard, the
+Jesuit missionary, attributed the fatality of the disease to the mode
+of life of the people, of whom only eleven remained well. "These were
+a jolly company of hunters who preferred rabbit hunting to the air of
+the fireside, skating on the ponds to turning over lazily in bed,
+making snowballs to bring down the game to sitting around the fire
+talking about Paris and its good cooks." In consequence of their
+unfortunate experience during the first winter the little colony
+removed to Port Royal.
+
+The advent of European explorers and traders materially affected the
+manner of life of the Indians. Hitherto they had hunted the wild
+animals merely for subsistence, but now the demand of the traders for
+furs and peltry stimulated enormously the pursuit of game. The
+keen-eyed savages saw the advantages of the white man's implements and
+utensils. Steel knives, axes, vessels of metal, guns, powder and shot,
+blankets, ornaments and trinkets excited his cupidity. Alas, too, love
+of the white man's "fire water" soon became a ruling passion and the
+poor Indian too often received a very indifferent compensation for his
+toil and exposure.
+
+In the summer time, when the annual ships arrived from France, the
+Indians gathered in large numbers at the various trading posts. They
+came from far and near, and for several weeks indulged in feasting and
+revelry. Pierre Biard comments severely on their folly. He says: "They
+never stop gorging themselves excessively during several weeks. They
+get drunk not only on wine, but on brandy, so that it is no wonder
+they are obliged to endure some gripes of the stomach during the
+following autumn."
+
+The Maliseets frequently came to the mouth of the St. John to trade
+with the French; sometimes they even resorted to Port Royal, for these
+daring savages did not fear to cross the Bay of Fundy in their frail
+barks.
+
+The chief of the savages of the River St. John, Chkoudun, proved a
+valuable ally of the French owing to his extensive knowledge of the
+country and of the tribes that inhabited it. Champlain crossed over to
+St. John from Port Royal in the autumn of 1605 to get him to point out
+the location of a certain copper mine on the shores of the Bay of
+Fundy, supposed to be of fabulous richness. Chkoudun readily agreed to
+accompany his visitor and they proceeded to the mine, which was on the
+shores of the Basin of Minas. The master miner, a native of Sclavonia,
+whom de Monts had brought to Acadia to search for precious metals,
+deemed the outlook not unpromising, but Champlain was disappointed,
+and says: "The truth is that if the water did not cover the mines
+twice a day, and if they did not lie in such hard rocks, something
+might be expected from them."
+
+The commercial spirit that has ever predominated in our good city of
+St. John evidently goes back to the days of its discovery. Chkoudun
+lived at "Menagoueche" in his fortified village on Navy Island when
+Champlain invited him to go with the Sieur de Poutrincourt and himself
+as guide on a tour of exploration along the coast of New England. They
+set out in the month of September, 1606, and the chief took with him
+in a shallop certain goods he had obtained from the fur traders to
+sell to his neighbors the Armouchiquois, with whom he proposed to make
+an alliance. The savages of New England were beginning to covet the
+axes and other implements of civilization that their neighbors to the
+eastward had obtained from the fishermen and traders who visited their
+shores.
+
+The Indians were now for a season to part with their friends and
+allies. In 1607 de Monts decided to abandon his attempt to establish a
+colony and Champlain and his associates were recalled to France.
+Acadia was once more without a single European inhabitant. Three years
+later Poutrincourt, to the great joy of the savages, returned to Port
+Royal, and most of the rights and privileges formerly held by de Monts
+were transferred to him.
+
+The summer of 1611 was notable for the arrival of the Jesuit
+missionaries, Pierre Biard and Enemond Masse.
+
+It seems that the French traders did not quietly acquiesce in
+Poutrincourt's monopoly of trade, and the masters of certain ships of
+St. Malo and Rochelle boasted to the Indians that they would devour
+Poutrincourt as the fabled Gougou would a poor savage. This was an
+insult our nobleman was not disposed to endure, so accompanied by the
+missionary Biard he crossed over to St. John and proceeded along the
+coast as far as Passamaquoddy. The offenders were sternly admonished
+and compelled to acknowledge his authority. Later it was discovered
+that they had carried away nearly all that was valuable of the fur
+trade for that season.
+
+Biard at this time succeeded in reconciling Poutrincourt and the
+younger Pontgrave who for some misdemeanor had been banished from Port
+Royal and had spent the previous winter among the Indians of the St.
+John river, living just as they did. Biard speaks of him as "a young
+man of great physical and mental strength, excelled by none of the
+savages in the chase, in alertness and endurance and in his ability to
+speak their language."
+
+Early in the month of October a little island in Long Reach called
+Emenenic--now known as Caton's Island--was the scene of an exciting
+incident of which Biard has left us a picturesque description. It
+seems that Poutrincourt's son, Biencourt, wished to exact submission
+on the part of a number of traders of St. Malo, who had established a
+trading post on the island. Accordingly accompanied by a party of
+soldiers and the Jesuit missionary he proceeded to the scene of
+operations. Father Biard did not admire, as do our modern travellers,
+the "reversing falls" at the mouth of our noble river. "The entrance
+to this river," he says, "is very narrow and very dangerous * * and if
+you do not pass over it at the proper moment and when the water is
+smoothly heaped up, of a hundred thousand barques not an atom would
+escape, but men and goods would all perish."
+
+The party settled on the island of Emenenic included their captain,
+Merveille, and young Pontgrave. Biard in his narrative terms them "the
+Malouins"--or people of St. Malo. "We were still," he says, "one
+league and a half from the island when the twilight ended and night
+came on. The stars had already begun to appear when suddenly towards
+the northward a part of the heavens became blood red; and this light
+spreading little by little in vivid streaks and flashes, moved
+directly over the settlement of the Malouins and there stopped. The
+red glow was so brilliant that the whole river was tinged and made
+luminous by it. This apparition lasted about five minutes and as soon
+as it disappeared another came of the same form, direction and
+appearance.
+
+"Our savages, when they saw this wonder, cried out in their language,
+'Gara, gara, maredo'--we shall have war, there will be blood.
+
+"We arrived opposite the settlement when the night had already closed
+in, and there was nothing we could do except to fire a salute from the
+falconet, which they answered with one from the swivel gun.
+
+"When morning came and the usual prayers ware said, two Malouins
+presented themselves upon the bank and signified to us that we could
+disembark without being molested, which we did. It was learned that
+their captains were not there but had gone away up the river three
+days before, and no one knew when they would return. Meanwhile Father
+Biard went away to prepare his altar and celebrate holy mass. After
+mass Sieur de Biencourt placed a guard at the door of the habitation
+and sentinels all around it. The Malouins were very much astonished at
+this way of doing things. The more timid considered themselves as
+lost; the more courageous stormed and fumed and defied them.
+
+"When night came on Captain Merveille returned to his lodgings,
+knowing nothing of his guests. The sentinel hearing him approach
+uttered his "qui voila"--who goes there? The Malouin, thinking it was
+one of his own people, answered mockingly, 'who goes there thyself?'
+and continued upon his way. The sentinel fired his musket at him in
+earnest and it was a great wonder (merveille) that Merveille was not
+killed. But he was very much astonished and still more so when he saw
+some soldiers upon him with naked swords who seized him and took him
+into the house; you may imagine how soldiers and sailors act at such
+times, with their cries, their theats and their gesticulations.
+
+"Merveille had his hands bound behind his back so tightly that he
+could not rest and he began to complain very pitifully. Father Biard
+begged Sieur de Biencourt to have the sufferer untied, alleging that
+if they had any fears about the said Merveille they might enclose him
+in one of the Carthusian beds, and that he would himself stay at the
+door to prevent his going out. Sieur de Biencourt granted this
+request."
+
+"Now I could not describe to you," Biard goes on to say, "what a night
+this was; for it passed in continual alarms, gun shots and rash acts
+on the part of some of the men; so that it was feared with good reason
+that the prognostications seen in the heavens the night before would
+have their bloody fulfilment upon earth. I do not know that there was
+one who closed his eyes during the night. For me, I made many fine
+promises to our Lord never to forget His goodness if He were pleased
+to avert bloodshed. This He granted in His infinite mercy. * *
+Certainly Captain Merveille and his people showed unusual piety for
+notwithstanding this so annoying encounter, two days afterwards they
+confessed and took communion in a very exemplary manner, and at our
+departure they all begged me very earnestly, and particularly young du
+Pont, to come and stay with them as long as I liked. I promised to do
+so and am only waiting the opportunity, for in truth I love these
+honest people with all my heart."
+
+The missionaries, Biard and Masse, were anxious to cultivate the
+friendship of young du Pont, knowing that he could greatly assist them
+in learning the Indian language, a knowledge of which was essential to
+the work they hoped to accomplish amidst the forests of Acadia.
+Inspired by their motto "ad majoram Dei gloriam," they shrank from no
+toil or privation. Father Masse passed the winter of 1611-12 with
+Louis Membertou and his family at the River St. John with only a
+French boy as his companion, his object being to increase his
+knowledge of the Indian language. He suffered many hardships, was at
+one time seriously ill, but eventually returned in safety to Port
+Royal. He describes the winter's experience with the savages as "a
+life without order and without daily fare, without bread, without
+salt, often without anything; always moving on and changing, * * for
+roof a wretched cabin, for couch the earth, for rest and quiet odious
+cries and songs, for medicine hunger and hard work."
+
+The missionaries found immense difficulty in acquiring the language of
+the natives. The task was not so difficult so long as they sought to
+learn the names of objects that might be touched or seen, but when it
+came to such abstract words as virtue, vice, reason, justice, or to
+such terms as to believe, to doubt or to hope, "for these," said
+Biard, "we had to labor and sweat; in these were the pains of
+travail." They were compelled to make a thousand gesticulations and
+signs that greatly amused their savage instructors who sometimes
+palmed off on them words that were ridiculous and even obscene, so
+that the Jesuits labored with indifferent success in the preparation
+of their catechism. Their work was still in the experimental stage
+when the destruction of Port Royal by Argal in 1613, and the capture
+and removal of the missionaries brought everything to a stand and put
+an end to all attempts at colonization in Acadia for some years.
+
+The Indians, however, were not forgotten; the Jesuits had failed, but
+in 1619 a party of Recollet missionaries from Aquitaine began a
+mission on the St. John. These humble missionary laborers had no
+historian to record their toils and privations, and unlike the Jesuits
+they did not become their own annalists. We know, however, that one of
+their number, Father Barnardin, while returning from Miscou to the
+River St. John, in the year 1623, died of hunger and fatigue in the
+midst of the woods, a martyr to his charity and zeal. Five years
+afterwards, the Recollets were compelled to abandon their mission
+which, however, was reoccupied by them before many years had passed.
+Meanwhile the fur traders established a post on the River St. John as
+a convenient centre for trade with the Indians.
+
+The French, with young Biencourt at their head, still kept a feeble
+hold on Acadia. Biencourt had as his lieutenant, Charles de la Tour,
+who had come to the country many years before when a mere boy of 14
+years of age. Biencourt and la Tour--such was their poverty--were
+compelled to live after the Indian fashion, roaming through the woods
+from place to place. In this rude life la Tour acquired an extensive
+knowledge of the country and its resources, and in all probability
+became familiar with the St. John river region. Biencourt at his death
+left him all his property in Acadia.
+
+The destruction of Port Royal by Argal was the first incident in the
+struggle between England and France for sovereignty in Acadia, a
+struggle that for a century and a half was to remain undecided.
+
+The next attempt at colonization was made on the part of the British,
+but it proved as futile as that of de Monts. James I. of England, in
+the year 1621, gave to Sir William Alexander, under the name of Nova
+Scotia, the peninsula which is now so called, together with a vast
+adjacent wilderness as a fief of the Scottish crown. For several years
+this favored nobleman seems to have contented himself with sending
+annually a ship to explore the shores of his domain and to trade with
+the Indians. Later he devised a scheme to facilitate the settlement of
+a colony by the creation of an order of baronets of Nova Scotia, each
+of whom was to receive an estate six miles in length and three in
+breadth in consideration of his assistance in the colonization of the
+country. In the course of 10 years more than 100 baronets were
+created, of whom 34 had estates within the limits of our own province.
+To that part of Nova Scotia north of the Bay of Fundy, now called New
+Brunswick, Sir William gave the name of the Province of Alexandria.
+The St. John river he called the Clyde and the St. Croix, which
+divided New England and New Scotland, he not inaptly called the
+Tweed.
+
+When war broke out between England and France in 1627, young Charles
+la Tour found his position in Acadia very insecure. However, he was
+naturally resourceful and by his diplomacy and courage continued for
+many years to play a prominent part in the history of affairs. He
+sought and obtained from Louis XIII. of France a commission as the
+King's lieutenant-general and at the same time obtained from Sir
+William Alexander the title of a Baronet of Nova Scotia. He procured
+from his royal master a grant of land on the River St. John and
+obtained leave from Sir William Alexander to occupy it.
+
+By the treaty of St. Germain, in 1632, Acadia was ceded to France.
+Immediately after the peace de Razilly came to the country at the head
+of a little colony of settlers, many of them farmers, whose
+descendants are to be found among the Acadians of today. With de
+Razilly came d'Aulnay Charnisay, who was destined to become la Tour's
+worst enemy. De Razilly died in 1635, leaving his authority to
+Charnisay, his relative and second in command. Charnisay made his
+headquarters at Port Royal and nobody disputed his authority except la
+Tour, who claimed to be independent of him by virtue of his commission
+from the crown and his grant from the Company of New France. The
+dissensions between la Tour and Charnisay at length culminated in war
+and the strife was long and bitter.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III.
+
+THE RIVAL FEUDAL CHIEFS.
+
+
+Charles de Menou, Seigneur d'Aulnay Charnisay, came of a distinguished
+family of Touraine. He married Jeanne Motin, a daughter of the
+Seigneur de Courcelles. She came to Acadia with him in 1638. They
+resided at Port Royal where Charnisay in his log mansion reigned like
+a feudal lord.
+
+Charles St. Etienne de la Tour was probably of less conspicuous
+lineage than his rival, although in legal documents he is called "a
+gentleman of distinguished birth." He married Frances Marie Jacquelins
+who, according to the questionable testimony of his enemies, was the
+daughter of a barber of Mans. She was a Huguenot and whatever may have
+been her origin her qualities of mind and heart have deservedly won
+for her the title of "the heroine of Acadia." Never had man more
+faithful ally than Marie Jacquelins proved to Charles la Tour.
+
+As early as the year 1630 la Tour had be concerned in a project to
+erect a strong fort at the mouth of the St. John river in order to
+ward off the incursions of hostile adventurers and secure control of
+the far trade of the vast wilderness region extending from the mouth
+of the river nearly to the St. Lawrence. It was not, however, until
+the 15th of January, 1635, that the Company of New France granted him
+his tract of land at St. John, extending five leagues up the river and
+including within its bounds "the fort and habitation of la Tour."
+
+The French government endeavored to establish a good understanding
+between la Tour and Charnisay. A royal letter was addressed to the
+latter in which he was cautioned against interference with la Tour's
+settlement at the River St. John. La Tour received a like caution as
+regards Charnisay's settlement at Port Royal. Charnisay was
+commissioned the king's lieutenant-general from Chignecto to Penobscot
+and la Tour was given like jurisdiction over the Nova Scotian
+peninsula. Thus la Tour's settlement and fort at St. John lay within
+the limits of Charnisay's government and Charnisay's settlements at La
+Have and Port Royal lay within the government of la Tour, an
+arrangement not calculated to promote harmony on the part of the
+rivals.
+
+It is rather difficult to get at all the facts of the quarrel that now
+rapidly developed between la Tour and Charnisay. The statements of
+their respective friends are very diverse, sometimes contradictory,
+and even the official records of the court of France are conflicting.
+Nicolas Denys, the historian, had reason to dislike Charnisay, and
+perhaps some of his statements concerning Charnisay's barbarity should
+be received with caution. On the other hand the friends of Charnisay
+have cast aspersions an the character of Lady la Tour that seem
+entirely unwarranted.[2] The fact remains that Acadia, large as it
+was, not large enough for two such ambitious men as Charles la Tour
+and d'Aulnay Charnisay.
+
+    [2] See "Feudal Chiefs of Acadia," by Parkman in Atlantic Monthly of
+        January and February, 1893.
+
+The exact site of la Tour's fort at the mouth of the River St. John
+has been the subject of controversy, Dr. W. F. Ganong, a most
+conscientious and painstaking student of our early history, has
+argued strongly in favor of its location at Portland Point (the green
+mound near Rankine's wharf at the foot of Portland street); the late
+Joseph W. Lawrence and Dr. W. P. Dole have advocated the claims of
+Fort Dufferin, but the site usually accepted is that known as "Old
+Fort," on the west side of the harbor opposite Navy Island. It seems
+probable that la Tour resided at one time at "Old Fort," in Carleton,
+and his son-in-law the Sieur de Martignon lived there afterwards, but
+whether this was the site of the first fort built by la Tour and so
+bravely defended by his wife is at least a debatable question.
+
+In the absence of positive information as to the exact location of la
+Tour's first fort, it is perhaps unadvisable to disturb popular
+opinion until a thorough search of the records in France shall have
+been made in order if possible to settle the question.
+
+Upon his arrival at St. John, la Tour speedily surrounded himself with
+soldiers and retainers and established an extensive traffic with the
+Indians, who came from their hunting grounds when the ships arrived
+laden with goods for the Indian trade. Doctor Hannay gives a graphic
+picture of la Tour's situation:--
+
+"A rude abundance reigned at the board where gathered the defenders of
+Fort la Tour. The wilderness was then a rich preserve of game, where
+the moose, caribou and red deer roamed in savage freedom. Wild fowl of
+all kinds abounded along the marsh, and interval lands of the St.
+John, and the river itself--undisturbed by steamboats and unpolluted
+by saw mills--swarmed with fish. And so those soldier-traders lived on
+the spoils of forest, ocean and river, a life of careless freedom,
+undisturbed by the politics of the world and little crossed by its
+cares. Within the fort, Lady la Tour led a lonely life, with no
+companions but her domestics and her children, for her lord was often
+away ranging the woods, cruising on the coast, or perhaps on a voyage
+to France. She was a devout Huguenot, but the difference of religion
+between husband and wife seems never to have marred the harmony of
+their relations."
+
+In the struggle between the rival feudal chiefs, Charnisay had the
+advantage of having more powerful friends at court, chief among them
+the famous Cardinal Richelieu.
+
+Representations made concerning the conduct of la Tour led the French
+monarch in 1641 to order him to return to France to answer the charges
+against him. In the event of his refusal, Charnisay was directed to
+seize his person and property. The commission of la Tour was also
+revoked.
+
+The contest now entered upon an acute stage. La Tour claimed that the
+royal order had been obtained through misrepresentation, and
+absolutely refused to submit to Charnisay. The latter, not daring to
+attack la Tour in his stronghold, repaired to France where he
+succeeded in fitting out five vessels and in obtaining the services of
+500 soldiers to compel his rival to submission. He also procured
+another and more definite order from the king, directing him to seize
+la Tour's fort and person and to send him to France as a rebel and a
+traitor.
+
+Meanwhile la Tour was not idle. His friends at Rochelle sent out to
+him a large armed vessel, the Clement, loaded with ammunition and
+supplies and having on board 150 armed men. When the vessel neared
+St. John, it was discovered that Charnisay had established a blockade
+at the mouth of the harbor and that entrance was impracticable. In
+this emergency la Tour resolved to seek aid from the people of New
+England, whose trade and friendship he had begun to cultivate. Boston
+was then but a straggling village, in its 13th year, with houses
+principally of boards or logs gathered around its plain little meeting
+house. Eluding the vigilance of the blockading squadron, la Tour and
+his wife succeeded in getting safely on board the Clement, and at once
+repaired to Boston, where their arrival created some consternation,
+for Boston happened to be at that time in a particularly defenceless
+position. Governor Winthrop remarked: "If la Tour had been ill-minded
+towards us, he had such an opportunity as we hope neither he nor any
+other shall ever have the like again." However, la Tour had come with
+no ill intent, and after some negotiations, which he conducted with
+much skill and discretion, he was allowed to hire from Edward Gibbons
+and Thomas Hawkins, four vessels with 50 men and 38 guns. He also
+obtained the assistance of 92 soldiers. With these he hurried back to
+the relief of his fort. Charnisay was compelled to raise the blockade
+and retire to his defences at Port Royal, where he was defeated with
+loss by the united forces of la Tour and his allies.
+
+While at St. John, the Bostonians captured a pinnace belonging to
+Charnisay, laden with 400 moose and 400 beaver skins; their own
+pinnace went up the river to Grand Lake and loaded with coal. This
+little incident shows that the coal mines of Queens county were known
+and worked more than 250 years ago.
+
+As the struggle with la Tour proceeded Charnisay became more and more
+determined to effect the destruction of his rival. La Tour's resources
+were nearly exhausted and his situation had became exceedingly
+critical. He dared not leave his fort and yet he could not hold out
+much longer unaided. His brave wife was equal to the emergency; she
+determined herself to go to France for assistance. This was indeed an
+arduous undertaking for a woman, but her spirit rose to the occasion,
+and neither the perils of the deep nor the difficulties that were to
+confront her at the court of France served to daunt her resolute soul.
+Fearlessly she set out upon the long and dangerous voyage and in the
+course of more than a year's absence endured disappointments and
+trials that would have crushed one less resolute and stout hearted.
+Her efforts in her native country were foiled by her adversaries, she
+was even threatened with death if she should venture to leave France,
+but setting the royal command at defiance she went to England and
+there chartered a ship to carry stores and munitions of war to St.
+John. The master of the ship, instead of proceeding directly to his
+destination, went up the River St. Lawrence to trade with the Indians.
+When, after a six months' voyage, they at length entered the Bay of
+Fundy some of Charnisay's vessels were encountered, and the English
+captain to avoid the seizure and confiscation of his ship was obliged
+to conceal Madame la Tour and her people and proceed to Boston. Here
+his own tribulations began for Madame la Tour brought an action
+against him for violation of his contract and after a four days' trial
+the jury awarded her two thousand pounds damages. With the proceeds of
+this suit she chartered three English ships in Boston and proceeded
+to St. John with all the stores and munitions of war that she had
+collected. The garrison at Fort la Tour hailed her arrival with
+acclamations of delight for they had begun to despair of her return.
+
+Charnisay's attempt to reduce la Tour to subjection was foiled for the
+time being, but his opportunity came a little later. In February,
+1645, he learned of la Tour's absence and that his garrison numbered
+only fifty men. He determined at once to attack the fort. His first
+attempt was an abject failure. The Lady la Tour inspired her little
+garrison with her own dauntless spirit, and so resolute was the
+defence and so fierce the cannon fire from the bastions that
+Charnisay's ship was shattered and disabled and he was obliged to warp
+her off under the shelter of a bluff to save her from sinking. In this
+attack twenty of his men were killed and thirteen wounded. Two months
+later he made another attempt with a stronger force and landed two
+cannon to batter the fort on the land side. On the 17th of April,
+having brought his largest ship to within pistol shot of the water
+rampart, he summoned the garrison to surrender. He was answered by a
+volley of cannon shot and shouts of defiance.
+
+The story of the taking of Fort la Tour, as told by Nicholas Denys, is
+well known. For three days Madame la Tour bravely repelled the
+besiegers and obliged them to retire beyond the reach of her guns. On
+the fourth day whilst she, hoping for some respite, was making her
+soldiers rest a miserable Swiss sentinel betrayed the garrison, and
+when the alarm was given the enemy were already scaling the walls.
+Lady la Tour even in so desperate an emergency as this succeeded in
+rallying the defenders, who bravely resisted the attack, though
+greatly outnumbered by their assailants. She only surrendered at the
+last extremity and under condition that the lives of all should be
+spared. This condition Charnisay is said to have shamefully violated;
+all the garrison were hanged, with the exception of one who was spared
+on condition of acting the part of executioner, and the lady commander
+was compelled to stand at the scaffold with a rope around her neck as
+though she were the vilest criminal.
+
+It is but fair to state that our knowledge of the gross indignity to
+which Lady la Tour was subjected is derived from Denys' narrative, and
+its authenticity has been questioned by Parkman. Nevertheless accounts
+of the transaction that have come to us from sources friendly to
+Charnisay admit that he hanged the greater number of his prisoners,
+"to serve as an example to posterity," and that Madame la Tour was put
+into confinement where, as Charnisay's reporter somewhat brutally
+observes, "she fell ill with spite and rage." The Lady la Tour did not
+long survive her misfortunes. Scarcely three weeks had elapsed after
+the capture of the fort she had so gallantly defended when she died
+and was laid to rest near the spot consecrated by her devotion, the
+scene of so many hopes and fears.
+
+There will always be a peculiar charm for us in the story of our
+Acadian heroine. Fearless, energetic, resolute undoubtedly she was,
+yet who shall say that the motives that actuated her were other than
+pure and womanly? A heart more loyal and true never beat in a human
+breast. She gave her life to protect her husband, her children and
+the humbler dependents that followed their fortunes from the hands of
+a bitter and unscrupulous enemy.
+
+The capture of his stronghold and the death of his faithful wife
+involved la Tour in what appeared to be at the time irreparable ruin.
+He found himself once more, as in his younger days, an exile and a
+wanderer.
+
+The booty taken by Charnisay was valued at L10,000 sterling and as it
+had been accumulated in traffic with the Indians we may form some idea
+of the value of the trade of the St. John river at this time.
+
+When the capture of la Tour's fort was known at the court of
+Versailles the young king was well pleased. He confirmed Charnisay's
+authority in Acadia and even extended it--on paper--from the St.
+Lawrence to Virginia. He could build forts, command by land and sea,
+appoint officers of government and justice, keep such lands as he
+fancied and grant the remainder to his vassals. He had also a monopoly
+of the fur trade and with Fort la Tour, the best trading post in
+Acadia, in his possession, the prospect for the future was very
+bright. Charnisay possessed the instincts of a colonizer and had
+already brought a number of settlers to Acadia. Everything at this
+juncture seemed to point to a growing trade and a thriving colony; but
+once again the hand of destiny appears. In the very zenith of his
+fortune and in the prime of manhood Charnisay was drowned on the 24th
+day of May, 1650, in the Annapolis river near Port Royal.
+
+With Charnisay's disappearance la Tour reappears upon the scene. His
+former defiant attitude is forgotten, he is recognized as the most
+capable man of affairs in Acadia and in September, 1651, we find him
+again in possession of his old stronghold at St. John. The king now
+gave him a fresh commission as lieutenant-general in Acadia with ample
+territorial rights. Disputes soon afterwards arose concerning the
+claims of the widow of d'Aulnay Charnisay; these disputes were set at
+rest by the marriage of the parties interested. The marriage contract,
+a lengthy document, was signed at Port Royal the 24th day of February,
+1653, and its closing paragraph shows that there was little sentiment
+involved: "The said seigneur de la Tour and the said dame d'Aulnay his
+future spouse, to attain the ends and principal design of their
+intended marriage, which is the peace and tranquillity of the country
+and concord and union between the two families, wish and desire as
+much as lies with them that in the future their children should
+contract a new alliance of marriage together."
+
+There is no evidence to show that la Tour's second marriage proved
+unhappy, though it is a very unromantic ending to an otherwise very
+romantic story. His second wife had also been the second wife of
+Charnisay who was a widower when he married her; her maiden name was
+Jeanne Motin. Descendants of la Tour by his second marriage are to be
+found in the families of the d'Entremonts, Girouards, Porliers and
+Landrys of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia.
+
+La Tour and his new wife were quietly living at St. John the year
+after their marriage when four English ships of war suddenly appeared
+before the fort and demanded its surrender. These ships had in the
+first instance been placed at the disposal of the people of
+Massachusetts by Oliver Cromwell for the purpose of an expedition
+against the Dutch colony of Manhattan (now New York); but on the eve
+of their departure news arrived that peace had been made with Holland.
+It was then decided that the expedition should proceed under Major
+Robert Sedgewick's command to capture the French strongholds in
+Acadia. This was a bold measure for England and France were then
+ostensibly at peace. La Tour at once saw that resistance was useless
+and surrendered his fort and the flag of Britain was hoisted over the
+ramparts. However, la Tour's address did not desert him; he went to
+England and laid before Cromwell his claim as a grantee under the
+charter of Sir William Alexander. He proved as skilful a diplomatist
+as ever and obtained, cojointly with Thomas Temple and William Crowne,
+a grant which practically included the whole of Acadia.
+
+La Tour, now more than 60 years of age, was sagacious enough to see
+that disputes were sure again to arise between England and France with
+regard to Acadia, and not wishing to be the football of fortune, sold
+his rights to Sir Thomas Temple his co-partner, and retired to private
+life. He died in 1666 at the age of 72 years and his ashes rest within
+the confines of his beloved Acadia.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV.
+
+FRENCH COMMANDERS OF ACADIA.
+
+
+After the capture of Fort la Tour by Sedgewick's Massachusetts
+invaders in 1654, Acadia remained nominally in possession of the
+English for twelve years. Half a century had elapsed since the attempt
+of de Monts to establish his colony, yet little progress had been made
+in the settlement of the country and the valley of the St. John
+remained an almost unbroken wilderness. The first English trading post
+on the river, of which we have any knowledge was that established in
+1659 by Sir Thomas Temple at the mouth of the Jemseg.
+
+As related in the last chapter, la Tour, Temple and Crowne received
+from Oliver Cromwell a grant that included nearly the whole of Acadia,
+and la Tour soon after sold his right to Temple, his co-partner. The
+latter decided to establish a fortified post at the Jemseg as more
+convenient for the Indian trade and less exposed to marauders than the
+fort at the mouth of the river. There can be little doubt that Temple
+would soon have enjoyed a flourishing trade, but unfortunately for his
+prospects, Acadia was restored to France by the treaty of Breda, in
+1667. He attempted to hold possession of his lands, claiming that they
+did not fall within the boundaries of Acadia, but at the expiration of
+three years, during which there was considerable correspondence with
+the home authorities, he received the peremptory orders of Charles II.
+to surrender the fort to the Sieur de Soulanges. In the formal deed of
+surrender the fort is termed "Fort Gemisick, 25 leagues up the River
+St. John." It was a palisaded enclosure, with stakes 18 feet high
+connected by cross pieces fastened with nails to the stakes and firmly
+braced on the inside with pickets nine feet high leaned against the
+stakes. The gate of the fort was of three thicknesses of new plank. It
+was evidently a frail defence, but sufficient for the Indian trade.
+The armament consisted of five iron guns, varying in weight from 300
+pounds to 625 pounds, mounted on wooden platforms. Within the palisade
+was a house 20 paces by 10, two chimneys, a forge, two sheds and a
+store house. The fort stood on a small mound near the top of a hill,
+less than 100 yards from the bank of the Jemseg river. It commanded an
+extensive view both up and down the River St. John. A fragment of the
+rampart is still visible, and numerous relics have from time to time
+been dug up at the site or in the vicinity. The fort site is now owned
+by Mr. Geo. F. Nevars.
+
+After the treaty of Breda the Chevalier Grand-fontaine was appointed
+to command in Acadia, with Pierre de Joibert, Seigneur de Soulanges et
+Marson, as his lieutenant. One of the first acts of Grand-fontaine was
+to have a census taken, from which we learn that there were then only
+a little more than 400 people in Acadia, very few of whom were to be
+found north of the Bay of Fundy. Grand-fontaine was recalled to France
+in 1673, and Chambly, who had been an officer in the famous Carignan
+Salieres regiment, succeeded him as commandant. The control of affairs
+in New France was now transferred to Quebec, where a governor-general
+and intendant, or lieutenant-governor, resided.
+
+About this time large tracts of land were granted as "seigniories" by
+Count Frontenac and his successors. The seignior was usually a person
+of some consideration by birth and education. He received a free
+grant of lands from the crown on certain conditions; one of these was
+that whenever the seigniory changed hands the act of "faith and
+homage" was to be tendered at the Castle of St. Louis in Quebec. The
+tendering of faith and homage was quite an elaborate ceremony, in
+which the owner of the land, divesting himself of arms and spurs, with
+bared head, on bended knee, repeated before the governor, as
+representative of the sovereign, his acknowledgement of faith and
+homage to the crown. Provision was made in all seignioral grants for
+the reservation of oaks for the royal navy, of lands required for
+fortifications or highways, and of all mines and minerals; the
+seignior was also required to reside on his land or to place a certain
+number of tenants thereon and to clear and improve a certain portion
+within a stated time. From the year 1672 to the close of the century
+as many as 16 seigniories were granted on the St. John river, besides
+others in various parts of New Brunswick. The first in order of time
+was that to Martin d'Arpentigny Sieur de Martignon. It included a
+large tract at the mouth of the River St. John, on the west side of
+the harbor, extending six leagues up the river from Partridge Island
+(Isle de la Perdrix) and six leagues in depth inland. This seigniory
+would now include Carleton and the parishes of Lancaster, Musquash and
+Westfield. The owner of this valuable property is described as "an old
+inhabitant of Acadia." He married Jeanne de la Tour, only daughter of
+Charles la Tour by his first wife: she was born in Acadia in 1626. It
+is stated in his grant that he intended to bring over people from
+France to settle his seigniory, also that he was a proprietor of lands
+on the River St. John "from the River de Maquo to the mines of the
+said country of Acadia."[3]
+
+    [3] Dr. Ganong is probably correct in identifying the "River de
+        Maquo" with Maquapit and the "mines" with the coal mines at
+        Newcastle in Queens county. In this case the sieur de
+        Martignon owned the lands on the north side of Grand Lake
+        including the site of the old Indian village at Indian point
+        where so any relics have been discovered. It is quite possible
+        that the sieur de Martignon and his wife, Jeanne de la Tour,
+        may have lived there for a time.
+
+After la Tour's death his son-in-law, the Sieur de Mantignon,
+seems to have taken up his abode at the old fort on the west side of
+the harbor, which in Franquet's map of 1707 is called "Fort de
+Martinnon."
+
+In the little world of Acadia, Pierre de Joibert, sieur de Soulanges,
+played a leading part during his eight years residence. He was a
+native of the little town of Soulanges in the old French province of
+Champagne. He had served as lieutenant in Grand-fontaine's company of
+infantry and came with that officer to Acadia. It is said that "he
+rendered good and praiseworthy service to the king both in Old and New
+France." As a recognition of those services he was granted, October
+20, 1672, a seigniory at the mouth of the St. John on the east side of
+the river a league in depth and extending four leagues up the river;
+this seigniory seems to have included the present city of St.
+John--Carleton excepted. The Sieur de Soulanges, however, did not
+reside there but at the Jemseg. This is evident from the fact that the
+document that conveyed to him his St. John seigniory gave him in
+addition "the house of fort Gemesik," which the great states "he shall
+enjoy for such time only as he shall hold his commission of commander
+on the said river in order to give him a place of residence that he
+may act with more liberty and convenience in everything relating to
+the king's service." The wife of Soulanges was Marie Francoise,
+daughter of Chartier de Lotbeniere, attorney-general of Quebec. Their
+daughter Louise Elizabeth was born at "Fort Gemesik" in 1673.
+
+The sieur de Soulanges did not long enjoy peaceable possession of his
+place of residence; disturbance came from an entirely unexpected
+quarter. A band of Dutch marauders under their leader Arenson in the
+summer of 1674 pillaged and greatly damaged the fort and seized and
+carried off its commander, but soon after set him at liberty. As a
+recompense for this misfortune Soulanges received the grant of a large
+tract of land at the Jemseg, two leagues in depth and extending a
+league on each side of the fort. It is stated in the grant that "he
+had made various repairs and additions to the fort in order to make it
+habitable and capable of defence, there having been previously only a
+small wooden house in ruins surrounded by palisades half fallen to the
+ground, in fact it would have been better to have rebuilt the whole,
+for he would yet have to make a large outlay to put it in proper
+condition on account of the total ruin wrought by the Dutch (les
+Hollandois) when they made him their prisoner in the said fort two
+years ago."
+
+The little daughter of Soulanges, whose infant slumbers were disturbed
+by these rude Dutch boors, was afterwards the marchioness de
+Vaudreuil, the wife of one governor general of Canada and the mother
+of another.
+
+It is evident the authorities at Quebec knew little of the value of
+the lands on the St. John river or they would hardly have granted
+them with such prodigality. The Sieur de Soulanges seems to have been
+highly favored by Frontenac for the three seigniories granted to him
+included an area of more than a hundred square miles. The one at
+the mouth of the river possessed all those natural advantages that
+have made St. John the leading commercial city of the maritime
+provinces. That at the Jemseg was for a short time the head
+quarters of French power in Acadia and in its modest way the
+political capital of the country. The third seigniory--at the very
+heart of which lay the site of Fredericton--remains to be described.
+In the grant to Soulanges it is termed, "the place called Nachouac
+(Nashwaak), to be called hereafter Soulanges, upon the River St.
+John 15 leagues from Gemesk, two leagues on each side of said river
+and two leagues deep inland." The grant was made in consideration
+of the services rendered by Soulanges and to encourage him to continue
+those services; it was made so large because little of it was
+thought to be capable of cultivation. This seigniory would include at
+the present day the city of Fredericton and its suburbs, the town of
+Marysville, villages of Gibson and St. Mary's and a large tract of the
+surrounding country; the owner of such a property today would be
+indeed a multi-millionaire.
+
+Upon Chambly's appointment as governor of Granada he was succeeded as
+governor of Acadia by the Sieur de Soulanges who did not, however,
+long enjoy the honors of his new position, for he died about the year
+1678 and his widow and children soon afterwards removed to Quebec.
+Count Frontenac's interest in the family continued, and on March 23,
+1691, a grant of a large tract of land on the River St. John was made
+to Marie Francoise Chartier, widow of the Sieur de Soulanges. Her
+seigniory included the larger portion of Gagetown parish in Queens
+county, the central point being opposite her old residence or, as the
+grant expresses it, "vis-a-vis la maison de Jemsec."
+
+The seigniories granted to Soulanges and his widow proved of no value
+to their descendants; either the titles lapsed on account of
+non-fulfilment of the required conditions, or the lands were forfeited
+when the country passed into the hands of the English.
+
+Louise Elizabeth Joibert, the daughter of Soulanges, who was born on
+the River St. John, was educated at the convent of the Ursulines in
+Quebec. At the age of seventeen she married the Marquis Vaudreuil, a
+gentleman thirty years her senior. She is described as a very
+beautiful and clever woman possessed of all the graces which would
+charm the highest circles; of rare sagacity and exquisite modesty. She
+was the mother of twelve children. Her husband, the Marquis de
+Vaudreuil, was for twenty-two years governor general of Canada, and
+her son held the same position when the French possessions passed into
+the hands of the English; he was consequently the last governor
+general of New France.
+
+La Valliere succeeded the Sieur de Soulanges and was for six years
+commander of Acadia. He cared little for the dignity or honor of his
+position provided he could use it for his own benefit. He established
+a small settlement at the River St. John and engaged in fishing and
+trading. Many complaints were preferred against him by rival traders.
+They alleged that he encouraged the English to fish on the coasts,
+granting them licenses for the purpose, that he traded with them in
+spite of the king's prohibition; also that he robbed and defrauded the
+savages.
+
+These charges seem to have been well founded. An Indian captain named
+Negascouet says that as he was coming from Neguedchecouniedoche, his
+usual residence, he was met by the Sieur de la Valliere, who took from
+him by violence seventy moose skins, sixty martins, four beaver and
+two otter, without giving him any payment, and this was not the first
+time la Valliere had so acted.
+
+In 1685 la Valliere was replaced by Perrot whose conduct was, if
+possible, even more reprehensible than that of his predecessor. He was
+such a money making genius that he thought nothing of selling brandy
+to the Indians by the pint and half-pint before strangers and in his
+own house, a rather undignified occupation certainly for a royal
+governor of Acadia.
+
+Examples such as these on the part of those in authority naturally
+found many imitators, indeed there was at this time a general
+disposition on the part of young men of the better families in New
+France to become "coureurs de bois," or rangers of the woods, rather
+than cultivators of the soil. The life of a coureur de bois was wild
+and full of adventure, involving toil and exposure, but the possible
+profits were great and the element of danger appeared in the eyes of
+many an additional fascination. The rulers of New France from time to
+time enacted stringent laws against these "outlaws of the bush" but
+they were of little avail. The governor of Quebec felt compelled to
+represent the conduct of the Canadian noblesse in unfavorable terms to
+his royal master. "They do not," he writes, "devote themselves to
+improving their land, they mix up in trade and send their children to
+trade for furs in the Indian villages and in the depths of the forest
+in spite of the prohibition of his majesty."
+
+The rapid progress of New England caused Louis XIV to express
+dissatisfaction at the slow development of Acadia, and he desired a
+report of the condition of the colony to be transmitted to Versailles.
+Monsieur de Meulles, the intendant, accordingly visited Acadia in 1686
+where he found the French settlements "in a neglected and desolate
+state." He caused a census to be taken which showed the total
+population to be 915 souls, including the garrison at Port Royal.
+There were at that time only five or six families on the St. John
+river. Bishop St. Vallier made a tour of Acadia the same year,
+visiting all the Indians and French inhabitants he could find. The
+Marquis de Denonville in a letter to the French minister of November
+10, 1686, announced the safe return of the bishop to Quebec after a
+most fatiguing journey and adds: "He will give you an account of the
+numerous disorders committed in the woods by the miserable outlaws who
+for a long while have lived like the savages without doing anything at
+all towards the tilling of the soil."
+
+[Illustration: ESTAT PRESENT DE L'EGLISE ET DE LA COLONIE FRANCOISE DANS
+LA NOUVELLE FRANCE
+
+_Par M. L'Eveque de Quebec_
+
+A PARIS, Chez ROBERT PEPIE, rue S. Jacques, a l'image S. Basile, au
+dessus de la Fontaine S. Severin.
+
+M. DC. LXXXVIII.]
+
+Many interesting incidents of the tour of Mgr. St. Vallier are related
+in a work entitled "The Present State of the Church and of the French
+Colony in New France," printed in Paris in 1688. A fac-simile of the
+title page of the original edition appears opposite. As this rare
+little volume contains the first published references to the upper St.
+John region some extracts from its pages will be of interest. The
+bishop was accompanied by two priests and five canoe men. They left
+the St. Lawrence on the 7th of May and proceeded by way of the Rivers
+du Loup and St. Francis to the St. John.
+
+"Our guides," the bishop says, "in order to take the shortest road,
+conducted us by a route not usually traveled, in which it was
+necessary sometimes to proceed by canoe and sometimes on foot and this
+in a region where winter still reigned; we had sometimes to break the
+ice in the rivers to make a passage for the canoes and sometimes to
+leave the canoes and tramp amid snow and water over those places that
+are called portages (or carrying places) because it is necessary for
+the men to carry the canoes upon their shoulders. In order the better
+to mark our route we gave names to all these portages as well as to
+the lakes and rivers we had to traverse.
+
+"The St. Francis is rather a torrent than a river; it is formed by
+several streams which descend from two ranges of mountains by which
+the river is bordered on the right and left; it is only navigable from
+the tenth or twelfth of May until about the end of June; it is then so
+rapid that one could make without difficulty twenty to twenty-five
+leagues in a day if it were not crossed in three or four places by
+fallen trees, which in each instance occupy about fifteen feet of
+space, and if they were cut out, as could be done with very little
+expense, the passage would be free; one would not suppose that it
+would cost 200 pistoles to clear the channel of these obstacles which
+much delay the traveler.
+
+"The River St. John is of much greater extent and beauty than that
+just named, its course is everywhere smooth and the lands along its
+banks appear good; there are several very fine islands, and numerous
+tributary rivers abounding in fish enter its channel on both sides. It
+seemed to us that some fine settlements might be made between Medogtok
+and Gemesech, especially at a certain place which we have named
+Sainte Marie, where the river enlarges and the waters are divided by a
+large number of islands that apparently would be very fertile if
+cultivated. A mission for the savages would be well placed there: the
+land has not as yet any owner in particular, neither the king nor the
+governor having made a grant to any person."
+
+The place here referred to by St. Vallier afterwards became the
+mission of Ekouipahag or Aukpaque. A mission for the Indians has been
+maintained in that vicinity, with some interruptions, to the present
+day. The islands which the bishop mentions are the well known and
+beautiful islands below the mouth of the Keswick stream. There is no
+mention by St. Vallier of the Indian village at Aukpaque, which was
+probably of rather later origin: there may have been a camping ground
+in that locality, however, for the Indians had many camping places on
+the islands and intervals, particularly at the mouths of rivers, to
+which they resorted at certain seasons. The name Ekouipahag or, as our
+modern Indians call it, Ek-pa-hawk, signifies "the head of the tide,"
+or beginning of the swift water. The charms of the place have excited
+the admiration of many a tourist since St. Vallier's day. At the time
+of the Acadian expulsion a number of fugitives, who escaped their
+pursuers, fled for refuge to the St. John river, and took up their
+abode at this spot where they cultivated the intervals and islands
+until the arrival of the Loyalists in 1783, when they were again
+obliged to look for situations more remote.
+
+The progress of Bishop St. Vallier coming down the St. John river was
+expeditious, the water being then at freshet height. At the mouth of
+the Madawaska, which he named St. Francois de Sales, he met a small
+band of savages, who pleaded for a missionary. The day following, May
+17th, he came to the Grand Falls, or as he calls it "le grand Sault
+Saint Jean-Baptiste." His book contains the first published
+description of this magnificent cataract[4]. The rapidity of the
+journey is seen in the fact that the bishop and his party slept the
+next night at the Indian village of Medoctec, "the first fort of
+Acadia," eighty miles below the Grand Falls. Here they found a hundred
+savages, who were greatly pleased when informed that the bishop had
+come for the purpose of establishing a mission for their benefit. This
+promise was fulfilled soon after by the sending to them the Recollet
+missionary Simon, of whom we shall hear more ere long. It is evident
+that the French adventurers the bishop encountered in the course of
+this wilderness journey led a pretty lawless life, for he observed in
+his narrative: "It is to be wished that the French who have their
+habitations along this route, were so correct in their habits as to
+lead the poor savages by their example to embrace Christianity, but we
+must hope that in the course of time the reformation of the one may
+bring about the conversion of the other."
+
+    [4] "Nous vimes l'endroit qu'on appelle le grand Sault Saint
+        Jean-Baptiste, ou la riviere de Saint Jean faisant du haut
+        d'un rocher fort eleve une terrible cascade dans un abime,
+        forme un brouillard qui derobe l'eau a la veue, et fait un
+        bruit qui avertit de loin les navigateurs de descendre de
+        leurs canots."
+
+Medoctec was undoubtedly the principal Indian village on the St. John
+at this time; it was situated on the right bank of the river, eight
+miles below the Town of Woodstock. Here the Maliseets had a palisaded
+fort and large cabin, similar to that described by Lescarbot at the
+village Ouigoudy on Navy Island, where de Monts was welcomed by
+Chkoudun in 1604. The only other fortification constructed by the
+Indians on the St. John river, so far as known, was that at the mouth
+of the Nerepis, at Woodman's Point, called by Villebon, in 1697, "Fort
+des Sauvages de Nerepisse." It was evidently merely a palisaded
+enclosure, and on Southack's map of that period is marked "Wooden
+Fort."
+
+Hitherto the Indians of Acadia had lived peaceably with the whites,
+but the closing years of the seventeenth century were destined to
+witness a sad transformation.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER V.
+
+KING WILLIAM'S WAR.
+
+
+There lived at Quebec in the latter part of the seventeenth century
+one Charles le Moyne, seigneur de Longueil, who is called by
+Charlevoix the Baron de Becancourt; he was of Norman extraction, but
+his sons were natives of New France. As was the custom with the French
+noblesse each son adopted a surname derived from some portion of the
+ancient family estate. At least five of Becancourt's sons were
+prominent in the affairs of Acadia; they are known in history as
+Menneval, Portneuf, Villebon, d'Iberville and des Isles.
+
+In 1687 Menneval replaced Perrot as governor of Acadia, and as the
+conduct of Perrot had given rise to grave dissatisfaction his
+successor received elaborate instructions concerning his duties. He
+was to rebuild the defences of Acadia, to resist the encroachments of
+the English, to suppress the lawless trade of the Coureurs de bois, to
+deal kindly and honestly with the savages, taking care to promote
+their conversion to the Christian faith, and to restore to the crown
+all seigniories and granted lands that had not been occupied or
+improved.
+
+The year that followed Menneval's appointment was notable for the
+outbreak of the most dreadful Indian war in the annals of Acadia. All
+the tribes east of the Merrimac took part in it, including the
+Maliseets and Micmacs. This war is known in history as King William's
+war, from the name of the English monarch in whose reign it occurred.
+It lasted with little intermission for ten years, and during its
+progress the settlers of eastern New England suffered the most fearful
+outrages at the hands of the infuriated savages. Every settlement in
+Maine save Wells, York, Kittery and the Isle of Shoals was over run,
+and a thousand white people killed or taken prisoners.
+
+As in the case of other wars which the Indians have waged with the
+whites, the latter were responsible for its origin. About twelve years
+before it broke out, Major Waldron treacherously seized a band of
+Indians at Dover in New Hampshire and sent them to Boston, where
+several of them were hanged for alleged complicity in Philip's war[5]
+and others sold into slavery. This despicable act the Indians never
+forgot nor forgave.
+
+    [5] This war broke out in 1675 and was confined chiefly to the
+        tribes of Massachusetts. It was of short duration; the Indian
+        Sagamore Philip was slain.
+
+The immediate cause of King William's war, however, was the ill
+considered act of Governor Andros of pillaging the trading post of
+Baron de St. Castin, at Penobscot. St. Castin had formerly served in
+the Carignan Salieres regiment under Frontenac, but for twenty years
+had lived in this region, where he had married a daughter of the
+Maliseet chieftain Madockawando and was highly esteemed by the
+savages.
+
+It was at the instigation of St. Castin and Madockawando that the
+Indians determined to take the war path. The first notable incident of
+the war was the destruction of Dover, where Major Waldron and
+twenty-two others were killed and twenty-nine taken prisoners. This
+occurred in June, 1689, and the story of the affair, as told by the
+St. John river Indians to their English captive, John Gyles, is in
+substance as follows:--
+
+There was a truce with the Indians for some days, during which time
+two squaws came into the garrison. They told Major Waldron that a
+number of Indians were not far away with a considerable quantity of
+beaver and would be there to trade with him the next day. The weather
+was inclement and the women begged leave to lodge in the garrison.
+Some of the people were much opposed to this, but the major said: "Let
+the poor creatures lodge by the fire." The defences of the place were
+of the weakest kind, the gates had no locks but were fastened with
+pins and the garrison kept no watch. The squaws had a favorable
+opportunity to prosecute their design. They went into every apartment
+observing the number in each, and when all the people were asleep
+arose and opened the gates, gave the signal agreed upon and the other
+Indians came to them and, having received an account of the state of
+the garrison, they divided their forces according to the number of the
+people in each apartment and soon took or killed them all. Major
+Waldron lodged within an inner room and when the Indians broke in upon
+him he cried out: "What now! What now!" and jumping out of his bed
+seized his sword and drove them before him through two or three doors,
+but upon his turning about towards the apartment he had just left, an
+Indian came up behind him and knocked him on the head with his
+hatchet, which stunned him and he fell. They then seized him, dragged
+him out, and setting him up on a long table in his hall, bade him
+"judge Indians again." Then they cut and stabbed him and he cried out
+"O Lord! O Lord!" They called for his book of accounts and ordered him
+to cross out all the Indian debts, he having traded much with them.
+Then one and another gashed his naked breast, saying in derision: "I
+cross out my account." Then cutting a joint from a finger, one would
+say: "Will your fist weigh a pound now?" This in allusion to his
+having sometimes used his fist as a pound weight in buying and
+selling. And so they proceeded to torture him to death with every
+refinement of savage cruelty, after which they burned the garrison
+post and drew off.
+
+A few days after this tragic event a number of people were killed by
+the Indians at Saco, and in the month of August the important post at
+Pemaquid, midway between the Kennebec and Penobscot rivers, was taken
+and the adjoining settlement destroyed. According to Charlevoix a
+large number of St. John river Indians participated in this exploit.
+Among their prisoners was a lad named Gyles whose experience during
+the nine years he lived in captivity on the St. John river is told in
+his very interesting narrative published in Boston in 1736. We shall
+have more to say about Gyles and his narrative further on, but it may
+be observed in passing that we are greatly indebted to him for the
+knowledge we possess of the life of the Indians of the River St. John
+two centuries ago. As Doctor Hannay well observes: "By the light of
+such a narrative we are able to perceive how wretched was the lot of
+an Acadian Indian, even during the period when his very name carried
+terror to the hearts of the settlers of Maine and New Hampshire.
+Modern civilization may have degraded him in some respects but it has
+at least rescued him from the danger of starvation and also from the
+cruel necessity of abandoning his kindred to perish when unable longer
+to supply their own wants or endure the constant journeys necessitated
+by the nature of their nomad life."
+
+Early in 1690 Count Frontenac dispatched an expedition from Quebec
+to ravage the New England settlements; their leader was Portneuf,
+brother of Menneval and Villebon. There were fifty French and
+seventy Indians in the original party, which was afterwards joined by
+thirty-six French and a large band of Maliseets from the St. John,
+also by the Indians of Passamaquoddy and Penobscot, making a war
+party of five hundred men. On the 26th of May they attacked the town
+of Falmouth--now Portland. The inhabitants fled for protection
+within the ramparts of Fort Loyal. At the expiration of four or five
+days the garrison was obliged to surrender and Portneuf promised the
+vanquished quarter and a guard to the nearest English town. The
+terms of surrender were shamefully violated, Fort Loyal and Falmouth
+were reduced to ashes and over one hundred men, women and children
+murdered by the savages. From May to October their bodes lay
+exposed to the elements and wild beasts but were finally buried by
+Major Benjamin Church as he passed on an expedition to the eastward.
+
+To revenge themselves on the French, whom they regarded as the
+instigators of this savage warfare, the New Englanders fitted out an
+expedition under Sir William Phips which captured Port Royal and
+carried Menneval, the governor, away a prisoner. His brother Villebon,
+who suceeded to the command, concluded to abandon Port Royal and to
+re-establish the post at the mouth of the Jemseg on the River St.
+John.
+
+Villebon, with all his faults, is one of the most picturesque
+characters in the history of Acadia. He was greatly admired by the
+savages who deemed him to be every inch a chief. Diereville, the poet
+historian, saw him at St. John in 1700 and describes him as "a great
+man of fine appearance and full of energy." Having served for several
+years in a subordinate capacity at Port Royal he was now called upon
+to fill a difficult position and it must be confessed he acted with
+zeal and ability. Adverse fortune embittered him at the outset. Two
+pirate vessels came to Port Royal while he was absent preparing for
+his removal to the St. John river. These marauders burned the houses
+and killed the cattle; they even hanged two of the inhabitants and
+burned a woman and her children in her own dwelling. What was still
+worse for Villebon they captured the ship Union, just arrived from
+France with merchandize, provisions, ammunition and presents for the
+savages.
+
+Villebon was well fitted for such an emergency as this; he assembled
+his dusky allies, explained the loss of their presents and offered
+himself to go to their great father, the King of France, for more. The
+Indians pledged their fidelity and promised him one hundred and fifty
+warriors the next spring to aid him in his designs against the
+English.
+
+At the court of France Villebon was favorably received and returned
+with a commission from the king to command in Acadia. Soon after he
+abandoned the Jemseg Fort and moved up the river to the mouth of the
+Nashwaak where in the upper angle formed by the junction of that river
+with the St. John he built in 1692 a new fort which he called Fort St.
+Joseph. It was an ordinary palisaded fort about 120 feet square, with
+four bastions, and had eight cannon mounted. In the old French
+documents of the period it is usually called Fort Nachouac, with many
+varieties of spelling, such as Naxoat, Naxouac, Natchouak, etc. The
+older French maps place the fort on the south, or Fredericton side of
+the river, but there can be no doubt as to its proper location in the
+upper angle formed by the junction of the River Nashwaak with the St.
+John. The greater portion of the site has been washed away, but traces
+of the ramparts were visible within the memory of those yet living and
+many cannon balls and other relics have been found in the vicinity.
+
+Villebon had now been some years in Acadia, for Bishop St. Vallier
+says that he was in command of the garrison at Port Royal at the time
+of his visit there in 1686. He had ample opportunity of becoming
+familiar with the country and its native inhabitants, and was in this
+way fitted to second the ambitious designs of the French, which
+embraced the destruction of New York and the conquest of New England.
+
+When Count Frontenac came out to Quebec in 1689, to fill for the
+second time the position of Governor and Commander-in-Chief of New
+France, he was in his seventieth year, yet his old time vigor and
+determination were unabated. It was part of his plan to avail himself
+of the hostility of the savages to wear down and discourage the
+English settlers and so to pave the way for French supremacy. He had
+no abler lieutenants in the work he had undertaken than the sons of
+Charles le Moyne, of whom Villebon, Portneuf and d'Iberville were
+particularly conspicuous in the Indian wars. Immediately after his
+arrival, Frontenac encouraged the savages to begin those operations
+against the English settlements known in the history of New England as
+the "winter raids." Montague Chamberlain tersely describes the
+situation thus: "Frontenac decided that he could only succeed in
+holding Canada for the French crown by enlisting the aid of the
+savages, and to secure that aid he must permit them to make war in
+their own savage way, and so from all the doomed hamlets came the same
+horrifying tale--houses burned, men, women and children slaughtered or
+carried into captivity."
+
+It is difficult at this distant day to conceive the horrors of the
+savage warfare that prevailed at this time on the New England
+frontiers. The Indians roamed over the country like wolves, and the
+white settlers never knew when their appalling war whoop would ring in
+their startled ears. It was an age of cruelty and the outrages
+perpetrated provoked reprisals on the part of the New Englanders. The
+close alliance between the Indians and the French, and the fact that
+in several of the raids the savages were led by French officers, led
+to a bitter race hatred and mutual distrust between the descendants of
+the Saxon and the Gaul, which lasted for generations.
+
+In the course of the desultory warfare that followed the destruction
+of Falmouth, more than 200 houses were burned in various parts of the
+country, and Frontenac himself speaks of the ravages of the savages as
+"impossible to describe." On the 5th February, 1692, they raided the
+frontier settlement of York, which they left in ashes after killing
+about seventy-five persons and taking 100 prisoners--among those
+killed was the venerable Mr. Dummer, the minister of the place.
+
+With the opening of the spring time Villebon received a delegation of
+100 warriors of the Kennebec and Penobscot tribes at his fort. The
+visitors were welcomed with imposing ceremonies; there was the usual
+interchange of compliments and speeches by the chiefs and captains,
+presents from the king were distributed and the inevitable banquet
+followed with its mirth and revelry. It was agreed at this conference
+to organize a great war party. Couriers were dispatched to summon all
+the tribes of Acadia and the response was general. The site of what is
+now the village of Gibson, opposite Fredericton, was dotted with the
+encampments of the Indians, and as the warriors arrived and departed,
+arrayed in their war paint and feathers, the scene was animated and
+picturesque. The Maliseets of the St. John sent their delegation from
+Medoctec, the Micmacs of the Miramichi arrived a few days later, and
+then came another band of Micmacs from Beaubassin (or Chignecto),
+accompanied by Father Baudoin, their priest. Speeches of welcome,
+presents and feasts were made in turn to all, and each band proceeded
+by the old and well known route[6] to the rendezvous on the Penobscot,
+near Oldtown (Maine.) Here there gathered a war party of at least 400
+men, including a score of Frenchmen. Their first attack was made on
+the little village of Wells, where there were only some thirty men to
+resist the attack, but they were led by Captain Converse, a very
+courageous and determined officer, who had already tried the mettle of
+the savages and who was not to be overawed even by overwhelming
+numbers. The attacking party advanced with hideous yells, firing and
+calling on the English to surrender, but the bullets of the defenders
+was the only answer they received. Even the women of the settlement
+took part in the fight, passing ammunition to the men, loading their
+guns, and sometimes themselves firing on the enemy.
+
+    [6] The route was up the St. John to the Medoctec village, thence by
+        Eel river and the chain of lakes to the Mattawamkeag and down
+        that river to the Penobscot.
+
+The savages became discouraged and offered favorable terms to the
+garrison, Converse replied: "We want nothing but men to fight with."
+An Indian, who could speak English, shouted, "Don't stay in the house
+like a squaw, come out and fight like a man!" Converse replied: "Do
+you think I am fool enough to come out with thirty men to fight five
+hundred?" The Indians at length abandoned the attack and retired
+greatly crest fallen. Thus a few determined men foiled one of the most
+formidable bands that ever took the war path in Acadia.
+
+Same of the horrors of Indian warfare almost pass description and if
+Villebon did not sanction he at least did little to hinder the
+atrocities of his savage allies. He writes in his journal, "An English
+savage was taken on the lower part of the St. John river; I gave him
+to our savages to be burned, which they did the next day; one could
+add nothing to the torments that they made him suffer."
+
+From time to time the Indians appear to have grown weary of fighting.
+Their failure at Wells, the rebuilding of Fort Pemaquid and the
+erection of other fortifications by the now thoroughly aroused New
+Englanders, the desire for the ransom of relatives held by the enemy
+as hostages, and a suspicion that the French were making use of them
+in their own interest inclined them to make peace with the English.
+Villebon was obliged to exert all his influence to keep them on the
+war path. He flattered and feasted the chiefs, made presents to the
+warriors, provided powder and shot for their hunting and finally
+adopted Taxous, one of their most famous chiefs, as his brother and to
+honor the occasion gave him his own best coat.
+
+The journals and correspondence of Villebon are full of interest to
+the student of affairs on the St. John. At this time there came
+annually to St. John harbor--then known by its Indian name,
+Menagoesche--a French man of war with supplies for Fort Nachouac and a
+variety of articles for the Indians. An inventory now in the Boston
+Public Library, dated 1693, shows that in that year the frigate
+"Suzanne" brought out for the "Malecites" a supply of powder, lead,
+guns, bayonets; also shirts, blankets, laced hats, etc. The arrival of
+the annual warships was eagerly looked for by the Indians and Villebon
+was able to make good use of the articles he received. The reference
+made by John Gyles in his narrative to the arrival of the ships from
+France is of interest. "There came annually," he says, "one or two men
+of war to supply the fort which was on the river about 34 leagues from
+the sea. The Indians (of Medoctec) having advice of the arrival of a
+man of war at the mouth of the river, they about forty in number went
+on board, for the gentlemen from France made a present to them every
+year, and set forth the riches and victories of their monarch, etc. At
+this time they presented the Indians with a bag or two of flour with
+some prunes as ingredients for a feast.
+
+"I, who was dressed up in an old greasy blanket without cap, hat or
+shirt, (for I had no shirt for six years, except the one I had on at
+the time I was made prisoner) was invited into the great cabin, where
+many well-rigged gentlemen were sitting, who would fain have had a
+full view of me. I endeavored to hide myself behind the hangings, for
+I was much ashamed, thinking how I had once worn clothes and of my
+living with people who could rig as well as the best of them.... This
+was the first time I had seen the sea during my captivity, and the
+first time I had tasted salt or bread. My master presently went on
+shore and a few days later all the Indians went up the river."
+
+In connection with Villebon's endeavors to keep the savages loyal to
+the king of France there are items in the accounts transmitted by him
+to the French minister that are quite interesting and suggestive, as
+for example the following:
+
+"To the wife of Nadanouil, a savage, for making two pairs of snowshoes
+for the King, tobacco 2 lbs."
+
+"Jan., 1696. To 2 savages come from the river of Medoctic to bring
+some letters of Father Simon to Mon. de Villebon, flour, 12 lbs.;
+tobacco, 8 oz.
+
+"July 10, 1696. M. Thury, missionary, having arrived with Taxous,
+chief of the Canibas and other savages from Pentagouet; brandy, 1
+gallon; tobacco, 2 lbs."
+
+The garrison at Fort Nashwaak was always small, comprising only about
+forty soldiers besides an armorer, gunner and surgeon. There was also
+a chaplain of the Recollet order, Father Elizee, who is described as a
+man so retiring by nature as to meddle with nothing outside his
+ministerial duty. This was not the case with the other missionary
+priests, however, who influenced by patriotic motives and encouraged
+by the French authorities took quite an energetic part in helping on
+the warfare against New England. The French owed much of the aid
+afforded their cause, including the co-operation of their Indian
+allies, to the zeal of the missionaries settled on the different
+rivers, Ralle on the Kennebec, Thury on the Penobscot and Simon on the
+St. John. The only woman who lived within the ramparts of Fort
+Nashwaak seems to have been the wife of the armorer. She was deemed
+one of the garrison and received her daily allowance with the rest.
+
+In spite of Villebon's energy and ability and of his zeal in the
+service of his country very serious complaints were made against him
+by some of the French people living on the St. John river. They
+asserted that his threats and ill usage had caused several of the
+settlers to abandon their habitations and remove to Quebec with their
+families; that he tried to monopolize the fur trade, sending his
+brothers Portneuf and des Isles into the woods to engage in unlawful
+traffic with the Indians; that the former was guilty of gross
+immorality and the latter traded the peltry obtained from the savages
+with one John Alden, an Englishman, by whom it was carried to Boston.
+This John Alden was, by the way, the eldest son of the famous John
+Alden of the "Mayflower," the Plymouth magistrate, by his wife
+Priscilla, the Puritan maiden immortalized by Longfellow. He made many
+trading voyages to the Bay of Fundy and on several occasions narrowly
+escaped capture by the French.
+
+That there was some ground for the charges preferred against Villebon
+seems likely from the fact that most of the missionaries censured him
+and confirmed the reports of the inhabitants concerning the misconduct
+of his brothers. The chaplain at Fort Nachouac, however, spoke
+favorably of Villebon, although he was silent with regard to Portneuf.
+In his letters to the authorities in France, Villebon vigorously
+replies to his accusers and brings counter charges; he is seemingly
+very indignant with the d'Amour brothers of whom we shall hear more in
+another chapter.
+
+In consequence of the charges preferred against him Portneuf was
+superseded by Villieu, an officer of reputation whom Count Frontenac
+sent to Acadia in October, 1693, to lead the savages against the
+English. This new lieutenant spent the winter at the Nashwaak fort and
+as soon as the ice was out of the river went in a canoe to Medoctec,
+where he assembled the chiefs who promised to assist him. He then
+proceeded to Penobscot resolved to put an end, if possible, to the
+parleys that the savages had been holding with the English and to
+incite them to renew the war. After a week's negotiation, in which he
+was aided by the powerful influence of the missionaries Bigot and
+Thury, he returned to Fort Nachouac with a delegation of the Indians
+to receive the presents which the King of France had sent to them, and
+at the same time to secure the assistance of some of Governor
+Villebon's soldiers. The governor, however, piqued by the dismissal of
+Portneuf, contented himself with entertaining the delegates. He
+declined to furnish provisions or supplies, and kept his soldiers from
+joining the expedition. Father Simon, the Recollet missionary on the
+St. John, also displayed little sympathy with Villieu and kept many of
+the Indians from joining him. However, with the help of the Penobscot
+and Kennebec tribes a band of 250 warriors was at last collected and
+Villieu placed himself at their head arrayed in the war paint and
+feathers of an Indian chief. It was decided to strike a blow at the
+settlement of Oyster River, twelve miles from Portsmouth, New
+Hampshire. The English settlers, having been informed that peace had
+been made with the Indians and that they could now work with safety on
+their farms, were totally unprepared for an attack. Among their
+unprotected houses the carnage was horrible. One hundred persons,
+chiefly women and children, half naked from their beds, were
+tomahawked, shot, or killed by slower and more cruel methods, twenty
+seven were kept as prisoners.
+
+After engaging in some minor depredations Villieu proceeded to
+Montreal accompanied by several of the chiefs where they presented a
+string of English scalps to Count Frontenac as a token of their
+success and received his hearty congratulations. Villieu thus summed
+up the results of the campaign: "Two small forts and fifty or sixty
+houses captured and burnt, and one hundred and thirty English killed
+or made prisoners." He had done his work all too well and had sown
+such seeds of distrust between the English and the Indians as to
+render it almost impossible to re-establish peace between them. The
+enmity lasted for generations and almost every year witnessed some act
+of hostility even though the crowns of France and England were
+themselves at peace.
+
+In the midst of their triumphs an appalling pestilence swept away
+great numbers of the Indians. On the River St. John more than one
+hundred and twenty persons died, including some of the most noted
+warriors and their chief. The pestilence scattered the savages in all
+directions and for a time their town of Medoctec was abandoned. A
+party of warriors who went with Montigny, an officer of Villebon's
+garrison, to assist their brethren to the westward was sent back to
+Medoctec on account of the contagion that had broken out among them.
+The nature of the disease it is impossible at this distance of time to
+determine. It could scarcely have been smallpox, according to the
+description of John Gyles, who says: "A person seeming in perfect
+health would bleed at the mouth and nose, turn blue in spots and die
+in two or three hours." The first outbreak of the pestilence was in
+the autumn of 1694. A year later Mon. Tibierge, agent of the company
+of Acadia, writes that "the plague (la maladie) had broken out afresh:
+there had died on the river more than 120 persons of every age and
+sex."
+
+The pestilence, however, did not put a stop to the Indian warfare.
+In June, 1695, Villebon assembled at his fort a general representation
+of the tribes of Acadia, including fourteen chiefs and their
+attendants; the conference lasted three days and the proceedings are
+reported at length in his journal. After the customary feasting
+and distribution of presents a standard of prices for the purchase and
+sale of goods was agreed upon more favorable to the natives than
+heretofore. The chiefs departed firmly resolved to continue the war
+against the English. Their opportunity did not come until the
+following summer when a combined effort on the part of the French
+and Indians resulted in the destruction of Fort William Henry at
+Pemaquid. This fortification had just been rebuilt by the colony of
+Massachusetts at a cost of L20,000 and was the strongest work the
+English colonists had up to that time erected in America. The walls
+had a compass in all of 747 feet and were of solid masonry, varying
+from 10 to 22 feet in height. Eight feet from the ground, where the
+walls had a thickness of six feet, there was a tier of 28 port
+holes. At one corner was a round tower 29 feet high. The fort was
+well manned and provisioned and was thought to be impregnable.
+
+The leader of the enterprise, which resulted in the destruction of
+Fort William Henry, was Villebon's brother d'Iberville, whose romantic
+career has earned for him the description of "the Cid of New France."
+D'Iberville's Indian auxiliaries included Micmacs from Cape Breton, a
+large band of Maliseets and many of their kindred of Passamaquoddy,
+Penobscot and Kennebec. Two warships lately arrived from Quebec,
+accompanied the expedition.
+
+Villebon left his fort on the 18th June to go to "Menagoesche" to
+await the coming of the French ships. On his arrival there he
+discovered the British ships Sorlings of 34 guns and Newport of 24
+guns cruising near the harbor and sent information to d'Iberville in
+order that he might guard against surprise. Soon after entering the
+Bay of Fundy the French vessels sighted their antagonists and an
+engagement ensued in the course of which d'Iberville in the Envieux
+dismasted the smaller English vessel, the Newport, and obliged her to
+surrender. Favored by night and fog the Sorlings managed to escape
+after a combat with the Profond lasting three hours. The next day,
+July 15, 1696, the vessels put into St. John harbor, where they were
+welcomed by Villebon and Father Simon and a band of Indians. Before
+proceeding to the attack of Pemaquid an attempt was made to capture
+John Alden at Port Royal but with his usual good luck he sailed thence
+just before the arrival of the French. Villebon with Father Simon's
+assistance contrived to collect 150 Indians--Maliseets and Micmacs--to
+join the expedition under his brother, which was further reinforced by
+a small vessel owned and commanded by the Sieur de Chauffours, an
+inhabitant of the St. John river.
+
+The start of the expedition was not a very auspicious one, for on
+leaving the harbor of St. John (or "havre de Menuagoesche," as
+Villebon calls it) at 2 o'clock on the afternoon of the 2nd of August,
+d'Iberville ran the Envieux upon a reef; however, the damage was not
+serious as the ship floated when the tide rose. At Penobscot Baron St.
+Castin joined the expedition with 130 Indians. The French priests
+Simon and Thury, as the event proved, were no mere figure heads; they
+actively assisted in the operations of the siege and at the same time
+restrained the passions of the savages. Batteries were erected within
+half cannon shot of the fort and it was summoned to surrender. Captain
+Chubb, the commander, proved to be a weak man for so responsible a
+position. He at first replied that though the sea were covered with
+French ships and the land with Indians he would not surrender unless
+compelled to do so, but the very next day ignominiously pulled down
+his flag. D'Iberville sent the garrison to Boston in the vessel
+belonging to the Sieur de Chauffours which he had brought from the St.
+John river. The people of New England were greatly vexed at the
+destruction of Pemaquid and enraged at the cowardly conduct of its
+commander. Father Simon got back to Fort Nachouac on the 29th August
+bringing the news of d'Iberville's success.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VI.
+
+NACHOUAC AND MENAGOUECHE.
+
+
+It was now proposed by the French authorities to re-establish the
+stronghold at the mouth of the St. John. The old fort of four bastions
+so far remained that it could readily be restored; the ditches needed
+to be deepened, the parapets to be raised and new palisades
+constructed. It was thought that 150 men would suffice to garrison the
+post as well as that at the Nashwaak. The fort was needed to protect
+French privateers and French commerce. Many English vessels were
+brought to Menagoueche at this time by the privateersmen Baptiste and
+Guyon. The company of Acadia, with Tibierge as their agent, continued
+to develop a thriving trade, and it seems, too, that the forest wealth
+of the country was beginning to attract attention for Villebon, a year
+or two later, sent home to France a mast, as a specimen, 82 feet long,
+31 inches in diameter at one end and 21 at the other.
+
+The French privateers were not allowed to ply their vocation with
+impunity, they often had spirited encounters with the British ships in
+which there were losses on both sides.
+
+In 1694 one Robineau of Nantes, who had taken several English vessels,
+was forced to burn his ship in St. John harbor, in order to escape
+capture by an English ship, and to defend himself on shore. The
+vessels employed as privateers evidently were small, for they
+sometimes went up the river to Villebon's fort. The prisoners taken
+were kept at the fort or put in charge of the French inhabitants
+living on the river, and from time to time ransomed by their friends
+or exchanged for French prisoners taken by the English. Villebon
+informs us that in June, 1695, an English frigate and a sloop arrived
+at Menagoueche (St. John) on business connected with the ransom of
+eight captives who were then in the hands of the French. Messages were
+exchanged with Nachouac and the captain of the English ship, a jovial
+old tar, expressed a wish to meet Governor Villebon and "drink with
+him" and to see Captain Baptiste, whom he called a brave man, but his
+overtures were declined.
+
+The ships Envieux and Profond, before proceeding to the attack of Fort
+Pemaquid, had landed at St. John a number of cannon and materials of
+all sorts to be used in the construction of the new fort. This project
+was not viewed with complacency by the people of New England, and
+Lieut.-Governor William Stoughton, of Massachusetts, thus explains the
+line of action proposed against the French in a communication
+addressed to Major Benjamin Church, the old Indian fighter, who had
+been sent from Boston in August, 1696, on an expedition against the
+settlements of Acadia: "Sir, His Majesty's ship Orford having lately
+surprised a French shallop with 23 of the soldiers belonging to the
+fort (at Nashwaak) upon St. John's river in Nova Scotia, together with
+Villieu, their captain, providence seems to encourage the forming of
+an expedition to attack that fort, and to disrest and remove the enemy
+from that post, which is the chief source from whence the most of our
+disasters do issue, and also to favor with an opportunity for gaining
+out of their hands the ordnance, artillery, and other warlike stores
+and provisions lately supplied to them from France for erecting a new
+fort near the river's mouth, whereby they will be greatly strengthened
+and the reducing of them rendered more difficult."
+
+Before the order from which the above extract is quoted was placed in
+Major Church's hands he had arrived at St. John, having previously
+devastated the French settlements at Chignecto. Being desirous, if
+possible, to surprise the men engaged upon the new fort Church landed
+at Manawagonish Cove, a little to the west of the harbor; what
+followed we shall let him tell in his own quaint fashion. "Next
+morning early the Major, with his forces, landed to see what discovery
+they could make, travelled across the woods to the old fort or falls
+at the mouth of St. John's river, keeping themselves undiscovered from
+the enemy. Finding that there were several men at work, and having
+informed themselves as much as they could, returned back (the enemy
+being on the other side of the river could not come at them). But
+night coming on and dark wet weather with bad travelling, were obliged
+to stop in the woods till towards next day morning and then went on
+board. Soon after the Major ordered all the vessels to come to sail
+and go into the mouth of the river, the French firing briskly at them,
+but did them no harm, and running fiercely upon the enemy they soon
+fled to the woods. The Major ordered a brisk party to run across a
+neck to cut them off from their canoes[7] which the day before they
+had made a discovery of. So the commander, with the rest, ran directly
+towards the new fort they were building, not knowing but they had some
+ordnance mounted. The enemy running directly to their canoes were met
+by our forces who fired at them, and killed one and wounded Corporal
+Canton, who was taken. The rest threw down what they had and ran into
+the woods. The prisoner Canton being brought to the Major told him if
+he would let his surgeon dress his wound and cure him he would be
+serviceable to him as long as he lived. So being dressed he was
+examined and gave the Major an account of the twelve great guns which
+were hid in the beach, below high water mark--the carriages, shot, and
+wheelbarrows, some flour and pork all hid in the woods.
+
+    [7] These canoes were probably lying in the cove at Indiantown just
+        above the falls.
+
+"The next morning the officers being all ordered to meet together to
+consult about going to Vilboon's fort, and none amongst them being
+acquainted but the Aldens, who said the water in the river was very
+low so that they could not get up to the fort; and the prisoner Canton
+told the commander that what the Aldens said was true * * so concluded
+it was not practicable to proceed. Then ordered some of the forces to
+get the great guns on board the open sloops and the rest to range the
+woods for the enemy, who took one prisoner and brought him in. * * Now
+having with a great deal of pains and trouble got all the guns, shot,
+and other stores aboard intended on our design which we came out first
+for. But the wind not serving, the commander sent out his scouts into
+the woods to seek for the enemy. And four of our Indians coming upon
+three Frenchmen undiscovered concluded that if the French should
+discover them they would fire at them and might kill one or more of
+them, which to prevent fired at the French, killed one and took the
+other two prisoners. And it happened that he who was killed was
+Shavelere (Chevalier), the chief man there."
+
+Major Church's design was to make a raid on the settlement of Baron
+St. Castin and his Indians at Penobscot by way of retaliation for the
+destruction of Fort William Henry at Pemaquid, but as he was sailing
+down the bay he met a small squadron having on board a reinforcement
+of 100 men under Colonel Hawthorne. The command now passed to
+Hawthorne as the senior officer, and it was decided to attempt the
+capture of Fort Nachouac. This was against the advice of Major Church,
+but as the expedition now numbered about 500 men, Hawthorne was
+unwilling to return to Boston without striking a blow at the chief
+stronghold of the French in Acadia.
+
+Villebon was on the alert: he had stationed his ensign, Chevalier,
+with five scouts at the mouth of the river and on the 4th of October
+he learned of the presence of the English at Menagoueche. Chevalier
+was at first alarmed by the appearance of Church's ships off Partridge
+Island, and sent word directly to Fort Nachouac; a day or two later he
+was killed by some of Church's Indians as already related. Villebon
+sent his brother Neuvillette down the river to continue the look out
+and in the meantime made every possible preparation for a siege. His
+garrison, numbering about 100 soldiers, was busily employed in
+throwing up new intrenchments and mounting additional guns, word was
+sent to the French inhabitants of the vicinity to repair to the fort
+and assist in its defence, and Villebon, on the 11th October, sent an
+urgent message to Father Simon, the missionary at Medoctec, to get the
+Indians to come down as soon as possible if they wished to fight the
+English. He lost not a moment and having sent out word on all sides
+(the Indians being then dispersed upon the river) he arrived the
+afternoon of the 14th, with thirty-six warriors and expressed his
+desire to remain at the fort as the chaplain was absent. Two days
+later Neuvillette returned to the fort and reported that he had seen
+the enemy in great force about a league and a half below the Jemseg.
+The last preparations were now hurriedly made and on the evening of
+the 17th, Villebon caused the "generale" (or assembly) to be beat and
+all the garrison being drawn up under arms he addressed them in
+stirring words, bidding them to maintain the honor of their country
+and the reputation of French soldiers, adding that if any should be
+maimed in the approaching combat the king would provide for him during
+the rest of his life. This speech created the greatest enthusiasm and
+the cry of "Vive le roy" awoke the forest echoes and was borne over
+the waters. The same evening a dozen Frenchmen who lived in the
+vicinity arrived at the fort. Among them were the brothers Mathieu and
+Rene d'Amours and the privateersman Baptiste. Villebon assigned to
+Baptiste and Rene d'Amours the duty of heading the Indians and
+opposing the landing of the English.
+
+The sketch on the next page, based upon a plan in the archives de la
+Marine, Paris[8] will serve to give an idea of the general character
+of Fort Nachouac. The space of ground enclosed by the palisade was
+about 125 feet square; the site, as already stated, lay in the upper
+angle formed by the junction of the Nashwaak with the river St. John,
+nearly opposite the Cathedral in Fredericton. The general arrangement
+of the buildings is shown in the plan. At the rear of the enclosure is
+the commandant's lodging, on the right hand side the guard house and
+on the left the soldiers' barracks; at the front is the gate and in
+the lower left hand corner the bake oven; cannons were placed at each
+corner. A small room in the left end of the commandant's lodging was
+fitted up as a chapel. The ditches and ramparts that surrounded the
+enclosure added considerably to the strength of the position. The
+bastions were so arranged that the space outside the walls was
+entirely commanded by the musketry fire of the defenders. The
+loopholes at the corners from which the fire was delivered are shown
+in the sketch.
+
+    [8] The author is indebted to Dr. W. F. Ganong for his kindness in
+        furnishing the sketch from which the accompanying plan of
+        illustration has been made. It is not, of course, a copy of
+        the original, but gives an idea of the general character of
+        the fortification.
+
+[Illustration: FORT NACHOUAC, A. D. 1696.]
+
+Everything being now in order for the defence of his fort Villebon
+ordered the garrison to pass the night under arms, as from the barking
+of the dogs it was believed the enemy was drawing near. The next
+morning between eight and nine o'clock, whilst Father Simon was
+celebrating mass in the chapel, a shallop filled with armed men
+rounded the point below, followed by two others. The alarm was at once
+given and every man repaired to his post. The sloops approached within
+the distance of half a cannon shot when the guns of the fort opened on
+them and they were forced to retire below the point where they
+effected a landing. Villebon did not deem it prudent to oppose the
+landing as his men would have had to cross the Nashwaak river to do so
+and this would have been very imprudent. The English took up a
+position on the south side of the Nashwaak stream and threw up an
+earthwork upon which they placed two field guns from which they opened
+fire on the fort; a third gun of larger size was mounted soon
+afterwards nearer the fort, but not being sheltered it was not much
+used. The beseigers hoisted the royal standard of England and there
+were cheers and counter-cheers on the part of the combatants. The
+cannon fire was heavy on both sides but the guns of the fort being
+better mounted and well served had rather the advantage. There was
+also a sharp exchange of musketry fire, the St. John river Indians,
+from the bushes along the shore, engaging in a vicious fight with
+Church's Indians on the opposite side of the stream. When darkness
+ended the day's struggle the English had made little or no progress.
+The following night being very cold they made fires to keep themselves
+from freezing, but this afforded a sure mark for the French cannon,
+which opened on them with grape shot, and they were obliged to put
+them out and suffer the inclemency of the weather. Major Church's men
+being almost bare of clothing from their long service, suffered
+extremely and were ill disposed to continue the siege. At daybreak the
+musketry fire from the fort recommenced and about 8 o'clock the
+English again got their guns into operation, but la Cote, who had
+distinguished himself the evening before by firing rapidly and
+accurately, dismounted one of their field guns and silenced the
+other.
+
+It was now apparent that the fort could not be taken without a regular
+investment and in view of the lateness of the season this was not
+deemed advisable. The Massachusetts historian Mather quaintly
+observes, "The difficulty of the cold season so discouraged our men
+that after some few shot the enterprize found itself under too much
+congelation to proceed any further." And so the following night
+the New England troops re-embarked after lighting fires over a
+considerable extent of ground in order to deceive the French. When the
+morning dawned their camp was deserted and soon after Neuvillette,
+who had been sent down the river to reconnoitre, reported that after
+he had gone three leagues he found them embarked in four vessels
+of about 60 tons and going down the river with a fair wind. On
+their return towards the mouth of the river the invaders burned the
+house and barns of Mathieu d'Amours at Freneuse, opposite the
+Oromocto, and laid waste his fields. The sieur de Freneuse was
+himself so much injured by exposure during the siege that he died
+shortly afterwards. Major Church took back with him to Boston a
+Negro man of Marblehead, who had been taken prisoner by the French
+and kept amongst them for some time. He was probably the first of
+his race to set foot within the borders of New Brunswick.
+
+In the siege of his fort Villebon lost only one man killed and two
+wounded while the English loss is said to have been eight soldiers
+killed and five officers and twelve soldiers wounded.
+
+The effect of the capture of Pemaquid by d'Iberville and the
+repulse of the English by Villebon greatly encouraged the savages of
+Acadia in their hostility and the following summer another raid on
+the English settlements was planned. A large number of Micmacs came
+from the eastward, some of them from the Basin of Minas, with St.
+Cosme, their priest, at their head. They were entertained by
+Villebon, furnished with ammunition and supplies and sent on to the
+rendezvous at Penobscot. Father Simon and 72 Maliseets were sent in
+the same direction soon afterwards with instructions to pick up the
+Passamaquoddies on their way; they departed in high spirits with
+the intention of giving no quarter to the enemy and Villebon
+encouraged their animosity, exhorting them "to burn and to destroy."
+This advice they followed to the letter for the Governor wrote in
+his journal shortly afterwards, "the missionary, M. de Thury,
+confirms the report I already had received of four small parties of
+our Indians having killed fifteen or sixteen English and burnt one of
+them alive on account of one of their chiefs being slain." The
+vindictiveness of the Indians is further illustrated by an incident
+that happened at the Medoctic village in the time of King William's
+war, in which John Gyles and James Alexander, two English captives,
+were cruelly abused. A party of Indians from Cape Sable, having
+had some of their relatives killed by English fishermen, travelled
+all the way to Medoctec in order to wreak their vengeance upon any
+English captives they might find. They rushed upon their unfortunate
+victims like bears bereaved of their whelps, saying, "Shall we, who
+have lost our relations by the English, suffer an English voice to be
+heard among us?" The two captives were brutally beaten and ill used
+and made to go through a variety of performances for the amusement of
+their tormenters. Gyles says: "They put a tomahawk into my hands
+and ordered me to get up, sing and dance Indian, which I performed
+with the greatest reluctance and while in the act seemed determined to
+purchase my death by killing two or three of these monsters of
+cruelty, thinking it impossible to survive the bloody treatment....
+Not one of them showed the least compassion, but I saw the tears run
+down plentifully on the cheeks of a Frenchman who sat behind." The
+tortures were continued until the evening of what Gyles might well
+call "a very tedious day." Finally a couple of Indians threw the
+two wretched men out of the big wigwam, where they had been
+tormented; they crawled away on their hands and knees and were
+scarcely able to walk for several days.
+
+The experience of Gyles was, however, nothing in comparison with that
+of his brother and another captive taken by the Indians at the same
+time as himself. This unfortunate pair attempted to desert, but failed
+and were subjected to the most horrible tortures and finally burned
+alive by the savages.
+
+The people of the frontier settlements were now so on the alert that,
+although the Indians roamed over the country like wolves, they were
+usually prepared to meet them. Every little village had its block
+house and sentinels, and every farmer worked in his fields with his
+musket at his side. Nevertheless tragic events occasionally happened.
+In February, 1698, Captain Chubb, of Pemaquid notoriety, and six
+others were killed by the Indians at Andover, several of the
+inhabitants were captured and many houses burned; Major Frost was
+slain at Kittery and a number of people at Wells; Major Marsh had a
+sharp fight near Pemaquid, in which he lost twenty-five of his men,
+but succeeded in putting the savages to rout. This was the last blood
+shed during King William's war. The Indians were becoming weary of
+fighting and the peace of Ryswick deprived them of the open assistance
+of their French allies. For a brief season peace reigned in Acadia.
+
+The expedition under Church had interrupted the rebuilding of the fort
+at St. John and shown the correctness of Villebon's prediction in a
+letter written to the French minister in 1696 that it was impossible
+with the few men at his disposal to attempt a work which, though easy
+to repair could not be completed as quickly as the enemy could get
+ready to destroy it. In the same letter he speaks of making plank near
+Fort Nachouac for the madriens, or gun platforms, of the fort at
+Menagoueche. As there were mills at this time at Port Royal, it would
+be possible from this incident to frame a theory that Villebon had a
+saw mill a short distance up the Nashwaak, say at Marysville, but it
+is more probable the planks were cut in saw pits by the soldiers of
+the garrison. The plan of the fort at St. John was agreed on in 1698,
+and 3,000 livres granted for its construction. Villebon paid his
+workmen 30 sous (about 30 cts.) a day, his laborers 20 sous, and the
+soldiers 4 sous a day over their pay and a weekly allowance of 1 qr.
+lb. tobacco. The walls of the fort were laid in clay and mortar, 24
+pounders were placed on the bastions and 36-pounders could be placed
+there three on each bastion. By the end of the year Villebon was able
+to report the fort in a condition to do honor to whoever should defend
+it. He had left Nachouac just as it was, leaving only two men to see
+that nothing was spoiled by the savages.
+
+A plan in the Marine Archives at Paris, made by Villieu in 1700,
+shows that "Fort de la Riviere de St. Jean," or Fort Menagoueche, was
+built at "Old Fort Site," behind Navy Island in Carleton. The
+general plan was the same as that of Fort Nachouac, but it was
+considerably larger, nearly 200 feet square. Within the enclosure
+were barracks for the soldiers, a residence for the governor with
+small chapel adjoining it, a house for the officers of the garrison,
+lodgings for the surgeon, gunner and armorer, a small prison and a
+well, and just outside the gate were two bake-houses. The water
+supply of the fort seems always to have been inadequate. The
+sieur des Goutins, who disliked Villebon, complains in a letter of
+23rd June, 1699, "the Governor keeps the water within the fort for
+the exclusive use of his kitchen and his mare, others being obliged
+to use snow-water, often very dirty." Diereville, who visited St. John
+during his short stay in Acadia describes the fort as "built of
+earth, with four bastions fraised (or picketed) each having six
+large guns." A new industry was now coming into existence, namely
+the shipping of masts to France for the King's navy; Diereville sailed
+to France in the Avenant "a good King's ship," mounting 44 guns which
+had brought out the ammunition and provisions that Placentia and the
+Fort on the River St. John received annually. This ship took on board
+a number of fine masts that 14 carpenters and mast makers in his
+majesty's service had manufactured at the River St. John. The
+vessel left Acadia on the 6th of October and reached France in 33
+days.
+
+The period of Governor Villebon's residence at St. John was of about
+two years' duration. He died on the 5th July, 1700, and was buried
+near the fort. The life of this devoted son of New France went out
+with the century and with his death the seat of government of Acadia
+was again transferred to Port Royal.
+
+Brouillan now succeeded to the command. He found the fort at St. John
+in good order, as was to be expected, it having been just rebuilt, but
+in the opinion of the new governor it was of little use for the glory
+of the King or for the preservation of the country. He condemned the
+situation as being commanded on one side by an island at the distance
+of a pistol shot, and on the other by a height at the distance only of
+a hundred and odd fathoms (toises), and with a very insufficient water
+supply. He therefore caused the fortifications to be razed, demolished
+the houses, and carried away the guns and everything else of a
+portable character to Port Royal. The inhabitants living on the River
+St. John were left without protection and they seem almost without
+exception to have removed, some to Quebec and others to Port Royal.
+The valley of the St. John was thus left as deserted and desolate as
+it had been previous to the arrival of Champlain. The Indian might
+wander at will among the ruins of forts and dwellings abandoned to his
+care, or left to be converted into hiding places for the wild beasts
+and wonder at the folly of the white man who had forsaken the finest
+river in all Acadia with its wealth of forest and stream and its
+fertile lands awaiting the hands of industry and thrift.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VII.
+
+THE BROTHERS D'AMOURS.
+
+
+Among the young adventurers who came to Acadia towards the close of
+the seventeenth century were four brothers, sons of Mathieu
+d'Amours[9] of Quebec. The father's political influence as a member of
+the Supreme Council enabled him to obtain for each of his sons an
+extensive seigniory. That of Louis d'Amours, the eldest, included a
+tract of land of generous proportions at the Richibucto river; the
+grant was issued September 20, 1684, but the seignior had already
+built there a fort and two small houses, and for two years had been
+cultivating a piece of land. His sojourn was brief, for in a year or
+two we find him living on the River St. John, where his brothers
+Mathieu and Rene were settled and where they were not long after
+joined by their brother Bernard.
+
+    [9] This gentleman married in 1652 Marie, the eldest daughter of
+        Nicolas Marselot of Quebec; she was a very youthful bride,
+        being only 14 years old at the time of her marriage; she was
+        the mother of 15 children.
+
+As mentioned in a previous chapter, it was customary among the French
+noblesse for each son to take a surname derived from some portion of
+the family estate; accordingly the sons of Councillor d'Amours figure
+in history as Louis d'Amours, sieur de Chauffours; Mathieu d'Amours,
+sieur de Freneuse; Rene d'Amours, sieur de Clignancourt and Bernard
+d'Amours, sieur de Plenne.
+
+After his arrival at the River St. John, Louis d'Amours fixed his
+abode on the banks of the Jemseg and became the proprietor of the
+seigniory formerly owned by the sieur de Soulanges. His brother, and
+nearest neighbor, Mathieu's seigniory included all the land "between
+Gemisik and Nachouac," two leagues in depth on each side of the river.
+The wives of Louis and Mathieu d'Amours were sisters, Marguerite and
+Louise Guyon of Quebec.
+
+To Rene d'Amours, sieur de Clignancourt, was granted a seigniory
+extending from the Indian village of Medoctec to the "longue sault."
+The longue sault was probably the Meductic rapids twelve miles below
+the village of Medoctec, although it may have been the Grand Falls
+eighty miles above. The sieur de Clignancourt fixed his headquarters a
+few miles above Fredericton at or near Eccles Island, which was
+formerly called "Cleoncore"--a corruption of Clignancourt. An old
+census shows he lived in that vicinity in 1696, and this is confirmed
+by a statement in an official report of the same year that he lived a
+league from Fort Nachouac. Rene d'Amours had an extensive trade with
+the Indians, he was unmarried and lived the life of a typical "coureur
+de bois."
+
+Bernard d'Amours, the youngest of the quartette, came to Acadia
+rather later than his brothers and was granted a seigniory at
+Canibecachice (Kennebecasis), a league and a half along each side of
+the river and two leagues in depth.[10] He married Jeanne le Borgne,
+and their son Alexander was baptized at Port Royal in 1702 by a
+Recollet missionary.
+
+   [10] The grants of Louis d'Amours at Richibucto, and of Mathieu and
+        Rene on the St. John river are of the same date, September 20,
+        1684; that of Bernard on the Kennebeccasis is dated June 20,
+        1695.
+
+The brothers d'Amours were in the prime of life when they came to
+Acadia; the census of de Meulles taken in 1686 gives the age of Louis
+as 32 years and that of Mathieu as 28. All the brothers engaged in
+hunting and trading with the Indians and were in consequence disliked
+by Governor Villebon, who viewed them with a jealous eye and mentions
+them in unfavorable terms in his official dispatches. Villebon's
+hostility was no doubt intensified by a representation made to the
+French ministry in 1692 by Louis d'Amours that the Governor of Acadia,
+to advance his own private fortune, engaged in trade, absolutely
+prohibited by his majesty, both with the natives of the country and
+with the people of New England.
+
+Frontenac and Champigny at this time filled the offices respectively
+of governor and intendant (or lieutenant governor) of New France, and
+the king in his message to them, dated at Versailles June 14, 1695,
+refers to matters on the River St. John in the following terms:
+
+"His Majesty finds it necessary to speak on the subject of the grants
+obtained by the Sieurs d'Amours, which comprehend an immense tract of
+land along the River St. John. It is commonly reported that since they
+have lived there they have not engaged in clearing and cultivating
+their lands, that they have no cattle nor any other employment than
+that of a miserable traffic exclusively with the savages; and as his
+Majesty has been informed that the lands in those parts are the best
+in the world, watered by large rivers and in a situation more
+temperate and pleasant than other parts of Canada, the sieurs d'Amours
+must be compelled to establish themselves upon a better footing; and
+those people who are to have new grants of land are directed to this
+part of Acadia where, as his Majesty is informed, the sieurs d'Amours
+pretend to have exclusive possession of about thirty leagues of
+country."
+
+That the sentiments of this royal message were inspired by Villebon is
+evident from the tenor of the letters he addresses to the French
+ministry at this time. In one of these he says of the brothers
+d'Amours: "They are four in number living on the St. John river. They
+are given up to licentiousness and independence for the ten or twelve
+years they have been here. They are disobedient and seditious and
+require to be watched." In another communication he scornfully terms
+them "the pretended gentry" (soi disant gentilhommes). Writing to the
+French minister the next year he observes: "I have no more reason, my
+lord, to be satisfied with the sieurs d'Amours than I previously had.
+The one who has come from France has not pleased me more than the
+other two. Their minds are wholly spoiled by long licentiousness and
+the manners they have acquired among the Indians, and they must be
+watched closely as I had the honor to state to you last year."
+
+Fortunately for the reputation of the brothers d'Amours we have
+evidence that places them in a more favorable light than does the
+testimony of Governor Villebon. M. de Champigny, the intendant at
+Quebec, wrote to the French minister. "The sons of the sieur d'Amours,
+member of the supreme council at Quebec, who are settled on the River
+St. John, apply themselves chiefly to cultivating their lands and
+raising cattle.
+
+"I sent you, my Lord, the census of their domain, which has been made
+by Father Simon, the Recollet, who is missionary on the same river, in
+which you may have every confidence, he being a very honest man. It is
+very unfortunate, my lord, that any one should have informed you that
+they lead a licentious life with the savages for I have reliable
+testimony that their conduct is very good. It seems as if all who
+live in that locality are in a state of discord; the inhabitants make
+great complaints against the Sieurs de Villebon and des Goutins. Some
+who have come to Quebec say they are constantly so harrassed and
+oppressed that if things are not put upon a better footing they will
+be compelled to abandon the country."
+
+That the inhabitants living on the river were turning their attention
+to agriculture is shown by a communication to Frontenac or Champigny
+in 1696, in which the writer, probably Villieu, says: "I informed you
+last year, Monsieur, by the memo that I did myself the honor to send
+you, that the inhabitants of this river begin to cultivate their
+lands. I have since learned that they have raised some grain. M. de
+Chouffours, who had sown so considerably last year, has not received
+anything in return, the worms having eaten the seed in the ground; M.
+de Freneuse, his brother, has harvested about 15 hogsheads of wheat
+and M. de Clignancourt very little; M. Bellefontaine, about 5
+hogsheads; the Sieur Martel very little, as he has only begun to
+cultivate his land during the last two years; the other inhabitants
+nothing at all, unless it is a little Indian corn. The Sieurs
+d'Amours, except the Sieur Clignancourt, have sown this year pretty
+considerably of wheat and the Sieur Bellefontaine also, the Sieur
+Martel some rye and wheat and much peas. The other inhabitants have
+sown some Indian corn, which would have turned out well only they have
+sown too late on account of their land being inundated."
+
+Baron la Hontan visited Fort Nashouac about 1694. He describes the St.
+John as "a very pleasant river, adorned with fields that are very
+fertile in grain." He says that two gentlemen of the name of d'Amours
+have a settlement there for beaver hunting.
+
+The census made in 1695 by Simon, the French missionary, shows that
+there were then ten families, numbering forty-nine persons, on the St.
+John river, besides the garrison at Fort Nachouac. Their live stock
+included 38 cattle and 116 swine; there were 166 acres of land under
+cultivation and 73 in pasture; the crop of that year included 130
+bushels of wheat, 370 of corn, 30 of oats, 170 of peas.
+
+The testimony of John Gyles, who spent three years in the family of
+Louis d'Amours at the Jemseg, conclusively disproves Villebon's
+assertion that the d'Amours tilled no land and kept no cattle. He
+speaks of a fine wheat field owned by his master, in which the
+blackbirds created great havoc and describes a curious attempt made by
+a friar to exorcise the birds. A procession was formed, headed by the
+friar, in his white robe with a young lad as his attendant and some
+thirty people following. Gyles asked some of the prisoners, who had
+lately been taken by privateers and brought to the Jemseg, whether
+they would go back with him to witness the ceremony, but they
+emphatically refused to witness it and when Gyles expressed his
+determination to go, one of them, named Woodbury, said he was "as bad
+as a papist and a d--d fool." The procession passed and re-passed from
+end to end of the field with solemn words of exorcism accompanied by
+the tinkling of a little bell, the blackbirds constantly rising before
+them only to light behind them. "At their return," says Gyles, "I told
+a French lad that the friar had done no service and recommended them
+to shoot the birds. The lad left me, as I thought, to see what the
+friar would say to my observation, which turned out to be the case,
+for he told the lad that the sins of the people were so great that he
+could not prevail against those birds."
+
+A story analogous to this is related in Dr. Samuel Peters' history of
+Connecticut, of the celebrated George Whitefield, the New England
+Independent minister and revivalist: "Time not having destroyed the
+wall of the fort at Saybrooke, Whitefield, in 1740, attempted to bring
+down the wall as Joshua did those of Jericho, hoping thereby to
+convince the multitude of his divine mission. He walked seven times
+around the fort with prayer and ram's horn blowing, he called on the
+angel of Joshua to do as he had done at the walls of Jericho; but the
+angel was deaf to his call and the wall remained. Thereupon George
+cried aloud: 'This town is accursed and the wall shall stand as a
+monument of a sinful people!'"
+
+Mathieu d'Amours, Sieur de Freneuse, seems to have thought seriously
+of leaving the St. John river on account of the difficulties and
+discouragements of his situation, for on the 6th August, 1696, he made
+out to one Michel Chartier, of Schoodic, in Acadia, a lease of his
+seignioral manor of Freneuse, consisting of 30 arpents (acres) of
+arable land under the plough, meadow, forest and undergrowth, with
+houses, barns and stables thereon, a cart and plough rigged ready for
+work; also all the oxen, cows, bullocks, goats, pigs, poultry,
+furniture and household utensils that might remain from the sale which
+he proposed to make. Chartier was to enjoy the right of trade with the
+Indians through the whole extent of the manor except where lands had
+been granted by the Sieur de Freneuse to private individuals. The
+lease was to be for a term of five years beginning with the first day
+of May following, and the lessee was to pay the Sieur de Freneuse 600
+livres annually, half in money and half in small furs, such as beaver,
+otter and martins.
+
+It is not likely that this transaction was ever consummated, for less
+than three months after the lease was arranged and six months before
+Chartier was to take possession, all the buildings of the Sieur de
+Freneuse were burned, his cattle destroyed and his fields laid waste
+by Hawthorne's expedition returning from their unsuccessful seige of
+Fort Nachouac. The original lease, a very interesting document, is now
+in possession of Dr. W. F. Ganong and a fac-simile of the signature of
+the Sieur de Freneuse is here given.[11]
+
+   [11] A copy of the original lease of the Seigniory of Freneuse, with
+        translation, and remarks by Dr. Ganong, will be found in Vol.
+        I., p. 121, of Acadiensis, printed at St. John by D. R. Jack,
+        to whose kindness and that of Dr. Ganong I am indebted for the
+        signature given above.--W. O. R.
+
+[Illustration: Signature of Sieur de Freneuse]
+
+The seigniory included both sides of the St. John river in Sunbury
+county, and the most fertile portions of the parishes of Maugerville,
+Sheffield, Burton and Lincoln. The name Freneuse is found in most of
+the maps of that region down to the time of the American Revolution.
+The residence of the Sieur de Freneuse stood on the east bank of the
+St. John opposite the mouth of the Oromocto river.
+
+Mathieu d'Amours, as already stated, died in consequence of exposure
+at the siege of Fort Nachouac. Sixty years later the lands he had
+cleared and tilled and the site of his residence were transferred to
+the hands of the first English settlers on the river, the Maugerville
+colony of 1763. His widow, Madame Louise Guyon, went to Port Royal,
+where her indiscretion created a sensation that resulted in voluminous
+correspondence on the part of the authorities and finally led to her
+removal to Quebec.
+
+Rene d'Amours, during his sojourn on the River St. John, was much
+engrossed in trade with the natives. He made periodical visits to
+their villages and was well known at Medoctec, where Gyles lived as a
+captive, and it is not unlikely the Frenchmen living at that village
+were his retainers. He seems to have made little or no attempt to
+fulfil the conditions necessary to retain possession of his seignioral
+manor, for to his mind the charms of hunting and trading surpassed
+those of farming. His visits to Medoctec to purchase furs and skins
+when the Indians had returned from their winter hunts were of doubtful
+advantage to the poor savages, for Gyles tells us that "when they came
+in from hunting they would be drunk and fight for several days and
+nights together, till they had spent most of their skins in wine and
+brandy, which was brought to the village by a Frenchman called
+Monsieur Sigenioncor" (Clignancourt).
+
+The latter portion of the narrative of John Gyles throws light on the
+course of events on the St. John during Villebon's regime, and
+supplies us with a particularly interesting glimpse of domestic life
+in the home of Louis d'Amours on the banks of the Jemseg, where Gyles
+spent the happiest years of his captivity. The wife of the Sieur de
+Chauffours, Marguerite Guyon[12], appears in an especially amiable
+light. Her lonely situation and rude surroundings, the perils of the
+wilderness and of savage war, amidst which her little children were
+born, evoke our sympathy. Her goodness of heart is seen in her
+motherly kindness to Gyles, the young stranger of an alien race--the
+"little English," as she calls him. But with all her amiability and
+gentleness she possessed other and stronger qualities, and it was her
+woman's wit and readiness of resource that saved her husband's
+fortunes in a grave emergency. The story shall be told in Gyles' own
+words.
+
+   [12] Louis d'Amours married Marguerite Guyon in 1686, about the time
+        he settled on the St. John river. They had three children.
+
+"When about six years of my doleful captivity had passed, my second
+Indian master died, whose squaw and my first Indian disputed whose
+slave I should be. Some malicious persons advised them to end the
+quarrel by putting a period to my life; but honest father Simon, the
+priest of the river, told them that it would be a heinous crime and
+advised them to sell me to the French."
+
+The suggestion of father Simon was adopted and Gyles, now in his
+sixteenth year, went with the missionary and the Indians to the mouth
+of the river, the occasion of their journey being the arrival of a
+French man-of-war at Menagoueche with supplies for the garrison and
+presents for the Indians.
+
+"My master asked me," continues Gyles, "whether I chose to be sold
+aboard the man-of-war or to the inhabitants? I replied with tears, I
+should be glad if you would sell me to the English from whom you took
+me, but if I must be sold to the French, I chose to be sold to the
+lowest on the river, or nearest inhabitant to the sea, about 25
+leagues from the mouth of the river; for I thought that if I were sold
+to the gentlemen aboard the man-of-war I should never return to the
+English. * * My master presently went on shore and a few days after
+all the Indians went up the river. When we came to a house which I had
+spoken to my master about, he went on shore with me and tarried all
+night. The master of the house (Louis d'Amours) spoke kindly to me in
+Indian, for I could not then speak one word of French. Madam also
+looked pleasant on me and gave me some bread. The next day I was sent
+six leagues further up the river to another French house. My master
+and the friar tarried with Monsieur De Chauffours, the gentleman who
+had entertained us the night before. Not long after father Simon came
+and said, 'Now you are one of us, for you are sold to that gentleman
+by whom you were entertained the other night.'
+
+"I replied, 'Sold!--to a Frenchman!' I could say no more, but went
+into the woods alone and wept till I could scarce see or stand. The
+word 'sold,' and that to a people of that persuasion which my dear
+mother so much detested and in her last words manifested so great
+fears of my falling into; the thought almost broke my heart.
+
+"When I had thus given vent to my grief I wiped my eyes, endeavoring
+to conceal its effects, but father Simon perceiving my eyes swollen,
+rolled me aside bidding me not to grieve, for the gentleman he said to
+whom I was sold was of a good humor; that he had formerly bought two
+captives of the Indians who both went home to Boston. This in some
+measure revived me; but he added he did not suppose that I would ever
+incline to go to the English for the French way of worship was much to
+be preferred. He said also he would pass that way in about ten days,
+and if I did not like to live with the French better than the Indians
+he would buy me again.
+
+"On the day following, father Simon and my Indian master went up the
+river six and thirty leagues to their chief village and I went down
+the river six leagues with two Frenchmen to my new master. He kindly
+received me, and in a few days Madam made me an osnaburg shirt and
+French cap and a coat out of one of my master's old coats. Then I
+threw away my greasy blanket and Indian flap; and I never more saw the
+old friar, the Indian village or my Indian master till about fourteen
+years after when I saw my old Indian master at Port Royal, and again
+about twenty-four years since he came from St. John to Fort George to
+see me where I made him very welcome.
+
+"My French master had a great trade with the Indians, which suited me
+very well, I being thorough in the language of the tribes at Cape
+Sable[13] and St. John. I had not lived long with this gentleman
+before he committed to me the keys of his store, etc., and my whole
+employment was trading and hunting, in which I acted faithfully for
+my master and never knowingly wronged him to the value of one
+farthing. They spoke to me so much in Indian that it was some time
+before I was perfect in the French tongue."
+
+   [13] The Micmacs, as distinguished from the St. John river Indians or
+        Maliseets.
+
+It was in the summer of the year 1695 that John Gyles was purchased of
+the Indians by Louis d'Amours, having been nearly six years in
+captivity at the Medoctec village. The strong prejudice against the
+French instilled into his mind by his mother, who was a devout
+puritan, was soon overcome by the kindness of Marguerite d'Amours.
+
+The goods needed by the Sieur de Chauffours for his trade with the
+Indians were obtained from the man-of-war which came out annually from
+France, and Gyles was sometimes sent with the Frenchmen in his
+master's employ to the mouth of the river for supplies. On one of
+these trips, in the early spring time, the party in their frail canoes
+were caught in a violent storm as they were coming down the
+Kennebeccasis--having crossed over thither from Long Reach by way of
+Kingston Creek, the usual route of travel. They were driven on Long
+Island opposite Rothesay and remained there seven days without food,
+unable to return by reason of the northeast gale and unable to advance
+on account of the ice. At the expiration of that time the ice broke up
+and they were able to proceed, but in so exhausted a state that they
+could "scarce hear each other speak." After their arrival at St. John,
+two of the party very nearly died in consequence of eating too
+heartily, but Gyles had had such ample experience of fasting in his
+Indian life that he had learned wisdom, and by careful dieting
+suffered no evil consequences.
+
+In the month of October, 1696, the quietude of the household at the
+Jemseg was disturbed by the appearance of the Massachusetts military
+expedition under Hawthorne and Church.
+
+"We heard of them," says Gyles, "some time before they came up the
+river by the guard that Governor Villebon had ordered at the river's
+mouth. Monsieur the gentleman whom I lived with was gone to France,
+and Madam advised with me; she then desired me to nail a paper on the
+door of our house containing as follows:--
+
+  'I intreat the General of the English not to burn my House or
+  Barn, nor destroy my Cattle. I don't suppose that such an army
+  comes up this River to destroy a few Inhabitants but for the Fort
+  above us. I have shewn kindness to the English captives as we were
+  capacitated and have bought two Captives of the Indians and sent
+  them to Boston, and have one now with us and he shall go also when
+  a convenient opportunity presents and he desires it.'
+
+"This done, Madam said to me, 'Little English; we have shewn you
+kindness and now it lies in your power to serve or disserve us, as you
+know where our goods are hid in the woods and that Monsieur is not at
+home. I could have sent you to the Fort and put you under confinement,
+but my respect for you and assurance of your love to us have disposed
+me to confide in you, persuaded that you will not hurt us nor our
+affairs. And now if you will not run away to the English, who are
+coming up the river, but serve our interest I will acquaint Monsieur
+of it at his return from France which will be very pleasing to him;
+and I now give my word that you shall have liberty to go to Boston on
+the first opportunity, if you desire it, or that any other favor in my
+power shall not be deny'd you.'
+
+"I replied:--'Madam, it is contrary to the nature of the English to
+requite evil for good. I shall endeavor to serve you and your
+interest. I shall not run to the English; but if I am taken by them
+shall willingly go with them and yet endeavor not to disserve you
+either in your persons or goods.'
+
+"This said we embarked and went in a large boat and canoe two or three
+miles up an eastern branch of the river that comes from a large pond
+[Grand Lake] and in the evening sent down four hands to make
+discovery; and while they were sitting in the house the English
+surrounded it and took one of the four; the other three made their
+escape in the dark through the English soldiers and came to us and
+gave a surprising account of affairs.
+
+"Again Madam said to me, 'Little English, now you can go from us, but
+I hope you will remember your word!' I said, 'Madam, be not concerned,
+for I will not leave you in this strait.' She said 'I know not what to
+do with my two poor little Babes.' I said 'Madam, the sooner we embark
+and go over the great Pond the better.' Accordingly we embarked and
+went over the Pond.
+
+"The next day we spake with Indians, who were in a canoe and gave us
+an account that Chignecto-town was taken and burnt. Soon after we
+heard the great guns at Governor Villebon's fort, which the English
+engaged several days, killed one man, and drew off and went down the
+river; for it was so late in the fall that had they tarried a few days
+longer in the river, they would have been frozen in for the winter.
+
+"Hearing no report of the great guns for several days, I, with two
+others, went down to our house to make discovery, where we found our
+young lad who was taken by the English when they went up the river;
+for the general was so honorable that, on reading the note on our
+door, he ordered that the house and barn should not be burnt nor their
+cattle or other creatures killed, except one or two, and the poultry
+for their use, and at their return ordered the young lad to be put
+ashore.
+
+"Finding things in this posture, we returned and gave Madam an
+account. She acknowledged the many favors which the English had shown,
+with gratitude, and treated me with great civility. The next spring
+Monsieur arrived from France in the man-of-war, who thanked me for my
+care of his affairs, and said that he would endeavor to fulfil what
+Madam had promised me."
+
+At the expiration of another year, peace having been proclaimed, a
+sloop came to Menagoueche with ransom for one Michael Coombs, and
+Gyles at once reminded the Sieur de Chauffours of his promise. That
+gentleman advised him to remain, offering to do for him as if he were
+his own child, but Gyles' heart was set upon going to Boston, hoping
+to find some of his relations yet alive. His master then advised him
+to go up to the fort and take leave of the Governor, which he did, and
+says the Sieur de Villebon spoke very kindly to him. Some days after
+he took an affecting leave of Madame d'Amours and his master went down
+to the mouth of the river with him to see him on board. A few days
+afterwards he arrived safely in Boston and was welcomed by his
+relatives as one risen from the dead.
+
+[Illustration: Signature of John Gyles]
+
+After Villebon's death his successor, de Brouillan, dismantled Fort
+Nachouac and the fort at the mouth of the St. John river and
+transferred the garrisons to Port Royal. The French families living on
+the river soon followed, as they found themselves without protection
+and did not care to remain in a situation so exposed. The houses
+abandoned by these settlers had been built upon the interval lands on
+the east side of the river between the Nashwaak and the Jemseg. The
+soil was very fertile, entirely free from rock or stone and little
+incumbered by forest. But the situation had its disadvantages--as it
+has still. In the spring of the year 1701 the settlers had a most
+unhappy experience in consequence of an extraordinarily high freshet.
+This event increased Brouillan's aversion to the St. John, and he
+writes:
+
+"The river is altogether impracticable for habitations, the little
+the people had there being destroyed this year by the freshets
+(inondations) which have carried off houses, cattle and grain.
+There is no probability that any families will desire to expose
+themselves hereafter to a thing so vexatious and so common on that
+river. Monsieur De Chauffours, who used to be the mainstay of the
+inhabitants and the savages, has been forced to abandon it and to
+withdraw to Port Royal, but he has no way to make a living there for
+his family, and he will unhappily be forced to seek some other retreat
+if the Court pays no consideration to the services which he
+represents in his petition, and does not grant him some position in
+order to retain him in this colony."
+
+The next year France and England were again at war and in the course
+of the conflict the fortunes of the d'Amours in Acadia were involved
+in utter ruin. The gentle spirit of Marguerite Guyon d'Amours did not
+survive the struggle, and with the close of the century she passed
+from the scene of her trials. Louis d'Amours, while serving his
+country in arms, was taken by the English, and for more than two years
+remained a prisoner in Boston. His brother, the Sieur de Clignancourt,
+served in various expeditions against the New Englanders and for
+several years is heard of in connection with military affairs.
+Eventually most of the surviving members of the d'Amours family
+removed from Acadia leaving behind them no abiding record of their
+sojourn on the St. John river.
+
+Two of the daughters of Louis d'Amours were married at Port Royal
+while very young. Perhaps they possessed their mother's winsome
+manners, perhaps, also the scarcity of marriageable girls in Acadia
+may have had something to do with the matter; at any rate Charlotte
+d'Amours was but seventeen years of age when she married the young
+baron, Anselm de St. Castin. Their wedding took place at Port Royal in
+October, 1707, just two months after young St. Castin had greatly
+distinguished himself in the heroic and successful defense of Port
+Royal against an expedition from New England.[14] The event no doubt
+caused a flutter of excitement in the then limited society of Port
+Royal. The officiating priest was Father Antoine Gaulin, of the
+Seminary of Quebec, at which institution the young baron had finished
+his studies only three years before. Among the witnesses of the
+marriage were the Chevalier de Subercase, governor of Acadia;
+Bonaventure, who had for some years rendered signal service as
+commander of the "Envieux" and other warships; Mon. de la Boularderie,
+a French officer who had been wounded in the recent siege, and the
+bride's farther, Louis d'Amours--who, signs his name D'Amour
+D'Echofour.
+
+   [14] The mortification of the Bostonians at the failure of this
+        expedition was extreme. So confident of success were they that
+        preparations were made for a public rejoicing on the
+        anticipated capture of Port Royal. The young baron St. Castin
+        was wounded in the defence of Port Royal. His conduct in
+        leading the defenders on several critical occasions was
+        characterized by such dash and intrepidity that Governor
+        Subercase in describing the siege wrote to the French minister
+        at Versailles that if it had not been for the presence of the
+        Baron St. Castin he knew not what would have been the result.
+        See Murdoch's Hist. Nova Scotia, vol. I., p. 289.
+
+A few years later the Marquis de Vaudreuil entrusted to St. Castin the
+command of Acadia. After the treaty of Utrecht he retired to his
+ancestral residence on the banks of the Penobscot, where he lived on
+amicable terms with the English and kept the Penobscot Indians from
+making encroachments on their neighbors. His sister, Ursule de St.
+Castin, married his wife's brother, a son of Louis d'Amours, a
+circumstance of interest not only as being a double marriage between
+the families of St. Castin and d'Amours, but also from the fact that
+the familiar titles of the d'Amours family seem to have been retained
+in this, the oldest branch of their family. In proof of this fact, the
+distinguished Acadian genealogist, Placid P. Gaudet, has shown that
+among the Acadians residing at the Islands of St. Pierre and Miquelon
+in 1767 (according to the census of that year), were Ursule de St.
+Castin, widow of the only son of Louis d'Amours, then 71 year of age,
+who resided with her son Joseph d'Amours, deChauffour, and his family.
+Joseph d'Amours was at that time 49 years of age, and his wife,
+Genevieve Roy, 44 years of age. They had seven children and the oldest
+sons were Joseph d'Amours, aged 19 years; Paul d'Amours de Freneuse,
+aged 16 years, and Louis d'Amours de Clignancourt, aged 13 years. As
+the father himself retained the title of de Chauffours it is evident
+that on his decease it would fall to his oldest son, Joseph.
+
+Marie d'Amours, sister of the young Baroness de St. Castin, married
+Pierre de Morpain, the commander of a privateer of St. Domingo. It
+chanced that he had just brought a ship load of provisions to Port
+Royal when it was attacked in 1707, and he was able to render good
+service in its defence. Two years afterwards he was again at Port
+Royal and in the course of a ten days' cruise took nine prizes and
+destroyed four more vessels. Being attacked by a coast-guard ship of
+Boston a furious engagement ensued in which the English captain was
+killed with one hundred of his men and his vessel made a prize and
+taken to Port Royal. The commander, Subercase, highly commended
+Morpain's bravery and persuaded him to remain at Port Royal where, on
+August 13, 1709, he married Marie d'Amours de Chauffours.
+
+Louis d'Amours, Sieur de Chauffours, returned to Port Royal in 1706
+after a two years captivity at Boston. On the 17th January, 1708, only
+a few weeks after the marriage of his daughter to St. Castin, he took
+to himself a wife in the person of Anne Comeau. The marriage was
+witnessed by Governor Subercase and other officials at Port Royal,
+also by his daughter Charlotte and her husband, the Baron de St.
+Castin, and by the widow of his brother the Sieur de Freneuse. It
+seems probable that his health had suffered through his long
+imprisonment, for very shortly after his second marriage he was
+stricken with an illness which proved fatal. The Recollet missionary,
+Justinien Durad, records in his parish register the burial in the
+cemetery of St. Jean Baptiste at Port Royal on May 19, 1708, of "Louis
+d'Amour d'Echauffour, aged not far from sixty years [should be 54
+years], after an illness of three months, during which he received the
+sacraments with great edification." And this brings us to the last
+incident in the romantic story of the brothers d'Amours.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VIII.
+
+THE OLD MEDOCTEC FORT.
+
+
+Twelve miles below the town of Woodstock there enters the River St.
+John, from the westward, a good sized tributary known as Eel River. It
+is a variable stream, flowing in the upper reaches with feeble
+current, over sandy shallows, with here and there deep pools, and at
+certain seasons almost lake-like expansions over adjoining swamps, but
+in the last twelve miles of its course it is transformed into a
+turbulent stream, broken by rapids and falls to such an extent that
+only at the freshet season is it possible to descend in canoes. The
+Indian name of Eel River is "Madawamkeetook," signifying "rocky at its
+mouth."
+
+[Illustration: Plan of Old Medoctec Village]
+
+The Medoctec Fort stood on the west bank of the St. John four miles
+above the mouth of Eel River. It guarded the eastern extremity of the
+famous portage, five miles in length, by which canoes were carried in
+order to avoid the rapids that obstruct the lower part of Eel River.
+The rivers were nature's highway for the aboriginal inhabitants and a
+glance at the map will show that Madawamkeetook, or Eel River, formed
+a very important link in the chain of communication with the western
+portion of ancient Acadie by means of the inland waters.
+
+In early days the three principal villages of the Maliseets were
+Medoctec on the St. John, Panagamsde on the Penobscot and Narantsouak
+on the Kennebec. In travelling from Medoctec to the westward the
+Indians passed from the lakes at the head of Eel River, by a short
+portage, to the chain of lakes at the head of the St. Croix from
+which there was communication by another short portage with the
+Mattawamkeag, an eastern branch of the Penobscot. In the course of the
+stirring events of the war-period in Acadia the Indian braves and
+their French allies made constant use of this route, and the Medoctec
+village became a natural rendezvous whenever anything of a warlike
+nature was afoot on the St. John. But Medoctec possessed many local
+advantages; the hunting in the vicinity was excellent, the rivers
+abounded in salmon, sturgeon, bass, trout and other fish, and the
+intervals were admirably adapted to the growth of Indian corn--which
+seems to have been raised there from time immemorial.
+
+The reader by examining the accompanying plan will have a better idea
+of the situation of the old fort.
+
+The site of this ancient Maliseet town is a fine plateau extending
+back from the river about fifty rods, then descending to a lower
+interval, twenty rods wide, and again rising quite abruptly sixty or
+seventy feet to the upland. The spring freshet usually covers the
+lower interval and the elevated plateau then becomes an island. The
+spot is an exceedingly interesting one, but, unfortunately for the
+investigator, the soil has been so well cultivated by the hands of
+thrifty farmers that little remains to indicate the outlines of the
+old fortifications. It is impossible to determine with absolute
+certainty the position of the stockade, or of the large wigwam, or
+council chamber, and other features commonly found in Indian towns of
+that period. The only place where the old breast-work is visible is
+along the south and east sides of the burial ground, where it is about
+two feet high. The burial ground has never been disturbed with the
+plough, the owners of the property having shown a proper regard for
+the spot as the resting place of the dead. It is, however, so thickly
+overgrown with hawthorn as to be a perfect jungle difficult to
+penetrate. Many holes have been dug there by relic hunters and seekers
+of buried treasure.
+
+At the spot marked A* on the plan, between the grave-yard and the
+river, there is a mass of ashes and cinders with numberless bones
+scattered about. This is believed to be the site of the old council
+fire. Here the visitor will find himself in touch with the events of
+savage life of centuries ago. Here it was Governor Villebon harangued
+his dusky allies; here the horrible dog feast was held and the hatchet
+brandished by the warriors on the eve of their departure to deluge
+with blood the homes of New England; here at the stake the luckless
+captive yielded up his life and chanted his death-song; here the Sieur
+de Clignancourt bargained with the Indians, receiving their furs and
+peltry and giving in exchange French goods and trinkets, rum and
+brandy; here good Father Simon taught the savages the elements of the
+Christian faith and tamed as best he could the fierceness of their
+manners; here too when weary of fighting the hatchet was buried and
+the council fire glowed its brightest as the chiefs smoked their
+calumet of peace.
+
+Some have supposed the old Medoctec fort to have been quite an
+elaborate structure, with bastions, etc., but it was more probably
+only a rude Indian fortification with ditch and parapet surmounted by
+a stockade, within which was a strongly built cabin, in size about
+thirty by forty feet. Parkman in his "Jesuits in North America," gives
+a good description of similar forts built by the Hurons and other
+tribes of Canada. The labor originally involved in the erection of the
+palisade must have been very great, and nothing but stern necessity is
+likely to have driven so naturally improvident a people to undertake
+it. The stout stakes were cut, pointed and firmly planted with no
+better implement than the stone axe of prehistoric times.
