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+The Project Gutenberg eBook, Anthropology, by Daniel Garrison Brinton
+
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+
+
+
+Title: Anthropology
+       As a Science and as a Branch of University Education in the United States
+
+
+Author: Daniel Garrison Brinton
+
+
+
+Release Date: February 22, 2010  [eBook #31360]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+
+***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ANTHROPOLOGY***
+
+
+E-text prepared by Julia Miller and the Project Gutenberg Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team (http://www.pgdp.net) from page images
+generously made available by Internet Archive/American Libraries
+(http://www.archive.org/details/americana)
+
+
+
+Note: Images of the original pages are available through
+      Internet Archive/American Libraries. See
+      http://www.archive.org/details/anthropologyassc00brinrich
+
+
+Transcriber's Note
+
+   Two typographical errors were identified but not corrected
+   in this e-book. They are marked with [TN-1] and [TN-2],
+   which refer to notes at the end of the text.
+
+
+
+
+
+ANTHROPOLOGY:
+
+As a Science and As a Branch of University Education
+in the United States.
+
+by
+
+DANIEL G. BRINTON, A.M., M.D., LL.D.,
+
+Professor of American Archæology and Linguistics in the University
+of Pennsylvania, and of General Ethnology at the Academy of Natural
+Sciences, Philadelphia; Corresponding Member of the Anthropological
+Societies of Washington, New York, Paris, Berlin, St. Petersburg,
+Vienna, Munich, Florence, Etc.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Philadelphia:
+1892.
+
+
+
+
+PREFATORY NOTE.
+
+
+This very brief presentation of the claims of Anthropology for a
+recognized place in institutions of the higher education in the United
+States will, I hope, receive the thoughtful consideration of the
+officers and patrons of our Universities and Post-Graduate Departments.
+
+The need of such a presentation was urged upon me not long since by the
+distinguished president of a New England University. Impressed with the
+force of his words, I make an earnest appeal to our seats of advanced
+learning to establish a branch of Anthropology on the broad lines herein
+suggested. It may be but one chair in their Faculties of Philosophy; but
+the rightful claims of this science will be recognized only when it is
+organized as a department by itself, with a competent corps of
+professors and docents, with well-appointed laboratories and museums,
+and with fellowships for deserving students.
+
+Who is the enlightened and liberal citizen ready to found such a
+department, and endow it with the means necessary to carry out both
+instruction and original research?
+
+I do not plead for any one institution, or locality, or individual; but
+simply for the creation in the United States of the opportunity of
+studying this highest of the sciences in a manner befitting its
+importance.
+
+
+
+
+  ANTHROPOLOGY,
+  AS A SCIENCE,
+  AND
+  As a Branch of University Education.
+
+
+_What Anthropology Is._
+
+Man himself is the only final measure of his own activities. To his own
+force and faculties all other tests are in the end referred. All
+sciences and arts, all pleasures and pursuits, are assigned their
+respective rank in his interest by reference to those physical powers
+and mental processes which are peculiarly the property of his own
+species.
+
+Hence, the Study of Man, pursued under the guidance of accurate
+observation and experimental research, embracing all his nature and all
+the manifestations of his activity, in the past as well as in the
+present, the whole co-ordinated in accordance with the inductive methods
+of the natural sciences--this study must in the future unfailingly come
+to be regarded as the crown and completion of all others--and this is
+_Anthropology_.
+
+
+_The Value of Anthropology._
+
+The value of the applications of this science can scarcely be
+overestimated.
+
+In government and law, in education and religion, men have hitherto been
+dealt with according to traditional beliefs or _a priori_ theories of
+what they may or ought to be. When we learn through scientific research
+what they really are, we shall then, and then only, have a solid
+foundation on which to build the social, ethical and political
+structures of the future. It is the appreciation of this which has given
+the extraordinary impetus to the study of Sociology--a branch of
+Anthropology--within the last decade.
+
+Anthropology alone furnishes the key and clue to History. This also is
+meeting recognition. No longer are the best histories mainly chronicles
+of kings and wars, but records of the development and the decline of
+peoples; and what constitutes a "people," and shapes its destiny, is the
+very business of Ethnology to explain.
+
+So likewise in hygiene and medicine, in ethics and religion, in language
+and arts, in painting, architecture, sculpture and music, the full
+import and often unconscious intention of human activity can only be
+understood, and directed in the most productive channels, by such a
+careful historical and physical analysis as Anthropology aims to
+present.
