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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6833f05 --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +* text=auto +*.txt text +*.md text diff --git a/31315-h.zip b/31315-h.zip Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..9d3d2c8 --- /dev/null +++ b/31315-h.zip diff --git a/31315-h/31315-h.htm b/31315-h/31315-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e78ebcf --- /dev/null +++ b/31315-h/31315-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,1072 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" + "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> + +<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> + <head> + <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=iso-8859-1" /> + <title> + The Project Gutenberg eBook of Charles Sumner Centenary, by Archibald H. Grimke. + </title> + <style type="text/css"> + + p {margin-top: .75em; text-align: justify; margin-bottom: .75em;} + + h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6 {text-align: center; clear: both;} + + hr {width: 33%; margin-top: 2em; margin-bottom: 2em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; clear: both;} + + table {margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;} + + body {margin-left: 12%; margin-right: 12%;} + + .pagenum {position: absolute; left: 92%; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;} + + .right {text-align: right;} + .center {text-align: center;} + .smcap {font-variant: small-caps;} + + p.dropcap:first-letter{float: left; padding-right: 3px; font-size: 200%; line-height: 83%; width:auto;} + .caps {text-transform:uppercase;} + + ins.correction {text-decoration:none; border-bottom: thin solid gray;} + + </style> + </head> +<body> + + +<pre> + +Project Gutenberg's Charles Sumner Centenary, by Archibald H. Grimke + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Charles Sumner Centenary + The American Negro Academy. Occasional Papers No. 14 + +Author: Archibald H. Grimke + +Release Date: February 18, 2010 [EBook #31315] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CHARLES SUMNER CENTENARY *** + + + + +Produced by Suzanne Shell, Stephanie Eason, and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net. + + + + + + +</pre> + + + + +<h3>OCCASIONAL PAPERS NO. 14.</h3> +<h3><span class="smcap">The American Negro Academy</span></h3> +<p> </p><p> </p> +<h1>CHARLES SUMNER CENTENARY</h1> +<p> </p> +<h4>HISTORICAL ADDRESS</h4> +<h3>BY ARCHIBALD H. GRIMKE.</h3> +<p> </p><p> </p> +<h4>PRICE 15 CENTS.</h4> +<p> </p> +<h4>WASHINGTON, D. C.:<br />PUBLISHED BY THE ACADEMY,<br />1911</h4> + + +<p> </p><p> </p> +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p>The American Negro Academy celebrated the centenary of Charles Sumner at +the Fifteenth Street Presbyterian Church, Washington, D. C., Friday +evening, January 6, 1911. On this occasion the program was as follows: “A +Mighty Fortress is our God,” by the choir of the church; Invocation, by +Rev. L. Z. Johnson, of Baltimore, Md.; the Historical address was next +delivered by Mr. Archibald H. Grimke, President of the Academy, after +which Justice Wendell Phillips Stafford made a brief address. A solo, by +Dr. Charles Sumner Wormley, was sung; Vice-President Kelly Miller +delivered an address. A Poem, “Summer,” by Mrs. F. J. Grimke, was read by +Miss Mary P. Burrill. Hon. Wm. E. Chandler made the closing address; after +which the Battle Hymn of the Republic was sung by the congregation, led by +the choir. The benediction was pronounced by Rev. W. V. <ins class="correction" title="original reads 'Tuunell'">Tunnell</ins>.</p> + +<p>The oil painting of Mr. Sumner which occupied a place in front of the +pulpit, was loaned by Dr. C. S. Wormley.</p> + + +<p> </p><p> </p> +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[Pg 3]</a></span></p> +<h2>CHARLES SUMNER.</h2> + +<p class="dropcap"><span class="caps">Every</span> time a great man comes on the stage of human affairs, the fable of +the Hercules repeats itself. He gets a sword from Mercury, a bow from +Apollo, a breastplate from Vulcan, a robe from Minerva. Many streams from +many sources bring to him their united strength. How else could the great +man be equal to his time and task? What was true of the Greek Demigod was +likewise true of Charles Sumner. His study of the law for instance formed +but a part of his great preparation. The science of the law, not its +practice, excited his enthusiasm. He turned instinctively from the +technicalities, the tergiversations, the gladiatorial display and +contention of the legal profession. To him they were but the ephemera of +the long summertide of <ins class="correction" title="original reads 'jurisprudnce'">jurisprudence</ins>. He thirsted for the permanent, the +ever living springs and principles of the law. Grotius and Pothier and +Mansfield and Blackstone and Marshall and Story were the shining heights +to which he aspired. He had neither the tastes nor the talents to emulate +the Erskines and the Choates of the Bar.</p> + +<p>His vast readings in the field of history and literature contributed in +like manner toward his splendid outfit. So too his wide contact and +association with the leading spirits of the times in Europe and America. +All combined to teach him to know himself and the universal verities of +man and society, to distinguish the invisible and enduring substance of +life from its merely accidental and transient phases and phenomena.</p> + +<p>He was an apt pupil and laid up in his heart the great lessons of the Book +of Truth. His visit to Europe served to complete his apprenticeship. It +was like Hercules going into the Nemean forest to cut himself a club. The +same grand object lesson he saw everywhere—man, human society, human +thoughts, human strivings, human wrong, human misery. Beneath differences +of language, governments, religion,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[Pg 4]</a></span> race, color, he discerned the +underlying human principle and passion, which make all races kin, all men +brothers. In strange and distant lands he found the human heart with its +friendships, heroisms, beatitudes, the human intellect with its never +ending movement and progress. He found home, a common destiny wherever he +found common ideas and aspirations. And these he had but to look around to +behold. He felt himself a citizen of an immense over-nation, of a vast +world of federated hopes and interests.</p> + +<p>When the plan for this visit had taken shape in his own mind, he consulted +his friends, Judge Story, Prof. Greenleaf, and President Quincy, who were +not at all well affected to it. The first two thought it would wean him +from his profession, the last one that Europe would spoil him, “send him +back with a mustache and a walking-stick.” Ah! how little did they +comprehend him, how hard to understand that this young and indefatigable +scholar was only going abroad to cut himself a club for the Herculean +labors of his ripe manhood. He went, saw, and conquered. He saw the +promised land of international fellowship and peace, and conquered in his +own breast the evil genius of war. He came back proud that he was an +American, prouder still that he was a man.</p> + +<p>The downfall of the Whigs of Massachusetts, brought about by a coalition +of the Free Soil and the Democratic parties, resulted after a contest in +the Legislature lasting fourteen weeks, in the election on April 24, 1851, +of Charles Sumner to the Senate of the United States. He was just forty, +was at the meridian of the intellectual life, in the zenith of bodily +vigor and manly beauty. He attained the splendid position by sheer worth, +unrivalled public service. Never has political office, I venture to +assert, been so utterly unsolicited. He did not lift a finger, scorned to +budge an inch, refused to write a line to influence his election. The +great office came to him by the laws of gravitation and character—to him +the clean of hand, and brave of heart. It was the hour finding the man.</p> + +<p>As Sumner entered the Senate the last of its early giants was leaving it +forever. Calhoun had already passed away.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[Pg 5]</a></span> Webster was in Millard +Fillmore’s cabinet, and Clay was escaping in his own picturesque and +pathetic words, “scarred by spears and worried by wounds to drag his +mutilated body to his lair and lie down and die.” The venerable +representative of compromise was making his exit from one door of the +stage, the masterful representative of conscience, his entrance through +the other. Was the coincidence accident or prophecy? Were the bells of +destiny at the moment “ringing in the valiant man and free, the larger +heart, the kindlier hand, and ringing out the darkness of the land”? +Whether accident or prophecy, Sumner’s entrance into the Senate was into +the midst of a hostile camp. On either side of the chamber enemies +confronted him. Southern Whigs and southern Democrats hated him. Northern +Whigs and northern democrats likewise hated him. He was without party +affiliation, well nigh friendless. But thanks to the revolution which was +working in the free states, he was not wholly so. For William H. Seward +was already there, and Salmon P. Chase, and John P. Hale, and Hannibal +Hamlin. Under such circumstances it behooved the new champion of freedom +to take no precipitate step.