+
+In the lower right hand corner of the plan will be found the spring
+referred to in the opening chapter[15] as the scene of the ludicrous
+Mohawk scare. Its distance from the old fort is about half a mile, and
+the situation and surroundings correspond so exactly with Gyles'
+description that there is not the slightest doubt as to its identity.
+The water that flows from it never fails and is very clear and cool.
+
+   [15] See page 13.
+
+At the back of the lower interval is a curious gully, something like a
+broad natural roadway, which affords an easy ascent to the upland.
+This no doubt was the commencement of the famous portage by which
+bands of savages in ancient days took their way westward to devastate
+the settlements of eastern New England.
+
+The small stream which enters the St. John a little above the old
+village site is known as Hay's Creek, but in some of the early maps
+and land grants is called "Meductic river." About a mile from its
+mouth there is a very beautiful cascade; the volume of water is not
+large but the height of the fall, 95 feet perpendicular, is
+remarkable, surpassing by at least ten feet the Grand Falls of the
+River St. John.
+
+Our knowledge of the village Medoctec, and the ways of its people two
+centuries ago, is derived mainly from the narrative of John Gyles, the
+English lad who was captured at Pemaquid in 1689 and brought by his
+Indian master to the River St. John. At the time of his capture Gyles
+was a boy of about twelve years of age. He seems to have met with
+kindly treatment from his master though not from all the Indians. His
+first rude experience was at Penobscot fort where upon the arrival of
+the captives, some fifty in number, the squaws got together in a
+circle dancing and yelling, as was their custom on such occasions.
+Gyles says, "An old grimace squaw took me by the hand and leading me
+into the ring, some seized me by my hair and others by my feet, like
+so many furies; but, my master laying down a pledge, they released me.
+A captive among the Indians is exposed to all manner of abuses and to
+the extremest tortures, unless their master, or some of their master's
+relatives lay down a ransom, such as a bag of corn, a blanket, or the
+like, which redeems them from their cruelty for that dance."
+
+After a long and wearisome journey the little captive at length neared
+his destination, the canoes were paddling down the Madawamkeetook (or
+Eel) river. When they reached the rapids they landed, and we shall let
+Gyles tell in his own words the story of the last stage of his journey
+and of his reception at Medoctec. He says: "We carried over a long
+carrying place to Medoctock Fort, which stands on a bank of St. John's
+river. My Indian master went before and left me with an old Indian
+and three squaws. The old man often said (which was all the English he
+could speak), 'By and by come to a great Town and Fort.' So I
+comforted myself in thinking how finely I should be refreshed when I
+came to this great town.
+
+"After some miles travel we came in sight of a large Corn-field and
+soon after of the Fort, to my great surprise; for two or three squaws
+met us, took off my pack, and led me to a large hut or wigwam, where
+thirty or forty Indians were dancing and yelling round five or six
+poor captives. * * I was whirled in among them and we looked at each
+other with a sorrowful countenance; and presently one of them was
+seized by each hand and foot by four Indians, who swung him up and let
+his back with force fall on the hard ground, till they had danced (as
+they call it) round the whole wigwam, which was thirty or forty feet
+in length. * *
+
+"The Indians looked on me with a fierce countenance, as much as to say
+it will be your turn next. They champed cornstalks, which they threw
+into my hat as I held it in my hand. I smiled on them though my heart
+ached. I looked on one and another, but could not perceive that any
+eye pitied me. Presently came a squaw and a little girl and laid down
+a bag of corn in the ring. The little girl took me by the hand, making
+signs for me to come out of the circle with them. Not knowing their
+custom, I supposed they designed to kill me and refused to go. Then a
+grave Indian came and gave me a pipe and said in English, 'Smoke it,'
+then he took me by the hand and led me out. My heart ached, thinking
+myself near my end. But he carried me to a French hut about a mile
+from the Indian Fort. The Frenchman was not at home, but his wife, who
+was a squaw, had some discourse with my Indian friend, which I did not
+understand. We tarried there about two hours, then returned to the
+Indian village, where they gave me some victuals. Not long after I saw
+one of my fellow-captives who gave me a melancholy account of their
+sufferings after I left them.
+
+"After some weeks had passed," Gyles continues, "we left this village
+and went up St. John's river about ten miles to a branch called
+Medockscenecasis, where there was one wigwam. At our arrival an old
+squaw saluted me with a yell, taking me by the hair and one hand, but
+I was so rude as to break her hold and free myself. She gave me a
+filthy grin, and the Indians set up a laugh and so it passed over.
+Here we lived on fish, wild grapes, roots, etc., which was hard living
+for me."
+
+Where the one wigwam stood in 1689, there stands today a town of 4,000
+people. The stream which Gyles calls Medockscenecasis is the
+Meduxnakik and the town is Woodstock. On the islands and intervals
+there, wild grapes and lily roots, butter-nuts and cherries are still
+to be found, and many generations of boys have wandered with light
+hearts in quest of them without a thought of the first of white boys,
+who in loneliness and friendlessness trod those intervals more than
+two hundred years ago.
+
+It seems to have been the custom of the Indians at the beginning of
+the winter to break up into small parties for the purpose of hunting,
+and Gyles' description of his first winter's experience will serve to
+illustrate the hardships commonly endured by the savages.
+
+"When the winter came on," he says, "we went up the river, till the
+ice came down running thick in the river, when, according to the
+Indian custom, we laid up our canoes till spring. Then we traveled,
+sometimes on the ice and sometimes on land, till we came to a river
+that was open but not fordable, where we made a raft and passed over,
+bag and baggage. I met with no abuse from them in this winter's
+hunting, though I was put to great hardships in carrying burdens and
+for want of food. But they underwent the same difficulty, and would
+often encourage me by saying in broken English, 'By and by great deal
+moose!' Yet they could not answer any question I asked them; and
+knowing very little of their customs and ways of life, I thought it
+tedious to be constantly moving from place to place, yet it might be
+in some respects an advantage, for it ran still in my mind that we
+were traveling to some settlement; and when my burden was over heavy,
+and the Indians left me behind, and the still evening came on, I
+fancied I could see thro' the bushes and hear the people of some great
+town; which hope might be some support to me in the day, though I
+found not the town at night.
+
+"Thus we were hunting three hundred miles from the sea and knew no man
+within fifty or sixty miles of us. We were eight or ten in number, and
+had but two guns on which we wholly depended for food. If any disaster
+had happened we must all have perished. Sometimes we had no manner of
+sustenance for three or four days; but God wonderfully provides for
+all creatures. * * *
+
+"We moved still farther up the country after the moose when our store
+gave out; so that by the spring we had got to the northward of the
+Lady Mountains [near the St. Lawrence]. When the spring came and the
+rivers broke up we moved back to the head of St. John's river and
+there made canoes of moose hides, sewing three or four together and
+pitching the seams with balsam mixed with charcoal. Then we went down
+the river to a place called Madawescok. There an old man lived and
+kept a sort of a trading house, where we tarried several days; then we
+went further down the river till we came to the greatest falls in
+these parts, called Checanekepeag[16], where we carried a little way
+over land, and putting off our canoes we went down stream still, and
+as we passed the mouths of any large branches we saw Indians, but when
+any dance was proposed I was bought off.
+
+   [16] The Grand Falls of the St. John river, which the Indians still
+        call Chik-seen-eag-i-beg, meaning "a destroying giant."
+
+"At length we arrived at the place where we left our canoes in the
+fall and, putting our baggage into them, went down to the fort. There
+we planted corn, and after planting went a fishing and to look for and
+dig roots till the corn was fit to weed. After weeding we took a
+second tour on foot on the same errand, then returned to hill up our
+corn. After hilling we went some distance from the fort and field up
+the river to take salmon and other fish, which we dried for food,
+where we continued till the corn was filled with milk; some of it we
+dried then, the other as it ripened."
+
+The statement has been made by the author in the opening chapter that
+exaggerated ideas have prevailed concerning the number of Indians who
+formerly inhabited this country. The natives of Acadia were not a
+prolific race and the life they led was so full of danger and
+exposure, particularly in the winter season, as not to be conducive
+to longevity. An instance of the dangers to which the Indians were
+exposed in their winter hunting is related by Gyles which very nearly
+proved fatal to him.
+
+"One winter," he says, "as we were moving from place to place our
+hunters killed some moose. One lying some miles from our wigwams, a
+young Indian and myself were ordered to fetch part of it. We set out
+in the morning when the weather was promising, but it proved a very
+cold cloudy day.
+
+"It was late in the evening before we arrived at the place where the
+moose lay, so that we had no time to provide materials for a fire or
+shelter. At the same time came on a storm of snow very thick which
+continued until the next morning. We made a small fire with what
+little rubbish we could find around us. The fire with the warmth of
+our bodies melted the snow upon us as fast as it fell and so our
+clothes were filled with water. However, early in the morning we took
+our loads of moose flesh, and set out to return to our wigwams. We had
+not travelled far before my moose-skin coat (which was the only
+garment I had on my back, and the hair chiefly worn off) was frozen
+stiff round my knees, like a hoop, as were my snow-shoes and shoe
+clouts to my feet. Thus I marched the whole day without fire or food.
+At first I was in great pain, then my flesh became numb, and at times
+I felt extremely sick and thought I could not travel one foot farther;
+but I wonderfully revived again. After long travelling I felt very
+drowsy, and had thoughts of sitting down, which had I done, without
+doubt I had fallen on my final sleep. My Indian companion, being
+better clothed, had left me long before. Again my spirits revived as
+much as if I had received the richest cordial.
+
+"Some hours after sunset I reached the wigwam, and crawling in with my
+snow-shoes on, the Indians cried out, 'The captive is frozen to
+death!' They took off my pack and the place where that lay against my
+back was the only one that was not frozen. They cut off my snow-shoes
+and stripped off the clouts from my feet, which were as void of
+feeling as any frozen flesh could be.
+
+"I had not sat long by the fire before the blood began to circulate
+and my feet to my ankles turned black and swelled with bloody blisters
+and were inexpressibly painful. The Indians said one to another: 'His
+feet will rot, and he will die;' yet I slept well at night. Soon after
+the skin came off my feet from my ankles whole, like a shoe, leaving
+my toes without a nail and the ends of my great toe bones bare.... The
+Indians gave me rags to bind up my feet and advised me to apply fir
+balsam, but withal added that they believed it was not worth while to
+use means for I should certainly die. But by the use of my elbows and
+a stick in each hand I shoved myself along as I sat upon the ground
+over the snow from one tree to another till I got some balsam. This I
+burned in a clam shell till it was of a consistence like salve, which
+I applied to my feet and ankles and, by the divine blessing, within a
+week I could go about upon my heels with my staff; and through God's
+goodness we had provisions enough, so that we did not remove under ten
+or fifteen days. Then the Indians made two little hoops, something in
+the form of a snow-shoe, and sewing them to my feet I was able to
+follow them in their tracks on my heels from place to place, though
+sometimes half leg deep in snow and water, which gave me the most
+acute pain imaginable; but I must walk or die. Yet within a year my
+feet were entirely well, and the nails came on my great toes so that a
+very critical eye could scarcely perceive any part missing, or that
+they had been frozen at all."
+
+We turn now to the consideration of the state of affairs on the St.
+John after the removal of the seat of government from Fort Nachouac to
+Menagoueche and subsequently to Port Royal.
+
+After the retirement of the French from the river, at the close of the
+seventeenth century, our knowledge of that region for the next thirty
+years is small. We know, however, that the Maliseets continued hostile
+to the English. War parties from the St. John united with the
+neighboring tribes, roaming over the country like hungry wolves,
+prowling around the towns and settlements of New England, carrying
+terror and destruction wherever they went. The resentment inspired by
+their deeds was such that the legislatures of Massachusetts and New
+Hampshire offered a bounty of L40 for the scalp of every adult male
+Indian.
+
+For sixty years Indian wars followed in rapid succession. They are
+known in history as King William's war, Queen Anne's war, Lovewell's
+or Dummer's war and King George's war. In nearly every instance the
+Indian raids were instigated or encouraged by their French allies, who
+feared that otherwise the English would win them and thereby gain the
+country.
+
+Civil and ecclesiastical authority in France were at this time very
+closely united. The missionaries of New France were appointed and
+removed by the authorities at Quebec and received an annual stipend
+from the crown, and however diligent the missionary might be in his
+calling, or however pure his life, he was liable to be removed unless
+he used his influence to keep the savages in a state of hostility to
+the English. The Maliseet villages on the St. John, the Penobscot and
+the Kennebec rivers were regarded as buttresses against English
+encroachments in the direction of Canada, and the authorities at
+Quebec relied much upon the influence of the missionaries to keep the
+savages loyal to France.
+
+The first missionary at the Medoctec village, of whom we have any
+accurate information, was Father Simon, who has already been
+frequently mentioned in the extracts from John Gyles' narrative. He
+belonged to the order of the Recollets, founded early in the 13th
+century by St. Francis of Assissi. The missionaries of that order
+began their labors on the St. John as early as 1620; they came to
+Acadia from Aquitane. Father Simon was a man of activity and
+enterprise as well as of religious zeal. He did all that lay in his
+power to promote the ascendency of his country-men in the land they
+loved to call "New France," but his influence with the Indians was
+always exercised on the side of humanity. On this point Gyles'
+testimony is conclusive. He says: "The priest of this river was of the
+order of St. Francis, a gentleman of a humane generous disposition. In
+his sermons he most severely reprehended the Indians for their
+barbarities to captives. He would often tell them that excepting their
+errors in religion the English were a better people than themselves."
+
+We have no exact information as to the number of years Father Simon
+labored at Medoctec, but he died near the close of the century.
+Governor Villebon in December, 1698, wrote, "Father Simon is sick at
+Jemseg," and as his name does not again appear in the annals of that
+time it is probable that his sickness proved mortal. He was succeeded
+in his mission by one of the Jesuit fathers, Joseph Aubery, who came
+to Medoctec about 1701, remaining there seven years. He then took
+charge of the Abenaki mission of St. Francis, where he continued for
+46 years and died at the age of 82. Chateaubriand drew from his
+character and career materials for one of the characters in his well
+known romance "Atala."
+
+The next missionary on the River St. John was Jean Baptiste Loyard,
+who was born at Pau in France in 1678, and came out to Canada in 1706.
+He remained almost constantly at his post, except that in the year
+1722 he went to France to obtain aid for his mission. His position was
+a difficult one, for the letters of the Marquis de Vaudreuil show that
+in addition to his spiritual functions he was regarded as the
+political agent of the French on the St. John.
+
+By the treaty of Utrecht, in the days of Queen Anne (A. D. 1713), "all
+Nova Scotia, or Acadia, comprehended within its ancient boundaries,"
+was ceded to the Queen of Great Britain. But the question immediately
+arose, what were the ancient boundaries? The British were disposed to
+claim, as indeed the French had formerly done, that Acadia included
+the territory north of the Bay of Fundy as far west as the Kennebec
+river; but the French would not now admit that it included anything
+more than the peninsula of Nova Scotia.
+
+In 1715, Governor Caulfield endeavored to have a good understanding
+with Loyard, assuring him that he would not be molested, and begging
+him to say to the Indians of his mission that they would receive good
+treatment at the hands of the English and that a vessel full of
+everything they needed would be sent up the river to them.
+
+But other and more potent influences were at work. On June 15, 1716,
+the French minister wrote the Marquis de Vaudreuil that the King, in
+order to cement more firmly the alliance with the savages of Acadia,
+had granted the sum of 1,200 livres, agreeably to the proposal of the
+intendant Begon, to be expended in building a church for the Indians
+on the River St. John, and another for those on the Kennebec. The
+Indians were wonderfully pleased and offered to furnish a quantity of
+beaver as their contribution towards the erection of the churches. In
+the years that followed the king made two additional grants of 1,200
+livres each, and in 1720 the Marquis de Vaudreuil had the satisfaction
+of reporting that the churches were finished; that they were well
+built and would prove a great inducement to the savages to be loyal to
+France.
+
+The probable site of the Indian chapel on the banks of the St. John is
+shown in the plan of the Medoctec Fort and village near the north west
+corner of the burial ground. A small stone tablet was discovered here
+by Mr. A. R. Hay, of Lower Woodstock, in June, 1890. The tablet is of
+black slate, similar to that found in the vicinity, and is in length
+fourteen inches by seven in width and about an inch in thickness.
+
+It was found quite near the surface, just as it might naturally have
+fallen amid the ruins of an old building, covered merely by the fallen
+leaves; the inscription is in an excellent state of preservation and,
+without abbreviation, reads as follows:
+
+[Illustration: SLATE-STONE TABLET.
+
+A relic of the Indian Chapel of Saint Jean Baptiste. Found
+at Medoctec, June, 1890.]
+
+          DEO
+          Optimo Maximo
+          In honorem Divi Ioannis Baptistae
+          Hoc Templum posuerunt Anno Domin
+          (MDCCXVII).
+          Malecitae
+
+          Missionis Procurator Ioanne Loyard Societatis Iesu
+          Sacerdote.
+
+The translation reads:--"To God, most excellent, most high, in
+honor of Saint John Baptist, the Maliseets erected this church A. D.
+1717, while Jean Loyard, a priest of the Society of Jesus, was
+superintendent of the mission."
+
+The inscription is clearly cut, but not with sufficient skill to
+suggest the hand of a practised stone engraver. It was in all
+probability the hand of Loyard himself that executed it. The name of
+Danielou, his successor, faintly scratched in the lower left-hand
+corner, is evidently of later date; but its presence there is of
+historic interest.
+
+The Indian church of St. John Baptist at Medoctec, erected in 1717,
+was the first on the River St. John--probably the first in New
+Brunswick. It received among other royal gifts a small bell which now
+hangs in the belfry of the Indian chapel at Central Kingsclear, a few
+miles above Fredericton. The church seems to have been such as would
+impress by its beauty and adornments the little flock over which
+Loyard exercised his kindly ministry. It is mentioned by one of the
+Jesuit fathers as a beautiful church (belle eglise), suitably adorned
+and furnished abundantly with holy vessels and ornaments of sufficient
+richness.
+
+The chapel stood for fifty years and its clear toned bell rang out the
+call to prayer in the depths of the forest; but by and by priest and
+people passed away till, in 1767, the missionary Bailly records in his
+register that the Indians having abandoned the Medoctec village he had
+caused the ornaments and furnishings of the chapel, together with the
+bell, to be transported to Aukpaque, and had caused the chapel itself
+to be demolished since it served merely as a refuge for travellers and
+was put to the most profane uses.
+
+The Marquis de Vaudreuil in 1718 wrote to the English authorities at
+Port Royal protesting against English vessels entering the River St.
+John, which he claimed to be entirely within the French dominion. He
+encouraged the French to withdraw from the peninsula of Nova Scotia,
+promising them lands on the St. John river on application to the
+missionary Loyard, who was empowered to grant them and in the course
+of time a number of families resorted thither.
+
+When Loyard went to France in 1722 he represented to the home
+government that the English were making encroachments on the "rivers
+of the savages"--meaning the St. John, Penobscot and Kennebec. "Why is
+this?" he asks, "if not for the purpose of continually advancing on
+Canada?" He points out that France has not cared for the savages
+except when she has had need of them. The English will not fail to
+remind them of this fact, and will perhaps by presents more valuable
+than the missionaries can offer soon succeed in winning them. Loyard
+recommends the court to increase the annual gratuity and to provide
+for each village a royal medal to serve as a reminder of the king's
+favor and protection. His advice seems to have been followed, and for
+some years an annual appropriation of 4,000 livres was made to provide
+presents for the savages, the distribution being left to the
+missionaries.
+
+[Illustration: BELL OF OLD INDIAN CHAPEL. (A. D. 1717.)]
+
+Port Royal, under its new name of Annapolis, was now become the
+headquarters of British authority and efforts were made to establish
+friendly relations with the Indians of the St. John river. In July,
+1720, nine chiefs were brought over to Annapolis in a vessel sent by
+Governor Philipps for the purpose; they were entertained and addressed
+and presents were made to them and they went home apparently well
+pleased. However the English governor did not count much upon their
+fidelity. He states that he was beset with Indian delegations from
+various quarters; that he received them all and never dismissed them
+without presents, which they always looked for and for which he was
+out of pocket about a hundred and fifty pounds; he adds, "but I am
+convinced that a hundred thousand will not buy them from the French
+interest while the priests are among them."
+
+Governor Philipps' lack of confidence in Indian promises of friendship
+and alliance was soon justified, for in Lovewell's war, which broke
+out in 1722 and lasted three years, the Indians surprized and captured
+a large number of trading vessels in the Bay of Fundy and along the
+coast, and a party of 30 Maliseets and 26 Micmacs attacked the Fort at
+Annapolis, killing two of the garrison and dangerously wounding an
+officer and three men. In retaliation for the loss of Sergt McNeal,
+who was shot and scalped, the English shot and scalped an Indian
+prisoner on the spot where McNeal had fallen, an action which, however
+great the provocation, is to be lamented as unworthy of a Christian
+people.
+
+Lovewell's war was terminated by a notable treaty made at Boston in
+1725 with four eminent sagamores representing the tribes of Kennebec,
+Penobscot, St. John and Cape Sable; Francois Xavier appearing on
+behalf of the Maliseets of the St. John. The conference lasted over a
+month, for the Indians were very deliberate in their negotiations and
+too well satisfied with their entertainment to be in a hurry. The
+treaty was solemnly ratified at Falmouth in the presence of the
+Lieutenant-Governors of Massachusetts, New Hampshire and Nova Scotia,
+and about forty chiefs. The formal assent of the St. John Indians does
+not appear to have been given until May, 1728, when three or four
+sachems, accompanied by twenty-six warriors, came from Medoctec to
+Annapolis Royal to ratify the peace and make submission to the British
+government. Governor Armstrong with the advice of his officers made
+them presents, entertained them several days and sent them away well
+satisfied.
+
+The ministry of Loyard was now drawing to a close. He seems to have
+been a man of talents and rare virtues, esteemed and beloved by both
+French and Indians, and in his death universally lamented. He
+devoted nearly twenty-four of the best years of his life to the
+conversion of the Indians, and when summoned to Quebec for the
+benefit of his health, which had become impared by toil and
+exposure, he had hardly recovered from the fatigue of the journey
+when he requested to be allowed to return to his mission, where his
+presence was needed. It was while in the active discharge of his duty
+among the sick that he contracted the disease of which he died in the
+midst of his people, who were well nigh inconsolable for their
+loss. The obituary letter announcing his death to the other Jesuit
+missionaries contains a glowing eulogy of the man and his work.
+His disposition had nothing of sternness, yet he was equally
+beloved and revered by his flock; to untiring zeal he joined
+exemplary modesty, sweetness of disposition, never failing charity
+and an evenness of temper which made him superior to all annoyances;
+busy as he was he had the art of economising the moments, and he
+gave all the prescribed time to his own spiritual exercises; over his
+flock he watched incessantly as a good shepherd with the happy
+consolation of gathering abundant fruit of his care and toil; he
+was fitted for everything and ready for everything, and his
+superiors could dispose of him as they would. The date of his death,
+June 24, 1731, suggests some remarkable coincidences. The 24th of
+June is St. John Baptist's day; Loyard's name was Jean Baptiste; the
+church he built was called St. Jean Baptiste; it was the first
+church on the banks of a river named in honor of St. Jean Baptiste
+(because discovered on 24th June, 1604, by Champlain); and it was
+fitting that the missionary who designed it, who watched over its
+construction and who probably was laid to rest beneath its shade,
+should pass from the scene of his labors on the day that honors the
+memory of St. Jean Baptiste. By a pure coincidence the author finds
+himself penning these words on St. John Baptist's day, 1903.
+
+[Illustration: Jean Loyard Fac-simile, A. D. 1708.]
+
+Loyard's successor was Jean Pierre Danielou, whose presence at
+Medoctec is indicated by the occurrence of his name on the memorial
+tablet. After his arrival at Quebec in 1715 he was employed for some
+years as a teacher, but took holy orders about 1725. Danielou had been
+but a short time in charge of his mission when he received a sharply
+worded letter from the governor of Nova Scotia, ordering the Acadians
+settled on the River St. John to repair to the port of Annapolis Royal
+and take the oath of allegiance. The governor says that their settling
+on the river without leave was an act of great presumption. A number
+of the settlers accordingly presented themselves at Annapolis, where
+they took the required oaths and agreed to take out grants.
+
+The little French colony were settled at or near St. Anns (now
+Fredericton) for a census made in 1733, for the government of France,
+gives the number of Acadians on the river as 111, divided into twenty
+families, and fifteen of these families, numbering eighty-two persons,
+were living below the village of Ecoupay (or Aukpaque). Two families
+lived at Freneuse and three at the mouth of the river.
+
+The story of the old Medoctec village in later times will be told
+incidentally in the chapters that are to follow.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IX.
+
+INCIDENTS IN KING GEORGES WAR.
+
+
+After a long interval of peace from the time of the treaty of Utrecht
+in 1713, war was declared between France and England in 1744. The
+Indians of the St. John river, who had been fairly quiet for some
+years, took the warpath with great alacrity. The war that ensued is
+known as "King George's," or the "Five Years" war. At its commencement
+the Maliseets played rather a sharp trick upon the English which Paul
+Mascarene and Shirley, the governor of Massachusetts, remembered
+against them when peace was proclaimed five years later. On that
+occasion Count de la Galissonniere wrote to Mascarene to inquire if
+the Maliseets were included in the peace, "in which case," he says, "I
+entreat you to have the goodness to induce Mr. Shirley to allow them
+to settle again in their villages, and to leave their missionaries
+undisturbed as they were before the war." The French governor
+suggested that a reply might be sent through the missionary by whom he
+had sent his own letter. Both Mascarene and Shirley replied at some
+length to the letter of de la Galissonniere. They stated that when a
+renewal of the war with France was daily expected, a deputation of the
+St. John river Indians came to Annapolis professedly to make an
+agreement to remain on friendly terms with the English in the event of
+war with France. They were well received in consequence. But they had
+come in reality as spies, and three weeks afterwards returned with
+others of their tribe, the missionary le Loutre at their head,
+surprised and killed as many of the English as they caught outside the
+fort, destroyed their cattle, burnt their houses and continued their
+acts of hostility against the garrison till the arrival of troops from
+New England to check them. "For this perfidious behaviour," Shirley
+says, "I caused war to be declared in his majesty's name against these
+Indians in November, 1744, and so far as it depends upon me, they
+shall not be admitted to terms of peace till they have made a proper
+submission for their treachery."
+
+During King George's war the Maliseet warriors did not, as in former
+Indian wars, assemble at Medoctec and turn their faces westward to
+devastate the settlements of New England, the scene of hostilities was
+now transferred to the eastward, Annapolis Royal, Beausejour and
+Louisbourg became the scene of hostilities and Aukpaque, not Medoctec,
+the place of rendezvous.
+
+Immediately after the declaration of war Paul Mascarene set to work to
+repair the defences of Annapolis Royal. The French inhabitants at
+first showed every readiness to assist him, but they retired to their
+habitations when the Indians, to the number of about three hundred
+fighting men, appeared before the fort. Among the leaders of the
+savages was young Alexander le Borgne de Bellisle, who himself had
+Indian blood in his veins, being the son of Anastasie de St. Castin.
+The Indians failed in their attack and retired to await the arrival of
+troops from Louisbourg under Du Vivier.
+
+Some weeks later the united forces again advanced on Annapolis
+but, after a siege lasting from the end of August to about the 25th of
+September, they were obliged to retire without accomplishing
+anything. Mascarene conducted the defence with prudence and energy
+but honestly admits, in his letter to Governor Shirley, that it
+was largely "to the timely succours sent from the Governor of
+Massachusetts and to our French inhabitants refusing to take up arms
+against us, we owe our preservation."
+
+The people of New England cherished no good will toward the savages of
+Acadia. The horrors of Indian warfare in the past were yet fresh in
+their memories, and stern measures were resolved upon. Governor
+Shirley, with the advice of his council, offered premiums for their
+scalps, L100 currency for that of an adult male Indian, L50 for that
+of a woman or child, and for a captive L5 higher than for a scalp.
+
+After the failure of the French attack on Annapolis Royal, Shirley
+planned an expedition against Louisbourg, "the Dunkirk of America."
+This was indeed a formidable undertaking, for the French had spent
+twenty-five years of time and about six millions and a half of dollars
+in building, arming and adorning that city. The walls of its defences
+were formed of bricks brought from France and they mounted two hundred
+and six pieces of cannon. The leader of the expedition was William
+Pepperell, a native of Kittery, Maine, a colonel of militia and a
+merchant who employed hundreds of men in lumbering and fishing. His
+troops comprised a motley collection of New Englanders--fishermen and
+farmers, sawyers and loggers, many of them taken from his own vessels,
+mills and forests. Before such men, aided by the English navy under
+Commodore Warren, to the world's amazement, Louisbourg fell. The
+achievement is, perhaps, the most memorable in our colonial annals,
+but a description of the siege cannot be here attempted. After the
+surrender of Louisbourg a banquet was prepared by Pepperell for his
+officers, and Mr. Moody of New York, Mrs. Pepperell's uncle, was
+called upon to ask a blessing at the feast. The old parson was apt to
+be prolix on public occasions, and his temper being rather irritable,
+none dared to suggest that brevity would be acceptable. The company
+were therefore highly gratified by his saying grace as follows: "Good
+Lord, we have so many things to thank Thee for that time will be
+infinitely too short to do it. We must therefore leave it for the work
+of eternity. Bless our food and fellowship upon this joyful occasion,
+for the sake of Christ our Lord. Amen."
+
+The capture of Louisbourg greatly relieved the situation at Annapolis,
+and probably saved Acadia to the English. It acted as a damper on the
+ardor of the Indians of the St. John river, who, under Marin, a French
+officer from Quebec, had taken the warpath. They were encouraged in
+their hostile attitude by their missionary Germain, lately come to
+Aukpaque as Danielou's[17] successor.
+
+   [17] Jean Pierre Danielou died at Quebec, May 23, 1744. His
+        successor, Father Charles Germain, came to Canada in 1738 and
+        a few years later, probably in 1740, was sent to the St. John
+        River.
+
+While the stirring events just mentioned were transpiring at
+Louisbourg, Governor Mascarene was doing his best to place Annapolis
+Royal in a proper state of defence and the chief engineer, John Henry
+Bastide, was busily engaged in strengthening the fort. Early in the
+summer of 1745 the Sieur Marin appeared before the town with a party
+of six hundred French and Indians--the latter including many from the
+River St. John and some of the Hurons from Canada. They captured two
+Boston schooners, one of which was named the "Montague." Her captain,
+William Pote, of Falmouth (now Portland) Maine, was taken to Quebec by
+the Huron Indians, via the St. John river. He remained in captivity
+three years. He contrived to keep a journal describing his capture and
+subsequent adventures; this was concealed by one of the female
+prisoners who restored it to Captain Pote after he was released. The
+journal had a remarkable experience; it passed through many hands, was
+discovered at Geneva in Switzerland about a dozen years ago by Bishop
+John F. Hurst, and has since been printed in a sumptuous volume by
+Dodd, Mead & Co., of New York. Thus after a century and a half of
+obscurity this remarkable old document has at length seen the light.
+
+We learn from its pages that Captain Pote was taken by land to
+Chignecto at the head of the Bay of Fundy, where he found the captured
+schooner "Montague" already arrived. The Indians called a council to
+decide whether it was better to go to the River St. John in the
+schooner or by land, but finally thought it better to go by land.
+Accordingly on the 26th June, the "Montague" sailed with several
+prisoners, including two of Pote's men and the master of the other
+schooner taken at Annapolis and one of his men. Pote entreated the
+Indians to be allowed to go in the schooner, but could not prevail. He
+was taken by way of Shepody Bay up the River Petitcodiac in a small
+schooner belonging to one of the "neutral French." The next day's
+journey brought them to the carrying place between the Petitcodiac and
+the Canaan river, which they crossed and encamped.
+
+The events of the day following--Sunday, June 30--are thus recorded in
+Pote's journal:
+
+"This day in ye morning we had Intelligence that there was a priest
+from ye River of Saint Johns expected to arrive at this place in a few
+minutes, ye Indians made Great preparation for his Reception and at
+his arrival shewed many symptoms of their Great Respect. Ye Priest was
+conducted to ye Captain's camp, where after having passed many
+compliments, the Priest asked ye Capt. of ye Indians who I was, and
+when he Understood I was a prisoner, he asked me if I could speak
+French. I told him a Little, and asked him concerning one Jonathan a
+soldier that was a passenger on board of our Schooner when we was
+taken, and was then at ye River of Saint Johns. Ye Priest gave me an
+account of him, and told me to content myself in ye Condition that I
+was then in, for I was in ye hands of a Christian nation and it might
+prove very Beneficial both to my Body and Soul. I was obliged to
+concur with his sentiments for fear of displeasing my masters. Ye
+Indians built him a Table against a Large Tree, where he said mass,
+and sung (louange au bon Dieu pour leur conservation jusqu'au present)
+after they had concluded their mass, &c., the priest gave them
+Permission to commence their making Connews and Took his leave of us.
+This Day we was Imployed in making Connews of Elm and ash Bark."
+
+The priest here mentioned was no doubt the Jesuit missionary, Charles
+Germain, for the Governor General of Canada, the Marquis Beauharnois,
+in his letter to the French minister, dated at Quebec 27 September of
+this year, writes: "M. Germain, missionary on the lower part of the
+River St. John, arrived here yesterday with the chief and 24 Indians
+of his mission, the most of whom served in Mr. Marin's party."
+
+The Indians with Capt. Pote made seven canoes, and in these they
+proceeded down the Canaan river to Washademoak lake, thence up the St.
+John river to Aukpaque. On the way several rather curious incidents
+occurred. For example, on one occasion they caught some small fish,
+which Pote attempted to clean, but the Indians snatched them from him
+and boiled them "slime and blood and all together." "This," said Pote,
+"put me in mind of ye old Proverb, God sent meat and ye D----l cooks."
+On another occasion, he says, "we Incamped by ye side of ye River and
+we had much difficulty to kindle a fire by Reason it Rained exceeding
+fast, and wet our fire works; we was obliged to turn our connews
+bottom up and Lay under them; at this time it thundered exceedingly,
+and ye Indians asked me if there was not people in my Country
+sometimes distroyed by ye Thunder and Lightning, yet I told them I had
+known several Instances of that nature, they told me yt never any
+thing hapned to ye Indians of harm neither by thunder nor Lightning,
+and they said it was a Judgment on ye English and French, for
+Incroaching on their Libertys in America."
+
+On their way up the River St. John Mr. Pote and his companions passed
+several French houses, and at some of these they stopped for
+provisions, but found the people so "exceeding poor" they could not
+supply any. When they arrived at Aukpaque, on the evening of the 6th
+July, they found the schooner Montague had arrived some days before
+with the other prisoners.
+
+Pote and his friends met with an unexpectedly warm reception at the
+Indian village, which we shall allow him to relate in his own quaint
+fashion:
+
+"At this place ye Squaws came down to ye Edge of ye River, Dancing and
+Behaving themselves, in ye most Brutish and Indecent manner and taking
+us prisoners by ye arms, one Squaw on each Side of a prisoner, they
+led us up to their Village and placed themselves In a Large Circle
+Round us, after they had Gat all prepared for their Dance, they made
+us sit down In a Small Circle, about 18 Inches assunder and began
+their frolick, Dancing Round us and Striking of us in ye face with
+English Scalps, yt caused ye Blood to Issue from our mouths and Noses,
+In a Very Great and plentiful manner, and Tangled their hands in our
+hair, and knocked our heads Togather with all their Strength and
+Vehemence, and when they was tired of this Exercise, they would take
+us by the hair and some by ye Ears, and standing behind us, oblige us
+to keep our Necks Strong so as to bear their weight hanging by our
+hair and Ears.
+
+"In this manner, they thumped us In ye Back and Sides, with their
+knees and feet, and Twitched our hair and Ears to such a Degree, that
+I am Incapable to express it, and ye others that was Dancing Round if
+they saw any man falter, and did not hold up his Neck, they Dached ye
+Scalps In our faces with such Violence, yt every man endeavored to
+bear them hanging by their hair in this manner, Rather then to have a
+Double Punishment; after they had finished their frolick, that lasted
+about two hours and a half, we was carried to one of their Camps,
+where we Saw Some of ye Prisoners that Came in ye montague; at this
+place we Incamped yt Night with hungrey Belleys."
+
+Unpleasant as was the reception of Pote and his fellow prisoners at
+Aukpaque they were fortunate in being allowed to escape with their
+lives. It chanced that the previous year Capt. John Gorham had brought
+to Annapolis a company of Indian rangers--probably Mohawks--as allies
+of the English. Paul Mascarene justified this proceeding on the ground
+that it was necessary to set Indians against Indians, "for tho' our
+men outdo them in bravery," he says, "yet, being unacquainted with
+their sculking way of fighting and scorning to fight under cover they
+expose themselves too much to the enemy's shot." Gorham's Indian
+rangers, it appears, had killed several of the Maliseets, and Pote
+learned the day after his arrival at Aukpaque "That the Indians held a
+counsell amongst ym weather they should put us to Death, and ye Saint
+Johns Indians almost Gained ye point for they Insisted it was but
+Justice, as they Sd there had been Several of their Tribe, murdered by
+Capt. John Gorham at anapolis. Our masters being Verey Desirous to
+Save us alive, Used all ye arguments In their power for that purpose
+but could not prevail, for they Insisted on Satisfaction; howsoever
+our masters prevailed so far with ym, as to take Some Considerable
+quantity of their most Valuable Goods, and Spare our Lives; this Day
+they Gave us Some Boill'd Salmon which we Eat with a Verey Good
+Appetite, without Either Salt or Bread, we Incamped this Night at this
+afforsaid Indian Village Apog. (Aukpaque.)"
+
+Evidently the Indians had retained the practices of their forefathers
+as regards their treatment of captives, for Pote's experience at
+Aukpaque was just about on a par with that of Gyles at Medoctec rather
+more than half a century before. But it is only just to remember that
+this was a time of war and (as Murdoch well points out) Indian laws of
+war permitted not only surprises, stratagems and duplicity, but the
+destruction and torture of their captives. These practices being in
+harmony with the ideas and customs inherited from their ancestors did
+not readily disappear even under the influence of Christianity. And
+yet it is well to remember that the Indians often spared the lives of
+their captives and even used them kindly and however much we may
+condemn them for their cruelty on many occasions we must not forget
+that there were other occasions where men of our own race forget for a
+season the rules of their religion and the laws of humanity.
+
+Captain Pote's unhappy experience at Aukpaque caused him to feel no
+regret when the Huron Indians took their departure with their captives
+the next day. They had now come to the "beginning of the swift water"
+and their progress became more laborious. The party included
+twenty-three persons. One of the prisoners, an Indian of Gorham's
+Rangers, taken on Goat Island at Annapolis, Pote says
+
+"Was exceedingly out of order and could not assist ye Indians to
+paddle against ye Strong Current that Ran against us ye Greater part
+of ye Day, his head was So Exceedingly Swelled, with ye Squaws beating
+of him, yt he Could Scearsley See out of his Eyes. I had ye Good
+fortune to be almost well in Comparison to what he was, although it
+was he and I was Companions, and Sat Next to Each other, In ye Time of
+their Dance, and him they alwas took for my partner to knock our heads
+Together. Ye Indians asked me In what Manner ye Squaws treated us,
+that his head was So Exceedingly Swelld, I Gave them an account, at
+which they feigned themselves much Disgusted, and protested they was
+Intierly Ignorant of ye affair, and Said they thought ye Squaws
+Designed Nothing Else, but only to Dance round us for a Little
+Diversion, without mollisting or hurting of us In any manner."
+
+As they ascended the river the party encountered occasional rapids
+which caused some delay, particularly the Meductic rapids below the
+mouth of the Pokiok, where they were obliged to land and carry their
+baggage over clefts of rocks, fallen trees and other obstacles. The
+Indians told Pote they would shortly arrive at another Indian village
+and he asked, with some anxiety, if the Indians there would use them
+in the same manner as those at Aukpaque. This question led to an
+immediate consultation among the Hurons, and, Pote says,
+
+"I observed they Looked with a Verey Serious Countenance on me; when I
+Saw a Convenient oppertunity I spoke to this affect, Gentlemen You are
+all Verey Sensible, of ye Ill Usage we met with at ye other Village,
+which I have Reason to believe, was Intierly Contrary to any of Your
+Inclinations or permission, and as you Call your Selves Christians,
+and men of honor, I hope you'l Use your prisoners accordingly, But I
+think it is Verey Contrary to ye Nature of a Christian, to abuse men
+In ye manner we was at ye other Village, and I am Verey Sensible there
+is no Christian Nation yt Suffers their prisoners to be abused after
+they have Given them quarters, In ye manner we have been; the Indians
+Looked verey Serious, and approved of what I said, and Talked amongst
+themselves in Indian, and my master told me when we arrived to ye
+Indian Village I must mind to keep Clost by him."
+
+On the second morning after they left Aukpaque, the party drew nigh
+Medoctec, passing as they proceeded, several small spots where the
+Indians had made improvements and planted corn, beans, etc. Pote
+says:--
+
+"We arrived to ye Indian village about Noon, as soon as Squaws, saw us
+coming In Sight of their Village, and heard ye Cohoops, which
+Signified ye Number of Prisoners, all ye Squaws In their Village,
+prepared themselves with Large Rods of Briars, and Nettles &c., and
+met us at their Landing, Singing and Dancing and Yelling, and making
+such a hellish Noise, yt I Expected we Should meet with a worse
+Reception at this place that we had at ye other. I was Verey Carefull
+to observe my masters Instructions, yt he had Given me ye Day before,
+and warned ye Rest to do Likewise."
+
+The first canoe that landed was that of the captain of the Hurons who
+had in his canoe but one prisoner, an Indian of Capt. Gorham's
+Company. This unfortunate fellow was not careful to keep by his
+master, and in consequence
+
+"Ye Squaws Gathered themselves Round him, and Caught him by ye hair,
+as many as could get hold of him, and halled him down to ye Ground,
+and pound his head against ye Ground, ye Rest with Rods dancing Round
+him, and wipted him over ye head and Legs, to Such a degree, that I
+thought they would have killed him In ye Spot, or halled him in ye
+watter and Drounded him, they was So Eager to have a Stroak at him
+Each of them, that they halled him Some one way and Some another, Some
+times Down towards ye water by ye hair of ye head, as fast as they
+could Run, then ye other party would have ye Better and Run with him
+another way, my master spoke to ye other Indians, and told ym to take
+ye fellow out of their hands, for he believed they would Certainly
+murther him, In a Verey Short time."
+
+The squaws advanced towards Pote, but his master spoke something in
+Indian in a very harsh manner that caused them to relinquish their
+purpose. The prisoners and their Indian masters were conducted to
+the camp of the captain of the village who, at their request, sent to
+relieve the poor Mohawk from the abuse of the squaws, and he was
+brought to them more dead than alive. At this place Pote met a
+soldier that had been with him on the schooner "Montague" when she
+was captured who told him how the Indians had abused him at his
+arrival. Captain Pote did not entirely escape the attentions of the
+"sauvagesses," witness the following entry in his journal:--
+
+"Thursday ye 11th. This Day we Remained In ye Indian Village called
+Medocatike, I observed ye Squaws could not by any means Content
+themselves without having their Dance. they Continued Teasing my
+master to Such a Degree, to have ye Liberty to Dance Round me, that he
+Consented they might if they would Promis to not abuse me, they
+Desired none of ye Rest, but me was all they aimed at for what Reason
+I cannot Tell. When my masters had Given ym Liberty, which was Done in
+my absence, there Came Into ye Camp, two Large Strong Squaws, and as I
+was Setting by one of my masters, they Caught hold of my armes with
+all their Strength, and Said Something in Indian, yt I Supposed was to
+tell me to Come out of ye Camp, and halld me of my Seat. I Strugled
+with ym and cleard my Self of their hold, and Set down by my master;
+they Came upon me again Verey Vigorously, and as I was Striving with
+them, my master ordered me to Go, and told me they would not hurt me.
+At this I was obliged to Surrender and whent with ym, they Led me out
+of ye Camp, Dancing and Singing after their manner, and Carried me to
+one of their Camps where there was a Company of them Gathered for
+their frolick, they made me Set down on a Bears Skin in ye Middle of
+one of their Camps, and Gave me a pipe and Tobacoe, and Danced Round
+me till the Sweat Trickled Down their faces, Verey plentyfully, I
+Seeing one Squaw that was Verey Big with Child, Dancing and foaming at
+ye mouth and Sweating, to Such a degree yt I Could not forbear
+Smilling, which one of ye old Squaws Saw, and Gave me two or three
+twitches by ye hair, otherwise I Escaped without any Punishment from
+them at the time."
+
+While he was at Medoctec one of the chiefs desired Pote to read a
+contract or treaty made about fourteen years before by his tribe with
+the Governor of Nova Scotia. He also had an interview with one Bonus
+Castine,[18] who had just arrived at Medoctec, and who examined him
+very strictly as to the cargo of the Montague and took down in writing
+what he said. Castine told Pote that the Penobscot Indians were still
+at peace with the English and he believed would so continue for come
+time. Pote thought it not prudent to contradict him, though he was
+confident there were several Penobscot Indians in the party that had
+captured the Boston schooners. At his master's suggestion he remained
+close in camp, as the Indians were dancing and singing the greater
+part of the night, and Castine had made use of expressions that showed
+his life was in great danger.
+
+   [18] In his journal Pote terms him "Bonus Castine from Pernobsquett;"
+        there can be little doubt that he was a descendant of Baron de
+        St. Castin, already mentioned in these pages.
+
+The following day the Hurons resumed their journey and in due time
+arrived at Quebec. At times the party suffered from lack of food,
+though fish were usually abundant, and on one occasion they caught in
+a small cove, a few miles below the mouth of the Tobique, as many as
+fifty-four salmon in the course of a few hours.
+
+Having considered, at greater length than was originally intended, the
+adventures of Captain Pote, we may speak of other individuals and
+incidents which figure in King George's War.
+
+Paul Mascarene, who so gallantly and successfully defended Annapolis
+Royal against the French and Indians, was born in the south of France
+in 1684. His father was a Huguenot, and at the revocation of the edict
+of Nantes was obliged to abandon his native country. Young Mascarene
+was early thrown upon his own resources. At the age of 12 he made his
+way to Geneva, where he was educated. Afterwards he went to England,
+became a British subject and entered the army. He was present at the
+taking of Port Royal by General Nicholson and, after serving with
+credit in various capacities, was appointed Lieut.-Governor of Nova
+Scotia in 1740. He eventually rose to the rank of a major general in
+the English army.
+
+Mascarene preserved his love for his native tongue and was always
+disposed to deal kindly with the Acadians. Two very interesting
+letters written by him in French to Madame Francoise Bellisle
+Robichaux have been preserved. This lady came of rather remarkable
+ancestry. She was the granddaughter of the Baron de St. Cactin, and
+had as her great-grandsires on the one hand the celebrated Charles la
+Tour, and on the other the famous Penobscot chieftain Madockawando.
+
+In view of the fact that the Belleisle family lived for a considerable
+time on the St. John river, where their name is preserved in that of
+Belleisle Bay, it may be well to trace the lineage in fuller detail.
+
+The eldest daughter of Charles la Tour by his second wife, the widow
+of d'Aulnay Charnisay, was Marie la Tour, who was born in St. John in
+1654.[19] She married when about twenty years of age Alexander le
+Borgne de Belleisle, who was eleven years her senior. Their son
+Alexander, born in 1679, married December 4, 1707, Anastasia St.
+Castin, a daughter of the Baron, de St. Castin by his Indian wife
+Melctilde, daughter of Madockawando, and as a consequence of this
+alliance the younger le Borgne obtained great influence over the
+Maliseets. Lieut.-Gov. Armstrong alludes to this circumstance in a
+letter to the Lords of Trade, written in 1732, in which he observes,
+"Madame Bellisle's son Alexander married an Indian and lived among the
+tribe, being hostile to the British government." This statement is
+hardly fair to Anastasie St. Castin, for, while her mother certainly
+was the daughter of an Indian chief, her father was the Baron de St.
+Castin and she herself a well educated woman. The genealogist of the
+d'Abbadie St. Castin family, however, uses rather grandiloquent
+language when he styles the mother of Anastasie St. Castin, "Mathilde
+Matacawando, princess indienne, fille de Matacawando, general-en-chef
+des indiens Abenakis."[20]
+
+   [19] Marie la Tour, widow of Alexander le Borgne was living at
+        Annapolis Royal in 1733 at the age of 79 years.
+
+   [20] See Transactions Royal Society of Canada 1895, p. 87.
+
+In spite of the supposed hostility of Alexander le Borgne de Belleisle
+to British rule in Acadia, he came before the governor and council at
+Annapolis and took the oath of allegiance. He also presented a
+petition requesting the restoration of the seignioral rights of his
+father as one of the la Tour heirs; this was ordered to be transmitted
+to the home authorities. For several years the sieur de Belleisle
+lived with his family at Annapolis and the governor and council
+regarded him with favor, but failed to obtain the recognition of his
+seignioral rights. After a time the la Tour heirs got into litigation
+among themselves, and one of their number, Agatha la Tour, who had
+married an officer of the garrison, Ensign Campbell, seems to have
+outwitted the other heirs and to have succeeded in selling the rights
+of the la Tour family to the English crown for three thousand guineas.
+This naturally was displeasing to Alexander le Borgne de Belleisle. He
+retired to the St. John river about the year 1736 and settled near the
+mouth of Belleisle Bay. He had a son Alexander (the third of the
+name[21]), who married Marie Le Blanc and settled at Grand Pre, where
+he died in 1744. Francoise Belleisle, who had the honor of being a
+correspondent of Lieut.-Governor Mascarene, married Pierre Robichaux.
+The wedding took place at Annapolis Royal, January 16, 1737, the
+officiating priest being St. Poncy de Lavennede. The contracting
+parties are described in the old church register as "Pierre Robichaux,
+aged about 24 years, son of Francois Robichaux and Madeleine Terriot,
+and Mademoiselle Francoise de Belle Isle, aged about 22 years,
+daughter of Sieur Alexandre Le Borgne de Belle Isle and Anastasie de
+St Castin of the Parish of Ste Anne." The bride signs her name
+Francoise le Borgnes. It is evident that the "Parish of Ste. Anne" was
+the parish or mission of that name on the St. John river from the fact
+that two years later a second daughter of the Sieur de Bellisle
+married a Robichaux and in her marriage certificate she figures as
+"Marie Le Borgne de Belle Isle, daughter of Alexandre Le Borgne de
+Belle Isle and of Anastasie St. Castin of the River St. John."
+
+   [21] The name "Alexander" descended through at least two more
+        generations, as I am informed by Placide P. Gaudet, who is by
+        all odds the best living authority in such matters. Alexander
+        le Borgne de Belleisle, mentioned above, left at his death a
+        widow and seven children, of whom six were transported with
+        their mother to Maryland at the time of the Acadian expulsion.
+        The remaining child Alexander Belleisle (the fourth) went to
+        L'Islet in Quebec, where he married Genevieve Cloutier in 1773
+        and their first son, Anthony Alexander, was baptized the year
+        following.--W. O. R.
+
+The brothers Robichaux settled after their marriage near their
+father-in-law on the St. John river and it was from them that the
+little settlement of Robicheau, above the mouth of Belleisle Bay,
+derived its name.[22]
+
+   [22] See Ganong's Historic Sites in New Brunswick: Transactions of
+        the Royal Society of Canada for 1899, p. 271.
+
+[Illustration: (_From the Calnek-Savary History of Annapolis, by
+permission of the Hon. Judge Savary._)]
+
+Francoise Belleisle Robichaux wrote to Paul Mascarene early in 1741
+respecting her claim to some property in dispute with her relatives at
+Annapolis. The governor in his reply gives her some information and
+advice, adding, "I think you too reasonable to expect any favor of me
+in what concerns my conduct as a judge; but in every other thing
+that is not contrary to my duty I shall have real pleasure in
+testifying to you the esteem I have for you. Let me have your news
+when there is an opportunity, freely and without fear."
+
+When the war with France began, three years later, the sieur de
+Belleisle and his son Alexander took sides with their countrymen. The
+father evidently cherished a hope that in the course of events Acadia
+might revert to France, in which case he expected to obtain the
+recognition of his seignioral rights. Young Alexander le Borgne was,
+as already stated, a leader of the Indians in the attack on Annapolis
+early in 1744, which attack failed on account of the energy and
+bravery of Mascarene. The following letter of the Lieut.-Governor to
+Frances Belleisle Robichaux is of interest in thin connection.
+
+  Annapolis Royal, Oct. 13, 1744.
+
+  Madame,--When I learned that your father, in the hope of
+  recovering his seigneurial rights, had sided with those who came
+  to attack this fort, I confess I was of opinion that the whole
+  family participated in his feelings; and the more so, as your
+  brother was with the first party of savages who came here last
+  summer. I am agreeably surprised, however, and very glad to see by
+  your letter that you did not share in those sentiments, and that
+  you have remained true to the obligations which bind you to the
+  government of the King of Great Britain, I am unwilling that the
+  esteem which I have entertained for you should be in any manner
+  lessened.
+
+  With respect to the protection which you ask for your establishment
+  on the river St. John, it is out of my power to grant it. We
+  cannot protect those who trade with our declared enemies. Therefore
+  you must resolve to remain on this [the English] side during the
+  continuance of the present troubles, and to have no intercourse
+  with the other. Should you come and see us here, you will find
+  me disposed to give you all the assistance that you can reasonably
+  expect.
+
+  Be assured that I am, Madam,
+
+  Your friend and servant,
+
+  P. MASCARENE.
+
+The next glimpse we get of the name of Belleisle on the River St. John
+is in connection with a notable treaty made with the Indians in 1749.
+In the summer of that year, peace having been proclaimed with France,
+Capt. Edward How went to the St. John river in the warship "Albany,"
+and had several interviews with the Indian chiefs, who agreed to send
+deputies to Halifax to wait upon Governor Cornwallis and renew their
+submission to the King of England. Accordingly on the 12th of August,
+Francois Arodowish, Simon Sactawino, and Jean Baptiste Madounhook,
+deputies from the chiefs of the St. John river, and Joannes
+Pedousaghtigh, chief of Chignecto, with their attendants, arrived at
+Halifax to pay their respects to the new governor, and to agree upon
+"articles of a lasting peace."
+
+Great must have been the wonder of these children of the forest at the
+busy scene that met their eyes on landing at old Chebucto. A colony of
+two thousand five hundred persons had settled on a spot hitherto
+almost without inhabitant, and the Town of Halifax was rising, as if
+by magic, from the soil which less than eight weeks before had been
+covered by a dense forest. The sound of axes, hammers and saws was
+heard on every hand.
+
+Two days after their arrival the Indians were received on board the
+man-of-war "Beaufort" by Cornwallis and his entire council. The
+delegates announced that they were from Aukpaque, Medoctec,
+Passamaquoddy and Chignecto, and that their respective chiefs were
+Francois de Salle of Octpagh, Noellobig of Medoctec, Neptune
+Abbadouallete of Passamaquoddy and Joannes Pedousaghtigh of Chignecto.
+They brought with them a copy of the treaty made with their tribes in
+1728 and expressed a desire to renew it. After the usual negotiations
+the treaty was engrossed on parchment and signed by the Indians, each
+man appending to his signature his private mark or "totem." Eleven
+members of the council also signed the treaty as witnesses.
+
+A few days later the Indians returned with Capt. How to the St. John
+river, where the treaty was duly ratified, and thirteen chiefs signed
+the following declaration:--
+
+"The Articles of Peace concluded at Chebuckto the Fifteenth of August,
+1749, with His Excellency Edward Cornwallis Esq'r, Capt. General
+Governor and Commander-in-Chief of His Majesty's Province of Nova
+Scotia or Acadie, and signed by our Deputies, having been communicated
+to us by Edward How Esq'r, one of His Majesty's Council for said
+Province, and faithfully interpreted to us by Madame De Bellisle
+Inhabitant of this River nominated by us for that purpose. We the
+Chiefs and Captains of the River St. Johns and places adjacent do for
+ourselves and our different Tribes confirm and ratify the same to all
+intents and purposes.
+
+"Given under our hands at the River St. Johns this fourth day of
+September, 1749."
+
+At first glance it would seem that the interpreter, Madame Belleisle,
+must have been Anastasie St. Castin, wife of Alexander le Borgne de
+Belleisle, but as she was then more than sixty years of age it is
+possible the interpreter may have been her daughter, Francoise
+Belleisle Robichaux. That the latter had a position of some influence
+with the Indians is shown by the fact that when the chiefs of the
+River St. John went to Halifax in 1768 (nearly twenty years later)
+they complained that the ornaments of their church "were taken by
+Francoise Belleisle Robicheau and carried to Canada by her, and that
+she refused to give them up." The natural presumption is that the
+ornaments were intrusted to her care by the missionary, Germain, when
+he left the mission of Ste. Anne, and that she took them with her for
+safe keeping.
+
+The English colonial authorities congratulated Cornwallis on the
+treaty made with the Indians. "We are glad to find," say they, "that
+the Indians of the St. John river have so willingly submitted to His
+Majesty's government and renewed their treaty, and as they are the
+most powerful tribe in those parts, we hope their example may either
+awe or influence other inferior tribes to the like compliance."
+
+Cornwallis in reply said, "I intend if possible to keep up a good
+understanding with the St. John Indians, a warlike people, tho'
+treaties with Indians are nothing, nothing but force will prevail."
+
+Alexandre le Borgne de Belleisle was living on the River St. John as
+late at least as 1754 and was regarded by the Nova Scotia authorities
+as "a very good man." The site of his residence is indicated on
+Charles Morris' map of 1765 and there can be little doubt that a
+settlement of four houses in the same vicinity, marked "Robicheau" in
+the Morris map of 1758, was the place of residence of Frances
+Belleisle Robichaux.
+
+The name Nid d'Aigle, or "The Eagle's Nest," is applied to this
+locality in Bellin's map of 1744, D'Anville's map of 1755 marks at the
+same place "Etabliss't Francois," or French Settlement. The place is
+nearly opposite Evandale, the site of the well known summer hotel of
+John O. Vanwart. Here the St. John river is quite narrow, only about a
+five minutes paddle across. The British government during the war of
+1812 built at Nid d'Aigle, or "Worden's," a fortification consisting
+of an earthwork, or "half-moon battery," with magazine in rear and a
+block-house at the crest of the hill still farther to the rear, the
+ruins of which are frequently visited by tourists. The situation
+commands an extensive and beautiful view of the river, both up and
+down, and no better post of defence could be chosen, since the
+narrowness of the channel would render it well nigh impossible for an
+enemy to creep past either by day or night without detection. There is
+some reason to believe that the French commander, Boishebert,
+established a fortified post of observation here in 1756.
+
+[Illustration: OLD FORT AT WORDEN'S]
+
+It is altogether probable that the name "Nid d'Aigle" was given to the
+place by the sieur de Belleisle or some member of his family, and one
+could wish that it might be restored either in its original form, or
+in its Saxon equivalent, "The Eagle's Nest."
+
+Colonel Monckton, by direction of Governor Lawrence, ravaged the
+French Settlements on the lower St. John in 1758, and in the report of
+his operations mentions "a few Houses that were some time past
+inhabited by the Robicheaus," which he burnt. It is possible that
+Francoise Belleisle Robichaux went with her family to l'Islet in
+Quebec to escape the threatened invasion of which they may have had
+timely notice, but it is more probable the removal occurred a little
+earlier. The situation of the Acadians on the River St. John in 1757
+was pitiable in the extreme. They were cut off from every source of
+supply and lived in fear of their lives. The Marquis de Vaudreuil says
+that in consequence of the famine prevailing on the river, many
+Acadian families were forced to fly to Quebec and so destitute were
+the wretched ones in some instances that children died at their
+mother's breast. The parish records of l'Islet[23] show that Pierre
+Robichaux and his wife lived there in 1759.
+
+   [23] A child of Pierre Robichaud and Francoise Belleisle his wife was
+        interred at l'Islet, December 10, 1759.
+
+Francoise Belleisle Robichaux died at l'Islet January 28, 1791, at the
+age of 79 years, having outlived her husband six years. They had a
+number of children, one of whom, Marie Angelique, married Jean
+Baptiste d'Amour, de Chaufour, and had a daughter, Marguerite d'Amour,
+whose name seems very familiar to us.
+
+The parish records at l'Islet give considerable information concerning
+the descendants of the families d'Amours, Robichaux and Belleisle, but
+the space at our disposal will allow us to follow them no further.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER X.
+
+RIVAL CLAIMS TO THE ST. JOHN RIVER.
+
+
+The St. John river region may be said to have been in dispute from the
+moment the treaty of Utrecht was signed in 1713 until the taking of
+Quebec in 1759. By the treaty of Utrecht all Nova Scotia, or Acadia,
+comprehended within its ancient boundaries, was ceded to Great
+Britain, and the English at once claimed possession of the territory
+bordering on the St. John. To this the French offered strong
+objection, claiming that Nova Scotia, or Acadia, comprised merely the
+peninsula south of the Bay of Fundy--a claim which, as already stated
+in these pages, was strangely at variance with their former contention
+that the western boundary of Acadia was the River Kennebec.[24] For
+many years the dispute was confined to remonstrances on the side of
+either party, the French meanwhile using their savage allies to repel
+the advance of any English adventurers who might feel disposed to make
+settlements on the St. John, and encouraging the Acadians to settle
+there, while the English authorities endeavored, with but indifferent
+success, to gain the friendship of the Indians and compel the Acadians
+to take the oath of allegiance to the British crown. The dispute over
+the limits of Acadia at times waxed warm. There were protests and
+counter-protests. Letters frequently passed between the English
+government at Annapolis and the missionaries on the St. John--Loyard,
+Danielou, and Germain, who were in close touch with the civil
+authorities of their nation, and were in some measure the political
+agents of the Marquise de Vaudreuil and other French governors of
+Canada.
+
+   [24] In a letter to the French minister, written in 1698, Villebon
+        observes "J'ai recu par mons'r de Bonaventure qui est arrive
+        ici le 20 Juillet la lettre de votre Grandeur et le traite de
+        Paix fait avec l'Angleterre [the treaty of Ryswick]. * * Comme
+        vous me marquez, Monseigneur, que les bornes de l'Acadie sont
+        a la Riviere de Quenebequi." [Kennebec]. etc.
+
+It is possible that the Marquis de Vaudreuil felt special interest in
+the St. John river country, owing to the fact that his wife Louise
+Elizabeth Joibert, was born at Fort Jemseg while her father, the Sieur
+de Soulanges, was governor of Acadia. At any rate the marquis stoutly
+asserted the right of the French to the sovereignty of that region and
+he wrote to the Lieut. Governor of Nova Scotia in 1718, "I pray you
+not to permit your English vessels to go into the river St. John,
+which is always of the French dominion." He also encouraged the
+Acadians of the peninsula to withdraw to the river St. John so as not
+to be under British domination, pledging them his support and stating
+that Father Loyard, the Jesuit missionary, should have authority to
+grant them lands agreeably to their wishes.
+
+Lieut. Governor Doucett, of Nova Scotia, complained of the aggressive
+policy of the Marquis de Vaudreuil, asserting that he was entirely
+mistaken as to the ownership of the St. John river, for it was "about
+the centre of Nova Scotia;" he was satisfied, nevertheless, that the
+Acadians believed it would never be taken possession of by the
+British, and if the proceedings of the French were not stopped they
+would presently claim everything within cannon short of his fort at
+Annapolis.
+
+The policy of the French in employing their Indian allies to deter the
+English from any advance towards the St. John region was attended with
+such success that the infant colony of Nova Scotia was kept in a
+constant state of alarm by the threats and unfriendly attitude of the
+Micmacs and Maliseets. There were, however, occasional periods in
+which there were no actual hostilities, and it may be said that the
+peace made at Boston in 1725, and ratified by the St. John river tribe
+in May, 1728, was fairly observed by the Indians until war was
+declared between England and France in 1744.
+
+During this war the St. John river was much used as a means of
+communication between Quebec and the French settlements of Acadia,
+smart young Indians with light birch canoes being employed to carry
+express messages, and on various occasions large parties of French and
+Indians travelled by this route from the St. Lawrence to the Bay of
+Fundy. The Indian villages of Medoctec and Aukpaque afforded
+convenient stopping places.
+
+In the year 1746 a great war party, including the Abenakis of Quebec
+as well as their kinsmen of the upper St. John, arrived at Aukpaque.
+Thence they took their way in company with the missionary Germain to
+Chignecto. They had choice of two routes of travel, one by way of the
+Kennebecasis and Anagance to the Petitcodiac, the other by way of the
+Washademoak lake and the Canaan to the same river. As the war
+proceeded the Maliseets actively supported their old allies the
+French. Some of them took part in the midwinter night attack, under
+Coulon de Villiers, on Colonel Noble's post at Grand Pre. The English
+on this occasion were taken utterly by surprise; Noble himself fell
+fighting in his shirt, and his entire party were killed, wounded or
+made prisoners. From the military point of view this was one of the
+most brilliant exploits in the annals of Acadia, and, what is better,
+the victors behaved with great humanity to the vanquished.
+
+The missionaries le Loutre and Germain were naturally very desirous of
+seeing French supremacy restored in Acadia and the latter proposed an
+expedition against Annapolis. With that end in view he proceeded to
+Quebec and returned with a supply of powder, lead and ball for his
+Maliseet warriors. However, in October, 1748, the peace of Aix la
+Chapelle put a stop to open hostilities.
+
+Immediately after the declaration of peace, Captain Gorham, with his
+rangers and a detachment of auxiliaries, proceeded in two ships to the
+River St. John and ordered the French inhabitants to send deputies to
+Annapolis to give an account of their conduct during the war.
+
+Count de la Galissonniere strongly protested against Gorham's
+interference with the Acadians on the St. John, which he described as
+"a river situated on the Continent of Canada, and much on this side of
+the Kennebec, where by common consent the bounds of New England have
+been placed." This utterance of the French governor marks another
+stage in the controversy concerning the limits of Acadia. He stoutly
+contended that Gorham and all other British officers must be forbidden
+to interfere with the French on the St. John river, or to engage them
+to make submissions contrary to the allegiance due to the King of
+France "who," he says, "is their master as well as mine, and has not
+ceded this territory by any treaty."
+
+The governors of Massachusetts and of Nova Scotia replied at some
+length to the communication of Count de la Galissonniere, claiming the
+territory in dispute for the king of Great Britain, and showing that
+the French living on the St. John had some years before taken the oath
+of allegiance to the English monarch.
+
+The Acadians on the St. John, whose allegiance was in dispute, were a
+mere handful of settlers. The Abbe le Loutre wrote in 1748: "There are
+fifteen or twenty French families on this river, the rest of the
+inhabitants are savages called Marichites (Maliseets) who have for
+their missionary the Jesuit father Germain." His statement as to the
+number of Acadian settlers is corroborated by Mascarene, who notified
+the British authorities that thirty leagues up the river were seated
+twenty families of French inhabitants, sprung originally from the Nova
+Scotia side of the bay, most of them since his memory, who, many years
+ago, came to Annapolis and took the oath of fidelity. He adds, "the
+whole river up to its head, with all the northern coast of the Bay of
+Fundy, was always reckoned dependent on this government."
+
+Both Mascarene and Shirley strongly urged upon the British ministry
+the necessity of settling the limits of Acadia, and a little later
+commissioners were appointed, two on each side, to determine the
+matter. They spent four fruitless years over the question, and it
+remained undecided until settled by the arbitrament of the sword.
+Shirley was one of the commissioners, as was also the Marquis de la
+Galissonniere, and it is not to be wondered at that with two such
+determined men on opposite sides and differing so widely in their
+views, there should have been no solution of the difficulty.
+
+The period now under consideration is really a very extraordinary one.
+Ostensibly it was a time of peace. By the treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle in
+1748 England gave back Cape Breton (or Isle Royale) to France and
+France restored Madras to England, but there remained no clear
+understanding as to the boundaries between the possessions of the
+rival powers in America.
+
+So far as the French and English colonies were concerned the treaty of
+Aix-la-Chapelle scarcely deserved the name of a truce. It was merely a
+breathing time in which preparations were being made for the final
+struggle. The treaty was so indefinite that a vast amount of territory
+was claimed by both parties. The English were naturally the most
+aggressive for the population of the English colonies was 1,200,000
+while Canada had but 60,000 people.
+
+Count de la Galissonniere, the governor-general of Canada, though
+diminutive in stature and slightly deformed, was resolute and
+energetic; moreover he was a statesman, and had his policy been
+followed it might have been better for France. He advised the
+government to send out ten thousand peasants from the rural districts
+and settle them along the frontiers of the disputed territory, but the
+French court thought it unadvisable to depopulate France in order to
+people the wilds of Canada. Failing in this design, the Count
+determined vigorously to assert the sovereignty of France over the
+immense territory in dispute. Accordingly he claimed for his royal
+master the country north of the Bay of Fundy and west to the Kennebec,
+and his officers established fortified posts on the River St. John and
+at the Isthmus of Chignecto. He at the same time stirred up the
+Indians to hostilities in order to render the position of the English
+in Nova Scotia and New England as uncomfortable as possible, and
+further to strengthen his hands he endeavored to get the Acadians in
+the peninsula of Nova Scotia to remove to the St. John river and other
+parts of "the debatable territory." His policy led to a counter policy
+on the part of Shirley and Lawrence (governors respectively of
+Massachusetts and Nova Scotia) namely, that the Acadians should not be
+allowed to go where they liked and to do as they pleased but must
+remain on their lands and take the oath of allegiance to the English
+sovereign or be removed to situations where they could do no harm to
+the interests of the British colonies in the then critical condition
+of affairs.
+
+Ostensibly there was peace from the treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle until
+war was declared between the rival powers in 1756. But in the meantime
+there was a collision between them on the Ohio river, where the French
+built Fort Duquesne on the site now occupied by Pittsburg. The
+governors of the English colonies held a conference and decided on
+rather a startling programme for a time of peace. Gen. Braddock was to
+march on Fort Duquesne and drive the French from the Ohio valley;
+Shirley, of Massachusetts, was to lead an expedition against Niagara;
+William Johnson, was to take Crown Point and secure control of Lake
+Champlain; while, in Acadia, Colonel Monckton was to attack the French
+position at Fort Beausejour. In every instance the English were the
+aggressors but they justified their action on the ground that the
+places to be attacked were on British territory. This the French as
+emphatically denied. Braddock's attempt resulted in a most disastrous
+failure, Shirley's expedition was abandoned, William Johnson won a
+brilliant victory at Lake George and Colonel Monckton captured
+Beausejour.
+
+The course of events on the River St. John and in other parts of
+Acadia harmonizes with the general situation of affairs in America at
+this time.
+
+As the period under consideration is one of which comparatively little
+has been written, it may be well to make use of the information
+contained in the voluminous correspondence of the French ministers and
+their subordinates in America.
+
+Early in the summer of 1749 the Count de la Galissonniere sent the
+Sieur de Boishebert to the lower part of the River St. John with a
+small detachment to secure the French inhabitants against the threats
+of Capt. Gorham, who had been sent by the Governor of Nova Scotia to
+make the inhabitants renew the oath of allegiance to the English
+sovereign, which de la Galissonniere says "they ought never to have
+taken." The Count expresses his views on the situation with terseness
+and vigor: "The River St. John is not the only place the English wish
+to invade. They claim the entire coast, from that river to Beaubassin,
+and from Canso to Gaspe, in order to render themselves sovereigns of
+all the territory of the Abenakis, Catholics and subjects of the king,
+a nation that has never acknowledged nor wishes to acknowledge their
+domination and which is the most faithful to us in Canada. If we
+abandon to England this land, which comprises more than 180 leagues of
+seacoast, that is to say almost as much as from Bayonne to Dunkirk, we
+must renounce all communication by land from Canada with Acadia and
+Isle Royal, together with the means of succoring the one and retaking
+the other." The Count further argues that to renounce the territory
+in dispute will deprive the Acadians of all hope of a place of refuge
+on French soil and reduce them to despair, and he apprehends that the
+English, having no reason to care for them, will suffer them to have
+no missionaries and will destroy at their leisure their religion. "It
+is very easy," he adds, "to hinder the English establishing themselves
+on these lands. They will have to proceed through the woods and along
+narrow rivers, and as long as the French are masters of the Abenakis
+and the Acadians are provided with arms and supplies from France the
+English will not expose themselves to their attacks."
+
+Both sides began to consider the advisability of taking forcible
+possession of the disputed territory, but the French were the first to
+take action. In June, 1749, Mascarene reported two French officers
+with twenty or thirty men from Canada and a number of Indians had come
+to erect a fort and make a settlement at the mouth of the river, and
+that two vessels with stores and materials were coming to them from
+Quebec. On receipt of this information, Cornwallis, who had just
+arrived at Halifax, sent Captain Rous in the sloop "Albany" to St.
+John to ascertain what works were in course of erection by the French,
+and to demand the authority for their action. He also issued a
+proclamation in French prohibiting the Acadians from making a
+settlement on the St. John.
+
+When the "Albany" arrived no one was found at the old fort and for
+some time no inhabitants, either French or Indian, were seen. At last
+a French schooner entered the harbor, laden with provisions. Captain
+Rous took her, but offered to release her provided the master would go
+up the river and bring down the French officers. The master
+accordingly went up the river in a canoe, and the next day a French
+officer with thirty men and 150 Indians came down and took position,
+with their colors flying, at a point on the shore within musket shot
+of the "Albany." The commander of the French was Pierre Boishebert. He
+had fixed his headquarters ten miles up the river at the place now
+known as Woodman's Point, just above the mouth of the Nerepis, where
+in Governor Villebon's time there had been an Indian fortress.
+
+Captain Rous ordered the French to strike their colors; their
+commander demurred, and asked to be allowed to march back with his
+colors flying, promising to return the next day without them. Rous
+ordered the colors to be struck immediately, which being done, the
+officers were invited on board the "Albany." They showed their
+instructions from the governor of Canada, Count de la Galissonniere,
+by which it appeared they had at first been ordered to establish a
+fortified post, but afterwards the order had been countermanded and
+they were required merely to prevent the English from establishing
+themselves till the right of possession should be settled between the
+two crowns.
+
+The letter of Captain Rous to Boishebert, upon the arrival of the
+former at St. John harbor, is rather quaint reading. The original is
+in French.
+
+  From the River St. John, 3 July, 1749.
+
+  Sir,--I am directed by the King, my master, to look into and
+  examine the various ports, harbors and rivers of His Majesty's
+  province of Nova Scotia, and am now here for that intent. Being
+  informed that you are upon this river with a detachment of
+  soldiers of the King of France. I should be pleased to know by
+  what authority and with what intention your are engaged in a
+  similar procedure. It would afford me much pleasure if I could
+  have the honor of a personal interview in order to convince you of
+  the rights of the King, my master.
+
+  I shall be delighted to see some of the Indian chiefs in order to
+  inform them of the peace and of the harmony that prevails between
+  the two crowns, also to confer with them.
+
+  Until I shall have the honor, as I hope, of seeing you,
+
+  I am very truly, etc.
+
+In the subsequent interview with the savages, Father Germain and
+Captain Edward How acted as interpreters, and the missionary wrote an
+account of the interview to the governor of Quebec, in which he
+mentions the fact that Cornwallis, the governor of Nova Scotia,
+claimed jurisdiction over the St. John river region and beyond it to
+Passamaquoddy, deeming it a part of Acadia according to its ancient
+limits. Boishebert, in his letter to the Count de la Galissonniere,
+says that one of the best reasons the English had for laying claim to
+the territory north of the Bay of Fundy was that the commission of
+Subercase, the last French governor who resided at Annapolis Royal,
+fixed his jurisdiction as far west as the River Kennebec. In the
+spirit of a true soldier, Boishebert wishes that war might speedily
+recommence, and that France might be more fortunate as to the conquest
+of Acadia than in the last war. Meanwhile he had arranged with Capt.
+Rous to remain undisturbed on the River St. John until the next
+spring, on the understanding that he was to erect no fortification.
+
+The St. John Indians having made peace with the governor of Nova
+Scotia at Halifax, it was decided that a present of 1,000 bushels of
+corn should be sent "to confirm their allegiance"; and it seems their
+allegiance needed confirmation, for a little later Father Germain
+warned Captain How that an Indian attack was impending. Nor was it by
+any means a false alarm, for on the 8th of December about 300 Micmacs
+and Maliseets surprised and captured an English officer and eighteen
+men and attacked the fort at Minas.
+
+Father Germain evidently was a warrior priest and had used his powers
+of observation to some purpose; he strongly recommended the erection
+of a fort for the defence of the river at the narrows ("detroit")
+about a league and a half above where the river enters the sea. The
+English, he says, could not pass it with 600 men if there were but 60
+or 80 men to oppose them.
+
+The Marquis de la Jonquiere, who succeeded as governor general this
+year, at once displayed anxiety in regard to the St. John river
+region--"Being the key of this country," he says, "it is essential to
+retain it." He confides his policy to the minister at Versailles, in
+his letter of October 9, 1749. "It is desirable," he writes, "that the
+savages should unite in opposing the English even at Chibuctou
+(Halifax).... The savages must act alone without co-operation of
+soldier or inhabitant and without it appearing that I have knowledge
+of it. It is very necessary also, as I wrote the Sieur de Boishebert,
+to observe much caution in his proceedings and to act very secretly in
+order that the English may not be able to perceive we are supplying
+the needs of the said savages. It will be the missionaries who will
+attend to all the negotiations and who will direct the proceedings of
+the said savages. They are in very good hands, the Rev. Father
+Germain and the Abbe Le Loutre being well aware how to act to the best
+advantage and to draw out all the assistance they can give on our
+side. They will manage the intrigue in such a way that it will not be
+known. They will concert in every instance with the Sieurs de la Corne
+and de Boishebert. If all turns out as I hope it will follow,--first
+that we will hold our lands and the English will not be able to
+establish any settlements before the boundaries have been determined
+by the two crowns, and second that we shall be able to assist and
+gradually to withdraw from the hands of the English the French of
+Acadia."
+
+It is not necessary for us to criticize too harshly the policy of the
+French governor and his subordinates, but we need not be surprised
+that in the end it provoked resentment on the part of the governors of
+Nova Scotia and Massachusetts and was one of the causes of the Acadian
+expulsion. That it was in a measure successful is proved by the reply
+of Lawrence a few years later to the suggestion of the Lords of Trade,
+who had been urging upon him the importance of making settlements:
+"What can I do to encourage people to settle on frontier lands, where
+they run the risk of having their throats cut by inveterate enemies,
+who easily effect their escape from their knowledge of every creek and
+corner?"
+
+Boishebert, prevented from immediately establishing a fortified post,
+seems to have moved freely up and down the river. At one time he
+writes from "Menacouche" at the mouth of the river, at another
+from "Ecoubac"--the Indian village of Aukpaque--at another he is at
+"Medoctec," the upper Indian village. He organized the few Acadians
+on the river into a militia corps, the officers of which were
+commissioned by Count de la Galissonniere.
+
+Meanwhile the Abbe Le Loutre was employing his energies to get the
+Acadians to leave their lands in the Nova Scotian peninsula and repair
+to the St. John river and other places north of the isthmus. To such a
+proceeding Cornwallis objected and Le Loutre then wrote to the French
+authorities an earnest letter in behalf of the Acadians, in which he
+says, "Justice pleads for them and as France is the resource of the
+unfortunate, I hope, Monseigneur, that you will try to take under your
+protection this forsaken people and obtain for them through his
+majesty liberty to depart from Acadia and the means to settle upon
+French soil and to transport their effects to the River St. John or
+some other territory that the authorities of Canada may take
+possession of."
+
+The French still cherished the project of establishing a fortified
+post at the mouth of the St. John and, as they had opportunity, sent
+thither munitions of war and garrison supplies. In the summer of the
+year 1750, the British warship "Hound," Capt. Dove, was ordered to
+proceed to St. John in quest of a brigantine laden with provisions
+and stores from Quebec, and said to have on board 100 French
+soldiers. Before the arrival of the "Hound," however, Capt. Cobb in
+the provincial sloop "York" got to St. John, where he found the
+brigantine anchored near the shore at the head of the harbor. She
+fired an alarm gun on sight of the "York." The English captain
+brought his vessel to anchor under the lee of Partridge Island and
+sent a detachment of men in a whale boat to reconnoitre. They were
+fired upon by the French and Indians, and the French commander,
+Boishebert, insisted that Cobb should quit the harbor, as it belonged
+to the French king, and threatened to send his Indians to destroy
+him and his crew. Nothing daunted, Cobb proceeded up the harbor in
+his sloop until he discovered "a small fortification by a little
+hill," where the French were assembled and had their colors hoisted.
+Boishebert's forces included fifty-six soldiers and 200 Indians. He
+summoned to his aid the inhabitants living on the river and they
+responded to the number of fifty or sixty. The governor of Canada
+had lately commissioned Joseph Bellefontaine, an old resident, to be
+"major of all the militia of the River St. John,"[25] and it is to
+the presumed he was active on this occasion. Cobb allowed himself to
+be enticed on shore under a flag of truce, and was made a prisoner
+and compelled to send an order to his vessel not to molest the French
+brigantine. His mate, however, pluckily declined to receive the
+order, and announced his determination to hold the French officers
+who had come with the message until Cobb should be released. This
+Boishebert was obliged to do and the commander of the "York," by way
+of retaliation, took six prisoners from the French brigantine and
+brought them to Halifax.
+
+   [25] The date of Joseph Bellefontaine's commission was April 10,
+        1749.
+
+Capt. Dove did not reach St. John with the "Hound" until after the
+"York" had left. He did not enter the harbor but sent his lieutenant
+in a whale boat to investigate the state of affairs. The lieutenant's
+experience was similar to that of Cobb. He was induced by Boishebert
+to come on shore, was made a prisoner and only released on promising
+that the six prisoners carried off by Cobb should be set at liberty.
+
+In the autumn of the year 1750 Captain Rous, while cruising in the
+"Albany," fell in with a French man-of-war and a schooner off Cape
+Sable. The schooner had been sent from Quebec with provisions and
+warlike stores for the Indians on the River St. John. Rous fired
+several guns to bring the enemy to, but in response the ship cleared
+for action and when the "Albany" ran up alongside of her, poured in a
+broadside. A spirited engagement ensued, which resulted in the capture
+of the French ship, but the schooner got safely into St. John. One
+midshipman and two sailors were killed on board the "Albany," and five
+men on board the Frenchman.
+
+Governor Cornwallis reported this as the second instance in which the
+governor of Canada had sent a vessel into a British port with arms,
+etc., for the Indian enemy. The governor of Canada, the Marquis de la
+Jonquiere, however, viewed the matter from a different standpoint and
+demanded of Cornwallis an explanation in regard to the vessel
+captured. He again asserted the right of the French king to the lands
+occupied by his troops, and by his orders four Boston schooners were
+seized at Louisbourg as a reprisal for the brigantine taken by the
+"Albany."
+
+The correspondence between the Governor of Quebec and the French
+colonial minister supplies some interesting details of the sea-fight
+in the Bay of Fundy in the autumn of 1750. It seems that Boishebert
+and the missionary Germain had sent an urgent request to the Quebec
+authorities for provisions for the women and children of the Indian
+families, during the absence of the men in their winter hunting, and
+for supplies needed by the French garrison on the St. John.
+Accordingly Bigot, the intendant, fitted out the St. Francis, a
+brigantine of 130 to 140 tons, to escort a schooner laden with the
+required articles to the mouth of the St. John river. The St. Francis
+carried 10 guns and had a crew or 70 men, including 32 soldiers, under
+command of the sieur de Vergor.
+
+On the 16th of October, as the brigantine and schooner were entering
+the Bay of Fundy, Captain Vergor noticed, at 11 in the morning, an
+English frigate, which put on all sail and came after him. A quarter
+of an hour afterwards the frigate fired a cannon shot and displayed
+her flag. Vergor immediately hoisted his own flag and responded with a
+cannon shot, continuing on his way. The English frigate continued the
+chase and a half hour later fired a second shot followed by a third,
+which went through the little top-mast of the St. Francis. Vergor then
+made preparations for the combat, the frigate continuing to approach
+and firing four cannon shots at his sails. When within speaking
+distance Vergor called through his trumpet that he was in command of a
+ship of the King of France carrying provisions and munitions to the
+troops of his majesty. The English captain in reply ordered him to lay
+to or he would sink him. Vergor repeated his announcement in English,
+but, for answer the frigate discharged a volley of all her guns
+damaging the ship and killing two of his men. He in turn now fell upon
+the frigate, discharging all his guns and musketry. The fight lasted
+nearly five hours, at the expiration of which the St. Francis was so
+crippled by the loss of her mainmast and injuries to her sails and
+rigging that Vergor was obliged to surrender. His long boat having
+been rendered unserviceable, the English captain sent his own to
+convey him on board. Vergor found the frigate to be the Albany, of 14
+guns and 28 swivel guns and a crew of 120 men, commanded by Captain
+Rous. The Albany did not pursue the schooner, which proceeded to St.
+John, but sailed for Halifax with her prize, where she arrived three
+days later.
+
+Vergor was sent on shore and confined to a room in the house of
+Governor Cornwallis. The governor treated him courteously, heard his
+version of the affair and called a council meeting the next day to
+inquire into the circumstances of the case.
+
+Vergor's official report conveys the idea that Cornwallis was rather
+doubtful as to whether Rous had acted in a legitimate manner. The
+council held five or six meetings without coming to any decision.
+Meanwhile, with the governor's approval, Vergor had a new main-mast
+cut and drawn from the woods by the crew of the St. Francis and
+arrangements were made to repair the damaged sails and shrouds.
+However the matter was soon afterwards taken out of Cornwallis' hands
+by Captain Rous, who brought the case before the Admiralty Court,
+where the St. Francis was confiscated for engaging in illicit commerce
+in the province of his Britannic Majesty.
+
+The French authorities took up the matter and sent a spirited
+remonstrance to the British ambassador, claiming that the transaction
+was opposed to every kind of law and demanding the restoration of the
+captured vessel with exemplary punishment of Captain Rous and the
+admiralty officers at Halifax, as well as orders on the part of his
+Britannic Majesty to all officers in his ships and colonies to observe
+the peace and to undertake nothing contrary thereto. A demand was also
+made that the English should in no way hinder the migration of the
+Acadians from the peninsula of Nova Scotia to the mainland or
+elsewhere. It is needless to say that the British government did not
+comply with these demands and here was one of the many grievances that
+led to a renewal of the war a little later.
+
+The Sieur de Vergor and the crew of the St. Francis were sent to
+Louisbourg, and the brigantine retained at Halifax as a prize on the
+ground that she was engaged in furnishing warlike munitions to the
+Indian enemy and interfering with British rights on the River St.
+John.
+
+Cornwallis evidently felt the difficulties of his position very
+keenly. Halifax was yet in its infancy and in a comparatively
+defenceless state; Louisbourg and Quebec were supporting the French on
+the St. John and he had neither the men nor the money to oppose their
+proceedings. It seems, too, that he had been called to account for the
+large expenditure he had made in Nova Scotia. In his letters to the
+Lords of Trade he expresses himself as distracted between his desire
+to lessen expenses and his fears of losing the province. He was
+doubtful if, with the forces at his disposal, he could prevent the
+French from fortifying St. John and Beausejour, and he observes, with
+some irritation, that it has been said, "What has he to contend with?
+Three or four hundred Indians: it is a time of peace and no other
+enemy to fear." So far from this being an adequate representation of
+the situation, he claimed the facts were that the French had taken
+possession of all Nova Scotia north of the Bay of Fundy, and had
+obliged many of the Acadians of the peninsula to remove thither and
+swear allegiance to the king of France; that the governor of Canada,
+through his emissary le Loutre, had offered a premium for every
+prisoner, head, or scalp of an Englishman; that the French had sent a
+ship of thirty-six guns and 300 men to the Bay of Fundy and had not
+only incited the Indians to hostilities but had behaved as if there
+were open war.
+
+The French at Quebec, in view of the difficulty of keeping in touch
+with their posts on the north side of the Bay of Fundy, endeavored to
+improve the route of communication via the River St. John. During the
+previous war they had made a road from Riviere du Loup to Lake
+Temisquata, but the woods were growing up again and deep holes began
+to render it impracticable. Bigot, the intendant, therefore spent
+600 or 700 livres in improving it, and in consequence couriers were
+able to come to Quebec in ten or twelve days from Shediac, and in
+eight from the River St. John. For the convenience of travelers
+three magazines of supplies were established, one at Riviere du Loup,
+one at Temisquata and one at the head of Madawaska river. The Marquis
+de la Jonquiere anticipated great advantages from the overland route
+of communication. He says in a letter to France, dated May 1, 1751:
+"We have made a road and are going to make some flat-bottomed
+conveyances so that in winter we will be able to transport by hauling
+over the snow the things most needed for the River St. John, and in
+summer we shall be able to make the transport by means of carts and
+flat-bottomed batteaux. These arrangements will be very useful
+supposing that the English continue to stop the vessels we send
+there."
+
+"As the English have boasted that they are going to establish
+themselves at the River St. John," continues the Marquis, "I have
+given orders to the Sieur de Boishebert, who commands there, to repair
+the old fort named Menacoche (Menagoueche) at the mouth of the river
+and to make there a barrack for the officers and 100 men in garrison
+with necessary magazines. The whole will be built of logs and I have
+very expressly recommended Boishebert, to have it done without expense
+to the King, or at least very little, and to that end he is to employ
+the soldiers and militia."
+
+This fort stood in Carleton opposite Navy Island on the point at the
+foot of King street, still called "Old Fort." The Marquis la Jonquiere
+says the terraces of the fort were about twenty-five feet high outside
+and twelve inside and the defences were such as would enable the
+garrison to withstand a lively attack.
+
+It was intended to place four cannons of 8 L. to cannonade any ships
+that might attack it. The chief difficulty of the situation was the
+scarcity of water. The fort was quite indispensable for if the French
+were to abandon the lower part of the St. John river the English would
+immediately take possession. The savages were instructed to annoy the
+English on all occasions and to plunder any of their ships that landed
+on their shores. The Marquis even went so far as to suggest that some
+of the Acadians, dressed and painted like the savages, should join in
+the attacks upon the English in order that the savages might act with
+greater courage. He says he cannot avoid consenting to what the
+savages do in keeping the English busy and frustrating their advance
+since the French were restrained from open hostilities by the peace.
+"I beg you to be assured, Monseigneur," the Marquis continues, "that I
+will manage everything so as not to compromise myself and that I will
+not give up an inch of land that belongs to the king. It is time the
+limits should be settled and that we should know positively what we
+are to hold, so as to put an end to all hostilities and to avoid the
+immense expense that is occasioned."
+
+La Jonquiere, in the month of February, sent on the ice a detachment
+of fifty Canadians to strengthen the garrison at the mouth of the
+River St. John, and as the services of Boishebert were required
+elsewhere, the Sieur de Gaspe,[26] lieutenant of infantry, was sent to
+replace him and remained two years and a half in command.
+
+   [26] Ignace Philippe Aubert, Sieur de Gaspe, was born at St. Antoine
+        de Tilly near Quebec in 1714. He was an ensign in Acadia under
+        de Ramezay in 1745 and was with Colombier de Villiers in the
+        attack on Minas the following winter. He died at St. Jean,
+        Port Joly, in 1787. He was grandfather of the author of the
+        "Anciens Canadiens."
+
+The situation of the Acadians on the St. John at this time was a very
+unenviable one. Fort Boishebert, at the Nerepis, was a frail
+defence, and they were beginning to be straitened for supplies on
+account of the vigilance of the English cruisers. Father Germain
+wrote to the commandant at Annapolis Royal for leave to buy
+provisions there for the French living on the river, but the
+governor and council objected on the ground that French troops
+occupied the place and the Indians there were hostile. We gather
+some interesting information from a letter written at this time to
+the French minister by the Sieur de Gaspe, who was in command of
+the fort at the mouth of the Nerepis.[27]
+
+   [27] I am indebted to Placide P. Gaudet for a copy of the original
+        letter of which a translation is given on next page. It is one
+        of the many interesting documents that have never yet been
+        published.--W. O. R.
+
+  Fort de Nerepice, 16th June, 1751.
+
+  Monseigneur: On my arrival at this post on the River St. John, to
+  which I am sent by my general, the Marquis de la Jonquiere, to
+  relieve M. de Boishebert, the commandant of the place, I found at
+  anchor the frigate "Fidele," commanded by M. Maccarti, who was
+  landing the provisions and other supplies sent for this post. The
+  coming of this ship, Monseigneur, convinces me that you wish to
+  hold possession of this post.
+
+  I have only just arrived here. I learn that the English threaten
+  to come and build a fort at the mouth of the river near that which
+  the Marquis de la Jonquiere has caused to be begun and has ordered
+  me to continue. I will do my best to carry out his orders so far
+  as circumstances permit, and the governor will furnish you with an
+  account of his intentions.
+
+  In order to fix ourselves here we must keep up communication by
+  way of La Baie Francaise [the Bay of Fundy] so as to furnish
+  provisions; for the place cannot be supplied by land, especially
+  if we must afford subsistence to those families of Acadians who
+  are obliged to seek refuge on the river, as has been stated to me.
+  I will receive them, Monseigneur, in order to settle the country,
+  which at present has only twenty-eight French inhabitants,[28] who
+  can give no assistance in providing for the support of others,
+  not having as yet enough cultivated land for themselves.
+
+  M. Maccarti, commander of the frigate, has taken note of the
+  harbor [at St. John] on the other side of the fort, and of the
+  other advantages, or disadvantages, we must encounter in this
+  place, where I will endeavor to maintain the rights that we have
+  and to oppose the Englishman if he attempts to build here.
+
+  I am with very profound respect, Monseigneur,
+
+      Your humble and very obedient servant,
+
+  GASPE.
+
+   [28] This refers, I imagine, to the Acadians on the lower St. John
+        and does not include the colony at Ste. Annes.--W. O. R.
+
+[Illustration: WOODMAN'S POINT. (The Star shows the site of Fort
+Boishebert.)]
+
+Resolute attempts continued to be made to withdraw the Acadians from
+the peninsula of Nova Scotia, both by threats and persuasions, and the
+Marquis de la Jonquiere issued a proclamation to those living within
+the bounds of what is now New Brunswick, declaring that all who did
+not within eight days take the oath of allegiance in the militia
+companies would be considered as rebels and driven from their lands.
+The companies of militia were ordered to drill on Sundays and Feast
+days and to hold themselves in readiness to defend themselves at any
+moment. A few months later the governor of Canada was able to report
+that all the Acadian inhabitants who were upon the lands of the king
+had taken the oath of fidelity. Twelve blank commissions were sent
+from Quebec to be issued to those most capable of fulfilling the
+duties of officers in the militia.
+
+At Fort Menagoueche the work did not progress as fast as anticipated.
+The workmen had no tools except axes, and the Sieur de Gaspe
+complained that he had not been able to make the soldiers of the
+garrison work. He says "they are very bad subjects" and he dared not
+compel them to work apprehending their desertion. The fort was
+surrounded by four bastions and, in addition to the barracks and
+magazines, it was proposed to construct a building of logs, squared
+with the axe, to accommodate the chaplain and surgeon and to serve as
+a guard house.
+
+Fort Boishebert, at Woodman's Point on the Nerepis, was a difficult
+post to maintain owing to the insufficiency of the troops at de
+Gaspe's disposal. He complains that the savages had broken in the door
+of the cellar and he thought it advisable to abandon it altogether.
+The Marquis de la Jonquiere ordered him to consult with Father Germain
+on the subject and meanwhile to double the guard. The missionary wrote
+he was of the same opinion as the Sieur de Gaspe, and permission was
+accordingly given to abandon the fort and to transport the supplies
+wherever they might be needed.
+
+The Jesuit missionary at Penobscot, Father Gounon, proposed to spend
+the winter at "Nerepisse" with his Indians, but the governor of Canada
+did not at all approve of it, fearing that if the savages were to
+abandon their village the English would advance from the westward
+towards the River St. John. He apprehended that if only a small number
+of Indians remained at Penobscot, and these without a missionary, the
+enemy would win them to their side and, as a direful result, the
+English would presently establish themselves at Matsipigouattons,
+advancing to Peskadamokkanti (or Passamaquoddy) and so by degrees to
+the River St. John.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XI.
+
+THE FRENCH ANXIOUS TO HOLD POSSESSION OF THE RIVER ST. JOHN.
+
+
+The situation on the St. John had now become a matter of international
+interest in view of the boundary dispute. The deliberations of the
+French and English commissioners began in 1750 and lasted four years.
+In preparing the French case the Marquis de la Galissonniere summoned
+to his aid the Abbes de L'Isle-Dieu and Le Loutre, who were both well
+informed as to the situation of Acadia and also filled with intense
+zeal for the national cause. We learn from letters of the Abbe de
+L'Isle-Dieu, written at Paris to the French minister early in the year
+1753, that the two missionaries, in consultation with the Count de la
+Galissonniere, prepared several documents to elucidate the French
+case. Copies of these very interesting papers are now in the Canadian
+Archives at Ottawa, and have been published at Quebec in 1890 by the
+Abbe Casgrain in "Le Canada Francais." The three most important of
+these documents are entitled:
+
+1. Memorandum on the necessity of determining the limits of Acadia.
+
+2. Plan for the settlement of the country in order to hasten the
+determining of the aforesaid limits.
+
+3. Representation of the present state of the missions, French as well
+as Indians, in the southern part of New France in Canada.
+
+In the first of these documents the following references are made to
+the River St. John:
+
+"This post, so important to retain for France, has as commandant M. De
+Gaspe at Fort Menagoeck, built at the mouth of the river. The
+missionary on the river is Father Germain, Jesuit, who makes his
+residence at Ekauba (Aukpaque), distant about forty leagues from Fort
+Menagoeck.
+
+"The savages of Father Germain's mission are Marechites, and he has in
+addition the care of some French families settled on the river.
+
+"Since the month of August last, Father Audren has been sent as
+assistant to Father Germain, but his assistance will be much more
+hurtful than beneficial to the mission if, in accordance with the plan
+of the Jesuit provincial, it is decided to recall Father Germain to
+Quebec to fill the office of superior general of the house of the
+Jesuits in Canada. This is not merely a groundless surmise, for the
+destination and nomination to office of Father Germain are already
+determined, at least Father Germain himself so states in his last
+letter to the Abbe l'Isle-Dieu, and he adds that he has made every
+possible representation to at least delay his recall. The Abbe
+l'Isle-Dieu, who perceives all the consequences of his removal, has
+already endeavored to prevent its being effected by the Provincial,
+and it is thought that, under the present circumstances, the court
+should as far as possible employ its authority to hinder the
+retirement of Father Germain from his mission, where the esteem and
+confidence, the respect and authority, that he has acquired over the
+savages and the few French who are found in his mission, give him a
+power that a young missionary could not have. Besides Father Germain
+joins to a disinterestedness without example, to piety the most
+sincere, and to a zeal indefatigable, consummate experience. All this
+is necessary in connection with various operations that are now to be
+undertaken, in which a man of such qualifications can be of great
+assistance.
+
+"At a distance of eighteen leagues from Father Germain's post of duty
+is another called Medoctek, which is dependent on the same mission and
+served by the Jesuit father Loverga, who has been there nine months,
+and who has the care of a band of Marechites; but, in addition to the
+fact that Father Loverga is on the point of leaving, he would be
+useless there on account of his great age and it would be better to
+send there next spring Father Audren, since this mission is daily
+becoming more important, especially to the savages whose chief
+occupation is beaver hunting.
+
+"The French inhabitants of the River St. John have suffered much by
+different detachments of Canadians and Indians, to the number of 250
+or 300 men, commanded by M. de Montesson, a Canadian officer, whom
+they have been obliged to subsist, and for that purpose to sacrifice
+the grain and cattle needed for the seeding and tillage of their own
+fields. In the helpless position in which these inhabitants find
+themselves, it is thought that in order to afford them sufficient
+relief it would be advisable that the Court should send them
+immediately at least 1,000 barrels of flour, and the same quantity
+annually for some time, both for their own subsistence and for that of
+the garrison and the Indians. It would be well also to send them each
+year about 250 barrels of bacon; this last sort of provision being
+limited to this quantity because it is supposed, or at least hoped,
+there will be sent from Quebec some Indian corn and peas as well as
+oil and fat for the savages."
+
+The reference to the St. John river region in the document from which
+this extract is taken, concludes by strongly recommending that the
+supply of flour and bacon should be sent, not to the store houses at
+Quebec and Louisbourg, but directly to St. John, where it would arrive
+as safely as at any other port and with less expense to the king and
+much more expedition to the inhabitants.
+
+It may be well now to pause in the narration of events to look a
+little more closely into the situation on the River St. John at the
+time of the negotiations between the rival powers with regard to the
+limits of Acadia.
+
+The statement has been made in some of our school histories, "Acadia
+was ceded to the English by the treaty of Utrecht, in 1713, and has
+remained a British possession ever since." The statement is, to say
+the least, very misleading, so far as the St. John river country is
+concerned, for the French clung tenaciously to this territory as a
+part of the dominions of their monarch until New France passed finally
+into the hands of their rivals by the treaty of Paris in 1763.
+
+There was no part of Acadia that was more familiar to the French than
+the valley of the River St. John, and the importance attached to the
+retention of it by France is seen very clearly in a memorandum,
+prepared about this time for the use of the French commissioners on
+the limits of Acadia. There can be no doubt that the Abbes de
+L'Isle-Dieu and Le Loutre had a hand in the preparation of this
+document, which is an able statement of the case from the French point
+of view. They assert "that the British pretensions to ownership of the
+territory north of the Bay of Fundy have no foundation. That the
+French have made settlements at various places along the shores of the
+Gulf of St. Lawrence, where they have always lived peaceably and
+quietly under the rule of the French king. This is also the state
+there at present, and the English desire to change it, without having
+acquired any new right of possession since the treaty of Utrecht, and
+after forty years of quiet and peaceable possession on the part of the
+French. It is the same with regard to the River St. John and that part
+of Canada which adjoins the Bay of Fundy. The French, who were settled
+there before the treaty of Utrecht, have continued to this day to hold
+possession under the jurisdiction and sovereignty of the King of
+France, enjoying meanwhile the fruit of their labors. It is not until
+more than forty years after the treaty of Utrecht that the English
+commissioners have attempted, by virtue of a new and arbitrary
+interpretation of the treaty, to change and overturn all the European
+possessions of America; to expel the French, to deprive them of their
+property and their homes, to sell the lands they have cultivated and
+made valuable and to expose Europe by such transactions to the danger
+of seeing the fires of war rekindled. Whatever sacrifices France might
+be disposed to make, in order to maintain public tranquility, it would
+be difficult indeed for her to allow herself to be deprived of the
+navigation of the River St. John by ceding to England the coast of the
+continent along the Bay of Fundy."
+
+Continuing their argument, the writers of the document state: "That it
+is by the River St. John that Quebec maintains her communication with
+Isle Royal and Isle St. Jean, [Cape Breton and Prince Edward Island],
+and also with Old France, during the season that the navigation of the
+River St. Lawrence is impracticable; and as this is the only way of
+communication for a considerable part of the year, possession of the
+route is indispensably necessary to France. All who have any special
+knowledge of Canada agree on this head, and their testimony finds
+confirmation in an English publication that lately appeared in London,
+entitled 'The Present State of North America,' in which the writer
+sounds the tocsin of war against France and, although partiality,
+inspired by love of country, has led him into many errors, he does not
+seek to disguise how important it is to deprive France of the right of
+navigation of the River St. John, which affords the only means of
+communication with Quebec during the winter. 'The French,' says the
+English author, 'have often sent supplies and merchandise from Old
+France to Quebec, both in time of peace and of war, by the River St.
+John, so as to avoid the difficulties and risks of navigation by the
+River St. Lawrence. * * If we suffer them to remain in possession of
+that river they will always have an open communication between France
+and Canada during the winter, which they could have only from May to
+October by the River St. Lawrence.'
+
+"This testimony makes us feel more and more how essential it is for
+France to keep possession of the River St. John so as to have
+communication with Quebec and the rest of Canada during the seven
+months of the year that the St. Lawrence is not navigable. The
+communication which the English pretend they require by land between
+New England and Nova Scotia, along the coast of the Etchemins[29] and
+the Bay of Fundy, is only a vain pretext to mask their real motive,
+which is to deprive France of a necessary route of communication.
+
+   [29] The country of the Etchemins, or Maliseets, included eastern
+        Maine, and the western part of New Brunswick.
+
+"Considering the length of the road by land from New England to Port
+Royal and Acadia, the obstacles to be encountered in the rivers that
+fall into the sea along the coast, which will be more difficult to
+cross near the mouth; all these circumstances render the communication
+by land a veritable chimera; the more so that the way by sea from the
+remotest part of New England to Port Royal is so short and so easy,
+while that by land would be long, painful and difficult. We may be
+perfectly sure that if the English were masters of all the territory
+they claim they would never journey over it, and the only advantage
+they would find would be to deprive the French of a necessary route of
+communication. We do not fear to say that the object of the English is
+not confined to the country they claim under the name of Acadia. Their
+object is to make a general invasion of Canada and thus to pave the
+way to universal empire in America."
+
+It is little to be wondered at that the French nation should have been
+very reluctant to part with their control of the St. John river. From
+the days of its discovery by Champlain it had become of increasing
+importance to them as a means of communication between the widely
+separated portions of New France. But more than this the river was in
+many of its features unrivelled in their estimation. Its remarkable
+falls near the sea, its massive walls of limestone at "the narrows"
+just above--which the French called "cliffs of marble"--its broad
+lake-like expansions, its fertile intervals and islands, the fish that
+swarmed in its waters and the game that abounded in its forests, its
+towering pines and noble elms were all known to them and had been
+noted by their early explorers. Champlain, L'Escarbot, Denys, Biard,
+La Hontan, Cadillac and Charlevoix had described in glowing words the
+wealth of its attractions. It is worth while in this connection to
+quote the description which Lamothe Cadillac penned in 1693--just two
+hundred and ten years ago:
+
+  _River St. John._--"The entrance of this river is very large. Two
+  little islands are seen to the left hand, one called l'Ile
+  Menagoniz (Mahogany Island) and the other l'Ile aux Perdrix
+  (Partridge Island), and on the right hand there is a cape of which
+  the earth is as red as a red Poppy. The harbor is good; there is
+  no rock and it has five or six fathoms of water.
+
+  _Fort._--There is a fort of four bastions here, which needs to be
+  repaired. It is very well situated and could not be attacked by
+  land for it is surrounded by water at half tide. Less than an
+  eighth of a league above there are two large rocks, perpendicular,
+  and so near that they leave only space sufficient for a ship
+  cleverly to pass.
+
+  _Gouffre._ Just here there is a fall, or abyss (gouffre), which
+  extends seven or eight hundred paces to the foot of two rocks.
+  There is a depth of eighteen fathoms of water here. I think that I
+  am the only one who has ever sounded at this place. The falls are
+  no sooner passed than the river suddenly expands to nearly half a
+  league. It is still very deep and a vessel of fifty or sixty tons
+  could ascend thirty leagues, but it would be necessary to take
+  care to pass the falls when the sea is level, or one would
+  certainly be lost there. It must be conceded that this is the most
+  beautiful, the most navigable and the most highly favored river of
+  Acadia. The most beautiful, on account of the variety of trees to
+  be found, such as butternut, cherry, hazel, elms, oaks, maples and
+  vines.
+
+  _Masts._--There is a grove of pine on the boarders of a lake near
+  Gemseq (Jemseg), fifteen leagues from the sea, where there might
+  be made the finest masts, and they could be conducted into the St.
+  John by a little river which falls in there.
+
+  _Pewter mine._--Near the same lake there in a mine of pewter. I
+  have seen the Indians melt and manufacture from it balls for their
+  hunting.
+
+  It is most navigable, by reason of its size and depth and the
+  number of lakes and rivers that empty themselves into it. The most
+  highly favored, by reason of its greater depth of fertile soil, of
+  its unrivalled salmon fishing, and of its reaching into the
+  country to a depth of eighty leagues. The bass, the trout, the
+  gaspereau, the eel, the sturgeon and a hundred other kinds of
+  fishes are found in abundance. The most highly favored, also,
+  because it furnishes in abundance beavers and other fur-bearing
+  animals. I have ascended this river nearly one hundred and fifty
+  leagues in a bark canoe. I pass in silence other attractions that
+  it possesses for I must not be too long.
+
+  One single thing is to be regretted, which is that in the most
+  beautiful places, where the land and meadows are low, they are
+  inundated every spring time after the snow melts. The continuance
+  of this inundation (or freshet) is because the waters cannot flow
+  out sufficiently fast on account of those two rocks, of which I
+  have spoken, which contract the outlet of the river. It would not
+  be very difficult to facilitate the flow of the waters. It would
+  only be necessary to mine the rock that is to the right hand on
+  entering, and which seems to want to tumble of itself. It is
+  undeniable that the waters would flow forth more freely, and the
+  falls would be levelled, or at least diminished, and all this flat
+  country protected from inundation.
+
+  _Forts of the Micmacs and Maliseets._--Thirty leagues up the river
+  there is a fort of the Micmacs,[30] at a place called Naxouak, and
+  at thirty leagues further up there is one of the Maliseets. This
+  latter nation is fairly warlike. They are well made and good
+  hunters. They attend to the cultivation of the soil and have some
+  fine fields of Indian corn and pumpkins. Their fort is at
+  Medoctek.
+
+  At forty leagues still farther up there is another fort which is
+  the common retreat of the Kanibas, or Abenakis, when they are
+  afraid of something in their country. It is on the bank of a
+  little river which flows into the St. John, and which comes from a
+  lake called Madagouasca, twelve leagues long and one wide. It is a
+  good country for moose hunting."
+
+   [30] Cadillac seems to have so termed Villebon's fort because the
+        Micmacs of eastern New Brunswick and Nova Scotia often made it
+        a rendezvous; perhaps also it was a fanciful distinction by
+        way of comparison with the Maliseet fort at Medoctec.
+
+In another edition of his narrative Cadillac says that Madawaska lake
+and river turn northward so those who journey from Acadia to Quebec go
+across the portage from the lake to the River St. Lawrence, opposite
+Tadoussac. This route was from very early times considered by the
+French as the easiest and best and was greatly valued by them as a
+means of communication both in time of war and in time of peace.
+
+Cadillac's idea of protecting the low lying lands of the St. John
+river from inundation during the spring freshet, by enlarging the
+outlet at the falls, has been revived on more than one occasion. For
+example, sixty years later we find the following note in the statement
+prepared by the missionaries Le Loutre and de L'Isle-Dieu for the use
+of the commissioners engaged in the attempt to settle the boundaries
+of Acadia--:
+
+"The River St. John is very extensive and the soil is excellent,
+easily cultivated, capable of supporting at least 1,000 families, but
+there exists an inconvenience which up to the present prevents the
+place from being inhabited as it should be. This inconvenience is due
+to the frequency of the floods occasioned by a fall where the waters
+do not discharge themselves fast enough and in consequence flow back
+upon the lands above, which they inundate. But if the proposed colony
+be established at this place it would be possible to give vent to the
+flood by removing a small obstruction [portage][31] less than an
+eighth of a league wide; this would certainly prevent the inundations,
+dry up the lands and render cultivation practicable."
+
+   [31] It would be interesting to know the exact location of the
+        "portage" referred to above. Was it the rocky neck between
+        Marble Cove at Indiantown and the Straight Shore? Or was it
+        the comparatively slight obstruction at Drury's Cove that
+        prevents the river finding an outlet by way of the Marsh Creek
+        into Courtenay Bay? See on this head Dr. George F. Matthew's
+        interesting paper on "The Outlets of the St. John River:" Nat.
+        Hist. Society bulletin No. xii., p. 42.
+
+A bill was once introduced into the House of Assembly for the purpose
+of enabling the promoters to remove, by blasting, the rocks that
+obstruct the mouth of the river and thus allow the waters to flow more
+freely. It was claimed that many benefits would follow, chiefly that
+the lumbermen would be able to get their logs and deals to market more
+expeditiously and at less cost, and that the farmers, of Maugerville,
+Grand Falls and Sheffield would be saved the serious inconveniences
+occasioned by the annual freshet. However, popular sentiment was
+strongly opposed to the project. People speedily realized that not
+only would the beauty of the river be destroyed but that navigation
+would be rendered precarious and uncertain. The project, in fact,
+would have changed our noble St. John into a tidal river, unsightly
+mud flats alternating with rushing currents of turbid waters, while so
+far as protection of the low-lying lands goes the remedy would in all
+probability have proved worse than the disease, for instead of an
+annual inundation there would have been an inundation at every high
+tide. Moreover the harbor at St. John would have been ruined. There
+can be no secure harbor at the mouth of a great tidal river where
+swirling tides pour in and out twice in the course of every
+twenty-four hours.
+
+Cadillac mentions the convenient route to Quebec via the River St.
+John. The Indians had used it from time immemorial and the French
+followed their example, as at a later period did the English. The
+missionaries Le Loutre and de L'Isle-Dieu in the statement prepared by
+them in 1753, already mentioned, say:--
+
+  "It is very easy to maintain communication with Quebec, winter and
+  summer alike, by the River St. John, and the route is especially
+  convenient for detachments of troops needed either for attack or
+  defence. This is the route to be taken and followed:--
+
+  "From Quebec to the River du Loup.
+
+  From the River du Loup by a portage of 18 leagues to Lake
+  Temiscouata.
+
+  From Lake Temiscouata to Madaoechka [Madawaska.]
+
+  From Madaoechka to Grand Falls.
+
+  From Grand Falls to Medoctek.
+
+  From Medoctek to Ecouba [Aukpaque], post of the Indians of the
+  Jesuit missionary, Father Germain.
+
+  From Ecouba to Jemsec.
+
+  From Jemsec, leaving the River St. John and traversing Dagidemoech
+  [Washa demoak] lake ascending by the river of the same name,
+  thence by a portage of 6 leagues to the River Petkoudiak.
+
+  From Petkoudiak to Memeramcouk descending the river which bears
+  that name.
+
+  From Memeramcouk by a portage of three leagues to Nechkak
+  [Westcock].
+
+  From Nechkak to Beausejour."
+
+By this route the troops commanded by the French officers Marin and
+Montesson arrived at Beausejour in less than a month from the time of
+their departure from Quebec, the distance being about 500 miles.
+
+In the war of 1812 the 104th regiment, raised in this province, left
+St. John on the 11th day of February and on the 27th of the same month
+crossed the St. Lawrence on the ice and entered Quebec 1,000 strong,
+having accomplished a march of 435 miles in midwinter in sixteen days
+and, says Col. Playfair, without the loss of a man.
+
+In the year 1837 the 43d Light Infantry marched from this province to
+Quebec in the month of December in almost precisely the same time, but
+the conditions were distinctly more favorable; the season was not
+nearly so rigorous, roads and bridges had been constructed over the
+greater portion of the route and supplies could be obtained to better
+advantage. Yet it is said the great Duke of Wellington observed of
+this march of the 43d Light Infantry, "It is the only achievement
+performed by a British officer that I really envy." How much greater a
+feat was the march of the gallant hundred-and-fourth whose men, poorly
+fed and insufficiently clad, passed over the same route on snowshoes
+in the middle of a most inclement winter, a quarter of a century
+before, to defend Canadian homes from a foreign invader?
+
+During the negotiations between the French and English commissioners
+on the boundaries of Acadia, the suggestion was made by the Abbes de
+L'Isle-Dieu and Le Loutre, that if it should be found impossible to
+hold all the lands north of the Bay of Fundy for France the St. John
+river region should be left undivided and in possession of its native
+inhabitants. As early as the year 1716 the Marquis de Vaudreuil had
+stated to the French government: "The English wish to seize upon the
+lands that the Abenakis and Indians of the River St. John occupy,
+under the pretext that this land forms part of Acadia ceded to them by
+the king. The Indians so far from withdrawing on this account have
+answered that this land has always belonged to them, and that they do
+not consider themselves subjects of the French, but only their
+allies."
+
+Vaudreuil admits that he encouraged this idea, and that his proposal
+to build a church for the Maliseets at Medoctec had as one of its
+principal objects the cementing of their alliance with the French and
+providing them with another inducement to cling to the locality where
+their church stood, and not by any means to abandon their old fort and
+village.
+
+In 1749 Charlevoix, the well known Jesuit historian, writes the French
+minister at Versailles not to delay the settlement of the boundaries,
+for the English, who are colonizing and fortifying Acadia, will soon
+be in a position to oppress their Indian allies, the Abenakis
+(Maliseets), if steps are not taken in season to prevent them and to
+guarantee to the Indians peaceable possession of their country, where
+it is necessary they should remain in order to defend it against the
+English, otherwise there would be nothing to hinder the English from
+penetrating as far as the French settlements nearest Quebec; besides
+where would the Abenakis go if they were obliged to abandon their
+country? "In short," Charlevoix adds, "it seems to me certain that if
+time is given the English to people Acadia before the limits are
+agreed on, they will not fail to appropriate all the territory they
+wish, and to secure possession by strong forts which will render them
+masters of all that part of New France south of Quebec; and if this
+should be done it will certainly follow that the Abenakis will join
+them, will abandon their religion, and our most faithful allies will
+become our most dangerous enemies."
+
+Of all the leaders of the French in Acadia, none was more active and
+influential than the Abbe Le Loutre. But while his energy, ability and
+patriotism are undoubted, his conduct has been the subject of severe
+criticism not only on the part of his adversaries but of the French
+themselves. He did not escape the censure of the Bishop of Quebec for
+meddling to so great an extent in temporal affairs, but the Bishop's
+censure is mild compared to that of an anonymous historian, who
+writes: "Abbe Loutre, missionary of the Indians in Acadia, soon put
+all in fire and flame, and may be justly deemed the scourge and curse
+of this country. This wicked monster, this cruel and blood thirsty
+Priest, more inhumane and savage than the natural savages, with a
+murdering and slaughtering mind, instead of an Evangelick spirit,
+excited continually his Indians against the English. * * * All the
+French had the greatest horror and indignation at Le Loutre's
+barbarous actions; and I dare say if the Court of France had known
+them they would have been far from approving of them."
+
+It is only fair to the Abbe Le Loutre to mention that the officer who
+criticizes him in this rude fashion was the Chevalier Johnston, an
+Englishman by birth and a puritan by religion and as such prejudiced
+against the French missionary. Johnston, however, served at Louisbourg
+on the side of France with great fidelity in the capacity of
+lieutenant, interpreter and engineer.
+
+Father Germain, the missionary to the Indians and French on the St.
+John, was a man of courage and of patriotic impulses. He deemed
+himself justified in making every possible effort to keep the English
+from gaining a foothold north of the Bay of Fundy, but it does not
+appear that he ever incited the Indians to indulge their savage
+instincts, or that he was guilty of the duplicity and barbarity that
+have been so freely laid to the charge of the Abbe Le Loutre. It is
+evident, moreover, that the Marquis de la Galissonniere and his aides
+were particularly anxious to retain the services of Germain. He had
+been twelve or fourteen years in charge of his mission on the St.
+John, and during most of that time had labored single handed. Recently
+Father Loverja had come to stay with the Maliseets of Medoctec in
+consequence of their urgent request for a missionary, their village
+being eighteen leagues from Aukpaque, where Father Germain was
+stationed. Another missionary named Audren (or Andrein) had just
+arrived to replace Germain, who had been nominated superior of the
+house of Jesuits at Quebec. The Abbes de L'Isle-Dieu and Le Loutre
+endeavored to convince the French minister that it was very
+undesirable, under existing circumstances, that Germain should be
+removed, as he was valued and beloved by his people--French and
+Indians alike--and his services could not well be spared. There was
+no chaplain at the fort, lately re-established at the mouth of the
+river, and Loverja's age and infirmities would oblige him shortly to
+remove to Quebec. The two missionaries would then have sufficient
+occupation, especially as they would have frequently to repair on the
+one hand to Medoctec, and on the other to the garrison of Fort
+Menagoueche. In consequence of these strong objections to his
+retirement it was decided by Father Germain's superiors to allow him
+to remain at his mission.
+
+The Abbe de L'Isle-Dieu wrote the French minister, early the next
+year, that there was neither priest nor chapel at Fort Menagoueche,
+and that a missionary was needed on the lower part of the river.
+Father Germain had now for a long time been missionary to the
+Maliseets at Aukpaque (l'isle d'Ecouba) and having more than eighty
+families under his care found the fort too far removed to give due
+attention to the wants of the garrison.
+
+The situation on the St. John at this time was not viewed with
+complacency by the authorities of Nova Scotia and New England. On the
+18th October, 1753, Governor Hopson, of Nova Scotia, wrote the Lords
+of Trade and Plantations that he had been informed by Governor
+Shirley, of Massachusetts, that since the arrival of a French
+missionary at the River St. John the conduct of the inhabitants had
+altered for the worse; the French had now 100 families settled on the
+river, had greatly strengthened the old fort at its mouth with guns
+and men, and had built a new one. Fort Boishebert, some miles up the
+river armed with twenty-four guns and garrisoned by 200 regulars. He
+also says a French frigate of thirty guns lay behind Partridge Island
+waiting for a cargo of furs, and that the French seemed to be entirely
+masters of the river.
+
+It is not unlikely this statement is exaggerated, for the following
+summer Lieut.-Governor Lawrence says the French had at St. John only a
+small fort with three bad old guns, one officer and sixteen men; while
+of Indians there were 160 fighting men.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XII.
+
+THE ACADIANS BECOME THE FOOTBALL OF FORTUNE.
+
+
+As time went on the Acadians became impatient at the delay in settling
+the limits of Acadia. In vain they were annually told the boundaries
+would soon be determined, all negotiation proved fruitless. Those who
+had crossed the isthmus into what is now the County of Westmorland
+found themselves undecided as to their future course. Their
+inclination--a very natural one--seems to have been to return to the
+fields they had abandoned, but the Abbe Le Loutre urged them to remain
+under French rule as the only way of enjoying unmolested the
+privileges of their religion. For their encouragement and protection
+Fort Beausejour was erected.
+
+In the month of January, 1754, Lieut.-Governor Lawrence informed the
+Lords of Trade that the French were hard at work making settlements on
+the St. John and were offering great inducements to the Acadians of
+the peninsula to join them. He could not prevent some families from
+going, but the greater part were too much attached to their lands to
+leave them. In the opinion of Lawrence it was absolutely necessary,
+for the development and control of Acadia as an English colony, that
+the forts of Beausejour and the mouth of the River St. John should be
+destroyed, and the French driven from the settlements they were
+establishing north of the Bay of Fundy. Although the Indians had
+committed no hostilities for two years, he believed no dependence
+could be placed on their quietude so long as the French were allowed
+to exercise their disturbing influence among them.
+
+Lawrence now began to consult with the Governor of Massachusetts, Sir
+William Shirley, about the removal of the Acadians from Chignecto and
+the River St. John. He proposed that two thousand troops should be
+raised in New England, which with the regular troops already in Nova
+Scotia would be sufficient for the business, the command of the
+expedition to be given to Colonel Robert Monckton. It was intended the
+expedition should sail from Boston about the 20th of April, but it was
+delayed more than a month awaiting the arrival of arms from England,
+and it was not until early in June that it arrived at Chignecto. To
+aid the expedition Captain Rous[32] was sent with a small squadron to
+the Bay of Fundy. The details of the seige of Fort Beausejour need not
+here be given, suffice it to say that after four days' bombardment the
+Sieur de Vergor was obliged, on the 16th June, to surrender to Colonel
+Monckton.
+
+   [32] Capt. John Rous in his early career commanded a Boston
+        privateer. Having distinguished himself in several minor
+        expeditions, he commanded the Massachusetts galley "Shirley,"
+        of 24 guns, at the first seige of Louisbourg, and bore the
+        news of the surrender to England, where as a reward for his
+        gallant services he was made a captain in the Royal Navy. He
+        commanded the Sutherland of 50 guns, at the second seige of
+        Louisbourg, and was with Wolfe in 1759 at the seige of Quebec.
+        It was from his ship Wolfe issued his last order before
+        storming the heights. Capt. Rous died at
+
+Captain Rous, with three twenty-gun ships and a sloop, immediately
+sailed for St. John, where it was reported the French had two ships of
+thirty-six guns each. He anchored outside the harbor and sent his
+boats to reconnoitre. They found no French ships and on their
+appearance Boishebert, the officer in command of the fort, burst his
+cannon, blew up his magazine, burned everything he could and marched
+off. The next morning the Indians invited Captain Rous ashore and gave
+him the strongest assurances of their desire to make peace with the
+English, saying that they had refused to assist the French.
+
+A few weeks after Boishebert had been thus obliged to abandon Fort
+Menagouche there occurred the tragic event known as the "Acadian
+Expulsion." The active agents employed by Lawrence and Shirley in this
+transaction were Colonel Monckton and his subordinates, of whom
+Lieut.-Colonel John Winslow and Capt. Murray were the most actively
+engaged. These officers evidently had little relish for the task
+imposed on them. Winslow in his proclamation to the inhabitants of
+Grand Pre, Minas, etc., says: "The duty I am now upon, though
+necessary, is very disagreeable to my natural make and temper." The
+hostility of the New England troops to the Acadians added to the
+difficulties of their officers. Murray wrote to Winslow: "You know our
+soldiers hate them, and if they can find a pretence to kill them they
+will."
+
+Of recent years there has been much controversy concerning the
+expulsion of the Acadians and widely differing opinions have been
+expressed on the one hand by Parkman, Murdoch, Hannay, Hind and Aikins
+and on the other by Casgrain, Richard, Porier, Gaudet and Savary. Upon
+the merits of this controversy it is not necessary to enter, and it
+will be more in keeping with our present subject to refer to the
+Acadian Expulsion only as it concerns the history of events on the
+River St. John.
