initial commit of ebook 31268HEADmain

9 files changed, 3768 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6833f05
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.gitattributes
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+* text=auto
+*.txt text
+*.md text
diff --git a/31268-8.txt b/31268-8.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2a630e1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/31268-8.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1238 @@
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Civilization the Primal Need of the Race, by 
+Alexander Crummell
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Civilization the Primal Need of the Race
+       The American Negro Academy. Occasional Paper No. 3
+
+Author: Alexander Crummell
+
+Release Date: February 13, 2010 [EBook #31268]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CIVILIZATION THE PRIMAL NEED ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Suzanne Shell, Stephanie Eason, and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+  The American Negro Academy
+
+  Occasional Papers, No. 3.
+
+
+  CIVILIZATION THE PRIMAL NEED OF THE RACE,
+  The Inaugural Address,
+
+  ALEXANDER CRUMMELL,
+
+  MARCH 5, 1897.
+
+  --AND--
+
+  THE ATTITUDE OF THE AMERICAN MIND TOWARD
+  THE NEGRO INTELLECT,
+  First Annual Address,
+
+  DEC. 28, 1897,
+
+  --BY--
+
+  ALEXANDER CRUMMELL,
+
+  President of the American Negro Academy.
+
+
+  Price, Fifteen Cents.
+
+  WASHINGTON, D. C.
+  PUBLISHED BY THE ACADEMY,
+  1898.
+
+
+
+
+OCCASIONAL PAPERS.
+
+
+No. 1.--A Review of Hoffman's Race Traits and Tendencies of the
+        American Negro.--Kelly Miller                            25 Cts.
+
+No. 2.--The Conservation of Races.--W. E. Burghardt DuBois       15 Cts.
+
+No. 3.--(a) Civilization, the Primal Need of the Race;
+        (b) The Attitude of the American Mind Toward the
+        Negro Intellect.--Alexander Crummell                     15 Cts.
+
+
+Orders filled through the Corresponding Secretary, J. W. Cromwell, 1439
+Pierce Place, Washington, D. C.
+
+Trade supplied through John H. Wills, 506 Eleventh Street, N. W.,
+Washington, D. C.
+
+
+
+
+CIVILIZATION, THE PRIMAL NEED OF THE RACE.
+
+
+GENTLEMEN:--
+
+There is no need, I apprehend, that I should undertake to impress you
+with a sense either of the need or of the importance of our assemblage
+here to-day. The fact of your coming here is, of itself, the clearest
+evidence of your warm acquiescence in the summons to this meeting, and
+of your cordial interest in the objects which it purposes to consider.
+
+Nothing has surprised and gratified me so much as the anxiousness of
+many minds for the movement which we are on the eve of beginning. In the
+letters which our Secretary, Mr. Cromwell, has received, and which will
+be read to us, we are struck by the fact that one cultured man here and
+another there,--several minds in different localities,--tell him that
+this is just the thing they have desired, and have been looking for.
+
+I congratulate you, therefore, gentlemen, on the opportuneness of your
+assemblage here. I felicitate you on the superior and lofty aims which
+have drawn you together. And, in behalf of your compeers, resident here
+in the city of Washington, I welcome you to the city and to the important
+deliberations to which our organization invites you.
+
+Just here, let me call your attention to the uniqueness and specialty of
+this conference. It is unlike any other which has ever taken place in
+the history of the Negro, on the American Continent. There have been,
+since the landing of the first black cargo of slaves at Jamestown, Va.,
+in 1619, numerous conventions of men of our race. There have been
+Religious Assemblies, Political Conferences, suffrage meetings,
+educational conventions. But _our_ meeting is for a purpose which, while
+inclusive, in some respects, of these various concerns, is for an object
+more distinct and positive than any of them.
+
+What then, it may be asked, is the special undertaking we have before
+us, in this Academy? My answer is the civilization of the Negro race in
+the United States, by the scientific processes of literature, art, and
+philosophy, through the agency of the cultured men of this same Negro
+race. And here, let me say, that the special race problem of the Negro
+in the United States is his civilization.
+
+I doubt if there is a man in this presence who has a higher conception
+of Negro capacity than your speaker; and this of itself, precludes the
+idea, on my part, of race disparagement. But, it seems manifest to me
+that, as a race in this land, we have no art; we have no science; we
+have no philosophy; we have no scholarship. Individuals we have in each
+of these lines; but mere individuality cannot be recognized as the
+aggregation of a family, a nation, or a race; or as the interpretation
+of any of them. And until we attain the role of civilization, we cannot
+stand up and hold our place in the world of culture and enlightenment.
+And the forfeiture of such a place means, despite, inferiority,
+repulsion, drudgery, poverty, and ultimate death! Now gentlemen, for the
+creation of a complete and rounded man, you need the impress and the
+moulding of the highest arts. But how much more so for the realizing of
+a true and lofty _race_ of men. What is true of a man is deeply true of
+a people. The special need in such a case is the force and application
+of the highest arts; not mere mechanism; not mere machinery; not mere
+handicraft; not the mere grasp on material things; not mere temporal
+ambitions. These are but incidents; important indeed, but pertaining
+mainly to man's material needs, and to the feeding of the body. And the
+incidental in life is incapable of feeding the living soul. For "man
+cannot live by bread alone, but by every word that proceedeth out of the
+mouth of God." And civilization is the _secondary_ word of God, given
+for the nourishment of humanity.
+
+To make _men_ you need civilization; and what I mean by civilization is
+the action of exalted forces, both of God and man. For manhood is the
+most majestic thing in God's creation; and hence the demand for the very
+highest art in the shaping and moulding of human souls.
+
+What is the great difficulty with the black race, in this era, in this
+land? It is that both within their ranks, and external to themselves, by
+large schools of thought interested in them, material ideas in divers
+forms are made prominent, as the master-need of the race, and as the
+surest way to success. Men are constantly dogmatizing theories of sense
+and matter as the salvable hope of the race. Some of our leaders and
+teachers boldly declare, now, that _property_ is the source of power;
+and then, that _money_ is the thing which commands respect. At one time
+it is _official position_ which is the masterful influence in the
+elevation of the race; at another, men are disposed to fall back upon
+_blood_ and _lineage_, as the root (source) of power and progress.
+
+Blind men! For they fail to see that neither property, nor money, nor
+station, nor office, nor lineage, are fixed factors, in so large a thing
+as the destiny of man; that they are not vitalizing qualities in the
+changeless hopes of humanity. The greatness of peoples springs from
+their ability to grasp the grand conceptions of being. It is the
+absorption of a people, of a nation, of a race, in large majestic and
+abiding things which lifts them up to the skies. These once apprehended,
+all the minor details of life follow in their proper places, and spread
+abroad in the details and the comfort of practicality. But until these
+gifts of a lofty civilization are secured, men are sure to remain low,
+debased and grovelling.
+
+It was the apprehension of this great truth which led Melancthon, 400
+years ago, to declare--"Unless we have the scientific mind we shall
+surely revert again to barbarism." He was a scholar and a classic, a
+theologian and a philosopher. With probably the exception of Erasmus, he
+was the most erudite man of his age. He was the greatest Grecian of his
+day. He was rich "with the spoils of time." And so running down the
+annals of the ages, he discovered the majestic fact, which Coleridge has
+put in two simple lines:--
+
+    "We may not hope from outward things to win
+  The passion and the life whose fountains are within;"
+
+which Wordsworth, in grand style, has declared,
+
+  "By the soul only the nations shall be free."
+
+But what is this other than the utterance of Melancthon,--"Without the
+scientific mind, barbarism." This is the teaching of history. For 2,000
+years, Europe has been governed, in all its developments, by Socrates,
+and Aristotle, and Plato, and Euclid. These were the great idealists;
+and as such, they were the great progenitors of all modern civilization,
+the majestic agents of God for the civil upbuilding of men and nations.
+For civilization is, in its origins, ideals; and hence, in the loftiest
+men, it bursts forth, producing letters, literature, science,
+philosophy, poetry, sculpture, architecture, yea, all the arts; and
+brings them with all their gifts, and lays them in the lap of religion,
+as the essential condition of their vital permanance and their
+continuity.
+
+But civilization never seeks permanent abidence upon the heights of
+Olympus. She is human, and seeks all human needs. And so she descends,
+re-creating new civilizations; uplifting the crudeness of laws, giving
+scientific precision to morals and religion, stimulating enterprise,
+extending commerce, creating manufactures, expanding mechanism and
+mechanical inventions; producing revolutions and reforms; humanizing
+labor; meeting the minutest human needs, even to the manufacturing
+needles for the industry of seamstresses and for the commonest uses of
+human fingers. All these are the fruits of civilization.
+
+Who are to be the agents to lift up this people of ours to the grand
+plane of civilization? Who are to bring them up to the height of noble
+thought, grand civility, a chaste and elevating culture, refinement, and
+the impulses of irrepressible progress? It is to be done by the scholars
+and thinkers, who have secured the vision which penetrates the center of
+nature, and sweeps the circles of historic enlightenment; and who have
+got insight into the life of things, and learned the art by which men
+touch the springs of action.
+
+For to transform and stimulate the souls of a race or a people is a work
+of intelligence. It is a work which demands the clear induction of
+world-wide facts, and the perception of their application to new
+circumstances. It is a work which will require the most skillful
+resources, and the use of the scientific spirit.
+
+But every man in a race cannot be a philosopher: nay, but few men in any
+land, in any age, can grasp ideal truth. Scientific ideas however must
+be apprehended, else there can be no progress, no elevation.
+
+Just here arises the need of the trained and scholarly men of a race to
+employ their knowledge and culture and teaching and to guide both the
+opinions and habits of the crude masses. The masses, nowhere are, or can
+be, learned or scientific. The scholar is exceptional, just the same as a
+great admiral like Nelson is, or a grand soldier like Cæsar or Napoleon.
+But the leader, the creative and organizing mind, is the master-need in
+all the societies of man. But, if they are not inspired with the notion
+of leadership and duty, then with all their Latin and Greek and science
+they are but pedants, trimmers, opportunists. For all true and lofty
+scholarship is weighty with the burdens and responsibilities of life and
+humanity.
+
+But these reformers must not be mere scholars. They must needs be both
+scholars and philanthropists. For this, indeed, has it been in all the
+history of men. In all the great revolutions, and in all great reforms
+which have transpired, scholars have been conspicuous; in the
+re-construction of society, in formulating laws, in producing great
+emancipations, in the revival of letters, in the advancement of
+science, in the rennaissance of art, in the destruction of gross
+superstitions and in the restoration of true and enlightened religion.
+
+And what is the spirit with which they are to come to this work? My
+answer is, that _disinterestedness_ must animate their motives and their
+acts. Whatever rivalries and dissensions may divide man in the social or
+political world, let generosity govern _us_. Let us emulate one another
+in the prompt recognition of rare genius, or uncommon talent. Let there
+be no tardy acknowledgment of worth in _our_ world of intellect. If we
+are fortunate enough, to see, of a sudden, a clever mathematician of our
+class, a brilliant poet, a youthful, but promising scientist or
+philosopher, let us rush forward, and hail his coming with no hesitant
+admiration, with no reluctant praise.
+
+It is only thus, gentlemen, that we can bring forth, stimulate, and
+uplift all the latent genius, garnered up, in the by-places and
+sequestered corners of this neglected Race.
+
+It is only thus we can nullify and break down the conspiracy which would
+fain limit and narrow the range of Negro talent in this caste-tainted
+country. It is only thus, we can secure that recognition of genius and
+scholarship in the republic of letters, which is the rightful
+prerogative of every race of men. It is only thus we can spread abroad
+and widely disseminate that culture and enlightment which shall permeate
+and leaven the entire social and domestic life of our people and so give
+that civilization which is the nearest ally of religion.
+
+
+
+
+THE ATTITUDE OF THE AMERICAN MIND TOWARD THE NEGRO INTELLECT.
+
+
+For the first time in the history of this nation the colored people of
+America have undertaken the difficult task, of stimulating and fostering
+the genius of their race as a distinct and definite purpose. Other and
+many gatherings have been made, during our own two and a half centuries'
+residence on this continent, for educational purposes; but ours is the
+first which endeavors to rise up to the plane of culture.
+
+For my own part I have no misgivings either with respect to the
+legitimacy, the timeliness, or the prospective success of our venture.
+The race in the brief period of a generation, has been so fruitful in
+intellectual product, that the time has come for a coalescence of
+powers, and for reciprocity alike in effort and appreciation. I
+congratulate you, therefore, on this your first anniversary. To me it
+is, I confess, a matter of rejoicing that we have, as a people, reached
+a point where we have a class of men who will come together for
+purposes, so pure, so elevating, so beneficent, as the cultivation of
+mind, with the view of meeting the uses and the needs of our benighted
+people.
+
+I feel that if this meeting were the end of this Academy; if I could see
+that it would die this very day, I would nevertheless, cry out--"All
+hail!" even if I had to join in with the salutation--"farewell forever!"
+For, first of all, you have done, during the year, that which was never
+done so completely before,--a work which has already told upon the
+American mind; and next you have awakened in the Race an ambition which,
+in some form, is sure to reproduce both mental and artistic organization
+in the future.
+
+The cultured classes of our country have never interested themselves to
+stimulate the desires or aspirations of the mind of our race. They have
+left us terribly alone. Such stimulation, must, therefore, in the very
+nature of things, come from ourselves.
+
+Let us state here a simple, personal incident, which will well serve to
+illustrate a history.
+
+I entered, sometime ago, the parlor of a distinguished southern
+clergyman. A kinsman was standing at his mantel, writing. The clergyman
+spoke to his relative--"Cousin, let me introduce to you the Rev. C., a
+clergyman of our Church," His cousin turned and looked down at me; but
+as soon as he saw my black face, he turned away with disgust, and paid
+no more attention to me than if I were a dog.
+
+Now, this porcine gentleman, would have been perfectly courteous, if I
+had gone into his parlor as a cook, or a waiter, or a bootblack. But my
+profession, as a clergyman, suggested the idea of letters and
+cultivation; and the contemptible snob at once forgot his manners, and
+put aside the common decency of his class.
+
+Now, in this, you can see the attitude of the American mind toward the
+Negro intellect. A reference to this attitude seems necessary, if we
+would take in, properly, the present condition of Negro culture.
+
+It presents a most singular phenomenon. Here was a people laden with the
+spoils of the centuries, bringing with them into this new land the
+culture of great empires; and, withal, claiming the exalted name and
+grand heritage of Christians. By their own voluntary act they placed
+right beside them a large population of another race of people, seized
+as captives, and brought to their plantations from a distant continent.
+This other race was an unlettered, unenlightened, and a pagan people.
+
+What was the attitude taken by this master race toward their benighted
+bondsmen? It was not simply that of indifference or neglect. There was
+nothing negative about it.
+
+They began, at the first, a systematic ignoring of the fact of intellect
+in this abased people. They undertook the process of darkening their
+minds.
+
+"Put out the light, and then, put out the light!" was their cry for
+centuries. Paganizing themselves, they sought a deeper paganizing of
+their serfs than the original paganism that these had brought from
+Africa. There was no legal artifice conceivable which was not resorted
+to, to blindfold their souls from the light of letters; and the church,
+in not a few cases, was the prime offender.[1]
+
+Then the legislatures of the several states enacted laws and Statutes,
+closing the pages of every book printed to the eyes of Negroes; barring
+the doors of every school-room against them! And this was the
+systematized method of the intellect of the South, to stamp out the
+brains of the Negro!
+
+It was done, too, with the knowledge that the Negro had brain power.
+There was _then_, no denial that the Negro had intellect. That denial
+was an after thought. Besides, legislatures never pass laws forbidding
+the education of pigs, dogs, and horses. They pass such laws against the
+intellect of _men_.
+
+However, there was then, at the very beginning of the slave trade,
+everywhere, in Europe, the glintings forth of talent in great Negro
+geniuses,--in Spain, and Portugal, in France and Holland and England;[2]
+and Phillis Wheatley and Banneker and Chavis and Peters, were in
+evidence on American soil.
+
+It is manifest, therefore, that the objective point in all this
+legislation was INTELLECT,--the intellect of the Negro! It was an effort
+to becloud and stamp out the intellect of the Negro!
+
+The _first_ phase of this attitude reached over from about 1700 to
+1820:--and as the result, almost Egyptian darkness fell upon the mind of
+the race, throughout the whole land.
+
+Following came a more infamous policy. It was the denial of
+intellectuality in the Negro; the assertion that he was not a human
+being, that he did not belong to the human race. This covered the period
+from 1820 to 1835, when Gliddon and Nott and others, published their
+so-called physiological work, to prove that the Negro was of a different
+species from the white man.
+
+A distinguished illustration of this ignoble sentiment can be given. In
+the year 1833 or 4 the speaker was an errand boy in the Anti-slavery
+office in New York City.
+
+On a certain occasion he heard a conversation between the Secretary and
+two eminent lawyers from Boston,--Samuel E. Sewell and David Lee Child.
+They had been to Washington on some legal business. While at the Capitol
+they happened to dine in the company of the great John C. Calhoun, then
+senator from South Carolina. It was a period of great ferment upon the
+question of Slavery, States' Rights, and Nullification; and consequently
+the Negro was the topic of conversation at the table. One of the
+utterances of Mr. Calhoun was to this effect--"That if he could find a
+Negro who knew the Greek syntax, he would then believe that the Negro
+was a human being and should be treated as a man."
+
+Just think of the crude asininity of even a great man! Mr. Calhoun went
+to "Yale" to study the Greek Syntax, and graduated there. His son went
+to Yale to study the Greek Syntax, and graduated there. His grandson, in
+recent years, went to Yale, to learn the Greek Syntax, and graduated
+there. Schools and Colleges were necessary for the Calhouns, and all
+other white men to learn the Greek syntax.