</p> + +<p>A smaller man, a leader less wise and less fully equipped might have +blundered at this stage by leaping too hastily with his cause into the +arena of debate. Sumner did nothing of the kind. His self-poise and +self-control for nine months was simply admirable. “Endurance is the +crowning quality,” says Lowell, “And patience all the passion of great +hearts.” Certainly during those trying months they were Sumner’s, the +endurance and the patience. First the blade, he had to familiarize himself +with the routine and rules of the Senate; then the ear, he had to study +the personnel of the Senate—and lastly the full corn in the ear, he had +to master himself and the situation. Four times he essayed his strength on +subjects inferior to the one which he was carrying in his heart as mothers +carry their unborn babes. Each trial of his parlimentary wings raised him +in the estimation of friends and foes. His welcome to Kossuth, and his +tribute to Robert Rantoul proved him to be an accomplished orator.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[Pg 6]</a></span> His +speech on the Public Land Question evinced him besides strong in history, +argument and law.</p> + +<p>No vehemence of anti-slavery pressure, no shock of angry criticism coming +from home was able to jostle him out of his fixed purpose to speak only +when he was ready. Winter had gone, and spring, and still his silence +remained. Summer too was almost gone before he determined to begin. Then +like an August storm he burst on the Senate and the Country. “Freedom +national: slavery sectional” was his theme. Like all of Mr. Sumner’s +speeches, this speech was carefully written out and largely memorized. He +was deficient in the qualities of the great debater, was not able usually +and easily to think quickly and effectively on his feet, to give and take +hard blows within the short range of extemporaneous and hand to hand +encounters. Henry Clay and John Quincy Adams were pre-eminent in this +species of parliamentary combat. Webster and Calhoun were powerful +opponents whom it was dangerous to meet. Sumner perhaps never experienced +that electric sympathy and marvellous interplay of emotion and +intelligence between himself and an audience which made Wendell Phillips +the unrivalled monarch of the anti-slavery platform. Sumner’s was the +eloquence of industry rather than the eloquence of inspiration. What he +did gave an impression of size, of length, breadth, thoroughness. He +required space and he required time. These granted, he was tremendous, in +many respects the most tremendous orator of the Senate and of his times.</p> + +<p>He was tremendous on this occasion. His subject furnished the keynote and +the keystone of his opposition to slavery. Garrison, Phillips, Frederick +Douglass and Theodore D. Weld appealed against slavery to a common +humanity, to the primary moral instincts of mankind in condemnation of its +villanies. The appeal carried them above and beyond constitutions and +codes to the unwritten and eternal right. Sumner appealed against it to +the self-evident truths of the Declaration of Independence, to the spirit +and letter of the Constitution, to the sentiments and hopes of the +fathers, and to the early history and policy of the Country which they<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[Pg 7]</a></span> +had founded. All were for freedom and against slavery. The reverse of all +this, he contended, was error. Public opinion was error-bound, the North +was error-bound, so was the South, parties and politicians were +error-bound. Freedom is the heritage of the nation. Slavery had robbed it +of its birthright. Slavery must be dispossessed, its extension must be +resisted.</p> + +<p>As it was in the beginning so it hath ever been, the world needs light. +The great want of the times was light. So Sumner believed. This speech of +his was but a repetition in a world of wrong of the fiat: “Let there be +light.” With it light did indeed break on the national darkness, such +light as a thunderbolt flashes, shrivelling and shivering the deep-rooted +and ramified lie of the century. That speech struck a new note and a new +hour on the slavery agitation in America. Never before in the Government +had freedom touched so high a level. Heretofore the slave power had been +arrogant and exacting. A keen observer might have then foreseen that +freedom would also some day become exacting and aggressive. For its +advancing billows had broken in the resounding periods and passion of its +eloquent champion.</p> + +<p>The manner of the orator on this occasion, a manner which marked all of +his utterances, was that of a man who defers to no one, prefers no one to +himself—the imperious manner of a man, conscious of the possession of +great powers and of ability to use them. Such a man the crisis demanded. +God made one American statesman without moral joints when he made Charles +Sumner. He could not bend the supple hinges of the knee to the slave +power, for he had none to bend. He must needs stand erect, inflexible, +uncompromising, an image of Puritan intolerance and Puritan grandeur. +Against his granite-like character and convictions the insolence of the +South flung itself in vain.</p> + +<p>Orator and oration revealed as in a magic mirror some things to the South, +which before had seemed to it like “Birnam Wood” moving toward “high +Dunsinane.” But lo, a miracle had been performed, the unexpected had +suddenly happened. The insurgent moral sense of a mudsill and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[Pg 8]</a></span> shopkeeping +North had at last found voice and vent. With what awakening terror must +the South have listened to this formidable prophecy of Sumner: “The +movement against slavery is from the Everlasting Arm. Even now it is +gathering its forces to be confessed everywhere. It may not yet be felt in +the high places of office and power; but all who can put their ears humbly +to the ground will hear and comprehend its incessant and advancing tread.”</p> + +<p>This awakening terror of the South was not allayed by the admission of +California and the mutinous execution of the Fugitive Slave Law. The +temper of that section the while grew in consequence more unreasonable and +arrogant. Worsted as the South clearly was in the contest with her rival +for political supremacy, she refused nevertheless to modify her +pretentions to political supremacy. And as she had no longer anything to +lose by giving loose reins to her arrogance and pretentions, her words and +actions took on thenceforth an ominously defiant and reckless character. +If finally driven to the wall there lay within easy reach, she calculated, +secession and a southern confederacy.</p> + +<p>The national situation was still further complicated by the disintegration +and chaos into which the two old parties were then tumbling, and by the +fierce rivalries and jealousies within them of party leaders at the North. +All the conditions seemed to favor southern aggression—the commission of +some monstrous crime against liberty. Webster had gone to his long +account, dishonored and broken-hearted. The last of the three supreme +voices of the early senatorial splendor of the republic was now hushed in +the grave. As those master lights, Calhoun, Webster and Clay, vanished one +after another into the void, darkness and uproar increased apace.</p> + +<p>About this time the most striking and sinister figure in American Party +history loomed into greatness. Stephen A. Douglas was a curious and grim +example of the survival of viking instincts in the modern office seeker. +On the sea of politics he was a veritable water-dog, daring, unscrupulous, +lawless, transcendently able, and transcendently heartless. The sight of +the presidency moved him in much the same<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[Pg 9]</a></span> way as did the sight of the +effete and wealthy lands of Latin Europe moved his roving, robber +prototypes eleven centuries before. It stirred every drop of his +sea-wolf’s blood to get possession of it.</p> + +<p>His “Squatter Sovereignty Dogma” was in truth a pirate boat which carried +consternation to many an anxious community in the free states.</p> + +<p>It was with such an ally that the slave power undertook the task of +repealing the Missouri Compromise. The organization of the northern +section of the Louisiana Purchase into the territories of Kansas and +Nebraska was made the occasion for abolishing the old slave line of 1820. +That line had devoted all of that land to freedom. Calhoun, bold as he +was, had never ventured to counsel the abrogation of that solemn covenant +between the sections. The South, to his way of thinking, had got the worst +of the bargain, had in fact been overreached, but a bargain was a bargain, +and therefore he concluded that the slave states should stand by their +plighted faith until released by the free. That which the great Nullifier +hesitated to counsel, his disciples and successors dared to do. The +execution of the plot was adroitly committed to the hands of Douglas, +under whose leadership the movement for repeal would appear to have been +started by the section which was to be injured by it. Thus the South would +be rescued from the moral and political consequences of an act of bad +faith in dealing with her sister section.</p> + +<p>The Repeal fought its way through Congress during four stormy months of +the winter and spring of 1854. Blows fell upon it and its authors fast and +furious from Seward, Chase, Wade, Fessenden, Giddings and Gerrit Smith. +But Sumner was the colossus of the hour, the flaming sword of his section. +It was he who swung its ponderous broadsword and smote plot and plotters +with the terrible strength of the northern giant. Such a speech, as was +his “Landmarks of Freedom,” only great national crises breed. It was a +volcanic upheaval of the moral throes of the times, a lavatide of +argument, appeal, history and eloquence. The august rights and wrath of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[Pg 10]</a></span> +the northern people flashed and thundered along its rolling periods.