+
+The position of the Sieur de Boishebert after the capture of
+Beausejour and the fort at St. John was a very embarassing one. His
+letter to the Chevalier de Drucour, who commanded at Louisbourg, is of
+interest in this connection.
+
+  "At the River St. John, 10 October, 1755.
+
+  "Monsieur,--As the enemy has constantly occupied the route of
+  communication since the fall of Beausejour, I have not had the
+  honor of informing you of the state of affairs at this place.
+
+  "I was compelled to abandon the fort--or rather the buildings--that
+  I occupied on the lower part of the river in accordance with
+  orders that I had received in case of being attacked. I have beaten
+  a retreat as far as the narrows (detroits) of the river, from
+  which the enemy has retired, not seeing any advantage sufficient
+  to warrant an attempt to drive me from thence.
+
+  "I have succeeded, sir, in preventing the inhabitants of this
+  place from falling under the domination of the English.
+
+  "Monsieur de Vaudreuil, approving this manoeuvre, has directed me
+  to establish a temporary camp (camp volant) sit such place as I
+  may deem most suitable. Even were I now to go to Quebec he could
+  not give me any assistance, all the troops and militia being in
+  the field.
+
+  "I received on the 16th of August a letter from the principal
+  inhabitants living in the vicinity of Beausejour beseeching me to
+  come to their assistance. I set out the 20th with a detachment of
+  125 men, French and Indians."
+
+Shortly after his arrival at the French settlements on the Petitcodiac,
+Boishebert had a sharp engagement with a party of New England troops
+who had been sent there to burn the houses of the Acadians and who
+were about to set fire to their chapel. The conflict occurred near
+Hillsboro, the shiretown of Albert county, and resulted in a loss to
+the English of one officer and five or six soldiers killed, and a
+lieutenant and ten soldiers wounded, while Boishebert's loss was one
+Indian killed and three wounded. He returned shortly afterwards to
+the River St. John accompanied by thirty destitute families with whom
+he was obliged to share the provisions sent him from Quebec.
+
+Evidently the Marquis de Vaudreuil relied much upon the sagacity and
+courage of his lieutenant on the St. John river in the crisis that had
+arisen in Acadia. In his letter to the French colonial minister, dated
+the 18th October, 1755, he writes that the English were now masters of
+Fort Beausejour and that Boishebert, the commander of the River St.
+John, had burnt his fort, not being able to oppose the descent of the
+enemy. He had given him orders to hold his position on the river and
+supplies had been sent him for the winter. He hoped that Father
+Germain, then at Quebec, would return without delay to his Indian
+mission and act in concert with Boishebert. The marquis summarises his
+reasons for wishing to maintain the post on the River St. John as
+follows:--
+
+  "1. As long as I hold this river and have a detachment of troops
+  there I retain some hold upon Acadia for the King, and the English
+  cannot say that they have forced the French to abandon it.
+
+  2. I am assured of the fidelity of the Acadians and the Indians,
+  who otherwise might think themselves abandoned and might yield to
+  the English.
+
+  3. Mon. de Boishebert will rally the Acadians from far and near
+  and will try to unite them and their families in one body. These
+  Acadians, so reunited, will be compelled for their own security
+  actively to resist the enemy if he presents himself.
+
+  4. Mon. de Boishebert will in like manner be engaged rallying the
+  savages and forming of them a body equally important, and by
+  corresponding with M. Manach, the missionary at Miramichi, will be
+  able, in case of necessity, to unite the savages of that mission
+  to his own in opposing the advance of the enemy.
+
+  5. He will be able constantly to have spies at Beausejour and
+  Halifax, and to take some prisoners who will inform him of the
+  situation and strength of the English.
+
+  6. He will be able to organize parties of Acadians and savages to
+  harras the enemy continually and hinder his obtaining firewood for
+  the garrison at Beausejour (Fort Cumberland).
+
+  7. By holding the River St. John I can at all times have news from
+  Louisbourg."
+
+The Marquis adds that even if France failed to establish her claim to
+the territory north of the Bay of Fundy and should be forced to
+abandon it he hoped, by the aid of Boishebert and the missionaries, to
+withdraw the Acadians and their Indian allies to Canada. The Acadians
+north of the isthmus he estimated were about two thousand (perhaps
+3,000 would have been nearer the truth) of whom seven hundred were
+capable of bearing arms. "It would be vexatious," adds the Marquis,
+"if they should pass to the English."
+
+After Boishebert was forced to retire from the mouth of the River St.
+John he established himself at a "detroit," or "narrows," up the
+river, where he constructed a small battery, two guns of a calibre of
+2L., and twelve swivel guns. The following summer he entertained no
+fears as to his security. He had made an intrenchment in a favorable
+situation and hoped if the English should venture an attack to have
+the best of it. "I have particularly recommended him," writes the
+governor, "not to erect any fortifications which might in case of some
+unfortunate event be hurtful to us, to retain always a way of retreat
+and to use every effort to harass the enemy ceaselessly, day and
+night, until he shall have reduced him to the stern necessity of
+re-embarking."
+
+There are but two places on the lower St. John to which the word
+"detroit" could apply, namely the "Narrows" just above Indiantown,
+near the mouth of the river, and the narrows at "Evandale," a little
+above the mouth of the Bellisle[33]; the latter is the more
+probable location. The situation as a point of observation and for
+defence of the settlements above could not be excelled, while at the
+same time it was not sufficiently near the sea to attract attention on
+the part of an English cruiser. It is therefore quite probable that
+the old fort at Worden's, erected during the war of 1812, the remains
+of which are in a fair state of preservation and are often visited by
+tourists, was built on the site occupied by Boishebert's "Camp
+Volant" of 1755, afterwards fortified by him and for some little time
+his headquarters.
+
+   [33] See under "Nid d'Aigle," Ganong's Place-Nomenclature of New
+        Brunswick, p. 257. D'Anville's map of 1755 shows here
+        "Etabliss't. Francois," signifying French Post or Settlement.
+        See observations already made at page 91.
+
+From the month of October to the end of December, 1755, nearly seven
+thousand of the unfortunate Acadians were removed from their homes and
+dispersed amongst the American colonies along the Atlantic seaboard as
+far south as Georgia and the Carolinas. A fleet of two ships, three
+snows, and a brigantine, under convoy of the "Baltimore" sloop of war,
+sailed from Annapolis Royal on the morning of the 8th December. On
+board the fleet were 1,664 exiles of all ages whose destinations were
+Massachusetts, Connecticut, New York and South Carolina. One of the
+snows[34] had her mainmast broken in a heavy gale just before her
+arrival at Annapolis and Charles Belliveau, a ship-builder and
+navigator of experience, was employed to replace the broken mast,
+which he did in a workmanlike manner; but upon his claiming payment
+for the job the captain laughed in his face. Belliveau, indignant at
+such treatment, seized his axe to cut down the mast and this brought
+the captain to terms.
+
+   [34] A snow was a vessel similar to a brig; the Marquis de Vaudreull
+        says the one above referred to was a Portuguese vessel.
+
+It chanced that shortly afterwards Belliveau and a number of his
+unfortunate compatriots (32 families, 225 persons in all) were placed
+on board this vessel to be transported to South Carolina. The
+"Baltimore" only went as far as New York and the snow, with Belliveau
+and his friends on board, was left to pursue the rest of her voyage
+unattended; not, however, without a parting caution on the part of the
+commander of the "Baltimore" to her captain to be careful, for amongst
+his captives were same good seamen. This advice was not heeded as the
+sequel will show.
+
+The voyage proved a tedious one and from time to time small parties of
+the Acadians were allowed on deck for air and exercise. A plot was
+laid to seize the ship. Accordingly six of the stoutest and boldest
+lay in readiness, and when those on deck were ordered below and the
+hatchway opened to allow them to descend, Belliveau and his friends
+sprang from the hold and in the twinkling of an eye were engaged in a
+desperate struggle with the crew. Reinforced by those who followed,
+the master of the vessel and his crew of eight men were soon
+overpowered and tied fast.
+
+Belliveau, the leader of the spirited encounter, now took the helm and
+the course of the ship was reversed. Under full sail she careened to
+the wind until her former master cried to Belliveau that he would
+certainly break the main mast. He replied: "No fear of that; I made it
+and it is a good one."
+
+In due time the vessel reached the Bay of Fundy without other
+adventure than a trifling conflict with an English privateer, which
+was beaten off without loss. The French soon after released and put on
+shore the English captain and his crew, and on the 8th day of January
+anchored safely in the harbor of St John.[35]
+
+   [35] The incident related above is mentioned by several writers,
+        French and English, but the details were gathered by Placide
+        P. Gaudet about twenty years ago from an old Acadian of
+        remarkable memory and intelligence, whose grandfather was a
+        brother of Charles Belliveau.
+
+The names of most of the families who arrived at St. John in this ship
+have been preserved, including those of Charles Belliveau, Charles
+Dugas, Denis St. Sceine, Joseph Guilbault, Pierre Gaudreau, Denis St.
+Sceine, jr., M. Boudrault and two families of Grangers.
+
+Charles Belliveau, the hero of the adventure just related, was born at
+the Cape at Port Royal about 1696; he married in 1717 Marie Madeleine
+Granger and had eight children whose descendants today are numerous.
+
+On the 8th of February, 1756, an English schooner entered the harbor
+of St. John, under French colors, having on board a party of Rangers
+disguised as French soldiers. Governor Lawrence writes to Shirley: "I
+had hopes by such a deceit, not only to discover what was doing there
+but to bring off some of the St. John's Indians. The officer found
+there an English ship, one of our transports that sailed from
+Annapolis Royal with French Inhabitants aboard bound for the continent
+(America), but the inhabitants had risen upon the master and crew and
+carried the ship into that harbor; our people would have brought her
+off, but by an accident they discovered themselves too soon, upon
+which the French set fire to the ship."
+
+We learn from French sources that on this occasion the captain of the
+English vessel made some French signals and sent his shallop on shore
+with four French deserters, who announced that they had come from
+Louisbourg with supplies and that other ships were on their way with
+the design of re-establishing the fort at the mouth of the river and
+so frustrating a similar design on the part of the English. The story
+seemed so plausible that an unlucky Acadian went on board the ship to
+pilot her to her anchorage, but no sooner was he on board than the
+captain hoisted his own proper flag and discharged his artillery upon
+the people collected on shore. Belliveau and the people who had lately
+escaped transportation to South Carolina were living in huts on shore
+and perceiving that the English were approaching with the design of
+carrying off the vessel in which they had escaped, they succeeded in
+landing some swivel guns and having placed them in a good position
+made so lively a fire upon the enemy that they soon abandoned the idea
+of a descent and returned to Annapolis Royal.
+
+The sole result, of this bit of strategy seems to have been the
+capture of one poor Frenchman from whom the English learned that the
+Indians had gone, some to Passamaquoddy and others with Boishebert to
+Cocagne, also that there was "a French officer and about 20 men
+twenty-three miles up the River at a place called St. Anns."
+
+The Indians who had gone to Passamaquoddy managed to surprise at night
+a large schooner lying at anchor in Harbor L'Elang, bound from Boston
+to Annapolis Royal with provisions for the garrison. The schooner
+carried six guns and had on board a crew of ten men besides her
+captain and an artillery officer of the Annapolis garrison. The vessel
+was carried to St. John and hidden on the lower part of the river. The
+savages pillaged her so completely that on her arrival there remained
+only a small quantity of bacon and a little rum. The prisoners were
+sent by Boishebert to Canada along with others captured on various
+occasions.
+
+The Acadian refugees continued to come to the River St. John in
+increasing numbers, and Boishebert and the missionaries soon found
+themselves reduced to sore straits in their endeavors to supply them
+with the necessaries of life. The Marquis de Vaudreuil was determined
+to hold the St. John river country as long as possible. He wrote the
+French minister, June 1, 1756: "I shall not recall M. de Boishebert
+nor the missionaries, nor withdraw the Acadians into the heart of the
+colony until the last extremity, and when it shall be morally
+impossible to do better." It was his intention to send provisions and
+munitions of war to the Acadians and Indians.
+
+Boishebert was endeavoring at this time, with the approval of the
+Marquis de Vaudreuil, to draw as many of the Acadians as possible to
+the River St. John and to induce them to oppose any advance on the
+part of the English. The French commander, however, soon found his
+position an exceedingly difficult one. After sending many families to
+Quebec and to the Island of St. John he had still six hundred people,
+besides the Indians, to provide for during the winter, and many
+refugees from Port Royal and elsewhere desired to come to the River
+St. John. The number of Acadians dependent on him received additions
+from time to time by the arrival of exiles returning from the south.
+In the month of June five families numbering fifty persons, arrived
+from Carolina and told Boishebert that eighty others were yet to
+arrive.
+
+The difficulties surmounted by these poor people in the pathetic
+endeavor to return to their old firesides seem almost incredible. A
+small party of Acadians of the district of Beaubassin, at the head of
+the Bay of Fundy, were transported to South Carolina. They traveled
+thence on foot to Fort Du Quesne (now Pittsburg) from which place they
+were transported to Quebec. One might have thought they would have
+been well satisfied to have remained there, but no, so great was their
+attachment to their beloved Acadia that they would not rest content
+until they had arrived at the River St. John.
+
+The idea that dominated the Marquis de Vaudreuil in providing these
+unfortunates with the necessaries of life seems to have been to
+utilize their services for the defence of Canada. "It would not be
+proper," he says, "that they should be at the charges of the King
+without giving tangible proof of their zeal for the service of his
+majesty." The governor not being able to provide for all the refugees
+at the River St. John, on account of the difficulty of transporting
+supplies by way of Temiscouata, gave directions to the Sieur de
+Boishebert to send to Miramichi the families he could not subsist on
+the St. John. The number of Acadians at Miramichi soon amounted to
+3,500 persons.
+
+The ensuing winter proved most trying to the destitute Acadians. The
+harvest had been extremely poor. In some cases the old inhabitants had
+nothing to live upon but the grain needed for seeding in the spring
+time. The conditions at Miramichi were probably not more wretched than
+on the River St. John. Of the former the Marquis de Vaudreuil writes
+in the following plaintive terms:----
+
+"This part of Acadia holds out for the King although reduced to the
+most wretched state. Although ourselves in want, M. Bigot has sent a
+vessel with provisions to Miramichi, but she has unfortunately been
+delayed on the way by head winds. The misery of the Acadians there is
+so great that Boishebert has been compelled to reduce their allowance
+to ten pounds of peas and twelve pounds of meat per month, and it
+would have been further reduced had not forty bullocks been brought
+from Petitcodiac. This was the allowance for the month of January and,
+the fishery being exhausted, he could not hope to have the same
+resource the months following. In a word the Acadian mothers see their
+babes die at the breast not having wherewith to nourish them. The
+majority of the people cannot appear abroad for want of clothes to
+cover their nakedness. Many have died. The number of the sick is
+considerable, and those convalescent cannot regain their strength on
+account of the wretched quality of their food, being often under the
+necessity of eating horse meat extremely lean, sea-cow, and skins of
+oxen. Such is the state of the Acadians.
+
+"The intendant, M. Bigot, is going to send a ship, as soon as the ice
+breaks, to carry such supplies as we can furnish them. Unless some
+assistance is sent by sea, the lands, cattle, and effects hidden in
+the woods must all be sacrificed, and the Acadians obliged to go
+elsewhere."
+
+At the beginning of the year 1756, the governors of Massachusetts and
+Nova Scotia discussed the situation of affairs on the St. John river,
+and agreed that steps must be taken as soon as possible to dislodge
+the French.
+
+In one of his letters to Governor Lawrence, Shirley observes, "I look
+upon dispossessing the French of the St. John River, and fortifying
+it, to be necessary for securing the Bay of Fundy and the Peninsula
+against attempts from Canada. * * * If I am rightly informed, nothing
+hath yet been done towards it, except making a visit up the River as
+far as the lower Fort, near the mouth of it, upon which the French
+abandoned it, having first destroyed the stores and burst the cannon,
+and there still remain the settlements they have above that Fort, by
+means of which they keep the Indians inhabiting it in a dependence
+upon them, and have a passage across a carrying place into the River
+Patcotyeak (Petitcodiac) whereby a communication may be maintained
+between St. John's River and Cape Breton across the Gulf of St.
+Lawrence." In another letter Shirley wrote that it was essential the
+French should be dislodged from the St. John and their settlements
+broken up, since, if suffered to remain, they would soon be very
+strong and able to maintain communication by the river with Canada,
+depriving the English of the fur trade upon it and maintaining
+absolute control of the Indians.
+
+The Indians were at this time decidedly hostile to the English and
+Lawrence determined to wage against them a merciless warfare.
+Accordingly, with the advice and approval of his council, he issued a
+proclamation offering a reward of L30 for every Indian warrior brought
+in alive, a reward of L25 for the scalp of every male Indian above the
+age of sixteen years, and for every woman or child brought in alive
+the sum of L25; these rewards to be paid by the commanding officer at
+any of His Majesty's Forts in the Province on receiving the prisoners
+or scalps.
+
+This cold-blooded and deliberately issued proclamation of the chief
+magistrate of Nova Scotia and his council can scarcely be excused on
+the plea that the Abbe Le Loutre and other French leaders had at
+various times rewarded their savage allies for bringing in the scalps
+of Englishmen. As for the savages, they had, at least, the apology
+that they made war in accordance with the manner of their race,
+whereas the proclamation of the Governor of Nova Scotia was unworthy
+of an enlightened people. Nothing could be better calculated to lower
+and brutalize the character of a soldier than the offer of L25 for a
+human scalp.
+
+About this time, two of the New England regiments were disbanded and
+returned to their homes, their period of enlistment having expired,
+and the difficulty of obtaining other troops prevented anything being
+attempted on the St. John for a year or two. Lawrence and Shirley,
+however, continued to discuss the details of the proposed expedition.
+Both governors seem to have had rather vague ideas of the number of
+the Acadians on the river and the situation of their settlements.
+Shirley says he learned from the eastern Indians and New England
+traders that their principal settlement was about ninety miles up the
+river at a place called St. Annes, six miles below the old Indian town
+of Aukpaque. He thought that 800 or 1,000 men would be a force
+sufficient to clear the river of the enemy and that after they were
+driven from their haunts the English would do well to establish a
+garrison of 150 men at St. Annes, in order to prevent the return of
+the French and to overawe the Indians. He also recommended that the
+fort at the mouth of the river, lately abandoned by Boishebert, should
+be rebuilt and a garrison of 50 men placed there.
+
+During the years that followed the expulsion of the Acadians
+occasional parties of the exiles, returning from the south, arrived at
+the River St. John, where they waited to see what the course of
+events might be. Their condition was truly pitiable. Some had
+journeyed on foot or by canoe through an unexplored wilderness;
+others, from the far away Carolinas, having procured small vessels,
+succeeded in creeping furtively along the Atlantic coast from one
+colony to another until they reached the Bay of Fundy; and thus the
+number of the Acadians continued to increase until Boishebert had more
+than a thousand people under his care. Some of them he sent to Canada,
+for his forces were insufficient for their protection, and his
+supplies were scanty.
+
+The locations of the French settlements on the river at this period
+are described in detail in Dr. Ganong's "Historic Sites in New
+Brunswick." The largest settlement, and that farthest up the St. John,
+was at St. Annes Point, where the City of Fredericton stands today.
+Here the Acadians had cleared 600 or 700 acres of land and built a
+thriving village with a little chapel (near the site of Government
+House) and probably there was a sprinkling of houses along the river
+as far up as the Indian village of Aukpaque, six miles above. Their
+next settlement was at the mouth of the Oromocto, where 300 acres of
+land had been cleared. A very old settlement existed near the
+abandoned fort at the mouth of the Jemseg, but its growth had been
+retarded by the annoyances of the spring freshets and many of the
+inhabitants had been obliged to remove. There was an important
+settlement on the site now occupied by the village of Gagetown and
+houses were scattered along the river for several miles below. Another
+small settlement existed above the mouth of the Bellisle, and there
+may have been a few inhabitants at the mouth of the Nerepis where
+stood Fort Boishebert. At St. John the French had cleared some land on
+the west side of the harbor, and in Bruce's map of 1761 the places
+cleared are marked as "gardens," but it is probable that the
+inhabitants abandoned them and fled up the river in 1755 when their
+fort, "Menagoueche," was destroyed by Captain Rous.
+
+In the year 1756 England declared war against France and the capture
+of Louisbourg was proposed. The governor of Canada ordered Boishebert
+to hold himself in readiness to aid in its defence, and he accordingly
+proceeded to Cape Breton with a force of 100 Acadians and Canadians
+and about 250 Indians, many of them Maliseets of the River St. John.
+The latter did not go very willingly, for they had been reduced to so
+great a state of misery in consequence of not receiving the supplies
+they had expected from the French that they had entered into peace
+negotiations with the English. However by means of harangues and
+promises Boishebert contrived to bring them with him.
+
+The Chevalier de Drucour, the commander at Louisbourg, urged the
+French minister to send at once presents and supplies for the savages.
+"These people," he observes, "are very useful in the kind of warfare
+we are making, but unless we act towards them as they have been led to
+expect I will not answer that we shall have them with us next year."
+He urges the French minister to send him some medals for distribution.
+The distinction of possessing one was very highly prized and often
+retained the fidelity of a whole village of the savages.
+
+The expected assault of Louisbourg did not take place until 1758 and
+Boishebert, who had retired to Canada, was ordered to repair thither.
+The Marquis de Montcalm wrote from Montreal to the French minister,
+April 10th, "Monsieur Boishebert, captain of troops of the colony,
+leaves in the course of a few days, if the navigation of the St.
+Lawrence is open, to proceed to the River St. John and thence to
+Louisbourg with a party of 600 men, including Canadians, Acadians and
+savages of Acadia."
+
+The governor and other officials at Quebec seem to have placed every
+confidence in the courage and capacity of Boishebert, who, it may be
+here mentioned received this year the Cross of St. Louis in
+recognition of his services in Acadia. "It is certain," writes the
+Marquis de Vaudreuil, "that if, when the former siege of Louisbourg
+took place, the governor there had agreed to the proposal to send
+Marin thither with a force of Canadians and Indians the place would
+not have fallen, and if Boishebert were now to collect 200 Acadians
+and 200 St. John river Indians and the Micmacs he would be able to
+form a camp of 600 or 700 men, and Drucour could frequently place the
+besiegers between two fires."
+
+The expectations of Montcalm and de Vaudreuil as to the usefulness of
+Boishebert's detachment in the defence of Louisbourg were doomed to
+disappointment, for Boishebert did not arrive at Louisbourg until near
+the end of the siege and with forces not one-third of the number that
+Drucour had been led to expect. Two depots of provisions had been
+placed in the woods for the use of the detachment, but the fact that
+Boishebert had only about 120 Acadians and a few Indians in addition
+to a handful of regulars, entirely frustrated Drucour's design of
+harrassing the attacking English by a strong demonstration in their
+rear. About twenty of Boishebert's Indians were engaged in a skirmish
+with the English and two of their chiefs having fallen the rest were
+so discouraged that they returned to their villages. Boishebert
+himself had a few unimportant skirmishes with outlying parties of the
+English, and then came the news of the surrender of Louisbourg. He
+immediately sent away the sick of his detachment, set fire to a
+thousand cords of wood and a quantity of coal to prevent its falling
+into the hands of the enemy, and on the 29th July set out on his
+return to the St. John river. The English made a lively but fruitless
+pursuit.
+
+Boishebert left his sick at Miramichi, and having sent sixty
+prisoners, whom he had taken on various occasions, to Quebec, he then
+took part in an expedition against Fort George, on the coast of Maine,
+where he gained more honor than at the seige of Louisbourg.[36] He
+returned to Quebec in November, and about the same time there was an
+exodus from the River St. John, both of Acadians and Indians, the
+reason for which the next chapter will explain. From this time the
+Sieur de Boishebert ceases to be an actor in the events on the St.
+John, and becomes merely an on-looker.
+
+   [36] The Chevalier Johnson writes, "Boishebert came early in the
+        Spring to Louisbourg with several hundred men, 12 Canadian
+        Officers and 6 others from the garrison of Louisbourg; and he
+        kept his detachment with such prudence so concealed at Miry
+        during the siege, five leagues from Louisbourg, that neither
+        the English nor the garrison had ever any news of them."
+
+[Illustration: MAJOR GENERAL ROBERT MONCKTON.]
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIII.
+
+THE ENGLISH TAKE POSSESSION OF THE RIVER ST. JOHN.
+
+
+The territory north of the Bay of Fundy, which now forms the Province
+of New Brunswick, was for nearly half a century a bone of contention
+between the French and their English rivals. It might indeed be said
+that from the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713 to the Treaty of Paris in 1763
+the controversy continued to disturb the peace of Europe. Sometimes
+the points at issue were warmly debated at the council board, where
+the representatives of either nation vainly tried to settle the limits
+of Acadia, and sometimes they were yet more fiercely disputed amidst
+the clash of arms and bloody scenes of the battle field.
+
+But as years passed on, and the growing power of the English colonies
+began to overshadow that of "La Nouvelle France," it seemed that the
+Anglo-Saxon race must in the end prevail. The policy of the governors
+of Nova Scotia and New England became more and more aggressive. In
+vain did the valiant Montcalm, as late as the year 1758, represent to
+his country that in fixing the limits of New France it was essential
+to retain possession of what the English claimed as Acadia as far as
+the Isthmus of Chignecto, and to retake Beausejour; also that France
+should keep possession of the River St. John or, at least, leave the
+territory there undivided and in the possession of its native
+inhabitants: no such compromise as this would now satisfy the
+English.
+
+Louisbourg surrendered to General Amherst on the 26th July, 1758, and
+a few weeks later Colonel Monckton was sent with a body of troops,
+flushed with their success, to drive the hapless Acadians from their
+settlements on the River St. John. The particulars connected with this
+expedition are found in an unpublished document, of which the original
+is in the Public Record Office in London, entitled "Report of the
+Proceedings of the Troops on the Expedition up St. John's River in the
+Bay of Fundy under the command of Colonel Monckton."[37]
+
+   [37] For a copy of this valuable paper I am indebted to Dr. W. F.
+        Ganong. The name of Monckton is preserved in that of the
+        second largest town of the province.
+
+As Monckton was the principal agent in an event of such historic
+importance to us as the permanent occupation of the St. John river, a
+few words may very properly be devoted to him.
+
+Robert Monckton was the second son of John, first Viscount Galway, by
+his wife Lady Elizabeth Manners, youngest daughter of the Duke of
+Rutland. He began his military career in Flanders in 1742, where he
+fought in several battles. Later he came out to America, and in 1752
+we find him in charge of the garrison of Fort Lawrence, keeping watch
+over the French stronghold of Beausejour, across the Misseguash. A
+little later he was commandant of the garrison of Annapolis Royal. He
+commanded the English forces at the reduction of Beausejour, in June,
+1755. The year following he was appointed Lieutenant Governor of Nova
+Scotia. He commanded the 4th battalion of the 60th regiment, or "Royal
+Americans," at the siege of Louisbourg, and in 1759 served as second
+in command to Wolfe at the taking of Quebec, on which occasion he was
+conspicuous for his bravery and was severely wounded. A year or two
+later he was Governor of New York. In the course of time he attained
+the rank of lieutenant-general in the army, and at his death, in 1782,
+was a member for Portsmouth in the British Parliament.
+
+Among those who, in a subordinate capacity, rendered essential service
+in the expedition to the River St. John none was more conspicuous than
+our old friend, Captain Cobb, of the Province sloop "York;" a few
+words may fittingly be devoted to him.
+
+Sylvanus Cobb was born in Plymouth, New England, in 1709. Shortly
+before the capture of Louisbourg by Sir Wm. Pepperrell, in 1745, he
+raised a company in his native town for Colonel Gorham's regiment and
+served with credit during the operations of the seige. He was
+subsequently in command of a small armed vessel employed by
+Government to cruise in the Bay of Fundy. After Halifax was founded,
+in 1749, he was employed by Governor Cornwallis and his successors
+for nearly ten years as master of the Provincial armed sloop "York."
+When at Louisbourg in 1758 he was selected by Monckton to conduct
+Wolfe to reconnoitre the fortress previous to an assault. As they
+sailed up the harbor no one was allowed to stand on deck but Wolfe at
+the fore-sheet and Cobb at the helm. The shot flew thickly around
+them, and Wolfe at length signified that they had approached as near
+to the fortifications as was necessary, but Cobb made yet another
+tack, eliciting Wolfe's admiration and the remark, "Well, Cobb! I
+shall never again doubt but you will carry me near enough." Capt. Cobb
+lived for some years at Liverpool, N. S. He died of fever in 1762
+while serving in an expedition against Havana, and is said to have
+expressed his regret that he had not met a soldier's death at the
+cannon's mouth. His descendants in Queens county, N. S., are
+numerous.
+
+The troops that accompanied Colonel Monckton to the River St. John
+included several New England companies of Rangers under captains
+McCurdy, Brewer, Goreham and Stark, a detachment of artillery, the 2nd
+battalion of the Royal American Regiment[38] and the 35th regiment of
+light infantry. The troops embarked on board the transport ships
+"Isabella," "Wade," "Alexander the Second," "Viscount Falmouth," "Lord
+Bleakeney," the sloops "York" and "Ulysses" and other vessels, under
+convoy of the "Squirrel" man-of-war. Vessels and troops had lately
+returned from the siege of Louisbourg.
+
+   [38] The Royal American Regiment, or 60th Regiment of Foot, was
+        raised in America about 1756 or 1757. It was commanded by Maj.
+        Gen. James Abercrombie, who was succeeded by Gen. Sir Jeffrey
+        Amherst in February, 1758. The corps included four battalions
+        each of 1,000 men. Robert Monckton was appointed colonel in
+        the regiment Sept. 28, 1757. (See Murdoch's Hist. Nova Scotia,
+        Vol. 2, p. 329.)
+
+The fleet sailed from Halifax on Monday the 11th September and on the
+18th anchored off Partridge Island sending in Cobb and Rogers[39] with
+their sloops to reconnoitre. They proceeded up the harbor and on their
+return reported that they had seen only two or three people. However,
+Monckton learned later that there were more than two hundred Indians
+in ambush at the mouth of the river when the English landed, but
+their chief, overawed by the strength of the invaders, would not
+suffer them to fire and retired with them up the river, and "upon
+their return to Oauckpack (their settlement about two leagues above
+St. Anns) Pere Germain, their priest, expecting, as he termed it,
+'Quelque coup de Trahison' from them, marched them off for Canada."
+
+   [39] Capt. Jeremiah Rogers commanded the armed sloop "Ulysses" in the
+        pay of the Government of Nova Scotia, as early as January,
+        1751.
+
+The next day the fleet anchored in the harbor and Monckton sent Cobb
+with his sloop to Chignecto for some Acadian prisoners to serve as
+pilots up the river, also for some whale boats and Captain Benoni
+Danks company of Rangers.
+
+We come now to a day worthy to be held in remembrance--the memorable
+20th of September, 1759--when the control of the River St. John passed
+finally into the hands of Great Britain and a permanent English
+settlement was made upon the shores of our harbor, Monckton's journal
+contains a brief record of the event:
+
+  "Sep'br. ye 20th.--Made the Signal for Landing about nine and soon
+  after landed near the Old Fort, with as many Men as the Boats
+  could take, being about 400. Met with no opposition. The 2d.
+  Division being landed I sent off Maj'r Scott with about 300 Light
+  Infantry and Rangers to make discovery and advanced the two
+  companys of Grenadiers to support him in case of necessity. The
+  Maj'r returned, having been above the Falls; he found some few
+  Tracks but not the least signs of any Road or Path--the woods very
+  thick and bad marching. The troops being all landed I ordered the
+  Tents to be got on shore and encamped the two regiments just at
+  the back of the Fort. The Light Infantry and Rangers under Maj'r
+  Scott encamped on the Hill above."
+
+The next few days were spent in getting provisions and supplies on
+shore. The detachment of artillery and three field pieces were also
+landed. A number of exploring parties were sent out and all agreed
+that it was impracticable to proceed with the expedition by land.
+Monckton had already sent word by Capt. Rogers to Annapolis and by
+Capt. Cobb to Fort Cumberland to press into the King's service any
+sloops or schooners available to transport provisions and stores up
+the river, as the majority of his vessels were too large to attempt
+the passage of the falls. Meanwhile he determined to repair the old
+fort and work was begun upon it on the 24th September. "My reasons,"
+writes Monckton, "for fixing on this spot, though somewhat commanded
+by the Hill on the back were, that it was so much work ready done to
+our hands, the command it would have of the Harbor, the conveniency of
+landing our stores, and the great difficultys that would have attended
+its being erected further from the shore having no conveniency of
+moving our stores but by men. Besides, as the season was so far
+advanced and we had still to go up the River, I thought it best to fix
+on what would be soonest done. And in regard to the Hill that has some
+command of it, it is only with cannon, which the enemy would find
+great difficulty in bringing, and this may hereafter be remedy'd by
+erecting some small Work on it."
+
+In the construction of the works at the fort 600 men were employed
+daily until the 24th October, when the number was reduced to 300 in
+consequence of the departure of the expedition up the river to destroy
+the Acadian settlements. Capt. Cobb returned from Fort Cumberland the
+last day of September with Danks' company of Rangers, five whale boats
+and nine French prisoners. From the latter Monckton learned that it
+would have been almost impossible to have gone up the river by land,
+and that it would have been dangerous to attempt to pass the falls
+with such vessels as they had with them. Their opinion, as to the
+difficulty of passing the falls, was confirmed by observations and
+soundings made by Capt. Willock and the masters of the transports.
+
+While the fort was building, Monckton was engaged in collecting
+military stores, provisions and supplies of various kinds for which he
+sent vessels to Fort Cumberland, Annapolis, Halifax and Boston. The
+officers' barracks at Fort Frederick were erected on the 2nd of
+October and the work of building the fort made rapid progress, but it
+was not until the 21st of October that the expedition was in a
+position to proceed up the river. Even then the start was not a very
+auspicious one as we learn from Monckton's journal, in which he
+writes:--
+
+  "Having got together several sloops and schooners and victual'd
+  them, I order Cobb & Rogers to pass the Falls to cover the other
+  vessels as they might be able to get through. They accordingly get
+  under way. Cobb being the headmost passes the Narrows, but is too
+  late to get over the Falls and obliged to come too in a little
+  cove below. The Ulysses, Capt. Rogers, in passing the Narrows
+  strikes on a Rock, and is drove by the Tide into a creek above
+  Cobb where the vessell sunk in a short time, and it was with great
+  difficulty the Light Infantry who were in her and crew were saved.
+  Upon hearing this and that Cobb did not lay very safe I ordered
+  him down again and very luckily for at Low Water he would have
+  struck on the Rocks."
+
+The captain of the man of war "Squirrel" endeavored to raise the
+"Ulysses" but was forced to abandon the attempt and she proved a total
+wreck.
+
+Having at length got all the smaller vessels safely above the falls
+and the troops on board, with provisions for a fortnight, Monckton
+himself embarked in Capt. Cobb's sloop "York," leaving Captain Bellen
+of the 35th regiment in command of the troops left behind. The force
+that proceeded up the river numbered about 1,200 men.
+
+To understand the subsequent proceedings of the expedition the reader
+will do well to refer occasionally to the accompanying plan[40] based
+on that transmitted by Monckton, along with his report, to Major
+General Amherst.
+
+   [40] The original of this plan, which is in the British Museum, was
+        made by Major Charles Morris, Surveyor General of Nova Scotia.
+        He was with Monckton at the River St. John.
+
+On the morning of the 30th October the little fleet got under sail but
+the wind being contrary little progress was made; indeed the ordnance
+sloop was very nearly sharing the fate of the "Ulysses," and only
+escaped by casting anchor in a rather perilous position just above the
+falls. Next day the vessels succeeded in crossing Grand Bay and
+anchored off "Pointe aux Tourtres,"[41] about two leagues above the
+mouth of the Nerepis. On their way they observed the remains of the
+fort built by Boishebert at Woodman's Point.
+
+   [41] This place is known as Salmon Point, but in the plan is given as
+        Pidgeon's Point.
+
+[Illustration: Sketch of St. John's Harbour, and a Part of the River.]
+
+[Illustration: "ISLE AU GARCE," OR "EMENENIC." (Now Called Caton's
+Island, in Long Reach.)]
+
+On November 1, the wind being contrary, little progress was made, and
+in the evening the "York" anchored off an island called "Isle aux
+Garces." Monckton landed on the island, which he describes as "a verry
+fine one--the wood Oak, Beech, Birch, and Walnut, and no underwood."
+This island was none other than the famous Emenenic, where some
+traders and fishermen of St. Malo had a small settlement in the year
+1611--probably the first European settlement within the confines of
+the province. It was here the Jesuit missionary, Father Biard, held
+the first religious service on the St. John river of which we have any
+record. As mentioned in a previous chapter, the Indians still call the
+island "Ah-men-hen-ik," which is almost identical in sound with
+Biard's "Emenenic," thus proving that the old Indian name has
+persisted for well-nigh three hundred years. The name "Isle au garce,"
+found in the plan of the river, is not easy of explanation. "Garce"
+may possibly be a misprint for "grace," and the name "Isle of grace"
+would harmonize very well with the French missionary's visit and
+religious services in October, 1611, but Placide P. Gaudet--who, by
+the way, is no mean authority as regards the French regime on the
+River St. John--is disposed to consider the word "garce" as
+signifying a "merry maiden." If so, the name is suggestive of an
+untold story and there is material for a romance in connection with
+our historic "Isle au garce." The island is now owned by County
+Secretary George R. Vincent. The soil is fertile, well wooded and
+excellent spring water is abundant; fine oaks grow there as in
+Monckton's day. A little cove, which may be seen in the view of the
+island a little to the right of the wood-boat, affords an excellent
+landing place.
+
+The plan of the river accompanying Colonel Monckton's report is of
+special interest on account of the curious admixture of French and
+English names. This feature is quite in harmony with the epoch which
+was one of transition. Instances today are not infrequent where the
+existing name has been translated from the French, a familiar example
+being that of the island at the mouth of St. John harbor, called by
+the French "Isle au Perdrix" and translated into the English
+"Partridge Island." Another familiar instance occurs in connection
+with Oak Point in Long Reach. Describing their progress up the river
+Monckton says, "We came too off Point aux Chaines to sound." Point aux
+Chaines in English means Oak Point, and the identity of the situation
+of Oak Point and of Monckton's Point aux Chaines is clearly shown in
+the plan of the river.
+
+Monckton describes the country along the lower part of the River St.
+John as "verry Mountainous and Rocky," but above the Bellisle
+comparatively flat and well timbered.
+
+On the evening of the 2nd November the sloop "York" came to anchor
+"under an island called the Great Island," or Long Island. Some of the
+party landed on the island where, Monckton tells us, they found
+walnuts (or butternuts) much like English walnuts.
+
+The expedition was now approaching one of the principal Acadian
+settlements and Captain Benoni Danks was sent with a party and a guide
+to try to take a prisoner in order, if possible, to obtain further
+information, but the Acadians evidently received timely warning of
+their danger and had abandoned their village.
+
+It may be mentioned, in passing, that there are some very uncomplimentary
+references to Captain Danks and his Rangers in Rev. Hugh Graham's letter
+to Rev. Dr. Brown, written at Cornwallis, N. S., in 1791.[42] See for
+example the following: "A considerable large body of the French were at
+one time surprised by a party of the Rangers on Petitcodiac River; upon
+the first alarm most of them threw themselves into the river and swam
+across, and by this ways the greatest part of them made out to elude the
+clutches of these bloody hounds, tho' some of them were shot by the
+merciless soldiery in the river. It was observed that these Rangers,
+almost without exception, closed their days in wretchedness, and
+particularly a Capt. Danks, who rode to the extreme of his commission in
+every barbarous proceeding. In the Cumberland insurrection (1776) he was
+suspected of being 'Jack on both sides of the bush,' left that place
+in a small jigger bound for Windsor, was taken ill on the passage,
+thrown down into the hold among the ballast, was taken out at Windsor
+half dead, and had little better than the burial of a dog. He lived under
+a general dislike and died without any to regret his death."
+
+   [42] This letter will be found in the Collections of the Nova Scotia
+        Historical Society, Vol. II., pp. 135-145. Many of Mr.
+        Graham's remarks savor of exaggeration and in reading the
+        extract above this fact should not be lost sight of.
+
+Saturday, the 4th of November, was an unhappy day for the poor
+Acadians living at the little village of Grimrose--the site of the
+modern village of Gagetown. The story shall be told in Monckton's own
+words:--
+
+  "Nov'br ye 4th,--The party returns without any Prisoner, having
+  been at the Village of Grimrose which they found had been but
+  lately deserted by the inhabitants.
+
+  "Give orders for landing. Having got a body of about 700 Men on
+  Shore, we march to the further end of the Village, being about a
+  league. From whence, by the tracks we found, we judged that the
+  Inhabitants had but lately retired and drove off their cattle.
+  Here we found the Lime that had been taken in a schooner in the
+  spring, which they had landed as our Pilots supposed to lighten
+  the schooner, to get her higher up or to hide her in some
+  Creeke--as they supposed that they would certainly have carry'd
+  the Lime up to St. Anns would the depth of the River have admitted
+  of it.
+
+  "It being late in the day I gave orders for Burning the Houses &
+  Barns, being in all about 50, and for destroying all the Grain, of
+  which there was a good deal, and everything else that could be of
+  the least service to the Inhabitants hereafter. Having Burnt and
+  destroyed everything we marched backe and reimbarked.
+
+  "As we were disembarking in the morning some canoes were seen
+  crossing the head of Grimerose River [Gagetown Creek], and near
+  where we landed there had lately been some Birch canoes made. Much
+  cleared Land here--Fine Country. This Village was settled by the
+  Inhabitants of Beausejour, when drove off from thence in 1755."
+
+The day following the expedition continued up the river to Isle
+Mettis, or Grimross Island. The pilots now refused to take charge of
+the vessels any higher, as they did not think there was sufficient
+water to pass. The accuracy of their judgment was soon evident. In
+attempting to proceed Capt. Cobb ran his sloop aground, and several of
+the transports had a like experience, but the bottom being sandy all
+soon got off again without damage. Monckton sent Capt. Rogers, late of
+the sloop "Ulysses," and a mate of the man-of-war "Squirrel," who had
+accompanied the expedition, to take soundings but they could find no
+practicable channel.
+
+The commanding officer now reluctantly abandoned the idea of
+proceeding on to St. Annes. He might perhaps have attempted it by
+means of whale boats if the season had not been so far advanced and
+his provisions so nearly expended. After enumerating in his journal
+the difficulties that confronted him in the event of proceeding
+further he writes, "I therefore determined to return and destroy
+everything we could on our way down." Meanwhile, by Monckton's orders,
+Captain McCurdy had been scouring the country with his rangers and had
+succeeded in killing some cattle which were divided among the
+transports.
+
+Captains Danks and Brewer were sent with their companies to burn some
+houses near what is now Upper Gagetown. After burning the houses they
+marched their troops down the "Neck" towards the village of Grimrose
+and on their way came across three or four Frenchmen who were driving
+off about forty head of cattle. The New Englanders made a dash for
+this prize, the Acadians escaped, but most of the cattle were
+destroyed.
+
+Captain McCurdy was sent by Monckton across the river to Jemseg to
+destroy all the houses and grain that he might find in that quarter
+and to kill the cattle, and these orders were duly obeyed. Monckton
+burnt the little settlement called Villeray's (about three miles below
+Gagetown), and as he came down the river sent a small party on shore
+to burn the historic settlement of the Sieur de Belleisle and his
+sons-in-law, the brothers Robichaux, just above the mouth of Belleisle
+Bay. On the 8th day of November, after an absence of ten days, he
+arrived at the place above the falls where the troops had embarked.
+
+Colonel Monckton evidently was not very much elated at the success of
+his expedition, for a few days after his return he wrote to Lieut.
+Governor De Lancey of New York: "I am sorry I can't give you a better
+acct. of our Proceedings up this River. But it was attended with so
+many unavoidable delays and impediments that we were only able to go
+up about 23 Leagues, which is above 10 Leagues short of St.
+Annes--where, if we had been able to have reached, it is by very
+certain accounts of no consequence, being only a Village and not the
+least signs of a fort.
+
+"We burnt one village and some straggling Houses and destroyed
+everything that could be the least serviceable to them, so that I
+should think that they will in the spring be obliged to retire to
+Canada. The River, after passing the Falls, is as fine a River as ever
+I saw, and when you get up about 10 Leagues the country is level, with
+fine woods of Oak, Beech, Birch and Walnut, and no underwood and the
+land able to produce anything. We have just finished a pretty good
+fort here, where the old French Fort stood, which will be a footing
+for anything that may be thought proper to be undertaken hereafter."
+
+The Marquis de Vaudreuil, governor general of Canada, was not ignorant
+of Monckton's operations on the River St. John, but he was in no
+position to make any effectual resistance. In his letter to the French
+minister of November 5, 1758, he states that the English were engaged
+in rebuilding the old Fort at Menagoueche; the Indians of the River
+St. John had retired with the Rev. Father Germain, their missionary to
+Canada, where Bigot, the intendant, had provided for their wintering,
+and the greater part of the Acadians had also retired to Canada.
+
+During Colonel Monckton's absence up the river work was continued at
+the fort, so that it must have been nearly finished at the time of his
+return. It received the name of Fort Frederick, and the remains of its
+ramparts may still be seen at "Old Fort" in Carleton.
+
+In the plan of St. John harbor made by Colonel Robert Morse of the
+Royal Engineers in 1784, there is an outline of Fort Frederick very
+nearly identical as regards situation and general form with the sketch
+of Fort Menagoueche (or "Fort de la Riviere de St. Jean") made in
+October, 1700, by the Sieur de Villieu.[43] We have further proof of
+an interesting nature that the situation and general plan of the new
+fort was identical with the old French fort in one of the letters of
+the Marquis de Vaudreuil, in which he tells us that about the time
+Fort Frederick was nearing completion a French Canadian, kept there
+as a prisoner, made his escape, and on his return to Canada described
+the new fort as exactly the same size as the old but much stronger,
+the terraces being at least ten feet in thickness, and upon the
+terraces were palisades ten feet high in the form of "chevaux de
+frise." The Frenchman had counted 18 cannons mounted of a calibre of
+18L., and the English had told him they expected to mount in all 30
+cannons of 20L. and of 18L.
+
+   [43] The plan of Villieu appears in Dr. Ganong's Historic Sites in
+        New Brunswick, p. 279.
+
+On the 11th November Colonel Monckton sent Major Scott to Petitcodiac
+with the Light Infantry and Rangers in quest of a French privateer
+that had been at the St. John river and which, with one of her prizes,
+was said to have taken shelter there. He was directed to seize the
+vessels and bring them off, together with any of the Acadian
+inhabitants he could find, and to burn and destroy all the houses,
+barns, cattle, grain, etc. On his return he was to send Captain Dank's
+company to Fort Cumberland.
+
+Major Scott certainly acted with promptitude, for barely a week had
+expired when he returned to St. John with the privateer schooner and
+prize sloop, which he had found in two different creeks up the
+Petitcodiac river. The parties sent out by the Major destroyed upwards
+of 150 houses and barns, much grain and a good many cattle. They
+captured 30 prisoners, including women and children. The Acadian seem
+to have made some resistance, however, and a Lieutenant McCormack and
+three men of Captain McCurdy's Company and two men of the Light
+Infantry were captured by them.
+
+The troops that had served in the St. John river expedition were now
+distributed among the garrisons at Fort Cumberland, Windsor, Annapolis
+and Halifax, with the exception of McCurdy's, Stark's and Brewer's
+companies of Rangers and a small detachment of artillery, ordered to
+remain at Fort Frederick under command of Major Morris. This was a
+more considerable garrison than could well find accommodation there
+during the winter, but such was not Monckton's intention, for he
+writes in his journal: "The Fuel of the Garrison not being as yet
+lay'd in, I leave the three companies of Rangers, viz., McCurdy's,
+Stark's, and Brewer's, and have ordered that Captain McCurdy's company
+should Hutt and remain the Winter, the other two after compleating the
+wood to come to Halifax in the vessels I had left them."
+
+Monckton sailed for Halifax in the man-of-war "Squirrel" on the 21st
+of November, and with him went the 2nd Battalion of the Royal American
+Regiment of which he was the commander.
+
+In the month of January following, a tragic event took place at or
+near St. Anne's, an account of which has been left us by our early
+historians, Peter Fisher and Moses H. Perley, in substance as
+follows:
+
+After the winter season had fairly set in, a party of the rangers at
+Fort Frederick, under Captain McCurdy, set out on snow-shoes to
+reconnoitre the country and to ascertain the state of the French
+settlements up the river. The first night after their departure they
+encamped at Kingston Creek, not far from the Belleisle, on a very
+steep hillside. That night Captain McCurdy lost his life by the
+falling of a large birch tree, which one of the rangers cut down on
+the hillside--the tree came thundering down the mountain and killed
+the Captain instantly, Lieutenant Moses Hazen[44] succeeded to the
+command, and the party continued up the river to St. Ann's Point (now
+Fredericton), where they found quite a town. They set fire to the
+chapel and other buildings, but a number of the French settlers
+gathered together, whereupon the Rangers retreated, and, being hotly
+pursued committed several atrocious acts upon the people who fell in
+their way, to prevent their giving information. By reversing their
+snow-shoes and making forced marches they got back safely to St.
+John.
+
+   [44] Moses Hazen was an older brother of William Hazen, who settled
+        at St. John. He distinguished himself under Gen. Wolfe on the
+        Plains of Abraham. In the American Revolution he fought
+        against the British, raised a corps known as "Hazen's Own,"
+        and became a Major General in the American army.
+
+This story, considerably modified in some of its details, finds
+confirmation from a variety of sources. (1) Sir Jeffery Amherst,
+commander of the forces serving in America, writes in a letter to
+Governor Lawrence, "You will have heard of the accident poor Capt.
+McCurdy met with as likewise of the success of his Lieutenant in
+demolishing the settlements at St. Anne's: on the recommendation of
+Major Scott I have preferred Lieut. Hazen to Capt. McCurdy's Company."
+In a subsequent letter Amherst says: "Major Morris sent me the
+particulars of the scouting party and I gave a commission to Lieut
+Hazen, as I thought he deserved it. I am sorry to say what I have
+since heard of that affair has sullied his merit with me as I shall
+always disapprove of killing women and helpless children. Poor McCurdy
+is a loss, he was a good man in his post." In another letter Amherst
+describes this sad affair more fully. See Appendix.
+
+(2) Further confirmation of the charge of barbarity is found in the
+journal of Rev. Jacob Bailey[45] of Pownalboro, Maine. This gentleman
+had occasion to lodge at Norwood's Inn, in the town of Lynn,
+Massachusetts, on the night of Dec'r 13, 1759, and speaking of the
+company he found there says: "We had among us a soldier belonging to
+Capt. Hazen's company of rangers, who declared that several Frenchmen
+were barbarously murdered by them, after quarters were given, and the
+villain added, I suppose to show his importance, that he 'split the
+head of one asunder, after he fell on his knees to implore mercy.' A
+specimen of New England clemency!"
+
+   [45] Rev. Jacob Bailey was a prominent loyalist during the American
+        Revolution, and afterwards Rector of Annapolis. N. S.
+
+(3). A statement is to be found in a dispatch of the Marquis de
+Vaudreuil, dated May 8, 1759, that a number of Acadians living at the
+River St. John were surprised on the night of the 27-28 January, 1759,
+by a detachment of New England troops who burned their houses, carried
+off twenty-three prisoners and killed two women and four children,
+whose scalps they bore away.
+
+(4). Still further light is thrown upon this transaction by some notes
+appended to the names of certain Acadians, who had served as officers
+of militia in Acadia, and who were living in 1767 at Cherbourg. We
+learn that the Sieur Joseph Bellefontaine had once owned a large tract
+of land on the River St. John, near St. Anne's, and that he was
+appointed Major of the militia on the river by order of the Marquis de
+la Galissonniere, April 10, 1749, and always performed his duties with
+fidelity until made a prisoner by the enemy. At the time of the
+mid-winter raid on St. Anne's he had the misery of seeing one of his
+daughters with three of her children massacred before his eyes by the
+English, who desired by this act of cruelty and the fear of similar
+treatment to compel him to take their side. On his refusal he barely
+escaped a like fate by his flight into the woods, carrying with him
+two other children of the same daughter. The young mother so
+ruthlessly slain was Nastasie Bellefontaine, wife of Eustache Pare.
+The other victims of this tragedy of the wilderness were the wife and
+child of Michel Bellefontaine--a son of Joseph Bellefontaine. This
+poor fellow had the anguish of beholding his wife and boy murdered
+before his eyes on his refusal to side with the English.
+
+The village of St. Anne's was left in a state of desolation. Moses
+Perley says that when the advance party of the Maugerville colony
+arrived at St. Anne's Point in 1762, they found the whole of what is
+now the Town plat of Fredericton cleared for about ten rods back from
+the bank and they saw the ruins of a very considerable settlement. The
+houses had been burned and the cultivated land was fast relapsing into
+a wilderness state. Nevertheless the early English settlers reaped
+some advantage from the improvements made by the Acadians, for we
+learn from Charles Morris' description of the river in 1768, that at
+the site of the old French settlement at St. Anne's Point there was
+about five hundred acres of cleared upland in English grass from
+whence the inhabitants of Maugerville got the chief part of their Hay
+for their Stock. "They inform me," says Mr. Morris, "that it produces
+about a load and a half to an acre." He adds, "The French Houses are
+all burnt and destroyed."
+
+An interesting incident connected with the French occupation was
+related many years ago by the grandmother of the late Judge Fisher to
+one of her descendants. This good old lady came to St. Anne's in the
+fall of 1783 with the Loyalists. Not very many months after their
+arrival, there was so great a scarcity of provisions that the
+unfortunate people in some cases were obliged to dig up the potatoes
+they had planted and eat them. As the season advanced their hearts
+were cheered by the discovery of some large patches of pure white
+beans, marked with a black cross. They had been planted by the French,
+but were now growing wild. In their joy at this fortunate discovery
+the settlers called them "the staff of life and hope of the starving."
+Mrs. Fisher says she planted some of these beans with her own hands
+and that the seed was preserved in her family for many years.
+
+The close of the year 1759 brought its anxieties to Colonel Mariot
+Arbuthnot, who had succeeded Major Morris as commandant at Fort
+Frederick. Quebec had fallen and the long and costly struggle between
+England and France for the possession of Canada and Acadia had
+terminated in favor of England.
+
+The Massachusetts troops in garrison at Fort Frederick expected to be
+now relieved, as their period of enlistment had expired and the crisis
+of the war was over. But unfortunately for them, General Amherst at
+Crown Point found the force at his disposal insufficient, he could not
+spare a man, and Monckton, who commanded at Quebec, was in precisely
+the same predicament. Lawrence at Halifax had no troops at his
+disposal. Unless, therefore, the Massachusetts men remained Fort
+Frederick would be left without a garrison. In this emergency the
+Massachusetts legislature took the responsibility of extending the
+period of enlistment of the troops of their colony, at the same time
+voting money necessary to provide them with beds and other comforts
+for the approaching winter. General Amherst strongly commended the
+patriotic action of the legislature, and wrote to Governor Lawrence,
+"They have judged very rightly that the abandoning any of the
+Garrisons may be attended with most fatal consequences to this
+country; and as they have made a necessary provision for the men to
+continue during the winter, if the men do not stay and serve
+voluntarily, they must be compelled to it by force."
+
+Evidently the men remained with great reluctance, for the following spring
+we find the Governor of Massachusetts writing to Governor Lawrence, "I
+find our people who are doing duty in your garrison--notwithstanding
+the favor and attention this Province has shown them for continuing their
+services through the winter, and notwithstanding the great encouragement
+given to those who would continue--have worked themselves up to such a
+temper of dissatisfaction that they have long ago threatened to come off,
+if not relieved."
+
+This threat was not meaningless for the governor goes on to say
+"already seventy men in one schooner and about eighty in another have
+openly come off from Fort Frederick at St. John's."
+
+The conduct of these Massachusetts rangers was a source of mortification
+to Lieut. Governor Hutchinson, who speaks of "the unwarrantable
+behaviour of the garrison at St. John's River, all of whom have
+deserted their post except 40 men and the continuation of those forty
+seems to be precarious." Steps were at once taken to enlist a fresh
+detachment for service at Fort Frederick.
+
+The conduct of the garrison was not unnatural, although from a
+military point of view it was inexcusable. The men had enlisted for a
+great and, as the event proved, a final struggle with France for
+supremacy in North America. With the downfall of Louisbourg and Quebec
+the crisis had passed. The period of their enlistment had expired,
+what right had the Assembly of Massachusetts to prolong it? Why should
+they remain? So they reasoned. Meanwhile garrison duty at Fort
+Frederick was found to be extremely monotonous. The country was
+deserted, for the few habitations that once existed in the vicinity of
+the fort had been abandoned and destroyed when the French fled up the
+river, and no English settlers had as yet appeared. Amidst their
+privations and the loneliness of their situation the charms of their
+own firesides seemed peculiarly inviting. Most probably, too, the fort
+and barracks were little more than habitable in consequence of the
+havoc wrought by a terrible storm on the night of the 3-4 November,
+1759. This storm was the most violent that had till then been known,
+and from all accounts must at least have rivalled the famous "Saxby"
+gale of 1869. The tide attained a height of six feet above the
+ordinary, and huge waves, driven by the storm, broke through the dykes
+at the head of the Bay of Fundy, flooding the marsh lands reclaimed by
+the Acadians. Much damage was done along the coast, thousands of trees
+were blown down all over the country, while near the coastline the
+forest was levelled as with a scythe. A considerable part of Fort
+Frederick was washed away by the storm and Lieutenant Winckworth
+Tonge, of the Engineers, was sent with a party of men to repair it and
+put it in the most defensible state the situation would allow, taking
+such tools and materials from Fort Cumberland as were needed. He found
+the condition of the fort even worse than he had anticipated. Governor
+Lawrence consulted General Amherst as to what should be done, and in
+answer the general wrote: "By Lt. Tonge's report to you of the state
+of the works at Fort Frederick, it must doubtless undergo great
+alterations to put it in a proper state of defence, but as this will
+require many more hands than you can provide at present, we must for
+the time being rest satisfied with the work you have ordered,
+especially as the line of strong Pallisadoes you mention will secure
+it against any insult for the present."
+
+Colonel Arbuthnot's anxieties were not confined to tidal waves and the
+discontents of his garrison. About the end of October a party of some
+two hundred Acadians came down the river to Fort Frederick and
+presented to him a certificate of their having taken the oath of
+allegiance to the English sovereign before Judge Cramahe, at Quebec;
+also an order signed by General Monckton giving them permission to
+return to their former habitations. Whether these Acadians were old
+inhabitants of the river, or fugitives who had taken refuge there at
+the time of the Expulsion is not very clear. Lawrence surmised that
+the certificates had been obtained from Judge Cramahe on the
+supposition that the people belonged to some river or place in Canada
+known as St. Johns, and not to the River St. John in Nova Scotia, and
+that they never could have had any sort of permission from Monckton to
+settle in Acadia.
+
+The Abbe Casgrain comments severely on the course pursued by Governor
+Lawrence on this occasion: "Not being able," he says, "to dispute the
+genuineness of the letters of Monckton and Cramahe, Lawrence claimed
+that the Acadians could only have obtained them by fraud, and he
+decided with his council, always ready to do his bidding, that they
+should be regarded as prisoners of war and transported as soon as
+possible to England. He took care not to disclose this resolution in
+order to keep them securely at the fort, and to have them ready to his
+hand when ships should arrive to transport them. This precaution was
+almost superfluous for the Acadians, having exhausted their last
+resources, were no longer in a state to return to the woods where they
+would have died of hunger."
+
+Evidently it was part of the settled policy of Lawrence and his
+advisers to keep the Acadians out of the province and to people it
+with English speaking inhabitants, and with this policy General
+Amherst seems to have been in accord, for he wrote the Governor of
+Nova Scotia, "The pass you mention the two hundred Inhabitants of St.
+John's River to have from Mr. Monckton, was by no means meant or
+understood to give the French any right to those lands; and you have
+done perfectly right not to suffer them to continue there, and you
+will be equally right in sending them, when an opportunity offers, to
+Europe as Prisoners of War."
+
+And yet it was very natural that, after the surrender of Quebec, the
+Acadians should believe that upon accepting the new regime and taking
+the oath of allegiance to the king of Great Britain they would be
+treated in the same way as the French Canadians. The Abbe Casgrain
+says, not without reason, that the Acadians had an even greater right
+than the Canadians to clemency at the hands of their conquerors as
+their sufferings were greater: ["Ils y avaient d'autant plus de droit
+qu'ils avaient plus souffert."]
+
+The expulsion at so late a period as this of two hundred Acadians from
+the Valley of the River St. John, where they had vainly hoped to
+remain in peace, is an incident of some importance. There is an
+unpublished letter of the Jesuit missionary Germain to the Marquis de
+Vaudreuil, written at Aukpaque on the River St. John, under date
+February 26, 1760, which is of some interest in this connection. "I
+arrived at the River St. John," writes Father Germain, "on All Saints
+Day (Nov. 1, 1759), where I unfortunately found all the inhabitants
+had gone down to the English fort with their families, which made me
+resolve to go and join them, as I did eight days afterwards, with the
+intention of accompanying them wherever they might be sent in order to
+help them--some to die as Christians in the transport ships and others
+to be of good cheer in the calamity that has befallen them as it did
+their brethren who are exiles in New England. But by a stroke of
+Providence, Monsieur Coquart, missionary to the French, arrived, and I
+desired the commandant to give me leave to retire which he granted
+together with a passport permitting me to remain at the priests' house
+in my mission where I am now."[46]
+
+   [46] I am indebted to Placide P. Gaudet for the above extract. Father
+        Germain was the missionary of the Indians, while Coquart
+        seems to have ministered to the Acadians. The latter was a
+        "secular priest," or one not connected with any religious
+        order.--W. O. R.
+
+Colonel Arbuthnot had reported to Governor Lawrence that the Acadians
+begged leave to remain upon their lands on their promise to be
+faithful and true to His Majesty's Government. To this he made answer
+that they must come down to the Fort and remain there till he could
+apply to the Governor to know what should be done; they came down
+accordingly, and were to remain at the Fort until his excellency's
+pleasure should be known. The poor Acadians were represented to be in
+a starving condition. Their case came before the Governor and Council
+for consideration on the 30th November, at a meeting held at the
+Governor's house in Halifax, and the decision arrived at was this:
+"The Council are of opinion, and do advise that His Excellency do take
+the earliest opportunity of hiring vessels for having them immediately
+transported to Halifax, as Prisoners of War, until they can be sent to
+England; and that the two Priests be likewise removed out of the
+Province." The resolve of the council seems to have been carried into
+effect. In the month of January, Lawrence sent to the River St. John
+for the French inhabitants who, to the number of 300, were brought to
+Halifax until he could send them to England. Colonel Arbuthnot was the
+agent employed in collecting these unfortunate people and sending them
+to Halifax, and being a gentleman of a humane disposition he doubtless
+found his task a most uncongenial one. Among his assistants was Joseph
+Winniett,[47] a member for Annapolis Royal in the Nova Scotia House of
+Assembly.
+
+   [47] This gentleman afterwards received an order from Mr. Bulkeley,
+        the provincial secretary, to take for his own use one of the
+        French boats "forfeited to the Government by the Acadians that
+        were at Annapolis," as a reward for his services in going up
+        the River St. John and assisting Colonel Arbuthnot in bringing
+        in the French. Winniett had a violent altercation with Captain
+        Sinclair of the Annapolis garrison about this boat. See
+        Murdoch's Hist. of N. S., Vol. II., p. 409.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIV.
+
+AUKPAQUE, THE VILLAGE AT THE HEAD OF THE TIDE.
+
+
+On the west bank of the St. John, about six miles above the City of
+Fredericton, is the site of the old Indian village of Aukpaque. It
+looks out upon a charming panorama of interval and islands, amidst
+which the river creeps lazily with many windings. In the background
+across the river there rises the steep slope of Currie's Mountain,
+volcanic in its origin. Weird legends connected with this mountain
+have been handed down from ancient days, which the Indian guides will
+sometimes rehearse when they find appreciative listeners.
+
+The surroundings of Aukpaque are indeed very beautiful, and as long
+ago as 1686 they won the admiration of Monseigneur St. Vallier, who,
+after describing the extent and varied scenery of the river, its
+smoothly flowing waters and fertile islands embosomed by the tide,
+says: "Some fine settlements might be made between Medoctec and
+Jemseg, especially at a certain place which we have named Sainte
+Marie, where the river enlarges and the waters are divided by a large
+number of islands that apparently would be very fertile if cultivated.
+A mission for the savages would be well placed there; the land has not
+as yet any owner in particular, neither the King nor the governor
+having made a grant to any one."
+
+Evidently there was not at this time any Indian village at Aukpaque,
+but it is probable the place was occasionally used as a camping
+ground. In the course of the next half century, however, there grew
+into existence a village that rivalled and in time eclipsed the more
+ancient village of Medoctec. Doubtless the presence of the French on
+the lower St. John, and the establishment of Villebon's fort, at the
+mouth of the Nashwaak, served to draw the savages in that direction.
+
+At the time of Monseigneur St. Vallier's visit they were beginning
+very generally to embrace Christianity. The Indians and the Acadians
+were visited occasionally by Claude Moireau, a Recollet missionary,
+who went up the river as far at least as Fort Jemseg where, in July,
+1680, he baptized nine Indian children of ages varying from five
+months to nineteen years. Their names, with those of their parents and
+sponsors, are duly recorded in his register. One or two of the entries
+are here inserted as of historic interest:--
+
+  "The year of grace 1680, the 7 July: I have baptized at Jemseg,
+  according to the forms of our Holy Church, Claude, son of Soksim,
+  savage, and of Apolline Kedekouit, Christian, aged 18 years, and
+  named at the font Claude by Claude Petipas, notary royal, and
+  Isabella Petipas, his sponsors.
+
+  [Signed] Claude Moireau, Recol.
+
+  "The same day baptized Marie, sauvagesse, aged one year, daughter
+  of Tobuk and of Marie Noktomkiache, Christian, and named at the
+  font Marie by Rene Lambert and Catherine Bugaret, her sponsors.
+
+  [Signed] Cl. Moireau, Recol."
+
+Two baptisms in the following year, one at Jemseg and the other at St.
+John, are of equal interest:--
+
+  "At Jemsek, the year of grace 1681, the 25 May, have baptized
+  according to the forms of our Holy Church, Marie Anne Denis, aged
+  4 months, daughter of Sieur Richard Denis, Esquire, and of Anne
+  Partarabego, sauvagesse, and has been held at the font by
+  damoiselle Marie Chartier, dame de Marson, her godmother, who has
+  named her Marie Anne.
+
+  [Signed] Claude Moireau, Recol.
+
+  "At Menagoueck, the year of grace 1681, the 2 June, have baptized
+  according to the forms of the Church, Jeanne Guidry, child of
+  Claude Guirdy dit la Verdure and of Keskoua, sauvagesse, who has
+  been held at the font by Claude Petipas and Jeanne de la Tour,
+  wife of Martignon, her sponsors, who have named her Jeanne.
+
+  [Signed] Claude Moireau, Recol.
+
+A little later Father Simon of the Recollet order became the
+missionary of the Indians on the river with headquarters at Medoctec.
+Some account of his interesting personality and of his zealous labors
+will be found in a previous chapter. After his death the work among
+the Indians passed into the hands of the Jesuit missionary, Joseph
+Aubery, and his successors Jean Baptiste Loyard, Jean P. Danielou and
+Charles Germain. The whole river was included in the mission and the
+priest had many journeys to make, but Medoctec, as the principal
+village, was for years the headquarters of the mission. This was so
+down to the time of Loyard's death. His successor, Danielou,
+ministered to the Indians of Medoctec, also, as is shown by the
+presence of his name on the slate-stone tablet of the Medoctec chapel.
+But it is probable that Danielou was frequently at Aukpaque, and he
+certainly had the spiritual oversight of the Acadians at St. Anne's
+Point.
+
+[Illustration: Inscription on Medoctec Stone]
+
+The Indians of the River St. John were regarded by the English as the
+most powerful and warlike tribe of Acadia and the Governor of Nova
+Scotia endeavored to gain their good-will, and to induce them to
+adhere to the treaty made with the eastern tribes by the authorities
+of New England and Nova Scotia in 1725. In the year 1732 Lieut.
+Governor Armstrong of Nova Scotia sent Paul Mascarene to Boston to
+treat with Governor Belcher about the erection of a "truck-house" for
+the Indian trade on the St. John river, and Mascarene was instructed
+to recommend the lands on the St. John to the people of Massachusetts
+as a very desirable place of settlement. Belcher expressed the opinion
+that unless the crown would build a fort at the mouth of the river,
+the "truck-house" project would fail, but in case of its erection
+Massachusetts would probably send a sloop with goods to the Indians
+Spring and Fall. However the idea of an English post at the mouth of
+the St. John remained in abeyance until the surrender of Beausejour.
+
+So far as known to the author, the first mention of the Indian village
+of Aukpaque occurs in connection with the census of 1733 which states
+that fifteen French families reside below the "Village d'Ecoupay."
+From this time onward there are frequent references to Aukpaque, some
+of which are indicated in the foot-note below.[48]
+
+   [48] Probably the name of no place in New Brunswick has appeared in
+        so many varied forms as that of this Indian village. The list
+        that follows does not pretend to be exhaustive, but will
+        suffice for illustration:--
+
+        (1.) Ecoupay--Census, 1733. (2.) Ocpaque--Lt.-Gov.
+        Armstrong's letter, 1735. (3.) Apoge--Capt. Pote's Journal,
+        1745. (4.) Octpagh--Treaty proceedings at Halifax, 1749.
+        (5.) Ekauba--Report of Abbe de L'isle-Dieu, 1753. (6.)
+        Ocpaque--Letter of James Simonds, 1765. (7.) Aughpack--Map
+        of Charles Morris, 1765. (8.) Ekouipahag--Register of l'Abbe
+        Bailly, 1767. (9.) Aughpaugh--Letter of James Simonds,
+        1768. (10.) Ekoupahag--Indian negotiations at Halifax, 1768.
+        (11.) Okpaak--Report of Rev. T. Wood's, 1769. (12.)
+        Augpeake--Letter Lt. Gov. Franklin, 1777. (13.) Auque
+        Pawhaque--Letter of Indians to Major Studholme, 1778. (14.)
+        Aupaque--Letter of Gen'l Haldimand, 1782. Oak Park--Letter of
+        Sam'l Peabody, 1782, also report of Exploration Committee to
+        Major Studholme, 1783. (16.) Ek-pa-hawk--Modern Indians.
+
+The little colony of fifteen families mentioned in the census of 1733
+seems to have settled in the vicinity of St. Anne's Point a few years
+previously. It was a typical Acadian hamlet. Its people were of simple
+habits and wished to live in peace. Naturally they were loyal to their
+mother country and devout members of their mother church. But
+France--sunny France--with all her marvellous resources and splendid
+opportunities, proved an unworthy mother. And what has been the
+result? A colonial empire shrunken almost to insignificance. And even
+if her colonial empire were today what it was in the days of Louis
+XIV, the colonies would be as empty cradles for which there are no
+children. The progress and development of the Acadians of the maritime
+provinces and of the French Canadians of the Dominion tell what France
+might have been if her people had been true to high ideals.
+
+The colony of New France was never supported as it should have been.
+While New England was making rapid progress and the tide of
+immigration set strongly in that direction, Canada was left to take
+care of itself. After the days of Frontenac the governors of Quebec
+were haunted by the fear of encroachments on their territory on the
+part of the people to the south. It became their policy to employ the
+Indians and Acadians as buttresses against the inflowing tide of the
+Anglo-Saxons. The Acadians would fain have lived in peace but, alas
+the trend of events left little room for neutrality.
+
+The Maliseets of the St. John were naturally disposed to resent the
+intrusion of the whites on their hunting grounds, and the French
+encouraged this sentiment as regards any advance made by the English.
+In the year 1735, Francis Germaine, "chief of Ockpaque," with one of
+his captains came to Annapolis Royal to complain of the conduct of
+some English surveyors, whom they seem to have regarded as trespassers
+on their lands. For some reason they missed seeing the governor, but
+he wrote them a very friendly letter, assuring them of his favor and
+protection. This, however, did not satisfy the Indians, for a few
+months afterwards they interfered with the loading of a vessel that
+had been sent to St. John for limestone by the ordnance storekeeper
+at Annapolis and robbed the sailors of their clothes and provisions,
+claiming that the lands and quarries belonged to them. Not long
+afterwards the Governor of Nova Scotia addressed a letter to "The
+Reverend Father Danilou, priest of St. John's River," complaining that
+a party of Maliseets under Thoma, their chief, had surprised, Stephen
+Jones, an English trader, as he lay sleeping aboard his vessel at
+Piziquid [Windsor, N. S.] and robbed him of goods to the value of L900
+and of his book of accounts valued at L700 more, and he hoped the
+missionary would use his influence to induce the Indians to keep the
+peace and, if possible, obtain redress for the unfortunate man they
+had robbed.
+
+Two of the principal Acadians, living at or near St. Ann's, Mich'l
+Bergeron and Joseph Bellefontaine, had an interview with Governor
+Armstrong in 1736, and by request gave him a list of the Acadians then
+living on the river, numbering in all 77 souls, besides the missionary
+Jean Pierre Danielou. The governor ordered the Acadians to make their
+submission to the British government and not to receive any missionary
+without his approbation. It does not appear, however, that he was on
+unfriendly terms with Danielou, who came to Annapolis the next year
+and exercised the functions of his ministry.
+
+Under the care of Danielou's successor Germain, the Acadians and their
+savage allies had a chequered experience indeed, but this has been
+already related in the previous chapters.
+
+At the time of Monckton's invasion of the river in 1758 most of the
+Indians abandoned the village of Aukpaque and retired with their
+missionary, Germain, to Canada, but they returned after the capture of
+Quebec and some of their chiefs went to Fort Frederick and took the
+oath of allegiance to the English monarch. Colonel Arbuthnot was
+directed to encourage them to come to Halifax and make a treaty of
+peace and such arrangements as were necessary for trade with the
+English.
+
+During the session of the House of Assembly held at Halifax in the
+winter of 1759-60, Governor Lawrence urged the House to make provision
+for the establishment of "truck-houses" for the Indians; he also
+recommended legislation for the purpose of preventing private trade
+with them, and the Assembly soon afterwards passed an act for that
+purpose.
+
+On the 11th of February, Colonel Arbuthnot came to Halifax from Fort
+Frederick, with two Indian chiefs of the Passamaquoddy tribe, to make
+peace on the basis of the old Indian Treaty of 1725. Representatives
+of the St. John river tribe arrived a few days later. The Indians
+appeared before the Governor and Council with an interpreter. They
+were received with every courtesy and presented with gold lace
+blankets, laced hats, etc. It was agreed that the treaty should be
+prepared in English and French, that the chiefs should be sent back in
+a vessel to St. John, and that Col. Arbuthnot should accompany them,
+taking the treaty with him to be ratified. After a fortnight's
+deliberation the treaty was signed, on the 23rd February, by Ballomy
+Glode, chief of the St. John Indians, and Michel Neptune, chief of the
+Passamaquoddies. The treaty was based on those of 1725 and 1749, with
+an additional engagement on the part of the Indians not to aid the
+enemies of the English, to confine their traffic to the truck-house at
+Fort Frederick and to leave three of each tribe there as hostages to
+ensure performance of the articles of the treaty.
+
+In order the better to carry out the provisions of this treaty, and of
+similar treaties made at this time with the different tribes of
+Acadia, Benjamin Gerrish was appointed Indian commissary. Gerrish
+agreed to buy goods and sell them to the Indians for furs, he to
+receive 5 per cent on goods purchased and 2-1/2 per cent on furs sold,
+and the prices to be so arranged that the Indians could obtain their
+goods at least 50 per cent cheaper than hitherto.
+
+At their conference with the Governor and his council the Indians
+agreed upon a tariff of prices[49] for the Indian trade, the unit of
+value to be one pound of the fur of the spring beaver, commonly known
+as "one beaver," equivalent in value to a dollar, or five shillings.
+Under the tariff the following articles were to be sold to the Indians
+at the following prices: Large blanket, 2 "beavers"; 2 yards stroud, 3
+"beavers"; 14 pounds pork, 1 "beaver"; 30 pounds flour, 1 "beaver";
+2-1/2 gallons molasses, 1 "beaver"; 2 gallons rum, 1 "beaver"; and
+other articles in proportion.
+
+   [49] This tariff of prices is given in full in Murdoch's Hist. of
+        Nova Scotia, Vol. II., p. 395.
+
+Furs and skins sold by the Indians at the "truck-house" were to be
+valued by the same standard: Moose skin, 1-1/2 "beavers"; bear skin,
+1-1/3 "beavers"; 3 sable skins, 1 "beaver"; 6 mink skins, 1 "beaver";
+10 ermine skins, 1 "beaver"; silver fox skin, 2-1/2 "beavers," and so
+on for furs and skins of all descriptions. By substituting the cash
+value for the value in "beavers," we shall obtain figures that would
+amaze the furrier of modern days and prove eminently satisfactory to
+the purchaser, for example: Bear skin (large and good), $1.35; moose
+skin (large), $1.50; luciffee (large), $2.00; silver fox, $2.50; black
+fox, $2.00; red fox, 50cts.; otter, $1.00; mink, 15 cts.; musquash, 10
+cts. And yet these prices, ridiculously low as they appear, were
+considerably better than the Indians Had received from the French
+traders. It was no doubt on such terms as these that Messrs. Simonds,
+White and Hazen traded with the Indians after they came to St. John.
+
+Benjamin Gerrish soon afterwards took steps to establish the
+"truck-house" promised the Indians, and by order in council of July
+19, 1760, Captain Doggett was instructed to proceed directly to the
+River St. John and deliver the stores that Mr. Gerrish had shipped on
+board his vessel for the truck-master at Fort Frederick.
+
+Colonel Arbuthnot reported that the Indians behaved well and came to
+the fort to trade. The delegates from the River St. John, who went to
+Halifax, seem to have acted in accordance with the advice of their
+missionary Germain, who accepted the logic of events after the fall of
+Quebec and advised the Indians to submit to their conquerors. The
+establishment of a "truck-house" at St. John was of advantage to them
+and the missionary determined to cultivate friendly relations with the
+English.
+
+Governor Lawrence reported that he had induced the Assembly of Nova
+Scotia to pass a law, with severe penalties, against private trading
+with the Indians. The provisions of this act, however, found little
+favor with the Lords of Trade, by whom it was considered "an improper
+and unreasonable restraint upon trade." Their objection found
+expression in the proclamation of George III., at the Court of St.
+James, Oct. 7, 1763:--
+
+  "We do by the advice of our privy council declare and enjoin that
+  the trade with the said Indians shall be free and open to all our
+  subjects whatever, provided that every person who may incline to
+  trade with the said Indians do take out a license for carrying on
+  such trade from the governor or commander-in-chief of any of our
+  colonies where such person shall reside, and also give security to
+  observe such regulations as we shall at any time think fit to
+  direct or appoint."
+
+The proclamation required the governor to issue such licenses without
+fee or reward, the license to be void and the security forfeited if
+the person to whom it was granted failed to observe the regulations
+prescribed.
+
+We have now arrived at the period when the first permanent English
+settlement was to be made on the St. John river, but before
+proceeding to the consideration of that event a glance at the
+general situation on the river is necessary. The only foot-hold the
+English had as yet obtained was at Fort Frederick on the west side of
+St. John harbor. A considerable number of Acadians still lingered
+furtively in their hiding places up the river, the majority of them
+near the Indian village of Aukpaque. For their benefit, as well as
+that of the savages, the missionary Germain desired to remain at his
+post. He accordingly made overtures to the Nova Scotia authorities
+to be allowed to continue his ministrations, promising to use his
+influence in the interests of peace. To this proposition the
+Governor and Council cheerfully assented, promising the missionary
+a stipend of L50. A year or two afterwards he wrote acknowledging
+the receipt of his salary and stating it was his desire to inspire
+the Indians with the respect due to the government. He complained
+of their irregularities and says that in spite of his efforts to
+promote harmony he feared "they will shortly pay no regard to what he
+says."
+
+In Kidder's "Military operations in Eastern Maine and Nova Scotia
+during the Revolution," the statement is made that Aukpaque signifies
+a beautiful expanding of the river occasioned by numerous islands,
+but, while this is perfectly correct as descriptive of the locality,
+it is more probable that Aukpaque--or its Indian equivalent
+Ek-pa-hawk--means "the head of the tide," or beginning of swift water.
+Kidder speaks of the site of Aukpaque as "almost unknown and difficult
+to locate." Commenting on this statement, the late Sir John C. Allen
+(whose grandfather, Colonel Isaac Allen, purchased of the Indians the
+site of the village of Aukpaque), makes the following remark:--
+
+  "It is an error to suppose that there is any difficulty in
+  locating Aukpaque. It is laid down, under the name Opack, on a
+  plan in the Crown Lands office in Fredericton of a survey of land
+  in the old Township of Sunbury while this province formed a part
+  of Nova Scotia. In addition to this there are several persons
+  living who can point out the place that was used as the Indian
+  burial ground and who remember that a large piece of cleared land
+  adjacent to it and separated from it by a deep ravine, being a
+  part of the tract of land reserved for the Indians, was formerly
+  known as the 'Chapel Field'--no doubt from the fact that the
+  chapel of the Indian settlement had stood upon it. There is also
+  further evidence in the plan of the survey of the lands in the
+  Parish of Kingsclear, the grant of which issued in 1799, upon
+  which a cross is marked on this lot of land, which is well known
+  to indicate the site of a church or chapel. There is very little
+  doubt that at the time of the survey the chapel, or the remains of
+  it, were standing, as the Indians had been in occupation of the
+  land till within a few years of that time."
+
+We may add that the claim of the Indians to the lands in the vicinity
+of their village was early recognized by the Government of Nova
+Scotia, and when the first grant of a large tract of the surrounding
+country was made in 1765 to Thomas Falconer and sixty-six other land
+speculators, there was expressly reserved for the Indians "500 acres,
+including a church and burying ground at Aughpack, and four acres for
+a burying ground at St. Ann's point, and the island called Indian (or
+Savage) Island." This island is probably that mentioned in 1753 by the
+Abbe de L'Isle Dieu as "l'isle d'Ecouba," the residence of the
+missionary Charles Germain.
+
+The situation of Aukpaque is shown in the accompanying sketch:--
+
+[Illustration: PLAN OF AUKPAQUE AND ITS SURROUNDINGS.]
+
+Although the Indians were ostensibly at peace with the English they
+viewed them with suspicion, and were jealous of any infringement of
+their aboriginal rights. After the erection of Fort Frederick they
+seem, for the most part, to have abandoned the lower part of the
+river, and Charles Morris tells us that about the year 1760 they
+burned much of the timber along the Long Reach and on both sides of
+the Washademoak and probably at other places.
+
+When the exploring party of the Maugerville colony arrived at St.
+Anne's point in 1762 and were about to begin their survey, a large
+party of Indians came down from their priest's residence, with his
+interpreter, their faces painted in divers colors and figures, and
+dressed in their war habits. The chiefs informed the adventurers that
+they were trespassers on their rights, that the country belonged to
+them, and unless they retired immediately they would compel them.
+
+The chiefs claimed that they had some time before had a conference
+with Governor Lawrence and had consented that the English should
+settle the country up as far as Grimross. The surveyors promised to
+remove their camp towards Grimross. This answer did not appear to
+fully satisfy the Indians, but they made no reply. The settlement of
+the New England people, in consequence of the attitude of the Indians,
+did not embrace St. Anne's Point as originally intended.
+
+Plans of the River St. John were made by the Hon. Charles Morris,
+surveyor general of Nova Scotia, as early as the year 1761. A little
+later he wrote an interesting description of the river. He describes
+"Aughpack" as about seven miles from St. Anne's, and says the Acadians
+had settlements upon the uplands between the two places but drew their
+subsistence from the cultivation of the intervals and islands. At
+Aukpaque was the Indian church and the residence of the French
+missionary. Their church and buildings adjoining had been demolished
+by the Indians themselves. The island opposite Aukpaque, called Indian
+Island, was the place where the Indians of the river made their annual
+rendezvous.
+
+"On this island," adds Mr. Morris, "is their town, consisting of forty
+mean houses, or wigwams, built with slender poles and covered with
+bark. In the centre of the town is the grand council chamber
+constructed after the same manner as the other houses."
+
+The reason for the destruction by the Indians of their church we need
+not go far to seek. In the summer of the year 1763 three chiefs came
+to Halifax to inquire why Father Germain had been removed from his
+post. They were told that he had gone of his own accord to Quebec and
+had been detained there by General Murray, and that the government of
+Nova Scotia were not responsible for it. They then desired Lieutenant
+Governor Belcher to provide them with another priest, which he
+promised to do. The Indians were satisfied and departed with their
+usual presents. The intention of the lieutenant governor was
+frustrated by an order from the Lords of Trade forbidding the
+employment of a French missionary. Governor Wilmot regretted this
+action as likely to confirm the Indians in their notion of the English
+as "a people of dissimulation and artifice who will deceive and
+deprive them of their salvation." He thought it better to use the
+Indians generously and mentions the fact of their having lately burned
+their church, by direction of the priest detained at Quebec, as a
+proof of their devotion to their religious guides.
+
+The site of the old church at Aukpaque was in all probability the old
+"chapel field" mentioned by Sir John C. Allen. Hard by, on the other
+side of a little ravine, is the old burial ground of the Acadians and
+Indians. One of the descendants of the Acadians, who visited the spot
+a few years ago, writes mournfully of this little cemetery:
+
+"Not a stone, not a cross, not even an enclosure to divide it from
+other fields; here in this corner of the world, remote and almost
+unknown, repose the ashes of some of our ancestors, the first
+cultivators of the soil of Madawaska. Freed from all the troubles and
+vicissitudes of the past they hear only the gentle, harmonious murmur
+of the waters of La Riviere St. Jean, the river they loved so well
+even in the days of their misfortune."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XV.
+
+THE FIRST ENGLISH SETTLERS.
+
+
+The erection of Fort Frederick, in the autumn of 1758, gave the
+English a permanent foothold on the River St. John, which possibly was
+rendered a little more secure by the destruction of the Acadian
+settlements at Grimross and St. Annes, and the subsequent removal by
+Colonel Arbuthnot of a large number of the French inhabitants.
+
+Shortly after the Acadian expulsion, the Lords of Trade and
+Plantations urged Governor Lawrence to re-people the lands vacated by
+the French with settlers from New England. The idea was quite in
+accord with the governor's own mind, but he was obliged to defer it
+for a season. In the existing state of affairs he could not spare the
+troops necessary to defend new settlements, and nothing was
+practicable until the country should be possessed in peace. However,
+very shortly after Monckton's occupation of the St. John River
+Lawrence issued the first of his celebrated proclamations, offering
+favorable terms to any industrious settlers from New England, who
+would remove to Nova Scotia and cultivate the lands vacated by the
+French, or other ungranted lands. The proclamation stated that
+proposals on behalf of intending settlers would be received by Thomas
+Hancock at Boston, and by Mesrs. De Lancey and Watts at New York, and
+by them transmitted to the Governor of Nova Scotia.
+
+This proclamation had the effect of directing attention to the River
+St. John. Young and adventurous spirits soon came to the fore anxious
+to be the pioneers of civilization in the wilds of Nova Scotia. But
+first they wished to know: What terms of encouragement would be
+offered? How much land each person would get? What quit-rents and
+taxes would be required? What constitution of government prevailed,
+and what freedom in religion?
+
+In answer to their inquiries a second proclamation was issued, in
+which it was declared that townships were to consist of 100,000 acres
+(about 12 miles square) and were to include the best lands, and rivers
+in their vicinity. The government was described as similar to that of
+the neighboring colonies, the legislature consisting of a governor,
+council and assembly and every township, so soon as it should consist
+of fifty families, would be entitled to send two representatives to
+the assembly. The courts of justice were similar to those of
+Massachusetts, Connecticut and the other northern colonies, and full
+liberty of conscience was secured to persons of all persuasions,
+"papists" excepted, by the royal instructions and a late act of the
+Assembly. As yet no taxes had been imposed or fees exacted on grants.
+Forts garrisoned with troops were established in the neighborhood of
+the lands it was proposed to settle.
+
+The Lords of Trade approved of Governor Lawrence's proceedings in
+settling the province, and at the same time desired that land should
+be reserved "as a reward and provision for such officers and soldiers
+as might be disbanded in America upon a peace." This led the governor
+to desist from making further grants of the cleared lands to ordinary
+settlers. He did not, however, anticipate much benefit to the
+province in consequence of the attempt to people it with disbanded
+British soldiers, and he wrote to the Lords of Trade:
+
+"According to my ideas of the military, which I offer with all
+possible deference and submission, they are the least qualified, from
+their occupation as soldiers, of any men living to establish new
+countries, where they must encounter difficulties with which they are
+altogether unacquainted; and I am the rather convinced of it, as every
+soldier that has come into this province since the establishment of
+Halifax, has either quitted it or become a dramseller."
+
+Soon after the treaty of Paris, a proclamation of George III. (dated
+at the Court of St. James, Oct. 7, 1763) signified the royal sense and
+approbation of the conduct of the officers and soldiers of the army,
+and directed the governors of the several provinces to grant, without
+fee or reward, to disbanded officers and soldiers who had served in
+North America during the late war and were actually residing there,
+lands in the following proportions:--
+
+To every field officer, 5,000 acres.
+
+To every captain, 3,000 acres.
+
+To every subaltern or staff officer, 2,000 acres.
+
+To every non-commissioned officer, 200 acres.
+
+To every private man, 50 acres.
+
+Like grants of land were to be made to retired officers of the navy
+who had served on board a ship of war at the reduction of Louisbourg
+and Quebec.
+
+Petitions and memorials of retired officers of the army and navy who
+were desirous of obtaining lands in Nova Scotia as a reward for their
+services, now flowed in upon the provincial and imperial authorities.
+The desire to obtain land on the River St. John became so general that
+government officials, merchants and professional men joined in the
+general scramble. The result was not only detrimental to the best
+interests of the country, but in many cases disastrous to the
+speculators themselves.
+
+The ideas of some of the memorialists were by no means small. For
+example, in 1762, Sir Allan McLean applied for 200,000 acres on the
+River St. John to enable him to plant a colony; and in the same year
+Captains Alexander Hay,[50] John Sinclair, Hugh Debbeig,[51] Alex.
+Baillie, Robert G. Bruce and J. F. W. DesBarres applied for another
+immense tract on behalf of themselves and 54 other officers.
+
+   [50] Capt. Alex. Hay is said to have saved the life of the Duke of
+        Cumberland, during the rebellion of 1745.
+
+   [51] In Des Barres' splendid chart of St. John harbor, published
+        according to act of parliament in 1780, the well-known Reed's
+        Point is called "Point-Debbeig."
+
+War with the French and Indians had been so constant previous to the
+peace of 1763, that a large proportion of the young men of New England
+had seen service in the "provincial regiments." To those who had held
+commissions the inducements contained in Lawrence's proclamations were
+especially attractive.
+
+Among the retired officers of the Massachusetts regiments, who became
+interested in the River St. John at this time were Francis Peabody,
+William Hazen, James White, James Simonds, Nicholas West and Israel
+Perley. Captain Francis Peabody was somewhat older than the others;
+he had served with distinction in the late war, and is mentioned in
+Parkman's "Wolfe and Montcalm" [p. 428]. From the active part he took
+in settling the township of Maugerville, as well as from his age and
+character, he must be regarded as the most prominent and influential
+person on the St. John river while he lived. He died in the year 1773.
+Three of his daughters married respectively James Simonds, James White
+and Jonathan Leavitt.
+
+A few years ago the writer of this history had the good fortune to
+find, in an old rubbish heap, a letter of James Simonds detailing the
+circumstances under which he came to take up his residence at St.
+John.
+
+"In the years 1759 and 1760," he says, "proclamations were published
+through the colonies which promised all the lands and possessions of
+the Acadians, who had been removed, or any other lands lying within
+the Province of Nova Scotia, to such as would become settlers there.
+In consequence of these proclamations I went through the greater part
+of Nova Scotia, in time of war, at great expense and at the risk of my
+life, in search of the best lands and situations, and having at length
+determined to settle at the River St. John, obtained a promise from
+Government of a large tract of land for myself and brother Richard,
+who was with me in several of my tours."
+
+The attention of Mr. Simonds may have been particularly called to St.
+John by the fact that his cousin, Captain Moses Hazen, commanded the
+garrison at Fort Frederick in 1759. It may be noted, in passing, that
+this post was occupied for the first two years after it was rebuilt by
+Monckton, by the Massachusetts troops. They were relieved by a company
+from one of the Highland regiments. In 1762 the post was garrisoned by
+a detachment of the 40th regiment of foot under Lieutenant Gilfred
+Studholme. The fort afterwards continued to be garrisoned by a company
+of British regulars under different commanders until 1768, when the
+troops were withdrawn and the fort remained for several years under
+the nominal care of Messrs. Simonds and White.
+
+About the time James Simonds decided to settle at St. John, the harbor
+was carefully surveyed by Lieut. R. G. Bruce of the engineers, whose
+plan is reproduced in the accompanying illustration. A glance will
+suffice to show that the rocky peninsular on the eastern side of the
+harbor, where the business part of the city stands today, was at that
+time uninhabited. The military post at Fort Frederick imparted a
+little life to the immediate surroundings but on the other side of the
+harbor everything remained in its virgin state, except at Portland
+Point, where there was a small clearing and the ruins of a feeble old
+French Fort. The few Acadians who once lingered there had fled before
+the English invaders, and only when some wandering savage pitched his
+wigwam on the shores of "Men-ah-quesk," as he called it, was there any
+tenant save the fox, the bear or other wild forest creature. The rocky
+peninsular of east St. John with its crags and swamps was considered
+of so little value that it remained ungranted up to the time of the
+landing of the Loyalists. In the words of James Simonds it was "the
+worst of lands, if bogs, morasses and rocks may be called lands."
+
+[Illustration: PLAN OF THE HARBOUR OF ST. JOHN IN NOVA SCOTIA, Surveyed &
+Sounded in September 1761 BY R.G. BRUCE ENGR. Scale 300 yds to an inch]
+
+The circumstances under which James Simonds made choice of the Harbor
+of St. John, as the most promising place for an extensive trade, are
+detailed at some length in his evidence in the famous chancery suit
+which arose about the year 1791 in connection with the division of the
+lands of Hazen, Simonds and White, and occupied the attention of the
+courts for more than twenty years. It is chiefly from this source we
+learn the particulars that follow.
+
+James Simonds was born in Haverhill, Massachusetts, in the year 1735.
+After the death of his father, Nathan Simonds, and the settlement of
+his estate, finding the property falling to him to be inconsiderable,
+he set out in company with his younger brother Richard to seek his
+fortune. In the course of the years 1759 to 1762, different parts of
+the old province of Nova Scotia were visited, including the River St.
+John, with a view of ascertaining the most advantageous situation for
+the fur trade, fishery and other business. Finding that the mouth of
+the St. John river was an admirable situation for trade with the
+Indians, that the fishery in the vicinity was excellent, and that
+there was a large tract of marsh land, and lands that afforded great
+quantities of lime-stone adjacent to the Harbor of St. John, Mr.
+Simonds eventually gave the preference to those lands on account of
+their situation and the privileges attached to them, and having
+previously obtained a promise from Government of a grant of 5,000
+acres in such part of the province as he might choose he with his
+brother Richard took possession. In the month of May, 1762, they burnt
+over the large marsh (east of the present city) and in the ensuing
+summer cut there a quantity of wild hay. It was their intention
+immediately to begin stock raising, but they were disappointed in
+obtaining a vessel to bring from Massachusetts the cattle they
+expected. They accordingly sold or made a present of the hay to
+Captain Francis Peabody, who had recently come to St. John and built
+himself a house at Portland Point. This house is said to have had an
+oak frame, which was brought from Newburyport. In 1765 it became the
+property of James Simonds (Captain Peabody having moved up the river
+to Maugerville) and later it was owned by James White. It was not an
+elaborate or expensive building[52] but it had the honor of being the
+first home of an English speaking family on the St. John river.
+
+   [52] When the affairs of Hazen, Simonds and White were wound up some
+        twenty-five years later the house was valued at L40.
+
+The situation of the new-comers at Portland Point would have been very
+insecure had it not been for the protection afforded by Fort Frederick
+across the harbor. The Indians had not yet become accustomed to the
+idea of British supremacy. Their natural allegiance--even after the
+downfall of Quebec--was to "their old father the King of France."
+Their prejudice against the English had been nurtured for generations
+and embittered by ruthless warfare, and we need not wonder that the
+coming of the first English settlers was viewed with a jealous eye.
+Even the proximity of the garrison at Fort Frederick did not prevent
+the situation of James Simonds and his associates from being very
+precarious, when the attitude of the Indians was unfriendly. Richard
+Simonds, who died January 20, 1765, lost his life in the defence of
+the property of the trading company when the savages were about to
+carry it off.
+
+While the brothers Simonds were endeavoring to establish themselves at
+St. John, a settlement upon a more extensive scale was being projected
+by a number of people in the County of Essex in Massachusetts. An
+advertisement appeared in the "Boston Gazette and News-Letter" of
+September 20, 1762, notifying all of the signers under Captain Francis
+Peabody for a township at St. John's River in Nova Scotia, to meet at
+the house of Daniel Ingalls, inn-holder in Andover, on Wednesday, the
+6th day of October at 10 o'clock a. m., in order to draw their lots,
+which were already laid out, and to choose an agent to go to Halifax
+on their behalf and to attend to any matters that should be thought
+proper. The advertisement continues: "And whereas it was voted at the
+meeting on April 6th, 1762, that each signer should pay by April 20th,
+twelve shillings for laying out their land and six shillings for
+building a mill thereon, and some signers have neglected payment, they
+must pay the amount at the next meeting or be excluded and others
+admitted in their place."
+
+The agent chosen at this meeting was Captain Francis Peabody.[53]
+
+   [53] Beamish Murdoch in his History of Nova Scotia, Vol. II, p. 428,
+        refers to the settlement made at this time at Maugerville and
+        observes, "A Mr. Peabody was the principal inhabitant and
+        agent for the English settlers."
+
+According to the late Moses H. Perley, whose well known and popular
+lectures on New Brunswick history were delivered at the Mechanics
+Institute in 1841, the government of Massachusetts sent a small party
+to explore the country east of Machias in 1761. "The leader of that
+party," says Mr. Perley, "was Israel Perley, my grandfather, who was
+accompanied by 12 men in the pay of Massachusetts. They proceeded to
+Machias by water, and there shouldering their knapsacks, they took a
+course through the woods, and succeeded in reaching the head waters of
+the River Oromocto, which they descended to the St. John. They found
+the country a wide waste, and no obstacles, save what might be
+afforded by the Indians, to its being at once occupied and settled,
+and with this report they returned to Boston."
+
+The result of this report is seen in the organization of a company of
+would be settlers shortly afterwards.
+
+There is in the possession of the Perley family at Fredericton an
+old document that contains a brief account of the subsequent
+proceedings:--
+
+"In the year 1761 a number of Provincial officers and soldiers in New
+England who had served in several campaigns during the then French war
+agreed to form a settlement on St. John's River in Nova Scotia, for
+which purpose they sent one of their number to Halifax, who obtained
+an order of survey for laying out a Township in mile squares on any
+part of St. John's River (the whole being then a desolate wilderness).
+This Township called Maugerville was laid out in the year 1762, and a
+number of settlers entered into it, encouraged by the King's
+proclamation for settling the lands in Nova Scotia, in which, among
+other things, was this clause, that people emigrating from the New
+England Provinces to Nova Scotia should enjoy the same religious
+privileges as in New England. And in the above-mentioned order of
+survey was the following words--viz., 'You shall reserve four Lots in
+the Township for Publick use, one as a Glebe for the Church of
+England, one for the Dissenting Protestants, one for the maintenance
+of a School, and one for the first settled minister in the place.'
+
+"These orders were strictly comply'd with, but finding difficulty in
+obtaining a Grant of this Township from the government of Nova Scotia
+on account of an order from England that those lands should be
+reserved for disbanded forces, the settlers did in the year 1763 draw
+up and forward a Petition or memorial to the Lords of Trade and
+Plantations."...
+
+In this memorial were set forth the services that Captain Peabody and
+his associates had rendered to their country in the late war, the
+expenses they had incurred and the inducements offered by the
+government of Nova Scotia to them to settle on the lands they had
+surveyed. The memorial was signed by Francis Peabody, John Carleton,
+Jacob Barker, Nicholas West and Israel Perley on behalf of themselves
+and other disbanded officers. This memorial was submitted by Mr.
+Peabody to the Governor and Council at Halifax, who cordially approved
+of the contents and forwarded it to Joshua Mauger,[54] the agent for
+the Province in London, expressing their opinion that the officers and
+disbanded soldiers from New England, settled on the reserved lands on
+the St. John River, ought not to be removed. They would be of great
+use and their removal would cause their total ruin. The settlers
+earnestly solicited the influence of the agent in England to obtain a
+speedy answer to their memorial. He took the liveliest interest in
+their cause and largely through his efforts the Lords of Trade on the
+20th December, 1763, recommended that the memorial of the disbanded
+officers of the Provincial forces be granted, and that they be
+confirmed in possession of the lands on which they have settled on the
+St. John River. The matter was finally settled in the Court of St.
+James, the 10th day of February, 1764, by the adoption of the
+following resolve on the part of King George the III. and his
+Council:
+
+"Whereas the Lords Commissioners for Trade and Plantations have
+represented to His Majesty that a memorial has been presented to him
+on behalf of several disbanded officers of His Majesty's provincial
+forces in North America, setting forth that induced by several
+encouragements they have sold their lands in New England and settled
+themselves and families upon the St. John River in His Majesty's
+province of Nova Scotia at the distance of 200 miles from any other
+settlement and praying that the possession of the lands upon which
+they have settled themselves at a very great expense may be confirmed
+to them by His Majesty: The Governor of Nova Scotia is ordered to
+cause the land upon which they are settled to be laid out in a
+Township consisting of 100,000 acres, 12 miles square, one side to
+front on the river. Also to reserve a site for a town with a
+sufficient number of lots, with reservations for a church, town-house,
+public quays and wharves and other public uses; the grants to be made
+in proportion to their ability and the number of persons in their
+families, but not to exceed 1,000 acres to one person. That a
+competent quantity of land be allotted for the maintenance of a
+minister and school-master and also one town lot to each of them in
+perpetuity."
+
+   [54] Joshua Mauger was a merchant from England who made his
+        residence at Halifax shortly after its founding by Cornwallis
+        in 1749. He traded extensively in Nova Scotia and had
+        contracts with government. He returned to England in 1761,
+        became agent there for the Province of Nova Scotia and held a
+        seat in Parliament.
+
+For months the settlers of Maugerville remained in a state of suspense
+and in much anxiety as to the fate of their memorial. They were
+naturally greatly relieved when the order of the King in Council
+arrived confirming them in possession of the lands they had settled.
+The kindness and generosity of Joshua Mauger, who bore the expense of
+their appeal and exerted himself in their behalf, were fully
+appreciated, and as a tribute of respect and gratitude to their patron
+the settlers gave to their township the name of "Maugerville."
+
+The Township of Maugerville was laid out early in the year 1762 by a
+party under Israel Perley their land surveyor. In the survey Richard
+Simonds acted as chain bearer and James Simonds, who was one of the
+patentees of the township, also assisted, receiving the sum of L40 for
+his services.
+
+The first published account of the founding of the Maugerville
+settlement is that of Peter Fisher,[55] printed by Chubb & Sears at
+St. John in 1825, and a very readable account it is as the extracts
+that follow will show.
+
+   [55] Peter Fisher was the father of the late Judge Fisher and of L.
+        Peter Fisher (for many years mayor of Woodstock), and
+        grandfather of W. Shoves Fisher of St. John. His penmanship
+        was superior to that of some of his descendants, judging from
+        the fac-simile of his signature that appears above.
+
+[Illustration: Signature Peter Fisher]
+
+Under the title "A narrative of the proceedings of the first settlers
+at the River St. John, under the authority of the Government of Nova
+Scotia," Mr. Fisher tells us that "In the year 1761, a number of
+persons from the County of Essex, province of Massachusetts, presented
+a petition through their agent (Francis Peabody), to the Government of
+Nova Scotia, for the grant of a township twelve miles square at the
+River Saint John; they received a favorable answer and obtained full
+authority to survey a tract of that dimension, wherever it might be
+found fit for improvement. In consequence many of the applicants
+proceeded in the course of the winter and spring following to prepare
+for exploring the country and to survey their township; they provided
+a vessel for that purpose and on the 16th May, 1762, embarked at
+Newburyport and arrived in three days at the harbor of Saint John. * *
+* *
+
+"The exploring and surveying party proceeded to view the lands, round
+the harbor and bay of Saint John in a whale boat they brought with
+them, for they could not travel on the land on account of the
+multitude of fallen trees that had been torn up by the roots in a
+violent gale of wind nearly four years previous.[56] The same gale
+extended as far up the river as the Oromocto, and most of the country
+below that place was equally incumbered with the fallen trees.
+
+   [56] The exact date of this gale was Nov. 3, 1759.
+
+"After making all the discoveries that could be made near the harbor,
+it was the unanimous opinion that all the lands near that part of the
+country were unfit for their purpose and in about ten days from their
+first arrival they set out to view the country as far as Saint Anne,
+ninety miles up the river, where they expected to find an extensive
+body of cleared land that had been formerly improved by the French
+inhabitants. On their way they landed wherever they saw any appearance
+of improvement. All such spots as far up as Mill Creek[57] were
+supposed not to exceed one hundred acres, most of which had been very
+roughly cleared.
+
+   [57] Just below the town plot of Fredericton.
+
+"On the arrival of the exploring party at St. Anns, they lost no time
+in making a shelter for themselves nearly opposite the river Nashwaak
+... and they commenced their survey at the small gravelly point near
+Government House, with the intention of surveying a township to
+terminate twelve miles below that place, but after surveying the
+courses of the river about four miles downward, a large company of
+Indians, came down about nine miles, from their Priest's residence
+with his Interpreter, all having painted faces of divers colours and
+figures and dressed in their war habits. The chiefs, with grave
+countenances, informed the adventurers that they were trespassers on
+their rights; that the country belonged to them and unless they
+retired immediately they would compel them."
+
+"The reply made to the chiefs was to this effect: that the adventurers
+had received authority from the Governor of Halifax to survey and
+settle any land they should choose at the River Saint John; that they
+had never been informed of the Indians claiming the village of Saint
+Anne, but as they declared the land there to be their property (though
+it had been inhabited by the French, who were considered entitled to
+it, till its capture by the English) they would retire further down
+the river.
+
+* * * The surveying party removed their camp, according to their
+promise, almost as far down as the lower end of Oromocto Island on the
+east side of the river, whence they finished their survey twelve miles
+below the first mentioned bounds and returned to Fort Frederick."
+
+The circumstances that led to delay in procuring the grant from
+government have already been mentioned in this chapter.
+
+There can be no doubt that Mr. Fisher's statement--corroborated by
+Moses H. Perley--that the township was laid out in lots in the earlier
+part of 1762 is correct, for on Sept. 2nd a meeting of the intending
+settlers was advertised to be held for the purpose of drawing the lots
+which were described as "already laid out." But the statement of Mr.
+Fisher (in which he is again followed by Moses H. Perley) that one or
+two families from Newburyport accompanied the surveying party in the
+month of May, and brought with them the frame of a small dwelling
+house and boards to cover it, together with a small stock of cattle,
+and that on the third day after their arrival the house was finished
+and inhabited--is probably a misapprehension resulting from the
+confounding of incidents, which occurred in the course of the same
+year but were separated by an interval of several months. At any rate
+the late John Quinton, who was born in 1807, states most emphatically
+in a letter to Joseph W. Lawrence that it was not until the 28th day
+of August that his grand-parents, Hugh and Elizabeth Quinton, Capt.
+Francis Peabody and family, James Simonds and others came to reside at
+the River St. John. He says that accomodation was provided for
+Quinton and his wife, Miss Hannah Peabody and others in the barracks
+at Fort Frederick, where on the very night of their arrival was born
+James Quinton, the first child of English speaking parents, whose
+birth is recorded at St. John.[58] The remainder of the party encamped
+on the east side of the harbor at the site of an old French Fort, the
+place since known as Portland Point, or Simonds' Point, where they
+erected a dwelling into which the Quintons and others in Carleton soon
+afterwards removed. Hannah Peabody was at this time about twelve years
+old: she afterwards became the wife of James Simonds.
+
+   [58] John Quinton says he heard this story many times from his
+        grandmother's lips. She was a woman of remarkable memory and
+        lived until the year 1835. It would seem very improbable she
+        could be mistaken as to the date of such an event.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XVI.
+
+PROGRESS OF THE MAUGERVILLE SETTLEMENT.
+
+
+The township of Maugerville, as described in the grant of October 31,
+1765, began "at a Pine Tree on a point of land a little below the
+Island called Mauger's Island," extending 12-1/2 miles up the river
+with a depth of nearly 11 miles. It embraced the principal part of the
+parishes of Maugerville and Sheffield, including Oromocto Island and
+"the Island lying off Wind-mill Point called Middle Island." In the
+grant the "Rights" or "Shares" were fixed at 500 acres but the
+surveyor-general of Nova Scotia, Charles Morris, had intended that the
+grantees should have 1,000 acres each on account of their being the
+first adventurers and also on account of the large proportion of
+sunken lands and lakes within the limits of the township.
+
+At the time the Maugerville grant was made out the obnoxious Stamp Act
+was about coming into force in America and the Crown Land Office at
+Halifax was besieged with people pressing for their grants in order to
+save the stamp duties. In the hurry and confusion existing Mr. Morris
+says that the shares of the township were inadvertently fixed at 500
+acres each, whereas it had been his intention to lay out one hundred
+farm lots, each forty rods wide and extending one mile deep into the
+country, and to give each grantee the balance of his 1,000 acres in
+the subsequent division of the rest of the township. It is quite
+likely the Maugerville settlers were glad to accept the smaller shares
+allotted them in view of the fact that they had been so near losing
+the whole by the decision of the British government to reserve the
+lands for the disbanded regulars of the army.
+
+By the terms of the grant it was provided that all persons who failed
+to settle on their lots, with proper stock and materials for the
+improvement of their lands, before the last day of November, 1767,
+should forfeit all claim to the lands allotted them. The township was
+supposed to consist of 200 shares but only 61 shares were included in
+the grant of 1765. At least two other grants were passed prior to the
+coming of the Loyalists--one in 1770, the other early in 1783; but
+there were still some vacant lots which were gladly taken up by these
+unfortunate exiles. For their accomodation also a grant was made Dec.
+22, 1786, of the rear of the township and such men as Samuel Ryerson,
+Justus Earle, Joseph Ryerson, Wm. Van Allen, Abraham Van Buskirk,
+Samuel Tilley and Lodewick Fisher[59] were among the grantees.
+
+   [59] Samuel Tilley and Lodewick Fisher were the progenitors
+        respectively of Sir Leonard Tilley and Hon. Charles Fisher,
+        the one came from Long Island, N. Y., the other from New
+        Jersey. It is curious they should have settled on adjoining
+        lots in view of the intimate relations of their distinguished
+        grandsons in the battle for responsible government. The other
+        names given above are those of officers in Lt.-Col. Van
+        Buskirk's battalion of the New Jersey Volunteers who were of
+        Dutch descent.
+
+Nearly all the original settlers in the township of Maugerville were
+from Massachusetts, the majority from the single county of Essex. Thus
+the Burpees were from Rowley, the Perleys from Boxford, the Esteys
+from Newburyport, while other families were from Haverhill, Ipswich,
+Gloucester, Salem and other towns of this ancient county which
+antedates all others in Massachusetts but Plymouth. These settlers
+were almost exclusively of Puritan stock and members of the
+Congregationalist churches of New England.
+
+The list of the grantees of the Township of Maugerville, alphabetically
+arranged, includes the following names:--
+
+  Benjamin Atherton,
+  Jacob Barker,
+  Jacob Barker, jr.,
+  Thomas Barker,
+  Richard Barlow,
+  Benjamin Brawn,
+  David Burbank,
+  Joseph Buber,
+  Jeremiah Burpee,
+  Jonathan Burpee,
+  James Chadwell,
+  Thomas Christy,
+  Joseph Clark,
+  Widow Clark,
+  Edward Coy,
+  Moses Davis,
+  Jos. F. W. Desbarres,
+  Enoch Dow,
+  Joseph Dunphy,
+  John Estey,
+  Richard Estey,
+  Richard Estey, jr.,
+  Zebulun Estey,
+  Joseph Garrison,
+  Beamsley P. Glazier,
+  William Harris,
+  Thomas Hart,
+  Geo. Hayward,
+  Nehemiah Hayward,
+  Jeremiah Howland,
+  Ammi Howlet,
+  Samuel Hoyt,
+  Daniel Jewett,
+  Richard Kimball,
+  John Larlee,
+  Joshua Mauger,
+  Peter Moores,
+  William McKeen,
+  Elisha Nevers,
+  Jabez Nevers,
+  Phinehas Nevers,
+  Samuel Nevers,
+  Nathaniel Newman,
+  Daniel Palmer,
+  Moses Palmer,
+  Jonathan Parker,
+  Francis Peabody,
+  Oliver Peabody,
+  Richard Peabody,
+  Samuel Peabody,
+  Stephen Peabody,
+  Asa Perley,
+  Israel Perley,
+  Oliver Perley,
+  Humphrey Pickard,
+  Moses Pickard,
+  Hugh Quinton,
+  Nicholas Rideout,
+  Thomas Rous,
+  John Russell,
+  Ezekiel Saunders,
+  William Saunders,
+  Gervas Say,
+  John Shaw,
+  Hugh Shirley,
+  James Simonds,
+  Samuel Tapley,
+  Giles Tidmarsh, jr.,
+  Samuel Upton,
+  James Vibart,
+  John Wasson,
+  Matthew Wasson,
+  John Whipple,
+  Jonathan Whipple,
+  Samuel Whitney,
+  Jediah Stickney,
+  John Smith,
+  Johnathan Smith,
+  Charles Stephens,
+  Isaac Stickney.
+
+The majority of the surnames in the above list will seem wonderfully
+familiar to the residents of the St. John river counties where their
+descendants today form a large and influential element in the
+community.
+
+In his lecture on New Brunswick history delivered in 1840, Moses H.
+Perley says that in the year 1763 the Maugerville township was settled
+by 200 families, comprising about 800 persons, who came from
+Massachusetts in four vessels. There cannot be the slightest doubt
+that Mr. Perley has greatly over-estimated the number of the original
+settlers. We have every reason to believe that the population of the
+township continued steadily to increase and about two years later
+(Dec. 16, 1766), a census was submitted to the government of Nova
+Scotia by Lieut. Governor Francklin showing that there were then
+living at Maugerville 77 men, 46 women, 72 boys and 66 girls, a total
+of 261 souls; and it may be added that during the year 17 new settlers
+had arrived and 14 children were born, while the number of deaths was
+but 3. That the new settlers were anxious to fulfil the conditions of
+their grants is shown by the fact that they already possessed 10
+horses, 78 oxen and bulls, 145 sows, 156 young cattle, 376 sheep and
+181 swine. Their crop for the year included: Wheat 599 bushels, Rye
+1,866 do., Beans 145 do., Oats 57 do., Pease 91 do., Flaxseed 7 do. A
+grist and saw-mill had been built and two sloops were owned by the
+settlers. Some attempt had also been made at raising flax and hemp.
+
+The settlement at Maugerville was visited by Hon. Charles Morris, the
+surveyor general of Nova Scotia, in 1767, and it is not improbable the
+census taken by order of Lieut. Governor Franklin was made under his
+supervision. Mr. Morris was evidently much surprised at the progress
+the settlers had made, for in a letter of the 25th January, 1768, he
+says:--
+
+"Opposite to Oromocto River, upon the northerly side of the River St.
+John's, is the English settlement of disbanded soldiers from New
+England, consisting of about eighty families, who have made great
+Improvements, and are like to make an established Settlement there.
+And by some tryals they have made of hemp upon the intervale it
+succeeded beyond their expectation. I measured myself Hemp that was
+nine feet high, that had not come to its full growth in the latter end
+of July. They generally have about twenty bushels of Maze and about
+twenty bushels of Wheat from an acre of land, that was only cleared of
+its woods and harrowed without ever having a Plow in it. When I was on
+the River last year, I saw myself eighty bushes of Indian Corn raised
+from one acre of land that had been ploughed and properly managed. I
+would observe that the Corn raised on this River is not the same kind
+as the Corn in New England; neither the climate or soil would be
+suitable to it; they get their seed from Canada and they sow it in
+rows about three feet distant as we do Pease in our gardens; it takes
+about a bushel to sow an acre; the ears grow close to the ground as
+thick as they can stick one by another, pointing outwards like a
+Cheveaux de Frise upon each side of the rows; the richness of the
+soil, the manner of sowing it and of its growing, may account very
+easily for its producing so much to the acre. Some of the old French
+Inhabitants of the River have informed me that they have raised, in a
+seasonable year, near one hundred bushels of Indian Corn per acre."
+
+The alluvial character of the soil of Maugerville, its freedom
+from stone and from dense forest growth, no doubt attracted the
+first English settlers and decided the choice of their location,
+just as the same features attracted the brothers d'Amours and
+others of the French nearly a century before. The French, too,
+recorded as the principal drawback of the location, the losses and
+annoyances consequent upon the inundation of their fields and
+premises by the spring freshets.[60] A short experience convinced
+the English settlers that the complaints of their predecessors
+were well founded.
+
+   [60] See previous chapters, pp. 63, 110.
+
+As Maugerville divides with Portland Point the honor of being the
+first permanent English settlement at the River St. John, it is proper
+to describe in some fulness of detail the movements of its founders.
+They were a sturdy and adventurous race. The great majority had seen
+active service in the "old French war"--some of them had fought under
+Wolfe at the taking of Quebec. The Indian war-cry was a sound not
+unfamiliar to their ears, and so their interview with the savages of
+Aukpaque, upon their arrival, taught them the dangers of their
+situation. It really required more hardihood to plunge into the
+wilderness than to settle under the protection of Fort Frederick at
+the river's mouth.
+
+The proximity of the Indian town of Aukpaque; a few miles above,
+probably induced the majority of the Maugerville people to settle in
+the lower part of the township. At any rate for some years no one
+resided farther up the river than lot No. 57, about five miles below
+the Nashwaak, where lived the Widow Clark, a resolute old dame whom
+nothing could dismay.
+
+It is interesting to note that Simonds and White contemplated at one
+time the erection of a Truck-house at Maugerville for their Indian
+trade, and a frame was prepared for the building, but before it was
+raised some difficulties arose between the Indians and the Whites and
+the matter was deferred for a year or two. The frame was then sent up
+the river in the sloop "Bachelor" and landed on lot No. 66, belonging
+to Mr. Simonds, "near the then upper settlement of Maugerville." This
+was the only place available as none of the settlers desired to have
+the Truck-house near them. However the carpenters found the frame so
+warped as not to be worth setting up and the project was abandoned.
+
+The first band of settlers came to Maugerville in 1763, probably in
+small vessels hired for the occasion. From time to time the colony
+received additions from New England. The later comers usually took
+their passage in some of the vessels owned by Messrs. Hazen, Simonds
+and White, which furnished the readiest means of communication. There
+are many interesting items in the account books[61] kept by Simonds
+and White at their store at Portland Point in connection with the
+Maugerville settlers. For example Captain Francis Peabody is charged
+with the following items, under date January 15, 1765:--
+
+  "To passage in schooner of 4 Passengers from
+        New England at 12s.                            L 2 8 0
+   Freight of 9 Heiffers at 12s.                         5 8 0
+   Club of Cyder for 5 men at 13s. 6d. each              3 7 6
+   5 Tons of Hay for cattle on passage                  10 0 0
+   Freight of sheep                                      3 6 0
+
+   [61] Several of these books are now in my possession.--W. O. R.
+
+In the same schooner there came Jacob Barker, jun., Oliver Perley,
+Zebulon Estey, Humphrey Pickard and David Burbank, each of whom paid
+twelve shillings passage money from Newburyport to St. John and 13s.
+6d. for "his club of Cyder" on the voyage. David Burbank brought with
+him a set of Mill irons, which is suggestive of enterprise, but his
+stay appears to have been but brief, for on the 20th April, 1767, he
+sold his land (about five miles below the Nashwaak) to William Brawn,
+the son of an original grantee of the township, and the deed was
+acknowledged before John Anderson, Justice of the Peace at Moncton[62]
+the 29th of April.
+
+   [62] John Anderson was one of the first magistrates of the original
+        county of Sunbury, appointed Aug. 17, 1765. He had a trading
+        post, which he called "Moncton," just above the Nashwaak on
+        the site of the modern village of Gibson. The deed referred to
+        above is one of the earliest on record in the province.
+
+The upper boundary of the Township of Maugerville now forms a part of
+the dividing line between the Counties of York and Sunbury. The lower
+boundary of the township began near the foot of Maugers' Island, about
+two miles above the Queens-Sunbury county line. Middle Island, which
+occupies a middle position between Oromocto Island above and Mauger's
+(or Gilbert's) Island below, was in a sense the centre of the
+township, and it must not be forgotten by the reader that what was in
+early days the principal section of the Township of Maugerville is now
+the Parish of Sheffield. The lots are numbered beginning at Middle
+Island and running down the river to No. 39, then starting again at
+the upper end of the grant, at the York county line, and running down
+the river to Middle Island, so that the last lot, No. 100, adjoins the
+first lot. The oldest plan of the township in the Crown Land office
+shows the state of settlement at a date subsequent to that of the
+original grant, and during the interval a good many changes had
+occurred. The early grantees were about eighty in number.
+
+Reference to the accompanying plan of the river will show the
+locations of the early settlers of Maugerville; they will be mentioned
+in order ascending the river.
+
+The lower ten lots of the township and Mauger's Island were granted to
+Joshua Mauger. Just above were the lots of Gervas Say, Nehemiah
+Hayward, John Russell, Samuel Upton, Zebulon Estey, John Estey,
+Richard Estey and Edward Coy.
+
+At the head of Mauger's Island were the lots of Matthew Wason, Samuel
+Whitney and Samuel Tapley.
+
+Between Mauger's Island and Middle Island the lots were those of
+Jeremiah Burpee, Jonathan Burpee, Jacob Barker, Daniel Jewett, Ezekiel
+Saunders, Humphrey Pickard, Moses Pickard, Jacob Barker, jr., Isaac
+Stickney and Jonathan Smith.
+
+Opposite Middle Island, in order ascending, were Thomas Barker, John
+Wason, Daniel Palmer, Richard Kimball, Joseph Garrison, Samuel Nevers,
+Peter Mooers, Richard Estey, jr., Jabez Nevers, Enoch Dow and Hugh
+Quinton.
+
+Between Middle and Oromocto islands were Thomas Christie, Elisha
+Nevers, Jedediah Stickney, Stephen Peabody, Capt. Francis Peabody and
+William McKeen.
+
+Opposite Oromocto Island were Israel Perley (at the foot of the
+island), Lt.-Col. Beamsley P. Glasier, John Whipple, Nathaniel
+Rideout, Capt. Francis Peabody, Alexander Tapley, Phineas Nevers,
+Joseph Dunphy, William Harris, Ammi Howlet, Samuel Peabody and Oliver
+Peabody.
+
+Above Oromocto Island we find the lots of Asa Perley, Oliver Perley,
+George Munro, James Simonds, Joseph Buber, Joseph Shaw, Benjamin
+Brawn, Daniel Burbank, Thomas Hartt and the Widow Clark. Thence to the
+upper boundary of the township, a distance of two miles, there were at
+first no settlers, but in the course of time Richard Barlow, Nehemiah
+Beckwith, Benjamin Atherton, Jeremiah Howland and others took up
+lots.
+
+[Illustration: PLAN OF MAUGERVILLE, INCLUDING SHEFFIELD.]
+
+The names of the majority of the Maugerville grantees appear in the
+account books kept by Simonds and White at their store at Portland
+Point and a lot of interesting family history might be gleaned from
+the old faded pages. There are other items of interest in the records
+of the old County of Sunbury.
+
+In nearly all the early settlements made on the River St. John some
+encouragement was offered for the erection of a mill, and when the
+signers under Captain Francis Peabody met at Andover in April, 1762,
+previous to their leaving Massachusetts, it was agreed that each
+signer should pay six shillings towards erecting a mill in their
+township. The streams in Maugerville are so inconsiderable that it may
+be presumed some difficulty would arise on this head. This is
+confirmed by the fact that in the grant of 1763 the point of land
+opposite Middle Island is called "Wind-mill Point." However an old
+deed shows that Richard Estey, jr., had on his lot No. 100 (opposite
+Middle Island) a mill built on what is called Numeheal creek, of which
+the first owners were Mr. Estey and his neighbor, Thomas Barker. This
+mill was sold in 1779 to James Woodman and was employed in sawing
+boards and other lumber for the Loyalists at St. John during the
+summer of 1783.
+
+Not all of the grantees of the Township of Maugerville were actual
+settlers. Of several we know little more than the names. This is the
+case with James Chadwell, whose name appears first in the grant, and
+with Moses Davis, Thomas Rous, Jonathan Parker, Hugh Shirley,
+Nathaniel Newman and James Vibart.
+
+Two other non-resident grantees were men of influence and in their day
+made sufficient stir in the world to claim further notice. The first
+bore the imposing name of Joseph Frederick Wallet DesBarres. This
+gentleman is believed to have been a native of Switzerland. He
+obtained a commission in the English army and served with distinction
+under Wolfe at the siege of Quebec. At the time the Maugerville
+settlement was founded he was a lieutenant in the 60th Regiment, but
+being an excellent engineer, had lately been engaged by the Board of
+Admiralty to make exact surveys and charts of the coasts and harbors
+of Nova Scotia. In this work DesBarres was employed a good many years.