+
+And yet this great man knew that there was not a school, nor a college
+in which a black boy could learn his A. B. C's. He knew that the law in
+all the Southern States forbade Negro instruction under the severest
+penalties. How then was the Negro to learn the Greek syntax? How then
+was he to evidence to Mr. Calhoun his human nature? Why, it is manifest
+that Mr. Calhoun expected the Greek syntax to grow in _Negro brains_, by
+spontaneous generation!
+
+Mr. Calhoun was then, as much as any other American, an exponent of the
+nation's mind upon this point. Antagonistic as they were upon _other_
+subjects, upon the rejection of the Negro intellect they were a unit.
+And this, measurably, is the attitude of the American mind
+today:--measurably, I say, for thanks to the Almighty, it is not
+universally so.
+
+There has always been a school of philanthropists in this land who have
+always recognized mind in the Negro; and while recognizing the
+limitations which _individual_ capacity demanded, claimed that for the
+RACE, there was no such thing possible for its elevation save the
+widest, largest, highest, improvement. Such were our friends and patrons
+in New England in New York, Pennsylvania, a few among the Scotch
+Presbyterians and the "Friends" in grand old North Carolina; a great
+company among the Congregationalists of the East, nobly represented down
+to the present, by the "American Missionary Society," which tolerates no
+stint for the Negro intellect in its grand solicitudes. But these were
+exceptional.
+
+Down to the year 1825, I know of no Academy or College which would open
+its doors to a Negro.[3] In the South it was a matter of absolute legal
+disability. In the North, it was the ostracism of universal
+caste-sentiment. The theological schools of the land, and of all names,
+shut their doors against the black man. An eminent friend of mine, the
+noble, fervent, gentlemanly Rev. Theodore S. Wright, then a Presbyterian
+licentiate, was taking private lessons in theology, at Princeton; and
+for this offense was kicked out of one of its halls.
+
+In the year 1832 Miss Prudence Crandall opened a private school for the
+education of colored girls; and it set the whole State of Connecticut in
+a flame. Miss Crandall was mobbed, and the school was broken up.
+
+The year following, the trustees of Canaan Academy in New Hampshire
+opened its doors to Negro youths; and this act set the people of that
+state on fire. The farmers of the region assembled with 90 yoke of oxen,
+dragged the Academy into a swamp, and a few weeks afterward drove the
+black youths from the town.
+
+These instances will suffice. They evidence the general statement, _i. e._
+that the American mind has refused to foster and to cultivate the Negro
+intellect. Join to this a kindred fact, of which there is the fullest
+evidence. Impelled, at times, by pity, a modicum of schooling and
+training has been given the Negro; but even this, almost universally,
+with reluctance, with cold criticism, with microscopic scrutiny, with
+icy reservation, and at times, with ludicrous limitations.
+
+Cheapness characterizes almost all the donations of the American people
+to the Negro:--Cheapness, in all the past, has been the regimen provided
+for the Negro in every line of his intellectual, as well as his lower
+life. And so, cheapness is to be the rule in the future, as well for his
+higher, as for his lower life:--cheap wages and cheap food, cheap and
+rotten huts; cheap and dilapidated schools; cheap and stinted weeks of
+schooling; cheap meeting houses for worship; cheap and ignorant
+ministers; cheap theological training; and now, cheap learning, culture
+and civilization!
+
+Noble exceptions are found in the grand literary circles in which Mr.
+Howells moves--manifest in his generous editing of our own Paul Dunbar's
+poems. But this generosity is not general, even in the world of American
+letters.
+
+You can easily see this in the attempt, now-a-days, to side-track the
+Negro intellect, and to place it under limitations never laid upon any
+other class.
+
+The elevation of the Negro has been a moot question for a generation
+past. But even to-day what do we find the general reliance of the
+American mind in determinating this question? Almost universally the
+resort is to material agencies! The ordinary, and sometimes the
+_extraordinary_ American is unable to see that the struggle of a
+degraded people for elevation is, in its very nature, a warfare, and
+that its main weapon is the cultivated and scientific mind.
+
+Ask the great men of the land how this Negro problem is to be solved,
+and then listen to the answers that come from divers classes of our
+white fellow-citizens. The merchants and traders of our great cities
+tell us--"The Negro must be taught to work;" and they will pour out
+their moneys by thousands to train him to toil. The clergy in large
+numbers, cry out--"Industrialism is the only hope of the Negro;" for
+this is the bed-rock, in their opinion, of Negro evangelization! "Send
+him to Manual Labor Schools," cries out another set of philanthropists.
+"Hic haec, hoc," is going to prove the ruin of the Negro" says the Rev.
+Steele, an erudite Southern Savan. "You must begin at the bottom with
+the Negro," says another eminent authority--as though the Negro had been
+living in the clouds, and had never reached the bottom. Says the
+Honorable George T. Barnes, of Georgia--"The kind of education the Negro
+should receive should not be very refined nor classical, but adapted to
+his present condition:" as though there is to be no future for the
+Negro.
+
+And so you see that even now, late in the 19th century, in this land of
+learning and science, the creed is--"Thus far and no farther", _i. e._
+for the American black man.
+
+One would suppose from the universal demand for the mere industrialism
+for this race of ours, that the Negro had been going daily to dinner
+parties, eating terrapin and indulging in champagne; and returning home
+at night, sleeping on beds of eiderdown; breakfasting in the morning in
+his bed, and then having his valet to clothe him daily in purple and
+fine linen--all these 250 years of his sojourn in this land. And then,
+just now, the American people, tired of all this Negro luxury, was
+calling him, for the first time, to blister his hands with the hoe, and
+to learn to supply his needs by sweatful toil in the cotton fields.
+
+Listen a moment, to the wisdom of a great theologian, and withal as
+great philanthropist, the Rev. Dr. Wayland, of Philadelphia. Speaking,
+not long since, of the "Higher Education" of the colored people of the
+South, he said "that this subject concerned about 8,000,000 of our
+fellow-citizens, among whom are probably 1,500,000 voters. The education
+suited to these people is that which should be suited to white people
+under the same circumstances. These people are bearing the impress which
+was left on them by two centuries of slavery and several centuries of
+barbarism. This education must begin at the bottom. It must first of all
+produce the power of self-support to assist them to better their
+condition. It should teach them good citizenship and should build them
+up morally. It should be, first, a good English education. They should
+be imbued with the knowledge of the Bible. They should have an
+industrial education. An industrial education leads to self-support and
+to the elevation of their condition. Industry is itself largely an
+education, intellectually and morally, and, above all, an education of
+character. Thus we should make these people self-dependent. This
+education will do away with pupils being taught Latin and Greek, while
+they do not know the rudiments of English."
+
+Just notice the cautious, restrictive, limiting nature of this advice!
+Observe the lack of largeness, freedom and generosity in it. Dr.
+Wayland, I am sure, has never specialized just such a regimen for the
+poor Italians, Hungarians or Irish, who swarm, in lowly degradation, in
+immigrant ships to our shores. No! for them he wants, all Americans
+want, the widest, largest culture of the land; the instant opening, not
+simply of the common schools; and then an easy passage to the bar, the
+legislature, and even the judgeships of the nation. And they oft times
+get there.
+
+But how different the policy with the Negro. _He_ must have "an
+education which begins at the bottom." "He should have an industrial
+education," &c. His education must, first of all, produce the power of
+self-support, &c.
+
+Now, all this thought of Dr. Wayland is all true. But, my friends, it is
+all false, too; and for the simple reason that it is only half truth.
+Dr. Wayland seems unable to rise above the plane of burden-bearing for
+the Negro. He seems unable to gauge the idea of the Negro becoming a
+thinker. He seems to forget that a race of thoughtless toilers are
+destined to be forever a race of senseless _boys_; for only beings who
+think are men.
+
+How pitiable it is to see a great good man be-fuddled by a half truth.
+For to allege "Industrialism" to be the grand agency in the elevation of
+a race of already degraded labourers, is as much a mere platitude as to
+say, "they must eat and drink and sleep;" for man cannot live without
+these habits. But they never civilize man; and _civilization_ is the
+objective point in the movement for Negro elevation. Labor, just like
+eating and drinking, is one of the inevitabilities of life; one of its
+positive necessities. And the Negro has had it for centuries; but it has
+never given him manhood. It does not _now_, in wide areas of population,
+lift him up to moral and social elevation. Hence the need of a new
+factor in his life. The Negro needs light: light thrown in upon all the
+circumstances of his life. The light of civilization.
+
+Dr. Wayland fails to see two or three important things in this Negro
+problem:--
+
+(a) That the Negro has no need to go to a manual labor school.[4] He has
+been for two hundred years and more, the greatest laborer in the land.
+He is a laborer _now_; and he must always be a laborer, or he must die.
+But:
+
+(b) Unfortunately for the Negro, he has been so wretchedly ignorant that
+he has never known the value of his sweat and toil. He has been forced
+into being an unthinking labor-machine. And this he is, to a large
+degree, to-day under freedom.
+
+(c) Now the great need of the Negro, in our day and time, is intelligent
+impatience at the exploitation of his labor, on the one hand; on the
+other hand courage to demand a larger share of the wealth which his toil
+creates for others.
+
+It is not a mere negative proposition that settles this question. It is
+not that the Negro does not need the hoe, the plane, the plough, and the
+anvil. It is the positive affirmation that the Negro needs the light of
+cultivation; needs it to be thrown in upon all his toil, upon his whole
+life and its environments.
+
+What he needs is CIVILIZATION. He needs the increase of his higher wants,
+of his mental and spiritual needs. _This_, mere animal labor has never
+given him, and never can give him. But it will come to him, as an
+individual, and as a class, just in proportion as the higher culture
+comes to his leaders and teachers, and so gets into his schools, academies
+and colleges; and then enters his pulpits; and so filters down into his
+families and his homes; and the Negro learns that he is no longer to be a
+serf, but that he is to bare his strong brawny arm as a laborer; _not_ to
+make the white man a Croesus, but to make himself a man. He is always to
+be a laborer; but now, in these days of freedom and the schools, he is to
+be a laborer with intelligence, enlightenment and manly ambitions.
+
+But, when his culture fits him for something more than a field hand or a
+mechanic, he is to have an open door set wide before him! And that
+culture, according to his capacity, he must claim as his rightful
+heritage, as a man:--not stinted training, not a caste education, not a
+Negro curriculum.
+
+The Negro Race in this land must repudiate this absurd notion which is
+stealing on the American mind. The Race must declare that it is not to
+be put into a single groove; and for the simple reason (1) that _man_
+was made by his Maker to traverse the whole circle of existence, above
+as well as below; and that universality is the kernel of all true
+civilization, of all race elevation. And (2) that the Negro mind,
+imprisoned for nigh three hundred years, needs breadth and freedom,
+largeness, altitude, and elasticity; not stint nor rigidity, nor
+contractedness.
+
+But the "Gradgrinds" are in evidence on all sides, telling us that the
+colleges and scholarships given us since emancipation, are all a
+mistake; and that the whole system must be reversed. The conviction is
+widespread that the Negro has no business in the higher walks of
+scholarship; that, for instance, Prof. Scarborough has no right to labor
+in philology; Professor Kelly Miller in mathematics; Professor Du Bois,
+in history; Dr. Bowen, in theology; Professor Turner, in science; nor
+Mr. Tanner in art. There is no repugnance to the Negro buffoon, and the
+Negro scullion; but so soon as the Negro stands forth as an intellectual
+being, this toad of American prejudice, as at the touch of Ithuriel's
+spear, starts up a devil!
+
+It is this attitude, this repellant, this forbidding attitude of the
+American mind, which forces the Negro in this land, to both recognize
+and to foster the talent and capacity of his own race, and to strive to
+put that capacity and talent to use for the race. I have detailed the
+dark and dreadful attempt to stamp that intellect out of existence. It
+is not only a past, it is also, modified indeed, a present fact; and out
+of it springs the need of just such an organization as the Negro
+Academy.
+
+Now, gentlemen and friends, seeing that the American mind in the general,
+revolts from Negro genius, the Negro himself is duty bound to see to the
+cultivation and the fostering of his own race-capacity. This is the
+chief purpose of this Academy. _Our_ special mission is the encouragement
+of the genius and talent in our own race. Wherever we see great Negro
+ability it is our office to light upon it not tardily, not hesitatingly;
+but warmly, ungrudgingly, enthusiastically, for the honor of our race,
+and for the stimulating self-sacrifice in upbuilding the race. Fortunately
+for us, as a people, this year has given us more than ordinary opportunity
+for such recognition. Never before, in American history, has there been
+such a large discovery of talent and genius among us.
+
+Early in the year there was published by one of our members, a volume of
+papers and addresses, of more than usual excellence. You know gentlemen,
+that, not seldom, we have books and pamphlets from the press which, like
+most of our newspapers, are beneath the dignity of criticism. In
+language, in style, in grammar and in thought they are often crude and
+ignorant and vulgar. Not so with "_Talks for the Times_" by Prof.
+Crogman, of Clark University. It is a book with largess of high and
+noble common sense; pure and classical in style; with a large fund of
+devoted racialism; and replete everywhere with elevated thoughts. Almost
+simultaneously with the publication of Professor Crogman's book, came
+the thoughtful and spicy narrative of Rev. Matthew Anderson of
+Philadelphia. The title of this volume is "_Presbyterianism; its
+relation to the Negro_" but the title cannot serve as a revelation of
+the racy and spirited story of events in the career of its author. The
+book abounds with stirring incidents, strong remonstrance, clear and
+lucid argument, powerful reasonings, the keenest satire; while, withal,
+it sets forth the wide needs of the Race, and gives one of the strongest
+vindications of its character and its capacity.[5]
+
+Soon after this came the first publication of our Academy. And you all
+know the deep interest excited by the two papers, the first issue of
+this Society. They have attracted interest and inquiry where the mere
+declamatory effusions, or, the so-called eloquent harangues of aimless
+talkers and political wire-pullers would fall like snowflakes upon the
+waters. The papers of Prof. Kelly Miller and Prof. Du Bois have reached
+the circles of scholars and thinkers in this country. So consummate was
+the handling of Hoffman's "Race Traits and Tendencies" by Prof. Miller,
+that we may say that it was the most scientific defense of the Negro
+ever made in this country by a man of our own blood: accurate, pointed,
+painstaking, and I claim conclusive.
+
+The treatise of Prof. Du Bois upon the "Conservation of Race" separated
+itself, in tone and coloring, from the ordinary effusions of literary
+work in this land. It rose to the dignity of philosophical insight and
+deep historical inference. He gave us, in a most lucid and original
+method, and in a condensed form, the long settled conclusions of
+Ethnologists and Anthropologists upon the question of Race.
+
+This treatise moreover, furnished but a limited measure of our
+indebtedness to his pen and brain. Only a brief time before our assembly
+last year, Prof. Du Bois had given a large contribution to the
+literature of the nation as well as to the genius of the race. At that
+time he had published a work which will, without doubt, stand
+permanently, as authority upon its special theme. "_The Suppression of
+the Slave Trade_" is, without doubt, the one unique and special
+authority upon that subject, in print. It is difficult to conceive the
+possible creation of a similar work, so accurate and painstaking, so
+full of research, so orderly in historical statement, so rational in its
+conclusions. It is the simple truth, and at the same time the highest
+praise, the statement of one Review, that "Prof. Du Bois has exhausted
+his subject." This work is a step forward in the literature of the Race,
+and a stimulant to studious and aspiring minds among us.
+
+One further reference, that is, to the realm of Art.
+
+The year '97 will henceforth be worthy of note in our history. As a
+race, we have, this year, reached a high point in intellectual growth
+and expression.
+
+In poetry and painting, as well as in letters and thought, the Negro has
+made, this year, a character.
+
+On my return home in October, I met an eminent scientific gentleman; and
+one of the first remarks he made to me was--"Well, Dr. Crummell, we
+Americans have been well taken down in Paris, this year. Why," he said,
+"the prize in painting was taken by a colored young man, a Mr. Tanner
+from America. Do you know him?" The reference was to Mr. Tanner's
+"Raising of Lazarus," a painting purchased by the French Government, for
+the famous Luxembourg Gallery. This is an exceptional honor, rarely
+bestowed upon any American Artist. Well may we all be proud of this,
+and with this we may join the idea that Tanner, instead of having a hoe
+in his hand, or digging in a trench, as the faddists on industrialism
+would fain persuade us, has found his right place at the easel with
+artists.
+
+Not less distinguished in the world of letters is the brilliant career
+of our poet-friend and co-laborer, Mr. Paul Dunbar. It was my great
+privilege last summer to witness his triumph, on more than one occasion,
+in that grand metropolis of Letters and Literature, the city of London;
+as well as to hear of the high value set upon his work, by some of the
+first scholars and literati of England. Mr. Dunbar has had his poems
+republished in London by Chapman & Co.; and now has as high a reputation
+abroad as he has here in America, where his luminous genius has broken
+down the bars, and with himself, raised the intellectual character of
+his race in the world's consideration.
+
+These cheering occurrences, these demonstrations of capacity, give us
+the greatest encouragement in the large work which is before this
+Academy. Let us enter upon that work, this year, with high hopes, with
+large purposes, and with calm and earnest persistence. I trust that we
+shall bear in remembrance that the work we have undertaken is our
+special function; that it is a work which calls for cool thought, for
+laborious and tireless painstaking, and for clear discrimination; that
+it promises nowhere wide popularity, or, exuberant eclat; that very much
+of its ardent work is to be carried on in the shade; that none of its
+desired results will spring from spontaneity; that its most prominent
+features are the demands of duty to a needy people; and that its noblest
+rewards will be the satisfaction which will spring from having answered
+a great responsibility, and having met the higher needs of a benighted
+and struggling Race.
