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diff --git a/31330.txt b/31330.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..aa704ce --- /dev/null +++ b/31330.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1227 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Modern Industrialism and the Negroes of the +United States, by Archibald H. Grimke + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Modern Industrialism and the Negroes of the United States + The American Negro Academy, Occasional Papers No. 12 + +Author: Archibald H. Grimke + +Release Date: February 20, 2010 [EBook #31330] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MODERN INDUSTRIALISM *** + + + + +Produced by Suzanne Shell, Stephanie Eason, and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net. + + + + + + + + + + Occasional Papers, No. 12. + + The American Negro Academy. + + + Modern Industrialism and + the Negroes of the + United States + + BY ARCHIBALD H. GRIMKE. + + + Price 15 Cts. + + WASHINGTON, D.C.: + PUBLISHED BY THE ACADEMY, + 1908 + + + + +MODERN INDUSTRIALISM AND THE NEGROES OF THE UNITED STATES. + + +What is that tremendous system of production, organization and struggle +known as modern industrialism going to do with the Negroes of the United +States? Passing into its huge hopper and between its upper and nether +millstones, are they to come out grist for the nation, or mere chaff, +doomed like the Indian to ultimate extinction in the raging fires of +racial and industrial rivalry and progress? Sphinx's riddle, say you, +which yet awaits its Oedipus? Perhaps, though an examination of the past +may show us that the riddle is not awaiting its Oedipus so much as his +answer, which he has been writing slowly, word by word, and inexorably, in +the social evolution of the republic for a century, and is writing still. +If we succeed in reading aright what has already been inscribed by that +iron pen, may we not guess the remainder, and so catch from afar the +fateful answer? Possibly. Then let us try. + +With unequaled sagacity the founders of the American Republic reared, +without prototype or precedent, its solid walls and stately columns on the +broad basis of human equality, and of certain inalienable rights, such as +life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness, to which they declared all men +entitled. Deep they sunk their foundation piles on the consent of the +governed, and committed fearlessly, sublimely, the new state to the +people. But there was an exception, and on this exception hangs our tale, +and turns the dark drama of our national history. + +Those founders had to deal with many novel and perplexing problems of +construction, but none seemed so difficult to handle as were those which +grew out of the presence of African slavery, as an industrial system, in +several of the States. At the threshold of national existence these men +were constrained by circumstances to make an exception to the primary +principles which they had placed at the bottom of their untried and bold +experiment in popular government. This sacrifice of fundamental truth +carried along with it one of the sternest retributions of history. For it +involved the admission on equal footing into the Union of a fundamental +error in ethics and economics, with which our new industrial democracy was +forced presently to engage in deadly strife for existence and +survivorship. + +The American fathers were, undoubtedly, aware of the misfortune of +admitting under one general government, and on terms of equality, two +mutually invasive and destructive social ideas and their corresponding +systems of labor. But they were baffled at the time by what appeared to be +a political necessity, and so met the grand emergency of the age by +concession and a spirit of conciliation. Many of them, indeed, desired on +economic as well as on moral grounds the abolition of slavery, and +probably felt the more disposed to compromise with the evil in the general +confidence with which they regarded its early and ultimate extinction. + +This humane expectation of the young republic failed of realization, owing +primarily and chiefly, I think, to the potent influence upon the +institution of slavery of certain labor-saving inventions and their +industrial application in England and America during the last quarter of +the eighteenth century. These epoch-making inventions were the spinning +jenny of Hargreaves, the spinning machine of Arkwright and the mule of +Crompton, in combination with the steam engine, which turned, says John +Richard Green, "Lancastershire into a hive of industry." And last, though +not least in its direct and indirect effects on slavery, was the cotton +gin of Eli Whitney, which formed the other half--the other hand, so to +speak--of the spinning frame. The new power loom in England created a +growing demand for raw cotton, which the American contrivance enabled the +Southern planter to meet with an increased supply of the same. Together +these inventions operated naturally to enhance the value of slave labor +and slave land, and therein conduced powerfully to the slave revival in +the United States, which followed their introduction into the economic +world. The slave industrial system, no longer then a declining factor in +the life of the young nation, assumed, instead, unexpected importance in +it, and started promptly upon a course of extraordinary expansion and +prosperity. + +Two other circumstances combined with the one just mentioned to produce +this unexpected and deplorable result. They were the slave compromises of +the Constitution and the early territorial expansion of the republic +southward. These compromises gathered the reviving slave system, as it +were, under the wings of the general government, and so tempered the +adverse forces with which it had to struggle for existence within the +Union to its tender condition. They embraced the right to import Negroes +into the United States, as slaves, until the year 1808, which operated to +satisfy, in part, the rising demand of the South for slave labor; also the +right to recover fugitive slaves in any part of the country, which added +immensely to the security of this species of property, and the right of +the slave-holding States, under the three-fifths rule of representation in +the lower house of Congress, to count five slaves as three freemen, which +rule, taken in conjunction with the equality of State representation in +the upper branch of that body, gave to that section an immediate and +controlling influence upon federal policy and legislation. + +The territorial expansion of the republic southward coincided curiously in +point of time with the territorial needs of the slave system incident to +its