+Nearly two seasons were spent in making a careful survey of Sable
+Island--the grave-yard of the Atlantic--where DesBarres tells us the
+sands were strewn with wreckage and thousands had already perished for
+want of known soundings. Some of the results of his prolonged labors
+may be seen in the three huge volumes of the Atlantic Neptune (each as
+large as a fair sized table) in the Crown Land office at Fredericton.
+Commenting on the length of time spent in his surveys DesBarres
+remarks:
+
+"Interruptions from fogs and precarious weather, unavoidably made
+tedious a performance in which accuracy is the chief thing desired,
+and rendered many years necessary to complete it for publication; but
+when the author reflects that the accuracy and truth of his work will
+stand the test of ages, and preserve future navigators from the
+horrors of shipwreck and destruction, he does not repine at its having
+employed so large a portion of his life."
+
+The engrossing nature of his occupation as engineer did not hinder
+DesBarres from being an ambitious land speculator. In 1765 he
+obtained, in conjunction with General Haldimand and one or two others,
+a grant of the Township of Hopewell, comprising 100,000 acres on the
+Petitcodiac river. But he derived little benefit from his lands, as
+he was unable to fulfill the conditions of settlement, and eventually
+they reverted to the crown.
+
+In 1784, Des Barres was appointed Lieut. Governor of Cape Breton, and
+afterwards Lieut. Governor of Prince Edward Island. He died at Halifax
+on the 27th October, 1824, and was honored with a state funeral at
+which the attendance was great and the interest felt very remarkable.
+This was due, in some measure, to the fact that had he lived another
+month he would have attained the extraordinary age of 103 years.
+Beamish Murdoch observes:
+
+"Colonel DesBarres' scientific labors on our coasts, and his repute as
+one of the heroes of 1759 under Wolfe at Quebec, gave him a claim on
+the gratitude and reverence of all Nova Scotians."
+
+This sentiment was not shared by the Acadians of Memramcook, who found
+difficulty in resisting the claims of the heirs of DesBarres to the
+lands they had settled. Two Lots in the upper part of the Township of
+Maugerville were granted to Governor DesBarres and had he settled
+there he would have been the next-door neighbor of the Widow Clark,
+but there is nothing to show that he made any attempt to improve his
+lands in that quarter and so his connection with the settlement is
+nothing but a name.
+
+Joshua Mauger, the other non-resident grantee to whom reference has
+been made, was an English merchant who came to America as a contractor
+under government for furnishing supplies to the army at Louisbourg.
+When Cape Breton was restored to France, in 1749, Louisbourg was
+evacuated and Mauger came with the troops to Halifax. Shortly after
+his arrival he and other merchants asked permission to build wharves
+on the beach for the accommodation of their business. In 1751 he was
+appointed agent for victualling the Navy. Grog was at that time freely
+dispensed in the army and navy, and Mauger erected a distillery where
+he manufactured the rum required for the troops and seamen. As the
+business was lucrative he soon accumulated much property in and around
+Halifax, including the well known Mauger's Beach at the entrance of
+Halifax harbor. He had also shops at Pisiquid and Minas--or, as they
+are now called, Windsor and Horton--where he sold goods and spirits to
+the French and Indians. He returned to England in 1761 and was
+appointed agent for the Province of Nova Scotia in London. The year
+following he was elected a member of Parliament.
+
+Joshua Mauger in his position as Agent for the province was able to
+render it essential service, and in the year 1766 the legislature
+of Nova Scotia voted the sum of L50 for a piece of plate as a
+testimonial of their appreciation of his "zeal and unwearied
+application" in their behalf. As already mentioned, it was chiefly
+due to his energy that the Massachusetts settlers on the River St.
+John were confirmed in possession of their township. For his
+services in this connection, however, he was not unrewarded; not
+only was the township named in his honor, but the large island,
+since known as Mauger's or Gilbert's Island, was granted to him,
+together with ten lots, at the lower end of the township. When the
+Loyalists arrived they looked with somewhat covetous eyes on these
+interval lands which were settled by tenants at a yearly rental of
+L3 for each lot. Mauger's Island was purchased by Colonel Thomas
+Gilbert, the well known Loyalist of Taunton, Massachusetts, and by
+him bequeathed to his eldest son, Thomas Gilbert, jr. The latter
+writes so entertainingly and so enthusiastically of his situation,
+in a letter to his sister and her husband, that we venture to depart,
+for a moment, from the chronological order of events in order to
+give some extracts.
+
+  "On Board Major's Island, Sept. 30, 1799.
+
+  Dear Brother and Sister,-- * * * I have made great improvements on
+  board this island. Three summers ago I built a large house, the
+  Carpenter just as he had finished the work took a brand of fire by
+  accident and burnt it all to ashes with three hundred pounds of
+  property in it. It happened the 15th of November, winter set in
+  next day. I fled to a small house I had on the island. Ice making
+  in the River there was no passing, but my Neighbors knew my
+  situation and assembled of their own good will[63]--in four weeks
+  put me into a good framed house forty feet long twenty wide with a
+  good chimney, where I lived the winter very comfortably. In the
+  spring I went to work and built a House 38 by 36 and set it on to
+  the other, which occupies the same ground that the other did, and
+  I finished it to a latch from top to bottom. * * * * The summer
+  past I have built me a barn 80 feet by 34 completely finished and
+  said to be the best in the Province.
+
+  'I wonder you don't come yourself or send some of your family to
+  help us enjoy this fine country. We feel no war nor pay any tax.
+  Our land brings forth abundantly; it is almost incredible to see
+  the Produce; it makes but little odds when you plant or sow, at
+  harvest time you will have plenty. This last spring was late, the
+  water was not off so that I could plant till the 21st of June, and
+  so till the 26th we planted, and you never saw so much corn in any
+  part of the States to the acre as I have got, and wheat and
+  everything to the greatest perfection. I wonder how you and my
+  Friends can prefer digging among the Stones and paying Rates to an
+  easy life in this country. Last year I sold beef, pork and mutton
+  more than I wanted for my family for three hundred Pounds, besides
+  two colts for forty pounds apiece. A few days ago I sold four
+  colts before they were broke for one hundred and ten pounds and I
+  have sixteen left. I have a fine stock of cattle and sheep--butter
+  and cheese is as plenty here as herrings are at Taunton--a tenant
+  lives better here than a Landlord at Berkley. I am blesst with the
+  best Neighbors that ever drew breath--they are made of the same
+  stuff that our forefathers were that first settled New England. *
+  * * * I live under the protection of the King, and I am stationed
+  by his Laws on this Island, the finest farm in the Province. I
+  don't intend to weigh my anchor nor start from this till I have
+  orders from the Governor of all things--then I hope to obey the
+  summons with joy and gladness--with Great Expectation, to meet you
+  in Heaven where I hope to rest."
+
+   [63] He means that intercourse with the shore was cut off in
+        consequence of floating ice but that his neighbors had seem
+        the misfortune and, realizing the need of prompt action, of
+        their own good will met together and began to prepare the
+        frame and materials for a new dwelling.
+
+Benjamin Atherton removed to St. Anns about 1769 where at the time the
+Loyalists arrived he is reported to have had a good framed house and
+log barn and about 30 acres of land, cleared in part by the French.
+This land was near the Government House, and here in early days,
+Messrs. Simonds & White established a trading post to which the
+Indians and Acadians and some of the English settlers resorted. The
+store was managed by Benjamin Atherton who had an interest in the
+business. Mr. Atherton was a man of ability and good education and
+filled the office of clerk of the peace of the county of Sunbury--at
+that time including nearly all New Brunswick.
+
+Hugh Quinton, Samuel Peabody, Gerves Say and William McKeen removed at
+an early date to the mouth of the river and we shall hear more of them
+in connection with that locality.
+
+Edward Coy, Thomas Hart and Zebulun Estey removed to Gagetown. Some
+facts concerning Edward Coy are related in a curious old book
+published at Boston in 1849 entitled "A Narrative of the Life and
+Christian Experience of Mrs. Mary Bradley of Saint John, New
+Brunswick, written by Herself." From this source we learn that the
+Coys were originally McCoys but that the "Mac" was dropped by Edward
+Coy's grandfather and never resumed by the family. The Coys came from
+Pomfret in Connecticut to the River St. John in 1763 and the family
+removed from Gagetown to Sheffield in 1776. One of Edward Coy's
+daughters is said to have been the first female child of English
+speaking parents born on the St. John river. The curious "cul de sac"
+in the river opposite the mouth of the Belleisle known as "The
+Mistake" was formerly called "Coy's Mistake"--the name doubtless
+suggests the incident in which it had its origin. Many a traveller
+since the time of Edward Coy has incautiously entered the same
+cul-de-sac, thinking it the channel of the river, and, after
+proceeding two or three miles, found he too had made a "mistake" and
+retraced his way a sadder and a wiser man.
+
+Zebulun Estey and Thomas Hart went to Gagetown while the war of the
+Revolution was in progress. The sentiments of the two were diverse
+during the war. Mr. Hart was one of the committee who helped to
+organize the party that went with the Americans, under Colonel
+Jonathan Eddy, against Fort Cumberland, in 1775. He is described in
+Major Studholme's report as "a rebel." Zebulun Estey on the other hand
+is described as "a good man and his character very loyal."
+
+Naturally the large number of those who removed from Maugerville on
+account of the inconveniences of the spring freshets went across the
+river to the Township of Burton, in some cases still retaining their
+property in Maugerville. Among those who so removed were Isaac
+Stickney, Israel Estey, Moses Estey, John Larlee, Amos Estey, John
+Pickard, Benjamin Brawn, Edward Barker, Israel Kinney, John Shaw and
+Thomas Barker. These were chiefly original grantees or their sons, who
+all removed to Burton during the progress of the Revolution, excepting
+John Larlee and Israel Kinney who went there in 1767. John Larlee was
+one of the old time doctors, a man highly respected whose descendants
+now are chiefly residents of Carleton county. Israel Kinney was
+probably the first blacksmith in the community.
+
+Among those not included in the original band of settlers at
+Maugerville, but who arrived there shortly afterwards, was Moses
+Coburn, who came from Newburyport to St. John in the schooner Eunice
+early in 1767. This little vessel had quite a number of passengers for
+the River St. John, including James Simonds, Oliver Perley, Alexander
+Tapley and Stephen Hovey, but the voyage is of special interest from
+the fact that there was a bride on board, the young wife of James
+Simonds, formerly Hannah Peabody--a bride of sixteen. The Eunice had a
+fine passage and arrived at St. John on the 26th April, 1767.
+
+Moses Coburn settled on lot No. 23, not far below the present
+Sheffield Academy. The lot had been drawn by Edward Coy, one of the
+original grantees of the township, who took up his residence in
+Gagetown, but afterwards removed to Maugerville.
+
+Alexander Tapley was one of the passengers in the Eunice. He lived at
+Maugerville prior to April 22, 1765, for on that date he sold 8-1/2
+lbs. of Beaver to Simonds & White for the sum of L2 2s. 6d., and
+purchased in return a number of articles including a pair of women's
+shoes at 5 shillings, and a pair of "men's pomps" at 7 shillings. A
+curious incident in connection with Alexander Tapley is to be found in
+the old court records of the County of Sunbury. It seems that having
+been appointed constable he declined to qualify and take the oath of
+office. In consequence he was summoned on the 20th May, 1774, to
+appear before Israel Perley and Jacob Baker, two of the magistrates,
+"to give a reason (if any he hath) for the refusing to serve as a
+constable for said town of Maugerville." To this citation Tapley paid
+no regard, whereupon the magistrates, in high dudgeon, fined him forty
+shillings and issued a warrant to Samuel Upton, constable, who "took a
+cow of the said Tapley to satisfy the fine and costs, which sum was
+ordered to remain in the said constable's hand till called for."
+
+Giles Tidmarsh was one of the transient settlers of Maugerville. The
+account books of Simonds and White show that he lived on the river at
+least as early as October, 1765--the first item charged in his acount
+is: "Oct. 23d, To 1 Fusee, L2." On July 23, 1767, Tidmarsh was granted
+1,000 acres in the township of Maugerville. Some years later his name
+appears as a Halifax magistrate, and in the year 1775 he was a Planter
+in the Island of Grenada. On Nov. 30th of that year he sold to Jacob
+Barker, jr., the half of lot No. 11, in Upper Sheffield, about 250
+acres, for L32.
+
+The descendants of the early settlers on the River St. John will find
+some very interesting information in the old accounts of Simonds &
+White as to the date and manner of the arrival of their forefathers in
+this country, and something too as regards their way of living.
+
+In the early days of Maugerville it was quite a common occurrence for
+an intending settler to leave his family in New England till he had
+succeeded in making a small clearing and had built a log house for
+their accommodation, and a hovel for such domestic animals as he chose
+to bring with him. This in some measure explains the fact that while
+according to the census of Michael Francklin there were 77 men in
+Maugerville at the close of the year 1766 there were only 46 women.
+Here is an example from the account books of Simonds & White which
+will serve for illustration in this connection; it appears under date
+August 18, 1769:--
+
+  Nehemiah Hayward to Simonds & White, Dr.
+
+  To his passage to Newbury in the Polly last March.   20s.
+  His and wife's passage to this place                 20s.
+  1 Cow, 10s.; 1 Child, 5s.                            15s.
+
+Evidently Mr. Hayward had made a home for his wife and child on the
+banks of the St. John and had now gone to bring them on from
+Newburyport. His farm was in the lower part of Sheffield.
+
+Most of the live stock for the Maugerville people was shipped from
+Newburyport to St. John in the vessels of Hazen, Simonds and White.
+One of the first horses in the settlement was owned by Ammi Howlet,
+who paid L2 as freight for the animal in a sloop that arrived in May,
+1765.
+
+It is manifestly impossible to follow the history of every family
+represented in the grantees of Maugerville. Of the 261 souls that
+comprised the population of the township in 1767, all were natives of
+America with the exception of six English, ten Irish, four Scotch and
+six Germans. The majority were of Puritan stock and members of the
+congregationalist churches of Massachusetts. Scarcely had they settled
+themselves in their new possessions when they began the organization
+of a church. Dr. James Hannay in his very interesting paper on the
+Maugerville Settlement, published in the collections of the New
+Brunswick Historical Society, gives a copy of the original church
+covenant certified as correct by Humphrey Pickard, the church clerk.
+The covenant is signed by Jonathan Burpee, Elisha Nevers, Richard
+Estey, Daniel Palmer, Gervas Say, Edward Coy and Jonathan Smith. The
+opening paragraph reads:
+
+  "We whose names are hereto subscribed, apprehending ourselves
+  called of God (for advancing of His Kingdom and edifying ourselves
+  and posterity) to combine and embody ourselves into a distinct
+  Church Society, and being for that end orderly dismissed from the
+  Churches to which we heretofore belonged; do (as we hope) with
+  some measure of seriousness and sincerity, take upon us the
+  following covenant, viz.:--
+
+  "As to matters of faith we cordially adhere to the principles of
+  religion (at least the substance of them) contained in the Shorter
+  Catechism of the Westminister Assembly of Divines wherewith also
+  the New England Confession of Faith harmonizeth, not as supposing
+  that there is any authority, much less infalibility, in these
+  human creeds or forms; but verily believing that these principles
+  are drawn from and agreeable to the Holy Scripture, which is the
+  foundation and standard of truth; hereby declaring our utter
+  dislike of the Pelagian Arminian principles, vulgarly so called.
+
+  "In a firm belief of the aforesaid doctrines from an earnest
+  desire that we and ours may receive the love of them and be saved
+  with hopes that what we are now doing may be a means of so great
+  an happiness; we do now (under a sense of our utter unworthiness
+  of the honour and privileges of God's Covenant people) in solemn
+  and yet free and cheerful manner give up ourselves and offspring
+  to God the Father, to the Son the Mediator, and the Holy Ghost the
+  instructor, sanctifier and comforter, to be henceforth the people
+  and servants of this God, to believe in all His revalations, to
+  accept of His method of reconciliation, to obey His commands, and
+  to keep all His ordinances, to look to and depend upon Him to do
+  all for us, and work all in us, especially relating to our eternal
+  salvation, being sensible that of ourselves we can do nothing.
+
+  "And it is also our purpose and resolution (by Divine assistance)
+  to discharge the duties of Christian love and Brotherly
+  watchfulness towards each other, to train up our children in the
+  nurture and admonition of the Lord: to join together in setting up
+  and maintaining the Publick worship of God among us, carefully and
+  joyfully to attend upon Christ's Sacrament and institutions; to
+  yield all obedience and submission to Him or them that shall from
+  time to time in an orderly manner be made overseers of the flock,
+  to submit to all the regular administrations and censures of the
+  Church and to contribute all in our power unto the regularity and
+  peaceableness of those administrations.
+
+  "And respecting Church discipline it is our purpose to adhere to
+  the method contained in the platform or the substance of it agreed
+  upon by the synod at Cambridge in New England Ano. Dom. 1648 as
+  thinking these methods of Church Discipline the nearest the
+  Scripture and most likely to maintain and promote Purity, order
+  and peace of any.
+
+  "And we earnestly pray that God would be pleased to smile upon
+  this our undertaking for His Glory, that whilst we thus subscribe
+  with our hands, to the Lord and sirname ourselves by the Name of
+  Israel; we may through grace given us become Israelites indeed in
+  whom there is no Guile, that our hearts may be right with God and
+  we be steadfast in His Covenant, that we who are now combining
+  together in a new church of Jesus Christ, may by the purity of our
+  faith and morals become one of those Golden Candlesticks among
+  which the Son of God in way of favor and protection will
+  condescend to walk. And that every member of it thro' imputed
+  righteousness and inherent grace may hereafter be found among that
+  happy Multitude whom the glorious head of the Church, the Heavenly
+  Bridegroome shall present to Himself a glorious church not having
+  spot or wrinkle or any such thing."
+
+No date is attached to this church covenant, but it was in all
+probability drawn up within a year or two of the date of arrival of
+the first settlers. Jonathan Burpee, whose name comes first in the
+order of signers, was a deacon in the church, and for some years the
+leader in all church movements. He lived in that part of Sheffield
+just above the Academy and was the ancestor of the Hon. Isaac Burpee,
+who was minister of customs in the Mackenzie government, and of many
+others of the name. His son, Jeremiah Burpee, lived beside him and a
+grandson, David Burpee, was another neighbor.
+
+It was not until some years after the organization of the church that
+there was any settled minister on the St. John river and those
+desirous of entering the holy estate of matrimony were obliged like
+James Simonds to proceed to Massachusetts or to follow the example off
+Gervas Say and Anna Russell, whose marriage is described in the
+following unique document:--
+
+  "Maugerville, February 23, 1766.
+
+  "In the presence of Almighty God and this Congregation, Gervas Bay
+  and Anna Russell, inhabitants of the above said township enter
+  into marriage Covenant lawfully to dwell together in the fear of
+  God the remaining part of our lives, in order to perform all ye
+  duties necessary betwixt husband and wife as witness our hands.
+
+    Daniel Palmer,            Gervas Say,
+    Fras. Peabody,            Anna Say.
+    Saml. Whitney,
+    Richard Estey,
+    George Hayward,
+    David Palmer,
+    Edwd. Coye.
+
+Gervas Say was one of the signers of the church covenant as also were
+three of the witnesses, Richard Estey, Daniel Palmer, and Edward Coye,
+and it may be assumed that the marriage was regarded as perfectly
+proper under the circumstances and it is not improbable that, in the
+absence of a minister, this was the ordinary mode of marriage. Gervas
+Say was afterwards a magistrate of the county and a man of integrity,
+ability and influence.
+
+During the earlier years of the settlement at Maugerville there was no
+resident minister, but the place was occasionally visited by a
+clergyman. It is said that the first religious teacher there was a Mr.
+Wellman who came to Maugerville with some of the first settlers but
+did not remain. There is nothing to show that when the church covenant
+was signed, in the year 1765, there was any resident minister. The
+Reverend Thomas Wood of Annapolis, a Church of England clergyman,
+visited the River St. John in the Summer of 1769, and on Sunday, July
+9th, landed at Maugerville, where he held service and had a
+congregation of more than two hundred persons. He stated in his report
+to the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel, that owing to the
+fact that the congregation was composed chiefly of Dissenters from New
+England, and that they had a Dissenting minister among them, only two
+persons were baptised by him, but, he added, "if a prudent missionary
+could be settled among them I believe all their prejudices would
+vanish."
+
+The next year the little settlement had a minister, Zephaniah Briggs,
+who remained from May to August, preaching on Sundays at the houses of
+Daniel Palmer, Jacob Barker, Hugh Quinton, Jonathan Smith and Elisha
+Nevers. After a while came a Mr. Webster who, like his predecessor,
+seems to have been an itinerant preacher and did not tarry long.
+
+It was not until the arrival of the Rev. Seth Noble[64], in 1774, that
+the church had a resident pastor, but in the intervals religious
+services were held on the Lord's Day at private houses, conducted by
+the deacons and elders of the church, consisting of prayer and
+exhortation, reading of a sermon and singing. Among the early deacons
+were Jonathan Burpee, Samuel Whitney, John Shaw, and Humphrey Pickard.
+The elders were chosen annually.
+
+   [64] The Rev. Seth Noble was grandfather of the Rev. Joseph Noble who
+        at this date (1904), is the oldest Free Baptist minister in
+        the Province. For this information I am indebted to H. G.
+        Noble of Woodstock, N. B.--W.O.R.
+
+The records of the church, which are yet in existence, show that the
+promise, made by the signers of the original covenant, to maintain
+"Brotherly watchfulness toward each other," was by no means lost sight
+of for many of the entries in the church records are devoted to
+matters of discipline. In September, 1773, for example, two rather
+prominent members of the church, Israel Kenny and Benjamin Brawn, were
+called to account, and after due acknowledgment of their faults before
+the congregation were "restored to their charity again." One of the
+two offending brethren, who had been charged with "scandalous sins,"
+was elected a ruling elder of the church less than two years
+afterwards.
+
+The year 1774, gave to Maugerville its first settled minister, the
+Rev. Seth Noble, and the circumstances connected with his appointment
+are thus stated in the minutes of the clerk of the church, Daniel
+Palmer:
+
+  "At a meeting held by the subscribers to a bond for the support of
+  the Preached gospel among us at the House of Mr. Hugh Quinton
+  inholder on Wednesday ye 15 of June 1774.
+
+  1ly Chose Jacob Barker Esqr. Moderator in Sd. meeting.
+
+  2ly Gave Mr. Seth Noble a call to settle in the work of the
+  ministry among us.
+
+  3ly to give Mr. Seth Noble as a settlement providing he accept of
+  the call, one hundred and twenty Pounds currency.
+
+  4ly Voted to give Mr. Seth Noble yearly salary of sixty five
+  pounds currency so long as he shall continue our Minister to be in
+  Cash or furs or grain at cash price.
+
+  5ly. Chose Esqrs., Jacob Barker, Phinehas Nevers, Israel Pearly,
+  Deacon Jonathan Burpee and Messrs. Hugh Quinton, Daniel Palmer,
+  Moses Coburn, Moses Pickard a Committee to treat with Seth Noble.
+
+  6ly Adjourned the meeting to be held at the House of Mr. Hugh
+  Quinton on Wednesday ye 29 Instat, at four of the clock in the
+  afternoon to hear the report of the committee.
+
+  Met on the adjournment on Wednesday ye 29 of June 1774 and voted
+  as an addition to the salary of Mr. Seth Noble if he should except
+  of our Call, to cut and haul twenty five cords of wood to his
+  house yearly so long as he shall continue to be our Minister. The
+  meeting dissolved."
+
+[Illustration: THE CONGREGATIONAL CHURCH AT SHEFFIELD.]
+
+The call having been accepted by Mr. Noble, the people the following
+year set about the erection of a meeting house, which was to serve
+also as a residence for their pastor. In January, 1776, it was so far
+advanced that the exterior was nearly completed, for in David Burpee's
+book of accounts, under that date, there is a charge for work done by
+Messrs. Plummer and Bridges in "clapboarding one third of the east end
+of the meeting house." When finished the building was doubtless a very
+unpretentious little structure not at all like a modern church edifice
+and very unlike its successor, the Congregational church in Sheffield,
+but it was the first Protestant place of worship erected on the River
+St. John.
+
+In the order of survey of the Township of Maugerville, made by the
+Government of Nova Scotia in 1761, were the words "You shall Reserve
+four Lots in the Township, for Publick use, one as a Glebe for the
+Church of England, one of the Dissenting Protestants, one for the
+maintenance of a School, and one for the first settled minister in the
+Place."
+
+In accordance with this arrangement Lot No. 15, where the Sheffield
+Congregational church now stands, was fixed on in the year 1764 as a
+glebe for the "Dissenting Protestants." Improvements were made upon
+the lot and a part of it used as a burial ground. The first meeting
+house, however, was not built there. It probably stood on lot 13, the
+property of Jeremiah Burpee and later of his son, David Burpee. In the
+church records we have the following minute bearing upon the subject,
+the meaning of which, however, does not seem perfectly clear:--
+
+  "At a meeting of the Subscribers for the support of the Preached
+  Gospel held at the meeting house in Sheffield on the 15th day of
+  December, 1788--
+
+  Chose Mr. Daniel Jewett Chairman.
+
+  "2ndly. Voted that the meeting house be set on the public lot in
+  Sheffield.
+
+  "3rdly. Voted to remove the meeting house in Maugerville to the
+  public lot in Sheffield if the proprietor thereof consents
+  thereto.
+
+  "4thly. Chose Messers. Nathan Smith, Silvanus Plumer, Eben Briggs,
+  Elijah Dingee and Jacob Barker, Esq., managers to remove the
+  same."
+
+The meeting house was removed early in the spring, placed upon a stone
+foundation, a steeple erected, and many improvements made.
+
+If the Rev. Seth Noble had remained he would doubtless have had a
+grant of the lot reserved for the first settled minister in the
+township, but his removal in the year 1777 not only lost him the lot
+but caused it to pass eventually to the Rev. John Beardsley, rector of
+the church of England congregation.
+
+Some years after he left Maugerville Mr. Noble wrote to his former
+congregation respecting this lot but they gave him rather a tart
+reply: "You was indeed told," said they, "that there was a lot of land
+in Maugerville reserved by Government to be given to the first settled
+minister in fee simple, and had you continued as such undoubtedly you
+would have obtained a grant of it. But when you left this country you
+then (in the eyes of the government) forfeited all pretentions to that
+privilege and the man that would ask for it in your behalf would only
+get abuse. By your leaving us the dissenters have lost that privilege
+and the Church of England minister gets the lot. Though we must
+observe that during Mrs. Noble's residence here she had the
+improvement of it which was worth about five pounds per annum."[65]
+
+   [65] The lot here referred to was No. 60 in Upper Maugerville, now
+        owned by Alexander and Walter Smith. Rev. Seth Noble was a
+        warm sympathizer with the revolutionary party in America and
+        in consequence was obliged to leave the River St. John in
+        1777. His wife remained at Maugerville for more than two years
+        afterwards.
+
+Lot No. 90, reserved as a glebe for the Church of England, is that on
+which Christ Church in the Parish of Maugerville stands today. The
+Congregational and Episcopal churches, at the time New Brunswick was
+separated from Nova Scotia, represented respectively the Puritan and
+Loyalist elements of the community, and their relations were by no
+means cordial. Mutual antipathy existed for at least a couple of
+generations, but the old wounds are now fairly well healed and the
+causes of discord well nigh forgotten.
+
+The intercourse between the Maugerville people and the smaller colony
+at the mouth of river was so constant that it is difficult to speak of
+the one without the other. For a few years the people living on the
+river were in a large measure dependent for supplies upon the store
+kept by Simonds and White at Portland Point, and the names of the
+following Maugerville settlers are found in the ledger of Simonds and
+White in the year 1765 and shortly after, viz.: Jacob Barker, Jacob
+Barker jr., Thomas Barker, Jeremiah Burpee, David Burbank, Moses
+Coburn, Thomas Christie, Zebulun Estey, Richard Estey, jr., John
+Estey, Col. Beamsley Glacier, Joseph Garrison, Jonathan Hart, William
+Harris, Nehemiah Hayward, Samuel Hoyt, Ammi Howlet, Daniel Jewett,
+Richard Kimball, John Larlee, Peter Moores, Phinehas Nevers, Elisha
+Nevers, Samuel Nevers, Capt. Francis Peabody, Samuel Peabody, Israel
+Perley, Oliver Perley, Daniel Palmer, Humphrey Pickard, Hugh Quinton,
+Nicholas Rideout, Jonathan Smith, John Shaw, Gervis Say, Isaac
+Stickney, Samuel Tapley, Alexander Tapley, Giles Tidmarsh, John
+Wasson, Jonathan Whipple and Samuel Whitney.
+
+In return for goods purchased the settlers tendered furs, lumber,
+occasionally an old piece of silver, sometimes their own labor and
+later they were able to supply produce from their farms. Money they
+scarcely ever saw. Very often they gave notes of hand which they found
+it hard to pay. The furs they supplied were principally beaver skins
+at five shillings (or one dollar) per pound. They also supplied
+martin, otter and musquash skin, the latter at 4-1/2 pence each. The
+lumber supplied included white oak barrel staves at 20 shillings per
+thousand, red oak hogshead starves at 20 shillings per thousand, "Oyl
+nut" (Butternut) staves at 16 shillings per thousand, clapboards at 25
+shillings and oar rafters at L2 per thousand feet. Considering the
+labor involved--for the manufacture was entirely by hand--prices seem
+small; but it must be borne in mind that 2s. 6d. was a day's pay for a
+man's labor at this time.
+
+The Indians had for so long a time enjoyed a monopoly of the fur trade
+that they regarded the white hunter with a jealous eye. Indeed in the
+year 1765 they assembled their warriors and threatened to begin a new
+war with the English. The settlers an the river were much alarmed and
+the commandant of Fort Frederick, Capt. Pierce Butler, of the 29th
+Regiment, doubled his sentries. Through the persuasion of the
+commandant, assisted by Messrs. Simonds and White and other leading
+inhabitants, the chiefs were induced to go to Halifax and lay their
+complaints before the Governor. One of the most influential
+inhabitants on the river accompanied them, whose name is not stated
+but it was very probably James Simonds, at least he writes to his
+partners at Newburyport in November of this year, "The dispute with
+the Indians is all settled to the satisfaction of the government as
+well as the Indians."
+
+At their first interview the chiefs insisted that the white settlers
+interfered with the rights of the Indians by encroaching on their
+hunting grounds, clamming that it was one of the conditions of a
+former treaty that the English settlers should not be allowed to kill
+any wild game beyond the limits of their farms and improvements. They
+demanded payment for the beavers, moose and other animals killed in
+the forest by the settlers. The inhabitants of Maugerville were able
+to prove that the charges brought against them were greatly
+exaggerated, most of the wild animals having been killed not far from
+their doors, while the aggregate of all animals slain by them was much
+less than stated by the Indians. In the end the chiefs seemed to be
+satisfied that they were mistaken and appeared ashamed of their
+conduct in alarming the country without reason, but they still
+insisted that the young warriors of their tribe would not be satisfied
+without some compensation for the loss of their wild animals. The
+Governor gave his decision as follows: "That although the grievances
+the Indians had started were by no means sufficient to justify their
+hostile proceedings, yet to do them ample justice, he would order to
+be sent them a certain amount in clothing and provisions, provided
+they would consider it full satisfaction for any injuries done by the
+settlers; and that he would also send orders to restrain the settlers
+from hunting wild animals in the woods." The chiefs accepted this
+offer and the Indians remained tranquil until the American Revolution
+some twelve years later.
+
+One of the results of the conference seems to have been the
+reservation to the Indians in the grant of the Township of Sunbury of
+"500 acres, including a church and burying ground at Aughpack, and
+four acres for a burying ground at St. Ann's Point, and the island
+called Indian Island." The well known Maliseet chief, Ambroise St.
+Aubin, was one of the leading negotiators at Halifax as appears by the
+following pass furnished to him by Governor Wilmot:
+
+  "Permit the bearer, Ambroise St. Aubin, chief of the Indians of
+  St. John's river, to return there without any hindrance or
+  molestation; and all persons are required to give him all
+  necessary and proper aid and assistance on his journey.
+
+  Given under my hand and seal at Halifax this 7th day of September,
+  1765.
+
+  M. WILMOT.
+  RICH'D BULKELEY, Secretary."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XVII.
+
+AT PORTLAND POINT.
+
+
+When the attention of James Simonds, was directed to the River St.
+John, by the proclamation oaf Governor Lawrence inviting the
+inhabitants of New England to settle on the vacant lands in Nova
+Scotia, he was a young man of twenty-four years of age. His father had
+died at Haverhill; August 15th, 1757. The next year he went with his
+uncle, Capt. Hazen, to the assault of Ticonderoga, in the capacity of
+a subaltern officer in the Provincial troops, and shortly after the
+close of the campaign proceeded to Nova Scotia in order to find a
+promising situation for engaging in trade. The fur trade was what he
+had chiefly in mind at this time, but the Indians were rather
+unfriendly, and he became interested along with Captain Peabody,
+Israel Perley and other officers of the disbanded Massachusetts troops
+in their proposed settlement on the River St John. His future partners
+of the trading company formed in 1764 were, with the exception of Mr.
+Blodget, even younger men than himself. William Hazen, of Newburyport,
+had just attained to manhood and belonged to a corps of Massachusetts
+Rangers, which served in Canada at the taking of Quebec. Samuel
+Blodget was a follower of the army on Lake Champlain as a sutler.
+James White was a young man of two-and-twenty years and had been for
+some time Mr. Blodget's clerk or assistant. Leonard Jarvis--afterwards
+Wm. Hazen's, business partner and so incidentally a member of the
+trading company at St. John--was not then eighteen years of age.
+
+While engaged in his explorations, James Simonds obtained from the
+government of Nova Scotia the promise of a grant of 5,000 acres of
+unappropriated lands, in such part of the province as he should
+choose, and it was under this arrangement he entered upon the marsh
+east of the city of St. John (called by the Indians "Seebaskastagan")
+in the year 1762 and cut there a quantity of salt marsh hay and began
+to made improvements.
+
+Mr. Simonds says in one of his letters: "The accounts which I gave my
+friends in New England of the abundance of Fish in the River and the
+convenience of taking them, of the extensive Fur trade of the country,
+and the natural convenience of burning Lime, caused numbers of them to
+make proposals to be concerned with me in these branches of business,
+among whom Mr. Hazen was the first that joined me in a trial.
+Afterwards, in the year 1764, although I was unwilling that any should
+be sharers with me in the Fur trade, which I had acquired some
+knowledge of, yet by representations that superior advantage could be
+derived from a Cod-fishery on the Banks and other branches of
+commerce, which I was altogether unacquainted with, I joined in a
+contract for carrying it on for that year upon an extensive plan with
+Messrs. Blodget, Hazen, White, Peaslie and R. Simonds."
+
+Early in 1763, James Simonds and William Hazen engaged in a small
+venture in the way of trade and fishing at St. John and Passamaquoddy.
+They had several men in their employ, including Ebenezer Eaton, master
+of the sloop Bachelor, and Samuel Middleton, a cooper, who was
+employed in making barrels for shipping the fish. Among others in the
+employ of Simonds and his partners, several seem to have had a
+previous acquaintance with St. John harbor; Moses Greenough, for
+example, was there in 1758, and Lemuel Cleveland in 1757, when he says
+"the French had a fort at Portland Point where Mr. Simonds' house was
+afterwards built."
+
+The following is a copy of what is probably the first document extant
+in connection with the business of Hazen and Simonds:--
+
+  Passamaquada, 26th July, 1763.
+
+  Sir,--Please pay unto Mr. Ebenezer Eaton the sum of Five pounds
+  one shilling & four pence Lawfull money, half cash & half Goods,
+  and place the same to the acct. of,
+
+  Yr. Humble Servant,
+      Jas. Simonds.
+
+  To Mr. William Hazen,
+      Merchant in Newbury.
+
+The success of their first modest little venture encouraged Hazen and
+Simonds to undertake a more ambitious project, namely the formation of
+a trading company to "enter upon and pursue with all speed and
+faithfulness the business of the cod fishery, seine fishery, fur
+trade, burning of lime and every other trading business that shall be
+thought advantageous to the company at Passamaquoddy, St. Johns, Canso
+and elsewhere in or near the province of Nova Scotia and parts
+adjacent."
+
+Evidently the project was regarded as in some measure an experiment,
+for the contract provided, "the partnership shall continue certain for
+the space of one year and for such longer time as all the partys shall
+hereafter agree." Examination of the document shows that when first
+written the period the contract was to continue was left blank and the
+word "one" inserted before "year," evidently after consultation on the
+part of those concerned.
+
+Shortly before the formation of the trading company, James Simonds
+went to Halifax to procure a grant of land at St. John and a license
+to trade with the Indians, but did not at this time succeed in
+obtaining the grant. However the governor gave him the following
+license to occupy Portland Point:
+
+  "License is hereby granted to James Simonds to occupy a tract or
+  point of land on the north side of St. John's River, opposite Fort
+  Frederick, for carrying on a fishery and for burning lime-stone,
+  the said tract or point of land containing by estimation ten
+  acres.
+
+  [Signed] "MONTAGU WILMOT."
+
+  "Halifax, February 8, 1764.
+
+Upon this land at Portland Point the buildings required for the
+business of the company were built. The partnership was in its way a
+"family compact." Samuel Blodget, was distantly related to Wm. Hazen
+and the latter was a cousin of James and Richard Simonds; Robert
+Peaslie's wife was Anna Hazen, sister of Wm. Hazen, and James White
+was a cousin of Wm. Hazen. It was agreed that Blodget, Hazen and James
+Simonds should each have one-fourth part in the business and profits,
+the remaining fourth part to be divided amongst the juniors, Messrs.
+White, Peaslie and Richard Simonds.
+
+Blodget and Hazen were the principal financial backers of the
+undertaking and agreed to provide, "at the expense of the company,"
+the vessels, boats, tackling, and also all sorts of goods and stock
+needed to carry on the trade, also to receive and dispose of the fish,
+furs and other produce of trade sent to them from Nova Scotia. The
+fishery and all other business at St. John and elsewhere in Nova
+Scotia was to be looked after by the others of the company, and the
+junior partners were to proceed with James Simonds to St. John and
+work under his direction, so far as to be ruled by him "at all times
+and in all things which shall relate to the good of the concerned
+wherein the said White, Peaslie and R. Simonds shall differ in
+judgment from the said James Simonds, tho' all parties do hereby
+covenant in all things to consult and advise and act to the utmost of
+their power for the best good and advantage of the Company."
+
+It is evident that the plans of our first business concern at St. John
+were not drawn up without due consideration.
+
+There is no evidence to show that any of the partners except the
+brothers Simonds had been at St. John previous to the year 1764. The
+statement has been frequently made that James White visited the harbor
+in 1762 in company with James Simonds and Capt. Francis Peabody, but
+his own papers which are still in existence clearly prove that he was
+almost constantly engaged in the employ of Samuel Blodget at Crown
+Point during that year.
+
+William Hazen and James Simonds were undoubtedly the prime movers in
+the formation of the trading company that began its operations at St.
+John in 1764. By their joint efforts they were able to organize a firm
+seemingly happily constituted and likely to work together harmoniously
+and successfully. As a matter of fact, however, the company had a very
+chequered career and at length the war of the Revolution seemed likely
+to involve them in financial ruin. This seeming calamity in the end
+proved to be the making of their fortunes by sending the Loyalists in
+thousands to our shores. But of all this more anon.
+
+The financial backers of the company at the first were Hazen and
+Blodget, who carried on business at Newburyport and Boston respectively.
+These towns were then rising into importance and were rivals in
+trade although it was not long until Boston forged ahead. The goods
+required for trade with the Indians and white inhabitants of the
+River St. John and the military garrison at Fort Frederick were
+conveniently supplied from Newburyport and Boston, and these places
+were good distributing centres for the fish, furs, lumber, lime and
+other products obtained at St. John. The furs were usually sold in
+London; the other articles were either sold in the local market or sent
+to the West Indies.
+
+The Company having been formed and the contract signed on the 1st day
+of March, 1764, the Messrs. Simonds, James White, Jonathan Leavitt and
+a party of about thirty hands embarked on board a schooner belonging
+to the Company for the scene of operations. The men were fishermen,
+laborers, lime burners, with one or two coopers--a rough and ready
+lot, but with one or two of superior intelligence to act as foremen.
+Comparatively few of the men seem to have become permanent settlers,
+yet as members of the little colony at Portland Point and almost the
+first English-speaking residents of St. John, outside of the Fort
+Frederick garrison, their names are worthy to be recorded. The
+following may be regarded as a complete list: James Simonds, James
+White, Jonathan Leavitt, Jonathan Simonds, Samuel Middleton, Peter
+Middleton, Edmund Black, Moses True, Reuben Stevens, John Stevens,
+John Boyd, Moses Kimball, Benjamin Dow, Thomas Jenkins, Batcheldor
+Ring, Rowley Andros, Edmund Butler, John Nason, Reuben Mace, Benjamin
+Wiggins, John Lovering, John Hookey, Rueben Sergeant, Benjamin
+Stanwood, Benjamin Winter, Anthony Dyer, Webster Emerson, George
+Carey, John Hunt, George Berry, Simeon Hillyard, Ebenezer Fowler,
+William Picket and Ezekiel Carr.
+
+The Company's schooner, with William Story as master, sailed from
+Newburyport about the 10th of April, arriving at Passamaquody on the
+14th, and at St. John on the 18th. The men set to work immediately on
+their arrival, and the quietude that had reigned beneath the shadow of
+Fort Howe hill was broken by the sound of the woodsman's axe and the
+carpenter's saw and hammer. Among the first buildings erected were a
+log store 20 feet by 30 feet, a dwelling house 19 feet by 35 feet, and
+a building adjoining it 16 by 40, rough boarded and used as a cooper's
+shop, kitchen and shelter for the workmen.
+
+Portland Point lies at the foot of Portland street at the head of St.
+John harbor--the locality is better known today as "Rankin's Wharf."
+Before the wharves in the vicinity were built the Point was quite a
+conspicuous feature in the contour of the harbor. The site of the old
+French fort on which James Simonds' house was built, with the
+company's store hard by, is now a green mound unoccupied by any
+building. The place was at first commonly called "Simonds' Point" but
+about the year 1776 the name of "Portland Point" seems to have come
+into use. Nevertheless, down to the time of the arrival of the
+Loyalists in 1783, the members of the company always applied the names
+of "St. Johns" or "St. John's River" to the scene of their operations,
+and it may be said that in spite of the attempt of the French governor
+Villebon and his contemporaries to perpetuate the old Indian name of
+Menaquesk, or Menagoeche, and of Governor Parr in later years to affix
+the name of "Parr-town" to that part of our city to the east of the
+harbor, the name given by de Monts and Champlain on the memorable 24
+June, 1604, has persisted to the present day. The city of ST. JOHN,
+therefore, has not only the honor of being the oldest incorporated
+city in the British colonies, but traces the origin of its name to a
+known and fixed date three hundred years ago. Indeed as regards its
+name St. John is older than Boston, New York, Philadelphia or any city
+of importance on the Atlantic coast as far south as Florida.
+
+However the first English colonists who established themselves on a
+permanent footing at "St. John's" thought little of this historic
+fact. It was not sentiment but commercial enterprise than guided
+them.
+
+Among those who came to St. John with Simonds and White in April,
+1764, none was destined to play a more active and useful part than
+young Jonathan Leavitt. He was a native of New Hampshire and at the
+time of his arrival was in his eighteenth year. Young as he was he had
+some experience as a mariner, and from 1764 to 1774 was employed as
+master of one or other of the Company's vessels. He sailed chiefly
+between St. John and Newburyport, but occasionally made a voyage to
+the West Indies. He received the modest compensation of L4 per month
+for his services. In the course of time Mr. Leavitt came to be one of
+the most trusted navigators of the Bay of Fundy and probably none knew
+the harbor of St. John so well as he. In his testimony in a law suit,
+about the year 1792, he states that in early times the places of
+anchorage in the harbor were the flats on the west side between Fort
+Frederick and Sand Point, which were generally used by strangers, and
+Portland Point where the vessels of the Company lay. It was not until,
+1783 that vessels began to anchor at the Upper Cove (now the Market
+Slip), that place being until then deemed rather unsafe. Jonathan
+Leavitt and has brother Daniel piloted to their landing places the
+transport ships that carried some thousands of Loyalists to our shores
+during the year 1783.
+
+Jonathan Leavitt gives an interesting synopsis of the business carried
+on at St. John under the direction of Simonds and White: "The
+Company's business included Fishery, Fur trade, making Lime, building
+Vessels and sawing Lumber, and they employed a great number of
+laborers and workmen in cutting wood, burning lime, digging stone,
+cutting hoop-poles, clearing roads, clearing land, curing fish,
+cutting hay and attending stock. The workmen and laborers were
+supported and paid by the partnership and lived in the outhouse and
+kitchen of the house occupied by Simonds and White. There was a store
+of dry goods and provisions and articles for the Indian trade."
+
+When he was at St. John, Leavitt lived in the family of Simonds and
+White who lived together during the greater part of the ten years he
+was in the Company's employ, and when they separated their families he
+staid sometimes with one and sometimes with the other. Simonds and
+White were supplied with bread, meat and liquors for themselves and
+families from the store, and no account was kept whilst they lived
+together, but after they separated they were charged against each
+family; the (workmen also were maintained, supported and fed from the
+joint stock of the store, as it was considered they were employed for
+the joint benefit of the company, but liquors and articles supplied on
+account of their wages were charged against the individual accounts of
+the men. Part of the workmen and laborers were hired by William Hazen
+and sent from Newburyport, others were engaged by Simonds and White at
+the River St. John.
+
+About the year 1772 Jonathan Leavitt married Capt. Francis Peabody's
+youngest daughter, Hephzibeth, then about sixteen years of age, and
+thus became more closely identified with James Simonds and James
+White, whose wives were also daughters of Capt. Peabody.[66]
+
+   [66] The concluding part of Capt. Peabody's will is of interest in
+        connection with the above:
+
+          "Item, I give to my daughter Elizabeth White thirty
+          dollars to be paid by my two eldest sons in household
+          goods.
+
+          "Item, to my daughter Hannah Simonds five dollars to be
+          paid by my two eldest sons.
+
+          "Item, to my daughter Hephzibeth I give three hundred
+          dollars to be paid by my two eldest sons in household
+          goods on the day of her marriage.
+
+          As to my household goods and furniture I leave to the
+          discretion of my loving wife to dispose of, excepting my
+          sword, which I give to my son Samuel. I appoint my dear
+          wife and my son Samuel executors of this my last Will and
+          Testament.
+
+          As witness my hand,
+          FRANCIS PEABODY, Sr.
+
+            Delivered this 26th day of October
+            the year of our Lord 1771,
+            In presence of us
+
+            ISRAEL KINNEY,
+            ALEXANDER TAPLEY,
+            PHINEHAS NEVERS.
+
+          BENJAMIN ATHERTON, Registrar.
+
+          This Will was proved, approved, and registered this 25th
+          day of June, 1773.
+
+          JAMES SIMONDS,
+          Judge of Probate.
+
+When Jonathan and Daniel Leavitt had for several years been engaged in
+sailing the company's vessels, it is said that they became discouraged
+at the outlook and talked of settling themselves at some place where
+there was a larger population and more business. James White did his
+best to persuade them to remain, closing his argument with the
+exhortation, "Don't be discouraged, boys! Keep up a good heart! Why
+ships will come here from England yet!" And they have come.
+
+In addition to the Leavitts and the masters of some of the other
+vessels, who were intelligent men, nearly all at St. John were
+ordinary laborers: however, the company from time to time employed
+some capable young fellows to assist in the Store at the Point. One of
+these was Samuel Webster, whose mother was a half-sister of James
+Simonds. He remained nearly four years at St. John, during which time
+he lived in the family of Simonds and White. While he was at St. John
+goods were shipped to Newburyport and the West Indies by the Company
+in considerable quantities. There were he says at times a very
+considerable number of workmen and laborers employed, and at other
+times a smaller number, according to the time of year, and as the
+nature of the employment required. The laborers were fed, supported
+and paid out of the store, and lived in a house only a few rods from
+Mr. Simonds' house. Emerson spent most of his time in the store,
+buying and selling and delivering small articles. He generally made
+the entries in the Day Book.
+
+Another lad, Samuel Emerson, of Bakerstown, Massachusetts, came to St.
+John with James Simonds in April, 1767, as a clerk or assistant in the
+store, and remained nearly four years in the Company's service.
+
+At the expiration of the first year several changes occurred in the
+Company. Richard Simonds had died on the 20th January, 1765. Robert
+Peaslie seems not to have come to St. John, although it was stipulated
+in the contract that he should do so, and early in 1765 he withdrew
+from the Company. In the autumn of 1764, Leonard Jarvis, a young man
+of twenty-two years of age, became associated with William Hazen as
+co-partner in his business in Newburyport and became by common consent
+a sharer in the business at St. John. So far as we can judge from his
+letters, Mr. Jarvis was a man of excellent business ability. The
+accounts kept at Newburyport in connection with the Company's business
+are in his handwriting and he attended to most of the correspondence
+with the St. John partners.
+
+The writer of this history has among his historic documents and papers
+a number of account books in a very fair state of preservation,
+containing in part the transactions of the company during the years
+they were in business at St. John. One of these, a book of nearly 100
+pages, ordinary foolscap size with stout paper cover, is of special
+interest for it contains the record of the initial transactions of the
+first business firm established at St. John a hundred and forty years
+ago. At the top of the first page are the words
+
+                        Day Book No. 1.
+                        1764. St. Johns River.
+
+The book is intact and very creditably kept. The entries are in the
+hand writing of James White. The accounts during the continuance of
+the partnership were kept in New England currency or "Lawful money of
+Massachusetts." The letters L. M. were frequently employed to
+distinguish this currency from sterling money and Nova Scotia
+currency. The value of the Massachusetts currency was in the
+proportion of L1 sterling to L1. 6s. 8d. L. M.; the Nova Scotia
+dollar, or five shillings, was equivalent to six shillings L. M. It is
+a fact worth recording, that the Massachusetts currency was used in
+all ordinary business transactions on the River St. John down to the
+time of the arrival of the Loyalists in 1783. This fact suffices to
+show how close were the ties that bound the pre-loyalist settlers of
+the province to New England, and it is scarcely a matter of surprise
+that during the Revolution the Massachusetts congress found many
+sympathizers on the River St. John.
+
+While accounts were kept according to the currency of New England, the
+amount of cash handled by Simonds and White was insignificant. For
+years they supplied the settlers on the river with such things as they
+required often receiving their payment in furs and skins. In securing
+these the white inhabitants became such expert hunters and trappers as
+to arouse the jealousy of the Indians and to give rise to the
+pseudo-nym "the bow and arrow breed," applied to them by some of the
+half-pay officers who settled among them at the close of the American
+Revolution. With the Indians the trade was almost entirely one of
+barter, the staple article being the fur of the spring beaver.
+
+The fur trade assumed large proportions at this period. The account
+books of Simonds and White that are now in existence do not contain a
+complete record of all the shipments made from St. John, but they show
+that during ten years of uninterrupted trade from the time of their
+settlement at Portland Point to the outbreak of the Revolution, they
+exported at least 40,000 beaver skins, 11,022 musquash, 6,050 Marten,
+870 otter, 258 fisher, 522 Mink, 120 fox, 140 sable, 74 racoon, 67
+loup-cervier, 8 wolverene, 5 bear, 2 Nova Scotia wolf, 50 carriboo, 85
+deer, and 1,113 moose, besides 2,265 lbs. of castor and 3,000 lbs of
+feathers, the value of which according to invoice was L11,295 or about
+$40,000. The prices quoted are but a fraction of those of modern days
+and by comparison appear ridiculously small. Other traders were
+engaged in traffic with the Indians also, and if Messrs. Simonds and
+White sent on an average 4,000 beaver skins to New England every year,
+it is manifest that the fur trade of the river was a matter of some
+consequence.
+
+James White was the principal agent in bartering with the Indians who
+had every confidence in his integrity. Three-fourths of their trade
+was in beaver skins and "a pound of spring beaver" (equivalent to 5
+shillings in value) was the unit employed in trade. Mr. White was
+usually called by the Indians "K'wabeet" or "Beaver." It is said that
+in business with the Indians the fist of Mr. White was considered to
+weigh a pound and his foot two pounds both in buying and selling. But
+the same story is told of other Indian traders. The Indians were fond
+of finery and ornaments. Among the articles sent by Samuel Blodget in
+1764 were nine pairs of green, scarlet and blue plush breeches at a
+guinea each; one blue gold laced jacket and two scarlet gold laced
+jackets valued at L3 each; also spotted ermine jackets, ruffled
+shirts and three gold laced beaver hats (value of the latter L8 6s.
+4d.) These may seem extravagant articles for the Indians yet their
+chiefs and captains bought them and delighted to wear them on special
+occasions.[67] It was customary in trading with the savages to take
+pledges from them, for the payment of their debts, silver trinkets,
+armclasps, medals, fuzees, etc. In the autumn of 1777 a Yankee
+privateer from Machias, whose captain bore the singular name A. Greene
+Crabtree, plundered Simonds & White's store at Portland Point and
+carried off a trunk full of Indian pledges. This excited the
+indignation of the Chiefs Pierre Thoma and Francis Xavier who sent the
+following communication to Machias: "We desire you will return into
+the hands of Mr. White at Menaguashe the pledges belonging to us which
+were plundered last fall out of Mr. Hazen's store by A. Greene
+Crabtree, captain of one of your privateers; for if you don't send
+them we will come for them in a manner you won't like."
+
+   [67] Col. John Allan, of Machias, had a conference with the Indians
+        at Aukpaque in June, 1777, and writes in his journal: "The
+        Chiefs made a grand appearance, particularly Ambrose St.
+        Aubin, who was dressed in a blue Persian silk waistcoat four
+        inches deep, and scarlet knee breeches: also gold laced hat
+        with white cockade."
+
+The goods kept in the store at Portland Point for the Indian trade
+included powder and shot for hunting, provisions, blankets and other
+"necessaries" and such articles as Indian needles, colored thread,
+beads of various colors, a variety of buttons--brass buttons, silver
+plated buttons, double-gilt buttons, scarlet buttons and blue mohair
+buttons--scarlet blue and red cloth, crimson broadcloth, red and blue
+stroud, silver and gold laced hats, gilt trunks, Highland garters,
+silver crosses, round silver broaches, etc., etc.
+
+The old account books bear evidence of being well thumbed, for Indian
+debts were not easy to collect, and white men's debts were harder to
+collect in ancient than in modern days. In point of fact the red man
+and the white man of the River St. John ran a close race in their
+respective ledgers. For in a statement of accounts rendered after the
+operations of the company had lasted rather more than two years, the
+debts due were as follows: From the English L607 11s. 9d. and from the
+Indians L615 7s. 9d. Old and thumb-worn as the account books are,
+written with ink that had often been frozen and with quill pens that
+often needed mending, they are extremely interesting as relics of the
+past, and are deserving of a better fate than that which awaited them
+when by the merest accident they were rescued from a dismal heap of
+rubbish.
+
+In their business at Portland Point, Simonds and White kept four sets
+of accounts: one for their Indian trade, a second for their business
+with the white inhabitants, a third for that with their own employees,
+and a fourth for that with the garrison at Fort Frederick.
+
+In glancing over the leaves of the old account books the first thing
+likely to attract attention is the extraordinary consumption of West
+India spirits and New England rum. This was by no means confined to
+the Company's laborers, for at that time the use of rum as a beverage
+was almost universal. It was dispensed as an ordinary act of
+hospitality and even the preacher cheerfully accepted the proffered
+cup. It was used in winter to keep out the cold and in summer to keep
+out the heat. It was in evidence alike at a wedding or a funeral. No
+barn-raising or militia general muster was deemed to be complete
+without the jug, and in process of time the use of spirits was so
+habitual that Peter Fisher was able to quote statistics in 1824 to
+prove that the consumption of ardent liquors was nearly twenty gallons
+per annum for every male person above sixteen years of age. While the
+use of rum may be regarded as the universal custom of the day, at the
+same time tobacco was not in very general use. The use of snuff,
+however, was quite common.
+
+In the course of a few years the variety of articles kept in stock at
+the company's store increased surprisingly until it might be said they
+sold everything "from a needle to an anchor." The paces at which some
+of the staple articles were quoted appear in the foot note.[68] Among
+other articles in demand were fishing tackle, blue rattan and
+fear-nothing jackets, milled caps, woollen and check shirts, horn and
+ivory combs, turkey garters, knee buckles, etc. Among articles that
+strike us as novel are to be found tin candlesticks, brass door knobs,
+wool cards, whip-saws, skates, razors and even mouse traps. Writing
+paper was sold at 1s. 3d. per quire. The only books kept in stock were
+almanacks, psalters, spelling books and primers.
+
+   [68] Flour pr. bbl., L2 2 6; Indian corn pr. bushel, 5 shillings;
+        potatoes do., 2s. 6d.; apples do., 2s. 6d.; butter pr. lb.,
+        9d.; cheese pr. lb., 6d.; chocolate pr. lb., 1s.; tea per lb.,
+        7s.; coffee per lb., 1s. 3d.; pepper pr. lb., 3s.; brown sugar
+        7d., per lb.; loaf sugar, 1s. 2d. per lb.; raisins, 9s. per
+        lb.; tobacco, 7d. per lb.; salt, 10d. per peck; molasses, 2s.
+        6d. per gallon; New England rum, 1s. 6d. per quart; West India
+        do., 2s. 6d. per quart; beef, 4d. per lb.; pork, 6d. per lb.;
+        veal, 3-1/2d. per lb.; cider, 12s. to 18s. pr. bbl.
+
+        Boots, 20s.; men's shoes, 6s.; women's do., 5s.; men's pumps,
+        8s.; mittens, 1s. 6d. hose, 4s.; beaver hat, 20s.; black silk
+        handkerchief, 6s. 9d.; check handkerchief, 2s. 6d.;.
+        broadcloth, 10s pr. yd.; red stroud, 8s. per yd.; scarlet
+        German serge, 8s. per yd.; scarlet shalloon, 3s. 9d. per yd.;
+        English duck, 1s. 9d. pr. yd.; white blanket, 13s. 3d.; 1 oz.
+        thread, 6d.; 1 doz. jacket buttons, 7-1/2d.; pins, 1 M., 9d.
+
+        Axe, 6s. 3d.; knife, 1s.; board nails. 1s. 2d. per C.; ten
+        penny nails, 50 for 8d.; double tens, 1s. 7d. per C.; shingle
+        nails, 6d. per C.; 1 pane glass (7 by 9), 6d.; pewter
+        porringer, 1s. 8d.; looking glass, 16s.; steel trap, 15s.;
+        powder, 2s. 6d. per lb.; shot, 5d. per lb.; buckshot, 1s. 3d.
+        per lb.; 6 flints, 6d.
+
+Still though the variety at first glance seems greater than might have
+been expected, a little further inspection will satisfy us that the
+life of that day was one of extreme simplicity, of luxuries there were
+few, and even the necessaries of life were sometimes scanty enough.
+
+One hundred and forty years have passed since James Simonds and James
+White set themselves down at the head of Saint John harbor as pioneers
+in trade to face with indomitable energy and perseverance the
+difficulties of their situation. These were neither few nor small, but
+they were Massachusetts men and in their veins there flowed the blood
+of the Puritans. The determination that enabled their progenitors to
+establish themselves around the shores of the old Bay States upheld
+them in the scarcely less difficult task of creating for themselves a
+home amidst the rocky hillsides that encircled the Harbor of St.
+John.
+
+Today the old pioneers of 1764 would hardly recognize their ancient
+landmarks. The ruggedness of old Men-ah-quesk has in a great measure
+disappeared; valleys have been filled and hills cut down. The
+mill-pond where stood the old tide mill is gone and the Union depot
+with its long freight sheds and maze of railway tracks occupies its
+place. "Mill" street and "Pond" street alone remain to tell of what
+has been. The old grist mill near Lily Lake and its successors have
+long since passed away. It certainly was with an eye to business and
+not to pleasure, that Hazen, Simonds and White built the first roadway
+to Rockwood Park. Could our pioneers in trade revisit the scene of
+their labors and note the changes time has wrought what would be their
+amazement? They would hardly recognize their surroundings. Instead of
+rocks and crags covered with spruce and cedar, with here and there an
+open glade, and the wide spreading mud flats at low tide they would
+behold the wharves that line our shores, the ocean steamships lying in
+the channel, grain elevators that receive the harvests of Canadian
+wheat-fields two thousand miles away, streets traversed by electric
+cars and pavements traversed by thousands of hurrying feet, bicyclists
+darting hither and thither, squares tastefully laid out and adorned
+with flowers, public buildings and residences of goodly proportions
+and by no means devoid of beauty, palatial hotels opening their doors
+to guests from every clime, institutions for the fatherless and the
+widow, the aged, the poor, the unfortunate, the sick the insane,
+churches with heaven directing spires, schools whose teachers are
+numbered by the hundred and pupils by the thousand, public libraries,
+courts of justice and public offices of nearly every description,
+business establishments whose agents find their way into every nook
+and corner of old-time Acadie, railways and steamboats that connect
+the city with all parts of the globe, splendid bridges that span the
+rocky gorge at the mouth of the St. John where twice in the course of
+every twenty-four hours the battle, old as the centuries, rages
+between the outpouring torrent of the mighty river and the inflowing
+tide of the bay.
+
+A few years since the writer of this history in an article in the New
+Brunswick Magazine endeavored to contrast a Saturday night of the
+olden time with one of modern days.[69]
+
+   [69] New Brunswick Magazine of October, 1898, p. 190.
+
+[Illustration: A COTTAGE OF TODAY.]
+
+"Saturday night in the year 1764--The summer sun sinks behind the
+hills and the glow of evening lights the harbor. At the landing place
+at Portland Point, one or two fishing boats are lying on the beach,
+and out a little from the shore a small square sterned schooner lies
+at her anchor. The natural lines of the harbor are clearly seen. In
+many places the forest has crept down nearly to the water's edge.
+Wharves and shipping there are none. Ledges of rock, long since
+removed, crop up here and there along the harbor front. The silence
+falls as the day's work is ended at the little settlement, and the
+sound of the waters rushing through the falls seems, in the absence of
+other sounds, unnaturally predominant. Eastward of Portland Pond we
+see the crags and rocks of the future city of the Loyalists, the
+natural ruggedness in some measure hidden by the growth of dark spruce
+and graceful cedar, while in the foreground lies the graceful curve
+of the "Upper Cove" where the forest fringes the waters edge. We may
+easily cross in the canoe of some friendly Indian and land where, ten
+years later, the Loyalists landed, but we shall find none to welcome
+us. The spot is desolate, and the stillness only broken by the
+occasional cry of some wild animal, the song of the bird in the forest
+and the ripple of waves on the shore.
+
+The shadows deepen as we return to the Point, and soon the little
+windows of the settlers' houses begin to glow. There are no curtains
+to draw or blinds to pull down or shutters to close in these humble
+dwellings, but the light, though unobstructed shines but feebly, for
+'tis only the glimmer of a tallow candle that we see or perhaps the
+flickering of the firelight from the open chimney that dances on the
+pane.
+
+In the homes of the dwellers at St. John Saturday night differs little
+from any other night. The head of the house is not concerned about the
+marketing or telephoning to the grocer; the maid is not particularly
+anxious to go "down town;" the family bath tub may be produced (and on
+Monday morning it will be used for the family washing), but the hot
+water will not be drawn from the tap. The family retire at an early
+hour, nor are their slumbers likely to be disturbed by either fire
+alarm or midnight train. And yet in the olden times the men, we doubt
+not, were wont to meet on Saturday nights at the little store at the
+Point to compare notes and to talk over the few topics of interest in
+their monotonous lives. We seem to see them even now--a little
+coterie--nearly all engaged in the company's employ, mill hands,
+fishermen, lime-burners, laborers, while in a corner James White pores
+over his ledger posting his accounts by the light of his candle and
+now and again mending his goose-quill pen. But even at the store the
+cheerful company soon disperses; the early-closing system evidently
+prevails, the men seek their several abodes and one by one the lights
+in the little windows vanish. There is only one thing to prevent the
+entire population from being in good time for church on Sunday
+morning, and that is there is not any church for them to attend.
+
+Then and now! We turn from our contemplation of Saturday night as we
+have imagined it in 1764 to look at a modern Saturday night in St.
+John. No greater contrast can well be imagined. Where once were dismal
+shades of woods and swamps, there is a moving gaily-chattering crowd
+that throngs the walks of Union, King and Charlotte streets. The
+feeble glimmer of the tallow candle in the windows of the few houses
+at Portland Point has given place to the blaze of hundreds of electric
+lights that shine far out to sea, twinkling like bright stars in the
+distance, and reflected from the heavens, serving to illuminate the
+country for miles around. Our little knot of villagers in the olden
+days used to gather in their one little store to discuss the day's
+doing; small was the company, and narrow their field of observation;
+and their feeble gossip is today replaced by the rapid click of the
+telegraph instruments, the rolling of the steam-driven printing press
+and the cry of the newsboy at every corner; the events of all the
+continents are proclaimed in our streets almost as soon as they
+occur.
+
+And yet from all the luxury and ease, as well as from the anxiety and
+cares of busy modern days, we like sometimes to escape and get a
+little nearer to the heart of nature and to adopt a life of rural
+simplicity not far removed from that which once prevailed at Portland
+Point, content with some little cottage, remote from the hurry and din
+of city life in which to spend the good old summer time."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XVIII.
+
+ST. JOHN AND ITS BUSINESS ONE HUNDRED AND FORTY YEARS AGO.
+
+
+The circumstances under which the trading company of Blodget, Simonds,
+Hazen, Peaslie, White and Richard Simonds was organized in 1764 have
+been already described. The original contract is yet in existence and
+in a very excellent state of preservation. It is endorsed "Contract
+for St. Johns & Passamaquodi."[70] A fac-simile of the signatures
+appended to it is here given.
+
+   [70] The contract was drawn with much care and has been preserved in
+        the Collections of the N. B. Historical Society, Vol. I., p.
+        187.
+
+[Illustration: Signatures]
+
+A short account may be given of each member of the partnership.
+
+Samuel Blodget was a Boston man, somewhat older than the other members
+of the company, careful and shrewd, possessed of some money and little
+learning. He had been associated with William Hazen in contracts for
+supplying the troops on Lake Champlain in the recent French war; there
+seems to have been also a remote family connection between Samuel
+Blodget and James Simonds. Mr. Blodget's connection with the company
+lasted a little more than two years. During this time a considerable
+part of the furs, fish, lime and lumber obtained by Simonds and White
+at the River St. John were consigned to him at Boston. In return
+Blodget supplied goods for the Indian trade and other articles needed,
+but his caution proved a source of dissatisfaction to the other
+partners and Hazen & Jarvis at the end of the first year's business
+wrote to Simonds & White, "Mr. Blodget tells us that he never expected
+to advance more than a quarter of the outsets. We think in this he
+does not serve us very well, as we can't see into the reason of our
+advancing near three-quarters and doing more than ten times the
+business and his having an equal share of the profits. Pray give us
+your opinion on that head. You may rest assured that we will not leave
+one stone unturned to keep you constantly supply'd and believe, even
+if we should not have the requisite assistance from Mr. Blodget, we
+shall be able to effect it." To this James Simonds replies, "With
+respect to Mr. Blodget's not advancing more than precisely 1/4 part of
+the outsets is what I never before understood; I am sure by his
+situation that he can do but a little part of the Business and
+therefore think he ought to excell in his proportion of Supplys rather
+than to fall short."
+
+A second year of the partnership passed and Samuel Blodget became
+exceedingly serious about the ultimate outcome of the venture. He
+wrote a letter on the 18th March, 1766, to Simonds & White of which
+the extract that follows is a part:
+
+  "I have been Largely concerned in partnerships before Now but
+  Never so Ignorant of any as of the present, which I am willing to
+  Impute it to your hurry of Business, But Let me Tell you that
+  partners are in a high degree guilty of Imprudence to Continue a
+  Large Trade for Two years without Settling or knowing whether they
+  have Lost a hundred pounds or not--although they may be ever so
+  Imersed in Business, for the Sooner they Stop the better, provided
+  they are Losing money--as it seames in Mr. Hazen's oppinion we
+  have Lost money--perhaps you may Know to the Contrary. But then
+  how agreable would it be to me (who have a Large Sum in your
+  hands) to know as much as you do. Pray Suffer me to ask you, can
+  you wonder to find me anxious about my Interest when I am so
+  Ignorant what it is in? I am sure you don't Gent'n. I am not in
+  doubt of your Integrity. I think I know you Both Two well. But
+  common prudence calls Loudly upon us all to adjust our accounts as
+  soon as may be. I have not the Least Line under yours and Mr.
+  White's hands that the Articles which we signed the first years,
+  which was dated the First of March, 1764,--which was but for one
+  yeare--should Continue to the present Time, nor do I doubt your
+  onour, but Still mortallety Requiyers it to be done and I should
+  take it Coind to Receive Such a Righting sent by both of you."
+
+Mr. Blodget's uneasiness as to the outcome of the business was set at
+rest very shortly after he wrote the above, for on April 5th Hazen and
+Jarvis tell their partners at St. John:--
+
+  "We have purchased Mr. Blodget's Interest, for which we are to pay
+  him his outsetts. We are in hopes that we shall be able to carry
+  on the Business better without than with him. * * We must beg you
+  would be as frugal as possible in the laying out of any money that
+  benefits will not be immediately reaped from, and that you will
+  make as large remittances as you possibly can to enable us to
+  discharge the Company's debt to Blodget, for we shall endeavor all
+  in our power to discharge our obligations to him as we do not
+  chuse to lay at his Mercy."
+
+Thus it appears that if Samuel Blodget's two years connection with the
+company was not greatly to his advantage, it did him no material
+injury. From this time he ceases to have any interest for us in the
+affairs at Portland Point.
+
+James Simonds, whose name is second among the signers of the
+business contract of 1764, may be regarded as the founder of the
+first permanent settlement at the mouth of the River St. John. His
+most remote ancestor in America was William Simonds of Woburn,
+Massachusetts. This William Simonds married Judith Phippen, who came
+to America in the ship "Planter" in 1635. Tradition says that as
+the vessel drew near her destination land was first described by
+Judith Phippen, which proved to be the headland now called "Point
+Judith." Among the passengers of the "Planter" were the ancestors
+of many well known families in America, bearing the familiar names
+of Peabody, Perley, Beardsley, Carter, Hayward, Reed, Lawrence,
+Cleveland, Davis and Peters. In 1643 Judith Phippen became the
+wife of William Simonds. The house in which they lived at Woburn,
+Mass., and where their twelve children were born, is probably yet
+standing--at least it was when visited a few years since by one of
+their descendants living in this province. William Simonds' tenth
+child, James, was the grandfather of our old Portland Point pioneer.
+He married Susanna Blodget and their sixth child, Nathan, was the
+father of James Simonds, who came to St. John. Nathan Simonds married
+Sarah Hazen of Haverhill, an aunt of William Hazen, and their oldest
+child James (the subject of this sketch) was born at Haverhill,
+December 10, 1735.
+
+James Simonds, as mentioned in a former chapter, served in "the old
+French war" and was with his cousin Captain John Hazen in the campaign
+against Fort Ticonderoga. His subsequent career we have already
+touched upon and he will naturally continue to be a leading character
+in the story of the early history of St. John. He was evidently a man
+of stout constitution and vigor of body, for he not only survived all
+his contemporaries who came to St. John, but he outlived every member
+of the first New Brunswick legislature and every official appointed by
+the crown at the organization of the province. He passed to his rest
+in the house he had built at Portland Point at the patriarchal age of
+95 years. His widow Hannah (Peabody) Simonds died in 1840 at the age
+of 90 years.
+
+Of James Simonds' large family of fourteen children several were
+prominent in the community. Hon. Charles Simonds was for years the
+leading citizen of Portland. He was born the same year the Loyalists
+landed in St. John, and was a member for St. John county in the
+House of Assembly from 1821 until his death in 1859, filling during
+that time the positions of speaker and leader of the government.
+Hon. Richard Simonds, born in 1789, represented the county of
+Northumberland in the House of Assembly when but twenty-one years of
+age and sat from 1810 to 1828, when he was appointed treasurer of the
+province. He filled for a short time the position of speaker of
+the assembly, and from 1829 until his death in 1836 was a member of
+the Legislative Council. Sarah, one of the daughters of James
+Simonds, married (Sept. 10, 1801) Thomas Millidge, the ancestor of the
+Millidges of St. John; her youngest sister Eliza married (Aug. 9,
+1801) Henry Gilbert, merchant of St. John, from whom the members of
+this well known family are descended.
+
+William Hazen, the third of the signers of the partnership contract,
+was born in Haverhill July 17, 1738. His great-grandfather, Edward
+Hazen, the first of the name in America, was a resident of Rowley,
+Massachusetts, as early as the year 1649. By his wife Hannah Grant he
+had four sons and seven daughters. The youngest son Richard, born
+August 6, 1669, inherited the large estate of his stepfather, George
+Browne, of Haverhill. This Richard Hazen was grandfather of James
+Simonds as well as of William Hazen; he married Mary Peabody and had a
+family of five sons and six daughters (one of the latter was the
+mother of James Simonds.) The third son, Moses Hazen was the ancestor
+of the Hazens of New Brunswick.
+
+The wife of Moses Hazen was Abigail White, aunt of James White who
+came to St. John. Their sons John, Moses and William have a special
+interest for us. John, the oldest distinguished himself as a captain
+of the Massachusetts troops in the French war. He married Anne Swett
+of Haverhill, and had a son John, who came with his uncle William to
+St. John in 1775 and settled at Burton on the River St. John, where he
+married Dr. William McKinstry's daughter, Priscilla, and had a family
+of twelve children. J. Douglas Hazen, of St. John, M. P. P., for
+Sunbury County, is one of his descendants.
+
+Moses Hazen, the second son has been mentioned as commander of one of
+the companies of the Fort Frederick garrison in 1759; he became a
+Brigadier General in the American army in the Revolutionary war.
+
+William Hazen, the third son and co-partner of Simonds and White, was
+born in Haverhill, July 17, 1738. He married, July 14, 1764, Sarah Le
+Baron of Plymouth.
+
+Their family was even larger than that of James Simonds and included
+sixteen children. Of these Elizabeth married the elder Ward Chipman,
+Judge of the Supreme Court, and at the time of his death in 1824
+administrator of government; Sarah Lowell married Thomas Murray
+(grandfather of the late Miss Frances Murray of St. John, one of the
+cleverest women the province has ever produced) and after his early
+decease became the wife of Judge William Botsford--their children were
+Senator Botsford, George Botsford and Dr. Le Baron Botsford; Charlotte
+married General Sir John Fitzgerald; Frances Amelia married Col.
+Charles Drury of the imperial army, father of the late Ward Chipman
+Drury.
+
+Among the more distinguished descendants of William Hazen by the
+male line were Hon. Robert L. Hazen--popularly known as "Curly
+Bob"--recorder of the city of St. John, a very eminent leader in
+our provincial politics and at the time of his death a Canadian
+senator; also Robert F. Hazen who was mayor of St. John and one of its
+most influential citizens.
+
+The elder William Hazen died in 1814 at the age of 75 years. His
+eldest daughter, Mrs. Chipman, died at the Chipman House May 18, 1852,
+the sixty-ninth anniversary of the landing of the Loyalists and her
+son, Chief Justice Chipman, died November 26, 1851, the sixty seventh
+anniversary of the organisation of the first supreme court of the
+province. The widow of Chief Justice Chipman died the 4th of July,
+1876, the centennial of the Declaration of Independence. And finally a
+William Hazen, of the fourth generation, died June 17, 1885, the same
+day on which his ancestor left Newburyport for St. John one hundred
+and ten years before.
+
+The first three signers of the articles of partnership under which
+business was undertaken at St. John in 1764, viz. Samuel Blodget,
+James Simonds and William Hazen, had each one-quarter interest in the
+business, the junior partners, Robert Peaslie, James White and
+Richard Simonds had only one-twelfth part each. The articles of
+partnership provided that James Simonds and the three junior partners
+should proceed to St. John as soon as possible, and there do what
+business was necessary to be done during the co-partnership, and that
+Samuel Blodget and William Hazen should remain at Boston an
+Newburyport to forward supplies and receive what might be sent from
+St. John or elsewhere by the company. For some reason Robert Peaslie
+did not go to St. John. He married Anna Hazen, a sister of William
+Hazen, and settled in Haverhill, retiring not long afterwards from the
+company. Another of the junior partners, Richard Simonds, lost his
+life, as already stated, on the 20th January, 1765, in the defence of
+the property of the company when the Indians were about to carry it
+off.
+
+In the autumn of the year 1764, Leonard Jarvis, then a young man of
+twenty-two years of age, entered into partnership with William Hazen
+at Newburyport and became, by common consent, a sharer in the business
+at St. John. He was a man of ability and education. The accounts kept
+at Newburyport in connection with the business are in his handwriting,
+and he conducted the correspondence of Hazen & Jarvis with Simonds &
+White in a manner that would do no discredit to a modern business
+house. In a letter of the 3rd April, 1765, Mr. Jarvis informs James
+Simonds that "Mr. Peaslie has determined to settle down in Haverhill
+and to leave this concern, and as by this means and the death of your
+Brother, in which we sincerely condole with you, one-eighth part of
+the concern becomes vacant, we propose to let Mr. White have
+one-eighth and to take three-eighths ourselves--this you will please
+consult Mr. White upon and advice us. * * * We must beg you will send
+all the accts. both you and Mr. White have against the Company, and
+put us in a way to settle with Mr. Peaslie."
+
+James White, the fifth signer of the articles of partnership, was born
+in Haverhill in 1738, and was a lineal descendant of the Worshipful
+William White, one of the well-known founders of the place. He served
+as Ensign or Lieutenant in a Massachusetts regiment, but after the
+fall of Quebec retired from active service and entered the employ of
+William Tailer and Samuel Blodget, merchants of Boston, at a very
+modest salary, as appears from the following:--
+
+  "Memorandum of an agreement made this day between William Tailer &
+  Co., with James White, that we, the said Tailer & Co., do allow
+  him the said James White twenty dollars pr. month as long as the
+  said White is in their service at Crown Point as Clark.
+
+  "William Tailer & Co.
+
+  "Test: Geo. Willmot.
+      "Crown Point, July 1st, 1762."
+
+James White's papers, now in possession of a gentleman in St. John,
+show that he was engaged in the business of Tailer and Blodget at
+Crown Point continuously from September, 1761, to July, 1763;
+consequently the statement, commonly made, that he came to St. John
+with Francis Peabody, James Simonds, Hugh Quinton and their party in
+1762 is a mistake.
+
+In the early part of 1764 James White was employed by Samuel Blodget
+in business transactions in Haverhill, New Salem and Bradford. The
+first occasion on which he set foot on the shores of St. John was
+when he landed there with James Simonds and the party that established
+themselves at Portland Point in the month of April, 1764. The
+important part he played in the early affairs of St. John will
+abundantly appear in these pages. He was one of the most active and
+energetic men of his generation and filled several offices in the old
+county of Sunbury, of which county he was sheriff. This office seems
+to have had special attractions for the White family, for his son
+James was sheriff of the city and county of St. John for more than
+thirty years, and one of his daughters married Sheriff DeVeber of
+Queens county. Mr. White was collector of customs at St. John when the
+Loyalists landed. The emoluments of this office were small, for in the
+year 1782 only a dozen vessels entered and cleared at St. John, the
+largest of but 30 tons burden. James White spent the closing years of
+his life on his farm at the head of the marsh about three miles from
+the City of St. John. His residence was known as Gretna Green, from
+the fact that a good many quiet weddings were celebrated by the old
+squire, who was one of the magistrates specially commissioned to
+solemnize marriages. He died in 1815 at the age of 77 years.
+
+Having now spoken of the individuals composing St. John's first
+trading company, the nature of the business pursued claims a little
+attention. The task that lay before James Simonds and James White was
+no easy one. Difficulties, many of them entirely unforseen, had to be
+faced and the great diversity of their business rendered their
+situation arduous and sometimes discouraging. At one time the fishery
+claimed their attention, at another bartering with the Indians, at
+another the erection of houses for themselves and their tenants, at
+another the dyking of the marsh, at another the erection of a mill, at
+another the building of a schooner, at another laying out roads and
+clearing lands, at another the burning of a lime-kiln, at another
+furnishing supplies for the garrison at the fort, at another the
+building of a wharf or the erection of a store-house.
+
+Communication with New England in these days was slow and uncertain
+and often the non-arrival of a vessel, when the stock of provisions
+had run low, caused a good deal of grumbling on the part of the hands
+employed. This was particularly the case if the supply of rum chanced
+to run out. The wages of the laborers employed by the company were
+generally 2s. 6d., or half a dollar, a day and they boarded
+themselves. As a rule the men took up their wages at the store and the
+item most frequently entered against their names was New England rum.
+The writer had the curiosity to examine the charges for rum in one of
+the old day books for a period of a month--the month selected at
+random--when it appeared that, of a dozen laborers, four men averaged
+half a pint each per day, while with the other eight men the same
+allowance lasted three days. Tea, the great modern beverage, was
+rather a luxury and appears to have been used sparingly and rum, which
+retailed at 8 pence a pint, was used almost universally. Human nature
+was much the same in the eighteenth as in the twentieth century. The
+men often drank to excess, and some of them would have been utterly
+unreliable but for the fact that Simonds and White were masters of the
+situation and could cut off the supply. They generally doled out the
+liquor by half pints and gills to their laborers. On one occasion we
+find Mr. Simonds writing, "The men are in low spirts, have nothing to
+eat but pork and bread, and nothing but water to drink. Knowing this
+much I trust you will lose no time in sending to our relief."
+
+At various times the privations were exceedingly great and even after
+the little colony had been for some years established at Portland
+Point they suffered for lack of the necessaries of life. Mr. Simonds
+thus describes their experience in the early part of 1770:
+
+  "Most difficult to remedy and most distressing was the want of
+  provisions and hay. Such a scene of misery of man and beast we
+  never saw before. There was not anything of bread kind equal to a
+  bushel of meal for every person when the schooner sailed for
+  Newbury the 6th of February (three months ago) and less of meat
+  and vegetables in proportion--the Indians and hogs had part of
+  that little."
+
+He goes on to say that the flour that had just arrived in the schooner
+was wet and much damaged; no Indian corn was to be had; for three
+months they had been without molasses or coffee, nor had they any tea
+except of the spruce variety.
+
+In one of his letters, written a few months after the commencement of
+operations at St. John, Simonds urges the careful attention of Blodget
+and Hazen to their part of the business, observing: "I hope if I
+sacrifice my interest, ease, pleasure of Good Company, and run the
+risque even of life itself for the benefit of the Company, those who
+live where the circumstances are every way the reverse will in return
+be so good as to take every pains to dispose of all effects remitted
+to them to the best advantage."
+
+The first year of the Company's operations was in some respects
+phenomenal. On the 30th September, 1764, a very severe shock of an
+earthquake occurred at St. John about 12 o'clock, noon. The winter
+that followed was one of unusual severity with storms that wrought
+much damage to shipping. Leonard Jarvis wrote to James Simonds on
+April 3, 1765, "There has not been in the memory of man such a winter
+as the last and we hope there never will be again." Mr. Simonds in his
+reply says "The winter has been much here as in New England."
+
+In the same letter just referred to Mr. Jarvis says: "We hope in
+future, by keeping the schooner constantly running between this
+place and yours, that we shall be able to surmount our greatest
+difficulties. At present we can only say that nothing shall be wanting
+on our parts (and we are well assured that you will continue to
+endeavour) to make this concern turn out in the end an advantageous
+one. It would give us great pleasure could we ease you of part of
+your burden and know what difficulties you have to go through * * We
+have sent you by this schooner some table linen and what other table
+furniture we thought you might have occasion for. If there is
+anything more wanting to make you not only comfortable but Genteel,
+beg you would advise us and we will furnish you with it by the return
+of the schooner Wilmot."
+
+In reply to this Mr. Simonds writes, "I am obliged to you for sending
+some furniture, for truly none was ever more barely furnished than we
+were before. Gentility is out of the question."
+
+The business of Simonds and White was not confined to St. John,
+they had quite an important post for the Indian trade and the
+fishery on an island adjacent to Campobello, now known as Indian
+Island. And it may be observed in passing that this was an island of
+many names. James Boyd, a Scotchman who lived there in 1763, called
+it Jeganagoose--evidently a form of Misignegoos, the name by which
+it is known to the Indians of Passamaquoddy. A French settler named
+La Treille lived there in 1688, and this explains the origin of the
+name Latterell Island, applied to it in early times. In the grant of
+1765 it is called Perkins Island. This place owing to its proximity
+to New England had been the first to attract Mr. Simonds' notice.
+The smaller vessels of the Company, such as the sloops "Bachelor" and
+"Peggy & Molly" and the schooners "Eunice" and "Polly," were for
+several years employed in fishing at Passamaquoddy from April to
+October. The masters of the vessels received L4 per month for their
+services. The crews employed were for the most part engaged by Hazen
+and Jarvis and at the close of the season returned to their homes in
+New England. It was the custom for a year or two for one of the
+partners, Simonds or White, to attend at Passamaquoddy during the
+fishing season. From 1765 to 1770 Isaac Marble of Newburyport was
+their principal "shoresman." The partners had a keen eye to
+business; on one occasion they purchased a whale from the Indians
+and tried out the oil, but this seems to have been merely a stray
+monster of the deep for, in answer to the query of Hazen & Jarvis,
+James Simonds writes, "With respect to whaling, don't think the sort
+of whales that are in Passamaquada bay can be caught."
+
+It was from Passamaquoddy that the first business letter extant of the
+company's correspondence was written by James Simonds to William Hazen
+on the 18th August, 1764. The business was then in an experimental
+stage, and Mr. Simonds in this letter writes, "If you & Mr. Blodget
+think it will be best to carry on business largely at St. John's we
+must have another house with a cellar; the latter is now dug and
+stoned & will keep apples, potatoes & other things that will not bear
+the frost, for a large trade; this building will serve as a house and
+store, the old store for a Cooper's shop. If the lime answers well we
+shall want 150 hogsheads with hoops and boards for heads; also boards
+for a house, some glass, etc., bricks for chimney and hinges for two
+doors. I think the business at St. John's may be advantageous, if not
+too much entangled with the other. We can work at burning Lime,
+catching fish in a large weir we have built for bass up the river at
+the place where we trade with the Indians, trade with the Soldiers and
+Inhabitants, etc. Next winter we can employ the oxen at sleding wood
+and lime stone, Mr. Middleton at making casks; don't think it best to
+keep any men at Passamaquada [for the winter]."
+
+It was the intention of Simonds & White to bring the hands employed at
+Passamaquoddy to St. John in a sloop expected in the fall with goods
+and stores, but on the 16th December we find Mr. Simonds writing to
+Blodget & Hazen, "Have long waited with impatience for the arrival of
+the sloop; have now given her over for lost. All the hopes I have is
+that the winds were contrary in New England as they were here all the
+fall; that detained her until too late and you concluded not to send
+her. We had a fine prospect of a good trade last fall, and had the
+goods come in season should by this time have disposed of them to
+great advantage; but instead of that we have missed collecting the
+greater part of our Indian debts, as they expected us up the river
+and have not been here on that account.... I have not heard from
+Passamaquada for six weeks, but fear they have little or no
+provisions, and am sure they have no hay for a cow that is there. She
+being exceeding good, shall endeavor to save her life till you can
+send hay for her. I shall go there as soon as the weather moderates
+(it has been intensely cold lately) and employ the men there as well
+as I can, as they are confined there contrary to intention for the
+winter, and return here as soon as possible."
+
+The non-arrival of provisions for the men and of hay for the oxen Mr.
+Simonds deplores as likely to overthrow all pans for the winter. They
+had intended to use the oxen to sled wood and lime-stone--a much
+easier way than carting in the summer. He says, "We have stone dug for
+500 hogsheads of lime and near wood enough cut to burn it; that must
+now lay till carting, and we shift as well as we can to employ our men
+so as not to have them run us in debt. * * can think of nothing better
+than to make a resolute push up the river with our men, employ some of
+them at making lumber, others at clearing land and fitting it for
+grain in the spring."
+
+The Company had some formidable rivals at Passamaquoddy for the next
+spring we find James Simonds telling Hazen & Jarvis, "There is such a
+number of traders at Passamaquoddy that I don't expect much trade
+there this spring: have prevailed with the Commandant at Fort
+Frederick to stop them going up this river: there has been no passing
+the falls till now (May 27th) by reason of the freshet. Shall go over
+this afternoon and proceed directly to Ocpaque, an Indian village
+eighty miles up the river."
+
+Notwithstanding the favor shown them by the commandant of the
+garrison, Simonds & White found rivals in the Indian trade even an the
+River St. John. Among the earliest were John Anderson and Captain
+Isaac Caton. The minutes of the council of Nova Scotia show that on
+August 9, 1763, license was granted Mr. Anderson to occupy 50 acres of
+any lands unappropriated on the St. John river, and under date June 7,
+1765, we have the following:--
+
+  "License is hereby granted to John Anderson to traffick with the
+  Tribes of Indians on St. John's River and in the Bay of Fundy, he
+  conducting himself without Fraud or Violence and submitting
+  himself to the observance of such regulations as may at any time
+  hereafter be established for the better ordering of such commerce.
+  This license to continue during pleasure."
+
+Anderson selected as his location the site of Villebon's old Fort at
+the mouth of the Nashwaak, where he obtained in 1765, a grant of 1,000
+acres of land, built himself a dwelling house and established a
+trading post convenient to the Indian village of Aukpaque, a few miles
+above. He had the honor to be the first magistrate on the River St.
+John, his commission dating August 17, 1765; the next appointed was
+colonel Beamsley P. Glacier, on 15th October, same year. John Anderson
+obtained his goods and supplies of Martin Gay, merchant of Boston, and
+one Charles Martin was his bookkeeper and assistant. He called his
+place "Monkton," a name it retained for many years.[71] Early in 1768
+Anderson had the misfortune to lose a vessel laden with goods for
+the India trade. James Simonds mentions this incident in a letter to
+Hazen & Jarvis and remarks: "We imagine the loss of Mr. Anderson's
+vessel will cause more trade to come to us than we should have had if
+she had gone safe."
+
+   [71] The ferry between Fredericton and the Nashwaak was called in
+        early times Monkton ferry.
+
+Captain Isaac Caton was granted a licence "to traffick with the
+Indians on Saint John's river and the Bay of Fundy," on Nov'r. 9,
+1765. He probably made his headquarters at the old French trading post
+on the historic Island of Emenemic, in Long Reach, of which he was a
+grantee about thus time, and which has since been called Caton's
+Island.
+
+Simonds and White did not find the Indian trade entirely to their
+liking and after a few years experience wrote (under date June 20,
+1767), "The Indian debts we cannot lessen being obliged to give them
+new credit as a condition of their paying their old debts. They are
+very numerous at this time but have made bad hunts; we have got a
+share of their peltry, as much as all the others put together, and
+hope soon to collect some more. There is scarcely a shilling of money
+in the country. Respecting goods we think it will be for our advantage
+not to bring any Toys and Trinkets (unnecessary articles) in sight of
+the Indians, and by that means recover them from their bankruptcy.
+They must have provisions and coarse goods for the winter, and if we
+have a supply of those articles, by keeping a store here and up the
+River make no doubt of having most of the Trade. Shall have a store
+ready by September next, and hope to have it finished by the last of
+that month."
+
+[Illustration: ICE-JAM ABOVE GOVERNMENT HOUSE, FREDERICTON, MARCH, 1902.]
+
+The store was built near the site of Government House and according to
+Moses H. Perley it was carried away by one of those periodical
+ice-jams for which the vicinity of St. Ann's Point has been noted from
+time immemorial. See illustration on preceding page of a recent
+ice-jam at this place.
+
+Another store was built and Benjamin Atherton took charge of it. In
+addition to trade with the Indians he did business with the white
+settlers under the name and title of Atherton & Co. Furs and produce
+were frequently transported to St. John from the post at St. Anns in
+summer in gondolas and in the winter on ice by means of horses and
+sleds.
+
+The volume of business in the aggregate was quite large for those
+days. In addition to the exportation of furs and peltry to the value
+of $40,000, the company sent to New England and the West Indies large
+quantities of pollock, mackerel and codfish taken in the Bay. The
+gasperaux fishery at St. John was also an important factor in their
+trade; in the seven years previous to the Revolutionary war Simonds &
+White shipped to Boston 4,000 barrels of gasperaux valued at about
+$12,000. They also shipped quantities of bass, shad, salmon and
+sturgeon. Perhaps their profits would have been even greater had not
+many of the men who were at other times in their employ engaged in
+fishing on their own account. The community was not an ideal one for
+Mr. Simonds writes: "In the spring we must go into the Weirs every
+tide to keep our men from selling bait to the fishermen for rum, which
+is not only attended with the loss of the fish so sold, but of the
+men's time who would drink so to excess as not to be able to do
+anything."
+
+In the Champlain's map of St. John harbor and its surroundings a lake
+or pond is shown at the spot where the Union depot and freight sheds
+stand today. At the outlet of this pond a dam and tide mill were built
+by Simonds and White in the year 1766. The mill was put in operation
+the next season and from that day to this lumber has been one of St.
+John's staple articles of export. Primitive as was this saw-mill some
+difficulty was experienced in procuring proper hands to run it. James
+Simonds in his letter of June 20, 1767, to Hazen & Jarvis writes:
+
+  "The sloop Bachelor did not return from up the River before this
+  morning. We have but few fish; the men that undertook the weirs
+  were very slow and unfaithful, and not only neglected the
+  fisheries but the Mill also, for which reason we have not a full
+  load for the Sloop. The Mill we have not nor shall be able to keep
+  at work without more and better hands; have four less than we
+  ought to have for different branches of work, if all of them was
+  good boys, and with those that are bad must make a bad figure. We
+  have promised 30 to 40 hogsheads Lime to Mr. Best of Halifax and
+  hourly expect a vessel for it, and have encouragement of a
+  contract for the King's works there; expect nothing but to
+  disappoint him as that rascal negro West cannot be flattered or
+  drove to do one fourth of a man's work; shall give him a strong
+  dose on Monday morning which will make him better or worse, no
+  dependence can be put on him. * * We want three men, one that
+  understands tending a mill and two teamsters, which we beg you
+  will send in next vessel."
+
+The correspondence of the partners shows that the manufacture of lime
+continued to engage their attention. The first kiln was built in rear
+of the store and dwellings at Portland Point near the base of Fort
+Howe hill. When James Simonds visited Halifax in September, 1764, he
+wrote a very interesting letter to Samuel Blodget in which he says: "I
+have been with the King's chief Mason; have shewn him a sample of our
+lime; he likes it well and gives me encouragement that he will take
+all of me that he wants either for public or private use (he is the
+only dealer in town) at a rate that will net at St. John's three
+dollars or more pr. hogshead."
+
+Several coopers were sent from Newburyport by Hazen & Jarvis to
+manufacture hogsheads for the lime business, one hogshead being
+considered about as much as a man could make in a day. With the view
+of securing a more desirable class of employees the company began at
+this time to take into their service married men with families for
+whose accommodation they built comfortable log houses. Yet even here
+there were disappointments, as we learn from another of Mr. Simonds'
+letters in which he says: "Our help mostly failed us last fall, and
+the hay season was the wettest that was ever known, which prevented
+our having a sufficient quantity of lime-stone dug and wood cut to
+employ the teams to good advantage. * * Old Abbot (the cooper) did not
+do one day's work for sixty days after his wife arrived; no dependence
+can be placed on him, and as Stevens goes a fishing in the Spring on
+his own account we shall want another cooper and three labourers. It
+will make a material difference if these men are of a tractable
+disposition."
+
+The lime manufactured was shipped to Halifax, Boston and the West
+Indies, and on one occasion a cargo was sent to Newfoundland.
+
+There is in possession of the Hazen family an inventory of the
+property of the company at St. John, dated the 12th of February,
+1767, which will give the reader some little idea of the nature of the
+Company's business and the condition of their trading post at Portland
+Point at this time. The inventory is as follows:
+
+LIST OF COMPANY EFFECTS AT ST. JOHN.
+
+      Dwelling House 19 by 35, part finished              L 90. 0.0
+    1 Building 16 by 40, Rough boarded, improved for
+        Cooper's Shop & Kitchen                             15. 0.0
+    1 Log Store 20 by 30, without floor                     20. 0.0
+    1 Barn 24 by 35                                         16. 6.0
+    1 Log house 14 by 18, occupied by Black                  6.12.0
+    1 House 16 by 20, occupied by Bradley                    7.10.0
+    1 Well 15 feet deep                                      1.10.0
+    1 Necessary House                                        1.10.0
+    1 Lime Kiln                                             14. 0.0
+    1 Gondalo                                               10. 0.0
+    1 Wherry                                                 1. 0.0
+    2 Large Seines                                          14. 0.0
+    1 Cart 100s., 2 Sleds, 18s.                              5.18.0
+    1 Drag 9s., 1 Harrow 15s.                                1. 4.0
+    2 Iron bars 20s., 1 Crow-bar 10s                         1.10.0
+    3 Stone Hammers @ 7s.                                    1. 1.0
+    4 Spades @ 6s. 8d., 3 Shovels @ 3s.                      1.15.8
+    1 Broad Axe 12s., 6 Narrow Axes @ 6s.                    2. 8.0
+   15 Old Axes @ 3s.                                         2. 5.0
+      Whipsaw 40s., 1 Cross cut do. 30s.                     3.10.0
+    4 Augers 12s., 3 chisels 6s.                               18.0
+    2 Iron Squares, 8s., 3 pitch forks 12s.                  1. 0.0
+    7 Hoes @ 2s. 8d.                                           18.8
+    1 Set Cooper's Tools                                     2. 5.0
+    2 Nail hammers 3s., 1 plough 18s.                        1. 1.0
+    2 Scythes @ 6s., 2 pick axes @ 5s.                       1. 4.0
+    7 Chains                                                 4.10.0
+    1 Beetle 1s. 6d., 2 Wedges 3s.                              4.6
+  160 Hogsheads Lime stone at ye Kiln @ 5s. 4d.             42.13.4
+   50 Hogsheads at the Quarry dug @ 1s.                      2.10.0
+   50 Cords wood at Kiln @ 3s. 6d.                           8.15.0
+   80 Cords wood in ye Woods & 1s. 6d.                       7. 6.8
+      Wire 60s., Spruce Logs at the Water 80s.               7. 0.0
+   84 Pine logs at the falls worth                          22. 8.0
+  119 Pine logs scattered in ye River @ 3s.                 17. 7.0
+    8 Oxen worth at St. John                                60. 0.0
+    3 Cows                                                  14. 8.0
+    1 Pair 3 year old steers                                 9. 0.0
+    1 Bull 54s., 1 do. 30s.                                  4. 4.0
+    6 Sheep @ 18s., 7 Hogs @ 16s.                           11. 0.0
+    1 Burch Canoe                                            1. 0.0
+    2 Carpenter's adzes @ 7s., 2 drills @ 6s.                1. 0.0
+    4 Pairs Snow Shoes @ 7s. 6d.                             1.10.0
+    2 Steel plated handsaws @ 8s.                              16.0
+    1 Set mill irons                                         7. 0.0
+   2M Staves shaved and joined                               4.16.0
+                                                          ----------
+                                                          L451. 4.10
+
+There is also an inventory of the goods in the company's store at this
+time, which were valued at L613. The goods were such as were needed by
+the white settlers up the river as well as for the Indian trade. There
+was quite a varied assortment, yet the many deficiencies indicate the
+simplicity of living then in vogue.
+
+The list of household goods and chattels, the property of Simonds and
+White, was a very meagre one indeed. The more common and necessary
+articles of furniture such as bedsteads, tables, benches, etc., were
+probably manufactured on the premises by means of the carpenter's axe,
+adze, hammer and saw. In addition they had a small supply of bedding,
+6 camp chairs, 1 desk, 1 writing desk, 1 lamp, 4 iron candlesticks, 1
+ink stand.
+
+Dishes--4 pewter plates, 2 pewter platters, 2 pewter porringers, 2
+metal teapots, 8 stone plates, 1 stone platter, 1 stone jug, 1 earthen
+teapot, 3 china cups and saucers, 2 quart basons, 2 punch bowls.
+
+Cutlery, etc.--1-1/4 doz. case knives and forks, 1-1/2 doz. spoons, 1
+large spoon, 6 silver tea spoons. Kitchen utensils--2 frying pans, 2
+tea kettles, 1 chafing dish, 1 cullender, 4 iron pots, 1 brass kettle,
+2 quart pots, 2 two-quart pots, 3 pints, 2 tin kettles, 1 pail, 1 pair
+dogs, 1 shovel and tongs, 1 tea-chest, 1 coffee mill, 2 pairs steel
+yards, 1 beam scale, 2 sets weights.
+
+The total value of household articles was but L33, 17, 5, and it is
+doubtful whether the personal belongings of Simonds and White would
+have added much to the common stock. No wonder James Simonds observed
+with grim humor, as he described life at St. John in those days,
+"gentility is out of the question."
+
+William Hazen was afraid the business during the first year had been
+unprofitable, and at the end of the year called for a settlement of
+accounts in order to find out the exact state of affairs. James
+Simonds wrote: "We are sensible of the necessity of settling our
+accts. soon, but have always been obliged to work so much abroad as
+not to be able to have our books posted up, besides the necessity of
+taking an exact acct. of all goods on hand and making an exact
+computation of the cost of all buildings and works cannot be hurried
+over and would require time. We could have had all those things ready,
+but must have neglected completing preparations for the winter's work,
+which we think would be far greater damage to us than the accts.
+remaining unfinished for a few months and for us to finish them in the
+winter evenings."
+
+Doubtless the winter evenings were entirely at their disposal. There
+were no social engagements to fill, no societies to attend, no places
+of amusement to while away the hours. The church, the lodge room, the
+club were reserved for coming generations. Even the satisfaction to be
+derived from good, general reading was wanting for an inventory of
+household effects made in 1775 shows that Mr. Simonds owned a Bible
+and Prayer Book and Mr. White a Bible and a copy of Watt's psalms and
+hymns, and the only other book of which mention can be found is an
+almanac. It would seem that one at least of the partners was fond of
+fiction, for Samuel Blodget writes in a letter to James White--the
+latter then at Crown Point--Dec. 8, 1762: "I confess I was a little
+surprised att your opinion of Roderick Random, for it is allowed by
+all that I ever heard judg of it, that it is a well wrote Novell."
+
+No account of the business of St. John during the period of the
+operations of its finest trading company, would be complete without
+some mention of its shipping. Naturally it was the day of small things
+with the future "winter port" of Canada. The ship that bore de Monts
+and Champlain to the Bay of Fundy in the month of June, 1604, was a
+little vessel of 150 tons, smaller than some of our coasting schooners
+of today; but the vessels employed in the business of Hazen, Simonds
+and White and their associates, were smaller still, ranging from ten
+to eighty tons burden.
+
+The qualities essential to successful navigation--pluck, enterprise
+and skill--were admirably displayed by the hardy mariners of New
+England, the pioneers of commerce in the Bay of Fundy. In their day
+there were no light houses, or beacons, or fog-horns and even charts
+were imperfect, yet there were few disasters. The names of Jonathan
+Leavitt and his contemporaries are worthy of a foremost place in our
+commercial annals.
+
+The following list of the vessels owned or chartered by Hazen, Simonds
+and White in their business at St. John, A. D. 1764-1774, is probably
+as complete as at this distance of time it can be made:
+
+  Names of Vessels and Masters.
+
+  Schooner Wilmot, William Story.
+     "     Polly, Jon. Leavitt, Jas. Stickney, Henry Brookings.
+     "     Eunice, James Stickney.
+     "     Betsy, Jonathan Leavitt.
+     "     Seaflower, Benjamin Batchelder, Jonathan Leavitt.
+     "     Sunbury, Jonathan Leavitt, Daniel Leavitt.
+     "     Essex; Isaac Marble.
+
+  Sloop Bachelor, William Story.
+    "   Peggy & Molly, Henry Brookings
+    "   Merrimack, Jon. Leavitt, Samuel Perkins, Daniel Leavitt.
+    "   St. John's Paquet, Richard Bartelott, Hen. Brookings,
+            Joseph Jellings.
+    "   Speedwell, Nathaniel Newman
+    "   Dolphin, Daniel Dow.
+    "   Woodbridge, David Stickney.
+    "   Sally, Nathaniel Newman.
+    "   Deborah, Edward Atwood.
+    "   Kingfisher, Jonathan Eaton.
+
+Of the vessels enumerated the schooners Wilmot, Polly, Eunice and
+Betsy and the sloops Bachelor, Peggy & Molly, Merimack and St. John's
+Paquet were owned by the company.
+
+For some years the company paid insurance at the rate of 3 per cent.
+on the vessels and their cargoes, but the insurance was obtained with
+difficulty and after a time was discontinued on the ground that the
+business would not bear the expense.
+
+When the partnership was formed in 1764, the company owned the
+schooner Polly of 20 tons, the sloop Bachelor of 33 tons, and the
+sloop Peggy & Molly of 66 tons. The same year Isaac Johnson of
+Newburyport built for them the schooner Wilmot of 64 tons and James
+Simonds paid L180 as his share of her hull. Samuel Blodget purchased
+in Boston a quantity of yarns, strands and cordage, which were
+delivered by Wm. Hazen to Crocker, a ropemaker of Newburyport, to be
+worked up for the schooners Polly and Wilmot, the sloop Bachelor and
+the sloop Peggy & Molly. The company afterwards bought or built the
+schooners Eunice and Betsy and the sloops Merrimack and St. John's
+Paquet. The sloop Merrimack was a square sterned vessel of 80 tons,
+built at Newburyport in 1762. She was hired for the company's service
+in 1767 and purchased for them in 1771 by Hazen & Jarvis for L150.
+James Simonds says she was then a mere hulk entirely unfit for sea,
+but after being repaired was employed in coasting to St. John and in
+carrying lumber to the West Indies. William Hazen and his family had
+good reason to remember the Merrimack, for it was in this vessel they
+embarked for their new home in St. John in the month of May, 1775.
+They were cast away on Fox Island and in addition to the discomfort
+experienced, many of theirs personal belongings and some valuable
+papers connected with the company's business were lost. The crew and
+passengers were rescued and brought to St. John in a sloop of Captain
+Drinkwater's, the captain consenting to throw overboard his load of
+cordwood to make room for the rescued party and their possessions.
+Most of Mr. Hazen's valuables and the rigging and stores of the
+Merrimack were saved.
+
+The sloop St. John's Paquet was another vessel that had an unfortunate
+experience. She made occasional voyages from St. John to St. Croix in
+the West Indies. In the year 1770 she sailed from St. John with a
+cargo of lime for Newburyport, having on board William Hazen, who had
+been on one of his periodical business trips to St. John. Simonds and
+White asked to have the sloop and cargo insured, but Hazen says the
+reason they gave, namely, that the paquet was "an unlucky vessel," did
+not make any impression on the minds of himself or Mr. Jarvis, and, as
+it was a good season of the year, they did not effect it. The vessel
+unfortunately proved true to her reputation. She got on the shoals at
+Newburyport and taking "a rank heel" got water amongst her lime, which
+set her on fire. The sloop and her cargo were sold in consequence for
+L300 where she lay. The vessel was afterwards hired by Hazen & Jarvis
+and again sent to St. John to load for the West Indies.
+
+The Wilmot proved unfit for the company's business and on May 23,
+1766. Hazen & Jarvis wrote their partners: "We have purchased a very
+good and valuable cargo for the schooner Wilmot. It consists of oxen,
+cows, calves, flour, cyder, boards and bricks, and we have sent her
+under care of Captain Beck to Newfoundland for sale. We hope we will
+get a good price for her." This hope was not realized, for the
+schooner lost her deckload of cattle in a storm and the voyage was
+unprofitable.
+
+During the earlier years of the partnership the schooners Eunice and
+Polly, sloop Peggy & Molly and other small vessels were employed from
+April to October in fishing in the Bay of Fundy and at Passamaquoddy.
+The correspondence of the company contains many references to this
+important branch of business, a few of which are to be found in the
+footnotes below.[72]
+
+   [72] "The sloop Bachellor is now ready to sail; the contents of cargo
+        251 quintles Cod and Pollock of her crew's catching, 30 do. of
+        Hunt's. The great sloop arrived ten days ago; has made but an
+        ordinary fare, said to be 300 quintles. Will sail with dry
+        fish in about a fortnight. * * Pollock will sell best in the
+        country, pray sell as many that sort as is possible." [Letter
+        of James Simonds written from "Passamaquada," 18th August,
+        1764.]
+
+        "Leavitt in the Polly has just arrived from Annapolis; he says
+        he has lost a fare of fish for want of sufficient length of
+        cable to ride at anchor, and that he must have one by the
+        middle of August or he shall lose one or two fares more at
+        Grand Manan." [Letter of James Simonds of 22nd June, 1768]
+
+        "We have put Lovitt in skipper of the schooner Polly and have
+        given Stickney the schooner Eunice. We have sent down four
+        fishermen for the whale boats. (Mr. Marble and three
+        labourers.) * * Mr. Marble does not chuse to have any
+        connection with the delivery of stores [rum, etc.] to the men
+        at Passamaquada, and indeed we think with you that his
+        discipline is too moderate for such a sett of men as fishermen
+        for the most part are." [Letter of Hazen & Jarvis of 5th
+        April, 1766.]
+
+The company, finding the fishing at Passamaquoddy declining on account
+of the multitude of their rivals in that locality, determined to
+dispose of some of their smaller vessels, and Mr. Jarvis writes to
+Simonds & White, under date May 23, 1766: "If you think we would be
+likely to sell the "Peggy & Molly" at Halifax, please to advise us * *
+* We look upon it in general to be the better way to, sell all vessels
+when they come to be old and crazy, as we find by experience that old
+vessels are great moths. Therefore if you can dispose of the sloop
+Bachelor and schooner Polly, we think you had better do it, provided
+you can obtain their worth, and we could build such vessels as you
+shall think will be most advantageous."
+
+Hazen and Jarvis sold one half of the Eunice for L133 to a Frenchman
+named Barrere, who sailed with her to the West Indies, where he was
+detained until the outbreak of the Revolution in America, and this was
+the last of her so far as the Company was concerned.
+
+Of all the company's vessels none seems to have done more excellent
+service than the little schooner Polly. For twelve years she bore an
+almost charmed life, and in that time was employed in a great variety
+of ways. At one time a fishing at Annapolis or Passamaquoddy, at
+another trading with the Indians up the River St. John, at another
+transporting settlers and their effects from Massachusetts to
+Maugerville, at another on a voyage to the West Indies.
+
+Hazen & Jarvis for the accommodation of their trade had hired the Long
+Wharf at Newburyport and the stores on it at an annual rental of L70.
+In the month of March, 1765, Leonard Jarvis writes of the occurrence
+of a tremendous gale which was as severe as was ever known and which
+did great damage to the wharves and shipping. He adds: "We had the
+schooner Polly drove on one of the wharfs from whence we had to launch
+her."
+
+While returning from the West Indies in July, 1776, the Polly was
+taken by an American privateer sailed by one O'Brien and sent to
+Newburyport. She was claimed by William Hazen and after some little
+delay restored to her owners and brought to St. John where she
+discharged her cargo. Not long after she was again captured and
+carried to Falmouth, where her super-cargo Peter Smith again succeeded
+in obtaining her release.
+
+The first vessel built and launched at St. John was the little
+schooner "Betsy," the construction of which was undertaken by Simonds
+& White at Portland Point in 1769. Little did her designers and
+builders imagine that they were the pioneers of an industry that would
+one day place St. John in the fourth place among the cities of the
+British empire as a shipowning port and lead her to claim the proud
+title of "the Liverpool of America." And we may note in passing, that
+at the time of the turning of the first sod of the Intercolonial
+railway in 1853, employes from seventeen shipyards--1,090 men in
+all--marched in the procession and shipbuilding had not then attained
+its greatest development. It was an important industry indeed in its
+day.
+
+The materials used in building, the Betsy were cut almost upon the
+spot, and the rigging was sent from Newburyport by William Hazen,
+while about half the iron was taken from one of the company's old
+vessels. One Michael Hodge agreed to build the schooner for 23 1-3
+shillings per ton. Adonijah Colby was his assistant. The schooner was
+launched in the autumn of the year 1769 and named the Betsy in honor
+of Miss Elizabeth Peabody, who about this time was married to James
+White. The little vessel sailed for Newburyport with her first cargo
+on the 3d of February following, Jonathan Leavitt going in her as
+master. She was sold the next year for L200, and Mr. Simonds expressed
+his satisfaction at the price as better than he had expected.
+
+This first venture in the line of shipbuilding was followed in due
+course by others. Jonathan Leavitt and Samuel Peabody in 1773 built a
+schooner which they called the "Menaguash," in honor of the old Indian
+name of St. John, and the following year William Hazen made an
+agreement with James Woodman and Zebedee Ring to build a vessel at St.
+John, Woodman's wages to be art the rate of 4 shillings a day, and the
+payment in part to be one hundred acres of land at two shillings an
+acre. The land referred to was situated in the old township of Conway
+opposite the Indian House--probably at Pleasant Point.
+
+With a view to pursuing the business of shipbuilding William Hazen at
+the time he settled at Portland Point brought with him one John Jones,
+a master ship-builder. The outbreak of the Revolutionary war put a
+stop to every kind of business, but it is said that Mr. Jones'
+employers paid his wages for some time in order to retain his services
+under the expectation that the war would soon be over and they would
+be able again to build ships. Mr. Jones improved the waiting time by
+taking to himself a wife, Mercy Hilderick, who had come to St. John on
+a visit to her sister, the wife of Samuel Peabody. There being no
+clergyman at hand the ceremony was performed by Gervas Say, a Justice
+of the Peace for the county of Sunbury, who then lived on the west
+side of the Harbor in the Township of Conway.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIX.
+
+THE OLD COUNTY OF SUNBURY AND ITS TOWNSHIPS.
+
+
+A great impetus was given to the settlement of the wilderness parts of
+Nova Scotia by the proclamations issued by Governor Lawrence in 1758
+and 1759 offering free grants of lands to those who would become
+settlers. In consequence of these proclamations attention was directed
+to the St. John river. The fertile lands along its borders greatly
+pleased the men of Massachusetts who explored it, and led to their
+founding the Township of Maugerville, while, almost simultaneously,
+Messrs. Simonds and White established their little colony at Portland
+Point.
+
+The Royal proclamation, issued at the Court of St. James in October,
+1763, offering grants of lands to officers, non-commissioned officers
+and soldiers that had served in the late French war, in token of his
+majesty's appreciation of their conduct and bravery, had the effect of
+creating a species of land-hunger which ere long led to a general
+scramble for the possession of all lands that were of value and were
+not already appropriated. However, up to the year 1765, only three
+land grants on the St. John river were recorded at Halifax. Then came
+the deluge! In the course of the month of October some twenty grants
+were issued, comprising nearly 750,000 acres of the best land on the
+River St. John, and immense tracts were granted in other parts of Nova
+Scotia. Charles Morris, the surveyor general at this time, explains
+that the vast number of applicants for land and their importunity were
+due to the fact that the obnoxious "stamp act" was about coming into
+operation and those desirous of securing lands were pressing hard for
+their grants in order to avoid the stamp duties.
+
+This land boom, if we may so term it, had the effect at first of
+stimulating the settlement of the country, but it is, to say the
+least, very doubtful whether subsequent growth and development were
+not retarded by the rashness of Governor Wilmot and his council in
+giving away the unsettled lands from the power of the crown and the
+people in so prodigal a fashion.
+
+The land grants of this period were usually made under the following
+conditions:
+
+First--The payment of a yearly quit rent of one shilling sterling to
+be made on Michaelmas day for every fifty acres, the quit rent, to
+commence at the expiration of ten years from the date of the grant.
+
+Second.--The grantee to plant, cultivate and improve, or inclose,
+one-third part within ten years, one-third part within twenty years
+and the remaining third part within thirty years from the date of the
+grant, or otherwise to forfeit such lands as shall not be actually
+under improvement and cultivation.
+
+Third.--To plant within ten years one rood of every thousand acres
+with hemp, and to keep up the same or a like quantity during the
+successive years.
+
+Fourth.--For the more effectual settling of the lands within the
+province the grantees shall settle on every five hundred acres one
+family at least with proper stock and materials for improvement of
+the said lands within two years of date of grant.[73]
+
+   [73] The last of the conditions above quoted was a somewhat variable
+        one, and is sometimes found in this form, "The grantees shall
+        settle one-fourth part within one year, in the proportion of
+        one family of Protestants (to consist at least of four
+        persons) to every thousand acres, one-fourth part within two
+        years, another fourth part within three years, and the
+        remaining fourth part within four years, otherwise the lands
+        remaining unsettled to revert to the crown."
+
+The arrival of so considerable a number of English speaking
+inhabitants as came to the River St. John in the course of a few years
+after Lawrence had published his proclamations, rendered it necessary
+that measures should be adopted for their government. When Nova Scotia
+was divided into counties, in 1759, what is now New Brunswick seems to
+have been an unorganized part of the County of Cumberland. For a year
+or two the settlers on the River St. John were obliged to look to
+Halifax for the regulation of their civil affairs, but this proved so
+inconvenient that the Governor and Council agreed to the establishment
+of a new county. The county was called Sunbury in honor of the English
+secretary of state, the third Earl of Halifax[74] who was also
+Viscount Sunbury.
+
+   [74] It was after the same English secretary of state that the city
+        of Halifax was named in 1749.
+
+The first intimation we have of the formation of the new county is
+contained in a letter of James Simonds to William, Hazen, dated at
+Halifax, March 18, 1765, in which the former writes: "I am just
+arrived here on the business of the inhabitants of St. Johns. * * I
+have seen Captain Glasier, who informs me that he is getting a grant
+of a large tract of land at St. Johns for a number of officers and
+that your brother is one of them. St. Johns is made a county [Sunbury]
+and I hope will soon make a formidable appearance." The decision of
+the government in this instance seems to have been consequent upon the
+visit of Mr. Simonds, who doubtless was supported in his advocacy of
+the new measure by Capt. Beamsley Glasier. The latter was elected one
+of the first two representatives of the county in the Nova Scotia
+legislature, with Capt. Thos. Falconer as his colleague. The
+announcement contained in Mr. Simonds letter anticipated the action of
+the governor and council, for it was not until the 30th April, six
+weeks later, that the matter was carried into effect by the adoption
+of the following resolution, viz: "That St. John's River should be
+erected into a county by the name of Sunbury, and likewise that Capt.
+Richard Smith should be appointed a justice of the peace for the
+County of Halifax." The terms of this grotesque resolution are
+suggestive of the idea that in the estimation of his excellency and
+the council of Nova Scotia the appointment of a Halifax J. P. was
+about as important a matter as the organization of the County of
+Sunbury, although the latter was as large as the entire peninsula of
+Nova Scotia.
+
+The County of Sunbury did not, as has been commonly supposed, include
+the whole of the present province of New Brunswick. Its eastern
+boundary was a line starting from a point "twenty miles above Point
+Mispeck, up the Bay of Fundy, being the eastern point of Head Land of
+the Harbor at the mouth of the River Saint John, thence to run north
+by the needle till it meets the Canada Southern boundary."
+
+Captain Beamsley Perkins Glasier was a very important and influential
+person at this time in the affairs of the new county. He was an
+officer in the 60th or Royal American Regiment, and subsequently rose
+to the rank of Lieut.-Colonel. On the 14th December, 1764, Capt.
+Glasier on behalf of himself, Capt. Thomas Falconer and others,
+presented a memorial to the governor and council at Halifax for a
+tract of land to include both sides of the River St. John and all the
+islands from the lower end of Musquash Island to the Township of
+Maugerville, and if there was not in the tract any river proper for
+erecting mills then "as settlements can't be carried on without, the
+memorialists pray for any river that may be found fit for the purpose
+by their committee, with a tract of 20,000 acres of timber land as
+near the mills to be erected as possible." Application was made at the
+same time for a Point or Neck of land three-quarters of a mile from
+Fort Frederick with 60 acres adjoining to it "for the making and
+curing fish." It was ordered by the governor and council that the
+lands on the river should be reserved for the applicants, but that the
+point and sixty acres adjoining, situate near Fort Frederick, should
+be a matter for further consideration. It is not improbable the point
+referred to was the peninsula on the east side of St. John harbor, on
+which the principal part of the city stands today. Had it been granted
+to the applicants at this time it is hard to say what might have been
+the effect on the future, but very likely St. John, as the "City of
+the Loyalists," would have had no existence.
+
+Capt. Beamsley Glasier and Capt. Thomas Falconer were the active
+agents of an association or society, composed of more than sixty
+individuals, who designed to secure and settle half a million acres of
+land on the River St. John. The association included Governor Thomas
+Hutchinson of Massachusetts, General Frederick Haldimand (afterwards
+governor of Quebec), Sir William Johnson of New York, Capt. Isaac
+Caton, Capt. William Spry, Capt. Moses Hazen, William Hazen, James
+Simonds, Rev. John Ogilvie, Rev. Philip Hughes, Rev. Curryl Smith,
+Richard Shorne, Daniel Claus, Philip John Livingston, Samuel Holland
+and Charles Morris. The membership of the association represented a
+very wide area for among its members were residents of Quebec,
+Halifax, Boston, New York and the Kingdom of Ireland. A little later
+the association was termed the Canada Company probably because General
+Haldimand and some of its most influential members lived in Quebec.
+
+The company obtained in October, 1765, a grant of five townships on
+the River St. John known as the townships of Conway, Gage, Burton,
+Sunbury and New-Town, of which all but the last were on the west side
+of the river. The first three were named in honor of Gen. Henry S.
+Conway, Secretary of State; Gen. Thomas Gage, who was one of the
+grantees; and Brig. Gen. Ralph Burton, who was stationed in Canada at
+the time. The location and extent of the townships may be generally
+stated as follows:
+
+1. Conway, 50,000 acres, included in its bounds the parish of
+Lancaster and a part of Westfield extending from the mouth of the
+river up as far as Brandy Point.
+
+2. Gage or Gage-town, 100,000 acres, extended from Otnabog to Swan
+Creek and included the present parish of Gagetown.
+
+3. Burton, 100,000 acres, extended from Swan Creek to the River
+Oromocto, including the present parish of Burton and part of the
+adjoining parish of Blissville.
+
+4. Sunbury, 125,000 acres, began at Old Mill Creek, a little below
+Fredericton, and extended up the river as far as Long's Creek,
+including the City of Fredericton, the parish of New Maryland and the
+parish of Kingsclear. A part of this grant (20,000 acres) was added a
+little later to the Township of New Town on the opposite side of the
+river.
+
+5. New Town extended about eight miles up the river from the Township
+of Maugerville on the east side opposite Fredericton and at first
+contained 20,000 acres, afterwards increased to 40,000.
+
+It is an interesting circumstance that the site upon which Alexander
+Gibson's mills at Marysville stand today, was selected by Beamsley
+Glasier and his associates in 1765 as the most desirable mill site
+along the St. John river. We even know the names of the pioneers of
+milling in that locality.
+
+In the month of July, 1766, the sloop, "Peggy and Molly" sailed from
+Newburyport for St. John and on the way she called at Portsmouth and
+took on board Capt. Beamsley Glasier and five mill-wrights, Jonathan
+Young, Hezekiah Young, Joseph Pike, Tristram Quimby and John Sanborn
+each of whom paid Simonds & White 20 shillings passage money. Soon
+after their arrival they framed and erected the first saw mill on the
+Nashwaak, probably the first built by English hands in the province.
+In September, same year, the "Peggy and Molly" brought a large
+consignment from New England for Capt. Glasier, including all the mill
+gear, a quantity of seed corn, barley and garden seeds, some live
+stock and fowls, household utensils and provisions. Capt. Glasier says
+in a letter to Wm. Hazen written in August, 1766, "Young and all the
+Carpenters intend to stay and settle here and he begs you'll be so
+good as to acquaint his wife and family of it." No permanent
+settlement, however, seems to have been made at the Nashwaak at this
+time other than Anderson's trading post at the mouth of that stream.
+
+Shortly after obtaining the grants of their townships the Canada
+Company appointed Nathaniel Rogers of Boston their treasurer, and
+Colonel Beamsley Glasier their agent, and levied a tax of one hundred
+dollars on each member of the company to defray the expenses of
+management. The conditions of the grants required the grantees to
+settle one-fourth part of their lands in one year in the proportion of
+four Protestant[75] persons for every 1,000 acres, one-fourth part in
+the same proportion in two years, one-fourth in three years and the
+remainder in four years, all lands remaining unsettled to revert to
+the Crown.
+
+   [75] This word was designed to exclude the Acadians as settlers.
+
+An immediate attempt was made by Col. Glasier, Capt. Falconer and the
+more energetic of their associates to procure settlers and improve the
+lands, but the task was a gigantic one and settlers of a desirable
+class by no means easy to obtain. The difficulties the Company had to
+encounter will appear in the references that will presently be made to
+some very interesting letters and documents that have been preserved
+respecting the settlement of the townships.
+
+As early as the 27th of January, 1765, the plans of the Canada Company
+had so far developed that Captain Falconer sent one Richard Barlow as
+storekeeper to the River St. John, where the company's headquarters
+was about to be established under the supervision of Colonel Glasier.
+Barlow was promised a lease of 200 acres at a nominal rent, and at
+once removed with his family to the scene of operations. There were
+frequent business transactions in the course of the next six years
+between Simonds & White and the agents of the Canada Company, who
+figure in their accounts as "Beamsley Glasier & Co.". In the years
+1765 and 1766, for example, Mr. Rogers, the treasurer of the Canada
+Company, paid Hazen & Jarvis L146 for certain goods supplied by
+Simonds & White at the River St. John.