+
+
+
+
+Footnotes:
+
+[1] _Baptism_, for well nigh a century, was denied Negro slaves in the
+colonies, for fear it carried emancipation with it. Legislation on
+Education began at a subsequent date. In 1740 it was enacted in SOUTH
+CAROLINA: "Whereas, the having slaves taught to write or suffering them
+to be employed in writing, may be attended with great inconvenience, Be
+it enacted, That all and every person or persons whatsoever who shall
+hereafter teach or cause any slave or slaves to be taught to write, or
+shall use or employ any slave as a Scribe in any manner of writing,
+hereafter taught to write; every such person or persons shall forever,
+for every such offense, forfeit the sum of £100 current money."
+
+The next step, in South Carolina, was aimed against mental instruction
+of _every kind_, in reading and writing.
+
+A similar law was passed in Savannah, Georgia. In 1711, in the Colony of
+Maryland, a _special enactment_ was passed to bar freedom by baptism and
+in 1715, in South Carolina! See "_Stroud's Slave Laws_."
+
+[2] At the time when France was on the eve of plunging deeply into the
+slave trade and of ruining her colonies by the curse of Slavery, the
+ABBE GREGOIRE stept forth in vindication of the Negro, and published his
+celebrated work--"The Literature of Negroes." In this work he gives the
+names and narrates the achievements of the distinguished Negroes,
+writers, scholars, painters, philosophers, priests and Roman prelates,
+in Spain, Portugal, France, England, Holland, Italy and Turkey who had
+risen to eminence in the 15th century.
+
+Not long after BLUMENBACH declared that "entire and large provinces of
+Europe might be named, in which it would be difficult to meet with such
+good writers, poets, philosophers, and correspondents of the French
+Academy; and that moreover there is no savage people, who have
+distinguished themselves by such examples of perfectibility and capacity
+for scientific cultivation: and consequently that none can approach more
+nearly to the polished nations of the globe than the Negro."
+
+[3] "Oberlin College" in Ohio was the first opening its doors to the
+Negro in 1836.
+
+[4] "I am not so old as some of my young friends may suspect, but I am
+too old to go into the business of 'carrying coals to Newcastle.' * * * *
+The colored citizen of the U. S. has already graduated with respectable
+standing from a course of 250 years in the University of the old-time
+type of Manual labor. The South of to-day is what we see it largely
+because the colored men and women at least during the past 250 years,
+have not been lazy 'cumberers of the ground,' but the grand army of
+laborers that has wrestled with nature and led these 16 States out of
+the woods thus far on the highroad to material prosperity. It is not
+especially necessary that the 2,000,000 of our colored children and
+youth in the southern common schools should be warned against laziness,
+and what has always and everywhere come of that since the foundation of
+the world."
+
+  The Rev. A. D. Mayo, M. A., LL. D.
+  Address before State Teachers' Association (Colored)
+  Birmingham, Ala.
+
+[5] I owe Mr. Anderson an apology for omitting this references to his
+book on the delivery of this address. It was prepared while its author
+was in a foreign land; but had passed entirely from his memory in the
+preparation of this address.
+
+
+
+
+Transcriber's Notes:
+
+Passages in italics are indicated by _underscore_.
+
+The following misprints have been corrected:
+  "responsibilitles" corrected to "responsibilities" (page 6)
+  "imconvenience" corrected to "inconvenience" (page 9)
+  "legslation" corrected to "legislation" (page 10)
+  "poeple" corrected to "people" (page 10)
+  "expectional" corrected to "exceptional" (page 18)
+
+Other than the corrections listed above, printer's spelling and
+hyphenation usage have been retained.
+
+An unmatched quotation mark has been left as presented in the original
+text ("Hic haec, hoc," is going to prove the ruin of the Negro" says
+the Rev. Steele, an erudite Southern Savan.).
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Civilization the Primal Need of the
+Race, by Alexander Crummell
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CIVILIZATION THE PRIMAL NEED ***
+
+***** This file should be named 31268-8.txt or 31268-8.zip *****
+This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:
+        https://www.gutenberg.org/3/1/2/6/31268/
+
+Produced by Suzanne Shell, Stephanie Eason, and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net.
+
+
+Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions
+will be renamed.
+
+Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no
+one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation
+(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without
+permission and without paying copyright royalties.  Special rules,
+set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to
+copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to
+protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark.  Project
+Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you
+charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission.  If you
+do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the
+rules is very easy.  You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose
+such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and
+research.  They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do
+practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks.  Redistribution is
+subject to the trademark license, especially commercial
+redistribution.
+
+
+
+*** START: FULL LICENSE ***
+
+THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE
+PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK
+
+To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free
+distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work
+(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at
+https://gutenberg.org/license).
+
+
+Section 1.  General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic works
+
+1.A.  By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to
+and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
+(trademark/copyright) agreement.  If you do not agree to abide by all
+the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy
+all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession.
+If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the
+terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or
+entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.
+
+1.B.  "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark.  It may only be
+used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who
+agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement.  There are a few
+things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
+even without complying with the full terms of this agreement.  See
+paragraph 1.C below.  There are a lot of things you can do with Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement
+and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.  See paragraph 1.E below.
+
+1.C.  The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation"
+or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works.  Nearly all the individual works in the
+collection are in the public domain in the United States.  If an
+individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are
+located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from
+copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative
+works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg
+are removed.  Of course, we hope that you will support the Project
+Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by
+freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of
+this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with
+the work.  You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by
+keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others.
+
+1.D.  The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern
+what you can do with this work.  Copyright laws in most countries are in
+a constant state of change.  If you are outside the United States, check
+the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement
+before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or
+creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project
+Gutenberg-tm work.  The Foundation makes no representations concerning
+the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United
+States.
+
+1.E.  Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:
+
+1.E.1.  The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate
+access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently
+whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the
+phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed,
+copied or distributed:
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+1.E.2.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived
+from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is
+posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied
+and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees
+or charges.  If you are redistributing or providing access to a work
+with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the
+work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1
+through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the
+Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or
+1.E.9.
+
+1.E.3.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted
+with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
+must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional
+terms imposed by the copyright holder.  Additional terms will be linked
+to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the
+permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work.
+
+1.E.4.  Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this
+work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm.
+
+1.E.5.  Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this
+electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
+prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
+active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm License.
+
+1.E.6.  You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
+compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any
+word processing or hypertext form.  However, if you provide access to or
+distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than
+"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version
+posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org),
+you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a
+copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon
+request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other
+form.  Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.
+
+1.E.7.  Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,
+performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works
+unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.
+
+1.E.8.  You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing
+access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided
+that
+
+- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
+     the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method
+     you already use to calculate your applicable taxes.  The fee is
+     owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he
+     has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the
+     Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.  Royalty payments
+     must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you
+     prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax
+     returns.  Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and
+     sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the
+     address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to
+     the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation."
+
+- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies
+     you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he
+     does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+     License.  You must require such a user to return or
+     destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium
+     and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of
+     Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any
+     money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the
+     electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days
+     of receipt of the work.
+
+- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
+     distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+1.E.9.  If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set
+forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from
+both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael
+Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark.  Contact the
+Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below.
+
+1.F.
+
+1.F.1.  Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable
+effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread
+public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm
+collection.  Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain
+"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or
+corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual
+property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a
+computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by
+your equipment.
+
+1.F.2.  LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right
+of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all
+liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal
+fees.  YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT
+LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
+PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH F3.  YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE
+TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE
+LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR
+INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
+DAMAGE.
+
+1.F.3.  LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a
+defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can
+receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a
+written explanation to the person you received the work from.  If you
+received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with
+your written explanation.  The person or entity that provided you with
+the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a
+refund.  If you received the work electronically, the person or entity
+providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to
+receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund.  If the second copy
+is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further
+opportunities to fix the problem.
+
+1.F.4.  Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth
+in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS' WITH NO OTHER
+WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO
+WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.
+
+1.F.5.  Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied
+warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages.
+If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the
+law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be
+interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by
+the applicable state law.  The invalidity or unenforceability of any
+provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.
+
+1.F.6.  INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the
+trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone
+providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance
+with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production,
+promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works,
+harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees,
+that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do
+or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm
+work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any
+Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause.
+
+
+Section  2.  Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of
+electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers
+including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers.  It exists
+because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from
+people in all walks of life.
+
+Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the
+assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's
+goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will
+remain freely available for generations to come.  In 2001, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure
+and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations.
+To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
+and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4
+and the Foundation web page at https://www.pglaf.org.
+
+
+Section 3.  Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
+Foundation
+
+The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit
+501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
+state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
+Revenue Service.  The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification
+number is 64-6221541.  Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at
+https://pglaf.org/fundraising.  Contributions to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent
+permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws.
+
+The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S.
+Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered
+throughout numerous locations.  Its business office is located at
+809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email
+business@pglaf.org.  Email contact links and up to date contact
+information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official
+page at https://pglaf.org
+
+For additional contact information:
+     Dr. Gregory B. Newby
+     Chief Executive and Director
+     gbnewby@pglaf.org
+
+
+Section 4.  Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide
+spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of
+increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be
+freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest
+array of equipment including outdated equipment.  Many small donations
+($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt
+status with the IRS.
+
+The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating
+charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
+States.  Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
+considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up
+with these requirements.  We do not solicit donations in locations
+where we have not received written confirmation of compliance.  To
+SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any
+particular state visit https://pglaf.org
+
+While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we
+have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition
+against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who
+approach us with offers to donate.
+
+International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make
+any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
+outside the United States.  U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.
+
+Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation
+methods and addresses.  Donations are accepted in a number of other
+ways including including checks, online payments and credit card
+donations.  To donate, please visit: https://pglaf.org/donate
+
+
+Section 5.  General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.
+
+Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm
+concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared
+with anyone.  For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project
+Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support.
+
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed
+editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S.
+unless a copyright notice is included.  Thus, we do not necessarily
+keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition.
+
+
+Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility:
+
+     https://www.gutenberg.org
+
+This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm,
+including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
+Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to
+subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.
diff --git a/31268-8.zip b/31268-8.zip
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..730f4b1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/31268-8.zip
diff --git a/31268-h.zip b/31268-h.zip
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fea401b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/31268-h.zip
diff --git a/31268-h/31268-h.htm b/31268-h/31268-h.htm
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ac6751b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/31268-h/31268-h.htm
@@ -0,0 +1,1276 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
+    "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
+
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
+  <head>
+    <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=iso-8859-1" />
+    <title>
+      The Project Gutenberg eBook of Civilization the Primal Need of the Race, by Alexander Crummell.
+    </title>
+    <style type="text/css">
+
+    p {margin-top: .75em; text-align: justify; margin-bottom: .75em;}
+
+    h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6 {text-align: center; clear: both;}
+
+    hr {width: 33%; margin-top: 2em; margin-bottom: 2em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; clear: both;}
+
+    table {margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;}
+
+    body {margin-left: 12%; margin-right: 12%;}
+
+    .pagenum  {position: absolute; left: 92%; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;}
+
+    .poem {margin-left:15%; margin-right:15%;}
+
+    .hang     {margin-left: 2em; text-indent: -2em;}
+
+    .smcap    {font-variant: small-caps;}
+
+    ins.correction {text-decoration:none; border-bottom: thin solid gray;}
+
+    .spacer  {padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em;}
+
+    a:link {color:#0000ff; text-decoration:none}
+    a:visited {color:#6633cc; text-decoration:none}
+
+    </style>
+  </head>
+<body>
+
+
+<pre>
+
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Civilization the Primal Need of the Race, by 
+Alexander Crummell
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Civilization the Primal Need of the Race
+       The American Negro Academy. Occasional Paper No. 3
+
+Author: Alexander Crummell
+
+Release Date: February 13, 2010 [EBook #31268]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CIVILIZATION THE PRIMAL NEED ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Suzanne Shell, Stephanie Eason, and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+
+
+<h3>The American Negro Academy</h3>
+<h3>Occasional Papers, No. 3.</h3>
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<h1>CIVILIZATION THE PRIMAL NEED OF THE RACE,</h1>
+<h3>The Inaugural Address,</h3>
+<h4>&mdash;BY&mdash;</h4>
+<h3>ALEXANDER CRUMMELL,</h3>
+<h4>MARCH 5, 1897.</h4>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<h3>&mdash;AND&mdash;</h3>
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<h1>THE ATTITUDE OF THE AMERICAN MIND TOWARD<br />THE NEGRO INTELLECT,</h1>
+<h3>First Annual Address,</h3>
+<h4>DEC. 28, 1897,</h4>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<h4>&mdash;BY&mdash;</h4>
+<h3>ALEXANDER CRUMMELL,</h3>
+<h4>President of the American Negro Academy.</h4>
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<h4>Price, Fifteen Cents.</h4>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<h4>WASHINGTON, D. C.<br />PUBLISHED BY THE ACADEMY,<br />1898.</h4>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h3>OCCASIONAL PAPERS.</h3>
+<table width="80%" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="5" summary="papers">
+<tr><td class="hang">No. 1.&mdash;<span class="smcap">A Review of Hoffman&#8217;s Race Traits and
+Tendencies of the American Negro.</span>&mdash;Kelly Miller</td><td><span class="spacer">&nbsp;</span></td><td align="right">25 Cts.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="hang">No. 2.&mdash;<span class="smcap">The Conservation of Races.</span>&mdash;W. E.
+Burghardt DuBois</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right">15 Cts.</td></tr>
+
+<tr><td class="hang">No. 3.&mdash;(a) <span class="smcap">Civilization, the Primal Need of the Race;</span><br />
+(b) <span class="smcap">The Attitude of the American Mind Toward
+the Negro Intellect.</span>&mdash;Alexander Crummell</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right">15 Cts.</td></tr></table>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>Orders filled through the Corresponding Secretary, J. W. Cromwell, 1439 Pierce Place, Washington, D. C.</p>
+
+<p>Trade supplied through John H. Wills, 506 Eleventh Street, N. W., Washington, D. C.</p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[Pg 3]</a></span></p>
+<h2>CIVILIZATION, THE PRIMAL NEED OF THE RACE.</h2>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Gentlemen</span>:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>There is no need, I apprehend, that I should undertake to impress you
+with a sense either of the need or of the importance of our assemblage
+here to-day. The fact of your coming here is, of itself, the clearest
+evidence of your warm acquiescence in the summons to this meeting, and
+of your cordial interest in the objects which it purposes to consider.</p>
+
+<p>Nothing has surprised and gratified me so much as the anxiousness of
+many minds for the movement which we are on the eve of beginning. In the
+letters which our Secretary, Mr. Cromwell, has received, and which will
+be read to us, we are struck by the fact that one cultured man here and
+another there,&mdash;several minds in different localities,&mdash;tell him that
+this is just the thing they have desired, and have been looking for.</p>
+
+<p>I congratulate you, therefore, gentlemen, on the opportuneness of your
+assemblage here. I felicitate you on the superior and lofty aims which
+have drawn you together. And, in behalf of your compeers, resident here
+in the city of Washington, I welcome you to the city and to the
+important deliberations to which our organization invites you.</p>
+
+<p>Just here, let me call your attention to the uniqueness and specialty of
+this conference. It is unlike any other which has ever taken place in
+the history of the Negro, on the American Continent. There have been,
+since the landing of the first black cargo of slaves at Jamestown, Va.,
+in 1619, numerous conventions of men of our race. There have been
+Religious Assemblies, Political Conferences, suffrage meetings,
+educational conventions. But <i>our</i> meeting is for a purpose which, while
+inclusive, in some respects, of these various concerns, is for an object
+more distinct and positive than any of them.</p>
+
+<p>What then, it may be asked, is the special undertaking we have before
+us, in this Academy? My answer is the civilization of the Negro race in
+the United States, by the scientific processes of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[Pg 4]</a></span> literature, art, and
+philosophy, through the agency of the cultured men of this same Negro
+race. And here, let me say, that the special race problem of the Negro
+in the United States is his civilization.</p>
+
+<p>I doubt if there is a man in this presence who has a higher conception
+of Negro capacity than your speaker; and this of itself, precludes the
+idea, on my part, of race disparagement. But, it seems manifest to me
+that, as a race in this land, we have no art; we have no science; we
+have no philosophy; we have no scholarship. Individuals we have in each
+of these lines; but mere individuality cannot be recognized as the
+aggregation of a family, a nation, or a race; or as the interpretation
+of any of them. And until we attain the role of civilization, we cannot
+stand up and hold our place in the world of culture and enlightenment.