+
+
+_Societies and Schools for the Study of Anthropology._
+
+The world of science has been recognizing more fully, year by year, the
+paramount importance of the systematic study of Anthropology to the
+aspirations of modern civilization.
+
+The first Anthropological Society--that of Paris--was founded by Paul
+Broca, in May, 1859. It has been rapidly followed by the organization of
+similar societies in London, Berlin, St. Petersburg, Vienna, Brussels,
+Munich, Madrid, Florence, Washington, New York, and many other centres
+of enlightened thought. In 1882 the American Association for the
+Advancement of Science organized its Section of Anthropology; and in
+1884 the British Association for the Advancement of Science followed
+this example. It is a well known fact that these sections are more
+attractive to the general public, and are better supplied with material
+than any other sections in the Associations. This augurs well for the
+zeal with which students would welcome the creation of special
+departments for instruction in all branches of the science.
+
+The first School of Anthropology was founded also by Broca, at Paris,
+in the year 1876. It began with a corps of five professors, a number
+which it has now doubled, the demand for more extended instruction
+having steadily increased. The courses have been as well attended as any
+others, either at the Collége de France, or at the Sorbonne. A second
+school is organized in connection with the Museum of Natural History at
+the Jardin des Plantes. It has counted among its instructors various
+illustrious names, and its courses have also been highly popular.
+
+Several of the German universities have organized a department of
+Anthropology. In those of Munich, Berlin, Marburg, and Buda Pesth the
+chairs are filled respectively by Ranke, Bastian, Von den Steinen, and
+Von Török. In the University of Leipzig, Dr. E. Schmidt is _docent_ in
+Anthropology; and the same position is held in Berlin by Dr. Von
+Luschan. In a number of other institutions, lectures on the branch are
+given. The first degree in Anthropology was conferred by the University
+of Munich three years ago. The University of Brussels has established a
+full chair of Anthropology, occupied by Professor Houze; and a similar
+position is filled in the Musée Polytechnique, at Moscow, by Professor
+Dimitri Anoutchine.
+
+In the United States, regular courses on Physical Anthropology and
+Ethnology have been given by me for the last six years, at the Academy
+of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia. But the only educational institutions
+which have distinctly recognized the branch are Clark University,
+Worcester, Mass., where Dr. Franz Boas is _docent_ in Anthropology, and
+which, in March of this year, conferred the first degree in Anthropology
+given in America; and the University of Chicago, in which Dr. Frederick
+Starr is Assistant Professor of Anthropology. I cannot learn that any
+full professorship of the science has been established in this country.
+
+Considerable attention has been paid to the subject by the scientists
+connected with the National Museum, the Smithsonian Institution, the
+Army Medical Museum, and especially the Bureau of Ethnology at
+Washington. The last mentioned, under the efficient administration of
+Major J. W. Powell, has enriched the literature of Anthropology with a
+series of publications not exceeded in value by those of any other
+government.
+
+
+_Subdivisions of Anthropology._
+
+The Study of Man in accordance with the laws of inductive research is,
+therefore, the aim and meaning of Anthropology. The subject is a broad
+one,--in space, as wide as the world; in time, longer than all history;
+in depth, reaching to the innermost consciousness. A man may be regarded
+merely as a specimen of a certain species of vertebrates; or, in his
+multifarious relations as a member of a social organization. We may
+study him as a living being; or seek to trace his actions and origin in
+ages long before history begins. Hence, Anthropology is divided into
+several associated departments devoted to the exploration of its varied
+realms of research. They may conveniently be divided into four, of
+nearly equal importance. An acquaintance with all of them is essential
+to the equipment of a sound anthropologist.
+
+The first is the study of the physical nature of man, his anatomy,
+physiology and biology, so far as these bear on the distinctions of
+races, peoples, and nations. Psychology, so far as it is an experimental
+and inductive science, belongs in this department. This general division
+has been called by French writers "special Anthropology", and by the
+Germans "somatic Anthropology"; but we need for it a single term, and
+none better could be found than that suggested by the German expression.
+I call it, therefore, _Somatology_, a word long since,[TN-1]
+domesticated in the vocabulary of English and American medical science,
+and explained in the dictionaries as "a discourse or discussion on the
+human body".
+
+The second division is _Ethnology_. This is, in its methods, historic
+and analytic. It contemplates man as a social creature. It is more
+concerned with the mental, the psychical part of man, than with his
+physical nature, and seeks to trace the intellectual development of
+communities by studying the growth of government, laws, arts, languages,
+religions, and society.