industrial revival. Increased demand for the products of slave labor +in the market of the world had, by the action of natural causes, raised +the demand for that labor in the South. This increased demand was +satisfied, to a limited extent, by the Constitutional provision relative +to the importation of that labor into the United States prior to the year +1808, and to an unlimited extent by the peculiar Southern industry of +slave breeding, and the domestic slave trade, which, owing to favorable +economic conditions, became presently great and thriving enterprises for +the production of wealth. The crop of slaves grew in time to be as +valuable as the crop of cotton, and the slave section waxed, in +consequence, rich and prosperous apace. But as our expanding slave system +was essentially agricultural, it required large and expanding areas within +which to operate efficiently. Wherefore there arose early in the +slave-holding section an industrial demand for more slave soil. There was +a political reason, also, which intensified this demand for more slave +soil, but as it was merely incidental to the economic cause, I will leave +it undiscussed for the present. This economic demand of the expanding +slave system for more land was met by the opportune cession to the United +States by Georgia and North Carolina of the southwest region, out of which +the States of Alabama, Mississippi and Tennessee were subsequently carved, +and by the acquisition of the Louisiana and the Florida territories. So +much for the causes, conditions and circumstances in the early history of +the republic, which combined to revive slavery, and to make it an +immensely important factor in American industrial life, and consequently +an immensely important factor in American political life as well. + +Just a word in passing regarding the character of Southern labor. It was, +as you all know, mainly agricultural. Its enforced ignorance, and its +legally and morally degraded condition, incapacitated the slave-holding +States from diversifying their single industry and limited them to the +tillage of the earth. This feature was economically the fatal defect of +the slave industrial system in its rivalry with the free industrial system +of the North. There were, of course, other forms of labor employed in the +South, such as the house-servant class, while many of the Negroes on +plantations and in Southern cities worked as carpenters, bricklayers, +blacksmiths, harness-makers, millwrights, wheelwrights, barbers, tailors, +stevedores, etc., etc.; but, as labor classes, they were relatively of +slight importance in point of numbers, and as wealth producers, in +comparison to the field hand. + +Unlike the Indian under similar circumstances, the Negro did not succumb +to the terrible toil and inhumanity of his environment. He did not decline +numerically, nor show any tendency to do so, but exhibited instead +extraordinary vitality and reproductive vigor. In physical quality and +equipment he was, as a laborer, ideally adapted to the South, and +accordingly augmented enormously in social and commercial value to that +section, and in numbers, at the same time. He possessed, besides, certain +other traits which fitted him peculiarly to his hard lot and task. He was +of laborers the most patient, the most submissive, the most faithful, the +most cheerful. He was capable of the strongest affection and of making the +greatest sacrifices for those to whom he belonged. In his simple and +untutored heart there was no desire for vengeance, and in his brave black +hands he bore nothing but gifts to the South--gifts of golden leisure, +untold wealth, baronial pleasure and splendor, infinite service, and +withal, a phenomenal effacement of himself. Economically weak, yet +singularly favored by a fortuitous combination of circumstances, slave +labor flourished and expanded until at length it came into rough contact +and rivalry with modern industrialism as it leaped into life under the +magical influence of free institutions in the non-slaveholding half of +the Union. + +It might be said that modern industrialism in America had its rise in +certain causes and circumstances which existed at the beginning of the +present century. It is well known how at that time almost the entire +commerce of the civilized world outside of Great Britain and her colonial +possessions was carried on under the American flag, in American bottoms, +and also how among British orders in council, Napoleon's Berlin and Milan +decrees and our own embargo and non-intercourse acts, retaliatory measures +adopted by our government, this splendid commerce was speedily and +effectually destroyed, and how finally this catastrophe produced in turn +our first industrial crisis under the Constitution. New England found +herself, in consequence, in great and widespread public distress, and her +large capital, erstwhile engaged in commercial ventures at vast profit, +became suddenly idle and non-productive. But it is an ill wind which blows +no good. So it was in the case of New England at this period. For the ill +wind which carried ruin to her commerce and want to hundreds of thousands +of people, carried also the seeds and small beginnings of all her +subsequent manufacturing greatness and prosperity. With the development of +manufactures, which now followed, and the diversifying of American +industries in the northern section of the Union, modern industrialism as a +tremendously aggressive social factor and system of free labor was +thereupon launched upon its long and stormy rivalry and struggle with +slave institutions and slave labor for the possession of the republic, +and, as a resultant of this conflict, it began to affect also the history +and destiny of the Negroes of the United States. + +New England, naturally enough, was not at all well disposed toward a +government whose acts had inflicted upon her such bitter distress, such +ruinous dislocations of her capital and labor. This angry discontent was +much aggravated later by the War of 1812, into which, in the opinion of +that section, the country was precipitated by reason of Southern +domination in national affairs. And thus was, perhaps, awakened in the +North for the first time a distinct consciousness of the existence in the +peculiar labor and institutions of the South, of interests and forces +actively opposed to those of free labor and free institutions. + +With the close of this war and the conclusion of peace, the +non-slaveholding section took on fresh industrial life and embarked then +upon that career of material exploitation and development which has placed +it and the wonderful achievements of its diversified industries in the +front rank of rivals in the markets of the world. From