+And the forfeiture of such a place means, despite, inferiority,
+repulsion, drudgery, poverty, and ultimate death! Now gentlemen, for the
+creation of a complete and rounded man, you need the impress and the
+moulding of the highest arts. But how much more so for the realizing of
+a true and lofty <i>race</i> of men. What is true of a man is deeply true of
+a people. The special need in such a case is the force and application
+of the highest arts; not mere mechanism; not mere machinery; not mere
+handicraft; not the mere grasp on material things; not mere temporal
+ambitions. These are but incidents; important indeed, but pertaining
+mainly to man&#8217;s material needs, and to the feeding of the body. And the
+incidental in life is incapable of feeding the living soul. For &#8220;man
+cannot live by bread alone, but by every word that proceedeth out of the
+mouth of God.&#8221; And civilization is the <i>secondary</i> word of God, given
+for the nourishment of humanity.</p>
+
+<p>To make <i>men</i> you need civilization; and what I mean by civilization is
+the action of exalted forces, both of God and man. For manhood is the
+most majestic thing in God&#8217;s creation; and hence the demand for the very
+highest art in the shaping and moulding of human souls.</p>
+
+<p>What is the great difficulty with the black race, in this era, in this
+land? It is that both within their ranks, and external to themselves, by
+large schools of thought interested in them, material ideas in divers
+forms are made prominent, as the master-need of the race, and as the
+surest way to success. Men are constantly dogmatizing theories of sense
+and matter as the salvable hope of the race. Some of our leaders and
+teachers boldly declare, now, that <i>property</i> is the source of power;
+and then, that <i>money</i> is the thing which commands respect. At one time
+it is <i>official position</i> which is the masterful<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[Pg 5]</a></span> influence in the
+elevation of the race; at another, men are disposed to fall back upon
+<i>blood</i> and <i>lineage</i>, as the root (source) of power and progress.</p>
+
+<p>Blind men! For they fail to see that neither property, nor money, nor
+station, nor office, nor lineage, are fixed factors, in so large a thing
+as the destiny of man; that they are not vitalizing qualities in the
+changeless hopes of humanity. The greatness of peoples springs from
+their ability to grasp the grand conceptions of being. It is the
+absorption of a people, of a nation, of a race, in large majestic and
+abiding things which lifts them up to the skies. These once apprehended,
+all the minor details of life follow in their proper places, and spread
+abroad in the details and the comfort of practicality. But until these
+gifts of a lofty civilization are secured, men are sure to remain low,
+debased and grovelling.</p>
+
+<p>It was the apprehension of this great truth which led Melancthon, 400
+years ago, to declare&mdash;&#8220;Unless we have the scientific mind we shall
+surely revert again to barbarism.&#8221; He was a scholar and a classic, a
+theologian and a philosopher. With probably the exception of Erasmus, he
+was the most erudite man of his age. He was the greatest Grecian of his
+day. He was rich &#8220;with the spoils of time.&#8221; And so running down the
+annals of the ages, he discovered the majestic fact, which Coleridge has
+put in two simple lines:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p class="poem"><span style="margin-left: 1em;">&#8220;We may not hope from outward things to win</span><br />
+The passion and the life whose fountains are within;&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>which Wordsworth, in grand style, has declared,</p>
+
+<p class="poem">&#8220;By the soul only the nations shall be free.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>But what is this other than the utterance of Melancthon,&mdash;&#8220;Without the
+scientific mind, barbarism.&#8221; This is the teaching of history. For 2,000
+years, Europe has been governed, in all its developments, by Socrates,
+and Aristotle, and Plato, and Euclid. These were the great idealists;
+and as such, they were the great progenitors of all modern civilization,
+the majestic agents of God for the civil upbuilding of men and nations.
+For civilization is, in its origins, ideals; and hence, in the loftiest
+men, it bursts forth, producing letters, literature, science,
+philosophy, poetry, sculpture, architecture, yea, all the arts; and
+brings them with all their gifts, and lays them in the lap of religion,
+as the essential condition of their vital permanance and their
+continuity.</p>
+
+<p>But civilization never seeks permanent abidence upon the heights of
+Olympus. She is human, and seeks all human needs. And so she descends,
+re-creating new civilizations; uplifting the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[Pg 6]</a></span> crudeness of laws, giving
+scientific precision to morals and religion, stimulating enterprise,
+extending commerce, creating manufactures, expanding mechanism and
+mechanical inventions; producing revolutions and reforms; humanizing
+labor; meeting the minutest human needs, even to the manufacturing
+needles for the industry of seamstresses and for the commonest uses of
+human fingers. All these are the fruits of civilization.</p>
+
+<p>Who are to be the agents to lift up this people of ours to the grand
+plane of civilization? Who are to bring them up to the height of noble
+thought, grand civility, a chaste and elevating culture, refinement, and
+the impulses of irrepressible progress? It is to be done by the scholars
+and thinkers, who have secured the vision which penetrates the center of
+nature, and sweeps the circles of historic enlightenment; and who have
+got insight into the life of things, and learned the art by which men
+touch the springs of action.</p>
+
+<p>For to transform and stimulate the souls of a race or a people is a work
+of intelligence. It is a work which demands the clear induction of
+world-wide facts, and the perception of their application to new
+circumstances. It is a work which will require the most skillful
+resources, and the use of the scientific spirit.</p>
+
+<p>But every man in a race cannot be a philosopher: nay, but few men in any
+land, in any age, can grasp ideal truth. Scientific ideas however must
+be apprehended, else there can be no progress, no elevation.</p>
+
+<p>Just here arises the need of the trained and scholarly men of a race to
+employ their knowledge and culture and teaching and to guide both the
+opinions and habits of the crude masses. The masses, nowhere are, or can
+be, learned or scientific. The scholar is exceptional, just the same as a
+great admiral like Nelson is, or a grand soldier like C&aelig;sar or Napoleon.
+But the leader, the creative and organizing mind, is the master-need in
+all the societies of man. But, if they are not inspired with the notion
+of leadership and duty, then with all their Latin and Greek and science
+they are but pedants, trimmers, opportunists. For all true and lofty
+scholarship is weighty with the burdens and <ins class="correction" title="original reads 'responsibilitles'">responsibilities</ins> of life and
+humanity.</p>
+
+<p>But these reformers must not be mere scholars. They must needs be both
+scholars and philanthropists. For this, indeed, has it been in all the
+history of men. In all the great revolutions, and in all great reforms
+which have transpired, scholars have been conspicuous; in the
+re-construction of society, in formulating laws, in producing great
+emancipations, in the revival of letters, in the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[Pg 7]</a></span> advancement of
+science, in the rennaissance of art, in the destruction of gross
+superstitions and in the restoration of true and enlightened religion.</p>
+
+<p>And what is the spirit with which they are to come to this work? My
+answer is, that <i>disinterestedness</i> must animate their motives and their
+acts. Whatever rivalries and dissensions may divide man in the social or
+political world, let generosity govern <i>us</i>. Let us emulate one another
+in the prompt recognition of rare genius, or uncommon talent. Let there
+be no tardy acknowledgment of worth in <i>our</i> world of intellect. If we
+are fortunate enough, to see, of a sudden, a clever mathematician of our
+class, a brilliant poet, a youthful, but promising scientist or
+philosopher, let us rush forward, and hail his coming with no hesitant
+admiration, with no reluctant praise.</p>
+
+<p>It is only thus, gentlemen, that we can bring forth, stimulate, and
+uplift all the latent genius, garnered up, in the by-places and
+sequestered corners of this neglected Race.</p>
+
+<p>It is only thus we can nullify and break down the conspiracy which would
+fain limit and narrow the range of Negro talent in this caste-tainted
+country. It is only thus, we can secure that recognition of genius and
+scholarship in the republic of letters, which is the rightful
+prerogative of every race of men. It is only thus we can spread abroad
+and widely disseminate that culture and enlightment which shall permeate
+and leaven the entire social and domestic life of our people and so give
+that civilization which is the nearest ally of religion.</p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[Pg 8]</a></span></p>
+<h2>THE ATTITUDE OF THE AMERICAN MIND TOWARD THE NEGRO INTELLECT.</h2>
+
+<p>For the first time in the history of this nation the colored people of
+America have undertaken the difficult task, of stimulating and fostering
+the genius of their race as a distinct and definite purpose. Other and
+many gatherings have been made, during our own two and a half centuries&#8217;
+residence on this continent, for educational purposes; but ours is the
+first which endeavors to rise up to the plane of culture.</p>
+
+<p>For my own part I have no misgivings either with respect to the
+legitimacy, the timeliness, or the prospective success of our venture.
+The race in the brief period of a generation, has been so fruitful in
+intellectual product, that the time has come for a coalescence of
+powers, and for reciprocity alike in effort and appreciation. I
+congratulate you, therefore, on this your first anniversary. To me it
+is, I confess, a matter of rejoicing that we have, as a people, reached
+a point where we have a class of men who will come together for
+purposes, so pure, so elevating, so beneficent, as the cultivation of
+mind, with the view of meeting the uses and the needs of our benighted
+people.</p>
+
+<p>I feel that if this meeting were the end of this Academy; if I could see
+that it would die this very day, I would nevertheless, cry out&mdash;&#8220;All
+hail!&#8221; even if I had to join in with the salutation&mdash;&#8220;farewell forever!&#8221;
+For, first of all, you have done, during the year, that which was never
+done so completely before,&mdash;a work which has already told upon the
+American mind; and next you have awakened in the Race an ambition which,
+in some form, is sure to reproduce both mental and artistic organization
+in the future.</p>
+
+<p>The cultured classes of our country have never interested themselves to
+stimulate the desires or aspirations of the mind of our race. They have
+left us terribly alone. Such stimulation, must, therefore, in the very
+nature of things, come from ourselves.</p>
+
+<p>Let us state here a simple, personal incident, which will well serve to
+illustrate a history.</p>
+
+<p>I entered, sometime ago, the parlor of a distinguished southern
+clergyman. A kinsman was standing at his mantel, writing. The clergyman
+spoke to his relative&mdash;&#8220;Cousin, let me introduce to you the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[Pg 9]</a></span> Rev. C., a
+clergyman of our Church,&#8221; His cousin turned and looked down at me; but
+as soon as he saw my black face, he turned away with disgust, and paid
+no more attention to me than if I were a dog.</p>
+
+<p>Now, this porcine gentleman, would have been perfectly courteous, if I
+had gone into his parlor as a cook, or a waiter, or a bootblack. But my
+profession, as a clergyman, suggested the idea of letters and
+cultivation; and the contemptible snob at once forgot his manners, and
+put aside the common decency of his class.</p>
+
+<p>Now, in this, you can see the attitude of the American mind toward the
+Negro intellect. A reference to this attitude seems necessary, if we
+would take in, properly, the present condition of Negro culture.</p>
+
+<p>It presents a most singular phenomenon. Here was a people laden with the
+spoils of the centuries, bringing with them into this new land the
+culture of great empires; and, withal, claiming the exalted name and
+grand heritage of Christians. By their own voluntary act they placed
+right beside them a large population of another race of people, seized
+as captives, and brought to their plantations from a distant continent.
+This other race was an unlettered, unenlightened, and a pagan people.</p>
+
+<p>What was the attitude taken by this master race toward their benighted
+bondsmen? It was not simply that of indifference or neglect. There was
+nothing negative about it.</p>
+
+<p>They began, at the first, a systematic ignoring of the fact of intellect
+in this abased people. They undertook the process of darkening their
+minds.</p>
+
+<p>&#8220;Put out the light, and then, put out the light!&#8221; was their cry for
+centuries. Paganizing themselves, they sought a deeper paganizing of
+their serfs than the original paganism that these had brought from
+Africa. There was no legal artifice conceivable which was not resorted
+to, to blindfold their souls from the light of letters; and the church,
+in not a few cases, was the prime offender.<small><a name="f1.1" id="f1.1" href="#f1">[1]</a></small></p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[Pg 10]</a></span>Then the legislatures of the several states enacted laws and Statutes,
+closing the pages of every book printed to the eyes of Negroes; barring
+the doors of every school-room against them! And this was the
+systematized method of the intellect of the South, to stamp out the
+brains of the Negro!</p>
+
+<p>It was done, too, with the knowledge that the Negro had brain power.
+There was <i>then</i>, no denial that the Negro had intellect. That denial
+was an after thought. Besides, legislatures never pass laws forbidding
+the education of pigs, dogs, and horses. They pass such laws against the
+intellect of <i>men</i>.</p>
+
+<p>However, there was then, at the very beginning of the slave trade,
+everywhere, in Europe, the glintings forth of talent in great Negro
+geniuses,&mdash;in Spain, and Portugal, in France and Holland and England;<small><a name="f2.1" id="f2.1" href="#f2">[2]</a></small>
+and Phillis Wheatley and Banneker and Chavis and Peters, were in
+evidence on American soil.</p>
+
+<p>It is manifest, therefore, that the objective point in all this
+<ins class="correction" title="original reads 'legslation'">legislation</ins> was INTELLECT,&mdash;the intellect of the Negro! It was an effort
+to becloud and stamp out the intellect of the Negro!</p>
+
+<p>The <i>first</i> phase of this attitude reached over from about 1700 to
+1820:&mdash;and as the result, almost Egyptian darkness fell upon the mind of
+the race, throughout the whole land.</p>
+
+<p>Following came a more infamous policy. It was the denial of
+intellectuality in the Negro; the assertion that he was not a human
+being, that he did not belong to the human race. This covered the period
+from 1820 to 1835, when Gliddon and Nott and others, published their
+so-called physiological work, to prove that the Negro was of a different
+species from the white man.</p>
+
+<p>A distinguished illustration of this ignoble sentiment can be given. In
+the year 1833 or 4 the speaker was an errand boy in the Anti-slavery
+office in New York City.</p>
+
+<p>On a certain occasion he heard a conversation between the Secretary and
+two eminent lawyers from Boston,&mdash;Samuel E. Sewell and <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[Pg 11]</a></span>David Lee Child.
+They had been to Washington on some legal business. While at the Capitol
+they happened to dine in the company of the great John C. Calhoun, then
+senator from South Carolina. It was a period of great ferment upon the
+question of Slavery, States&#8217; Rights, and Nullification; and consequently
+the Negro was the topic of conversation at the table. One of the
+utterances of Mr. Calhoun was to this effect&mdash;&#8220;That if he could find a
+Negro who knew the Greek syntax, he would then believe that the Negro
+was a human being and should be treated as a man.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Just think of the crude asininity of even a great man! Mr. Calhoun went
+to &#8220;Yale&#8221; to study the Greek Syntax, and graduated there. His son went
+to Yale to study the Greek Syntax, and graduated there. His grandson, in
+recent years, went to Yale, to learn the Greek Syntax, and graduated
+there. Schools and Colleges were necessary for the Calhouns, and all
+other white men to learn the Greek syntax.</p>
+
+<p>And yet this great man knew that there was not a school, nor a college
+in which a black boy could learn his A. B. C&#8217;s. He knew that the law in
+all the Southern States forbade Negro instruction under the severest
+penalties. How then was the Negro to learn the Greek syntax? How then
+was he to evidence to Mr. Calhoun his human nature? Why, it is manifest
+that Mr. Calhoun expected the Greek syntax to grow in <i>Negro brains</i>, by
+spontaneous generation!</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Calhoun was then, as much as any other American, an exponent of the
+nation&#8217;s mind upon this point. Antagonistic as they were upon <i>other</i>
+subjects, upon the rejection of the Negro intellect they were a unit.
+And this, measurably, is the attitude of the American mind
+today:&mdash;measurably, I say, for thanks to the Almighty, it is not
+universally so.</p>
+
+<p>There has always been a school of philanthropists in this land who have
+always recognized mind in the Negro; and while recognizing the
+limitations which <i>individual</i> capacity demanded, claimed that for the
+RACE, there was no such thing possible for its elevation save the
+widest, largest, highest, improvement. Such were our friends and patrons
+in New England in New York, Pennsylvania, a few among the Scotch
+Presbyterians and the &#8220;Friends&#8221; in grand old North Carolina; a great
+company among the Congregationalists of the East, nobly represented down
+to the present, by the &#8220;American Missionary Society,&#8221; which tolerates no
+stint for the Negro intellect in its grand solicitudes. But these were
+exceptional.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[Pg 12]</a></span>Down to the year 1825, I know of no Academy or College which would open
+its doors to a Negro.<small><a name="f3.1" id="f3.1" href="#f3">[3]</a></small> In the South it was a matter of absolute legal
+disability. In the North, it was the ostracism of universal
+caste-sentiment. The theological schools of the land, and of all names,
+shut their doors against the black man. An eminent friend of mine, the
+noble, fervent, gentlemanly Rev. Theodore S. Wright, then a Presbyterian
+licentiate, was taking private lessons in theology, at Princeton; and
+for this offense was kicked out of one of its halls.</p>
+
+<p>In the year 1832 Miss Prudence Crandall opened a private school for the
+education of colored girls; and it set the whole State of Connecticut in
+a flame. Miss Crandall was mobbed, and the school was broken up.</p>
+
+<p>The year following, the trustees of Canaan Academy in New Hampshire
+opened its doors to Negro youths; and this act set the people of that
+state on fire. The farmers of the region assembled with 90 yoke of oxen,
+dragged the Academy into a swamp, and a few weeks afterward drove the
+black youths from the town.</p>
+
+<p>These instances will suffice. They evidence the general statement, <i>i. e.</i>
+that the American mind has refused to foster and to cultivate the Negro
+intellect. Join to this a kindred fact, of which there is the fullest
+evidence. Impelled, at times, by pity, a modicum of schooling and
+training has been given the Negro; but even this, almost universally,
+with reluctance, with cold criticism, with microscopic scrutiny, with
+icy reservation, and at times, with ludicrous limitations.</p>
+
+<p>Cheapness characterizes almost all the donations of the American people
+to the Negro:&mdash;Cheapness, in all the past, has been the regimen provided
+for the Negro in every line of his intellectual, as well as his lower
+life. And so, cheapness is to be the rule in the future, as well for his
+higher, as for his lower life:&mdash;cheap wages and cheap food, cheap and
+rotten huts; cheap and dilapidated schools; cheap and stinted weeks of
+schooling; cheap meeting houses for worship; cheap and ignorant
+ministers; cheap theological training; and now, cheap learning, culture
+and civilization!</p>
+
+<p>Noble exceptions are found in the grand literary circles in which Mr.
+Howells moves&mdash;manifest in his generous editing of our own Paul Dunbar&#8217;s
+poems. But this generosity is not general, even in the world of American
+letters.</p>
+
+<p>You can easily see this in the attempt, now-a-days, to side-track <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</a></span>the
+Negro intellect, and to place it under limitations never laid upon any
+other class.</p>
+
+<p>The elevation of the Negro has been a moot question for a generation
+past. But even to-day what do we find the general reliance of the
+American mind in determinating this question? Almost universally the
+resort is to material agencies! The ordinary, and sometimes the
+<i>extraordinary</i> American is unable to see that the struggle of a
+degraded people for elevation is, in its very nature, a warfare, and
+that its main weapon is the cultivated and scientific mind.</p>
+
+<p>Ask the great men of the land how this Negro problem is to be solved,
+and then listen to the answers that come from divers classes of our
+white fellow-citizens. The merchants and traders of our great cities
+tell us&mdash;&#8220;The Negro must be taught to work;&#8221; and they will pour out
+their moneys by thousands to train him to toil. The clergy in large
+numbers, cry out&mdash;&#8220;Industrialism is the only hope of the Negro;&#8221; for
+this is the bed-rock, in their opinion, of Negro evangelization! &#8220;Send
+him to Manual Labor Schools,&#8221; cries out another set of philanthropists.