</p> + +<p>“Accomplish thou my manhood and thyself,” is the cry of humanity ringing +forever in the soul of the reformer. He must needs bestir himself in +obedience to the high behest. The performance of this task is the special +mission of great men. It was without doubt Sumner’s, for he stood for the +manhood of the North, of the slave, of the Republic. For this he toiled +strenuously all his life long. It shines in every paragraph of that +memorable speech, and of the shorter one in defence of the New England +clergy made at midnight on that black Thursday of May, which closed the +bitter struggle and consummated the demolition of the old slave wall.</p> + +<p>From that time Sumner’s position became one of constantly increasing +peril. Insulted, denounced, menaced by mob violence, his life was every +day in jeopardy. But he did not flinch nor falter. Freedom was his master, +humanity his guide. He climbed the hazardous steps to duty, heedless of +the dangers in his way.</p> + +<p>His collisions with the slave leaders and their northern allies grew +thenceforth more frequent and ever fiercer. Every motion of his to gain +the floor, he found anticipated and <ins class="correction" title="original reads 'opposeed'">opposed</ins> by a tyrannous combination and +majority, bent on depriving him of his rights as a senator. Wherever he +turned he faced growing intolerance and malignity. It was only by +exercising the utmost vigilance and firmness that he was able to snatch +for himself and cause a hearing. Under these circumstances all the powers +of the man became braced, eager, alert, determined. It was many against +one, but that one was a host in himself, aroused as he then was, not only +by the grandeur of his cause, but also by a keen sense of personal +indignity and persecution. Whoever else did, he would not submit to +senatorial insult and bondage. His rising temper began to thrust like a +rapier. Scorn he matched with scorn, and pride he pitted against pride. As +a regiment bristles with bayonets, so bristled his speech with facts, +which thrust through and through with the merciless truth of history the +arrogance and pretentions of the South.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[Pg 11]</a></span> His sarcasm was terrific. His +invective had the ferocity of a panther. He upon whom it sprang had his +quivering flesh torn away. It was not in human nature to suffer such +lacerations of the feelings and forgive and forget the author of them. The +slave leaders did not forgive Sumner, nor forget their scars.</p> + +<p>Meanwhile the plot of the national tragedy fast thickened, for as the +Government at Washington had adopted the “Squatter Sovereignty” scheme of +Douglas in settling the territorial question, the two sections +precipitated their forces at once upon the debatable land. It was then for +the first time that the two antagonistic social systems of the union came +into physical collision. Showers of bullets and blood dashed from the +darkening sky. Civil War had actually begun. The history of Kansas during +this period is a history of fraud, violence and anarchy. Popular +sovereignty, private rights and public order were all outraged by the +Border Ruffians of Missouri and the slave power.</p> + +<p>At this juncture Sumner delivered in the senate a philipic, the like of +which had not before been heard in that chamber. His “Crime against +Kansas” was another one of his speeches crisis born. It was an outbreak of +the explosive forces of the long gathering tempest, its sharp and terrible +lightning flash and stroke, the sulphurous vent of the hot surcharged +heart of the North. More than one slave champion encountered during its +delivery his attention, and must have recoiled from the panther-like glare +and spring of his invective and rejoinder. Senator Arthur P. Butler of +South Carolina was, on the whole, the most fiercely assaulted of the +senatorial group. His punishment was indeed merciless. Impartial history +must, however, under all the circumstances of the case, I think, adjudge +it just. In that memorable struggle the Massachusetts chieftain used upon +his foes not only his tomakawk, but also his scalping knife. No quarter he +had received from the slave power, and none now he gave to it or its +representatives.</p> + +<p>Such a terrible arraignment of the slave power in general, and of Senator +Butler in particular demanded an answer. To<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[Pg 12]</a></span> it, that power had but one +reply, violence, the reply which wrong ever makes to right. And this +Preston S. Brooks made two days after its delivery. Mr. Sumner pursuant to +an early adjournment of the Senate on an announcement of the death of a +member of the lower house, was busy at his desk preparing his afternoon +mail, when Brooks, (who by the way was a nephew of Senator Butler) +stepping in front of him and with hardly a word of warning, struck him on +the head a succession of quick murderous blows with a stout walking-stick. +Dazed and stunned, but impelled by the instinct of self-defense, Mr. +Sumner tried to rise to grapple with his assailant, but the seat under +which his long legs were thrust held him prisoner. Although fastened to +the floor with iron clamps, it was finally wrenched up by the agonized +struggles of Sumner. Thus released, his body bent forward and arms thrown +up to protect his bleeding head, he staggered toward Brooks who continued +the shower of blows until his victim fell fainting to the floor. Not then +did the southern brute stay his hand, but struck again and again the +prostrate and now insensible form of Mr. Sumner with a fragment of the +stick.</p> + +<p>In the midst of this frightful scene where were the overturned desk, +pieces of the broken stick, scattered writing materials, and the +blood-stained carpet, lay that noble figure unconscious alike of pain and +of his enemies, and of the awful horror of it all. There he lay in the +senate chamber of the Republic with blood on his head and face and +clothing, with blood, now martyr’s blood, running from many wounds and +sinking into the floor. Oh! the pity of it, but the sacrificial grandeur +of it also! He was presently succored by Henry Wilson and other faithful +friends, and borne to a sofa in the lobby of the Senate where doctors +dressed his wounds, and thence he was carried to his lodgings. There +suffering, bewildered, almost speechless, he spent the first night of the +tragedy and of his long years of martyrdom.</p> + +<p>On the wings of that tragedy Sumner rose to an enduring place in the +pantheon of the nation. His life became thenceforth associated with the +weal of States, his fate with the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</a></span> fortunes of a great people. The toast +of the Autocrat of the Breakfast Table at the banquet of the Massachusetts +Medical Society about this time gave eloquent expression to the general +concern: “To the Surgeons of the City of Washington: God grant them +wisdom! for they are dressing the wounds of a mighty empire, and of +uncounted generations.” The mad act of Brooks had done for Sumner what +similar madness had done for similar victims—magnified immensely his +influence secured forever his position as an imposing, historic figure. +Ah! it was indeed the old, wonderful story. The miracle of miracles was +again performed, the good man’s blood had turned into the seed-corn of his +cause.</p> + +<p>No need to retell the tale of his long and harrowing fight for health. +There were two sprains of the spine, besides the terrible blows on the +head. From land to land, during four years, he passed, pursuing “the +phantom of a cup that comes and goes.” As a last resort he submitted +himself to the treatment by fire, to the torture of the Moxa, which Dr. +Brown-Sequard pronounced “the greatest suffering that can be inflicted on +mortal man.” His empty chair, Massachusetts, great mother and nurse of +heroes (God give her ever in her need and the Country’s such another son) +would not fill. Vacant it glared, voicing as no lips could utter her +eloquent protest and her mighty purpose.</p> + +<p>The tide of history and the tide of mortality were running meanwhile their +inexorable courses. Two powerful parties, the Whig and the American, had +foundered on the tumultuous sea of public opinion. A new political +organization, the Republican, had arisen instead to resist the extension +of slavery to national territory. Death too was busy. Preston S. Brooks +and his uncle had vanished in the grave. Harper’s Ferry had become +freedom’s Balaklava, and John Brown had mounted from a Virginia gallows to +the throne and the glory of martyrdom. Sumner was not able to take up the +task which his hands had dropped until the troublous winter of 1859-60. +Those four fateful years of suffering had not abated his hatred of +slavery. That hatred and the Puritanical sternness and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</a></span> intolerance of his +nature had on the contrary intensified his temper and purpose as an +anti-slavery leader. He was then in personal appearance the incarnation of +iron will and iron convictions. His body nobly planned and proportioned +was a fit servant of his lofty and indomitable mind. All the strength and +resources of both he needed in the national emergency which then +confronted the Republic. For the supreme crisis of a seventy years’ +conflict of ideas and institutions was at hand. At every door and on every +brow sat gloom and apprehension.</p> + +<p>There was light on but one difficult way, the way of national +righteousness. In this storm-path of the Nation Sumner planted his feet. +Thick fogs were before and above him, a wild chaotic sea of doubt and +dread raged around him, but he hesitated not, neither swerved to the right +hand nor to the left. Straight on and up he moved, calling through the +rising tumult and the fast falling darkness to his groping and terrified +countrymen to follow him.