this period dates +the beginning of our national policy of protection of domestic industries, +and the rise of a powerful monied class in politics which bore to the new +industrial interests similar relations to those sustained by the slave +power to Southern labor and institutions. The early policy of a tariff for +revenue with incidental encouragement inaugurated by Hamilton, was now +readapted to the growing needs of the new industrialism, and the growing +demands of its champions. The principle of protection was made as elastic +in its practical application to tariff legislation as Northern industrial +interests would, from time to time, and in their stages of rapid progress, +seem to require. + +The labor employed by the new industrialism was free white labor, each +unit of which as wage earner and citizen was vitally concerned in whatever +made for its safety and prosperity. The universal prevalence of the +principle of popular education, and the remarkable educational function +exercised upon the mental and moral faculties of the people by a right to +a voice in the government, gave to this section in due time the most +intelligent, energetic and productive labor in the world. Indeed, it is +now well understood that modern industrialism attains its highest +efficiency as a system of production in that society where popular +education is best provided for, and where participation of the masses in +the business of government reaches its fullest and freest expression. The +freer and the more intelligent a people, all things else being equal, the +more productive will be their labor over that of a rival's who may be +wanting in these regards. The early and unexpected revival and expansion +of slavery in the South was thus followed and met by a rapid +counterexpansion of free industrialism at the North on an extraordinary +scale. + +This conflictive situation evolved presently industrial complications and +disturbances of the gravest national importance. Following the treaty of +Ghent, the South fell into financial difficulties, and experienced quite +generally an increasing pressure of hard times. Although wealthy and +prosperous heretofore, it then began to exhibit symptoms of industrial +weakness, and to assume more and more a dependent attitude toward the +monied classes of the free States. On the other hand, the free +industrialism of those States waxed bolder in demands for national +protection with the thing it fed on. Its cry was always for more, and so +the tariff of 1816 was followed by that of 1824, and it in turn by the one +of 1828, during which period industrial depression reached a crisis in the +South, producing widespread distress among its slave-planting interests. + +Here is Benton's gloomy picture of that section in 1828: "In place of +wealth a universal pressure for money was felt; not enough for common +expenses; the price of all property down; the country drooping and +languishing; towns and cities decaying, and the frugal habits of the +people pushed to the verge of universal self-denial for the preservation +of their family estates." What was the cause of all this misfortune and +misery? Benton found it, and other Southern leaders also, in the unequal +action of federal fiscal legislation. "Under this legislation," he +shrewdly remarks, "the exports of the South have been made the basis of +the federal revenue. The twenty-odd millions annually levied upon imported +goods are deducted out of the price of their cotton, rice and tobacco, +either in the diminished prices which they receive for these staples in +foreign ports, or in the increased price which they pay for the articles +they have to consume at home." + +The storm centre of this area of industrial depression passed over +Virginia, the Carolinas and Georgia. The very heart of the slave system +was thus attacked by the unequal fiscal action of the general government. +The South needed for its great staples of cotton, rice and tobacco the +freest access to the markets of the world, and unrestricted competition of +the world in its own market, and this the principle of protection denied +to it. For the grand purpose of the new policy of protection was to occupy +and retain as far and as fast as practicable, and in some cases a little +farther and faster, a monopoly of the home market for the products of the +new industrialism, and therefore to exclude foreign buyers and sellers +therefrom on equal terms with their domestic rivals. Owing to the +limitations of its peculiar labor the South was disabled from adapting +itself, as the North had just done, to changing circumstances and new +economic conditions, and so was deprived of participation in the benefits +of a high tariff. Its slave system and industrial prosperity were +accordingly caught by the free industrialism of the North at a fatal +disadvantage and pressed mercilessly to the wall. + +And so it happened that the protective tariff which was welcomed as a boon +by one set of industrial interests in the Union was by another set at the +same time denounced as an abomination. But when the struggle between them +grew fierce and threatened to disrupt the sections a compromise was hit +upon and a sort of growling truce established for a season whereby the +industrial rivals were persuaded that, in spite of the existence of bitter +differences and memories, they could nevertheless live in peace and +prosperity under the same general government. The soul of the compromise +measures of 1833, which provided for the gradual abolishment, during nine +years, of the specific features of the high tariff objectionable to the +South, failed, however, to reach the real seat of the trouble, namely, the +counterexpanding movements of the two systems, with their mutual +inclinations during the operation, to encroach the one upon the other, and +a natural tendency on the part of the stronger to destroy the weaker in an +incessant conflict for survivorship, which would persist with the +certainty and constancy of a law of nature, compromise acts by Congress to +the contrary notwithstanding. And so the struggle for existence between +the two industrial forces went on beneath the surface of things. Meanwhile +modern industrialism was gaining steadily over its slave competitor in +social strength and political importance and power. + +This conflict for industrial domination developed logically in an +industrial republic into one for political domination. It was unavoidable, +under the circumstances, that the strife between our two opposing systems +of labor should gather about the federal government and rage fiercest for +its possession as a supreme coign of vantage. The power which was devoted +to the protection of slavery and the power which was devoted