+&#8220;Hic haec, hoc,&#8221; is going to prove the ruin of the Negro&#8221; says the Rev.
+Steele, an erudite Southern Savan. &#8220;You must begin at the bottom with
+the Negro,&#8221; says another eminent authority&mdash;as though the Negro had been
+living in the clouds, and had never reached the bottom. Says the
+Honorable George T. Barnes, of Georgia&mdash;&#8220;The kind of education the Negro
+should receive should not be very refined nor classical, but adapted to
+his present condition:&#8221; as though there is to be no future for the
+Negro.</p>
+
+<p>And so you see that even now, late in the 19th century, in this land of
+learning and science, the creed is&mdash;&#8220;Thus far and no farther&#8221;, <i>i. e.</i>
+for the American black man.</p>
+
+<p>One would suppose from the universal demand for the mere industrialism
+for this race of ours, that the Negro had been going daily to dinner
+parties, eating terrapin and indulging in champagne; and returning home
+at night, sleeping on beds of eiderdown; breakfasting in the morning in
+his bed, and then having his valet to clothe him daily in purple and
+fine linen&mdash;all these 250 years of his sojourn in this land. And then,
+just now, the American people, tired of all this Negro luxury, was
+calling him, for the first time, to blister his hands with the hoe, and
+to learn to supply his needs by sweatful toil in the cotton fields.</p>
+
+<p>Listen a moment, to the wisdom of a great theologian, and withal as
+great philanthropist, the Rev. Dr. Wayland, of Philadelphia. Speaking,
+not long since, of the &#8220;Higher Education&#8221; of the colored<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</a></span> people of the
+South, he said &#8220;that this subject concerned about 8,000,000 of our
+fellow-citizens, among whom are probably 1,500,000 voters. The education
+suited to these people is that which should be suited to white people
+under the same circumstances. These people are bearing the impress which
+was left on them by two centuries of slavery and several centuries of
+barbarism. This education must begin at the bottom. It must first of all
+produce the power of self-support to assist them to better their
+condition. It should teach them good citizenship and should build them
+up morally. It should be, first, a good English education. They should
+be imbued with the knowledge of the Bible. They should have an
+industrial education. An industrial education leads to self-support and
+to the elevation of their condition. Industry is itself largely an
+education, intellectually and morally, and, above all, an education of
+character. Thus we should make these people self-dependent. This
+education will do away with pupils being taught Latin and Greek, while
+they do not know the rudiments of English.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>Just notice the cautious, restrictive, limiting nature of this advice!
+Observe the lack of largeness, freedom and generosity in it. Dr.
+Wayland, I am sure, has never specialized just such a regimen for the
+poor Italians, Hungarians or Irish, who swarm, in lowly degradation, in
+immigrant ships to our shores. No! for them he wants, all Americans
+want, the widest, largest culture of the land; the instant opening, not
+simply of the common schools; and then an easy passage to the bar, the
+legislature, and even the judgeships of the nation. And they oft times
+get there.</p>
+
+<p>But how different the policy with the Negro. <i>He</i> must have &#8220;an
+education which begins at the bottom.&#8221; &#8220;He should have an industrial
+education,&#8221; &amp;c. His education must, first of all, produce the power of
+self-support, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p>Now, all this thought of Dr. Wayland is all true. But, my friends, it is
+all false, too; and for the simple reason that it is only half truth.
+Dr. Wayland seems unable to rise above the plane of burden-bearing for
+the Negro. He seems unable to gauge the idea of the Negro becoming a
+thinker. He seems to forget that a race of thoughtless toilers are
+destined to be forever a race of senseless <i>boys</i>; for only beings who
+think are men.</p>
+
+<p>How pitiable it is to see a great good man be-fuddled by a half truth.
+For to allege &#8220;Industrialism&#8221; to be the grand agency in the elevation of
+a race of already degraded labourers, is as much a mere platitude as to
+say, &#8220;they must eat and drink and sleep;&#8221; for man<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[Pg 15]</a></span> cannot live without
+these habits. But they never civilize man; and <i>civilization</i> is the
+objective point in the movement for Negro elevation. Labor, just like
+eating and drinking, is one of the inevitabilities of life; one of its
+positive necessities. And the Negro has had it for centuries; but it has
+never given him manhood. It does not <i>now</i>, in wide areas of population,
+lift him up to moral and social elevation. Hence the need of a new
+factor in his life. The Negro needs light: light thrown in upon all the
+circumstances of his life. The light of civilization.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Wayland fails to see two or three important things in this Negro
+problem:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>(a) That the Negro has no need to go to a manual labor school.<small><a name="f4.1" id="f4.1" href="#f4">[4]</a></small> He has
+been for two hundred years and more, the greatest laborer in the land.
+He is a laborer <i>now</i>; and he must always be a laborer, or he must die.
+But:</p>
+
+<p>(b) Unfortunately for the Negro, he has been so wretchedly ignorant that
+he has never known the value of his sweat and toil. He has been forced
+into being an unthinking labor-machine. And this he is, to a large
+degree, to-day under freedom.</p>
+
+<p>(c) Now the great need of the Negro, in our day and time, is intelligent
+impatience at the exploitation of his labor, on the one hand; on the
+other hand courage to demand a larger share of the wealth which his toil
+creates for others.</p>
+
+<p>It is not a mere negative proposition that settles this question. It is
+not that the Negro does not need the hoe, the plane, the plough, and the
+anvil. It is the positive affirmation that the Negro needs the light of
+cultivation; needs it to be thrown in upon all his toil, upon his whole
+life and its environments.</p>
+
+<p>What he needs is CIVILIZATION. He needs the increase of his higher
+wants, of his mental and spiritual needs. <i>This</i>, mere animal labor has
+never given him, and never can give him. But it will come to him, as an
+individual, and as a class, just in proportion <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[Pg 16]</a></span>as the higher culture
+comes to his leaders and teachers, and so gets into his schools,
+academies and colleges; and then enters his pulpits; and so filters down
+into his families and his homes; and the Negro learns that he is no
+longer to be a serf, but that he is to bare his strong brawny arm as a
+laborer; <i>not</i> to make the white man a Croesus, but to make himself a
+man. He is always to be a laborer; but now, in these days of freedom and
+the schools, he is to be a laborer with intelligence, enlightenment and
+manly ambitions.</p>
+
+<p>But, when his culture fits him for something more than a field hand or a
+mechanic, he is to have an open door set wide before him! And that
+culture, according to his capacity, he must claim as his rightful
+heritage, as a man:&mdash;not stinted training, not a caste education, not a
+Negro curriculum.</p>
+
+<p>The Negro Race in this land must repudiate this absurd notion which is
+stealing on the American mind. The Race must declare that it is not to
+be put into a single groove; and for the simple reason (1) that <i>man</i>
+was made by his Maker to traverse the whole circle of existence, above
+as well as below; and that universality is the kernel of all true
+civilization, of all race elevation. And (2) that the Negro mind,
+imprisoned for nigh three hundred years, needs breadth and freedom,
+largeness, altitude, and elasticity; not stint nor rigidity, nor
+contractedness.</p>
+
+<p>But the &#8220;Gradgrinds&#8221; are in evidence on all sides, telling us that the
+colleges and scholarships given us since emancipation, are all a
+mistake; and that the whole system must be reversed. The conviction is
+widespread that the Negro has no business in the higher walks of
+scholarship; that, for instance, Prof. Scarborough has no right to labor
+in philology; Professor Kelly Miller in mathematics; Professor Du Bois,
+in history; Dr. Bowen, in theology; Professor Turner, in science; nor
+Mr. Tanner in art. There is no repugnance to the Negro buffoon, and the
+Negro scullion; but so soon as the Negro stands forth as an intellectual
+being, this toad of American prejudice, as at the touch of Ithuriel&#8217;s
+spear, starts up a devil!</p>
+
+<p>It is this attitude, this repellant, this forbidding attitude of the
+American mind, which forces the Negro in this land, to both recognize
+and to foster the talent and capacity of his own race, and to strive to
+put that capacity and talent to use for the race. I have detailed the
+dark and dreadful attempt to stamp that intellect out of existence. It
+is not only a past, it is also, modified indeed, a present fact; and out
+of it springs the need of just such an organization as the Negro
+Academy.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[Pg 17]</a></span>Now, gentlemen and friends, seeing that the American mind in the
+general, revolts from Negro genius, the Negro himself is duty bound to
+see to the cultivation and the fostering of his own race-capacity. This
+is the chief purpose of this Academy. <i>Our</i> special mission is the
+encouragement of the genius and talent in our own race. Wherever we see
+great Negro ability it is our office to light upon it not tardily, not
+hesitatingly; but warmly, ungrudgingly, enthusiastically, for the honor
+of our race, and for the stimulating self-sacrifice in upbuilding the
+race. Fortunately for us, as a people, this year has given us more than
+ordinary opportunity for such recognition. Never before, in American
+history, has there been such a large discovery of talent and genius
+among us.</p>
+
+<p>Early in the year there was published by one of our members, a volume of
+papers and addresses, of more than usual excellence. You know gentlemen,
+that, not seldom, we have books and pamphlets from the press which, like
+most of our newspapers, are beneath the dignity of criticism. In
+language, in style, in grammar and in thought they are often crude and
+ignorant and vulgar. Not so with &#8220;<i>Talks for the Times</i>&#8221; by Prof.
+Crogman, of Clark University. It is a book with largess of high and
+noble common sense; pure and classical in style; with a large fund of
+devoted racialism; and replete everywhere with elevated thoughts. Almost
+simultaneously with the publication of Professor Crogman&#8217;s book, came
+the thoughtful and spicy narrative of Rev. Matthew Anderson of
+Philadelphia. The title of this volume is &#8220;<i>Presbyterianism; its
+relation to the Negro</i>&#8221; but the title cannot serve as a revelation of
+the racy and spirited story of events in the career of its author. The
+book abounds with stirring incidents, strong remonstrance, clear and
+lucid argument, powerful reasonings, the keenest satire; while, withal,
+it sets forth the wide needs of the Race, and gives one of the strongest
+vindications of its character and its capacity.<small><a name="f5.1" id="f5.1" href="#f5">[5]</a></small></p>
+
+<p>Soon after this came the first publication of our Academy. And you all
+know the deep interest excited by the two papers, the first issue of
+this Society. They have attracted interest and inquiry where the mere
+declamatory effusions, or, the so-called eloquent harangues of aimless
+talkers and political wire-pullers would fall like snowflakes upon the
+waters. The papers of Prof. Kelly Miller and Prof. Du Bois have reached
+the circles of scholars and thinkers <span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[Pg 18]</a></span>in this country. So consummate was
+the handling of Hoffman&#8217;s &#8220;Race Traits and Tendencies&#8221; by Prof. Miller,
+that we may say that it was the most scientific defense of the Negro
+ever made in this country by a man of our own blood: accurate, pointed,
+painstaking, and I claim conclusive.</p>
+
+<p>The treatise of Prof. Du Bois upon the &#8220;Conservation of Race&#8221; separated
+itself, in tone and coloring, from the ordinary effusions of literary
+work in this land. It rose to the dignity of philosophical insight and
+deep historical inference. He gave us, in a most lucid and original
+method, and in a condensed form, the long settled conclusions of
+Ethnologists and Anthropologists upon the question of Race.</p>
+
+<p>This treatise moreover, furnished but a limited measure of our
+indebtedness to his pen and brain. Only a brief time before our assembly
+last year, Prof. Du Bois had given a large contribution to the
+literature of the nation as well as to the genius of the race. At that
+time he had published a work which will, without doubt, stand
+permanently, as authority upon its special theme. &#8220;<i>The Suppression of
+the Slave Trade</i>&#8221; is, without doubt, the one unique and special
+authority upon that subject, in print. It is difficult to conceive the
+possible creation of a similar work, so accurate and painstaking, so
+full of research, so orderly in historical statement, so rational in its
+conclusions. It is the simple truth, and at the same time the highest
+praise, the statement of one Review, that &#8220;Prof. Du Bois has exhausted
+his subject.&#8221; This work is a step forward in the literature of the Race,
+and a stimulant to studious and aspiring minds among us.</p>
+
+<p>One further reference, that is, to the realm of Art.</p>
+
+<p>The year &#8217;97 will henceforth be worthy of note in our history. As a
+race, we have, this year, reached a high point in intellectual growth
+and expression.</p>
+
+<p>In poetry and painting, as well as in letters and thought, the Negro has
+made, this year, a character.</p>
+
+<p>On my return home in October, I met an eminent scientific gentleman; and
+one of the first remarks he made to me was&mdash;&#8220;Well, Dr. Crummell, we
+Americans have been well taken down in Paris, this year. Why,&#8221; he said,
+&#8220;the prize in painting was taken by a colored young man, a Mr. Tanner
+from America. Do you know him?&#8221; The reference was to Mr. Tanner&#8217;s
+&#8220;Raising of Lazarus,&#8221; a painting purchased by the French Government, for
+the famous Luxembourg Gallery. This is an <ins class="correction" title="original reads 'expectional'">exceptional</ins> honor, rarely
+bestowed upon any American Artist. Well may we all be proud of this,
+and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[Pg 19]</a></span> with this we may join the idea that Tanner, instead of having a hoe
+in his hand, or digging in a trench, as the faddists on industrialism
+would fain persuade us, has found his right place at the easel with
+artists.</p>
+
+<p>Not less distinguished in the world of letters is the brilliant career
+of our poet-friend and co-laborer, Mr. Paul Dunbar. It was my great
+privilege last summer to witness his triumph, on more than one occasion,
+in that grand metropolis of Letters and Literature, the city of London;
+as well as to hear of the high value set upon his work, by some of the
+first scholars and literati of England. Mr. Dunbar has had his poems
+republished in London by Chapman &amp; Co.; and now has as high a reputation
+abroad as he has here in America, where his luminous genius has broken
+down the bars, and with himself, raised the intellectual character of
+his race in the world&#8217;s consideration.</p>
+
+<p>These cheering occurrences, these demonstrations of capacity, give us
+the greatest encouragement in the large work which is before this
+Academy. Let us enter upon that work, this year, with high hopes, with
+large purposes, and with calm and earnest persistence. I trust that we
+shall bear in remembrance that the work we have undertaken is our
+special function; that it is a work which calls for cool thought, for
+laborious and tireless painstaking, and for clear discrimination; that
+it promises nowhere wide popularity, or, exuberant eclat; that very much
+of its ardent work is to be carried on in the shade; that none of its
+desired results will spring from spontaneity; that its most prominent
+features are the demands of duty to a needy people; and that its noblest
+rewards will be the satisfaction which will spring from having answered
+a great responsibility, and having met the higher needs of a benighted
+and struggling Race.</p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><b>Footnotes:</b></p>
+
+<p><a name="f1" id="f1" href="#f1.1">[1]</a> <i>Baptism</i>, for well nigh a century, was denied Negro slaves in the
+colonies, for fear it carried emancipation with it. Legislation on
+Education began at a subsequent date. In 1740 it was enacted in SOUTH
+CAROLINA: &#8220;Whereas, the having slaves taught to write or suffering them
+to be employed in writing, may be attended with great <ins class="correction" title="original reads 'imconvenience'">inconvenience</ins>, Be
+it enacted, That all and every person or persons whatsoever who shall
+hereafter teach or cause any slave or slaves to be taught to write, or
+shall use or employ any slave as a Scribe in any manner of writing,
+hereafter taught to write; every such person or persons shall forever,
+for every such offense, forfeit the sum of &pound;100 current money.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p>The next step, in South Carolina, was aimed against mental instruction
+of <i>every kind</i>, in reading and writing.</p>
+
+<p>A similar law was passed in Savannah, Georgia. In 1711, in the Colony of
+Maryland, a <i>special enactment</i> was passed to bar freedom by baptism and
+in 1715, in South Carolina! See &#8220;<i>Stroud&#8217;s Slave Laws</i>.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p><a name="f2" id="f2" href="#f2.1">[2]</a> At the time when France was on the eve of plunging deeply into the
+slave trade and of ruining her colonies by the curse of Slavery, the
+ABBE GREGOIRE stept forth in vindication of the Negro, and published his
+celebrated work&mdash;&#8220;The Literature of Negroes.&#8221; In this work he gives the
+names and narrates the achievements of the distinguished Negroes,
+writers, scholars, painters, philosophers, priests and Roman prelates,
+in Spain, Portugal, France, England, Holland, Italy and Turkey who had
+risen to eminence in the 15th century.</p>
+
+<p>Not long after BLUMENBACH declared that &#8220;entire and large provinces of
+Europe might be named, in which it would be difficult to meet with such
+good writers, poets, philosophers, and correspondents of the French
+Academy; and that moreover there is no savage <ins class="correction" title="original reads 'poeple'">people</ins>, who have
+distinguished themselves by such examples of perfectibility and capacity
+for scientific cultivation: and consequently that none can approach more
+nearly to the polished nations of the globe than the Negro.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p><a name="f3" id="f3" href="#f3.1">[3]</a> &#8220;Oberlin College&#8221; in Ohio was the first opening its doors to the
+Negro in 1836.</p>
+
+<p><a name="f4" id="f4" href="#f4.1">[4]</a> &#8220;I am not so old as some of my young friends may suspect, but I am
+too old to go into the business of &#8216;carrying coals to Newcastle.&#8217; * * *
+* The colored citizen of the U. S. has already graduated with
+respectable standing from a course of 250 years in the University of the
+old-time type of Manual labor. The South of to-day is what we see it
+largely because the colored men and women at least during the past 250
+years, have not been lazy &#8216;cumberers of the ground,&#8217; but the grand army
+of laborers that has wrestled with nature and led these 16 States out of
+the woods thus far on the highroad to material prosperity. It is not
+especially necessary that the 2,000,000 of our colored children and
+youth in the southern common schools should be warned against laziness,
+and what has always and everywhere come of that since the foundation of
+the world.&#8221;</p>
+
+<p class="poem">The Rev. A. D. Mayo, M. A., LL. D.<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Address before State Teachers&#8217; Association (Colored)</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 4em;">Birmingham, Ala.</span></p>
+
+<p><a name="f5" id="f5" href="#f5.1">[5]</a> I owe Mr. Anderson an apology for omitting this references to his
+book on the delivery of this address. It was prepared while its author
+was in a foreign land; but had passed entirely from his memory in the
+preparation of this address.</p>
+
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p><b>Transcriber&#8217;s Notes:</b></p>
+
+<p>Other than the corrections noted by hover information, printer&#8217;s spelling and hyphenation usage have been retained.</p>
+
+<p>An unmatched quotation mark has been left as presented in the original text (&#8220;Hic haec, hoc,&#8221;
+is going to prove the ruin of the Negro&#8221; says the Rev. Steele, an erudite Southern Savan.).</p>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Civilization the Primal Need of the
+Race, by Alexander Crummell
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CIVILIZATION THE PRIMAL NEED ***
+
+***** This file should be named 31268-h.htm or 31268-h.zip *****
+This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:
+        https://www.gutenberg.org/3/1/2/6/31268/
+
+Produced by Suzanne Shell, Stephanie Eason, and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net.