+
+The third division, _Ethnography_, is geographic and descriptive in its
+plans of research. It studies the subdivision and migrations of races,
+local traits, peculiarities and customs, and confines itself to matters
+of present observation.
+
+Finally, _Archæology_ comes in to supply the material which neither
+history nor present observation can furnish. It pries into the obscurity
+of the remotest periods of man's life on earth, and gathers thousands of
+facts forgotten by historians and overlooked by contemporaries. Often
+these unconsidered trifles prove of priceless value, and furnish the key
+to the real life of ancient nations.
+
+
+_Means of Practical Instruction._
+
+Anthropology is not a theoretical science. It is essentially
+experimental and practical, a science of observation and operative
+procedures. It cannot be learned by merely reading books and attending
+lectures. The student must literally put his hand to the work.
+
+For that reason every institution for teaching Anthropology must have a
+Laboratory attached to it; and in that Laboratory the best part of the
+work will be done.
+
+Such a Laboratory will naturally be divided into two departments; one
+devoted to the study of the physical characteristics of man, the other
+to the investigation of the products of his industry. The former will be
+more especially related to the branch of Somatology; the latter, to
+those of Ethnology, Ethnography, and Archæology. The efforts of the
+Laboratory instructors will be directed to training the perceptions of
+the students in the requirements of this science and to giving them the
+practical knowledge and manual dexterity necessary to employ its tests.
+
+Connected with the Laboratory, and really forming part of it, will be a
+Museum, of such extent as circumstances permit. It will include crania
+and osteological specimens; art-products, arranged both ethnologically,
+that is, in series showing their evolution, and ethnographically, that
+is, illustrating the geographical provinces and ethnic areas from which
+they are derived; and archæological specimens typical of prehistoric and
+proto-historic culture.
+
+Hand in hand with the Laboratory work should proceed Library Labor.
+There is a strong tendency in students of sciences of observation to
+read only for immediate purposes and on current topics. Few acquaint
+themselves with the history even of their own special branches; an
+ignorance which often results injuriously on the effectiveness of their
+work. To correct this, a series of tasks in the literature of the
+science should regularly be assigned.
+
+Finally, all that has been proposed must be supplemented by a course of
+Field-work, in which the student must be trained to apply his
+acquirements in really adding to the stores of knowledge by independent
+and unaided exertion.
+
+I do not rest satisfied with presenting these general statements. More
+detail will very properly be demanded by any one seriously considering
+the foundation of a chair or department in this branch.
+
+I have drawn up, therefore, and append, a scheme for a course or courses
+of lectures; a plan for laboratory instruction; another for library
+work; a sketch of what should be done in the field; and finally, I name
+a few of the best text-books on the various subdivisions of the general
+science.
+
+I would ask the particular attention of those interested in this science
+to the classification and nomenclature which I here present. It is the
+result of a careful collation of all the leading European writers on the
+subject and of consultation with several of the most thoughtful in this
+country.
+
+There is, unfortunately, considerable diversity in the arrangements and
+terms adopted by different authors, and it is most desirable that a
+uniform phraseology be adopted in all countries. That which I offer aims
+to be exhaustive of the science and to adopt, wherever practicable, the
+expressions sanctioned by the greater number of distinguished living
+authorities in its literature.
+
+
+
+
+General Scheme for Instruction in Anthropology.
+
+
+SYNOPSIS OF LECTURE COURSE.
+
+PRINCIPAL SUBDIVISIONS.
+
+    I. _Somatology._--Physical and Experimental Anthropology.
+
+   II. _Ethnology._--Historic and Analytic Anthropology.
+
+  III. _Ethnography._--Geographic and Descriptive Anthropology.
+
+   IV. _Archæology._--Prehistoric and Reconstructive Anthropology.
+
+
+I.--_Somatology._
+
+A. Internal Somatology.
+
+    _a._ Osteology.--Bones of the skeleton, names, forms, measures,
+        proportions, peculiarities, such as flattened tibia, perforated
+        humerus, form of pelvis, os calcis, etc. Craniology;
+        measurements of skull and face, sutures, angles, nasal and
+        orbital indices, dentition, artificial deformations.
+
+    _b._ Myology and Splanchnology.--The muscular system and viscera so
+        far as they concern racial peculiarities, as deficient calves,
+        proportions of liver and lungs, etc. Steatopygy.
+
+B. External Somatology.
+
+    Stature and Proportion. Anthropomometry. Tests for strength and
+        endurance. Color of skin, hair, and eyes. Color scales. Shape
+        and growth of hairs. Canons of proportion. Physical beauty.