</p> + +<p>Nothing is settled which is not settled right, I hear him saying, high +above the breaking storm of civil strife. Peace, ever enduring peace, +comes only to that nation which puts down sin, and lifts up righteousness. +Kansas he found still denied admission to the Union, he presented her case +and arraigned her oppressors, in one of the great speeches of his life. +Where-ever liberty needed him, there he was, the knight without fear or +reproach. From platform and press and Senate he flung himself, during +those final decisive months of 1860, into the thickest of the battle. No +uncertainty vexed his mind and conscience. Whatever other questions +admitted of conciliatory treatment he was sure that the slavery question +admitted of none. With him there was to be no further compromise with the +evil, not an inch more of concessions would he grant it. Here he took his +stand, and from it nothing and no one were able to budge him. If disunion +and civil war were crouching in the rough way of the Nation’s duty, the +Republic was not to turn aside into easier ways to avoid them. It should +on the contrary, regardless of consequences, seek to re-establish itself +in justice and liberty.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[Pg 15]</a></span>He recognized, however, amid the excitement of the times with all his +old-time clarity of vision the constitutional limitations of the Reform. +He did not propose at this stage of the struggle to touch slavery within +the states, because Congress had not the power. To the utmost verge of the +Constitution be pushed his uncompromising opposition to it. Here he drew +up his forces, ready to cross the Rubicon of the slave-power whenever +justificatory cause arose. Such he considered to be the uprising of the +South in rebellion. Rebellion with him cancelled the slave covenants of +the Constitution and discharged the North from their further observance.</p> + +<p>He was at last untrammelled by constitutional conditions and limitations, +was free to carry the War into Africa. “Carthago est delenda” was +thenceforth ever on his lips. Mr. Lincoln and the Republican party started +out to save the Union with slavery. It is the rage now, I know, to extol +his marvellous sagacity and statesmanship. And I too will join in the +panegyric of his great qualities. But here he was not infallible. For when +he issued his Emancipation Proclamation, the South too was weighing the +military necessity of a similar measure. Justice was Sumner’s solitary +expedient, right his unfailing sagacity. Of no other American statesman +can they be so unqualifiedly affirmed. They are indeed his peculiar +distinction and glory. Here he is the transcendent figure in our political +history. And yet, he was no fanatical visionary, Utopian dreamer, but a +practical moralist in the domain of politics. When president and party +turned a deaf ear to him and his simple straightforward remedy to try +their own, he did not break with them. On the contrary foot to foot and +shoulder to shoulder he kept step with both as far as they went. Where +they halted he would not stop. Stuck as the wheels of State were, during +those dreadful years in the mire and clay of political expediency and +pro-slavery Hunkerism, he appealed confidently to that large, unknown +quantity of courage and righteousness, dormant in the North, to set the +balked wheels again moving.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[Pg 16]</a></span>An ardent Peace advocate, he nevertheless threw himself enthusiastically +into the uprising against the Disunionist. Not to fight then he saw was +but to provoke more horrible woes, to prevent which the man of Peace +preached war, unrelenting war. He was Anglo-Saxon enough, Puritan and +student of history enough to be sensible of the efficacy of blood and +iron, at times, in the cure of intolerable ills. But his was no vulgar war +for the mere ascendancy of his section in the Union. It was rather a holy +crusade against wrong and for the supremacy and perpetuity of liberty in +America.</p> + +<p>As elephants shy and shuffle before a bridge which they are about to +cross, so performed our saviors before emancipation and colored troops. +Emancipation and colored troops were the powder and ball which Providence +had laid by the side of our guns. Sumner urged incessantly upon the +administration the necessity of pouring this providential broadside into +the ranks of the foe. This was done at last and treason staggered and fell +mortally hurt.</p> + +<p>The gravest problem remained, however, to be solved. The riddle of the +southern sphinx awaited its Oedipus. How ought local self-government to be +reconstituted in the old slave states was the momentous question to be +answered at close of the war. Sumner had his answer, others had their +answer. His answer he framed on the simple basis of right. No party +considerations entered into his straightforward purpose. He was not +careful to enfold within it any scheme or suggestion looking to the +ascendancy of his section. It was freedom alone that he was solicitious of +establishing, the supremacy of democratic ideas and institutions in the +new-born nation. He desired the ascendancy of his section and party so far +only as they were the real custodians <ins class="correction" title="original reads 'o'">of</ins> national justice and progress. +God knows whether his plan was better than the plans of others except in +simpleness and purity of aim. Lincoln had his plan, Johnson his, Congress +its own. Sumner’s had what appears to me might have evinced it, on trial, +of superior virtue and wisdom, namely, the element of time, indefinite +time as a factor in the work of reconstruction. But it is impossible to +speak positively on this<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[Pg 17]</a></span> point. His scheme was rejected and all +discussion of it becomes therefore nugatory.</p> + +<p>Negro citizenship and suffrage he championed not to save the political +power of his party and section, but as a duty which the republic owes to +the weakest of her children because of their weakness. Equality before the +law is, in fact, the only adequate defense which poverty has against +property in modern civilized society. Well did Mr. Sumner understand this +truth, that wrong has a fatal gift of metamorphosis, its ability to change +its form without losing its identity. It had shed in America, Negro +slavery. It would reappear as Negro serfdom unless placed in the way of +utter extinction. He had the sagacity to perceive that equality before the +law could alone avert a revival under a new name of the old slave power +and system. He toiled therefore in the Senate and on the platform to make +equality before the law the master principle in the social and political +life of America.</p> + +<p>As his years increased so increased his passion for justice and equality. +He was never weary of sowing and resowing in the laws of the Nation and in +the mind of the people the grand ideas of the Declaration of Independence. +This entire absorption in one loftly purpose lent to him a singular +aloofness and isolation in the politics of the times. He was not like +other political leaders. He laid stress on the ethical side of +statesmanship, they emphasized the economical. He was chiefly concerned +about the rights of persons, they about the rights of property. Such a +great soul could not be a partisan. Party with him was an instrument to +advance his ideas, and nothing more. As long as it proved efficient, +subservient to right, he gave to it his hearty support.</p> + +<p>It was therefore a foregone conclusion that Sumner and his party should +quarrel. The military and personal <ins class="correction" title="original reads 'charactor'">character</ins> of General Grant’s first +administration furnished the casus belli. These great men had no +reciprocal appreciation the one for the other. Sumner was honest in the +belief that Grant knew nothing but war, and quite as honest was Grant in +supposing that Sumner had done nothing but talk. The breach, in +consequence, widened between the latter and his<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[Pg 18]</a></span> party for it naturally +enough espoused the cause of the President.</p> + +<p>Sumner’s imposing figure grew more distant and companionless. Domestic +unhappiness too was eating into his proud heart. His health began to +decline. The immedicable injury which his constitution had sustained from +the assault of Brooks developed fresh complications, and renewed all of +the old bodily suffering. A temper always austere and imperious was not +mended by this harassing combination of ills. Alone in this extremity he +trod the wine-press of sickness and sorrow. He no longer had a party to +lean on, nor a state to support him, nor did any woman’s hand minister to +him in this hour of his need. He had left to him nothing but his cause, +and to this he clung with the pathos and passion of a grand and solitary +spirit. Presently the grass-hopper became a burden, and the once stalwart +limbs could not carry him with their old time ease and regularity to his +seat in the Senate, which accordingly became frequently vacant. An +overpowering weariness and weakness was settling on the dying statesman. +Still his thoughts hovered anxiously about their one paramount object. +Like as the eyes of a mother about to die are turned and fixed on a +darling child, so turned his thoughts to the struggling cause of human +brotherhood and equality. For it the great soul would toil yet a little +longer. But it was otherwise decried, and the illustrious Defender of +Humanity passed away in this city March 11, 1874, leaving to his country +and to mankind, as a glorious heritage, the mortal grandeur of his +character and achievements.</p> + + +<p> </p><p> </p> +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h3>CHARLES SUMNER.</h3> + +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="5" summary="poem"> +<tr><td align="center">[On seeing some pictures of the interior of his home.]