to the +protection of the new industrialism here locked horns in a succession of +engagements for position and final mastery. It seems to have been early +understood by a sort of national instinct, popular intuition, that as this +issue between the contesting systems happened to be decided the Union +would thereupon be put in the way of becoming eventually either wholly +free or wholly slave, as the case might be. Wherefore the two sections +massed in time their opposing forces for the long struggle at this quarter +of the field of action. + +It has already been noted that certain advantages had accrued to the South +from the original distribution of political power under the national +Constitution, and from sundry cessions of territory to the general +government after the adoption of that instrument. But while the South +secured indeed the lion's share of those early advantages, the North got +at least two of considerable moment, viz., the Constitutional provision +for the abolition of the African slave trade, in 1808, which imposed, +after that year and from that source, a check upon the numerical increase +of slaves within the Union, and, secondly, the Ordinance of 1787, which +excluded forever the peculiar labor of the South from spreading into or +taking root in the Northwest territory, and, therefore, in that direction +placed a limit to its territorial expansion. Together they proved +eventually of immense utility to free industrialism in its strife with the +slave industrial system, the first operating in its favor negatively, and +the second positively in the five populous and prosperous commonwealths +which were subsequently organized out of this domain, and in which free +labor grew and multiplied apace. + +The struggle over the admission of Missouri into the Union terminated in a +drawn battle, in which both sides gained and lost. The slave system +obtained _in esse_ an additional slave State and two others _in posse_, +out of the Louisiana territory, while free industrialism secured the +erection of an imaginary fence through this land, to the north of which +its slave rival was never to settle. Maine was also admitted to preserve +the _status quo_ and balance of political forces between the sections. +Alas! however, for the foresight of statesmen who build for the present +only, and are too much engrossed by the cares and fears of a day to see +far into national realities, or to follow beneath the surface of things +the action of moral and economic laws and to deduce therefrom the trend of +national life. The slave wall of 1820, confidently counted upon by its +famous builders to constitute thenceforth a permanent guarantee of peace +between the rivals, disappointed these calculations, for it developed +ultimately into a fresh source of discord and strife. And in view of the +unavoidable conflict of our counterexpanding systems of labor, their +constant tendency to encroach the one upon the other in the operation, and +the bitter and ever-enduring dread and increasing demands of the weaker, +it was impossible for the compromise of 1820 to prove otherwise. + +The South, under the leadership of Calhoun, came presently to regard the +Missouri arrangement as a capital blunder on its part, and from the +standpoint of that section this conclusion seems strictly logical. For the +location of a slave line upon the Louisiana territory operated in fact as +a decided check to the expansion of slavery as a social rival and a +political power at one and the same time, while it added immensely to the +potential strength of the rapidly expanding forces of modern +industrialism in its contest for social and political supremacy in the +Union. + +In the growing exigency of the slave industrial system, under these +circumstances, the reparation of this blunder was deemed urgent, and so, +in casting about to find some solution of its problem, the attempted +abrogation of the compromise law itself not being considered wise by +Calhoun, the slave power fell upon Texas, struggling for independence. An +agitation was consequently started to correct the error of the Missouri +compromise by the annexation of a region of country described in the +graphic language of Webster to be so vast that "a bird could not fly over +it in a week." What the South had lost by the blunder of the slave wall of +36 deg. 30' was then expected, barring accidents of course, to be restored to +it in the new slave States, and in the large augmentation of slave +representation in the general government, which would eventually ensue +from the act of annexation. But the accident of the Mexican war wrecked +completely the deep scheme of the Texan plotters, and neutralized the +political advantage which had accrued to the slave power in the admission +of Texas into the Union by the acquisition of California and New Mexico at +the close of that war. It was a checkmate by destiny. Chance had at a +critical moment aligned itself definitely on the side of modern +industrialism in the American republic and given a decisive turn to the +long contest with its slave rival. + +With the admission of California as a free State the political balance +between our two opposing systems of labor was irreparably destroyed. For, +while the South possessed Texas, and an expectation of acquiring new slave +States therefrom, this expectation amounted practically to a bare +possibility. For it was found, owing to the inferior colonizing resources +of the slave system, far easier to annex this immense domain than to +people it, or to organize out of it States for emergent needs. On the +other hand, the superior colonizing ability of free labor, taken in +conjunction with all that vast, unoccupied territory belonging to it and +inviting settlement, promised, in the ordinary course of events, to +increase and confirm this preponderance of political power, and so to seal +the fate of slavery. Nor do I forget in this connection that the bill, +which organized into territories Utah and New Mexico, was, in deference to +Southern demand, purged of the Wilmot _proviso_. But this concession on +the part of Northern politicians had no real value to the South, for, as +Webster pointed out at the time, slave labor was effectually interdicted +from competing with free labor for the possession of this land by a power +higher than the Wilmot _proviso_, viz., by a law of nature. The failure, +however, to re-enact this decree of nature in 1850 prepared the way for +the demolition of the slave wall four years later, and thus operated to +hasten the grand catastrophe. + +The repeal of the Missouri compromise did for the more or less fluid state +of anti-slavery sentiment at the North what Goethe says a blow will do for +a vessel of water on the verge of