+
+The value of the lands on the River St. John had not escaped the
+notice of the keen-eyed pioneers at Portland Point, and in the first
+business letter extant James Simonds writes to Wm. Hazen, "the lands
+are very valuable if they may be had." Again on the 16th December,
+1764, he writes, "I have been trying and have a great prospect of
+getting one or two Rights [or shares] for each of us concerned in our
+company, and to have my choice in the townships of this River, the
+land and title as good as any in America." Hazen & Jarvis manifested
+much interest in the matter and soon afterwards obtained a footing
+among the proprietors and promoters of the scheme.
+
+The arrival of Colonel Glasier with his millwrights and carpenters in
+the fall of 1766 has been already mentioned. The progress made in
+settling the townships during the first two years was, however, slow
+and the mills on the Nashwaak were some time in being completed.
+Simonds & White on the 20th June, 1767, wrote to their partners in
+Newburyport, "When Col. Glasier left this place he was in such a
+hurry, the vessel being bound directly to sea, that we could not make
+a complete settlement, not having the people's accounts up the River
+that had worked on the mills, logging, etc. We have inclosed his order
+for what could be settled. The lots in Gage Town are drawn, Moses and
+William Hazen Nos. 53, 54, Mr. Simonds No. 12, none of them either the
+best or the worst in the Township. * * If young cattle are cheap at
+your place we recommend sending some every opportunity; the growth of
+them is profitable, and the King's Instructions to the Government are
+that three cattle be kept on every fifty acres of land granted."
+
+The manner of laying out and drawing lots in the townships, as first
+agreed on, did not work very well and led to a vigorous remonstrance
+on the part of Capt. William Spry, which is dated at New York, April
+11th, 1768. The "remonstrance" appears to have been framed after
+consultation with others of the committee appointed by the Proprietors
+to carry on the settlement of the Townships, and its contents were
+approved at a meeting held the next day. The "remonstrance" was
+addressed to Rev.'d Dr. Oglevie and William Johnstone, Esq., and to
+such other Proprietors, or their attornies, as were then in New York.
+The document is of sufficient historic value to be quoted in full:--
+
+  THE REMONSTRANCE
+
+  Of Capt. William Spry, one of the said Proprietors, sets forth,--
+
+  "That the manner in which the Townships of Gage and Sunbury have
+  been divided among the Proprietors, puts it out of their power to
+  settle their respective shares, the Lots being only sixty-five
+  rods in breadth, and from four to six miles in depth; that
+  therefore no family at the first settling of those lands will go
+  so far back into the Woods as to be deprived of the advantages of
+  the River, and that there is not breadth enough in the lots but
+  for very few families to be accommodated even supposing the
+  Proprietors under the necessity of granting away the most valuable
+  part of their lands, which would probably be the case, as the time
+  allowed to complete the settlement is nearly expired.
+
+  "That even granting those long narrow slips of land could be
+  settled, their being situated in so many places (in the several
+  townships) and so different from each other, makes it absolutely
+  impossible for a Proprietor to look after them with that care and
+  attention which the establishing of new settlements must require.
+
+  "That the inclosing those several lots must of course be attended
+  with great expense and the fixing their boundaries be very liable
+  to create disputes.
+
+  "Capt. Spry therefore proposes the following Plan to the Society,
+  viz.:--
+
+  "1st. That every Proprietor shall have his proportion of all the
+  lands in the several Townships (except Conway, as will be
+  hereafter explained) in one Township only, that Townships to be
+  fixed by Ballot.
+
+  "2nd. That when the Proprietors have drawn the Township their lot
+  is to be in, they draw again for their particular lot in that
+  Township.
+
+  "3rd. That the lots in each Township be divided so as to be as
+  nearly of equal value with one another as possible, the expense of
+  which to be defrayed by the Society in general, in case the
+  division cannot be settled by the survey already taken.
+
+  "4th. That all the Islands be divided into sixty-eight lots and
+  drawn for, except Perkin's Island which is to remain in common
+  among all the Proprietors.[76]
+
+   [76] It was perhaps at the suggestion of William Hazen or James
+          Simonds that in the grant of the Township of Burton, of
+          which they were grantees, there was included the "island
+          in Passamaquody bay called Perkins Island," now known as
+          Indian Island, where the fishing station of Simonds &
+          White had been for several years established.
+
+  "5th. That the Saw Mill also remain in common among all the
+  Proprietors for Twenty years from the date of the Grant, and then
+  to devolve to the Proprietors of the Township it is in.
+
+  "6th. That as the Townships of Gage and Sunbury have been surveyed
+  and the places for the Town Plots fixed by Charles Morris, Esq.,
+  surveyor of Nova Scotia, that as ten families were sent to the
+  River last Fall and could get no farther than Fort Frederick, by
+  reason of contrary winds, and therefore are not as yet fixed to
+  any particular Township, and as several other families have been
+  procured to be sent this Spring by different Proprietors, who
+  without an immediate drawing for the respective Townships cannot
+  know to what Township to send their settlers, it is proposed that
+  there should be a drawing for these Townships without loss of
+  time, and also for the lots in the Townships of Gage and Sunbury,
+  in the presence of two Magistrates of this City, which said lots
+  Capt. Spry will undertake to make as equal a division of as the
+  nature of the thing will allow.
+
+  "The Division of the Townships among the Proprietors is proposed
+  to be as follows, viz:--
+
+  "The Townships of Gage, Burton and Sunbury, containing 100,000
+  Acres each, to be divided among twenty Proprietors to each
+  Township, which will be 5,000 acres to each Proprietor.
+
+  "The Township of Conway, containing 50,000 acres, being
+  conveniently situated for the Fishery, to be divided among all the
+  Proprietors in equal lots and drawn for, which will be about 735
+  acres to each.
+
+  "The tract northwest of Maugerville of 20,000 acres (granted
+  separately) and that of 20,000 acres adjoining, granted with the
+  Township of Sunbury, to be made one Township of 40,000 acres and
+  to be called New-Town, and divided among eight Proprietors, which
+  will be 5,000 acres to each Proprietor, the same as in the other
+  Townships.
+
+  "By this method of dividing the townships all the lots will have a
+  sufficient breadth upon the River, and the worst lot there can
+  possibly be among them, will be of more value to any one
+  Proprietor than the five best lots of the several Townships laid
+  out as they are at present."
+
+  Signed W. SPRY.
+
+A meeting was immediately held at the house of George Burns,
+innholder, in New York, and it was unanimously decided by the
+proprietors of the townships and their agents, to annul the former
+division of lands and adopt the proposals of Capt. Spry. In accordance
+with this decision the proprietors or their representatives, held a
+meeting on Wednesday the 20th of April, 1768, and in the presence of
+Dirck Brinckerhoff and Elias Desbrosses, justices of the peace and
+aldermen of the City and County of New York, made a drawing of the
+townships in the manner proposed, the result of which appears below.
+
+[Illustration: Map of the River St John in the province of Nova Scotia.
+Exhibiting The Grants to Officers &c. in 1765 with other
+patents.
+From the Survey of Mr Chas Morris and other surveyors.]
+
+  TOWNSHIP OF GAGE.
+
+  Lot. No.
+
+  1.  John Lewis Gage.
+  2.  Daniel Disney.
+  3.  John Fenton, Esq.
+  4.  Beamsley Glasier, Esq.
+  5.  Dr. Thomas Blair.
+  6.  James Finlay.
+  7.  Jacob Jordan.
+  8.  George Johnstone.
+  9.  Thomas Clapp.
+  10. Oliver Delancey, jr., Esq.
+  11. Col. Frederick Haldimand.
+  12. William Keough.
+  13. Rev. Phillip Hughes.
+  14. Charles Morris, jr., Esq.
+  15. William Johnstone, Esq.
+  16. Synge Tottenham.
+  17. William Spry, Esq.
+  18. George Gillman.
+  19. Frederick Haldimand, jr.
+  20. Guy Johnstone.
+
+  TOWNSHIP OF SUNBURY.
+
+  Lot. No.
+
+  1.  Alexander John Scott.
+  2.  Dr. Robert Bell.
+  3.  Thomas Hutchinson, Esq.
+  4.  John Collins, Esq.
+  5.  John Irving, jr., Esq.
+  6.  John Desbruyeres. Esq.
+  7.  Francis Greenfield.
+  8.  Daniel Carleton.
+  9.  Thomas Smelt, Esq.
+  10. Richard Shorne.
+  11. George Fead.
+  12. Edward Bulkely, Esq.
+  13. John Leake Burrage.
+  14. Oliver Shorne.
+  15. Isaac Caton.
+  16. John Norberg.
+  17. Hugh Parker.
+  18. James Allen.
+  19. James Simonds.
+  20. Nathaniel Rogers, Esq.
+
+  TOWNSHIP OF BURTON.
+
+  "The Town Plot not being fixed this Township could not as yet be
+  divided into lots, but is to be as soon as possible: the
+  Proprietors who drew the Township were: John Porteus, Thomas
+  Falconer, sen'r, Esq., John York, Esq., Daniel Robertson, Joseph
+  Peach, Esq., William Parker, Charles Pettit, Ralph Christie, Esq.,
+  Daniel Claus, Esq., William Evins, Esq., John Campbell, Esq.,
+  Joseph Howard, John Cox, Thomas Falconer, jun'r, John Treby, Esq.,
+  James Porteus, Richard Burton, John Livingston, Esq., Samuel
+  Hollandt, Esq., Benjamin Price, Esq.
+
+  TOWNSHIP OF NEW TOWN, OR THE FORTY THOUSAND ACRE TRACT.
+
+  "This Township is under the same circumstances with that of
+  Burton; the Proprietors who drew the Township were: Thomas
+  Moncrief, Esq., Rev. John Ogelvie, D. D., Moses Hazen, James
+  Jameson, William Hazen, Richard Williams, Charles Tassel, Esq.,
+  and James Hughes."
+
+It was agreed that the various islands in the River St. John belonging
+to the townships should be surveyed as soon as possible and divided
+into 68 lots. It was also agreed that the Saw Mill, erected or in
+course of erection in the Township of New Town should remain the
+common property of all the members of the society for the space of
+twenty years from the date of the grant, expenses attending the
+building or repairing of the mill to be borne by all the proprietors
+of the several townships, and after the expiration of twenty years to
+become the property of the grantees of New Town.
+
+It will be noticed that in the division of the townships the Rights,
+or shares, of Moses and William Hazen were drawn in New Town and that
+of James Simonds in Sunbury. Mr. Simonds evidently was quite satisfied
+for he wrote to Hazen & Jarvis, June 22, 1768.
+
+  "The Township of Sunbury is the best in the Patent and New Town is
+  the next to it according to the quantity of land, it will have a
+  good Salmon-Fishery in the river which the mills are to be built
+  on, which runs through the centre of the tract. The mills are to
+  be the property of the eight proprietors of the Township after
+  seventeen years from this time, and all the Timber also the moment
+  the partition deed is passed."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XX.
+
+THE ST. JOHN'S RIVER SOCIETY.
+
+
+Since the preceding chapters were printed the author chanced to
+discover some interesting manuscripts in the collections of the
+Massachusetts Historical Society which throw a good deal of light upon
+the history of the old townships on the River St. John. It is to be
+regretted that this discovery was not made a little sooner, but it is
+not too late to give the reader the benefit of it in a supplementary
+way.
+
+The association that undertook the settlement of the townships of
+Conway, Gage, Burton, Sunbury and New-town has been referred to in
+these pages as "The Canada Company," but its proper name was "The St.
+John's River Society." The original promoters of the gigantic land
+speculation--for such we must call it--set on foot at Montreal in
+1764, were chiefly army officers serving in Canada, hence the name,
+"The Canada Company." When, however, it was determined to enlarge the
+association by the addition of the names of gentlemen in Boston, New
+York, Philadelphia, and Halifax, and when the valley of the River St.
+John was selected as the place where the most desirable lands were to
+be had the Canada Company took a new name and was known as "The St.
+John's River Society."
+
+The president of the society was Captain Thomas Falconer, who was
+at this time at Montreal with his regiment. The most active
+promoter of the society's plans for several years, however, was
+Beamsley P. Glasier. This gentleman has already been frequently
+spoken of in connection with events on the St. John. He was a
+captain in the Royal American Regiment and afterwards attained the
+rank of lieutenant-colonel. He had previously served in the Fifth
+Massachusetts Regiment, in which he was commissioned ensign early
+in February, 1745. The regiment rendered gallant service under Sir
+William Pepperrell at the taking of Louisburg, and we have abundant
+evidence of Glasier's reputation as a brave determined leader in the
+following document, the original of which is to be found in the
+archives of the Massachusetts Historical Society:
+
+  "AGREEMENT. We whose names are underwritten have enlisted
+  ourselves voluntarily to go on ye attack of the Island Battery at
+  the mouth of the Harbor of Louisburgh provided Beamsley Glaizer is
+  our Capt. on said attack and then wee shall be ready att Half am
+  Hours warning[77]" [Signed by forty individuals.]
+
+   [77] The date of this document is probably May, 1745. The Island
+        Battery was one of the most formidable defences in Louisburg.
+
+Captain Glasier served subsequently under Sir Wm. Johnson and Gen'l
+John Winslow.
+
+The idea of securing large grants of land in Nova Scotia was taken up
+by officers of the Royal Americans, the 44th foot and other regiments
+at Montreal early in the year 1764. Among the promoters were Capt.
+Thos. Falconer, Capt. Beamsley Glasier, Capt. John Fenton, Rev. John
+Ogilvie, D. D., (chaplain of the Royal American regt.), Major Thos.
+Moncrief, Capt. Daniel Claus, Capt. Samuel Holland, Brig. Gen'l. Ralph
+Burton, Lieut. Wm. Keough, Lieut. Richard Shorne and others.
+
+Captain Glasier seems to have obtained am extended leave of absence
+from his military duties and for three years most of his time was
+spent in trying to settle the society's townships. He sailed from
+Quebec on the 28th of August, 1764, and after exploring the southern
+coast of Nova Scotia and entering many of the harbors in order to get
+"the best information of the Goodness of Land, and Conveniency for
+carrying on the Fishery," he at length reached Halifax on the 26th of
+October. The events subsequent to his arrival we shall let him
+describe in his own words.
+
+  "Upon my arrival I waited on the governor, and gave him my
+  letters; he rec'd me with great politeness and ordered a meeting
+  of Council the next day in order to consult where I should pitch
+  upon a tract of land suitable for such a Grand Settlement, for it
+  is looked upon as the most Respectable of any in the province, and
+  I must say that everybody in authority seem'd to interest
+  themselves in the thing and give me all the advice and assistance
+  in their power. Many Places was talked of, but none was so
+  universally approved as the River St. Johns. It was therefore the
+  opinion of the Council, and all that wished well to the
+  establishment, that I should go across the country to Pisiquid
+  (Windsor), and take passage on board a Vessell that was going from
+  thence with Provisions for the Garrison of Fort Frederick, which I
+  accordingly did, and arrived the 18th of November. * *
+
+  "As soon as I arrived I procured a Boat and went up the River
+  above the falls as far as where the good land begins to make its
+  appearance; but an uncommon spell of cold weather had set in and
+  frozen over the small rivers leading into the Main River. * *
+
+  "Besides what I saw, which answered exactly with the account I had
+  of it before, I had the best information from the Indians and
+  Inhabitants settled 40 miles up the River and the Engineer of the
+  Fort, who had Just been up to take a plan of the River, so that I
+  was not at a loss one moment to fix on that spot for the
+  settlement."
+
+Capt. Glasier spent about four days in examining the river. It will be
+noticed he speaks of "an uncommon spell of cold weather;" nevertheless
+the river was open for a good distance. This goes to show that the
+winter season did not begin any earlier 140 years ago than it does
+today.
+
+Judging by the account of his journey from Fort Frederick to Halifax
+Capt. Glasier was a good traveller. He says, "We breakfasted at the
+Fort, dined at Annapolis and walked from thence to Halifax 5 days 145
+miles in company with a brother of Lord Byron, who made the tour with
+me to see the country."
+
+Beamsley Glasier would have made a good immigration agent, for he
+certainly describes the country in glowing colors, yet his description
+of the valley of the St. John is in the main quite accurate and it is
+exceedingly interesting to have a glimpse of that region in its
+pristine state.
+
+  "The entrance of St. John's River," he writes, "forms like a Bay
+  between two points[78] about 3 leagues apart from thence it grows
+  narrower gradually up to the Falls, which is 200 yards broad. The
+  Falls, which has been such a Bugbare, is rather a narrow place in
+  the River than Falls, for at half tide it is as smooth as any
+  other place in the River, the tide then just beginning to make and
+  grows gradually stronger until high water, from that till two
+  hours ebb a Vessell of 500 tons may go up or down. I know of very
+  few Harbours in America that has not a barr or some other
+  impediment at the entrance so as to wait for the tide longer than
+  at St. Johns; here if you are obliged to wait you are in a good
+  harbour out of all danger of bad weather.
+
+  "On each side the falls the rocks are high and so continue about
+  four leagues, all Lime stone; then begins the finest Prospect in
+  the world, the Land becomes flat, not a stone or pebble for 60
+  miles * * the banks something higher than it is a little way in;
+  it runs level from six to twelve miles back and some places
+  farther, such land as I cannot describe. The New England People
+  [in Maugerville] have never plowed but harrowed in their grain,
+  such Grain of all kinds, such Hemp, Flax, &c, as was never seen."
+
+   [78] Mispeck Point on the east and Negro Head on the west.
+
+Capt. Glasier's description of the interval lands in their virgin
+state, untouched by the white man's axe, is particularly interesting.
+It serves to explain why these lands were not over-run by forest fires
+and were considered so desirable by the early settlers.
+
+  "The trees," he says, "are all extremely large and in general very
+  tall and chiefly hard wood;[79] no Spruce, Pine, Firr, &c. Neither
+  is there underwood of brush, you may drive a Cart and Oxen thro'
+  the trees. In short it looks like a Park as far as ever your eye
+  can carry you. The pine trees fit for large masts are farther back
+  and bordering on the small Rivers as I am told by the Indians.
+  These fellows are the most intelligent people I ever saw; near 400
+  live about 60 miles up the River, and seem to be well pleased at
+  our coming here, I saw all their Chiefs at the Fort. The land on
+  the N. E. side the River has been overflowed sometimes, but it
+  goes off immediately and leaves such a manure as you may
+  imagine--tho' it has not for several years past; the other side is
+  higher, the lands not so good in general. When I said not so Good
+  I would not be understood to mean that they are not good, for even
+  those are as good as any I ever saw in America, with the same kind
+  and quality of wood, but does not run back so far.
+
+   [79] A few giant elms of the primeval forest are yet to be found
+          on the bank of the St. John. The author not long since
+          examined the stump of a large elm that grew a few miles
+          below the town of Woodstock. It was four feet in diameter
+          and the number of concentric rings 325, so that it must
+          have been a sapling in the days of Queen Elizabeth.
+
+  "I suppose we shall have the Proprietor's Town on the west side,
+  tho' the New England People are all settled on the other side. The
+  whole Country abounds with Game; there is likewise plenty of Moose
+  weighing from 1000 to 1500 lbs. each, fatt and finer than beef,
+  which you may kill every day. Wild fowl of all kinds, cocks,
+  snipes, and partridges are so plenty that the Gentlemen who was
+  with me swore that it was no sport, as we could shoot 3 or 4 at a
+  shot. An Indian made me a present of a pair of horns of a small
+  Moose as he called them, for he assured me that some was twice as
+  heavey. These measured 5 feet and 2 inches and weighed 33-1/2 lb.,
+  judge you the biggness of the owner.
+
+  "Upon the Interval land you have a long kind of Grass[80] which
+  the Cattle in that country fatten themselves upon. I never in my
+  life saw fatter beef than one I saw killed there, & the New
+  England People vowed that the heiffers of the same breed that had
+  a calf in Boston at 3 years old came in at 2 years at St. Johns,
+  so much they improved in growth and Wantonness as they called it.
+
+   [80] This grass still grows naturally on the St. John River
+          intervals, and is known to the farmers as "blue-joint."
+
+  "Their Hoggs and Sheep they keep on the Islands, which are
+  overflowed generally when the River brakes up which is commonly
+  about the middle of April. This overflowing leaves these Islands
+  so rich that the Hoggs grow fatt by eating Ground nuts without
+  any other food in summer (in our Grant we have some of these
+  Islands) nor do they put up their Horses in the Winter, except
+  those that work, tho' you may cut any quantity of Grass. Can I say
+  more of the Soil, Trees, situation, &c.? Be assured it is all
+  True."
+
+  "The fish is the next thing. This River abounds with all sorts of
+  small fry, Trout, Salmon, Bass, Whitefish & Sturgeon. The Bass is
+  ketcht in Wiers just under the Point below the Fort, so that good
+  voyages may be made in that branch; all the expence is in making
+  the Wiers, and as to Sturgeon they are more remarkably plenty than
+  any place upon the Continent, and if there was persons that
+  understood pickling them it would be a very profitable undertaking
+  and fetches ready money in London."
+
+The Glasier letters (which have just been printed in the Collections
+of the N. B. Hist. Society) show that before Beamsley Glasier left
+Montreal, as the accredited agent of the St. John's River Society,
+there had been a good deal of discussion about the location of the
+townships it was desired to procure and settle. It was ultimately
+decided that this matter should be left to the discretion of Captain
+Glasier after he had made a personal examination of certain localities
+and obtained reliable information respecting the ungranted lands in
+Nova Scotia. Glasier wrote from Halifax on the 15th December, 1764, to
+Captain Thos. Falconer and the Society's committee at Montreal,
+informing them of his selection of the valley of the River St. John as
+by all odds the most desirable situation. He says:
+
+  "When I compare this place to any other we ever thought of I am
+  surprised it had not been fixed on before I came away. The island
+  of St. Johns (or Prince Edward Island) is not good land, besides
+  being so far to the northward it is too exposed if a war should
+  happen, as is all up the Gut of Canso, Bay Challeurs, etc. Besides
+  the whole of that part of the country, as well as all the coast to
+  the head Cape Sable and up the Bay of Fundy, is bound with fog
+  almost three months in the year. In this River you have none above
+  the falls, nor have you Musquitos here in any sort of comparison
+  to any other part of this country. Besides you are so near the
+  settled parts of New England that you may sail with a good wind to
+  Boston in 30 hours, or if you have a mind to coast along shore you
+  may harbour every 4 or 5 Leagues all the way to Boston and that
+  all winter. I think we are very happy not to settle on the Lake
+  where we proposed, for if we had anything to send to market it
+  would take more time and be a greater risk to get it out of the
+  River St. Lawrence than to go from here to Europe."
+
+On the 1st March following Capt. Glasier addressed a letter to John
+Fenton of Boston informing the members of the Society in that quarter
+of the success of his subsequent proceedings. He apologizes for the
+tardiness of his communication by saying, "I have put off writing, as
+the world puts off Repentence till the last moment." Glasier is very
+enthusiastic as to the outlook.
+
+  "The interval lands on the St. John," he says, "are wonderful, not
+  a stone and black mold 6 feet deep, no underwood, large tall Trees
+  all hardwood; you may drive a Coach through the Trees, we can cut
+  what Grass we please and we may improve the land immediately; in
+  short I can't describe it to you. * * * * I hope we shall be able
+  to begin something this summer, there is the D--l and all of
+  people applying for lands in this province. There is now settled
+  50 families just above us, all Yankys[81]; they are not very good
+  Farmers you know but they raised fine grain last year."
+
+   [81] The reference is to the settlement made at Maugerville two or
+        three years before, which at this time seems to have been
+        called the Township of Peabody, in honor of Captain Francis
+        Peabody.
+
+In the choice of the St. John river valley as the best situation for
+the townships that were to be laid out and settled, Beamsley Glasier
+seems to have been guided very largely by the advice of Charles
+Morris, the surveyor general of Nova Scotia, and his son Charles
+Morris, junior. The younger Morris had a personal interest in the
+Society and Capt. Glasier writes of him:
+
+  "Mr. Morris's son is one of our Proprietors and is to go with me
+  in April to survey the whole tract I have asked for. He is Deputy
+  to his Father and very clever, as you'll have occasion to know
+  hereafter. We propose setting out from Halifax about the beginning
+  of April and take a survey of Port O'Bear[82] on our way to St.
+  Johns. I imagine the whole will take us a great deal of time as we
+  shall go up all the small rivers. I have engaged a little schooner
+  for the purpose. As places for our Mills and good Timber, oak as
+  well as pine, is a great object, and as Mr. Morris is a Conesieur
+  in the Goodness of Lands, if we don't fix upon convenient spots to
+  answer all our purposes it will be our faults."
+
+   [82] Probably Port Le Bear (or Hebert) near Shelburne on the southern
+        coast of Nova Scotia.
+
+The task of surveying and exploring proved of greater magnitude than
+Glasier had anticipated, and at the end of the summer the Surveyor
+General of Nova Scotia and his son had only been able to make a
+general sketch of the river and townships, not an accurate survey, and
+Glasier expressed the opinion that it would be a work of two years at
+least before the River would be thoroughly known. Just how much time
+was spent in the work of exploration and survey we do not know, but
+the younger Morris spent three months in the summer of 1766 surveying
+the townships of Gage and Sunbury, and in addition to this he says:
+"The Surveyor General and myself expended more than a Hundred Pounds
+Sterling of our own Money in surveying the River last year."
+
+Captain Glasier was very desirous of obtaining the best lands on the
+river and he states frankly, in one of his letters, "what we want is
+the good lands only, or as small a quantity of the bad as is
+possible." He was not ready to make definite application for lands,
+therefore, until he had ascertained the whereabouts of all lakes,
+ponds, sunken and bad lands, etc., in order to avoid paying quit rents
+to the crown for that which was not improvable.
+
+Meanwhile trouble was brewing at Halifax, and it was only by the good
+offices of Governor Wilmot, Charles Morris, sr., and other members of
+the Council that the St. John River Society was saved from disaster.
+We get an idea of the threatened danger in a letter of Hon. Michael
+Francklin to Captain Glasier of July 22, 1765, in which great concern
+is expressed that Glasier had not yet made his choice of the lands he
+desired. "You cannot conceive how the Government is embarrassed,"
+writes Francklin, "by the daily applications that are made. We have no
+less than three agents from Pennsylvania who are put off on your
+account. * * * My dear Sir be thoroughly persuaded that no set of
+people will have the preference to your Gentlemen in anything that can
+be done for them, but pray do reflect and consider the Government here
+and our situation, how disagreeable it is to lock up a whole River,
+sufficient for fifty Townships, and people applying every day that we
+are obliged to put off until you are served. Consider what a risque
+the Government runs of losing a number of valuable settlers. I beg of
+you, on my own account and as one who has the welfare and prosperity
+of the Province at heart, that you will by some means or other make
+your choice as soon as possible and transmit it to the Governor."
+
+Captain Glasier comments on this in a letter to Nathaniel Rogers of
+Boston. "Some of the Council are wanting to establish those companies
+belonging to Philadelphia who are waiting at Halifax, as you'll see by
+the inclosed letter from one of them to me. I see through the whole,
+the Governor[83] keeps them off till I return."
+
+   [83] Captain Glasier seems to have been on excellent terms with Gov'r
+        Wilmot. On 1st March, 1755, he wrote to Capt. Fenton of
+        Boston, "I have received great civility from all sorts of
+        people here in Halifax. I have made your compliments to the
+        Gov'r and he has desired his to you; poor D----l has had the
+        Gout all winter, which seems to be the General Distemper in
+        this place amongst people of Rank."
+
+By the advice of Governor Wilmot the society filled up the number of
+their Proprietors to sixty and at once began to make preparations for
+the settlement of the lands promised, and which were granted in the
+month of October, 1765. Glasier advised the establishment of a
+magazine of stores at Fort Frederick, also the sending of horses,
+cattle, sheep, and swine, with any settlers they could procure, as
+soon as possible. He adds, "As young strong Fellows might be hired in
+Canada for 120 livres a year, 20 of them might be hired and sent here
+next spring; the Canada horses are much the best for this country * *
+* The men you hire will be able to hew or cut timber for your houses,
+clear the land where you have the Town, provide a covering for the
+cattle, and cut hay, raise potatoes for your hogs--there is a Spanish
+potatoe in this country that yields so much that a boy of 12 years old
+will raise as many as will keep 20 hogs, they are made use of for that
+purpose throughout all New England. * * The Iron for Saw Mills I think
+should be bought in Canada as that Iron is so good. Any French that
+have taken the oath of allegiance may become your settlers."
+
+An assessment of L30 was now ordered to be made on each member of the
+Society to meet necessary expenses. The Rev. Dr. Ogilvie of New York
+was chosen as Treasurer. Richard Barlow, late a sergeant in the 44th
+regiment, was appointed store keeper at St. John. Capt. Falconer, who
+sent him from Montreal, described him as "a steady man used to
+business of that nature, who proposes to be a settler, has a family
+and some money to enable him to begin tolerably well." Barlow was to
+receive 12 shillings N. Y. currency pr. week and "oneration of
+provisions," also 200 acres of land and a town lot. He was directed to
+proceed from Montreal to Boston and there take upon him the care of
+the tools, utensils, materials and stores of all kinds and embark with
+them for the River St. Johns in Nova Scotia.
+
+A large assortment of materials, stores, tools and other articles were
+purchased by Nathaniel Rogers in Boston, including mill geer,
+carpenter's tools, farming implements, also three yoke of oxen and
+tackling necessary for drawing logs, etc. These were shipped to St.
+John in the schooner "Lucy," James Dickey, master, "consigned to
+Richard Barlow storekeeper at St. John's and passenger on board for
+the use of the St. John's society."
+
+Capt. Glasier's expectation was that a majority of the settlers of the
+township might be expected from New England. He says, "There is a
+number of Families from N. England come this summer (1765) on a
+presumption that there was sufficient land to be had, as one Peabody
+and his associates had settled themselves the same way about four
+years ago and had a great struggle to get their Grant this year after
+all their improvements. These people want to become our settlers, but
+it is not possible for me to settle them for I can't tell them, 'fix
+your selves on such a spott and it shall be yours;' no, the lands must
+be lay'd out in proper form, lots No. 1, 2, 3, &c., and drawn for. The
+people are waiting for my answer, as I have told them there will be
+lands for them when we can come into a proper method. They have all
+got stock and all materials to carry on farming and will want no help
+from us."
+
+The difficulties experienced by Capt. Francis Peabody and his
+associates in securing their lands at Maugerville have been referred
+to already--see page 154--but further light is thrown upon the
+matter in the appendix to this Chapter, in which will be found the
+memorial of the Maugerville people to the Lords of Trade and
+Plantations, together with a letter addressed to Joshua Mauger by
+Charles Morris and Henry Newton, who had been sent to the River St.
+John by the Governor of Nova Scotia to investigate the situation.
+
+An important meeting of the members of the St. John's River Society
+and their representatives was held at New York on the 3d of June,
+1766, when it was decided that steps should be taken as soon as
+possible for dividing the lands belonging to the society; that a
+surveyor should be employed to lay out the town either at Grimross or
+some other place more convenient or proper for the purpose; that a
+grist and saw mill should be immediately built on "Nishwack creek";
+that Captain Glasier should agree with proper persons to build the
+mills, lay out the town, survey the lots for division and take
+possession in due form of all grants (including the island called
+Perkins Island, in the Bay of Passamaquoddy) in,the name of the
+Society. It was further decided that as a sum of money was required
+for the expenses of surveying and dividing the lands into lots,
+building the mills, etc., that the second year's subscription money
+should be paid on or before the 24th of August.
+
+Two sites were regarded with favor for the town, Grimross and St.
+Ann's Point. Both places had been originally cleared and settled by
+the French. Glasier states in one of his letters: "At Grimross there
+is timber and lime, which the French had prepared to build a church;
+there is cleared land three miles in length, an old settlement where
+our Principal Town must be built, if we can't have St. Anns Point,
+which is the finest spot on the River for our purpose. There are many
+difficulties to surmount, which you will know hereafter; there is but
+one good stream on all the River fit to erect Mills upon, which I have
+got for us, and, between ourselves, have been obliged to pop them
+between two other grants (by the assistance of Mr. Morris). There is
+about 100 Families in the Township of Peabody, they have not one mill
+of any kind, nor can there be; they have been obliged to bring all
+from New England. These mills must be our first object; we shall be
+able to furnish our neighbors with Lumber as well as ourselves. I
+have arranged for the Timber and all other materials to be prepared
+and inclose you Mr. Simonds estimate of the cost. * * * Mr. Simonds is
+perfectly acquainted with the business of Saw-mills and knows every
+minivar [manoeuvre] belonging to them. I think we are lucky in having
+him on the spot to manage so material a part of our establishment.
+These Mills properly managed will pay for themselves at least four
+times a year, besides we can't carry on our Settlement without them."
+
+James Simonds' estimate of the cost of the mills will be found in the
+letter which follows. It was probably considerably under the mark for
+people are usually optimistic in such things:--
+
+  "Passamaquoddy, August 20th, 1765.
+
+  "Sir,--Agreeable to your desire I have made the nearest
+  calculation I could of the cost of two mills and dam on Nashwog
+  River, and am of opinion that two hundred pounds currency will
+  complete them. The first cost is very great, which will be mostly
+  for the dam, yet as the stream is sufficient for an addition of
+  three or four mills on the same dam, it will be cheaper in the end
+  than to build the same number of mills and a dam to each on small
+  brooks that will be almost dry near half the year.
+
+  "I must advise you Sir to have your Iron work made of the best
+  Iron, as breaches in any part of mills is of fatal consequence to
+  the profit of them. I have sent the dimensions of the cranks,
+  knowing it to be the practice in New England to make them so small
+  as to retard the business of sawing, besides frequently
+  breaking--the breaking of one may be a greater damage than the
+  cost of two. I have described them something large, but think you
+  had better exceed the size than fall short of it.
+
+  "The best workmen will be the cheapest as the whole depends on the
+  effectual laying the foundation of the dam, etc. I make no doubt
+  but when the mills are completed they will saw at least 5 M boards
+  pr. day.
+
+  "I am Sir, your most obedient servant,
+
+  "JAMES SIMONDS."
+
+It may be noticed, in passing, that Mr. Simonds writes from
+Passamaquoddy. The headquarters of the trade and fishery there was at
+Indian Island, or as it was sometimes called, Perkins Island. Mr.
+Simonds and Wm. Hazen were members of the St. John's River Society and
+it would appear from Capt. Glasier's letter to Nathaniel Rogers of
+10th Nov'r., 1765, that the Society had ambitious designs with regard
+to this locality. "Our Fishery at Passamaquoddy," writes Glasier, "is
+an object worth our attention; it is the best in the province. A
+Block-house will be built there next spring and I can get a party from
+the Fort sand some small cannon which will secure the Fishermen
+against any insult from the Indians. This spot is more valuable than
+you can imagine. I was promised by some of the principal Fishermen
+belonging to New Hampshire if I got a grant of this Island they would
+came to the number of 100 families with all their crafts, etc., and
+become our settlers at Saint Johns, and if we get Grand Manan[84] it
+will give us a chain of Harbours all the way to Mount Desert, which
+will be all we want."
+
+   [84] In another part of his letter Glasier says, "Capt. Falconer, who
+        is on the spot, is desired to petition the Lords of Trade for
+        this Island." Capt. Falconer intended to have gone to the
+        River St. John to assist in the management of affairs there,
+        but this plan was upset by his being ordered with his regiment
+        to Ireland.
+
+The avidity manifested by the agent of the St. John's River Society in
+seeking favors at the hands of government would seems to countenance
+the idea, suggested in the preceding chapter of this history,[85] that
+when he memoralized the government of Nova Scotia for a grant of "the
+Point or Neck of land bearing three quarters of a mile from Fort
+Frederick, with 60 acres of land adjoining to it, for the making and
+curing Fish," he had in view the valuable peninsula on the east side
+of the harbor of St. John, on which the principal part of the city now
+stands; but further investigation shows that this is not the case and
+that the point of land meant was the neck adjoining the fort, on the
+Carleton side of the harbor.[86]
+
+   [85] See page 208, ante.
+
+   [86] Speaking of the fishery in St. John harbor, Captain Glasier
+        writes, under date December 15, 1764, "The Bass is ketcht in
+        Weirs just under the Point below the Fort," that is on the
+        Carleton side of the harbor, and in the next sentence he goes
+        on to identify this point or neck of land with that adjoining
+        Fort Frederick. "The Cod Fish," he says, "strikes in here a
+        month sooner than at Cape Sable shore & goes off a month
+        sooner; you ketch the Fish a league within the mouth of the
+        Harbour and quite up to the Island [Navy Island] near the
+        Point of Land I have asked for."
+
+We have ample testimony as to Beamsley Glasier's zeal and energy as
+director of the affairs of the St. John's River Society. Charles
+Morris, junior, says of him, "Capt. Glasier has done everything that
+was possible for any man to do, and more than any one else in his
+situation would have done to serve the Society," adding that he had
+not been properly supported, and if he had retired "there would have
+ended the Grand Settlement of St. John's River, for as soon as he had
+left it, in all probability the Indians (who have been made to believe
+our Dam will destroy their Fishery) would have burnt and destroyed all
+that has been done this summer at the Mills, and before we could build
+other mills and get things in so good a way again the lands would be
+forfeited, for there will be a court of Escheats held and all the
+lands that have been granted in this province that are not settled and
+improved agreeable to the express condition of the Grant will
+absolutely be declared forfeited." "But," he continues, "I can't
+imagine the Society will suffer theirs to be forfeited, for I am well
+convinced that less than L30 sterling from each proprietor will build
+all the mills, divide all the lands and pay every expense that has
+attended the settlement from first to last; and each proprietor will
+then have 7,000 acres of good land laid out into lots, mills built and
+everything ready and convenient to carry on and make a fine settlement
+of it."
+
+Glasier rarely complained of the difficulties with which he was
+confronted, but on one occasion be admits "I am in a very disagreeable
+situation and am heartily tired of it, and was it not for ingaging in
+the Mills, would curse and quit the whole business. I have not been
+well treated; to agents for all the Philadelphia and other Companys
+have been genteely appointed and every expence paid with honor. What I
+have done by myself has been ten times more than they all together and
+the expence not the fifth part in proportion."
+
+Whilst engaged in his work on the River St. John, Glasier was obliged
+to make occasional trips to Boston, taking passage usually in the
+vessels of Hazen, Simonds and White. The excitement produced in New
+England by the operation of the obnoxious Stamp Act gave him some
+concern. He writes in November, 1765, "I have some things to settle
+with the Governor & Council next time they sit, that prevents my
+going to Boston by this vessel, but I shall go the next time she
+sails, if you Boston people don't burn her, which I should be very
+sorry should happen as she carrys no stamps. My heart bleeds for my
+Country, what will be the end of all this?"
+
+Two projects especially claimed Glasier's attention in the summer of
+1766: The first the founding of a town, the second the building of his
+saw-mill. "I propose," he says, "to lay out the Town at Grimross in 80
+squares, in addition to public squares; then they are to be numbered
+and drawn for by some person on the spot in the form of lottery
+tickets, which I shall have sent to the proprietors so that we may fix
+as many families as can be had this Summer on the Town lots. * * I
+must have young Mr. Morris from Halifax to survey and lay out the
+Town, as nothing can be done at Grimross before he arrives."
+
+In connection with the erection of the Nashwaak mills Capt. Glasier
+acknowledges his obligation to Hazen & Jarvis of Newburyport. He says:
+"They have procured me men to build the mills and stores of all kinds
+for the workmen." The mill geer came this season, but on the 25th
+October Glasier writes, "The mills won't be finished this fall, it is
+such a work it was not possible to get through with it. * * * * My
+time has been divided between the Mills and the Surveying. I am
+condemned to tarry here this winter and can know nothing of what is
+doing in the world."
+
+On the 2nd February following, he writes Mr. Nath'l Rogers of Boston,
+"We are now employed in getting logs to the mills. I hope we shall get
+them going early in the summer. They will begin to pay something of
+the expense before the fall. It's impossible for me to tell you in a
+letter the expenses of the different branches of business which I am
+obliged to carry on to complete the whole. It is not only building
+mills, surveying, etc., but clearing up the land, building houses,
+making roads, hiring oxen (for we have not half enough of them) and in
+fine so much I shall never pretend to write it. James Simonds, Esq.,
+who is the Bearer of this, will be able to inform you much better than
+I can. * * * I am determined to finish what I have undertaken and then
+quit it. I am not in the best situation in the world, as I believe
+you'll think when I tell you I am not only shut out from all society
+and know nothing of what is carrying on in the world, but my stores
+are all expended, nor is there one thing to be bought here, pray send
+me last year's magazines and some English newspapers as well as the
+Boston ones. * * * I should be glad if you'd send the oxen, they may
+be not old nor of the largest kind but good to draw. I pay half a
+dollar a day for each yoak I hire so that they'll almost pay for
+themselves in one year in work. Those that we have here have worked
+more than one hundred days since I came, so that if we had been
+obliged to have hired them at the rate I pay others it would amount to
+a large sum. Twelve is the least that can be employed always at the
+mills hauling logs, as they will cut 8,000 feet a day, I am told, when
+they are finished. * * * * I told you I would not write you a long
+letter, as there is nothing I hate so much; it's the D----l to have
+ten thousand things to say."
+
+Beamsley Glasier's connection with the St. John river was now drawing
+to a close. In the summer of 1767 he went to New York where we find
+him engaged, in company with the Rev. Dr. Ogilvie, in collecting the
+second annual subscription from the members of the society. The
+military gentlemen proved very dilatory in paying their subscriptions.
+Whether Capt. Glazier became disheartened at the outlook, or whether
+he received peremptory orders to rejoin the Royal American Regiment is
+uncertain. But about the end of August, 1767, James Porteous,
+representing the Montreal committee, wrote to Nathaniel Rogers: "We
+are now informed Capt. Glazier is at New York on his way to join his
+Regiment, it therefore becomes necessary to appoint another person to
+transact the Society's business, for which purpose we have appointed
+Mr. James Simonds, one of the Proprietors, agent with whom you will
+please correspond on any occurrence regarding the settlement."
+
+Messrs. Hazen & Jarvis, as well as their partners at St. John,
+manifested great interest in the attempts of the Society to settle
+their townships. Many details are mentioned in their letters, such as
+those contained in the following to James Simonds. These details may
+appear of little importance, yet everything that throws light upon the
+methods employed in peopling a new country ought to have an interest
+for after generations. In explanation of the subject matter of the
+letter below it should be mentioned that Philip John Livingston and
+others of the more energetic proprietors of the townships were sending
+settlers, from New York, and other places to the River St. John.
+
+  Newburyport, Octo. 8th, 1767.
+
+  "We wrote you last Sunday by a sloop that came in here from New
+  York for some cattle, sheep and hogs. She took on board the cows;
+  the hogs and sheep go by this vessel. There is ten families [of
+  settlers], each of which was to have 1 cow, 1 sow, and 6 sheep,
+  but as they thought it necessary to have one of the hogs a boar,
+  and it was impossible to procure all the creatures of an equal
+  goodness, we must beg you will assist them (if they need it) in
+  the division of them. There was put on board this sloop 90 bushels
+  of ears of corn, 60 of which is on the Company's account and 30
+  for these families' hogs, so that what may be more than 60 bushels
+  upon their arrival with you, please to deliver with the hogs. The
+  freight of these hogs and sheep we shall charge here.
+
+  Mr. White is arrived with our Wm. Hazen and writes you by this
+  vessel. We suppose he will tell you that we think it will not be
+  best to build a vessel with you this winter.
+
+  We have sent all we could procure of your memo. by this,
+  vessel--the remainder will come by Mr. White who will sail the
+  last of next week. You will observe there are seven hogsheads of
+  rye and Indian corn wanting of the number in the invoices. These
+  we took out to get ground and you shall have them when Mr. White
+  goes.
+
+  Please to get as much lime as possible on board Capt. Newman, as
+  we have agreed with him to land it in Portsmouth, you will
+  therefore please to consign him to Mess. John & Temple Knight in
+  that place.
+
+  There are 100 sheep on board the sloop which cost upon an average
+  about 6s. 10d. a head. Now as the ten families who came from Now
+  York were to have 60 ewe sheep (and as they chose a ram or two in
+  the number) you will please to deliver them their number out of
+  the old sheep which we shall charge at seven shillings per head.
+  There is a very likely ram on board (without horns) which we
+  bought of Capt. White for the Company. This you will take care
+  of.
+
+  Since writing the above we have been getting the sheep on board
+  and find several very old, which please to take for the Company's
+  use, and we will get an abatement made by the person whom we
+  bought them of and who has deceived us in them.
+
+  Please to dispatch Newman as soon as possible as he has been
+  detained here longer than he ought to have been. What will be
+  wanting to fill up Newman besides the lime please to make up in
+  lumber.
+
+  We would recommend it to you not to tarry till Mr. White's arrival
+  with you before you go up the River.
+
+  Mr. Pickard and Mr. Hartt will give you an account of what freight
+  they have on board which you will receive of them at the customary
+  rate.
+
+      We are Sir,
+          Your sincere Friends and devoted hum, Serv's.
+
+  HAZEN & JARVIS.
+
+  To Jas. Simonds, Esq'r.
+
+Philip John Livingston, who has been mentioned as a promoter of the
+settlement of the townships, was a member of a distinguished and
+wealthy New York family. His mother was Catherine de Peyster and his
+wife a daughter of Samuel Bayard. His brother, John W. Livingston, and
+his wife's brother, Abraham de Peyster, were both captains in Col.
+Edmund Fanning's King's American Regiment during the Revolutionary
+war. Philip John Livingston was himself high sheriff of Dutchess
+County, Now York, and during the Revolution held several important
+positions under British authority in the City of New York. His father,
+brothers and sons were all Loyalists.
+
+About the close of the year 1767 Col. Glasier wrote from New York,
+seemingly in excellent spirits at the prospect of speedy settlement of
+the lands. "He informs us," writes Leonard Jarvis, "that one hundred
+families will go down next year to settle on the St. John river--that
+a vessel from Ireland will arrive there this fall--that Mr.
+Livingston, a gentleman of fortune, has purchased three shares, and
+that the Patent is daily getting into fewer hands. This gives us
+encouragement to think that some time hence our interest in your River
+will be valuable."
+
+Among the proprietors of the townships who labored to effect their
+settlement and improvement was Richard Shorne, a native of Ireland,
+with whom were associated the Rev. Curryl Smith of Alminsta, West
+Meath, Ireland, and his sons John and Robert Smith of the city of
+Dublin. Mr. Shorne took up his residence at the River St. John in 1767
+and lived there for several years. He was on July 8, 1768, returned a
+member of the Nova Scotia House of Assembly for Sunbury county, his
+colleague being Phinehas Nevers of Maugerville. He seems to have made
+his headquarters at or near St. Anne's Point, where supplies were sent
+to him from Newburyport by Hazen & Jarvis.
+
+Simonds & White informed their partners at Newburyport in a letter
+dated June 22, 1768, that they had been obliged to make considerable
+advances out of their stores to some settlers that Mr. Livingston had
+sent to the St. John river. Livingston it seems found fault with
+certain items charged to him in the accounts and this led to a rather
+indignant remonstrance on the part of Simonds & White. They wrote, "We
+are surprised that he should mention anything as to the sums not being
+due, when not only that but near as much more has been advanced to
+save the lives of the wretched crew he sent. We have ever found that
+the doing business for others is an office the most unthankful, and
+equally unprofitable." In the same letter mention is made of the
+arrival of Richard Shorne at St. John, with some families from New
+York, to settle his own and other lands for which he was agent. It
+appears that James Simonds introduced Richard Shorne to his friends at
+Newburyport for in one of his letters he writes: "Mr. Shorne, the
+bearer of this, is a Proprietor in our Lands and has left Ireland with
+an intention of settling a number of Rights on this river and for that
+purpose is invested with power from his friends to draw on them for
+any sum that may be necessary. I must beg your kind assistance and
+advice on his behalf as he does not appear to be much acquainted with
+the settlement of Lands."
+
+Still another extract--this time from a letter of Philip J. Livingston
+to James Simonds, will throw additional light upon the story of the
+townships.
+
+  "New York, September 12, 1769.
+
+  Sir, * * *
+
+  I intreated the favour of you last year to procure two families
+  for Sir Charles Dabers, who purchased the Right of James Allen,
+  No. 18, in Sunbury Township, and desired Peter Carr might be fixed
+  in that Township. If Sir Charles's families will accept of the
+  same quantity of land as Captain Spry's and Mr. Morris's have
+  done, I should be glad the lots were laid out in the same manner
+  for them. I have only to add with respect to Sir Charles's two
+  families that you will be pleased to furnish them with such
+  provisions as may be necessary for their subsistence and draw for
+  the amount. As to my families Hendrick and Baker, and West--who I
+  am desired to attend to and who I am informed talk of prosecuting
+  me--be pleased to furnish the ungrateful fellows, if they mend
+  their manners, in such manner as best consists with strict
+  frugality--for the large sums I have expended in the purchase of
+  my several Rights and in prosecuting schemes of settlement
+  (together with the sums I have been under the necessity of
+  advancing to the Society, and still must advance to discharge a
+  protested will of Glaziers, in this extreme scarcity of current
+  specie) makes such an order prudential.
+
+  I hope you have taken the cattle from Brooks, or received the
+  worth of them for me and be pleased to inform me particularly of
+  the state of the families. You no doubt will hear from Halifax of
+  our petitioning the Government to confirm our division of lands
+  and therefore shall say nothing about it but refer you to Capt.
+  Spry and Mr. Morris.
+
+  As soon as the committee of Montreal will be pleased to furnish us
+  with cash we shall write to you about finishing the Mills: till
+  then nothing need be said about it. I should however be glad to
+  know what sum you think would put the Mills in working order. I
+  intend, and it is my fixed resolve to be on St. John's River as
+  soon as the weather will permit in the Spring, which will be about
+  the 1st of May. If Mr. Ogilvie should not send you an order to
+  furnish James Marrington with provisions--who was to settle
+  General Burton's Right--I think it advisable to take that family
+  for Sir Charles Dabers, as General Burton is dead, and the family
+  without credit can't subsist.
+
+      I am, Sir,
+          Your Much Obliged
+              And Very Humble Servant,
+
+  PHILIP J. LIVINGSTON.
+
+We may be pretty certain,that the complaints of the settlers mentioned
+by Livingston were not entirely unreasonable. They had not anticipated
+the hardships before them and were ill prepared to grapple with them.
+Probably the attractions of the River St. John had been represented in
+an exaggerated form, a circumstance not unknown in the case of
+promoters of colonization of a more recent date than that we are at
+present considering.
+
+Peter Carr and Thomas Masterson, two of Livingston's tenants, settled
+on the west side of the river opposite Musquash Island; both seem to
+have proved good settlers. John Hendrick, one of Livingston's
+"ungrateful fellows," was also a valuable settler; he was the father
+of five sons and Major Studholme commended him in 1783 as "a good
+subject, an old soldier and a very deserving man." Henry West, another
+of Livingston's settlers, is also commended by Major Studholme as an
+exceedingly good subject.
+
+Notwithstanding the efforts of individuals, the progress made by the
+Saint John's River Society in the settling of their townships was
+unsatisfactory, and about this time Hazen & Jarvis expressed their
+conviction that half of the proprietors would not settle their lands
+at all; they therefore desired Simonds & White to take such measures
+as would secure their own Rights in Sunbury and New-Town as well as
+those of Moses Hazen and Governor Thomas Hutchinson--that of the
+latter having been lately purchased for Mr. Jarvis. Simonds & White
+seem to have agreed with their partners as to the improbability of
+settling the townships, for in July, 1770, they write: "The Society's
+Lands will be forfeited if not settled this year. We think it best to
+engage as many families, and fix them in Conway, as will secure our
+whole interest on the River, if they can be had." This advice was
+based on the opinion of the authorities at Halifax that settling the
+required number of families in one township would quite as effectively
+protect the interests of the grantees as if they were dispersed over
+the several tracts.
+
+
+APPENDIX.
+
+  Halifax, 5th August, 1763.
+
+  Sir,--We beg leave to trouble you with a memorial of a number of
+  officers and disbanded soldiers, who came from New England, and
+  are settled on St. John's River. We were sent to them lately as a
+  Committee of Council, by order of the Lieut.-Governor, to inform
+  them that they could have no Grant of the Lands they were upon,
+  and that they must remove therefrom, as these Lands were reserved
+  by His Majesty for disbanded Troops. However, we are very
+  apprehensive that their case must by some means or other have been
+  misrepresented to the Lords of Trade, or not clearly understood.
+
+  They are chiefly American soldiers, officers or privates; they
+  have sold their Farms in New England, and have transported
+  themselves at their own expense; they have brought considerable
+  stock with them, and their Families, and if it is the intention of
+  the Ministry to settle disbanded Troops on that River, we are of
+  Opinion these people will be of use and service, as it cannot be
+  expected that English Soldiers can bring any great stock with
+  them. The removing these people now they are settled, will be
+  their utter ruin, the particular circumstances of which they have
+  set forth in their Memorial to the Lords of Trade, which we beg
+  the favor of you to present to them, and are with great Respect,
+
+  Sir, your most obedient and very Humble Servts.,
+
+    Chas. Morris,
+    Henry Newton.
+
+  Joshua Mauger, Esqr.
+
+
+  MEMORIAL.
+
+  To the Right Honourable and Honourable the Lords of Commissioners
+  of Trade and Plantations:
+
+  The Memorial of Francis Peabody, John Carlton, Jacob Barker,
+  Nicholas West and Israel Perley, late officers in the American
+  service and now Disbanded, In behalf of themselves and others
+  disbanded from the said service and now settled at St. John's
+  River in Nova Scotia, Humbly Sheweth:--
+
+  That your Memorialists, previous to their entering into his
+  Majesty's Service, among other Encouragements were induced thereto
+  by a Proclamation of his late Majesty promising that at the
+  Expiration of the service they should be entitled to a Grant of
+  Lands in any of his Majesty's colonies for them to Settle upon.
+  That they have many of them been in Service during this Present
+  war, and as Americans are not intitled to half pay, as his
+  Majesty's British Troops are, and therefore expected no other
+  Recompense than a Donation of Land agreeable to his late Majesty's
+  Promise to them.
+
+  That having been sollicited to settle in Nova Scotia, by Colonel
+  McNutt, who appeared to us to be authorized by your Lordships,
+  having produced to us an Instrument Signed by your Lordships and
+  under seal promising a Right of Land to each Settler equal to
+  those already Granted to Horton, Cornwallis and Falmouth, we were
+  induced to come into the colony of Nova Scotia, and accordingly
+  sent a Committee of us to view Lands proper for a Settlement. That
+  our Committee accordingly viewed several Tracts of Lands in Nova
+  Scotia at our Expense and advised us to settle upon St. John's
+  River about seventy miles from the Mouth in one of the Extreme
+  parts and Frontiers of Nova Scotia, that we therefore applyed to
+  the Governor and Council of Nova Scotia for a Grant of the Lands,
+  not doubting of having the same confirmed to us, as they had
+  Granted several Townships in this Province of Nova Scotia to other
+  New England Proprietors who had not been in the Service. That the
+  Governour and Councill of Nova Scotia gave your Memorialists
+  encouragement, by telling your Memorialists that the Lands about
+  St. John's River were reserved by your Lordships for disbanded
+  Troops and that they would refer your Memorialists' Petition to
+  your Lordships.
+
+  In confidence of this, and being ourselves Soldiers, we
+  apprehended we might with great safety prepare ourselves for
+  settling the Lands we Petitioned for, and accordingly sold our
+  Estates in New England, and have at near a Thousand Pounds
+  Sterling expence Transported ourselves, Families and Stock, and
+  are now Settled to the number of one Hundred persons, on St.
+  John's River seventy miles from the Mouth; and a large number of
+  disbanded officers and soldiers in confidence of the same
+  Encouragement have now sold all their Possessions in New England
+  and are hiring Vessels to Transport themselves and Settle among
+  us.
+
+  We were not a little astonished when we were informed by his
+  Majesty's Governor and Council here that we could not have a Grant
+  of the Lands we have settled ourselves upon.
+
+  We therefore humbly apply to your Lordships to Lay our Cause
+  before his most Gracious Majesty for whose service we have often
+  exposed our lives in America, that he would be pleased to direct
+  the Governor and Council here to Grant us these Lands, we are now
+  settled upon, as the Removal therefrom would prove our utter Ruin
+  and Destruction. We have been at no expence to the crown and
+  intend to be at none, and are settled two hundred miles from any
+  other English Settlement.
+
+  And your Memorialists as in duty bound shall ever pray.
+
+  Recd. & Read Decr. 16, 1763.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXI.
+
+THE FIRM OF HAZEN, JARVIS, SIMONDS & WHITE.
+
+
+The circumstances under which James Simonds, William Hazen and their
+associates organized the first trading company at St. John have been
+already related. Their business contract was signed on the 1st of
+March, 1764. In the course of a year or two the character of the
+original company was essentially altered by the death of Richard
+Simonds, the retirement of Samuel Blodget and Richard Peaslie and the
+admission of Leonard Jarvis as a new partner. Questions had also
+arisen as to the rights of the several partners in the lands granted
+in 1765 to James Simonds, James White and Richard Simonds. In order to
+settle these questions a new business contract was signed at
+Newburyport, on the 16th April, 1767, by James Simonds, Leonard Jarvis
+and William Hazen. The original contract is yet in existence amongst
+the papers of the Hazen family. It is in the handwriting of Leonard
+Jarvis and is a well worn document which bears marks of having been
+repeatedly handled. This is not to be wondered at for this contract
+proved a veritable storm-centre in the litigation that ensued relative
+to the division of the lands between the partners. The legal
+proceedings assumed various phases and occupied the attention of the
+courts for a period of twenty years.[87]
+
+   [87] The second contract, or Articles of Partnership, entered into by
+        William Hazen, Leonard Jarvis, James Simonds and James White
+        is printed in Collections of the N. B. Hist. Soc., Vol. I. p.
+        191. It is entered also in the book of records of the old
+        County of Sunbury. The original document bears the following
+        certificate, "Registered by me March 9th, 1782, Ja. Simonds,
+        Dep'y Reg'r."
+
+Under the new contract Hazen and Jarvis were to have a half interest
+in the business, James Simonds one-third and James White one-sixth,
+and all the lands on the River St. John that had been granted to any
+or either of the partners (Mr. Simonds' lot in Maugerville excepted)
+were to be put into the common stock and divided in the following
+proportions, namely, one-half to Hazen and Jarvis, one-third to
+Simonds and one-sixth to White. The same division was to be made of
+any lands that should thereafter be obtained by the members of the
+company, either individually or collectively, during the continuance
+of the partnership.
+
+Mr. Simonds sailed from St. John for Newburyport in the schooner
+Eunice on the 4th March, 1767, but owing to head winds he was twenty
+days in arriving at his destination. He submitted to Hazen and Jarvis
+the accounts of the business at St. John for the three years of the
+company's operations and then repaired to Haverhill, about fourteen
+miles distant, to visit his relations. On his return he was
+accompanied by his sister Sarah and by his young bride, Hannah
+Peabody, who were about to settle with him at St. John. On his arrival
+at the store of Hazen and Jarvis, the new contract was presented to
+him for his signature. The proposition relative to the division of
+lands led to "a warm altercation and dispute." Hazen and Jarvis
+positively declined to continue in the business or to furnish supplies
+unless they were allowed an interest in the lands. They stated
+further that the goods on board the schooner Eunice should not leave
+Newburyport, nor would they furnish anything for the spring trade but
+insist upon immediate payment of the balance due them unless Mr.
+Simonds should execute the contract. Much as he disliked the proposal
+the situation of Mr. Simonds did not admit of delay. He was anxious to
+settle his family at St. John, his workmen and tenants needed his
+supervision and the Indian trade for the season would be lost unless
+the goods on board the Eunice were delivered as speedily as possible.
+Under these circumstances he deemed it best to sign the contract.
+Hazen & Jarvis claimed the company were at this time indebted to them
+in the sum of L3,135, but in the subsequent proceedings in the court
+of chancery this was disputed by Mr. Simonds and the statements of the
+parties interested are so much at variance that it is difficult to
+determine the exact truth in the matter.
+
+James White declined to sign the new contract stating:
+
+  "That having one-fourth part of the duties, trouble and services
+  to undergo and perform in transacting the business of the
+  Copartnership, yet he was by the said Contract entitled to
+  one-sixth part only of the lands to be divided under the contract.
+  But that, although he disliked as aforesaid his having no greater
+  share than one-sixth part in the Concern, he nevertheless joined
+  with James Simonds in carrying on the business in full confidence
+  that some equitable allowance would be made him for his services
+  over and above his proportion of the said profits and lands."
+
+On the occasion of James Simonds' visit to Halifax early in 1764 he
+obtained a license to occupy ten acres of land at Portland Point for
+carrying on the fishery and burning limestone, but it was not until
+the 2nd October, 1765, that a grant was made to him, in conjunction
+with his brother Richard, and James White, described as follows:
+
+  "Beginning at a point of upland opposite to his (Simonds') House
+  and running East till it meets with a little Cove or River; thence
+  bounded by said Cove till it comes to a Red Head on the east side
+  of the Cove--thence running North eleven degrees fifteen minutes
+  west till it meets Canebekssis river, thence bounded by said
+  river, the river St. John and harbour till it comes to the first
+  mentioned boundary."
+
+The bounds of this tract are shown in the accompanying plan. It was
+supposed to contain 2,000 acres "more or less," but in reality it
+contained upwards of 5,000 acres. Elias Hardy in 1785 claimed that the
+grant must have originated in misrepresentation, either in the
+application or survey, otherwise the quantity could not have been so
+much mistaken. To this Ward Chipman replied that the land had never
+been actually surveyed, but making allowance for lakes, sunken and
+broken ground, etc., it was supposed not to contain much if any more
+than the number of acres mentioned in the grant. The grant was made in
+accordance with the return of the surveyor describing its boundaries
+and expressing them to be "with allowance for bad lands, containing in
+the whole by estimation 2,000 acres more or less." Chipman adds, "no
+misrepresentation can well be supposed to have taken place at the time
+of passing this Grant when the lands upon the river St. Johns were
+considered as of very little value and there could be no inducement to
+such a step."
+
+However, in view of the fact that when surveyed the grant was found to
+contain 5,496 acres, it must be admitted that the allowance for "bad
+lands" was tolerably liberal, and the grantees were fortunate to
+escape without the loss of at least half of their property. The line
+running from Mr. Simonds' house eastward to Courtenay Bay is that now
+followed by Union street. It will be observed that the peninsula south
+of this street which now contains the business part of the city of St.
+John, and which was laid out for the Loyalists in 1783 as Parr-town,
+was not included in the grant. The primary object of the grantees was
+evidently to obtain possession of the limestone quarries and the big
+marsh, and they probably deemed the land south of Union street to be
+hardly worth the quit rents.
+
+[Illustration: Plan of Grants to Simonds & White]
+
+The first grant at the mouth of the River St. John included only
+a small part of the great marsh--then called by the Indians,
+Sebaskastaggan--and a further tract in that locality was applied
+for by James Simonds in a memorial to the government of Nova Scotia.
+The memorial stated that James and Richard Simonds and James White
+had obtained a grant of 2,000 acres of mountainous and broken
+land at the mouth of the River Saint John in the year 1765, which
+had been improved by building houses, a saw mill and lime kiln,
+and the company had settled upwards of thirty people on it who were
+engaged in carrying on those two branches of business, but that
+the wood and timber so necessary for them was all consumed,
+therefore praying that 2,000 acres additional to the eastward of
+the said tract might be granted to the said James Simonds.
+
+It can scarcely be believed that all the wood from the harbor of St.
+John to the Kennebeccasis had been consumed in the five years of the
+company's operations at Portland Point. But probably the lumber in the
+vicinity of the saw-mill and the wood most convenient to the lime
+kilns had been cut and this was sufficient to afford a pretext for
+another grant. Mr. Simonds' memorial was considered by the Governor in
+Council December 18, 1769, and approved. The grant did not issue till
+May 1, 1770. The bounds are thus described:
+
+  "Beginning at a Red Head in a little Bay or cove to the eastward
+  of the Harbor at the mouth of Saint John's River described in a
+  former grant to James Simonds in the year 1765, being the south
+  eastern bound of the said grant, thence to run north 75 degrees
+  east 170 chains, thence north 15 degrees west 160 chains or until
+  it meets the river Kennebeccasis, and from thence to run westerly
+  until it meets the north eastern bound of the former grant."
+
+The boundaries of the second grant may be readily traced on the plan.
+Like the former grant it included a good deal more than the 2,000
+acres it was supposed to contain, and in this case, too, the grant
+escaped curtailment. The grant was in the name of James Simonds, but
+the other partners relied upon the clause in their business contract
+as a sufficient guarantee of their interests.
+
+It must be admitted that as the first adventurers to settle in an
+exposed and at times perilous situation the first grantees of the
+lands at the mouth of the River St. John were entitled to special
+consideration. James Simonds had to make repeated visits to Halifax in
+connection with the business at St. John and these visits were
+sometimes attended with risk as will be seen from the following
+extract of one of his earliest letters.
+
+  Halifax, Oct'r 1st, 1764.
+
+  "Last night arrived here after four days passage from St.
+  John's--the first 24 hours were at sea in a severe storm, the
+  second passed a place called the Masquerades where there was seas
+  and whirlpools enough to have foundered the largest ships--we were
+  providentially saved with the loss of all our cable and anchor
+  endeavoring to ride at anchor till the tide slacked, but in vain.
+  It was unlucky for us that we happened to fall in with that
+  tremendous place in the strength of flood tide in the highest
+  spring tide that has been this year. Gentlemen here say it is
+  presumptuous to attempt to return the same way at this season in
+  an open boat; but as the boat and men are at Pisiquit (Windsor),
+  and I have no other way to get to St. John in season for my
+  business this fall, shall get our business done here as soon as
+  may be and return the same way I came. The plea of the above
+  difficulty will have a greater weight than any other to have
+  business finished here immediately. This morning I waited on the
+  Governor, Secretary and all officers concerned in granting
+  license, etc., who assure me that my request shall be granted
+  directly so that I hope to be on my way to St. John's tomorrow."
+
+We cannot but admire the courage and enterprise of a man who after so
+fatiguing and perilous a journey, was ready, on the second day after
+his arrival in Halifax, to remount his horse and travel forty-odd
+miles over a very rough road to Windsor to face again the perils of
+the Bay of Fundy in an open boat at a stormy season.
+
+The establishment of Fort Frederick on the west side of the Harbor of
+St. John, by Brig. General Monckton, in the fall of the year 1759,
+contributed not a little to the advantage of the first settlers. The
+Indians were disposed to be troublesome to the English, and the
+presence of the garrison rendered their situation less lonely and
+added very greatly to their sense of security. Not only so, but the
+garrison brought quite an amount of business to the store of Simonds &
+White. In the old accounts of the year 1764 are to be found the names
+of Lieut. Gilfred Studholme of the 40th Regt., Lieut. John Marr and
+Commissary Henry Green. Captain Pierce Butler, of the 29th Regt., was
+in command at Fort Frederick the following year and his name also
+appears in the accounts. For a year or two after the fort was
+established the garrison was furnished by the provincial troops of
+Massachusetts, afterwards by detachments of British regiments under
+various commanders. In addition to the trade with the officers and
+soldiers, Simonds & White furnished wood and other supplies to the
+garrison, and doubtless it was not the least satisfactory incident in
+this connection that the pay-master was "John Bull." The Indians were
+unreliable customers and bad debts were not infrequent, the white
+settlers on the river had but little money and their pay was chiefly
+in shingles, staves, spars, clapboards, musquash and beaver skins;
+John Bull paid cash.
+
+About three years after the arrival of Simonds and White at St. John
+their trade with the garrison was interrupted by the removal of the
+troops to Boston in consequence of some riots in connection with
+the enforcement of the Stamp Act. Mr. Simonds speaks of this
+circumstance in a letter dated July 25, 1768, in which he writes:
+"The troops are withdrawn from all the outposts in the Province
+and sent to Boston to quell the mob. The charge of Fort Frederick
+is committed to me, which I accepted to prevent another person
+being appointed who would be a trader. I don't know but I must
+reside in the Garrison, but the privilege of the fisheries on that
+side of the River and the use of the King's boats will be more than
+an equivalent for the inconvenience." The defenceless condition of
+the port of St. John brought disaster to the settlers there some
+years later, but of this we shall hear more by and by.
+
+The names of most of the heads of families settled at Maugerville
+appear in the earlier account books of Simonds & White, and later we
+have those of the settlers at Gagetown, Burton and St. Anns. In the
+course of time branches of the company's business seem to have been
+established at convenient centres up the river, and their account
+books contain the invoices of goods shipped to Peter Carr, who lived
+just below Gagetown, to Jabez Nevers of Maugerville, and to Benjamin
+Atherton at St. Ann's Point. The goods appear to have been sold on
+commission and returns were made chiefly in lumber, furs and produce.
+The invoices of goods shipped to Hazen & Jarvis at Newburyport by
+Simonds & White included pine boards, shingles, clapboards, cedar
+posts, spars and cordwood, besides some 50,000 white and red oak
+staves, most of these articles having been taken in trade with the
+settlers on the river. Messrs. Hazen & Jarvis carried on quite an
+extensive trade with the West Indies where, in consequence of the
+manufacture of rum and molasses, there was a large demand for
+hogshead and barrel staves, these were obtainable in considerable
+quantities on the River St. John, and the terms at which they were
+purchased may be seen in the following agreement:--
+
+  "St. Johns River, Nov'r. 10th, 1772.
+
+  "It is agreed between Simonds & White on the one part and Joseph
+  Garrison & William Saunders on the other, that the said Garrison &
+  Saunders make and lay at the bank of the said River, at convenient
+  place to load on board a vessel, five thousand of White Oak barrel
+  staves and the same number of White Oak hogshead staves, the
+  hogshead staves to be well shaved and both to be merchantable
+  according to the laws of Massachusetts Bay, for which the said
+  Simonds & White are to pay, for Barrel Staves twenty-five
+  shillings for each thousand and for the Hogshead forty shillings;
+  the said staves to be ready by the 20th day of April next and at
+  farthest to be received by the 20th day of June.
+
+  "To the performance of the above agreement each of the parties
+  hereby bind themselves to each other in the sum of Twenty pounds
+  currency, to be paid in default of fulfilment of either
+  party.      "Witness our hands,
+
+  JOSEPH GARRISON,
+  WM. SAUNDERS,
+  SIMONDS & WHITE."
+
+Joseph Garrison it may be observed was the grandfather of William
+Lloyd Garrison, the celebrated advocate of the abolition of slavery.
+He was one of the original grantees of Maugerville, and drew lot No.
+4, opposite Middle Island in Upper Sheffield. He was on the River St.
+John as early at least as July, 1764, and is said to have been the
+first of the English speaking race to work the coal mines at Grand
+Lake. Another early miner was Edmund Price of Gagetown, who in the
+year 1775 delivered nine chaldrons of coal, to Simonds & White for
+which they allowed him 20 shillings per chaldron.
+
+Nearly all the settlers on the river obtained their goods from the old
+trading company at Portland Point, and for their accommodation the
+little schooner "Polly" made frequent trips to Maugerville and St.
+Anns. Inspection of the old accounts shows that on the occasion of a
+trip up the river in May, 1773, goods were sold to thirty families at
+various points along the way. In November, 1775, goods were sold in
+like manner to more than forty families. At that time there were to be
+found in the company's day book the names of 120 customers, nearly all
+of them heads of families. Of these, 25 were residents at Portland
+Point, 20 lived across the harbor in Conway, 45 belonged to
+Maugerville, 20 to other townships up the river and ten were casual
+visitors, fishermen and traders.
+
+The partners amidst all their variety of business continued to make
+improvements upon their lands at St. John. They cleared up the Great
+Marsh and cut hay there, for in June, 1768, Mr. Simonds writes to
+Newburyport, "Please send half a dozen Salem scythes; Haskel's tools
+are entirely out of credit here; it would be a sufficient excuse for a
+hired man to do but half a day's work in a day if he was furnished
+with an axe or scythe of that stamp." The next year plans were
+discussed for the general improvement of the marsh, and a number of
+indigent Acadians were employed to assist in the construction of a
+"Running Dike" and aboideau. These Acadians probably lived at French
+Village, near the Kennebecasis, and the fact that they had some
+experience in dykeing marsh lands shows that they were refugees from
+the Expulsion of 1755. The situation of the first dyke was not, as
+now, at the mouth of the Marsh Creek but at a place nearly opposite
+the gate of the cemetery, where the lake-like expansion of the Marsh
+begins. The work was completed in August, 1774, by the construction of
+an aboideau. Those employed in the work were the company's laborers,
+six or eight Acadians and a number of the Maugerville people--about
+twenty-five hands in all. William Hazen was at St. John that summer
+and he and James White gave their personal attendance, "not in
+overseeing the work only but in the active and laborious parts
+thereof," the company providing the implements, tools, carts, several
+teams of oxen, gundolas and other boats, materials and supplies of
+every kind including rum for the workmen. This dyke and aboideau
+served the purpose of shutting out the tide from about 600 acres of
+marsh land. Ten years later Hazen & White built a new aboideau a
+little above the first one which had fallen into disrepair. A much
+better one than either was built at the mouth of the creek in 1788 by
+James Simonds at a cost of L1,300. The House of Assembly voted L100
+towards building a bridge at the place and Mr. Simonds agreed to erect
+a structure to serve the double purpose of a public bridge and
+aboideau. The width of the structure was 75 feet at the bottom and 25
+feet at the top. Not long afterwards Mr. Simonds built here two tide
+saw-mills. These were not a profitable investment, and in 1812 one had
+fallen into total decay while the other was so much out of repair as
+to be of little benefit to its owner.
+
+After the first Marsh Bridge had been in existence about twenty-five
+years there arose a controversy as to what proportion of the cost of
+repairs should be borne respectively by the province, the City of St.
+John and the proprietors of the marsh. This controversy has continued
+to crop up at regular intervals during the last century and the end is
+not yet.
+
+When the Loyalists arrived in 1783 the dyked marsh lands produced
+about 400 tons of hay, but it was said that "if tilled and ditched
+they would produce much more." Today the marsh raises at least four
+times the quantity of hay named above.
+
+After building the first running dyke in 1769, Hazen, Simonds and
+White continued to devote considerable attention to the task of
+reclaiming and improving the marsh. In order to have ready access a
+road was laid out running back of Fort Howe hill and along Mount
+Pleasant to the marsh. Not far from the present station at Coldbrook
+they built a house with hovels for cattle and put up fences and
+settled a family there. A few years later they built two more houses
+and settled two more families there, each with a stock of cattle. The
+first tenants on the marsh were Stephen Dow, Silas Parker and Jabez
+Salisbury. The houses built for their accommodation cost from L15 to
+L20 apiece. About this time or a little later a small grist mill was
+built at the outlet of Lily Lake.
+
+One of the inducements that led James Simonds to fix upon the harbor
+of St. John as a place of settlement was the abundance and excellent
+quality of the limestone there and its convenience for shipment. The
+license of occupation given under the hand of Governor Montagu Wilmot
+on the 8th of February, 1764, was in the terms following:
+
+"License is hereby granted to James Simonds to occupy a tract or point
+on the north side of St. John's River, opposite Fort Frederick, for
+carrying on a fishery and for burning limestone, the said tract or
+point containing by estimation ten acres." Soon after the formation of
+the trading company in the course of the same year, the manufacture of
+lime became an object of consideration. Some reference has been made
+already in these chapters to the progress of the industry.
+
+The company had four lime kilns, the situation of which will be best
+understood by reference to modern land marks. One was at the base of
+Fort Howe hill at the head of Portland street, a second near the site
+of St. Luke's church, a third near the present suspension bridge, and
+a fourth on the road leading to the old "Indian House." The work of
+quarrying and burning limestone was carried on in a very primitive
+fashion by the laborers of the company. In the winter a number of them
+were employed in quarrying the stone and hauling it with oxen to the
+kilns. The wood needed for burning grew almost at the spot where it
+was wanted, and its cutting served to clear the land as well as to
+provide the fuel necessary. In the course of ten years Simonds & White
+shipped to Newburyport and Boston more than 3,500 hogsheads of lime
+for which they received four dollars per cask; they also sent lime to
+Halifax, Cornwallis and other places in Nova Scotia. The facilities
+for manufacturing in those days were very inadequate, the men lacked
+experience, casks were hard to get, and for a time the lack of a wharf
+and warehouse caused much delay in the shipment.
+
+And now a word as to the present condition of the lime industry at St.
+John. It cannot be questioned that the splendid quality of the
+limestone, its vast abundance, its convenient situation for shipment
+and the abundance and cheapness of the fuel needed, clearly prove that
+the manufacture of lime is destined yet to become an important
+industry in this community. Fifteen years ago the industry was rapidly
+developing, when the McKinley tariff and the Dingley bill completely
+excluded the St. John manufacturers from the United States market
+which passed into the hands of their rivals of Rockland, Maine. It is,
+however, only a question of time when there will be a removal of the
+prohibitive tariff in the interests of United States consumers, and
+this will be hastened as the deposits of limestone at Rockland are
+exhausted. This circumstance, together with the increasing demands of
+the Canadian market, will cause the manufacture of lime at St. John to
+become eventually an industry as great as that of shipbuilding in its
+palmiest days.
+
+About the year 1888 the prospects of the St. John lime burners seemed
+particularly bright. Extensive operations were being carried on at
+Randolph, Robertson's Point, South Bay, Glencoe, Adelaide Road,
+Brookville and Drury's Cove. Probably at least 400 men were employed
+and a dozen draw kilns and twenty square kilns were in operation. In
+order to show the prospective development of that which in the time of
+Simonds & White was an infantile industry, it may be stated that the
+capacity of the draw kiln is from 70 to 100 barrels of lime every
+twenty-four hours, while that of the square kiln is about 400 barrels
+per week. The draw kiln is more expensive in construction than the
+other, but its capacity is greater, and it is not necessary to
+extinguish the fire, the lime being drawn out as it is burned and
+fresh stone put in. At several of the lime kilns at the Narrows, above
+Indiantown, the facilities are unrivalled. The stone is quarried from
+the cliff a few rods from the kiln, dumped in at the top by cart or
+wheelbarrow, drawn out at the bottom at the water's level and loaded
+on scows. The wood for the kiln grows on the surrounding hillsides or
+may be obtained from the saw-mills in the vicinity at nominal cost. At
+the time the manufacture of lime was interfered with by the McKinley
+bill, the following persons were actively concerned in the development
+of the industry: Hornbrook and Wm. Lawlor & Son at Brookville, Jewett
+& Co. at Drury's Cove, Isaac Stevens and A. L. Bonnell at South Bay,
+Frank Armstrong and J. & F. Armstrong at the Narrows, Hayford &
+Stetson at Glencoe above Indiantown, Charles Miller at Robertson's
+Point, Randolph & Baker at Randolph, W. D. Morrow and Purdy & Green on
+the Adelaide Road.
+
+It is impossible with the data on hand to form any proper estimate of
+the quantity of lime manufactured by these firms, but it may be stated
+that in the year 1887, Hayford & Stetson alone expected to burn 50,000
+barrels in their draw kilns at Indiantown and 30,000 barrels in their
+square kilns. In the work of quarrying the use of the steam drill was
+then being introduced. Perhaps there is no better way of contrasting
+modern methods with the methods of those who first embarked in the
+industry one hundred and forty years ago, and at the same time showing
+the difficulties with which the pioneers had to contend, than by
+giving extracts from James Simonds letters to Hazen & Jarvis.
+
+  St. John's River, 27th May, 1765.
+
+  Gentlemen:--I Rec'd yours of 3d. of April the 1st inst., and of
+  the 18th on the 9th inst. [The letters came by the schooner
+  "Polly" and the schooner "Wilmot."] The schr. Polly was dispatched
+  immediately fishing: she is now near loaded. I am sorry the same
+  dispatch could not be made with the schr. Wilmot. A cargo of Lime
+  could not be prepared before hand for want of Oxen to draw wood.
+  Have had bad luck in burning the Lime, the wood being wet, as the
+  snow was but just off the ground. One-third of the kiln is not
+  burnt. * * * If you can get freight to this place, we believe it
+  will be best to keep the schooner [Wilmot] constantly running
+  between here and Newburyport. If the Lime answers well can burn
+  any quantity whatever. The want of Hhds. is the greatest
+  difficulty, the want of a house to cover it the next.
+
+  "I doubt not of your making the greatest dispatch in all business
+  relating to this concern, and wish I could make you sensible of
+  the disadvantages we are under to do the same. I thank you for the
+  willingness you express to relieve me and that you think there is
+  any difficulty to go through in these parts. You may depend upon
+  it that no pains will be spared in this quarter to make the
+  Concern advantageous. * * * I shall be extremely glad to wait upon
+  Mr. Hazen when the schooner returns.
+
+  "Have been obliged to credit the inhabitants up the River to the
+  amount of a considerable sum, which is to be paid part in furs and
+  part in lumber (the lumber is not brought down). The Officers and
+  Soldiers supplies and wooding the garrison is to be paid by a
+  draft on the pay-master at Halifax. * * * Since the lime is all
+  put in hogsheads I find there is near seventy (empty) hogsheads
+  remains. They chiefly want one head each--twenty or thirty more
+  will be sufficient for another kiln. If you send the Schr.
+  directly back, boards must be sent for heads, and should think it
+  would be best to send 100 refuse shook hogsheads for a third kiln
+  with boards for heads and hoops, as they cannot be had here, also
+  5 M. boards to cover a frame that is now decaying and will serve
+  for a Lime House and Barn. Have borrowed 12 C. boards of Mr. Green
+  (of the garrison). Shall have a kiln ready to set fire to in three
+  weeks after the Schr. sails. Dispatch in shipping lime can never
+  be made without a Lime house to have it ready when any vessel
+  arrives. * * *
+
+  In Great haste, I am, Gentlemen,
+      Yr. Most Obedient & Humble Servt,
+          JAS. SIMONDS.
+
+  To Messrs. Hazen & Jarvis.
+
+In the year 1769 the company built a wharf and warehouse at Portland
+Point. Their work was often interfered with by the nature of the
+season, the winters then, as now, being exceedingly variable. Mr.
+Simonds writes, under date March 6, 1769:--
+
+  "Have had but little snow this winter, but few days that the
+  ground has been covered. Have got to the water side a large
+  quantity of wood and wharf logs; about 300 Hogshead Lime Stone to
+  the Kiln, and should have had much more if there had been snow.
+  Our men have been so froze and wounded that we have not had more
+  than three men's constant labour to do this and sled sixty loads
+  of hay from the marsh, saw boards for casks, look after cattle and
+  draw firewood. Shall continue drawing or draging wood and stone as
+  long as the ground is frozen, and then cut the timber for a
+  schooner and boat stone for a Lime Kiln, which with the wharf will
+  take 400 tons."
+
+The next winter was of a different sort, for Mr. Simonds writes on May
+10, 1770, "This spring has been so backward that there has been no
+possibility of burning any lime. The piles of wood and stone are now
+frozen together." The next winter was extremely mild, and Mr. Simonds
+writes on February 18, 1771, "There has not been one day's sledding
+this winter, and the season is so far advanced there cannot be much
+more than enough to get the hay from the marsh; but shall haul logs to
+finish the wharf and for plank for Fish Cisterns if it can by any
+means be done."
+
+The popular idea that the climate of this Province was much more
+severe in ancient than in modern days is not borne out by the
+correspondence of Simonds & White with Hazen & Jarvis. From it we
+learn that 140 years ago the navigation of the River St. John, as now,
+opened early in April, and that the river could be relied on as a
+winter route of communication to St. Anns "only between the first of
+January and the last of February and then many times difficult." In
+the extracts just quoted Mr. Simonds states that during the winter of
+1769 there had been but few days that the ground was covered with
+snow, and two years later he says that up to the 18th of February
+there had not been a single day's sledding. This testimony does not at
+all accord with the popular idea of an old-fashioned winter. It is not
+likely that there have been any material changes in the climate of
+this region since the days of Champlain, and this conclusion is
+strengthened by the fact that the weather reports made to the Dominion
+government since the time of Confederation do not indicate any
+alteration in our climatic conditions during the last 35 years.
+
+The first Business Contract under which William Hazen, James Simonds,
+James White and their associates engaged in business at the River St.
+John was signed on March 1st, 1764. The members of the company
+immediately proceeded to engage their workmen and a very interesting
+illustration of the way they set about it has been preserved in an old
+indenture dated 13th March, 1764, in which James Simonds, "trader,"
+made agreement with one Edmund Black of Haverhill, "bricklayer," to
+pay the said Black L16. 16s. for eight months labor at brickmaking,
+fishing, burning lime, or any other common or ordinary work at
+Passamaquoddy, St. John, Annapolis Royal or any other part of Nova
+Scotia, in the Bay of Fundy. In addition to his pay, at the rate L2.
+2s. per month, Mr. Simonds agreed to furnish Black with "suitable
+victuals and drink and lodging."
+
+The exact date of the arrival of Simonds and White, and their party at
+St. John is put beyond doubt by the following memorandum in Mr.
+White's handwriting, found by the author among a collection of old
+papers: "Haverhill, New England, 1764. Set off for River St. John,
+Nova Scotia, 1st day of April--Arrived 16th April."
+
+By the second business contract, entered into by William Hazen,
+Leonard Jarvis and James Simonds on the 16th April, 1767, it was
+provided that "all trade and business in Nova Scotia shall be done and
+transacted by James Simonds and James White and whatever business is
+to be transacted at Newbury-Port shall be transacted by William Hazen
+and Leonard Jarvis." The remittances of Simonds & White consisted for
+the most part of fish, furs, lime and lumber and were at first sent to
+Newburyport, but it was soon found to the advantage of the company
+that remittances should be made to Boston where Leonard Jarvis went to
+dispose of them and to forward supplies needed at St. John. This was
+the commencement of St. John's trade with Boston. There was no market
+for the Spring catch of Alewives (or Gasperaux) at Newburyport, so
+they were usually sent to Boston. Seven eighths of the furs and a
+large proportion of the lime and lumber were also sold in Boston.
+
+As might reasonably be expected the first outlay of the company was
+comparatively large while the returns were small, but as time went on
+the remittances from St. John gradually increased and the outlay for
+supplies slightly diminished. During the earlier years of the
+partnership attention was given to deep water fishing, and large
+quantities of cod and pollock were taken in the Bay of Fundy and at
+Passamaquoddy, but this branch of business was eventually discontinued
+and greater attention paid to the shore fisheries in which weirs were
+used to good advantage. In the first seven years of their operations
+the Company sent 745 barrels of Gaspereaux to Boston, but in the next
+four years more than 3,000 barrels were shipped.
+
+About the close of the year 1775 the Revolutionary war put an end to
+all trade with New England and the business of Hazen, Jarvis, Simonds
+& White as a company practically ceased. In the course of the dozen
+years of their operations, the goods and supplies received at St. John
+from Boston and Newburyport amounted in value to at least $100,000.
+The partners were not agreed as to the general results of the
+business; Mr. Simonds claimed that the receipts had more than repaid
+the outlay, while Hazen & Jarvis contended that no money had been made
+but that there had probably been a loss.
+
+During the continuance of the business, 72 cargoes of goods and
+supplies were sent to St. John, an average of six cargoes per annum.
+The value of goods and outfit sent the first season amounted to
+L3,891. 16s. 0-1/2d. The value of goods and supplies furnished under
+the first business contract, which lasted only three years, was
+L6,850. 9s. 10d. Messrs. Blodget, Peaslie and Simonds, jr., then cease
+to be concerned in the business and the partners under the second
+contract were Hazen, Jarvis, Simonds and White.
+
+As early as the second year of their operations at St. John, Hazen &
+Jarvis began to feel the large outlay they had made and wrote, under
+date May 23, 1766, to Simonds & White, "We must beg you will do all in
+your power to remit us largely this summer. By having such a stock
+with you we are much straitened for cash, and we are sometimes obliged
+to do our business to a disadvantage."
+
+Not long afterwards Hazen & Jarvis were unfortunate in their
+mercantile transactions at Newburyport and this, together with the
+loss of some of their vessels, made it necessary for them to take
+special care of their interests at St. John, consequently after the
+signing of the second business contract William Hazen came frequently
+to St. John. Early in 1771 he determined to discontinue business
+altogether at Newburyport and remove to St. John with his family.
+James White says that it was the wish of both Mr. Simonds and himself
+that Mr. Hazen should settle near them, making choice of such
+situation as he might deem agreeable to his taste, but that as the
+partnership business was drawing to a close the house to be erected
+should be built with his own money. Mr. Hazen made his choice of
+situation and built his house accordingly.
+
+In the evidence given in the law suit concerning the division of the
+lands obtained from time to time by the company, James Simonds states
+that so far as the business at St. John was concerned Mr. Hazen's
+presence was not needed since the business was conducted there by
+himself and James White when there was five times as much to be done.
+To this Mr. Hazen replies that Mr. Simonds' letter of July, 1770,
+speaks a different language,[88] and he quotes figures to show that
+while for the first four years after the signing of the second
+contract the value of the supplies sent to St. John was L8,053 and the
+remittances from St. John L7,650; leaving a deficit in the business of
+L403; during the next four years, when he (Hazen) spent a large part
+of his time at St. John, the cost of supplies was L6,803 and the
+remittances L8,245, showing a surplus of L1,442; a difference of
+L1,845 in favor of his being at St. John.
+
+   [88] This letter has unfortunately been lost.
+
+When William Hazen decided to take up his residence at St. John in
+order more effectually to promote the interests of the company by
+superintending, in conjunction with Simonds and White the various
+operations that were being carried on there, his partner Leonard
+Jarvis removed to a place called Dartmouth, one hundred miles from
+Newburyport, leaving his investment in the business untouched so as
+not to embarrass the company at a critical time. The supplies required
+at St. John were now furnished by his brother, Samuel Gardiner Jarvis,
+of Boston.
+
+As will presently appear, fortune did not smile upon the removal of
+William Hazen and his family from their comfortable home in
+Newburyport to the rugged hillsides of St. John. However, Mr. Hazen
+was a man of resolution and enterprise, and having once made up his
+mind in regard to a step of so much importance was not likely to be
+easily discouraged. He at once began to make preparations for the
+accommodation of his family by building a house of greater pretensions
+than any that had yet been erected at Portland Point.
+
+The first known reference to the Hazen house is found in a letter
+dated Feb.'y 18th, 1771, in which James Simonds writes, "We shall cut
+Mr. Hazen's frame in some place near the water where it may be rafted
+at any time." The house was erected in July following by the company's
+carpenters and laborers. When nearly finished it was unfortunately
+destroyed by fire. A new house was begun the next year, which like the
+other was built at Mr. Hazen's expense by the company's carpenters and
+laborers.
+
+As soon as the house was ready for occupation Mr. Hazen repaired to
+Newburyport to bring on his family, and in the month of May, 1775,
+they embarked in the Company's sloop Merrimack of 80 tons. Mr. Hazen's
+tribulations were by no means ended, for on the voyage the Merrimack
+was unluckily cast away on Fox Island and a good deal of her cargo,
+together with papers containing accounts of the Company's business,
+was lost. However, all the passengers were saved, as well as most of
+their valuables, and were brought to St. John in Captain Drinkwater's
+sloop. Drinkwater was obliged to throw overboard a load of cordwood to
+make room for the rescued passengers and crew and their possessions.
+For this he was of course remunerated by the Company. The Hazen family
+proved a great addition to the limited society of Portland Point. We
+learn from an enumeration of the inhabitants made this year that the
+Hazen household included 4 men, 3 women, 3 boys and 2 girls, 12 in
+all. Mr. Hazen's nephew, John, who subsequently removed to Oromocto,
+was one of the family at that time. With such a family to provide for
+the grocery bill at the Company's store grew rapidly. The first item
+charged to the account of the household after their arrival was 67
+lbs. of moose meat at 1d. per lb.; and it is of interest to notice
+that beef was then quoted at 2d. per lb., or double the price of moose
+meat. It is altogether likely that with the Hazens moose steak was a
+much greater rarity on their arrival than it subsequently became, for
+at the time it was one of the staple articles of food and almost any
+settler who wanted fresh meat could obtain it by loading his musket
+and going to the woods.
+
+[Illustration: OLD HAZEN HOUSE AND GROUNDS.
+
+This illustration is taken from a water color sketch of
+St. John now in possession of Mrs. William Hazen. The original sketch was
+made by a member of the Hazen family more than eighty years ago. In the
+foreground appears the Hazen house, square and substantial, and nearly in
+line with and beyond it is the Chipman house, overlooking the valley;
+these two houses are the oldest now standing in the city. To the right of
+the Chipman house may be seen the Block-house, which formerly stood at
+the corner of King and Wentworth streets. Still further to the right is
+the old wind-mill tower, where the Dufferin Hotel now stands, and to the
+right of this is old Trinity Church before its first spire was destroyed
+by fire.]
+
+The Hazen house still stands, considerably modernized it is true, at
+the corner of Simonds and Brook streets, having withstood the ravages
+of time and escaped the numerous conflagrations that have occurred in
+the vicinity for more than 130 years. The present foundation is new
+with the exception of the stone wall on Brook street which formed
+part of the original foundation. The roof formerly pitched four ways,
+running up to a peak in the centre. Some of the old studs, lately cut
+out to admit of the placing of new windows, were found to be merely
+spruce poles flattened on two sides with an axe; the boards too are
+roughly sawn. The sheathing of the house has all been renewed and an
+ell, which used to extend up Simonds street, has been taken down. The
+lower flat is at present used as a grocery, the upper flat as a hall.
+In olden times, and for many years, Mr. Hazen's garden and grounds
+extended to the water. His residence was by far the best and most
+substantial yet erected at Portland--indeed in early days it was
+considered quite a mansion. The exact date of its erection, curiously
+enough, has been preserved. An entry in the old day book in James
+White's handwriting reads thus:--
+
+"Nov'r 17, 1773--Wm. Hazen Dr. To 4 Gall. W. I. Rum, 3 lb. Sugar, 3
+Qts. N. E. Rum, Dinner, &c., &c., 25 shillings--for Raising his
+House!"
+
+The entry shows that old time customs prevailed on the day of the
+"raising." It doubtless was quite a gala day in the settlement with
+everybody there to help and share in the refreshments provided.
+
+The removal of William Hazen and his family from Newburyport to Saint
+John had been planned, as already stated, several years before it was
+carried into effect. It was not in any way influenced by the
+threatening war clouds which at that time hung low in the sky. Mr.
+Hazen's departure from Newburyport, however, was nearly coincident
+with the clash of arms at Lexington, and it was not long ere the
+events of the war between the old colonies and the mother country
+closed the ports of Massachusetts. This unfortunate circumstance
+interfered greatly with the business of Hazen, Simonds and White at
+St. John.
+
+The retirement of Leonard Jarvis from the company necessitated a new
+business arrangement on the part of the remaining partners, and in
+May, 1773, a verbal agreement was made between Hazen, Simonds and
+White to carry on the fishery and trading in the proportions of a half
+interest to William Hazen a third to James Simonds, and a sixth to
+James White.
+
+There is in one of the old account books an interesting memorandum in
+the handwriting of James Simonds, covering several pages, which shows
+that the company had then a large and varied assortment of goods on
+hand. The list bears the following heading: "Invoice of Goods removed
+from the Old to the New Store, July 21st, 1775." The "new store" was
+finished about the time of Mr. Hazen's arrival; it stood a little to
+the west of the first store built at the Point.
+
+Among the buildings at Portland Point when the Hazen family arrived
+were the residences of the three partners, the Lime Store, the Salt
+Store--or Cooper's Shop, the Log Store, the New Store, a blacksmith
+shop, two or three small dwelling houses and one or two barns, besides
+a saw mill at the outlet of the mill pond, a grist mill at Lily Lake,
+and one or two hovels on the marsh. The English-speaking population
+settled around the shores of the harbor did not exceed one hundred and
+fifty souls. Our authority on this point is indisputable. Two
+documents are preserved amongst the archives at Halifax, one entitled
+"A Return of the State of the Settlement at the mouth of the Harbour
+of the River St. John the First day August, A. D. 1775"; the other,
+"A Return of the state of the Township of Conway on the western side
+of the Harbour and River St. John on First of August, 1775." The list
+of inhabitants given below is compiled from these returns and shows
+that the number of persons living on the opposite sides of the harbor
+was nearly equal, namely, on the east side seventy and on the west
+side seventy-two. The enumeration seems to have been made by James
+Simonds.
+
+                          PORTLAND POINT.
+
+  Name of Master or Mistress
+  of the Family.               Men. Women.  Boys. Girls. Total.
+      James Simonds             4      1      4      3      12
+      James White               4      1      1      4      10
+      William Hazen             4      3      3      2      12
+      George DeBlois            1      1      1     ..       3
+      Robert Cram               1      1      1      7      10
+      Zebulon Rowe              1      1     ..      2       4
+      John Nason                1      1      2      3       7
+      John Mack                 1     ..     ..     ..       1
+      Lemuel Cleveland          1      1      1      1       4
+      Christopher Blake         1      1     ..      2       4
+      Moses Greenough           1      1      1     ..       3
+                               --     --     --     --      --
+                               20     12     14     24      70
+
+                             CONWAY.
+
+  Name of Master or Mistress
+  of the Family.               Men. Women.  Boys. Girls. Total.
+      Hugh Quinton              2      2      2      4      10
+      Jonathan Leavitt          1      1      1     ..       3
+      Daniel Leavitt            1     ..     ..     ..       1
+      Samuel Peabody            1      1      1      2       5
+      William McKeen            2      1      5      1       9
+      Thomas Jenkins            1      1      3     ..       5
+      Moses Kimball             1      1     ..     ..       2
+      Elijah Estabrooks         1      1      3      3       8
+      John Bradley              1      1      2      4       8
+      James Woodman             2     ..     ..     ..       2
+      Zebedee Ring              2      1      2      1       6
+      Gervas Say                1      1     ..     ..       2
+      Samuel Abbott             1     ..     ..     ..       1
+      Christopher Cross         1      1     ..     ..       2
+      John Knap                 1     ..     ..     ..       1
+      Eliakim Ayer              1     ..     ..      1       2
+      Joseph Rowe               1      1      1      2       5
+                               --     --     --     --      --
+                               21     13     20     18      72
+
+Both of these little communities were of purely New England origin for
+it appears from Mr. Simonds' return that every individual at Portland
+Point, with the solitary exception of an Irishman, was a native of
+America, and at Conway all the inhabitants, save two of English
+nationality, were born in America. The Conway people, it will hardly
+be necessary to remind the reader, lived in the district now occupied
+by Carleton, Fairville and adjacent parts of the parish of Lancaster.
+At the time of the census they had 2 horses--both owned by Hugh
+Quinton, 13 oxen and bulls, 32 cows, 44 young cattle, 40 sheep and 17
+swine; total number of domestic animals, 148. On the other side of the
+harbor Hazen, Simonds and White were the owners of 57 horses and
+mules, 18 oxen and bulls, 30 cows, 35 young cattle, 40 sheep and 6
+swine; the other settlers owned 8 cows, 4 young cattle, 4 sheep and 6
+swine; total number of domestic animals on the east side, 208.
+
+It will be noticed that the names of all the adult male inhabitants do
+not appear in the census lists of 1775; in the case of the households
+of Messrs. Simonds, White and Hazen, for example, twelve males are
+returned. These included either relatives such as John Hazen and
+Stephen Peabody, who are known to have been then living at St. John,
+or employes and servants who lived with their masters--among the
+latter were probably Samuel Beverley, Levi Ring, Jonathan Clough,
+Jacob Johnson, Edmund Black, Reuben Harbut and Michael Kelly.
+
+Quite a number of the settlers in Conway were employed by the company
+in various capacities, and as they were nearly all tenants of Hazen,
+Simonds and White they generally traded at the Portland Point store.
+These people suffered severely at the hands of American privateersmen
+as the war progressed, and most of them were forced to abandon their
+homes and move up the river for greater security.
+
+In the years 1776 and 1777, business being nearly at a stand in
+consequence of the war and the stock of goods at Portland Point much
+diminished, it was agreed that James White should take charge of the
+store and keep the books at a commission of five per cent. His sales
+during the two years amounted to L3,150.
+
+The war of the American Revolution was at the outset a source of
+intense disappointment to Hazen, Simonds and White, although in the
+end it was destined to prove the making of their fortunes by sending
+the exiled Loyalists in thousands to the River St. John and thereby
+rendering the lands they owned much more valuable. The war, however,
+completely overturned the plans the company had in view. Our old
+pioneers had learned by their experience of a dozen years to conduct
+their business to the best advantage, and they now had everything in
+train for a promising trade with St. Croix in the West Indies. The
+hardships incident to the establishment of new settlements were over,
+and the partners were now settled in comfortable homes with their
+wives and children.
+
+It may be noted in passing that early marriages were much in vogue in
+those days, particularly with the ladies. Sarah Le Baron was not
+sixteen years of age when she married William Hazen. Hannah Peabody
+had not passed her seventeenth birthday when she married James
+Simonds. Elizabeth Peabody was about seventeen when she married James
+White and her sister Hephzibeth somewhat younger when she married
+Jonathan Leavitt. In most cases the families were large and the "olive
+branches" doubtless furnished sufficient occupation for the mothers
+to keep them from feeling the loneliness of their situation. James
+Simonds had fourteen children. James White and Jonathan Leavitt had
+good sized families, but the Hazens undeniably carried off the
+palm. Dr. Slafter in his genealogy of the Hazen family says that
+William Hazen had sixteen children; possibly he may have omitted
+some who died in infancy for Judge Edward Winslow writes on Jan'y
+17th, 1793, to a friend at Halifax, "My two annual comforts, a child
+and a fit of the gout, return invariably. They came together this
+heat and, as Forrest used to say, made me as happy as if the Devil
+had me. The boy is a fine fellow--of course--and makes up the number
+nine now living. My old friend Mrs. Hazen about the same time
+produced her nineteenth!"[89]
+
+   [89] The following inscription on the monument of Mrs. Sarah Hazen
+        was written by her grandson, the late Chief Justice Chipman:
+
+            Sacred to the Memory of
+            MRS. SARAH HAZEN,
+
+          Widow of the Honorable William Hazen, Esquire; who was
+          born in the Province of Massachusetts-Bay on the 22d
+          February, 1749; and died in the City of St. John on the
+          3rd April, 1823.
+
+          Exemplary for Christian piety and benevolence and the
+          exercise of every female virtue. She bears to her Grave
+          the fond recollections of a numerous host of Descendants
+          and the esteem and respect of the community.
+
+While the presence of young children in their homes may have served to
+enliven the situation of Saint John's pioneer settlers it added
+greatly to their anxiety and distress in the ensuing war period. More
+than this the absence of church and school privileges was becoming a
+matter of serious consequence to the little community at Portland
+Point and their friends across the harbor. We shall in the next
+chapter say something of the religious teachers who endeavored to
+promote the spiritual welfare of the inhabitants upon the St. John
+river at this period.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXII.
+
+SOME EARLY RELIGIOUS TEACHERS ON THE RIVER ST. JOHN.
+
+
+Our knowledge of affairs on the River Saint John down to the period of
+English occupation is largely derived from the correspondence of the
+Jesuit missionaries, the last of whom was Charles Germain. After his
+retirement the Acadians and Indians remained for several years without
+any spiritual guide, a circumstance that did not please them and was
+also a matter of concern to the Governor of Nova Scotia, who in
+December, 1764, informed the Secretary of State that a promise had
+been made the Indians of the River St. John to send them a priest,
+which the Lords of Trade had now forbidden. The governor regrets this
+as likely to confirm the Indians in their notion that the English "are
+a people of dissimulation and artifice, who will deceive them and
+deprive them of their salvation." He thinks it best to use gentle
+treatment in dealing with the Indians, and mentions the fact of their
+having lately burned their church[90] by command of their priest
+detained at Quebec, as a proof of their zealous devotion to their
+missionaries.
+
+   [90] This statement is corroborated by Charles Morris, who writes in
+        1765, "Aughpack is about seven miles above St. Anns, and at
+        this place was the Indian church and the Residence of the
+        French missionary; the church and other buildings about it are
+        all demolished by the Indians themselves."
+
+In the summer of 1767, Father Charles Francois Bailly came to the
+River St. John and established himself at Aukpaque, or, as he calls
+it, "la mission d'Ekouipahag en la Riviere St. Jean." The register of
+baptisms, marriages and burials at which he officiated during his
+year's residence at Aukpaque is still to be seen at French Village in
+the Parish of Kingsclear, York county. The records of his predecessor,
+Germain, however, were lost during the war period or while the mission
+was vacant. That there was a field for the missionary's labor is shewn
+by the fact that in the course of his year's residence on the River
+St. John he officiated at 29 marriages, 79 baptisms and 14 burials.
+His presence served to draw the Indians to Aukpaque, where there were
+also some Acadian families who seem to have been refugees of the
+expulsion of 1755. The older Indian village of Medoctec was now
+deserted and the missionary ordered the chapel there to be destroyed,
+seeing that it served merely as a shelter for travellers and "was put
+to the most profane uses." The building had been standing for fifty
+years and was much out of repair. The ornaments and furnishings,
+together with the chapel bell,[91] were brought to Aukpaque.
+
+   [91] This chapel bell was most unfortunately destroyed by fire when
+        the chapel at French Village was burned early in March, 1904.
+        An illustration and some account of the bell will be found in
+        a previous chapters. See pages 75, 76 ante.
+
+For some reason the presence of the Acadians at Aukpaque and its
+vicinity was not acceptable to the authorities of Nova Scotia, and
+Richard Bulkeley the provincial secretary, wrote to John Anderson and
+Francis Peabody, Esqrs., justices of the peace for the county of
+Sunbury, under date 20th August, 1768: "The Lieut. Governor desires
+that you will give notice to all the Accadians, except about six
+Families whom Mr. Bailly shall name, to remove themselves from Saint
+John's River, it not being the intention of the Govern-ment that they
+should settle there, but to acquaint them that on their application
+they shall have lands in other parts of the Province."
+
+It is remarkable with what persistence the French clung to the
+locality of Aukpaque in spite of repeated attempts to dispossess them.
+The New Englanders under Hawthorn and Church tried to expel them as
+long ago as 1696, but Villebon repulsed the attack on Fort Nachouac
+and compelled them to retire. Monckton in 1759 drove the Acadians from
+the lower St. John and destroyed their settlements, but the lowness of
+the water prevented his ascending the river farther than Grimross
+Island, a little above Gagetown. A little later Moses Hazen and his
+rangers destroyed the village at St. Ann's and scattered the Acadians,
+but some of them returned and re-established themselves near the
+Indian village at Aukpaque. The governor of Nova Scotia apparently was
+not willing they should remain, hence his orders to Anderson and
+Peabody in 1768.
+
+What these magistrates did, or attempted to do is not recorded, at any
+rate they did not succeed in effecting the removal of the Acadians for
+we find that the little colony continued to increase. The missionary
+Bailly wrote from Aukpaque, June 20, 1768, to Bishop Briand, "There
+are eleven Acadian families living in the vicinity of the village, the
+same ones whom your Lordship had the goodness to confirm at St. Anne.
+* * It is a difficult matter to attend to them for they live apart
+from one another during the summer on the sea shore fishing and in the
+winter in the woods hunting." It appears that these poor people were
+reduced to the necessity of leading almost an aboriginal life to save
+themselves from starvation, yet they clung to the locality.
+
+Major Studholme sent a committee of four persons to explore the River
+St. John in July, 1783.[92] The committee reported sixty-one families
+of Acadians settled in the vicinity of Aukpaque. There were in these
+families 61 men, 57 women and 236 children. About twenty-five families
+lived on the east side of the river, most of them near the mouth of
+the Keswick; the others lived not far from the Indian village on the
+west side of the river, and there were in addition two or three
+families at St. Anne's Point. In their report to Major Studholme the
+committee describe the Acadians as "an inoffensive people." They had a
+considerable quantity of land under cultivation, but few, if any, of
+them had any title to their lands save that of simple possession.
+Those who claimed longest residence were Joseph Martin who came in
+1758 and Joseph Doucet who came in 1763. The settlement began to grow
+more rapidly after the arrival of the missionary Bailly, for out of
+the sixty-one heads of families included in the Committees report to
+Studholme nine came in 1767, thirteen in 1768, ten in 1769 and four in
+1770. All of these enjoyed the ministrations of l'Abbe Bailly. The
+missionary seems to have remained a year in residence and then at the
+instance of the Governor of Nova Scotia was sent to the Indians and
+Acadians of the peninsula to the eastward of Halifax. He, however,
+paid occasional visits to the River St. John as is shown by the
+records of the baptisms, marriages and burials at which he officiated
+when there.[93] He is heartily commended by Lord William Campbell, the
+governor of Nova Scotia, for his tact in dealing with the Indians and
+his loyalty to the constituted authorities of the province. It is not
+probable that there was very much ground for the complaint of Simonds
+& White in their letter of June 22, 1768, in which they say, "We have
+made a smaller collection of Furrs this year than last, occasioned by
+the large demands of the Priest for his services, and his ordering the
+Indians to leave their hunting a month sooner than usual to keep
+certain festivals, and by our being late in getting to their village,
+the reason of which we informed you in our last. * * It's expected
+that there will be a greater number of Indians assembled at Aughpaugh
+next fall than for several years past." The extract quoted serves to
+show that the Abbe Bailly's influence was felt while he lived on the
+St. John river. He returned to Canada in May, 1772, and was afterwards
+consecrated Bishop Co-adjutor of Quebec.
+
+   [92] The members of the committee were Ebenezer Foster, Fyler
+        Dibblee, James White and Gervas Say. The first two were
+        Loyalists,the others old English settlers. Ebenezer Foster was
+        one of the first members for Kings county in the House of
+        Assembly. Fyler Dibblee was an attorney-at-law and agent for
+        settlement of the Loyalists. James White and Gervas Say were
+        justices of the peace in the old county of Sunbury and have
+        already been frequently mentioned.
+
+   [93] One of the Abbe Bailly's registers is preserved at French
+        Village in York county and another, which seems a continuation
+        of the first, is at Caraquet, Gloucester county.
+
+During the year of his sojourn on the River St. John and in his
+subsequent visits the Abbe Bailly baptized, married and buried many of
+the Acadians as well as Indians. The names of a good many individuals
+occur in his register whose descendants are numerous in Madawaska,
+Bathurst, Caraquet, Memramcook and other places in the province. Among
+them may be mentioned Joseph Martin, Jean Baptiste Martin, Louis
+Mercure, Michel Mercure, Jean Baptiste Daigle, Olivier Thibodeau, Jean
+Thibodeau, Joseph Terriot, Ignace Caron, Joseph Cyr, Pierre Cyr, Jean
+Baptiste Cyr, Paul Cyr, Francois Cyr, Pierre Pinette, Francois
+Violette, Joseph Roy, Daniel Godin, Paul Potier, Francois Cormier,
+Jacques Cormier, Jean Baptiste Cormier, Pierre Hebert, Joseph Hebert,
+Francois Hebert, Louis Le Jeune, Joseph Mazerolle, and Jean Baptiste
+Vienneau.
+
+Of these families the Cormiers, Cyrs, Daigles and Heberts came from
+Beaubassin at the head of the Bay of Fundy; the Martins from Port
+Royal (or Annapolis), the Mercures and Terriots from l'Isle St. Jean
+(or Prince Edward Island); the Violettes from Louisbourg, and the
+Mazerolles from Riviere Charlesbourg.
+
+It is worthy of note that despite the hardships and misfortunes
+endured there are instances of marvellous longevity among the old
+French settlers. Placide P. Gaudet, who is by all odds the best
+authority on this head and whose wonderful knowledge of Acadian
+genealogy has been attained by years of hard study and patient
+research, gives a striking instance of this fact amongst his relatives
+of the Vienneau family. The ancestor of this family was one Michael
+Vienneau, who with his wife Therese Baude were living at Maugerville
+in 1770: both were natives of France. The husband died at Memramcook
+in September, 1802, at the age of 100 years and 3 months; his widow in
+March, 1804, at the age of 96 years. Their son Jean died at Pokemouche
+in August, 1852, at the extraordinary age of 112 years, leaving a son
+Moise who died at Rogersville in March, 1893, aged over 96 yeas. The
+united age of these four individuals--father, mother, son and
+grandson--are equivalent to the extraordinary sum total of 404 years.
+
+In the course of a year or two after the arrival of the Loyalists the
+greater portion of the Acadians living on the St. John river above
+Fredericton removed--either from choice or at the instigation of
+government--to Madawaska, Caraquet and Memramcook. A few, however,
+remained, and there are today at French Village, in York county, about
+31 families of Acadian origin numbering 149 souls, and 17 families in
+addition reside at the Mazerolle settlement not far away. The most
+common family name amongst these people is Godin; the rest of the
+names are Mazerolle, Roy, Bourgoin, Martin and Cyr. The influences of
+their environment can hardly be said to have had a beneficial effect
+upon these people, few of whom now use the French language. And yet
+the fact remains that from the time the valley of the River St. John
+was first parcelled out into seigniories, in the year 1684, down to
+the present day--a period of 220 years--the continuity of occupation
+of some portion of the soil in the vicinity of St. Ann's has scarcely
+been interrupted, and the records of the mission on the River St. John
+may be said to have been continuous for about the same time. The
+missionaries as a rule spoke well of the people of their charge.
+Danielou said that there were 116 Acadian inhabitants in 1739 and that
+Monsieur Cavagnal de Vaudreuil, governor of Trois Rivieres, was
+"Seigneur de la paroisse d'Ekoupag." He claims as a special mark of
+divine favor that in the little colony there was "neither barren woman
+nor child deformed in body or weak in intellect; neither swearer nor
+drunkard; neither debauchee nor libertine, neither blind, nor lazy,
+nor beggar, nor sickly, nor robber of his neighbor's goods." One would
+almost imagine that Acadia was Arcadia in the days of Danielou.
+
+It may be well, whilst speaking of the remarkable continuity of the
+French occupation of the country in the vicinity of St. Anns, to state
+that after Chapter VII. of this history had been printed the author
+chanced to obtain, through the kindness of Placide P. Gaudet, some
+further information relating to the brothers d'Amours, the pioneer
+settlers of this region.
+
+The brothers d'Amours, Louis, Mathieu and Rene, were residents on the
+St. John as early at least as the year 1686, when we find their names
+in the census of M. de Meulles. A document of the year 1695[94] shows
+that their claims to land on the St. John river were rather
+extravagant and hardly in accord with the terms of their concessions.
+Louis d'Amours, sieur de Chauffours, claimed as his seigniory at
+Jemseg a tract of land extending two leagues along the St. John,
+including both sides of the river two leagues in depth. He also
+claimed another and larger seigniory, extending from a point one
+league below Villebon's fort at the Nashwaak four leagues up the river
+with a depth of three leagues on each side. His brother Rene d'Amours,
+sieur de Chignancourt, lived on this seigniory a league or so above
+the fort.
+
+   [94] This document is entitled "Memoire sur les concessions que les
+        sieurs d'Amours freres pretendent dans la Riviere St. Jean et
+        Richibouctou." A copy is in the Legislative Library at
+        Fredericton.
+
+The statement made in a previous chapter that Rene d'Amours was
+unmarried and lived the life of a typical "coureur de bois" is
+incorrect. The census of 1698 shows that he had a wife and four
+children. His wife was Charlotte Le Gardeur of Quebec. The names of
+the children, as they appear in the census, are Rene aged 7, Joseph 5,
+Marie Judith 2, and Marie Angelique 1. While fixing his residence in
+the vicinity of Fort Nashwaak, Rene d'Amours was the seignior of a
+large tract of land on the upper St. John extending "from the Falls of
+Medoctek to the Grand Falls," a distance of more than ninety miles.
+After the expiration of eleven years from the date of his grant, Rene
+d'Amours seems to have done nothing more towards its improvement than
+building a house upon it and clearing 15 acres of land. Even in the
+indulgent eyes of the Council at Quebec, of which his father was a
+member, this must have appeared insufficient to warrant possession by
+one man of a million acres of the choicest lands on the St. John
+river. He made rather a better attempt at cultivating the land near
+his residence upon his brother's seigniory, for the census of 1695
+shows that he had raised there 80 minots [bushels] of corn, 16 minots
+of peas, 3 minots of beans. He had 3 horned cattle, 12 hogs and 60
+fowls; two men servants and one female servant; three guns and a
+sword.
+
+The seigniory of Mathieu d'Amours, sieur de Freneuse, lay between the
+two seigniories of his brother Louis at Jemseg and Nashwaak, extending
+a distance of seven leagues and including both sides of the river.
+Both Louis and Mathieu made far greater improvements than Rene, having
+a large number of acres cleared and under cultivation, together with
+cattle and other domestic animals. They had a number of tenants and
+eight or ten servants.
+
+The census of 1695 contains the following interesting bit of
+information: "Naxouat, of which the Sr. Dechofour is seignior, is
+where the fort commanded by M. de Villebon is established. The Sr.
+Dechofour has there a house, 30 arpents [acres] of land under
+cultivation and a Mill, begun by the Sr. Dechofour and the Sr. de
+Freneuse."
+
+The reference to a mill, built by the brothers Louis and Mathieu
+d'Amours in the neighborhood of Fort Nashwaak, may serve to explain
+the statement of Villebon in 1696, that he had caused planks for
+madriers, or gun platforms, to be made near the fort.[95] This mill at
+any rate ante-dates by the best part of a century the mill built by
+Simonds & White at St. John in 1767 and that built by Colonel Beamsley
+Glacier's mill wrights at the Nashwaak in 1768. Doubtless it was a
+very primitive affair, but it sawed lumber, and was in its modest way
+the pioneer of the greatest manufacturing industry of New Brunswick at
+the present day.
+
+   [95] See Murdoch's Hist. of Nova Scotia, Vol. I., p. 223.
+
+Among the contemporaries of the brothers d'Amours on the River St.
+John were Gabriel Bellefontaine, Jean Martel,[96] Pierre Godin,
+Charles Charet, Antoine Du Vigneaux, and Francois Moyse. The author is
+indebted to Placide P. Gaudet for some interesting notes regarding
+the family of Gabriel Bellefontaine. Mr. Gaudet has satisfied
+himself in the course of years of genealogical research, that the
+Godins now living on the River St. John and in the county of
+Gloucester, the Bellefontaines of the county of Kent, and the
+Bellefontaines and Beausejours of Anichat and other parts of Nova
+Scotia all have a common origin, and that in each case the real family
+name is Gaudin, or Godin. To any one conversant with the practice
+of the old French families of making frequent changes in their
+patryonymics this will not appear surprising. The common ancestor
+of the Gaudin, Bellefontaine, Beausejour and Bois-Joly families in
+the maritime provinces was one Pierre Gaudin, who married Jeanne
+Roussiliere of Montreal, Oct. 13, 1654, and subsequently came to
+Port Royal with his wife and children. Their fourth child, Gabriel
+Gaudin (or Bellefontaine) born in 1661, settled on the St. John
+river in the vicinity of Fort Nashwaak. He married at Quebec in
+1690, Angelique Robert Jeanne, a girl of sixteen, and in the census of
+1698 the names of four children appear, viz., Louise aged 7, Louis 5,
+Joseph 3, Jacques Phillipe 7 months. Of these children the third,
+Joseph Bellefontaine, spent the best years of his life upon the St.
+John river and his tribulations there have been already noticed[97]
+in these pages. He was living at Cherbourg in 1767 at the age of 71
+years, and was granted a pension of 300 livres (equivalent to
+rather more than $60.00 per annum) in recognition of his losses and
+services which are thus summarised:
+
+   [96] Martel and Bellefontaine have been mentioned already. See page
+        57 ante.
+
+   [97] See Chapter xiii., p. 135
+
+"The Sieur Joseph Bellefontaine or Beausejour of the River St. John,
+son of Gabriel (an officer of one of the King's ships in Acadia) and
+of Angelique Roberte Jeanne, was commissioned Major of the militia of
+the St. John river by order of M. de la Galissonniere of 10th April,
+1749, and has always done his duty during the war until he was made
+prisoner by the enemy. He owned several leagues of land there and had
+the sad misfortune of seeing one of his daughters and three of her
+children massacred before his eyes by the English, who wished by such
+cruelty and fear of similar treatment to induce him to take their
+part, a fate that he only escaped by fleeing to the woods, bearing
+with him two other children of the same daughter."
+
+Notwithstanding all their misfortunes and persecutions the Acadians
+living on the St. John continued gradually to increase. After the
+return of the missionary Bailly to Canada they were without a priest
+until the arrival of Joseph Mathurin Bourg in September, 1774. This
+intrepid missionary was the first native of Acadia to take holy orders
+and as such is a subject of especial interest. He saw the light of day
+at River Canard in the district of Mines on the 9th of June, 1744. His
+father, Michel Bourg, and his mother, Anne Hebert, with most of their
+children, escaped deportation at the time of the Acadian expulsion in
+1755 and sought refuge at the Island of St. John [Prince Edward
+Island], from which place they were transported by the English to the
+northern part of France. Young Joseph Mathurin became the protege of
+the Abbe de l'Isle-Dieu, then at Paris. He pursued his studies at a
+little seminary in the Diocese of St. Malo and on the 13th of
+September, 1772, was ordained priest at Montreal by Monseigneur
+Briand. After a year he was sent to Acadia as missionary to his
+compatriots of that region. He took charge of his mission in
+September, 1773. It at first extended from Gaspe to Cocagne, but in
+August, 1774, the Bishop of Quebec added the River St. John (including
+"Quanabequachies," or Kennebeccasis) and all the rest of Nova Scotia
+and the Island of Cape Breton. The bishop also appointed the Abbe
+Bourg his grand vicar in Acadia. Almost immediately afterwards he
+visited the River St. John and the little settlement at French Village
+near the Kennebeccasis where, early in September, he baptized a
+considerable number of children, whose names and those of their
+parents are to be found in the register which is still preserved at
+Carleton, Bonaventure Co., in the province of Quebec.
+
+[Illustration: (Signature) Joseph Mth. Bourg pretre Grand. V.]
+
+The missionary made his headquarters at Carleton (on the north side of
+the Bay of Chaleur) but from time to time visited different parts of
+his immense mission. During the Revolutionary war he paid special
+attention to the Indians on the River St. John, who largely through
+his efforts were kept from taking the warpath and going over to the
+Americans. The raids made by the Machias rebels under Jonathan Eddy
+and John Allan, in 1776 and 1777, interfered in some measure with the
+visits of the missionary, for Col. Michael Francklin in his interview
+with the Maliseets at Fort Howe in September, 1778, assured them that
+Mons'r. Bourg would have visited them sooner but for the apprehension
+entertained of his being carried off by the rebels.
+
+The chapel at Aukpaque was not entirely disused during the absence of
+the missionary. We learn from John Allan's narrative that while he was
+at Aukpaque in June, 1777, a number of Acadians came on Sundays to
+worship at the Indian chapel and that he and his prisoners, William
+Hazen and James White, also attended. While there they witnessed the
+funeral of an Indian girl. The ceremony was a solemn yet simple one.
+The body was borne into the chapel, the bell tolling the while; after
+a short prayer they sang funeral hymns, that done some of the chiefs
+bore the coffin to the grave where there was another prayer followed
+by a funeral hymn. The coffin was then deposited in the grave and a
+handful of earth cast upon it by the relatives and friends of her sex.
+Immediately afterwards the family wigwam was struck and removed into
+the thickest part of the village that the parents might be the better
+consoled for the loss of their child.
+
+The important services rendered by Father Bourg to government during
+the American Revolution will be told in another chapter.
+
+The first clergyman of the Church of England to visit the River St.
+John was the Rev'd. Thomas Wood, a native of the town of New Brunswick
+in the then British province of New Jersey. Mr. Wood went to England
+in 1749--the year of the founding of Halifax--to be ordained by the
+Bishop of London. He bore with him testimonials declaring him to be "a
+gentleman of a very good life and conversation, bred to Physick and
+Surgery." He became one of the missionaries of the Society for the
+Propagation of the Gospel and was transferred from New Jersey to Nova
+Scotia in 1753. Halifax and Annapolis were destined to be the chief
+scenes of his labors, but he made frequent tours amongst the new
+settlements.
+
+Mr. Wood was an excellent French scholar and his gifts as a linguist
+were of no mean order. While at Halifax he lived on terms of
+friendship and intimacy with Antoine Simon Maillard, the missionary of
+the Indians and Acadians. In the year 1762 Mr. Wood attended the Abbe
+Maillard for several weeks during his last illness, and the day before
+his death, at his request, read the Office for the Visitation of the
+Sick in the French language in the presence of a number of Acadians,
+who were summoned for the occasion by the venerable missionary. Mr.
+Wood also officiated at the burial of M. Maillard, reading over his
+remains in French the burial service of the Church of England in the
+presence of "almost all the gentlemen of Halifax and a very numerous
+assembly of French and Indians."
+
+As the Indians were for the time being without any religious teacher
+Mr. Wood resolved to devote much attention to them. He applied himself
+diligently to the study of their language, in which he had the
+assistance of the papers left him by the Abbe Maillard and by devoting
+three or four hours daily to the task he made such progress that upon
+reading some of M. Maillard's morning prayers the Indians understood
+him perfectly and seemed themselves to pray very devoutly. He resolved
+to persevere until he should be able to publish a grammar, dictionary
+and translation of the Bible. He writes in 1764, "I am fully
+determined that nothing but sickness or the Bastille shall impede me
+in this useful service." Two years later he sent to England the first
+volume of his native grammar, with a Micmac translation of the Creed,
+Lord's Prayer, etc. He was now able to minister to the Indians in
+their own language.
+
+In July, 1767, the Indians attended a special service held in St.
+Paul's church, Halifax, at which there were present, the Governor of
+Nova Scotia, Lord William Campbell, the officers of the army and navy
+and the principal inhabitants. The service was in the Micmac tongue.