+
+C. Psychology.
+
+    Application of experimental psychology to races. Comparative rates
+        of nervous impulse, sensation, muscular movements, and mental
+        processes. Right- and left-handedness. Anomalous brain actions.
+
+D. Developmental and Comparative Somatology.
+
+    Embryology of man. Doctrines of heredity and congenital
+        transmission. Teratology, or the production of varieties and
+        monstrosities. Ethnic and racial anatomy. Evolution of man.
+        Comparative anatomy of man and anthropoids. Simian and lemurian
+        analogies. Fossil remains of man.
+
+    Biology of man. Changes produced by nutrition (food supply),
+        climate, humidity, altitude, etc. Comparative physiology and
+        pathology. Medical geography. Comparative nosology of different
+        races. Criminal anthropology. Pathology of races. Fertility and
+        sterility of races. Reproduction and stirpiculture. Comparative
+        longevity. Immunity from disease. Vital statistics. Anatomical
+        classifications of races. (Historical review; present opinions.)
+
+
+II.--_Ethnology._
+
+A. Definitions and Methods.
+
+    Meaning of Race, People (_ethnos_, folk), Nation, Tribe. Culture and
+        civilization. Measures and stages of culture. Causes and
+        conditions of ethnic progress. Ethnic aptitudes for special
+        lines of progress. Ethnic psychology (Völkerpsychologie).
+
+B. Sociology.
+
+    _a._ Government.--Primitive forms. The gens; the tribe; the
+        confederacy; chieftainship; monarchy; theocracy; democracy, etc.
+
+    _b._ Marriage.--Theories of primitive marriage; promiscuity;
+        polygamy; polyandry; monogamy. Limitations of marriage. Forms
+        and rites of marriage. Laws of descent and consanguinity. Social
+        position of woman. Gynocracy.
+
+    _c._ Laws.--Origin of laws. Primitive ethics. Dualism of ethics.
+        Evolution of the moral sense. The Taboo. Blood revenge. Tenures
+        of land. Classes above law. Castes. Privileged classes. Codified
+        laws. International laws.
+
+C. Technology.
+
+    _a._ The Utilitarian Arts.--Manufacture of tools, utensils, weapons,
+        and agricultural, etc., implements. Architecture and building.
+        Clothing and fashions. Means of transportation by land and
+        water. Agriculture. Domestication of plants and animals.
+        Weights, measures, and instruments of precision. Media of
+        exchange, currency, money, articles of barter and commerce.
+
+    _b._ The Esthetic Arts.--Theory of the sense of the beautiful.
+        Decorative designs in line and color. Skin-painting. Tattooing.
+        Sculpture and modeling. Music and musical instruments. Scents
+        and flowers. Games and festivals.
+
+D. Religion.
+
+    _a._ Psychological Origin of Religions.--Principles and method of
+        the science of religion. Personal, family, and tribal religions.
+        Ancestral worship. Doctrines of animism; fetichism; polytheism;
+        henotheism; monotheism; universal religions.
+
+    _b._ Mythology.--Definition and growth of myths. Solar light and
+        storm myths. Creation and deluge myths. Relation of myths to
+        language.
+
+    _c._ Symbolism and Religious Art.--Relation of symbolism to
+        fetichism. Primitive idols. Charms and amulets. Tokens. Tombs,
+        temples, altars. Sacrifice. Symbolism of colors and numbers.
+        Special symbols; the bird; the serpent; trees; the cross; the
+        svastika; the circle, etc.
+
+    _d._ Religious Teachers and Doctrines.--The priestly class.
+        Shamanism. Theocracies. Secret orders. Initiations. Diviners.
+        Augurs and prophets. Doctrines of soul. Fatalism.
+
+    _e._ Analysis of Special Religions.--Egyptian religion; Buddhism;
+        Judaism; Christianity; Mohammedanism, etc.
+
+E. Linguistics.
+
+    _a._ Gesture and Sign Language.--Examples. Plan of thought in
+        relation to picture writing.
+
+    _b._ Spoken Language.--Articulate and inarticulate speech. Imitative
+        sounds. The phonology of languages. Universal alphabets. Logical
+        relations of the parts of speech. The vocabulary and the grammar
+        of languages. Distinctions between languages and dialects. Mixed
+        languages and jargons. Relations of language to ethnography.
+        Polyglottic and monoglottic peoples. Causes of changes in
+        language. Extent and nature of such changes. Examples.