freezing--the water is thereby converted +instantly into solid ice. So did the agitation produced by the abrogation +of that act convert the gradually congealing sentiment of the free States +on the subject of slavery into settled opposition to its farther extension +to the national territories and into a fixed purpose to confine it within +its then existing limits. But to put immovable bounds to the territorial +expansion of the slave industrial system was virtually, under the +circumstance, to provide for its decline and ultimate extinction, for the +beginning of a period of actual and inhibited non-extension of slavery as +a rival system of labor in the Union would mark the termination of its +period of growth and the commencement of its industrial decay. The peril +of the slave system was certainly extreme, and the dread of the slave +power was not less so. + +The national situation was full of gloom and menace to the industrial +rivals. For the passions of the slave power were taking on an ominously +violent and reckless energy of expression, which, unless all signs fail, +would take on presently a no less violent and reckless energy of action. +The crisis was intensified, first, by the repeal on the part of certain +free States of their slave-sojournment laws; second, by the extraordinary +activity of the underground railroad; third, by increasing opposition in +the North to the execution of the Fugitive Slave law, all of which, acting +together, seriously impaired the value and security of slave property in +the Union; fourth, by that fierce, obstinate, but futile, struggle of the +South to obtain possession of Kansas, and the exposure thereby of its +marked inferiority as a colonizer in competition with modern +industrialism; fifth, by the growing influence of the abolition movement, +and, sixth, by those nameless terrors of slave insurrections, which were +evoked by the apparition of John Brown at Harper's Ferry. This acute +situation was finally rendered intolerable to the slave power upon the +election of Abraham Lincoln on a sectional platform, pledged to a policy +of uncompromising resistance to the farther extension of slavery to the +territories. Worsted within the Union, it was natural that the South +should refuse to yield at this point of the conflict, and that it should +make an attempt, as a dernier resort, to secede from it with its peculiar +institution for the purpose of continuing the battle for its existence +outside of a political system in which it had been overborne and hemmed in +upon itself by modern industrialism and so doomed by that inexorable force +to slow but absolutely certain extinction. + +But the Union, which had developed such deadly industrial peril to the +South, had created for the North its immense industrial prosperity, was, +in sooth, the origin and mainspring of its powerful and progressive +civilization. And so, while the preservation of the peculiar institution +and civilization of the former necessitated a rupture of the old Union and +the formation of a new one, founded on Negro slavery, every interest and +attachment of the latter cried out for the maintenance of the old and the +destruction of the new government. The long conflict of the two rival +systems of labor culminated in the war to save the old Union on the part +of the North and to establish a new one on the part of the South, whose +Constitution rested directly upon the doctrine of social unity. Social +duality was the great fact in the Constitution of the old Union; social +uniformity was to be the great fact in the new. A State divided socially +against itself cannot stand. The South learned this supreme lesson in +political philosophy well, much more quickly and thoroughly than had the +North, whose comprehension of it was painfully slow. And even that part of +the grand truth which it did come to apprehend after prolonged wrestlings +with bitter experience it reduced to practice in every emergency with +moral fears and tremblings. + +In the tremendous trial of strength between the sections which followed +the rebel shot on Sumter the South was at the end of four years completely +overmatched by the North, and by sheer weight of numbers and material +resources was borne down at all points and forced back into the old Union, +less its system of slave labor. For the destruction of the Southern +Confederacy had involved, as a military necessity, the destruction of +Negro slavery, which was its chief cornerstone. With the adoption of the +Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution the ancient cause of sectional +difference and strife, viz., duality of labor systems, was supposed, quite +generally at the North, to have been removed, and that a new era of unity +in this respect had thereupon straightway begun. It seems to have been +little understood by the North at the time, and since, for that matter, +that Negro slavery in the South would die hard, and that it has a fatal +gift of metamorphosis (ability to change its form without changing its +nature), and that while it had under the well-directed stroke of the +national arm disappeared as chattel slavery, it would reappear, unless +hindered, as African serfdom throughout the Southern States, and that they +would return to the Union much stronger politically than when they +seceded, and much better equipped for a renewal of the unquenched strife +for industrial existence in 1865 than they were in 1860. + +The immediate work of reconstructing civil society in the old slave States +to meet the new condition of freedom was now by an egregious executive +blunder left wholly to the master class, with the startling result at its +close that, whereas Negro slavery had been abolished, Negro serfdom +reappeared in every instance as the industrial basis of the reconstructed +States, and that a serf power was about to take the place of the slave +power in the newly restored Union more dangerous than the old slave power +to free industrialism than five is greater than three in federal numbers. +For, while according to the old rule of slave representation in the lower +house of Congress it took five slaves to nullify the votes of three +freemen, under a new rule of apportionment which would probably obtain +five serfs would be equivalent politically to five freemen. At this all +the ancient hatred and dread of its Protean rival blazed hotly in the +heart of the North, and with its passionate fear emerged a no less +passionate desire to secure forever the domination of its industrial +democracy over the newborn nation. + +Actuated by this motive to dominate the republic, the freedmen whom the +old master class had by prompt legislation reduced to a condition of +serfdom were thereupon raised by the North