+
+
+Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions
+will be renamed.
+
+Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no
+one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation
+(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without
+permission and without paying copyright royalties.  Special rules,
+set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to
+copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to
+protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark.  Project
+Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you
+charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission.  If you
+do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the
+rules is very easy.  You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose
+such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and
+research.  They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do
+practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks.  Redistribution is
+subject to the trademark license, especially commercial
+redistribution.
+
+
+
+*** START: FULL LICENSE ***
+
+THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE
+PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK
+
+To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free
+distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work
+(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at
+https://gutenberg.org/license).
+
+
+Section 1.  General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic works
+
+1.A.  By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to
+and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
+(trademark/copyright) agreement.  If you do not agree to abide by all
+the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy
+all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession.
+If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the
+terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or
+entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.
+
+1.B.  "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark.  It may only be
+used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who
+agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement.  There are a few
+things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
+even without complying with the full terms of this agreement.  See
+paragraph 1.C below.  There are a lot of things you can do with Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement
+and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.  See paragraph 1.E below.
+
+1.C.  The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation"
+or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works.  Nearly all the individual works in the
+collection are in the public domain in the United States.  If an
+individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are
+located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from
+copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative
+works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg
+are removed.  Of course, we hope that you will support the Project
+Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by
+freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of
+this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with
+the work.  You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by
+keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others.
+
+1.D.  The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern
+what you can do with this work.  Copyright laws in most countries are in
+a constant state of change.  If you are outside the United States, check
+the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement
+before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or
+creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project
+Gutenberg-tm work.  The Foundation makes no representations concerning
+the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United
+States.
+
+1.E.  Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:
+
+1.E.1.  The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate
+access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently
+whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the
+phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed,
+copied or distributed:
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+1.E.2.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived
+from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is
+posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied
+and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees
+or charges.  If you are redistributing or providing access to a work
+with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the
+work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1
+through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the
+Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or
+1.E.9.
+
+1.E.3.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted
+with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
+must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional
+terms imposed by the copyright holder.  Additional terms will be linked
+to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the
+permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work.
+
+1.E.4.  Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this
+work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm.
+
+1.E.5.  Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this
+electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
+prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
+active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm License.
+
+1.E.6.  You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
+compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any
+word processing or hypertext form.  However, if you provide access to or
+distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than
+"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version
+posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org),
+you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a
+copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon
+request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other
+form.  Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.
+
+1.E.7.  Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,
+performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works
+unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.
+
+1.E.8.  You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing
+access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided
+that
+
+- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
+     the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method
+     you already use to calculate your applicable taxes.  The fee is
+     owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he
+     has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the
+     Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.  Royalty payments
+     must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you
+     prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax
+     returns.  Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and
+     sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the
+     address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to
+     the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation."
+
+- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies
+     you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he
+     does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+     License.  You must require such a user to return or
+     destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium
+     and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of
+     Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any
+     money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the
+     electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days
+     of receipt of the work.
+
+- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
+     distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+1.E.9.  If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set
+forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from
+both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael
+Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark.  Contact the
+Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below.
+
+1.F.
+
+1.F.1.  Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable
+effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread
+public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm
+collection.  Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain
+"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or
+corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual
+property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a
+computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by
+your equipment.
+
+1.F.2.  LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right
+of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all
+liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal
+fees.  YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT
+LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
+PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH F3.  YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE
+TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE
+LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR
+INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
+DAMAGE.
+
+1.F.3.  LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a
+defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can
+receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a
+written explanation to the person you received the work from.  If you
+received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with
+your written explanation.  The person or entity that provided you with
+the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a
+refund.  If you received the work electronically, the person or entity
+providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to
+receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund.  If the second copy
+is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further
+opportunities to fix the problem.
+
+1.F.4.  Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth
+in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS' WITH NO OTHER
+WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO
+WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.
+
+1.F.5.  Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied
+warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages.
+If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the
+law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be
+interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by
+the applicable state law.  The invalidity or unenforceability of any
+provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.
+
+1.F.6.  INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the
+trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone
+providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance
+with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production,
+promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works,
+harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees,
+that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do
+or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm
+work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any
+Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause.
+
+
+Section  2.  Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of
+electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers
+including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers.  It exists
+because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from
+people in all walks of life.
+
+Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the
+assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's
+goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will
+remain freely available for generations to come.  In 2001, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure
+and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations.
+To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
+and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4
+and the Foundation web page at https://www.pglaf.org.
+
+
+Section 3.  Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
+Foundation
+
+The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit
+501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
+state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
+Revenue Service.  The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification
+number is 64-6221541.  Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at
+https://pglaf.org/fundraising.  Contributions to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent
+permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws.
+
+The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S.
+Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered
+throughout numerous locations.  Its business office is located at
+809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email
+business@pglaf.org.  Email contact links and up to date contact
+information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official
+page at https://pglaf.org
+
+For additional contact information:
+     Dr. Gregory B. Newby
+     Chief Executive and Director
+     gbnewby@pglaf.org
+
+
+Section 4.  Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide
+spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of
+increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be
+freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest
+array of equipment including outdated equipment.  Many small donations
+($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt
+status with the IRS.
+
+The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating
+charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
+States.  Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
+considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up
+with these requirements.  We do not solicit donations in locations
+where we have not received written confirmation of compliance.  To
+SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any
+particular state visit https://pglaf.org
+
+While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we
+have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition
+against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who
+approach us with offers to donate.
+
+International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make
+any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
+outside the United States.  U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.
+
+Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation
+methods and addresses.  Donations are accepted in a number of other
+ways including including checks, online payments and credit card
+donations.  To donate, please visit: https://pglaf.org/donate
+
+
+Section 5.  General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.
+
+Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm
+concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared
+with anyone.  For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project
+Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support.
+
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed
+editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S.
+unless a copyright notice is included.  Thus, we do not necessarily
+keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition.
+
+
+Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility:
+
+     https://www.gutenberg.org
+
+This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm,
+including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
+Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to
+subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.
+
+
+</pre>
+
+</body>
+</html>
+
diff --git a/31268.txt b/31268.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c1b22f9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/31268.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,1238 @@
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Civilization the Primal Need of the Race, by
+Alexander Crummell
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Civilization the Primal Need of the Race
+       The American Negro Academy. Occasional Paper No. 3
+
+Author: Alexander Crummell
+
+Release Date: February 13, 2010 [EBook #31268]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CIVILIZATION THE PRIMAL NEED ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Suzanne Shell, Stephanie Eason, and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+  The American Negro Academy
+
+  Occasional Papers, No. 3.
+
+
+  CIVILIZATION THE PRIMAL NEED OF THE RACE,
+  The Inaugural Address,
+
+  ALEXANDER CRUMMELL,
+
+  MARCH 5, 1897.
+
+  --AND--
+
+  THE ATTITUDE OF THE AMERICAN MIND TOWARD
+  THE NEGRO INTELLECT,
+  First Annual Address,
+
+  DEC. 28, 1897,
+
+  --BY--
+
+  ALEXANDER CRUMMELL,
+
+  President of the American Negro Academy.
+
+
+  Price, Fifteen Cents.
+
+  WASHINGTON, D. C.
+  PUBLISHED BY THE ACADEMY,
+  1898.
+
+
+
+
+OCCASIONAL PAPERS.
+
+
+No. 1.--A Review of Hoffman's Race Traits and Tendencies of the
+        American Negro.--Kelly Miller                            25 Cts.
+
+No. 2.--The Conservation of Races.--W. E. Burghardt DuBois       15 Cts.
+
+No. 3.--(a) Civilization, the Primal Need of the Race;
+        (b) The Attitude of the American Mind Toward the
+        Negro Intellect.--Alexander Crummell                     15 Cts.
+
+
+Orders filled through the Corresponding Secretary, J. W. Cromwell, 1439
+Pierce Place, Washington, D. C.
+
+Trade supplied through John H. Wills, 506 Eleventh Street, N. W.,
+Washington, D. C.
+
+
+
+
+CIVILIZATION, THE PRIMAL NEED OF THE RACE.
+
+
+GENTLEMEN:--
+
+There is no need, I apprehend, that I should undertake to impress you
+with a sense either of the need or of the importance of our assemblage
+here to-day. The fact of your coming here is, of itself, the clearest
+evidence of your warm acquiescence in the summons to this meeting, and
+of your cordial interest in the objects which it purposes to consider.
+
+Nothing has surprised and gratified me so much as the anxiousness of
+many minds for the movement which we are on the eve of beginning. In the
+letters which our Secretary, Mr. Cromwell, has received, and which will
+be read to us, we are struck by the fact that one cultured man here and
+another there,--several minds in different localities,--tell him that
+this is just the thing they have desired, and have been looking for.
+
+I congratulate you, therefore, gentlemen, on the opportuneness of your
+assemblage here. I felicitate you on the superior and lofty aims which
+have drawn you together. And, in behalf of your compeers, resident here
+in the city of Washington, I welcome you to the city and to the important
+deliberations to which our organization invites you.
+
+Just here, let me call your attention to the uniqueness and specialty of
+this conference. It is unlike any other which has ever taken place in
+the history of the Negro, on the American Continent. There have been,
+since the landing of the first black cargo of slaves at Jamestown, Va.,
+in 1619, numerous conventions of men of our race. There have been
+Religious Assemblies, Political Conferences, suffrage meetings,
+educational conventions. But _our_ meeting is for a purpose which, while
+inclusive, in some respects, of these various concerns, is for an object
+more distinct and positive than any of them.
+
+What then, it may be asked, is the special undertaking we have before
+us, in this Academy? My answer is the civilization of the Negro race in
+the United States, by the scientific processes of literature, art, and
+philosophy, through the agency of the cultured men of this same Negro
+race. And here, let me say, that the special race problem of the Negro
+in the United States is his civilization.
+
+I doubt if there is a man in this presence who has a higher conception
+of Negro capacity than your speaker; and this of itself, precludes the
+idea, on my part, of race disparagement. But, it seems manifest to me
+that, as a race in this land, we have no art; we have no science; we
+have no philosophy; we have no scholarship. Individuals we have in each
+of these lines; but mere individuality cannot be recognized as the
+aggregation of a family, a nation, or a race; or as the interpretation
+of any of them. And until we attain the role of civilization, we cannot
+stand up and hold our place in the world of culture and enlightenment.
+And the forfeiture of such a place means, despite, inferiority,
+repulsion, drudgery, poverty, and ultimate death! Now gentlemen, for the
+creation of a complete and rounded man, you need the impress and the
+moulding of the highest arts. But how much more so for the realizing of
+a true and lofty _race_ of men. What is true of a man is deeply true of
+a people. The special need in such a case is the force and application
+of the highest arts; not mere mechanism; not mere machinery; not mere
+handicraft; not the mere grasp on material things; not mere temporal
+ambitions. These are but incidents; important indeed, but pertaining
+mainly to man's material needs, and to the feeding of the body. And the
+incidental in life is incapable of feeding the living soul. For "man
+cannot live by bread alone, but by every word that proceedeth out of the
+mouth of God." And civilization is the _secondary_ word of God, given
+for the nourishment of humanity.
+
+To make _men_ you need civilization; and what I mean by civilization is
+the action of exalted forces, both of God and man. For manhood is the
+most majestic thing in God's creation; and hence the demand for the very
+highest art in the shaping and moulding of human souls.
+
+What is the great difficulty with the black race, in this era, in this
+land? It is that both within their ranks, and external to themselves, by
+large schools of thought interested in them, material ideas in divers
+forms are made prominent, as the master-need of the race, and as the
+surest way to success. Men are constantly dogmatizing theories of sense
+and matter as the salvable hope of the race. Some of our leaders and
+teachers boldly declare, now, that _property_ is the source of power;
+and then, that _money_ is the thing which commands respect. At one time
+it is _official position_ which is the masterful influence in the
+elevation of the race; at another, men are disposed to fall back upon
+_blood_ and _lineage_, as the root (source) of power and progress.
+
+Blind men! For they fail to see that neither property, nor money, nor
+station, nor office, nor lineage, are fixed factors, in so large a thing
+as the destiny of man; that they are not vitalizing qualities in the
+changeless hopes of humanity. The greatness of peoples springs from
+their ability to grasp the grand conceptions of being. It is the
+absorption of a people, of a nation, of a race, in large majestic and
+abiding things which lifts them up to the skies. These once apprehended,
+all the minor details of life follow in their proper places, and spread
+abroad in the details and the comfort of practicality. But until these
+gifts of a lofty civilization are secured, men are sure to remain low,
+debased and grovelling.
+
+It was the apprehension of this great truth which led Melancthon, 400
+years ago, to declare--"Unless we have the scientific mind we shall
+surely revert again to barbarism." He was a scholar and a classic, a
+theologian and a philosopher. With probably the exception of Erasmus, he
+was the most erudite man of his age. He was the greatest Grecian of his
+day. He was rich "with the spoils of time." And so running down the
+annals of the ages, he discovered the majestic fact, which Coleridge has
+put in two simple lines:--
+
+    "We may not hope from outward things to win
+  The passion and the life whose fountains are within;"
+
+which Wordsworth, in grand style, has declared,
+
+  "By the soul only the nations shall be free."
+
+But what is this other than the utterance of Melancthon,--"Without the
+scientific mind, barbarism." This is the teaching of history. For 2,000
+years, Europe has been governed, in all its developments, by Socrates,
+and Aristotle, and Plato, and Euclid. These were the great idealists;
+and as such, they were the great progenitors of all modern civilization,
+the majestic agents of God for the civil upbuilding of men and nations.
+For civilization is, in its origins, ideals; and hence, in the loftiest
+men, it bursts forth, producing letters, literature, science,
+philosophy, poetry, sculpture, architecture, yea, all the arts; and
+brings them with all their gifts, and lays them in the lap of religion,
+as the essential condition of their vital permanance and their
+continuity.
+
+But civilization never seeks permanent abidence upon the heights of
+Olympus. She is human, and seeks all human needs. And so she descends,
+re-creating new civilizations; uplifting the crudeness of laws, giving
+scientific precision to morals and religion, stimulating enterprise,
+extending commerce, creating manufactures, expanding mechanism and
+mechanical inventions; producing revolutions and reforms; humanizing
+labor; meeting the minutest human needs, even to the manufacturing
+needles for the industry of seamstresses and for the commonest uses of
+human fingers. All these are the fruits of civilization.
+
+Who are to be the agents to lift up this people of ours to the grand
+plane of civilization? Who are to bring them up to the height of noble
+thought, grand civility, a chaste and elevating culture, refinement, and
+the impulses of irrepressible progress? It is to be done by the scholars
+and thinkers, who have secured the vision which penetrates the center of
+nature, and sweeps the circles of historic enlightenment; and who have
+got insight into the life of things, and learned the art by which men
+touch the springs of action.
+
+For to transform and stimulate the souls of a race or a people is a work
+of intelligence. It is a work which demands the clear induction of
+world-wide facts, and the perception of their application to new
+circumstances. It is a work which will require the most skillful
+resources, and the use of the scientific spirit.
+
+But every man in a race cannot be a philosopher: nay, but few men in any
+land, in any age, can grasp ideal truth. Scientific ideas however must
+be apprehended, else there can be no progress, no elevation.
+
+Just here arises the need of the trained and scholarly men of a race to
+employ their knowledge and culture and teaching and to guide both the
+opinions and habits of the crude masses. The masses, nowhere are, or can
+be, learned or scientific. The scholar is exceptional, just the same as a
+great admiral like Nelson is, or a grand soldier like Caesar or Napoleon.
+But the leader, the creative and organizing mind, is the master-need in
+all the societies of man. But, if they are not inspired with the notion
+of leadership and duty, then with all their Latin and Greek and science
+they are but pedants, trimmers, opportunists. For all true and lofty
+scholarship is weighty with the burdens and responsibilities of life and
+humanity.