+        Classifications of languages. Relative excellence of languages.
+        Criteria of superiority. Rules for the scientific comparison of
+        languages.
+
+    _c._ Recorded Language.--Systems of recording ideas.
+        Thought-writing. Pictography. Symbolic and ideographic writing.
+        Examples. Sound-writing. Evolution of the phonetic alphabets.
+        Egyptian, Cuneiform, Chinese, Aztec, and other phonetic systems.
+
+    _d._ Forms of Expression.--Rhythmical. Origin of meter. Poetry of
+        primitive peoples. Rhythm and rhyme. Characters of prose.
+        Relation of prose and poetry to national language and character.
+        Dramatic. The primitive drama and its development.
+
+F. Folk-lore.
+
+    Definition, nature, and value of folk-lore. Methods of its study.
+        Relations to history and character of a people. Traditional
+        customs. Traditional narratives. Folk-sayings. Superstitious
+        beliefs and practices.
+
+
+III.--_Ethnography._
+
+A. The Origin and Subdivisions of Races.
+
+    Theories of monogenism and polygenism. Doctrine of "geographical
+        provinces" or "areas of characterization." The continental areas
+        at the date of man's appearance on the earth. Eurafrica,
+        Austafrica, Asia, America, Oceanica. Causes and consequences of
+        the migrations of races and nations.
+
+    _a._ The Eurafrican Race.--Types of the white race. Its first home.
+        Early migrations. The South Mediterranean branch (Hamitic and
+        Semitic stocks). The North Mediterranean branch (Euskaric,
+        Aryan, and Caucasic stocks).
+
+    _b._ The Austafrican Race.--Former geography of Africa. The
+        Negrillos or Pigmies. The true Negroes. The Negroids. The race
+        in other continents. Negro slavery.
+
+    _c._ The Asian Race.--The Sinitic branch (Chinese, Thibetans,
+        Indo-Chinese). The Sibiric branch (the Tungusic, Mongolic,
+        Tataric, Finnic, Arctic, and Japanese groups).
+
+    _d._ The American Race.--Peopling of America. Groups of North and
+        South American tribes.
+
+    _e._ Insular and Litoral Peoples.--The Negritic stock (Negritos,
+        Papuans, Melanesians). The Malayic stock (Western Malayans,
+        Eastern, or Polynesians). The Australic stock (Australian
+        tribes; Dravidians and Kols, of India).
+
+
+IV.--_Archæology._
+
+A. General Archæology.
+
+    _a._ Geology of the epoch of man. Late tertiary and quaternary
+        periods. Glacial phenomena. River drift. Diluvial and alluvial
+        deposits. Physical geography of the quaternary. Prehistoric
+        botany and zoölogy.
+
+    _b._ Prehistoric Ages.--The Age of Stone (chipped stone, or
+        palæolithic period; polished stone, or neolithic period). The
+        Age of Bronze. The Age of Iron. Epochs, stations, and examples.
+        Methods of study of stone and bone implements, pottery, and
+        other ancient remains. Indications of prehistoric commerce.
+        Palethnology. Proto-historic epoch.
+
+B. Special Archæology.
+
+    Egyptian, Assyrian, Phenician, Classical, and Medieval Archæology.
+
+    Archæology of the various areas in America. Art in stone, bone,
+        shell, wood, clay, paper, etc., in these areas.
+
+
+LABORATORY WORK.
+
+A. Physical Laboratory.
+
+    Comparing and identifying bones. Measuring skulls. Dissections of
+        anthropoids and human subjects. Examination of brains. Study of
+        embryology and teratology. Practical study of the hair, skin,
+        nails, etc., of different races. Use of color scales, etc.
+        Practice in anthropomometry, with the necessary instruments.
+        Testing for sense perceptions.
+
+B. Technological Laboratory.
+
+    Study of stone implements; simple and compound; rough and polished;
+        primary and secondary chipping; cleavage; firing; bulb of
+        percussion; mineralogy of implements; patine, etc. Bone
+        implements.
+
+    Study of metal implements. Hammering, smelting, casting. Results of
+        exposure. Analysis of alloys. Coins, etc. Study of pottery.
+        Pastes; burning; glazing; forms; decorative designs; painting
+        and coloring.
+
+    Textile materials; ancient cloth and basket work; feather work.
+
+    Methods of making casts and models; taking squeezes, rubbings,
+        copies, and photographs. Drawing, shading, and coloring
+        ethnographic charts.