through Constitutional +amendment to the plane of citizenship. And when this act proved +inadequate to arrest the threatened Southern revival in the national +government, the ballot was next placed in their hands to avert the +impending danger. It was under such circumstances that the work of +Southern reconstruction was entered upon by Congress, i. e., in reality by +the North, the South having had its chance and failed to reconstruct +itself upon a basis satisfactory to its victorious rival, and in +consonance with its sense of industrial and political security and +progress. + +I know that it is now the universal vogue to criticize and condemn this +stupendous work of Congress as wholly wanting in knowledge of human nature +and as woefully deficient in wise statesmanship. I know also that +hindsight is at all times attended with less embarrassment to him who uses +it than is foresight; and I know, besides, that those historic actors who +had not attained unto a position of futurity in respect to their task, but +whose task sustained to them that relative place instead, were obliged to +do the best they could with whatever quantum of the latter faculty they +might have possessed and toward the manful achievement of their duty. And +this is what Congress did at this juncture. In view of the long, bitter +and disastrous strife between the two sets of industrial ideas and +interests in the republic, of the complex and earthquake circumstances and +conditions in which they were thrown in relation to each other at the +close of the rebellion, together with the imperious urgency for immediate +and decisive action on the part of the North, I confess that it is +extremely difficult to see even with the aid of hindsight what other +practicable course was then open to that section to pursue than the one +selected by Congress in the emergency as the best and wisest. And all +things considered, it was the best and wisest, which, when the present +generation of criticism and reaction has passed, will, I think, be so +adjudged by impartial truth. + +Congress might at this juncture have led the country by another way out of +the perils which threatened afresh its peace and security, by a way +dreadful and inhuman, it is true, but which offered nevertheless a radical +and permanent cure for the evils which flow naturally from the union under +one general government of two mutually invasive and destructive industrial +systems, viz., by the forcible deportation of the entire black population +of the South, and the introduction into their stead of an equal number of +white immigrants. Such a course would have certainly achieved the +unification of the sections by the extinguishment and elimination of the +weaker of our two rival systems of labor. It was, however, a solution of +its Southern problem, which the nation was in morals, economics and +humanity precluded absolutely from adopting, for three simple and +sufficient reasons: First, for the sake of the South, which, wasted and +bewildered, lay sullen and prostrate amidst the wreck and chaos of civil +strife and at its lowest ebb of productive energy and wealth, its sole +recuperative chance depending on the labor of its former slaves. To deport +this labor, under the circumstances, would have been cruelly to deprive +that section of its last vital resource, and to sink it to a state of +industrial collapse and misery, by the side of which its condition at the +close of the war might have seemed prosperity and paradise. Second, the +nation itself could ill sustain the shock incident to such a huge +amputation from the body of its productive labor, and which must have, for +long and bitter years, affected disastrously its solvency, greatness and +progress. Besides, the presence in the lately rebellious States of a mass +of loyal people, like the blacks, constituted an immensely important +element of strength and security to the newly restored Union. And, third, +the blacks themselves had by two centuries of unpaid toil bought the right +to remain in a country which had enslaved them, yet for whose defense and +preservation against foreign and domestic foes and through three wars they +had bared their brave arms and generous breasts and poured out royally and +without measure their devotion, their blood and their life. + +The general welfare of the reunited nation demanded not only political +unification of the States under one supreme government, but their social +unification as well on a common industrial basis of free labor. The +coexistence under the old Constitution of two contrary systems of labor +had given rise to seventy years of strife and rivalry between the +sections, and had plunged them finally into one of the fiercest and most +destructive wars of modern times. It was clearly recognized at the close +of that war that the foundations of the restored Union should be made to +rest directly on the enduring bedrock of a uniform system of free labor +for both sections, not as formerly on the shifting sands of two +conflicting social orders. For as long as our ancient duality of labor +system shall continue to exist there will necessarily continue to exist +also duality of ideas, interests and institutions. I do not mean mere +variety in these regards which operates beneficiently, but profound and +abiding social and political differences, engendering profound and abiding +social and political antagonisms, naturally and inevitably affecting +sometimes more, sometimes less, national stability and security, and +leaving everywhere in the subconscious life of the republic a sense of +vague uneasiness, rising periodically to the keenest anxiety, like the +ever-present dread felt by a city subject to seismic disturbances. For +what has once happened, the cause continuing, may happen again. + +The Southern soil was at the moment broken up roughly by the hot +ploughshare of civil war. It might have been better prepared for the +reception of the good seed by the slower process of social evolution. But +the guiding spirits of that era had no choice. The tide of an immense +historic opportunity had risen. It was at its flood. Then was the accepted +hour--then or never it appeared to them--and so they scattered broadcast +seed ideas of the equality of all men before the law, their inalienable +right to life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness, and the derivation of +the powers of all just governments from the consent of the governed. These +revolutionary ideas fell alongside of the uptorn but living roots of other +and hostile political principles, and of the ramified and deep-growing +prejudices of an old social order, and had forthwith to engage in a life +and death struggle against tremendous odds for existence. Many