+An anthem was sung by the Indians at the beginning and again at the
+close. On the 12th of August in the same year Mr. Wood married Pierre
+Jacques, an Indian, to Marie Joseph, eldest daughter of old Thoma, who
+deemed himself "hereditary king of the Mickmacks." There were present
+at the wedding, besides the Indians, Sir Thomas Rich--an English
+baronet, and other gentlemen. After the ceremony Mr. Wood entertained
+the company at his own house.
+
+It was in the summer of the year 1769 that Mr. Wood made his first
+tour up the River St. John. Lord William Campbell provided him with a
+boat and party of men, under the direction of Capt. William Spry of
+the Engineers. Capt. Spry will be remembered as one of the active
+promoters of the settlement of the townships on the St. John river,
+where he had large land interests. His knowledge of the river made him
+an excellent guide.
+
+The English missionary arrived at St. John harbor on the 1st day of
+July, and the day following, which was Sunday, held the first
+religious service conducted by an English speaking minister at
+Portland Point.
+
+The account books of Simonds & White suffice to show that no business
+was transacted at their establishment on Sunday, and doubtless the day
+was honored as a day of rest, but up to this time there had been no
+opportunity for church-going. Among those who heard the first sermon
+preached at St. John in English were in all probability, the Messrs.
+Simonds & White and their employes, Edmund Black, Samuel Abbott,
+Samuel Middleton, Michael Hodge, Adonijah Colby, Stephen Dow, Elijah
+Estabrooks, John Bradley, William Godsoe, John Mack, Asa Stephens, and
+Thomas Blasdel. To these may be added the wives of James Simonds, of
+Black, Abbott and one or two other workmen; also a few settlers living
+in the vicinity. It may be observed in passing that Edmund Black was
+foreman in the lime burning; Abbott, Middleton and Godsoe were
+employed in making hogsheads and barrels for lime and fish; Hodge and
+Colby were shipwrights engaged in building a schooner for the company;
+the others were fishermen and laborers. Doubtless the service held by
+Mr. Wood was a very simple one, and if there were any hymns they were
+sung from memory, for there is reason to believe that there was not a
+single hymn book in the community, with the exception of a copy of
+Watt's psalms and hymns owned by James White.
+
+Notwithstanding the difficulties of the situation, the Rev'd. Thomas
+Wood on the occasion of his first Sunday at St. John established a
+record which, after the lapse of nearly a century and a half, remains
+unequalled for interest and variety. In the morning he held divine
+service and preached to the English settlers and baptized four of
+their children. In the afternoon he conducted a service for the
+benefit of a number of Indians, who chanced to be encamped there,
+baptized an Indian girl and addressed them in their own language. In
+the evening, many of the French inhabitants being present, he held a
+third service and preached in French, the Indians again attending as
+many of them understood that language. These French people were
+chiefly Acadians living at what is now called French Village, in Kings
+county. They were at that time employed by Simonds & White in building
+an aboideau and dykeing the marsh. In one respect the Indians perhaps
+did better than the English or the Acadians, for at the close of their
+service Mr. Wood desired them to sing an anthem which, he says, "they
+performed very harmoniously."
+
+The next day the missionary sailed up the river, visiting the settlers
+in their homes as he proceeded. At Gagetown he baptized Joseph and
+Mary Kendrick, twin children of John and Dorothy Kendrick. Mr. Wood
+says the children were born in an open canoe on the river, two leagues
+from any house, a circumstance that illustrates the exigencies liable
+to arise in a region so sparsely inhabited as the valley of the River
+St. John then was.[98]
+
+   [98] Major Studholme in 1783 states that John Kendrick was a good
+        subject, an old soldier and very deserving. He lived near
+        Gagetown with his wife and five children. He settled there
+        about the year 1768.
+
+On Sunday the 9th of July Mr. Wood held service at Maugerville, where
+he had a congregation of more than two hundred persons but, owing to
+the fact that the people were chiefly "Dissenters from New England,"
+he baptized only two infants. He thought, however, if a prudent
+missionary were settled among them their prejudices against the Church
+of England would speedily vanish. He speaks in his letter to the S. P.
+G. of the rising townships of Gagetown, Burton and Maugerville as a
+most desirable field for a missionary and commends the Indians to the
+special consideration of the society. After making a call at
+Morrisania, a little below Fredericton, where two children were
+baptized, Mr. Wood and his companions proceeded to "Okpaak" which he
+terms "the farthest settlement upon the River." He thus describes the
+reception they met with on their arrival:
+
+  "The Chief of the Indians came down to the Landing place and
+  handed us out of our boat, and immediately several of the Indians,
+  who were drawn out on the occasion, discharged a volley of
+  Musketry turned from us, as a signal of receiving their friends.
+  The Chief then welcomed us and introduced us to the other Chiefs,
+  and after inviting us to their Council Chamber, viz. their largest
+  wigwam, conducted us thither, the rest of the Indians following.
+  Just before we arrived we were again saluted with their musketry
+  drawn up as before. After some discourse relative to Monsieur
+  Bailly, the French Priest that Government have thought proper to
+  allow them, finding them uneasy that they had no priest among them
+  for some time past, I told them that the Governor had employed him
+  to go to the Indians to the eastward of Halifax and had sent me to
+  officiate with them in his absence. They then seemed well enough
+  satisfied, and at their desire I began prayers with them in
+  Mickmack, they all kneeling down and behaving very devoutly. The
+  vice concluded with an anthem and the blessing."
+
+Mr. Wood says that although there were then at Aukpaque Indians of
+three different tribes, Micmacs, Maliseets and Caribous,[99] they all
+understood the Micmac language, and he expresses regret that he had
+not been sent among them two years before, being satisfied that he
+could have gained their confidence and good will.
+
+   [99] Probably Canibas or Kennebec Indians.
+
+The Reverend Thomas Wood closed a laborious and successful ministry of
+thirty years at Annapolis, where he died December 14, 1778.
+
+Some account has already been given, in the chapter descriptive of the
+progress of the settlement at Maugerville, of the first religious
+teachers in that locality, Messrs. Wellman, Webster and Zephaniah
+Briggs. We shall have something more to say of their first resident
+minister, the Rev'd. Seth Noble, when we come to deal with events on
+the river at the time of the American Revolution. As already stated
+the first Protestant church on the river was erected at Maugerville in
+the year 1775. This building was at first placed on a lot the title of
+which was afterwards in dispute, and regarding the possession of which
+there was rather a bitter quarrel between the old inhabitants and the
+Loyalists. In consequence the building was removed to the lot in
+Sheffield where the Congregational Church now stands. An interesting
+account of this incident is given in the narrative of the Rev. Joshua
+Marsden, a Methodist pioneer missionary on the St. John river, who
+says:--
+
+  "The Presbyterian [i. e. Congregational] chapel at Sheffield, was
+  a church-like building of frame-work, with a spire steeple and a
+  spacious gallery. This chapel had been drawn down upon the ice of
+  the river more than five miles: it had first been erected at
+  Maugerville, upon a litigated lot of land, which the society, not
+  choosing to bring to the issue of a law-suit, they determined to
+  remove the chapel bodily to their own glebe, five miles lower down
+  the river. The whole settlement, men, horses and more than one
+  hundred yoke of oxen, were present to assist in this more than
+  herculean enterprise. The chapel was raised from its stone
+  foundation by immense lever screws. Prodigious beams of timber
+  were then introduced under the whole length of the building; into
+  these were driven large staples, to which the oxen were yoked with
+  strong chains of iron. When all things were ready for a movement,
+  at a given signal, each man standing by his horse or oxen, this
+  great building, capable of holding eight hundred persons, was
+  drawn along and down the bank of the river to its appointed place,
+  where another foundation having been prepared, it was again raised
+  by levers upon it with very little damage. Not a single pew in the
+  gallery or bottom having been removed in the process. In this
+  emigrated chapel, I had the satisfaction of preaching the gospel
+  of the kingdom to a large congregation. Perhaps you will wonder
+  how the ice of this mighty river bore upon its bosom so ponderous
+  a body; but your surprise will cease when I inform you that in the
+  depth of winter, it is from two to three feet in thickness, making
+  a bridge of aqueous crystal capable almost of bearing up a whole
+  town."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXIII.
+
+ON THE EVE OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION.
+
+
+When the county of Sunbury was established in 1765, there was no
+English settlement north of St. Ann's and the river was but sparsely
+settled from that place to the sea. Nevertheless the immense forest
+wealth of the St. John was gradually becoming known and appreciated.
+
+The French ship of war "Avenant," as long ago as the year 1700, after
+discharging her cargo of supplies for Villebon's garrison and goods
+for the French traders, took on board some very fine masts for the
+French navy that had been cut upon the River St. John. Afterwards,
+when the control of Acadia passed into the hands of the British, they
+in turn began to procure masts for the navy on the St. John. England's
+place among the nations then, as now, depended very largely on the
+efficiency of her navy, and the reservation of trees suitable for
+masts for the largest ships of war became a matter of national
+concern. In consequence Governor Legge, at the request of the home
+government, desired Charles Morris, the Surveyor general of Nova
+Scotia, to report as to ungranted lands in the province that might be
+reserved for the purpose of supplying masts for the navy. On the 21st
+May, 1774, Mr. Morris submitted his report. He states that his
+knowledge of the country was based upon personal observations during a
+residence of nearly twenty-eight years, in the course of which he had
+visited nearly all parts of the province. In the Nova Scotian
+peninsula there were very few pines fit for masts, but on the River
+St. John, above the settlements, and on the other rivers flowing into
+it were great quantities of pine trees fit for masts and great
+quantities of others growing into that state, which being so far
+inland, protected by growth of other timber and by hills, and remote
+from those violent gales which infest the coast would prove the most
+desirable reserve for the purpose intended. Mr. Morris adds: "I am of
+opinion that a reserve of all the lands on the River St. John above
+the settlements for the whole course of the river, at least
+twenty-five miles on each side, will be the most advantageous reserve
+to the Crown of lands within this province, especially as the river is
+navigable for boats and rafting of masts the whole course of it, as
+also for rafting of masts in the several branches of it; and in this
+tract is contained a black spruce, fit for yards and topmasts, and
+other timber fit for ship-building."
+
+The importance to coming generations of the "black spruce, fit for
+yards and top-masts," was little dreamed of by Charles Morris.
+However, it seems that in accordance with his recommendation the
+region of the upper St. John was at this time reserved to the crown
+because its towering pines supplied the best masts in the world for
+the British navy, and at the close of the American Revolution it was
+still unbroken forest.
+
+After the formation of the County of Sunbury, April 30, 1765,
+magistrates and other officers were appointed and representatives
+chosen to sit in the House of Assembly. Some of our local historians,
+including the late Moses H. Perley, have stated that the first
+representative of Sunbury County was Charles Morris jr., but although
+Mr. Morris may have been the first to take his seat he was not the
+first elected representative. The late Thos. B. Akins, of Halifax,
+a recognized authority on all points of local history, in a
+communication to the late J. W. Lawrence states that the election
+writs on file at Halifax give the names of Capt. Beamsley Glasier and
+Capt. Thomas Falconer as the first representatives of the County of
+Sunbury. It does not appear that either of these gentlemen attended
+the sessions of the House of Assembly, and as it was the rule for
+members who were absent two years to forfeit their seats for
+non-attendance, a new election was held in 1768, when Richard
+Shorne and Phinehas Nevers were returned. The House of Assembly was
+dissolved two years later, and at the ensuing general election
+Charles Morris, jr., and Israel Perley were returned; the former took
+his seat but Mr. Perley appears never to have done so and in 1773
+James Simonds was elected in his stead. Mr. Simonds was in attendance
+in October, 1774, and took the customary oath, being the first
+inhabitant of the county to take his seat in the legislative halls of
+Nova Scotia. A little later William Davidson was elected a member
+and he and James Simonds were the sitting members when the old
+Province of Nova Scotia was divided at the isthmus and the Province
+of New Brunswick constituted in 1784.
+
+Among the earliest magistrates of the County of Sunbury were John
+Anderson, Beamsley Glasier, Francis Peabody, James Simonds, James
+White, Israel Perley, Jacob Barker, Phinehas Nevers and Gervas Say.
+The Courts of General Sessions of the Peace meet regularly at
+Maugerville and transacted such business as was necessary, appointed
+constables and other parish officers, administered justice and so
+forth. Benjamin Atherton was clerk of the peace for the county,
+James Simonds registrar of deeds and judge of probate, and James
+White deputy sheriff. The first collector of customs was Capt.
+Francis Peabody, who died in 1773. The attention given to the
+collection of duties was but nominal and Charles Newland Godfrey
+Jadis, a retired army officer who had settled at Grimross on the
+St. John river, wrote to the secretary of state in 1773 calling
+his attention to the prevalence of smuggling of which "Major-Ville"
+was the centre, connived at, as he alleges, by the magistrate and
+collector. This little incident is an indication that the sentiment
+of the Massachusetts settlers of Maugerville was identical with that
+of their kinsmen in New England in regard to the enactment of the
+stamp act and the duties imposed by the British government.
+
+A few particulars of interest regarding the settlers on the River St.
+John are to be gleaned from the papers of David Burpee,[100] at one
+time deputy sheriff of the county. There were very few framed
+dwellings, nearly all the settlers living in log houses. As late as
+1783 there were in Gagetown, Burton, and at St. Anns and vicinity
+about 76 houses occupied by English inhabitants, of which only 9 were
+framed buildings. The proportion of framed dwellings in Maugerville
+was little better, the vast majority being log houses.
+
+  [100] See Hannay's article on the Maugerville Settlement, Collections
+        of N. B. Hist. Soc., Vol. 1, p. 63.
+
+Horses were few and nearly all the ordinary farm work was done by
+oxen. It is doubtful if any of the settlers owned a carriage, wagon or
+sleigh at this time. Carts were generally used in summer and sleds in
+winter. Some of the men owned saddles, of which there was much
+borrowing, and there were a few pillions for the ladies. Traveling in
+the summer time on land was either on horseback or afoot for the roads
+were too bad to admit of the use of wheeled vehicles.
+
+All the cooking in those days was done at old-fashioned fireplaces and
+the utensils included a gridiron, toasting iron, frying pan, iron
+kettle and a number of pots and pans. The dishes used in the farm
+houses were mostly of pewter and their number limited.
+
+A broadcloth coat or a beaver hat was a valuable asset which might be
+handed down to the second or even the third generation. A decent
+broadcloth suit would cost a man as much as he could earn in three
+months at the current rate of wages, after paying his board;
+consequently the early settler did not often indulge in the luxury of
+a new suit. Leather breeches were commonly worn, and from their
+lasting qualities were an economical garment.
+
+The money handled by the early settlers was quite insignificant;
+nearly all transactions were of the nature of barter. Corn and furs
+were the staple articles of trade. The value of corn varied
+considerably, according to the season, from 4 shillings to 8 shillings
+a bushel, the average rate 5 to 6 shillings. Half a bushel of corn was
+the equivalent of a week's board. The ordinary rate of farm wages was
+2s. a day except for such work as mowing, framing, hoeing corn, and
+raking hay, for which the rate was 2s. 6d. a day. The wages of a woman
+servant were 10s. a month and as all articles of clothing were very
+dear compared with modern prices, they became excessively so when the
+rate of wages was taken into account. It took a whole month's wages to
+purchase a pair of stays and two months wages to buy a gown. A pair of
+silk mits cost 5s. 6d. and a lawn handkerchief 6s. 6d. Calico was
+charged as high as 6s. a yard and cotton wool at 6s. 6d per lb. As a
+rule everything that had to be purchased out of a store was dear,
+while the prices of country produce were exactly the reverse. Butter
+sold as low as 6d. per lb.; lamb at 2-1/2d. per lb.; beef, 1-1/2 to
+3d. per lb.; geese at 3s. each; fowls 1s.; potatoes 1s. 3d. a bushel.
+
+Dr. Hannay quotes the following as a transaction on the part of Mr.
+Burpee, which would be regarded as unusual at the present day:
+
+  "September 30, 1778.
+
+  "Took a hog of Mr. Joseph Howlin of Burton to fat, the hog weighs
+  now 113 lbs. and I am to have as many pounds of pork as he weighs
+  more when I kill him.
+
+  "Dec. 1st, 1778, killed Mr. Howlin's hog. Weighed before he was
+  killed 181 lbs."
+
+  Showing that Mr. Burpee obtained 68 lbs. of pork as the result of
+  his bargain.
+
+  David Burpee taught school one winter, receiving 4s. per month for
+  each pupil. The tuition fees were paid in a great variety of ways;
+  in work, in grain, leather, musquash skins, rum, hauling hay and
+  making shoes; he only handled 10s. in cash for his entire winter's
+  work.
+
+In the year 1770 Mr. Burpee kept a diary which, while it contains some
+facts of interest, serves on the whole to show how narrow and
+monotonous was the life of the early settlers on the St. John. On
+Sundays they attended religious services held at the houses most
+convenient for the purpose and in the winter there was some social
+visiting. However, we are now to speak of more stirring events.
+
+Many were the trials and tribulations of the dwellers on the St.
+John--particularly of those living at the mouth of the river--during
+the American Revolution. Most of their calamities might have been
+avoided had an efficient garrison been maintained at Fort Frederick,
+but the troops were withdrawn from that post in 1768 and sent to
+Boston in consequence of disturbances there, and for five or six years
+the care of the fort and barracks was entrusted to James Simonds.
+
+Lord William Campbell reported, about the close of 1771: "Since Fort
+Frederick at the entrance of St. John's river has been dismantled and
+the garrison, which formerly consisted of an officers' command,
+reduced to a corporal and four privates, he had had frequent
+complaints of the Indians on the river." The presence of a half dozen
+soldiers was of little utility at any time and of no utility whatever
+after the Revolution began. It was not until the erection of Fort Howe
+that adequate steps were taken for the protection of the inhabitants.
+
+The year 1774 was an extremely busy one at St. John. Our old pioneers
+James Simonds, James White and William Hazen were making strenuous
+efforts to place settlers upon their lands in the township of Conway,
+while at the same time Mr. Hazen's house was being finished at
+Portland Point, an aboideau was being built to reclaim the "great
+marsh," and the business of the fishery, lime-burning and general
+trade was being vigorously prosecuted. Troublous times were now at
+hand.
+
+The situation of Hazen, Simonds and White when hostilities arose
+between the old colonies and the mother country was very embarrassing.
+By birth and early association they were New Englanders and most of
+their old time friends and neighbors were hostile to the crown.
+Massachusetts was practically the cradle of the Revolution, and the
+vast majority of its inhabitants were bitterly opposed to the King and
+his government. But while Simonds, White and Hazen were Massachusetts
+men they now held various official positions under the government of
+Nova Scotia and had sworn true allegiance to the King. Very likely
+they would have gladly assumed a neutral attitude in the approaching
+contest, but alas for them the force of events left no room for
+neutrality.
+
+It is clear that at the beginning of the war the people of Massachusetts
+hoped for the cordial support of the settlers on the River St. John. This
+is probably the reason why the small colony at Portland Point was not
+molested during the early stages of the war and that William Hazen was
+able on two occasions to obtain the release of the company's schooner
+"Polly" after she had been taken by American privateers. But as the war
+progressed considerate treatment gave place to acts of vandalism, and the
+sentiments of the settlers at St. John towards their old compatriots of
+Massachusetts became intensely bitter. Their tenants in the township of
+Conway were driven from their homes and obliged to seek refuge up the
+river, and those living at Portland Point suffered equal hardships.
+
+When the Loyalists arrived in 1783, it was proposed that the township
+of Conway should be escheated for their benefit. James Simonds
+protested stoutly against this, representing the expense that had been
+incurred in the endeavor to settle the township and the losses and
+sufferings of the tenants who were for a long time unprotected against
+the depredations of the enemy. He adds, "Instead of our being stripped
+of our rights to make amends for the losses of the Loyalists, who were
+plundered in New York or elsewhere, we have at least as weighty
+reasons as they can possibly offer to claim restitution from
+Government for the value of all the property taken from us, our
+distress by imprisonment, etc. They had a numerous British army to
+protect them, we had to combat the sons of darkness alone. In a word
+we had much less than they to hope for by unshaken loyalty and
+incomparably more to fear."
+
+The statement of Mr. Simonds is confirmed by Major Studholme who wrote
+to Gov'r. Parr, "Messrs. Hazen and Simonds, two of the original
+proprietors of Conway, have at different times placed a number of
+settlers on the lands of that Township and have used every effort on
+their parts to comply with the terms of their Grant, but the continual
+robberies committed by the Rebel boats during the war, to which these
+settlements have been exposed, obliged a number of their tenants to
+remove. However, as every exertion was used by them I take the liberty
+to recommend their claims on that Township to your consideration."
+
+During the earlier stages of the Revolution the attitude of the people
+of Machias on the one hand, and of the inhabitants of the township of
+Cumberland on the other, proved a matter of concern to the dwellers on
+the River St. John. Machias was settled in 1763 by a colony from
+Scarborough, one of the oldest towns in Massachusetts. During the war
+it was the asylum of disloyal spirits who fled thither from various
+parts of Nova Scotia. The township of Cumberland included a
+considerable portion of what is now the county of Westmorland. The
+inhabitants were mostly natives of New England, and many of them warm
+sympathizers with the revolutionary pasty. Jonathan Eddy was their
+representative in the Nova Scotia House of Assembly in 1774, and John
+Allan in 1776. Eddy and Allan, aided by William Howe and Samuel
+Rogers, succeeded in stirring up an active rebellion in Cumberland,
+which called for prompt action on the part of the Government of Nova
+Scotia. The leaders fled to Machias and a reward of L200 was offered
+for the apprehension of Eddy and L100 for each of the others.
+
+The attitude of the Indians was another matter of serious concern to
+the settlers on the River St. John. Immediately after the Declaration
+of Independence the American congress authorized Washington to call
+forth and engage the Indians of Nova Scotia, St. John and Penobscot to
+take up the hatchet and fight against the English. With strange
+inconsistency Congress a few days later, in an address to the people
+of Ireland, denounced the King of England on the ground that "the wild
+and barbarous savages of the wilderness have been solicited by gifts
+to take up the hatchet against us, and instigated to deluge our
+settlements with the blood of defenceless women and children."
+
+The Micmacs seem to have been reluctant to take sides in the contest
+and in answer to John Allan's solicitations they said, with quiet
+dignity, "We do not comprehend what all this quarreling is about. How
+comes it that Old England and New England should quarrel and come to
+blows? The father and the son to fight is terrible! Old France and
+Canada did not do so; we cannot think of fighting ourselves till we
+know who is right and who is wrong."
+
+The style of argument employed to induce the simple minded natives to
+side with the Americans is seen in the letter addressed to them by the
+agent of the Congress of Massachusetts (May 15, 1775), in which the
+following statements occur: "The ministry of Great Britain have laid
+deep plots to take away our liberty and your liberty; they want to get
+all our money and make us pay it to them when they never earned it; to
+make you and us their servants and let us have nothing to eat, drink
+or wear but what they say we shall; and prevent us from having guns
+and powder to kill our deer and wolves and other game or to send to
+you to kill your game with so as to get skins and fur to trade with us
+for what you want. * * * We want to know what you our good brothers
+want from us of clothing or warlike stores, and we will supply you as
+fast as we can. We will do all for you we can and fight to save you at
+any time. * * * The Indians at Stockbridge all join with us and some
+of their men have enlisted as soldiers and we have given each of them
+a blanket and a ribbon, and they will be paid when they are from home
+in the service, and if any of you are willing to enlist we shall do
+the same for you. * * * Brothers, if you will let Mr. John Preble know
+what things you want he will take care to inform us and we will do the
+best for you we can."
+
+In consequence of the inducements of Allan and the other agents,
+Pierre Tomah and Ambroise St. Aubin, leading chiefs of the Maliseets
+of the River St. John, went to the trading post the Americans had
+established at Penobscot, and signed an agreement to the following
+effect: "We heartily join with our brethren the Penobscot Indians
+in everything that they have or shall agree with our brethren of the
+colony of Massachusetts, and are resolved to stand together and
+oppose the people of Old England that are endeavoring to take your and
+our lands and liberties from us. * * * We desire that you will help
+us to a priest that he may pray with us to God Almighty, etc.,
+etc." The Indians agreed to bring their furs and skins to Penobscot
+and to procure their provisions, goods and ammunition there. Many
+of them were heavily in debt to Simonds & White, so that the prospect
+of a new trading post with no old scores to settle appeared to them
+particularly inviting.
+
+Washington honored the Indians with letters accompanied by belts of
+wampum, after the approved Indian fashion. A delegation from the St.
+John river, Pierre Tomah at its head, went soon afterwards to
+Washington's headquarters on the Delaware, where they received a
+flattering welcome and were sumptuously entertained. On the 24th
+December, 1776, Washington thus addressed them:
+
+"Brothers of the St. John's tribe: It gave me great pleasure to hear
+by Major Shaw that you keep the chain of Friendship, which I sent you
+in February last from Cambridge, bright and unbroken. I am glad to
+hear that you have made a treaty of peace with your brothers and
+neighbors of Massachusetts Bay. My good friend and brother, Gov'r
+Pierre Tommah, and the warriors that came with him shall be taken good
+care of, and when they want to return home they and our brothers of
+Penobscot shall be furnished with everything necessary for their
+journey. * * * Never let the King's wicked counsellors turn your
+hearts against me and your brethren of this country, but bear in mind
+what I told you last February and what I tell you now."
+
+Washington's overtures were not without effect. This is evident from
+the fact that the Maugerville people in May, 1776, reported that Gen.
+Washington's letter had set the Indians on fire, and they were
+plundering all people they thought to be Tories, and that perhaps when
+the supply of Tories was exhausted others might share the name fate.
+"We think it necessary," they added, "that some person of consequence
+be sent among them." The Indians had always been allies of the French
+and had never fully accepted the change of ownership on the River St.
+John. They were disposed to view the cause of the Americans with
+favor, more particularly when the French became their allies.
+
+John Allan was by far the most active and energetic agent of Congress
+in dealing with the Indians. He was born in Edinburgh and when four
+years of age accompanied his parents to Halifax when that city was
+founded by Cornwallis. At the commencement of the Revolution he lived
+near Fort Cumberland, on the New Brunswick side of the isthmus of
+Chignecto and carried on an extensive Indian trade visiting all the
+villages as far west as the Penobscot river. His estimate of the
+Indians is not particularly flattering. He says: "The Indians are
+generally actuated according to the importance or influence any one
+has who lives among them. They are credulous to a degree, will listen
+to every report, and generally believe it and think everything true
+that is told them."
+
+We shall presently see that Allan was able to make good use of his
+knowledge of the weaknesses of Indian nature. He was appointed
+superintendent of the Eastern Indians in 1777 by the Massachusetts
+Congress, with the military rank of Colonel. He was the most
+persevering and troublesome antagonist the British had in Eastern New
+England. Had it not been for his exertions it is probable the
+Americans would have lost their outpost at Machias, and it is possible
+that the English would then have held the country as far west as the
+River Kennebeck.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXIV.
+
+AFFAIRS ON THE ST. JOHN DURING THE REVOLUTION.
+
+
+In the year 1775 armed vessels were fitted out in several of the ports
+of New England to prey on the commerce of Nova Scotia. Many of these
+carried no proper commissions and were manned by hands of brutal
+marauders whose conduct was so outrageous that even so warm a partizan
+as Col. John Allan sent a remonstrance to congress regarding their
+behaviour: "Their horrid crimes," he says, "are too notorious to pass
+unnoticed," and after particularizing some of their enormities he
+declares "such proceedings will occasion more Torys than a hundred
+such expeditions will make good."
+
+The people of Machias were particularly fond of plundering their
+neighbors, and that place was termed a "nest of pirates and rebels" by
+General Eyre Massey, the commandant at Halifax.
+
+Early in the summer of 1775 it was rumored that Stephen Smith of
+Machias, one of the delegates to the Massachusetts congress, had
+orders to seize Fort Frederick, and the Governor of Nova Scotia
+recommended the establishment of a garrison there to prevent such an
+attempt. But the military authorities were too dilatory and in the
+month of August a party from Machias, led by Smith, entered St. John
+harbor in a sloop, burned Fort Frederick and the barracks and took
+four men who were in the fort prisoners. The party also captured a
+brig of 120 tons laden with oxen, sheep and swine, intended for the
+British troops at Boston. This was the first hostile act committed in
+Nova Scotia and it produced almost as great a sensation at Halifax as
+at St. John. The event is thus described by our first local historian,
+Peter Fisher, in his Sketches of New Brunswick:--
+
+"A brig was sent from Boston to procure fresh provisions for the
+British army, then in that town, from the settlements of the river
+Saint John. The same vessel was laden with stock, poultry, and sundry
+other articles mostly brought from Maugerville in small vessels and
+gondolas, all of which had been put on board within about fifteen days
+after the brig had arrived. While she was waiting for a fair wind and
+clear weather an armed sloop of four guns and full of men from Machias
+came into the harbor, took possession of the brig, and two days after
+carried her off to Machias; the first night after their arrival the
+enemy made the small party in the Fort prisoners, plundered them of
+everything in it, and set fire to all the Barracks, but at that time
+they did not molest any of the inhabitants on the opposite side of the
+river."
+
+The burning of Fort Frederick seems to have been made known at Halifax
+by James Simonds and Daniel Leavitt, who went to Windsor in a whale
+boat to solicit to protection of government. Their report caused a
+mild sensation on the part of the military authorities, and they began
+to take measures for the defence of the province, although it was more
+than two years before any adequate protection was afforded the
+settlers at St. John. Being apprehensive that the company's effects
+in the store at Portland Point might be carried off by marauders, Mr.
+Simonds a few weeks afterwards carried a portion of the goods to
+Windsor in the schooner "Polly" and disposed of them as well as he
+could.
+
+The next year was a decidedly uncomfortable one for the people living
+at Portland Point. In the month of May two privateers entered the
+harbor, remaining more than a week. Their boats proceeded up the river
+as far as Maugerville and informed the people that the province would
+soon be invaded from the westward, that privateers were thick on the
+coasts and would stop all manner of commerce unless the settlers
+joined them. They threatened, moreover, that should the Americans be
+put to the trouble and expense of conquering the country all who sided
+with the mother country must expect to lose their property and lands.
+About this time some Indians arrived with letters from General
+Washington, and it was believed that the whole tribe was about
+entering into an alliance with the Americans, as they showed a decided
+predilection in their favor and even threatened to kill the white
+inhabitants unless they would join the "Boston men." There can be
+little doubt that the majority of the people on the River St. John
+were at this time not indisposed to side with the Revolutionary party.
+A public meeting was held on the 14th of May, 1776, at the meeting
+house in Maugerville, at which a number of highly disloyal resolutions
+were unanimously adopted. One of the leading spirits at this meeting
+was the Rev. Seth Noble, who had already written to Gen'l. Washington
+to represent the importance of obtaining control of western Nova
+Scotia, including the River St. John. Jacob Barker, Esq'r., was chosen
+chairman and a committee, consisting of Jacob Barker, Israel Perley,
+Phineas Nevers, Daniel Palmer, Moses Pickard, Edward Coy, Thomas
+Hartt, Israel Kinny, Asa Kimble, Asa Perley, Oliver Perley and Hugh
+Quinton, was appointed to prepare the resolutions which were
+subsequently adopted by the meeting. One of the resolutions reads:--
+
+  "Resolved, That it is our minds and desire to submit ourselves to
+  the government of Massachusetts Bay and that we are ready with our
+  lives and fortunes to share with them the event of the present
+  struggle for liberty, however God in his providence may order
+  it."
+
+The resolutions adopted were circulated among all the settlers on the
+river and signed by 125 persons, most of them heads of families. The
+committee claimed that only twelve or thirteen persons refused to
+sign, of whom the majority lived at the river's mouth. If this
+statement be correct, the resolutions certainly could not have been
+submitted to all the inhabitants, for there is evidence to show that
+at least thirty families outside of the township of Maugerville were
+steadfastly and consistently loyal to the government under which they
+lived. The names of these people are as deserving of honor as the
+names of the Loyalists, who came to the province from the old colonies
+in 1783. In the township of Maugerville the sentiment of the people
+was almost unanimous in favor of the Revolution and we have no data to
+determine who were loyalists--if any. But at St. Anns we have Benjamin
+Atherton and Philip Weade; in the township of Burton, John Larley,
+Joseph Howland, and Thomas Jones; in Gagetown Zebulon Estey, Henry
+West, John Crabtree, John Hendrick, Peter Carr and Lewis Mitchell; on
+the Kennebecasis Benjamin Darling; in the township of Conway, Samuel
+Peabody, Jonathan Leavitt, Thomas Jenkins, John Bradley, Gervas Say,
+James Woodman, Peter Smith, and Christopher Cross; at Portland Point,
+James Simonds, James White, William Hazen, John Hazen, William Godsoe,
+Lemuel Cleveland, Robert Cram, John Nason, Moses Greenough,
+Christopher Blake and most of the men in the employ of Hazen, Simonds
+& White.
+
+A number of Acadians too were loyal to the government of Nova Scotia
+and should be mentioned in this connection. Louis Mercure and his
+brother Michel Mercure rendered good service to the Governor of Nova
+Scotia in carrying dispatches to and from Quebec during the war
+period. Of the Martin family, Jean, Simon, Joseph, Francois and Amant
+were warmly commended by Major Studholme for their fidelity and active
+exertions on various occasions. Members of the Cyr family also
+rendered important services as guides or pilots, Oliver, Jean Baptiste
+and Pierre Cyr being employed in that capacity by Major Studholme and
+Lieut. Governor Michael Francklin.
+
+At this distance of time it is difficult to determine the number of
+people on the river who were disposed to be actively disloyal. That
+they had many inducements to cast their fortunes with their friends in
+Massachusetts is undeniable. At Maugerville the powerful influence of
+the pastor of the church, Rev. Seth Noble, and of the leading elders
+and church members was exerted in behalf of the American congress.
+Jacob Barker, who presided at the meeting held on the 14th May, was a
+justice of the peace and ruling elder of the church. Israel Perley and
+Phineas Nevers were justices of the peace and had represented the
+county of Sunbury in the Nova Scotia legislature. Daniel Palmer,
+Edward Coy, Israel Kinney and Asa Perley were ruling elders of the
+church. Moses Pickard, Thomas Hartt and Hugh Quinton were leading
+church members. The gentlemen named, with Asa Kimball and Oliver
+Perley, were appointed a committee "to make immediate application to
+the Congress or General Assembly of Massachusetts Bay for relief under
+the present distressed circumstances."
+
+At the Maugerville meeting it was unanimously agreed that the
+committee, whose names have just been mentioned, should have charge of
+all matters civil and military until further regulations should be
+made, and that all who signed the resolutions should have no dealings
+with any person for the future who should refuse to sign them. The
+tone of several of the resolutions was that of open defiance to the
+constituted authority of Nova Scotia, the signers pledging themselves
+to support and defend the actions of their committee at the expense,
+if necessary, of their lives and fortunes. One of the resolutions
+reads:
+
+  "Resolved that we will immediately put ourselves in the best
+  posture of defence in our power; that to this end we will prevent
+  all unnecessary use of gunpowder or other ammunition in our
+  custody."
+
+Asa Perley and Asa Kimball, two of the committee, were sent to Boston
+to interview the Massachusetts congress on behalf of the people living
+on the river. The commissary general there was directed to deliver
+them one barrel of gunpowder, 350 flints and 250 weight of lead from
+the colony's stores; they were also allowed to purchase 40 stand of
+small arms.
+
+So far all seemed favorable to the promoters of rebellion, but bitter
+humiliation was in store, and within a year the vast majority of those
+who had pledged themselves to the people of Massachusetts as "ready
+with their lives and fortunes to share with them the event of the
+present struggle for liberty, however God in His providence may order
+it," were compelled to take the oath of allegiance to His Majesty King
+George the Third for the defence of the province of Nova Scotia
+against all his enemies.
+
+An impartial review of the situation on the St. John at this stage of
+the American Revolution would seem to show that the sympathies of a
+large majority of the settlers were with the revolutionary party, at
+the same time many of the people were much less enthusiastic than
+their leaders and if left to themselves would probably have hesitated
+to sign the resolutions framed by their committee. The presence of the
+privateersmen, who came up the river at the time the meeting at
+Maugerville was held, was an incentive to many to sign the resolutions
+and the attitude of the Indians was a further inducement to stand in
+with the people of Massachusetts, who had lately entered into an
+alliance with the savages.
+
+During the autumn of this year (1776) the Bay of Fundy was so infested
+with pirates and picaroons that the war vessels Vulture, Hope and
+Albany were ordered around from Halifax. They were not entirely
+successful in their endeavor to furnish protection, for the privateers
+frequently managed to steal past the large ships in the night and in
+fogs and continued to pillage the defenceless inhabitants.
+
+Another hostile act was now undertaken by the people of Machias of a
+more ambitious kind than the destruction of Fort Frederick. This was
+nothing less than an attempt to capture Fort Cumberland, where Lieut.
+Col. Joseph Goreham was in command with a detachment of the Royal
+Fencible Americans. This attempt was in the end a miserable fiasco,
+but it occasioned much alarm at the time and was the cause of some
+distress to the loyal inhabitants of that region.
+
+The leader of the expedition against Fort Cumberland was Jonathan
+Eddy, who had lately been commissioned a lieutenant colonel by the
+Massachusetts congress. He was a native of Norton (Mass.), and had
+settled in Cumberland about 1763, but early in the Revolution returned
+to Massachusetts. About the time of the Declaration of Independence,
+in July, 1776, Eddy set out from Boston in company with Jonathan Rowe
+(lately a resident at St. John) and proceeded to Machias. He left that
+place about the middle of August in a schooner with only 28 men as a
+nucleus of his proposed army. At Passamaquoddy a few people joined
+him. The party did not meet with much encouragement on their arrival
+at St. John, although Hazen, Simonds and White from motives of
+prudence refrained from any hostile demonstration. Proceeding up the
+river to Maugerville Eddy met with greater encouragement. "I found the
+people," he writes, "to be almost universally hearty in our cause;
+they joined us with one captain, one lieutenant and twenty-five men,
+as also sixteen Indians." The captain of the St. John river contingent
+was probably Hugh Quinton[101] who has as his lieutenant one Jewett
+of Maugerville. Others of the party were Daniel Leavitt, William
+McKeen, Elijah Estabrooks, Edward Burpee, Nathan Smith, John Pickard,
+Edmund Price, Amasa Coy, John Mitchell, Richard Parsons, Benjamin
+Booby and John Whitney. The rest of the party lived in Maugerville but
+their names are not known.
+
+  [101] Hugh Quinton is called Captain Quinton by the rebel Col. John
+        Allan in his diary, printed in Kidder's "Military Operations
+        in Eastern Maine and Nova Scotia during the Revolution." The
+        report of Major Studholme's exploration party in 1783 states
+        that "Quinton was one of the Cumberland party, but since hath
+        taken the Oath of Allegiance to his Majesty and behaved in a
+        loyal manner; turned out sundry times and fought the rebel
+        parties."
+
+On his arrival at Cumberland Jonathan Eddy was joined by many of the
+settlers there who, like himself, were originally from New England.
+His whole force probably did not exceed 200 men, badly equipped and
+without artillery. The Indians of the St. John were under the
+leadership of Ambroise St. Aubin, one of their chiefs, and Eddy says
+they "beheaved most gallantly."[102] However, the expedition failed to
+achieve anything of importance. The rebels plundered some of the loyal
+inhabitants, seized one or two small provision sloops and captured
+several prisoners, including the Rev. John Eagleson, acting chaplain
+of the garrison. All attempts to take the fort were futile, and the
+arrival of Major Batt and Captain Studholme with reinforcement from
+Windsor rendered Eddy's situation exceedingly precarious. On the 28th
+November his forces were utterly routed by Major Batt and hastily
+retired to the River St. John. They suffered great hardships on the
+way and arrived at that place in a very miserable condition. Unwelcome
+as they had proved to the people of Portland Point on the occasion of
+their advance they were still more unwelcome visitors on their return.
+In their forlorn condition Hazen, Simonds and White were obliged to
+furnish them with provisions and supplies in order to keep them from
+plundering their houses and stores. All that the trading company
+obtained in return was a bill of exchange on the Massachusetts
+congress, which probably was never paid:
+
+  "Gentlemen,--At sight of this our second Bill (first of same tenor
+  and date not paid) please to pay to Messrs. William Hazen, James
+  Simonds and James White, or order, forty-one Spanish milled
+  Dollars for value received of them.
+
+  EZEKIEL FOSTER, Lt.,
+  EDMUND STEVENS, Capt.,
+  DAVID PRESCOTT, Lt.,
+  DANIEL MESERVY, Lt.
+
+  Portland, Nova Scotia, December 14th, 1776.
+
+  To the Honorable Council of Massachusetts State.
+
+  [102] A pretty full account of the siege of Fort Cumberland will be
+        found in the Canadian Archives for 1894, pp. 355-366. Other
+        particulars are to be found in Kidder's Military Operations in
+        Eastern Maine and Nova Scotia, pp. 67-74.
+
+James White says the supplies furnished to Prescott & Co., were
+regarded as for the common cause and benefit to get rid of a needy
+lawless banditti.
+
+On the 10th February ensuing General Massey wrote to the secretary of
+State that Eddy, Rogers, Allen and Howe were at the River St. John
+preparing with the Indians for attacks on various points in the
+Spring. To counteract the designs of Eddy and his associates Colonel
+Michael Francklin was appointed Superintendent of Indian affairs about
+this time.
+
+Early in May, 1777, a serious attempt was made by John Allan to
+establish a trading post for the Indians on the River St. John. James
+Simonds proceeded via Windsor to Halifax, and reported the matter to
+the civil and military authorities. Lieut.-Governor Arbuthnot at once
+sent Colonel Arthur Goold and an armed party, commanded by Major
+Studholme, to investigate, and on their arrival at St. John the
+Machias rebels promptly decamped. On the 9th May Goold wrote a letter
+to the inhabitants of the townships up the river stating that the
+government of Nova Scotia was well informed of their treasonable
+doings, and that the tenure of their present possessions was due to
+the clemency of "the most just, generous and best of Princes." He
+informed them that his object was to effect a reconciliation for them
+with Government, and added that while he came to them with the olive
+branch of peace, in the event of a refusal of his overtures an armed
+force would follow and employ a very different argument.
+
+A meeting was immediately held at Maugerville, and in reply to Goold a
+letter was sent "by order of the body of the inhabitants assembled,"
+written and signed in their behalf by Israel Perley. In this letter
+the inhabitants aver "that their greatest desire hath ever been to
+live in peace under good and wholesome laws," and they declare
+themselves "ready to attend to any conditions of lenity and oblivion
+that may be held out to them."
+
+Colonel Goold in his reply expresses his pleasure at the unanimity of
+their resolution to observe loyalty and obedience to the government
+under which they lived and his surprise that they should suffer a few
+incendiaries to disturb the public tranquillity. He hoped the word
+"Committee" had nothing so terrible in its sound as to frighten a
+majority of the loyal people. "Why not," he says, "form a Committee in
+favor of Government and see which is strongest? I will throw myself
+into your scale and make no doubt but we shall soon over balance these
+mighty Law-givers."
+
+On the afternoon of May 13, two of John Allan's lieutenants, William
+Howe and John Preble, arrived at Manawagonish Cove[103] in a whale
+boat, not knowing of the presence of a British sloop of war at St.
+John. Captain Featus, the commander of the "Vulture," promptly
+dispatched a boat to the place and took their whale boat, but Howe and
+Preble and their party fled to the woods and eventually got back to
+Machias. The captain of the "Vulture" also intercepted two schooners
+laden with supplies for the proposed Indian "Truck House."
+
+  [103] Commonly called Mahogany Cove, about three miles to the west of
+        the harbor of St. John.
+
+Evidently there was a lack of harmony and mutual confidence among
+the inhabitants of Maugerville at this time, for on the 16th May
+they wrote to Colonel Goold a letter in which, after representing
+their recent conduct in the best light they could and admitting
+that they had acted in opposition to this Majesty's Government, they
+say: "As your honor is pleased to tell us that you bring the Olive
+Branch of Peace we humbly crave the benefit, and as we were
+jointly concerned in the first transgressions we now humbly
+request that no distinction may be made as to a pardon, there
+being in this place as in all others private prejudices and
+contentions, and perhaps some persons may avail themselves of this
+opportunity to got revenge by representing their private enemies
+as the greatest enemies of Government. We earnestly request no such
+complaint may prevail upon your Honor to make any distinction with
+regard to any person, on the River, and we beg your Honor's answer
+to this petition from your Honor's most humble servants.
+
+    [Signed]. Israel Perley, Seth Noble, Jonathan Burpee, Elisha
+Nevers, junr."
+
+In reply to the letter, from which the foregoing is taken, Colonel
+Goold said that his ears would be shut to all insinuations as to the
+honesty of their submission, that their letter "seems to breathe the
+sentiments of a sincere repentance for inconsiderate follies past" and
+that he had not the least doubt it would meet with as favorable a
+reception as they could desire.
+
+In spite of Goold's tact and diplomacy there were a few irreconcilables,
+and on the 19th of May he wrote from Maugerville to Major Studholme, who
+had remained with the troops at the mouth of the river:
+
+  "As notwithstanding every measure which I have taken to reclaim
+  some of the principal people concerned in the late defection,
+  amounting to rebellion, on this river has proved fruitless, and
+  they still continue obstinately bent on quitting their houses and
+  families rather than submit to his Majesty's gracious offers of
+  clemency, I think it my duty to give you their names--Seth Noble,
+  Elisha Nevers, Jacob Barker--that you may act upon the occasion
+  agreeable to the orders you may have received from Major General
+  Massey."
+
+Colonel Goold administered the oath of allegiance to all but a few of
+the people and, as his last word, charged them on no account to suffer
+those who inconveniently absented themselves from accepting the
+proposals of the Lieutenant Governor to return to their habitations
+without first proceeding to Halifax to beg pardon for their past
+behaviour. "I have nothing more to observe to you," he adds, "but that
+you are not to pay any more respect to those Gentlemen, who lately
+styled themselves your rulers, than to every other common member of
+the community."
+
+On his return to Halifax, Col. Goold reported to Lt.-Gov'r Arbuthnot
+that the inhabitants at the River St. John had cheerfully taken the
+oath of allegiance, after delivering up two pieces of ordnance,
+formerly concealed by the French inhabitants.
+
+While he was at the River St. John Goold had an interview with the
+Indians and made a speech to them in French, which seems to have
+produced a strong impression. Eight of the chiefs and captains swore
+allegiance to King George the Third in the name of their tribe, and
+had they been let alone by Allan it is probable the Indians would have
+given no further trouble to the Government or Nova Scotia. Colonel
+Goold regarded his arrival as opportune as Allan, Howe and others from
+Machias were assembled "to play the same game as last year." Before he
+left the river he addressed a letter to the Indians in French,
+promising that he would represent to Lieut. Governor Arbuthnot their
+great desire to have a priest, and expressing his confidence that they
+might have Mons'r. Bourg, then stationed at the Bay of Chaleur, who
+would be put on the same footing as their late missionary Bailly.
+
+John Allan was altogether too determined a man to abandon the struggle
+for supremacy on the St. John without another attempt. He learned on
+the 29th of May that the "Vulture" had returned to Annapolis and he
+set out the very next day from Machias with a party of 43 men in four
+whale boats and four birch canoes. At Passamaquoddy he met with some
+encouragement and thirteen canoes joined the flotilla, which proceeded
+on to Musquash Cove, where they arrived on the evening of the 1st of
+June. Having ascertained that there were no hostile vessels at St.
+John harbor, Allan sent one of his captains named West with a party to
+seize Messrs. Hazen, Simonds and White. The party landed at
+Manawagonish Cove and marched through the woods to the St. John river
+above the falls, crossing in canoes to the east side of the river and
+landing at what is now Indiantown. Proceeding on through scrubby woods
+and over rough limestone they reached Portland Point undiscovered and
+took William Hazen and James White prisoners. James Simonds and Israel
+Perley had accompanied Col. Goold to Halifax, and in this way Mr.
+Simonds escaped capture, but it seems that a little later he was not
+so fortunate. There was now no good will between the people of
+Portland Point and their neighbors to the west. Allan states in his
+journal "Hazen and Simonds jeered our officers, saying that they made
+breastworks of women and children." Tradition has it that on one
+occasion James Simonds told a party of marauders who had come to
+pillage that they would never dare to face the King's soldiers for
+their blood was nothing but molasses and water.
+
+Leaving a guard of sixty men at the mouth of the river under Capt.
+West, the rest of the invaders proceeded up the river taking their
+prisoners with them. West and his party took possession of Woodman's
+store and buildings opposite Indiantown and occupied them for
+barracks. Allan directed them "To range the woods from Hazen's across
+the river above the falls round to the Old Fort," and in accordance
+with his instructions, the party came over every day to the Portland
+shore in order to capture any vessel that might enter the harbor and
+to prevent the landing of marines or seamen from any British man of
+war.
+
+Allan in his diary gives an account of his trip up the St. John, which
+is of much local interest. He claims that the majority of the
+settlers, despite their late submission to Colonel Goold, were
+friendly to the American cause, although some were "great Zealots for
+Britain." Gervas Say and Lewis Mitchell are said to have been
+instrumental in bringing Col. Goold to the river, and Allan endeavored
+to seize them. Mitchell's influence was feared on account of his being
+of "an insinuating turn, particularly among the French and Indians."
+Mitchell was captured by strategy at his house above Grimross, but a
+few days later he "made his elopement" and with the assistance of
+other loyalists was not long in bringing a hornet's nest about the
+ears of his captors.
+
+On the 5th of June, 1777, John Allan and his party arrived at the
+Indian village of Aukpaque where forty or fifty Indians arrayed in war
+costume of paint and feathers fired a salute of welcome. The visitors
+responded and in order still further to impress the Indians landed
+their two cannon and discharged them. Allan says that he found several
+of the Indian captains were vastly fond of Colonel Goold and seemed
+undetermined what to do. The inclinations of the head chiefs were
+diverse. Ambroise St. Aubin favored the Americans but Pierre Tomah,
+the head chief, inclined the other way. Allan, knowing full well by
+experience as an Indian trader the weak points of Indian character,
+flattered them, appealed to their cupidity, promised them presents and
+supplies at the trading posts he was about to establish, recalled the
+days when they regarded the French as their brothers affirming he had
+come to do them justice with the same authority Monsieur Boishebert
+had exercised in the French time. He was formally admitted into their
+tribe and as they had then no missionary the priest's house, adjoining
+the chapel, was placed at his disposal. During the next four weeks
+there were formal conferences with the Indians with the usual
+harangues, exchange of wampum belts and other ceremonies, in all of
+which the American agent appeared to advantage. The chiefs made quite
+a grand appearance on these occasions, particularly Ambroise St.
+Aubin, who was attired in blue Persian silk coat, embroidered crimson
+silk waistcoat, scarlet knee breeches and gold lace hat with white
+cockade. In the intervals between the formal conferences Allan visited
+the various wig-wams exercising his powers of persuasion. Messengers
+were sent up the river to invite delegates from Medoctec and Madawaska
+and they were not long in coming when they learned that Allan had a
+quantity of supplies and presents at his disposal. The Madawaska
+delegates arrived on the 20th of June in three birch canoes; in their
+party were seven chiefs and captains, one of whom had lately assumed
+the name of Washington. Allan wrote to Boston that he needed an
+abundance of things sent him as he had been forced to be very lavish
+in his dealings with the Indians. In the same letter he says of the
+white inhabitants on the river: "I am sorry to say that the people
+have not acted with that spirit that becomes the subjects of Liberty.
+Much division has been among them * * and having no encouragement of
+success from the Westward and being surprised so suddenly by Col.
+Goold the whole gave up and are now become the subjects of Britain.
+The greatest part, I believe, is as zealous as ever and it is their
+earnest desire that a sufficient force be sent from the continent."
+
+William Hazen and James White had been left by Col. Allan prisoners on
+parole at the mouth of the river but a little later they were brought
+up the river to Aukpaque by Capt. Preble. James White's long
+acquaintance with the Indians gave him an influence which Allan seems
+to have feared, for after they had been with him a week he issued the
+following order:--
+
+  "Wednesday, June 18, 1777, Prisoners Hazen and White are to mess
+  by themselves for the future, not any of our people to join
+  them."
+
+The very next day they were sent to the mouth of the river again and
+placed in charge of Capt. West and his party.
+
+After the arrival of the Indian delegates from Medoctec and Madawaska
+a general conference was held at Aukpaque, and it was agreed "that
+peace and friendship be now established permanent and lasting between
+the United States and the several tribes"; also that a truck house be
+established by John Preble where the Indians should obtain good prices
+for their furs.
+
+The account of John Allan's doings at Aukpaque, as found in the diary
+kept by his lieutenant, Frederick Delesderniers, is very interesting
+reading. It is apparent to one who reads between the lines that Allan
+felt he was engaged in a game at which two could play, and he feared
+the outcome. In spite of his zealous efforts and apparent success he
+was suspicious of his native allies. He complains that the impression
+Colonel Goold had made seemed to occasion in them an unsteady conduct,
+so much so that notwithstanding their fair speeches, he at times
+thought that they would desert him after all. He was the more uneasy
+when informed by Israel Perley, on his return from Halifax, that the
+government of Nova Scotia had appointed so competent a man as Col.
+Michael Francklin agent of Indian affairs.
+
+As soon as the authorities at Halifax were informed of Allan's
+expedition and of what was going on at the River St. John they sent
+the warship "Mermaid" and the sloops "Vulture" and "Hope" with a
+detachment of troops under Major Studholme to put a stop to the
+proceedings. Allan's force at the mouth of the river consisted of
+about sixty men under command of Captains West and Dyer. The "Vulture"
+arrived on June 23rd and an attempt was made to land a party of troops
+at Portland Point, but being fired upon by the enemy and having no
+exact information as to their strength, nothing further was attempted
+until the arrival of the other ships. Allan says "The 'Vulture'
+anchored within cannon shot of Simonds[104] where our party lay."
+
+  [104] That is Simonds house at Portland Point.
+
+On the morning, of the 30th of June about 120 men under command of
+Major Studholme left the ships in eight barges and landed at "Mahogany
+bay," opposite the house of Samuel Peabody. They marched thence
+through the woods two and a half miles in the direction of the falls.
+Near what is now called Fairville, Studholme encountered about 40 men
+under Captain West and a sharp conflict ensued in which several were
+killed on both sides. The American invaders were soon put to flight
+and retired with great precipitation. It is said that one poor fellow
+climbed into a tree and might have escaped, but the cracking of a
+branch betrayed his hiding place, and a soldier "dropped him like a
+little carrier pigeon." The next day Colonel Francklin arrived from
+Windsor with about 150 troops and militia.
+
+Finding Studholme in hot pursuit West and his men ascended the
+Oromocto and crossing to the head waters of the Maguadavic managed to
+reach Machias. They had little or no provisions and endured almost
+intolerable hardships. When tidings of the disaster were brought to
+Aukpaque all was consternation. Pierre Tomah and some of the Indians
+were disposed to listen to the overtures of Michael Francklin, but
+Ambroise St. Aubin and the others were of a contrary mind.
+
+The approach of the British filled the Indians with serious alarm, and
+this Allan did not try to allay, his greatest fear being that Pierre
+Tomah, "always considered a Tory," might induce the majority to make
+terms with the English. He succeeded in persuading the Indians that
+their safest course was to retire with him, assuring them that the
+Americans would shortly regain possession of the river, and that the
+Massachusetts government would provide for them and in the end reward
+them for their fidelity. The Indians resolved to accompany Allan to
+Machias. They abandoned their cornfields, took down their chapel bell
+and moved across the river to the mouth of the Keswick. A conference
+was held with the Indians in Mazroles's barn on Sunday, July 6th, at
+which Delesderniere says Colonel Allan made a very moving speech. The
+same night Allan's men were surprised at Aukpaque by a British
+detachment who secured the baggage, provisions, cannon and arms they
+had in charge. The party had separated and gone to various French
+houses in the vicinity that they might not crowd one another,
+otherwise they must inevitably have all been taken. According to
+Delesderniers' story the French did all they could to save Allan's men
+and for recompense had their houses pillaged and burned and some of
+themselves made prisoners by the English. It was reported that the
+English soldiers had expressed their determination to follow Allan to
+the gates of hell to take him--they would at least follow to Medoctec.
+All this time Pierre Tomah was trying to make terms with the British
+and was much dejected that he could not carry his tribe with him.
+
+Allan now donned the garb of an Indian chief, resolved to wear it to
+Machias. On his arrival at Medoctec he was in such a sorry plight that
+he wrote to his friends "I am at present destitute of everything, I am
+forced to put up with the fare the Indians can provide. I must again
+implore some help for the Indians; I am still suspicious if I leave
+them they will turn."
+
+Arrived at the old historic village of Medoctec (eight miles below the
+modern town of Woodstock) John Allan and his dusky companions did not
+long hesitate what course to pursue. Two Indian scouts sent down the
+river quickly returned with information that the English had given up
+the chase of West and his party, who fled by way of the Oromocto
+river, and were on their way to Medoctec in pursuit of Allan. This
+decided the Indians to proceed at once to Machias. The exodus was a
+remarkable one even for so migratory a people as the Maliseets. On
+Sunday, July 13th, a party of about 480 Indians--men, women and
+children--embarked in 128 canoes. The journey to Machias occupied
+three weeks and the party had a sorry time of it. The midsummer heat
+was excessive, the mosquitoes abundant, provisions scanty and the
+lowness of the streams greatly retarded the progress of the canoes. At
+each of the carrying places along the route a lively scene presented
+itself. "It is incredible," says Delesderniers in his diary, "what
+difficulties the Indians undergo in this troublesome time when so many
+families are obliged to fly with precipitation rather than become
+friends to the tyrant of Britain. Some backing their aged parents,
+others their maimed and decrepid brethern, the old women leading the
+young children, mothers carrying their infants, together with great
+loads of baggage. As to the canoes the men make it a play to carry
+them across." The Indians after a time became impatient and desirous
+to return. They represented to Allan that they had abandoned the
+fertile banks of the St. John, their cornfields and hunting grounds
+for his sake, and requested that the Americans would vigorously exert
+themselves to take possession of and fortify that river, promising
+that they would assist in an expedition to gain and hold it or lose
+their lives in the attempt.
+
+Allan's enthusiasm over the spirit displayed by the Indians and their
+loyalty to him as their leader was somewhat dampened by their alarming
+consumption of his provisions and supplies, which he was obliged to
+dispense with a free hand or run the chance of their leaving him.
+
+The account of Colonel John Allan's operations on the River St. John
+given in the former part of this chapter may be supplemented by
+Colonel Michael Francklin's official report to the Governor of Canada,
+Sir Guy Carleton, which follows:
+
+  Nova Scotia, River St. John,
+      Maugerville, 23d July, 1777.
+
+  Sir,--The Continental Congress having by their Emissarys taken
+  every method to alienate the affection of the savages of this
+  Province from His Majesty so far prevailed as to induce part of
+  the Tribes of this River, Passamaquoddie and Penobscott to
+  associate last Fall with a few banditti from the eastern parts of
+  New England, who together with some of our Provincial Rebels
+  plundered the peaceable inhabitants of the County of Cumberland,
+  seized upon the King's provision vessels, and presumed to invest
+  Fort Cumberland, but were finally defeated by His Majesty's Troops
+  under the command of Major Batt of the Royal Fencible American
+  Regt.
+
+  Since last Fall a John Allan, late an Inhabitant of this Province,
+  has been appointed by the General Congress agent to the Indians,
+  and the beginning of June entered the River with Two pieces of
+  cannon and about 120 Rebels, who were to be followed by a more
+  considerable body. These Rebels were defeated the 30th of June at
+  the mouth of the River by the King's Troops under the command of
+  Brigade Major Studholme, sent by Major General Massey. The day
+  following I arrived in a civil capacity with about 150 Troops and
+  militia from Windsor. These Rebels in their flight have been
+  obliged to divide, one part passing over our western Boundary at
+  about twenty miles from the sea, but Allan with the other part
+  have been pursued up this river more than 120 miles and have
+  retired from Medoctic by way of Penobscott. This last party were
+  joined by Ambrose St. Auban, an Indian Chief, and some others whom
+  I could not possibly draw off frown assisting the enemy, without
+  whose aid they must have perished, having lost their little
+  baggage, provisions, cannon and arms by one of our detachments
+  falling on them on the 6th instant at Augpeake, ninety miles up
+  this river. We are friendly with Pierre Toma, the other Indian
+  chief, and part of the savages, and hostilities have not even been
+  committed by us against the others.
+
+  "I have been particular that you Excellency may know our
+  situation. An Indian war is of all others the most to be
+  dreaded by this Government from the scattered situation of our
+  settlements, and a word from your Excellency to the savages of
+  this River, Passamaquoddie and Penobscott, sent by some of your
+  well affected Indian Chiefs of the neighborhood of Quebec may
+  have a very great weight with them and prevent much ruin and
+  expense.
+
+    "I have the honor to be, with respect,
+        Your Excellency's most obedient and most humble servant,
+
+      MICH. FRANCKLIN."
+
+The hint contained in the last paragraph of Francklin's letter
+evidently was not lost upon Sir Guy Carleton, for later on, deputies
+from the Ottawas, Hurons, Algonquins, and other nations of Canada
+arrived at the River St. John and ordered the Micmacs and Maliseets to
+withdraw from the Americans and to remain quiet otherwise they would
+declare war against them. Upon receipt of this message, Francklin
+says, the Indians almost universally withdrew from Machias and
+remained tranquil to the close of the war. But this is anticipating
+the course of events.
+
+Michael Francklin, though a native of the South of England, was
+admirably fitted for the position of superintendent of Indian affairs
+in Nova Scotia. He was at one time a captive with the Indians and had
+learned their language and customs. He was also conversant with the
+French tongue and this gave him still greater influence.
+
+Unfortunately for the settlers at the mouth of the river a garrison
+was not left there for their protection by Francklin and Studholme,
+and as soon as the English ships departed Portland and Conway were as
+defenceless as ever. Privateers again appeared. The people were robbed
+and maltreated so that many were compelled to abandon their homes and
+seek refuge up the river.
+
+Late in the autumn of this year an American sloop carrying eight guns
+entered St. John Harbor. Her captain, who bore the singular name A.
+Greene Crabtree, proved the most unwelcome and rapacious visitor that
+had yet appeared. Many of the settlers fled to the woods to escape the
+vandalism of his crew. From the store at Portland Point 21 boat loads
+of goods were taken. The plunder included a lot of silver ornaments,
+fuzees and other articles left by the Indians as pledges for their
+debts.[105]
+
+  [105] Some of the Indian pledges were valuable. Wm. Hazen says
+        that among the articles that escaped the notice of the
+        privateers-men on this occasion were eight silver arm
+        clasps, two of which he afterwards sold for L4.
+
+John Allan seems to have had doubts as to whether this kind of thing
+came within the pale of civilized warfare, for in a letter written at
+Machias, November 18, 1777, he says:
+
+  "Capt. A. Greene Crabtree arrived here yesterday. He has been to
+  the mouth of the St. John's where he found a Truck House erected
+  by the Britons under the care of Messrs. Hazen, White and Simonds.
+  He took everything of their property only. Also all the Indian
+  Pledges he has bro't and delivered me, expecting some payment. I
+  cannot say how far this was legal for a Privateer, but I am
+  extremely glad it is done."
+
+The situation at the mouth of the St. John had now become intolerable;
+the inhabitants were well nigh beggared and the end of their trials
+apparently had not yet been reached. William Hazen therefore
+proceeded to Windsor and urgently demanded protection. Col. Small, of
+the Royal Highland Emigrants, went with him to Halifax and by their
+united efforts the authorities were convinced of the necessity for
+immediate action. A considerable body of troops was ordered to St.
+John with directions to either repair Fort Frederick or to build a
+new fort as might seem most desirable. General Massey's choice of
+Gilfred Studholme as commander of the expedition was a wise one. He
+was not only a brave and capable officer but his former experience
+as commander of the Fort Frederick garrison, and his intimate
+knowledge of the River St. John and its inhabitants--Whites and
+Indians--rendered him peculiarly fitted for the task to which he was
+appointed.
+
+We come now to consider the circumstances under which Fort Howe was
+built.
+
+[Illustration: FORT HOWE IN 1781]
+
+Lieut.-Governor Arbuthnot wrote to the Secretary of State, Lord George
+Germaine, on the 11th October, 1777, that in consequence of frequent
+attacks on the settlements on the St. John river by the Machias rebels
+he had requested Brig.-Gen. Massey to establish a fortified post at
+the mouth of that river with a garrison of fifty men; this with the
+aid of a British frigate he thought would secure the inhabitants from
+further molestation, and prevent the Americans from occupying the
+post, an object they had long coveted. In the latter part of November,
+Brigade Major Studholme was sent to St. John with fifty picked men, a
+framed block-house and four six-pounders. The small force was brought
+in a sloop of war, which remained in the harbor for their protection
+till the next spring.
+
+Studholme at first thought of restoring Fort Frederick, which the
+rebels had burned the year before, but in the end it was decided to
+erect a new fortification on the commanding site since known as Fort
+Howe. The lateness of the season rendered it necessary for the
+garrison to lose no time. They set to work vigorously and with the
+assistance of the inhabitants erected the blockhouses, threw up the
+necessary defences, and were in snug winter quarters ere the cold
+weather set in.
+
+The accompanying illustration is taken from a sketch of Fort Howe in
+1781 by Capt. Benjamin Marston on board his vessel the "Brittania",
+which was then lying at anchor in the harbor; the original is believed
+to be the only representation of Fort Howe before the arrival of the
+Loyalists that is in existence.
+
+Colonel Robert Morse of the Royal Engineers thus describes the fort as
+he saw it in 1783:--
+
+  "This little work was erected in the course of the late war in
+  preference to repairing a small square fort thrown up during the
+  former war [Fort Frederick] the position of the latter being low
+  and commanded, and not so well situated for the protection of the
+  houses built in the cod of the bay, where two or three persons
+  lived of a company to whom a large tract of land had been granted
+  and who carried on a considerable trade with the Indians and
+  persons settled up the river. The ridge upon which the new fort
+  stands was offered by them and a work in which there are eight
+  pieces of cannon, barracks for 100 men, and a small block-house
+  was accordingly erected, together with a larger block-house at the
+  other end of the ridge. The block-houses remain, but the work,
+  which was composed of fascines and sods, is falling down, and the
+  ridge on which it stands is too narrow to admit of any useful
+  works being constructed upon it."
+
+The armament of Fort Howe, according to Col. Morse, consisted of 2
+five and a half inch brass mortars, and 8 iron guns; the latter
+comprising 2 eighteen-pounders, 4 six-pounders, and 2 four-pounders.
+In the barracks were twelve rooms for the officers and accommodation
+for 100 men.
+
+The guns of Fort Howe would be no better than pop-guns in modern
+warfare. Indeed they appear never to have been fired upon an invader.
+On Royal anniversaries and in honor of national victories they
+thundered forth a salute from their iron throats, and we may believe
+that on the ever memorable 18th of May, 1783, they gave a right royal
+welcome to the Loyalist founders of the City of St. John.
+
+Scarcely had Major Studholme got his defences in order at Fort Howe,
+when the old Machias pirate, A. Greene Crabtree, reappeared upon the
+scene. He had disposed of his former booty and returned to complete
+the work of destruction. In order to accomplish his design he landed a
+party from his eight-gun vessel at Manawagonish, and proceeded through
+the woods intending to surprise the settlement at Portland Point; but
+in this case the surprise was his own. The sight of the British flag
+waving from the ramparts of Fort Howe was quite sufficient; he showed
+no inclination to try the mettle of Studholme's garrison, and beat a
+hasty retreat.
+
+General Massey, who had sent Studholme's party to St. John, was of the
+opinion that a rigorous policy should be set on foot against the
+privateers, and in a letter to Lord Germaine laments that Arbuthnot
+did not command the naval squadron. "If he did," he says, "these
+trifling pirates could not appear on the coast without meeting their
+deserved fate." In the course of the next summer Captain Fielding
+succeeded in destroying six privateers in the space of three weeks
+time, and this served to render the Bay of Fundy coast a little more
+secure. But already much damage had been inflicted. In the township
+of Conway, on the west side of St. John harbor, the settlers had been
+obliged to abandon their homes. Daniel and Jonathan Leavitt built
+small houses in Carleton near old Fort Frederick, where they were
+under the protection of Fort Howe. Messrs. Samuel Peabody, Gervas Say,
+Elijah Estabrooks, James Woodman, Thomas Jenkins, Zebedee Ring, John
+Bradley, John Jones and Peter Smith were so harrassed "by the
+continual robberies of the Rebel boats" that they were compelled to
+move up the river to escape the dangers of their exposed situation.
+
+James Simonds also decided to change his residence at this time, and
+in the month of May (1778) he removed his effects and placed them on
+board a small vessel, lying above the falls, and with his family
+proceeded sixty miles up the river to a tract of land in the parish of
+Sheffield, which he had purchased of Charles Morris. The property
+comprised about 2,000 acres, but at the time of Mr. Simonds' arrival
+not a single tree had been cut upon it. He built a small log house on
+the bank of the river just above Loder's Creek as a shelter for his
+young and helpless family, and here they were destined to spend the
+next nine years of their lives. He left to Lemuel Cleveland the care
+of his house at Portland Point, and leased all his lands and buildings
+at the mouth of the river to Major Studholme for L60 per annum.
+
+The presence of the garrison at Fort Howe did not entirely prevent the
+Machias marauders from interfering with the loyal inhabitants of St.
+John, and Messrs. Hazen and White arranged with John Curry of
+Campobello to give them warning whenever possible of any danger that
+might threaten from the direction of Machias.
+
+John Curry was a native of Ireland. He came to Passamaquoddy about
+1770, settled there and was appointed a justice of the peace in 1774.
+He was a man of intelligence and ability, but apparently had not
+enjoyed the advantages of a liberal education. He had himself several
+encounters with the privateers. In 1778 his house was plundered while
+he was absent, and many of his possessions carried off, including the
+records of the Court of General Sessions of the Peace of Passamaquoddy
+district, which met on the island of Campobello. Curry was an Indian
+trader and during the Revolution received supplies from Hazen and
+White. The following letter is of interest in this connection:--
+
+  "Campobello, July, 1781.
+
+  "Gentlemen,--Things here is much more peasable than I expected:
+  the Indians appear very friendly which I think deters others from
+  committing aney depredations in the neighbourhood. Have disposed
+  of all the Goods I brought home and want the remainder of my Goods
+  much, therefore if Hutchins and Archibald's sloops is got to St.
+  Johns beg you would desire them to proceed hear immediately, as I
+  want to dispose of the Goods while the Weather is calme. * *
+  Please send me a cask of flower as Bread begins to grow scarce:
+  pray Hurrey Archibald along and tell him to come in the Night
+  least sum Thiefe Should Bee lurking about the harbor."
+
+A few months later Mr. Curry again wrote to his friends to warn them
+of impending danger:
+
+  Campobello, March 22, 1782.
+
+  "Gentlemen,--In my last I Refur'd you to Major Studholme for sum
+  inteligeance which was this: there is a small privateer at Machias
+  that I expect will sale every day. She is own'd and man'd by a
+  parcle of Cumberland Refugees who is determined to suply
+  themselves with Beef for use of the Crue at your expence by
+  privately going to the Marsh (at St. John) and killing your
+  Cattle. You may look for them every day after you receive this:
+  they are bound up ye Bay a plundering. Take care of yourselves and
+  pray keep this a profound secret."
+
+[Illustration: Signature of Major G. Studholme]
+
+The comparative security enjoyed by the people living on the River St.
+John after the erection of Fort Howe was largely due to the ability
+and zeal displayed by Major Gilfred Studholme. It is to be regretted
+that no portrait of this really eminent man is in existence, a
+fac-simile of his signature is given.[106] He was a native of Ireland
+where has family owned a considerable estate. On the 22nd November,
+1756, he was commissioned an ensign in the 27th Foot, and embarked at
+Cork for Halifax in May following. He was commissioned Lieutenant in
+the 40th Foot November 10, 1761, and it was as an officer of this
+regiment he commanded the garrison at Fort Frederick. He was
+transferred to the 24th Foot, September 1, 1771, and temporarily
+retired from active service July 16, 1774. When the American
+Revolution broke out he offered his services and was appointed captain
+in Governor Legge's "Loyal Nova Scotia Volunteers," but was afterwards
+transferred to the command of a company in the Royal Fencible American
+regiment under Lieut. Col. Joseph Goreham. He served with credit at
+Fort Cumberland, sharing in the spirited attack of Major Batt, in
+which the beseigers under Eddy were driven off in great disorder and
+compelled to retire to the River St. John. The next summer Studholme
+drove John Allan from the St. John.
+
+  [106] The memory of Gilfred Studholme is preserved in Guilford
+        (properly Gilfred) street in Carleton. For some years
+        Charlotte street in St. John was called Studholme street. A
+        parish of Kings County also bears his name.
+
+Lieut.-Governor Arbuthnot wrote Lord Germaine that the establishment
+of a fortified post at St. John was a necessity since it was a place
+coveted by the rebels, who wished to settle the river with people of
+rebellious principles after removing the inhabitants who were loyal
+subjects. It was at his request and that of the inhabitants at St.
+John that General Massey sent Major Studholme with fifty picked men to
+take post there, and although it was reported that John Allan had five
+hundred men at Machias, the general had no apprehension as to
+Studholme's ability to maintain his post. General Massey wrote Lord
+Germaine on the 13th of March, 1778, that he continued to hear from
+Major Studholme every fortnight--that Fort Howe was perfectly secure.
+Some weeks later, however, on learning that a large force was
+assembling at Machias, he sent a reinforcement which arrived safely.
+
+By the joint efforts of the garrison and of the inhabitants it was not
+long before Fort Howe was in a fairly good state of defence, barracks
+were built, with signal station adjoining, also a blockhouse at
+the east end of the ridge. These are shown in the illustration
+below.[107]
+
+  [107] This illustration is made from a water color sketch in the
+        possession of Mrs. William Hazen--the oldest known picture of
+        Saint John. The sketch was taken from a point about the site
+        of the deBury residence south of St. Luke's Church. It dates
+        about the year 1818.
+
+Small as were the numbers of the Indians--perhaps not more than 500
+warriors in all Acadia--they were capable of devastating remote
+settlements and of creating general uneasiness and alarm.
+
+[Illustration: Fort Howe in 1818]
+
+Rumors now began to prevail of an Indian uprising. John Allan
+contrived after his flight to Machias to keep in touch with the
+Indians of the River St. John and sent emissaries among them, who were
+very liberal in their promises of rewards, and who assured the savages
+that their old father the King of France had now joined hands with the
+Americans against the English.
+
+Michael Francklin now began to act with vigor in the capacity of
+Superintendent of Indian affairs, and in consequence of his
+representations Lieut. Gov'r. Hughes sent to the Bay of Chaleur for
+the missionary Bourg to come and use his influence with the savages.
+He also wrote a letter to James White, appointing him his deputy on
+the River St. John:--
+
+  "Windsor, 23d July, 1778.
+
+  "Sir,--Upon the Recommendation of Major Studholme & from what I
+  know of your zeal to serve Government and from your knowledge &
+  acquaintance with the Indians of the River St. John and its
+  environs, I do hereby authorize and appoint you to act as my
+  Deputy at and in the neighborhood of the said River St. John. You
+  will therefore take under your care the said Indians and inform me
+  from time to time of their wants and wishes, and what measures you
+  conceive may at any time be adopted to promote his Majesty's
+  interest to the end they may not be led astray by the machinations
+  and devices of his Majesty's rebellious subjects or other of the
+  King's enemies. But in all your proceedings you are to consult
+  with and follow the advice of Major Studholme who will be so
+  obliging as to supply them, at your request, now and then with
+  some provisions, but sparingly & when they shall be in absolute
+  want of them.
+
+  "I have no salary to give or promise you, but as I have made a
+  strong representation to the King's minister of the necessity of a
+  fund to defray the necessary expenses, if my representation shall
+  be approved you may depend that I shall not fail of providing you
+  with an annual allowance. You will not fail writing me by all
+  opportunities. I am sir,
+
+  "Your most humble servant,
+      "Mich. Francklin.
+
+  "James White, Esq.
+
+A crisis now rapidly developed. John Allan prevailed on the Indians to
+return the British flag to Fort Howe and to send in a declaration of
+war. The Indians even went so far as to take several English vessels
+and to commit other acts of hostility.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXV.
+
+THE GREAT INDIAN POW-WOW AT FORT HOWE, AND ITS CONSEQUENCES.
+
+
+The establishment of Fort Howe rendered the situation of the people at
+the mouth of the St. John comparatively secure, but the following
+summer was a very anxious and trying time to those who lived in the
+townships up the river. The Indians were restless and dissatisfied.
+They complained bitterly of being left without a missionary, and it
+was in vain that Lieut. Gov. Arbuthnot and Colonel Franklin endeavored
+to keep them in good temper by promising that a missionary would be
+sent them immediately.
+
+Most of the settlers in the townships were natives of New England, and
+the threatened Indian uprising was particularly terrifying to them on
+account of their forefathers' familiarity with the horrors of savage
+warfare. The Indians were supposed to be hostile only to those who
+were in opposition to American Independence, but it was felt that they
+would not be very nice in their distinctions if they once took the war
+path, and that the Whig might fare little better than the Tory.
+
+The Indians had probably some grievances, but it is evident that the
+real disturbing influence emanated, as usual, from Machias. John Allan
+in his zeal for the conquest of Nova Scotia was determined to make
+every use of his Indian allies in order, if possible, to drive all
+English sympathizers from the St. John river. The formal declaration
+of war sent to Major Studholme was his composition. It was approved by
+the Maliseets at Machias and then forwarded to Aukpaque and after
+approval by the Indians there sent to Studholme at Fort Howe. The
+document read as follows:
+
+  "To the British Commanding Officer at the mouth of the River St.
+  John's:
+
+  "The Chiefs, Sachems and young men belonging to the River St.
+  John's have duly considered the nature of this Great War between
+  America and Old England. They are unanimous that America is right
+  and Old England is wrong. The River on which you are with your
+  soldiers belongs from the most ancient times to our Ancestors,
+  consequently is ours now, and which we are bound to keep for our
+  posterity. You know we are Americans and that this is our Native
+  Country: you know the King of England with his evil councillors
+  has been trying to take away the Lands and Libertys of our
+  Country, but God the King of Heaven, our King, fights for us and
+  says America shall be free. It is so now in spite of all Old
+  England and his Comrades can do.
+
+  "The great men of Old England in this country told us that the
+  Americans would not let us enjoy our religion; this is false, not
+  true, for America allows everybody to pray to God as they please;
+  you know Old England never would allow that, but says you must all
+  pray like the king and the great men of his court. We believe
+  America now is right, we find all true they told us for our Old
+  Father the King of France takes their part, he is their friend, he
+  has taken the sword and will defend them. Americans is our
+  Friends, our Brothers and Countrymen; what they do we do, what
+  they say we say, for we are all one and the same family.
+
+  "Now as the King of England has no business, nor never had any on
+  this River, we desire you to go away with your men in peace and
+  to take with you all those men who has been fighting and talking
+  against America. If you don't go directly you must take care of
+  yourself your men and all your English subjects on this River, for
+  if any or all of you are killed it is not our faults, for we give
+  you warning time enough to escape. Adieu for ever.
+
+  "Machias, August 11, 1778.
+
+  "Auque Pawhaque, August 18th, 1778.
+
+Michael Francklin was able at this critical moment effectually to
+check-mate the designs of John Allan. During the previous winter an
+express messenger had been sent to Sir Guy Carleton at Quebec to get
+permission for Father Bourg, the French missionary, to reside among
+the Indians of the River St. John. In his reply, dated February 23rd,
+1778, Governor Carleton wrote that the missionary had orders to repair
+to Halifax in order to receive instructions for the establishment of
+his mission.
+
+Just as Francklin and the missionary were about to leave Halifax they
+received information "that the Malecetes had plundered an English
+vessel, taken and ransomed another, robbed and disarmed many of the
+inhabitants and killed several cattle belonging to the King's Loyal
+subjects on the River St. John, whom they had stiled Torys, and that
+they had even proceeded the length to return to Fort Howe the King's
+Flag, accompanied with a formal declaration of war in writing."
+
+The services of James White at this time were invaluable. As early as
+the 2nd of April and at various times during the summer he went among
+the Indians to pacify them at great personal risk, always returning
+unharmed. This was due to the confidence placed in him by the majority
+of the savages, who had long known him in the capacity of an Indian
+trader. Mr. White went up the river to meet the Indian war party. He
+found among them many of the Penobscots and Passamaquoddies under
+Nicholas Hawawes, a noted chief. They had been instructed by Allan to
+return the colors sent the previous year by Major Studholme, to ravage
+the country in the vicinity of Fort Howe, to take prisoners and
+encourage the soldiers of the garrison to desert. Allan wrote the
+Massachusetts congress, "I earnestly and sincerely wish I had a
+hundred or two good troops at this juncture to go in boats along the
+shore to act in concert with the Indians."
+
+Our early historian, Moses H. Perley, says that James White, unarmed
+and without any escort, met the war party at the head of "Long Reach"
+as they were coming down the river in ninety canoes. He had a long
+conference with the chiefs, of whom the majority were disposed to be
+hostile; but Pierre Tomah, the head chief, said that before giving a
+final answer he must consult the Divine Being and throwing himself
+upon his face in the sand lay motionless for the space of nearly an
+hour. Then rising he informed the other chiefs that he had been
+counselled by the Great Spirit to keep peace with King George's men.
+This decision was not acceptable to several of the chiefs, and Mr.
+White was still engaged in his negotiations when Colonel Francklin and
+Father Bourg arrived at St. John, having crossed from Annapolis in the
+war ship "Scarborough." Messengers were immediately sent up the river
+to Mr. White desiring him to come down at once with Pierre Tomah and
+the other chiefs and captains to meet Col. Francklin and the
+missionary Bourg, assuring them of a friendly reception. Francklin
+also wrote a letter to the Indians, which is here given.
+
+  "Fort Howe, 14 Sep. 1778.
+
+  "To Pierre Thomas and others
+      the Indians of the River St. John.
+
+  "BRETHREN:--According to my promise last fall I have brought with
+  me Mr. Bourg, your Priest, to instruct you and to take care of
+  your eternal welfare.
+
+  "BRETHREN:--I am come to heal and adjust every difference that may
+  exist between you and your Brethren the faithful subjects of King
+  George your father, my master.
+
+  "BRETHREN:--As my heart is good, my hands clean and my intentions
+  as white as snow; I desire Pierre Thomas and two or three other
+  principal Indians do immediately come down to Fort Howe with Mr.
+  White my Deputy to speak to me and to Mr. Bourg that we may settle
+  in what manner to proceed to accomplish my good intentions towards
+  you, and that your minds may be made easy I do hereby pledge
+  myself that no harm shall happen to you from any of the King's
+  Troops or others His Majesty's subjects.
+
+  "I am your affectionate Brother,
+
+  MICH. FRANCKLIN,
+      "Superintendent of Indian Affairs."
+
+The Indians promptly accepted the invitation and a conference was held
+which Francklin terms "A grand meeting of the Indians at Menaguashe in
+the Harbour of the River St. John near Fort Howe on Thursday, the 24th
+September, 1778." There were present on the part of King George the
+Third:--
+
+Michael Francklin, Superintendent of Indian affairs; Major Studholme,
+commanding the garrison at Fort Howe; Capt. Mowatt, commanding his
+Majesty's ship Albany; Rev. Mr. Bourg, missionary to the Indians;
+James White, agent for Indian affairs at St. John, and several other
+officers and gentlemen. The Indian delegates included Pierre Tomah,
+supreme sachem or chief of St. John River; Francis Xavier, 2nd chief;
+and four captains and eight principal Indians, representing the
+Maliseets of the St. John. There were also present delegates of the
+Micmacs of Richibucto, Miramichi, Chignecto and Minas.
+
+Col. Francklin informed the Indians that according to his promise he
+had brought them a priest and it was his desire to settle and adjust
+amicably all differences between the Indians and his Majesty's
+subjects. The proceedings of the conference are detailed at length in
+Francklin's report to the Governor of Nova Scotia. The Indians after
+listening to the addresses of Francklin and Monsieur Bourg declared
+that they had been deceived by John Allan of Machias who had not
+spoken their sentiments but his own; they acknowledged their offences
+and offered to restore to the white inhabitants the arms and other
+articles in their possession (not consumed or destroyed) which they
+had taken, and promised that they would deliver to James White in the
+course of the winter, two hundred pounds of Beaver, or as many moose
+skins, in lieu thereof, towards making good the damage sustained by
+individuals. They added that they were poor and had been kept from
+hunting by the idle stories of John Allan and his friends.
+
+Michael Francklin did not lose the opportunity to give Allan "a
+Rowland for his Oliver." As Allan had been the author of the Indian
+declaration of war so would Francklin now dictate the message of
+reply. This message was couched in the following terms:--
+
+  "To John Allan and his Associates at Machias:
+
+  "The Chiefs and Great men of the Malecete and Mickmack Indians
+  hereby give thee notice:--
+
+  "That their eyes are now open and they see clearly that thou hast
+  endeavored to blind them to serve thy wicked purposes against thy
+  lawful sovereign King George, our forgiving and affectionate
+  Father.
+
+  "We have this day settled all misunderstanding that thou didst
+  occasion between us and King George's men.
+
+  "We now desire that thee and Preble, and thy Comrades will remain
+  in your wigwams at Machias and not come to Passamaquadie to
+  beguile and disturb our weak and young Brethren. We will have
+  nothing to do with thee or them or with your storys, for we have
+  found you out; and if you persist in tempting us we warn you to
+  take care of yourselves. We shall not come to Machias to do you
+  harm, but beware of Passamaquodie for we forbid you to come
+  there.
+
+  "At Menaguashe, the 24th September, 1778.
+
+  [Signed]
+
+      Pierre Thomas x, Francis Xavier x, Chiefs of the
+      Malecetes and in their behalf. Jean Baptiste Arimph
+      x, Chief of Richibouctou and in behalf of the
+      Mickmacks.
+
+During the conference Father Bourg produced a letter he had lately
+received from the Bishop of Quebec instructing him not to suffer any
+Indian to enter his Church who should molest the white settlers or
+take part in the rebellion against the constituted authorities of Nova
+Scotia, and directing him to forward a list of the names of any
+Indians who should disobey his orders to Quebec that he might "cast
+them out of the Church as disobedient and undutifull children."
+
+The Indians were not long in deciding to make terms with the British
+and in signifying their willingness to take the oath of allegiance to
+the King. Accordingly the chiefs and captains and other delegates on
+their knees took a solemn oath in which they pledged themselves to
+bear faithful and true allegiance to his Majesty King George the
+Third. They also promised to give information to the King's officers
+and magistrates of any hostile designs of the enemy that should come
+to their knowledge; to protect the persons of Michael Francklin and
+Joseph Mathurin Bourg, their missionary, from insult, outrage or
+captivity; not to take any part directly or indirectly against the
+King in the troubles then existing, but to follow their hunting and
+fishing in a peaceable and quiet manner; not to go to Machias or hold
+any communication with the people of that neighborhood or other
+rebellious subjects of his Majesty.
+
+Having taken the oath in behalf of themselves and their several tribes
+the Indians delivered to Col. Francklin a string of Wampum as a solemn
+confirmation of their act and deed. They also delivered the presents
+sent them by Washington together with the treaty they had made with
+the Massachusetts government on July 19, 1776, in which they had
+promised to furnish 600 warriors for the service of the United States
+Congress.
+
+Although the Indians, by the treaty they had just signed, ostensibly
+settled all the differences between themselves and "King George's
+men," there were still certain functions dear to the savage heart to
+be performed before the grand pow-wow was ended.
+
+The oath of allegiance having been taken and the treaty duly signed,
+all the chiefs and captains united with the English delegates in
+drinking the King's health, and Colonel Francklin decorated the chiefs
+and captains with his own hands and distributed to the other Indians a
+variety of clothing and presents. After this, we are informed, "the
+night, altho' rainy, was spent in the open air with great mirth under
+the British Flag." The next day the Indians went on board the Albany
+man-of-war, where they again very cheerfully drank the King's good
+health, and were presented with a pound of gunpowder each. They
+concluded the afternoon and evening on shore "with great satisfaction
+and good humor." Colonel Francklin concludes his official report of
+the proceedings as follows:--
+
+  "The 26th September the Indians, being on their departure, were
+  saluted at 12 o'clock by the cannon of Fort Howe and his Majesty's
+  ship Albany, and it was returned by three Huzzas and an Indian
+  Whoop. Then the Micmac Chief made a handsome speech and delivered
+  to the Superintendent [Francklin] a string of Wampum on behalf of
+  the whole Micmac nation, as their seal of approbation and
+  agreement to everything that had been transacted. This being
+  finished, the Superintendent, Major Studholme and Rev. Mr. Bourg,
+  were desired to seat themselves, when a Malecete captain began a
+  song and dance in honor and praise of the Conference and those
+  concerned therein. On his finishing, a Micmac captain began
+  another song and dance to the same purpose. The Superintendent
+  then, with Major Studholme and the Rev. Mr. Bourg and the other
+  Gentlemen, marched off with the Indians to the portage above the
+  falls of the River St. John and stayed there until Mr. Bourg and
+  the Indians embarked, when the Gentlemen on the landing were
+  saluted by the musquetry from the Indian canoes."
+
+During the continuance of the conference the Indians received every
+attention on the part of Francklin, Studholme and the white
+inhabitants. Francklin kept a table for their entertainment which cost
+him L40, and the value of the presents and supplies furnished on the
+occasion amounted to L537 more. The goods required were mostly
+obtained from the store at Portland Point and the account rendered to
+Francklin by William Hazen is yet in existence. It contains some
+curious and interesting items. The presents for the Indians included
+blankets, hats, ribbons, gold and silver lace, intermixed with axes,
+pots, kettles, knives and tobacco. Among the more expensive presents
+were "1 large Silver plated Cross with the figure of our Saviour on
+it, L3 10 0," and "1 small Gold plated Cross with the figure of our
+Saviour on it. L2 6 8." The heading of the account reads: "The Hon'ble
+Michael Francklin Esq'r., Superintendent of Indians, to Wm. Hazen Dr.
+for sundrys paid and supplies furnished by his order for the use of
+the Indians assembled at Menaguashe, near Fort Howe, from the 13th
+September to 19th October, 1778." Some of the expenditures were
+evidently dictated by motives of policy; see for example the
+following:--
+
+  "Paid Dr. Sharman, surgeon at Fort Howe, for attendance and
+  medicines to Pierre Thoma and four other sick Indians, L5 16 8.
+
+  "Pd. Acmobish for 3 Beaver Traps stolen last year by the soldiers,
+  L1 10 0.
+
+  "Pd. Charles Nocout ten dollars to make up for an Englishman's
+  beating of him.
+
+  "To sundrys delivered to aged and infirm people, viz. Magdalen
+  Katpat, Magdalen La Porte, Marie Barishe & others, L13 10 0."
+
+Quite a number of the white settlers and several Acadians were engaged
+by Francklin in various capacities while the negotiations with the
+Indians were in progress. Gervas Say and Capt. Quinton received L7 for
+going to Aukpaque and attending the Indians coming down to Fort Howe.
+Daniel Leavitt, Lewis Mitchel, John Hartt, Louis Goodine, Augustin
+LeBlanc and Messrs. Peabody and Brawn acted as couriers, express
+messengers and negotiators under direction of Francklin, Studholme and
+James White.
+
+The general result of the grand pow-wow was considered exceedingly
+fortunate for the Province of Nova Scotia under the circumstances then
+existing. Sir Richard Hughes, the lieutenant-governor, writing to Lord
+Germaine, expresses his great satisfaction at the result of the
+conference and praises the talents, zeal and diligence of Francklin
+"to whose discreet conduct and steady perseverance," he says,
+"assisted by Major Studholme and M. Bourg, the priest, we owe the
+success of this treaty." Francklin, on his part, seems disposed to
+award the meed of praise to Studholme and writes Sir Henry Clinton:
+"In justice to Major Studholme, commanding at Fort Howe, I am obliged
+to say that his constant zeal and singular address and prudence has
+been a great means of keeping the Indians near his post quiet." But
+while both Francklin and Studholme are deservedly entitled to credit
+for the success of their negotiations, there is not the least doubt
+that the man to whom even greater credit is due is James White, the
+deputy agent of Indian affairs at the River St. John. Mr. White,
+although acting in a subordinate capacity, was in direct contact with
+the savages at the time they were most unfriendly, and it was his tact
+and fearlessness that paved the way for the subsequent negotiations.
+For six months he devoted his time and energies to the task of
+conciliating the Indians, receiving from government the modern sum of
+one dollar for each day he was so employed.[108] Most potent of all
+perhaps in the ultimate result of the conference, was the presence of
+the French missionary Bourg. It was this that inspired the Indians
+with confidence in the good intentions of the government of Nova
+Scotia, and when the missionary accompanied them on their return to
+Aukpaque their satisfaction was unbounded.
+
+  [108] In Col. Franklin's memorandum of expenses incurred in
+        negotiating the Indian treaty the following item appears: "To
+        cash pd. to James White, Esq'r, for services among and with
+        the Indians from the 2d. April, 1778, to the 20th October
+        inclusive, part of which time he ran great risques both of his
+        life & being carried off Prisoner, L50.10.0.
+
+The Indians of the River St. John still possess a traditionary
+knowledge of the treaty made at Fort Howe in September, 1778, and
+refer to it as the time when the Indian and the Englishman became
+"all one brother." Some of the Indians claim that when the treaty was
+made it was understood that an Indian should always have the right
+to wander unmolested through the forest and to take the bark of the
+birch tree for his canoe or the splints of the ash tree for his
+basket-making regardless of the rights of the white owner of the
+soil. In many parts of the province there is an unwritten law to
+this effect, and the Indian roams at pleasure through the woods in
+quest of the materials for his simple avocations and pitches his tent
+without let or hindrance.
+
+In order to cultivate friendly relations with the Indians and to guard
+against the insidious attempts of the people of Machias to wean them
+from their allegiance it was decided to establish a trading house for
+their accommodation at the landing place above the falls at the mouth
+of the St. John. This locality still bears the name of Indiantown, a
+name derived from the Indian trading post established there in 1779.
+In old plans Main street, Portland, is called "Road to ye Indian
+House."
+
+On the 8th of December, 1778, Colonel Francklin sent instructions to
+James White to proceed with the building of the Indian House which was
+to cost only L30. He says in his letter, "The ground should be very
+well cleared all about or the Brush will sooner or later most
+assuredly burn it. The boards required may be sawed from the Spruces
+on the spot if you have a whip-saw. The Shingles can be made by any
+New England man in the neighborhood." The house was built in the
+course of the next few months by James Woodman, who was by trade a
+shipwright. For some reason the sum of L30 voted by the Council of
+Nova Scotia for the erection of the building was never paid, and it
+remained the property of Hazen, Simonds and White. The three partners
+not long afterwards cleared a road to the Indian House, the course of
+which was nearly identical with that of the present "Main street."
+They also built a wharf at the landing and a small dwelling house
+which was occupied by one Andrew Lloyd, who has the distinction of
+being the first settler at Indiantown.
+
+Not many weeks after the signing of the treaty at Fort Howe, Col. John
+Allan of Machias sent Lieut. Gilman and a band of Penobscot Indians to
+make a demonstration at the River St. John. They captured a small
+vessel about sixty miles up the river and plundered one or two of the
+inhabitants but the only result was to create an alarm amongst the
+settlers without producing any effect upon the Indians. Pierre Tomah
+and most of his tribe were at this time encamped at Indian Point on
+the north side of Grand Lake.
+
+To offset the influence of Father Bourg, Col. John Allan induced the
+American Congress to obtain a missionary for the Indians at Machias
+and Passamaquoddy and he hoped by this means to seduce the Indians
+remaining on the St. John from their allegiance and draw them to
+Machias. Never in their history did the Maliseets receive such
+attention as in the Revolutionary war, when they may be said to have
+lived at the joint expense of the contending parties. The peace of
+1783 proved a dismal thing indeed to them. Their friendship became a
+matter of comparative indifference and the supplies from either party
+ceased while the immense influx of new settlers drove them from their
+old hunting grounds and obliged them to look for situations more
+remote.
+
+After the alliance formed between France and the old English colonies
+in America was known to the Indians of Acadia, Francklin's task of
+keeping them in hand became more difficult and as regards those on the
+River St. John he might have failed but for the powerful influence of
+the Abbe Joseph Mathurin Bourg.
+
+The Indians resisted every temptation held out to them by the
+Americans during the year 1779, and welcomed Colonel Francklin and the
+Missionary Bourg in their principal villages with great rejoicing.
+
+Major Studholme's post at Fort Howe was rendered more secure at this
+time by the capture of Castine, at the mouth of the Penobscot River.
+The place was then known by its Indian name of Megabagaduce. Had there
+been a little more energy and foresight on the part of Admiral
+Collier, Machias would have shared the same fate, and the result might
+have been greatly to the advantage of the maritime provinces today.
+The importance of such a move was self-evident. It was seriously
+discussed both in England and America, and a plan was very nearly
+adopted that might have altered the map of America to the advantage of
+the Canadian dominion. This plan was nothing less than to divide the
+colony of Maine, giving to that part extending from Saco to the River
+St. Croix the name of New Ireland and settling it with Loyalists who
+had been driven from the other colonies in rebellion. The project is
+believed to have been countenanced by the King and the ministry, but
+eventually it was abandoned in consequence of the opinion of
+Wedderburne, the English attorney-general, that the whole of Maine was
+included in the colony of Massachusetts and that the charter of that
+colony should be respected.
+
+There is extant a very interesting letter, written at New York in 1780
+by the Rev. Wm. Walter to his friend, the Rev. Jacob Bailey, then in
+Nova Scotia, which shows that the project was seriously discussed in
+America as well as in England. Mr. Walter writes:
+
+  "If you have not already heard it permit me to acquaint you that
+  there is a plan in considerable forwardness to erect the Province
+  of Maine into a Province by itself, to extend from Saco to St.
+  Johns river, making Falmouth [now Portland] the capital;[109] to
+  secure this new Province by strong Forts and Garrisons; to invite
+  the Refugees from the other Provinces in rebellion to settle in
+  this, and by liberality of its constitution to show to the other
+  Provinces the great advantages of being a portion of the Empire
+  and living under the protection of British Government. Sir William
+  Pepperrell is talked of as Governor. The large tracts of land
+  belonging to companies and individuals, which are not forfeited,
+  will be purchased and the whole distributed in farms of 200 acres
+  to every settler. These distributions and appointments are to be
+  in the management and recommendaton of a respectable Board of
+  Refugees [Loyalists] which is now forming under the auspices of
+  Government in this city [New York]."
+
+  [109] Lorenso Sabine in his Loyalists of the American Revolution
+        credits William Knox, of Georgia, with proposing the formation
+        of the eastern part of Maine into the Province of "New
+        Ireland," with Thomas Oliver for governor and Daniel Leonard
+        as chief-justice.
+
+It is a curious fact that a little after the close of the Revolutionary
+war an attempt was made of a very different character to erect this
+territory into the "Free and Independent State of New Ireland." A
+constitution and frame of government were prepared by a committee for
+the consideration of a convention of delegates. In the preamble of their
+report the Loyalists are termed "the Sons of Slavery and Dregs of the
+human species in America." The committee evidently entered upon their
+work of constitution making with great gusto as will appear from the
+following:
+
+  "Agreeable to the trust reposed in us by the good People of New
+  Ireland, We, anticipating the glorious morning of American
+  Freedom, which will shortly shine upon them with a lustre superior
+  to any other spot on the terraqueous Globe, after consluting with
+  the sagest Politicians of the Age, and carefully examining the
+  several frames of Government already erected in this new Empire,
+  and particularly all the advantages which Divine Revelation
+  affords; have drawn up the following Frame of Government for New
+  Ireland, which, from the knowledge we have of the dispositions of
+  our Constituents we have ground to believe will be very acceptable
+  to them, and calculated to render them and their posterity the
+  happiest People on the earth."
+
+Among the provisions of the Constitution were several that may be
+mentioned for their oddity. Not only were all tavern keepers debarred
+from holding office "lest spirituous liquors should influence the
+choice," but the legal fraternity were viewed with suspicion and it
+was ordained that "Practising Lawyers or Attornies shall not be
+eligible for any office of profit or trust in the State whilst they
+continue such."
+
+In order still further to keep the morals of the people pure and
+uncorrupted, and for the encouragement of piety and virtue and the
+suppression of vice and immorality, it was provided that "no Stage
+Plays, Horse-racing, Cock-fighting, Balls and Assemblies, Profane
+swearing and cursing, Sabbath-breaking, Drunkenness, nocturnal
+revelling, whoredom, Cards, Dice, and all other games whatsoever,
+commonly called Games of Chance (Lotteries ordered by the Legislature
+to raise money for public uses excepted) shall be permitted."
+
+The would-be founders of New Ireland close their report by expressing
+their hope that Europeans, panting after the sweets of Liberty and
+Independence will flock thither. "Here," say they, "are no griping and
+racking Landlords to oppress you; no avaricious Priests to extort from
+you the Tenth of all your increase and labors and whom you must pay
+for the liberty to come into the world, of being married, of having
+children and likewise of leaving the world. * * * Send here the frugal
+and industrious; no half Gentlemen with long pedigrees from Nimrod and
+Cain, nor any who expect to make their fortunes by any other methods
+than the plain beaten paths of honest industry, for idle indolent
+people, unwilling to work, ought not to eat but to live in all places
+miserable."
+
+But to return from this digression; it is clear that if the British
+forces had routed John Allan and his Indians out of Machias in 1779,
+as they might easily have done if a serious effort had been made, the
+American congress would then have had no foothold east of Saco, so
+that Portland and all the coast to the St. Croix would have been, at
+the close of the war, as firmly in the possession of the English as
+any part of Nova Scotia. The American writer Kidder, in his
+interesting account of the military operations in eastern Maine and
+Nova Scotia during the Revolution, says: "It is now generally conceded
+that our present boundary was fixed mainly on the ground of
+occupation, and had we not been able to hold our eastern outpost at
+Machias, we cannot say what river in Maine would now divide us from a
+British province."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXVI.
+
+WHITE CHIEFS AND INDIAN CHIEFS.
+
+
+In the year 1779 many of the Indians at Machias and Passamaquoddy
+began to waver in their adherence to the Americans and to imagine they
+would fare better by withdrawing from John Allan and returning to
+their old haunts on the River St. John. Allan wrote in the autumn of
+this year, "The unsteady conduct of the Indians has obliged me to use
+every means to prevent their going to St. Johns. I have not met with
+such difficulty previous to this summer." He managed to keep them a
+little longer, but in July of the next year came the great defection
+which had been so long impending. The immediate cause of this
+defection it will be of interest now to consider.
+
+Sir Guy Carleton, not long after his appointment to the command at
+Quebec, secured the allegiance of the principal Indian tribes of
+Canada, and at his instigation messages were sent to Machias early in
+April 1779, desiring the Indians there to have no further connection
+with the Americans, adding that the Indians of Canada were coming
+across the woods, as soon as the leaves were as big as their nails, to
+destroy the settlements on the Penobscot and the Kennebec. In order to
+impress the Indians with the importance of the message the delegates
+who bore it were furnished with an immense belt of wampum of 1500
+pieces. "We send you this Great Belt," say the Canadian Indians, "for
+every one of you to see and think of, and to show it to the St. Johns
+and Micmac Indians, and then to return the belt to us immediately."
+The message contained a further assurance that nine thousand Indians
+were ready to execute any orders they might receive from the British
+general in Canada. The arrival of this message made a great impression
+on the Indians, and occasioned in them "a fluctuating and unsteady
+conduct," but John Allan was able, with the help of Mon. de la Motte,
+a French priest, to keep them in control.
+
+Curiously enough at this crisis the old St. John river chieftain,
+Pierre Thoma, arrived at Machias in quite an indignant frame of mind.
+His annoyance was caused by General McLean's ordering Major Studholme
+not to furnish any more provisions to the Indians. Francklin
+considered this order a mistake, and at once represented to the
+secretary of state the necessity of keeping the Indians in good humor
+as the cutting of masts and timber for the Royal Navy, the safety of
+the English settlers on the River St. John and communication with
+Canada might all be endangered by losing their good will. His
+statements were strongly supported by Sir Richard Hughes, the
+lieutenant-governor of Nova Scotia. The next spring Col. Francklin
+invited the Indians at Passamaquody and Machias to a conference at
+Fort Howe.
+
+Two English schooners arrived at Passamaquody on the 1st of June. John
+Allen at once issued an order to the Indians not to hold any
+intercourse with unwelcome visitors, but, he adds, "Pierre Tomma the
+chief of St. John, always considered a Tory, and Lewis Neptune of
+Penobscot went on board and received presents." They were told that
+Col. Franklin and Father Bourg were at Fort Howe with presents and
+supplies and desired a conference with them. Soon after three special
+messengers arrived from Father Bourg desiring the Indians to attend
+him immediately on business of the church. The result of these
+invitations we shall presently see, but in the meantime an important
+conference was being held at the River St. John.
+
+There are many references to this conference but we shall first
+consider a letter which Col. Franklin wrote from Windsor to Sir Henry
+Clinton, 21st August, 1780. In this letter Franklin states, "A meeting
+was held the 24th June about ninety miles above Fort Howe attended by
+upwards of 900 Indians. Deputies from the Ottawas, Hurons, Algonkins,
+Montanagais, Abenakies and Canabas attended and made the speech
+inclosed."
+
+This speech was addressed to the Malecete, Passamaquoddie and Mickmack
+Indians and was in substance as follows:
+
+  "Our dear Brothers, We come to warn you that the Boston people,
+  having destroyed several of our villages, killed our wives and
+  children and carried off our young women by force, we to revenge
+  ourselves for these outrages have declared war against them. If
+  there are yet remaining among them [i. e. the Americans] any of
+  your people, let them withdraw immediately, for they will be
+  treated like the enemy if they remain with them. Therefore our
+  dear Brothers we tell you to remain quiet and in peace. We have
+  13,000 men assembled, who are allied against the Boston people and
+  they have already taken twenty-seven villages larger than Three
+  Rivers in Canada, and to burn their villages they sent more than
+  300 lighted arrows which instantly destroyed their houses, great
+  part of the Inhabitants were burnt and those who attempted to
+  escape were put to death. Now we demand your answer."
+
+The Micmacs and Maliseets presented belts of wampum and replied that
+so long as the King of England should continue to leave them free
+liberty of hunting and fishing and to allow them priests sufficient
+for the exercise of their religion they promised to keep quiet and
+peaceable.
+
+This grand Indian pow-wow seems to have been brought about largely by
+Franklin's diplomacy. He was not himself present at the meeting but
+the interests of the English were well looked after by Major
+Studholme, James White and the Missionary Bourg. The conference with
+the visiting delegates was held at Aukpaque and 300 warriors were
+present besides 600 women and children. A considerable quantity of
+presents and supplies had been sent from Windsor to Fort Howe by the
+schooner Menaguash, Peter Doucet, master, to be given to the
+Indians--blankets, shirts, blue and scarlet cloth, beaver bats,
+ribbons, powder and shot, and lastly, "one cask of wine sent by Mr.
+Francklin for the squaws and such men as do not drink rum."[110]
+
+  [110] The receipt of these articles at the hands of James White was
+        acknowledged at Aukpaque, June 26, 1780, by Francis Xavier,
+        and five other chiefs.
+
+The arrival of the messengers sent by Studholme to the Indians of
+Machias and Passamaquody, assuring them that if they would give their
+attendance at Fort Howe they would be well treated and receive
+handsome presents, made them extremely anxious to at least have a
+look at the presents; at the same time urgent invitations from Father
+Bourg gave them a good excuse for going. For two days John Allan
+exercised all his powers of persuasion to keep them, but in vain; go
+they would. They assured him "that they only meant to see the priest,
+their souls being heavy and loaded with burthens of sins, and that
+they acted upon a duty commanded in their church which they could not
+neglect."
+
+On the 3rd July nearly all the Indians, some women and children
+excepted, set out for Fort Howe. In a letter to the Massachusetts
+Congress Allan mournfully observes: "I am very unhappy in being
+obliged to acquaint you of this, after the success I have experienced
+in disappointing the Priest and Mr. Francklin these three years."
+
+The substantial results of Francklin's policy of conciliation were the
+inducing of the Indians who had acted with enemy to return to their
+former villages and live peaceably there, second the opening of a safe
+route of communication via the St. John river with Quebec and thirdly
+protection of the King's mast cutters.
+
+Colonel Francklin wrote to Lord Germaine on the 21st November, 1780,
+that the disposition of the Indians during the summer and autumn had
+been very tranquil and he attributed the fact largely to the
+conference held on the River St. John on the 24th of June, when the
+deputies of the Ottawas, Hurons and other nations of Canada required
+the Micmacs and Malissets to withdraw from the Americans and to remain
+quiet.
+
+The situation of Gilfred Studholme, as commandant at Fort Howe, was at
+times a difficult and uncomfortable one. His garrison was none too
+large at the best, and, although the majority of his soldiers
+displayed remarkable fidelity, there were occasional desertions. John
+Allan naturally used every means in his power to render the post
+untenable. In August, 1778, he sent Nicholas Hawawes, an Indian chief,
+with a small party to the mouth of the St. John with orders to destroy
+the cattle around the Fort, that were intended for the use of the
+troops[111], to take prisoners and encourage desertion. The Indians
+were provided with letters, written by deserters who had already come
+to Machias, which they were instructed to convey secretly to the
+soldiers of the garrison.
+
+  [111] The requirements of the garrison insured a ready market for all
+        the beef Hazen, Simonds & White and their tenants could
+        furnish, indeed at times it was necessary to send to the
+        settlements up the river for a supply. When the garrison was
+        first fixed at Fort Howe, James White made a trip to
+        Maugerville and purchased nine yoke of oxen for their use from
+        Asa Perley, Thomas Barker, Daniel Jewett, Henry Miller, John
+        Esty, Nathan Smith, David Dow, Peter Mooers and Richard
+        Barlow. The agreement in each case was similar to the
+        following:
+
+          "Maugerville, November 16, 1777.
+
+          "I promise to deliver to Mr. James White, or his order,
+          two oxen coming five years old, when the ice is strong
+          sufficient to bear them to drive to the mouth of this
+          River, said White paying me on delivery fifty-five
+          dollars. Witness my hand--
+
+          "ASA PERLEY."
+
+Studholme was compelled to take stern and it may even seem terrible
+measures to repress desertion, as will be seen in the following note
+which he addressed to James White:
+
+  "Sir,--I shall esteem it as a favor if you will endeavour to get
+  some Indians to bring in the three deserters, for each of which I
+  will give Ten Guineas. Should the soldiers make any opposition
+  the Indians are to make use of force, and if compelled to kill
+  them, they are to bring in their Heads, for each of which they
+  will receive Ten Guineas.
+
+    "I am, Sir,
+  "Your most obedient servant,
+          "G. STUDHOLME."
+
+Among the important services which Major Studholme was able to
+accomplish while at Fort Howe should be mentioned the establishment of
+excellent communication between Halifax and Quebec by way of the St.
+John river. This had been the customary route of travel between Acadia
+and Canada during the final conflict between England and France for
+supremacy in North America (A. D. 1744-1759) and was well known to the
+French and their Indian allies; it now proved of equal service to the
+English.
+
+In order to facilitate communication with Quebec, and at the same time
+to afford protection to the settlements on the St. John, a block house
+was built at the mouth of the Oromocto river and a few soldiers
+stationed there under command of Lieut. Constant Connor. The post was
+named Fort Hughes in honor of Sir Richard Hughes, the lieutenant
+governor of Nova Scotia. A number of log huts, or post-houses were
+built, at intervals of about a day's journey, from the block house at
+Oromocto to the St. Lawrence. Over this route important messages were
+carried between the civil and military authorities of Halifax and
+Quebec, and sometimes dispatches were sent from the Commander-in-chief
+of the forces at New York to Sir Guy Carleton and Sir Frederick
+Haldimand at Quebec. Indians were occasionally employed to carry the
+messages, but greater confidence was placed in the Acadians. The most
+famous couriers probably were Louis Mitchel and the brothers Louis and
+Michel Mercure. The couriers were aware of the value of their
+services, and they demanded, and generally received, one hundred
+dollars for each trip from Fort Howe to Quebec. This was regarded as
+extravagant by Major Studholme and General Haldimand, but they could
+do no better. They dared not trust the Indians with important
+dispatches, and when the Acadian couriers were not available messages
+were usually carried by officers accompanied by Indians as guides.
+
+The route via the River St. John was used both in summer and winter.
+It is said that when the water was high the Indians were able to
+deliver letters from Quebec to the French commander at the mouth of
+the St. John in four or five days, a distance of 430 miles. This
+statement is made by John Allan and there is nothing impossible about
+it. The Messrs. Straton of Fredericton, some years since, paddled in a
+bark canoe from the Grand Falls to Fredericton, 133 miles, in 14 hours
+46 minutes, making a short stop at Woodstock on the way. Short
+distances have been covered at much greater rates of speed. The
+Acadian couriers were usually a fortnight going from Oromocto to
+Quebec in the summer and about double that time in the winter.
+
+Like others of their race the Indians of the St. John were fleet
+of foot and possessed of great endurance, qualities that are by no
+means wanting in their descendants. Some forty years ago a Maliseet
+Indian, named Peter Loler, gave a remarkable exhibition of speed
+and endurance, which is still talked of by the older residents of
+Woodstock. The circumstances, briefly stated, were these. One
+pleasant summer morning Loler presented himself to the driver of
+the old four-in-hand stage coach which was just about leaving the
+hotel at Fredericton for Woodstock, the distance being rather more
+than sixty miles. The Indian desired a passage and offered the
+customary fare. The driver on the occasion was John Turner, one of
+the most accomplished whips of the old stage coaching days, and
+popular with all travellers. As the stage coach was pretty full and
+the day promised to be very warm Turner, after a brief consultation
+with the passengers, declined the Indian's money and upon Loler's
+remonstrating, told him in plain Saxon that the other passengers
+didn't like the smell of him, that his room was better than his
+company. This angered Peter and he said, "All right, John! Me be in
+Woodstock first!"
+
+At 8 o'clock, a. m., Indian and stage coach left Fredericton together,
+and together they proceeded and in spite of Turner's endeavor to throw
+dust in the Indian's face the latter was always a little in advance.
+He stopped at every place the stage stopped to change horses (this
+occurred four or five times on the route) and took his dinner with all
+the solemnity of his race in the kitchen of the "Half-way House" where
+the passengers dined.
+
+As they drew near their destination the Indian's savage nature seemed
+to assert itself; he ran like a deer, waving his cap at intervals as
+he passed the farm houses, and shouting defiantly. Turner now began to
+ply the whip, for he had no intention of allowing the red-skin to beat
+him out. The passengers began to wager their money on the result of
+the race and grew wild with excitement. The Indian village, three
+miles below Woodstock, was passed with Loler fifty yards in advance,
+but the village was not Peter's destination that day. He saluted it
+with a war-whoop and hurried on. It was still early in the afternoon
+when the quiet citizens of Woodstock were aroused in a manner entirely
+unexpected. The stage coach came tearing into town at the heels of an
+Indian who was yelling like a demon and running as for his life, John
+Turner plying the whip in lively fashion, and four very hot and tired
+horses galloping at their utmost speed. The finish was a close one,
+but the Indian was ahead. As soon as he had regained his breath
+sufficiently to speak, Loler walked over to where Turner was standing
+and philosophically remarked, "John! me here first!" Turner's answer
+is not recorded.
+
+Our story should end here, but alas for poor human nature, it remains
+to be told that the Indian was soon surrounded by a crowd of friendly
+admirers, and before the close of the day was gloriously--or shall we
+say ingloriously--drunk.
+
+From the year 1779 onward the cutting of masts for the navy became an
+industry of growing importance on the River St. John and Col.
+Francklin's efforts were largely directed to the protection of the
+workmen so employed from being molested by the Indians. The
+consideration of the "masting" industry will be taken up in the next
+chapter.
+
+Michael Francklin died Nov. 8, 1782, deeply lamented by all classes of
+society. His last general conference with the Maliseets was at
+Oromocto in the month of November, 1781, when he distributed presents
+to nearly four hundred Indians who had assembled there. On this
+occasion he settled amicably some jealousies that had arisen about
+the election of chiefs. He tells us that the Indians were eager to go
+to the defence of the block house on the occasion of a recent alarm,
+that they were grateful for the continuance of their missionary Bourg
+and were resolved to again plant corn on the river. At the close of
+the conference they quietly dispersed to their hunting.
+
+In spite of the interference of war the traffic in furs with the
+Indians was still very considerable, and about this time Hazen and
+White sent a consignment to Halifax in the ship Recovery, to be
+shipped to England for sale, which included 571 Moose skins, 11
+Caribou, 11 Deer, 3621 Musquash, 61 Otter, 77 Mink, 152 Sable, 40
+Fishers, 6 Wolverene, 11 "Lucervers," 17 Red Fox, 6 Cross Fox, 9
+Bear.
+
+Michael Francklin continued to the last to cultivate the friendship of
+Pierre Thoma the old Maliseet chieftain whose descendants, it may be
+observed, are numerous at the present day. The name of this well known
+Indian family (variously spelled Thoma, Toma, Tomah, Tomer) is clearly
+of French origin, and was originally Thomas, which pronounced in
+French fashion sounds like Tomah. The name Pierre Thoma was very
+common among both the Micmacs and the Maliseets, so common indeed as
+to make it difficult to distinguish between individuals. A few
+observations will enable the reader to see what splendid opportunities
+there are for confusion with regard to those Indians who bore the name
+of Pierre Thoma.
+
+In the month of August, 1827, the Lieut.-Governor of New Brunswick,
+Sir Howard Douglas, visited the historic Indian village of Medoctec,
+where he was introduced to an Indian name Pierre Thoma (or Toma
+Pierre) aged 93 years. The old warrior, who had lost an eye and an arm
+in the battle of the Heights of Abraham in 1759, was carefully
+provided for by the kindly hearted governor. Our first conclusion
+naturally would be--this is the old chieftain of Revolutionary days.
+But further investigation shows such a conclusion to be very
+improbable. If old Tomah, who greeted Sir Howard Douglas, were 93
+years old in 1827, he must have been born in 1734, and in that case
+(supposing him to have been Francklin's old ally) he would have filled
+the office of supreme sachem or head chief of the St. John river when
+about thirty years of age, which is very unlikely. But this is not
+all. In the sworn testimony submitted to the commissioners on the
+international boundary in 1797, John Curry, Esq., of Charlotte County
+says that when he came to the country in 1770 there was an Indian
+place of worship and a burial ground on St. Andrew's Point at the
+mouth of the River St. Croix, and that among those whom he recollected
+to have been buried there were John Neptune (alias Bungawarrawit),
+governor of the Passamaquoddy tribe, and a "chief of the Saint John's
+Tribe known by the name of Pierre Toma." There can be little doubt
+that the latter was our old chief Thoma. His wife was one of the
+Neptune family whose home was at Passamaquoddy. The burial ground at
+St. Andrew's Point was abandoned by the Indians when the Loyalists
+settled at St. Andrews in 1783. We may therefore conclude that Pierre
+Thoma did not long survive his old friend and Patron Michael
+Francklin. Their acquaintance began as early at least as the summer of
+1768, when Governor Thoma and Ambroise St. Aubin had an interview with
+Lieut.-Governor Francklin and his council at Halifax. At that time the
+chiefs made a favorable impression. They requested that their
+missionary Bailly, lately arrived might remain with them, complained
+that rum was much too common for the good of their people, desired
+lands for cultivation and that their hunting grounds should be
+reserved to them. Having completed their business they stated "We have
+nothing further to ask or represent, and we desire to return soon,
+that our people may not be debauched with liquor in this town."
+
+The previous summer (12th August, 1767) Rev. Thomas Wood officiated at
+a notable wedding at Halifax the contracting parties being a young
+Indian captain named Pierre Jacques and Marie Joseph, the oldest
+daughter of "old King Thoma." An English baronet, Sir Thos. Rich, and
+other distinguished guests were present on the occasion. However this
+Thoma was not our old Maliseet chief, for Mr. Wood observes of him,
+"Old King Thoma looks upon himself as hereditary king of the
+Mickmacks." Moreover the date is too nearly coincident with an
+interesting event at Aukpaque in which Pierre Thoma was concerned. The
+event was a christening at the Indian chapel the particulars
+concerning which we find in the old church register. The Abbe Bailly
+on two consecutive days baptized thirty-one Indian children, viz.,
+sixteen boys on August 29th and fifteen girls on August 30th. Among
+the boys we find a son of Ambroise St. Aubin and Anne, his wife, who
+received the name of Thomas and had as sponsors Pierre Thoma, chief,
+and his wife Marie Mectilde. The following day the compliment was
+returned and Ambroise and his wife stood as sponsors at the
+christening of Marie, the daughter of Pierre Thoma.
+
+The next year (June 5, 1768) there was a double wedding in the family
+of Governor Thoma at which the Abbe Bailly officiated and which no
+doubt was the occasion of great festivity at the Indian village. The
+old chief's son Pierre Thoma, jr, wedded an Indian maiden named Marie
+Joseph, and his daughter Marie Belanger married Pierre Kesit. The
+younger Pierre Thoma was most probably his father's successor as chief
+of the Maliseets. At any rate when Frederick Dibblee[112] made a
+return of the native Indians settled at Meductic in 1788 he includes
+in his list Governor Thoma, his wife and four children. The Indians
+were always migratory and two years later we find Governor Thoma
+living at the mouth of the Becaguimec and tilling his cornfield since
+become the site of the town of Hartland. This Governor Thoma, may be
+the same referred to in the following paragraph in the Courier of
+January 6, 1841:[113]
+
+  "Friday last, being New Years day, a large body of the Milicete
+  tribe of Indians including a considerable number of well dressed
+  squaws, headed by their old-old-chief Thoma, appeared at
+  Government House to pay their annual compliments to the
+  representative of their Sovereign, and were received by His
+  Excellency with great kindness. His Excellency availed himself of
+  the occasion publicly to decorate the worthy old chief with a
+  splendid silver medallion suspended by a blue ribbon, exhibiting a
+  beautiful effigy of our gracious sovereign on one side, with the
+  Royal Arms on the reverse."
+
+  [112] Frederick Dibblee was a Loyalist, a graduate of Columbia College
+        (N.Y.); afterwards rector of Woodstock, N. B. He went to
+        Medoctec as a lay missionary teacher to the Indians under an
+        arrangement with an English Society for the propagation of the
+        Gospel amongst the Indians. There were at Medoctec in 1788
+        about seventy Indian families including 98 men, 74 women, 165
+        children; total, 337 souls.
+
+  [113] The author is indebted for the above extract to the kindness of
+        Mr. Ward.
+
+Many of the Thoma family were remarkable for their longevity. When the
+writer of this history was a boy there lived at the Indian village,
+three miles below the Town of Woodstock, a very intelligent and
+industrious Indian, whose bent, spare figure was a familiar object to
+travellers along the country roads. It would be hard to count the
+number of baskets and moccasins the old man carried on his back to
+town for sale. He was born at Medoctec in 1789 and died at Woodstock
+not long ago at the age of nearly one hundred years. The old fellow
+was famous for his knowledge of herbs, which he was wont to administer
+to the Indians in case of sickness; indeed it was not an uncommon
+thing for the white people to consult "Doctor Tomer" as to their
+ailments. In the year 1877 "Tomer" came to pay a friendly visit to
+Charles Raymond, the author's grandfather, who was then in his 90th
+year and confined to his room with what proved to be his first and
+last illness. The pleasure of meeting seemed to be mutual. The two had
+known one another for many years and were accustomed from time to time
+to compare ages. "Tomer" was always one year younger, showing that the
+old Indian kept his notch-stick well. He is believed to have been the
+last surviving grandson of the old chieftain, Pierre Thoma.
+
+While speaking of the Maliseets and their chiefs, mention may be made
+of the fact that the Indians, as a mark of especial confidence and
+favor, occasionally admitted one of the whites to the order of
+chieftainship. This compliment the Maliseets paid to the French
+Governor Villebon, when he commanded at Fort Nachouac, and a like
+compliment was paid some sixty-five years ago to the late Moses H.
+Perley. In early life Mr. Perley was very fond of the woods and
+frequently visited the Indian villages on the upper St. John to buy
+furs, which he paid for in silver dollars. So great was the confidence
+reposed in him by the Indians that he became their agent with the
+provincial government, and was in the end adopted as their chief. In
+1840 he visited England and was presented to Queen Victoria in the
+character of an Indian chief, wearing on the occasion a very
+magnificent costume of ornamental bead-work, plumes, and so forth. He
+received at the Queen's hands a silver medal three inches in diameter,
+on the edge of which was engraved, "From Her Most Gracious Majesty to
+M. H. Perley, Chief Sachem of the Milicetes and Wungeet Sagamore of
+the Micmac nation. A. D., 1840." This medal is still in the possession
+of Mr. Perley's descendants.
+
+It will be noticed that the St. John river Indians are termed
+"Milicetes" in the above description. The form Milicete, or Melicete,
+used by Dr. Gesner and Moses H. Perley, has been followed by the
+majority of our provincial writers. Dr. Hannay, however, in his
+history of Acadia, retains the spelling of Villebon and the early
+French writers, Malicite, which is almost identical with the Latin
+form, Malecitae, on the stone tablet of the chapel built by the
+missionary Jean Loyard at Medoctec in 1717. Either of these pronounced
+in French fashion is practically identical with Maliseet, the form
+adopted by modern students of Indian lore, and which the writer has
+followed in this history.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXVII.
+
+MASTS FOR THE ROYAL NAVY.
+
+
+The enormous lumbering operations carried on upon the St. John river
+and its tributaries in modern times had their small beginning, two
+centuries ago, when masts for the French navy were cut by order of the
+King of France.[114] The war of the Revolution obliged the English
+government to look for a reserve of trees suitable for masts in the
+remaining British colonies. In the year 1779, arrangements were made
+with William Davidson to provide a number of masts at the River St.