</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td>Only the casket left, the jewel gone<br /> +Whose noble presence filled these stately rooms,<br /> +And made this spot a shrine where pilgrims came—<br /> +Stranger and friend—to bend in reverence<br /> +Before the great, pure soul that knew no guile;<br /> +To listen to the wise and gracious words<br /> +That fell from lips whose rare, exquisite smile<br /> +Gave tender beauty to the grand grave face.<br /> +<br /> +Upon these pictured walls we see thy peers,—<br /> +Poet and saint and sage, painter and king,—<br /> +A glorious band;—they shine upon us still;<br /> +Still gleam in marble the enchanting forms<br /> +Whereon thy artist eye delighted dwelt;<br /> +Thy fav’rite Psyche droops her matchless face,<br /> +Listening, methinks, for the beloved voice<br /> +Which nevermore on earth shall sound her praise.<br /> +<br /> +All these remain,—the beautiful, the brave,<br /> +The gifted, silent ones; but thou art gone!<br /> +Fair is the world that smiles upon us now;<br /> +Blue are the skies of June, balmy the air<br /> +That soothes with touches soft the weary brow;<br /> +And perfect days glide into perfect nights,—<br /> +Moonlit and calm; but still our grateful hearts<br /> +Are sad, and faint with fear,—for thou art gone!<br /> +<br /> +Oh friend beloved, with longing, tear-filled eyes<br /> +We look up, up to the unclouded blue,<br /> +And seek in vain some answering sign from thee.<br /> +Look down upon us, guide and cheer us still<br /> +From the serene height where thou dwellest now;<br /> +Dark is the way without the beacon light<br /> +Which long and steadfastly thy hand upheld.<br /> +Oh, nerve with courage new the stricken hearts<br /> +Whose dearest hopes seem lost in losing thee!</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align="right"><span class="smcap">Charlotte Forten Grimke.</span></td></tr></table> + + + + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of Project Gutenberg's Charles Sumner Centenary, by Archibald H. 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You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Charles Sumner Centenary + The American Negro Academy. Occasional Papers No. 14 + +Author: Archibald H. Grimke + +Release Date: February 18, 2010 [EBook #31315] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CHARLES SUMNER CENTENARY *** + + + + +Produced by Suzanne Shell, Stephanie Eason, and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net. + + + + + + + + + + OCCASIONAL PAPERS NO. 14. + + THE AMERICAN NEGRO ACADEMY + + + CHARLES SUMNER + CENTENARY + + + HISTORICAL ADDRESS + BY ARCHIBALD H. GRIMKE. + + + PRICE 15 CENTS. + + WASHINGTON, D. C.: + PUBLISHED BY THE ACADEMY. + 1911 + + + + +The American Negro Academy celebrated the centenary of Charles Sumner at +the Fifteenth Street Presbyterian Church, Washington, D. C., Friday +evening, January 6, 1911. On this occasion the program was as follows: "A +Mighty Fortress is our God," by the choir of the church; Invocation, by +Rev. L. Z. Johnson, of Baltimore, Md.; the Historical address was next +delivered by Mr. Archibald H. Grimke, President of the Academy, after +which Justice Wendell Phillips Stafford made a brief address. A solo, by +Dr. Charles Sumner Wormley, was sung; Vice-President Kelly Miller +delivered an address. A Poem, "Summer," by Mrs. F. J. Grimke, was read by +Miss Mary P. Burrill. Hon. Wm. E. Chandler made the closing address; after +which the Battle Hymn of the Republic was sung by the congregation, led by +the choir. The benediction was pronounced by Rev. W. V. Tunnell. + +The oil painting of Mr. Sumner which occupied a place in front of the +pulpit, was loaned by Dr. C. S. Wormley. + + + + +CHARLES SUMNER. + + +Every time a great man comes on the stage of human affairs, the fable of +the Hercules repeats itself. He gets a sword from Mercury, a bow from +Apollo, a breastplate from Vulcan, a robe from Minerva. Many streams from +many sources bring to him their united strength. How else could the great +man be equal to his time and task? What was true of the Greek Demigod was +likewise true of Charles Sumner. His study of the law for instance formed +but a part of his great preparation. The science of the law, not its +practice, excited his enthusiasm. He turned instinctively from the +technicalities, the tergiversations, the gladiatorial display and +contention of the legal profession. To him they were but the ephemera of +the long summertide of jurisprudence. He thirsted for the permanent, the +ever living springs and principles of the law. Grotius and Pothier and +Mansfield and Blackstone and Marshall and Story were the shining heights +to which he aspired. He had neither the tastes nor the talents to emulate +the Erskines and the Choates of the Bar. + +His vast readings in the field of history and literature contributed in +like manner toward his splendid outfit. So too his wide contact and +association with the leading spirits of the times in Europe and America. +All combined to teach him to know himself and the universal verities of +man and society, to distinguish the invisible and enduring substance of +life from its merely accidental and transient phases and phenomena. + +He was an apt pupil and laid up in his heart the great lessons of the Book +of Truth. His visit to Europe served to complete his apprenticeship. It +was like Hercules going into the Nemean forest to cut himself a club. The +same grand object lesson he saw everywhere--man, human society, human +thoughts, human strivings, human wrong, human misery. Beneath differences +of language, governments, religion, race, color, he discerned the +underlying human principle and passion, which make all races kin, all men +brothers. In strange and distant lands he found the human heart with its +friendships, heroisms, beatitudes, the human intellect with its never +ending movement and progress. He found home, a common destiny wherever he +found common ideas and aspirations. And these he had but to look around to +behold. He felt himself a citizen of an immense over-nation, of a vast +world of federated hopes and interests. + +When the plan for this visit had taken shape in his own mind, he consulted +his friends, Judge Story, Prof. Greenleaf, and President Quincy, who were +not at all well affected to it. The first two thought it would wean him +from his profession, the last one that Europe would spoil him, "send him +back with a mustache and a walking-stick." Ah! how little did they +comprehend him, how hard to understand that this young and indefatigable +scholar was only going abroad to cut himself a club for the Herculean +labors of his ripe manhood. He went, saw, and conquered. He saw the +promised land of international fellowship and peace, and conquered in his +own breast the evil genius of war. He came back proud that he was an +American, prouder still that he was a man. + +The downfall of the Whigs of Massachusetts, brought about by a coalition +of the Free Soil and the Democratic parties, resulted after a contest in +the Legislature lasting fourteen weeks, in the election on April 24, 1851, +of Charles Sumner to the Senate of the United States. He was just forty, +was at the meridian of the intellectual life, in the zenith of bodily +vigor and manly beauty. He attained the splendid position by sheer worth, +unrivalled public service. Never has political office, I venture to +assert, been so utterly unsolicited. He did not lift a finger, scorned to +budge an inch, refused to write a line to influence his election. The +great office came to him by the laws of gravitation and character--to him +the clean of hand, and brave of heart. It was the hour finding the man. + +As Sumner entered the Senate the last of its early giants was leaving it +forever. Calhoun had already passed away. Webster was in Millard +Fillmore's cabinet, and Clay was escaping in his own picturesque and +pathetic words, "scarred by spears and worried by wounds to drag his +mutilated body to his lair and lie down and die." The venerable +representative of compromise was making his exit from one door of the +stage, the masterful representative of conscience, his entrance through +the other. Was the coincidence accident or prophecy? Were the bells of +destiny at the moment "ringing in the valiant man and free, the larger +heart, the kindlier hand, and ringing out the darkness of the land"? +Whether accident or prophecy, Sumner's entrance into the Senate was into +the midst of a hostile camp. On either side of the chamber enemies +confronted him. Southern Whigs and southern Democrats hated him. Northern +Whigs and northern democrats likewise hated him. He was without party +affiliation, well nigh friendless. But thanks to the revolution which was +working in the free states, he was not wholly so. For William H. Seward +was already there, and Salmon P. Chase, and John P. Hale, and Hannibal +Hamlin. Under such circumstances it behooved the new champion of freedom +to take no precipitate step. + +A smaller man, a leader less wise and less fully equipped might have +blundered at this stage by leaping too hastily with his cause into the +arena of debate. Sumner did nothing of the kind. His self-poise and +self-control for nine months was simply admirable. "Endurance is the +crowning quality," says Lowell, "And patience all the passion of great +hearts." Certainly during those trying months they were Sumner's, the +endurance and the patience. First the blade, he had to familiarize himself +with the routine and rules of the Senate; then the ear, he had to study +the personnel of the Senate--and lastly the full corn in the ear, he had +to master himself and the situation. Four times he essayed his strength on +subjects inferior to the one which he was carrying in his heart as mothers +carry their unborn babes. Each trial of his parlimentary wings raised him +in the estimation of friends and foes. His welcome to Kossuth, and his +tribute to Robert Rantoul proved him to be an