+
+But these reformers must not be mere scholars. They must needs be both
+scholars and philanthropists. For this, indeed, has it been in all the
+history of men. In all the great revolutions, and in all great reforms
+which have transpired, scholars have been conspicuous; in the
+re-construction of society, in formulating laws, in producing great
+emancipations, in the revival of letters, in the advancement of
+science, in the rennaissance of art, in the destruction of gross
+superstitions and in the restoration of true and enlightened religion.
+
+And what is the spirit with which they are to come to this work? My
+answer is, that _disinterestedness_ must animate their motives and their
+acts. Whatever rivalries and dissensions may divide man in the social or
+political world, let generosity govern _us_. Let us emulate one another
+in the prompt recognition of rare genius, or uncommon talent. Let there
+be no tardy acknowledgment of worth in _our_ world of intellect. If we
+are fortunate enough, to see, of a sudden, a clever mathematician of our
+class, a brilliant poet, a youthful, but promising scientist or
+philosopher, let us rush forward, and hail his coming with no hesitant
+admiration, with no reluctant praise.
+
+It is only thus, gentlemen, that we can bring forth, stimulate, and
+uplift all the latent genius, garnered up, in the by-places and
+sequestered corners of this neglected Race.
+
+It is only thus we can nullify and break down the conspiracy which would
+fain limit and narrow the range of Negro talent in this caste-tainted
+country. It is only thus, we can secure that recognition of genius and
+scholarship in the republic of letters, which is the rightful
+prerogative of every race of men. It is only thus we can spread abroad
+and widely disseminate that culture and enlightment which shall permeate
+and leaven the entire social and domestic life of our people and so give
+that civilization which is the nearest ally of religion.
+
+
+
+
+THE ATTITUDE OF THE AMERICAN MIND TOWARD THE NEGRO INTELLECT.
+
+
+For the first time in the history of this nation the colored people of
+America have undertaken the difficult task, of stimulating and fostering
+the genius of their race as a distinct and definite purpose. Other and
+many gatherings have been made, during our own two and a half centuries'
+residence on this continent, for educational purposes; but ours is the
+first which endeavors to rise up to the plane of culture.
+
+For my own part I have no misgivings either with respect to the
+legitimacy, the timeliness, or the prospective success of our venture.
+The race in the brief period of a generation, has been so fruitful in
+intellectual product, that the time has come for a coalescence of
+powers, and for reciprocity alike in effort and appreciation. I
+congratulate you, therefore, on this your first anniversary. To me it
+is, I confess, a matter of rejoicing that we have, as a people, reached
+a point where we have a class of men who will come together for
+purposes, so pure, so elevating, so beneficent, as the cultivation of
+mind, with the view of meeting the uses and the needs of our benighted
+people.
+
+I feel that if this meeting were the end of this Academy; if I could see
+that it would die this very day, I would nevertheless, cry out--"All
+hail!" even if I had to join in with the salutation--"farewell forever!"
+For, first of all, you have done, during the year, that which was never
+done so completely before,--a work which has already told upon the
+American mind; and next you have awakened in the Race an ambition which,
+in some form, is sure to reproduce both mental and artistic organization
+in the future.
+
+The cultured classes of our country have never interested themselves to
+stimulate the desires or aspirations of the mind of our race. They have
+left us terribly alone. Such stimulation, must, therefore, in the very
+nature of things, come from ourselves.
+
+Let us state here a simple, personal incident, which will well serve to
+illustrate a history.
+
+I entered, sometime ago, the parlor of a distinguished southern
+clergyman. A kinsman was standing at his mantel, writing. The clergyman
+spoke to his relative--"Cousin, let me introduce to you the Rev. C., a
+clergyman of our Church," His cousin turned and looked down at me; but
+as soon as he saw my black face, he turned away with disgust, and paid
+no more attention to me than if I were a dog.
+
+Now, this porcine gentleman, would have been perfectly courteous, if I
+had gone into his parlor as a cook, or a waiter, or a bootblack. But my
+profession, as a clergyman, suggested the idea of letters and
+cultivation; and the contemptible snob at once forgot his manners, and
+put aside the common decency of his class.
+
+Now, in this, you can see the attitude of the American mind toward the
+Negro intellect. A reference to this attitude seems necessary, if we
+would take in, properly, the present condition of Negro culture.
+
+It presents a most singular phenomenon. Here was a people laden with the
+spoils of the centuries, bringing with them into this new land the
+culture of great empires; and, withal, claiming the exalted name and
+grand heritage of Christians. By their own voluntary act they placed
+right beside them a large population of another race of people, seized
+as captives, and brought to their plantations from a distant continent.
+This other race was an unlettered, unenlightened, and a pagan people.
+
+What was the attitude taken by this master race toward their benighted
+bondsmen? It was not simply that of indifference or neglect. There was
+nothing negative about it.
+
+They began, at the first, a systematic ignoring of the fact of intellect
+in this abased people. They undertook the process of darkening their
+minds.
+
+"Put out the light, and then, put out the light!" was their cry for
+centuries. Paganizing themselves, they sought a deeper paganizing of
+their serfs than the original paganism that these had brought from
+Africa. There was no legal artifice conceivable which was not resorted
+to, to blindfold their souls from the light of letters; and the church,
+in not a few cases, was the prime offender.[1]
+
+Then the legislatures of the several states enacted laws and Statutes,
+closing the pages of every book printed to the eyes of Negroes; barring
+the doors of every school-room against them! And this was the
+systematized method of the intellect of the South, to stamp out the
+brains of the Negro!
+
+It was done, too, with the knowledge that the Negro had brain power.
+There was _then_, no denial that the Negro had intellect. That denial
+was an after thought. Besides, legislatures never pass laws forbidding
+the education of pigs, dogs, and horses. They pass such laws against the
+intellect of _men_.
+
+However, there was then, at the very beginning of the slave trade,
+everywhere, in Europe, the glintings forth of talent in great Negro
+geniuses,--in Spain, and Portugal, in France and Holland and England;[2]
+and Phillis Wheatley and Banneker and Chavis and Peters, were in
+evidence on American soil.
+
+It is manifest, therefore, that the objective point in all this
+legislation was INTELLECT,--the intellect of the Negro! It was an effort
+to becloud and stamp out the intellect of the Negro!
+
+The _first_ phase of this attitude reached over from about 1700 to
+1820:--and as the result, almost Egyptian darkness fell upon the mind of
+the race, throughout the whole land.
+
+Following came a more infamous policy. It was the denial of
+intellectuality in the Negro; the assertion that he was not a human
+being, that he did not belong to the human race. This covered the period
+from 1820 to 1835, when Gliddon and Nott and others, published their
+so-called physiological work, to prove that the Negro was of a different
+species from the white man.
+
+A distinguished illustration of this ignoble sentiment can be given. In
+the year 1833 or 4 the speaker was an errand boy in the Anti-slavery
+office in New York City.
+
+On a certain occasion he heard a conversation between the Secretary and
+two eminent lawyers from Boston,--Samuel E. Sewell and David Lee Child.
+They had been to Washington on some legal business. While at the Capitol
+they happened to dine in the company of the great John C. Calhoun, then
+senator from South Carolina. It was a period of great ferment upon the
+question of Slavery, States' Rights, and Nullification; and consequently
+the Negro was the topic of conversation at the table. One of the
+utterances of Mr. Calhoun was to this effect--"That if he could find a
+Negro who knew the Greek syntax, he would then believe that the Negro
+was a human being and should be treated as a man."
+
+Just think of the crude asininity of even a great man! Mr. Calhoun went
+to "Yale" to study the Greek Syntax, and graduated there. His son went
+to Yale to study the Greek Syntax, and graduated there. His grandson, in
+recent years, went to Yale, to learn the Greek Syntax, and graduated
+there. Schools and Colleges were necessary for the Calhouns, and all
+other white men to learn the Greek syntax.
+
+And yet this great man knew that there was not a school, nor a college
+in which a black boy could learn his A. B. C's. He knew that the law in
+all the Southern States forbade Negro instruction under the severest
+penalties. How then was the Negro to learn the Greek syntax? How then
+was he to evidence to Mr. Calhoun his human nature? Why, it is manifest
+that Mr. Calhoun expected the Greek syntax to grow in _Negro brains_, by
+spontaneous generation!
+
+Mr. Calhoun was then, as much as any other American, an exponent of the
+nation's mind upon this point. Antagonistic as they were upon _other_
+subjects, upon the rejection of the Negro intellect they were a unit.
+And this, measurably, is the attitude of the American mind
+today:--measurably, I say, for thanks to the Almighty, it is not
+universally so.
+
+There has always been a school of philanthropists in this land who have
+always recognized mind in the Negro; and while recognizing the
+limitations which _individual_ capacity demanded, claimed that for the
+RACE, there was no such thing possible for its elevation save the
+widest, largest, highest, improvement. Such were our friends and patrons
+in New England in New York, Pennsylvania, a few among the Scotch
+Presbyterians and the "Friends" in grand old North Carolina; a great
+company among the Congregationalists of the East, nobly represented down
+to the present, by the "American Missionary Society," which tolerates no
+stint for the Negro intellect in its grand solicitudes. But these were
+exceptional.
+
+Down to the year 1825, I know of no Academy or College which would open
+its doors to a Negro.[3] In the South it was a matter of absolute legal
+disability. In the North, it was the ostracism of universal
+caste-sentiment. The theological schools of the land, and of all names,
+shut their doors against the black man. An eminent friend of mine, the
+noble, fervent, gentlemanly Rev. Theodore S. Wright, then a Presbyterian
+licentiate, was taking private lessons in theology, at Princeton; and
+for this offense was kicked out of one of its halls.
+
+In the year 1832 Miss Prudence Crandall opened a private school for the
+education of colored girls; and it set the whole State of Connecticut in
+a flame. Miss Crandall was mobbed, and the school was broken up.
+
+The year following, the trustees of Canaan Academy in New Hampshire
+opened its doors to Negro youths; and this act set the people of that
+state on fire. The farmers of the region assembled with 90 yoke of oxen,
+dragged the Academy into a swamp, and a few weeks afterward drove the
+black youths from the town.
+
+These instances will suffice. They evidence the general statement, _i. e._
+that the American mind has refused to foster and to cultivate the Negro
+intellect. Join to this a kindred fact, of which there is the fullest
+evidence. Impelled, at times, by pity, a modicum of schooling and
+training has been given the Negro; but even this, almost universally,
+with reluctance, with cold criticism, with microscopic scrutiny, with
+icy reservation, and at times, with ludicrous limitations.
+
+Cheapness characterizes almost all the donations of the American people
+to the Negro:--Cheapness, in all the past, has been the regimen provided
+for the Negro in every line of his intellectual, as well as his lower
+life. And so, cheapness is to be the rule in the future, as well for his
+higher, as for his lower life:--cheap wages and cheap food, cheap and
+rotten huts; cheap and dilapidated schools; cheap and stinted weeks of
+schooling; cheap meeting houses for worship; cheap and ignorant
+ministers; cheap theological training; and now, cheap learning, culture
+and civilization!
+
+Noble exceptions are found in the grand literary circles in which Mr.
+Howells moves--manifest in his generous editing of our own Paul Dunbar's
+poems. But this generosity is not general, even in the world of American
+letters.
+
+You can easily see this in the attempt, now-a-days, to side-track the
+Negro intellect, and to place it under limitations never laid upon any
+other class.
+
+The elevation of the Negro has been a moot question for a generation
+past. But even to-day what do we find the general reliance of the
+American mind in determinating this question? Almost universally the
+resort is to material agencies! The ordinary, and sometimes the
+_extraordinary_ American is unable to see that the struggle of a
+degraded people for elevation is, in its very nature, a warfare, and
+that its main weapon is the cultivated and scientific mind.
+
+Ask the great men of the land how this Negro problem is to be solved,
+and then listen to the answers that come from divers classes of our
+white fellow-citizens. The merchants and traders of our great cities
+tell us--"The Negro must be taught to work;" and they will pour out
+their moneys by thousands to train him to toil. The clergy in large
+numbers, cry out--"Industrialism is the only hope of the Negro;" for
+this is the bed-rock, in their opinion, of Negro evangelization! "Send
+him to Manual Labor Schools," cries out another set of philanthropists.
+"Hic haec, hoc," is going to prove the ruin of the Negro" says the Rev.
+Steele, an erudite Southern Savan. "You must begin at the bottom with
+the Negro," says another eminent authority--as though the Negro had been
+living in the clouds, and had never reached the bottom. Says the
+Honorable George T. Barnes, of Georgia--"The kind of education the Negro
+should receive should not be very refined nor classical, but adapted to
+his present condition:" as though there is to be no future for the
+Negro.
+
+And so you see that even now, late in the 19th century, in this land of
+learning and science, the creed is--"Thus far and no farther", _i. e._
+for the American black man.
+
+One would suppose from the universal demand for the mere industrialism
+for this race of ours, that the Negro had been going daily to dinner
+parties, eating terrapin and indulging in champagne; and returning home
+at night, sleeping on beds of eiderdown; breakfasting in the morning in
+his bed, and then having his valet to clothe him daily in purple and
+fine linen--all these 250 years of his sojourn in this land. And then,
+just now, the American people, tired of all this Negro luxury, was
+calling him, for the first time, to blister his hands with the hoe, and
+to learn to supply his needs by sweatful toil in the cotton fields.
+
+Listen a moment, to the wisdom of a great theologian, and withal as
+great philanthropist, the Rev. Dr. Wayland, of Philadelphia. Speaking,
+not long since, of the "Higher Education" of the colored people of the
+South, he said "that this subject concerned about 8,000,000 of our
+fellow-citizens, among whom are probably 1,500,000 voters. The education
+suited to these people is that which should be suited to white people
+under the same circumstances. These people are bearing the impress which
+was left on them by two centuries of slavery and several centuries of
+barbarism. This education must begin at the bottom. It must first of all
+produce the power of self-support to assist them to better their
+condition. It should teach them good citizenship and should build them
+up morally. It should be, first, a good English education. They should
+be imbued with the knowledge of the Bible. They should have an
+industrial education. An industrial education leads to self-support and
+to the elevation of their condition. Industry is itself largely an
+education, intellectually and morally, and, above all, an education of
+character. Thus we should make these people self-dependent. This
+education will do away with pupils being taught Latin and Greek, while
+they do not know the rudiments of English."
+
+Just notice the cautious, restrictive, limiting nature of this advice!
+Observe the lack of largeness, freedom and generosity in it. Dr.
+Wayland, I am sure, has never specialized just such a regimen for the
+poor Italians, Hungarians or Irish, who swarm, in lowly degradation, in
+immigrant ships to our shores. No! for them he wants, all Americans
+want, the widest, largest culture of the land; the instant opening, not
+simply of the common schools; and then an easy passage to the bar, the
+legislature, and even the judgeships of the nation. And they oft times
+get there.
+
+But how different the policy with the Negro. _He_ must have "an
+education which begins at the bottom." "He should have an industrial
+education," &c. His education must, first of all, produce the power of
+self-support, &c.
+
+Now, all this thought of Dr. Wayland is all true. But, my friends, it is
+all false, too; and for the simple reason that it is only half truth.
+Dr. Wayland seems unable to rise above the plane of burden-bearing for
+the Negro. He seems unable to gauge the idea of the Negro becoming a
+thinker. He seems to forget that a race of thoughtless toilers are
+destined to be forever a race of senseless _boys_; for only beings who
+think are men.
+
+How pitiable it is to see a great good man be-fuddled by a half truth.
+For to allege "Industrialism" to be the grand agency in the elevation of
+a race of already degraded labourers, is as much a mere platitude as to
+say, "they must eat and drink and sleep;" for man cannot live without
+these habits. But they never civilize man; and _civilization_ is the
+objective point in the movement for Negro elevation. Labor, just like
+eating and drinking, is one of the inevitabilities of life; one of its
+positive necessities. And the Negro has had it for centuries; but it has
+never given him manhood. It does not _now_, in wide areas of population,
+lift him up to moral and social elevation. Hence the need of a new
+factor in his life. The Negro needs light: light thrown in upon all the
+circumstances of his life. The light of civilization.
+
+Dr. Wayland fails to see two or three important things in this Negro
+problem:--
+
+(a) That the Negro has no need to go to a manual labor school.[4] He has
+been for two hundred years and more, the greatest laborer in the land.
+He is a laborer _now_; and he must always be a laborer, or he must die.
+But:
+
+(b) Unfortunately for the Negro, he has been so wretchedly ignorant that
+he has never known the value of his sweat and toil. He has been forced
+into being an unthinking labor-machine. And this he is, to a large
+degree, to-day under freedom.
+
+(c) Now the great need of the Negro, in our day and time, is intelligent
+impatience at the exploitation of his labor, on the one hand; on the
+other hand courage to demand a larger share of the wealth which his toil
+creates for others.
+
+It is not a mere negative proposition that settles this question. It is
+not that the Negro does not need the hoe, the plane, the plough, and the
+anvil. It is the positive affirmation that the Negro needs the light of
+cultivation; needs it to be thrown in upon all his toil, upon his whole
+life and its environments.
+
+What he needs is CIVILIZATION. He needs the increase of his higher wants,
+of his mental and spiritual needs. _This_, mere animal labor has never
+given him, and never can give him. But it will come to him, as an
+individual, and as a class, just in proportion as the higher culture
+comes to his leaders and teachers, and so gets into his schools, academies
+and colleges; and then enters his pulpits; and so filters down into his
+families and his homes; and the Negro learns that he is no longer to be a
+serf, but that he is to bare his strong brawny arm as a laborer; _not_ to
+make the white man a Croesus, but to make himself a man. He is always to
+be a laborer; but now, in these days of freedom and the schools, he is to
+be a laborer with intelligence, enlightenment and manly ambitions.
+
+But, when his culture fits him for something more than a field hand or a
+mechanic, he is to have an open door set wide before him! And that
+culture, according to his capacity, he must claim as his rightful
+heritage, as a man:--not stinted training, not a caste education, not a
+Negro curriculum.