+John.
+
+  [114] Mon. Diereville states that in 1700 the man of war Avenant, of
+        44 guns, shipped at St. John some very fine masts for the
+        French navy, which had been manufactured by 14 carpenters and
+        mast makers. These were safely delivered in France after a
+        prosperous voyage of 33 days.
+
+Colonel Francklin was quite aware of the necessity of giving careful
+attention to the Indians at this juncture, for the Machias rebels
+threatened to destroy the "King's masts" and endeavored to get the
+Indians to harass the mast cutters and obstruct, them in every
+possible way. In consequence Francklin sent the following letter to
+Pierre Thoma by James White, his deputy:--
+
+  "Windsor, 29th November, 1779.
+
+  "My Brother.--Mr. Davidson is now employed on the River St. John
+  for the King my Royal master. I therefore request you will afford
+  him and all his people every assistance and protection in your
+  power.
+
+  "My Brother,--I request and flatter myself if any party of Rebels
+  or Indians should attempt to disturb Mr. Davidson that you and
+  your people will prevent it, and if necessary take up arms for
+  that purpose.
+
+  "My Brothers,--The Governor of Nova Scotia sends to Major
+  Studholme some presents for you; they are intended to encourage
+  you to protect Mr. Davidson; receive them and be true to the trust
+  that his Excellency reposes in you.
+
+  "My Brother,--Major Studholme is your friend and your advocate and
+  desires that all your faults may be overlooked and buried,
+  therefore they are all forgot and will be thought of no more.
+
+  "My Brother,--Present my best compliments to all the Captains,
+  Councillors, and other Indians of the River St. John, and I do not
+  forget their wives and children.
+
+  [Seal.] "MICH. FRANCKLIN."
+
+The Indians promised to protect the workmen who were employed in
+cutting masts. Francklin soon afterwards sent a consignment of goods
+from Windsor to Fort Howe in the schooner Menaguashe, as a further
+inducement to them to protect Mr. Davidson's men in their work. In the
+letter accompanying the presents he says:--
+
+  "Brethern,--King George wants masts for his ships and has employed
+  people to provide them on your river, depending on you to protect
+  them in cutting them and conveying them to Fort Howe. The Governor
+  sends you some presents, which Major Studholme will deliver you.
+  They are intended to bind fast your promise that you will protect
+  the Mast Cutters."
+
+The presents were delivered at Aukpaque by James White[115] and the
+masts were brought safely to Fort Howe. The first cargo of masts
+arrived at Halifax on 22nd November, 1780, in one of the navy
+transports.
+
+  [115] Among the James White papers is the following:
+
+        "Aupahag, 26th June, 1780.
+
+        "Received from James White, Esq., agent to Indians, River St.
+        John, the goods sent them by the Governor for the purpose of
+        protecting the Contractor, his people and masts from the
+        Rebels, etc., etc.
+
+        (Signed) Francis Xavier, Nichola Nepton, Francis Joseph,
+        Andrew Fransway, Joseph Pemahawitt, Pierre Meductsick.
+
+The River St. John now assumed an importance in the eyes of English
+statesmen it had not before possessed. England's power, then as now,
+centred in her navy, and the larger warships required masts of such
+magnificent proportions that pine trees suitable for the purpose were
+rare. The rebellion of the old colonies having cut off the supply in
+that quarter the reservation of suitable trees in the remaining
+colonies became a matter of national concern.
+
+As long ago as in the time of George I. the British parliament passed
+an act (A. D. 1722) prohibiting the cutting or destroying of White
+Pine trees 12 inches in diameter and upwards in the King's Woods in
+North America. In 1729 it was further enacted that the same penalties
+should be extended to trees growing on granted lands. So great was the
+anxiety manifested by the British government for the preservation of
+trees suitable for masts, that in the grants made in New Brunswick at
+the close of the American war the words were inserted, "Saving and
+reserving nevertheless to us, our heirs and successors (i. e. to the
+Crown) all White Pine Trees." Under the regulations of parliament the
+Surveyor General of the Woods and his deputies had a legal right to
+seize all White Pine timber found in the possession of any one,
+although it might have been cut on his own land. It was the custom of
+the Surveyor of the Woods to grant licenses to the proprietors of
+lands to cut and take away such pine timber as was "unfit for His
+Majesty's service and the standing of which was detrimental to
+cultivation;" but this was only done after a previous inspection, and
+marking with the "broad-arrow" such trees as were fit for the navy.
+
+The enforcement of the regulations for the protection and preservation
+of White Pine trees was entrusted to Sir John Wentworth,[116] Surveyor
+of the King's Woods in North America. He was a discreet and able man,
+of polished manners and amiable disposition, but the office he filled
+was by no means a popular one, and brought him into conflict not only
+with individual owners of the soil, but on one occasion, at least,
+with the Lieutenant Governor of New Brunswick.
+
+  [116] John Wentworth was the last Royal Governor of New Hampshire. He
+        was a classmate and friend of John Adams, at Harvard. He was
+        an active Loyalist, and at the close of the Revolution, came
+        to Nova Scotia. He was made a baronet and for sixteen years
+        filled the position of Lieutenant Governor of Nova Scotia. He
+        died at Halifax in 1820 in the 84th year of his age.
+
+It was not many years after the establishment of the province that Lt.
+Gov'r Carleton wrote the English Secretary of State:--
+
+  "Under the regulations for preserving masting timber the deputies
+  appointed by the surveyor of the woods have, or assume to have,
+  authority to seize all the pine timber which they find in the
+  possession of any one, though it may have been cut on his own
+  ground. * * * I feel it my duty to submit it to the consideration
+  of his Majesty's ministers whether it may not be expedient to
+  relinquish these restrictions on private property, which have an
+  evident tendency to discourage the advancement of cultivation and
+  settlement in the province."
+
+Sir John Wentworth justified the enforcement of the regulations as a
+matter of national importance. He quoted the experience of New England
+where, after the restrictions of the surveyor general's office were
+removed, the mast timber had been so largely destroyed that it was
+scarcely possible to procure a cargo of large masts, and those that
+were to be had were held at enormous prices. Even if the government
+should grant all the land available for settlement, it did not follow,
+he argued, that the efficiency of the navy should be imperilled or the
+mast timber pass into the hands of speculators; nor did he think that
+its preservation should be left entirely to the discretion of the
+owners of the soil.
+
+Wentworth's representation to the Home Government proved effectual at
+the time; his deputies continued to range the woods, and many a tall,
+stately pine bore the mark of the "broad-arrow" in token that it was
+reserved for the royal navy. It was not until about the year 1811 that
+the reservation of White Pine trees was no longer insisted upon by the
+crown.
+
+The masting business was a very important one in the early days of New
+Brunswick. Vessels were built expressly for the trade, and, being of
+large size, and usually sailing under protection of a man-of-war, soon
+became the favorite passenger ships.
+
+The development of the masting industry proceeded very rapidly after
+the arrival of the Loyalists, but even before that date it had
+attained considerable proportions. Sir Richard Hughes wrote to Lord
+Germaine on the 30th April, 1781, that upwards of 200 sticks for
+masts, yards and bowsprits had been cut, squared and approved by the
+King's purveyor at the River St. John in the course of the last fall
+and winter, and that one of the navy transports was then at Fort Howe
+loading a cargo of masts.
+
+The year the Loyalists arrived, Captain John Munro, in reporting to
+General Haldimand the state of settlement of the country, said:--
+
+  "On the River St. John are the finest masts and spars that I have
+  ever seen. I saw at Fort Howe about six thousand pounds worth. Two
+  ships were loading when I left that place. I suppose there were
+  masts sufficient there to load ten ships."
+
+The masts, spars, bowsprits and other timber, having been prepared in
+the woods by the workmen, were hauled to the water by oxen. Trees
+growing near the stream were "bowsed out"--that is, hauled with block
+and tackle to the river's bank. In the month of March it was customary
+for the King's purveyor to certify the number and sizes of the sticks
+that had been brought to the stream, "trimmed four-square and fit for
+rafting," and on receipt of the purveyor's certificate the contractor
+was at liberty to draw one-half of the money due on the fulfilment of
+his contract, from the naval storekeeper at Halifax. The masts were
+rafted and floated--or towed by sloops--to Fort Howe, where they were
+stored for shipment in the mast pond.
+
+The mast pond was a little cove to the west of Portland Point, just
+east of the site of the present Portland Rolling Mills. The situation
+will be seen in the accompanying plan. It was closed and fenced in by
+the British government for the purpose of receiving the masts.
+
+[Illustration: St. John Harbor]
+
+A few words now concerning William Davidson, who may be said to have
+been the first man to engage in lumbering on the River St. John. Mr.
+Davidson came from the north of Scotland to Miramichi in 1764, the
+same year that James Simonds and James White established themselves at
+the mouth of the River St. John. Cooney, the historian of the North
+Shore, tells us that at the time of Davidson's arrival the abandoned
+houses of the French had been destroyed by the Indians, and our Scotch
+immigrant found himself the only white man in a vast and desolate
+region. If this be so he did not long remain solitary, for the next
+year a grant of 100,000 acres on the south side of the Miramichi was
+made to him and John Cort. Mr. Davidson was a resolute and energetic
+man. He prosecuted the fishery, and about the year 1773 built the
+first schooner launched upon the Miramichi. At the time of the
+Revolutionary war the Micmacs were so hostile and troublesome that he
+removed with his family to Maugerville, where he became the purchaser
+of two lots of land near the head of Oromocto Island. His associations
+with James Simonds, Wm. Hazen and James White were not of the
+pleasantest kind. In consequence of purchasing some land at Morrisania
+(below the present city of Fredericton) the title to which was in
+dispute, he became involved in litigation with James Simonds, and the
+result was a suit in the court of chancery,[117] which proved rather
+costly to both parties. As regards Messrs. Hazen and White there was,
+as we shall presently see, a lot of trouble arising out of the masting
+business in which both parties were actively engaged.
+
+  [117] This was probably the first suit of the kind in the Province of
+        New Brunswick. Elias Hardy was Davidson's attorney and Ward
+        Chipman appeared on behalf of James Simonds.
+
+Mr. Davidson's influence on the St. John river is shown by the fact
+that he was elected a member of the Nova Scotia House of Assembly for
+the County of Sunbury. He returned to Miramichi about the time the
+Loyalists came to the province, and died there in 1790. His tomb-stone
+in the old cemetery on Beaubair's Island bears the following
+inscription:--
+
+  SACRED TO THE MEMORY
+          OF
+  WILLIAM DAVIDSON, ESQ.
+
+  Representative of the County of Northumberland,
+  Province of New Brunswick, Judge of the Court
+  of Common Pleas, Contractor for Masts for His
+  Majesty's Navy.
+
+  He died on the 17th of June, 1790, aged 50. He
+  was one of the first settlers of the river,
+  and greatly instrumental in promoting the
+  settlement. He left a widow and five children
+  to deplore his loss.
+
+     "MEMENTO MORI."
+
+The success that attended William Davidson's masting operations led
+Messrs. Hazen and White to engage in the same business. They were
+fortunate enough to secure the co-operation of Colonel Francklin, with
+whom they entered into partnership in the summer of 1781 for general
+trade and "masting." Francklin's political influence at Halifax and
+the personal friendship of Sir Andrew Snape Hamond, the lieutenant
+governor of Nova Scotia and Commissioner of the navy yard, proved of
+very great advantage to the partners in their business. A few
+quotations from the original papers of the firm, which are now in the
+possession of the author, will throw light upon the nature of their
+subsequent operations.
+
+  "CONTRACTED and agreed on the 9th day of August, 1781, with Sir
+  Andrew Snape Hamond, Commissioner of his Majesty's Navy, resident
+  at Halifax, by us Michael Francklin, Esqr., of Windsor, and Wm.
+  Hazen and James White, Esqrs., of the River St. John in the
+  Province of Nova Scotia, And we do hereby covenant and agree to
+  deliver, free of all charges to his Majesty, at the mouth of the
+  River St. John, the undermentioned North American White Pine
+  Masts, Yards, and Bowsprits, Ash Rafters, Elm Timber, Oak Timber,
+  Anchor Stocks of White Oak, and Crooked or Compass Timber, in the
+  quantities, of the dimensions and at the prices expressed against
+  each size * * to be brought to the mouth of the River Saint John
+  by or before the 1st day of July, 1782, and there to remain at
+  our risque until they shall be embarked on board such ships or
+  vessels as shall be sent to transport them to England, Halifax or
+  elsewhere. * * *
+
+  "It is further agreed by Sir Andrew Snape Hamond for the
+  encouragement of the said Contractors, that in case the enemy
+  should make a descent on the Port of Saint John in order to
+  destroy the masts lying there, that the damages sustained thereby
+  should fall on Government and not upon the Contractors, provided
+  it shall appear that all proper endeavors on the part of the
+  Contractors were used to save the masts."
+
+Great Britain was at this time engaged in a struggle for national
+existence. She was at war, not only with the colonies in rebellion,
+but with France, Holland and Spain, and that without a single ally.
+Under such circumstances it was absolutely necessary that the navy
+should be kept as efficient as possible. The dockyards were busy
+places and we need not be surprised that good prices were paid for
+masts, yards, bowsprits and ship timber in general. In the contract
+signed by Francklin, Hazen and White the prices offered by government
+are stated in detail, but the table of prices is too long to quote in
+full. The sums paid varied with the size of the tree as will be seen
+from the following examples selected from the table in the contract:
+
+  Masts of 36 inches diameter, 36 yards long, L136.
+  Masts of 35 inches diameter, 35 yards long, L110.
+  Masts of 34 inches diameter, 34 yards long, L95.
+  Masts of 32 inches diameter, 32 yards long, L68.
+  Masts of 31 inches diameter, 31 yards long, L61.
+  Masts of 26 inches diameter, 28 yards long, L25.
+  Masts of 18 inches diameter, 23 yards long, L10.
+  Yards of 25 inches diameter, 35 yards long, L52.
+  Yards of 23 inches diameter, 32 yards long, L40.
+  Yards of 21 inches diameter, 29-1/2 yards long, L20.
+  Yards of 14 inches diameter, 22 yards long, L4.16.
+  Bowsprits 38 inches diameter, 25 yards long, L42.10.
+  Bowsprits 34 inches diameter, 23 yards long, L32.10.
+  Bowsprits 30 inches diameter, 20-1/2 yards long, L30.
+  Bowsprits 25 inches diameter, 17 yards long, L10.2.
+
+The rapid increase in price as the maximum dimensions were neared was
+due to the fact that timber of such size was exceedingly rare.
+
+The certificate of the naval storekeeper, George Thomas, shows that on
+the 6th July, 1782, Francklin, Hazen & White had delivered under the
+protection of his Majesty's Post at Fort Howe, in pursuance of their
+contract of the 9th of August, 1781, 37 masts valued at L1098.16.3; 65
+yards valued at L1502.13.4; 8 bowsprits valued at L181.1.11-1/2 and 20
+M. feet white ash oar rafters valued at L156.5.0; so that the firm
+received upwards of $14,000 from government on their first year's
+masting operations. Some of the sticks obtained were of very large
+size, including one mast, 35 inches in diameter and 91-1/2 feet long,
+and a yard 26 inches in diameter and 108 feet long; for these two
+sticks they received respectively $450 and $350.
+
+It was essential to the success of the masting business that a
+good practical man should be at the head of it, and Mr. White's
+brother-in-law, Samuel Peabody, was selected for the position. He
+was given an interest in the contract and was also allowed "seven
+shillings and six pence per diem in consideration of his care and
+trouble in taking upon him the management of the business."
+
+At the time the agreement was made with Mr. Peabody, Michael Francklin
+was at the River St. John.[118] The agreement specified that the
+masts, yards and bowsprits were to be converted into eight squares
+carrying their dimensions in their several parts conformable to the
+rules of the navy.
+
+  [118] The document was dated at Maugerville the 15th October, 1781.
+        The parties to the agreement were on the one hand Francklin,
+        Hazen & White; and on the other hand Francklin, Hazen, White &
+        Peabody. The second party were to deliver to the first at Fort
+        Howe "by the first Freshes in the Spring" the masts, yards,
+        etc., mentioned in the contract. One third of the profit or
+        loss to be the said Samuel Peabody's and two-thirds to be the
+        said Michael Francklin, Wm. Hazen and James White's.
+
+While the profits derived from the mast business may have been
+considerable, the expenses also were heavy. There were many unforseen
+contingencies. The demand for workmen and laborers in a short time
+nearly doubled the rate of wages, and the cost of provisions and
+supplies increased. In the course of a few months Col. Francklin sent
+three consignments of goods to St. John, amounting in value to about
+$3,000. A bill of lading in those days was a quaint document, witness
+the following:
+
+  "SHIPPED by the Grace of God, by John Butler Dight in and upon the
+  good Ship called the Young William Naval Store Ship, whereof is
+  master, under God, for this present Voyage, George Hastings, and
+  now riding at anchor in the Harbour of Halifax, and by God's Grace
+  bound for Fort Howe, River St. John in the Bay of Fundy.
+
+  To say, one Hogshead, three Casks, one Case, three Bales, one
+  Large Trunk, one Bag Coffee, six Boxes, twenty Barrels Pork, and
+  twenty firkins Butter--by order of Mich'l Francklin, Esq., for
+  account and risque of himself, Wm. Hazen & James White, consigned
+  to Messrs. Hazen & White at Fort Howe as aforesaid, being marked
+  and numbered as in the margin, and are to be delivered in good
+  order and well conditioned at the Port of Fort Howe (the danger of
+  the seas only excepted.)
+
+  In Witness whereof the master of the said Ship hath affirmed to
+  three Bills of Lading, all of this tenor and date; the one of
+  which three Bills being accomplished, the other two to stand
+  void.
+
+  And so GOD send the Good Ship to her desired Port in safety.
+  Amen.
+
+  "Dated in Halifax 23rd April, 1782.
+
+  "G. HASTINGS."
+
+Col. Francklin procured at Halifax many articles needed for the mast
+cutters, such as chains, blocks and tackle, camp supplies, etc. Flour
+retailed in Halifax at this time at $11.00 per bbl., and the freight
+to Fort Howe was $1.50 per bbl. Pork cost at Halifax $25.00 per bbl.
+and upwards. The population on the St. John river was small, and men
+and oxen were in demand both in winter and summer. The cultivation and
+improvement of farms was retarded and a spirit of speculation
+introduced into the country, destined ere long to bear pernicious
+fruit. Francklin sent from Windsor some skilled hewers of timber.
+Nevertheless the masting operations were carried on after a primitive
+fashion, and Mr. Peabody was constantly obliged to write for articles
+needed by his workmen. A few sentences culled from his correspondence
+with Hazen & White will shed a little light on the difficulties that
+attended the masting business:
+
+  "There is no prospect of the business being in one place as we
+  expected when Mr. Francklin was here; at present have given up
+  trying at St. Anns, for the Pine proves so rotten that it would
+  never pay the expense of cutting a road to where it grows." [Nov.
+  2d, 1781.]
+
+  "The men are very bad off for Bread, and people cannot work
+  without good food, besides it takes much time in baking Indian
+  cakes for them in the woods, one hand continually imploy'd. * * We
+  are very badly off indeed for Chalk lines, having nothing of that
+  kind to make use of but twine." [Jan. 21, 1782.]
+
+  "Davidson is almost done--his situation is this: no workmen, no
+  rum, no provision, he's nearly possesst of Pandora's Box." [Feb.
+  5, 1782.]
+
+  "Men's wear is much wanted, such as thick clothes, a few blankets
+  if you can procure them, as some men are obliged to sleep without
+  blankets in the camp." [Feb. 9, 1782.]
+
+  "Pork, beef and corn is very scarce and dear, the two former not
+  to be bought. Have engaged what wheat and Indian corn we could on
+  the river." [March 23d, 1782.]
+
+  "Our common laborers value their hire very high, as there is so
+  many mast cutting, running from place to place to get sticks for
+  the highest bidder." [Dec. 25, 1782.]
+
+  "Some chocolate is wanted for our Masting Camp for at present we
+  use Spruce Tea, which causes some murmuring." [Feb. 2, 1783.]
+
+In order to fill the contract at the time fixed, Samuel Peabody found
+it necessary to cruise the woods over a wide area selecting trees that
+grew not far from the banks of the streams which might be "bowsed in"
+by oxen with block and tackle. In consequence of the competition with
+Mr. Davidson the hire of a yoke of oxen became as high as seven
+shillings and six pence a day and difficult to obtain at that. The
+exigencies of the situation were such that Hayes and Peabody ventured
+to press into their service a pair of fat oxen that had been sent down
+the river from St. Anns by Philip Weade for an entirely different
+purpose. This was displeasing to Hazen & White who wrote: "We are much
+surprised that you stopped the particular pair of oxen which we
+desired last Fall to be stall fed for the use of the officers of the
+garrison here and ourselves, which hath left them and us without a
+good slice of beef."
+
+It is rather a curious circumstance that very soon after Francklin,
+Hazen and White embarked in the masting business they found
+themselves at logger heads with William Davidson, whose workmen they
+had for two years been endeavoring to protect from interference on the
+part of the "rebels" and Indians. In point of fact Mr. Davidson
+suffered greater annoyance at the hands of Samuel Peabody and his mast
+cutters than he ever experienced from the rebels or the Indians. Under
+the arrangements at first made with the government of Nova Scotia, a
+good deal of latitude was allowed the mast cutters. Mr. Davidson had
+a special order to cut masts, yards, etc., for his Majesty's
+service, wherever he could find them. Under this roving commission
+his workmen came into contact on several occasions with those of
+the other contractors and in a very short time there was bad blood
+between them.
+
+Samuel Peabody, who had charge of the operations of Francklin, Hazen
+and White, was a man of resolute and somewhat aggressive spirit.
+William Davidson on the other hand, possessed all the energy and
+determination for which the Scotch race is noted. The state of affairs
+on the River St. John in consequence of the rivalry created by the
+masting business was not at all harmonious. The sentiments of the
+people were divided. There were some who sided with Hazen, White and
+Peabody while others took the part of Wm. Davidson and Israel
+Perley--the latter being in Mr. Davidson's employ. A couple of letters
+of the period will serve to show how the rivals regarded one another.
+
+Samuel Peabody writes as follows:
+
+  Maugerville, 2nd Nov'r, 1781.
+
+  "Messrs. Hazen & White, Merchants at Fort Howe,
+
+  "Gentlemen,--Since I wrote to you by John Hart, giving you account
+  of the badness of the Pine Lumber back of St. Anns, I sent 3 hands
+  up Nashwalk to try the timber in that place, and find the timber
+  to be small near the waterside. Upon Davidson's understanding I
+  was determined to try that place, he immediately sent a party of
+  French up that River, commanded by Israel Perley, to cut all the
+  Timber that fell in his way, among which was a large Tree that I
+  suppose was marked by Mr. Hayes, as he tells people that it had
+  several Broad Arrows on it. At the same time that Davidson
+  dispatched this party he sent another party back of Thomas
+  Langin's[119] upon the growth of Pine Mr. Hayes had pitched upon
+  for us, and has his small party sallying out upon all quarters,
+  and bids defiance to any Proprietors stopping him from such
+  proceedings. Now if he is allowed to cut Timber upon the Society's
+  Land[120] it will be impossible for me to furnish half the
+  quantity of sticks I could if I had the privilege of all the above
+  mentioned lands.
+
+  [119] Thomas Langan lived at this time about four miles above St.
+          Ann's Point. On his lot there was a log house and he had
+          about 20 acres of land, cleared chiefly by the French. He
+          lived there about six years but was disturbed by the
+          Indians, who, about this time, killed his cattle and made
+          his situation so precarious that he moved down the river
+          with his family to Burton.
+
+  [120] The townships of the St. John's River Society are here
+          referred to, more particularly Burton, Sunbury and
+          New-town. Wm. Hazen, James Simonds and James White were
+          proprietors of lands in these townships, and Peabody
+          regarded Wm. Davidson as an intruder.
+
+  "Tomorrow morning I am a going with 8 or 10 hands to cut sum fine
+  Trees up Oromocto, near whear Davidson is stearing his course, as
+  he should be paid in his own coin. I have imployed sum men to cut
+  Trees by the jobb up Oromocto, and by searching, they say, that
+  there may be had some fine lengthy Trees, but not the greatest
+  diameter.
+
+  "I hope one of you will come up soon and reside a few days, for,
+  as I mentioned to you in my last letter it is very difficult for
+  me to procure hands at suitable times, as I am in the woods the
+  cheaf of the time, and at present there is no prospect of the
+  business being in one place, as we expected when Col. Francklin
+  left this place. At present I have given up trying at Saint Anns,
+  for the Pine proves so rotten that it never will pay the expense
+  of cutting a road in to where it groes
+
+  "There is sum that pertended to undertake to ingage to get us sum
+  sticks, by what I can learn has ingaged them to Davidson,
+  especially that scoudril John Tibbits, although he gave Mr.
+  Francklin good incurragement, as I thought, that we should have
+  all the sticks that he could procure.
+
+      I am, with respect,
+          Your Humble Serv't,
+
+  SAM'L PEABODY.
+
+A year later William Davidson writes in quite as emphatic terms to
+Samuel Peabody:
+
+  Maugerville, 9th December, 1782.
+
+  "Sir--I'm not a little surprised at a piece of your conduct that
+  has lately come to my knowledge; which is your triming my masts,
+  etc., on the streame of Rushaganes and its vicinaty. I cannot
+  conjecture upon what principle you pretend to have acted. I had (&
+  have) a speciall order from Government to cutt masts, yards, etc.,
+  for His Majesty's use wherever I could find them, when I cutt
+  those sticks, which constitute as good a right in them to me as
+  any that could be given. If (by some kind of means) the people
+  you're concerned with afterwards got a grant of the lands on which
+  they were, it could not be supposed to extend to a prior right any
+  other person had derived from as good authority. But in the mean
+  time I shall not take the trouble to say any more on the subject
+  than to desire you will from this time desist from meddling with
+  any sticks that have been cut for me, and also relinquish what you
+  have already medled with.
+
+  "I wish to live peaceably, but I have lately experienced so many
+  instances of your most bare-faced and wanton oppression, to my
+  prejudice, that there's no longer a doubt with me what course I
+  must be under the disagreeable necessity to take, that I may
+  obtain redress and do justice to myself and family. I shall expect
+  your immediate answer for my future government, and am, sir,
+
+      "Your Humble Serv't
+
+  "WM. DAVIDSON."
+
+The fact that William Davidson was the first in the field gave him
+some local advantages that were increased considerably by the
+predilection in his favor displayed by Constant Connor, the commander
+of the small garrison posted at the Oromocto blockhouse. This we know
+from one of the letters of the government purveyor, John Hayes, who
+was exceedingly friendly to Hazen & White. He wrote "I am sorry to say
+that Lieut. Connor is much atached to Davidson and Andrews,[121] his
+orders from Sir Richard Hughes specifying to give Davidson all the
+assistance in his power, and on that account Davidson carries much
+more sway than he otherwise would."
+
+  [121] The reference is to George Andrew, government purveyor, who
+        surveyed the masts furnished by Mr. Davidson's workmen.
+
+Sir Richard Hughes, it may be observed, was succeeded as Lieut.
+Governor of Nova Scotia by Sir Andrew Snape Hamond in 1781. Both
+Hughes and Hamond held in turn the office of commissioner of the naval
+yard at Halifax. Colonel Francklin had himself been lieutenant
+governor of Nova Scotia from 1766 to 1776, and seems to have kept on
+excellent terms with his successors. Through his influence at
+headquarters the government patronage passed largely to the firm of
+which he was the senior partner. Francklin was an adept in the art of
+diplomacy. During the Revolutionary war, as we have already seen, his
+tact and judgment prevented the Indians from becoming actively hostile
+to the English and restrained the New Englanders, settled in
+Cumberland and other parts of Nova Scotia, from taking up arms on the
+side of the rebellion. A specimen of his diplomacy in small matters is
+found in one of his letters to Hazen & White in which he writes:
+"However high Indian corn may be, I wish you would send twenty bushels
+to Sir Andrew for his poultry, in which Lady Hamond takes great
+delight, and pray don't omit getting her some wood ducks in the
+approaching season."
+
+Some further light is thrown upon the state of affairs on the River
+St. John at this period, and the "modus operandi" of the mast cutters
+by the following letter, written by Hazen & White, to Colonel
+Francklin:--
+
+  "Fort Howe, 23rd March, 1782.
+
+  "Dear Sir,--Since our last we have been at Maugerville viewing the
+  masts, etc, etc. Mr. Peabody has cut down and procured as many
+  sticks as could be expected under the disadvantage of having the
+  other contractor at his elbow. You will find enclosed Mr. Hayes
+  account and certificates of the number and sizes of sticks on the
+  banks, trimmed four square and fit for rafting. They have about
+  120 more cut, many of which cannot be got out this season. Mr.
+  Peabody set off on the 14th inst. to view a glade of Pines on the
+  Grand Lake, about 40 miles from Mr. Simonds' house, where he has a
+  number of men to work. * * The French people at Kanibikashes have
+  about 100 sticks cut. They say they will be able to get out and
+  bring here this Spring about 40 sticks, the others they can get
+  out in Summer. Pork, beef and corn is very scarce and dear; the
+  two former not to be bought. Have engaged what wheat and Indian
+  corn we could on the River. * * Davidson expects to have 200
+  sticks out this season and near as many more cut in the woods; he
+  gives the people larger prices for sticks (and takes them at
+  Maugerville or elsewhere afloat) than we give Mr. Peabody
+  delivered here. * * We must have two or three hundred pounds in
+  cash here by the first conveyance.
+
+  "Yours etc.,
+          "Hazen & White."
+
+The pines of our primeval forests were evidently of magnificent
+proportions. Samuel Peabody mentions cutting a yard 110 feet in
+length and 26 inches in diameter, and a mast 38 inches in diameter,
+and other timber of nearly equal size. Many of the largest pines grew
+on the banks of the Rushagonish, a branch of the Oromocto. By the
+favor of Lieut. Governor Hamond and his council Messrs. Hazen,
+White and Peabody obtained possession of a tract of 8,000 acres of
+land in that quarter. The grant was made in the first instance to
+William Hazen, James White, Jacob Barker and Tamberlane Campbell,
+as officers serving in the provincial troops in the last French war.
+Tamberlane Campbell immediately sold his share to Samuel Peabody
+for a small consideration.
+
+The extent of William Davidson's masting operations must have been
+very considerable, for Hazen & White wrote to Colonel Francklin in
+March, 1782, "Davidson will have about 200 sticks out this season and
+near as many more fell in the woods, having employed almost half the
+Inhabitants in cutting. We should not be surprised to hear that he,
+with many of the Inhabitants, should memorialize the Navy Commissioner
+to have all his sticks received; if so, and he should succeed, another
+contract for us would be but of little advantage as he has raised the
+price of provision and men and Ox labour--oxen to 7s. 6d. pr. pair pr.
+day and men in proportion."
+
+The masting business seems to have been remunerative, and was the
+means of putting in circulation a considerable amount of specie, which
+was greatly appreciated by the settlers on the River St. John. On
+April 25, 1782, Col. Francklin wrote to his partners, Hazen & White,
+"There is no doubt of another contract, or of Sir Andrew's friendship
+to me, therefore go on and get out as many sticks as you can, and
+throw down as many as you are sure of getting out between this and
+Xmass, at least, for be assured we shall have another contract, and I
+mean to apply for a standing one when I go to Halifax again, which I
+expect will be in ten days or a fortnight, or even sooner if the
+annual ships (from England) arrive." The letter from which this
+extract is taken is the last that has been preserved of Francklin's
+interesting correspondence with William Hazen and James White. He died
+at Halifax, Nov. 8, 1782. The masting business was, however, carried
+on by Hazen, White and Peabody for several years longer. William
+Davidson also continued to engage in the business. Although some
+improvement was gradually made in the way the masting business was
+conducted by the pioneer "lumbermen"--if we may so term them--the
+methods employed down to 1825 were very crude. In that year Peter
+Fisher writes. "In this country there is no article that can in any
+degree furnish export equal to the pine, which is manufactured in the
+simplest manner with but little trouble. So simple is the process that
+most settlers who have the use of the axe can manufacture it, the
+woods furnishing a sort of simple manufactory for the inhabitants,
+from which, after attending to their farms in the summer, they can
+draw returns during the winter for the supplies which are necessary
+for the comfort of their families." Mr. Fisher enters a strong protest
+against what was, even then a growing evil, namely, the wanton
+destruction of valuable young timber by persons who were merely
+speculators, and had little regard for the future.
+
+The rapid increase in the lumber industry is seen from the fact that
+in 1824 there was shipped from the port of St. John alone 114,116 tons
+of Pine and Birch timber; 11,534,000 feet of Pine boards and planks;
+1,923,000 staves; 491,000 Pine shingles; 1,918 masts and spars; 2,698
+handspikes, oars and oar rafters; and 1,435 cords of lathwood; while
+in addition large quantities were shipped from Miramichi, St. Andrews,
+Richibucto and Bathurst. Up to 1825 there is scarcely any mention of
+Spruce lumber as an article of export. The first Spruce deals cut in
+New Brunswick were sawn in 1819, and the first cargo, which consisted
+of only 100,000 superficial feet, was shipped to England in 1822.
+
+In 1782, Hazen, White and Peabody had a small saw mill in operation on
+the Oromocto stream, and about this time they erected another and
+larger one. The mills were not profitable at first, but they became
+more valuable after the close of the Revolutionary war, when the
+arrival of the Loyalists created a great demand for sawn lumber.
+
+Before we turn from the consideration of the small beginnings of our
+great lumbering industry to other matters, a few words may be added
+concerning the Glasier family, so famous in the annals of the province
+for their enterprises on the River St. John. Colonel Beamsley
+Glasier's connection with the mills erected on the Nashwaak in 1788,
+by the St. John's River Society, has already been related. His brother
+Benjamin, who was a somewhat younger man, came to the St. John river
+from Massachusetts in 1779 as a shipwright. The Revolutionary war,
+however, rendered it impracticable to carry on ship building, so he
+moved up the river to what was then called "Morrisania," about six
+miles below Fredericton, where in 1782 he purchased from Benjamin
+Bubier, for the sum of L200, a tract of 1,000 acres of land on which
+his desendants of the fourth generation still reside. Benjamin
+Glasier's commission as a lieutenant in the Massachusetts infantry is
+yet preserved in the family. It bears the signature of Thomas
+Hutchinson, the last Royal Governor of Massachusetts. Lieut. Glaiser
+served in the French and Indian wars and was taken prisoner at the
+siege of Fort William Henry.
+
+Benjamin Glasier was the progenitor of the well known family, of which
+the late Senator John Glasier (familiarly known as "the main John
+Glasier") and his brothers Stephen, Duncan and Benjamin were members.
+The operations of the Glasier family in lumbering and shipbuilding
+extended over very nearly a century. At one time they were undoubtedly
+the largest operators in New Brunswick, employing over six hundred
+men. For many years their production was principally pine timber,
+which was shipped to Liverpool.
+
+The late Senator Glasier began his lumbering operations on the
+Shogomoc, in York County, and afterwards in company with his brother
+Stephen, extended them to the waters of the upper St. John. He was the
+first lumberman to bring a drive over the Grand Falls, and is said to
+have been the first white man to explore the Squattook lakes. The
+phrase "the Main John Glasier" originated with an Irishman named Paddy
+McGarrigle, who was employed as a cook.[122] It was soon universally
+adopted by the lumbermen and, strange to say, has spread over the
+continent. In the western states today men employed in lumbering apply
+the term, "He is the main John Glasier" to the manager of any big
+lumbering concern. It is said that only a few of those who use the
+term know its origin. It was undoubtedly carried to the west by men
+who went there from the River St. John. Senator Glasier died at Ottawa
+in his 84th year, during the session of 1894, while engaged in the
+discharge of his parliamentary duties.
+
+  [122] My authority for this is Adam Beveridge, Esq., of Andover, than
+        whom few, if any, living men are better posted on the history
+        of lumbering on the St. John river.--W. O. R.
+
+It is a curious circumstance that the present members for Sunbury
+County in the provincial legislature, Parker Glasier and J. Douglas
+Hazen, are great-grandsons respectively of Benjamin Glasier and John
+Hazen, old neighbors and worthy residents of Sunbury one hundred and
+twenty years ago. At that time Sunbury included nearly the whole of
+the province, now it is a very modest little constituency indeed.
+
+The origin of the famous "Wood-boats" of the St. John river is
+revealed in the correspondence of Hazen and White. Previous to the
+arrival of the Loyalists all the vessels used on the river were either
+small schooners and sloops or gondolos; but in November, 1783, Hazen
+and White determined to build two schooners or boats to bring wood to
+market to carry about eight cords. These little vessels they state
+were to be managed by two men and were not decked.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXVIII.
+
+PIONEERS ON THE ST. JOHN RIVER IN PRE-LOYALIST DAYS.
+
+Considerable information has already been given in the preceding
+chapters of this history concerning the first English settlers on the
+River St. John, and the names of such men as Francis Peabody, Israel
+Perley, James Simonds, James White, William Hazen, Jonathan and Daniel
+Leavitt, Beamsley P. and Benjamin Glasier, Benjamin Atherton, William
+Davidson, Gilfred Studholme and others will be familiar to the
+majority of our readers. Some further information concerning the early
+settlers may prove of equal interest.
+
+
+BECKWITH.
+
+Nehemiah Beckwith was an active and well known man on the St. John
+river in his day and generation. He was a descendant of Mathew
+Beckwith, who came to America from Yorkshire, England, in 1635. The
+branch of the family to which Nehemiah Beckwith belonged lived chiefly
+at Lyme in Connecticut. Two brothers, Samuel and John, emigrated from
+that place to Nova Scotia in 1760, in consequence of the inducements
+offered by Governor Lawrence to New Englanders to occupy the lands
+vacated by the Acadians. A fleet of 22 vessels from Connecticut,
+carrying a considerable colony, entered Minas Basin on the 4th day of
+June, and the settlers landed near the town plot of Cornwallis.
+Nehemiah Beckwith was born at Lyme, February 29, 1756, and was the
+seventh, and youngest, child of Samuel Beckwith by his wife Miriam,
+who was a daughter of Capt. Reynold Marvin. At the time of his arrival
+in "bluenose land" he was little more than four years old. The exact
+date of his arrival at Maugerville is uncertain, but it was probably
+not long before the 16th December, 1780, when--as we learn from old
+Sunbury County records--he purchased half of lot No. 78 in Upper
+Maugerville from Joseph Dunphy for L100. Nehemiah Beckwith is
+described in the deed of conveyance as "late of Cornwallis but now of
+Maugerville, Trader." Mr. Beckwith was quite an enterprising man in
+the early days of New Brunswick. He was the first to attempt the
+establishment of regular communication by water between St. John and
+Fredericton, and for that purpose built in August, 1784, a scow or
+tow-boat to ply between Parrtown and St. Anns. A little later he built
+at Mauger's (or Gilbert's) Island a ship called the Lord Sheffield,
+which he sold on the stocks in May, 1786, to Gen'l Benedict Arnold. In
+consequence of sharp practice on the part of Arnold he was financially
+ruined. However, in a few years he succeeded in extricating himself
+from his difficulties and again became an enterprising and useful
+citizen. At the first general election in this province Mr. Beckwith
+and James Simonds were candidates for the County of Sunbury, their
+opponents being Capt. Richard Vanderburg and William Hubbard. The
+election was conducted after the old fashioned style of open voting,
+and lasted several days, during which the poll was held in succession
+at the principal centres. After a sharp party contest between the old
+inhabitants and the loyalists, the former were outvoted and Simonds
+and Beckwith consequently defeated. This election helped to intensify
+the ill-will and jealousy already existing between the "old" and "new"
+inhabitants. Mr. Beckwith married Miss Julia Le Brun and, after a
+time, made his residence at Fredericton, where he met his death by
+drowning in 1815. His son, the late Hon. John A. Beckwith, born in
+Fredericton, December 1st, 1800, filled many high offices. He was for
+a time mayor of Fredericton, chairman of the provincial Board of
+Agriculture, a director of the Quebec and New Brunswick railway and
+for many years agent of the New Brunswick and Nova Scotia Land
+Company. His son Harry Beckwith was for several years mayor of
+Fredericton; another son, Charles W. was for years city clerk, and a
+third, Adolphus G., filled for some time the position of chief
+engineer of the provincial public works department. A daughter married
+James Hazen of Oromocto, Sunbury County, and is the mother of J.
+Douglas Hazen, M. P. P.
+
+
+QUINTON.
+
+Hugh Quinton, who was one of the pioneers who came to St. John in 1762
+with Captain Francis Peabody, was born in Cheshire, New Hampshire, in
+1741. Being of an adventurous spirit he served, while only a lad in
+his teens, in one of the provincial regiments at Crown Point in the
+French war. His wife, Elizabeth Christie of Londonderry, New
+Hampshire, was born in the same year as her husband. They were married
+at the age of twenty and came to St. John a year later. According to
+the late John Quinton (who was Hugh Quinton's grandson and derived
+much of his information directly from his grandmother's lips) Hugh and
+his wife Elizabeth arrived in St. John on the 28th August, 1762, and
+on their arrival found shelter at the Old Fort Frederick barracks in
+Carleton where, on the night of the day of their arrival, their first
+child James Quinton was born: to him therefore appertains the honor of
+being the first child of English speaking parents born at St. John.
+Not long afterwards Hugh Quinton went up the river to Maugerville, of
+which township he was one of the first grantees. He is described in an
+old legal document as "Inn-holder," from which it is evident he
+furnished entertainment to travellers, or kept a "tavern." In those
+days the keeper of a tavern was usually quite an important personage.
+Many of the first religious services at Maugerville were held at Hugh
+Quinton's house, as being centrally situated and more commodious than
+those of the majority of the settlers. He was himself a member of the
+Congregational Church. In 1774 he sold his lot of land opposite Middle
+Island, and removed to Manawagonish in the township of Conway where,
+as we learn from an enumeration of the settlers made 1st August, 1775,
+(yet preserved at Halifax) he lived with his family, comprising ten
+persons in all, in a small log house, his stock of domestic animals
+including 2 horses, 4 oxen and bulls, 5 cows, 6 young cattle, 13 sheep
+and 5 swine. In common with the majority of the settlers who came from
+New England, the sympathies of Hugh Quinton in the Revolutionary war
+were at first with the "rebels." He was one of the "rebel committee,"
+formed at Maugerville in May, 1776, and accompanied Colonel Jonathan
+Eddy in his quixotic expedition against Fort Cumberland. After this
+unlucky escapade Hugh Quinton thought better of his conduct, took the
+oath of allegiance and on several occasions turned out and fought the
+rebel parties. At the peace in 1783 he drew a lot in Parrtown, at the
+corner of Charlotte and Princess streets, (where the residence of the
+late Dr. John Berryman now stands), also one in Carleton. For many
+years he kept a well known house of entertainment at Manawagonish,
+Parish of Lancaster. He died in 1792, but his widow lived until the
+year 1835. He was the ancestor of all of the name who are now resident
+in the province.
+
+
+JONES.
+
+John Jones, the ancestor of the late Hon. Thomas R. Jones and many
+others of the name in the province, claims a little notice at our
+hands. His grandfather came to America from Wales about the year 1700,
+accompanied by his family. They landed at Newburyport, settling, a
+little later, at Amesbury. This immigrant ancestor met a tragic death
+at the hands of the Indians. John Jones, who came to St. John, was the
+youngest of his father's children. He learned the ship-carpenter's
+trade, and came to St. John with William Hazen in 1775 as a master
+workman to build ships for the firm of Hazen, Simonds and White. The
+first vessel he was employed in constructing was on the stocks and
+partly planked when she was burned by a party of marauders from
+Machias. Mr. Jones' employers paid him his daily wages for some time,
+in order to retain his services, under the impression that the
+Revolutionary war would soon be ended and they would be able to resume
+the business of ship-building. During this waiting period Jones was
+not entirely idle--at least he found time to marry a New England girl,
+Mercy Hilderick by name, who was visiting at the home of her
+brother-in-law Samuel Peabody. The marriage ceremony was performed by
+Gervas Say, Esquire, a neighboring justice of the peace. The ravages
+of the Yankee privateers that infested the shores of the Bay of Fundy
+obliged Mr. Jones and nearly all his neighbors of the Township of
+Conway to move up the river. But previous to their departure there
+occurred John Allan's famous invasion of the St. John. Allan left a
+guard of sixty men at the mouth of the river to oppose the landing of
+the troops under Major Studholme and Col. Francklin. The British
+landed eventually at Manawagonish Cove near the house of Samuel
+Peabody and were guided by Messrs. Jones, Peabody and others through
+the woods to the place where the enemy were encamped on the west side
+of the river near the falls. The Americans were apprised of their
+coming and had ambushed themselves--some of them climbing into trees.
+Major Studholme sent out flanking parties, which fired upon the enemy
+from either side, killing eight of their number, who were buried in
+one grave near the spot where they fell; the rest fled terror stricken
+with all possible speed to Machias. John Jones at first went up the
+river to Jemseg Point, which was then covered with white oak trees.
+Later he became acquainted with Edmund Price and, concluding to become
+his neighbor, removed to the head of Long Reach and settled at the
+place called "Coy's Mistake" on Kemble Manor, where he had a property
+of 400 acres of land. It would be quite impossible in this chapter to
+follow the various ramifications of the Jones family, for John Jones
+had a family of eight sons and seven daughters, fourteen of whom
+married and reared large families. One of the sons, Samuel, born while
+the family were at Manawagonish, in the first years of the last
+century had the responsible duty of carrying his Majesty's weekly mail
+from St. John to Fredericton. There was, by the way, a curious
+circumstance connected with this mail, namely, that letters from
+Halifax to St. John were first carried to Fredericton, as the
+headquarters of the province, and then returned to St. John. This
+involved a delay of about a week in delivery. Naturally the beauties
+of such a system did not strike the citizens of the commercial
+metropolis at all favorably, and the consequence was a vigorous "kick"
+on the part of the citizens of St. John that led ere long to a change
+for the better. The house of John Jones, at the head of Long Reach,
+was a favorite stopping place for travellers in early times, and the
+reputation of the family for hospitality was proverbial. The loyalist
+settlers at Kingston during the summer of 1783 met with much kindness
+from the Jones family while they were living in their canvas tents and
+busily engaged in the construction of log houses and in making
+preparations for the ensuing winter.
+
+
+BURPEE.
+
+The first of the Burpee family in America appears to have been Thomas
+Burpee, who settled at Rowley in the County of Essex, Massachusetts.
+This town lies near the north-east corner of the "Old Bay State." It
+was settled about 1639, and Thomas Burpee bought a lot there
+immediately after the first settlement was made. It was from this town
+and its vicinity that many of the first settlers of the township of
+Maugerville came in 1762-3. Included in the number were the Burpees,
+Barkers, Perleys, Jewetts, Palmers and others whose decendants are
+quite numerous in the province today. Rowley was a stronghold of New
+England puritanism and, if we are to credit the testimony of the
+Rev'd. Jacob Bailey, who was born there in 1731 and was a contemporary
+of Jonathan Burpee and of Jacob Barker, the citizens of Rowley were
+not remarkable for their enterprise. Mr. Bailey writes that in his day
+"every man planted as many acres of Indian corn, and sowed the same
+number with rye; he ploughed with as many oxen, hoed it as often, and
+gathered in his crop on the same day with his grandfather; he salted
+down the same quantity of beef and pork, wore the same kind of
+stockings, and at table sat and said grace with his wife and children
+around him, just as his predecessors had done before him." "An uniform
+method of thinking and acting prevailed, and nothing could be more
+criminal than for one person to be more learned, religious, or polite
+than another."[123]
+
+  [123] Many facts of interest concerning the early days of Rowley are
+        to be found in the History of Rowley by Thomas Gage, printed
+        in 1840. It contains a genealogical register of the families
+        of some of the first settlers of the town.
+
+Doubtless the emigration of the men of Massachusetts, who settled on
+the River St. John, deprived New England of some of the more
+enterprising of its people. An indication of the Puritan ancestry of
+these immigrants who settled on the St. John river is furnished by the
+Biblical names of a very large majority of the original grantees of
+Maugerville.[124] Among these names we find the following:--Enoch,
+Moses, Joshua, Elisha, Samuel, Jeremiah, Ezekiel, Daniel, Nehemiah,
+Jedediah, Isaac, Israel, Jacob, Joseph, Benjamin, Zebulun, David,
+Jonathan, Phinehas, Jabez, Nathaniel, Asa, Ammi, Thomas, Matthew,
+Stephen, Peter, James and John.
+
+  [124] See names of grantees at page 159 of this history.
+
+In the town and parish records of Rowley the name of Thomas Burpee
+frequently appears--the surname usually in the form of Burkby or
+Burkbee. The name of Jonathan Burpee (who was probably a great
+grandson of the first ancestor in America) appears in the list of the
+first grantees at Maugerville. He was a deacon of the Congregational
+Church and his name is first in order among the signers of the
+Church covenant agreed to at Maugerville shortly after the settlement
+was founded. He was the head of nearly all Church movements up to
+the time of his death in June, 1781. The papers connected with the
+administration of his estate are still in existence, and much of
+the information contained in Dr. Hannay's valuable sketch of the
+Township of Maugerville is based upon them. His estate was appraised
+by Jacob Barker and Daniel Jewett, two of his old neighbors and
+life-long friends, and was valued at L525. He was considered, in his
+day, one of the well-to-do farmers of the township.
+
+The simplicity of life which prevailed in this country in the year
+1781, is shown by the fact that Jonathan Burpee had no carriage or
+wagon of any kind and no sleigh--probably the roads were too bad to
+admit of the use of wheeled vehicles. The deacon, however, had a
+saddle for himself and a pillion for his wife and daughters. Household
+furniture was indeed meagre, for that of Deacon Burpee was valued at
+only L5. 7. 8. But his three good feather beds with pillows, coverlets
+and bankets were valued at L16. 11. 3.
+
+The cooking in those days was done at the old-fashioned fire place
+with swinging crane, and the cooking utensils were few and simple. All
+the dishes in use were of pewter and their number was quite limited. A
+similar remark applies to the wearing apparel of that time. A beaver
+hat or a broadcloth suit was regarded as a valuable asset that might
+be handed on to the second or even to the third generation. Deacon
+Burpee's library included "a number of books valued at L2. 2. 6.," and
+probably it was as good as any in the settlement.
+
+Commenting on these facts Dr. Hannay justly observes, "We may gather
+from all this that life was somewhat hard and dry in the Maugerville
+Settlement, and that even the richest had very few of those things
+about them which a modern man regards as essential to his comfort."
+
+Jonathan Burpee's grandson, David, was a man of mark in the community
+in which his lot was cast. He filled for a time the office of Sheriff
+of the old County of Sunbury. To him also appertains the honor of
+being the first school teacher, of whom we have certain knowledge,
+within the limits of New Brunswick. In the winter of 1778-9 he
+conducted a school distant only a few rods from the site of the famous
+Sheffield Academy of later times.
+
+Among the later descendants of Jonathan Burpee the names of the Hon.
+Isaac Burpee, minister of Customs in the McKenzie government, and of
+E. R. Burpee manager of the "Western Extension" R. R., were not long
+ago as familiar in the province as household words. Descendants of
+Jonathan and Jeremiah Burpee are now to be found in nearly all the
+counties bordering on the River St. John.
+
+
+PALMER.
+
+The first of the name in America is believed to have been John Palmer,
+a sergeant in the British army, who settled in Rowley, Mass., in 1639.
+Daniel Palmer who was one of the founders of Maugerville, settled in
+what is now Upper Sheffield in 1763. He was one of the seven signers
+of the Maugerville Church Covenant and an Elder of the church. Many of
+the early religious services were held at his house. His name in
+common with most of the early settlers is found in the account books
+of Simonds and White in the year 1765. He supplied them with musquash
+and beaver skins, hogshead staves, clapboards and oar rafters in
+return for such goods and supplies as he needed. Like the majority of
+his neighbors he was disposed to sympathize with the Americans at the
+outbreak of the Revolution and was one of the "Rebel Committee" but
+afterwards accepted the situation and took the oath of allegiance to
+the King. His grandson, David Palmer, born at Grand Lake, Queens Co.,
+in 1789, was a man of literary ability, who in 1869, published a
+volume from the press of J. & A. McMillan, entitled New Brunswick and
+other Poems.
+
+
+NEVERS.
+
+Several persons of this name were grantees of Maugerville, including
+Elisha, Jabez, Phinehas and Samuel. The Nevers family settled at
+Woburn, Massachusetts, nearly a century before the pioneers came to
+Maugerville. The first of the name was Richard Nevers (or Neverds) who
+is mentioned in the town records of Woburn, August 26, 1666. Several
+of his decendants served in the old French war, which ended with the
+conquest of Canada, and it is probable that the offer of free grants
+of lands to disbanded provincial troops led Elisha, Phinehas and
+Samuel Nevers to associate themselves with Captain Francis Peabody in
+the application for a township, "at St. John's River in Nova Scotia,"
+made in the year 1762. Elisha Nevers was one of the seven signers of
+the original Maugerville Church Covenant, and religious meetings were
+often held at his house in early times. Phinehas Nevers was quite a
+leading man in the early days of Maugerville. He was one of the first
+magistrates, and in 1768 was chosen a member for the county of Sunbury
+in the Nova Scotia legislature. He practised medicine and was the
+first doctor, in all probability, who lived on the river. The practise
+of medicine was by no means a lucrative one in his day, for we learn
+from the account books of Messrs. Simonds & White, that in February,
+1773, he attended one of the men in their employ, having come down
+from Maugerville for the purpose, and received L1. 4. 0. for board for
+sixteen days and L2. for his professional services. Dr. Nevers was a
+strong sympathiser with the Americans at the time of the Revolution
+and when John Allan invaded the River St. John in 1777, he joined him,
+and when a little later Allan was compelled by Major Studholme to flee
+to Machias, he was accompanied thither by Phinehas Nevers. Other
+members of the family however took the oath of allegiance and were
+thenceforth loyal to the king. Samuel Nevers was a man of enterprise
+and was one of those who furnished masts to enable Francklin Hazen and
+White to fulfil their contract for the royal navy.
+
+
+PERLEY.
+
+The founder of the Perley family in New England was Allan Perley,
+who came from London in 1635 in the ship "Planter." A good deal of
+information regarding the family may be found in the historical
+collections of the Essex County Institute of Massachusetts. Israel
+Perley was a native of Boxford, in the vicinity of Rowley, and the
+house in which he was born was standing not many years ago and may
+be still in existence. He was born in 1740, was educated as a
+land surveyor, and came to the River St. John in 1761 at the head
+of an exploring party said to have been sent by the governor of
+Massachusetts to report upon the condition and resources of the
+country with the view of effecting the settlement of a township
+in that region. The story of the establishment of this township and
+the important services of Israel Perley in that connection have
+been already referred to in these chapters. At the time of his
+arrival in the country he was a young man of twenty-one years of
+age but in the course of time his education and natural abilities
+made him one of the most prominent citizens of Maugerville. He was
+elected a representative for Sunbury county in the Nova Scotia
+legislature in 1768, and his name occurs a few years later as a
+justice of the Peace for the county. Several of Justice Perley's
+court documents are to be found among the old records of the
+county of Sunbury, one of which reads as follows:
+
+  "County of Sunbury:--Be it Remembered that on the Seventh Day of
+  July, 1774, Nathaniel Barker of Maugerville in the County of
+  Sunbury and Province of Nova Scotia, yeoman, cometh before Me,
+  Israel Perley, one of his Majesty's Justices assigned to keep the
+  Peace in the sd County, and Informeth against himself that he had
+  been this day guilty of a breach of the King's Peace, viz., by
+  Striking with his fist the body of Rich'd Estey Jun'r of the town,
+  County and Province aforesaid, yeoman, for which offence he is
+  willing to submit to such a fine as the Law Requires.
+
+  "The sd Richard Estey Jun'r personally appeareth at the same time
+  and Declareth before me that he forgives the sd. Nathaniel Barker
+  the Injury he had Done him, being Convinced that it was not of
+  malice aforethought but the Effect of sudden passion: for which
+  Breach of peace I have fined the sd Nath'l Barker to the king one
+  Shilling.
+
+  "ISRAEL PERLEY."
+
+However all the cases that came before Esquire Perley were not settled
+in a manner so creditable to the offending party. The following case
+will serve for illustration:
+
+On the 22 June, 1775, a resident of Morrisania,[125] who shall be
+nameless, was arrested on information laid by Richard Barlow for using
+seditious and profane language. Abigail Barlow, wife of the
+complainant, testified that the offender had in her presence uttered
+the following words "The king I believe is a d--d Roman, and if he was
+standing now in that corner by G-- I would shoot him, or stab him,"
+with many other words to the same purpose. The prisoner was convicted
+of profane swearing, and the magistrate decreed that he should forfeit
+for that offence the sum of two shillings currency to the use of the
+poor of the town of Maugerville, and it was further ordered that the
+prisoner "stands charged with the Treasonable words spoken against the
+King till he shall be further called upon to answer the same--there
+being at present no gaol in the sd. county wherein to confine said
+prisoner nor Courts held to determine such matters."
+
+  [125] Morrisania was in the Parish of Lincoln below Fredericton.
+
+Israel Perley was a leading member of the Congregational Church and
+frequently occupied the chair as moderator at important public
+meetings. He was one of the committee who, in 1774, arranged with the
+Rev. Seth Noble to become the pastor of the church at Maugerville. The
+friendship that existed between Mr. Perley and the Rev. Seth Noble
+very nearly involved the former in serious difficulty a few years
+later, as will be seen in the following letter addressed by Major
+Studholme to James White, Esquire.
+
+  "Fort Howe, 4 November, 1780.
+
+  "Sir,--The Inclosed letter from Mr. Perley to Seth Noble of
+  Newbury having fallen into my hands in the course of inspecting
+  the letters to be sent by the cartel, I have thought it necessary
+  instantly to secure the person of Mr. Perley and shall send him to
+  your house about 9 this morning, when I must request you will
+  closely examine him on the subject of the Inclosed letter. I
+  cannot but think it will be very difficult for him to reconcile
+  his styling himself the 'sincere friend' of a notorious rebel with
+  his own situation as one of His Majesty's Justices of the Peace. *
+  * * "I am sir, etc., etc.
+
+  "G. STUDHOLME."
+
+In the examination that followed Lieut. Samuel Denny Street, a lawyer
+by profession and at this time a lieutenant of the garrison, appeared
+for Major Studholme, and Mr. Perley was required to explain certain
+paragraphs and expressions in his letter, also to explain why he
+attempted a correspondence with "a declared and notorious rebel to
+whom in his letter he subscribes himself a sincere friend." Mr. Perley
+replied, "I meant not to maintain any correspondence with him, but as
+his wife was going to him in the cartel I wrote the letter now
+produced to acquaint him of the broken situation of the church here,
+and that there would be no encouragement to him to think of
+returning."
+
+In regard to the expression, "your sincere friend," Israel Perley
+stated that the Rev. Mr. Noble was "an old acquaintance before the
+present disturbances arose and I had no reference, in styling myself
+his friend, to anything but his person. I did not mean that I was a
+friend to his principles."
+
+Evidently there was a vein of humor in Mr. Perley's character. He is
+said to have declined a second election to the House of Assembly of N.
+S., after having served one term. The chaplain's prayer, "Prevent us,
+O Lord, in all our doings," etc., he construed to mean, "We should be
+prevented from doing the half we do there." Israel Perley died at
+Maugerville in 1813 in the 73rd year of his age.
+
+Oliver Perley, who was his brother, came to the River St. John in
+January, 1765, in company with Jacob Barker, jr., Zebulun Esty,
+Humphrey Pickard and David Burbank, as passengers in a schooner
+belonging to Hazen, Simonds & White. His wife was a Palmer, whom he
+married at Newburyport. In common with the majority of their neighbors
+they were inclined to sympathize with the New England "rebels" at the
+outbreak of the American Revolution, and the name of Oliver Perley
+appears as one of the "rebel" committee appointed at the meeting held
+at Maugerville in May, 1776. Soon after the peace, in 1783, he is said
+to have removed to Newburyport, at the solicitation of his wife, but
+they found so little to admire in the squabbles that prevailed between
+the followers of Adams and Jefferson that they soon returned to the
+River St. John declaring that the Americans were "cursed with
+liberty." One of Oliver Perley's sons, Solomon, was married by Rev.
+John Beardsley, March 8, 1798, to Elizabeth Pickard; another son,
+Moses, was married by the same clergyman, March 10, 1802, to his
+cousin Mary, daughter of Israel Perley. This Moses Perley and his wife
+were members of the church of England and their son Moses H. Perley
+was eminent in the history of his native province. Amos Perley,
+another son of Oliver Perley seems to have inherited some poetical
+taste from the Palmers, and is credited with the following amongst
+other rhymes:--
+
+                "Wrapt in dark mantles of the night
+                Was Bonnel when he took his flight;
+                Elijah-like he tried to fly
+                To the bright mansions in the sky.
+                But snow was scarce and sleighing bad,
+                And poor success our deacon had;
+                For lo! his chariot, as you see,
+                Is lodged in this old willow tree."
+
+The incident that gave rise to this effusion was a practical joke
+played on a pious itinerant preacher, whose sleigh the Maugerville
+boys had hoisted into the forks of a large willow. The family of
+Oliver Perley lived at the spot now known as McGowan's wharf. Asa
+Perley, another of the early Maugerville settlers lived at the head of
+Oromocto Island in Upper Maugerville. The descendants of the Perleys
+in the province are so numerous and so highly respected that it will
+be needless to try to follow further their history.
+
+
+PEABODY.
+
+The founder of the Peabody family in America was Lieutenant Francis
+Peabody of St. Albans, Herefordshire, England, who came to America in
+April, 1635, in the ship "Planter," Capt. Nicholas Travice. The same
+vessel brought the first of the Perleys, Beardsleys and Lawrences to
+this continent. Lieut. Francis Peabody was then about 21 years old. He
+lived a year or two at Lynn, Mass., and then removed to Hampton in Old
+Norfolk County, where he married a daughter of Reginald Forster and
+had a family of seven sons and six daughters.
+
+Captain Francis Peabody, who came to the St. John river in 1762, as a
+prime mover in the establishment of the township of Maugerville, seems
+to have been a native of Rowley. By reason of his rank and character,
+and the active part he took in the settlement of the River St. John,
+he may justly be regarded as the most influential person on the river
+while he lived. He served with honor in the old French war, and is
+mentioned in Parkman's "Wolfe and Montcalm," (Vol.I., p. 428.) He was
+one of the magistrates appointed under the first commission of the
+peace for the county of Sunbury, August 11th, 1766, and was the first
+collector of customs at the River St. John. The names of Richard,
+Samuel, Stephen and Oliver Peabody appear in the list of Maugerville
+grantees of 1765. Of these Richard was a brother of Captain Francis
+Peabody[126] and seems not to have become a permanent settler; the
+others were sons of Capt. Peabody. Samuel the eldest, has been
+frequently referred to in these chapters. He was a man of parts--a
+farmer, surveyor, mast contractor, ship-builder, trader and mill
+owner. He died at his residence, parish of Lincoln, in 1824, at the
+age of 82 years. Descendants of Stephen Peabody lived for some years
+in the parish of St. Mary's, York County. Francis Peabody, the third
+son, went to Miramichi where he became a prosperous merchant and a
+very influential citizen. The youngest son, Oliver, married, Dec. 31,
+1789, Hulda Tapley of Maugerville, removing to Woodstock, N. B., with
+his family about 1812, where his descendants still reside and are
+enterprising and successful farmers. Oliver Peabody died in 1819, but
+his widow survived for more than thirty years. Mary Peabody, wife of
+Captain Francis Peabody, lived to quite a ripe old age; she died on
+the 22nd December, 1803, aged 84 years.
+
+  [126] Nathan Frazier of Andover, Essex Co., Mass., merchant, on 15th
+        October, 1767, delivered sundry articles--such as crockery,
+        sugar, spices, cloth goods, etc., to Richard Peabody "for his
+        brother, Capt. Francis Peabody." The articles amounted in
+        value to L311.18.1, old currency, and Richard Peabody gave his
+        note for this amt.
+
+Captain Peabody's was the first will admitted to probate in the county
+of Sunbury. It is a document of sufficient historic interest to be
+quoted in full. And here it may be well to state that in the year of
+grace, 1771, a will was made out in more solemn form than is the case
+in modern times. As a rule it was read immediately after the funeral,
+in the presence of kith and kin, and rarely were its provisions
+disputed. Captain Peabody mentions his daughter Heprabeth in his will;
+she married Jonathan Leavitt about the year 1773.
+
+  In the name of God. Amen.
+
+  I, Francis Peabody, of Maugerville in the County of Sunbury and
+  Province of Nova Scotia, being thro' the abundant goodness of God,
+  though weak in body, yet of a sound and perfect understanding and
+  memory, do constitute this my last will and testament, and desire
+  it may be received by all as such.
+
+  First, I most humbly bequeath my soul to God my maker, beseeching
+  his most gracious acceptance of it through the all-sufficient
+  merits of my Redeemer, Jesus Christ. I give my body to the earth
+  from whence it was taken, in full assurance of its resurrection
+  from hence at the last day. As for my burial I desire it may be
+  decent, at the discretion of my dear wife and executors hereafter
+  named. As to my worldly estate I will, and positively order, that
+  all my just debts be paid first. I give my dear and loving wife
+  one third part of all my estate in Nova Scotia, real and personal,
+  (excepting my wearing apparel), and one third part of my land in
+  Middleton and Rowley and Canada, and the use of two hundred
+  dollars now in New England, during her natural life, and the
+  principal if necessity calls for it.
+
+  Item, to my son Samuel I give one-fourth part of all my lands not
+  yet disposed of, excepting the land on Oromocto Island, and all
+  the money I have in New England, except two hundred dollars given
+  his mother, his paying all my just debts in New England, and
+  fifteen dollars to his sister Elizabeth White, and two dollars and
+  a half to his sister Hannah Simonds, and one hundred and fifty
+  dollars to his sister Heprabeth on her marriage day.
+
+  Item, to my son Stephen I give the same quantity of lands as I
+  gave to my son Samuel, his paying the same sums to his three
+  sisters as ordered for his brother Samuel to pay.
+
+  Item, to my son Francis I give one half of my lands not yet
+  disposed of.
+
+  Item, to my son Oliver I give all my lands not yet disposed of.
+
+  Item, I give to my daughter Elizabeth White thirty dollars, to be
+  paid by my two eldest sons in household goods.
+
+  Item, to my daughter Hannah Simonds five dollars, to be paid by my
+  two eldest sons.
+
+  Item, to my daughter Heprabeth I give three hundred dollars to be
+  paid by my two eldest sons in household goods on the day of her
+  marriage. As to my household goods and furniture I leave to the
+  discretion of my loving wife to dispose of, excepting my sword,
+  which I give to my son Samuel. I appoint my dear wife and my son
+  Samuel executors of this my last Will and Testament.
+
+  As witness my hand,
+
+  FRANCIS PEABODY, Sr.
+
+  Delivered this twenty-sixth day of October, the year of our Lord
+  1771; in presence of us:
+
+  Israel Kinney, Alexander Tapley, Phinehas Nevers.
+
+  This Will was proved, approved and registered this 25th day of
+  June, 1773.
+
+  BENJAMIN ATHERTON, Reg'r.
+  JAS. SIMONDS, J. Probates.
+
+
+BARKER.
+
+There were three of this name among the original grantees of
+Maugerville, Jacob Barker, Jacob Barker, jr., and Thomas Barker. All
+were natives of Rowley. They settled near one another in what is now
+Upper Sheffield, just above the Sheffield Academy, having as near
+neighbors John Wasson, Isaac Stickney, Humphrey Pickard, Samuel Tapley
+and several members of the Burpee family. Jacob Barker, sr., served as
+an officer in one of the Massachusetts regiments in the old French
+war, and after his arrival at the River St. John was a leading man in
+the affairs of church and state. He presided as moderator at important
+church meetings and was one of the ruling elders. He was also one of
+the early magistrates of the county. At the outbreak of the American
+Revolution his sympathies were with the revolutionary party, and his
+son Jacob Barker, jr., was termed by Major Studholme "a bitter rebel."
+The father presided as chairman of the famous meeting held at
+Maugerville on the 24th, May, 1776, at which resolutions hostile to
+Great Britain were adopted. He regained the confidence of the
+authorities of Nova Scotia, however, for we find that on the 3rd of
+August, 1782, Lieut.-Governor Sir Andrew Snape Hamond made a grant of
+8,000 acres on the Oromocto river to William Hazen, James White, Jacob
+Barker and Tamberlane Campbell, as disbanded provincial officers who
+had served the King in the late French war. Thomas Barker and his
+neighbor, Richard Estey, jr., owned the first mill in the township.
+This they sold to James Woodman in 1782. Thomas Barker also owned and
+improved a tract of land in the township of Burton. He died shortly
+before the arrival of the Loyalists.
+
+Jacob Barker, jr., came to Maugerville from New England in January,
+1765, along with Oliver Perley, Zebulon Estey, David Burbank, Humphrey
+Pickard and others, in the schooner "Wilmot." He paid passage and
+freight amounting to L1. 10. 5; and 13s. 6d. for his "clubb of Cyder
+on the Passage." On November 13, 1775, Jacob Barker, jr., paid the sum
+of L32. 10s. to Giles Tidmarsh of the Island of Grenada, planter, for
+half of Lot No. 11 in the Township of Maugerville, comprising about
+250 acres. Giles Tidmarsh lived for a while at Maugerville and was one
+of the original grantees of the township.
+
+Among the decendants of Jacob Barker may be mentioned Thos. B. Barker,
+who was born in Sheffield in 1820 and came to St. John in 1853, where
+he was associated in the drug business with the late Sir Leonard
+Tilley, and eventually became the head of the firm of T. B. Barker &
+Sons. The Hon. Frederic E. Barker, judge of the supreme court, is also
+a descendant of Jacob Barker and a native of Sheffield.
+
+
+ATHERTON.
+
+Benjamin Atherton, the first English speaking settler at St. Anns, was
+born in Lancaster, Massachusetts, December 20, 1746. His acquaintance
+with Nova Scotia dates back to the time of the Acadian Expulsion, when
+as a young man of less than twenty years of age he enlisted in Captain
+Willard's company in Lieut. Colonel Scott's battalion of Massachusetts
+troops. He sailed from Boston on the 20th of May, 1755, in the sloop
+"Victory," and served a year in Nova Scotia under Colonel John
+Winslow.
+
+In the year 1769, by arrangement with James Simonds, Benjamin Atherton
+settled at St. Anns Point, where he established a trading post near
+the site of Government House, Fredericton. The position of a trader on
+the outskirts of civilization, in the vicinity of Aukpaque, the
+largest Indian village on the St. John, required tact and courage, but
+Mr. Atherton was equal to the emergency. In 1783, when the Loyalists
+arrived, he had at St. Anns "a good framed house and log barn, and
+about thirty acres of land cleared--partly by the French." On March
+30th, 1773, Benjamin Atherton married Abigail Mooers of Maugerville.
+She was a daughter of Peter Mooers and a sister of Mrs. Israel Perley.
+At the time of her marriage she was a girl of seventeen. She died at
+Prince William, N. B., June 28th, 1852, at the great age of 97 years.
+By exchange with government Benjamin Atherton acquired a valuable
+property in Prince William in lieu of his lands at the upper end of
+Fredericton. His place in Prince William was well known to travellers
+of later days as an inn kept by one of his descendants, Israel
+Atherton, for many years. Benjamin Atherton was a man of excellent
+education. He filled the offices of clerk of the peace and registrar
+of the old county of Sunbury when it formed part of Nova Scotia; a
+little later he was a coroner. The old prayer book from which he used
+to read prayers on Sunday for the benefit of his assembled neighbors
+in the absence of a clergyman, is still in existence. Benjamin
+Atherton died June 28th, 1816, and his ashes rest beside those of his
+wife in the little burial ground in Lower Prince William, hard by
+"Peter Smith Creek." His descendants are numerous and widely
+scattered; among the number is Dr. A. B. Atherton, the well known
+physician and surgeon of Fredericton.
+
+
+GARRISON.
+
+Joseph Garrison was born in Massachusetts in 1734 and came to the
+River St. John as one of the pioneer settlers. He married in 1764,
+Mary Palmer, who was born in Byfield, Mass., in 1741, and who was most
+probably a daughter of Daniel Palmer, sr., his next door neighbor at
+Maugerville. Whether the marriage ceremony was performed at the River
+St. John or in New England the writer of this history is unable to
+say; but if at the former place it was probably celebrated after the
+fashion described in the following document:--
+
+  "Maugerville, February 23, 1766.
+
+  "In the presence of Almighty God and this Congregation, Gervas Say
+  and Anna Russell, inhabitants of the above said township, enter
+  into marriage covenant lawfully to dwell together in the fear of
+  God the remaining part of our lives to perform all the duties
+  necessary betwixt husband and wife as witness our hands.
+
+  GERVAS SAY,
+  ANNA SAY.
+
+  (Witnesses.) Daniel Palmer, Fran's Peabody, Sam'l Whitney, Richard
+  Estey, George Hayward, David Palmer, Edw'd Coy."
+
+The respectability of the witnesses, and the solemn terms of this
+marriage covenant, suffice to show that marriages thus solemnized were
+regarded as perfectly regular, and it is probable that in the absence
+of a minister competent to perform the ceremony this was the ordinary
+mode of marriage.[127] It will be noticed that Daniel Palmer, whose
+daughter Mary had married Joseph Garrison a little before this time,
+was the first witness to the marriage covenant of Gervas Say and Anna
+Russell.
+
+  [127] See Dr. Hannay's sketch of the Township of Maugerville; N. B.
+        Hist. Society Collections, vol. I., p. 72.
+
+Joseph Garrison's lot in the township was No. 4, opposite the foot of
+Middle Island in Upper Sheffield. His father-in-law Daniel Palmer and
+his brothers-in-law Daniel Palmer jr., and Abijah Palmer were his
+nearest neighbors. His third son, Abijah Garrison, born in the year
+1773, married Fanny Lloyd who was born on Deer Island, near St.
+Andrews, in 1776. Their youngest son, William Lloyd Garrison, was the
+celebrated advocate of the abolition of slavery. Joseph Garrison is
+said to have been the first of the settlers to engage in mining coal
+at Grand Lake. The coal was shipped to New England on board one of the
+vessels of Simonds & White. His name occurs among the first customers
+in their books after the establishment of their trading post at the
+mouth of the river in 1764, and he had frequent business transactions
+with the firm.[128]
+
+  [128] See Page 234 of this history.
+
+
+COY.
+
+The progenitor of those of this name now living in the province was
+Edward Coy, who came to the River St. John from Pomfret in Connecticut
+in 1763. The name was originally McCoy; but the "Mc." was dropped by
+Edward Coy's grandfather and was not again resumed by his descendants.
+By his wife, whose maiden name was Amy Titus, Mr. Coy had a family of six
+sons and five daughters. His third daughter was the first female child
+born of English or American parents on the River St. John. The well
+known inlet on the river, called "The Mistake," was originally called
+"Coy's Mistake," the name doubtless suggests by the circumstance of
+Coy's mistaking the channel in ascending the river, and after
+proceeding some miles finding himself in a "cul de sac." Edward Coy was
+one of the original grantees of Maugerville, his lot being opposite the
+head of Gilbert's Island, but for some years he lived at Gagetown,
+where his daughter Mary was born in 1771. This daughter published in
+1849 a narrative of her life and christian experience, including
+extracts from her diary and correspondence during a period of upwards of
+sixty years. It is a curious and interesting old book. Edward Coy was an
+active member of the Congregational church and one of the signers of
+the original church covenant. As the children of the family grew up,
+Mrs. Bradley informs us, their parents instructed them in the ways of
+religion, furnishing them with such education as their situation and
+circumstances admitted, which was little more than they learned at home,
+except in the case of the two youngest. The early years of the family were
+rendered more arduous by reason of ill health on the part of the
+mother and failing sight on the part of the father. Edward Coy settled at
+Upper Gagetown under arrangements with Col. Wm. Spry, who gave him (July
+12, 1770,) a lease of 200 acres of land. Under the terms of the lease Coy
+was to pay at the expiration of two years 4 shillings per annum, and at
+the expiration of four years 8 shillings per annum for ever. This was not
+a very large rental for a farm of 200 acres, but the tenant system was
+never popular on the St. John. Mr. Coy was required to "leave a row of
+trees on each side of the high road, thereafter to be laid out, at the
+distance of about six rods from each other." About this time he sold
+his lands in Maugerville to Moses Coburn.
+
+At the outbreak of the Revolution the attitude of the Indians was so
+threatening, and reports of the lawlessness of privateers so alarming,
+that Mr. Coy removed his family once more to Sheffield, which was then
+by far the most thickly settled place on the river. He attended the
+meeting held on the 24th May, 1776, at which resolutions strongly
+favoring the cause of the colonies in rebellion were adopted, and was
+appointed one of the "rebel committee." His son Amasa went in arms
+with Jonathan Eddy against Fort Cumberland. Both father and son,
+however, subsequently took the oath of allegiance to the King and were
+thenceforth loyal subjects. The family returned to Gagetown in a few
+years, the public mind having become more settled respecting the
+American war. Mrs. Bradley, in her narrative, gives a good description
+of the general interest and excitement created in the Spring of 1779,
+by the coming of the celebrated New-light preacher and evangelist,
+Henry Alline, which made an indelible impression on her mind, although
+she was only a child at the time. Shortly afterwards the small-pox
+broke out in the settlements, and Edward Coy determined to have his
+family "inoculated." Inoculation, it may be observed, was regarded as
+the best preventative of small-pox before vaccination was introduced
+by Dr. Jenner. The results, however, were not uniformly satisfactory.
+In the case of the Coy family, Mr. Coy and his wife lay at the point
+of death for a considerable time, and their second son, aged 24 years,
+died.[129]
+
+  [129] Rev. Jacob Bailey writes regarding an epidemic of smallpox at
+        Annapolis in 1794. "What is somewhat remarkable, numbers died
+        under inoculation, while the old sexton who took it in the
+        natural way, though 98 years of age, recovered."
+
+When the Loyalists arrived in 1783 Edward Coy was living in a log
+house on his lot at Upper Gagetown where he had cleared about 15
+acres of land. The circumstances of the pioneer settlers were still
+rather straitened, but the exiled Loyalists were in a much more
+unfortunate condition. Speaking of their distress, Mrs. Bradley says;
+"My heart was filled with pity and affection when I saw them in a
+strange land, without house or home, and many of them were sick
+and helpless. I often looked upon them when they passed by in boats
+in rainy weather and wished for them to call and refresh themselves
+and was glad when they did so." Edward Coy shared with a Loyalist
+family the accommodation of his humble dwelling until they could
+provide themselves a shelter.
+
+
+ESTEY.
+
+The ancestor of the Esteys in America was Jeffrey Estey, an English
+puritan, who sought refuge in New England from the persecutions of Old
+England. He was living at Salem, Mass., in 1636, but removed later to
+Long Island, N. Y., where he died in 1657. His son, Isaac Estey,
+married Mary Towne, who was born in Yarmouth, England, about 1634. She
+was among the unfortunate witchcraft martyrs of Salem in 1692; she
+wrote a remarkable letter to the judges and court denying the charges
+preferred against her. Isaac Estey was grandfather of Richard Estey
+who came to the St. John river with the Maugerville colony. Richard
+Estey lived at Rowley but he was born at Topsfield, Mass., the home of
+his parents and grand-parents. His wife was Ruth Fisk of Ipswich,
+Massachusetts. He was a member of the Congregational church in Rowley
+until he was dismissed to the church at St. John river in May, 1764.
+Among his children who were born at Rowley and came to Maugerville
+were the following:--
+
+  1. Richard Estey, jr., born Feb. 9, 1728, married Hannah Hazen.
+  2. Sarah Estey, born Oct. 12, 1736, married Thomas Barker.
+  3. John Estey, born about 1739, married Mary Hart.
+  4. Zebulon Estey, born Dec. 14, 1742, married Molly Brawn and
+     died Oct. 10, 1806.
+
+Richard Estey, sr., was one of the seven signers of the original
+church covenant at Maugerville and served on important church
+committees. The Esteys were well known and active men in the
+community, and were among the pioneers of milling on the St. John
+river. Richard Estey, jr., had a saw mill in 1779, on what was then
+called Numahael creek. His brother Zebulon moved to Upper Gagetown
+about 1778, where he built a grist mill--the first in that vicinity
+and used by farmers on both sides of the river. The committee sent by
+Major Studholme early in 1783, to explore the river and report upon
+the state of settlement, mention the fact that Zebulon had been
+settled about 5 years on his location. He had built a house and grist
+mill and cleared about 3 acres of land. He had a wife and 8
+children. The committee add:--"Said Estey is a good man, his
+character very loyal and we beg to recommend him to be confirmed
+in his possessions."
+
+Moses, Israel and Amos Estey, who were of a younger generation,
+removed from Maugerville to the Burton side of the river prior to
+1783, induced thereto in all probability, by the inconveniences
+consequent upon the Spring freshets.
+
+Zebulon Estey was a ruling elder of the Congregational church at
+Maugerville in 1775. Through the ministry of the Rev. Joseph Crandall,
+one of the fathers of the Baptist denomination in the maritime
+provinces, a considerable number of the old Congregationalists of
+Waterborough and the vicinity were led to organize a Baptist church.
+Their leader, Elijah Estabrooks, was foremost in the movement, which
+was much aided by the unexpected conversion of the "old squire"
+Zebulon Estey to Baptist principles. Father Crandall writes of that
+day: "Nearly thirty candidates were baptized, and the meeting did not
+break up until the going down of the sun. It was truly solemn and
+delightful to hear the praises of the Lord sung by great numbers of
+happy converts in boats returning home from the delightful scene. The
+work of that day I can never forget. The clear setting sun, the large
+expanse of unruffled water, the serenity of the atmosphere, the
+delightful notes of the feathered songsters, and the solemn sound of
+hymns sung by many happy voices, presented to me an emblem of the
+paradise of God. It seemed as though heaven had come down to earth,
+and that I was on the brink of the eternal world."
+
+Of the church organized at Waterborough in 1800, Elijah Estabrooks
+became the pastor, Edward Coy and Joseph Estabrooks deacons, and
+Zebulon Estey clerk, "all by a unanimous vote."
+
+Further particulars of the organization of this church, which was the
+first of the denomination in western New Brunswick, will be found in
+Dr. Bill's History of the Baptists.
+
+The Esteys proved a prolific stock and their descendants on the River
+St. John are numerous.
+
+
+ESTABROOKS.
+
+The first of this name in America is supposed to have been Joseph
+Estabrooks, who was born in Enfield, Middlesex County, England,
+and came to Concord, New Hampshire in 1660. It is said that he had
+two brothers, one of whom, Thomas, was at Swansea in 1683, but
+subsequently went to Concord. Elijah Estabrooks, who settled on the
+River St. John, had in his lifetime many places of abode. He was
+probably a native of Haverhill, Massachusetts, where his son, of same
+name, was born in May, 1756. The family came to Halifax about the
+year 1763, removing soon afterwards to Cornwallis, and from thence
+to St. John. On the 18th October, 1765, Mr. Estabrooks entered the
+employ of Simonds & White. In 1773 he made an agreement with Wm.
+Hazen and James Simonds to settle in the township of Conway, near the
+mouth of the river, Hazen and Simonds guaranteeing him a deed of
+250 acres of land. An old return, or census, of the township,
+dated 1st August, 1775, shows that Mr. Estabrooks' family included
+a wife, three sons and three daughters. He had cleared and
+improved seven acres of land and built a log house. His domestic
+animals were one cow, two young cattle and two hogs. Before he had
+made more than a good beginning the Revolutionary war brought
+everything to a stand. We learn from Major Studholme's report that
+Elijah Estabrooks was one of those who accompanied Hugh Quinton in
+the expedition against Fort Cumberland in 1776, and shared in the
+discomfiture of the party. His predilection for the American cause
+did not save him from being molested by the "rebel privateers,"
+and he was obliged in the Spring of 1777 to remove his family from
+their exposed situation at the mouth of the river to the vicinity
+of Gagetown. It is a little remarkable that Elijah Estabrooks and
+his immediate neighbors on the St. John should have come from
+Cornwallis and other parts of Nova Scotia, although they were in the
+first instance natives of New England. They seem to have had no
+legitimate title to the lands on which they settled themselves, while
+awaiting the issue of the struggle between Great Britain and the
+colonies in rebellion. The arrival of the Loyalists in 1783 rendered
+their situation exceedingly precarious. However, they were befriended
+by Governor Parr, who directed that such lots as were occupied by old
+inhabitants of the country (although the occupants might not have
+any legal claim) should not be appropriated by the Loyalists until
+they had paid for the improvements made by those in possession. This
+policy was continued, after the formation of the Province of New
+Brunswick, by Governor Carleton and his council. A valuation of the
+improvements made at Upper Gagetown by Robert Lasky, Robert Lasky,
+jr., Elijah Estabrooks, sr., Elias Clark, Arculus Hammond, John
+Richardson, Samuel Hersey, Francis Grant, Moses Clark, Samuel
+Kemble and Benjamin Boober was made by Thomas Hart, Samuel Upton and
+John Hart. As the valuators were old settlers and neighbors, the
+interests of their friends were not likely to suffer at their
+hands. They placed the value of the buildings and improvements of
+the eleven individuals named above at L603.12s.6d. which was more
+than the Loyalists who had drawn the locations were disposed to
+pay; consequently the old settlers remained in possession. The
+valuation put upon the house of Elijah Estabrooks, sr., was L10;
+that of his "improvements" L46.
+
+Elijah Estabrooks, jr., was led by the visit of Rev. Henry Alline, in
+1779, to connect himself with the church formed on "New-light"
+principles at Waterborough, and a few years later he commenced
+preaching. In May, 1780, he was baptized by Rev. Joseph Crandall, and
+his example being followed by several others a small Baptist church
+was constituted in Waterborough of which Mr. Estabrooks was the
+pastor. Several of the incidents of his ministry are related in Rev.
+Dr. Bill's History of the Baptists. During the years he labored in
+Waterborough and the adjoining settlements he supported himself and
+his family by his own industry. He was held in universal esteem by
+persons of all denominations and all descriptions. Today his
+descendants and those of his brothers are very numerous on the St.
+John river.
+
+
+DARLING.
+
+There were twenty-three proprietors of a township, which was
+originally called "Amesbury" in honor of James Amesbury, a Halifax
+merchant, one of the grantees. Among the few inhabitants of the
+township, prior to the arrival of the Loyalists, mention may be
+made of Benjamin Darling, the first English speaking settler on the
+banks of the Kennebecasis. Mr. Darling was born at Marblehead,
+Massachusetts, in 1730, and came to the St. John river a few years
+before the war of the American Revolution. He used to trade with the
+Indians and became very friendly with the chief of a small village at
+Nauwigewauk. Here in early times the Indians used to raise corn and
+tobacco. They were inclined to resent the intrusion of the whites
+into their domain but Benjamin Darling, after prolonged negotiation,
+obtained from the local chief possession of the island, the
+consideration offered and accepted being two bushels of corn, one
+barrel of flour, a grindstone, some powder and shot and sundry knives,
+hatchets and other implements. Darling built himself a comfortable
+log dwelling, the upper part of which served as a store-room for
+goods for the Indian trade. After his wife's death his daughter Hannah
+became the housekeeper with a young girl friend as companion. The
+Indians, though otherwise friendly enough, objected to all attempts
+to clear and till the land and would not even allow the young ladies
+to beautify their premises by the cultivation of flowers. On one
+occasion Benjamin Darling went in company with the Indian chief to
+visit a beaver dam not far away. During their absence an Indian
+entered the house with the avowed intention of taking one of the
+girls for his "squaw." There being no man about the premises the
+prospect was certainly alarming, but woman's wit proved equal to the
+emergency. As the intruder advanced to lay hands upon her Hannah
+Darling offered to go with him of her own free will, but immediately
+after leaving the house cleverly eluded the Indian, slipped in again
+at the door and fastened it. The despicable savage advanced to the
+window with diabolical threats, whetted his knife before their eyes
+and finally seized a club to make forcible entry only to find himself
+confronted at the doorway by the plucky girl with a loaded musket in
+her hands. Her spirit was now thoroughly aroused; she ordered him
+off the premises forthwith, and the Indian after glancing at her
+determined face slunk away. The old chief was greatly incensed at
+this occurrence, and a day or two later the culprit was brought
+before the young woman with his hands tied, the chief demanding
+"shall we kill him?" To which she answered, "Oh, no! let him go." He
+was thereupon chased out of the neighborhood and forbidden to return
+under penalty of death. Hannah Darling, the heroine of this spirited
+adventure, afterwards married Christopher Watson, and is said to have
+attained the wonderful age of 108 years.
+
+
+GAGE.
+
+Among the large land grants on the River St. John, passed in the year
+1765, was one of 20,000 acres to General Thomas Gage and nineteen
+other individuals, most of them residents of New York. The tract
+included the lower part of the parish of Hampstead and the upper part
+of Greenwich, extending in front along the river from about the foot
+of Long Island to Jones' Creek, a little below Oak Point. Many of the
+original grantees were related by blood or marriage and the
+association was in its way a "family compact." General Gage served in
+the seven years war in America and was commander-in-chief of the
+British forces at the Battle of Bunker Hill. His wife was a daughter
+of Peter Kemble, president of the Council of New Jersey; Stephen
+Kemble and Samuel Kemble, who were proprietors of the township, also
+were her brothers.[130] Henry Gage, son of General Gage, although only
+a child of five years, was one of the proprietors.[131] Other
+proprietors were William, Samuel and Robert Bayard; they were related
+to the Kembles. The Bayards were leading Loyalists and among their
+descendants we have still with us Dr. William Bayard, the nestor of
+the practising physicians of the maritime provinces. Archibald McCall,
+a wealthy merchant of Philadelphia, was another proprietor; his wife,
+Edith Kemble, was a sister of Stephen and Samuel Kemble. Another
+notable proprietor was John Watts, a member of the Executive Council
+of New York, a gentleman of wealth and reputation; his daughter
+married Sir John Johnson, who was also one of the associates in the
+grants.
+
+  [130] See Jonas Howe's interesting account of "Kemble Manor" in the
+        New Brunswick Magazine of September, 1898.
+
+  [131] Henry Gage served as lieutenant in the Seventh regiment during
+        the Revolutionary war, and on the death of his uncle, Viscount
+        Gage, inherited the family titles and estate in Sussex,
+        England.
+
+
+KEMBLE.
+
+On the 27th of May, 1767, fifteen of the original grantees, including
+General Thomas Gage, transferred their rights to Stephen Kemble[132]
+for a very small consideration--ten pounds current money of the
+Province of New York--and the grant was thenceforth known as the
+Kemble Manor.
+
+  [132] Stephen Kemble was born in 1740 at New Brunswick in New Jersey;
+        was ensign in the 44th regiment under Lord Howe at Ticonderoga
+        in 1757. In 1765 he became captain in the 60th or Royal
+        American regiment, major in 1775 and Lieut.-Colonel in 1778.
+        He was for a while Deputy Adjutant General of the forces in
+        America, a position filled a little later by Major John Andre.
+        Col. Kemble retired from active service in 1805. He eventually
+        returned to his native town of New Brunswick in New Jersey and
+        died in the house where he was born, Dec. 20, 1822, in the
+        82nd year of his age.
+
+In the year 1774 Col. Kemble appointed Joseph Frederick Wallet
+Des-Barres to act for him in the settlement of the manor, with power
+to substitute and appoint one or more agents. Des-Barres immediately
+named James Simonds as his deputy; the duties of the latter are
+specified in the records of the old county of Sunbury under the
+following heading:
+
+  "Instructions for carrying into execution the letter of Attorney
+  of Stephen Kemble, Esq., to Joseph Frederick Wallet Des-Barres,
+  Esq., to be observed by James Simonds, Esq., his substitute for
+  this purpose specially appointed."
+
+Under the instructions the manor was to be divided into one hundred
+lots of 200 acres each, to be laid out in such a way as to allow
+communication with the river to as many settlers as possible. Half the
+lots were offered at L5 sterling each to purchasers or to tenants at a
+renewable lease of ten shillings per annum, but it was not until about
+the year 1782 that any effectual measures were taken for the
+settlement of the grant, the explanation probably being that Mr.
+Simonds and his partners were too much engaged in securing their own
+lands from forfeiture to pay much attention to those of Col. Kemble.
+However on the arrival of the Loyalists a number of lots were speedily
+disposed of and by the efforts of Ward Chipman, who succeeded James
+Simonds as agent, the greater part of the lands were saved from
+escheat. Col. Kemble visited the River St. John in 1788. His
+correspondence with Ward Chipman relative to the improvement of the
+Manor is of interest. The last of the lots on the river was sold in
+1811, and in 1820 the rear of the property, comprising about one half
+of the whole, was sold to Nehemiah Merritt, of St. John, for L1000.
+
+
+STERLING.
+
+Another considerable grant in the year 1765 was that made to Captain
+Walter Sterling of the Royal Navy, and nine others[133], 10,000 acres
+at the foot of Kingston peninsula, now known as "Lands End." This
+tract was forfeited for non-fulfilment of the conditions of the grant.
+Capt. Walter Sterling visited the River St. John in August, 1775, and
+some business transactions with him are to be found in the old account
+books of Hazen, Simonds and White.
+
+  [133] The names of the associates in this grant were Dorothy Sterling,
+        Walter Sterling, jr., Christopher Sterling, Ann Sterling,
+        William Sterling, Andrew Sterling, John Ewer, Walter Ewer and
+        John Francis.
+
+
+GLASIER.
+
+Another large grant of this period was known as "Glasier's Manor"
+(subsequently as "Coffin's Manor"), extending from Brundage's Point in
+the parish of Westfield up the river to a point two or three miles
+above the Nerepis. Colonel Glasier is believed to have made his
+headquarters during his sojourn on the River St. John at or near the
+site of Fort Boishebert at Woodman's Point. The Nerepis stream was at
+one time known as "Beaubear's river;" for example, in a description of
+the River St. John, written a little before the arrival of the
+Loyalists, we have the following: "At the entrance of a small river
+called Baubier's River or narrow Piece [Nerepis] the land a
+considerable distance back is good upland but no Interval. The land up
+Baubier's River for three miles, which was included in Glasier's
+original Grant, is good, both Interval and upland. On Baubier's River
+mills may be erected and there is some good timber. On Baubier's Point
+the salmon fishery is said to be the best on St. John's River."
+
+Shortly after the arrival of the Loyalists Glasier's Manor passed into
+the possession of General Coffin, and was by him named Alwyngton
+Manor. Before this transaction was consummated, however, Glasier's
+Manor had nearly shared the fate of other grants. Elias Hardy, a
+clever lawyer employed by the government to investigate the state of
+the old townships with a view to the forfeiture of lands vacant and
+unimproved, claimed that the manor was escheatable in part as not
+having been fully settled. It was shown, however, that Nathaniel
+Gallop and others had made improvements, built dwellings, barns and
+out-houses, but the Indians had burned the houses and destroyed the
+crops and finally driven the settlers away. Owing to the distracted
+state of the country at the time of the Revolution, no settlement was
+practicable near the mouth of the river. Governor Parr used his
+influence in Col. Glasier's behalf, assuring him that every effort
+would be made to preserve his lands in view of his efforts to promote
+the settlement of the country. General Coffin succeeded, after he had
+purchased the manor, in getting some valuable settlers to take up
+lands at the Nerepis, among them Capt. Henry Nase, a brother officer
+in the late King's American regiment, whose descendants still live at
+Westfield. In the course of the first year's residence General Coffin
+expended more than L1,200 sterling in improving his property. He built
+on the Nerepis stream an excellent mill and displayed much enterprise
+in other ways.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXIX.
+
+AT THE CLOSE OF THE REVOLUTION--AFFAIRS CIVIL AND RELIGIOUS.
+
+
+After the establishment of Major Studholme's garrison at Fort Howe, in
+the fall of 1777, the settlers on the river found adequate protection.
+The Indians occasionally assumed a hostile attitude it is true,
+especially when they were stirred up by Allan's emissaries from
+Machias, but they were rather overawed by the proximity of the fort
+and were for the most part peacefully disposed. The privateers
+continued their depredations on the coast, but kept clear of Fort
+Howe. The condition of the settlers on the river had gradually
+improved and they were now able to live within themselves. Money too
+began to circulate more freely, owing to the development of the
+masting industry. In several of the townships primitive grist and saw
+mills were to be found, and there was even a small tannery, owned and
+operated by one Nathaniel Churchill of Gagetown. Among the artificers
+of Maugerville were Sylvanus Plummer, joiner and housewright; James
+Woodman, Shipwright; John Crabtree, weaver; Israel Kenny, blacksmith;
+Jonathan Whipple, cooper; Benjamin Bailey, housewright; Abel English,
+blacksmith.
+
+Among the glimpses of Portland Point, during the closing year of the
+Revolution, a rather interesting one is to be found in the diary of
+Benjamin Marston, a loyalist of Marblehead, who visited the place in
+his vessel the "Britannia" in the autumn of 1781. An extract from his
+diary here follows:--
+
+  "Friday, Sept. 7--About 10 a. m. arrived safely into St. John's
+  river, went ashore and dined with Mr. Hazen whom I find to be
+  every way the man I have ever heard him characterized.
+
+  "Saturday, Sept. 8--Dined with Mr. Hazen. Sold him and Mr. White
+  some tobacco, wine and chocolate. Mending sails today. Wind
+  blowing very hard at N. W.
+
+  "Sunday, Sept. 9--Am in hopes of having a convoy to Annapolis,
+  shall know more of it tomorrow; if one, shall wait for it. Dined
+  ashore at Mr. Hazen's.
+
+  "Monday, Sept. 10--Still waiting in hopes of a convoy and have
+  some prospect of carrying garrison stores to Annapolis, in that
+  case shall have a party sufficient to keep off pirate boats. Spent
+  the day rambling about the country which hereabouts is very
+  broken, barren and but little cultivated, but abounding in vast
+  quantities of excellent limestone. Fort Howe is built on a single
+  limestone--'tis a pretty large one. Delivered Mr. Hazen his two
+  hogsheads of tobacco, which I couldn't do before, we have had such
+  blowing weather the two days past.
+
+  "Tuesday, Sept. 11--Dirty, rainy, wind at noon S. and S. S. W.
+
+  "Wednesday, Sept. 12--Waited till 12 o'clock at noon to sail with
+  the men of war and the mast ships."
+
+Benjamin Marston sold a portion of his cargo to Hazen & White; but
+he found his stay at St. John very monotonous during the fortnight
+he was detained by contrary winds. He tried to break the monotony by
+the composition of the following rhyme, for which, under the
+circumstances, we are disposed to excuse him; it was St. John's
+first attempt in the poetical line and is as good as some that has
+been attempted since:
+
+             "I'm almost sick and tired to death
+                With staying in this lonesome place,
+              Where every day presents itself
+                With just the same dull-looking face.
+
+              Oh! had I but some kind fair friend
+                With whom to chat the hours away,
+              I ne'er would care how blew the wind
+                Nor tedious should I think my stay.
+
+              Ah! that was once my happy lot
+                When I with house and home was blest,
+              I'd then a fair companion got
+                With many female charms possesst.
+
+              Nor scantily did Heaven shower down
+                Those gifts which render life a blessing,
+              But did our cup with plenty crown,
+                Nor let us feel what was distressing.
+
+              Yes, dearest Sally, thou wert fair,
+                Not only fair, but kind and good;
+              Sweetly together did we share
+                The blessings Heaven on us bestowed.
+
+              Till base Rebellion did display
+                Her banners fair with false pretence,
+              Then kindly Heaven took you away
+                From evils which have happened since.
+
+              And careless me, when I had lost
+                Of all my blessings far the best,
+              Did teach, and justly, to my cost,
+                The worth of what I once possessed.
+
+              'Tis often so--we do not prize
+                The present good at its just rate,
+              But gone, we see with other eyes
+                What was its worth when 'tis too late.
+
+              Now one more verse, fair Ladies nine,
+                And there'll be one apiece for you;
+              'Tis the way I sometimes spend my time
+                When I have nothing else to do."
+
+The war of the Revolution was practically ended on the 19th October,
+1781, when Lord Cornwallis surrendered his army to Washington at
+Yorktown, Virginia, in the presence of the united French and American
+forces. From this date until the peace, the military operations were
+few and unimportant. Major Studholme continued quietly to maintain his
+post at Fort Howe. In addition to a strong detachment of his own
+corps, the Royal Fencible American Regiment, he had a detachment of
+the 84th regiment, or Young Royal Highland Emigrants. Among
+Studholme's subordinate officers were lieutenants Peter Clinch, Samuel
+Denny Street, Ambrose Sharman and Constant Connor, all of the Royal
+Fencible Americans, and lieutenants Laughlan Maclane and Hugh Frazier
+of the Young Royal Highland Emigrants.
+
+Lieut. Clinch, according to family tradition, was born in Ireland and
+educated at Trinity College, Dublin. He came to America before the
+outbreak of the Revolution, was gazetted lieutenant in his regiment
+May 15, 1776, and shortly afterwards appointed adjutant. He settled at
+St. George, N. B., after his regiment was disbanded, and among his
+neighbors were Capt. Philip Baily and a number of officers,
+non-commissioned officers and private soldiers of the regiment. The
+difficulties with which they were confronted on their arrival at St.
+George are thus described by one of Mr. Clinch's sons:--
+
+  "My father had charge of a party of soldiers, who were disbanded
+  in 1783 and sent to colonize a howling wilderness--the most unfit
+  employment they could be put to. The delay which took place in
+  furnishing a vessel to convey them and their stores added much to
+  their difficulties. It was not until the 10th of November that a
+  landing was effected at the mouth of the Magaguadavic, where there
+  was neither house nor habitation of any kind to receive them; and
+  so glad was the skipper of the vessel to get rid of such a
+  disorderly and almost mutinous crew, that he sailed away the
+  moment he got them landed. He was under some apprehension that
+  they would insist on coming away with him again rather than land
+  on such an inhospitable shore. That night my father slept in the
+  open air and such a heavy fall of snow came that he had some
+  difficulty in removing the blankets next morning."
+
+Peter Clinch, in 1793, raised a company for the King's New Brunswick
+Regiment which he commanded. He was for some years a representative of
+Charlotte County in the New Brunswick legislature, and a man prominent
+in public affairs up to the time of his decease in 1816.
+
+Lieut. Sam'l. Denny Street was born and educated in England and
+admitted an attorney and solicitor at law in the court of Westminster.
+He came to America in 1774, and enlisting as a volunteer was soon
+gazetted a lieutenant in the Royal Fencible American Regiment. He
+obtained for General McLean the pilots who accompanied him on his
+successful expedition to Penobscot, and was himself sent on several
+occasions from Fort Howe to Penobscot on confidential services. On the
+25th of April, 1781, he was so unfortunate as to be betrayed by his
+guide, and was captured near Machias with six of his men. He was sent
+to Boston and put aboard the prison ship. Anxious to retain the
+services of so useful and enterprising an officer, Gen'l McLean on two
+occasions offered two "rebel" officers of superior rank in exchange,
+but in each instance the offer was declined, and it was learned
+afterwards that the failure was due to a memorial forwarded from
+Machias by Col. John Allan representing that Lieut. Street was too
+dangerous a man to be set at liberty.
+
+After several months of irksome confinement Lieut. Street contrived,
+with the help of a fellow prisoner, to seize the "rebel sentinel" as
+he was pacing the deck one sultry night in August, without arousing
+the guard, who was asleep. Having bound and gagged their man and
+possessed themselves of his weapons, they released the other
+prisoners, and with their assistance surprised and disarmed the guard
+consisting of a corporal and twelve men. One of Street's men now swam
+ashore and brought off a boat in which they all embarked. The guard
+were landed on a small island. Street and his party landed on the
+mainland and pushed through the woods to Marblehead, but the day
+coming on they were so unfortunate as to fall in with a detachment of
+American troops by whom they were captured and conveyed to Boston
+jail. Street was now measured for irons but information having reached
+General McLean on this head he threatened to retaliate upon the
+American prisoners at Halifax and the project was abandoned.
+
+After enduring for some time the prison fare, which Street describes
+as "putrid and offensive," he made another unsuccessful attempt to
+escape. He was now sent once more aboard the prison ship. He contrived
+one dark night to lower himself from the cabin window, and with the
+tide at flood swam off undiscovered. After swimming a mile up the
+harbor he landed on shore and sought refuge at the house of an
+Englishman whom he knew and by whose timely aid he returned in safety
+to the garrison at Fort Howe.
+
+Samuel Denny Street was the first lawyer to practice his profession in
+this province. At the peace in 1783 he was employed as Major
+Studholme's assistant in the settlement of the Loyalists on the St.
+John river. His descendants have filled conspicuous positions in the
+history of the province, both political and judicial. One son, George
+Frederick Street, was a judge of the supreme court, another, John
+Ambrose Street, was attorney general of the province and leader of the
+government and still another, William H. Street, was mayor of the city
+of St. John.
+
+Lieut. Ambrose Sharman filled a dual position, being surgeon of the
+garrison as well as a lieutenant. While he was at Fort Howe he had a
+variety of patients in addition to those of the garrison; for example,
+in 1778, he rendered a bill amounting to L5. 16.8 "for attendance &
+medicines to Pieree Thomas & four other sick Indians;" and again,
+August 4, 1780, he presents his bill to James White "To inoculating
+self and family for smallpox, L9."
+
+After the Royal Fencible American Regiment was disbanded, Dr. Sharman
+settled in Burton, Sunbury county, along side his brother officer,
+Samuel Denny Street. Ten years later he was drowned while crossing the
+river to attend a sick call. Three of his orphan children were
+provided for and educated by Mr. Street, who also named his seventh
+son John Ambrose Sharman, in honor of his former friend and comrade.
+
+In a former chapter some account has been already given of the first
+religious teachers on the River St. John. A few words may be added
+concerning the celebrated "New Light" preacher, Henry Alline, who was
+at Maugerville in 1779 and again in 1780, and 1782. A great deal has
+been written concerning this remarkable man, and widely divergent
+opinions have been expressed as to the value of his labors, though few
+are found to gainsay his sincerity, ability and zeal. Rev. Jacob
+Bailey, the S. P. G. missionary at Cornwallis and Annapolis, terms him
+"a rambling teacher, who has made great commotions in this province."
+Mr. Bailey was a tory of the olden time, and strongly deprecated
+anything that chanced to be at variance with the sober ways of the
+Church of England, which were then in vogue. In an old paper written
+about 1783, still preserved by his descendants in Nova Scotia, we find
+the following from Mr. Bailey's pen:--
+
+  "This country is troubled with various sects of enthusiasts who
+  agree in nothing except a frenzy of pious zeal and a most
+  uncharitable spirit towards their unconverted neighbors, and a
+  madness to introduce confusion, anarchy and nonsense into all the
+  exercises of religion. * * He that is master of the strongest pair
+  of lungs, and is able to exhibit the loudest and most doleful
+  vociferation, is sure of prevailing success. Those who perceive
+  themselves deficient in point of noise endeavour to secure renown
+  by the advancement and propagation of some new and singular
+  opinion."
+
+In much the same strain Sheriff Walter Bates of Kings county
+writes:--"When I was first in Maugerville in 1783, I was informed of a
+preacher by the name of Collins, who had been some time with them;
+that on account of some jealousy among them he soon after left, but
+another preacher named Alline came, whose followers were called
+Allinites. In Sheffield and Waterboro the people became divided into
+three sects, named after their own preachers: Hartites, Brooksites and
+Hammonites, who were annually inspired by two travelling preachers
+from Nova Scotia."[134] The sheriff had very little that was good to
+say of these evangelists, whose methods and doctrines he cordially
+disliked.
+
+  [134] The two preachers were in all probability Rev. Theodore S.
+        Harding and Rev. Joseph Crandall. See Dr. Bill's History of
+        the Baptists, page 698. The people referred to as "Brooksites"
+        by Sheriff Bates were the founders of the Baptist denomination
+        in Waterborough and Canning, Queens county, N. B., over whom
+        Rev. Elijah Estabrooks presided as teaching elder, with Joseph
+        E. Brooks (or Estabrooks) as deacon, and Zebulon Estey as
+        clerk. An interesting account of the origin of this church is
+        to be found in Dr. Bill's Hist. of the Baptists pp. 594-602.
+        Another reference to the "Hammonites" and "Brooksites" will be
+        found in the Winslow Papers, page 392.
+
+Henry Alline, the Whitefield of Nova Scotia, was born at Newport,
+Rhode Island, June 14, 1748. He settled with his parents at Talmouth,
+N. S., in 1760. He was a preacher of fervid eloquence, which, as in
+the case of Whitefield, few who came under its influence were able to
+resist. He was brought up a Congregationalist, and from that
+denomination he never really separated, although he plunged into
+speculations on theological points in which, to quote the late Dr. T.
+Watson Smith, "the import of the words of inspiration is often lost
+amidst the reveries of mysticism." One of the errors of New-Light
+enthusiasm consisted in regarding mere animal impulses as leadings of
+the Holy Spirit, which must be followed at all hazards. Henry Alline
+was one of the best exponents of the New-Light idea. He was a good
+singer as well as a fervid preacher, and in his sermons appealed to
+the feelings of his hearers. "The early New-Light preachers," says Dr.
+Smith, "resembled their leader. Such men, passing from settlement to
+settlement, as if impelled by a species of religious knight-errantry,
+could not fail to make an impression. Viewed in themselves, the
+results of their visits were in certain cases painful. Families were
+divided; neighbors became opposed to each other; pastors preached and
+published in vain endeavor to stem the tide, and failing submitted to
+the inevitable; old church organizations were broken down and new
+organizations set up in their places. * * To disturb the slumbers of
+the churches and arouse them to active effort seemed to be his
+vocation." His doctrines were distasteful to the Presbyterians of his
+day, and were termed by one of their ministers, "a mixture of
+Calvinism, Antinomianism, and Enthusiasm."
+
+It is certain, nevertheless, that Henry Alline stirred non-conformist
+Nova Scotia to its core. After his death the societies which he
+founded, as a rule, gradually became Baptist churches, and in this way
+many of the most intelligent and influential New England families
+became members of that denomination.
+
+In the month of April, 1779, Henry Alline left Cornwallis in response
+to an invitation to go to the River St. John. On his arrival at
+Maugerville he was cordially received by the people, who related to
+him the broken state of their church and deplored the darkness of the
+times.
+
+"When the Sabbath came," he says, "I preached, and the Lord was there,
+and took much hold of the people. The week ensuing I preached two
+lectures, and went from place to place, visiting the people and
+inquiring into their standing. O! it was a grief to see sincere
+Christians thus scattered up and down the mountains like sheep having
+no shepherd; and the accuser of the brethern had sown much discord
+among the Christians. There had been a church there, but the people
+had separated on account of the greatest part holding the minister to
+be an unconverted man, who afterwards went away, but the division
+still subsisted."
+
+Mr. Alline spent some weeks in the township, preaching often and
+visiting the people. By his advice they renewed their church covenant
+in the form following:--
+
+  "Maugerville, June ye 17, year 1779.
+
+  "We who through the exceeding riches of the grace and patience
+  of God do continue to be a professing church of Christ being now
+  assembled in the holy Presence of God, in the name of the Lord
+  Jesus Christ after humble confession of our manifold breaches of
+  the Covenant, before the Lord our God and earnest supplication
+  for pardoning mercy through the blood of Christ and deep
+  acknowledgement of our great unworthiness to be the Lord's
+  Covenant People, also acknowledging our own inability to keep
+  covenant with God or to perform any spiritual duty unless the
+  Lord Jesus do enable us thereto by his spiritual dwelling in us,
+  and being awfully sensible that it is a dreadful thing for sinful
+  dust and ashes personally to transact with the infinitely
+  glorious Majesty of Heaven and Earth.
+
+  "We do in humble confidence of his gracious assistance and
+  acceptance through Christ; each one of us for ourselves and
+  jointly as the church of the Living God explicetly renew our
+  Covenant with God and one with another and after perusing the
+  Covenant on which this church was at first gathered, we do
+  cordially adhear to the same, both in matters of faith and
+  discipline; and whereas some provoking evils have crept in among
+  us which has been the procuring causes of the divisions and
+  calamitys that God has sent or permitted in this place, especially
+  the neglect of a close walk with God and a watchfulness over our
+  brother. We desire from our hearts to bewail it before the Lord
+  and humbly to entreat for pardoning mercy through the blood of the
+  Everlasting Covenant, and we do heartily desire by God's grace to
+  reform these evils or whatsoever else have provoked the eyes of
+  God's glory among us."
+
+    Daniel Palmer, jr.,
+    Peter Mooers,
+    Jabez Nevers,
+    Moses Coburn,
+    Benjm. Brown,
+    Israel Perly,
+    Daniel Jewett,
+    Jacob Barker,jr.,
+    Asa Perley,
+    Jonathan Burpe,
+    Saml. Whitney,
+    Daniel Palmer,
+    Jacob Palmer,
+    Humphrey Pickard,
+    Edward Coy.
+
+  Female Members of the Church.
+
+    Mary Barker,
+    Jane Pickard,
+    Abigail Jewett,
+    Hannah Coburn,
+    Lydia Whitney,
+    Lydia Jepheson,
+    Hannah Noble,
+    Anna Coy,
+    Elizbh. Palmer.
+
+  "The last Sabbath I preached at St. John's river," continued Mr.
+  Alline, "the people seemed so loth to go away, that we stopped at
+  the meeting-house door, and sung and discoursed some time, and
+  then I left them to go down the river." He preached at Gagetown,
+  encamped a night in the woods, and on the third day reached the
+  mouth of the river where he preached at "Mahogany." The next day
+  was Sunday and in the morning a boat came to take him to "the
+  town"--or settlement at Portland Point--where he was to preach.
+  Evidently the people were disposed to hold aloof from his
+  ministrations at this time, for he says, "O! the darkness of the
+  place! * * I suppose there were upwards of 200 people there come
+  to the years of maturity, and I saw no signs of any Christian
+  excepting one soldier. Yet although I was among such an
+  irreligious people, the Lord was kind to me, and I lacked for
+  nothing while I was there."
+
+He returned to St. John in the latter part of August and preached on a
+Sunday. Major Studholme treated him with civility, and sent him up the
+river in his own barge. He found the church prospering. There was much
+interest in religion; a good many new members having been added to the
+roll in his absence, three or four of them upwards of fifty years of
+age. Two elders and two deacons were now appointed, and a formal call
+was extended to Mr. Alline to remain as their settled pastor. This
+call he did not see his way clear to accept, but promised to revisit
+them shortly. He got back to Fort Howe on the 6th of November, and
+preached there while awaiting a chance to cross the bay to Annapolis.
+He returned to St. John, April 22, 1780, staid a week and preached on
+Sunday, after which he again went up the river. Several weeks were
+devoted to visiting the various settlements and great interest was
+manifested, crowds of people attending his preaching. In his diary he
+tells us that much company went with him from place to place, some
+times six or seven boats loaded with people. Edward Coy's daughter
+Mary (afterwards Mrs. Mary Bradley) who was then a child in her ninth
+year, gives, in her book her recollections of Henry Alline's visit.
+"My parents," she says, "took me with them twice to meeting. The first
+text was, 'And at midnight there was a cry made, Behold the Bridegroom
+cometh; go ye out to meet him.' My attention was arrested, and for
+many days after I was engaged in ruminating and repeating over some
+parts of the sermon. * * After the sermon and worship was over, I was
+astonished to see the people talking and shaking hands as I never
+before had witnessed. Some looked of a cheerful, loving and happy
+countenance; others were in tears, and cast down. * * It soon became
+the common subject of conversation that such and such persons were
+converted."
+
+On Mr. Alline's return from Maugerville to the mouth of the river he
+staid there a fortnight, waiting for a passage, and during that time
+preached and visited among the people. On June 25th he sailed to
+Annapolis.
+
+Two years later he again visited the River St. John. He left Windsor
+on the 29th April and arrived at the mouth of the river in four days.
+"When I came to the river," he says, "the vessel did not go up that I
+was in, but God gave me speed, for there was another vessel just going
+over the falls to go up the river, so that without the least delay I
+crossed Pot-Ash[135] and went immediately on board.... I remained on
+the river, preaching from place to place among the people almost every
+day, and often twice a day until the 26th of May, during which time I
+had happy days and much of the Spirit of God moving among the people."
+On the last Sunday of Alline's stay at Sheffield the concourse was so
+great that he preached in the open field. "I had so much to say to
+them," he writes, "and they seemed so loth to part that I was almost
+spent before we parted; and then I went ten miles down the river. But
+after I had refreshed the body, I preached again in the evening; and
+it was an evening much to be remembered."
+
+  [135] That is the portage to Marble Cove, or Indiantown, above the
+        falls. This portage is shown in Champlain's plan of Saint
+        John. It was used by the Indians long before the coming of the
+        whites.
+
+Mr. Alline's opinion of the spiritual condition of the community in
+the vicinity of Fort Howe seems to have changed but little, for he
+writes under date, June 29th., 1782, "When I came to the port at the
+mouth of the river, there appeared no passage from thence; and I
+thought I could not content myself long in that dark place; but the
+very next day four or five vessels came in, all bound for Cumberland
+where I wanted to go."
+
+The story of Alline's illness and death, which occurred in the town of
+Northampton, New Hampshire, February 2nd, 1784, is pathetic in the
+extreme, but we must pass on.
+
+When Rev. Wm. Black visited Sheffield in 1792 the results of Henry
+Alline's labors were yet in evidence, and were not entirely acceptable
+to Mr. Black, who says that he found among the people "many
+New-Lights, or more properly Allinites--much wild fire and many wrong
+opinions."
+
+In the year 1805, in answer to a petition from Sheffield, the Rev.
+James MacGregor, a Presbyterian minister of Pictou, visited the River
+St. John, and has left us an entertaining account of his visit. He
+stopped at a house not far below the Grand Lake, where the following
+colloquy with the good woman of the house ensued.
+
+Woman--Who are you?
+
+Doctor--I am James MacGregor, a minister from Pictou.
+
+Woman--Are you a Methodist?
+
+Doctor--No.
+
+Woman--Are you Church of England?
+
+Doctor--No.
+
+Woman--Then you must be a New-Light.
+
+Doctor--No, I am not a New-Light.
+
+Woman--Then what in the world are you, for I do not know any more?
+
+Doctor--I am a Presbyterian.
+
+Woman--Well, I never saw a Presbyterian minister before, but my mother
+used to tell me that they were the very best in the world. But what do
+you hold to?
+
+Doctor--I do not understand what you mean.
+
+Woman--Do you hold to conversion?
+
+Doctor--Don't they all hold to conversion?
+
+Woman--No, the Methodists and New-Lights holds to it, but the Church
+of England holds against it.
+
+Doctor MacGregor was very hospitably entertained by Squire Burpee and
+his family, who informed him that they were a colony from New England,
+and that of course they were Congregationalists in their religious
+profession. The Doctor said that he had long wished to see one of
+their congregations and hoped that they were a fair sample of a New
+England church. The squire replied: "I am afraid that we are
+degenerated." Mr. MacGregor says, "I preached two Sabbaths to them in
+a respectable place of worship, and to Methodists and Baptists. They
+heard with apparent attention and satisfaction. Many of them stayed
+and conversed a good while after public worship was over."
+
+In the course of his missionary tour Doctor MacGregor visited the
+settlement on the River Nashwaak founded by the disbanded soldiers of
+the 42nd regiment. Not having been visited by a minister of their
+church for many years, a few of them had turned Baptists and
+Methodists, but "the best and worst of them," he says, "continued
+Presbyterians."
+
+The glimpses we have of life at the mouth of the St. John, during the
+last two or three years of the Revolutionary struggle, are of some
+local interest, though not of a thrilling or exciting character. The
+proximity of the garrison seems to have proved detrimental to the
+morals of some of the inhabitants. At least this is the inference we
+should draw from the following notice posted up by order of the chief
+magistrate of the community.
+
+  NOTICE.
+
+  Whereas complaint hath been made to me by the Commanding Officer
+  of the King's Troops at this place that several Irregularities
+  have lately been committed here by his Troops, proceeding from the
+  quantity of strong Liquors sold them by the Inhabitants: To
+  prevent any disturbance for the future, I publickly forbid any
+  person or persons at this place selling Strong Liquors, under the
+  penalty of the Law made and provided in such cases, except those
+  who have Licence or Permits from authority for that purpose.
+
+  Given under my hand at Fort Howe this third day of July, 1781.
+
+  JAMES WHITE, J. P.
+
+The civil authority at this period was vested in the Court of General
+Sessions of the Peace for the County of Sunbury, which used to meet
+regularly at Maugerville, and of which James Simonds, James White,
+Israel Perley, Gervas Say and Jacob Barker, Esquires, were members.
+One of the notices issued by order of the court was as follows:--
+
+  PUBLIC NOTICE.
+
+  Application having been made to the Court of General Quarter
+  Sessions of the Peace, for the County of Sunbury and Province of
+  Nova Scotia, held at Maugerville on the Second Tuesday of October,
+  A. D., 1781, setting forth the necessity of having a Publick House
+  of Entertainment kept near the Harbour of the River St.
+  Johns:--Therefore by virtue of the Authority vested in the said
+  Court by the Laws of the said Province, Licence is hereby given to
+  Philip Newton to keep a Publick House of Entertainment and to
+  retail Spirituous Liquors for the space of one year at the place
+  aforesaid, he the said Philip Newton keeping and maintaining good
+  order agreeable to the Laws of this Province.
+
+  By order of the said court,
+      BENJ. ATHERTON, Clerk Peace.
+
+It is not improbable that Philip Newton, mentioned above, was a
+relative of Hon. Henry Newton, member of the Council of Nova Scotia,
+and Collector of Customs at Halifax. His stay at St. John was
+evidently brief, and this is the only known reference to him.
+
+In 1782 the disturbed condition of affairs, consequent upon the
+Revolution, had so far improved that St. John was made a Port of
+Entry, with James White as Deputy Collector, under Henry Newton of
+Halifax. It was truly the day of small things with the future Winter
+Port of Canada. The following is a list of the vessels that entered
+and cleared in the year 1782.
+
+  Entered.    Tons.    Cleared.    Tons.
+
+  Rosanna        17    Rosanna        17
+  Betsy          10    Peggy           8
+  Escape         10    Betsy          10
+  Polly          10    Escape         10
+  Sally          10    Polly          10
+  Lark           18    Sally          10
+  Ranger         12    Lark           18
+  Prosperity     10    Ranger         12
+  Unity          10    Prosperity     10
+  Speedy          7    Unity          10
+  Little Tom     30    Little Tom     30
+                ---    Monaguash      20
+  Total tonnage 144                  ---
+                       Total tonnage 165
+
+The emoluments derived by James White from his office as Deputy
+Collector of Customs were small. William Hazen's position, as
+commissary of the garrison of Fort Howe, was something better. Most of
+the supplies of fuel, meat and vegetables for the garrison were
+furnished by Messrs. Hazen & White, and the profits were considerable.
+In the year 1782, for example, they furnished 172 cords of firewood
+for which the price paid them was 20 shillings a cord.
+
+An event was now to transpire which marks an epoch in the history of
+St. John and which in the course of a few months served to transform
+the little community at the mouth of the river from the dimensions of
+a hamlet to those of a respectable town. The war between Great Britain
+and the old Colonies was over and the colonies had gained their
+independence. Had they been wise they would, as Dr. Hannay well
+observes, have tempered their triumph with moderation. They would have
+encouraged those who had espoused the Royal cause to remain and assist
+in building up the new nation which they had founded. Instead of this,
+they committed one of the most stupendous acts of short sighted folly
+ever perpetrated by a people. They passed edicts of banishment against
+the persons, and acts of confiscation against the estates of the
+Loyalists. They drove them out, poor in purse indeed, but rich in
+experience, determination, energy, education, intellect and the other
+qualities which build up states, and with their hearts fired and their
+energies stimulated with hatred of republicanism. They drove them out
+70,000 strong to build up a rival nation at their very doors which
+perhaps would never have had an existence but for the rash folly of
+those who persecuted the Loyalists.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XXX.
+
+THE COMING OF THE LOYALISTS.
+
+
+The vanguard of the Loyalists now began to make its appearance.
+Captain Simon Baxter has a fair claim to be considered the pioneer
+Loyalist of this province. He arrived at Fort Howe with his family in
+March, 1782, in distressed circumstances, and was befriended by
+William Hazen and James White, who recommended him to the favorable
+consideration of the authorities at Halifax. Captain Baxter was a
+native of New Hampshire. He was proscribed and banished on account of
+his loyalty, and had several narrow escapes at the hands of his "rebel
+countrymen." On one occasion he was condemned to be hanged, but upon
+being brought out to execution contrived to escape from his
+persecutors and fled for safety to Burgoyne's army. His early arrival
+at St. John proved of substantial benefit to him, for on the 15th of
+August he obtained a grant of 5,000 acres, "as a reduced subaltern and
+as a refugee," in what is now the Parish of Norton, in Kings County.
+His sons, William and Benjamin, received 500 acres each, along with
+their father. The important services of Major Gilfred Studholme were
+also rewarded at this time by a grant of 2,000 acres on the
+Kennebecasis river, just above Captain Baxter's land. Two years later
+Major Studholme obtained a grant of a tract nearly three miles square,
+at Apohaqui, to which he gave the name of Studville.
+
+It was not without fore-thought and serious consideration that the
+Loyalists came to the River St. John. Several associations were formed
+at New York, in 1782, to further the interests of those who proposed
+to settle in Nova Scotia. One of the Associations had as its
+president, the Rev. Doctor Seabury,[136] and for its secretary,
+Sampson Salter Blowers.[137] It was under the arrangements made by
+this Association that a great many of the Loyalists of the Spring
+fleet came to the St. John river. The document, which is published
+below, is well worthy of preservation by the descendants of those
+devoted men and women, who were induced by unshaken loyalty to seek
+refuge in a wilderness under its provisions.