+
+    Practice in preserving, mounting, arranging, and classifying
+        specimens. Tests for the detection of frauds. Incrustations,
+        dendrites, etc. Practice in reducing unknown tongues to writing,
+        by the ear. Practice in the repetition of unfamiliar phonetic
+        elements. Study of the actions of the lingual muscles in the
+        production of sounds.
+
+
+LIBRARY WORK.
+
+Researches in the history of anthropology.
+
+Making lists of works and articles on special subjects, with brief
+abstracts.
+
+Notes of the proceedings of anthropological societies and the contents
+of journals.
+
+Presentation of the theories of particular writers on the science.
+
+Familiarize the student with the past and present literature of his
+branch.
+
+
+FIELD WORK.
+
+Methods of surveying, photographing, and plotting ancient remains.
+
+Plans for taking field-notes.
+
+Instruction in the proper methods of opening mounds, shell heaps, etc.,
+and in excavating rock-shelters and caverns. The preserving and packing
+of specimens.
+
+Study of quaternary geology; alluvial deposits; river terraces; glacial
+scratches; moraines; river drift; loess; elevation and subsidence.
+
+The collection of languages and dialects; of folk-lore, and local
+peculiarities.
+
+
+TEXT-BOOKS.
+
+As the plan of study here proposed is largely that which I have pursued
+and developed in my own lectures and published works on the subject, I
+may be permitted to insert the following list of these:--
+
+     _Anthropology and Ethnology._ 4to, pp. 184. In Vol. I of the
+     Iconographic Encyclopædia (Philadelphia, 1886).
+
+     _Prehistoric Archæology._ 4to, pp. 116. In Vol. II of the
+     Iconographic Encyclopædia (Philadelphia, 1886).
+
+     _Races and Peoples; Lectures on the Science of Ethnography._ 8vo,
+     pp. 313 (N. D. C. Hodges, New York, 1890).
+
+     _The American Race; a Linguistic Classification and Ethnographic
+     Description of the Native Tribes of North and South America._ 8vo,
+     pp. 392 (N. D. C. Hodges, New York, 1891).
+
+In addition to these I would name the following as among the best works
+for the student of this branch:--
+
+     _Anthropologische Methoden._ By Dr. Emil Schmidt (Leipzig, 1888).
+
+     _Eléments d'Anthropologie Générale._ By Dr. Paul Topinard (Paris).
+     Also L'Homme dans la Nature (Paris, 1891), by the same author.
+
+     _Précis d'Anthropologie._ By Hovelacque and Hervé (Paris).
+
+     _Allgemeine Ethnographie._ By Friederich Müller.
+
+     _Die Urgeschichte des Menschen._ By Moritz Hoernes (Leipzig, 1891).
+
+     _La Préhistorique Antiquité de l'Homme._ By G. de Mortillet
+     (Paris).
+
+     _Anthropology._ By Dr. Tylor (New York).
+
+     _Elements[TN-2] de Sociologie._ By Ch. Letourneau (Paris).
+
+To this list I add the names of some others of the distinguished foreign
+living writers on various departments of Anthropology:--
+
+     In France: Bertrand, Collignon, Letourneau, de Nadaillac. In
+     England: Buckland, Flower, Gallon, M. Müller. In Germany: Andree,
+     Bastian, Meyer, F. Müller, Ranke, Schaafhausen, Steinthal, Virchow,
+     Ratzel, Gerland. In Italy: Giglioli, Mantegazza.
+
+It is highly likely that many modifications and improvements on this
+scheme will suggest themselves to instructors; but I may say for it that
+it is the carefully considered result of a comparison of the methods
+employed in the European schools, combined with a personal experience of
+some years in the presentation of the topics to classes.
+
+Of course, the amount of attention which will be given to the separate
+divisions of the subject will depend on the position which the branch
+occupies in the student's plan of studies--whether a major or a minor.
+If the latter, he should attend a course of thirty or forty lectures
+about equally divided between the four headings under which the science
+is here presented, and should give double as many hours to laboratory
+work.
+
+This is the minimum which would give him any adequate notion of the
+science. If, on the other hand, it be taken as a major, or principal
+subject, the greater part of his time for two or three years will be
+fully occupied in preparing himself for independent work, or for the
+instruction of others.
+
+
+
+
+
+      *      *      *      *      *
+
+
+
+
+Transcriber's note:
+
+The following misspelling and typographical error were not
+corrected:
+
+       Page   Error
+  TN-1   6    since, should read since
+  TN-2  14    Elements should read Eléments
+
+
+
+***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ANTHROPOLOGY***
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