there are +who see in the reconstruction period nothing except the asserted +incapacity of the Negro for self-government--nothing but carpet-bag rule +and its attendant corruption. But bad as those governments were, they +were, nevertheless, the actual vehicles which conveyed into the South the +seeds of our industrial democracy and of a new social and political order. +From that period dates the beginning of an absolutely new epoch for that +section. The forces set free then in the old slave States have been +gradually unfolding themselves amid giant difficulties ever since. They +are, I believe, in the South to stay, and are destined ultimately to +conquer every square inch of its mind and matter, and so to produce the +perfect unification of the republic, by producing the perfect unification +of its immense, heterogeneous population, regardless of race, color or +previous condition of servitude, on the broad basis of industrial and +political equality and fair play. + +The contest of the old industrial rivals has, in consequence of this +influx of democratic ideas into the South, and the resultant modification +of environment there, taken on fresh and deplorable complications. The +struggle between the old and the new which is in progress throughout that +section is no longer a simple conflict between the two sets of industrial +principles of the Union along sectional lines, as formerly, but along race +lines now as well. The self-evident truths of the Declaration of +Independence invading the old slave States have divided that house against +itself. Their powerful ally, popular education, is creating everywhere +moral unrest and discontent with present injustices and a growing desire +on the part of the Negro to have what is denied him, but which others +enjoy, viz., free and equal opportunities in the rivalry of life. This +battle of ideas in the South is, in reality, a battle for the enduring +unification of the sections, the permanent pacification of the republic. +The labors of the fathers for a more perfect union will have been in vain +unless the Negro wins in this irrepressible conflict between the two +industrial systems of the country. It is greatly to be lamented that a +question of color and difference of race has so completely disabled the +nation and the South from seeing things relating to this momentous subject +clear, and seeing them straight. Those who see in this problem only a +conflict of races in the South see but a little way into its depths, for +underlying this conflict of races is a conflict of opposing ideas and +interests which have for a century vexed the peace of the nation. The +existence of a system of labor in the South distinct from that of the +North separated the two halves of the Union industrially, as far as the +East is from the West, made of them in truth two hostile nations, although +united under one general government. This difference has been the cause of +all the division and strife between the sections, and it will continue to +operate as such till completely abolished. + +The clinging of the South, under the circumstances, to its old social and +political ideas and system, or to such fragments of them as now remain, +and its persistent attempts to put these broken parts together, and to +preserve thereby what so disastrously distinguishes it from the rest of +the country, is an economic error of the first magnitude--an error which +injuriously affects its own industrial prosperity and greatness by +retarding its material development and by infecting at the same time with +increasing unrest and discontent its faithful and peaceful black labor. +The fight which the South is making along this line is a fight not half so +much against the Negro as against its own highest good, and that of the +country's, for it has in this matter opposed itself ignorantly and madly +to the great laws which control the economic world, to the great laws +which are the soul of modern industrialism, laws which govern production +and exchange, consumption and competition, supply and demand, which +determine everywhere, between rival parts of the same country and between +rival nations as well, that commercial struggles, industrial rivalries, +shall always terminate in the survival of the fittest. If in such a battle +the South sow seeds of economic weakness, when it ought to sow seeds of +economic strength, it will go down before its rivals, whether those rivals +be in this country or in any other country or part of the world. In such a +struggle if it would win it will need to avail itself of all the means +which God and nature have placed at its disposition. + +One of the most important of these means, perhaps the most important +single factor in the development and prosperity of the South, is its Negro +labor. It is more to it, if viewed aright, than all of its gold, iron and +coal mines put together. If properly treated and trained it will mean +fabulous wealth and greatness to that section. Lest you say that I +exaggerate, I will quote the estimate put upon this labor by the +Washington _Post_, which will hardly be accused of enthusiasm touching any +matter relating to the Negro, I think. Here it is: + +"We hold as between the ignorant of the two races, the Negro is +preferable. They are conservative; they are good citizens; they take no +stock in social schisms and vagaries; they do not consort with anarchists; +they cannot be made the tools and agents of incendiaries; they constitute +the solid, worthy, estimable yeomanry of the South. Their influence in +government would be infinitely more wholesome than the influence of the +white sansculottes, the riff-raff, the idlers, the rowdies and the +outlaws. As between the Negro, no matter how illiterate he may be, and the +poor white the property owners of the South prefer the former." + +The South cannot, economically, eat its cake and have it too. It cannot +adopt a policy and a code of laws to degrade its Negro labor, to hedge it +about with unequal restrictions and prescriptive legislation, and raise it +at the same time to the highest state of productive efficiency. But it +must as an economic necessity raise this labor to the highest point of +efficiency or suffer inevitable industrial feebleness and inferiority. +What are the things which have made free labor at the North the most +productive labor in the world and of untold value and wealth to that +section? What, but its intelligence, skill, self-reliance and power of +initiative? And how have these qualities been put into it? I answer +unhesitatingly, by those twin systems of universal education and popular +suffrage. One system trains the children, the other the adult population. +The same wide diffusion of knowledge, and large and equal