accomplished orator. His +speech on the Public Land Question evinced him besides strong in history, +argument and law. + +No vehemence of anti-slavery pressure, no shock of angry criticism coming +from home was able to jostle him out of his fixed purpose to speak only +when he was ready. Winter had gone, and spring, and still his silence +remained. Summer too was almost gone before he determined to begin. Then +like an August storm he burst on the Senate and the Country. "Freedom +national: slavery sectional" was his theme. Like all of Mr. Sumner's +speeches, this speech was carefully written out and largely memorized. He +was deficient in the qualities of the great debater, was not able usually +and easily to think quickly and effectively on his feet, to give and take +hard blows within the short range of extemporaneous and hand to hand +encounters. Henry Clay and John Quincy Adams were pre-eminent in this +species of parliamentary combat. Webster and Calhoun were powerful +opponents whom it was dangerous to meet. Sumner perhaps never experienced +that electric sympathy and marvellous interplay of emotion and +intelligence between himself and an audience which made Wendell Phillips +the unrivalled monarch of the anti-slavery platform. Sumner's was the +eloquence of industry rather than the eloquence of inspiration. What he +did gave an impression of size, of length, breadth, thoroughness. He +required space and he required time. These granted, he was tremendous, in +many respects the most tremendous orator of the Senate and of his times. + +He was tremendous on this occasion. His subject furnished the keynote and +the keystone of his opposition to slavery. Garrison, Phillips, Frederick +Douglass and Theodore D. Weld appealed against slavery to a common +humanity, to the primary moral instincts of mankind in condemnation of its +villanies. The appeal carried them above and beyond constitutions and +codes to the unwritten and eternal right. Sumner appealed against it to +the self-evident truths of the Declaration of Independence, to the spirit +and letter of the Constitution, to the sentiments and hopes of the +fathers, and to the early history and policy of the Country which they +had founded. All were for freedom and against slavery. The reverse of all +this, he contended, was error. Public opinion was error-bound, the North +was error-bound, so was the South, parties and politicians were +error-bound. Freedom is the heritage of the nation. Slavery had robbed it +of its birthright. Slavery must be dispossessed, its extension must be +resisted. + +As it was in the beginning so it hath ever been, the world needs light. +The great want of the times was light. So Sumner believed. This speech of +his was but a repetition in a world of wrong of the fiat: "Let there be +light." With it light did indeed break on the national darkness, such +light as a thunderbolt flashes, shrivelling and shivering the deep-rooted +and ramified lie of the century. That speech struck a new note and a new +hour on the slavery agitation in America. Never before in the Government +had freedom touched so high a level. Heretofore the slave power had been +arrogant and exacting. A keen observer might have then foreseen that +freedom would also some day become exacting and aggressive. For its +advancing billows had broken in the resounding periods and passion of its +eloquent champion. + +The manner of the orator on this occasion, a manner which marked all of +his utterances, was that of a man who defers to no one, prefers no one to +himself--the imperious manner of a man, conscious of the possession of +great powers and of ability to use them. Such a man the crisis demanded. +God made one American statesman without moral joints when he made Charles +Sumner. He could not bend the supple hinges of the knee to the slave +power, for he had none to bend. He must needs stand erect, inflexible, +uncompromising, an image of Puritan intolerance and Puritan grandeur. +Against his granite-like character and convictions the insolence of the +South flung itself in vain. + +Orator and oration revealed as in a magic mirror some things to the South, +which before had seemed to it like "Birnam Wood" moving toward "high +Dunsinane." But lo, a miracle had been performed, the unexpected had +suddenly happened. The insurgent moral sense of a mudsill and shopkeeping +North had at last found voice and vent. With what awakening terror must +the South have listened to this formidable prophecy of Sumner: "The +movement against slavery is from the Everlasting Arm. Even now it is +gathering its forces to be confessed everywhere. It may not yet be felt in +the high places of office and power; but all who can put their ears humbly +to the ground will hear and comprehend its incessant and advancing tread." + +This awakening terror of the South was not allayed by the admission of +California and the mutinous execution of the Fugitive Slave Law. The +temper of that section the while grew in consequence more unreasonable and +arrogant. Worsted as the South clearly was in the contest with her rival +for political supremacy, she refused nevertheless to modify her +pretentions to political supremacy. And as she had no longer anything to +lose by giving loose reins to her arrogance and pretentions, her words and +actions took on thenceforth an ominously defiant and reckless character. +If finally driven to the wall there lay within easy reach, she calculated, +secession and a southern confederacy. + +The national situation was still further complicated by the disintegration +and chaos into which the two old parties were then tumbling, and by the +fierce rivalries and jealousies within them of party leaders at the North. +All the conditions seemed to favor southern aggression--the commission of +some monstrous crime against liberty. Webster had gone to his long +account, dishonored and broken-hearted. The last of the three supreme +voices of the early senatorial splendor of the republic was now hushed in +the grave. As those master lights, Calhoun, Webster and Clay, vanished one +after another into the void, darkness and uproar increased apace. + +About this time the most striking and sinister figure in American Party +history loomed into greatness. Stephen A. Douglas was a curious and grim +example of the survival of viking instincts in the modern office seeker. +On the sea of politics he was a veritable water-dog, daring, unscrupulous, +lawless, transcendently able, and transcendently heartless. The sight of +the presidency moved him in much the same way as did the sight of the +effete and wealthy lands of Latin Europe moved his roving, robber +prototypes eleven centuries before. It stirred every drop of his +sea-wolf's blood to get possession of it. + +His "Squatter Sovereignty Dogma" was in truth a pirate boat which carried +consternation to many an anxious community in the free states. + +It was with such an ally that the slave power undertook the task of +repealing the Missouri Compromise. The organization of the northern +section of the Louisiana Purchase into the territories of Kansas and +Nebraska was made the occasion for abolishing the old slave line of 1820. +That line had devoted all of that land to freedom. Calhoun, bold as he +was, had never ventured to counsel the abrogation of that solemn covenant +between the sections. The South, to his way of thinking, had got the worst +of the bargain, had in fact been overreached, but a bargain was a bargain, +and therefore he concluded that the slave states should stand by their +plighted faith until released by the free. That which the great Nullifier +hesitated to counsel, his disciples and successors dared to do. The +execution of the plot was adroitly committed to the hands of Douglas, +under whose leadership the movement for repeal would appear to have been +started by the section which was to be injured by it. Thus the South would +be rescued from the moral and political consequences of an act of bad +faith in dealing with her sister section. + +The Repeal fought its way through Congress during four stormy months of +the winter and spring of 1854. Blows fell upon it and its authors fast and +furious from Seward, Chase, Wade, Fessenden, Giddings and Gerrit Smith. +But Sumner was the colossus of the hour, the flaming sword of his section. +It was he who swung its ponderous broadsword and smote plot and plotters +with the terrible strength of the northern giant. Such a speech, as was +his "Landmarks of Freedom," only great national crises breed. It was a +volcanic upheaval of the moral throes of the times, a lavatide of +argument, appeal, history and eloquence. The august rights and wrath of +the northern people flashed and thundered along its rolling periods. + +"Accomplish thou my manhood and thyself," is the cry of humanity ringing +forever in the soul of the reformer. He must needs bestir himself in +obedience to the high behest. The performance of this task is the special +mission of great men. It was without doubt Sumner's, for he stood for the +manhood of the North, of the slave, of the Republic. For this he toiled +strenuously all his life long. It shines in every paragraph of that +memorable speech, and of the shorter one in defence of the New England +clergy made at midnight on that black Thursday of May, which closed the +bitter struggle and consummated the demolition of the old slave wall. + +From that time Sumner's position became one of constantly increasing +peril. Insulted, denounced, menaced by mob violence, his life was every +day in jeopardy. But he did not flinch nor falter. Freedom was his master, +humanity his guide. He climbed the hazardous steps to duty, heedless of +the dangers in his way. + +His collisions with the slave leaders and their northern allies grew +thenceforth more frequent and ever fiercer. Every motion of his to gain +the floor, he found anticipated and opposed by a tyrannous combination and +majority, bent