+
+  [136] Dr. Seabury was consecrated first Bishop of the Episcopal Church
+        in the United States, November 14th, 1784.
+
+  [137] Sampson Salter Blowers was appointed chief justice of Nova
+        Scotia in 1809. He died in 1842 in his 100th year having
+        outlived all his contemporaries. He was a man of wonderful
+        vitality and is said never to have worn an overcoat.
+
+  ARTICLES.
+
+  Of the Settlement of Nova Scotia, Made With the Loyalists at New
+  York, at the Time of the Peace of 1783.
+
+  "The reverend Doctor Samuel Seabury, and Lieutenant Colonel B.
+  Thompson, of the Kings American Dragoons, having been appointed by
+  the Board of Agents to wait on His Excellency Sir Guy Carleton,
+  Commander in Chief, in behalf of the Loyalists desirous of
+  emigrating to Nova Scotia, they read the following rough
+  proposals, as articles of supply for the settlers in Nova
+  Scotia:--
+
+  1st.--That they be provided with proper vessels and convoy to
+  carry them, their horses and cattle, as near as possible to the
+  place appointed for their settlement.
+
+  2nd.--That besides the provisions for the voyage, one year's
+  provision be allowed them, or money to enable them to purchase.
+
+  3d.--That some allowance of warm clothing be made in proportion to
+  the wants of each family.
+
+  4th.--That an allowance of medicines be granted, such as shall be
+  thought necessary.
+
+  5th.--That pairs of millstones, necessary iron works for grist
+  mills, and saws and other necessary articles for saw-mills, be
+  granted them.
+
+  6th.--That a quantity of nails and spikes, hoes and axes, spades
+  and shovels, plough irons, and such other farming utensils as
+  shall appear necessary, be provided for them, and also a
+  proportion of window glass.
+
+  7th.--That such a tract or tracts of land, free from disputed
+  titles, and as conveniently situated as may be, be granted,
+  surveyed and divided at the public cost, as shall afford from 300
+  to 600 acres of useful land to each family.
+
+  8th.--That over and above 2,000 acres in every township be allowed
+  for the support of a clergyman, and 1,000 acres for the support of
+  a school, and that these lands be unalienable for ever.
+
+  9th.--That a sufficient number of good musquets and cannon be
+  allowed with a proper quantity of powder and ball for their use,
+  to enable them to defend themselves against any hostile invasion;
+  also a proportion of powder and lead for hunting.
+
+  "His Excellency the Commander in Chief, in reply, was pleased to
+  say that in general he approved the above Articles, and that at
+  least the terms of settlement should be equivalent to them. He was
+  pleased to say further that he should give every encouragement to
+  the settlers in Nova Scotia, and that he would write to the
+  Governor of the Province respecting the matter. He advised that
+  some persons might be sent to examine the vacant lands and see
+  where the settlement could be made to the best advantage.
+
+  "We whose names are hereunto subscribed do agree to remove to the
+  Province of Nova Scotia, on the above encouragement, with our
+  families, in full reliance on the future support of Government,
+  and under the patronage of the following gentlemen as our agents,
+  they having been approved of as such by His Majesty's Commissioner
+  for restoring Peace, etc:--Lieut. Col. B. Thompson, K. A. D;
+  Lieut. Col. E. Winslow, Gen. Muster-master provincial forces;
+  Major J. Upham, K. A. D; Rev. Dr. Samuel Seabury, Rev. John Sayre,
+  Captain Maudsley, Amos Botsford, Esq., Samuel Cummings, Esq.,
+  Judge John Wardle, Esq., James Peters, Esq., Frederick Hauser."
+
+These terms were liberal and were afterwards considerably extended.
+The Loyalists were allowed not only full provisions for the first
+year, but two-thirds of that allowance for the second year, and one
+third for the third year.
+
+In accordance with the prudent advice of Sir Guy Carleton, it was
+decided to send agents to Nova Scotia immediately to explore the
+country and report upon it. The agents chosen were Messrs. Amos
+Botsford, Samuel Cummings and Frederick Hauser. They were furnished
+with the following
+
+  INSTRUCTIONS.
+
+  "That on their arrival in Nova Scotia they apply themselves to
+  discover whether a Tract or Tracts of Land free from all disputed
+  titles, either with the Indians or former Grantees, can be found
+  sufficient to accommodate the Loyalists and their Families who
+  shall remove thither.
+
+  "They will examine the soil, timber, game, limestone, rivers,
+  bays, creeks, harbors, streams and ponds of water with regard to
+  mills, fishing, trade, etc. They will examine the face of the
+  country whether it be hilly, stoney, sandy, clayey, etc.
+
+  "They will enquire what lands in the neighborhood are granted and
+  to whom, whether the grants be forfeited, or whether they may be
+  purchased and at what rate; and whether advantageous terms may not
+  be made with the present proprietors.
+
+  "They will endeavor to ascertain as near as they can what will be
+  the difficulties and obstructions in forming new settlements, and
+  what will be the probable advantages.
+
+  "They will keep a journal of their proceedings and register their
+  observations, noting well the distances from the principal
+  settlements already made, and from noted rivers and harbors, as
+  well as the obstructions in travelling and transporting.
+
+  "Such lands as may be obtained will be distributed and divided
+  among the proposed adventurers in as just and equitable a manner
+  as the nature of the case will admit, and the Agents will make
+  reports of their proceedings from time to time, as early as may
+  be, to the Secretary of the Agency in New York."
+
+Amos Botsford, Samuel Cummings and Frederick Hauser arrived at
+Annapolis Royal on the 19th October, 1782, in company with 500
+Loyalists, who sailed from New York in nine transport ships. Rev.
+Jacob Bailey, who was then living at Annapolis, describes their
+arrival in one of his letters:
+
+  "On Saturday morning early, we were all surprized with the
+  unexpected appearance of eleven sail of shipping, sailing by Goat
+  Island and directing their course towards the town. About nine,
+  two frigates came to anchor, and at ten the remainder, being
+  transports, hauled close in by the King's wharf. On board this
+  fleet were about 500 refugees, who intend to settle in this
+  province. They are a mixture from every province on the continent
+  except Georgia. Yesterday they landed and our royal city of
+  Annapolis, which three days ago contained only 120 souls, has now
+  about 600 inhabitants. You cannot be sensible what an amazing
+  alteration this manoeuvre has occasioned. Everything is alive, and
+  both the townspeople and the soldiers are lost among the
+  strangers.
+
+  "All the houses and barracks are crowded and many are unable
+  to procure any lodgings; most of these distressed people left
+  large possessions in the rebellious colonies, and their
+  sufferings on account of their loyalty and their present
+  uncertain and destitute condition render them very affecting
+  objects of compassion. Three agents are dispatched to Halifax
+  to solicit lands from government."
+
+The agents on their return from Halifax, at once set out to explore
+the country in the vicinity of Annapolis; they then crossed the Bay of
+Fundy and arrived at St. John about the end of November. In the
+report, which they subsequently transmitted to their friends in New
+York, they write:--
+
+  "We found our passage up the river difficult, being too late to
+  pass in boats, and not sufficiently frozen to bear. In this
+  situation we left the river, and for a straight course steered by
+  a compass thro' the woods,[138] encamping out several nights in
+  the course, and went as far as the Oromocto, about seventy miles
+  up the river, where is a block-house, a British post." "The St.
+  John is a fine river, equal in magnitude to the Connecticut or
+  Hudson. At the mouth of the river is a fine harbor, accessible at
+  all seasons of the year--never frozen or obstructed by ice....
+  There are many settlers along the river upon the interval land,
+  who get their living easily. The interval lies on the river and is
+  a most fertile soil, annually matured by the overflowings of the
+  river, and produces crops of all kinds with little labor, and
+  vegetables in the greatest perfection, parsnips of great length,
+  etc. They cut down the trees, burn the tops, put in a crop of
+  wheat or Indian corn, which yields a plentiful increase. These
+  intervals would make the finest meadows. The up-lands produce
+  wheat both of the summer and winter kinds, as well as Indian corn.
+  Here are some wealthy farmers, having flocks of cattle. The
+  greater part of the people, excepting the township of Maugerville,
+  are tenants, or seated on the bank without leave or licence,
+  merely to get their living. For this reason they have not made
+  such improvements as might otherwise have been expected, or as
+  thorough farmers would have done.... Immense quantities of
+  limestone are found at Fort Howe, and at the mouth of the river.
+  We also went up the Kenebeccasis, a large branch of St. John's
+  river, where is a large tract of interval and upland, which has
+  never been granted; it is under a reserve, but we can have it.
+  Major Studholme and Capt. Baxter, who explored the country, chose
+  this place, and obtained a grant of 9,000 acres. On each side of
+  this grant are large tracts of good land, convenient for
+  navigation. A title for these lands may be procured sooner than
+  for such as have been already granted, such as Gage, Conway, etc.,
+  which must be obtained by a regular process in the court of
+  Escheats. The lands on the river St. John are also sufficiently
+  near the cod fishery in Fundy Bay, and perfectly secure against
+  the Indians and Americans. The inhabitants are computed to be near
+  one thousand men, able to bear arms. Here is a County and Court
+  established, and the inhabitants at peace, and seem to experience
+  no inconveniency from the war."
+
+  [138] Frederick Hauser, one of the agents, was a surveyor. A number of
+        grants made to the Loyalists were laid out by him.
+
+The popular idea of the landing of the Loyalists at St. John is that
+on the 18th day of May, in the year 1783, a fleet of some twenty
+vessels sailed into St. John harbor, having on board three thousand
+people, who, wearied with the long voyage, immediately disembarked and
+pitched their tents on the site of the present city of St. John--then
+called Parrtown. The popular idea, however, is not strictly in
+accordance with the facts. The fleet arrived at St. John, not on the
+18th, but on the 10th or 11th of May, and, according to the narrative
+of Walter Bates, there was no one day fixed for disembarkation. In the
+case of the "Union," in which Mr. Bates and many of the founders of
+Kingston came from New York, the passengers were allowed to remain on
+board until several of their number had gone up the river and selected
+a place for them to settle. In some cases, however, the passengers
+were "precipitated on shore." As regards the name Parr (or Partown) it
+was not given for months after the arrival of the Loyalists, and was
+then applied only to that part of the city south of Union street, on
+the east side of the harbor. The name was never very acceptable to the
+citizens. Governor Parr admitted that it originated "in female
+vanity;" from which observation we may assume that the name was
+suggested by Madame Parr. The name of Parr was soon discarded, and the
+time-honored name, which goes back to the days of de Monts and
+Champlain was restored at the incorporation of the city on the 18th of
+May, 1785.
+
+The names of the vessels of the Spring fleet and of their respective
+masters, so far as they have been preserved, are as follows:--"Union,"
+Consett Wilson, master; "Camel," Wm. Tinker, master; "Cyrus," James
+Turner, master; "Sovereign," Wm. Stewart, master; "Aurora," Capt.
+Jackson; "Hope," Capt. Peacock; "Otter," Capt. Burns; "Emmett," Capt.
+Reed; "Spring," Capt. Cadish; "Ann," Capt. Clark; "Bridgewater," Capt.
+Adnet; "Favorite," Capt. Ellis; "Commerce," Capt. Strong; "Lord
+Townsend," Capt. Hogg; "Sally," Capt. Bell; and five others,
+"Spencer," "Thames," "William," "Britain" and "King George," the names
+of whose masters are unknown.
+
+The Loyalists who came to St. John in the first fleet numbered
+about 3,000. They were mostly natives of Rhode Island, Connecticut,
+New York and New Jersey, who had been driven from their homes and
+forced to seek refuge within the British lines at New York, or on
+Long Island. There was a scarcity of ships, and the number of those
+desirous of emigrating to Nova Scotia proved much larger than had been
+anticipated. It became evident that the vessels must make repeated
+trips. The following paragraph from an old newspaper is interesting
+in this connection:--
+
+  New London, Conn., April 25, 1783. We hear that the Loyalists
+  destined for Nova Scotia from New York are to depart in two
+  Divisions; the first, consisting of about 3,000 men, women and
+  children, are nearly ready to sail; the second to sail as soon as
+  the vessels return which carry the first."
+
+This paragraph accords with what subsequently took place. The first
+fleet sailed from Sandy Hook, on the 26th April, arriving at St. John
+about the 11th of May; and the second fleet sailed from Sandy Hook on
+the 16th June, arriving at St. John on the 28th of the same month. The
+most authentic account of the voyage of the first fleet is to be found
+in the narrative of Walter Bates,[139] who was a passenger on board
+the "Union." We learn from this source that in the early part of
+April, 1783, the Rev. John Sayre, one of the agents for settling the
+Loyalists in Nova Scotia, visited those who were then living on the
+north shore of Long Island at Eaton's Neck, Lloyd's Neck and
+Huntington, to inform them that the King had granted to those who did
+not incline to return to their former places of abode and would go to
+Nova Scotia, two hundred acres of land to each family and two years
+provisions, and provide ships to convey them as near as might be to a
+place of settlement. A public meeting was held at which the matter was
+considered in detail, and it was resolved by all present to remove
+with their families to Nova Scotia and settle together in some
+situation where they might enjoy the advantages of a church and
+school. Mr. Bates says that providence seemed to select for them the
+best ship and by far the best captain in the fleet. The captain
+received them on board "as father of a family," and took care that
+nothing in his power should be wanting to render them comfortable on
+the voyage. The "Union" took on board her passengers at Huntington
+Bay. The embarkation began on April 11th and was completed in five
+days. The manifest of the ship has been preserved and is now in
+possession of J. T. Allan Dibblee of Woodstock, N. B. (See Collections
+of N. B. Hist. Society, Vol. II. p. 276). It is signed by Fyler
+Dibblee, deputy agent in charge of the party. There were 209
+passengers in all, viz., 61 men, 39 women, 59 children over ten, 48
+children under ten and 2 servants. The ship sailed to the place of
+rendezvous near Staten Island. While waiting at New York for the other
+vessels, an interesting incident occurred, which (together with
+subsequent events) we shall let Mr. Bates tell in his own way:--
+
+  "Having a couple on board wishing to be married, we call upon the
+  Reverend Mr. Leaming, who received us with much kindness and
+  affection--most of us formerly of his congregation--who after the
+  marriage reverently admonished us with his blessing, that we pay
+  due regard to church and schools, as means to obtain the blessing
+  of God upon our families and our industry. We embarked; next day
+  the ship joined the fleet, and on the 26th day of April, 1783,
+  upwards of twenty sail of ships, under convoy, left Sandy Hook for
+  Nova Scotia--from whence, after the pleasure of leading the whole
+  fleet fourteen days, our good ship Union arrived at Partridge
+  Island before the fleet was come within sight. Next day our ship
+  was safely moored by Capt. Dan'l. Leavitt, the Pilot, in the most
+  convenient situation for landing in the harbor of St. John, all in
+  good health--where we remained comfortable on board ship (while
+  others was sickly and precipitated on shore from other ships)
+  which we proved a providential favor, until we could explore for a
+  place in the Wilderness suitable for our purpose of settlement. A
+  boat was procured for the purpose. David Pickett, Israel Hait,
+  Silas Raymond and others proceeded sixty miles up the River St.
+  John and report that the inhabitants were settled on Interval
+  lands by the river--that the high-lands had generally been burned
+  by the Indians, and there was no church or church Minister in the
+  country. They were informed of a tract of timbered land that had
+  not been burned, on Bellisle Bay, about thirty miles from the
+  harbor of St. John, which they had visited and viewed the
+  situation favorable for our purpose of settlement. Whereupon we
+  all agreed (to proceed thither) and disembarked from on board the
+  good ship Union, and with Capt. Wilson's blessing embarked on
+  board a small sloop all our baggage. The next morning with all our
+  effects--women and children--set sail above the falls and arrived
+  at Bellisle Bay before sunset. Nothing but Wilderness before our
+  eyes, the women and children did not refrain from tears."
+
+  [139] See "Kingston and the Loyalists of 1783," in which Walter Bates'
+        narrative is edited, with notes by the author of this history;
+        published at St. John by Barnes & Co. in 1889.
+
+Those who are curious to know what kind of a passage their fore-fathers
+had on their voyage to the River St. John will be able to form some
+idea from a study of the following record of the weather, kept by
+Benjamin Marston, while he was engaged in laying out the town of
+Shelburne.
+
+  "May 1st, Thursday--Wind east; calm at night.
+  May 2nd, Friday--Rain; wind south-westerly.
+  May 3d, Saturday--Fair; wind north-westerly, fresh.
+  May 4th, Sunday--Fair; wind north-westerly, fresh.
+  May 5th, Monday--Fair; wind westerly, moderate.
+  May 6th, Tuesday--Fair; wind easterly changing to southerly.
+  May 7th, Wednesday--Fair; wind south-easterly.
+  May 8th, Thursday--Fair; wind easterly.
+  May 9th, Friday--Fair; wind easterly.
+  May 10th, Saturday--Weather foggy and at times drizzly; wind
+      south-easterly.
+  May 11th, Sunday--Begins with plenty of rain; wind south-westerly,
+      changes to foggy weather. At night wind south-easterly with
+      frequent showers.
+
+The Union had not long to wait until she was joined by her sister
+ships, and all lay safely anchored near the landing place at the Upper
+Cove. We may well believe that the arrival of such a multitude
+produced a profound sensation among the dwellers at Portland Point,
+then a mere hamlet.
+
+Three hundred years have passed since Champlain sailed up this same
+harbor and in honor of the day of its discovery, gave to St. John the
+name it still retains, but in all these centuries the most notable
+fleet that ever cast anchor in the port was the "Spring fleet" of
+1783. The old iron guns of Fort Howe thundered out their salute as the
+score of vessels came up the harbor, the flag of Britain streaming
+from the masthead, and we know that Major Studholme gave the wearied
+exiles a hearty welcome. The old soldier had held his post secure, in
+spite of hostile savages and lawless marauders, and he was now
+equally faithful in the discharge of his duty to his new comrades. He
+did his best to cheer their drooping spirits and as speedily as
+possible to settle them in habitations which they once more might call
+their own.
+
+There is a quiet spot in the parish of Studholme, on the banks of the
+Kennebecasis, where the mortal remains of Gilfred Studholme lie. No
+headstone marks his grave.
+
+Little preparation had been made by the Government of Nova Scotia for
+the reception of the Loyalists, and the season was cold and backward.
+Anxious as were the masters of the transports to return speedily to
+New York they were obliged to tarry some days. We learn from an old
+newspaper that the ship "Camel," captain William Tinker, sailed from
+St. John on her return voyage, the 29th of May, in company with eight
+other transports, and that they left the new settlers "in good health
+and spirits." Before the Loyalists could disembark, it was necessary
+to clear away the brushwood around the landing place and to erect
+tents and various kinds of shelter. The 18th of May saw them safely
+landed. The day was Sunday, and it is said the hapless exiles found
+consolation in a religious service held by the Rev. John Beardsley on
+the site of the present Market Square.
+
+If Abraham's fidelity to the Almighty caused him on his arrival in the
+land he was to inherit, to erect an altar, it was equally fitting that
+the first public act of the founders of the City of the Loyalists
+should be to render thanks for their preservation and safe arrival in
+the land of their adoption. The psalms for that 18th morning may have
+struck a responsive chord in many hearts. "Comfort us again now after
+the time that thou hast afflicted us, and for the years wherein we
+have seen adversity." "Establish the work of our hands upon us, yea,
+the work of our hands establish thou it."
+
+No friendly roof had yet been reared to shelter them from the storm.
+The wilderness had its unknown perils. Perhaps too the dread of some
+lurking savage may have filled the hearts of the helpless ones with a
+nameless fear. Still the message was--"He that dwelleth in the
+tabernacle of the most High shall lodge under the shadow of the
+Almighty." "Thou shalt not be afraid for any terror by night, nor for
+the arrow that flieth by day."
+
+The Loyalists could not but feel relieved when they safely reached
+their destination. There were no light houses, or beacons, or fog
+horns to aid the navigator, and the charts were imperfect. The vessels
+were greatly over crowded and the accommodations not of the best. To
+add to the general discomfort, in some of the ships epidemics, such as
+measles, broke out. Yet, glad as they were to be again on shore, it
+was with heavy hearts they watched the departure of the fleet. The
+grandmother of the late Sir Leonard Tilley said to one of her
+descendants, "I climbed to the top of Chipman's Hill and watched the
+sails disappearing in the distance, and such a feeling of loneliness
+came over me that, although I had not shed a tear through all the war,
+I sat down on the damp moss with my baby in my lap and cried."
+
+The days that followed the arrival of the Loyalists were busy days for
+Major Studholme and his assistant, Samuel Denny Street.[140] By their
+orders, boards, shingles, clapboards, bricks, etc., were distributed
+to those needing them. A large number of Studholme's accounts in this
+connection are on file at Halifax. The first in which the name of Parr
+(Parrtown) occurs is the following:--
+
+  "Parr, on the River St. John, 31 August, 1783.
+
+  "Rec'd from Gilfred Studholme L5. 18. 10 1-2 for surveying 142,660
+  feet lumber for use of the Loyalists settled on the River St.
+  John.
+
+  "JEREMIAH REGAN."
+
+  [140] Amongst the documents at Halifax relating to the settlement of
+        the Loyalists at St. John is the following receipt:
+
+          River St. John, 30 September, 1783.
+
+          "Rec'd from Gilfred Studholme, Esq. the sum of L72.10.0
+          Halifax currency for superintending his office for
+          conducting the settlement of and issuing lumber to the
+          Loyalists within the district of St. John from the 9th May
+          to 30th September, 1783, both days included, at 10
+          shillings pr. day for which I have signed three receipts
+          of the same tenor and date.
+
+          SAM'L DENNY STREET.
+
+Each Loyalist on his arrival was provided with 500 feet of boards, and
+a proportion of shingles and bricks. Most of the erections at first
+were log houses, the lumber being used for roofing. By the end of May,
+1784, Major Studholme had delivered to the Loyalists 1,731,289 feet of
+boards, 1,553,919 shingles and 7,400 clapboards. The lumber was
+purchased from James Woodman, William Hazen, Nehemiah Beckwith,
+Patrick Rogers, John Whidden and others, the usual price being, for
+boards L4 per M., and for shingles 15 shillings per M.
+
+The work of building must have progressed rapidly, for when winter
+came, about 1,500 dwellings afforded shelter. Joshua Aplin wrote Chief
+Justice Smith that the efforts of the people were unparalleled, and
+that on his arrival he could scarce credit his own eyes at the sight
+of such industry. But, he adds, the people had no legal right even to
+the ground their houses covered, and they appeared to be almost in
+despair at not getting on their lands. The greater part of those in
+the town at the mouth of the St. John river never meant to fix
+themselves there, but to settle on their lands and to apply their
+money to building farm houses, purchasing live stock, etc., and great
+loss had been incurred by their being obliged to build at the mouth of
+the river.
+
+The Kingston settlers were amongst the few that proceeded directly to
+the lands on which they were to settle. For some weeks they lived in
+tents on the banks of Kingston Creek, where the mothers found
+occupation in nursing their children through the measles. They used to
+send across the river to "Jones's" for milk and other necessaries.
+They were visited by the Indians, with whom they established friendly
+relations and who furnished them plentifully with moose meat. In the
+month of July they obtained the services of Frederick Hauser to survey
+their land. Before the lots were drawn by the settlers, however,
+reservations were made for church and school purposes. They then set
+to work with a will, working in one united party, clearing places on
+their lots for buildings, cutting logs, carrying them together with
+their own hands, having as yet neither cattle nor horses to draw them.
+By the month of November every man in the district found himself and
+his family covered under his own roof, and, according to Walter
+Bates, they were "perfectly, happy, contented and comfortable in their
+dwellings through the winter." In this respect they were fortunate
+indeed in comparison with those who passed their first winter in
+canvas tents at Parrtown and St. Anns.
+
+We must now speak of the arrival of the Summer fleet of transports at
+the River St. John.
+
+Almost everybody has heard of the Spring and Fall fleets, but
+comparatively few are aware that a very important contingent of
+Loyalists came to St. John on the 29th of June. The late J. W.
+Lawrence makes no mention of this Summer fleet in his "Foot-Prints;"
+in fact nearly all of our local historians have ignored it. Moses H.
+Perley, in his well known lecture on early New Brunswick history,
+mentions it very briefly. Lorenzo Sabine, in his Loyalists of the
+American Revolution, incidentally refers to the date of arrival. The
+reference occurs in the biographical sketch of John Clarke, of Rhode
+Island, of whom we read:--
+
+  "At the peace, he settled at St. John. He arrived at that city on
+  the 29th of June, 1783, at which time only two log huts had been
+  erected on its site. The government gave him and every other
+  grantee 500 feet of very ordinary boards towards covering their
+  buildings. City lots sold in 1783 at from two to twenty dollars.
+  He bought one for the price of executing the deed of conveyance
+  and 'a treat.' Mr. Clarke was clerk of Trinity church nearly 50
+  years. He died at St. John in 1853, in his ninety-fourth year,
+  leaving numerous descendants."
+
+The Loyalists who came in the Summer fleet embarked at various places,
+some on Long Island, others at Staten Island and many at New York. In
+some instances embarkation had taken place three weeks prior to the
+departure of the ships from Sandy Hook. The delay in sailing was
+caused by difficulties attending the embarkation and getting the fleet
+together. The names of the vessels have been preserved in the
+following notice, printed in a New York paper:--
+
+  "NOTICE TO REFUGEES.
+
+  The following Transports, viz. Two Sisters, Hopewell, Symetry,
+  Generous Friends, Bridgewater, Thames, Amity's Production, Tartar,
+  Duchess of Gordon, Littledale, William and Mary, and Free Briton,
+  which are to carry Companies commanded by Sylvanus Whitney, Joseph
+  Gorham, Henry Thomas, John Forrester, Thomas Elms, John Cock,
+  Joseph Clarke, James Hoyt, Christopher Benson, Joseph Forrester,
+  Thomas Welch, Oliver Bourdet, Asher Dunham, Abia. Camp, Peter
+  Berton, Richard Hill and Moses Pitcher, will certainly fall down
+  on Monday morning; it will therefore be absolutely necessary for
+  the people who are appointed to go in these companies, to be all
+  on board To-Morrow Evening.
+
+  "New York, June 7th, 1783."
+
+Of the seventeen companies whose captains are named above, those of
+Christopher Benson and Richard Hill went to Annapolis, and that of
+Moses Pitcher, to Shelburne; the others (with the possible exception
+of Thomas Welch's company) came to St. John. We learn from a document
+entitled "A Return of the number of Loyalists gone to St. John's River
+in Nova Scotia, as pr. returns left in the Commissary General's
+Office in New York" that the number enrolled in the various companies
+for provisions, etc., was as given below:--
+
+                        Men. Women. Children. Servants. Total.
+
+  Capt. S. Whitney       42    27      87        12      168
+  Capt. J. Goreham       31    20      78         7      136
+  Capt. H. Thomas        32    26      52        12      122
+  Capt. J. Forrester     51    30      73        31      185
+  Capt. Thos. Elms       30    19      27        45      121
+  Capt. John Cock        32    21      48        10      111
+  Capt. J. Clarke        36    25      48        52      161
+  Capt. Jas. Hoyt        42    31      61        85      219
+  Capt. Jas. Forrester   35    25      47        15      122
+  Capt. O. Bourdet       55    36      47        42      180
+  Capt. A. Dunham        31    19      57         5      112
+  Capt. Abi. Camp        52    36      67        48      203
+  Capt. P. Berton        31    20      51        30      132
+                        ---   ---     ---       ---     ----
+  Total                 500   335     743       394     1972
+
+If all who gave in their names to Brook Watson at the commissariat
+office actually embarked for St. John in the June fleet, it would
+appear that nearly two thousand persons were carried in that fleet.
+But it is not unlikely that some of those who gave in their names did
+not go at this time. Among the papers in the archives at Halifax,
+there is a copy of a "Return of Loyalists, etc., gone from New York to
+Nova Scotia as pr. returns in the Commissary General's office." The
+original was compiled at New York, Oct., 12, 1783, by Richard
+Fitzpatrick, and at the bottom he adds the significant words--"The
+above is made from returns left in the commissary general's office,
+but it is probable the numbers actually gone will fall far short." The
+chief reason for supposing this to have been the case in regard to the
+summer fleet is the publication of the following official return,
+signed by Sir Guy Carleton, in one of the newspapers of the day.
+
+  RETURN OF REFUGEES EMBARKED FOR NOVA SCOTIA.
+
+  New York, 17th June, 1783.
+
+                          Men. Women. Children. Servants. Total.
+
+    For St. John's River  443   283     670       258     1654
+    For Annapolis Royal    46    37      76        46      205
+    For Port Roseway       34    15      39        34      122
+    For Fort Cumberland   175    86     216        14      491
+                          ---   ---    ----       ---     ----
+    Total                 698   421    1001       352     2472
+
+  GUY CARLETON.
+
+It may be safer to take the figures in Sir Guy Carleton's list; but
+whichever list we take, the numbers are sufficient to make the arrival
+of the summer fleet a thing of considerable importance. The names of
+nearly all the captains of the companies of Loyalists, who sailed in
+the fleet are found amongst the grantees of Parrtown.
+
+The diary of Sarah Frost, who was a passenger to St. John in the ship
+"Two Sisters," throws much light upon the circumstances that attended
+the voyage. Sarah (Schofield) Frost was the wife of William Frost, a
+sturdy loyalist of Stamford. He was proscribed and banished and
+threatened with death if he ever returned to Connecticut. He did
+return, however, on the night of July 21, 1781, accompanied by an
+armed party in seven boats. The boats were secreted and the party
+placed themselves in hiding in a swamp near the meeting house. The
+next day, which was Sunday, they surprised and captured the minister,
+Rev. Dr. Mather, and his entire congregation. A selection of the
+prisoners was quickly made, and forty-eight individuals were hurried
+away to the boats and taken across the sound to Lloyd's Neck, where
+they were greeted in no complimentary fashion by some of their old
+neighbors whom they had driven from their homes. Twenty-four of the
+prisoners were allowed to go back to Stamford on parole. The
+remainder, twenty-six in number, were sent to the provost prison in
+New York. Dr. Mather was one of those consigned to the provost, as a
+"leader of sedition." Needless to say this exploit rendered Wm. Frost
+exceedingly obnoxious to the "patriots" of Stamford. The parents of
+Mrs. Frost espoused the cause of the revolutionary party, and her's
+was one of those sad cases in which families were divided by the war.
+
+The extracts from her journal will enable the reader to have a good
+idea of some of the trials endured by those who left their old homes
+for the sake of the principles they cherished.
+
+  "May 25, 1783. I left Lloyd's Neck with my family and went on
+  board the Two Sisters, commanded by Captain Brown, for a voyage to
+  Nova Scotia with the rest of the Loyalist sufferers. This evening
+  the Captain drank tea with us. He appears to be a very clever
+  gentleman. We expect to sail as soon as the wind shall favor. We
+  have very fair accommodation in the cabin, although it contains
+  six families besides my own. There are two hundred and fifty
+  passengers on board."
+
+A few days later the ships proceeded to New York, and then there
+followed an uncomfortable period of waiting. They hoped to have sailed
+on the 9th of June, having been already a fortnight on shipboard, but
+it was not until a week later that they got away. While at New York
+the passengers spent much of their time on shore, visiting their
+friends and making purchases of things needed on the voyage. Mrs.
+Frost had a touching interview with her father, who came in a boat
+from Stamford to bid her farewell. She writes under date of Monday,
+June 9th; "Our women all came on board with their children, and there
+is great confusion in the cabin. We bear with it pretty well through
+the day, but at night one child cries in one place, and one in
+another, while we are getting them to bed. I think sometimes I will go
+crazy. There are so many of them, if they were still as common, there
+would be a great noise amongst them."
+
+Two days later the ships weighed anchor and dropped down to Staten
+Island where they remained until Sunday the 15th of June, when Mrs.
+Frost writes: "Our ship is getting under way, I suppose for Nova
+Scotia. I hope for a good passage. About three o'clock we have a hard
+gale and a shower which drives us all below. About five o'clock we
+come to anchor within about six miles of the Light House at Sandy
+Hook. How long we shall lie here I don't know. About six o'clock we
+had a terrible squall and hail stones fell as big as ounce balls.
+About sunset there was another squall and it hailed faster than
+before. Mr. Frost went out and gathered a mug full of hail stones,
+and in the evening we had a glass of punch made of it, and the ice was
+in it till we had drank the whole of it."
+
+  "Monday, June 16. We weighed anchor about half after five in the
+  morning, with the wind North-Nor'-West, and it blows very fresh.
+  We passed the Light House about half after seven. It is now half
+  after nine and a signal has been fired for the ships all to lie to
+  for the Bridgewater, which seems to lag behind, I believe on
+  account of some misfortune that happened to her yesterday.... It
+  is now two o'clock and we have again got under way. We have been
+  waiting for a ship to come from New York, and she has now
+  overhauled us.[141] We have a very light breeze now, but have at
+  last got all our fleet together. We have thirteen Ships, two
+  Brigs, one Frigate belonging to our fleet. The Frigate is our
+  Commodore's. It is now three o'clock, we are becalmed and the men
+  are out fishing for Mackerel. Mr. Miles has caught the first."
+
+  [141] It is a question whether or not the passengers of this ship
+          are included in Sir Guy Carleton's return of the 17th
+          July, which appears at p. 354.
+
+  "Thursday, June 19. We are still steering eastward with a fine
+  breeze. We make seven miles an hour the chief part of the day.
+  About noon we shift our course and are steering North by East. At
+  two o'clock the Captain says we are 250 miles from Sandy Hook,
+  with the wind West-Nor'-West. At six o'clock we saw a sail ahead.
+  She crowded sail and put off from us, but our frigate knew how to
+  talk to her, for at half past seven she gave her a shot which
+  caused her to shorten sail and lie to. Our captain looked with his
+  spy glass; he told me she was a Rebel brig; he saw her thirteen
+  stripes. She was steering to the westward. The wind blows so high
+  this evening, I am afraid to go to bed for fear of rolling out."
+
+  "Friday 20th. This morning our Frigate fired a signal to shift our
+  course to North-Nor'-East. We have still fine weather and a fair
+  wind. Mr. Emslie, the mate, tells me we are, at five in the
+  afternoon, about 500 miles from Sandy Hook. We begin to see the
+  fog come on, for that is natural to this place. At six our
+  Commodore fired for the ships to lie to until those behind should
+  come up. Mr. Emslie drank tea with Mr. Frost and myself. The fog
+  comes on very thick this evening."
+
+  "Saturday, June 21. Rose at 8 o'clock. It was so foggy we could
+  not see one ship belonging to the fleet. They rang their bells and
+  fired guns all the morning to keep company. About half after ten
+  the fog all went off, so that we saw the chief part of our fleet
+  around us. At noon the fog came on again, but we could hear their
+  bells all around us. This evening the Captain showed Mr. Frost and
+  me the map of the whole way we have come and the way we have yet
+  to go. He told us we are 240 miles from Nova Scotia at this time.
+  It is so foggy we lost all our company tonight and we are entirely
+  alone.
+
+  "Sunday, June 22. It is very foggy yet. No ship in sight now, nor
+  any bells to be heard. Towards noon we heard some guns fired from
+  our fleet, but could not tell where they was. The fog was so thick
+  we could not see ten rods, and the wind is so ahead that we have
+  not made ten miles since yesterday noon.
+
+  "Monday, June 23. Towards noon the fog goes off fast, and in the
+  afternoon we could see several of our vessels; one came close
+  alongside of us. Mr. Emslie says we are an hundred and forty miles
+  from land now. In the evening the wind becomes fair, the fog seems
+  to leave us and the sun looks very pleasant. Mr. Whitney and his
+  wife, Mr. Frost and I, have been diverting ourselves with a few
+  games of crib."
+
+The passengers had now become exceedingly weary of the voyage. The
+ships had lain buried in a dense fog, almost becalmed, for three days.
+An epidemic of measles, too, had broken out on board the "Two
+Sisters," and served to add to the anxiety and discomfort of the
+mothers. But a change for the better was at hand and Mrs. Frost
+continues her diary in a more cheerful strain.
+
+  "Thursday, June 26. This morning the sun appears very pleasant. We
+  are now nigh the banks of Cape Sable. At nine o'clock we begin to
+  see land. How pleased we are after being nine days out of sight of
+  land to see it again. There is general rejoicing. At half past six
+  we have twelve of our ships in sight. Our captain told me just now
+  we should be in the Bay of Fundy before morning. He says it is
+  about one day's sail after we get into the Bay to Saint John's
+  River. How I long to see that place though a strange land. I am
+  tired of being on board ship, though we have as clever a captain
+  as ever need to live.
+
+  "Friday, June 27. I got up this morning very early to look out. I
+  can see land on both sides of us. About ten o'clock we passed
+  Annapolis. The wind died away. Our people got their lines out to
+  catch cod fish. About half after five John Waterbury caught the
+  first.
+
+  "Saturday, June 28. Got up in the morning and found ourselves nigh
+  to land on both sides. At half after nine our Captain fired a gun
+  for a pilot and soon after ten a pilot came on board, and a
+  quarter after one our ship anchored off against Fort Howe in Saint
+  John's River. Our people went on shore and brought on board pea
+  vines with blossoms on them, gooseberries, spruce and grass, all
+  of which grow wild. They say this is to be our city. Our land is
+  five and twenty miles up the river. We are to have here only a
+  building, place 40 feet wide and an hundred feet back. Mr. Frost
+  has gone on shore in his whale boat to see how it looks. He
+  returns soon bringing a fine salmon."
+
+  "Sunday, June 29. This morning it looks very pleasant. I am just
+  going on shore with my children.... It is now afternoon and I have
+  been on shore. It is I think the roughest land I ever saw.... We
+  are all ordered to land tomorrow and not a shelter to go under."
+
+Such is the simple story told by this good lady; the reader's
+imagination can fill in the details. At the time of Mrs. Frost's
+arrival she was a young matron of twenty-eight years. Her daughter,
+Hannah, born on July 30th., is said to have been the second female
+child born at Parrtown.
+
+In the case of the June fleet, as of that which arrived in May, the
+captains of many of the transports seem to have been remarkably
+considerate for the welfare of their passengers. The "Bridgewater,"
+staid at St. John more than a fortnight before she sailed on her
+return voyage to New York, as we learn from the address presented to
+her captain by the Loyalists who came in her.
+
+  "To Captain Adnet, Commander of the Transport Bridgewater.
+
+  "The Address of the Loyalists, that came in the Ship under your
+  command, from New-York to St. John's River, Nova-Scotia.
+
+  "Your humanity, and the kindness and attention you have shewn to
+  render as happy as possible each individual on board your ship,
+  during the passage, and till their disembarkation, has filled our
+  hearts with sentiments of the deepest gratitude, and merit the
+  warmest return of acknowledgments and thanks, which we most
+  sincerely desire you to accept. Wishing you a prosperous voyage to
+  your intended port, we are, your much obliged and very humble
+  servants.
+
+  Signed by the particular desire, and in behalf of the whole.
+
+  JOHN HOLLAND,
+  CAPTAIN CLARKE,
+  NATHANIEL DICKINSON.
+
+  St. John's River, July 15, 1783.
+
+Vessels continued to arrive during the summer, each bearing its quota
+of loyal exiles. Those who came were in nearly all cases enrolled in
+companies, and officers appointed, who were commissioned by Sir Guy
+Carleton. Several of the ships came repeatedly to St. John. The
+Bridgewater, one of the Spring fleet, came again in June, and made a
+third voyage in October. The Cyrus, one of the Spring fleet, arrived
+again on the 14th September, with 194 passengers, whose names are
+given in the collections of the New Brunswick Historical Society. The
+Sovereign, one of the vessels of the Spring fleet, came again in
+August, as we learn from the letter of thanks addressed to the captain
+by her passengers, which follows:
+
+  "Dear Sir: Your Generosity, Kindness and Attention to us while on
+  board your ship, and assistance lent us on landing our Property
+  from on board, demands our most warm Acknowledgments: Permit us
+  therefore to return you that unfeigned Thanks for all your
+  Goodness that feeling hearts can: and as your are about to leave
+  us, accept of our most sincere wishes for your Happiness and
+  Prosperity; and that you may have a safe and easy Passage to New
+  York is the sincere wish of, Dear Sir.
+
+  (By Request of the Company.)
+
+  Your most obedient, humble servant,
+
+  JOHN MENZIES, Capt. 24th Company.
+
+  St. John's River, Aug. 12, 1783.
+
+      To Capt. Wm. Stewart, Ship Sovereign."
+
+About this time the Americans began to urge upon Sir Guy Carleton the
+speedy evacuation of New York by the British forces. But Sir Guy was
+too good a friend of the Loyalists to allow himself to be unduly
+hurried in the matter. He stated that the violence of the Americans,
+since the cessation of hostilities, had greatly increased the number
+of Loyalists who were obliged to look to him for escape from
+threatened destruction. That their fears had been augmented by the
+barbarous menaces of Committees formed in various towns, cities and
+districts, which had threatened dire vengeance to any who ventured
+back to their former homes. He therefore adds, "I should show an
+indifference to the feelings of humanity, as well as to the honor and
+interest of the nation whom I serve, to leave any of the Loyalists
+that are desirous to quit the country, a prey to the violence they
+conceive they have so much cause to apprehend."
+
+Sir Guy did his best to facilitate the emigration of all who desired
+to leave New York, and by his instructions the following notice was
+published.
+
+  "City Hall, New York, August 14, 1783.
+
+  "Notice is hereby given to all Loyalists within the lines,
+  desirous to emigrate from this place before the final Evacuation,
+  that they must give in their Names at the Adjutant-General's
+  Office, on or before the 21st instant, and be ready to embark by
+  the end of this month.
+
+  "ABIJAH WILLARD."
+
+Before the arrival of the date, mentioned in the notice, 6,000 names
+were entered at the Adjutant-General's Office for passages, and the
+evacuation proceeded as fast as the number of transports would admit.
+Four weeks later another and more emphatic notice was issued.
+
+  "City Hall, New York, September 12, 1783.
+
+  The Commissioners appointed to examine the Claims of Persons for
+  Passages from this Place, give this Notice to all Loyalists, who
+  have been recommended for Passages to Nova Scotia; that ships are
+  prepared to receive them on board, and it is expected they will
+  embark on or before the Twentieth Instant.
+
+  "And the Board have Authority further to declare. That if they
+  neglect to embrace the opportunity now offered, they must not
+  expect to be conveyed afterwards at the Public Expense.
+
+  ABIJAH WILLARD."
+
+There can be little doubt that many who continued to linger at New
+York would gladly have returned to their former places of abode, but
+the experience of the few days who attempted it was too discouraging.
+Here is an instance, as described by one of the American "patriots."
+
+  "Last week there came one of the dam'd refugees from New York to a
+  place called Wall-Kill, in order to make a tarry with his parents.
+  He was taken into custody immediately, his head and eye brows were
+  shaved--tarred and feathered--a hog yoke put on his neck, and a
+  cow bell thereon; upon his head a very high cap of feathers was
+  set, well plum'd with soft tar, and a sheet of paper in front,
+  with a man drawn with two faces, representing Arnold and the
+  Devil's imps; and on the back of it a cow, with the refugee or
+  tory driving her off."
+
+The forced migration of the Loyalists was a source of much amusement
+to the whigs of that day. A parody on Hamlet's soliloquy, "To be or
+not to be," was printed in the New Jersey Journal, under the title,
+The Tory's Soliloquy. It begins:
+
+            "To go or not to go; that is the question,
+            Whether 'tis best to trust the inclement sky,
+            That scowl's indignant, or the dreary bay
+            Of Fundy and Cape Sable's rocks and shoals,
+            And seek our new domain in Scotia's wilds,
+            Barren and bare, or stay among the rebels,
+            And by our stay rouse up their keenest rage."
+
+We have now to consider the circumstances under which the "Fall fleet"
+came to St. John.
+
+After the cessation of hostilities, the violent temper manifested by
+the victorious Americans caused the officers of the Loyalist regiments
+to lay their case before Sir Guy Carleton in a letter dated March 14,
+1783. They state, "That from the purest principles of loyalty and
+attachment to the British government they took up arms in his
+Majesty's service, and, relying on the justice of their cause and the
+support of their Sovereign and the British nation, they have
+persevered with unabated zeal through all the vicissitudes of a
+calamitous and unfortunate war.... That whatever stipulations may be
+made at the peace for the restoration of the property of the Loyalists
+and permission for them to return home, yet, should the American
+Provinces be severed from the British Empire, it will be impossible
+for those who have served his Majesty in arms in this war to remain in
+the country. The personal animosities that arose from civil
+dissensions have been so heightened by the blood that has been shed in
+the contest that the parties can never be reconciled." The letter goes
+on to speak of sacrifices of property and lucrative professions; of
+the anxiety felt for the future of wives and children; of the fidelity
+of the troops, who in the course of the contest had shown a degree of
+patience, fortitude and bravery almost without example; and of the
+great number of men incapacitated by wounds, many having helpless
+families who had seen better days. In conclusion they make the
+following request:--
+
+  "That grants of land may be made to them in some of his Majesty's
+  American Provinces and that they may be assisted in making
+  settlements, in order that they and their children may enjoy the
+  benefit of British government.
+
+  "That some permanent provision may be made for such of the
+  non-commissioned officers and privates as have been disabled by
+  wounds, and for the widows and orphans of deceased officers and
+  soldiers.
+
+  "That as a reward for their services the rank of the officers be
+  made permanent in America, and that they be entitled to half pay
+  upon the reduction of their regiments."
+
+The letter was signed by the commanders of fourteen Loyalist
+regiments.
+
+The application of these officers received due recognition, and on the
+arrival of his Majesty's orders and instructions to Sir Guy Carleton,
+dated the 9th of June, it was decided that the Kings American
+Regiment, Queens Rangers, British Legion, New York Volunteers, Loyal
+American Regiment, New Jersey Volunteers, De Lancey's Brigade, Prince
+of Wales American Regiment, Pennsylvania Loyalists, Maryland
+Loyalists, Loyal American Legion, King's American Dragoons and one or
+two other corps, should hold themselves in readiness to embark for
+Nova Scotia, where on their arrival they were to be disbanded, unless
+any should chose to be discharged at New York.
+
+Before the royal orders and instructions arrived in America the King's
+American Dragoons had been sent to the mouth of the St. John river,
+under command of Major Daniel Murray. They encamped at Manawagonish,
+a little to the west of Carleton heights, with the intention of
+making a settlement in the old township of Conway. On the 6th of
+July, Col. Edward Winslow wrote to Major Joshua Upham, who had
+remained at New York as Aide-de-Camp to Sir Guy Carleton: "I am
+gratified excessively at the situation and behaviour of your
+regiment. I never saw more cheerfulness and good humor than appears
+among the men. They are encamped on one of the pleasantest spots I
+ever beheld, and they are enjoying a great variety of what you
+(New) Yorkers call luxuries--such as partridges, salmon, bass, trout,
+pigeons, etc. The whole regiment are this day employed in cutting
+and clearing a road to the river, and Murray and I intend to ride
+tomorrow where man never rode before." The following day Winslow
+wrote Ward Chipman, "I am at present at Murray's head quarters in a
+township which we shall lay out for the provincials,[142] and we
+have already cut a road from his camp to the river, about three
+miles. We cut yesterday, with about 120 men, more than a mile through
+a forest hitherto deemed impenetrable. When we emerged from it,
+there opened a prospect superior to anything in the world I
+believe. A perfect view of the immense Bay of Fundy, on one side, and
+very extensive view of the river St. John's with the Falls, grand Bay
+and Islands on the other--in front the Fort, which is a beautiful
+object on a high hill, and all the settlements about the town,
+with the ships, boats, etc., in the harbor--'twas positively the
+most magnificent and romantic scene I ever beheld."
+
+  [142] Meaning the Loyalist regiments.
+
+The view from Lancaster Heights, which so delighted Colonel Winslow,
+proves equally charming to American tourists of the present
+generation. The stay of the King's American Dragoons at "Camp
+Manawaugonish," however, was brief, for about the end of August they
+were sent up the St. John river to what is now the Parish of Prince
+William, where many of their descendants are to be found at the
+present day. The commander of the regiment was the celebrated Sir
+Benjamin Thompson, better known as Count Rumford, who, by the way,
+never came to New Brunswick; but other officers of the corps were
+prominent in our local affairs. Major Joshua Upham was a judge of the
+supreme court. Major Daniel Murray was for some years a member of the
+House of Assembly for York County. Chaplain Jonathan Odell was for
+years Provincial Secretary. Surgeon Adino Paddock was a leading
+physician, and the progenitor of a long line of descendants, who
+practiced the healing art. Lieutenant John Davidson was a member for
+York County in the provincial legislature and a leading land surveyor
+in the early days of the country. Lieutenant Simeon Jones was the
+ancestor of Simeon Jones, ex-mayor of St. John, and his well known
+family. Quarter master Edward Sands was a leading merchant of the city
+of St. John. Cornet Arthur Nicholson was a prominent man on the upper
+St. John in early times, and for a while commanded the military post
+at Presquile.
+
+After the articles of peace had been signed, no serious effort was
+made to restrain the non-commissioned officers and men of the Loyalist
+regiments from taking "French leave," and a good many of them left the
+service without the formality of a discharge. Those who did so
+were of course marked on the roll as deserters; they remained, for
+the most part, in the States, and eventually returned to their
+former places of abode. Others of the troops were formally discharged
+at New York. As a consequence the British American regiments that
+came to the St. John river were reduced to a fraction of their
+original strength. The number of those who came to St. John in the
+Fall fleet, has been commonly stated as about three thousand souls.
+The returns of the Commissary general's office in New York show that
+up to October 12th as many as 3,396 persons connected with the
+Loyalist regiments had sailed to the River St. John, viz., 1823
+men, 563 women, 696 children and 311 servants. The following summer
+an enumeration was made by Thomas Knox of the disbanded troops settled
+on the St. John river. His return for the Loyalist regiments gives
+a total of 3,520 persons, viz., 1877 men, 585 women, 865 children
+and 193 servants. This does not differ very materially from the
+other return at New York, the difference being accounted for by the
+fact that a few of the men of these regiments left New York very
+late in the season, and consequently were not included in the return
+of 12th October.
+
+The official correspondence of Sir Guy Carleton contains a pretty full
+account of the circumstances that attended the departure of the
+Loyalist regiments and their subsequent arrival at St. John. During
+the summer months they had been encamped near Newtown, Long Island, a
+short distance from Brooklyn Ferry. They embarked on the 3d of
+September, and Sir Guy Carleton wrote to General Fox, the commander in
+chief in Nova Scotia, that he hoped they would sail on the 7th of that
+month; but, as usual, unforseen delays prevented their departure until
+some days later. The command of the troops devolved on Lieut. Col.
+Richard Hewlett, of the 3d battalion of De Lancey's Brigade; Lieut.
+Col. Gabriel De Veber, of the Prince of Wales American Regiment, was
+second in command. Most of the senior officers were at this time in
+England, where they had gone to present to the British government
+their claims for compensation for losses consequent upon the war, and
+to press their claims for half-pay upon the disbanding of their
+regiments.
+
+Sir Guy Carleton's instructions to Lieut. Col. Hewlett are contained
+in the following letter.
+
+  "New York, Sep. 12, 1783.
+
+  "Sir.--You are to take the command of the British American Troops
+  mentioned in the margin,[143] which are to proceed to the River
+  St. John's in the Bay of Fundy in Nova Scotia. On your arrival
+  there you will see that the stores intended for them are duly
+  delivered, and you will take such steps as shall be necessary for
+  the several corps proceeding immediately to the places alloted for
+  their settlement, where they are to be disbanded on their arrival,
+  provided it does not exceed the 20th of October, on which day
+  Captain Prevost, deputy inspector of British American Forces, has
+  directions to disband them.... You will give directions to the
+  officer commanding each corps that, in case of separation, they
+  will proceed on their arrival at the River St. John's in
+  forwarding their respective corps to the places of their
+  respective destination.... The debarkation of the troops must not
+  on any account whatever be delayed, as the transports must return
+  to this Port with all possible dispatch. Directions have been
+  given to Mr. Colville, assistant agent of all small craft at the
+  River St. John, to afford every assistance in his power to the
+  corps in getting to the places of their destination, and the
+  commanding officers of corps will make application to him for that
+  purpose.
+
+  [143] The names of the corps found in the margin of the original
+          letter are, Queens Rangers, Kings American Regiment,
+          Detachment of Garrison Battalion, New York Volunteers, 1st
+          De Lanceys, 2nd De Lanceys, Loyal American Regiment. 2nd
+          Do., 3d Do., Prince of Wales American Regiment,
+          Pennsylvania Loyalists, Maryland Loyalists, American
+          Legion, Guides and Pioneers, Detachment Kings American
+          Dragoons, Detachment North Carolina Volunteers.
+
+  I am, etc., etc.,
+          GUY CARLETON.
+
+The perils of navigation in the olden time are seen in the experience
+of the Esther and the Martha, two of the vessels of the Fall fleet.
+The ships left Sandy Hook, on or about the 15th of September, and all
+went well until they arrived near the Seal Islands, off the South-West
+coast of Nova Scotia. Here the Esther, having on board Colonel Van
+Buskirk's battalion of the New Jersey Volunteers, got out of her
+course and narrowly escaped destruction, reaching St. John several
+days after her sister ships. The Martha, Capt. Willis, was even more
+unfortunate. She was wrecked on a ledge of rocks off the Seal Islands,
+afterwards known as "Soldier's Ledge." Her passengers numbered 174
+persons and including a corps of Maryland Loyalists and part of Col.
+Hewlett's battalion of De Lancey's Brigade. Of these 99 perished and
+75 were saved by fishing boats.
+
+According to the account of Captain Patrick Kennedy of the Maryland
+Loyalists, the accident was due to gross neglect. The master reported
+the previous evening that he had seen land, and everyone imagined he
+would lay to during the night, the weather being tempestuous. He had
+left New York with an old suit of sails and had not above twelve men
+and boys to work his ship. While they were engaged in rigging and
+setting up a new main topsail, to replace one that had gone to pieces
+early in the night, the ship struck. Soon after the long boat was
+smashed by the fall of the mainmast. The cutter had already been
+launched. The captain now gave orders to launch the jolly boat and, to
+the surprise of everybody, having repeatedly proclaimed that he would
+be one of the last to leave the ship, he jumped into her as she went
+over the side, rowed to the cutter, got into her, and inhumanly pushed
+off for the shore. The empty Jolly boat was turned adrift in full view
+of the unhappy people on board, the master turning a deaf ear to the
+solicitations of Captain Kennedy, who begged him to pull in toward the
+stern, in order to discuss some means of saving the lives of his
+passengers.
+
+Another account of this tragedy has been preserved in the letter of
+Lieut. Michael Laffan, of Colonel Hewlett's battalion, to his
+brother:--
+
+  St. Johns, Oct. 11, 1783.
+
+  Dear Brother.--Yesterday evening I had the good Fortune to arrive
+  at this Place. On the 25th of September, about 4 o'clock in the
+  morning, the "Martha" struck against a rock off the Tusket river
+  near the Bay of Fundy, and was in the course of a few Hours
+  wrecked in a Thousand Pieces. I had the good Fortune to get upon a
+  Piece of the Wreck with three more officers, viz., Lieut. Henley,
+  Lieut. Sterling, Dr. Stafford and two soldiers (all of the
+  Maryland Loyalists) and floated on it two Days and two nights up
+  to near our Waists in Water, during which time Lieut. Sterling and
+  one of the Soldiers died. On the third Day we drifted to an island
+  where we lived without Fire, Water, Victuals or Clothing, except
+  the Remnants of what we had on, about one Quart of Water per man
+  (which we sipped from the cavities in the Rocks) and a few
+  Rasberries and snails. On the seventh Day we were espied and taken
+  up by a Frenchman, that was out a fowling, who took us to his
+  House and treated us with every kindness. We staid with him six
+  Days and then proceeded to a Place called Cape Pursue, where we
+  met with Captain Kennedy and about fifty of both Regiments, who
+  were saved at Sea by some fishing Boats, about 36 Hours from the
+  time the Vessel was wrecked. Capt. Doughty, Lieut. McFarlane, Mrs.
+  McFarlane and Ensign Montgomery perished....
+
+Lieut. Col. Hewlett's letter to Sir Guy Carleton, announcing the
+arrival of the fleet at its destined port, is brief and to the point:
+
+  St. Johns, Bay of Fundy, 29th September, 1783.
+
+  Sir.--Agreeable to your Excellency's orders I have the honor to
+  inform you that the Troops under my command arrived at the River
+  St. Johns the 27th instant, except the ship "Martha" with the
+  Maryland Loyalists and part of the 2d Batt'n De Lancey's, and the
+  ship "Esther" with part of the Jersey Volunteers, of which ships
+  no certain accounts were received since their sailings.
+
+  This day a small party of the Guides and Pioneers are landed,
+  which proceed from the Falls up the River St. Johns tomorrow, if
+  the weather permits.
+
+  I have given the necessary orders for the Troops to disembark
+  tomorrow and encamp just above the Falls, from which place they
+  shall be forwarded with all possible expedition to the place of
+  their destination, but am much afraid the want of small craft will
+  greatly prevent their dispatch.
+
+      I have the honor to be sir,
+          Your most obedient, humble servant,
+
+  RICHARD HEWLETT, Lt. Col.
+
+On the 13th October Col. Hewlett informed Sir Guy Carleton that the
+troops had all been disbanded by Major Augustin Prevost, and were
+getting up the river as speedily as the scarcity of small craft for
+conveying them would admit.
+
+A large number of the officers and men of the disbanded regiments drew
+lots at Parrtown, and many remained at the mouth of the river during
+the winter. George Leonard, who was one of the chief directors of the
+settlement of the town, says that the lots at first laid out were
+divided and subdivided, on the arrival of almost every fleet, to
+accommodate the Loyalists as they came. These proved to be so greatly
+in excess of what had been anticipated, that the lots of those who
+came at the first were reduced by degrees to one sixteenth part of
+their original dimensions. It was not until the 17th December that a
+complete plan of Parrtown was prepared by Paul Bedell. Meanwhile there
+had been much delay in laying out lands for settlement on the River
+St. John.
+
+Colonel Morse, of the Royal Engineers, gives a summary of the causes
+of the delay in placing the disbanded troops upon their lands: "First
+their arriving very late in the season; Secondly, timely provision not
+having been made by escheating and laying out lands; Thirdly, a
+sufficient number of surveyors not having been employed; but Lastly
+and principally, the want of foresight and wisdom to make necessary
+arrangements, and steadiness in carrying them out."
+
+Lieut. Col. Edward Winslow, muster-master-general of the British
+American regiments, had been sent to Nova Scotia in the month of April
+to secure lands for the accommodation of the officers and men who
+wished to settle there. In this task he had the assistance of Lieut.
+Col. Isaac Allen, Lieut. Col. Stephen De Lancey and Major Thomas
+Barclay. Their instructions were to procure the lands required "in the
+most eligible and advantageous situation, paying strict regard to the
+quality of the soil." They decided to make application for the vacant
+lands on the River St. John, and the Nova Scotia government agreed
+that the provincial troops might be accommodated "near the source of
+that river, leaving the lower part to the Refugees." Lieut. Colonel De
+Lancey was greatly chagrined at this decision, and on the 11th July he
+wrote to Winslow: "If what I am informed is true, we might better be
+all of us in New York. It is that Conway, Burton, etc., are to be
+given to the Refugees, and that the lands to be given to the
+Provincials are to commence at Sunbury (or St. Anne) and go northwest
+to Canada or elsewhere.... This is so notorious a forfeiture of the
+faith of Government that it appears to me almost incredible, and yet I
+fear it is not to be doubted. Could we have known this a little
+earlier it would have saved you the trouble of exploring the country
+for the benefit of a people you are not connected with. In short it is
+a subject too disagreeable to say more upon."
+
+The decision to settle the Loyalist regiment some distance up the
+river obliged the Kings American Dragoons to remove from Lancaster,
+where they had at first pitched their tents. The intimation to move on
+came in the shape of a letter from Gen'l Fox's secretary, to Major
+Murray, their commanding officer. An extract follows:
+
+  "It having been represented to Brig'r. General Fox that the King's
+  American Dragoons under your command cannot be enhutted at the
+  place where they are at present encamped, without inconvenience to
+  the great number of Loyalists who are forming settlements at the
+  mouth of the River St. John's, and he being also informed that His
+  Excellency the Governor of this Province has assigned a certain
+  tract of land for the accommodation of the Provincial Regiments on
+  the River St. John's, beginning at the eastern boundaries of the
+  Townships of Sunbury and Newtown, and extending up the River, I am
+  directed to acquaint you that you have Brigadier General Fox's
+  permission to remove the King's American Dragoons to that part of
+  the district which has been allotted to the regiment.... Lieut.
+  Colonel Morse, chief Engineer, will, in consideration that your
+  Regiment may be exposed to peculiar inconveniences from being the
+  first who are ordered to but on the River St. John's, forward to
+  you such articles as he apprehends cannot be procured at that
+  place."
+
+On the 16th September, Gen'l Fox wrote from Annapolis, informing
+Governor Parr that the Loyalist regiments embarking at New York were,
+by the Commander in Chief's express order, to be discharged as
+contiguous as possible to the lands on which they were to settle, and
+he accordingly asked the Governor to determine the district each
+regiment was to settle, so that on their arrival they might proceed
+immediately to their respective destinations. Up to this time no
+attempt had been made to lay out lands for the troops, save in the
+district of Prince William for the King's American Dragoons. There
+was, it is true, an order to reserve for the Provincial Regiments, a
+tract extending from the townships of Maugerville and Burton on both
+sides of the river on the route to Canada as far as to accommodate the
+whole, but no survey had been made.
+
+About this time the Hon. Charles Morris prepared a plan of the river
+in which the land not yet granted was laid out in blocks. These blocks
+were numbered and drawn for by the various regiments shortly after
+their arrival. But as the lines had not been run, nor any lots laid
+out for settlement the disbanded troops were in great perplexity. They
+knew not where to turn or what to do. Extracts from the letters of two
+regimental commanders will show how they regarded the outlook. Lieut.
+Col. Gabriel De Veber, of the Prince of Wales American Regiment,
+writes at Parrtown on the 14th December. "I am still here, where I
+have built a small house for the present. I have not been up the River
+yet, indeed the block, No. 11, which our Regiment has drawn, is so far
+up that I am totally discouraged. The numerous family I have demands
+some attention to the education of children. At such a distance they
+never can hope for any, and I should think myself highly culpable,
+were I not to endeavor to settle nearer to the metropolis, or to some
+place where I can attend to this necessary duty."
+
+Major Thomas Menzies, of the Loyal American Legion, writes on March
+2d, 1784: "I drew Block No 10 for the Corps under my command, which
+commences 48 miles above St. Anns, so that whatever becomes of me, it
+would be wildness to think of carrying my family there for the
+present."
+
+We get a glimpse of the distress and perplexity of the men of the
+loyal regiments in one of Edward Winslow's letters to Ward Chipman. "I
+saw all those Provincial Regiments, which we have so frequently
+mustered, landing in this inhospitable climate, in the month of
+October, without shelter and without knowing where to find a place to
+reside. The chagrin of the officers was not to me so truly affecting
+as the poignant distress of the men. Those respectable sergeants of
+Robinson's, Ludlow's, Cruger's, Fanning's, etc.,--once hospitable
+yeomen of the Country--were addressing me in language which almost
+murdered me as I heard it. 'Sir, we have served all the war, your
+honor is witness how faithfully. We were promised land; we expected
+you had obtained it for us. We like the country--only let us have a
+spot of our own, and give us such kind of regulations as will hinder
+bad men from injuring us.'"
+
+A great many of the disbanded soldiers drew lots at Parrtown in the
+Lower Cove district. Some of them spent their first winter in canvas
+tents on the Barrack square. They thatched their tents with spruce
+boughs, brought in boats from Partridge Island, and banked them with
+snow. Owing to the cold weather and the coarseness of the provisions,
+salt meat, etc., the women and children suffered severely and numbers
+died. They were buried in an old graveyard near the present deep water
+terminus of the Intercolonial railway.
+
+The last of the transports that sailed from New York to St. John, in
+addition to her passengers--mostly women and children--carried an
+assortment of clothing and provisions. The officer in charge was
+Lieut. John Ward of the Loyal American Regiment, grandfather of
+Clarence Ward, the well known secretary of the New Brunswick
+Historical Society. There was not time to build even a hut, and
+Mr. Ward was obliged to spend his first winter in the country under
+canvas. His son, John Ward, jr., was born in a tent on the Barrack
+square, Dec. 18, 1783. The Ward family were a sturdy stock and were
+noted for their longevity. The child born on the Barrack square
+attained the age of 92 years, and a younger son, Charles Ward,
+died in 1882 at the age of 91 years. The father, Lieut. John Ward,
+was 92 years of age when he died on the 5th August, 1846. He was
+known in his later years as "the father of the city." At the
+semi-centennial of the Landing of the Loyalists he was honored with
+a seat on the left of the mayor, John M. Wilmot, on whose, right
+sat Sir Archibald Campbell the Lieut. Governor. On the 18th May,
+1843, the sixtieth anniversary of the landing of the Loyalists,
+the corporation of the city waited on Mr. Ward, then aged 90 years,
+at his residence, and presented him with an address. The officers of
+the Artillery also presented an address in which they say: "We claim
+you with pride as one of the first officers of the corps to which we
+now have the honor to belong; and we hail you at the same time as
+one of the few survivors of that gallant band, who--surrendering all
+save the undying honor of their sacrifice--followed the standard of
+their Sovereign to these shores, and whose landing we this day
+commemorate. That health and prosperity may be yours, and that the
+evening of your days may be as free from a cloud as your past life has
+been unspotted, is the sincere desire of the corps in whose behalf we
+have the honor to subscribe ourselves."
+
+The experience of the disbanded soldiers, who wintered with their
+families at St. Anns, was even more trying than that of those who
+remained at Parrtown. The month of October was cold and rainy, and
+those who went up the river in boats had a very miserable time of it.
+A few were fortunate enough to be admitted into the houses of the old
+settlers, but the vast majority were obliged to provide themselves a
+shelter from the approaching winter by building log and bark huts. At
+St. Anns, where Fredericton was afterwards built, there were only two
+English speaking settlers, Benjamin Atherton, who lived on the site of
+Government House, and Philip Wade whose house stood on the river bank
+in front of the present Cathedral.
+
+Speaking of the hardships endured by the founders of Fredericton,
+Peter Fisher observes: "Scarcely had they begun to construct their
+cabins, when they were surprised by the rigors of an untried climate;
+their habitations being enveloped in snow before they were
+tenantable.... The privations and sufferings of some of these people
+almost exceed belief. Frequently, in the piercing cold of winter, a
+part of the family had to remain up during the night to keep fire in
+their huts to prevent the other part from freezing. Some very
+destitute families made use of boards to supply the want of bedding;
+the father or some of the elder children remaining up by turns, and
+warming two suitable pieces of boards, which they applied alternately
+to the smaller children to keep them warm; with many similar
+expedients."
+
+The awfulness of their situation may be readily imagined. Women,
+delicately reared, cared for their infants beneath canvas tents,
+rendered habitable only by the banks of snow which lay six feet deep
+in the open spaces of the forest. Men, unaccustomed to toil, looked
+with dismay at the prospect before them. The non-arrival of supplies
+expected before the close of navigation, added to their dire
+forebodings. At one time during the winter, starvation stared them in
+the face, and one who passed through the sorrowful experience of that
+time says: "Strong proud men wept like children, and, exhausted by
+cold and famine, lay down in their snow bound tents to die." The poor
+settlers had to make frequent trips of from fifty to one hundred miles
+with hand-sleds or toboggans, through the wild woods and on the ice,
+to procure a precarious supply of food for their famishing families.
+
+Among those who settled at St. Anns at this time was Lodewick Fisher,
+who had seen nearly seven years service in Col. Van Buskirk's
+battalion of the New Jersey Volunteers. This brave old Loyalist came
+to St. John in the Ship "Esther," accompanied by his wife Mary, and
+three children, Eliza, Henry and Peter, all of whom were born on
+Staten Island during the war. Peter, the youngest of the trio, was
+only 16 months old at the time of his arrival and of course had no
+personal recollection of the experience of the first winter, but in
+his little history he has given some of the recollections of his
+elders which are of great interest. (It may be noted, in passing, that
+the eldest son of Peter Fisher, the Hon. Charles Fisher, was attorney
+general of the province and later a judge of the supreme court; he was
+one of the fathers of Responsible Government and left his impress in
+the pages of our history.)
+
+Much that is of great interest concerning the founders of Fredericton
+has been gleaned from the reminiscences of Mrs. Lodewick Fisher,
+which she used to relate in the hearing of her grand-children.[144]
+From this source we learn that soon after the arrival of the
+Loyalist regiments at St. John, her family joined a party bound up
+the river in a schooner to St. Anns. In eight days they got to
+Oromocto, where they were landed by the Captain, who refused to
+proceed further on account of the lateness of the season. He charged
+them each four dollars for their passage. The night was spent on
+shore and the next day the women and children proceeded to St.
+Anns in Indian canoes, the others coming on foot. It was the 8th
+of October when they reached their destination, and pitched their
+tents at Salamanca, near the shore. Before any effectual steps had
+been taken to provide a shelter, winter was at hand. Snow fell on
+the 2nd November to the depth of six inches. The best that some of
+the unfortunate people could do was to pitch their tents in the
+depths of the forest. Stones were used for a rude fire place. The tent
+had no floor but the ground. The winter was very cold, with deep
+snow, which afforded some protection. Still it was an awful winter.
+There were mothers who had been reared in a pleasant country,
+enjoying the luxuries of life, who now clasped their helpless
+little ones to their bosoms and tried by the warmth of their own
+bodies to protect them from the bitter cold. Many of the weaker ones
+died from cold and exposure. Graves were dug with axes and shovels
+near by, and there in stormy wintry weather, the survivors laid their
+loved ones. They had no minister, and they were buried without any
+religious service. The burial ground at Salamanca, continued to be
+used for some years until it was nearly filled. They used to call
+it "the Loyalist Provincials burial ground."
+
+  [144] See "Founders of Fredericton," p. 165, Dr. G. U. Hay's Canadian
+        History Readings.
+
+This old burial ground is on the Ketchum place, just below the town.
+Some of the older citizens of Fredericton remember old head boards
+placed at the graves, since fallen into decay. Many names that were
+painted or carved on them served to show the Dutch ancestry of the men
+of Van Buskirk's battalion. The names were such as Van Horn,
+Vanderbeck, Ackermann, Burkstaff, Ridner, Handorff, Van Norden,
+Blaicker, Blann, Ryerson, etc.
+
+As soon as the snow was off the ground the people began to build log
+houses, but they were soon obliged to desist for want of provisions.
+There was again delay in sending supplies, and the settlers were
+forced to live after the Indian fashion. They made maple sugar, dug
+edible roots, caught fish, shot partridges and pigeons and hunted
+moose. Some who had planted a few potatoes had to dig them up again
+and eat them. In their distress these poor souls were gladdened by the
+discovery of large patches of beans that were found growing wild. The
+beans were white, marked with a black cross, and had probably been
+planted by the French. "In our joy at this discovery," said Mrs.
+Fisher, "we at first called them the Royal Provincial's bread; but
+afterwards the staff of life and hope of the starving." There was
+great rejoicing when at length a schooner arrived with corn-meal and
+rye. It was not during the first season only that the settlers at St.
+Anns suffered for food, other seasons were nearly as bad.
+
+During the summer all hands united in the task of building log houses.
+They had few tools beside the axe and saw. They had neither bricks nor
+lime. Chimneys and fire-places were built of stone, laid in yellow
+clay. The walls of the houses were of logs; the roofs of bark bound
+over with small poles. The windows had only four small panes of glass.
+The first house finished was that of Dr. Earle, whose services in a
+variety of ways were of the utmost value to the little community.
+Lieut. Col. Hewlett's house was built on Queen Street, where the
+Barker House now stands. It would seem that the old veteran
+accompanied his comrades to St. Anns, for he makes an affidavit before
+Major Studholme at that place on the 13th of October, stating that by
+the wreck of the Martha he had lost in tools, stores and baggage,
+property of the value of L200 stg. His loss included the greater part
+of his effects and left him well nigh penniless.
+
+Col. Hewlett was born at Hampstead, Queens County, Long Island in New
+York, and died at Hampstead, Queens County, New Brunswick. His grant
+of land at the latter place included part of Long Island in the St.
+John river. He died in 1789 in the 60th year of his age. Two monuments
+have been erected in his memory, one at Hampstead on the St. John
+river, the other at his native town of Hampstead Long Island, N. Y.
+The inscriptions on the monuments are nearly identical.
+
+  SACRED
+  To the Memory of
+  LIEUT. COL. RICHARD HEWLETT,
+
+  Who served as Captain at the Conquest of Canada, and contributed
+  to the Capture of Fort Frontenac, August, 1758, and at the
+  breaking out of the American Revolution, 1775, received a
+  Lieut.-Colonel's commission, and served during the war under
+  General Oliver Delancey.
+
+  Born at Hampstead on Long Island in the then Province of New York,
+  and died at this place, July 26th, 1789, aged 59 years.
+
+Some interesting particulars of the services of Lt. Col. Hewlett
+during the Revolution are to be found in Jones' Loyalist History of
+New York. He was a brave and capable officer.
+
+We cannot at this time follow further the fortunes of the Loyalists of
+1733. Their privations and their toils were not in vain. History has
+justified their attitude during the Revolutionary epoch, and their
+merits are acknowledged by broad minded and impartial students of
+history in the United States. The late Professor Moses Coit Tyler, of
+the University of Cornell, gave it as his opinion, "That the side of
+the Loyalists, as they called themselves, of the Tories, as they were
+scornfully nick-named by their opponents, was even in argument not a
+weak one, and in motive and sentiment not a base one, and in devotion
+and self-sacrifice not an unheroic one." The same sentiments were even
+more emphatically expressed by Dr. Tyler on the occasion of the
+celebration of the centenary of the founding of the University at
+Fredericton, a few years since, on which occasion he said:
+
+  "We Americans here to-day wish to express our friendship toward
+  you, not only on account of yourselves and the good work you are
+  doing, but also on account, of those noble men and women, your
+  ancestors, who founded this Province of New Brunswick, this
+  town of Fredericton, and this University which is the crown and
+  glory of both. We remember what sort of men and women they
+  were--their sincerity, their devotion to principle in defiance
+  of loss and pain, their courage, their perseverance, their clear
+  prevision of the immense importance of race unity. So, very
+  honestly, with all our hearts we greet you as a kindred people,
+  many of you of the same colonial lineage with ourselves, having
+  many things in your public and private experience identical
+  with our own, still bound to us by antique and indestructible
+  bonds of fellowship in faith, in sympathy, in aspiration, in
+  humane effort, all coincident with the beginnings of English
+  civilization in North America, nay with the beginnings of
+  civilization itself in that fast-anchored isle beyond the sea,
+  which is the beloved mother of us all. If between your ancestors
+  and ours, on opposite sides of the old Revolutionary dispute a
+  century and a quarter ago, there were many and bitter years of
+  unfriendly tradition, we, on our part, are glad to think that
+  such tradition lives no longer; that in the broad-minded view
+  which time and the better understanding of our own history have
+  brought us, the coming years are to witness a renewal and a
+  permanent relation of good-will and mutual help, which bound
+  together the earlier generations of our common race on this
+  continent."
+
+To these kindly words every generous souled descendant of the
+Loyalists will utter a fervent Amen. And still we say--all honor to
+the brave hearts that sacrificed so much and suffered so severely for
+the preservation of a united British empire, and whose hands in later
+years laid strong and deep the foundation of our Canadian Dominion.
+
+
+
+
+INDEX.
+
+
+ Aboideau, 235.
+
+ Acadia, bounds of, 17, 93.
+
+ Acadians, encouraged to leave N. S. Peninsula, 96, 101;
+   settled on River St. John, 107, 114, 117, 120, 122, 133, 145, 234,
+     248, 249, 255, 309;
+   expulsion of, 116, 120, 133, 139.
+
+ Account books of Simonds & White, 181, 183, 201, 234.
+
+ Alden, John, 44, 46, 48.
+
+ Alexander, James, 13, 52.
+
+ Alexander, Sir William, 23.
+
+ Allan, John, 183, 262, 264, 265, 270-277, 293, 316, 337.
+
+ Allen, Lieut.-Colonel Isaac, 364.
+
+ Alline, Rev. Henry, 327, 330, 338-342.
+
+ Amesbury, 330.
+
+ Anderson, John, 161, 196, 247.
+
+ Andros, Governor, 38.
+
+ Annapolis, 76, 77, 79, 87, 347.
+
+ Aplin, Joseph, 352.
+
+ Arbuthnot, Colonel, 136, 138, 139, 143, 271, 278.
+
+ Argall, Samuel, 22.
+
+ Armstrong, Governor, 77.
+
+ Arrival of Simonds & White, 179, 239.
+
+ Atherton, Benjamin, 166, 180, 198, 233, 325, 343, 366.
+
+ Audren, Father, 107, 113.
+
+ Aukpaque, 36, 78, 82, 140, 142, 145, 175, 196, 253, 273, 285, 299;
+   missionaries at, 106, 127, 146, 247, 253, 256.
+
+
+ "Bachelor," Sloop, 161.
+
+ Bailey, Rev. Jacob, 135, 317, 338, 347.
+
+ Bailly, Charles Francois, 75, 247, 248, 249, 299.
+
+ Baptiste, Captain, 47.
+
+ Barker, Jacob, 154, 171, 173, 174, 228, 259, 311, 324.
+
+ Barker, Jacob Jr., 161, 174, 324.
+
+ Barlow, Richard, 210, 219, 320.
+
+ Bates, Walter, 339, 348, 349, 353.
+
+ Batt, Major, 276, 281.
+
+ Baxter, Simon, 345, 348.
+
+ Bayard, Samuel, 332.
+
+ Bay of Fundy, 17;
+   battles in, 46, 101.
+
+ Beardsley, Rev. John, 173, 351.
+
+ Beausejour, 96, 115.
+
+ Beckwith, Nehemiah, 314, 352.
+
+ Bellefontaine, 57, 100, 135, 143, 252.
+
+ Bellisle, 79, 86, 89, 90, 350.
+
+ Belliveau, Charles, 118, 119.
+
+ Bell of Medoctec Chapel, 75, 247.
+
+ Benardin, 22.
+
+ Bessabez, 7, 8.
+
+ Biard, Pierre, 8, 20, 21.
+
+ Biencourt, 20, 22.
+
+ Bill of Lading, 307.
+
+ Black, Edmund, 178, 239, 245.
+
+ Black, Rev. William, 342.
+
+ Blodget, Samuel, 176, 177, 178, 182, 188, 189, 192, 201.
+
+ Blowers, Sampson Salter, 346.
+
+ Boishebert, Pierre, at mouth of the St. John, 96, 97, 100, 102;
+   retires to a "detroit," 117, 118, 120;
+   at Nerepis, 123, 333;
+   at Petitcodiac, 116;
+   at Miramichi, 124.
+
+ Books in olden days, 201, 255.
+
+ Boston, 26, 178, 236, 239.
+
+ Botsford, Amos, 346, 347.
+
+ Bourg, Rev. Joseph M., 252, 253, 271, 285, 286, 289, 294, 295.
+
+ "Bridgewater," Ship, 356, 357, 358.
+
+ Briggs, Zephaniah, 171.
+
+ Brookings, Henry, 202.
+
+ Bruce, Lieutenant. R. G., 150.
+
+ Bungwarrawit, 298.
+
+ Burbank, David, 161, 174, 321, 324.
+
+ Burpee, David, 172, 259, 260, 318.
+
+ Burpee, Jonathan, 169, 170, 317.
+
+ Burton, Township, 203, 213, 364.
+
+ Butler, Captain Pierce, 174, 233.
+
+ Butternut, Trees, 8, 17, 131, 174.
+
+
+ Cadillac, 9, 109, 111.
+
+ Campbell, Tamberlane, 311, 324.
+
+ Campobello, 280.
+
+ Canada Company (see St. John's River Society).
+
+ Carleton, Sir Guy, 277, 293, 296, 345, 354, 358, 361, 362.
+
+ Carr, Peter, 227, 233.
+
+ Cartier, Jacques, 7.
+
+ Caton, Isaac, 196, 198, 208.
+
+ Caton's Island, 20, 130, 198.
+
+ Census, 56, 57, 78, 159, 168, 214, 250, 251.
+
+ Chamberlain, Montagu, 41.
+
+ Chambly, 30, 32.
+
+ Champlain, 9, 17, 19.
+
+ Charlevoix, 39, 112.
+
+ Charnisay, d'Aulnay, 23, 24-29.
+
+ Chauffours, Sieur de (see Louis d Amours).
+
+ Chipman, Ward, 191, 230, 360, 365.
+
+ Chkoudun, 17, 19.
+
+ Christie, Thomas, 174.
+
+ Chubb, Captain, 46, 53.
+
+ Church, Colonel Benjamin, 40, 47, 48.
+
+ Church, Covenant, 169, 340.
+
+ Clarke, John, 353.
+
+ Cleoncore Island, 55.
+
+ Cleveland, Lemuel, 177, 244, 280.
+
+ Clignancourt, Sieur de (see Rene d'Amours).
+
+ Climate, 238.
+
+ Clinch, Peter, 337.
+
+ Cobb, Captain, 99, 126, 128.
+
+ Coburn, Moses, 167, 174, 327.
+
+ Coffin's Manor, 333.
+
+ Congregational Church, 172, 256, 257.
+
+ Connor, Lieutenant, 296, 310, 337.
+
+ Contract, 1st Business, 177, 188, 191, 229, 239.
+
+ Contract, 2nd Business, 229, 239.
+
+ Converse, Captain, 42.
+
+ Conway, Township, 208, 212, 227, 244, 261, 280, 364.
+
+ Copper Mine, 19.
+
+ Cornwallis, Governor, 90, 100, 102.
+
+ County of Sunbury formed, 207.
+
+ Coy, Edward, 167, 168, 169, 326.
+
+ Crabtree, A Green, 183, 277, 279.
+
+ Crandall, Rev. Joseph, 329, 330, 339.
+
+ Cummings, Samuel, 346, 347.
+
+ Currency of Massachusetts, 182.
+
+ Curry, John, 280, 298.
+
+ Customs Collector, 259, 344.
+
+
+ D'Amours, Bernard, 55.
+
+ D'Amours, Louis, 46, 55, 57, 59-65, 250, 251.
+
+ D'Amours, Mathieu, 52, 55, 57, 59, 250.
+
+ D'Amours, Rene, 49, 55, 57, 69, 63, 67, 250, 251.
+
+ Danielou, Jean Pierre, 75, 78, 80, 141, 143, 250.
+
+ Danks, Benoni, 128, 131.
+
+ Darling, Benjamin, 330.
+
+ Davidson, Lieutenant John, 361.
+
+ Davidson, William, 259, 301, 304, 305, 308, 310.
+
+ DeLancy, Lieut.-Colonel, Stephen, 364.
+
+ Delesderniers, Frederick, 274, 275.
+
+ DeMeulles, 34.
+
+ DeMonts, 16, 20.
+
+ Denys, Nicolas, 10, 24, 27.
+
+ DePeyster, Abraham, 225.
+
+ DeRazilly, 23.
+
+ DesBarres, Joseph F. W., 164, 332.
+
+ Deserters, 137, 295.
+
+ "Detroit," or Narrows, 93, 117, 118.
+
+ DeVeber, Lieut-Colonel Gabriel, 361, 365.
+
+ Dibblee, Fyler, 349.
+
+ Dibblee, Rev. F., 299.
+
+ D'Iberville, 38, 41, 45, 46.
+
+ Diereville, 40, 54.
+
+ Disbanded Troops, 149, 164, 160, 206, 227.
+
+ Dole, W. P., 25.
+
+ Doucet, Joseph, 248.
+
+ Dover, N. H., 38.
+
+ Dummer, Rev., 41.
+
+ Du Pont, 21, 22.
+
+ Dutch, Mauraders, 32.
+
+
+ Eagleson, Rev. John, 269.
+
+ Early Mechanics, 335.
+
+ Earthquake, 194.
+
+ Eaton, Captain, 176, 177.
+
+ Eddy, Jonathan, 167, 262, 268, 327.
+
+ Ekouipahag, (see Aukpaque).
+
+ Elizee, Father, 43.
+
+ Emerson, Samuel, 181.
+
+ Emerson, Webster, 179.
+
+ Emenenic, 20, 130, 198.
+
+ English Settlers, 156.
+
+ "Envieux," Ship, 46, 47, 64.
+
+ Estabrooks, Elijah, 244, 280, 329.
+
+ Estey, Richard, 164, 169, 174, 328.
+
+ Estey, Zebulon, 161, 167, 174, 321, 329.
+
+
+ Falconer, Captain Thomas, 207, 210, 214, 222.
+
+ Falls, mouth of St. John, 20, 109, 215.
+
+ Fenton, Captain John, 212, 214, 217.
+
+ Fisher, Hon. Charles, 367.
+
+ Fisher, Peter, 155, 265, 312, 366.
+
+ Fishery, 176, 195, 198, 204, 222, 239.
+
+ Fleets of 1783, 348, 350, 353, 357, 361.
+
+ Fort Boishebert, 97, 103, 105, 114, 333.
+
+ Fort Cumberland, 268, 276.
+
+ Fort Frederick, erection of, 122, 127, 128, 133;
+   garrison at, 134, 137, 150, 196, 233, 315;
+   Glasier at Fort, 208, 215, 222;
+   dismantled, 261;
+   burned, 265.
+
+ Fort Howe, 218, 282, 284, 295, 335, 348, 350.
+
+ Fort Hughes, 295.
+
+ Fort LaTour, 24.
+
+ Fort Menagoueche, 103, 106, 116, 122, 133.
+
+ Fort Nachouac, 51, 196.
+
+ Fort at St. John, 24, 48, 53, 54, 100, 102, 105, 116, 122.
+
+ Fox, General, 364, 365.
+
+ Franklin, Michael, 159, 218;
+   Superintendent of Indian affairs, 269, 276, 277, 282, 285, 287, 289,
+     293, 297, 301.
+
+ Francklin, Hazen & White, 305, 306-310.
+
+ Fredericton, 78, 366.
+
+ French Village, 231, 250, 253, 311.
+
+ Freneuse, 52, 58, 251.
+
+ Freshets, 63, 110, 216.
+
+ Frontenac, Count, 30, 40, 41.
+
+ Frost, Sarah, 354, 357.
+
+ Fur Trade, 20, 22, 26, 28, 59, 144, 174, 182, 193, 298.
+
+
+ Gage, 208, 212, 331.
+
+ Gagetown, 123, 132, 255.
+
+ Gale, 137, 155, 204.
+
+ Galissonniere, Count de la, 94, 106, 113.
+
+ Game, 10, 19, 26, 216, 368.
+
+ Ganong, Dr. W. F., 24, 31, 49, 123.
+
+ Garrison, Joseph, 159, 162, 174, 234, 326.
+
+ Gaspe, Sieur de, 103, 105, 106.
+
+ Gaudet, Placide P., 64, 87, 103, 116, 119, 130, 139, 249, 250, 252.
+
+ Gemesech, 30, 34.
+
+ Gemisick (see Jemseg), 30, 31, 34, 109.
+
+ Germain, Charles, 80, 81, 94, 98, 106, 113, 114, 137, 139.
+
+ Gilbert, Colonel Thomas, 166.
+
+ Glasier, Beamsley P., 196, 207, 208, 214, 312, 333;
+   agent of St. John's River Society, 208, 209, 214-225.
+
+ Glasier, Benjamin, 312.
+
+ Glasier, "The Main John," 313.
+
+ Glode, Ballomy, 143.
+
+ Goold, Colonel, 270, 271.
+
+ Gorham, Captain John, 83, 94.
+
+ Grand Falls, 36, 70.
+
+ Grand Fontaine, 30.
+
+ Grand Lake, 290, 311.
+
+ Grand Lake Coal, 26, 234, 326.
+
+ Grand Manan, 221.
+
+ Grantees at Maugerville, 159, 162.
+
+ Grantees of Townships, 212, 213.
+
+ Grants of Lands, 149, 158, 206, 209, 230, 232.
+
+ Grapes, 8, 17.
+
+ Greenough, Moses, 176, 244.
+
+ Grimross, 132, 146, 220, 223.
+
+ Gyles, John, 11, 13, 29, 43, 52, 57, 69-63, 68-72.
+
+
+ Haldimand, Colonel, Frederick, 208, 296, 303.
+
+ Halifax, 89, 299.
+
+ Hamond, Sir A. S., 305, 306, 310, 311, 324.
+
+ Hannay, James, 11, 25, 39, 116, 169, 259, 318, 341.
+
+ Hardy, Elias, 230, 305, 333.
+
+ Hart, John, 289.
+
+ Hart, Jonathan, 174.
+
+ Hart, Thomas, 167, 330.
+
+ Hauser, Frederick, 346, 347, 352.
+
+ Haverhill, 190, 229.
+
+ Hawawes, Nicholas, 285, 295.
+
+ Hawthorn, Colonel, 49, 61.
+
+ Hayes, John, 309, 310, 311.
+
+ Hayward, Nehemiah, 168, 174.
+
+ Hazen Family, 190, 191, 203, 245.
+
+ Hazen House, 241.
+
+ Hazen & White, 309, 311, 335.
+
+ Hazen, Jarvis, Simonds, White & Co., 177, 178, 188, 200, 224, 229, etc.
+
+ Hazen, John, 241, 243, 313.
+
+ Hazen, Moses, 135, 150, 208, 227.
+
+ Hazen, William, 149, 176, 177, 190, 311;
+   at St. John, 240, 272, 277, 311, 335, 344.
+
+ Hewlett, Lieut.-Colonel Richard, 361, 362, 363, 368.
+
+ Hovey, Stephen, 167.
+
+ How, Captain Edward, 89, 98.
+
+ Howlett, Ammi, 169, 174.
+
+ Hubbard, William, 314.
+
+ Huron Indians, 81, 86, 277, 294.
+
+ Hutchinson, Hon. Thomas, 137, 208, 227, 313.
+
+
+ Ice-jam, 197, 198.
+
+ Indian Church at Medoctec, 73, 74, 112.
+
+ Indian Corn, 9, 110, 166, 260.
+
+ Indian Cruelty, 6, 14, 39, 52, 53, 61, 69, 82, 83, 84.
+
+ Indians (see Maliseets and Micmacs).
+
+ Indian Pow-wows, 42, 144, 174, 284-289, 293, 294, 298.
+
+ Indian Treaties, 77, 89, 90, 94, 143, 174, 263, 287.
+
+ Indiantown, 290, 341.
+
+ Inventory of effects, Simonds & White, 200, 201.
+
+ Island of St. John, 108.
+
+
+ Jack, D. R., 58.
+
+ Jadis, Captain, 259.
+
+ Jarvis, Leonard, 176, 181, 192, 225, 240.
+
+ Jarvis, Samuel Gardiner, 241.
+
+ Jemseg, Post at, 30, 31, 32, 40, 61, 140, 316.
+
+ Jenkins, Thomas, 178, 244, 280.
+
+ Jesuits, 73.
+
+ Jewett, Daniel, 173, 174.
+
+ Johnson, The Chevalier, 113, 124.
+
+ Joibert, 30, 33 (see Soulanges).
+
+ Jones, John, 205, 280, 316, 352.
+
+ Jones, Lieutenant Simeon, 361.
+
+
+ Kemble, Manor, 316, 332.
+
+ Kennebec, 67, 72, 93, 94.
+
+ Kennebeccasis, 55, 61, 234, 311.
+
+ Kennedy, Captain Patrick, 362.
+
+ Kimball, Richard, 174.
+
+ King George's War, 72, 79, 86.
+
+ King Philips's War, 38.
+
+ King William's War, 38, 53, 72.
+
+ Kingsclear, 75.
+
+ Kingston, 61, 350, 352.
+
+ King's Woods, 302.
+
+ Kinney, Israel, 167, 180.
+
+
+ LaHontan, Baron, 57.
+
+ LaJonquiere, 98, 102, 103.
+
+ Langan, Thomas, 309.
+
+ Larlee, John, 167, 174.
+
+ LaTour, Charles, 22, 24-29, 86.
+
+ LaTour, Lady, 24, 26, 27.
+
+ LaValliere, 33.
+
+ Lawrence, J. W., 25, 353.
+
+ Lawrence, Governor, 96, 115, 122.
+
+ Lawrence's Proclamations, 148, 206.
+
+ Leaming, Rev. J., 349.
+
+ Leavitt, Daniel, 181, 202, 244, 280, 350.
+
+ Leavitt, Jonathan, 150, 178, 179, 202, 204, 244.
+
+ LeBorgne, Alexander, 55, 79, 86, 91.
+
+ LeBorgne, Francois, 87.
+
+ LeLoutre, Abbe, 79, 94, 99, 113, 122.
+
+ LeMoyne, 38, 41.
+
+ Lescarbot, 9, 17.
+
+ Lime at St. John, 176, 195, 196, 199, 236-238, 348.
+
+ Lime-Kilns, Modern, 236, 237.
+
+ L'Isle, Dieu, Abbe, 106, 107, 113.
+
+ Livingston, Philip J., 208, 224, 225, 226.
+
+ Loder's Creek, 280.
+
+ Lloyd's Neck, 349, 355.
+
+ Loler. Peter, 297.
+
+ Long Island, 131.
+
+ Louisburg, Capture of, 80, 115, 124, 125.
+
+ Loverga, Father, 107, 113, 114.
+
+ Loyalists, 261, 266, 328, 344, 348, 353, 358.
+
+ Loyalist Agents, 346.
+
+ Loyalist Regiments, 360, 361-366.
+
+ Loyard, Jean B., 73-75, 77, 141.
+
+ Lumbering, 308, 312.
+
+
+ Machias, 183, 262, 265, 277, 292, 335.
+
+ Madawaska, 70, 102, 110, 111, 147, 249, 273.
+
+ Madocawando, 38, 86, 87.
+
+ Magistrates, Early, 196, 259, 322, 343.
+
+ Mahogany (see Manawagonish).
+
+ Maillard, Abbe, 254.
+
+ Maliseets, Their origin and Customs, 5-14;
+   at war with the English, 40, 42, 43, 49, 51, 72, 79, 94, 161,
+     263, 283, 333;
+   at Medoctec, 66-72, 141, 275;
+   at Aukpaque, 127, 141, 145, 216, 247, 250, 256, 273;
+   peace parleys, 77, 143, 284-289, 294;
+   claim the lands, 6, 112, 142, 156;
+   trade with the English, 145, 152, 161, 182, 196, 198, 300, 331.
+
+ Magistrates, Early, 161, 196, 259, 280, 322, 343.
+
+ Malouins, 20.
+
+ Manawagonish, 48, 270, 272, 274, 279, 316, 341, 360.
+
+ Marble, Isaac, 202, 204.
+
+ Marichites, (Maliseets), 95.
+
+ Marin, Sieur, 80, 82, 112.
+
+ Marriages, 12, 28, 33, 64, 65, 86, 87, 170, 180, 205, 245, 326.
+
+ Marsden, Joshua, 257.
+
+ Marsh at St. John (see Sebaskastaggan).
+
+ Marsh Bridge, 235.
+
+ Marston, Benjamin, 279, 335, 350.
+
+ "Martha," Ship, 362, 363.
+
+ Martignon, Sieur de, 31.
+
+ Martin, Joseph, 248, 267.
+
+ Mascarene, Paul, 79, 83, 86, 88, 95, 141.
+
+ Massacre at St. Anns, 135, 136, 252.
+
+ Masse, Enemond, 20, 22.
+
+ Massey, Brig. General, 269, 271, 276, 278, 279, 281.
+
+ Masting Contract, 305.
+
+ Mast-Pond, 304.
+
+ Masts, 47, 54, 109, 258, 293, 297, 301, 303, 305, 309, 311.
+
+ Mather, Rev. Dr., 355.
+
+ Mauger, Joshua, 154, 165, 220, 227.
+
+ Maugerville, 59, 146, 153, 206, 217, 227, 348;
+   progress of, 158-175, 233, 256, 260;
+   rebels of, 266, 267, 271, 315, 321.
+
+ Mazerolle Settlement, 250.
+
+ Medoctec Village, 6, 9, 13, 34, 36, 107, 110, 113, 273, 275, 298, 299;
+   plague at, 45;
+   Gyles at, 52, 59, 60, 68;
+   Pote at, 84, 85.
+
+ Megabagaduce, 291.
+
+ Members for Sunbury, 207, 225, 259, 305, 314, 319.
+
+ Membertou, 7, 22.
+
+ Menagoueche, 18, 19, 43, 46, 47, 49, 53, 59, 105, 133, 141, 179.
+
+ Menaguashe, 183, 205, 286, 288, 294.
+
+ Men-ah-quesk, 18, 150, 179, 185.
+
+ Menneval, 38, 40.
+
+ Menzies, John, 358.
+
+ Menzies, Major Thomas, 365.
+
+ Mercure, Michael, 249, 267, 296.
+
+ Merveille, Captain, 21.
+
+ Micmacs, 7, 10, 38, 42, 60, 77, 94, 262, 294.
+
+ Middleton, Samuel, 176, 178.
+
+ Mill Creek, 156.
+
+ Mills at Nashwaak, 53, 209, 220-223, 226, 251;
+   at Maugerville, 159, 164, 324;
+   at St. John, 199, 231, 235;
+   at Oromocto, 312.
+
+ Miramichi, 42, 121, 124, 305.
+
+ "Mistake," The, 167, 316, 327.
+
+ Mitchel, Lewis, 272.
+
+ Mohawks, 12, 13.
+
+ Moireau, Claude, 141.
+
+ Monckton, Colonel R., 91, 96, 115, 125-134.
+
+ Moncton, 161, 196.
+
+ Montcalm, 124.
+
+ Montesson, 107, 112.
+
+ Mooers, Peter, 159, 162, 174.
+
+ Moose, 10, 11, 216, 368.
+
+ Morpain, Pierre de, 64.
+
+ Morrisania, 256, 305, 312, 320.
+
+ Morris, Charles, 147, 158, 160, 218, 227, 258, 365.
+
+ Morris, Charles, Jr., 218, 222, 259.
+
+ Morris, Major, 134.
+
+ Morse, Colonel Robert, 279, 364.
+
+ Murray, Captain, 116.
+
+ Murray, Major Daniel, 360, 364.
+
+ McCurdy, Captain, 126, 132, 134.
+
+ McGregor, Rev. James, 342, 343.
+
+ McKeen, William, 167, 244.
+
+ McLean, General, 337.
+
+ McNeal, Sergeant, 77.
+
+
+ Narantsouak, 67.
+
+ Nashwaak, (Nachouac), 32, 40, 43, 47, 51, 53, 110, 196, 209,
+     220, 223, 343.
+
+ Navy Island, 17, 18, 53, 103.
+
+ Negro Men, 52, 199.
+
+ Neguedchecouniedoche, 33.
+
+ Neptune, John, 298.
+
+ Neptune, Lewis, 293.
+
+ Nerepis, 37, 97, 103, 104, 105, 123, 333.
+
+ Neuvillette, 49, 52.
+
+ Nevers, Elisha, 169, 171, 174, 319.
+
+ Nevers, Phinehas, 174, 180, 225, 259, 319.
+
+ Newburyport, 167, 178, 236, 239, 240, 321.
+
+ New Ireland, 291.
+
+ "Newport," Ship captured, 46.
+
+ Newton, Hon. Henry, 227, 343, 344.
+
+ Newton, Philip, 343.
+
+ New-town Township, 208, 212, 364.
+
+ Nid d'Aigle, 91, 118.
+
+ Noble, Rev. Seth, 171, 173, 266, 271, 321.
+
+
+ O'Bear, Port, 218.
+
+ Odell, Jonathan, 361.
+
+ Ogilvie, Rev. John, 208, 210, 214, 219.
+
+ Oromocto, 123, 296, 297, 309, 310, 324, 347, 367.
+
+ Ouigoudy, 17, 18.
+
+
+ Paddock, Adino, 361.
+
+ Palmer, Daniel, 169, 171, 174, 319.
+
+ Parr, Governor, 334, 348, 365.
+
+ Parr-town, 179, 348, 352, 363, 365.
+
+ Passamaquoddy, 176, 179, 195, 196, 204, 221, 268, 272.
+
+ Passamaquoddy Indians, 46, 90, 120, 143, 276, 280, 293, 294.
+
+ Peabody, Captain Francis, 149, 152, 153, 161, 174, 176, 178, 217,
+     220, 228, 247, 322;
+   will of, 180, 323.
+
+ Peabody, Samuel, 167, 174, 205, 244, 280, 307, 309, 311, 323.
+
+ Peaslie, Robert, 176, 177, 181, 192.
+
+ Pemaquid, 39, 42, 45, 49, 53.
+
+ Pennoniac, 7.
+
+ Penobscot, 42, 44, 52, 67, 85, 263, 276, 290, 337.
+
+ Pepperrell, William, 80.
+
+ Perkins' Island, 195, 211, 221.
+
+ Perley, Israel, 149, 153, 174, 228, 259, 270, 271, 309, 320.
+
+ Perley, Moses H., 300, 322, 353.
+
+ Perley, Oliver, 161, 167, 174, 321.
+
+ Perrot, 33.
+
+ Peters, James, 346.
+
+ Phillipps, Governor, 76.
+
+ Pickard, Humphrey, 161, 169, 174, 321, 324.
+
+ Pickett, David, 350.
+
+ Pine-trees (see also Masts), 302, 309, 311.
+
+ Plague on St. John River, 45.
+
+ Plummer, Sylvanus, 172, 173.
+
+ Pontgrave, 20.
+
+ Porier, Senator, 116.
+
+ Portland Point, 25, 157, 176-187, 194, 243, 244, 277;
+   arrival at, 178, 193, 261.
+
+ Portneuf, 38, 40, 44.
+
+ Port Royal, 7, 20, 22, 23, 24, 28, 41, 54, 64, 76.
+
+ Post Houses on the St. John, 296, 317.
+
+ Pote, Captain William, 81-85.
+
+ Poutrincourt, 19, 20.
+
+ Pow-wows, Indian, 42, 144, 174, 284-289, 293, 294, 298.
+
+ Preble, John, 270, 273.
+
+ Prescott & Co., 269.
+
+ Price, Edmund, 234, 316.
+
+ Prices of Goods, etc., 144, 161, 168, 174, 182, 184, 260, 306, 307.
+
+ Prince William, 361, 365.
+
+ Privateers, 183, 204, 265, 268, 277, 279, 281, 316, 330.
+
+
+ Quinton, Hugh, 156, 167, 171, 174, 244, 269, 289, 315.
+
+
+ Ralleau, 17.
+
+ Ralle, Missionary, 43.
+
+ Regan, Jeremiah, 352.
+
+ Religious Teachers, 247.
+
+ Relics, Indian, 5, 9.
+
+ Rideout, Nicholas, 174.
+
+ Ring, Zebedee, 205, 244, 280.
+
+ Robichaux, 86, 87, 90, 92, 133.
+
+ Rogers, Captain Jeremiah, 126, 132.
+
+ Rogers, Nathaniel, 209, 219, 223.
+
+ Rous, Captain John, 97, 100, 101, 115.
+
+ Route to Canada, 102, 108, 111, 112, 296.
+
+ Rowley, 317.
+
+ Royal Fencible American Regiment, 276, 281, 336.
+
+ Rum, 183, 193.
+
+ Rushagonis, 311.
+
+
+ Salamanca, 367, 368.
+
+ Saturday Night in 1764, 185.
+
+ Savary, Judge, 116.
+
+ Saw-mills, 53, 159, 164, 199, 209, 213, 220, 221, 223, 251, 312, 324.
+
+ Say, Gervas, 167, 169, 170, 174, 205, 244, 272, 289, 316, 326.
+
+ Sayre, Rev. John, 346.
+
+ Scalps, Rewards offered for, 80, 122.
+
+ Scott, Major, 127, 134.
+
+ Seabury, Rev. Samuel, 345.
+
+ Secondon (see Chkoudun).
+
+ Sedgewick, Major Robert, 29.
+
+ Seebaskastaggan Marsh, 176, 231, 234.
+
+ Seigniories, 30, 31, 32, 55, 58, 251.
+
+ Sharman, Dr., 288, 337, 338.
+
+ Sheffield (see Maugerville).
+
+ Sheep for settlers, 224.
+
+ Ship-building, 203, 205, 312, 316.
+
+ Ships, Transport, 348, 351, 353.
+
+ Ship-wrecks, 203, 241.
+
+ Shirley, Governor, 79, 95, 115, 121.
+
+ Shorne, Richard, 208, 215, 225, 226, 259.
+
+ Siege of Fort Nachouac, 49.
+
+ Simonds Family, 190.
+
+ Simonds, James, 149-152, 161, 167, 174, 176, 177, 184, 190, 194,
+     195, 198, 207, 210, 213, 221, 229-235, 238, 261, 262, 265,
+     314, 332.
+
+ Simonds, Richard, 150, 152, 177, 181, 188, 192.
+
+ Simon, Recollet Missionary, 36, 43, 44, 46, 52, 56, 59, 67, 72, 141.
+
+ Small, Colonel, 277.
+
+ Small-pox, 327.
+
+ Smith, Jonathan, 169, 171, 174.
+
+ Smith, Rev. Curryl, 225.
+
+ Smith, Stephen, 265.
+
+ Soulanges, Sieur de, 30, 32.
+
+ Spry, Captain William, 208, 210, 255, 327.
+
+ Stamp Act, 222.
+
+ St. Anns, Acadians at, 78, 120, 122, 123, 133, 248;
+   massacre at St. Annes, 135, 136, 252;
+   Indian Claims at, 146, 156, 175;
+   trading post at, 198, 220, 308, 325;
+   the Loyalists at, 366, 367.
+
+ St. Aubin, Ambroise, 175, 183, 263, 269, 299.
+
+ St. Castin, Baron, 38, 46, 64, 85, 86.
+
+ St. Croix Island, 10, 19.
+
+ St. John, name of City, 179.
+
+ St. John Harbor, 17, 48, 150, 176, 239, 347.
+
+ St. John River, 18, 34, 93, 120, 215, 347, 362;
+   Cadillac's description, 109;
+   inundations of, 63, 110, 216.
+
+ St. John's River Society, 210, 214-227, 309.
+
+ St. Vallier, Bishop, 34, 140.
+
+ Sterling, Captain Walter, 333.
+
+ Stickney, Isaac, 167, 174.
+
+ Stone age, 5, 9.
+
+ Storey, William, 179, 202.
+
+ Straton Brothers, 297.
+
+ Street, Samuel Denny, 321, 337, 352.
+
+ Studholme, Gilfred, at Fort Frederick, 233;
+   at Fort Howe, 248, 262, 270, 274, 278, 279, 281, 283, 295, 316,
+     321, 336, 345, 350.
+
+ Sunbury County, 206, etc., 258, 259, 348.
+
+ Sunbury Township, 175, 208, 212, 364.
+
+
+ Tablet, Medoctec, 73, 74, 300.
+
+ Tapley, Alexander, 167, 168, 174.
+
+ Tapley, Samuel, 174.
+
+ Taxous, 42.
+
+ Temiscouata, 111, 121.
+
+ Temple, Sir Thomas, 30.
+
+ Thoma, Chief, 143.
+
+ Thoma, Pierre, 183, 263, 275, 285, 288, 290, 293, 298, 299, 300, 301.
+
+ Thompson, Lieut.-Colonel, Benjamin, 345, 361.
+
+ Thury, Missionary, 43, 44, 46, 52.
+
+ Tidmarsh, Giles, 168, 174, 180, 325.
+
+ Tilley, Sir S. L., 351.
+
+ Tinker, Captain William, 351.
+
+ Tory's Soliloquy, 359.
+
+ Townships, 208, 211, 212, 309, 364.
+
+ Transport Ships, 348, 351, 353.
+
+ Treaties, 77, 89, 90, 94, 143.
+
+ Truck-houses, 141, 143, 144, 161, 196.
+
+ "Two Sisters," Transport Ship, 355.
+
+
+ "Ulysees," Sloop, 126.
+
+ "Union," Transport Ship, 348, 349, 350.
+
+ Upper Cove, 180.
+
+ Upham, Joshua, 346, 360.
+
+ Upton, Samuel, 168.
+
+
+ Van Buskirk, Colonel Abraham, 362, 368.
+
+ Vaudreuil, 33, 64, 73, 75, 93, 112, 117, 121, 135.
+
+ Vergor, Sieur de, 101.
+
+ Vessels of Simonds, Hazen & White, 202-204, 222.
+
+ Vienneau Family, 250.
+
+ Villebon, Sieur de, 38, 40-54, 61, 63, 251, 300.
+
+ Villieu, 44, 47, 53, 57, 133.
+
+
+ Wade, Philip, 308, 366.
+
+ Wages, 174, 193, 205, 239, 260.
+
+ Waldron, Major, 38.
+
+ Walnut (see Butternut).
+
+ Ward, Clarence, 366.
+
+ Ward, Major John, 366.
+
+ Washademoak, 82, 94, 111.
+
+ Washington, George, 263.
+
+ Wasson, John, 174.
+
+ Watson, Brook, 354.
+
+ Webster, Mr., 171.
+
+ Webster, Samuel, 181.
+
+ Wellman, Mr., 171.
+
+ Wentworth, Governor, 302.
+
+ West, Captain, 272, 275.
+
+ White, James, 149, 152, 193, 201, 245, 261, 311, 321, 343;
+   arrival at St. John, 178, 179, 239;
+   at Crown Point, 192;
+   second contract, 229, 230;
+   dealings with Indians, 182, 272, 273, 283, 289, 295.
+
+ Whitney, Samuel, 170, 174.
+
+ Willard, Captain, 325, 358, 359.
+
+ Wilmot, Governor Montagu, 175, 177, 218, 219.
+
+ Winslow, Edward, 346, 360, 364, 365.
+
+ Winslow, Lieut.-Colonel John, 116.
+
+ Winthrop, Governor, 26.
+
+ Wood, Rev. Thomas, 171, 254, 255, 299.
+
+ Woodboats, First, 313.
+
+ Woodman, James, 164, 205, 244, 272, 280, 290, 324, 352.
+
+ Woolastook, 18.
+
+ Woodstock, 69, 73.
+
+ Wordens, Fort at, 91, 118.
+
+
+ Xavier, Francois, 77, 183, 286, 287.
+
+
+ Young Royal Highland Emigrants, 336.
+
+
+
+
+ILLUSTRATIONS.
+
+
+                                                                  Page
+  Samuel de Champlain                                     Frontispiece
+  Indian Encampment and Chief                                       15
+  Champlain's Plan of St. John Harbor                               18
+  Title Page Bp. St. Vallier's Book                                 35
+  Fort Nachouac                                                     50
+  Signature of Sieur de Freneuse                                    58
+  Signature of John Gyles                                           63
+  Plan of Old Medoctec Village                                      66
+  Medoctec Tablet                                                   74
+  Bell of Old Medoctec Chapel                                       76
+  Signature of Jean Loyard                                          78
+  Paul Mascarene                                                    88
+  Old Fort at Worden's                                              91
+  Woodman's Point--site of Fort Boishebert                         104
+  Colonel Robert Monckton                                          125
+  Sketch Map of River St. John in 1758                             129
+  Isle au Garce, or Emenenic                                       130
+  Inscription on Medoctec Stone                                    141
+  Plan--Aukpaque and Surroundings                                  146
+  Bruce's Plan of St. John Harbor                                  151
+  Signature of Peter Fisher                                        155
+  Plan of Maugerville                                              163
+  The Congregational Church at Maugerville                         172
+  A Cottage of Today                                               185
+  Signatures                                                       188
+  Ice-jam, 1902                                                    197
+  Plan of Townships                                                212
+  Plan of Grants to Simonds & White                                231
+  Old Hazen House and Grounds                                      242
+  Signature Joseph Mathurin Bourg                                  253
+  Fort Howe in 1781                                                278
+  Signature of Major G. Studholme                                  281
+  Fort Howe in 1818                                                282
+  St. John Harbor, showing Mast Dock                               304
+
+
+
+
+                  *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+Transcriber's Note:
+
+  Author's archaic and variable spelling, hyphenation, and quoting
+  practices are preserved.
+
+  Author's punctuation style is preserved.
+
+  Illustrations have been moved closer to their relevant paragraphs,
+  but page numbers in the list of illustrations have not been
+  changed.
+
+  Footnotes moved to below relevant paragraphs.
+
+  Passages in italics indicated by _underscores_.
+
+  Passages in bold indicated by =equal signs=.
+
+  Typographical problems have been changed and are listed below.
+
+
+Transcriber's Changes:
+
+  Page 7: Was 'a lowed' (Bessabez, the sagamore of the Penobscot
+          Indians, =allowed= the body of the dead chief to be taken
+          home)
+
+  Page 8: Was 'o' (One =of= the islands in that vicinity the early
+          English settlers afterwards called "Isle of Vines,")
+
+  Page 12: Was 'Baird' (=Biard= relates that a certain sagamore on
+           hearing that the young King of France was unmarried,)
+
+  Page 14: Was 'therr' (This fact should be remembered to their credit
+           by those who most abhor =their= bloodthirstiness and
+           cruelty.)
+
+  Page 19: Was 'villiage' (Chkoudun lived at "Menagoueche" in his
+           fortified =village= on Navy Island when Champlain invited
+           him to go with the Sieur de Poutrincourt)
+
+  Page 19: Was 'Cahmplain' (Chkoudun lived at "Menagoueche" in his
+           fortified village on Navy Island when =Champlain= invited
+           him to go with the Sieur de Poutrincourt)
+
+  Page 20: Was 'Baird' (was the scene of an exciting incident of which
+           =Biard= has left us a picturesque description.)
+
+  Page 27: Was 'beseigers' (For three days Madame la Tour bravely
+           repelled the =besiegers= and obliged them to retire beyond
+           the reach of her guns.)
+
+  Page 36: as per errata note: Was 'bllier afterwards became the
+           mission of' (The islands which the bishop mentions are the
+           well known and =beautiful islands below the mouth of= the
+           Keswick stream.)
+
+  Page 40: Was 'commissioned' (Villebon was favorably received and
+           returned with a =commission= from the king to command in
+           Acadia.)
+
+  Page 43: Was 'ingrediants' (At this time they presented the
+           Indians with a bag or two of flour with some prunes as
+           =ingredients= for a feast.)
+
+  Page 43: Added closing double quote ("July 10, 1696. M. Thury,
+           missionary, having arrived with Taxous, chief of the
+           Canibas and other savages from Pentagouet; brandy, 1
+           gallon; tobacco, 2 =lbs."=)
+
+  Page 48: Added closing double-quote (whereby they will be greatly
+           strengthened and the reducing of them rendered more
+           =difficult."=)
+
+  Page 49: Was 'the the' (Villebon assigned to Baptiste and Rene
+           d'Amours the duty of heading =the= Indians and opposing the
+           landing of the English.)
+
+  Page 51: Was 'opertion' (the English again got their guns into
+           =operation=, but la Cote,)
+
+  Page 52: Was 'rendevous' (with ammunition and supplies and sent on
+           to the =rendezvous= at Penobscot.)
+
+  Page 55: Was 'the the' (Mathieu's seigniory included all =the= land
+           "between Gemisik and Nachouac,")
+
+  Page 63: Was 'Mademe (Some days after he took an affecting leave of
+           =Madame= d'Amours and his master went down to)
+
+  Page 63: Was 'fourtunes' (The next year France and England were
+           again at war and in the course of the conflict the
+           =fortunes= of the d'Amours)
+
+  Page 71: Was 'in in' (However, early =in= the morning we took our
+           loads of moose flesh)
+
+  Page 77: Was 'sterness' (His disposition had nothing of =sternness=,
+           yet he was equally beloved)
+
+  Page 79: Added closing double quote (to induce Mr. Shirley to allow
+           them to settle again in their villages, and to leave their
+           missionaries undisturbed as they were before the =war."=)
+
+  Page 83: Removed closing double quote (we Incamped this Night at
+           this afforsaid Indian Village =Apog.= (Aukpaque.)")
+
+  Page 83: Added closing double quote (or Bread, we Incamped
+           this Night at this afforsaid Indian Village Apog.
+           =(Aukpaque.)"=)
+
+  Page 89: Was 'Mascaerne' (Annapolis early in 1744, which
+           attack failed on account of the energy and bravery of
+           =Mascarene=.)
+
+  Page 98: Added closing double quote ("It is =desirable,"= he writes,
+           "that the savages should unite in opposing the English)
+
+  Page 101: Was 'main-maist' (Vergor had a new =main-mast= cut and
+            drawn from the woods by the crew of the St. Francis)
+
+  Page 101: Was 'illict' (St. Francis was confiscated for engaging in
+            =illicit= commerce in the province of his Britannic
+            Majesty.)
+
+  Page 102: Was 'warike' (she was engaged in furnishing =warlike=
+            munitions to the Indian enemy)
+
+  Page 102: Was 'anticipatd' (The Marquis de la Jonquiere
+            =anticipated= great advantages from the overland route of
+            communication.)
+
+  Page 111: Was 'benfits' (It was claimed that many =benefits= would
+            follow, chiefly that the lumbermen)
+
+  Page 115: Was 'removel' (about the =removal= of the Acadians from
+            Chignecto and the River St. John.)
+
+  Page 124: Added closing double quote (and the Micmacs he would be
+            able to form a camp of 600 or 700 men, and Drucour could
+            frequently place the besiegers between two =fires."=)
+
+  Page 133: Was 'Menagoeche' (the English were engaged in rebuilding
+            the old Fort at =Menagoueche=; the Indians of the River
+            St. John had retired with the Rev. Father Germain,)
+
+  Page 141: original spelling: Guidry ... Guirdy ("At Menagoueck, the
+            year of grace 1681, the 2 June, have baptized according to
+            the forms of the Church, Jeanne =Guidry, child of Claude
+            Guirdy= dit la Verdure and of Keskoua)
+
+  Page 144: Was 'arrranged' (Gerrish agreed to buy goods and sell them
+            to on furs sold, and the prices to be so =arranged= that
+            the Indians)
+
+  Page 144: Was 'skin skin' (the same standard: Moose skin, 1-1/2
+            "beavers"; bear =skin=, 1-1/3 "beavers"; 3 sable skins, 1
+            "beaver"; 6 mink skins, 1 "beaver"; 10 ermine skins, 1
+            "beaver";)
+
+  Page 144: Was '1 1-3' (the same standard: Moose skin, 1-1/2
+            "beavers"; bear skin, =1-1/3= "beavers"; 3 sable skins, 1
+            "beaver"; 6 mink skins, 1 "beaver"; 10 ermine skins, 1
+            "beaver";)
+
+  Page 146: Was 'Goverment' (the vicinity of their village was early
+            recognized by the =Government= of Nova Scotia)
+
+  Page 147: Was 'rendevous' (The island opposite Aukpaque, called
+            Indian Island, was the place where the Indians of the
+            river made their annual =rendezvous=.)
+
+  Page 148: Was 'river' (However, very shortly after Monckton's
+            occupation of the St. John =River= Lawrence issued the
+            first of his celebrated proclamations)
+
+  Page 165: Was 'and and' (Grog was at that time freely dispensed in
+            the army =and= navy, and Mauger erected a distillery)
+
+  Page 165: Was 'inculding' (As the business was lucrative he soon
+            accumulated much property in and around Halifax,
+            =including= the well known Mauger's Beach)
+
+  Page 175: Added closing double quote (M. WILMOT. RICH'D BULKELEY,
+            =Secretary."= })
+
+  Page 190: Was 'Phippin (land was first described by Judith
+            =Phippen=, which proved to be the headland now called
+            "Point Judith.")
+
+  Page 190: Was 'Parley' (the ancestors of many well known families in
+            America, bearing the familiar names of Peabody, =Perley=,
+            Beardsley)
+
+  Page 190: Was 'Ticonderga' (with his cousin Captain John Hazen in
+            the campaign against Fort =Ticonderoga=.)
+
+  Page 198: Was 'ilustration' (See =illustration= on preceding page of
+            a recent ice-jam at this place.)
+
+  Page 203: Was 'rom' (She made occasional voyages =from= St. John to
+            St. Croix in the West Indies. )
+
+  Page 219: Was 'and and' ("consigned to Richard Barlow storekeeper at
+            St. John's =and= passenger on board for the use of the St.
+            John's society.")
+
+  Page 222: Was 'o' (The avidity manifested by the agent =of= the St.
+            John's River Society in seeking favors at the hands of
+            government would seems to countenance the idea)
+
+  Page 222: Added closing double-quote (to the express condition of
+            the Grant will absolutely be declared =forfeited."=)
+
+  Page 224: Added closing double-quote (Proprietors, agent with whom
+            you will please correspond on any occurrence regarding the
+            =settlement."=)
+
+  Page 247: Was 'Bailey' (In the summer of 1767, Father Charles
+            Francois =Bailly= came to the River St. John)
+
+  Page 255: Was 'here' (but up to this time =there= had been no
+            opportunity for church-going.)
+
+  Page 255: Was 'pslams' (with the exception of a copy of Watt's
+            =psalms= and hymns owned by James White.)
+
+  Page 261: Was 'rooom' (but alas for them the force of events left no
+            =room= for neutrality.)
+
+  Page 265: Was 'and, and' (The people of Machias were particularly
+            fond of plundering their neighbors, =and= that place was
+            termed)
+
+  Page 267: Was 'commissiary' (The =commissary= general there was
+            directed to deliver them one barrel of gunpowder)
+
+  Page 267: Was 'of of' (one barrel of gunpowder, 350 flints and 250
+            weight =of= lead from the colony's stores;)
+
+  Page 273: Was 'Aukaque' (John Allan and his party arrived at the
+            Indian village of =Aukpaque= where forty or fifty
+            Indians)
+
+  Page 279: Added closing double-quote (Capt. Benjamin Marston on
+            board his vessel the ="Brittania"=, which was then lying
+            at anchor)
+
+  Page 280: Was 'Passamoquoddy' (He came to =Passamaquoddy= about
+            1770, settled there and was appointed a justice of the
+            peace in 1774.)
+
+  Page 298: Was 'Perre' (We may therefore conclude that =Pierre= Thoma
+            did not long survive his old friend and Patron Michael
+            Francklin.)
+
+  Page 305: Was 'Franklin's' (=Francklin's= political influence at
+            Halifax and the personal friendship of Sir Andrew Snape
+            Hamond,)
+
+  Page 307: Was 'Franklin' (Col. =Francklin= procured at Halifax many
+            articles needed for the mast cutters, such as chains,
+            blocks and tackle, camp supplies, etc.)
+
+  Page 309: Was 'Frankcklin' (as we expected when Col. =Francklin=
+            left this place.)
+
+  Page 311: Changed single to double closing-quote (he has raised the
+            price of provision and men and Ox labour--oxen to 7s. 6d.
+            pr. pair pr. day and men in =proportion."=)
+
+  Page 311: Was 'renumerative' (The masting business seems to have
+            been =remunerative=, and was the means of putting in
+            circulation a considerable amount of specie, which was
+            greatly appreciated)
+
+  Page 315: Was 'jealously' (This election helped to intensify the
+            ill-will and =jealousy= already existing between the "old"
+            and "new" inhabitants.)
+
+  Page 320: Moved onto new line ("=County of Sunbury=:--Be it
+            Remembered that on the Seventh Day of July, 1774,
+            Nathaniel Barker of Maugerville in the County of)
+
+  Page 324: Was 'the the' (Item, to my daughter Heprabeth I give three
+            hundred dollars to be paid by my two eldest sons in
+            household goods on =the= day of her marriage.)
+
+  Page 326: Was 'Gearge' ((Witnesses.) Daniel Palmer, Fran's Peabody,
+            Sam'l Whitney, Richard Estey, =George= Hayward, David
+            Palmer, Edw'd Coy.")
+
+  Page 326: Was 'caol' (Joseph Garrison is said to have been the first
+            of the settlers to engage in mining =coal= at Grand
+            Lake.)
+
+  Page 327: Was 'vacciantion' (Inoculation, it may be observed, was
+            regarded as the best preventative of small-pox before
+            =vaccination= was introduced by Dr. Jenner.)
+
+  Page 333: Was 'Baubiers' ("At the entrance of a small river called
+            =Baubier's= River or narrow Piece [Nerepis] the land a
+            considerable distance back is good upland but no
+            Interval.)
+
+  Page 338: Added comma (One son, George Frederick Street, was a judge
+            of the supreme court, =another,= John Ambrose Street, was
+            attorney general of the province and leader of the
+            government)
+
+  Page 346: Was 'Bostford' (The agents chosen were Messrs. Amos
+            =Botsford=, Samuel Cummings and Frederick Hauser.)
+
+  Page 348: Was 'Bridgwater' ("Ann," Capt. Clark; "=Bridgewater=,"
+            Capt. Adnet; "Favorite," Capt. Ellis;)
+
+  Page 358: Was 'Bridgwater' (The =Bridgewater=, one of the Spring
+            fleet, came again in June, and made a third voyage in
+            October.)
+
+  Page 365: Was 'glimse' (We get a =glimpse= of the distress and
+            perplexity of the men of the loyal regiments in one of
+            Edward Winslow's letters to Ward Chipman.)
+
+  Page 369: Was 'perserverance' (their courage, their =perseverance=,
+            their clear prevision of the immense importance of race
+            unity.)
+
+  Page 370: Was 'severly' (And still we say--all honor to the brave
+            hearts that sacrificed so much and suffered so =severely=
+            for the preservation)
+
+  Index: Unclear in original (Acadians, encouraged to leave N. S.
+            Peninsula, 96, 101; settled on River St. John, 107, 114,
+            117, 120, 122, 133, 145, 234, =248=, 249, 255, 309;)
+
+  Index: Was 'Zephamiah' (Briggs, =Zephaniah=, 171.)
+
+  Index: Was 'Dierville' (=Diereville=, 40, 54.)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Glimpses of the Past, by W. O. Raymond
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