freedom and +participation in the affairs of government, which have done so much for +Northern labor, cannot possibly do less for Southern labor. + +For weal or woe the Negro is in the South to stay. He will never leave it +voluntarily, and forcible deportation of him is impracticable. And for +economic reasons, vital to that section, as we have seen, he must not be +oppressed or repressed. All attempts to push and tie him down to the dead +level of an inferior caste, to restrict his activities arbitrarily and +permanently to hewing wood and drawing water for the white race, without +regard to his possibilities for higher things, is in this age of strenuous +industrial competition and struggle an economic blunder, pure and simple, +to say nothing of the immorality of such action. Like water, let the Negro +find his natural level, if the South would get the best and the most out +of him. If nature has designed him to serve the white race forever, never +fear. He will not be able to elude nature; he will not escape his destiny. +But he must be allowed to act freely; nature does not need our aid here. +Depend upon it, she will make no mistake. Her inexorable laws provide for +the survival of the fittest only. Let the Negro freely find himself, +whether in doing so he falls or rises in the scale of life. + +With his labor the Negro is in the market of the world. If, all things +considered, he has the best article for the price offered, he will sell; +otherwise not. But it is of immense value and moment to the South in both +respects. If his labor in all departments of industry in which it may be +employed be raised by education of head and hand, by the largest freedom +and equality of opportunities, to the highest efficiency of which it is +capable, who more than the South will reap its resultant benefits? So will +the whole country reap the resultant benefits in the diffused well-being +and productivity of its laboring classes, and at the same time in the +final removal of the ancient cause of difference and discord between its +parts. But if the Negro fail by reason of inherent fitness to survive in +such a struggle, his failure will be followed by decline in numbers and +ultimate extinction, which will involve no violent dislocation of the +labor of the republic, but a displacement so gradual that while one race +is vanishing another will be silently crowding into the space thus +vacated. + +The commercial and industrial rivalry of the nations of the world was +never so sharp and intense as at the present time, and all signs point to +increased competition among them during this century. In this contest the +labor of each country is primarily the grand determining factor. It must +from sheer necessity and stress of circumstances be brought in each +instance to the highest state of economic efficiency by every resource in +the possession of the respective world rivals. And this will be attempted +in the future by each of these world rivals on a grandeur of scale and +with a scientific thoroughness and energy in the use of educational means +not yet realized by the most progressive of them. For those nations who +succeed best in this respect will prevail over those others which fail to +raise their labor to an equally high grade of efficiency. Now, if Negro +labor is the best for its climate and needs, the South must seek +earnestly, constantly, by every means in its power, to raise that labor to +the highest state of economic efficiency of which it is capable. That +section must do so in spite of its chimerical fears of Negro domination, +in spite of its rooted race prejudices. It must educate and emancipate +this labor, all hostile sentiment of whatever nature to the contrary +notwithstanding, if it will hold its own in that great cosmic struggle for +existence in which it is now engaged with powerful rivals at home and +abroad. Nor can the republic be indifferent on this head. No country in +this age of strenuous commercial competition can forget with impunity its +duty in this regard. Neglect here brings swift retribution to any nation +which carries a vast horde of crude and relatively inefficient labor into +an industrial struggle with the rest of the world, for the world's labor +will henceforth assume more and more the character of vast standing armies +engaged in world-wide industrial warfare. Each unit of these industrial +armies will be ultimately trained and disciplined to the highest possible +efficiency, and will some time form together perfect machines, which will +operate with clock-like precision and purpose at any given quarter of the +field of action. In obedience to the first law of nature our country in +its battle with industrial rivals to retain present advantages and win new +ones in world markets, will have to elevate the whole body of its labor +regardless of color or race, to the highest state of economic productivity +of which that labor is capable in all of its parts. Colossal forces are +behind and under the movement which is making for the final emancipation +of the Negro, and for his eventual admission on terms of complete equality +of rights and opportunities into the arena of that never-ending rivalry +and struggle which is the law of progress. + +The Negro has proved himself one of the best soldiers in the world; he +will prove himself in this country, provided fair play be accorded him, +one of the most productive laborers in the world also. He has the capacity +for becoming one of the best all-round laborers and artisans in our +industrial army of conquest and one of the best all-round citizens of the +republic likewise. Overcome, then, your prejudices, ye white men of the +South, and ye white men, too, of the North; trust the Negro in peace as ye +have trusted him in war, nor forget that the freest and most intelligent +labor is ever the best and most productive labor, and that liberal and +equal laws and institutions are the one unerring way yet discovered by +human experience and wisdom whereby modern industrialism and democracy may +reach their highest development and the highest development of humanity at +the same time. This is the age of the people, of consolidation and +competition. It is the age of industrialism and democracy, aye, +industrialism and democracy are destiny. Try ever so hard, we shall not +escape our destiny, neither the Negro, nor the South, nor the nation. + +ARCHIBALD H. GRIMKE. + + + + +Transcriber's Notes: + +Passages in italics are indicated by _underscore_. + +The misprint "peirod" has been corrected to "period" (page 6). + + + + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Modern Industrialism and the Negroes +of the United States, by Archibald H. 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