on depriving him of his rights as a senator. Wherever he +turned he faced growing intolerance and malignity. It was only by +exercising the utmost vigilance and firmness that he was able to snatch +for himself and cause a hearing. Under these circumstances all the powers +of the man became braced, eager, alert, determined. It was many against +one, but that one was a host in himself, aroused as he then was, not only +by the grandeur of his cause, but also by a keen sense of personal +indignity and persecution. Whoever else did, he would not submit to +senatorial insult and bondage. His rising temper began to thrust like a +rapier. Scorn he matched with scorn, and pride he pitted against pride. As +a regiment bristles with bayonets, so bristled his speech with facts, +which thrust through and through with the merciless truth of history the +arrogance and pretentions of the South. His sarcasm was terrific. His +invective had the ferocity of a panther. He upon whom it sprang had his +quivering flesh torn away. It was not in human nature to suffer such +lacerations of the feelings and forgive and forget the author of them. The +slave leaders did not forgive Sumner, nor forget their scars. + +Meanwhile the plot of the national tragedy fast thickened, for as the +Government at Washington had adopted the "Squatter Sovereignty" scheme of +Douglas in settling the territorial question, the two sections +precipitated their forces at once upon the debatable land. It was then for +the first time that the two antagonistic social systems of the union came +into physical collision. Showers of bullets and blood dashed from the +darkening sky. Civil War had actually begun. The history of Kansas during +this period is a history of fraud, violence and anarchy. Popular +sovereignty, private rights and public order were all outraged by the +Border Ruffians of Missouri and the slave power. + +At this juncture Sumner delivered in the senate a philipic, the like of +which had not before been heard in that chamber. His "Crime against +Kansas" was another one of his speeches crisis born. It was an outbreak of +the explosive forces of the long gathering tempest, its sharp and terrible +lightning flash and stroke, the sulphurous vent of the hot surcharged +heart of the North. More than one slave champion encountered during its +delivery his attention, and must have recoiled from the panther-like glare +and spring of his invective and rejoinder. Senator Arthur P. Butler of +South Carolina was, on the whole, the most fiercely assaulted of the +senatorial group. His punishment was indeed merciless. Impartial history +must, however, under all the circumstances of the case, I think, adjudge +it just. In that memorable struggle the Massachusetts chieftain used upon +his foes not only his tomakawk, but also his scalping knife. No quarter he +had received from the slave power, and none now he gave to it or its +representatives. + +Such a terrible arraignment of the slave power in general, and of Senator +Butler in particular demanded an answer. To it, that power had but one +reply, violence, the reply which wrong ever makes to right. And this +Preston S. Brooks made two days after its delivery. Mr. Sumner pursuant to +an early adjournment of the Senate on an announcement of the death of a +member of the lower house, was busy at his desk preparing his afternoon +mail, when Brooks, (who by the way was a nephew of Senator Butler) +stepping in front of him and with hardly a word of warning, struck him on +the head a succession of quick murderous blows with a stout walking-stick. +Dazed and stunned, but impelled by the instinct of self-defense, Mr. +Sumner tried to rise to grapple with his assailant, but the seat under +which his long legs were thrust held him prisoner. Although fastened to +the floor with iron clamps, it was finally wrenched up by the agonized +struggles of Sumner. Thus released, his body bent forward and arms thrown +up to protect his bleeding head, he staggered toward Brooks who continued +the shower of blows until his victim fell fainting to the floor. Not then +did the southern brute stay his hand, but struck again and again the +prostrate and now insensible form of Mr. Sumner with a fragment of the +stick. + +In the midst of this frightful scene where were the overturned desk, +pieces of the broken stick, scattered writing materials, and the +blood-stained carpet, lay that noble figure unconscious alike of pain and +of his enemies, and of the awful horror of it all. There he lay in the +senate chamber of the Republic with blood on his head and face and +clothing, with blood, now martyr's blood, running from many wounds and +sinking into the floor. Oh! the pity of it, but the sacrificial grandeur +of it also! He was presently succored by Henry Wilson and other faithful +friends, and borne to a sofa in the lobby of the Senate where doctors +dressed his wounds, and thence he was carried to his lodgings. There +suffering, bewildered, almost speechless, he spent the first night of the +tragedy and of his long years of martyrdom. + +On the wings of that tragedy Sumner rose to an enduring place in the +pantheon of the nation. His life became thenceforth associated with the +weal of States, his fate with the fortunes of a great people. The toast +of the Autocrat of the Breakfast Table at the banquet of the Massachusetts +Medical Society about this time gave eloquent expression to the general +concern: "To the Surgeons of the City of Washington: God grant them +wisdom! for they are dressing the wounds of a mighty empire, and of +uncounted generations." The mad act of Brooks had done for Sumner what +similar madness had done for similar victims--magnified immensely his +influence secured forever his position as an imposing, historic figure. +Ah! it was indeed the old, wonderful story. The miracle of miracles was +again performed, the good man's blood had turned into the seed-corn of his +cause. + +No need to retell the tale of his long and harrowing fight for health. +There were two sprains of the spine, besides the terrible blows on the +head. From land to land, during four years, he passed, pursuing "the +phantom of a cup that comes and goes." As a last resort he submitted +himself to the treatment by fire, to the torture of the Moxa, which Dr. +Brown-Sequard pronounced "the greatest suffering that can be inflicted on +mortal man." His empty chair, Massachusetts, great mother and nurse of +heroes (God give her ever in her need and the Country's such another son) +would not fill. Vacant it glared, voicing as no lips could utter her +eloquent protest and her mighty purpose. + +The tide of history and the tide of mortality were running meanwhile their +inexorable courses. Two powerful parties, the Whig and the American, had +foundered on the tumultuous sea of public opinion. A new political +organization, the Republican, had arisen instead to resist the extension +of slavery to national territory. Death too was busy. Preston S. Brooks +and his uncle had vanished in the grave. Harper's Ferry had become +freedom's Balaklava, and John Brown had mounted from a Virginia gallows to +the throne and the glory of martyrdom. Sumner was not able to take up the +task which his hands had dropped until the troublous winter of 1859-60. +Those four fateful years of suffering had not abated his hatred of +slavery. That hatred and the Puritanical sternness and intolerance of his +nature had on the contrary intensified his temper and purpose as an +anti-slavery leader. He was then in personal appearance the incarnation of +iron will and iron convictions. His body nobly planned and proportioned +was a fit servant of his lofty and indomitable mind. All the strength and +resources of both he needed in the national emergency which then +confronted the Republic. For the supreme crisis of a seventy years' +conflict of ideas and institutions was at hand. At every door and on every +brow sat gloom and apprehension. + +There was light on but one difficult way, the way of national +righteousness. In this storm-path of the Nation Sumner planted his feet. +Thick fogs were before and above him, a wild chaotic sea of doubt and +dread raged around him, but he hesitated not, neither swerved to the right +hand nor to the left. Straight on and up he moved, calling through the +rising tumult and the fast falling darkness to his groping and terrified +countrymen to follow him. + +Nothing is settled which is not settled right, I hear him saying, high +above the breaking storm of civil strife. Peace, ever enduring peace, +comes only to that nation which puts down sin, and lifts up righteousness. +Kansas he found still denied admission to the Union, he presented her case +and arraigned her oppressors, in one of the great speeches of his life. +Where-ever liberty needed him, there he was, the knight without fear or +reproach. From platform and press and Senate he flung himself, during +those final decisive months of 1860, into the thickest of the battle. No +uncertainty vexed his mind and conscience. Whatever other questions +admitted of conciliatory treatment he was sure that the slavery question +admitted of none. With him there was to be no further compromise with the +evil, not an inch more of concessions would he grant it. Here he took his +stand, and from it nothing and no one were able to budge him. If disunion +and civil war were crouching in the rough way of the Nation's duty, the +Republic was not to turn aside into easier ways to avoid them. It should +on the contrary, regardless of consequences, seek to re-establish itself +in justice and liberty. + +He recognized, however, amid the excitement of the times with all his +old-time clarity of vision the constitutional limitations of the Reform. +He did not propose at this stage of the struggle to touch slavery within +the states, because Congress had not the power. To the utmost verge of the +Constitution be pushed his uncompromising