+
+The Negro Race in this land must repudiate this absurd notion which is
+stealing on the American mind. The Race must declare that it is not to
+be put into a single groove; and for the simple reason (1) that _man_
+was made by his Maker to traverse the whole circle of existence, above
+as well as below; and that universality is the kernel of all true
+civilization, of all race elevation. And (2) that the Negro mind,
+imprisoned for nigh three hundred years, needs breadth and freedom,
+largeness, altitude, and elasticity; not stint nor rigidity, nor
+contractedness.
+
+But the "Gradgrinds" are in evidence on all sides, telling us that the
+colleges and scholarships given us since emancipation, are all a
+mistake; and that the whole system must be reversed. The conviction is
+widespread that the Negro has no business in the higher walks of
+scholarship; that, for instance, Prof. Scarborough has no right to labor
+in philology; Professor Kelly Miller in mathematics; Professor Du Bois,
+in history; Dr. Bowen, in theology; Professor Turner, in science; nor
+Mr. Tanner in art. There is no repugnance to the Negro buffoon, and the
+Negro scullion; but so soon as the Negro stands forth as an intellectual
+being, this toad of American prejudice, as at the touch of Ithuriel's
+spear, starts up a devil!
+
+It is this attitude, this repellant, this forbidding attitude of the
+American mind, which forces the Negro in this land, to both recognize
+and to foster the talent and capacity of his own race, and to strive to
+put that capacity and talent to use for the race. I have detailed the
+dark and dreadful attempt to stamp that intellect out of existence. It
+is not only a past, it is also, modified indeed, a present fact; and out
+of it springs the need of just such an organization as the Negro
+Academy.
+
+Now, gentlemen and friends, seeing that the American mind in the general,
+revolts from Negro genius, the Negro himself is duty bound to see to the
+cultivation and the fostering of his own race-capacity. This is the
+chief purpose of this Academy. _Our_ special mission is the encouragement
+of the genius and talent in our own race. Wherever we see great Negro
+ability it is our office to light upon it not tardily, not hesitatingly;
+but warmly, ungrudgingly, enthusiastically, for the honor of our race,
+and for the stimulating self-sacrifice in upbuilding the race. Fortunately
+for us, as a people, this year has given us more than ordinary opportunity
+for such recognition. Never before, in American history, has there been
+such a large discovery of talent and genius among us.
+
+Early in the year there was published by one of our members, a volume of
+papers and addresses, of more than usual excellence. You know gentlemen,
+that, not seldom, we have books and pamphlets from the press which, like
+most of our newspapers, are beneath the dignity of criticism. In
+language, in style, in grammar and in thought they are often crude and
+ignorant and vulgar. Not so with "_Talks for the Times_" by Prof.
+Crogman, of Clark University. It is a book with largess of high and
+noble common sense; pure and classical in style; with a large fund of
+devoted racialism; and replete everywhere with elevated thoughts. Almost
+simultaneously with the publication of Professor Crogman's book, came
+the thoughtful and spicy narrative of Rev. Matthew Anderson of
+Philadelphia. The title of this volume is "_Presbyterianism; its
+relation to the Negro_" but the title cannot serve as a revelation of
+the racy and spirited story of events in the career of its author. The
+book abounds with stirring incidents, strong remonstrance, clear and
+lucid argument, powerful reasonings, the keenest satire; while, withal,
+it sets forth the wide needs of the Race, and gives one of the strongest
+vindications of its character and its capacity.[5]
+
+Soon after this came the first publication of our Academy. And you all
+know the deep interest excited by the two papers, the first issue of
+this Society. They have attracted interest and inquiry where the mere
+declamatory effusions, or, the so-called eloquent harangues of aimless
+talkers and political wire-pullers would fall like snowflakes upon the
+waters. The papers of Prof. Kelly Miller and Prof. Du Bois have reached
+the circles of scholars and thinkers in this country. So consummate was
+the handling of Hoffman's "Race Traits and Tendencies" by Prof. Miller,
+that we may say that it was the most scientific defense of the Negro
+ever made in this country by a man of our own blood: accurate, pointed,
+painstaking, and I claim conclusive.
+
+The treatise of Prof. Du Bois upon the "Conservation of Race" separated
+itself, in tone and coloring, from the ordinary effusions of literary
+work in this land. It rose to the dignity of philosophical insight and
+deep historical inference. He gave us, in a most lucid and original
+method, and in a condensed form, the long settled conclusions of
+Ethnologists and Anthropologists upon the question of Race.
+
+This treatise moreover, furnished but a limited measure of our
+indebtedness to his pen and brain. Only a brief time before our assembly
+last year, Prof. Du Bois had given a large contribution to the
+literature of the nation as well as to the genius of the race. At that
+time he had published a work which will, without doubt, stand
+permanently, as authority upon its special theme. "_The Suppression of
+the Slave Trade_" is, without doubt, the one unique and special
+authority upon that subject, in print. It is difficult to conceive the
+possible creation of a similar work, so accurate and painstaking, so
+full of research, so orderly in historical statement, so rational in its
+conclusions. It is the simple truth, and at the same time the highest
+praise, the statement of one Review, that "Prof. Du Bois has exhausted
+his subject." This work is a step forward in the literature of the Race,
+and a stimulant to studious and aspiring minds among us.
+
+One further reference, that is, to the realm of Art.
+
+The year '97 will henceforth be worthy of note in our history. As a
+race, we have, this year, reached a high point in intellectual growth
+and expression.
+
+In poetry and painting, as well as in letters and thought, the Negro has
+made, this year, a character.
+
+On my return home in October, I met an eminent scientific gentleman; and
+one of the first remarks he made to me was--"Well, Dr. Crummell, we
+Americans have been well taken down in Paris, this year. Why," he said,
+"the prize in painting was taken by a colored young man, a Mr. Tanner
+from America. Do you know him?" The reference was to Mr. Tanner's
+"Raising of Lazarus," a painting purchased by the French Government, for
+the famous Luxembourg Gallery. This is an exceptional honor, rarely
+bestowed upon any American Artist. Well may we all be proud of this,
+and with this we may join the idea that Tanner, instead of having a hoe
+in his hand, or digging in a trench, as the faddists on industrialism
+would fain persuade us, has found his right place at the easel with
+artists.
+
+Not less distinguished in the world of letters is the brilliant career
+of our poet-friend and co-laborer, Mr. Paul Dunbar. It was my great
+privilege last summer to witness his triumph, on more than one occasion,
+in that grand metropolis of Letters and Literature, the city of London;
+as well as to hear of the high value set upon his work, by some of the
+first scholars and literati of England. Mr. Dunbar has had his poems
+republished in London by Chapman & Co.; and now has as high a reputation
+abroad as he has here in America, where his luminous genius has broken
+down the bars, and with himself, raised the intellectual character of
+his race in the world's consideration.
+
+These cheering occurrences, these demonstrations of capacity, give us
+the greatest encouragement in the large work which is before this
+Academy. Let us enter upon that work, this year, with high hopes, with
+large purposes, and with calm and earnest persistence. I trust that we
+shall bear in remembrance that the work we have undertaken is our
+special function; that it is a work which calls for cool thought, for
+laborious and tireless painstaking, and for clear discrimination; that
+it promises nowhere wide popularity, or, exuberant eclat; that very much
+of its ardent work is to be carried on in the shade; that none of its
+desired results will spring from spontaneity; that its most prominent
+features are the demands of duty to a needy people; and that its noblest
+rewards will be the satisfaction which will spring from having answered
+a great responsibility, and having met the higher needs of a benighted
+and struggling Race.
+
+
+
+
+Footnotes:
+
+[1] _Baptism_, for well nigh a century, was denied Negro slaves in the
+colonies, for fear it carried emancipation with it. Legislation on
+Education began at a subsequent date. In 1740 it was enacted in SOUTH
+CAROLINA: "Whereas, the having slaves taught to write or suffering them
+to be employed in writing, may be attended with great inconvenience, Be
+it enacted, That all and every person or persons whatsoever who shall
+hereafter teach or cause any slave or slaves to be taught to write, or
+shall use or employ any slave as a Scribe in any manner of writing,
+hereafter taught to write; every such person or persons shall forever,
+for every such offense, forfeit the sum of L100 current money."
+
+The next step, in South Carolina, was aimed against mental instruction
+of _every kind_, in reading and writing.
+
+A similar law was passed in Savannah, Georgia. In 1711, in the Colony of
+Maryland, a _special enactment_ was passed to bar freedom by baptism and
+in 1715, in South Carolina! See "_Stroud's Slave Laws_."
+
+[2] At the time when France was on the eve of plunging deeply into the
+slave trade and of ruining her colonies by the curse of Slavery, the
+ABBE GREGOIRE stept forth in vindication of the Negro, and published his
+celebrated work--"The Literature of Negroes." In this work he gives the
+names and narrates the achievements of the distinguished Negroes,
+writers, scholars, painters, philosophers, priests and Roman prelates,
+in Spain, Portugal, France, England, Holland, Italy and Turkey who had
+risen to eminence in the 15th century.
+
+Not long after BLUMENBACH declared that "entire and large provinces of
+Europe might be named, in which it would be difficult to meet with such
+good writers, poets, philosophers, and correspondents of the French
+Academy; and that moreover there is no savage people, who have
+distinguished themselves by such examples of perfectibility and capacity
+for scientific cultivation: and consequently that none can approach more
+nearly to the polished nations of the globe than the Negro."
+
+[3] "Oberlin College" in Ohio was the first opening its doors to the
+Negro in 1836.
+
+[4] "I am not so old as some of my young friends may suspect, but I am
+too old to go into the business of 'carrying coals to Newcastle.' * * * *
+The colored citizen of the U. S. has already graduated with respectable
+standing from a course of 250 years in the University of the old-time
+type of Manual labor. The South of to-day is what we see it largely
+because the colored men and women at least during the past 250 years,
+have not been lazy 'cumberers of the ground,' but the grand army of
+laborers that has wrestled with nature and led these 16 States out of
+the woods thus far on the highroad to material prosperity. It is not
+especially necessary that the 2,000,000 of our colored children and
+youth in the southern common schools should be warned against laziness,
+and what has always and everywhere come of that since the foundation of
+the world."
+
+  The Rev. A. D. Mayo, M. A., LL. D.
+  Address before State Teachers' Association (Colored)
+  Birmingham, Ala.
+
+[5] I owe Mr. Anderson an apology for omitting this references to his
+book on the delivery of this address. It was prepared while its author
+was in a foreign land; but had passed entirely from his memory in the
+preparation of this address.
+
+
+
+
+Transcriber's Notes:
+
+Passages in italics are indicated by _underscore_.
+
+The following misprints have been corrected:
+  "responsibilitles" corrected to "responsibilities" (page 6)
+  "imconvenience" corrected to "inconvenience" (page 9)
+  "legslation" corrected to "legislation" (page 10)
+  "poeple" corrected to "people" (page 10)
+  "expectional" corrected to "exceptional" (page 18)
+
+Other than the corrections listed above, printer's spelling and
+hyphenation usage have been retained.
+
+An unmatched quotation mark has been left as presented in the original
+text ("Hic haec, hoc," is going to prove the ruin of the Negro" says
+the Rev. Steele, an erudite Southern Savan.).
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Civilization the Primal Need of the
+Race, by Alexander Crummell
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CIVILIZATION THE PRIMAL NEED ***
+
+***** This file should be named 31268.txt or 31268.zip *****
+This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:
+        https://www.gutenberg.org/3/1/2/6/31268/
+
+Produced by Suzanne Shell, Stephanie Eason, and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net.
+
+
+Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions
+will be renamed.
+
+Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no
+one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation
+(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without
+permission and without paying copyright royalties.  Special rules,
+set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to
+copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to
+protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark.  Project
+Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you
+charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission.  If you
+do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the
+rules is very easy.  You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose
+such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and
+research.  They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do
+practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks.  Redistribution is
+subject to the trademark license, especially commercial
+redistribution.
+
+
+
+*** START: FULL LICENSE ***
+
+THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE
+PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK
+
+To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free
+distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work
+(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at
+https://gutenberg.org/license).
+
+
+Section 1.  General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic works
+
+1.A.  By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to
+and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
+(trademark/copyright) agreement.  If you do not agree to abide by all
+the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy
+all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession.
+If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the
+terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or
+entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.
+
+1.B.  "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark.  It may only be
+used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who
+agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement.  There are a few
+things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
+even without complying with the full terms of this agreement.  See
+paragraph 1.C below.  There are a lot of things you can do with Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement
+and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.  See paragraph 1.E below.
+
+1.C.  The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation"
+or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works.  Nearly all the individual works in the
+collection are in the public domain in the United States.  If an
+individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are
+located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from
+copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative
+works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg
+are removed.  Of course, we hope that you will support the Project
+Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by
+freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of
+this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with
+the work.  You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by
+keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others.
+
+1.D.  The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern
+what you can do with this work.  Copyright laws in most countries are in
+a constant state of change.  If you are outside the United States, check
+the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement
+before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or
+creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project
+Gutenberg-tm work.  The Foundation makes no representations concerning
+the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United
+States.
+
+1.E.  Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:
+
+1.E.1.  The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate
+access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently
+whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the
+phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed,
+copied or distributed:
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+1.E.2.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived
+from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is
+posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied
+and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees
+or charges.  If you are redistributing or providing access to a work
+with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the
+work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1
+through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the
+Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or
+1.E.9.
+
+1.E.3.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted
+with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
+must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional
+terms imposed by the copyright holder.  Additional terms will be linked
+to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the
+permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work.
+
+1.E.4.  Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this
+work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm.
+
+1.E.5.  Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this
+electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
+prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
+active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm License.
+
+1.E.6.  You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
+compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any
+word processing or hypertext form.  However, if you provide access to or
+distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than
+"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version
+posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org),
+you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a
+copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon
+request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other
+form.  Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.
+
+1.E.7.  Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,
+performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works
+unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.
+
+1.E.8.  You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing
+access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided
+that
+
+- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
+     the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method
+     you already use to calculate your applicable taxes.  The fee is
+     owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he
+     has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the
+     Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.  Royalty payments
+     must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you
+     prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax
+     returns.  Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and
+     sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the
+     address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to
+     the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation."
+
+- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies
+     you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he
+     does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+     License.  You must require such a user to return or
+     destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium
+     and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of
+     Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any
+     money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the
+     electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days
+     of receipt of the work.
+
+- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
+     distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+1.E.9.  If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set
+forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from
+both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael
+Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark.  Contact the
+Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below.
+
+1.F.
+
+1.F.1.  Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable
+effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread
+public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm
+collection.  Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain
+"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or
+corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual
+property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a
+computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by
+your equipment.
+
+1.F.2.  LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right
+of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all
+liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal
+fees.  YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT
+LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
+PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH F3.  YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE
+TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE
+LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR
+INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
+DAMAGE.
+
+1.F.3.  LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a
+defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can
+receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a
+written explanation to the person you received the work from.  If you
+received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with
+your written explanation.  The person or entity that provided you with
+the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a
+refund.  If you received the work electronically, the person or entity
+providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to
+receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund.  If the second copy
+is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further
+opportunities to fix the problem.
+
+1.F.4.  Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth
+in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS' WITH NO OTHER
+WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO
+WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.
+
+1.F.5.  Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied
+warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages.
+If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the
+law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be
+interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by
+the applicable state law.  The invalidity or unenforceability of any
+provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.
+
+1.F.6.  INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the
+trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone
+providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance
+with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production,
+promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works,
+harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees,
+that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do
+or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm
+work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any
+Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause.
+
+
+Section  2.  Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of
+electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers
+including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers.  It exists
+because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from
+people in all walks of life.
+
+Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the
+assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's
+goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will
+remain freely available for generations to come.  In 2001, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure
+and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations.
+To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
+and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4
+and the Foundation web page at https://www.pglaf.org.
+
+
+Section 3.  Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
+Foundation
+
+The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit
+501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
+state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
+Revenue Service.  The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification
+number is 64-6221541.  Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at
+https://pglaf.org/fundraising.  Contributions to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent
+permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws.
+
+The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S.
+Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered
+throughout numerous locations.  Its business office is located at
+809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email
+business@pglaf.org.  Email contact links and up to date contact
+information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official
+page at https://pglaf.org
+
+For additional contact information:
+     Dr. Gregory B. Newby
+     Chief Executive and Director
+     gbnewby@pglaf.org
+
+
+Section 4.  Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide
+spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of
+increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be
+freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest
+array of equipment including outdated equipment.  Many small donations
+($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt
+status with the IRS.
+
+The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating
+charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
+States.  Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
+considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up
+with these requirements.  We do not solicit donations in locations
+where we have not received written confirmation of compliance.  To
+SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any
+particular state visit https://pglaf.org
+
+While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we
+have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition
+against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who
+approach us with offers to donate.
+
+International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make
+any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
+outside the United States.  U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.
+
+Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation
+methods and addresses.  Donations are accepted in a number of other
+ways including including checks, online payments and credit card
+donations.  To donate, please visit: https://pglaf.org/donate
+
+
+Section 5.  General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.
+
+Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm
+concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared
+with anyone.  For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project
+Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support.
+
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed
+editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S.
+unless a copyright notice is included.  Thus, we do not necessarily
+keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition.
+
+
+Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility:
+
+     https://www.gutenberg.org
+
+This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm,
+including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
+Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to
+subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.
diff --git a/31268.zip b/31268.zip
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c24f3d6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/31268.zip
diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6312041
--- /dev/null
+++ b/LICENSE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements,
+metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be
+in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES.
+
+Procedures for determining public domain status are described in
+the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org.
+
+No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in
+jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize
+this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright
+status under the laws that apply to them.
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..771932a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for
+eBook #31268 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/31268)