opposition to it. Here he drew +up his forces, ready to cross the Rubicon of the slave-power whenever +justificatory cause arose. Such he considered to be the uprising of the +South in rebellion. Rebellion with him cancelled the slave covenants of +the Constitution and discharged the North from their further observance. + +He was at last untrammelled by constitutional conditions and limitations, +was free to carry the War into Africa. "Carthago est delenda" was +thenceforth ever on his lips. Mr. Lincoln and the Republican party started +out to save the Union with slavery. It is the rage now, I know, to extol +his marvellous sagacity and statesmanship. And I too will join in the +panegyric of his great qualities. But here he was not infallible. For when +he issued his Emancipation Proclamation, the South too was weighing the +military necessity of a similar measure. Justice was Sumner's solitary +expedient, right his unfailing sagacity. Of no other American statesman +can they be so unqualifiedly affirmed. They are indeed his peculiar +distinction and glory. Here he is the transcendent figure in our political +history. And yet, he was no fanatical visionary, Utopian dreamer, but a +practical moralist in the domain of politics. When president and party +turned a deaf ear to him and his simple straightforward remedy to try +their own, he did not break with them. On the contrary foot to foot and +shoulder to shoulder he kept step with both as far as they went. Where +they halted he would not stop. Stuck as the wheels of State were, during +those dreadful years in the mire and clay of political expediency and +pro-slavery Hunkerism, he appealed confidently to that large, unknown +quantity of courage and righteousness, dormant in the North, to set the +balked wheels again moving. + +An ardent Peace advocate, he nevertheless threw himself enthusiastically +into the uprising against the Disunionist. Not to fight then he saw was +but to provoke more horrible woes, to prevent which the man of Peace +preached war, unrelenting war. He was Anglo-Saxon enough, Puritan and +student of history enough to be sensible of the efficacy of blood and +iron, at times, in the cure of intolerable ills. But his was no vulgar war +for the mere ascendancy of his section in the Union. It was rather a holy +crusade against wrong and for the supremacy and perpetuity of liberty in +America. + +As elephants shy and shuffle before a bridge which they are about to +cross, so performed our saviors before emancipation and colored troops. +Emancipation and colored troops were the powder and ball which Providence +had laid by the side of our guns. Sumner urged incessantly upon the +administration the necessity of pouring this providential broadside into +the ranks of the foe. This was done at last and treason staggered and fell +mortally hurt. + +The gravest problem remained, however, to be solved. The riddle of the +southern sphinx awaited its Oedipus. How ought local self-government to be +reconstituted in the old slave states was the momentous question to be +answered at close of the war. Sumner had his answer, others had their +answer. His answer he framed on the simple basis of right. No party +considerations entered into his straightforward purpose. He was not +careful to enfold within it any scheme or suggestion looking to the +ascendancy of his section. It was freedom alone that he was solicitious of +establishing, the supremacy of democratic ideas and institutions in the +new-born nation. He desired the ascendancy of his section and party so far +only as they were the real custodians of national justice and progress. +God knows whether his plan was better than the plans of others except in +simpleness and purity of aim. Lincoln had his plan, Johnson his, Congress +its own. Sumner's had what appears to me might have evinced it, on trial, +of superior virtue and wisdom, namely, the element of time, indefinite +time as a factor in the work of reconstruction. But it is impossible to +speak positively on this point. His scheme was rejected and all +discussion of it becomes therefore nugatory. + +Negro citizenship and suffrage he championed not to save the political +power of his party and section, but as a duty which the republic owes to +the weakest of her children because of their weakness. Equality before the +law is, in fact, the only adequate defense which poverty has against +property in modern civilized society. Well did Mr. Sumner understand this +truth, that wrong has a fatal gift of metamorphosis, its ability to change +its form without losing its identity. It had shed in America, Negro +slavery. It would reappear as Negro serfdom unless placed in the way of +utter extinction. He had the sagacity to perceive that equality before the +law could alone avert a revival under a new name of the old slave power +and system. He toiled therefore in the Senate and on the platform to make +equality before the law the master principle in the social and political +life of America. + +As his years increased so increased his passion for justice and equality. +He was never weary of sowing and resowing in the laws of the Nation and in +the mind of the people the grand ideas of the Declaration of Independence. +This entire absorption in one loftly purpose lent to him a singular +aloofness and isolation in the politics of the times. He was not like +other political leaders. He laid stress on the ethical side of +statesmanship, they emphasized the economical. He was chiefly concerned +about the rights of persons, they about the rights of property. Such a +great soul could not be a partisan. Party with him was an instrument to +advance his ideas, and nothing more. As long as it proved efficient, +subservient to right, he gave to it his hearty support. + +It was therefore a foregone conclusion that Sumner and his party should +quarrel. The military and personal character of General Grant's first +administration furnished the casus belli. These great men had no +reciprocal appreciation the one for the other. Sumner was honest in the +belief that Grant knew nothing but war, and quite as honest was Grant in +supposing that Sumner had done nothing but talk. The breach, in +consequence, widened between the latter and his party for it naturally +enough espoused the cause of the President. + +Sumner's imposing figure grew more distant and companionless. Domestic +unhappiness too was eating into his proud heart. His health began to +decline. The immedicable injury which his constitution had sustained from +the assault of Brooks developed fresh complications, and renewed all of +the old bodily suffering. A temper always austere and imperious was not +mended by this harassing combination of ills. Alone in this extremity he +trod the wine-press of sickness and sorrow. He no longer had a party to +lean on, nor a state to support him, nor did any woman's hand minister to +him in this hour of his need. He had left to him nothing but his cause, +and to this he clung with the pathos and passion of a grand and solitary +spirit. Presently the grass-hopper became a burden, and the once stalwart +limbs could not carry him with their old time ease and regularity to his +seat in the Senate, which accordingly became frequently vacant. An +overpowering weariness and weakness was settling on the dying statesman. +Still his thoughts hovered anxiously about their one paramount object. +Like as the eyes of a mother about to die are turned and fixed on a +darling child, so turned his thoughts to the struggling cause of human +brotherhood and equality. For it the great soul would toil yet a little +longer. But it was otherwise decried, and the illustrious Defender of +Humanity passed away in this city March 11, 1874, leaving to his country +and to mankind, as a glorious heritage, the mortal grandeur of his +character and achievements. + + + + + CHARLES SUMNER. + + [On seeing some pictures of the interior of his home.] + + Only the casket left, the jewel gone + Whose noble presence filled these stately rooms, + And made this spot a shrine where pilgrims came-- + Stranger and friend--to bend in reverence + Before the great, pure soul that knew no guile; + To listen to the wise and gracious words + That fell from lips whose rare, exquisite smile + Gave tender beauty to the grand grave face. + + Upon these pictured walls we see thy peers,-- + Poet and saint and sage, painter and king,-- + A glorious band;--they shine upon us still; + Still gleam in marble the enchanting forms + Whereon thy artist eye delighted dwelt; + Thy fav'rite Psyche droops her matchless face, + Listening, methinks, for the beloved voice + Which nevermore on earth shall sound her praise. + + All these remain,--the beautiful, the brave, + The gifted, silent ones; but thou art gone! + Fair is the world that smiles upon us now; + Blue are the skies of June, balmy the air + That soothes with touches soft the weary brow; + And perfect days glide into perfect nights,-- + Moonlit and calm; but still our grateful hearts + Are sad, and faint with fear,--for thou art gone! + + Oh friend beloved, with longing, tear-filled eyes + We look up, up to the unclouded blue, + And seek in vain some answering sign from thee. + Look down upon us, guide and cheer us still + From the serene height where thou dwellest now; + Dark is the way without the beacon light + Which long and steadfastly thy hand upheld. + Oh, nerve with courage new the stricken hearts + Whose dearest hopes seem lost in losing thee! + + CHARLOTTE FORTEN GRIMKE. + + + + +Transcriber's Note: + +The following misprints have been corrected: + "Tuunell" corrected to "Tunnell" (preface) + "jurisprudnce" corrected to "jurisprudence" (page 3) + "opposeed" corrected to "opposed" (page 10) + "o" corrected to "of" (page 16) + "charactor" corrected to "character" (page 17) + + + + + + +End of Project Gutenberg's Charles Sumner Centenary, by Archibald H. 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